commit bash-20120204 snapshot

[thirdparty/bash.git] / doc / bash.ps

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-.15(ve l)-.25 H .396(ogin shell, or as a non-interacti).15 F .696 -.15
(ve s)-.25 H .396(hell with the).15 F F1(\255\255login)2.896 E F0 .396
(option, it)2.896 F 1.334(\214rst reads and e)108 585.6 R -.15(xe)-.15 G
1.334(cutes commands from the \214le).15 F F2(/etc/pr)3.834 E(o\214le)
-.45 E F0 3.834(,i)C 3.833(ft)-3.834 G 1.333(hat \214le e)-3.833 F 3.833
(xists. After)-.15 F 1.333(reading that \214le, it)3.833 F .248
(looks for)108 597.6 R F2(~/.bash_pr)2.748 E(o\214le)-.45 E F0(,)A F2
(~/.bash_lo)2.748 E(gin)-.1 E F0 2.748(,a)C(nd)-2.748 E F2(~/.pr)2.748 E
(o\214le)-.45 E F0 2.748(,i)C 2.749(nt)-2.748 G .249(hat order)-2.749 F
2.749(,a)-.4 G .249(nd reads and e)-2.749 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .249
(cutes commands from).15 F .797(the \214rst one that e)108 609.6 R .797
(xists and is readable.)-.15 F(The)5.796 E F1(\255\255nopr)3.296 E
(o\214le)-.18 E F0 .796(option may be used when the shell is started to)
3.296 F(inhibit this beha)108 621.6 Q(vior)-.2 E(.)-.55 E
(When a login shell e)108 638.4 Q(xits,)-.15 E F1(bash)2.5 E F0
(reads and e)2.5 E -.15(xe)-.15 G(cutes commands from the \214le).15 E
F2(~/.bash_lo)2.5 E(gout)-.1 E F0 2.5(,i)C 2.5(fi)-2.5 G 2.5(te)-2.5 G
(xists.)-2.65 E 1.697(When an interacti)108 655.2 R 1.997 -.15(ve s)-.25
H 1.698(hell that is not a login shell is started,).15 F F1(bash)4.198 E
F0 1.698(reads and e)4.198 F -.15(xe)-.15 G 1.698(cutes commands from)
.15 F F2(~/.bashr)108 667.2 Q(c)-.37 E F0 2.536(,i)C 2.536(ft)-2.536 G
.036(hat \214le e)-2.536 F 2.536(xists. This)-.15 F .036
(may be inhibited by using the)2.536 F F1<adad6e6f72>2.535 E(c)-.18 E F0
2.535(option. The)2.535 F F1<adad72>2.535 E(c\214le)-.18 E F2(\214le)
2.535 E F0 .035(option will)2.535 F(force)108 679.2 Q F1(bash)2.5 E F0
(to read and e)2.5 E -.15(xe)-.15 G(cute commands from).15 E F2(\214le)
2.5 E F0(instead of)2.5 E F2(~/.bashr)2.5 E(c)-.37 E F0(.)A(When)108 696
Q F1(bash)5.305 E F0 2.805(is started non-interacti)5.305 F -.15(ve)-.25
G(ly).15 E 5.305(,t)-.65 G 5.305(or)-5.305 G 2.806
(un a shell script, for e)-5.305 F 2.806(xample, it looks for the v)-.15
F(ariable)-.25 E F3 -.27(BA)108 708 S(SH_ENV).27 E F0 1.011(in the en)
3.261 F 1.011(vironment, e)-.4 F 1.01(xpands its v)-.15 F 1.01
(alue if it appears there, and uses the e)-.25 F 1.01(xpanded v)-.15 F
1.01(alue as the)-.25 F(name of a \214le to read and e)108 720 Q -.15
(xe)-.15 G(cute.).15 E F1(Bash)5 E F0(beha)2.5 E -.15(ve)-.2 G 2.5(sa)
.15 G 2.5(si)-2.5 G 2.5(ft)-2.5 G(he follo)-2.5 E(wing command were e)
-.25 E -.15(xe)-.15 G(cuted:).15 E(GNU Bash 4.2)72 768 Q
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/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 389.54(SH\(1\) B).35 F(ASH\(1\))
-.35 E/F1 10/Courier@0 SF
(if [ \255n "$BASH_ENV" ]; then . "$BASH_ENV"; fi)144 84 Q F0 -.2(bu)108
102 S 2.5(tt).2 G(he v)-2.5 E(alue of the)-.25 E/F2 9/Times-Bold@0 SF
-.666(PA)2.5 G(TH)-.189 E F0 -.25(va)2.25 G
(riable is not used to search for the \214lename.).25 E(If)108 118.8 Q
/F3 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(bash)3.417 E F0 .917(is in)3.417 F -.2(vo)-.4 G
-.1(ke).2 G 3.417(dw).1 G .917(ith the name)-3.417 F F3(sh)3.417 E F0
3.417(,i)C 3.417(tt)-3.417 G .917(ries to mimic the startup beha)-3.417
F .917(vior of historical v)-.2 F .917(ersions of)-.15 F F3(sh)3.417 E
F0(as)3.417 E .145
(closely as possible, while conforming to the POSIX standard as well.)
108 130.8 R .145(When in)5.145 F -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G 2.645(da).1 G
2.645(sa)-2.645 G 2.645(ni)-2.645 G(nteracti)-2.645 E .445 -.15(ve l)
-.25 H(ogin).15 E 1.263(shell, or a non-interacti)108 142.8 R 1.563 -.15
(ve s)-.25 H 1.264(hell with the).15 F F3(\255\255login)3.764 E F0 1.264
(option, it \214rst attempts to read and e)3.764 F -.15(xe)-.15 G 1.264
(cute commands).15 F(from)108 154.8 Q/F4 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(/etc/pr)
4.143 E(o\214le)-.45 E F0(and)3.173 E F4(~/.pr)2.993 E(o\214le)-.45 E F0
2.993(,i).18 G 2.993(nt)-2.993 G .493(hat order)-2.993 F 5.493(.T)-.55 G
(he)-5.493 E F3(\255\255nopr)2.993 E(o\214le)-.18 E F0 .492
(option may be used to inhibit this beha)2.992 F(vior)-.2 E(.)-.55 E
.417(When in)108 166.8 R -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G 2.917(da).1 G 2.917
(sa)-2.917 G 2.918(ni)-2.917 G(nteracti)-2.918 E .718 -.15(ve s)-.25 H
.418(hell with the name).15 F F3(sh)2.918 E F0(,)A F3(bash)2.918 E F0
.418(looks for the v)2.918 F(ariable)-.25 E F2(ENV)2.918 E/F5 9
/Times-Roman@0 SF(,)A F0 -.15(ex)2.668 G .418(pands its v).15 F(alue)
-.25 E .171(if it is de\214ned, and uses the e)108 178.8 R .171
(xpanded v)-.15 F .171(alue as the name of a \214le to read and e)-.25 F
-.15(xe)-.15 G 2.671(cute. Since).15 F 2.67(as)2.671 G .17(hell in)-2.67
F -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G(d).1 E(as)108 190.8 Q F3(sh)3.08 E F0 .58
(does not attempt to read and e)3.08 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .581
(cute commands from an).15 F 3.081(yo)-.15 G .581
(ther startup \214les, the)-3.081 F F3<adad72>3.081 E(c\214le)-.18 E F0
.581(option has)3.081 F .183(no ef)108 202.8 R 2.683(fect. A)-.25 F
(non-interacti)2.683 E .483 -.15(ve s)-.25 H .182(hell in).15 F -.2(vo)
-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G 2.682(dw).1 G .182(ith the name)-2.682 F F3(sh)2.682 E
F0 .182(does not attempt to read an)2.682 F 2.682(yo)-.15 G .182
(ther startup \214les.)-2.682 F(When in)108 214.8 Q -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke)
.2 G 2.5(da).1 G(s)-2.5 E F3(sh)2.5 E F0(,)A F3(bash)2.5 E F0(enters)2.5
E F4(posix)3.75 E F0(mode after the startup \214les are read.)3.03 E
(When)108 231.6 Q F3(bash)2.726 E F0 .226(is started in)2.726 F F4
(posix)3.976 E F0 .226(mode, as with the)3.256 F F3(\255\255posix)2.726
E F0 .226(command line option, it follo)2.726 F .227(ws the POSIX stan-)
-.25 F .342(dard for startup \214les.)108 243.6 R .341
(In this mode, interacti)5.342 F .641 -.15(ve s)-.25 H .341(hells e).15
F .341(xpand the)-.15 F F2(ENV)2.841 E F0 -.25(va)2.591 G .341
(riable and commands are read and).25 F -.15(exe)108 255.6 S
(cuted from the \214le whose name is the e).15 E(xpanded v)-.15 E 2.5
(alue. No)-.25 F(other startup \214les are read.)2.5 E F3(Bash)108 272.4
Q F0 .224(attempts to determine when it is being run with its standard \
input connected to a netw)2.723 F .224(ork connection,)-.1 F .025
(as when e)108 284.4 R -.15(xe)-.15 G .025
(cuted by the remote shell daemon, usually).15 F F4 -.1(rs)2.525 G(hd).1
E F0 2.525(,o)C 2.525(rt)-2.525 G .025(he secure shell daemon)-2.525 F
F4(sshd)2.525 E F0 5.025(.I)C(f)-5.025 E F3(bash)2.525 E F0(deter)2.525
E(-)-.2 E .133(mines it is being run in this f)108 296.4 R .133
(ashion, it reads and e)-.1 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .134(cutes commands from)
.15 F F4(~/.bashr)2.634 E(c)-.37 E F0 2.634(,i)C 2.634(ft)-2.634 G .134
(hat \214le e)-2.634 F .134(xists and is)-.15 F 2.869(readable. It)108
308.4 R .369(will not do this if in)2.869 F -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G
2.869(da).1 G(s)-2.869 E F3(sh)2.869 E F0 5.369(.T)C(he)-5.369 E F3
<adad6e6f72>2.869 E(c)-.18 E F0 .369
(option may be used to inhibit this beha)2.869 F(vior)-.2 E 2.869(,a)-.4
G(nd)-2.869 E(the)108 320.4 Q F3<adad72>2.606 E(c\214le)-.18 E F0 .106
(option may be used to force another \214le to be read, b)2.606 F(ut)-.2
E F4 -.1(rs)2.606 G(hd).1 E F0 .106(does not generally in)2.606 F -.2
(vo)-.4 G .306 -.1(ke t).2 H .106(he shell).1 F
(with those options or allo)108 332.4 Q 2.5(wt)-.25 G
(hem to be speci\214ed.)-2.5 E 1.208
(If the shell is started with the ef)108 349.2 R(fecti)-.25 E 1.508 -.15
(ve u)-.25 H 1.207
(ser \(group\) id not equal to the real user \(group\) id, and the).15 F
F3<ad70>3.707 E F0 .536(option is not supplied, no startup \214les are \
read, shell functions are not inherited from the en)108 361.2 R .536
(vironment, the)-.4 F F2(SHELLOPTS)108 373.2 Q F5(,)A F2 -.27(BA)2.96 G
(SHOPTS).27 E F5(,)A F2(CDP)2.96 E -.855(AT)-.666 G(H).855 E F5(,)A F0
(and)2.96 E F2(GLOBIGNORE)3.209 E F0 -.25(va)2.959 G .709
(riables, if the).25 F 3.209(ya)-.15 G .709(ppear in the en)-3.209 F
.709(vironment, are)-.4 F .904(ignored, and the ef)108 385.2 R(fecti)
-.25 E 1.204 -.15(ve u)-.25 H .904(ser id is set to the real user id.)
.15 F .904(If the)5.904 F F3<ad70>3.404 E F0 .905
(option is supplied at in)3.405 F -.2(vo)-.4 G .905(cation, the).2 F
(startup beha)108 397.2 Q(vior is the same, b)-.2 E(ut the ef)-.2 E
(fecti)-.25 E .3 -.15(ve u)-.25 H(ser id is not reset.).15 E/F6 10.95
/Times-Bold@0 SF(DEFINITIONS)72 414 Q F0(The follo)108 426 Q
(wing de\214nitions are used throughout the rest of this document.)-.25
E F3(blank)108 438 Q F0 2.5(As)11.54 G(pace or tab)-2.5 E(.)-.4 E F3 -.1
(wo)108 450 S(rd).1 E F0 2.5(As)13.88 G
(equence of characters considered as a single unit by the shell.)-2.5 E
(Also kno)5 E(wn as a)-.25 E F3(tok)2.5 E(en)-.1 E F0(.)A F3(name)108
462 Q F0(A)12.67 E F4(wor)3.006 E(d)-.37 E F0 .165
(consisting only of alphanumeric characters and underscores, and be)
3.436 F .165(ginning with an alpha-)-.15 F
(betic character or an underscore.)144 474 Q(Also referred to as an)5 E
F3(identi\214er)2.5 E F0(.)A F3(metacharacter)108 486 Q F0 2.5(Ac)144
498 S(haracter that, when unquoted, separates w)-2.5 E 2.5(ords. One)-.1
F(of the follo)2.5 E(wing:)-.25 E F3 5(|&;\(\)<>s)144 510 S 2.5
(pace tab)-5 F(contr)108 522 Q(ol operator)-.18 E F0(A)144 534 Q F4(tok)
2.5 E(en)-.1 E F0(that performs a control function.)2.5 E
(It is one of the follo)5 E(wing symbols:)-.25 E F3 2.5
(|| & && ; ;; \( \) | |&)144 546 R(<newline>)10 E F6(RESER)72 562.8 Q
(VED W)-.602 E(ORDS)-.11 E F4 .306(Reserved wor)108 574.8 R(ds)-.37 E F0
.306(are w)2.806 F .306(ords that ha)-.1 F .606 -.15(ve a s)-.2 H .306
(pecial meaning to the shell.).15 F .307(The follo)5.307 F .307(wing w)
-.25 F .307(ords are recognized as)-.1 F(reserv)108 586.8 Q .227
(ed when unquoted and either the \214rst w)-.15 F .227
(ord of a simple command \(see)-.1 F F2 .226(SHELL GRAMMAR)2.727 F F0
(belo)2.476 E .226(w\) or)-.25 F(the third w)108 598.8 Q(ord of a)-.1 E
F3(case)2.5 E F0(or)2.5 E F3 -.25(fo)2.5 G(r).25 E F0(command:)2.5 E F3
11.915(!c)144 615.6 S 9.416(ase do done elif else esac \214 f)-11.915 F
9.416(or function if in select then until)-.25 F 7.5
(while { } time [[ ]])144 627.6 R F6(SHELL GRAMMAR)72 644.4 Q F3
(Simple Commands)87 656.4 Q F0(A)108 668.4 Q F4 .389(simple command)
2.889 F F0 .389(is a sequence of optional v)2.889 F .388
(ariable assignments follo)-.25 F .388(wed by)-.25 F F3(blank)2.888 E F0
.388(-separated w)B .388(ords and)-.1 F .815
(redirections, and terminated by a)108 680.4 R F4(contr)3.315 E .815
(ol oper)-.45 F(ator)-.15 E F0 5.815(.T)C .815(he \214rst w)-5.815 F
.816(ord speci\214es the command to be e)-.1 F -.15(xe)-.15 G(cuted,).15
E(and is passed as ar)108 692.4 Q(gument zero.)-.18 E(The remaining w)5
E(ords are passed as ar)-.1 E(guments to the in)-.18 E -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1
(ke).2 G 2.5(dc).1 G(ommand.)-2.5 E .176(The return v)108 709.2 R .176
(alue of a)-.25 F F4 .176(simple command)2.676 F F0 .175(is its e)2.676
F .175(xit status, or 128+)-.15 F F4(n)A F0 .175
(if the command is terminated by signal)3.508 F F4(n)2.675 E F0(.).24 E
(GNU Bash 4.2)72 768 Q(2012 January 29)141.79 E(3)195.95 E 0 Cg EP
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/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 389.54(SH\(1\) B).35 F(ASH\(1\))
-.35 E/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(Pipelines)87 84 Q F0(A)108 96 Q/F2 10
/Times-Italic@0 SF(pipeline)2.996 E F0 .496(is a sequence of one or mor\
e commands separated by one of the control operators)2.996 F F1(|)2.996
E F0(or)2.996 E F1(|&)2.996 E F0 5.496(.T)C(he)-5.496 E
(format for a pipeline is:)108 108 Q([)144 124.8 Q F1(time)A F0([)2.5 E
F1<ad70>A F0(]] [ ! ])A F2(command)2.5 E F0 2.5([[)2.5 G F1(|)-2.5 E/F3
10/Symbol SF<ef>A F1(|&)A F0(])A F2(command2)2.5 E F0(... ])2.5 E .244
(The standard output of)108 141.6 R F2(command)2.944 E F0 .243
(is connected via a pipe to the standard input of)3.514 F F2(command2)
2.743 E F0 5.243(.T).02 G .243(his connec-)-5.243 F .642
(tion is performed before an)108 153.6 R 3.142(yr)-.15 G .642
(edirections speci\214ed by the command \(see)-3.142 F/F4 9/Times-Bold@0
SF(REDIRECTION)3.143 E F0(belo)2.893 E 3.143(w\). If)-.25 F F1(|&)3.143
E F0(is)3.143 E(used,)108 165.6 Q F2(command)3.216 E F0 1.816 -.55('s s)
D .715(tandard output and standard error are connected to).55 F F2
(command2)3.215 E F0 1.815 -.55('s s)D .715(tandard input through).55 F
.734(the pipe; it is shorthand for)108 177.6 R F1 .734(2>&1 |)3.234 F F0
5.734(.T)C .734
(his implicit redirection of the standard error is performed after an)
-5.734 F(y)-.15 E(redirections speci\214ed by the command.)108 189.6 Q
.48(The return status of a pipeline is the e)108 206.4 R .48
(xit status of the last command, unless the)-.15 F F1(pipefail)2.98 E F0
.48(option is enabled.)2.98 F(If)108 218.4 Q F1(pipefail)2.686 E F0 .186
(is enabled, the pipeline')2.686 F 2.686(sr)-.55 G .186
(eturn status is the v)-2.686 F .187
(alue of the last \(rightmost\) command to e)-.25 F .187(xit with a)-.15
F .611(non-zero status, or zero if all commands e)108 230.4 R .611
(xit successfully)-.15 F 5.611(.I)-.65 G 3.111(ft)-5.611 G .61
(he reserv)-3.111 F .61(ed w)-.15 F(ord)-.1 E F1(!)3.11 E F0 .61
(precedes a pipeline, the)5.61 F -.15(ex)108 242.4 S .55
(it status of that pipeline is the logical ne).15 F -.05(ga)-.15 G .55
(tion of the e).05 F .55(xit status as described abo)-.15 F -.15(ve)-.15
G 5.55(.T).15 G .55(he shell w)-5.55 F .55(aits for)-.1 F
(all commands in the pipeline to terminate before returning a v)108
254.4 Q(alue.)-.25 E .299(If the)108 271.2 R F1(time)2.799 E F0(reserv)
2.799 E .299(ed w)-.15 F .299(ord precedes a pipeline, the elapsed as w\
ell as user and system time consumed by its)-.1 F -.15(exe)108 283.2 S
.139(cution are reported when the pipeline terminates.).15 F(The)5.139 E
F1<ad70>2.639 E F0 .14(option changes the output format to that spec-)
2.639 F .303(i\214ed by POSIX.)108 295.2 R .303(When the shell is in)
5.303 F F2 .303(posix mode)2.803 F F0 2.803(,i)C 2.803(td)-2.803 G .303
(oes not recognize)-2.803 F F1(time)2.803 E F0 .303(as a reserv)2.803 F
.303(ed w)-.15 F .302(ord if the ne)-.1 F(xt)-.15 E(tok)108 307.2 Q .735
(en be)-.1 F .736(gins with a `-'.)-.15 F(The)5.736 E F4(TIMEFORMA)3.236
E(T)-.855 E F0 -.25(va)2.986 G .736
(riable may be set to a format string that speci\214es ho).25 F 3.236
(wt)-.25 G(he)-3.236 E 2.226
(timing information should be displayed; see the description of)108
319.2 R F4(TIMEFORMA)4.725 E(T)-.855 E F0(under)4.475 E F1 2.225
(Shell V)4.725 F(ariables)-.92 E F0(belo)108 331.2 Q -.65(w.)-.25 G .85
(When the shell is in)108 348 R F2 .85(posix mode)3.35 F F0(,)A F1(time)
3.35 E F0 .85(may be follo)3.35 F .85(wed by a ne)-.25 F 3.35(wline. In)
-.25 F .85(this case, the shell displays the)3.35 F 1.074
(total user and system time consumed by the shell and its children.)108
360 R(The)6.073 E F4(TIMEFORMA)3.573 E(T)-.855 E F0 -.25(va)3.323 G
1.073(riable may be).25 F
(used to specify the format of the time information.)108 372 Q
(Each command in a pipeline is e)108 388.8 Q -.15(xe)-.15 G
(cuted as a separate process \(i.e., in a subshell\).).15 E F1(Lists)87
405.6 Q F0(A)108 417.6 Q F2(list)2.849 E F0 .349(is a sequence of one o\
r more pipelines separated by one of the operators)2.849 F F1(;)2.85 E
F0(,)A F1(&)2.85 E F0(,)A F1(&&)2.85 E F0 2.85(,o)C(r)-2.85 E F1(||)2.85
E F0 2.85(,a)C .35(nd option-)-2.85 F(ally terminated by one of)108
429.6 Q F1(;)2.5 E F0(,)A F1(&)2.5 E F0 2.5(,o)C(r)-2.5 E F1(<newline>)
2.5 E F0(.)A .961(Of these list operators,)108 446.4 R F1(&&)3.461 E F0
(and)3.461 E F1(||)3.461 E F0(ha)3.461 E 1.261 -.15(ve e)-.2 H .961
(qual precedence, follo).15 F .96(wed by)-.25 F F1(;)3.46 E F0(and)3.46
E F1(&)3.46 E F0 3.46(,w)C .96(hich ha)-3.46 F 1.26 -.15(ve e)-.2 H .96
(qual prece-).15 F(dence.)108 458.4 Q 2.5(As)108 475.2 S
(equence of one or more ne)-2.5 E(wlines may appear in a)-.25 E F2(list)
2.5 E F0(instead of a semicolon to delimit commands.)2.5 E .029
(If a command is terminated by the control operator)108 492 R F1(&)2.529
E F0 2.529(,t)C .029(he shell e)-2.529 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .029
(cutes the command in the).15 F F2(bac)2.529 E(kgr)-.2 E(ound)-.45 E F0
(in)2.529 E 2.876(as)108 504 S 2.876(ubshell. The)-2.876 F .376
(shell does not w)2.876 F .375
(ait for the command to \214nish, and the return status is 0.)-.1 F .375
(Commands sepa-)5.375 F .848(rated by a)108 516 R F1(;)3.348 E F0 .848
(are e)3.348 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .848(cuted sequentially; the shell w).15 F
.849(aits for each command to terminate in turn.)-.1 F .849(The return)
5.849 F(status is the e)108 528 Q(xit status of the last command e)-.15
E -.15(xe)-.15 G(cuted.).15 E .937(AND and OR lists are sequences of on\
e of more pipelines separated by the)108 544.8 R F1(&&)3.436 E F0(and)
3.436 E F1(||)3.436 E F0 .936(control operators,)3.436 F(respecti)108
556.8 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G(ly).15 E 5(.A)-.65 G(ND and OR lists are e)-5 E
-.15(xe)-.15 G(cuted with left associati).15 E(vity)-.25 E 5(.A)-.65 G
2.5(nA)-5 G(ND list has the form)-2.5 E F2(command1)144 573.6 Q F1(&&)
2.5 E F2(command2)2.5 E(command2)108.2 590.4 Q F0(is e)2.52 E -.15(xe)
-.15 G(cuted if, and only if,).15 E F2(command1)2.7 E F0(returns an e)
2.5 E(xit status of zero.)-.15 E(An OR list has the form)108 607.2 Q F2
(command1)144 624 Q F1(||)2.5 E F2(command2)2.5 E(command2)108.2 645.6 Q
F0 .728(is e)3.248 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .729(cuted if and only if).15 F F2
(command1)3.429 E F0 .729(returns a non-zero e)3.229 F .729(xit status.)
