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.\" Copyright (C) 1994, 1995 by Daniel Quinlan (quinlan@yggdrasil.com)
.\" with networking additions from Alan Cox (A.Cox@swansea.ac.uk)
.\" and scsi additions from Michael Neuffer (neuffer@mail.uni-mainz.de)
.\" and sysctl additions from Andries Brouwer (aeb@cwi.nl)
.\" and System V IPC (as well as various other) additions from
.\" Michael Kerrisk <mtk-manpages@gmx.net>
.\"
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.\" but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
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.\" You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public
.\" License along with this manual; if not, write to the Free
.\" Software Foundation, Inc., 59 Temple Place, Suite 330, Boston, MA 02111,
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.\"
.\" Modified 1995-05-17 by faith@cs.unc.edu
.\" Minor changes by aeb and Marty Leisner (leisner@sdsp.mc.xerox.com).
.\" Modified 1996-04-13, 1996-07-22 by aeb@cwi.nl
.\" Modified 2001-12-16 by rwhron@earthlink.net
.\" Modified 2002-07-13 by jbelton@shaw.ca
.\" Modified 2002-07-22, 2003-05-27, 2004-04-06, 2004-05-25
.\"    by Michael Kerrisk <mtk-manpages@gmx.net>
.\" 2004-11-17, mtk -- updated notes on /proc/loadavg
.\" 2004-12-01, mtk, rtsig-max and rtsig-nr went away in 2.6.8
.\" 2004-12-14, mtk, updated 'statm', and fixed error in order of list
.\" 2005-05-12, mtk, updated 'stat'
.\"
.TH PROC 5 2005-05-12 "" "Linux Programmer's Manual"
.SH NAME
proc \- process information pseudo-filesystem

.SH DESCRIPTION
The
.I proc
filesystem is a pseudo-filesystem which is used as an interface to
kernel data structures. It is commonly mounted at
.IR /proc .
Most of it is read-only, but some files allow kernel variables to be 
changed.
.LP
The following outline gives a quick tour through the /proc hierarchy.
.PD 1
.TP
.I /proc/[number]
There is a numerical subdirectory for each running process; the
subdirectory is named by the process ID.
Each such subdirectory contains the following
pseudo-files and directories.
.TP
.I /proc/[number]/cmdline
This holds the complete command line for the process, unless the whole
process has been swapped out or the process is a zombie.  In
either of these latter cases, there is nothing in this file: i.e. a
read on this file will return 0 characters.
The command line arguments appear in this file as a set of 
null-separated strings, with a further null byte after the last string.
.TP
.I /proc/[number]/cwd
This is a link to the current working directory of the process.  To find 
out
the cwd of process 20, for instance, you can do this:

.br
.nf
.ft CW
cd /proc/20/cwd; /bin/pwd
.fi
.ft

Note that the pwd command is often a shell builtin, and might
not work properly. In bash, you may use pwd -P.
.TP
.I /proc/[number]/environ
This file contains the environment for the process.
The entries are separated by null characters,
and there may be a null character at the end.
Thus, to print out the environment of process 1, you would do:

.br
.nf
.ft CW
(cat /proc/1/environ; echo) | tr "\\000" "\\n"
.fi
.ft P

(For a reason why one should want to do this, see
.BR lilo (8).)
.TP
.I /proc/[number]/exe
Under Linux 2.2 and later, this file is a symbolic link
containing the actual path name of the executed command.
This symbolic link can be dereferenced normally - attempting to open 
it will open the executable.  You can even type
.I /proc/[number]/exe
to run another copy of the same process as [number].

Under Linux 2.0 and earlier
.I /proc/[number]/exe
is a pointer to the binary which was executed, 
and appears as a symbolic link. A
.BR readlink (2)
call on this file under Linux 2.0 returns a string in the format:

[device]:inode

For example, [0301]:1502 would be inode 1502 on device major 03 (IDE,
MFM, etc. drives) minor 01 (first partition on the first drive).

.BR find (1)
with the -inum option can be used to locate the file.
.TP
.I /proc/[number]/fd
This is a subdirectory containing one entry for each file which the
process has open, named by its file descriptor, and which is a
symbolic link to the actual file.  Thus, 0 is
standard input, 1 standard output, 2 standard error, etc.

Programs that will take a filename, but will not take the standard
input, and which write to a file, but will not send their output to
standard output, can be effectively foiled this way, assuming that -i
is the flag designating an input file and -o is the flag designating
an output file:
.br
.nf

\f(CWfoobar -i /proc/self/fd/0 -o /proc/self/fd/1 ...\fR

.fi
.br
and you have a working filter.
.\" The following is not true in my tests (MTK):
.\" Note that this will not work for
.\" programs that seek on their files, as the files in the fd directory
.\" are not seekable.

/proc/self/fd/N is approximately the same as /dev/fd/N in some UNIX
and UNIX-like systems.  Most Linux MAKEDEV scripts symbolically link
/dev/fd to /proc/self/fd, in fact.
.TP
.I /proc/[number]/maps
A file containing the currently mapped memory regions and their access
permissions.

The format is:

.nf
.ft CW
.in 8n
address           perms offset  dev   inode      pathname
08048000-08056000 r-xp 00000000 03:0c 64593      /usr/sbin/gpm
08056000-08058000 rw-p 0000d000 03:0c 64593      /usr/sbin/gpm
08058000-0805b000 rwxp 00000000 00:00 0
40000000-40013000 r-xp 00000000 03:0c 4165       /lib/ld-2.2.4.so
40013000-40015000 rw-p 00012000 03:0c 4165       /lib/ld-2.2.4.so
4001f000-40135000 r-xp 00000000 03:0c 45494      /lib/libc-2.2.4.so
40135000-4013e000 rw-p 00115000 03:0c 45494      /lib/libc-2.2.4.so
4013e000-40142000 rw-p 00000000 00:00 0
bffff000-c0000000 rwxp 00000000 00:00 0
.ft
.fi
.in

where address is the address space in the process that it occupies,
perms is a set of permissions:

.nf
.in +5
r = read
w = write
x = execute
s = shared
p = private (copy on write)
.fi
.in

offset is the offset into the file/whatever, dev is the device
(major:minor), and inode is the inode on that device.  0 indicates
that no inode is associated with the memory region, as the case would
be with bss.

