apps/smime.c

   1 /* smime.c */
   2 /* Written by Dr Stephen N Henson (shenson@bigfoot.com) for the OpenSSL
   3  * project 1999.
   4  */
   5 /* ====================================================================
   6  * Copyright (c) 1999 The OpenSSL Project.  All rights reserved.
   7  *
   8  * Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
   9  * modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions
  10  * are met:
  11  *
  12  * 1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
  13  *    notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
  14  *
  15  * 2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
  16  *    notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in
  17  *    the documentation and/or other materials provided with the
  18  *    distribution.
  19  *
  20  * 3. All advertising materials mentioning features or use of this
  21  *    software must display the following acknowledgment:
  22  *    "This product includes software developed by the OpenSSL Project
  23  *    for use in the OpenSSL Toolkit. (http://www.OpenSSL.org/)"
  24  *
  25  * 4. The names "OpenSSL Toolkit" and "OpenSSL Project" must not be used to
  26  *    endorse or promote products derived from this software without
  27  *    prior written permission. For written permission, please contact
  28  *    licensing@OpenSSL.org.
  29  *
  30  * 5. Products derived from this software may not be called "OpenSSL"
  31  *    nor may "OpenSSL" appear in their names without prior written
  32  *    permission of the OpenSSL Project.
  33  *
  34  * 6. Redistributions of any form whatsoever must retain the following
  35  *    acknowledgment:
  36  *    "This product includes software developed by the OpenSSL Project
  37  *    for use in the OpenSSL Toolkit (http://www.OpenSSL.org/)"
  38  *
  39  * THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE OpenSSL PROJECT ``AS IS'' AND ANY
  40  * EXPRESSED OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE
  41  * IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR
  42  * PURPOSE ARE DISCLAIMED.  IN NO EVENT SHALL THE OpenSSL PROJECT OR
  43  * ITS CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL,
  44  * SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT
  45  * NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES;
  46  * LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION)
  47  * HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT,
  48  * STRICT LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE)
  49  * ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED
  50  * OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.
  51  * ====================================================================
  52  *
  53  * This product includes cryptographic software written by Eric Young
  54  * (eay@cryptsoft.com).  This product includes software written by Tim
  55  * Hudson (tjh@cryptsoft.com).
  56  *
  57  */
  58
  59 /* S/MIME utility function */
  60
  61 #include <stdio.h>
  62 #include <string.h>
  63 #include "apps.h"
  64 #include <openssl/crypto.h>
  65 #include <openssl/pem.h>
  66 #include <openssl/err.h>
  67 #include <openssl/engine.h>
  68
  69 #undef PROG
  70 #define PROG smime_main
  71 static int save_certs(char *signerfile, STACK_OF(X509) *signers);
  72
  73 #define SMIME_OP        0x10
  74 #define SMIME_ENCRYPT   (1 | SMIME_OP)
  75 #define SMIME_DECRYPT   2
  76 #define SMIME_SIGN      (3 | SMIME_OP)
  77 #define SMIME_VERIFY    4
  78 #define SMIME_PK7OUT    5
  79
  80 int MAIN(int, char **);
  81
  82 int MAIN(int argc, char **argv)
  83 {
  84         ENGINE *e = NULL;
  85         int operation = 0;
  86         int ret = 0;
  87         char **args;
  88         char *inmode = "r", *outmode = "w";
  89         char *infile = NULL, *outfile = NULL;
  90         char *signerfile = NULL, *recipfile = NULL;
  91         char *certfile = NULL, *keyfile = NULL, *contfile=NULL;
  92         const EVP_CIPHER *cipher = NULL;
  93         PKCS7 *p7 = NULL;
  94         X509_STORE *store = NULL;
  95         X509 *cert = NULL, *recip = NULL, *signer = NULL;
  96         EVP_PKEY *key = NULL;
  97         STACK_OF(X509) *encerts = NULL, *other = NULL;
  98         BIO *in = NULL, *out = NULL, *indata = NULL;
  99         int badarg = 0;
 100         int flags = PKCS7_DETACHED;
