[thirdparty/systemd.git] / src / shared / logs-show.c

/* SPDX-License-Identifier: LGPL-2.1+ */
/***
  This file is part of systemd.

  Copyright 2012 Lennart Poettering

  systemd is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it
  under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
  the Free Software Foundation; either version 2.1 of the License, or
  (at your option) any later version.

  systemd is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but
  WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
  MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU
  Lesser General Public License for more details.

  You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
  along with systemd; If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
***/

#include <errno.h>
#include <fcntl.h>
#include <signal.h>
#include <stdint.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <string.h>
#include <sys/socket.h>
#include <syslog.h>
#include <time.h>
#include <unistd.h>

#include "sd-id128.h"
#include "sd-journal.h"

#include "alloc-util.h"
#include "fd-util.h"
#include "format-util.h"
#include "hashmap.h"
#include "hostname-util.h"
#include "io-util.h"
#include "journal-internal.h"
#include "log.h"
#include "logs-show.h"
#include "macro.h"
#include "output-mode.h"
#include "parse-util.h"
#include "process-util.h"
#include "sparse-endian.h"
#include "stdio-util.h"
#include "string-table.h"
#include "string-util.h"
#include "strv.h"
#include "terminal-util.h"
#include "time-util.h"
#include "utf8.h"
#include "util.h"

/* up to three lines (each up to 100 characters) or 300 characters, whichever is less */
#define PRINT_LINE_THRESHOLD 3
#define PRINT_CHAR_THRESHOLD 300

#define JSON_THRESHOLD 4096

static int print_catalog(FILE *f, sd_journal *j) {
        int r;
        _cleanup_free_ char *t = NULL, *z = NULL;


        r = sd_journal_get_catalog(j, &t);
        if (r < 0)
                return r;

        z = strreplace(strstrip(t), "\n", "\n-- ");
        if (!z)
                return log_oom();

        fputs("-- ", f);
        fputs(z, f);
        fputc('\n', f);

        return 0;
}

static int parse_field(const void *data, size_t length, const char *field, size_t field_len, char **target, size_t *target_len) {
        size_t nl;
        char *buf;

        assert(data);
        assert(field);
        assert(target);

        if (length < field_len)
                return 0;

        if (memcmp(data, field, field_len))
                return 0;

        nl = length - field_len;


        buf = newdup_suffix0(char, (const char*) data + field_len, nl);
        if (!buf)
                return log_oom();

        free(*target);
        *target = buf;

        if (target_len)
                *target_len = nl;

        return 1;
}

typedef struct ParseFieldVec {
        const char *field;
        size_t field_len;
        char **target;
        size_t *target_len;
} ParseFieldVec;

#define PARSE_FIELD_VEC_ENTRY(_field, _target, _target_len) \
        { .field = _field, .field_len = strlen(_field), .target = _target, .target_len = _target_len }

static int parse_fieldv(const void *data, size_t length, const ParseFieldVec *fields, unsigned n_fields) {
        unsigned i;

        for (i = 0; i < n_fields; i++) {
                const ParseFieldVec *f = &fields[i];
                int r;

                r = parse_field(data, length, f->field, f->field_len, f->target, f->target_len);
                if (r < 0)
                        return r;
                else if (r > 0)
                        break;
        }

        return 0;
}

static int field_set_test(Set *fields, const char *name, size_t n) {
        char *s = NULL;

        if (!fields)
                return 1;

        s = strndupa(name, n);
        if (!s)
                return log_oom();

        return set_get(fields, s) ? 1 : 0;
}

static bool shall_print(const char *p, size_t l, OutputFlags flags) {
        assert(p);

        if (flags & OUTPUT_SHOW_ALL)
                return true;

        if (l >= PRINT_CHAR_THRESHOLD)
                return false;

        if (!utf8_is_printable(p, l))
                return false;

        return true;
}

static bool print_multiline(FILE *f, unsigned prefix, unsigned n_columns, OutputFlags flags, int priority, const char* message, size_t message_len) {
        const char *color_on = "", *color_off = "";
        const char *pos, *end;
        bool ellipsized = false;
        int line = 0;

        if (flags & OUTPUT_COLOR) {
                if (priority <= LOG_ERR) {
                        color_on = ANSI_HIGHLIGHT_RED;
                        color_off = ANSI_NORMAL;
                } else if (priority <= LOG_NOTICE) {
                        color_on = ANSI_HIGHLIGHT;
                        color_off = ANSI_NORMAL;
                }
        }

        /* A special case: make sure that we print a newline when
           the message is empty. */
        if (message_len == 0)
                fputs("\n", f);

        for (pos = message;
             pos < message + message_len;
             pos = end + 1, line++) {
                bool continuation = line > 0;
                bool tail_line;
                int len;
                for (end = pos; end < message + message_len && *end != '\n'; end++)
                        ;
                len = end - pos;
                assert(len >= 0);

                /* We need to figure out when we are showing not-last line, *and*
                 * will skip subsequent lines. In that case, we will put the dots
                 * at the end of the line, instead of putting dots in the middle
                 * or not at all.
                 */
                tail_line =
                        line + 1 == PRINT_LINE_THRESHOLD ||
                        end + 1 >= message + PRINT_CHAR_THRESHOLD;

                if (flags & (OUTPUT_FULL_WIDTH | OUTPUT_SHOW_ALL) ||
                    (prefix + len + 1 < n_columns && !tail_line)) {
                        fprintf(f, "%*s%s%.*s%s\n",
                                continuation * prefix, "",
                                color_on, len, pos, color_off);
                        continue;
                }