-.15 F .729(The return status of AND)5.729 F(and OR lists is the e)108
657.6 Q(xit status of the last command e)-.15 E -.15(xe)-.15 G
(cuted in the list.).15 E F1(Compound Commands)87 674.4 Q F0(A)108 686.4
Q F2 1.054(compound command)3.554 F F0 1.054(is one of the follo)3.554 F
3.553(wing. In)-.25 F 1.053(most cases a)3.553 F F2(list)3.553 E F0
1.053(in a command')3.553 F 3.553(sd)-.55 G 1.053(escription may be)
-3.553 F 1.026(separated from the rest of the command by one or more ne)
108 698.4 R 1.026(wlines, and may be follo)-.25 F 1.027(wed by a ne)-.25
F 1.027(wline in)-.25 F(place of a semicolon.)108 710.4 Q(GNU Bash 4.2)
72 768 Q(2012 January 29)141.79 E(4)195.95 E 0 Cg EP
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/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 389.54(SH\(1\) B).35 F(ASH\(1\))
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E F0 .011(is e)2.512 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .011(cuted in a subshell en).15 F
.011(vironment \(see)-.4 F/F2 9/Times-Bold@0 SF .011
(COMMAND EXECUTION ENVIR)2.511 F(ONMENT)-.27 E F0(belo)2.261 E(w\).)-.25
E -1.11(Va)144 96 S 1.063(riable assignments and b)1.11 F 1.064
(uiltin commands that af)-.2 F 1.064(fect the shell')-.25 F 3.564(se)
-.55 G -.4(nv)-3.564 G 1.064(ironment do not remain in).4 F(ef)144 108 Q
(fect after the command completes.)-.25 E(The return status is the e)5 E
(xit status of)-.15 E F1(list)2.5 E F0(.)A({)108 124.8 Q F1(list)2.5 E
F0 2.5(;})C F1(list)3.89 E F0 .402(is simply e)2.902 F -.15(xe)-.15 G
.401(cuted in the current shell en).15 F(vironment.)-.4 E F1(list)5.401
E F0 .401(must be terminated with a ne)2.901 F .401(wline or)-.25 F
3.214(semicolon. This)144 136.8 R .714(is kno)3.214 F .714(wn as a)-.25
F F1(gr)3.215 E .715(oup command)-.45 F F0 5.715(.T)C .715
(he return status is the e)-5.715 F .715(xit status of)-.15 F F1(list)
3.215 E F0 5.715(.N)C(ote)-5.715 E .22(that unlik)144 148.8 R 2.72(et)
-.1 G .22(he metacharacters)-2.72 F/F3 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(\()2.72 E F0
(and)2.72 E F3(\))2.72 E F0(,)A F3({)2.72 E F0(and)2.72 E F3(})2.719 E
F0(are)2.719 E F1 -.37(re)2.719 G .219(served wor).37 F(ds)-.37 E F0
.219(and must occur where a reserv)2.719 F(ed)-.15 E -.1(wo)144 160.8 S
.256(rd is permitted to be recognized.).1 F .256(Since the)5.256 F 2.756
(yd)-.15 G 2.756(on)-2.756 G .257(ot cause a w)-2.756 F .257
(ord break, the)-.1 F 2.757(ym)-.15 G .257(ust be separated)-2.757 F
(from)144 172.8 Q F1(list)2.5 E F0
(by whitespace or another shell metacharacter)2.5 E(.)-.55 E(\(\()108
189.6 Q F1 -.2(ex)C(pr).2 E(ession)-.37 E F0(\)\))A(The)144 201.6 Q F1
-.2(ex)2.552 G(pr).2 E(ession)-.37 E F0 .052(is e)2.552 F -.25(va)-.25 G
.051(luated according to the rules described belo).25 F 2.551(wu)-.25 G
(nder)-2.551 E F2 .051(ARITHMETIC EV)2.551 F(ALU)-1.215 E(A-)-.54 E
(TION)144 213.6 Q/F4 9/Times-Roman@0 SF(.)A F0 .411(If the v)4.91 F .411
(alue of the e)-.25 F .411(xpression is non-zero, the return status is \
0; otherwise the return status)-.15 F(is 1.)144 225.6 Q(This is e)5 E
(xactly equi)-.15 E -.25(va)-.25 G(lent to).25 E F3(let ")2.5 E F1 -.2
(ex)C(pr).2 E(ession)-.37 E F3(")A F0(.)A F3([[)108 242.4 Q F1 -.2(ex)
2.5 G(pr).2 E(ession)-.37 E F3(]])2.5 E F0 1.3
(Return a status of 0 or 1 depending on the e)144 254.4 R -.25(va)-.25 G
1.299(luation of the conditional e).25 F(xpression)-.15 E F1 -.2(ex)
3.799 G(pr).2 E(ession)-.37 E F0(.)A 2.273
(Expressions are composed of the primaries described belo)144 266.4 R
4.774(wu)-.25 G(nder)-4.774 E F2(CONDITION)4.774 E 2.274(AL EXPRES-)-.18
F(SIONS)144 278.4 Q F4(.)A F0 -.8(Wo)5.633 G 1.133
(rd splitting and pathname e).8 F 1.133
(xpansion are not performed on the w)-.15 F 1.133(ords between the)-.1 F
F3([[)3.632 E F0(and)144 290.4 Q F3(]])2.963 E F0 2.963(;t)C .463
(ilde e)-2.963 F .464(xpansion, parameter and v)-.15 F .464(ariable e)
-.25 F .464(xpansion, arithmetic e)-.15 F .464
(xpansion, command substi-)-.15 F 1.081
(tution, process substitution, and quote remo)144 302.4 R -.25(va)-.15 G
3.581(la).25 G 1.081(re performed.)-3.581 F 1.081
(Conditional operators such as)6.081 F F3<ad66>3.58 E F0
(must be unquoted to be recognized as primaries.)144 314.4 Q
(When used with)144 332.4 Q F3([[)2.5 E F0 2.5(,t)C(he)-2.5 E F3(<)2.5 E
F0(and)2.5 E F3(>)2.5 E F0(operators sort le)2.5 E
(xicographically using the current locale.)-.15 E .502(When the)144
350.4 R F3(==)3.002 E F0(and)3.002 E F3(!=)3.002 E F0 .502(operators ar\
e used, the string to the right of the operator is considered a pat-)
3.002 F 1.225(tern and matched according to the rules described belo)144
362.4 R 3.724(wu)-.25 G(nder)-3.724 E F3 -.1(Pa)3.724 G(tter).1 E 3.724
(nM)-.15 G(atching)-3.724 E F0 6.224(.I)C 3.724(ft)-6.224 G 1.224
(he shell)-3.724 F(option)144 374.4 Q F3(nocasematch)3.404 E F0 .904
(is enabled, the match is performed without re)3.404 F -.05(ga)-.15 G
.905(rd to the case of alphabetic).05 F 2.752(characters. The)144 386.4
R .251(return v)2.752 F .251(alue is 0 if the string matches \()-.25 F
F3(==)A F0 2.751(\)o)C 2.751(rd)-2.751 G .251(oes not match \()-2.751 F
F3(!=)A F0 2.751(\)t)C .251(he pattern, and)-2.751 F 2.725(1o)144 398.4
S 2.725(therwise. An)-2.725 F 2.725(yp)-.15 G .225(art of the pattern m\
ay be quoted to force the quoted portion to be matched as a)-2.725 F
(string.)144 410.4 Q .243(An additional binary operator)144 428.4 R(,)
-.4 E F3(=~)2.743 E F0 2.743(,i)C 2.743(sa)-2.743 G -.25(va)-2.943 G
.243(ilable, with the same precedence as).25 F F3(==)2.743 E F0(and)
2.743 E F3(!=)2.743 E F0 5.243(.W)C .243(hen it is)-5.243 F 1.953
(used, the string to the right of the operator is considered an e)144
440.4 R 1.954(xtended re)-.15 F 1.954(gular e)-.15 F 1.954
(xpression and)-.15 F .207(matched accordingly \(as in)144 452.4 R F1
-.37(re)2.707 G -.1(ge)-.03 G(x)-.1 E F0 2.707(\(3\)\). The)B .207
(return v)2.707 F .207
(alue is 0 if the string matches the pattern, and 1)-.25 F 3.345
(otherwise. If)144 464.4 R .845(the re)3.345 F .845(gular e)-.15 F .846
(xpression is syntactically incorrect, the conditional e)-.15 F
(xpression')-.15 E 3.346(sr)-.55 G(eturn)-3.346 E -.25(va)144 476.4 S
.667(lue is 2.).25 F .667(If the shell option)5.667 F F3(nocasematch)
3.167 E F0 .667(is enabled, the match is performed without re)3.167 F
-.05(ga)-.15 G .666(rd to).05 F .592(the case of alphabetic characters.)
144 488.4 R(An)5.592 E 3.092(yp)-.15 G .593
(art of the pattern may be quoted to force the quoted por)-3.092 F(-)-.2
E 1.016(tion to be matched as a string.)144 500.4 R(Brack)6.016 E 1.016
(et e)-.1 F 1.016(xpressions in re)-.15 F 1.016(gular e)-.15 F 1.016
(xpressions must be treated care-)-.15 F(fully)144 512.4 Q 4.435(,s)-.65
G 1.935
(ince normal quoting characters lose their meanings between brack)-4.435
F 4.436(ets. If)-.1 F 1.936(the pattern is)4.436 F .265
(stored in a shell v)144 524.4 R .265(ariable, quoting the v)-.25 F .264
(ariable e)-.25 F .264
(xpansion forces the entire pattern to be matched as)-.15 F 3.773(as)144
536.4 S 3.773(tring. Substrings)-3.773 F 1.274
(matched by parenthesized sube)3.773 F 1.274(xpressions within the re)
-.15 F 1.274(gular e)-.15 F 1.274(xpression are)-.15 F(sa)144 548.4 Q
-.15(ve)-.2 G 3.097(di).15 G 3.097(nt)-3.097 G .597(he array v)-3.097 F
(ariable)-.25 E F2 -.27(BA)3.097 G(SH_REMA).27 E(TCH)-.855 E F4(.)A F0
.597(The element of)5.097 F F2 -.27(BA)3.097 G(SH_REMA).27 E(TCH)-.855 E
F0 .597(with inde)2.847 F 3.097(x0)-.15 G(is)-.001 E .049
(the portion of the string matching the entire re)144 560.4 R .049
(gular e)-.15 F 2.549(xpression. The)-.15 F .05(element of)2.55 F F2
-.27(BA)2.55 G(SH_REMA).27 E(TCH)-.855 E F0(with inde)144 572.4 Q(x)-.15
E F1(n)2.5 E F0(is the portion of the string matching the)2.5 E F1(n)2.5
E F0(th parenthesized sube)A(xpression.)-.15 E .786
(Expressions may be combined using the follo)144 590.4 R .785
(wing operators, listed in decreasing order of prece-)-.25 F(dence:)144
602.4 Q F3(\()144 620.4 Q F1 -.2(ex)2.5 G(pr).2 E(ession)-.37 E F3(\))
2.5 E F0 .522(Returns the v)180 632.4 R .522(alue of)-.25 F F1 -.2(ex)
3.022 G(pr).2 E(ession)-.37 E F0 5.522(.T)C .522(his may be used to o)
-5.522 F -.15(ve)-.15 G .522(rride the normal precedence of).15 F
(operators.)180 644.4 Q F3(!)144 656.4 Q F1 -.2(ex)2.5 G(pr).2 E(ession)
-.37 E F0 -.35(Tr)180 668.4 S(ue if).35 E F1 -.2(ex)2.5 G(pr).2 E
(ession)-.37 E F0(is f)2.74 E(alse.)-.1 E F1 -.2(ex)144 680.4 S(pr).2 E
(ession1)-.37 E F3(&&)2.5 E F1 -.2(ex)2.5 G(pr).2 E(ession2)-.37 E F0
-.35(Tr)180 692.4 S(ue if both).35 E F1 -.2(ex)2.5 G(pr).2 E(ession1)
-.37 E F0(and)2.5 E F1 -.2(ex)2.5 G(pr).2 E(ession2)-.37 E F0(are true.)
2.52 E F1 -.2(ex)144 704.4 S(pr).2 E(ession1)-.37 E F3(||)2.5 E F1 -.2
(ex)2.5 G(pr).2 E(ession2)-.37 E F0 -.35(Tr)180 716.4 S(ue if either).35
E F1 -.2(ex)2.5 G(pr).2 E(ession1)-.37 E F0(or)2.5 E F1 -.2(ex)2.5 G(pr)
.2 E(ession2)-.37 E F0(is true.)2.52 E(GNU Bash 4.2)72 768 Q
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/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 389.54(SH\(1\) B).35 F(ASH\(1\))
-.35 E(The)144 84 Q/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(&&)3.641 E F0(and)3.641 E F1
(||)3.641 E F0 1.141(operators do not e)3.641 F -.25(va)-.25 G(luate).25
E/F2 10/Times-Italic@0 SF -.2(ex)3.641 G(pr).2 E(ession2)-.37 E F0 1.141
(if the v)3.641 F 1.14(alue of)-.25 F F2 -.2(ex)3.64 G(pr).2 E(ession1)
-.37 E F0 1.14(is suf)3.64 F 1.14(\214cient to)-.25 F
(determine the return v)144 96 Q(alue of the entire conditional e)-.25 E
(xpression.)-.15 E F1 -.25(fo)108 112.8 S(r).25 E F2(name)2.5 E F0 2.5
([[)2.5 G F1(in)A F0([)2.5 E F2(wor)2.5 E 2.5(d.)-.37 G(..)-2.5 E F0 2.5
(]];])2.5 G F1(do)A F2(list)2.5 E F0(;)2.5 E F1(done)2.5 E F0 .423
(The list of w)144 124.8 R .423(ords follo)-.1 F(wing)-.25 E F1(in)2.923
E F0 .423(is e)2.923 F .423(xpanded, generating a list of items.)-.15 F
.424(The v)5.424 F(ariable)-.25 E F2(name)2.924 E F0 .424(is set to)
2.924 F .653(each element of this list in turn, and)144 136.8 R F2(list)
3.153 E F0 .653(is e)3.153 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .653(cuted each time.).15 F
.653(If the)5.653 F F1(in)3.153 E F2(wor)3.153 E(d)-.37 E F0 .653
(is omitted, the)3.153 F F1 -.25(fo)3.153 G(r).25 E F0 .648(command e)
144 148.8 R -.15(xe)-.15 G(cutes).15 E F2(list)3.148 E F0 .648
(once for each positional parameter that is set \(see)3.148 F/F3 9
/Times-Bold@0 SF -.666(PA)3.149 G(RAMETERS).666 E F0(belo)2.899 E(w\).)
-.25 E .154(The return status is the e)144 160.8 R .153
(xit status of the last command that e)-.15 F -.15(xe)-.15 G 2.653
(cutes. If).15 F .153(the e)2.653 F .153(xpansion of the items)-.15 F
(follo)144 172.8 Q(wing)-.25 E F1(in)2.5 E F0
(results in an empty list, no commands are e)2.5 E -.15(xe)-.15 G
(cuted, and the return status is 0.).15 E F1 -.25(fo)108 189.6 S(r).25 E
F0(\(\()2.5 E F2 -.2(ex)2.5 G(pr1).2 E F0(;)2.5 E F2 -.2(ex)2.5 G(pr2).2
E F0(;)2.5 E F2 -.2(ex)2.5 G(pr3).2 E F0(\)\) ;)2.5 E F1(do)2.5 E F2
(list)2.5 E F0(;)2.5 E F1(done)2.5 E F0 1.235(First, the arithmetic e)
144 201.6 R(xpression)-.15 E F2 -.2(ex)3.735 G(pr1).2 E F0 1.235(is e)
3.735 F -.25(va)-.25 G 1.236
(luated according to the rules described belo).25 F 3.736(wu)-.25 G
(nder)-3.736 E F3 .562(ARITHMETIC EV)144 213.6 R(ALU)-1.215 E -.855(AT)
-.54 G(ION).855 E/F4 9/Times-Roman@0 SF(.)A F0 .562(The arithmetic e)
5.062 F(xpression)-.15 E F2 -.2(ex)3.062 G(pr2).2 E F0 .561(is then e)
3.061 F -.25(va)-.25 G .561(luated repeatedly until).25 F .591(it e)144
225.6 R -.25(va)-.25 G .591(luates to zero.).25 F .592(Each time)5.591 F
F2 -.2(ex)3.092 G(pr2).2 E F0 -.25(eva)3.092 G .592
(luates to a non-zero v).25 F(alue,)-.25 E F2(list)3.092 E F0 .592(is e)
3.092 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .592(cuted and the arith-).15 F .229(metic e)144
237.6 R(xpression)-.15 E F2 -.2(ex)2.729 G(pr3).2 E F0 .229(is e)2.729 F
-.25(va)-.25 G 2.729(luated. If).25 F(an)2.729 E 2.729(ye)-.15 G .229
(xpression is omitted, it beha)-2.879 F -.15(ve)-.2 G 2.729(sa).15 G
2.729(si)-2.729 G 2.729(fi)-2.729 G 2.728(te)-2.729 G -.25(va)-2.978 G
.228(luates to 1.).25 F .227(The return v)144 249.6 R .227
(alue is the e)-.25 F .227(xit status of the last command in)-.15 F F2
(list)2.728 E F0 .228(that is e)2.728 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .228(cuted, or f)
.15 F .228(alse if an)-.1 F 2.728(yo)-.15 G 2.728(ft)-2.728 G(he)-2.728
E -.15(ex)144 261.6 S(pressions is in).15 E -.25(va)-.4 G(lid.).25 E F1
(select)108 278.4 Q F2(name)2.5 E F0([)2.5 E F1(in)2.5 E F2(wor)2.5 E(d)
-.37 E F0 2.5(];)2.5 G F1(do)A F2(list)2.5 E F0(;)2.5 E F1(done)2.5 E F0
.433(The list of w)144 290.4 R .433(ords follo)-.1 F(wing)-.25 E F1(in)
2.933 E F0 .432(is e)2.933 F .432(xpanded, generating a list of items.)
-.15 F .432(The set of e)5.432 F .432(xpanded w)-.15 F(ords)-.1 E .842
(is printed on the standard error)144 302.4 R 3.342(,e)-.4 G .842
(ach preceded by a number)-3.342 F 5.842(.I)-.55 G 3.342(ft)-5.842 G(he)
-3.342 E F1(in)3.342 E F2(wor)3.342 E(d)-.37 E F0 .843
(is omitted, the posi-)3.343 F .201(tional parameters are printed \(see)
144 314.4 R F3 -.666(PA)2.701 G(RAMETERS).666 E F0(belo)2.451 E 2.701
(w\). The)-.25 F F3(PS3)2.701 E F0 .201(prompt is then displayed and a)
2.451 F .213(line read from the standard input.)144 326.4 R .213
(If the line consists of a number corresponding to one of the dis-)5.213
F 1.538(played w)144 338.4 R 1.538(ords, then the v)-.1 F 1.538(alue of)
-.25 F F2(name)4.398 E F0 1.537(is set to that w)4.218 F 4.037(ord. If)
-.1 F 1.537(the line is empty)4.037 F 4.037(,t)-.65 G 1.537(he w)-4.037
F 1.537(ords and)-.1 F .065(prompt are displayed ag)144 350.4 R 2.565
(ain. If)-.05 F .065(EOF is read, the command completes.)2.565 F(An)
5.066 E 2.566(yo)-.15 G .066(ther v)-2.566 F .066(alue read causes)-.25
F F2(name)144 362.4 Q F0 .973(to be set to null.)3.653 F .973
(The line read is sa)5.973 F -.15(ve)-.2 G 3.472(di).15 G 3.472(nt)
-3.472 G .972(he v)-3.472 F(ariable)-.25 E F3(REPL)3.472 E(Y)-.828 E F4
(.)A F0(The)5.472 E F2(list)3.562 E F0 .972(is e)4.152 F -.15(xe)-.15 G
.972(cuted after).15 F .071(each selection until a)144 374.4 R F1(br)
2.571 E(eak)-.18 E F0 .071(command is e)2.571 F -.15(xe)-.15 G 2.571
(cuted. The).15 F -.15(ex)2.571 G .071(it status of).15 F F1(select)
2.571 E F0 .071(is the e)2.571 F .072(xit status of the)-.15 F
(last command e)144 386.4 Q -.15(xe)-.15 G(cuted in).15 E F2(list)2.5 E
F0 2.5(,o).68 G 2.5(rz)-2.5 G(ero if no commands were e)-2.5 E -.15(xe)
-.15 G(cuted.).15 E F1(case)108 403.2 Q F2(wor)2.5 E(d)-.37 E F1(in)2.5
E F0 2.5([[)2.5 G(\(])-2.5 E F2(pattern)2.5 E F0([)2.5 E F1(|)2.5 E F2
(pattern)2.5 E F0 2.5(].)2.5 G(.. \))-2.5 E F2(list)2.5 E F0(;; ] ...)