 101         char *to = NULL, *from = NULL, *subject = NULL;
 102         char *CAfile = NULL, *CApath = NULL;
 103         char *passargin = NULL, *passin = NULL;
 104         char *inrand = NULL;
 105         int need_rand = 0;
 106         int informat = FORMAT_SMIME, outformat = FORMAT_SMIME;
 107         char *engine=NULL;
 108
 109         args = argv + 1;
 110         ret = 1;
 111
 112         while (!badarg && *args && *args[0] == '-') {
 113                 if (!strcmp (*args, "-encrypt")) operation = SMIME_ENCRYPT;
 114                 else if (!strcmp (*args, "-decrypt")) operation = SMIME_DECRYPT;
 115                 else if (!strcmp (*args, "-sign")) operation = SMIME_SIGN;
 116                 else if (!strcmp (*args, "-verify")) operation = SMIME_VERIFY;
 117                 else if (!strcmp (*args, "-pk7out")) operation = SMIME_PK7OUT;
 118 #ifndef OPENSSL_NO_DES
 119                 else if (!strcmp (*args, "-des3"))
 120                                 cipher = EVP_des_ede3_cbc();
 121                 else if (!strcmp (*args, "-des"))
 122                                 cipher = EVP_des_cbc();
 123 #endif
 124 #ifndef OPENSSL_NO_RC2
 125                 else if (!strcmp (*args, "-rc2-40"))
 126                                 cipher = EVP_rc2_40_cbc();
 127                 else if (!strcmp (*args, "-rc2-128"))
 128                                 cipher = EVP_rc2_cbc();
 129                 else if (!strcmp (*args, "-rc2-64"))
 130                                 cipher = EVP_rc2_64_cbc();
 131 #endif
 132                 else if (!strcmp (*args, "-text"))
 133                                 flags |= PKCS7_TEXT;
 134                 else if (!strcmp (*args, "-nointern"))
 135                                 flags |= PKCS7_NOINTERN;
 136                 else if (!strcmp (*args, "-noverify"))
 137                                 flags |= PKCS7_NOVERIFY;
 138                 else if (!strcmp (*args, "-nochain"))
 139                                 flags |= PKCS7_NOCHAIN;
 140                 else if (!strcmp (*args, "-nocerts"))
 141                                 flags |= PKCS7_NOCERTS;
 142                 else if (!strcmp (*args, "-noattr"))
 143                                 flags |= PKCS7_NOATTR;
 144                 else if (!strcmp (*args, "-nodetach"))
 145                                 flags &= ~PKCS7_DETACHED;
 146                 else if (!strcmp (*args, "-nosmimecap"))
 147                                 flags |= PKCS7_NOSMIMECAP;
 148                 else if (!strcmp (*args, "-binary"))
 149                                 flags |= PKCS7_BINARY;
 150                 else if (!strcmp (*args, "-nosigs"))
 151                                 flags |= PKCS7_NOSIGS;
 152                 else if (!strcmp(*args,"-rand")) {
 153                         if (args[1]) {
 154                                 args++;
 155                                 inrand = *args;
 156                         } else badarg = 1;
 157                         need_rand = 1;
 158                 } else if (!strcmp(*args,"-engine")) {
 159                         if (args[1]) {
 160                                 args++;
 161                                 engine = *args;
 162                         } else badarg = 1;
 163                 } else if (!strcmp(*args,"-passin")) {
 164                         if (args[1]) {
 165                                 args++;
 166                                 passargin = *args;
 167                         } else badarg = 1;
 168                 } else if (!strcmp (*args, "-to")) {
 169                         if (args[1]) {
 170                                 args++;
 171                                 to = *args;
 172                         } else badarg = 1;
 173                 } else if (!strcmp (*args, "-from")) {
 174                         if (args[1]) {
 175                                 args++;
 176                                 from = *args;
 177                         } else badarg = 1;
 178                 } else if (!strcmp (*args, "-subject")) {
 179                         if (args[1]) {
 180                                 args++;
 181                                 subject = *args;
 182                         } else badarg = 1;
 183                 } else if (!strcmp (*args, "-signer")) {