                /* Beyond this point, ellipsization will happen. */
                ellipsized = true;

                if (prefix < n_columns && n_columns - prefix >= 3) {
                        if (n_columns - prefix > (unsigned) len + 3)
                                fprintf(f, "%*s%s%.*s...%s\n",
                                        continuation * prefix, "",
                                        color_on, len, pos, color_off);
                        else {
                                _cleanup_free_ char *e;

                                e = ellipsize_mem(pos, len, n_columns - prefix,
                                                  tail_line ? 100 : 90);
                                if (!e)
                                        fprintf(f, "%*s%s%.*s%s\n",
                                                continuation * prefix, "",
                                                color_on, len, pos, color_off);
                                else
                                        fprintf(f, "%*s%s%s%s\n",
                                                continuation * prefix, "",
                                                color_on, e, color_off);
                        }
                } else
                        fputs("...\n", f);

                if (tail_line)
                        break;
        }

        return ellipsized;
}

static int output_timestamp_monotonic(FILE *f, sd_journal *j, const char *monotonic) {
        sd_id128_t boot_id;
        uint64_t t;
        int r;

        assert(f);
        assert(j);

        r = -ENXIO;
        if (monotonic)
                r = safe_atou64(monotonic, &t);
        if (r < 0)
                r = sd_journal_get_monotonic_usec(j, &t, &boot_id);
        if (r < 0)
                return log_error_errno(r, "Failed to get monotonic timestamp: %m");

        fprintf(f, "[%5"PRI_USEC".%06"PRI_USEC"]", t / USEC_PER_SEC, t % USEC_PER_SEC);
        return 1 + 5 + 1 + 6 + 1;
}

static int output_timestamp_realtime(FILE *f, sd_journal *j, OutputMode mode, OutputFlags flags, const char *realtime) {
        char buf[MAX(FORMAT_TIMESTAMP_MAX, 64)];
        struct tm *(*gettime_r)(const time_t *, struct tm *);
        struct tm tm;
        uint64_t x;
        time_t t;
        int r;

        assert(f);
        assert(j);

        r = -ENXIO;
        if (realtime)
                r = safe_atou64(realtime, &x);
        if (r < 0)
                r = sd_journal_get_realtime_usec(j, &x);
        if (r < 0)
                return log_error_errno(r, "Failed to get realtime timestamp: %m");

        if (x > USEC_TIMESTAMP_FORMATTABLE_MAX) {
                log_error("Timestamp cannot be printed");
                return -EINVAL;
        }

        if (mode == OUTPUT_SHORT_FULL) {
                const char *k;

                if (flags & OUTPUT_UTC)
                        k = format_timestamp_utc(buf, sizeof(buf), x);
                else
                        k = format_timestamp(buf, sizeof(buf), x);
                if (!k) {
                        log_error("Failed to format timestamp.");
                        return -EINVAL;
                }

        } else {
                char usec[7];

                gettime_r = (flags & OUTPUT_UTC) ? gmtime_r : localtime_r;
                t = (time_t) (x / USEC_PER_SEC);

                switch (mode) {

                case OUTPUT_SHORT_UNIX:
                        xsprintf(buf, "%10"PRI_TIME".%06"PRIu64, t, x % USEC_PER_SEC);
                        break;

                case OUTPUT_SHORT_ISO:
                        if (strftime(buf, sizeof(buf), "%Y-%m-%dT%H:%M:%S%z", gettime_r(&t, &tm)) <= 0) {
                                log_error("Failed to format ISO time");
                                return -EINVAL;
                        }
                        break;

                case OUTPUT_SHORT_ISO_PRECISE:
                        /* No usec in strftime, so we leave space and copy over */
                        if (strftime(buf, sizeof(buf), "%Y-%m-%dT%H:%M:%S.xxxxxx%z", gettime_r(&t, &tm)) <= 0) {
                                log_error("Failed to format ISO-precise time");
                                return -EINVAL;
                        }
                        xsprintf(usec, "%06"PRI_USEC, x % USEC_PER_SEC);
                        memcpy(buf + 20, usec, 6);
                        break;

                case OUTPUT_SHORT:
                case OUTPUT_SHORT_PRECISE:

                        if (strftime(buf, sizeof(buf), "%b %d %H:%M:%S", gettime_r(&t, &tm)) <= 0) {
                                log_error("Failed to format syslog time");
                                return -EINVAL;
                        }

                        if (mode == OUTPUT_SHORT_PRECISE) {
                                size_t k;

                                assert(sizeof(buf) > strlen(buf));
                                k = sizeof(buf) - strlen(buf);