2.5 E F1(esac)2.5 E F0(A)144 415.2 Q F1(case)3.265 E F0 .764
(command \214rst e)3.265 F(xpands)-.15 E F2(wor)3.264 E(d)-.37 E F0
3.264(,a)C .764(nd tries to match it ag)-3.264 F .764(ainst each)-.05 F
F2(pattern)3.264 E F0 .764(in turn, using the)3.264 F .595
(same matching rules as for pathname e)144 427.2 R .595(xpansion \(see)
-.15 F F1 -.1(Pa)3.095 G .596(thname Expansion).1 F F0(belo)3.096 E
3.096(w\). The)-.25 F F2(wor)3.096 E(d)-.37 E F0(is)3.096 E -.15(ex)144
439.2 S 1.092(panded using tilde e).15 F 1.092
(xpansion, parameter and v)-.15 F 1.092(ariable e)-.25 F 1.092
(xpansion, arithmetic substitution, com-)-.15 F 1.268
(mand substitution, process substitution and quote remo)144 451.2 R -.25
(va)-.15 G 3.768(l. Each).25 F F2(pattern)3.768 E F0 -.15(ex)3.768 G
1.269(amined is e).15 F(xpanded)-.15 E .353(using tilde e)144 463.2 R
.353(xpansion, parameter and v)-.15 F .353(ariable e)-.25 F .353
(xpansion, arithmetic substitution, command substi-)-.15 F 1.516
(tution, and process substitution.)144 475.2 R 1.516
(If the shell option)6.516 F F1(nocasematch)4.016 E F0 1.517
(is enabled, the match is per)4.017 F(-)-.2 E 1.347(formed without re)
144 487.2 R -.05(ga)-.15 G 1.347
(rd to the case of alphabetic characters.).05 F 1.346
(When a match is found, the corre-)6.347 F(sponding)144 499.2 Q F2(list)
2.776 E F0 .277(is e)2.776 F -.15(xe)-.15 G 2.777(cuted. If).15 F(the)
2.777 E F1(;;)2.777 E F0 .277
(operator is used, no subsequent matches are attempted after the)2.777 F
.849(\214rst pattern match.)144 511.2 R(Using)5.849 E F1(;&)3.349 E F0
.849(in place of)3.349 F F1(;;)3.349 E F0 .849(causes e)3.349 F -.15(xe)
-.15 G .849(cution to continue with the).15 F F2(list)3.348 E F0
(associated)3.348 E .077(with the ne)144 523.2 R .077
(xt set of patterns.)-.15 F(Using)5.077 E F1(;;&)2.577 E F0 .078
(in place of)2.577 F F1(;;)2.578 E F0 .078
(causes the shell to test the ne)2.578 F .078(xt pattern list in)-.15 F
.227(the statement, if an)144 535.2 R 1.527 -.65(y, a)-.15 H .227(nd e)
.65 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .227(cute an).15 F 2.727(ya)-.15 G(ssociated)-2.727
E F2(list)2.727 E F0 .227(on a successful match.)2.727 F .227(The e)
5.227 F .227(xit status is zero)-.15 F(if no pattern matches.)144 547.2
Q(Otherwise, it is the e)5 E(xit status of the last command e)-.15 E
-.15(xe)-.15 G(cuted in).15 E F2(list)2.5 E F0(.)A F1(if)108 564 Q F2
(list)2.5 E F0(;)A F1(then)2.5 E F2(list;)2.5 E F0([)2.5 E F1(elif)2.5 E
F2(list)2.5 E F0(;)A F1(then)2.5 E F2(list)2.5 E F0 2.5(;].)C(.. [)-2.5
E F1(else)2.5 E F2(list)2.5 E F0 2.5(;])C F1<8c>A F0(The)144 576 Q F1
(if)2.977 E F2(list)3.067 E F0 .478(is e)3.658 F -.15(xe)-.15 G 2.978
(cuted. If).15 F .478(its e)2.978 F .478(xit status is zero, the)-.15 F
F1(then)2.978 E F2(list)2.978 E F0 .478(is e)2.978 F -.15(xe)-.15 G
2.978(cuted. Otherwise,).15 F(each)2.978 E F1(elif)2.978 E F2(list)2.978
E F0 1.088(is e)144 588 R -.15(xe)-.15 G 1.088
(cuted in turn, and if its e).15 F 1.087
(xit status is zero, the corresponding)-.15 F F1(then)3.587 E F2(list)
3.587 E F0 1.087(is e)3.587 F -.15(xe)-.15 G 1.087(cuted and the).15 F
.103(command completes.)144 600 R .103(Otherwise, the)5.103 F F1(else)
2.603 E F2(list)2.603 E F0 .103(is e)2.603 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .103
(cuted, if present.).15 F .103(The e)5.103 F .103(xit status is the e)
-.15 F .104(xit sta-)-.15 F(tus of the last command e)144 612 Q -.15(xe)
-.15 G(cuted, or zero if no condition tested true.).15 E F1(while)108
628.8 Q F2(list-1)2.5 E F0(;)A F1(do)2.5 E F2(list-2)2.5 E F0(;)A F1
(done)2.5 E(until)108 640.8 Q F2(list-1)2.5 E F0(;)A F1(do)2.5 E F2
(list-2)2.5 E F0(;)A F1(done)2.5 E F0(The)144 652.8 Q F1(while)3.45 E F0
.95(command continuously e)3.45 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .95(cutes the list).15
F F2(list-2)3.45 E F0 .95(as long as the last command in the list)3.45 F
F2(list-1)144 664.8 Q F0 .205(returns an e)2.705 F .205
(xit status of zero.)-.15 F(The)5.205 E F1(until)2.705 E F0 .205
(command is identical to the)2.705 F F1(while)2.705 E F0 .205
(command, e)2.705 F(xcept)-.15 E .6(that the test is ne)144 676.8 R -.05
(ga)-.15 G(ted;).05 E F2(list-2)3.19 E F0 .6(is e)3.12 F -.15(xe)-.15 G
.599(cuted as long as the last command in).15 F F2(list-1)3.189 E F0
.599(returns a non-zero)3.099 F -.15(ex)144 688.8 S .204(it status.).15
F .204(The e)5.204 F .204(xit status of the)-.15 F F1(while)2.704 E F0
(and)2.704 E F1(until)2.704 E F0 .205(commands is the e)2.704 F .205
(xit status of the last command)-.15 F -.15(exe)144 700.8 S(cuted in).15
E F2(list-2)2.5 E F0 2.5(,o)C 2.5(rz)-2.5 G(ero if none w)-2.5 E(as e)
-.1 E -.15(xe)-.15 G(cuted.).15 E(GNU Bash 4.2)72 768 Q(2012 January 29)
141.79 E(6)195.95 E 0 Cg EP
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/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 389.54(SH\(1\) B).35 F(ASH\(1\))
-.35 E/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(Copr)87 84 Q(ocesses)-.18 E F0(A)108 96 Q
/F2 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(copr)3.713 E(ocess)-.45 E F0 1.213
(is a shell command preceded by the)3.713 F F1(copr)3.712 E(oc)-.18 E F0
(reserv)3.712 E 1.212(ed w)-.15 F 3.712(ord. A)-.1 F 1.212
(coprocess is e)3.712 F -.15(xe)-.15 G 1.212(cuted asyn-).15 F .574(chr\
onously in a subshell, as if the command had been terminated with the)
108 108 R F1(&)3.075 E F0 .575(control operator)3.075 F 3.075(,w)-.4 G
.575(ith a tw)-3.075 F(o-)-.1 E -.1(wa)108 120 S 2.5(yp).1 G
(ipe established between the e)-2.5 E -.15(xe)-.15 G
(cuting shell and the coprocess.).15 E(The format for a coprocess is:)
108 136.8 Q F1(copr)144 153.6 Q(oc)-.18 E F0([)2.5 E F2 -.27(NA)C(ME).27
E F0(])A F2(command)2.5 E F0([)2.5 E F2 -.37(re)C(dir).37 E(ections)-.37
E F0(])A .709(This creates a coprocess named)108 170.4 R F2 -.27(NA)
3.208 G(ME).27 E F0 5.708(.I)C(f)-5.708 E F2 -.27(NA)3.208 G(ME).27 E F0
.708(is not supplied, the def)3.208 F .708(ault name is)-.1 F F1(COPR)
3.208 E(OC)-.3 E F0(.)A F2 -.27(NA)5.708 G(ME).27 E F0 .64
(must not be supplied if)108 182.4 R F2(command)3.14 E F0 .64(is a)3.14
F F2 .64(simple command)3.14 F F0 .64(\(see abo)3.14 F -.15(ve)-.15 G
.64(\); otherwise, it is interpreted as the \214rst).15 F -.1(wo)108
194.4 S 1.44(rd of the simple command.).1 F 1.44
(When the coprocess is e)6.44 F -.15(xe)-.15 G 1.44
(cuted, the shell creates an array v).15 F 1.44(ariable \(see)-.25 F F1
(Arrays)108 206.4 Q F0(belo)3.67 E 1.17(w\) named)-.25 F F2 -.27(NA)3.67
G(ME).27 E F0 1.17(in the conte)3.67 F 1.171(xt of the e)-.15 F -.15(xe)
-.15 G 1.171(cuting shell.).15 F 1.171(The standard output of)6.171 F F2
(command)3.871 E F0(is)4.441 E 2.029
(connected via a pipe to a \214le descriptor in the e)108 218.4 R -.15
(xe)-.15 G 2.029
(cuting shell, and that \214le descriptor is assigned to).15 F F2 -.27
(NA)108 230.4 S(ME).27 E F0 3.856([0]. The)B 1.356(standard input of)
3.856 F F2(command)4.056 E F0 1.357
(is connected via a pipe to a \214le descriptor in the e)4.626 F -.15
(xe)-.15 G(cuting).15 E .103
(shell, and that \214le descriptor is assigned to)108 242.4 R F2 -.27
(NA)2.603 G(ME).27 E F0 2.603([1]. This)B .103
(pipe is established before an)2.603 F 2.603(yr)-.15 G .103
(edirections spec-)-2.603 F 1.271(i\214ed by the command \(see)108 254.4
R/F3 9/Times-Bold@0 SF(REDIRECTION)3.771 E F0(belo)3.521 E 3.771
(w\). The)-.25 F 1.271(\214le descriptors can be utilized as ar)3.771 F
1.272(guments to)-.18 F .48
(shell commands and redirections using standard w)108 266.4 R .479
(ord e)-.1 F 2.979(xpansions. The)-.15 F .479
(process ID of the shell spa)2.979 F .479(wned to)-.15 F -.15(exe)108
278.4 S .237(cute the coprocess is a).15 F -.25(va)-.2 G .237
(ilable as the v).25 F .238(alue of the v)-.25 F(ariable)-.25 E F2 -.27
(NA)2.738 G(ME).27 E F0 2.738(_PID. The)B F1(wait)2.738 E F0 -.2(bu)
2.738 G .238(iltin command may).2 F(be used to w)108 290.4 Q
(ait for the coprocess to terminate.)-.1 E
(The return status of a coprocess is the e)108 307.2 Q(xit status of)
-.15 E F2(command)2.5 E F0(.)A F1(Shell Function De\214nitions)87 324 Q
F0 2.698(As)108 336 S .198
(hell function is an object that is called lik)-2.698 F 2.698(eas)-.1 G
.198(imple command and e)-2.698 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .197
(cutes a compound command with).15 F 2.5(an)108 348 S .5 -.25(ew s)-2.5
H(et of positional parameters.).25 E
(Shell functions are declared as follo)5 E(ws:)-.25 E F2(name)108 364.8
Q F0(\(\))2.5 E F2(compound\255command)2.5 E F0([)2.5 E F2 -.37(re)C
(dir).37 E(ection)-.37 E F0(])A F1(function)108 376.8 Q F2(name)2.5 E F0
([\(\)])2.5 E F2(compound\255command)2.5 E F0([)2.5 E F2 -.37(re)C(dir)
.37 E(ection)-.37 E F0(])A 1.402(This de\214nes a function named)144
388.8 R F2(name)3.902 E F0 6.402(.T)C 1.402(he reserv)-6.402 F 1.402
(ed w)-.15 F(ord)-.1 E F1(function)3.902 E F0 1.402(is optional.)3.902 F
1.403(If the)6.402 F F1(function)3.903 E F0(reserv)144 400.8 Q .162
(ed w)-.15 F .162(ord is supplied, the parentheses are optional.)-.1 F
(The)5.162 E F2(body)2.662 E F0 .162(of the function is the compound)
2.662 F(command)144 412.8 Q F2(compound\255command)2.784 E F0(\(see)
3.354 E F1 .084(Compound Commands)2.584 F F0(abo)2.584 E -.15(ve)-.15 G
2.584(\). That).15 F .084(command is usually a)2.584 F F2(list)144 424.8
Q F0 .044(of commands between { and }, b)2.544 F .044(ut may be an)-.2 F
2.544(yc)-.15 G .044(ommand listed under)-2.544 F F1 .044
(Compound Commands)2.544 F F0(abo)144 436.8 Q -.15(ve)-.15 G(.).15 E F2
(compound\255command)6.67 E F0 1.67(is e)4.17 F -.15(xe)-.15 G 1.671
(cuted whene).15 F -.15(ve)-.25 G(r).15 E F2(name)4.171 E F0 1.671
(is speci\214ed as the name of a simple)4.171 F 2.753(command. When)144
448.8 R(in)2.753 E F2 .253(posix mode)2.753 F F0(,)A F2(name)2.753 E F0
.253(may not be the name of one of the POSIX)2.753 F F2 .252(special b)
2.753 F(uiltins)-.2 E F0(.)A(An)144 460.8 Q 3.241(yr)-.15 G .741
(edirections \(see)-3.241 F F3(REDIRECTION)3.241 E F0(belo)2.991 E .742
(w\) speci\214ed when a function is de\214ned are performed)-.25 F .171
(when the function is e)144 472.8 R -.15(xe)-.15 G 2.671(cuted. The).15
F -.15(ex)2.671 G .17
(it status of a function de\214nition is zero unless a syntax error).15
F .704(occurs or a readonly function with the same name already e)144
484.8 R 3.205(xists. When)-.15 F -.15(exe)3.205 G .705(cuted, the e).15
F .705(xit status)-.15 F 1.822(of a function is the e)144 496.8 R 1.821
(xit status of the last command e)-.15 F -.15(xe)-.15 G 1.821
(cuted in the body).15 F 6.821(.\()-.65 G(See)-6.821 E F3(FUNCTIONS)
4.321 E F0(belo)144 508.8 Q -.65(w.)-.25 G(\)).65 E/F4 10.95
/Times-Bold@0 SF(COMMENTS)72 525.6 Q F0 .982(In a non-interacti)108
537.6 R 1.282 -.15(ve s)-.25 H .982(hell, or an interacti).15 F 1.282
-.15(ve s)-.25 H .982(hell in which the).15 F F1(interacti)3.482 E -.1
(ve)-.1 G(_comments).1 E F0 .982(option to the)3.482 F F1(shopt)3.482 E
F0 -.2(bu)108 549.6 S .952(iltin is enabled \(see).2 F F3 .952(SHELL B)
3.452 F(UIL)-.09 E .952(TIN COMMANDS)-.828 F F0(belo)3.202 E .952
(w\), a w)-.25 F .952(ord be)-.1 F .952(ginning with)-.15 F F1(#)3.451 E
F0 .951(causes that w)3.451 F(ord)-.1 E .604
(and all remaining characters on that line to be ignored.)108 561.6 R
.605(An interacti)5.605 F .905 -.15(ve s)-.25 H .605(hell without the)
.15 F F1(interacti)3.105 E -.1(ve)-.1 G(_com-).1 E(ments)108 573.6 Q F0
1.337(option enabled does not allo)3.837 F 3.837(wc)-.25 G 3.836
(omments. The)-3.837 F F1(interacti)3.836 E -.1(ve)-.1 G(_comments).1 E
F0 1.336(option is on by def)3.836 F 1.336(ault in)-.1 F(interacti)108
585.6 Q .3 -.15(ve s)-.25 H(hells.).15 E F4 -.11(QU)72 602.4 S -.438(OT)
.11 G(ING).438 E F2(Quoting)108 614.4 Q F0 .477(is used to remo)2.977 F
.777 -.15(ve t)-.15 H .477
(he special meaning of certain characters or w).15 F .477
(ords to the shell.)-.1 F .478(Quoting can be)5.478 F .185
(used to disable special treatment for special characters, to pre)108
626.4 R -.15(ve)-.25 G .185(nt reserv).15 F .184(ed w)-.15 F .184
(ords from being recognized as)-.1 F(such, and to pre)108 638.4 Q -.15
(ve)-.25 G(nt parameter e).15 E(xpansion.)-.15 E .288(Each of the)108
655.2 R F2(metac)2.788 E(har)-.15 E(acter)-.15 E(s)-.1 E F0 .288
(listed abo)2.788 F .588 -.15(ve u)-.15 H(nder).15 E F3(DEFINITIONS)
2.788 E F0 .288(has special meaning to the shell and must be)2.538 F
(quoted if it is to represent itself.)108 667.2 Q 1.345
(When the command history e)108 684 R 1.344(xpansion f)-.15 F 1.344
(acilities are being used \(see)-.1 F F3(HIST)3.844 E(OR)-.162 E 3.594
(YE)-.315 G(XP)-3.594 E(ANSION)-.666 E F0(belo)3.594 E 1.344(w\), the)
-.25 F F2(history e)108 696 Q(xpansion)-.2 E F0(character)2.5 E 2.5(,u)
-.4 G(sually)-2.5 E F1(!)2.5 E F0 2.5(,m)C(ust be quoted to pre)-2.5 E
-.15(ve)-.25 G(nt history e).15 E(xpansion.)-.15 E
(There are three quoting mechanisms: the)108 712.8 Q F2(escape c)2.5 E
(har)-.15 E(acter)-.15 E F0 2.5(,s).73 G
(ingle quotes, and double quotes.)-2.5 E 2.974(An)108 729.6 S .474
(on-quoted backslash \()-2.974 F F1(\\)A F0 2.974(\)i)C 2.974(st)-2.974
G(he)-2.974 E F2 .474(escape c)2.974 F(har)-.15 E(acter)-.15 E F0 5.474
(.I).73 G 2.974(tp)-5.474 G(reserv)-2.974 E .474(es the literal v)-.15 F
.474(alue of the ne)-.25 F .475(xt character that)-.15 F(GNU Bash 4.2)72
768 Q(2012 January 29)141.79 E(7)195.95 E 0 Cg EP
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/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 389.54(SH\(1\) B).35 F(ASH\(1\))
-.35 E(follo)108 84 Q 1.554(ws, with the e)-.25 F 1.553(xception of <ne)
-.15 F 4.053(wline>. If)-.25 F(a)4.053 E/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(\\)4.053
E F0(<ne)A 1.553(wline> pair appears, and the backslash is not itself)
-.25 F 1.122(quoted, the)108 96 R F1(\\)3.622 E F0(<ne)A 1.122
(wline> is treated as a line continuation \(that is, it is remo)-.25 F
-.15(ve)-.15 G 3.622(df).15 G 1.123(rom the input stream and)-3.622 F
(ef)108 108 Q(fecti)-.25 E -.15(ve)-.25 G(ly ignored\).).15 E .295
(Enclosing characters in single quotes preserv)108 124.8 R .295
(es the literal v)-.15 F .295(alue of each character within the quotes.)
-.25 F 2.795(As)5.295 G(in-)-2.795 E
(gle quote may not occur between single quotes, e)108 136.8 Q -.15(ve)
-.25 G 2.5(nw).15 G(hen preceded by a backslash.)-2.5 E .033
(Enclosing characters in double quotes preserv)108 153.6 R .034
(es the literal v)-.15 F .034
(alue of all characters within the quotes, with the)-.25 F -.15(ex)108
165.6 S .828(ception of).15 F F1($)3.328 E F0(,)A F1<92>3.328 E F0(,)A
F1(\\)3.328 E F0 3.328(,a)C .828(nd, when history e)-3.328 F .828
(xpansion is enabled,)-.15 F F1(!)3.328 E F0 5.828(.T)C .828
(he characters)-5.828 F F1($)3.328 E F0(and)3.328 E F1<92>3.328 E F0
.827(retain their special)3.328 F .074(meaning within double quotes.)108
177.6 R .074(The backslash retains its special meaning only when follo)
5.074 F .075(wed by one of the)-.25 F(follo)108 189.6 Q .205
(wing characters:)-.25 F F1($)2.705 E F0(,)A F1<92>2.705 E F0(,)A F1(")
3.538 E F0(,).833 E F1(\\)2.705 E F0 2.705(,o)C(r)-2.705 E F1(<newline>)
2.705 E F0 5.205(.A)C .204
(double quote may be quoted within double quotes by pre-)-2.5 F .081
(ceding it with a backslash.)108 201.6 R .082(If enabled, history e)
5.082 F .082(xpansion will be performed unless an)-.15 F F1(!)2.582 E F0
.082(appearing in double)5.082 F(quotes is escaped using a backslash.)