 184                         if (args[1]) {
 185                                 args++;
 186                                 signerfile = *args;
 187                         } else badarg = 1;
 188                 } else if (!strcmp (*args, "-recip")) {
 189                         if (args[1]) {
 190                                 args++;
 191                                 recipfile = *args;
 192                         } else badarg = 1;
 193                 } else if (!strcmp (*args, "-inkey")) {
 194                         if (args[1]) {
 195                                 args++;
 196                                 keyfile = *args;
 197                         } else badarg = 1;
 198                 } else if (!strcmp (*args, "-certfile")) {
 199                         if (args[1]) {
 200                                 args++;
 201                                 certfile = *args;
 202                         } else badarg = 1;
 203                 } else if (!strcmp (*args, "-CAfile")) {
 204                         if (args[1]) {
 205                                 args++;
 206                                 CAfile = *args;
 207                         } else badarg = 1;
 208                 } else if (!strcmp (*args, "-CApath")) {
 209                         if (args[1]) {
 210                                 args++;
 211                                 CApath = *args;
 212                         } else badarg = 1;
 213                 } else if (!strcmp (*args, "-in")) {
 214                         if (args[1]) {
 215                                 args++;
 216                                 infile = *args;
 217                         } else badarg = 1;
 218                 } else if (!strcmp (*args, "-inform")) {
 219                         if (args[1]) {
 220                                 args++;
 221                                 informat = str2fmt(*args);
 222                         } else badarg = 1;
 223                 } else if (!strcmp (*args, "-outform")) {
 224                         if (args[1]) {
 225                                 args++;
 226                                 outformat = str2fmt(*args);
 227                         } else badarg = 1;
 228                 } else if (!strcmp (*args, "-out")) {
 229                         if (args[1]) {
 230                                 args++;
 231                                 outfile = *args;
 232                         } else badarg = 1;
 233                 } else if (!strcmp (*args, "-content")) {
 234                         if (args[1]) {
 235                                 args++;
 236                                 contfile = *args;
 237                         } else badarg = 1;
 238                 } else badarg = 1;
 239                 args++;
 240         }
 241
 242         if(operation == SMIME_SIGN) {
 243                 if(!signerfile) {
 244                         BIO_printf(bio_err, "No signer certificate specified\n");
 245                         badarg = 1;
 246                 }
 247                 need_rand = 1;
 248         } else if(operation == SMIME_DECRYPT) {
 249                 if(!recipfile) {
 250                         BIO_printf(bio_err, "No recipient certificate and key specified\n");
 251                         badarg = 1;
 252                 }
 253         } else if(operation == SMIME_ENCRYPT) {
 254                 if(!*args) {
 255                         BIO_printf(bio_err, "No recipient(s) certificate(s) specified\n");
 256                         badarg = 1;
 257                 }
 258                 need_rand = 1;
 259         } else if(!operation) badarg = 1;
 260
 261         if (badarg) {
 262                 BIO_printf (bio_err, "Usage smime [options] cert.pem ...\n");
 263                 BIO_printf (bio_err, "where options are\n");
 264                 BIO_printf (bio_err, "-encrypt       encrypt message\n");
 265                 BIO_printf (bio_err, "-decrypt       decrypt encrypted message\n");
 266                 BIO_printf (bio_err, "-sign          sign message\n");
 267                 BIO_printf (bio_err, "-verify        verify signed message\n");
 268                 BIO_printf (bio_err, "-pk7out        output PKCS#7 structure\n");
 269 #ifndef OPENSSL_NO_DES
 270                 BIO_printf (bio_err, "-des3          encrypt with triple DES\n");