Under Linux 2.0 there is no field giving pathname.
.TP
.I /proc/[number]/mem
This file can be used to access the pages of a process's memory through
.BR open (2),
.BR read (2),
and
.BR fseek (3).
.TP
.I /proc/[number]/root
Unix and Linux support the idea of a per-process root of the
filesystem, set by the
.BR chroot (2)
system call.  This file is a symbolic link that points to the process's
root directory, and behaves as exe, fd/*, etc. do.
.TP
.I /proc/[number]/stat
Status information about the process.  This is used by
.BR ps (1).  
It is defined in 
.IR /usr/src/linux/fs/proc/array.c "."

The fields, in order, with their proper
.BR scanf (3)
format specifiers, are:
.RS
.TP
\fIpid\fP %d
The process id.
.TP
\fIcomm\fP %s
The filename of the executable, in parentheses.  This is visible
whether or not the executable is swapped out.
.TP
\fIstate\fP %c
One character from the string "RSDZTW" where R is running, S is
sleeping in an interruptible wait, D is waiting in uninterruptible
disk sleep, Z is zombie, T is traced or stopped (on a signal),
and W is paging.
.TP
\fIppid\fP %d
The PID of the parent.
.TP
\fIpgrp\fP %d
The process group ID of the process.
.TP
\fIsession\fP %d
The session ID of the process.
.TP
.\" tty_nr needs better explanation.
\fItty_nr\fP %d
The tty the process uses.
.TP
\fItpgid\fP %d
.\" This field and following, up to and including wchan added 0.99.1
The process group ID of the process which currently owns the tty that
the process is connected to.
.TP
\fIflags\fP %lu
The kernel flags word of the process. For bit meanings,
see the PF_* defines in
.IR <linux/sched.h> .
Details depend on the kernel version.
.TP
\fIminflt\fP %lu
The number of minor faults the process has made which have not
required loading a memory page from disk.
.TP
\fIcminflt\fP %lu
The number of minor faults that the process's
waited-for children have made.
.TP
\fImajflt\fP %lu
The number of major faults the process has made which have
required loading a memory page from disk.
.TP
\fIcmajflt\fP %lu
The number of major faults that the process's
waited-for children have made.
.TP
\fIutime\fP %lu
The number of jiffies that this process has been scheduled in user
mode.
.TP
\fIstime\fP %lu
The number of jiffies that this process has been scheduled in kernel
mode.
.TP
\fIcutime\fP %ld
The number of jiffies that this process's
waited-for children have been scheduled in user mode. (See also
.BR times (2).)
.TP
\fIcstime\fP %ld
The number of jiffies that this process's
waited-for children have been scheduled in kernel mode.
.TP
\fIpriority\fP %ld
The standard nice value, plus fifteen.  The value is never negative in
the kernel.
.TP
\fInice\fP %ld
The nice value ranges from 19 (nicest) to \-19 (not nice to others).
.TP
.\" .TP
.\" \fIcounter\fP %ld
.\" The current maximum size in jiffies of the process's next timeslice,
.\" or what is currently left of its current timeslice, if it is the
.\" currently running process.
.\" .TP
.\" \fItimeout\fP %u
.\" The time in jiffies of the process's next timeout.
\fI0\fP %ld
This value is hard coded to 0 as a placeholder for a removed field.
.TP
\fIitrealvalue\fP %ld
The time in jiffies before the next SIGALRM is sent to the process
due to an interval timer.
.TP
\fIstarttime\fP %lu
The time in jiffies the process started after system boot.
.TP
\fIvsize\fP %lu
Virtual memory size in bytes.
.TP
\fIrss\fP %ld
Resident Set Size: number of pages the process has in real memory,
minus 3 for administrative purposes. This is just the pages which
count towards text, data, or stack space.  This does not include pages
which have not been demand-loaded in, or which are swapped out.
.TP
\fIrlim\fP %lu
Current limit in bytes on the rss of the process (usually
4294967295 on i386).
.TP
\fIstartcode\fP %lu
The address above which program text can run.
.TP
\fIendcode\fP %lu
The address below which program text can run.
.TP
\fIstartstack\fP %lu
The address of the start of the stack.
.TP
\fIkstkesp\fP %lu
The current value of esp (stack pointer), as found in the
kernel stack page for the process.
.TP
\fIkstkeip\fP %lu
The current EIP (instruction pointer).
.TP
\fIsignal\fP %lu
The bitmap of pending signals.
.TP
\fIblocked\fP %lu
The bitmap of blocked signals.
.TP
\fIsigignore\fP %lu
The bitmap of ignored signals.
.TP
\fIsigcatch\fP %lu
The bitmap of caught signals.
.TP
\fIwchan\fP %lu
This is the "channel" in which the process is waiting.  It is the
address of a system call, and can be looked up in a namelist if you
need a textual name.  (If you have an up-to-date /etc/psdatabase, then
try \fIps -l\fP to see the WCHAN field in action.)
.TP
\fInswap\fP %lu
Number of pages swapped - not maintained.
.TP
\fIcnswap\fP %lu
Cumulative \fInswap\fP for child processes - not maintained.
.TP
\fIexit_signal\fP %d
Signal to be sent to parent when we die.
.TP
\fIprocessor\fP %d
CPU number last executed on.
.TP
\fIrt_priority\fP %lu (since kernel 2.5.19)
Real-time scheduling priority (see
.BR sched_setscheduler (2)).
.TP
\fIpolicy\fP %lu (since kernel 2.5.19)
Scheduling policy (see
.BR sched_setscheduler (2)).
.RE
.TP
.I /proc/[number]/statm
Provides information about memory status in pages.  The columns are:
 size       total program size
 resident   resident set size
 share      shared pages
 text       text (code)
 lib        library
 data       data/stack
 dt         dirty pages (unused in Linux 2.6)
.TP
.I /proc/[number]/status
Provides much of the information in
.I /proc/[number]/stat
and
.I /proc/[number]/statm
in a format that's easier for humans to parse.
.TP
.I /proc/apm
Advanced power management version and battery information
when CONFIG_APM is defined at kernel compilation time.
.TP
.I /proc/bus
Contains subdirectories for installed busses.
.TP
.I /proc/bus/pccard
Subdirectory for pcmcia devices when CONFIG_PCMCIA is set
at kernel compilation time.
.TP
.I /proc/bus/pccard/drivers
.TP
.I /proc/bus/pci
Contains various bus subdirectories and pseudo-files containing 
information about pci busses, installed devices, and device 
drivers.  Some of these files are not ASCII.  
.TP
.I /proc/bus/pci/devices
Information about pci devices.  They may be accessed through 
.BR lspci (8)
and
.BR setpci (8).
.TP
.I /proc/cmdline
Arguments passed to the Linux kernel at boot time.  Often done via
a boot manager such as
.BR lilo (1).
.TP
.I /proc/cpuinfo
This is a collection of CPU and system architecture dependent items,
for each supported architecture a different list.
Two common entries are \fIprocessor\fP which gives CPU number and
\fIbogomips\fP; a system constant that is calculated 
during kernel initialization.  SMP machines have information for
each CPU.
.TP
.I /proc/devices
Text listing of major numbers and device groups.  This can be used by
MAKEDEV scripts for consistency with the kernel.
.TP
.IR /proc/diskstats " (since Linux 2.5.69)"
This file contains disk I/O statistics for each disk device.
See the kernel source file
.I Documentation/iostats.txt
for further information.
.TP
.I /proc/dma
This is a list of the registered \fIISA\fP DMA (direct memory access) 
channels in use.
.TP
.I /proc/driver
Empty subdirectory.
.TP
.I /proc/execdomains
List of the execution domains (ABI personalities).
.TP
.I /proc/fb
Frame buffer information when CONFIG_FB is defined during kernel 
compilation.
.TP
.I /proc/filesystems
A text listing of the filesystems which were compiled into the kernel.
Incidentally, this is used by
.BR mount (1)
to cycle through different filesystems when none is specified.
.TP
.I /proc/fs
Empty subdirectory.
.TP
.I /proc/ide
This directory
exists on systems with the ide bus.  There are directories for each
ide channel and attached device.  Files include:

.nf
cache              buffer size in KB
capacity           number of sectors
driver             driver version
geometry           physical and logical geometry
identify           in hexadecimal
media              media type
model              manufacturer's model number
settings           drive settings
smart_thresholds   in hexadecimal
smart_values       in hexadecimal
.fi

The 
.BR hdparm (8)
utility provides access to this information in a friendly format.
.TP
.I /proc/interrupts
This is used to record the number of interrupts per each IRQ on (at
least) the i386 architecture.  Very easy to read formatting, done in
ASCII.
.TP
.I /proc/iomem
I/O memory map in Linux 2.4.
.TP
.I /proc/ioports
This is a list of currently registered Input-Output port regions that 
are in use.
.TP
.IR /proc/kallsyms " (since Linux 2.5.71)"
This holds the kernel exported symbol definitions used by the
.BR modules (X)
tools to dynamically link and bind loadable modules.
In Linux 2.5.47 and earlier, a similar file with slightly different syntax
was named
.IR ksyms .
.TP
.I /proc/kcore
This file represents the physical memory of the system and is stored
in the ELF core file format.  With this pseudo-file, and an unstripped
kernel (/usr/src/linux/vmlinux) binary, GDB can be used to
examine the current state of any kernel data structures.

The total length of the file is the size of physical memory (RAM) plus
4KB.
.TP
.I /proc/kmsg
This file can be used instead of the
.BR syslog (2)
system call to read kernel messages.  A process must have superuser
privileges to read this file, and only one process should read this
file.  This file should not be read if a syslog process is running
which uses the
.BR syslog (2)
system call facility to log kernel messages.

Information in this file is retrieved with the
.BR dmesg (8)
program.
.TP
.IR /proc/ksyms " (Linux 1.1.23-2.5.47)"
See
.IR /proc/kallsyms .
.TP
.I /proc/loadavg
The first three fields in this file are load average figures
giving the number of jobs in the run queue (state R)
or waiting for disk I/O (state D) averaged over 1, 5, and 15 minutes.
They are the same as the load average numbers given by
.BR uptime (1)
and other programs.
The fourth field consists of two numbers separated by a slash (/).
The first of these is the number of currently executing kernel
scheduling entities (processes, threads); 
this will be less than or equal to the number of CPUs.
The value after the slash is the number of kernel scheduling entities
that currently exist on the system.
The fifth field is the PID of the process that was most
recently created on the system.
.TP
.I /proc/locks
This file shows current file locks
.RB ( flock "(2) and " fcntl (2))
and leases
.RB ( fcntl (2)).
.TP
.I /proc/malloc
This file is only present if CONFIGDEBUGMALLOC was defined during
compilation.
.TP
.I /proc/meminfo
This is used by
.BR free (1)
to report the amount of free and used memory (both physical and swap)
on the system as well as the shared memory and buffers used by the
kernel.

It is in the same format as
.BR free (1),
except in bytes rather than KB.
.TP
.I /proc/mounts
This is a list of all the file systems currently mounted on the system.
The format of this file is documented in
.IR fstab (5).
.TP
.I /proc/modules
A text list of the modules that have been loaded by the system.
See also
.BR lsmod (8).
.TP
.I /proc/mtrr
Memory Type Range Registers.  
See 
.I /usr/src/linux/Documentation/mtrr.txt
for details.
.TP
.I /proc/net
various net pseudo-files, all of which give the status of some part of
the networking layer.  These files contain ASCII structures and are,
therefore, readable with cat.  However, the standard
.BR netstat (8)
suite provides much cleaner access to these files.
.TP
.I /proc/net/arp
This holds an ASCII readable dump of the kernel ARP table used for
address resolutions. It will show both dynamically learned and
pre-programmed ARP entries.  The format is:

.nf
.ft CW
.in 8n
IP address     HW type   Flags     HW address          Mask   Device
192.168.0.50   0x1       0x2       00:50:BF:25:68:F3   *      eth0
192.168.0.250  0x1       0xc       00:00:00:00:00:00   *      eth0
.ft
.fi
.in

Here 'IP address' is the IPv4 address of the machine and the 'HW type'
is the hardware type of the address from RFC 826. The flags are the internal 
flags of the ARP structure (as defined in /usr/include/linux/if_arp.h) and
the 'HW address' is the data link layer mapping for that IP address if
it is known.
.TP
.I /proc/net/dev
The dev pseudo-file contains network device status information. This gives
the number of received and sent packets, the number of errors and 
collisions
and other basic statistics. These are used by the
.BR ifconfig (8)
program to report device status.  The format is:

.nf
.ft CW
.in 1n
Inter-|   Receive                                                |  Transmit
 face |bytes    packets errs drop fifo frame compressed multicast|bytes    packets errs drop fifo colls carrier compressed
    lo: 2776770   11307    0    0    0     0          0         0  2776770   11307    0    0    0     0       0          0
  eth0: 1215645    2751    0    0    0     0          0         0  1782404    4324    0    0    0   427       0          0
  ppp0: 1622270    5552    1    0    0     0          0         0   354130    5669    0    0    0     0       0          0
  tap0:    7714      81    0    0    0     0          0         0     7714      81    0    0    0     0       0          0
.in
.ft
.fi
.\" .TP
.\" .I /proc/net/ipx
.\" No information.
.\" .TP
.\" .I /proc/net/ipx_route
.\" No information.
.TP
.I /proc/net/dev_mcast
Defined in
.IR /usr/src/linux/net/core/dev_mcast.c :
.nf
.in +5
indx interface_name  dmi_u dmi_g dmi_address
2    eth0            1     0     01005e000001
3    eth1            1     0     01005e000001
4    eth2            1     0     01005e000001
.in
.fi
.TP
.I /proc/net/igmp
Internet Group Management Protocol.  Defined in
.IR /usr/src/linux/net/core/igmp.c .
.TP
.I /proc/net/rarp
This file uses the same format as the
.I arp
file and contains the current reverse mapping database used to provide
.BR rarp (8)
reverse address lookup services. If RARP is not configured into the 
kernel,
this file will not be present.
.TP
.I /proc/net/raw
Holds a dump of the RAW socket table. Much of the information is not of 
use
apart from debugging. The 'sl' value is the kernel hash slot for the 
socket,
the 'local address' is the local address and protocol number pair."St" is
the internal status of the socket. The "tx_queue" and "rx_queue" are the
outgoing and incoming data queue in terms of kernel memory usage.
The "tr", "tm->when", and "rexmits" fields are not used by RAW.
The uid field holds the creator euid of the socket.
.\" .TP
.\" .I /proc/net/route
.\" No information, but looks similar to
.\" .BR route (8).
.TP
.I /proc/net/snmp
This file holds the ASCII data needed for the IP, ICMP, TCP, and UDP 
management
information bases for an snmp agent. 
.TP
.I /proc/net/tcp
Holds a dump of the TCP socket table. Much of the information is not
of use apart from debugging. The "sl" value is the kernel hash slot
for the socket, the "local address" is the local address and port number pair.
The "remote address" is the remote address and port number pair
(if connected). 'St' is the internal status of the socket.
The 'tx_queue' and 'rx_queue' are the
outgoing and incoming data queue in terms of kernel memory usage.
The "tr", "tm->when", and "rexmits" fields hold internal information of
the kernel socket state and are only useful for debugging. The uid field
holds the creator euid of the socket.
.TP
.I /proc/net/udp
Holds a dump of the UDP socket table. Much of the information is not of 
use apart from debugging. The "sl" value is the kernel hash slot for the 
socket, the "local address" is the local address and port number pair.
The "remote address" is the remote address and port number pair
(if connected). "St" is the internal status of the socket.
The "tx_queue" and "rx_queue" are the outgoing and incoming data queue
in terms of kernel memory usage. The "tr", "tm->when", and "rexmits" fields
are not used by UDP. The uid field holds the creator euid of the socket.
The format is:

.nf
.ft CW
.in 1n
sl  local_address rem_address   st tx_queue rx_queue tr rexmits  tm->when uid
 1: 01642C89:0201 0C642C89:03FF 01 00000000:00000001 01:000071BA 00000000 0
 1: 00000000:0801 00000000:0000 0A 00000000:00000000 00:00000000 6F000100 0
 1: 00000000:0201 00000000:0000 0A 00000000:00000000 00:00000000 00000000 0
.in
.ft
.fi
.TP
.I /proc/net/unix
Lists the UNIX domain sockets present within the system and their
status.  The format is:
.nf
.sp .5
.ft CW
Num RefCount Protocol Flags    Type St Path
 0: 00000002 00000000 00000000 0001 03
 1: 00000001 00000000 00010000 0001 01 /dev/printer
.ft
.sp .5
.fi

Here 'Num' is the kernel table slot number, 'RefCount' is the number
of users of the socket, 'Protocol' is currently always 0, 'Flags'
represent the internal kernel flags holding the status of the
socket. Currently, type is always '1' (Unix domain datagram sockets are
not yet supported in the kernel). 'St' is the internal state of the
socket and Path is the bound path (if any) of the socket.
.TP
.I /proc/partitions
Contains major and minor numbers of each partition as well as number
of blocks and partition name.
.TP
.I /proc/pci
This is a listing of all PCI devices found during kernel initialization
and their configuration.
.TP
.I /proc/scsi
A directory with the scsi midlevel pseudo-file and various SCSI lowlevel 
driver 
directories, which contain a file for each SCSI host in this system, all 
of 
which give the status of some part of the SCSI IO subsystem.  
These files contain ASCII structures and are, therefore, readable with 
cat.  

You can also write to some of the files to reconfigure the subsystem or 
switch
certain features on or off.
.TP
.I /proc/scsi/scsi
This is a listing of all SCSI devices known to the kernel. The listing is 
similar to the one seen during bootup.
scsi currently supports only the \fIadd-single-device\fP command which 
allows
root to add a hotplugged device to the list of known devices.