                                r = snprintf(buf + strlen(buf), k, ".%06"PRIu64, x % USEC_PER_SEC);
                                if (r <= 0 || (size_t) r >= k) { /* too long? */
                                        log_error("Failed to format precise time");
                                        return -EINVAL;
                                }
                        }
                        break;

                default:
                        assert_not_reached("Unknown time format");
                }
        }

        fputs(buf, f);
        return (int) strlen(buf);
}

static int output_short(
                FILE *f,
                sd_journal *j,
                OutputMode mode,
                unsigned n_columns,
                OutputFlags flags,
                Set *output_fields) {

        int r;
        const void *data;
        size_t length;
        size_t n = 0;
        _cleanup_free_ char *hostname = NULL, *identifier = NULL, *comm = NULL, *pid = NULL, *fake_pid = NULL, *message = NULL, *realtime = NULL, *monotonic = NULL, *priority = NULL;
        size_t hostname_len = 0, identifier_len = 0, comm_len = 0, pid_len = 0, fake_pid_len = 0, message_len = 0, realtime_len = 0, monotonic_len = 0, priority_len = 0;
        int p = LOG_INFO;
        bool ellipsized = false;
        const ParseFieldVec fields[] = {
                PARSE_FIELD_VEC_ENTRY("_PID=", &pid, &pid_len),
                PARSE_FIELD_VEC_ENTRY("_COMM=", &comm, &comm_len),
                PARSE_FIELD_VEC_ENTRY("MESSAGE=", &message, &message_len),
                PARSE_FIELD_VEC_ENTRY("PRIORITY=", &priority, &priority_len),
                PARSE_FIELD_VEC_ENTRY("_HOSTNAME=", &hostname, &hostname_len),
                PARSE_FIELD_VEC_ENTRY("SYSLOG_PID=", &fake_pid, &fake_pid_len),
                PARSE_FIELD_VEC_ENTRY("SYSLOG_IDENTIFIER=", &identifier, &identifier_len),
                PARSE_FIELD_VEC_ENTRY("_SOURCE_REALTIME_TIMESTAMP=", &realtime, &realtime_len),
                PARSE_FIELD_VEC_ENTRY("_SOURCE_MONOTONIC_TIMESTAMP=", &monotonic, &monotonic_len),
        };

        assert(f);
        assert(j);

        /* Set the threshold to one bigger than the actual print
         * threshold, so that if the line is actually longer than what
         * we're willing to print, ellipsization will occur. This way
         * we won't output a misleading line without any indication of
         * truncation.
         */
        sd_journal_set_data_threshold(j, flags & (OUTPUT_SHOW_ALL|OUTPUT_FULL_WIDTH) ? 0 : PRINT_CHAR_THRESHOLD + 1);

        JOURNAL_FOREACH_DATA_RETVAL(j, data, length, r) {

                r = parse_fieldv(data, length, fields, ELEMENTSOF(fields));
                if (r < 0)
                        return r;
        }
        if (r == -EBADMSG) {
                log_debug_errno(r, "Skipping message we can't read: %m");
                return 0;
        }
        if (r < 0)
                return log_error_errno(r, "Failed to get journal fields: %m");

        if (!message) {
                log_debug("Skipping message without MESSAGE= field.");
                return 0;
        }

        if (!(flags & OUTPUT_SHOW_ALL))
                strip_tab_ansi(&message, &message_len);

        if (priority_len == 1 && *priority >= '0' && *priority <= '7')
                p = *priority - '0';

        if (mode == OUTPUT_SHORT_MONOTONIC)
                r = output_timestamp_monotonic(f, j, monotonic);
        else
                r = output_timestamp_realtime(f, j, mode, flags, realtime);
        if (r < 0)
                return r;
        n += r;

        if (flags & OUTPUT_NO_HOSTNAME) {
                /* Suppress display of the hostname if this is requested. */
                hostname = mfree(hostname);
                hostname_len = 0;
        }

        if (hostname && shall_print(hostname, hostname_len, flags)) {
                fprintf(f, " %.*s", (int) hostname_len, hostname);
                n += hostname_len + 1;
        }

        if (identifier && shall_print(identifier, identifier_len, flags)) {
                fprintf(f, " %.*s", (int) identifier_len, identifier);
                n += identifier_len + 1;
        } else if (comm && shall_print(comm, comm_len, flags)) {
                fprintf(f, " %.*s", (int) comm_len, comm);
                n += comm_len + 1;
        } else
                fputs(" unknown", f);

        if (pid && shall_print(pid, pid_len, flags)) {
                fprintf(f, "[%.*s]", (int) pid_len, pid);
                n += pid_len + 2;
        } else if (fake_pid && shall_print(fake_pid, fake_pid_len, flags)) {
                fprintf(f, "[%.*s]", (int) fake_pid_len, fake_pid);
                n += fake_pid_len + 2;
        }

        if (!(flags & OUTPUT_SHOW_ALL) && !utf8_is_printable(message, message_len)) {
                char bytes[FORMAT_BYTES_MAX];
                fprintf(f, ": [%s blob data]\n", format_bytes(bytes, sizeof(bytes), message_len));
        } else {
                fputs(": ", f);
                ellipsized |=
                        print_multiline(f, n + 2, n_columns, flags, p, message, message_len);
        }

        if (flags & OUTPUT_CATALOG)
                print_catalog(f, j);

        return ellipsized;
}

static int output_verbose(
                FILE *f,
                sd_journal *j,
                OutputMode mode,
                unsigned n_columns,
                OutputFlags flags,
                Set *output_fields) {

        const void *data;
        size_t length;
        _cleanup_free_ char *cursor = NULL;
        uint64_t realtime = 0;
        char ts[FORMAT_TIMESTAMP_MAX + 7];
        const char *timestamp;
        int r;

        assert(f);
        assert(j);

        sd_journal_set_data_threshold(j, 0);