 271                 BIO_printf (bio_err, "-des           encrypt with DES\n");
 272 #endif
 273 #ifndef OPENSSL_NO_RC2
 274                 BIO_printf (bio_err, "-rc2-40        encrypt with RC2-40 (default)\n");
 275                 BIO_printf (bio_err, "-rc2-64        encrypt with RC2-64\n");
 276                 BIO_printf (bio_err, "-rc2-128       encrypt with RC2-128\n");
 277 #endif
 278                 BIO_printf (bio_err, "-nointern      don't search certificates in message for signer\n");
 279                 BIO_printf (bio_err, "-nosigs        don't verify message signature\n");
 280                 BIO_printf (bio_err, "-noverify      don't verify signers certificate\n");
 281                 BIO_printf (bio_err, "-nocerts       don't include signers certificate when signing\n");
 282                 BIO_printf (bio_err, "-nodetach      use opaque signing\n");
 283                 BIO_printf (bio_err, "-noattr        don't include any signed attributes\n");
 284                 BIO_printf (bio_err, "-binary        don't translate message to text\n");
 285                 BIO_printf (bio_err, "-certfile file other certificates file\n");
 286                 BIO_printf (bio_err, "-signer file   signer certificate file\n");
 287                 BIO_printf (bio_err, "-recip  file   recipient certificate file for decryption\n");
 288                 BIO_printf (bio_err, "-in file       input file\n");
 289                 BIO_printf (bio_err, "-inform arg    input format SMIME (default), PEM or DER\n");
 290                 BIO_printf (bio_err, "-inkey file    input private key (if not signer or recipient)\n");
 291                 BIO_printf (bio_err, "-out file      output file\n");
 292                 BIO_printf (bio_err, "-outform arg   output format SMIME (default), PEM or DER\n");
 293                 BIO_printf (bio_err, "-content file  supply or override content for detached signature\n");
 294                 BIO_printf (bio_err, "-to addr       to address\n");
 295                 BIO_printf (bio_err, "-from ad       from address\n");
 296                 BIO_printf (bio_err, "-subject s     subject\n");
 297                 BIO_printf (bio_err, "-text          include or delete text MIME headers\n");
 298                 BIO_printf (bio_err, "-CApath dir    trusted certificates directory\n");
 299                 BIO_printf (bio_err, "-CAfile file   trusted certificates file\n");
 300                 BIO_printf (bio_err, "-engine e      use engine e, possibly a hardware device.\n");
 301                 BIO_printf (bio_err, "-passin arg    input file pass phrase source\n");
 302                 BIO_printf(bio_err,  "-rand file%cfile%c...\n", LIST_SEPARATOR_CHAR, LIST_SEPARATOR_CHAR);
 303                 BIO_printf(bio_err,  "               load the file (or the files in the directory) into\n");
 304                 BIO_printf(bio_err,  "               the random number generator\n");
 305                 BIO_printf (bio_err, "cert.pem       recipient certificate(s) for encryption\n");
 306                 goto end;
 307         }
 308
 309         if (engine != NULL)
 310                 {
 311                 if((e = ENGINE_by_id(engine)) == NULL)
 312                         {
 313                         BIO_printf(bio_err,"invalid engine \"%s\"\n",
 314                                 engine);
 315                         goto end;
 316                         }
 317                 if(!ENGINE_set_default(e, ENGINE_METHOD_ALL))
 318                         {
 319                         BIO_printf(bio_err,"can't use that engine\n");
 320                         goto end;
 321                         }
 322                 BIO_printf(bio_err,"engine \"%s\" set.\n", engine);
 323                 /* Free our "structural" reference. */
 324                 ENGINE_free(e);
 325                 }
 326
 327         if(!app_passwd(bio_err, passargin, NULL, &passin, NULL)) {
 328                 BIO_printf(bio_err, "Error getting password\n");
 329                 goto end;
 330         }
 331
 332         if (need_rand) {
 333                 app_RAND_load_file(NULL, bio_err, (inrand != NULL));
 334                 if (inrand != NULL)
 335                         BIO_printf(bio_err,"%ld semi-random bytes loaded\n",