An 
.B echo 'scsi add-single-device 1 0 5 0' > /proc/scsi/scsi 
will cause 
host scsi1 to scan on SCSI channel 0 for a device on ID 5 LUN 0. If there 
is already a device known on this address or the address is invalid, an
error will be returned.
.TP
.I /proc/scsi/[drivername]
\fI[drivername]\fP can currently be NCR53c7xx, aha152x, aha1542, aha1740, 
aic7xxx, buslogic, eata_dma, eata_pio, fdomain, in2000, pas16, qlogic, 
scsi_debug, seagate, t128, u15-24f, ultrastore, or wd7000. 
These directories show up for all drivers that registered at least one 
SCSI 
HBA. Every directory contains one file per registered host. Every
host-file is named after the number the host was assigned during
initialization. 

Reading these files will usually show driver and host configuration, 
statistics etc.

Writing to these files allows different things on different hosts.
For example, with the \fIlatency\fP and \fInolatency\fP commands,
root can switch on and off command latency measurement code in the
eata_dma driver. With the \fIlockup\fP and \fIunlock\fP commands,
root can control bus lockups simulated by the scsi_debug driver. 
.TP
.I /proc/self
This directory refers to the process accessing the /proc filesystem,
and is identical to the /proc directory named by the process ID of the
same process.
.TP
.I /proc/slabinfo
Information about kernel caches.  The columns are:
.nf
cache-name
num-active-objs
total-objs
object-size
num-active-slabs
total-slabs
num-pages-per-slab
.fi
See 
.BR slabinfo (5)
for details.
.TP
.I /proc/stat
kernel/system statistics.  Varies with architecture.  Common 
entries include:
.RS
.TP
\fIcpu  3357 0 4313 1362393\fP
The number of jiffies (1/100ths of a second) that the system spent in
user mode, user mode with low priority (nice), system mode, and the
idle task, respectively.  The last value should be 100 times the
second entry in the uptime pseudo-file.
.TP
\fIpage 5741 1808\fP
The number of pages the system paged in and the number that were paged
out (from disk).
.TP
\fIswap 1 0\fP
The number of swap pages that have been brought in and out.
.TP
\fIintr 1462898\fP
The number of interrupts received from the system boot.
.TP
\fIdisk_io: (2,0):(31,30,5764,1,2) (3,0):\fP...
(major,minor):(noinfo, read_io_ops, blks_read, write_io_ops, blks_written)
.TP
\fIctxt 115315\fP
The number of context switches that the system underwent.
.TP
\fIbtime 769041601\fP
boot time, in seconds since the epoch (January 1, 1970).
.TP
\fIprocesses 86031\fP
Number of forks since boot.
.RE
.TP
.I /proc/swaps
Swap areas in use.  See also
.BR swapon (8).
.TP
.I /proc/sys
This directory (present since 1.3.57) contains a number of files
and subdirectories corresponding to kernel variables.
These variables can be read and sometimes modified using
the \fIproc\fP file system, and the
.BR sysctl (2)
system call. Presently, there are subdirectories
.IR abi ", " debug ", " dev ", " fs ", " kernel ", " net ", " proc ", "
.IR rxrpc ", " sunrpc " and " vm
that each contain more files and subdirectories.
.TP
.I /proc/sys/abi
This directory may contain files with application binary information.
On some systems, it is not present.
.TP
.I /proc/sys/debug
This directory may be empty.
.TP
.I /proc/sys/dev
This directory contains device specific information (eg dev/cdrom/info).  
On
some systems, it may be empty.
.TP
.I /proc/sys/fs
This contains the subdirectory
.\" FIXME: document /proc/sys/fs/mqueue/ 
.\"	(see Documentation/filesystems/proc.txt)
.IR binfmt_misc
and files
.IR dentry-state ", " dir-notify-enable ", " dquot-nr ", " file-max ", " 
.IR file-nr ", " inode-max ", " inode-nr ", " inode-state ", " 
.IR lease-break-time ", " leases-enable ", " overflowgid ", " overflowuid
.IR super-max " and " super-nr
with function fairly clear from the name.
.TP
.I /proc/sys/fs/binfmt_misc
Documentation for files in this directory can in the kernel sources in
.IR Documentation/binfmt_misc.txt .
.TP
.I /proc/sys/fs/dentry-state
This file contains six numbers, 
.IR nr_dentry ", " nr_unused ", " age_limit " (age in seconds), " 
want_pages
(pages requested by system) and two dummy values.
nr_dentry seems to be 0 all the time.
nr_unused seems to be the number of unused dentries.
age_limit is the age in seconds after which dcache entries
can be reclaimed when memory is short and want_pages is
non-zero when the kernel has called shrink_dcache_pages() and the
dcache isn't pruned yet.
.TP
.I /proc/sys/fs/dir-notify-enable
This file can be used to disable or enable the
.I dnotify
interface described in
.BR fcntl (2)
on a system-wide basis.
A value of 0 in this file disables the interface,
and a value of 1 enables it.
.TP
.I /proc/sys/fs/dquot-max
This file shows the maximum number of cached disk quota entries.
On some (2.4) systems, it is not present.
If the number of free cached disk quota entries is very low and
you have some awesome number of simultaneous system users,
you might want to raise the limit.
.TP
.I /proc/sys/fs/dquot-nr
This file shows the number of allocated disk quota
entries and the number of free disk quota entries.
.TP
.I /proc/sys/fs/file-max
This file defines
a system-wide limit on the number of open files for all processes.
(See also
.BR setrlimit (2),
which can be used by a process to set the per-process limit,
.BR RLIMIT_NOFILE ,
on the number of files it may open.)
If you get lots
of error messages about running out of file handles,
try increasing this value:
.br

.br
.nf
.ft CW
echo 100000 > /proc/sys/fs/file-max
.fi
.ft

The kernel constant
.I NR_OPEN
imposes an upper limit on the value that may be placed in
.IR file-max .