108 213.6 Q(The backslash preceding the)5 E F1(!)2.5 E F0(is not remo)5
E -.15(ve)-.15 G(d.).15 E(The special parameters)108 230.4 Q F1(*)2.5 E
F0(and)2.5 E F1(@)2.5 E F0(ha)2.5 E .3 -.15(ve s)-.2 H
(pecial meaning when in double quotes \(see).15 E/F2 9/Times-Bold@0 SF
-.666(PA)2.5 G(RAMETERS).666 E F0(belo)2.25 E(w\).)-.25 E -.8(Wo)108
247.2 S .212(rds of the form).8 F F1($)2.712 E F0<08>A/F3 10
/Times-Italic@0 SF(string)A F0 2.712<0861>C .211(re treated specially)
-2.712 F 5.211(.T)-.65 G .211(he w)-5.211 F .211(ord e)-.1 F .211
(xpands to)-.15 F F3(string)2.711 E F0 2.711(,w)C .211
(ith backslash-escaped char)-2.711 F(-)-.2 E .604
(acters replaced as speci\214ed by the ANSI C standard.)108 259.2 R .605
(Backslash escape sequences, if present, are decoded)5.605 F(as follo)
108 271.2 Q(ws:)-.25 E F1(\\a)144 283.2 Q F0(alert \(bell\))28.22 E F1
(\\b)144 295.2 Q F0(backspace)27.66 E F1(\\e)144 307.2 Q(\\E)144 319.2 Q
F0(an escape character)26.55 E F1(\\f)144 331.2 Q F0(form feed)29.89 E
F1(\\n)144 343.2 Q F0(ne)27.66 E 2.5(wl)-.25 G(ine)-2.5 E F1(\\r)144
355.2 Q F0(carriage return)28.78 E F1(\\t)144 367.2 Q F0(horizontal tab)
29.89 E F1(\\v)144 379.2 Q F0 -.15(ve)28.22 G(rtical tab).15 E F1(\\\\)
144 391.2 Q F0(backslash)30.44 E F1<5c08>144 403.2 Q F0(single quote)
30.44 E F1(\\")144 415.2 Q F0(double quote)27.67 E F1(\\)144 427.2 Q F3
(nnn)A F0(the eight-bit character whose v)18.22 E(alue is the octal v)
-.25 E(alue)-.25 E F3(nnn)2.5 E F0(\(one to three digits\))2.5 E F1(\\x)
144 439.2 Q F3(HH)A F0(the eight-bit character whose v)13.78 E
(alue is the he)-.25 E(xadecimal v)-.15 E(alue)-.25 E F3(HH)2.5 E F0
(\(one or tw)2.5 E 2.5(oh)-.1 G .3 -.15(ex d)-2.5 H(igits\)).15 E F1
(\\u)144 451.2 Q F3(HHHH)A F0 1.507
(the Unicode \(ISO/IEC 10646\) character whose v)180 463.2 R 1.506
(alue is the he)-.25 F 1.506(xadecimal v)-.15 F(alue)-.25 E F3(HHHH)
4.006 E F0(\(one to four he)180 475.2 Q 2.5(xd)-.15 G(igits\))-2.5 E F1
(\\U)144 487.2 Q F3(HHHHHHHH)A F0 .547
(the Unicode \(ISO/IEC 10646\) character whose v)180 499.2 R .547
(alue is the he)-.25 F .548(xadecimal v)-.15 F(alue)-.25 E F3(HHHHH-)
3.048 E(HHH)180 511.2 Q F0(\(one to eight he)2.5 E 2.5(xd)-.15 G
(igits\))-2.5 E F1(\\c)144 523.2 Q F3(x)A F0 2.5(ac)24.34 G(ontrol-)-2.5
E F3(x)A F0(character)2.5 E(The e)108 540 Q(xpanded result is single-qu\
oted, as if the dollar sign had not been present.)-.15 E 2.64(Ad)108
556.8 S .14(ouble-quoted string preceded by a dollar sign \()-2.64 F F1
($)A F0(")A F3(string)A F0 .14
("\) will cause the string to be translated according)B .495
(to the current locale.)108 568.8 R .495(If the current locale is)5.495
F F1(C)2.995 E F0(or)2.995 E F1(POSIX)2.995 E F0 2.995(,t)C .495
(he dollar sign is ignored.)-2.995 F .496(If the string is trans-)5.496
F(lated and replaced, the replacement is double-quoted.)108 580.8 Q/F4
10.95/Times-Bold@0 SF -.81(PA)72 597.6 S(RAMETERS).81 E F0(A)108 609.6 Q
F3(par)4.593 E(ameter)-.15 E F0 .843(is an entity that stores v)4.073 F
3.343(alues. It)-.25 F .843(can be a)3.343 F F3(name)3.342 E F0 3.342
(,an).18 G(umber)-3.342 E 3.342(,o)-.4 G 3.342(ro)-3.342 G .842
(ne of the special characters)-3.342 F .822(listed belo)108 621.6 R
3.323(wu)-.25 G(nder)-3.323 E F1 .823(Special P)3.323 F(arameters)-.1 E
F0 5.823(.A)C F3(variable)-2.21 E F0 .823(is a parameter denoted by a)
3.503 F F3(name)3.323 E F0 5.823(.A).18 G -.25(va)-2.5 G .823
(riable has a).25 F F3(value)108 633.6 Q F0 .369(and zero or more)2.869
F F3(attrib)2.869 E(utes)-.2 E F0 5.369(.A)C(ttrib)-5.369 E .369
(utes are assigned using the)-.2 F F1(declar)2.868 E(e)-.18 E F0 -.2(bu)
2.868 G .368(iltin command \(see).2 F F1(declar)2.868 E(e)-.18 E F0
(belo)108 645.6 Q 2.5(wi)-.25 G(n)-2.5 E F2(SHELL B)2.5 E(UIL)-.09 E
(TIN COMMANDS)-.828 E/F5 9/Times-Roman@0 SF(\).)A F0 2.754(Ap)108 662.4
S .254(arameter is set if it has been assigned a v)-2.754 F 2.754
(alue. The)-.25 F .254(null string is a v)2.754 F .255(alid v)-.25 F
2.755(alue. Once)-.25 F 2.755(av)2.755 G .255(ariable is set, it)-3.005
F(may be unset only by using the)108 674.4 Q F1(unset)2.5 E F0 -.2(bu)
2.5 G(iltin command \(see).2 E F2(SHELL B)2.5 E(UIL)-.09 E(TIN COMMANDS)
-.828 E F0(belo)2.25 E(w\).)-.25 E(A)108 691.2 Q F3(variable)2.79 E F0
(may be assigned to by a statement of the form)2.68 E F3(name)144 708 Q
F0(=[)A F3(value)A F0(])A(If)108 724.8 Q F3(value)3.023 E F0 .233
(is not gi)2.913 F -.15(ve)-.25 G .233(n, the v).15 F .232
(ariable is assigned the null string.)-.25 F(All)5.232 E F3(values)3.022
E F0(under)3.002 E .232(go tilde e)-.18 F .232(xpansion, parameter)-.15
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/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 389.54(SH\(1\) B).35 F(ASH\(1\))
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(xpansion, and quote remo)-.15 F -.25(va)-.15 G 3.015(l\().25 G(see)
-3.015 E/F1 9/Times-Bold@0 SF(EXP)3.015 E(ANSION)-.666 E F0(belo)108 96
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10/Times-Bold@0 SF(integer)2.698 E F0(attrib)2.698 E .198(ute set, then)
-.2 F/F3 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(value)2.988 E F0 .198(is e)2.878 F -.25
(va)-.25 G .198(luated as an arithmetic e).25 F .198(xpression e)-.15 F
-.15(ve)-.25 G(n).15 E .901(if the $\(\(...\)\) e)108 108 R .901
(xpansion is not used \(see)-.15 F F2 .901(Arithmetic Expansion)3.401 F
F0(belo)3.401 E 3.402(w\). W)-.25 F .902
(ord splitting is not performed,)-.8 F 1.179(with the e)108 120 R 1.179
(xception of)-.15 F F2("$@")3.679 E F0 1.179(as e)3.679 F 1.179
(xplained belo)-.15 F 3.679(wu)-.25 G(nder)-3.679 E F2 1.178(Special P)
3.678 F(arameters)-.1 E F0 6.178(.P)C 1.178(athname e)-6.328 F 1.178
(xpansion is not)-.15 F 3.648(performed. Assignment)108 132 R 1.148
(statements may also appear as ar)3.648 F 1.149(guments to the)-.18 F F2
(alias)3.649 E F0(,)A F2(declar)3.649 E(e)-.18 E F0(,)A F2(typeset)3.649
E F0(,)A F2(export)3.649 E F0(,)A F2 -.18(re)108 144 S(adonly).18 E F0
2.63(,a)C(nd)-2.63 E F2(local)2.63 E F0 -.2(bu)2.63 G .13
(iltin commands.).2 F .13(When in)5.13 F F3 .129(posix mode)2.629 F F0
2.629(,t)C .129(hese b)-2.629 F .129
(uiltins may appear in a command after)-.2 F
(one or more instances of the)108 156 Q F2(command)2.5 E F0 -.2(bu)2.5 G
(iltin and retain these assignment statement properties.).2 E .376
(In the conte)108 172.8 R .376
(xt where an assignment statement is assigning a v)-.15 F .376
(alue to a shell v)-.25 F .377(ariable or array inde)-.25 F .377
(x, the +=)-.15 F .257
(operator can be used to append to or add to the v)108 184.8 R(ariable')
-.25 E 2.757(sp)-.55 G(re)-2.757 E .257(vious v)-.25 F 2.757(alue. When)
-.25 F .257(+= is applied to a v)2.757 F(ariable)-.25 E .36
(for which the)108 196.8 R F3(inte)2.86 E -.1(ge)-.4 G(r).1 E F0(attrib)
2.86 E .36(ute has been set,)-.2 F F3(value)2.86 E F0 .361(is e)2.861 F
-.25(va)-.25 G .361(luated as an arithmetic e).25 F .361
(xpression and added to the)-.15 F -.25(va)108 208.8 S(riable').25 E
2.889(sc)-.55 G .389(urrent v)-2.889 F .389(alue, which is also e)-.25 F
-.25(va)-.25 G 2.889(luated. When).25 F .389
(+= is applied to an array v)2.889 F .388(ariable using compound)-.25 F
.185(assignment \(see)108 220.8 R F2(Arrays)2.685 E F0(belo)2.685 E .185
(w\), the v)-.25 F(ariable')-.25 E 2.685(sv)-.55 G .185
(alue is not unset \(as it is when using =\), and ne)-2.935 F 2.686(wv)
-.25 G .186(alues are)-2.936 F 1.385(appended to the array be)108 232.8
R 1.384(ginning at one greater than the array')-.15 F 3.884(sm)-.55 G
1.384(aximum inde)-3.884 F 3.884(x\()-.15 G 1.384(for inde)-3.884 F -.15
(xe)-.15 G 3.884(da).15 G 1.384(rrays\) or)-3.884 F .122
(added as additional k)108 244.8 R -.15(ey)-.1 G<ad76>.15 E .122
(alue pairs in an associati)-.25 F .423 -.15(ve a)-.25 H(rray).15 E
5.123(.W)-.65 G .123(hen applied to a string-v)-5.123 F .123(alued v)
-.25 F(ariable,)-.25 E F3(value)2.623 E F0(is e)108 256.8 Q
(xpanded and appended to the v)-.15 E(ariable')-.25 E 2.5(sv)-.55 G
(alue.)-2.75 E F2 -.2(Po)87 273.6 S(sitional P).2 E(arameters)-.1 E F0
(A)108 285.6 Q F3 .706(positional par)4.456 F(ameter)-.15 E F0 .706(is \
a parameter denoted by one or more digits, other than the single digit \
0.)3.936 F(Posi-)5.705 E .444
(tional parameters are assigned from the shell')108 297.6 R 2.944(sa)
-.55 G -.18(rg)-2.944 G .444(uments when it is in).18 F -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1
(ke).2 G .445(d, and may be reassigned using).1 F(the)108 309.6 Q F2
(set)3.334 E F0 -.2(bu)3.334 G .834(iltin command.).2 F .833(Positional\
 parameters may not be assigned to with assignment statements.)5.834 F
(The)5.833 E .334(positional parameters are temporarily replaced when a\
 shell function is e)108 321.6 R -.15(xe)-.15 G .334(cuted \(see).15 F
F1(FUNCTIONS)2.834 E F0(belo)2.584 E(w\).)-.25 E 1.404(When a positiona\
l parameter consisting of more than a single digit is e)108 338.4 R
1.403(xpanded, it must be enclosed in)-.15 F(braces \(see)108 350.4 Q F1
(EXP)2.5 E(ANSION)-.666 E F0(belo)2.25 E(w\).)-.25 E F2(Special P)87
367.2 Q(arameters)-.1 E F0 1.674(The shell treats se)108 379.2 R -.15
(ve)-.25 G 1.674(ral parameters specially).15 F 6.675(.T)-.65 G 1.675
(hese parameters may only be referenced; assignment to)-6.675 F
(them is not allo)108 391.2 Q(wed.)-.25 E F2(*)108 403.2 Q F0 .606
(Expands to the positional parameters, starting from one.)31 F .605
(When the e)5.605 F .605(xpansion occurs within dou-)-.15 F .083
(ble quotes, it e)144 415.2 R .084(xpands to a single w)-.15 F .084
(ord with the v)-.1 F .084
(alue of each parameter separated by the \214rst char)-.25 F(-)-.2 E
.004(acter of the)144 427.2 R F1(IFS)2.503 E F0 .003(special v)2.253 F
2.503(ariable. That)-.25 F .003(is, ")2.503 F F2($*)A F0 2.503("i)C
2.503(se)-2.503 G(qui)-2.503 E -.25(va)-.25 G .003(lent to ").25 F F2
($1)A F3(c)A F2($2)A F3(c)A F2(...)A F0 .003(", where)B F3(c)2.703 E F0
.003(is the \214rst char)2.813 F(-)-.2 E .768(acter of the v)144 439.2 R
.768(alue of the)-.25 F F1(IFS)3.268 E F0 -.25(va)3.018 G 3.268
(riable. If).25 F F1(IFS)3.268 E F0 .769
(is unset, the parameters are separated by spaces.)3.018 F(If)5.769 E F1
(IFS)144 451.2 Q F0(is null, the parameters are joined without interv)
2.25 E(ening separators.)-.15 E F2(@)108 463.2 Q F0 .606
(Expands to the positional parameters, starting from one.)26.7 F .605
(When the e)5.605 F .605(xpansion occurs within dou-)-.15 F .113
(ble quotes, each parameter e)144 475.2 R .113(xpands to a separate w)
-.15 F 2.614(ord. That)-.1 F .114(is, ")2.614 F F2($@)A F0 2.614("i)C
2.614(se)-2.614 G(qui)-2.614 E -.25(va)-.25 G .114(lent to ").25 F F2
($1)A F0 2.614("")C F2($2)-2.614 E F0 2.614(".)C(..)-2.614 E .135
(If the double-quoted e)144 487.2 R .135(xpansion occurs within a w)-.15
F .135(ord, the e)-.1 F .134
(xpansion of the \214rst parameter is joined)-.15 F .15(with the be)144
499.2 R .15(ginning part of the original w)-.15 F .151(ord, and the e)
-.1 F .151(xpansion of the last parameter is joined with)-.15 F .338
(the last part of the original w)144 511.2 R 2.838(ord. When)-.1 F .337
(there are no positional parameters, ")2.838 F F2($@)A F0 2.837("a)C(nd)
-2.837 E F2($@)2.837 E F0 -.15(ex)2.837 G(pand).15 E
(to nothing \(i.e., the)144 523.2 Q 2.5(ya)-.15 G(re remo)-2.5 E -.15
(ve)-.15 G(d\).).15 E F2(#)108 535.2 Q F0
(Expands to the number of positional parameters in decimal.)31 E F2(?)
108 547.2 Q F0(Expands to the e)31 E(xit status of the most recently e)
-.15 E -.15(xe)-.15 G(cuted fore).15 E(ground pipeline.)-.15 E F2<ad>108
559.2 Q F0 .881
(Expands to the current option \215ags as speci\214ed upon in)30.3 F -.2
(vo)-.4 G .881(cation, by the).2 F F2(set)3.382 E F0 -.2(bu)3.382 G .882
(iltin command, or).2 F(those set by the shell itself \(such as the)144
571.2 Q F2<ad69>2.5 E F0(option\).)2.5 E F2($)108 583.2 Q F0 .214
(Expands to the process ID of the shell.)31 F .214
(In a \(\) subshell, it e)5.214 F .214
(xpands to the process ID of the current)-.15 F
(shell, not the subshell.)144 595.2 Q F2(!)108 607.2 Q F0
(Expands to the process ID of the most recently e)32.67 E -.15(xe)-.15 G
(cuted background \(asynchronous\) command.).15 E F2(0)108 619.2 Q F0
1.691(Expands to the name of the shell or shell script.)31 F 1.692
(This is set at shell initialization.)6.692 F(If)6.692 E F2(bash)4.192 E
F0(is)4.192 E(in)144 631.2 Q -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G 3.078(dw).1 G .578
(ith a \214le of commands,)-3.078 F F2($0)3.078 E F0 .578
(is set to the name of that \214le.)3.078 F(If)5.577 E F2(bash)3.077 E
F0 .577(is started with the)3.077 F F2<ad63>3.077 E F0 .368
(option, then)144 643.2 R F2($0)2.869 E F0 .369
(is set to the \214rst ar)2.869 F .369(gument after the string to be e)
-.18 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .369(cuted, if one is present.).15 F(Other)5.369 E
(-)-.2 E(wise, it is set to the \214lename used to in)144 655.2 Q -.2
(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G F2(bash)2.6 E F0 2.5(,a)C 2.5(sg)-2.5 G -2.15 -.25
(iv e)-2.5 H 2.5(nb).25 G 2.5(ya)-2.5 G -.18(rg)-2.5 G(ument zero.).18 E
F2(_)108 667.2 Q F0 .055
(At shell startup, set to the absolute pathname used to in)31 F -.2(vo)
-.4 G .255 -.1(ke t).2 H .054(he shell or shell script being e).1 F -.15
(xe)-.15 G(cuted).15 E .691(as passed in the en)144 679.2 R .691
(vironment or ar)-.4 F .691(gument list.)-.18 F(Subsequently)5.691 E
3.191(,e)-.65 G .692(xpands to the last ar)-3.341 F .692(gument to the)
-.18 F(pre)144 691.2 Q .571(vious command, after e)-.25 F 3.071
(xpansion. Also)-.15 F .571(set to the full pathname used to in)3.071 F
-.2(vo)-.4 G .77 -.1(ke e).2 H .57(ach command).1 F -.15(exe)144 703.2 S
1.6(cuted and placed in the en).15 F 1.6(vironment e)-.4 F 1.6
(xported to that command.)-.15 F 1.6(When checking mail, this)6.6 F
(parameter holds the name of the mail \214le currently being check)144
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/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 389.54(SH\(1\) B).35 F(ASH\(1\))
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(The follo)108 96 Q(wing v)-.25 E(ariables are set by the shell:)-.25 E
F1 -.3(BA)108 112.8 S(SH).3 E F0
(Expands to the full \214lename used to in)9.07 E -.2(vo)-.4 G .2 -.1
(ke t).2 H(his instance of).1 E F1(bash)2.5 E F0(.)A F1 -.3(BA)108 124.8
S(SHOPTS).3 E F0 2.549(Ac)144 136.8 S .049
(olon-separated list of enabled shell options.)-2.549 F .049(Each w)
5.049 F .049(ord in the list is a v)-.1 F .049(alid ar)-.25 F .049
(gument for the)-.18 F F1<ad73>2.548 E F0 1.398(option to the)144 148.8
R F1(shopt)3.898 E F0 -.2(bu)3.898 G 1.398(iltin command \(see).2 F/F2 9
/Times-Bold@0 SF 1.398(SHELL B)3.898 F(UIL)-.09 E 1.398(TIN COMMANDS)
-.828 F F0(belo)3.648 E 3.898(w\). The)-.25 F(options)3.898 E .477
(appearing in)144 160.8 R F2 -.27(BA)2.977 G(SHOPTS).27 E F0 .477
(are those reported as)2.727 F/F3 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(on)3.207 E F0(by)
3.217 E F1(shopt)2.977 E F0 5.476(.I)C 2.976(ft)-5.476 G .476(his v)
-2.976 F .476(ariable is in the en)-.25 F(vironment)-.4 E(when)144 172.8
Q F1(bash)3.141 E F0 .642(starts up, each shell option in the list will\
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(tartup \214les.)-3.142 F(This v)144 184.8 Q(ariable is read-only)-.25 E
(.)-.65 E F1 -.3(BA)108 196.8 S(SHPID).3 E F0 .188
(Expands to the process ID of the current)144 208.8 R F1(bash)2.688 E F0
2.687(process. This)2.687 F(dif)2.687 E .187(fers from)-.25 F F1($$)
2.687 E F0 .187(under certain circum-)2.687 F
(stances, such as subshells that do not require)144 220.8 Q F1(bash)2.5
E F0(to be re-initialized.)2.5 E F1 -.3(BA)108 232.8 S(SH_ALIASES).3 E
F0 1.195(An associati)144 244.8 R 1.495 -.15(ve a)-.25 H 1.195(rray v)
.15 F 1.195(ariable whose members correspond to the internal list of al\
iases as main-)-.25 F .025(tained by the)144 256.8 R F1(alias)2.524 E F0
-.2(bu)2.524 G 2.524(iltin. Elements).2 F .024
(added to this array appear in the alias list; unsetting array ele-)
2.524 F(ments cause aliases to be remo)144 268.8 Q -.15(ve)-.15 G 2.5
(df).15 G(rom the alias list.)-2.5 E F1 -.3(BA)108 280.8 S(SH_ARGC).3 E
F0 .934(An array v)144 292.8 R .934(ariable whose v)-.25 F .934
(alues are the number of parameters in each frame of the current)-.25 F
F1(bash)3.435 E F0 -.15(exe)144 304.8 S .535(cution call stack.).15 F
.535(The number of parameters to the current subroutine \(shell functio\
n or script)5.535 F -.15(exe)144 316.8 S .141(cuted with).15 F F1(.)