        r = sd_journal_get_data(j, "_SOURCE_REALTIME_TIMESTAMP", &data, &length);
        if (r == -ENOENT)
                log_debug("Source realtime timestamp not found");
        else if (r < 0)
                return log_full_errno(r == -EADDRNOTAVAIL ? LOG_DEBUG : LOG_ERR, r, "Failed to get source realtime timestamp: %m");
        else {
                _cleanup_free_ char *value = NULL;

                r = parse_field(data, length, "_SOURCE_REALTIME_TIMESTAMP=",
                                STRLEN("_SOURCE_REALTIME_TIMESTAMP="), &value,
                                NULL);
                if (r < 0)
                        return r;
                assert(r > 0);

                r = safe_atou64(value, &realtime);
                if (r < 0)
                        log_debug_errno(r, "Failed to parse realtime timestamp: %m");
        }

        if (r < 0) {
                r = sd_journal_get_realtime_usec(j, &realtime);
                if (r < 0)
                        return log_full_errno(r == -EADDRNOTAVAIL ? LOG_DEBUG : LOG_ERR, r, "Failed to get realtime timestamp: %m");
        }

        r = sd_journal_get_cursor(j, &cursor);
        if (r < 0)
                return log_error_errno(r, "Failed to get cursor: %m");

        timestamp = flags & OUTPUT_UTC ? format_timestamp_us_utc(ts, sizeof ts, realtime)
                                       : format_timestamp_us(ts, sizeof ts, realtime);
        fprintf(f, "%s [%s]\n",
                timestamp ?: "(no timestamp)",
                cursor);

        JOURNAL_FOREACH_DATA_RETVAL(j, data, length, r) {
                const char *c;
                int fieldlen;
                const char *on = "", *off = "";

                c = memchr(data, '=', length);
                if (!c) {
                        log_error("Invalid field.");
                        return -EINVAL;
                }
                fieldlen = c - (const char*) data;

                r = field_set_test(output_fields, data, fieldlen);
                if (r < 0)
                        return r;
                if (!r)
                        continue;

                if (flags & OUTPUT_COLOR && startswith(data, "MESSAGE=")) {
                        on = ANSI_HIGHLIGHT;
                        off = ANSI_NORMAL;
                }

                if ((flags & OUTPUT_SHOW_ALL) ||
                    (((length < PRINT_CHAR_THRESHOLD) || flags & OUTPUT_FULL_WIDTH)
                     && utf8_is_printable(data, length))) {
                        fprintf(f, "    %s%.*s=", on, fieldlen, (const char*)data);
                        print_multiline(f, 4 + fieldlen + 1, 0, OUTPUT_FULL_WIDTH, 0, c + 1, length - fieldlen - 1);
                        fputs(off, f);
                } else {
                        char bytes[FORMAT_BYTES_MAX];

                        fprintf(f, "    %s%.*s=[%s blob data]%s\n",
                                on,
                                (int) (c - (const char*) data),
                                (const char*) data,
                                format_bytes(bytes, sizeof(bytes), length - (c - (const char *) data) - 1),
                                off);
                }
        }

        if (r < 0)
                return r;

        if (flags & OUTPUT_CATALOG)
                print_catalog(f, j);

        return 0;
}

static int output_export(
                FILE *f,
                sd_journal *j,
                OutputMode mode,
                unsigned n_columns,
                OutputFlags flags,
                Set *output_fields) {

        sd_id128_t boot_id;
        char sid[33];
        int r;
        usec_t realtime, monotonic;
        _cleanup_free_ char *cursor = NULL;
        const void *data;
        size_t length;

        assert(j);

        sd_journal_set_data_threshold(j, 0);

        r = sd_journal_get_realtime_usec(j, &realtime);
        if (r < 0)
                return log_error_errno(r, "Failed to get realtime timestamp: %m");

        r = sd_journal_get_monotonic_usec(j, &monotonic, &boot_id);
        if (r < 0)
                return log_error_errno(r, "Failed to get monotonic timestamp: %m");

        r = sd_journal_get_cursor(j, &cursor);
        if (r < 0)
                return log_error_errno(r, "Failed to get cursor: %m");

        fprintf(f,
                "__CURSOR=%s\n"
                "__REALTIME_TIMESTAMP="USEC_FMT"\n"
                "__MONOTONIC_TIMESTAMP="USEC_FMT"\n"
                "_BOOT_ID=%s\n",
                cursor,
                realtime,
                monotonic,
                sd_id128_to_string(boot_id, sid));

        JOURNAL_FOREACH_DATA_RETVAL(j, data, length, r) {
                const char *c;

                /* We already printed the boot id, from the data in
                 * the header, hence let's suppress it here */
                if (length >= 9 &&
                    startswith(data, "_BOOT_ID="))
                        continue;

                c = memchr(data, '=', length);
                if (!c) {
                        log_error("Invalid field.");
                        return -EINVAL;
                }

                r = field_set_test(output_fields, data, c - (const char *) data);
                if (r < 0)
                        return r;
                if (!r)
                        continue;

                if (utf8_is_printable_newline(data, length, false))
                        fwrite(data, length, 1, f);
                else {
                        uint64_t le64;