If you increase 
.IR /proc/sys/fs/file-max ","
be sure to increase
.I /proc/sys/fs/inode-max
to 3-4 times the new
value of 
.IR /proc/sys/fs/file-max ","
or you will run out of inodes.
.TP
.I /proc/sys/fs/file-nr
This (read-only) file
gives the number of files presently opened.
It contains three numbers: The number of allocated
file handles, the number of free file handles and the maximum
number of file handles.  The kernel allocates file handles dynamically, 
but it
doesn't free them again.  If the number of allocated files is close to the 

maximum, you should consider increasing the maximum.
When the number of free file handles is
large, you've encountered a peak in your usage of file
handles and you probably don't need to increase the maximum.
.TP
.I /proc/sys/fs/inode-max 
This file contains the maximum number of in-memory inodes.
On some (2.4) systems, it may not be
present. This value should be 3-4 times larger
than the value in file-max, since stdin, stdout and network sockets also
need an inode to handle them. When you regularly run
out of inodes, you need to increase this value.
.TP
.I /proc/sys/fs/inode-nr
This file contains the first two values from inode-state.
.TP
.I /proc/sys/fs/inode-state
This file
contains seven numbers: nr_inodes, nr_free_inodes, preshrink and four 
dummy
values.
nr_inodes is the number of inodes the system has
allocated.  This can be slightly more than inode-max because
Linux allocates them one pageful at a time.
nr_free_inodes represents the number of free inodes.
preshrink is non-zero when the nr_inodes > inode-max and the
system needs to prune the inode list instead of allocating
more.
.TP
.I /proc/sys/fs/lease-break-time
This file
specifies the grace period that the kernel grants to a process
holding a file lease
.RB ( fcntl (2))
after it has sent a signal to that process notifying it
that another process is waiting to open the file.
If the lease holder does not remove or downgrade the lease within
this grace period, the kernel forcibly breaks the lease.
.TP
.I /proc/sys/fs/leases-enable
This file can be used to enable or disable file leases
.RB ( fcntl (2))
on a system-wide basis.
If this file contains the value 0, leases are disabled.
A non-zero value enables leases.
.TP
.IR /proc/sys/fs/overflowgid " and " /proc/sys/fs/overflowuid
These files
allow you to change the value of the fixed UID and GID.
The default is 65534.
Some filesystems only support 16-bit UIDs and GIDs, although in Linux
UIDs and GIDs are 32 bits. When one of these filesystems is mounted
with writes enabled, any UID or GID that would exceed 65535 is translated
to the overflow value before being written to disk.  
.TP
.I /proc/sys/fs/super-max 
This file 
controls the maximum number of superblocks, and
thus the maximum number of mounted filesystems the kernel
can have. You only need to increase super-max if you need to
mount more filesystems than the current value in super-max
allows you to.
.TP
.I /proc/sys/fs/super-nr
This file 
contains the number of filesystems currently mounted.
.TP
.I /proc/sys/kernel
This directory contains files
.IR acct ", " cad_pid ", " cap-bound  ", "
.IR core_pattern ", " core_uses_pid  ", "
.IR ctrl-alt-del ", " dentry-state ", " domainname ", "
.IR hotplug ", " hostname ", " 
.IR htab-reclaim " (PowerPC only), "
.IR java-appletviewer " (binfmt_java, obsolete), "
.IR java-interpreter " (binfmt_java, obsolete), " l2cr " (PowerPC only), "
.IR modprobe ", " msgmax ", " msgmnb ", " 
.IR msgmni ", " osrelease ", " ostype ", " overflowgid ", " overflowuid ,
.IR panic ", " panic_on_oops ", " pid_max ", "
.IR powersave-nap " (PowerPC only), " printk ", " pty ", " random ", "
.IR real-root-dev ", " reboot-cmd " (SPARC only), " rtsig-max ", " 
.IR rtsig-nr ", " sem ", " sg-big-buff ", "
.IR shmall ", " shmmax ", " shmmni ", " sysrq ", " tainted ", " threads-max ,
.IR version " and " zero-paged " (PowerPC only) "
with function fairly clear from the name.
.TP
.I /proc/sys/kernel/acct
This file 
contains three numbers: highwater, lowwater and frequency.
If BSD-style process accounting is enabled these values control
its behaviour. If free space on filesystem where the log lives
goes below lowwater percent accounting suspends. If free space gets
above highwater percent accounting resumes.  Frequency determines
how often the kernel checks the amount of free space (value is in
seconds). Default values are 4, 2 and 30.
That is, suspend accounting if <= 2% of space is free; resume it
if >= 4% of space is free; consider information about amount of free space
valid for 30 seconds.
.TP
.I /proc/sys/kernel/cap-bound
This file holds the value of the kernel
.IR "capability bounding set"
(expressed as a signed decimal number).
This set is ANDed against the capabilities permitted to a process
during exec.
.TP
.I /proc/sys/kernel/core_pattern
This file
(new in Linux 2.5) provides finer control over the form of
a core filename than the obsolete
.IR /proc/sys/kernel/core_uses_pid
file described below.
The name for a core file is controlled by defining a template in
.IR /proc/sys/kernel/core_pattern .
The template can contain % specifiers which are substituted
by the following values when a core file is created:
.nf
    
  %%  A single % character
  %p  PID of dumped process
  %u  real UID of dumped process
  %g  real GID of dumped process
  %s  number of signal causing dump
  %t  time of dump (secs since 0:00h, 1 Jan 1970)
  %h  hostname (same as the 'nodename' 
      returned by \fBuname\fP(2))
  %e  executable filename
    