2.641 E F0(or)2.641 E F1(sour)2.641 E(ce)-.18 E F0 2.641(\)i)C 2.641(sa)
-2.641 G 2.641(tt)-2.641 G .142(he top of the stack.)-2.641 F .142
(When a subroutine is e)5.142 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .142
(cuted, the number of).15 F 2.631(parameters passed is pushed onto)144
328.8 R F2 -.27(BA)5.13 G(SH_ARGC).27 E/F4 9/Times-Roman@0 SF(.)A F0
2.63(The shell sets)7.13 F F2 -.27(BA)5.13 G(SH_ARGC).27 E F0 2.63
(only when in)4.88 F -.15(ex)144 340.8 S(tended deb).15 E
(ugging mode \(see the description of the)-.2 E F1(extdeb)2.5 E(ug)-.2 E
F0(option to the)2.5 E F1(shopt)2.5 E F0 -.2(bu)2.5 G(iltin belo).2 E
(w\))-.25 E F1 -.3(BA)108 352.8 S(SH_ARGV).3 E F0 .979(An array v)144
364.8 R .979(ariable containing all of the parameters in the current)
-.25 F F1(bash)3.48 E F0 -.15(exe)3.48 G .98(cution call stack.).15 F
(The)5.98 E .275(\214nal parameter of the last subroutine call is at th\
e top of the stack; the \214rst parameter of the initial)144 376.8 R
1.424(call is at the bottom.)144 388.8 R 1.424(When a subroutine is e)
6.424 F -.15(xe)-.15 G 1.424
(cuted, the parameters supplied are pushed onto).15 F F2 -.27(BA)144
400.8 S(SH_ARGV).27 E F4(.)A F0 2.197(The shell sets)6.697 F F2 -.27(BA)
4.697 G(SH_ARGV).27 E F0 2.197(only when in e)4.447 F 2.197(xtended deb)
-.15 F 2.197(ugging mode \(see the)-.2 F(description of the)144 412.8 Q
F1(extdeb)2.5 E(ug)-.2 E F0(option to the)2.5 E F1(shopt)2.5 E F0 -.2
(bu)2.5 G(iltin belo).2 E(w\))-.25 E F1 -.3(BA)108 424.8 S(SH_CMDS).3 E
F0 .667(An associati)144 436.8 R .967 -.15(ve a)-.25 H .667(rray v).15 F
.668(ariable whose members correspond to the internal hash table of com\
mands)-.25 F .147(as maintained by the)144 448.8 R F1(hash)2.647 E F0
-.2(bu)2.646 G 2.646(iltin. Elements).2 F .146
(added to this array appear in the hash table; unsetting)2.646 F
(array elements cause commands to be remo)144 460.8 Q -.15(ve)-.15 G 2.5
(df).15 G(rom the hash table.)-2.5 E F1 -.3(BA)108 472.8 S(SH_COMMAND).3
E F0 1.242(The command currently being e)144 484.8 R -.15(xe)-.15 G
1.243(cuted or about to be e).15 F -.15(xe)-.15 G 1.243
(cuted, unless the shell is e).15 F -.15(xe)-.15 G 1.243(cuting a).15 F
(command as the result of a trap, in which case it is the command e)144
496.8 Q -.15(xe)-.15 G(cuting at the time of the trap.).15 E F1 -.3(BA)
108 508.8 S(SH_EXECUTION_STRING).3 E F0(The command ar)144 520.8 Q
(gument to the)-.18 E F1<ad63>2.5 E F0(in)2.5 E -.2(vo)-.4 G
(cation option.).2 E F1 -.3(BA)108 532.8 S(SH_LINENO).3 E F0 .693
(An array v)144 544.8 R .692(ariable whose members are the line numbers\
 in source \214les where each corresponding)-.25 F .969(member of)144
556.8 R F2(FUNCN)3.469 E(AME)-.18 E F0 -.1(wa)3.219 G 3.469(si).1 G -1.9
-.4(nv o)-3.469 H -.1(ke).4 G(d.).1 E F1(${B)5.969 E(ASH_LINENO[)-.3 E
F3($i)A F1(]})A F0 .97(is the line number in the source)3.469 F 14.672
(\214le \()144 568.8 R F1(${B)A(ASH_SOURCE[)-.3 E F3($i+1)A F1(]})A F0
17.172(\)w)C(here)-17.172 E F1(${FUNCN)17.172 E(AME[)-.2 E F3($i)A F1
(]})A F0 -.1(wa)17.172 G 17.171(sc).1 G 14.671(alled \(or)-17.171 F F1
(${B)144 580.8 Q(ASH_LINENO[)-.3 E F3($i-1)A F1(]})A F0 .115
(if referenced within another shell function\).)2.615 F(Use)5.115 E F2
(LINENO)2.615 E F0 .115(to obtain the)2.365 F(current line number)144
592.8 Q(.)-.55 E F1 -.3(BA)108 604.8 S(SH_REMA).3 E(TCH)-.95 E F0 .006
(An array v)144 616.8 R .006(ariable whose members are assigned by the)
-.25 F F1(=~)2.506 E F0 .005(binary operator to the)2.506 F F1([[)2.505
E F0 .005(conditional com-)2.505 F 2.506(mand. The)144 628.8 R .007
(element with inde)2.506 F 2.507(x0i)-.15 G 2.507(st)-2.507 G .007
(he portion of the string matching the entire re)-2.507 F .007(gular e)
-.15 F(xpression.)-.15 E .998(The element with inde)144 640.8 R(x)-.15 E
F3(n)3.498 E F0 .997(is the portion of the string matching the)3.498 F
F3(n)3.497 E F0 .997(th parenthesized sube)B(xpres-)-.15 E 2.5
(sion. This)144 652.8 R -.25(va)2.5 G(riable is read-only).25 E(.)-.65 E
F1 -.3(BA)108 664.8 S(SH_SOURCE).3 E F0 .125(An array v)144 676.8 R .125
(ariable whose members are the source \214lenames where the correspondi\
ng shell function)-.25 F .781(names in the)144 688.8 R F2(FUNCN)3.28 E
(AME)-.18 E F0 .78(array v)3.03 F .78(ariable are de\214ned.)-.25 F .78
(The shell function)5.78 F F1(${FUNCN)3.28 E(AME[)-.2 E F3($i)A F1(]})A
F0(is)3.28 E(de\214ned in the \214le)144 700.8 Q F1(${B)2.5 E
(ASH_SOURCE[)-.3 E F3($i)A F1(]})A F0(and called from)2.5 E F1(${B)2.5 E
(ASH_SOURCE[)-.3 E F3($i+1)A F1(]})A F0(.)A(GNU Bash 4.2)72 768 Q
(2012 January 29)141.79 E(10)190.95 E 0 Cg EP
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/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 389.54(SH\(1\) B).35 F(ASH\(1\))
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(Incremented by one within each subshell or subshell en)144 96 R .296
(vironment when the shell be)-.4 F .297(gins e)-.15 F -.15(xe)-.15 G
(cuting).15 E(in that en)144 108 Q 2.5(vironment. The)-.4 F(initial v)
2.5 E(alue is 0.)-.25 E F1 -.3(BA)108 120 S(SH_VERSINFO).3 E F0 2.645
(Ar)144 132 S .145(eadonly array v)-2.645 F .144
(ariable whose members hold v)-.25 F .144
(ersion information for this instance of)-.15 F F1(bash)2.644 E F0 5.144
(.T)C(he)-5.144 E -.25(va)144 144 S
(lues assigned to the array members are as follo).25 E(ws:)-.25 E F1 -.3
(BA)144 162 S(SH_VERSINFO[).3 E F0(0)A F1(])A F0(The major v)24.74 E
(ersion number \(the)-.15 E/F2 10/Times-Italic@0 SF -.37(re)2.5 G(lease)
.37 E F0(\).)A F1 -.3(BA)144 174 S(SH_VERSINFO[).3 E F0(1)A F1(])A F0
(The minor v)24.74 E(ersion number \(the)-.15 E F2(ver)2.5 E(sion)-.1 E
F0(\).)A F1 -.3(BA)144 186 S(SH_VERSINFO[).3 E F0(2)A F1(])A F0
(The patch le)24.74 E -.15(ve)-.25 G(l.).15 E F1 -.3(BA)144 198 S
(SH_VERSINFO[).3 E F0(3)A F1(])A F0(The b)24.74 E(uild v)-.2 E(ersion.)
-.15 E F1 -.3(BA)144 210 S(SH_VERSINFO[).3 E F0(4)A F1(])A F0
(The release status \(e.g.,)24.74 E F2(beta1)2.5 E F0(\).)A F1 -.3(BA)
144 222 S(SH_VERSINFO[).3 E F0(5)A F1(])A F0(The v)24.74 E(alue of)-.25
E/F3 9/Times-Bold@0 SF(MA)2.5 E(CHTYPE)-.495 E/F4 9/Times-Roman@0 SF(.)A
F1 -.3(BA)108 234 S(SH_VERSION).3 E F0
(Expands to a string describing the v)144 246 Q
(ersion of this instance of)-.15 E F1(bash)2.5 E F0(.)A F1(COMP_CW)108
258 Q(ORD)-.1 E F0 .396(An inde)144 270 R 2.896(xi)-.15 G(nto)-2.896 E
F1(${COMP_W)2.896 E(ORDS})-.1 E F0 .396(of the w)2.896 F .396
(ord containing the current cursor position.)-.1 F .397(This v)5.397 F
(ari-)-.25 E 1.181(able is a)144 282 R -.25(va)-.2 G 1.181
(ilable only in shell functions in).25 F -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G 3.681
(db).1 G 3.681(yt)-3.681 G 1.18(he programmable completion f)-3.681 F
1.18(acilities \(see)-.1 F F1(Pr)144 294 Q(ogrammable Completion)-.18 E
F0(belo)2.5 E(w\).)-.25 E F1(COMP_KEY)108 306 Q F0(The k)144 318 Q .3
-.15(ey \()-.1 H(or \214nal k).15 E .3 -.15(ey o)-.1 H 2.5(fak).15 G .3
-.15(ey s)-2.6 H(equence\) used to in).15 E -.2(vo)-.4 G .2 -.1(ke t).2
H(he current completion function.).1 E F1(COMP_LINE)108 330 Q F0 1.207
(The current command line.)144 342 R 1.208(This v)6.208 F 1.208
(ariable is a)-.25 F -.25(va)-.2 G 1.208
(ilable only in shell functions and e).25 F 1.208(xternal com-)-.15 F
2.849(mands in)144 354 R -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G 5.349(db).1 G 5.349
(yt)-5.349 G 2.849(he programmable completion f)-5.349 F 2.849
(acilities \(see)-.1 F F1(Pr)5.349 E 2.848(ogrammable Completion)-.18 F
F0(belo)144 366 Q(w\).)-.25 E F1(COMP_POINT)108 378 Q F0 .666(The inde)
144 390 R 3.166(xo)-.15 G 3.166(ft)-3.166 G .666
(he current cursor position relati)-3.166 F .966 -.15(ve t)-.25 H 3.166
(ot).15 G .666(he be)-3.166 F .666(ginning of the current command.)-.15
F .667(If the)5.667 F .535
(current cursor position is at the end of the current command, the v)144
402 R .534(alue of this v)-.25 F .534(ariable is equal to)-.25 F F1
(${#COMP_LINE})144 414 Q F0 7.005(.T)C 2.005(his v)-7.005 F 2.005
(ariable is a)-.25 F -.25(va)-.2 G 2.006
(ilable only in shell functions and e).25 F 2.006(xternal commands)-.15
F(in)144 426 Q -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G 2.5(db).1 G 2.5(yt)-2.5 G
(he programmable completion f)-2.5 E(acilities \(see)-.1 E F1(Pr)2.5 E
(ogrammable Completion)-.18 E F0(belo)2.5 E(w\).)-.25 E F1(COMP_TYPE)108
438 Q F0 .042(Set to an inte)144 450 R .042(ger v)-.15 F .041(alue corr\
esponding to the type of completion attempted that caused a completion)
-.25 F .337(function to be called:)144 462 R F2 -.5(TA)2.837 G(B).5 E F0
2.837(,f)C .337(or normal completion,)-2.837 F F2(?)2.837 E F0 2.837(,f)
C .337(or listing completions after successi)-2.837 F .638 -.15(ve t)
-.25 H(abs,).15 E F2(!)144 474 Q F0 4.092(,f)C 1.592
(or listing alternati)-4.092 F -.15(ve)-.25 G 4.092(so).15 G 4.092(np)
-4.092 G 1.592(artial w)-4.092 F 1.592(ord completion,)-.1 F F2(@)4.092
E F0 4.092(,t)C 4.092(ol)-4.092 G 1.592(ist completions if the w)-4.092
F 1.591(ord is not)-.1 F 1.552(unmodi\214ed, or)144 486 R F2(%)4.052 E
F0 4.052(,f)C 1.552(or menu completion.)-4.052 F 1.552(This v)6.552 F
1.552(ariable is a)-.25 F -.25(va)-.2 G 1.552
(ilable only in shell functions and).25 F -.15(ex)144 498 S 2.929
(ternal commands in).15 F -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G 5.429(db).1 G 5.429
(yt)-5.429 G 2.929(he programmable completion f)-5.429 F 2.929
(acilities \(see)-.1 F F1(Pr)5.428 E(ogrammable)-.18 E(Completion)144
510 Q F0(belo)2.5 E(w\).)-.25 E F1(COMP_W)108 522 Q(ORDBREAKS)-.1 E F0
1.335(The set of characters that the)144 534 R F1 -.18(re)3.836 G
(adline).18 E F0 1.336(library treats as w)3.836 F 1.336
(ord separators when performing w)-.1 F(ord)-.1 E 3.126(completion. If)
144 546 R F3(COMP_W)3.126 E(ORDBREAKS)-.09 E F0 .626
(is unset, it loses its special properties, e)2.876 F -.15(ve)-.25 G
3.125(ni).15 G 3.125(fi)-3.125 G 3.125(ti)-3.125 G 3.125(ss)-3.125 G
(ubse-)-3.125 E(quently reset.)144 558 Q F1(COMP_W)108 570 Q(ORDS)-.1 E
F0 .653(An array v)144 582 R .653(ariable \(see)-.25 F F1(Arrays)3.153 E
F0(belo)3.153 E .654(w\) consisting of the indi)-.25 F .654(vidual w)
-.25 F .654(ords in the current command)-.1 F 4.333(line. The)144 594 R
1.832(line is split into w)4.332 F 1.832(ords as)-.1 F F1 -.18(re)4.332
G(adline).18 E F0 -.1(wo)4.332 G 1.832(uld split it, using).1 F F3
(COMP_W)4.332 E(ORDBREAKS)-.09 E F0(as)4.082 E .831(described abo)144
606 R -.15(ve)-.15 G 5.831(.T).15 G .831(his v)-5.831 F .831
(ariable is a)-.25 F -.25(va)-.2 G .832
(ilable only in shell functions in).25 F -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G 3.332
(db).1 G 3.332(yt)-3.332 G .832(he programmable)-3.332 F(completion f)
144 618 Q(acilities \(see)-.1 E F1(Pr)2.5 E(ogrammable Completion)-.18 E
F0(belo)2.5 E(w\).)-.25 E F1(COPR)108 630 Q(OC)-.3 E F0 .169(An array v)
144 642 R .169(ariable \(see)-.25 F F1(Arrays)2.669 E F0(belo)2.669 E
.169
(w\) created to hold the \214le descriptors for output from and input)
-.25 F(to an unnamed coprocess \(see)144 654 Q F1(Copr)2.5 E(ocesses)
-.18 E F0(abo)2.5 E -.15(ve)-.15 G(\).).15 E F1(DIRST)108 666 Q -.55(AC)
-.9 G(K).55 E F0 2.26(An array v)144 678 R 2.26(ariable \(see)-.25 F F1
(Arrays)4.76 E F0(belo)4.76 E 2.26
(w\) containing the current contents of the directory stack.)-.25 F
1.095(Directories appear in the stack in the order the)144 690 R 3.594
(ya)-.15 G 1.094(re displayed by the)-3.594 F F1(dirs)3.594 E F0 -.2(bu)
3.594 G 3.594(iltin. Assigning).2 F(to)3.594 E 1.431
(members of this array v)144 702 R 1.432
(ariable may be used to modify directories already in the stack, b)-.25
F 1.432(ut the)-.2 F F1(pushd)144 714 Q F0(and)2.746 E F1(popd)2.746 E
F0 -.2(bu)2.746 G .246(iltins must be used to add and remo).2 F .546
-.15(ve d)-.15 H 2.746(irectories. Assignment).15 F .246(to this v)2.746
F(ariable)-.25 E .35(will not change the current directory)144 726 R
5.35(.I)-.65 G(f)-5.35 E F3(DIRST)2.85 E -.495(AC)-.81 G(K).495 E F0 .35
(is unset, it loses its special properties, e)2.6 F -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.851
(ni).15 G(f)-2.851 E(GNU Bash 4.2)72 768 Q(2012 January 29)141.79 E(11)
190.95 E 0 Cg EP
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/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 389.54(SH\(1\) B).35 F(ASH\(1\))
-.35 E(it is subsequently reset.)144 84 Q/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(EUID)108
96 Q F0 1.104(Expands to the ef)11 F(fecti)-.25 E 1.403 -.15(ve u)-.25 H
1.103(ser ID of the current user).15 F 3.603(,i)-.4 G 1.103
(nitialized at shell startup.)-3.603 F 1.103(This v)6.103 F 1.103
(ariable is)-.25 F(readonly)144 108 Q(.)-.65 E F1(FUNCN)108 120 Q(AME)
-.2 E F0 .478(An array v)144 132 R .479
(ariable containing the names of all shell functions currently in the e)
-.25 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .479(cution call stack.).15 F .277
(The element with inde)144 144 R 2.777(x0i)-.15 G 2.777(st)-2.777 G .276
(he name of an)-2.777 F 2.776(yc)-.15 G(urrently-e)-2.776 E -.15(xe)-.15
G .276(cuting shell function.).15 F .276(The bottom-most)5.276 F .384
(element \(the one with the highest inde)144 156 R .384(x\) is)-.15 F/F2
10/Courier@0 SF("main")2.884 E F0 5.384(.T)C .384(his v)-5.384 F .385
(ariable e)-.25 F .385(xists only when a shell func-)-.15 F .035
(tion is e)144 168 R -.15(xe)-.15 G 2.535(cuting. Assignments).15 F(to)
2.535 E/F3 9/Times-Bold@0 SF(FUNCN)2.535 E(AME)-.18 E F0(ha)2.285 E .335
-.15(ve n)-.2 H 2.535(oe).15 G -.25(ff)-2.535 G .035
(ect and return an error status.).25 F(If)5.034 E F3(FUNC-)2.534 E -.18
(NA)144 180 S(ME).18 E F0(is unset, it loses its special properties, e)
2.25 E -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.5(ni).15 G 2.5(fi)-2.5 G 2.5(ti)-2.5 G 2.5(ss)
-2.5 G(ubsequently reset.)-2.5 E .11(This v)144 198 R .111
(ariable can be used with)-.25 F F1 -.3(BA)2.611 G(SH_LINENO).3 E F0
(and)2.611 E F1 -.3(BA)2.611 G(SH_SOURCE).3 E F0 5.111(.E)C .111
(ach element of)-5.111 F F1(FUNC-)2.611 E -.2(NA)144 210 S(ME).2 E F0
1.404(has corresponding elements in)3.904 F F1 -.3(BA)3.904 G(SH_LINENO)
.3 E F0(and)3.904 E F1 -.3(BA)3.904 G(SH_SOURCE).3 E F0 1.404
(to describe the)3.904 F .012(call stack.)144 222 R -.15(Fo)5.012 G
2.512(ri).15 G(nstance,)-2.512 E F1(${FUNCN)2.512 E(AME[)-.2 E/F4 10
/Times-Italic@0 SF($i)A F1(]})A F0 -.1(wa)2.512 G 2.512(sc).1 G .012
(alled from the \214le)-2.512 F F1(${B)2.512 E(ASH_SOURCE[)-.3 E F4
($i+1)A F1(]})A F0 1.184(at line number)144 234 R F1(${B)3.684 E
(ASH_LINENO[)-.3 E F4($i)A F1(]})A F0 6.184(.T)C(he)-6.184 E F1(caller)
3.683 E F0 -.2(bu)3.683 G 1.183
(iltin displays the current call stack using).2 F(this information.)144
246 Q F1(GR)108 258 Q(OUPS)-.3 E F0 1.228(An array v)144 270 R 1.228(ar\
iable containing the list of groups of which the current user is a memb\
er)-.25 F 6.229(.A)-.55 G(ssign-)-6.229 E .597(ments to)144 282 R F3(GR)
3.097 E(OUPS)-.27 E F0(ha)2.847 E .897 -.15(ve n)-.2 H 3.097(oe).15 G
-.25(ff)-3.097 G .597(ect and return an error status.).25 F(If)5.597 E
F3(GR)3.097 E(OUPS)-.27 E F0 .597(is unset, it loses its spe-)2.847 F
(cial properties, e)144 294 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.5(ni).15 G 2.5(fi)-2.5 G
2.5(ti)-2.5 G 2.5(ss)-2.5 G(ubsequently reset.)-2.5 E F1(HISTCMD)108 306
Q F0 .355(The history number)144 318 R 2.855(,o)-.4 G 2.855(ri)-2.855 G
(nde)-2.855 E 2.856(xi)-.15 G 2.856(nt)-2.856 G .356
(he history list, of the current command.)-2.856 F(If)5.356 E F3
(HISTCMD)2.856 E F0 .356(is unset, it)2.606 F
(loses its special properties, e)144 330 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.5(ni).15 G
2.5(fi)-2.5 G 2.5(ti)-2.5 G 2.5(ss)-2.5 G(ubsequently reset.)-2.5 E F1
(HOSTN)108 342 Q(AME)-.2 E F0
(Automatically set to the name of the current host.)144 354 Q F1
(HOSTTYPE)108 366 Q F0 .223(Automatically set to a string that uniquely\
 describes the type of machine on which)144 378 R F1(bash)2.722 E F0
.222(is e)2.722 F -.15(xe)-.15 G(cut-).15 E 2.5(ing. The)144 390 R(def)
2.5 E(ault is system-dependent.)-.1 E F1(LINENO)108 402 Q F0 1.408(Each\
 time this parameter is referenced, the shell substitutes a decimal num\
ber representing the)144 414 R .078(current sequential line number \(st\
arting with 1\) within a script or function.)144 426 R .078
(When not in a script or)5.078 F .306(function, the v)144 438 R .306
(alue substituted is not guaranteed to be meaningful.)-.25 F(If)5.307 E
F3(LINENO)2.807 E F0 .307(is unset, it loses its)2.557 F
(special properties, e)144 450 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.5(ni).15 G 2.5(fi)-2.5
G 2.5(ti)-2.5 G 2.5(ss)-2.5 G(ubsequently reset.)-2.5 E F1(MA)108 462 Q
(CHTYPE)-.55 E F0 .898(Automatically set to a string that fully describ\
es the system type on which)144 474 R F1(bash)3.398 E F0 .898(is e)3.398
F -.15(xe)-.15 G .898(cuting, in).15 F(the standard GNU)144 486 Q F4
(cpu-company-system)2.5 E F0 2.5(format. The)2.5 F(def)2.5 E
(ault is system-dependent.)-.1 E F1(MAPFILE)108 498 Q F0 .293
(An array v)144 510 R .293(ariable \(see)-.25 F F1(Arrays)2.793 E F0
(belo)2.793 E .293(w\) created to hold the te)-.25 F .294
(xt read by the)-.15 F F1(map\214le)2.794 E F0 -.2(bu)2.794 G .294
(iltin when no).2 F -.25(va)144 522 S(riable name is supplied.).25 E F1
(OLDPWD)108 534 Q F0(The pre)144 546 Q(vious w)-.25 E
(orking directory as set by the)-.1 E F1(cd)2.5 E F0(command.)2.5 E F1
(OPT)108 558 Q(ARG)-.9 E F0 1.627(The v)144 570 R 1.627
(alue of the last option ar)-.25 F 1.627(gument processed by the)-.18 F
F1(getopts)4.127 E F0 -.2(bu)4.127 G 1.626(iltin command \(see).2 F F3
(SHELL)4.126 E -.09(BU)144 582 S(IL).09 E(TIN COMMANDS)-.828 E F0(belo)
2.25 E(w\).)-.25 E F1(OPTIND)108 594 Q F0 1.651(The inde)144 606 R 4.151
(xo)-.15 G 4.151(ft)-4.151 G 1.651(he ne)-4.151 F 1.651(xt ar)-.15 F
1.652(gument to be processed by the)-.18 F F1(getopts)4.152 E F0 -.2(bu)
4.152 G 1.652(iltin command \(see).2 F F3(SHELL)4.152 E -.09(BU)144 618
S(IL).09 E(TIN COMMANDS)-.828 E F0(belo)2.25 E(w\).)-.25 E F1(OSTYPE)108
630 Q F0 .329(Automatically set to a string that describes the operatin\
g system on which)144 642 R F1(bash)2.829 E F0 .329(is e)2.829 F -.15
(xe)-.15 G 2.829(cuting. The).15 F(def)144 654 Q
(ault is system-dependent.)-.1 E F1(PIPEST)108 666 Q -.95(AT)-.9 G(US)
.95 E F0 .61(An array v)144 678 R .61(ariable \(see)-.25 F F1(Arrays)
3.11 E F0(belo)3.11 E .61(w\) containing a list of e)-.25 F .61
(xit status v)-.15 F .61(alues from the processes in)-.25 F
(the most-recently-e)144 690 Q -.15(xe)-.15 G(cuted fore).15 E
(ground pipeline \(which may contain only a single command\).)-.15 E F1
(PPID)108 702 Q F0(The process ID of the shell')12.67 E 2.5(sp)-.55 G
2.5(arent. This)-2.5 F -.25(va)2.5 G(riable is readonly).25 E(.)-.65 E
F1(PWD)108 714 Q F0(The current w)12.67 E
(orking directory as set by the)-.1 E F1(cd)2.5 E F0(command.)2.5 E
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/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 389.54(SH\(1\) B).35 F(ASH\(1\))
-.35 E/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(RANDOM)108 84 Q F0 .566
(Each time this parameter is referenced, a random inte)144 96 R .565
(ger between 0 and 32767 is generated.)-.15 F(The)5.565 E .01
(sequence of random numbers may be initialized by assigning a v)144 108
R .01(alue to)-.25 F/F2 9/Times-Bold@0 SF(RANDOM)2.51 E/F3 9
/Times-Roman@0 SF(.)A F0(If)4.51 E F2(RANDOM)2.51 E F0(is)2.26 E
(unset, it loses its special properties, e)144 120 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.5
(ni).15 G 2.5(fi)-2.5 G 2.5(ti)-2.5 G 2.5(ss)-2.5 G(ubsequently reset.)