                        fwrite(data, c - (const char*) data, 1, f);
                        fputc('\n', f);
                        le64 = htole64(length - (c - (const char*) data) - 1);
                        fwrite(&le64, sizeof(le64), 1, f);
                        fwrite(c + 1, length - (c - (const char*) data) - 1, 1, f);
                }

                fputc('\n', f);
        }

        if (r < 0)
                return r;

        fputc('\n', f);

        return 0;
}

void json_escape(
                FILE *f,
                const char* p,
                size_t l,
                OutputFlags flags) {

        assert(f);
        assert(p);

        if (!(flags & OUTPUT_SHOW_ALL) && l >= JSON_THRESHOLD)
                fputs("null", f);

        else if (!(flags & OUTPUT_SHOW_ALL) && !utf8_is_printable(p, l)) {
                bool not_first = false;

                fputs("[ ", f);

                while (l > 0) {
                        if (not_first)
                                fprintf(f, ", %u", (uint8_t) *p);
                        else {
                                not_first = true;
                                fprintf(f, "%u", (uint8_t) *p);
                        }

                        p++;
                        l--;
                }

                fputs(" ]", f);
        } else {
                fputc('\"', f);

                while (l > 0) {
                        if (IN_SET(*p, '"', '\\')) {
                                fputc('\\', f);
                                fputc(*p, f);
                        } else if (*p == '\n')
                                fputs("\\n", f);
                        else if ((uint8_t) *p < ' ')
                                fprintf(f, "\\u%04x", (uint8_t) *p);
                        else
                                fputc(*p, f);

                        p++;
                        l--;
                }

                fputc('\"', f);
        }
}

static int output_json(
                FILE *f,
                sd_journal *j,
                OutputMode mode,
                unsigned n_columns,
                OutputFlags flags,
                Set *output_fields) {

        uint64_t realtime, monotonic;
        _cleanup_free_ char *cursor = NULL;
        const void *data;
        size_t length;
        sd_id128_t boot_id;
        char sid[33], *k;
        int r;
        Hashmap *h = NULL;
        bool done, separator;

        assert(j);

        sd_journal_set_data_threshold(j, flags & OUTPUT_SHOW_ALL ? 0 : JSON_THRESHOLD);

        r = sd_journal_get_realtime_usec(j, &realtime);
        if (r < 0)
                return log_error_errno(r, "Failed to get realtime timestamp: %m");

        r = sd_journal_get_monotonic_usec(j, &monotonic, &boot_id);
        if (r < 0)
                return log_error_errno(r, "Failed to get monotonic timestamp: %m");

        r = sd_journal_get_cursor(j, &cursor);
        if (r < 0)
                return log_error_errno(r, "Failed to get cursor: %m");

        if (mode == OUTPUT_JSON_PRETTY)
                fprintf(f,
                        "{\n"
                        "\t\"__CURSOR\" : \"%s\",\n"
                        "\t\"__REALTIME_TIMESTAMP\" : \""USEC_FMT"\",\n"
                        "\t\"__MONOTONIC_TIMESTAMP\" : \""USEC_FMT"\",\n"
                        "\t\"_BOOT_ID\" : \"%s\"",
                        cursor,
                        realtime,
                        monotonic,
                        sd_id128_to_string(boot_id, sid));
        else {
                if (mode == OUTPUT_JSON_SSE)
                        fputs("data: ", f);

                fprintf(f,
                        "{ \"__CURSOR\" : \"%s\", "
                        "\"__REALTIME_TIMESTAMP\" : \""USEC_FMT"\", "
                        "\"__MONOTONIC_TIMESTAMP\" : \""USEC_FMT"\", "
                        "\"_BOOT_ID\" : \"%s\"",
                        cursor,
                        realtime,
                        monotonic,
                        sd_id128_to_string(boot_id, sid));
        }

        h = hashmap_new(&string_hash_ops);
        if (!h)
                return log_oom();

        /* First round, iterate through the entry and count how often each field appears */
        JOURNAL_FOREACH_DATA_RETVAL(j, data, length, r) {
                const char *eq;
                char *n;
                unsigned u;

                if (length >= 9 &&
                    memcmp(data, "_BOOT_ID=", 9) == 0)
                        continue;

                eq = memchr(data, '=', length);
                if (!eq)
                        continue;

                n = strndup(data, eq - (const char*) data);
                if (!n) {
                        r = log_oom();
                        goto finish;
                }

                u = PTR_TO_UINT(hashmap_get(h, n));
                if (u == 0) {
                        r = hashmap_put(h, n, UINT_TO_PTR(1));
                        if (r < 0) {
                                free(n);
                                log_oom();
                                goto finish;
                        }
                } else {
                        r = hashmap_update(h, n, UINT_TO_PTR(u + 1));
                        free(n);
                        if (r < 0) {
                                log_oom();
                                goto finish;
                        }
                }
        }

        if (r < 0)
                return r;

        separator = true;
        do {
                done = true;

                SD_JOURNAL_FOREACH_DATA(j, data, length) {
                        const char *eq;
                        char *kk, *n;
                        size_t m;
                        unsigned u;

                        /* We already printed the boot id, from the data in
                         * the header, hence let's suppress it here */
                        if (length >= 9 &&
                            memcmp(data, "_BOOT_ID=", 9) == 0)
                                continue;

                        eq = memchr(data, '=', length);
                        if (!eq)
                                continue;

                        m = eq - (const char*) data;

                        n = strndup(data, m);
                        if (!n) {
                                r = log_oom();
                                goto finish;
                        }