.fi
A single % at the end of the template is dropped from the 
core filename, as is the combination of a % followed by any 
character other than those listed above.
All other characters in the template become a literal
part of the core filename.
The maximum size of the resulting core filename is 64 bytes.
The default value in this file is "core".
For backward compatibility, if
.I /proc/sys/kernel/core_pattern
does not include "%p" and
.I /proc/sys/kernel/core_uses_pid
is non-zero, then .PID will be appended to the core filename.
.TP
.I /proc/sys/kernel/core_uses_pid
This file
can be used control the naming of a core dump file on Linux 2.4.
If this file contains the value 0, then a core dump file is simply named
.IR core .
If this file contains a non-zero value, then the core dump file includes
the process ID in a name of the form
.IR core.PID .
.TP
.I /proc/sys/kernel/ctrl-alt-del
This file
controls the handling of Ctrl-Alt-Del from the keyboard.
When the value in this file is 0, Ctrl-Alt-Del is trapped and
sent to the
.BR init (1)
program to handle a graceful restart.
When the value is > 0, Linux's reaction to a Vulcan
Nerve Pinch (tm) will be an immediate reboot, without even
syncing its dirty buffers.
Note: when a program (like dosemu) has the keyboard in 'raw'
mode, the ctrl-alt-del is intercepted by the program before it
ever reaches the kernel tty layer, and it's up to the program
to decide what to do with it.
.TP
.I /proc/sys/kernel/hotplug
This file
contains the path for the hotplug policy agent.
The default value in this file "/sbin/hotplug".
.TP
.IR /proc/sys/kernel/domainname " and " /proc/sys/kernel/hostname
can be used to set the NIS/YP domainname and the
hostname of your box in exactly the same way as the commands
domainname and hostname, i.e.:
.br

.br
# echo "darkstar" > /proc/sys/kernel/hostname
.br
# echo "mydomain" > /proc/sys/kernel/domainname
.br

.br
has the same effect as
.br

.br
# hostname "darkstar"
.br
# domainname "mydomain"
.br

.br
Note, however, that the classic darkstar.frop.org has the
hostname "darkstar" and DNS (Internet Domain Name Server)
domainname "frop.org", not to be confused with the NIS (Network
Information Service) or YP (Yellow Pages) domainname. These two
domain names are in general different. For a detailed discussion
see the
.BR hostname (1)
man page.
.TP
.I /proc/sys/kernel/htab-reclaim
(PowerPC only) If this file is set to a non-zero value,
the PowerPC htab
(see kernel file Documentation/powerpc/ppc_htab.txt) is pruned
each time the system hits the idle loop.
.TP
.I /proc/sys/kernel/l2cr
(PowerPC only) This file
contains a flag that controls the L2 cache of G3 processor
boards. If 0, the cache is disabled. Enabled if non-zero.
.TP
.I /proc/sys/kernel/modprobe
This file
is described by the kernel source file Documentation/kmod.txt.
.TP
.I /proc/sys/kernel/msgmax
This file defines
a system-wide limit specifying the maximum number of bytes in
a single message written on a System V message queue.
.TP
.I /proc/sys/kernel/msgmni
This file defines the system-wide limit on the number of
message queue identifiers.
(This file is only present in Linux 2.4 onwards.)
.TP
.I /proc/sys/kernel/msgmnb
This file defines a system-wide parameter used to initialise the
.I msg_qbytes
setting for subsequently created message queues.
The
.I msg_qbytes
setting specifies the maximum number of bytes that may be written to the
message queue.
.TP
.IR /proc/sys/kernel/ostype " and " /proc/sys/kernel/osrelease
These files
give substrings of
.IR /proc/version .
.TP
.IR /proc/sys/kernel/overflowgid " and " /proc/sys/kernel/overflowuid
These files duplicate the files
.I /proc/sys/fs/overflowgid
and
.IR /proc/sys/fs/overflowuid .
.TP
.I /proc/sys/kernel/panic
gives read/write access to the kernel variable
.IR panic_timeout .
If this is zero, the kernel will loop on a panic; if non-zero
it indicates that the kernel should autoreboot after this number
of seconds.  When you use the
software watchdog device driver, the recommended setting is 60.
.TP
.I /proc/sys/kernel/panic_on_oops
This file (new in Linux 2.5) controls the kernel's behaviour when an oops 
or
BUG is encountered.  If this file contains 0, then the system
tries to continue operation.  If it contains 1, then the system
delays a few seconds (to give klogd time to record the oops output)
and then panics. 
If the
.I /proc/sys/kernel/panic
file is also non-zero then the machine will be rebooted.
.TP
.I /proc/sys/kernel/pid_max
This file 
(new in Linux 2.5)
specifies the value at which PIDs wrap around
(i.e., the value in this file is one greater than the maximum PID).
The default value for this file, 32768,
results in the same range of PIDs as on earlier kernels.
The value in this file can be set to any value up to 2^22
(PID_MAX_LIMIT, approximately 4 million).
.TP
.IR /proc/sys/kernel/powersave-nap " (PowerPC only)"
This file
contains a flag.  If set, Linux-PPC will use the 'nap' mode of 
powersaving,
otherwise the 'doze' mode will be used.
.TP
.I /proc/sys/kernel/printk
The four values in this file
are console_loglevel, default_message_loglevel, minimum_console_level and
default_console_loglevel.
These values influence printk() behavior when printing or
logging error messages. See
.BR syslog (2)
for more info on the different loglevels.
Messages with a higher priority than
console_loglevel will be printed to the console.
Messages without an explicit priority
will be printed with priority default_message_level.
minimum_console_loglevel is the minimum (highest) value to which
console_loglevel can be set.
default_console_loglevel is the default value for console_loglevel.
.TP
.IR /proc/sys/kernel/pty " (since Linux 2.6.4)"
This directory 
contains two files relating to the number of Unix 98
pseudo-terminals (see
.BR pts (4))
on the system.
.TP
.I /proc/sys/kernel/pty/max
This file defines the maximum number of pseudo-terminals.
.TP
.I /proc/sys/kernel/pty/nr
This read-only file
indicates how many pseudo-terminals are currently in use.
.TP
.\" FIXME say more about random
.I /proc/sys/kernel/random
This directory
contains various parameters controlling the operation of the file
.IR /dev/random .
.TP
.I /proc/sys/kernel/real-root-dev
This file
is documented in the kernel source file Documentation/initrd.txt.
.TP
.IR /proc/sys/kernel/reboot-cmd " (Sparc only) "
This file seems to be a way to give an argument to the SPARC
ROM/Flash boot loader. Maybe to tell it what to do after
rebooting?
.TP
.I /proc/sys/kernel/rtsig-max
(Only in kernels up to and including 2.6.7; see 
.BR setrlimit (2))
This file can be used to tune the maximum number
of POSIX realtime (queued) signals that can be outstanding
in the system.
.TP
.I /proc/sys/kernel/rtsig-nr
(Only in kernels up to and including 2.6.7.)
This file shows the number POSIX realtime signals currently queued.
.TP
.IR /proc/sys/kernel/sem " (since Linux 2.4)"
This file contains 4 numbers defining limits for System V IPC semaphores.
These fields are, in order: 
.RS
.IP SEMMSL 8
The maximum semaphores per semaphore set.
.IP SEMMNS 8
A system-wide limit on the number of semaphores in all semaphore sets.
.IP SEMOPM 8
The maximum number of operations that may be specified in a
.BR semop (2)
call.
.IP SEMMNI 8
A system-wide limit on the maximum number of semaphore identifiers.
.RE
.TP
.I /proc/sys/kernel/sg-big-buff
This file 
shows the size of the generic SCSI device (sg) buffer.
You can't tune it just yet, but you could change it on
compile time by editing include/scsi/sg.h and changing
the value of SG_BIG_BUFF.  However, there shouldn't be any reason to 
change
this value.
.TP
.I /proc/sys/kernel/shmall
This file
contains the system-wide limit on the total number of pages of
System V shared memory.
.TP
.I /proc/sys/kernel/shmmax
This file
can be used to query and set the run time limit
on the maximum (System V IPC) shared memory segment size that can be 
created.
Shared memory segments up to 1Gb are now supported in the 
kernel.  This value defaults to SHMMAX.
.TP
.I /proc/sys/kernel/shmmni
(available in Linux 2.4 and onwards)
This file
specifies the system-wide maximum number of System V shared memory
segments that can be created.
.TP
.I /proc/sys/kernel/version
contains a string like:
.br