-2.5 E F1(READLINE_LINE)108 132 Q F0 1.547(The contents of the)144 144 R
F1 -.18(re)4.047 G(adline).18 E F0 1.547(line b)4.047 F(uf)-.2 E(fer)
-.25 E 4.047(,f)-.4 G 1.547(or use with)-4.047 F/F4 10/Courier@0 SF
1.547(bind -x)4.047 F F0(\(see)4.047 E F2 1.546(SHELL B)4.047 F(UIL)-.09
E 1.546(TIN COM-)-.828 F(MANDS)144 156 Q F0(belo)2.25 E(w\).)-.25 E F1
(READLINE_POINT)108 168 Q F0 .313
(The position of the insertion point in the)144 180 R F1 -.18(re)2.813 G
(adline).18 E F0 .313(line b)2.813 F(uf)-.2 E(fer)-.25 E 2.813(,f)-.4 G
.313(or use with)-2.813 F F4 .314(bind -x)2.814 F F0(\(see)2.814 E F2
(SHELL)2.814 E -.09(BU)144 192 S(IL).09 E(TIN COMMANDS)-.828 E F0(belo)
2.25 E(w\).)-.25 E F1(REPL)108 204 Q(Y)-.92 E F0
(Set to the line of input read by the)144 216 Q F1 -.18(re)2.5 G(ad).18
E F0 -.2(bu)2.5 G(iltin command when no ar).2 E(guments are supplied.)
-.18 E F1(SECONDS)108 228 Q F0 .795(Each time this parameter is referen\
ced, the number of seconds since shell in)144 240 R -.2(vo)-.4 G .795
(cation is returned.).2 F .712(If a v)144 252 R .712
(alue is assigned to)-.25 F F2(SECONDS)3.212 E F3(,)A F0 .712(the v)
2.962 F .712(alue returned upon subsequent references is the number)-.25
F .408(of seconds since the assignment plus the v)144 264 R .408
(alue assigned.)-.25 F(If)5.408 E F2(SECONDS)2.908 E F0 .407
(is unset, it loses its special)2.658 F(properties, e)144 276 Q -.15(ve)
-.25 G 2.5(ni).15 G 2.5(fi)-2.5 G 2.5(ti)-2.5 G 2.5(ss)-2.5 G
(ubsequently reset.)-2.5 E F1(SHELLOPTS)108 288 Q F0 3.262(Ac)144 300 S
.763(olon-separated list of enabled shell options.)-3.262 F .763(Each w)
5.763 F .763(ord in the list is a v)-.1 F .763(alid ar)-.25 F .763
(gument for the)-.18 F F1<ad6f>144 312 Q F0 1.174(option to the)3.674 F
F1(set)3.674 E F0 -.2(bu)3.674 G 1.174(iltin command \(see).2 F F2 1.173
(SHELL B)3.673 F(UIL)-.09 E 1.173(TIN COMMANDS)-.828 F F0(belo)3.423 E
3.673(w\). The)-.25 F(options)3.673 E .019(appearing in)144 324 R F2
(SHELLOPTS)2.519 E F0 .019(are those reported as)2.269 F/F5 10
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5.019(.I)C 2.519(ft)-5.019 G .019(his v)-2.519 F .02
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(2012 January 29)141.79 E(13)190.95 E 0 Cg EP
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-.25 E(ou ha)-1.1 E .3 -.15(ve m)-.2 H
(ail":~/shell\255mail?"$_ has mail!"\010).15 E F1(Bash)144 672 Q F0 .389
(supplies a def)2.889 F .389(ault v)-.1 F .389(alue for this v)-.25 F
.389(ariable, b)-.25 F .388
(ut the location of the user mail \214les that it uses is)-.2 F
(system dependent \(e.g., /v)144 684 Q(ar/mail/)-.25 E F1($USER)A F0
(\).)A F1(OPTERR)108 696 Q F0 .389(If set to the v)144 708 R .389
(alue 1,)-.25 F F1(bash)2.889 E F0 .389
(displays error messages generated by the)2.889 F F1(getopts)2.89 E F0
-.2(bu)2.89 G .39(iltin command \(see).2 F F3 .36(SHELL B)144 720 R(UIL)
-.09 E .36(TIN COMMANDS)-.828 F F0(belo)2.61 E(w\).)-.25 E F3(OPTERR)
5.36 E F0 .359(is initialized to 1 each time the shell is in)2.61 F -.2
(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G(d).1 E(GNU Bash 4.2)72 768 Q(2012 January 29)
141.79 E(15)190.95 E 0 Cg EP
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/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 389.54(SH\(1\) B).35 F(ASH\(1\))
-.35 E(or a shell script is e)144 84 Q -.15(xe)-.15 G(cuted.).15 E/F1 10
/Times-Bold@0 SF -.74(PA)108 96 S(TH)-.21 E F0 .587
(The search path for commands.)9.91 F .588
(It is a colon-separated list of directories in which the shell looks)
5.587 F .472(for commands \(see)144 108 R/F2 9/Times-Bold@0 SF .472
(COMMAND EXECUTION)2.972 F F0(belo)2.722 E 2.972(w\). A)-.25 F .471
(zero-length \(null\) directory name in the)2.972 F -.25(va)144 120 S
.535(lue of).25 F F2 -.666(PA)3.035 G(TH)-.189 E F0 .535
(indicates the current directory)2.785 F 5.535(.A)-.65 G .535
(null directory name may appear as tw)-2.5 F 3.036(oa)-.1 G(djacent)
-3.036 E .868(colons, or as an initial or trailing colon.)144 132 R .868
(The def)5.868 F .867(ault path is system-dependent, and is set by the)
-.1 F 26.328(administrator who installs)144 144 R F1(bash)28.828 E F0
31.329(.A)C 26.329(common v)-2.5 F 26.329(alue is)-.25 F/F3 10/Courier@0
SF(/usr/local/bin:/usr/local/sbin:/usr/bin:/usr/sbin:/bin:/sbin)144 156
Q F0(.)A F1(POSIXL)108 168 Q(Y_CORRECT)-.92 E F0 .472(If this v)144 180
R .472(ariable is in the en)-.25 F .471(vironment when)-.4 F F1(bash)
2.971 E F0 .471(starts, the shell enters)2.971 F/F4 10/Times-Italic@0 SF
.471(posix mode)2.971 F F0 .471(before reading)2.971 F .011
(the startup \214les, as if the)144 192 R F1(\255\255posix)2.511 E F0
(in)2.511 E -.2(vo)-.4 G .011(cation option had been supplied.).2 F .011
(If it is set while the shell is)5.011 F(running,)144 204 Q F1(bash)2.5
E F0(enables)2.5 E F4(posix mode)2.5 E F0 2.5(,a)C 2.5(si)-2.5 G 2.5(ft)
-2.5 G(he command)-2.5 E F3(set -o posix)2.5 E F0(had been e)2.5 E -.15
(xe)-.15 G(cuted.).15 E F1(PR)108 216 Q(OMPT_COMMAND)-.3 E F0
(If set, the v)144 228 Q(alue is e)-.25 E -.15(xe)-.15 G
(cuted as a command prior to issuing each primary prompt.).15 E F1(PR)
108 240 Q(OMPT_DIR)-.3 E(TRIM)-.4 E F0 .676
(If set to a number greater than zero, the v)144 252 R .676
(alue is used as the number of trailing directory compo-)-.25 F .923
(nents to retain when e)144 264 R .923(xpanding the)-.15 F F1(\\w)3.423
E F0(and)3.423 E F1(\\W)3.423 E F0 .923(prompt string escapes \(see)
3.423 F F2(PR)3.423 E(OMPTING)-.27 E F0(belo)3.173 E(w\).)-.25 E
(Characters remo)144 276 Q -.15(ve)-.15 G 2.5(da).15 G
(re replaced with an ellipsis.)-2.5 E F1(PS1)108 288 Q F0 .065(The v)
19.33 F .065(alue of this parameter is e)-.25 F .065(xpanded \(see)-.15
F F2(PR)2.565 E(OMPTING)-.27 E F0(belo)2.315 E .065
(w\) and used as the primary prompt)-.25 F 2.5(string. The)144 300 R
(def)2.5 E(ault v)-.1 E(alue is `)-.25 E(`)-.74 E F1(\\s\255\\v\\$)A F0
-.74('')2.5 G(.).74 E F1(PS2)108 312 Q F0 .117(The v)19.33 F .117
(alue of this parameter is e)-.25 F .117(xpanded as with)-.15 F F2(PS1)
2.617 E F0 .118(and used as the secondary prompt string.)2.368 F(The)
5.118 E(def)144 324 Q(ault is `)-.1 E(`)-.74 E F1(>)A F0 -.74('')2.5 G
(.).74 E F1(PS3)108 336 Q F0 1.116(The v)19.33 F 1.115
(alue of this parameter is used as the prompt for the)-.25 F F1(select)
3.615 E F0 1.115(command \(see)3.615 F F2 1.115(SHELL GRAM-)3.615 F(MAR)
144 348 Q F0(abo)2.25 E -.15(ve)-.15 G(\).).15 E F1(PS4)108 360 Q F0 .1
(The v)19.33 F .1(alue of this parameter is e)-.25 F .1(xpanded as with)
-.15 F F2(PS1)2.6 E F0 .101(and the v)2.35 F .101
(alue is printed before each command)-.25 F F1(bash)144 372 Q F0 .292
(displays during an e)2.792 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .292(cution trace.).15 F
.292(The \214rst character of)5.292 F F2(PS4)2.792 E F0 .291
(is replicated multiple times, as)2.542 F(necessary)144 384 Q 2.5(,t)
-.65 G 2.5(oi)-2.5 G(ndicate multiple le)-2.5 E -.15(ve)-.25 G
(ls of indirection.).15 E(The def)5 E(ault is `)-.1 E(`)-.74 E F1(+)A F0
-.74('')2.5 G(.).74 E F1(SHELL)108 396 Q F0 .663
(The full pathname to the shell is k)144 408 R .664(ept in this en)-.1 F
.664(vironment v)-.4 F 3.164(ariable. If)-.25 F .664
(it is not set when the shell)3.164 F(starts,)144 420 Q F1(bash)2.5 E F0
(assigns to it the full pathname of the current user')2.5 E 2.5(sl)-.55
G(ogin shell.)-2.5 E F1(TIMEFORMA)108 432 Q(T)-.95 E F0 .827(The v)144
444 R .826
(alue of this parameter is used as a format string specifying ho)-.25 F
3.326(wt)-.25 G .826(he timing information for)-3.326 F .648
(pipelines pre\214x)144 456 R .648(ed with the)-.15 F F1(time)3.148 E F0
(reserv)3.148 E .648(ed w)-.15 F .649(ord should be displayed.)-.1 F
(The)5.649 E F1(%)3.149 E F0 .649(character introduces)3.149 F .712
(an escape sequence that is e)144 468 R .711(xpanded to a time v)-.15 F
.711(alue or other information.)-.25 F .711(The escape sequences)5.711 F
(and their meanings are as follo)144 480 Q
(ws; the braces denote optional portions.)-.25 E F1(%%)144 498 Q F0 2.5
(Al)30 G(iteral)-2.5 E F1(%)2.5 E F0(.)A F1(%[)144 510 Q F4(p)A F1
(][l]R)A F0(The elapsed time in seconds.)11.68 E F1(%[)144 522 Q F4(p)A
F1(][l]U)A F0(The number of CPU seconds spent in user mode.)11.68 E F1
(%[)144 534 Q F4(p)A F1(][l]S)A F0
(The number of CPU seconds spent in system mode.)13.34 E F1(%P)144 546 Q
F0(The CPU percentage, computed as \(%U + %S\) / %R.)33.89 E .87
(The optional)144 562.8 R F4(p)3.37 E F0 .87(is a digit specifying the)
3.37 F F4(pr)3.37 E(ecision)-.37 E F0 3.37(,t)C .87
(he number of fractional digits after a decimal)-3.37 F 2.526(point. A)
144 574.8 R -.25(va)2.526 G .025
(lue of 0 causes no decimal point or fraction to be output.).25 F .025
(At most three places after the)5.025 F .537
(decimal point may be speci\214ed; v)144 586.8 R .537(alues of)-.25 F F4
(p)3.037 E F0 .537(greater than 3 are changed to 3.)3.037 F(If)5.538 E
F4(p)3.038 E F0 .538(is not speci\214ed,)3.038 F(the v)144 598.8 Q
(alue 3 is used.)-.25 E .668(The optional)144 615.6 R F1(l)3.168 E F0
.668(speci\214es a longer format, including minutes, of the form)3.168 F
F4(MM)3.168 E F0(m)A F4(SS)A F0(.)A F4(FF)A F0 3.167(s. The)B -.25(va)
3.167 G(lue).25 E(of)144 627.6 Q F4(p)2.5 E F0
(determines whether or not the fraction is included.)2.5 E(If this v)144
644.4 Q(ariable is not set,)-.25 E F1(bash)2.501 E F0 .001
(acts as if it had the v)2.501 F(alue)-.25 E F1($\010\\nr)2.501 E
(eal\\t%3lR\\nuser\\t%3lU\\nsys%3lS\010)-.18 E F0(.)A .495(If the v)144
656.4 R .494(alue is null, no timing information is displayed.)-.25 F
2.994(At)5.494 G .494(railing ne)-2.994 F .494
(wline is added when the for)-.25 F(-)-.2 E(mat string is displayed.)144
668.4 Q F1(TMOUT)108 680.4 Q F0 .941(If set to a v)144 692.4 R .941
(alue greater than zero,)-.25 F F2(TMOUT)3.441 E F0 .941
(is treated as the def)3.191 F .941(ault timeout for the)-.1 F F1 -.18
(re)3.441 G(ad).18 E F0 -.2(bu)3.441 G(iltin.).2 E(The)144 704.4 Q F1
(select)2.811 E F0 .311(command terminates if input does not arri)2.811
F .61 -.15(ve a)-.25 H(fter).15 E F2(TMOUT)2.81 E F0 .31
(seconds when input is com-)2.56 F .885(ing from a terminal.)144 716.4 R
.885(In an interacti)5.885 F 1.185 -.15(ve s)-.25 H .885(hell, the v).15
F .886(alue is interpreted as the number of seconds to)-.25 F -.1(wa)144
728.4 S .546(it for input after issuing the primary prompt.).1 F F1
(Bash)5.546 E F0 .546(terminates after w)3.046 F .546
(aiting for that number of)-.1 F(GNU Bash 4.2)72 768 Q(2012 January 29)
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/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 389.54(SH\(1\) B).35 F(ASH\(1\))
-.35 E(seconds if input does not arri)144 84 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G(.).15 E/F1
10/Times-Bold@0 SF(TMPDIR)108 96 Q F0 .39(If set,)144 108 R F1(bash)2.89
E F0 .39(uses its v)2.89 F .39(alue as the name of a directory in which)
-.25 F F1(bash)2.891 E F0 .391(creates temporary \214les for the)2.891 F
(shell')144 120 Q 2.5(su)-.55 G(se.)-2.5 E F1(auto_r)108 132 Q(esume)
-.18 E F0 .531(This v)144 144 R .531(ariable controls ho)-.25 F 3.031
(wt)-.25 G .531(he shell interacts with the user and job control.)-3.031
F .53(If this v)5.53 F .53(ariable is set,)-.25 F .538(single w)144 156
R .538(ord simple commands without redirections are treated as candidat\
es for resumption of an)-.1 F -.15(ex)144 168 S .367(isting stopped job)
.15 F 5.367(.T)-.4 G .366(here is no ambiguity allo)-5.367 F .366
(wed; if there is more than one job be)-.25 F .366(ginning with)-.15 F
1.124(the string typed, the job most recently accessed is selected.)144
180 R(The)6.125 E/F2 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(name)3.985 E F0 1.125
(of a stopped job, in this)3.805 F(conte)144 192 Q 1.133
(xt, is the command line used to start it.)-.15 F 1.133(If set to the v)
6.133 F(alue)-.25 E F2 -.2(ex)3.633 G(act).2 E F0 3.632(,t).68 G 1.132
(he string supplied must)-3.632 F .624
(match the name of a stopped job e)144 204 R .624(xactly; if set to)-.15
F F2(substring)3.125 E F0 3.125(,t).22 G .625
(he string supplied needs to match a)-3.125 F .885
(substring of the name of a stopped job)144 216 R 5.884(.T)-.4 G(he)
-5.884 E F2(substring)3.724 E F0 -.25(va)3.604 G .884(lue pro).25 F .884
(vides functionality analogous to)-.15 F(the)144 228 Q F1(%?)3.333 E F0
.833(job identi\214er \(see)5.833 F/F3 9/Times-Bold@0 SF .834(JOB CONTR)
3.334 F(OL)-.27 E F0(belo)3.084 E 3.334(w\). If)-.25 F .834(set to an)
3.334 F 3.334(yo)-.15 G .834(ther v)-3.334 F .834
(alue, the supplied string)-.25 F .316
(must be a pre\214x of a stopped job')144 240 R 2.816(sn)-.55 G .316
(ame; this pro)-2.816 F .315(vides functionality analogous to the)-.15 F
F1(%)2.815 E F2(string)A F0(job)2.815 E(identi\214er)144 252 Q(.)-.55 E
F1(histchars)108 264 Q F0 2.069(The tw)144 276 R 4.57(oo)-.1 G 4.57(rt)
-4.57 G 2.07(hree characters which control history e)-4.57 F 2.07
(xpansion and tok)-.15 F 2.07(enization \(see)-.1 F F3(HIST)4.57 E(OR)
-.162 E(Y)-.315 E(EXP)144 288 Q(ANSION)-.666 E F0(belo)3.466 E 3.716
(w\). The)-.25 F 1.216(\214rst character is the)3.716 F F2 1.215
(history e)3.715 F(xpansion)-.2 E F0(character)3.715 E 3.715(,t)-.4 G
1.215(he character which)-3.715 F .798(signals the start of a history e)
144 300 R .798(xpansion, normally `)-.15 F F1(!)A F0 3.298('. The)B .798
(second character is the)3.298 F F2(quic)3.298 E 3.298(ks)-.2 G
(ubstitu-)-3.298 E(tion)144 312 Q F0(character)2.74 E 2.74(,w)-.4 G .239
(hich is used as shorthand for re-running the pre)-2.74 F .239
(vious command entered, substitut-)-.25 F .575
(ing one string for another in the command.)144 324 R .575(The def)5.575
F .575(ault is `)-.1 F F1(^)A F0 3.075('. The)B .576
(optional third character is the)3.076 F .223(character which indicates\
 that the remainder of the line is a comment when found as the \214rst \
char)144 336 R(-)-.2 E 1.293(acter of a w)144 348 R 1.293
(ord, normally `)-.1 F F1(#)A F0 3.793('. The)B 1.294
(history comment character causes history substitution to be)3.794 F .38
(skipped for the remaining w)144 360 R .38(ords on the line.)-.1 F .379
(It does not necessarily cause the shell parser to treat)5.379 F
(the rest of the line as a comment.)144 372 Q F1(Arrays)87 388.8 Q(Bash)
108 400.8 Q F0(pro)3.39 E .89(vides one-dimensional inde)-.15 F -.15(xe)
-.15 G 3.39(da).15 G .891(nd associati)-3.39 F 1.191 -.15(ve a)-.25 H
.891(rray v).15 F 3.391(ariables. An)-.25 F 3.391(yv)-.15 G .891
(ariable may be used as an)-3.641 F(inde)108 412.8 Q -.15(xe)-.15 G
2.574(da).15 G .074(rray; the)-2.574 F F1(declar)2.574 E(e)-.18 E F0 -.2
(bu)2.574 G .074(iltin will e).2 F .073(xplicitly declare an array)-.15
F 5.073(.T)-.65 G .073(here is no maximum limit on the size of)-5.073 F
.328(an array)108 424.8 R 2.828(,n)-.65 G .328(or an)-2.828 F 2.828(yr)
-.15 G .329(equirement that members be inde)-2.828 F -.15(xe)-.15 G
2.829(do).15 G 2.829(ra)-2.829 G .329(ssigned contiguously)-2.829 F
5.329(.I)-.65 G(nde)-5.329 E -.15(xe)-.15 G 2.829(da).15 G .329
(rrays are refer)-2.829 F(-)-.2 E 1.387(enced using inte)108 436.8 R
1.387(gers \(including arithmetic e)-.15 F 3.887(xpressions\) and)-.15 F
1.387(are zero-based; associati)3.887 F 1.686 -.15(ve a)-.25 H 1.386
(rrays are refer).15 F(-)-.2 E(enced using arbitrary strings.)108 448.8
Q 2.462(An inde)108 465.6 R -.15(xe)-.15 G 4.962(da).15 G 2.462
(rray is created automatically if an)-4.962 F 4.963(yv)-.15 G 2.463
(ariable is assigned to using the syntax)-5.213 F F2(name)4.963 E F0([)A
F2(sub-)A(script)108 477.6 Q F0(]=)A F2(value)A F0 6.549(.T)C(he)-6.549
E F2(subscript)4.389 E F0 1.549(is treated as an arithmetic e)4.729 F
1.549(xpression that must e)-.15 F -.25(va)-.25 G 1.548
(luate to a number).25 F 6.548(.T)-.55 G(o)-7.348 E -.15(ex)108 489.6 S
1.979(plicitly declare an inde).15 F -.15(xe)-.15 G 4.479(da).15 G(rray)
-4.479 E 4.48(,u)-.65 G(se)-4.48 E F1(declar)4.48 E 4.48<65ad>-.18 G(a)
-4.48 E F2(name)4.48 E F0(\(see)4.48 E F3 1.98(SHELL B)4.48 F(UIL)-.09 E
1.98(TIN COMMANDS)-.828 F F0(belo)4.23 E(w\).)-.25 E F1(declar)108 501.6
Q 2.5<65ad>-.18 G(a)-2.5 E F2(name)2.5 E F1([)A F2(subscript)A F1(])A F0
(is also accepted; the)2.5 E F2(subscript)2.5 E F0(is ignored.)2.5 E
(Associati)108 518.4 Q .3 -.15(ve a)-.25 H(rrays are created using).15 E
F1(declar)2.5 E 2.5<65ad>-.18 G(A)-2.5 E F2(name)2.5 E F0(.)A(Attrib)108
535.2 Q .941(utes may be speci\214ed for an array v)-.2 F .941
(ariable using the)-.25 F F1(declar)3.441 E(e)-.18 E F0(and)3.44 E F1
-.18(re)3.44 G(adonly).18 E F0 -.2(bu)3.44 G 3.44(iltins. Each).2 F
(attrib)3.44 E(ute)-.2 E(applies to all members of an array)108 547.2 Q
(.)-.65 E 1.647
(Arrays are assigned to using compound assignments of the form)108 564 R
F2(name)4.147 E F0(=)A F1(\()A F0 -.25(va)C(lue).25 E F2(1)A F0 1.647
(... v)4.147 F(alue)-.25 E F2(n)A F1(\))A F0 4.148(,w)C 1.648(here each)
-4.148 F F2(value)108 576 Q F0 1.833(is of the form [)4.333 F F2
(subscript)A F0(]=)A F2(string)A F0 6.833(.I)C(nde)-6.833 E -.15(xe)-.15
G 4.333(da).15 G 1.833(rray assignments do not require an)-4.333 F 1.832
(ything b)-.15 F(ut)-.2 E F2(string)4.332 E F0(.)A .163
(When assigning to inde)108 588 R -.15(xe)-.15 G 2.663(da).15 G .163
(rrays, if the optional brack)-2.663 F .163
(ets and subscript are supplied, that inde)-.1 F 2.664(xi)-.15 G 2.664
(sa)-2.664 G(ssigned)-2.664 E 1.411(to; otherwise the inde)108 600 R
3.911(xo)-.15 G 3.911(ft)-3.911 G 1.411
(he element assigned is the last inde)-3.911 F 3.91(xa)-.15 G 1.41
(ssigned to by the statement plus one.)-3.91 F(Inde)108 612 Q
(xing starts at zero.)-.15 E(When assigning to an associati)108 628.8 Q
.3 -.15(ve a)-.25 H(rray).15 E 2.5(,t)-.65 G(he subscript is required.)