 336                                 app_RAND_load_files(inrand));
 337         }
 338
 339         ret = 2;
 340
 341         if(operation != SMIME_SIGN) flags &= ~PKCS7_DETACHED;
 342
 343         if(operation & SMIME_OP) {
 344                 if(flags & PKCS7_BINARY) inmode = "rb";
 345                 if(outformat == FORMAT_ASN1) outmode = "wb";
 346         } else {
 347                 if(flags & PKCS7_BINARY) outmode = "wb";
 348                 if(informat == FORMAT_ASN1) inmode = "rb";
 349         }
 350
 351         if(operation == SMIME_ENCRYPT) {
 352                 if (!cipher) {
 353 #ifndef OPENSSL_NO_RC2
 354                         cipher = EVP_rc2_40_cbc();
 355 #else
 356                         BIO_printf(bio_err, "No cipher selected\n");
 357                         goto end;
 358 #endif
 359                 }
 360                 encerts = sk_X509_new_null();
 361                 while (*args) {
 362                         if(!(cert = load_cert(bio_err,*args,FORMAT_PEM))) {
 363                                 BIO_printf(bio_err, "Can't read recipient certificate file %s\n", *args);
 364                                 goto end;
 365                         }
 366                         sk_X509_push(encerts, cert);
 367                         cert = NULL;
 368                         args++;
 369                 }
 370         }
 371
 372         if(signerfile && (operation == SMIME_SIGN)) {
 373                 if(!(signer = load_cert(bio_err,signerfile,FORMAT_PEM))) {
 374                         BIO_printf(bio_err, "Can't read signer certificate file %s\n", signerfile);
 375                         goto end;
 376                 }
 377         }
 378
 379         if(certfile) {
 380                 if(!(other = load_certs(bio_err,certfile,FORMAT_PEM))) {
 381                         BIO_printf(bio_err, "Can't read certificate file %s\n", certfile);
 382                         ERR_print_errors(bio_err);
 383                         goto end;
 384                 }
 385         }
 386
 387         if(recipfile && (operation == SMIME_DECRYPT)) {
 388                 if(!(recip = load_cert(bio_err,recipfile,FORMAT_PEM))) {
 389                         BIO_printf(bio_err, "Can't read recipient certificate file %s\n", recipfile);
 390                         ERR_print_errors(bio_err);
 391                         goto end;
 392                 }
 393         }
 394
 395         if(operation == SMIME_DECRYPT) {
 396                 if(!keyfile) keyfile = recipfile;
 397         } else if(operation == SMIME_SIGN) {
 398                 if(!keyfile) keyfile = signerfile;
 399         } else keyfile = NULL;
 400
 401         if(keyfile) {
 402                 if(!(key = load_key(bio_err,keyfile, FORMAT_PEM, passin, NULL))) {
 403                         BIO_printf(bio_err, "Can't read recipient certificate file %s\n", keyfile);
 404                         ERR_print_errors(bio_err);
 405                         goto end;
 406                 }
 407         }
 408
 409         if (infile) {
 410                 if (!(in = BIO_new_file(infile, inmode))) {
 411                         BIO_printf (bio_err,
 412                                  "Can't open input file %s\n", infile);
 413                         goto end;
 414                 }
 415         } else in = BIO_new_fp(stdin, BIO_NOCLOSE);
 416
 417         if (outfile) {
 418                 if (!(out = BIO_new_file(outfile, outmode))) {
 419                         BIO_printf (bio_err,
 420                                  "Can't open output file %s\n", outfile);
 421                         goto end;
 422                 }
 423         } else {
 424                 out = BIO_new_fp(stdout, BIO_NOCLOSE);
 425 #ifdef OPENSSL_SYS_VMS
 426                 {
 427                     BIO *tmpbio = BIO_new(BIO_f_linebuffer());
 428                     out = BIO_push(tmpbio, out);
 429                 }
 430 #endif
 431         }
 432
 433         if(operation == SMIME_VERIFY) {
 434                 if(!(store = setup_verify(bio_err, CAfile, CApath))) goto end;
 435         }
 436
 437         ret = 3;
 438
 439         if(operation == SMIME_ENCRYPT) {
 440                 p7 = PKCS7_encrypt(encerts, in, cipher, flags);
 441         } else if(operation == SMIME_SIGN) {
 442                 p7 = PKCS7_sign(signer, key, other, in, flags);