                        if (output_fields && !set_get(output_fields, n)) {
                                free(n);
                                continue;
                        }

                        if (separator) {
                                if (mode == OUTPUT_JSON_PRETTY)
                                        fputs(",\n\t", f);
                                else
                                        fputs(", ", f);
                        }

                        u = PTR_TO_UINT(hashmap_get2(h, n, (void**) &kk));
                        if (u == 0) {
                                /* We already printed this, let's jump to the next */
                                free(n);
                                separator = false;

                                continue;
                        } else if (u == 1) {
                                /* Field only appears once, output it directly */

                                json_escape(f, data, m, flags);
                                fputs(" : ", f);

                                json_escape(f, eq + 1, length - m - 1, flags);

                                hashmap_remove(h, n);
                                free(kk);
                                free(n);

                                separator = true;

                                continue;

                        } else {
                                /* Field appears multiple times, output it as array */
                                json_escape(f, data, m, flags);
                                fputs(" : [ ", f);
                                json_escape(f, eq + 1, length - m - 1, flags);

                                /* Iterate through the end of the list */

                                while (sd_journal_enumerate_data(j, &data, &length) > 0) {
                                        if (length < m + 1)
                                                continue;

                                        if (memcmp(data, n, m) != 0)
                                                continue;

                                        if (((const char*) data)[m] != '=')
                                                continue;

                                        fputs(", ", f);
                                        json_escape(f, (const char*) data + m + 1, length - m - 1, flags);
                                }

                                fputs(" ]", f);

                                hashmap_remove(h, n);
                                free(kk);
                                free(n);

                                /* Iterate data fields form the beginning */
                                done = false;
                                separator = true;

                                break;
                        }
                }

        } while (!done);

        if (mode == OUTPUT_JSON_PRETTY)
                fputs("\n}\n", f);
        else if (mode == OUTPUT_JSON_SSE)
                fputs("}\n\n", f);
        else
                fputs(" }\n", f);

        r = 0;

finish:
        while ((k = hashmap_steal_first_key(h)))
                free(k);

        hashmap_free(h);

        return r;
}

static int output_cat(
                FILE *f,
                sd_journal *j,
                OutputMode mode,
                unsigned n_columns,
                OutputFlags flags,
                Set *output_fields) {

        const void *data;
        size_t l;
        int r;

        assert(j);
        assert(f);

        sd_journal_set_data_threshold(j, 0);

        r = sd_journal_get_data(j, "MESSAGE", &data, &l);
        if (r < 0) {
                /* An entry without MESSAGE=? */
                if (r == -ENOENT)
                        return 0;

                return log_error_errno(r, "Failed to get data: %m");
        }

        assert(l >= 8);

        fwrite((const char*) data + 8, 1, l - 8, f);
        fputc('\n', f);

        return 0;
}

static int (*output_funcs[_OUTPUT_MODE_MAX])(
                FILE *f,
                sd_journal*j,
                OutputMode mode,
                unsigned n_columns,
                OutputFlags flags,
                Set *output_fields) = {

        [OUTPUT_SHORT] = output_short,
        [OUTPUT_SHORT_ISO] = output_short,
        [OUTPUT_SHORT_ISO_PRECISE] = output_short,
        [OUTPUT_SHORT_PRECISE] = output_short,
        [OUTPUT_SHORT_MONOTONIC] = output_short,
        [OUTPUT_SHORT_UNIX] = output_short,
        [OUTPUT_SHORT_FULL] = output_short,
        [OUTPUT_VERBOSE] = output_verbose,
        [OUTPUT_EXPORT] = output_export,
        [OUTPUT_JSON] = output_json,
        [OUTPUT_JSON_PRETTY] = output_json,
        [OUTPUT_JSON_SSE] = output_json,
        [OUTPUT_CAT] = output_cat
};

int output_journal(
                FILE *f,
                sd_journal *j,
                OutputMode mode,
                unsigned n_columns,
                OutputFlags flags,
                char **output_fields,
                bool *ellipsized) {

        int ret;
        _cleanup_set_free_free_ Set *fields = NULL;
        assert(mode >= 0);
        assert(mode < _OUTPUT_MODE_MAX);

        if (n_columns <= 0)
                n_columns = columns();

        if (output_fields) {
                fields = set_new(&string_hash_ops);
                if (!fields)
                        return log_oom();

                ret = set_put_strdupv(fields, output_fields);
                if (ret < 0)
                        return ret;
        }

        ret = output_funcs[mode](f, j, mode, n_columns, flags, fields);

        if (ellipsized && ret > 0)
                *ellipsized = true;

        return ret;
}

static int maybe_print_begin_newline(FILE *f, OutputFlags *flags) {
        assert(f);
        assert(flags);

        if (!(*flags & OUTPUT_BEGIN_NEWLINE))
                return 0;

        /* Print a beginning new line if that's request, but only once
         * on the first line we print. */

        fputc('\n', f);
        *flags &= ~OUTPUT_BEGIN_NEWLINE;
        return 0;
}

static int show_journal(FILE *f,
                        sd_journal *j,
                        OutputMode mode,
                        unsigned n_columns,
                        usec_t not_before,
                        unsigned how_many,
                        OutputFlags flags,
                        bool *ellipsized) {

        int r;
        unsigned line = 0;
        bool need_seek = false;
        int warn_cutoff = flags & OUTPUT_WARN_CUTOFF;

        assert(j);
        assert(mode >= 0);
        assert(mode < _OUTPUT_MODE_MAX);