-2.5 E .239(This syntax is also accepted by the)108 645.6 R F1(declar)
2.739 E(e)-.18 E F0 -.2(bu)2.739 G 2.739(iltin. Indi).2 F .24
(vidual array elements may be assigned to using the)-.25 F F2(name)108
657.6 Q F0([)A F2(subscript)A F0(]=)A F2(value)A F0
(syntax introduced abo)2.5 E -.15(ve)-.15 G(.).15 E(An)108 674.4 Q 3.576
(ye)-.15 G 1.076(lement of an array may be referenced using ${)-3.576 F
F2(name)A F0([)A F2(subscript)A F0 3.575(]}. The)B 1.075
(braces are required to a)3.575 F -.2(vo)-.2 G(id).2 E 1.541
(con\215icts with pathname e)108 686.4 R 4.041(xpansion. If)-.15 F F2
(subscript)4.041 E F0(is)4.041 E F1(@)4.041 E F0(or)4.041 E F1(*)4.041 E
F0 4.041(,t)C 1.541(he w)-4.041 F 1.541(ord e)-.1 F 1.541
(xpands to all members of)-.15 F F2(name)4.042 E F0(.)A 1.057
(These subscripts dif)108 698.4 R 1.057(fer only when the w)-.25 F 1.057
(ord appears within double quotes.)-.1 F 1.056(If the w)6.056 F 1.056
(ord is double-quoted,)-.1 F(${)108 710.4 Q F2(name)A F0 .52([*]} e)B
.52(xpands to a single w)-.15 F .52(ord with the v)-.1 F .521
(alue of each array member separated by the \214rst character)-.25 F
1.375(of the)108 722.4 R F3(IFS)3.875 E F0 1.375(special v)3.625 F 1.375
(ariable, and ${)-.25 F F2(name)A F0 1.375([@]} e)B 1.375
(xpands each element of)-.15 F F2(name)3.875 E F0 1.374(to a separate w)
3.875 F 3.874(ord. When)-.1 F(GNU Bash 4.2)72 768 Q(2012 January 29)
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/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 389.54(SH\(1\) B).35 F(ASH\(1\))
-.35 E 2.027(there are no array members, ${)108 84 R/F1 10
/Times-Italic@0 SF(name)A F0 2.028([@]} e)B 2.028(xpands to nothing.)
-.15 F 2.028(If the double-quoted e)7.028 F 2.028(xpansion occurs)-.15 F
.759(within a w)108 96 R .759(ord, the e)-.1 F .759
(xpansion of the \214rst parameter is joined with the be)-.15 F .759
(ginning part of the original w)-.15 F(ord,)-.1 E .515(and the e)108 108
R .516(xpansion of the last parameter is joined with the last part of t\
he original w)-.15 F 3.016(ord. This)-.1 F .516(is analogous)3.016 F
.228(to the e)108 120 R .228(xpansion of the special parameters)-.15 F
/F2 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(*)2.728 E F0(and)2.728 E F2(@)2.728 E F0(\(see)
2.728 E F2 .228(Special P)2.728 F(arameters)-.1 E F0(abo)2.727 E -.15
(ve)-.15 G 2.727(\). ${#).15 F F1(name)A F0([)A F1(subscript)A F0(]})A
-.15(ex)108 132 S .886(pands to the length of ${).15 F F1(name)A F0([)A
F1(subscript)A F0 3.386(]}. If)B F1(subscript)3.386 E F0(is)3.386 E F2
(*)3.386 E F0(or)3.386 E F2(@)3.386 E F0 3.386(,t)C .886(he e)-3.386 F
.886(xpansion is the number of ele-)-.15 F .463(ments in the array)108
144 R 5.463(.R)-.65 G .463(eferencing an array v)-5.463 F .462
(ariable without a subscript is equi)-.25 F -.25(va)-.25 G .462
(lent to referencing the array).25 F .233(with a subscript of 0.)108 156
R .233(If the)5.233 F F1(subscript)3.073 E F0 .233
(used to reference an element of an inde)3.413 F -.15(xe)-.15 G 2.733
(da).15 G .233(rray e)-2.733 F -.25(va)-.25 G .233(luates to a num-).25
F .277(ber less than zero, it is used as an of)108 168 R .277
(fset from one greater than the array')-.25 F 2.777(sm)-.55 G .277
(aximum inde)-2.777 F 2.777(x\()-.15 G .277(so a subcript of)-2.777 F
(-1 refers to the last element of the array\).)108 180 Q .168
(An array v)108 196.8 R .168
(ariable is considered set if a subscript has been assigned a v)-.25 F
2.668(alue. The)-.25 F .168(null string is a v)2.668 F .168(alid v)-.25
F(alue.)-.25 E(The)108 213.6 Q F2(unset)2.767 E F0 -.2(bu)2.767 G .267
(iltin is used to destro).2 F 2.767(ya)-.1 G(rrays.)-2.767 E F2(unset)
5.267 E F1(name)2.767 E F0([)A F1(subscript)A F0 2.767(]d)C(estro)-2.767
E .267(ys the array element at inde)-.1 F(x)-.15 E F1(sub-)2.766 E
(script)108 225.6 Q F0 6.204(.C)C 1.204(are must be tak)-6.204 F 1.204
(en to a)-.1 F -.2(vo)-.2 G 1.205(id unw).2 F 1.205(anted side ef)-.1 F
1.205(fects caused by pathname e)-.25 F(xpansion.)-.15 E F2(unset)6.205
E F1(name)3.705 E F0(,)A(where)108 237.6 Q F1(name)2.5 E F0(is an array)
2.5 E 2.5(,o)-.65 G(r)-2.5 E F2(unset)2.5 E F1(name)2.5 E F0([)A F1
(subscript)A F0(], where)A F1(subscript)2.5 E F0(is)2.5 E F2(*)2.5 E F0
(or)2.5 E F2(@)2.5 E F0 2.5(,r)C(emo)-2.5 E -.15(ve)-.15 G 2.5(st).15 G
(he entire array)-2.5 E(.)-.65 E(The)108 254.4 Q F2(declar)3.574 E(e)
-.18 E F0(,)A F2(local)3.574 E F0 3.574(,a)C(nd)-3.574 E F2 -.18(re)
3.574 G(adonly).18 E F0 -.2(bu)3.574 G 1.073(iltins each accept a).2 F
F2<ad61>3.573 E F0 1.073(option to specify an inde)3.573 F -.15(xe)-.15
G 3.573(da).15 G 1.073(rray and a)-3.573 F F2<ad41>3.573 E F0 .338
(option to specify an associati)108 266.4 R .638 -.15(ve a)-.25 H(rray)
.15 E 5.338(.I)-.65 G 2.838(fb)-5.338 G .338(oth options are supplied,)
-2.838 F F2<ad41>2.838 E F0(tak)2.838 E .338(es precedence.)-.1 F(The)
5.338 E F2 -.18(re)2.839 G(ad).18 E F0 -.2(bu)2.839 G(iltin).2 E .441
(accepts a)108 278.4 R F2<ad61>2.941 E F0 .441
(option to assign a list of w)2.941 F .441
(ords read from the standard input to an array)-.1 F 5.441(.T)-.65 G(he)
-5.441 E F2(set)2.941 E F0(and)2.941 E F2(declar)2.94 E(e)-.18 E F0 -.2
(bu)108 290.4 S(iltins display array v).2 E(alues in a w)-.25 E
(ay that allo)-.1 E(ws them to be reused as assignments.)-.25 E/F3 10.95
/Times-Bold@0 SF(EXP)72 307.2 Q(ANSION)-.81 E F0 .76(Expansion is perfo\
rmed on the command line after it has been split into w)108 319.2 R 3.26
(ords. There)-.1 F .76(are se)3.26 F -.15(ve)-.25 G 3.26(nk).15 G .76
(inds of)-3.26 F -.15(ex)108 331.2 S .37(pansion performed:).15 F F1(br)
2.869 E .369(ace e)-.15 F(xpansion)-.2 E F0(,).24 E F1 .369(tilde e)
2.869 F(xpansion)-.2 E F0(,).24 E F1(par)2.869 E .369
(ameter and variable e)-.15 F(xpansion)-.2 E F0(,).24 E F1 .369
(command sub-)2.869 F(stitution)108 343.2 Q F0(,).24 E F1(arithmetic e)
2.5 E(xpansion)-.2 E F0(,).24 E F1(wor)2.5 E 2.5(ds)-.37 G(plitting)-2.5
E F0 2.5(,a).22 G(nd)-2.5 E F1(pathname e)2.5 E(xpansion)-.2 E F0(.).24
E .47(The order of e)108 360 R .471(xpansions is: brace e)-.15 F .471
(xpansion, tilde e)-.15 F .471(xpansion, parameter)-.15 F 2.971(,v)-.4 G
.471(ariable and arithmetic e)-3.221 F(xpansion)-.15 E
(and command substitution \(done in a left-to-right f)108 372 Q
(ashion\), w)-.1 E(ord splitting, and pathname e)-.1 E(xpansion.)-.15 E
(On systems that can support it, there is an additional e)108 388.8 Q
(xpansion a)-.15 E -.25(va)-.2 G(ilable:).25 E F1(pr)2.5 E
(ocess substitution)-.45 E F0(.)A 1.487(Only brace e)108 405.6 R 1.487
(xpansion, w)-.15 F 1.487(ord splitting, and pathname e)-.1 F 1.487
(xpansion can change the number of w)-.15 F 1.486(ords of the)-.1 F -.15
(ex)108 417.6 S 1.164(pansion; other e).15 F 1.164(xpansions e)-.15 F
1.164(xpand a single w)-.15 F 1.165(ord to a single w)-.1 F 3.665
(ord. The)-.1 F 1.165(only e)3.665 F 1.165(xceptions to this are the)
-.15 F -.15(ex)108 429.6 S(pansions of ").15 E F2($@)A F0 2.5("a)C(nd ")
-2.5 E F2(${)A F1(name)A F2([@]})A F0 2.5("a)C 2.5(se)-2.5 G
(xplained abo)-2.65 E .3 -.15(ve \()-.15 H(see).15 E/F4 9/Times-Bold@0
SF -.666(PA)2.5 G(RAMETERS).666 E/F5 9/Times-Roman@0 SF(\).)A F2
(Brace Expansion)87 446.4 Q F1(Br)108.58 458.4 Q .606(ace e)-.15 F
(xpansion)-.2 E F0 .606
(is a mechanism by which arbitrary strings may be generated.)3.346 F
.606(This mechanism is similar)5.606 F(to)108 470.4 Q F1 .415
(pathname e)2.915 F(xpansion)-.2 E F0 2.915(,b)C .415
(ut the \214lenames generated need not e)-3.115 F 2.915(xist. P)-.15 F
.415(atterns to be brace e)-.15 F .415(xpanded tak)-.15 F 2.915(et)-.1 G
(he)-2.915 E .152(form of an optional)108 482.4 R F1(pr)2.652 E(eamble)
-.37 E F0 2.651(,f).18 G(ollo)-2.651 E .151
(wed by either a series of comma-separated strings or a sequence e)-.25
F(xpres-)-.15 E .563(sion between a pair of braces, follo)108 494.4 R
.563(wed by an optional)-.25 F F1(postscript)3.063 E F0 5.563(.T).68 G
.563(he preamble is pre\214x)-5.563 F .563(ed to each string)-.15 F .659
(contained within the braces, and the postscript is then appended to ea\
ch resulting string, e)108 506.4 R .658(xpanding left to)-.15 F(right.)
108 518.4 Q .718(Brace e)108 535.2 R .719(xpansions may be nested.)-.15
F .719(The results of each e)5.719 F .719
(xpanded string are not sorted; left to right order is)-.15 F(preserv)
108 547.2 Q 2.5(ed. F)-.15 F(or e)-.15 E(xample, a)-.15 E F2({)A F0
(d,c,b)A F2(})A F0 2.5(ee)C(xpands into `ade ace abe'.)-2.65 E 3.243(As)
108 564 S .743(equence e)-3.243 F .743(xpression tak)-.15 F .743
(es the form)-.1 F F2({)3.243 E F1(x)A F2(..)A F1(y)A F2([..)A F1(incr)A
F2(]})A F0 3.243(,w)C(here)-3.243 E F1(x)3.243 E F0(and)3.242 E F1(y)
3.242 E F0 .742(are either inte)3.242 F .742(gers or single characters,)
-.15 F(and)108 576 Q F1(incr)3.031 E F0 3.031(,a)C 3.032(no)-3.031 G
.532(ptional increment, is an inte)-3.032 F(ger)-.15 E 5.532(.W)-.55 G
.532(hen inte)-5.532 F .532(gers are supplied, the e)-.15 F .532
(xpression e)-.15 F .532(xpands to each)-.15 F .078(number between)108
588 R F1(x)2.578 E F0(and)2.578 E F1(y)2.578 E F0 2.578(,i)C(nclusi)
-2.578 E -.15(ve)-.25 G 5.078(.S).15 G .078(upplied inte)-5.078 F .077
(gers may be pre\214x)-.15 F .077(ed with)-.15 F F1(0)2.577 E F0 .077
(to force each term to ha)2.577 F .377 -.15(ve t)-.2 H(he).15 E .014
(same width.)108 600 R .014(When either)5.014 F F1(x)2.514 E F0(or)2.514
E F1(y)2.514 E F0(be)2.514 E .015(gins with a zero, the shell attempts \
to force all generated terms to contain)-.15 F 1.143
(the same number of digits, zero-padding where necessary)108 612 R 6.143
(.W)-.65 G 1.143(hen characters are supplied, the e)-6.143 F(xpression)
-.15 E -.15(ex)108 624 S .541(pands to each character le).15 F .541
(xicographically between)-.15 F F1(x)3.041 E F0(and)3.042 E F1(y)3.042 E
F0 3.042(,i)C(nclusi)-3.042 E -.15(ve)-.25 G 5.542(.N).15 G .542
(ote that both)-5.542 F F1(x)3.042 E F0(and)3.042 E F1(y)3.042 E F0 .542
(must be of)3.042 F .183(the same type.)108 636 R .182
(When the increment is supplied, it is used as the dif)5.183 F .182
(ference between each term.)-.25 F .182(The def)5.182 F(ault)-.1 E
(increment is 1 or -1 as appropriate.)108 648 Q .581(Brace e)108 664.8 R
.581(xpansion is performed before an)-.15 F 3.081(yo)-.15 G .581(ther e)
-3.081 F .581(xpansions, and an)-.15 F 3.082(yc)-.15 G .582
(haracters special to other e)-3.082 F(xpansions)-.15 E .016
(are preserv)108 676.8 R .016(ed in the result.)-.15 F .016
(It is strictly te)5.016 F(xtual.)-.15 E F2(Bash)5.016 E F0 .015
(does not apply an)2.516 F 2.515(ys)-.15 G .015
(yntactic interpretation to the con-)-2.515 F(te)108 688.8 Q
(xt of the e)-.15 E(xpansion or the te)-.15 E(xt between the braces.)
-.15 E 3.632(Ac)108 705.6 S 1.132(orrectly-formed brace e)-3.632 F 1.132
(xpansion must contain unquoted opening and closing braces, and at leas\
t one)-.15 F 3.441(unquoted comma or a v)108 717.6 R 3.441
(alid sequence e)-.25 F 5.941(xpression. An)-.15 F 5.941(yi)-.15 G 3.441
(ncorrectly formed brace e)-5.941 F 3.44(xpansion is left)-.15 F 4.441
(unchanged. A)108 729.6 R F2({)4.441 E F0(or)4.441 E F2(,)4.441 E F0
1.941(may be quoted with a backslash to pre)4.441 F -.15(ve)-.25 G 1.941
(nt its being considered part of a brace).15 F(GNU Bash 4.2)72 768 Q
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/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 389.54(SH\(1\) B).35 F(ASH\(1\))
-.35 E -.15(ex)108 84 S 3.179(pression. T).15 F 3.179(oa)-.8 G -.2(vo)
-3.379 G .679(id con\215icts with parameter e).2 F .679
(xpansion, the string)-.15 F/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(${)3.179 E F0 .678
(is not considered eligible for brace)3.179 F -.15(ex)108 96 S(pansion.)