.br
#5 Wed Feb 25 21:49:24 MET 1998.TP
.br

.br
The '#5' means that
this is the fifth kernel built from this source base and the
date behind it indicates the time the kernel was built.
.TP
.IR /proc/sys/kernel/zero-paged " (PowerPC only) "
This file
contains a flag. When enabled (non-zero), Linux-PPC will pre-zero pages in
the idle loop, possibly speeding up get_free_pages.
.TP
.I /proc/sys/net
This directory contains networking stuff.
Explanations for some of the files under this directory can be found in
.BR tcp (7)
and
.BR ip (7).
.TP
.I /proc/sys/proc
This directory may be empty.
.TP
.I /proc/sys/sunrpc
This directory supports Sun remote procedure call for network file system
(NFS).  On some systems, it is not present.
.TP
.I /proc/sys/vm
This directory contains files for memory management tuning, buffer and 
cache
management.
.TP
.I /proc/sys/vm/overcommit_memory
This file contains the kernel virtual memory accounting mode. Values are:
.br
0: heuristic overcommit (this is the default)
.br
1: always overcommit, never check
.br
2: always check, never overcommit
.br
In mode 0, calls of
.BR mmap (2)
with MAP_NORESERVE set are not checked, and the default check is very weak,
leading to the risk of getting a process "OOM-killed".
Under Linux 2.4 any non-zero value implies mode 1.
In mode 2 (available since Linux 2.6), the total virtual address space
on the system is limited to (SS + RAM*(r/100)),
where SS is the size of the swap space, and RAM
is the size of the physical memory, and r is the contents of the file
.IR /proc/sys/vm/overcommit_ratio .
.TP
.I /proc/sys/vm/overcommit_ratio
See the description of 
.IR /proc/sys/vm/overcommit_memory .
.TP
.I /proc/sysvipc
Subdirectory containing the pseudo-files 
.IR msg ", "  sem " and "  shm "."
These files list the System V Interprocess Communication (IPC) objects 
(respectively: message queues, semaphores, and shared memory)
that currently exist on the system,
providing similar information to that available via
.BR ipcs (1).
These files have headers and are formatted (one IPC object per line)
for easy understanding.
.BR ipc (5)
provides further background on the information shown by these files.
.TP
.I /proc/tty
Subdirectory containing the pseudo-files and subdirectories for 
tty drivers and line disciplines.
.TP
.I /proc/uptime
This file contains two numbers: the uptime of the system (seconds),
and the amount of time spent in idle process (seconds).
.TP
.I /proc/version
This string identifies the kernel version that is currently running.
It includes the contents of /proc/sys/ostype, /proc/sys/osrelease and 
/proc/sys/version.  For example:
.nf
.in -2
.ft CW
Linux version 1.0.9 (quinlan@phaze) #1 Sat May 14 01:51:54 EDT 1994
.ft
.in +2
.fi
.TP
.IR /proc/vmstat " (since Linux 2.6)"
This file displays various virtual memory statistics.

.RE
.RE
.SH "SEE ALSO"
.BR cat (1),
.BR find (1),
.BR free (1),
.BR mount (1),
.BR ps (1),
.BR tr (1),
.BR uptime (1),
.BR chroot (2),
.BR mmap (2),
.BR readlink (2),
.BR syslog (2),
.BR slabinfo (5),
.BR hier (7),
.BR arp (8),
.BR dmesg (8),
.BR hdparm (8),
.BR ifconfig (8),
.BR init (8),
.BR lsmod (8),
.BR lspci (8),
.BR netstat (8),
.BR procinfo (8),
.BR route (8)
.br
.I /usr/src/linux/Documentation/filesystems/proc.txt
.SH CAVEATS
Note that many strings (i.e., the environment and command line) are in
the internal format, with sub-fields terminated by NUL bytes, so you
may find that things are more readable if you use \fIod -c\fP or \fItr
"\\000" "\\n"\fP to read them.
Alternatively, \fIecho `cat <file>`\fP works well.

This manual page is incomplete, possibly inaccurate, and is the kind
of thing that needs to be updated very often.
.SH ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
The material on /proc/sys/fs and /proc/sys/kernel is closely based on
kernel source documentation files written by Rik van Riel.