 443                 BIO_reset(in);
 444         } else {
 445                 if(informat == FORMAT_SMIME)
 446                         p7 = SMIME_read_PKCS7(in, &indata);
 447                 else if(informat == FORMAT_PEM)
 448                         p7 = PEM_read_bio_PKCS7(in, NULL, NULL, NULL);
 449                 else if(informat == FORMAT_ASN1)
 450                         p7 = d2i_PKCS7_bio(in, NULL);
 451                 else {
 452                         BIO_printf(bio_err, "Bad input format for PKCS#7 file\n");
 453                         goto end;
 454                 }
 455
 456                 if(!p7) {
 457                         BIO_printf(bio_err, "Error reading S/MIME message\n");
 458                         goto end;
 459                 }
 460                 if(contfile) {
 461                         BIO_free(indata);
 462                         if(!(indata = BIO_new_file(contfile, "rb"))) {
 463                                 BIO_printf(bio_err, "Can't read content file %s\n", contfile);
 464                                 goto end;
 465                         }
 466                 }
 467         }
 468
 469         if(!p7) {
 470                 BIO_printf(bio_err, "Error creating PKCS#7 structure\n");
 471                 goto end;
 472         }
 473
 474         ret = 4;
 475         if(operation == SMIME_DECRYPT) {
 476                 if(!PKCS7_decrypt(p7, key, recip, out, flags)) {
 477                         BIO_printf(bio_err, "Error decrypting PKCS#7 structure\n");
 478                         goto end;
 479                 }
 480         } else if(operation == SMIME_VERIFY) {
 481                 STACK_OF(X509) *signers;
 482                 if(PKCS7_verify(p7, other, store, indata, out, flags)) {
 483                         BIO_printf(bio_err, "Verification Successful\n");
 484                 } else {
 485                         BIO_printf(bio_err, "Verification Failure\n");
 486                         goto end;
 487                 }
 488                 signers = PKCS7_get0_signers(p7, other, flags);
 489                 if(!save_certs(signerfile, signers)) {
 490                         BIO_printf(bio_err, "Error writing signers to %s\n",
 491                                                                 signerfile);
 492                         ret = 5;
 493                         goto end;
 494                 }
 495                 sk_X509_free(signers);
 496         } else if(operation == SMIME_PK7OUT) {
 497                 PEM_write_bio_PKCS7(out, p7);
 498         } else {
 499                 if(to) BIO_printf(out, "To: %s\n", to);
 500                 if(from) BIO_printf(out, "From: %s\n", from);
 501                 if(subject) BIO_printf(out, "Subject: %s\n", subject);
 502                 if(outformat == FORMAT_SMIME)
 503                         SMIME_write_PKCS7(out, p7, in, flags);
 504                 else if(outformat == FORMAT_PEM)
 505                         PEM_write_bio_PKCS7(out,p7);
 506                 else if(outformat == FORMAT_ASN1)
 507                         i2d_PKCS7_bio(out,p7);
 508                 else {
 509                         BIO_printf(bio_err, "Bad output format for PKCS#7 file\n");
 510                         goto end;
 511                 }
 512         }
 513         ret = 0;
 514 end:
 515         if (need_rand)
 516                 app_RAND_write_file(NULL, bio_err);
 517         if(ret) ERR_print_errors(bio_err);
 518         sk_X509_pop_free(encerts, X509_free);
 519         sk_X509_pop_free(other, X509_free);
 520         X509_STORE_free(store);
 521         X509_free(cert);
 522         X509_free(recip);
 523         X509_free(signer);
 524         EVP_PKEY_free(key);
 525         PKCS7_free(p7);
 526         BIO_free(in);
 527         BIO_free(indata);
 528         BIO_free_all(out);
 529         if(passin) OPENSSL_free(passin);
 530         return (ret);
 531 }
 532
 533 static int save_certs(char *signerfile, STACK_OF(X509) *signers)
 534 {
 535         int i;
 536         BIO *tmp;
 537         if(!signerfile) return 1;
 538         tmp = BIO_new_file(signerfile, "w");
 539         if(!tmp) return 0;
 540         for(i = 0; i < sk_X509_num(signers); i++)
 541                 PEM_write_bio_X509(tmp, sk_X509_value(signers, i));
 542         BIO_free(tmp);
 543         return 1;
 544 }
 545