        /* Seek to end */
        r = sd_journal_seek_tail(j);
        if (r < 0)
                return log_error_errno(r, "Failed to seek to tail: %m");

        r = sd_journal_previous_skip(j, how_many);
        if (r < 0)
                return log_error_errno(r, "Failed to skip previous: %m");

        for (;;) {
                for (;;) {
                        usec_t usec;

                        if (need_seek) {
                                r = sd_journal_next(j);
                                if (r < 0)
                                        return log_error_errno(r, "Failed to iterate through journal: %m");
                        }

                        if (r == 0)
                                break;

                        need_seek = true;

                        if (not_before > 0) {
                                r = sd_journal_get_monotonic_usec(j, &usec, NULL);

                                /* -ESTALE is returned if the
                                   timestamp is not from this boot */
                                if (r == -ESTALE)
                                        continue;
                                else if (r < 0)
                                        return log_error_errno(r, "Failed to get journal time: %m");

                                if (usec < not_before)
                                        continue;
                        }

                        line++;
                        maybe_print_begin_newline(f, &flags);

                        r = output_journal(f, j, mode, n_columns, flags, NULL, ellipsized);
                        if (r < 0)
                                return r;
                }

                if (warn_cutoff && line < how_many && not_before > 0) {
                        sd_id128_t boot_id;
                        usec_t cutoff = 0;

                        /* Check whether the cutoff line is too early */

                        r = sd_id128_get_boot(&boot_id);
                        if (r < 0)
                                return log_error_errno(r, "Failed to get boot id: %m");

                        r = sd_journal_get_cutoff_monotonic_usec(j, boot_id, &cutoff, NULL);
                        if (r < 0)
                                return log_error_errno(r, "Failed to get journal cutoff time: %m");

                        if (r > 0 && not_before < cutoff) {
                                maybe_print_begin_newline(f, &flags);
                                fprintf(f, "Warning: Journal has been rotated since unit was started. Log output is incomplete or unavailable.\n");
                        }

                        warn_cutoff = false;
                }

                if (!(flags & OUTPUT_FOLLOW))
                        break;

                r = sd_journal_wait(j, USEC_INFINITY);
                if (r < 0)
                        return log_error_errno(r, "Failed to wait for journal: %m");

        }

        return 0;
}

int add_matches_for_unit(sd_journal *j, const char *unit) {
        const char *m1, *m2, *m3, *m4;
        int r;

        assert(j);
        assert(unit);

        m1 = strjoina("_SYSTEMD_UNIT=", unit);
        m2 = strjoina("COREDUMP_UNIT=", unit);
        m3 = strjoina("UNIT=", unit);
        m4 = strjoina("OBJECT_SYSTEMD_UNIT=", unit);

        (void)(
            /* Look for messages from the service itself */
            (r = sd_journal_add_match(j, m1, 0)) ||

            /* Look for coredumps of the service */
            (r = sd_journal_add_disjunction(j)) ||
            (r = sd_journal_add_match(j, "MESSAGE_ID=fc2e22bc6ee647b6b90729ab34a250b1", 0)) ||
            (r = sd_journal_add_match(j, "_UID=0", 0)) ||
            (r = sd_journal_add_match(j, m2, 0)) ||

             /* Look for messages from PID 1 about this service */
            (r = sd_journal_add_disjunction(j)) ||
            (r = sd_journal_add_match(j, "_PID=1", 0)) ||
            (r = sd_journal_add_match(j, m3, 0)) ||

            /* Look for messages from authorized daemons about this service */
            (r = sd_journal_add_disjunction(j)) ||
            (r = sd_journal_add_match(j, "_UID=0", 0)) ||
            (r = sd_journal_add_match(j, m4, 0))
        );

        if (r == 0 && endswith(unit, ".slice")) {
                const char *m5;

                m5 = strjoina("_SYSTEMD_SLICE=", unit);

                /* Show all messages belonging to a slice */
                (void)(
                        (r = sd_journal_add_disjunction(j)) ||
                        (r = sd_journal_add_match(j, m5, 0))
                        );
        }

        return r;
}

int add_matches_for_user_unit(sd_journal *j, const char *unit, uid_t uid) {
        int r;
        char *m1, *m2, *m3, *m4;
        char muid[sizeof("_UID=") + DECIMAL_STR_MAX(uid_t)];

        assert(j);
        assert(unit);

        m1 = strjoina("_SYSTEMD_USER_UNIT=", unit);
        m2 = strjoina("USER_UNIT=", unit);
        m3 = strjoina("COREDUMP_USER_UNIT=", unit);
        m4 = strjoina("OBJECT_SYSTEMD_USER_UNIT=", unit);
        sprintf(muid, "_UID="UID_FMT, uid);

        (void) (
                /* Look for messages from the user service itself */
                (r = sd_journal_add_match(j, m1, 0)) ||
                (r = sd_journal_add_match(j, muid, 0)) ||

                /* Look for messages from systemd about this service */
                (r = sd_journal_add_disjunction(j)) ||
                (r = sd_journal_add_match(j, m2, 0)) ||
                (r = sd_journal_add_match(j, muid, 0)) ||

                /* Look for coredumps of the service */
                (r = sd_journal_add_disjunction(j)) ||
                (r = sd_journal_add_match(j, m3, 0)) ||
                (r = sd_journal_add_match(j, muid, 0)) ||
                (r = sd_journal_add_match(j, "_UID=0", 0)) ||

                /* Look for messages from authorized daemons about this service */
                (r = sd_journal_add_disjunction(j)) ||
                (r = sd_journal_add_match(j, m4, 0)) ||
                (r = sd_journal_add_match(j, muid, 0)) ||
                (r = sd_journal_add_match(j, "_UID=0", 0))
        );

        if (r == 0 && endswith(unit, ".slice")) {
                const char *m5;

                m5 = strjoina("_SYSTEMD_SLICE=", unit);

                /* Show all messages belonging to a slice */
                (void)(
                        (r = sd_journal_add_disjunction(j)) ||
                        (r = sd_journal_add_match(j, m5, 0)) ||
                        (r = sd_journal_add_match(j, muid, 0))
                        );
        }

        return r;
}

static int get_boot_id_for_machine(const char *machine, sd_id128_t *boot_id) {
        _cleanup_close_pair_ int pair[2] = { -1, -1 };
        _cleanup_close_ int pidnsfd = -1, mntnsfd = -1, rootfd = -1;
        pid_t pid, child;
        siginfo_t si;
        char buf[37];
        ssize_t k;
        int r;

        assert(machine);
        assert(boot_id);

        if (!machine_name_is_valid(machine))
                return -EINVAL;

        r = container_get_leader(machine, &pid);
        if (r < 0)
                return r;

        r = namespace_open(pid, &pidnsfd, &mntnsfd, NULL, NULL, &rootfd);
        if (r < 0)
                return r;

        if (socketpair(AF_UNIX, SOCK_DGRAM, 0, pair) < 0)
                return -errno;

        child = fork();
        if (child < 0)
                return -errno;

        if (child == 0) {
                int fd;

                pair[0] = safe_close(pair[0]);

                r = namespace_enter(pidnsfd, mntnsfd, -1, -1, rootfd);
                if (r < 0)
                        _exit(EXIT_FAILURE);

                fd = open("/proc/sys/kernel/random/boot_id", O_RDONLY|O_CLOEXEC|O_NOCTTY);
                if (fd < 0)
                        _exit(EXIT_FAILURE);

                r = loop_read_exact(fd, buf, 36, false);
                safe_close(fd);
                if (r < 0)
                        _exit(EXIT_FAILURE);

                k = send(pair[1], buf, 36, MSG_NOSIGNAL);
                if (k != 36)
                        _exit(EXIT_FAILURE);

                _exit(EXIT_SUCCESS);
        }

        pair[1] = safe_close(pair[1]);

        r = wait_for_terminate(child, &si);
        if (r < 0 || si.si_code != CLD_EXITED || si.si_status != EXIT_SUCCESS)
                return r < 0 ? r : -EIO;

        k = recv(pair[0], buf, 36, 0);
        if (k != 36)
                return -EIO;

        buf[36] = 0;
        r = sd_id128_from_string(buf, boot_id);
        if (r < 0)
                return r;

        return 0;
}

int add_match_this_boot(sd_journal *j, const char *machine) {
        char match[9+32+1] = "_BOOT_ID=";
        sd_id128_t boot_id;
        int r;

        assert(j);

        if (machine) {
                r = get_boot_id_for_machine(machine, &boot_id);
                if (r < 0)
                        return log_error_errno(r, "Failed to get boot id of container %s: %m", machine);
        } else {
                r = sd_id128_get_boot(&boot_id);
                if (r < 0)
                        return log_error_errno(r, "Failed to get boot id: %m");
        }

        sd_id128_to_string(boot_id, match + 9);
        r = sd_journal_add_match(j, match, strlen(match));
        if (r < 0)
                return log_error_errno(r, "Failed to add match: %m");

        r = sd_journal_add_conjunction(j);
        if (r < 0)
                return log_error_errno(r, "Failed to add conjunction: %m");

        return 0;
}

int show_journal_by_unit(
                FILE *f,
                const char *unit,
                OutputMode mode,
                unsigned n_columns,
                usec_t not_before,
                unsigned how_many,
                uid_t uid,
                OutputFlags flags,
                int journal_open_flags,
                bool system_unit,
                bool *ellipsized) {

        _cleanup_(sd_journal_closep) sd_journal *j = NULL;
        int r;

        assert(mode >= 0);
        assert(mode < _OUTPUT_MODE_MAX);
        assert(unit);

        if (how_many <= 0)
                return 0;

        r = sd_journal_open(&j, journal_open_flags);
        if (r < 0)
                return log_error_errno(r, "Failed to open journal: %m");

        r = add_match_this_boot(j, NULL);
        if (r < 0)
                return r;

        if (system_unit)
                r = add_matches_for_unit(j, unit);
        else
                r = add_matches_for_user_unit(j, unit, uid);
        if (r < 0)
                return log_error_errno(r, "Failed to add unit matches: %m");

        if (_unlikely_(log_get_max_level() >= LOG_DEBUG)) {
                _cleanup_free_ char *filter;

                filter = journal_make_match_string(j);
                if (!filter)
                        return log_oom();

                log_debug("Journal filter: %s", filter);
        }

        return show_journal(f, j, mode, n_columns, not_before, how_many, flags, ellipsized);
}