.15 E 1.476(This construct is typically used as shorthand when the comm\
on pre\214x of the strings to be generated is)108 112.8 R
(longer than in the abo)108 124.8 Q .3 -.15(ve ex)-.15 H(ample:).15 E
(mkdir /usr/local/src/bash/{old,ne)144 141.6 Q -.65(w,)-.25 G(dist,b).65
E(ugs})-.2 E(or)108 153.6 Q(cho)144 165.6 Q(wn root /usr/{ucb/{e)-.25 E
(x,edit},lib/{e)-.15 E(x?.?*,ho)-.15 E(w_e)-.25 E(x}})-.15 E .618
(Brace e)108 182.4 R .618
(xpansion introduces a slight incompatibility with historical v)-.15 F
.618(ersions of)-.15 F F1(sh)3.118 E F0(.)A F1(sh)5.618 E F0 .618
(does not treat open-)3.118 F .247
(ing or closing braces specially when the)108 194.4 R 2.747(ya)-.15 G
.247(ppear as part of a w)-2.747 F .248(ord, and preserv)-.1 F .248
(es them in the output.)-.15 F F1(Bash)5.248 E F0(remo)108 206.4 Q -.15
(ve)-.15 G 3.53(sb).15 G 1.03(races from w)-3.53 F 1.03
(ords as a consequence of brace e)-.1 F 3.53(xpansion. F)-.15 F 1.03
(or e)-.15 F 1.03(xample, a w)-.15 F 1.03(ord entered to)-.1 F F1(sh)
3.53 E F0(as)3.53 E/F2 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(\214le{1,2})108 218.4 Q F0
.514(appears identically in the output.)3.014 F .515(The same w)5.515 F
.515(ord is output as)-.1 F F2 .515(\214le1 \214le2)4.925 F F0 .515
(after e)3.035 F .515(xpansion by)-.15 F F1(bash)3.015 E F0(.)A .437
(If strict compatibility with)108 230.4 R F1(sh)2.936 E F0 .436
(is desired, start)2.936 F F1(bash)2.936 E F0 .436(with the)2.936 F F1
(+B)2.936 E F0 .436(option or disable brace e)2.936 F .436
(xpansion with the)-.15 F F1(+B)108 242.4 Q F0(option to the)2.5 E F1
(set)2.5 E F0(command \(see)2.5 E/F3 9/Times-Bold@0 SF(SHELL B)2.5 E
(UIL)-.09 E(TIN COMMANDS)-.828 E F0(belo)2.25 E(w\).)-.25 E F1 -.18(Ti)
87 259.2 S(lde Expansion).18 E F0 1.086(If a w)108 271.2 R 1.086(ord be)
-.1 F 1.086(gins with an unquoted tilde character \(`)-.15 F F1(~)A F0
1.087('\), all of the characters preceding the \214rst unquoted)B .185(\
slash \(or all characters, if there is no unquoted slash\) are consider\
ed a)108 283.2 R F2(tilde-pr)2.685 E(e\214x)-.37 E F0 5.185(.I)C 2.685
(fn)-5.185 G .185(one of the characters)-2.685 F .725(in the tilde-pre\
\214x are quoted, the characters in the tilde-pre\214x follo)108 295.2 R
.726(wing the tilde are treated as a possible)-.25 F F2(lo)108 307.2 Q
.523(gin name)-.1 F F0 5.523(.I)C 3.023(ft)-5.523 G .523
(his login name is the null string, the tilde is replaced with the v)
-3.023 F .522(alue of the shell parameter)-.25 F F3(HOME)108 319.2 Q/F4
9/Times-Roman@0 SF(.)A F0(If)4.786 E F3(HOME)2.786 E F0 .287
(is unset, the home directory of the user e)2.536 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .287
(cuting the shell is substituted instead.).15 F(Other)5.287 E(-)-.2 E(w\
ise, the tilde-pre\214x is replaced with the home directory associated \
with the speci\214ed login name.)108 331.2 Q .093
(If the tilde-pre\214x is a `~+', the v)108 348 R .092
(alue of the shell v)-.25 F(ariable)-.25 E F3(PWD)2.592 E F0 .092
(replaces the tilde-pre\214x.)2.342 F .092(If the tilde-pre\214x is)
5.092 F 3.403(a`)108 360 S .903(~\255', the v)-3.403 F .903
(alue of the shell v)-.25 F(ariable)-.25 E F3(OLDPWD)3.404 E F4(,)A F0
.904(if it is set, is substituted.)3.154 F .904(If the characters follo)
5.904 F .904(wing the)-.25 F 1.642
(tilde in the tilde-pre\214x consist of a number)108 372 R F2(N)4.142 E
F0 4.142(,o)C 1.642(ptionally pre\214x)-4.142 F 1.641
(ed by a `+' or a `\255', the tilde-pre\214x is)-.15 F 1.437(replaced w\
ith the corresponding element from the directory stack, as it w)108 384
R 1.438(ould be displayed by the)-.1 F F1(dirs)3.938 E F0 -.2(bu)108 396
S .455(iltin in).2 F -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G 2.955(dw).1 G .455
(ith the tilde-pre\214x as an ar)-2.955 F 2.954(gument. If)-.18 F .454
(the characters follo)2.954 F .454(wing the tilde in the tilde-pre\214x)
-.25 F
(consist of a number without a leading `+' or `\255', `+' is assumed.)
108 408 Q(If the login name is in)108 424.8 Q -.25(va)-.4 G
(lid, or the tilde e).25 E(xpansion f)-.15 E(ails, the w)-.1 E
(ord is unchanged.)-.1 E .166(Each v)108 441.6 R .167
(ariable assignment is check)-.25 F .167(ed for unquoted tilde-pre\214x)
-.1 F .167(es immediately follo)-.15 F .167(wing a)-.25 F F1(:)2.667 E
F0 .167(or the \214rst)2.667 F F1(=)2.667 E F0 5.167(.I)C(n)-5.167 E
.468(these cases, tilde e)108 453.6 R .468(xpansion is also performed.)
-.15 F(Consequently)5.467 E 2.967(,o)-.65 G .467
(ne may use \214lenames with tildes in assign-)-2.967 F(ments to)108
465.6 Q F3 -.666(PA)2.5 G(TH)-.189 E F4(,)A F3(MAILP)2.25 E -.855(AT)
-.666 G(H).855 E F4(,)A F0(and)2.25 E F3(CDP)2.5 E -.855(AT)-.666 G(H)
.855 E F4(,)A F0(and the shell assigns the e)2.25 E(xpanded v)-.15 E
(alue.)-.25 E F1 -.1(Pa)87 482.4 S(rameter Expansion).1 E F0 1.605
(The `)108 494.4 R F1($)A F0 4.105('c)C 1.605
(haracter introduces parameter e)-4.105 F 1.606
(xpansion, command substitution, or arithmetic e)-.15 F 4.106
(xpansion. The)-.15 F .407(parameter name or symbol to be e)108 506.4 R
.407(xpanded may be enclosed in braces, which are optional b)-.15 F .406
(ut serv)-.2 F 2.906(et)-.15 G 2.906(op)-2.906 G(ro-)-2.906 E .032
(tect the v)108 518.4 R .032(ariable to be e)-.25 F .032
(xpanded from characters immediately follo)-.15 F .033
(wing it which could be interpreted as part)-.25 F(of the name.)108
530.4 Q 1.19
(When braces are used, the matching ending brace is the \214rst `)108
547.2 R F1(})A F0 3.689('n)C 1.189
(ot escaped by a backslash or within a)-3.689 F 2.15
(quoted string, and not within an embedded arithmetic e)108 559.2 R 2.15
(xpansion, command substitution, or parameter)-.15 F -.15(ex)108 571.2 S
(pansion.).15 E(${)108 588 Q F2(par)A(ameter)-.15 E F0(})A 1.205(The v)
144 600 R 1.205(alue of)-.25 F F2(par)3.705 E(ameter)-.15 E F0 1.204
(is substituted.)3.705 F 1.204(The braces are required when)6.204 F F2
(par)4.954 E(ameter)-.15 E F0 1.204(is a positional)4.434 F .264
(parameter with more than one digit, or when)144 612 R F2(par)4.014 E
(ameter)-.15 E F0 .264(is follo)3.494 F .264
(wed by a character which is not to)-.25 F
(be interpreted as part of its name.)144 624 Q .686
(If the \214rst character of)108 640.8 R F2(par)3.186 E(ameter)-.15 E F0
.685(is an e)3.185 F .685(xclamation point \()-.15 F F1(!)A F0 .685
(\), a le)B -.15(ve)-.25 G 3.185(lo).15 G 3.185(fv)-3.185 G .685
(ariable indirection is introduced.)-3.435 F F1(Bash)108 652.8 Q F0 .106
(uses the v)2.606 F .106(alue of the v)-.25 F .106
(ariable formed from the rest of)-.25 F F2(par)2.606 E(ameter)-.15 E F0
.106(as the name of the v)2.606 F .106(ariable; this v)-.25 F(ari-)-.25
E .352(able is then e)108 664.8 R .352(xpanded and that v)-.15 F .351
(alue is used in the rest of the substitution, rather than the v)-.25 F
.351(alue of)-.25 F F2(par)2.851 E(ame-)-.15 E(ter)108 676.8 Q F0 2.519
(itself. This)2.519 F .019(is kno)2.519 F .019(wn as)-.25 F F2(indir)
2.519 E .019(ect e)-.37 F(xpansion)-.2 E F0 5.019(.T)C .019(he e)-5.019
F .02(xceptions to this are the e)-.15 F .02(xpansions of ${)-.15 F F1
(!)A F2(pr)A(e\214x)-.37 E F1(*)A F0 2.52(}a)C(nd)-2.52 E(${)108 688.8 Q
F1(!)A F2(name)A F0([)A F2(@)A F0 .763(]} described belo)B 4.563 -.65
(w. T)-.25 H .763(he e).65 F .763
(xclamation point must immediately follo)-.15 F 3.263(wt)-.25 G .763
(he left brace in order to)-3.263 F(introduce indirection.)108 700.8 Q
.334(In each of the cases belo)108 717.6 R -.65(w,)-.25 G F2(wor)3.484 E
(d)-.37 E F0 .334(is subject to tilde e)2.834 F .334
(xpansion, parameter e)-.15 F .334(xpansion, command substitution,)-.15
F(and arithmetic e)108 729.6 Q(xpansion.)-.15 E(GNU Bash 4.2)72 768 Q
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/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 389.54(SH\(1\) B).35 F(ASH\(1\))
-.35 E .698(When not performing substring e)108 84 R .698
(xpansion, using the forms documented belo)-.15 F -.65(w,)-.25 G/F1 10
/Times-Bold@0 SF(bash)3.848 E F0 .697(tests for a parameter)3.198 F
(that is unset or null.)108 96 Q(Omitting the colon results in a test o\
nly for a parameter that is unset.)5 E(${)108 112.8 Q/F2 10
/Times-Italic@0 SF(par)A(ameter)-.15 E F1<3aad>A F2(wor)A(d)-.37 E F0(})
A F1 .722(Use Default V)144 124.8 R(alues)-.92 E F0 5.722(.I)C(f)-5.722
E F2(par)4.472 E(ameter)-.15 E F0 .723(is unset or null, the e)3.952 F
.723(xpansion of)-.15 F F2(wor)3.563 E(d)-.37 E F0 .723(is substituted.)
3.993 F(Other)5.723 E(-)-.2 E(wise, the v)144 136.8 Q(alue of)-.25 E F2
(par)3.75 E(ameter)-.15 E F0(is substituted.)3.23 E(${)108 148.8 Q F2
(par)A(ameter)-.15 E F1(:=)A F2(wor)A(d)-.37 E F0(})A F1 2.005
(Assign Default V)144 160.8 R(alues)-.92 E F0 7.005(.I)C(f)-7.005 E F2
(par)5.755 E(ameter)-.15 E F0 2.005(is unset or null, the e)5.235 F
2.004(xpansion of)-.15 F F2(wor)4.844 E(d)-.37 E F0 2.004
(is assigned to)5.274 F F2(par)144 172.8 Q(ameter)-.15 E F0 5.278(.T).73
G .278(he v)-5.278 F .278(alue of)-.25 F F2(par)4.028 E(ameter)-.15 E F0
.278(is then substituted.)3.508 F .279
(Positional parameters and special param-)5.278 F
(eters may not be assigned to in this w)144 184.8 Q(ay)-.1 E(.)-.65 E
(${)108 196.8 Q F2(par)A(ameter)-.15 E F1(:?)A F2(wor)A(d)-.37 E F0(})A
F1 .535(Display Err)144 208.8 R .535(or if Null or Unset)-.18 F F0 5.535
(.I)C(f)-5.535 E F2(par)4.285 E(ameter)-.15 E F0 .535
(is null or unset, the e)3.765 F .535(xpansion of)-.15 F F2(wor)3.035 E
(d)-.37 E F0 .535(\(or a mes-)3.035 F .661(sage to that ef)144 220.8 R
.661(fect if)-.25 F F2(wor)3.501 E(d)-.37 E F0 .662(is not present\) is\
 written to the standard error and the shell, if it is not)3.931 F
(interacti)144 232.8 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.5(,e).15 G 2.5(xits. Otherwise,)
-2.65 F(the v)2.5 E(alue of)-.25 E F2(par)2.5 E(ameter)-.15 E F0
(is substituted.)2.5 E(${)108 244.8 Q F2(par)A(ameter)-.15 E F1(:+)A F2
(wor)A(d)-.37 E F0(})A F1 .745(Use Alter)144 256.8 R .745(nate V)-.15 F
(alue)-.92 E F0 5.745(.I)C(f)-5.745 E F2(par)4.495 E(ameter)-.15 E F0
.745(is null or unset, nothing is substituted, otherwise the e)3.975 F
(xpan-)-.15 E(sion of)144 268.8 Q F2(wor)2.84 E(d)-.37 E F0
(is substituted.)3.27 E(${)108 280.8 Q F2(par)A(ameter)-.15 E F1(:)A F2
(of)A(fset)-.18 E F0(})A(${)108 292.8 Q F2(par)A(ameter)-.15 E F1(:)A F2
(of)A(fset)-.18 E F1(:)A F2(length)A F0(})A F1 .796(Substring Expansion)
144 304.8 R F0 5.796(.E)C .796(xpands to up to)-5.796 F F2(length)3.296
E F0 .796(characters of)3.296 F F2(par)3.296 E(ameter)-.15 E F0 .797
(starting at the character)3.296 F .229(speci\214ed by)144 316.8 R F2
(of)2.729 E(fset)-.18 E F0 5.229(.I)C(f)-5.229 E F2(length)2.729 E F0
.229(is omitted, e)2.729 F .229(xpands to the substring of)-.15 F F2
(par)2.729 E(ameter)-.15 E F0 .228(starting at the char)2.728 F(-)-.2 E
.432(acter speci\214ed by)144 328.8 R F2(of)2.933 E(fset)-.18 E F0(.)A
F2(length)5.433 E F0(and)2.933 E F2(of)2.933 E(fset)-.18 E F0 .433
(are arithmetic e)2.933 F .433(xpressions \(see)-.15 F/F3 9/Times-Bold@0
SF .433(ARITHMETIC EV)2.933 F(ALU-)-1.215 E -.855(AT)144 340.8 S(ION)
.855 E F0(belo)2.926 E 3.176(w\). If)-.25 F F2(of)3.176 E(fset)-.18 E F0
-.25(eva)3.176 G .676(luates to a number less than zero, the v).25 F
.675(alue is used as an of)-.25 F .675(fset from)-.25 F .102
(the end of the v)144 352.8 R .103(alue of)-.25 F F2(par)2.603 E(ameter)
-.15 E F0 5.103(.I)C(f)-5.103 E F2(length)2.603 E F0 -.25(eva)2.603 G
.103(luates to a number less than zero, and).25 F F2(par)2.603 E(ameter)
-.15 E F0(is)2.603 E(not)144 364.8 Q F1(@)3.643 E F0 1.143
(and not an inde)3.643 F -.15(xe)-.15 G 3.643(do).15 G 3.643(ra)-3.643 G
(ssociati)-3.643 E 1.443 -.15(ve a)-.25 H(rray).15 E 3.643(,i)-.65 G
3.643(ti)-3.643 G 3.643(si)-3.643 G 1.142(nterpreted as an of)-3.643 F
1.142(fset from the end of the)-.25 F -.25(va)144 376.8 S .037(lue of)
.25 F F2(par)2.537 E(ameter)-.15 E F0 .037
(rather than a number of characters, and the e)2.537 F .038
(xpansion is the characters between)-.15 F .074(the tw)144 388.8 R 2.574
(oo)-.1 G -.25(ff)-2.574 G 2.574(sets. If).25 F F2(par)2.574 E(ameter)
-.15 E F0(is)2.574 E F1(@)2.574 E F0 2.574(,t)C .074(he result is)-2.574
F F2(length)2.574 E F0 .074(positional parameters be)2.574 F .073
(ginning at)-.15 F F2(of)2.573 E(fset)-.18 E F0 5.073(.I)C(f)-5.073 E F2
(par)144 400.8 Q(ameter)-.15 E F0 .205(is an inde)2.705 F -.15(xe)-.15 G
2.705(da).15 G .205(rray name subscripted by @ or *, the result is the)
-2.705 F F2(length)2.705 E F0 .205(members of the)2.705 F .697(array be)
144 412.8 R .697(ginning with ${)-.15 F F2(par)A(ameter)-.15 E F0([)A F2
(of)A(fset)-.18 E F0 3.197(]}. A)B(ne)3.197 E -.05(ga)-.15 G(ti).05 E
-.15(ve)-.25 G F2(of)3.347 E(fset)-.18 E F0 .697(is tak)3.197 F .697
(en relati)-.1 F .997 -.15(ve t)-.25 H 3.197(oo).15 G .697
(ne greater than)-3.197 F 1.403(the maximum inde)144 424.8 R 3.903(xo)
-.15 G 3.903(ft)-3.903 G 1.403(he speci\214ed array)-3.903 F 6.403(.S)
-.65 G 1.403(ubstring e)-6.403 F 1.403(xpansion applied to an associati)
-.15 F 1.704 -.15(ve a)-.25 H(rray).15 E 1.295
(produces unde\214ned results.)144 436.8 R 1.295(Note that a ne)6.295 F
-.05(ga)-.15 G(ti).05 E 1.595 -.15(ve o)-.25 H -.25(ff).15 G 1.294
(set must be separated from the colon by at).25 F .958
(least one space to a)144 448.8 R -.2(vo)-.2 G .959
(id being confused with the :- e).2 F 3.459(xpansion. Substring)-.15 F
(inde)3.459 E .959(xing is zero-based)-.15 F .415
(unless the positional parameters are used, in which case the inde)144
460.8 R .414(xing starts at 1 by def)-.15 F 2.914(ault. If)-.1 F F2(of)
2.914 E(f-)-.18 E(set)144 472.8 Q F0
(is 0, and the positional parameters are used,)2.5 E F1($0)2.5 E F0
(is pre\214x)2.5 E(ed to the list.)-.15 E(${)108 489.6 Q F1(!)A F2(pr)A
(e\214x)-.37 E F1(*)A F0(})A(${)108 501.6 Q F1(!)A F2(pr)A(e\214x)-.37 E
F1(@)A F0(})A F1 .084(Names matching pr)144 513.6 R(e\214x)-.18 E F0
5.084(.E)C .084(xpands to the names of v)-5.084 F .084
(ariables whose names be)-.25 F .085(gin with)-.15 F F2(pr)2.585 E
(e\214x)-.37 E F0 2.585(,s)C(epa-)-2.585 E .258
(rated by the \214rst character of the)144 525.6 R F3(IFS)2.758 E F0
.257(special v)2.507 F 2.757(ariable. When)-.25 F F2(@)2.757 E F0 .257
(is used and the e)2.757 F .257(xpansion appears)-.15 F
(within double quotes, each v)144 537.6 Q(ariable name e)-.25 E
(xpands to a separate w)-.15 E(ord.)-.1 E(${)108 554.4 Q F1(!)A F2(name)
A F0([)A F2(@)A F0(]})A(${)108 566.4 Q F1(!)A F2(name)A F0([)A F2(*)A F0
(]})A F1 2.035(List of array k)144 578.4 R(eys)-.1 E F0 7.036(.I)C(f)
-7.036 E F2(name)4.536 E F0 2.036(is an array v)4.536 F 2.036
(ariable, e)-.25 F 2.036(xpands to the list of array indices \(k)-.15 F
-.15(ey)-.1 G(s\)).15 E .596(assigned in)144 590.4 R F2(name)3.096 E F0
5.596(.I)C(f)-5.596 E F2(name)3.096 E F0 .595(is not an array)3.096 F
3.095(,e)-.65 G .595(xpands to 0 if)-3.245 F F2(name)3.095 E F0 .595
(is set and null otherwise.)3.095 F(When)5.595 E F2(@)144 602.4 Q F0
(is used and the e)2.5 E(xpansion appears within double quotes, each k)
-.15 E .3 -.15(ey ex)-.1 H(pands to a separate w).15 E(ord.)-.1 E(${)108
619.2 Q F1(#)A F2(par)A(ameter)-.15 E F0(})A F1 -.1(Pa)144 631.2 S .47
(rameter length).1 F F0 5.47(.T)C .471(he length in characters of the v)
-5.47 F .471(alue of)-.25 F F2(par)2.971 E(ameter)-.15 E F0 .471
(is substituted.)2.971 F(If)5.471 E F2(par)4.221 E(ame-)-.15 E(ter)144
643.2 Q F0(is)4.439 E F1(*)3.709 E F0(or)3.709 E F1(@)3.709 E F0 3.708
(,t)C 1.208(he v)-3.708 F 1.208
(alue substituted is the number of positional parameters.)-.25 F(If)
6.208 E F2(par)4.958 E(ameter)-.15 E F0 1.208(is an)4.438 F
(array name subscripted by)144 655.2 Q F1(*)2.5 E F0(or)2.5 E F1(@)2.5 E
F0 2.5(,t)C(he v)-2.5 E
(alue substituted is the number of elements in the array)-.25 E(.)-.65 E
(${)108 672 Q F2(par)A(ameter)-.15 E F1(#)A F2(wor)A(d)-.37 E F0(})A(${)
108 684 Q F2(par)A(ameter)-.15 E F1(##)A F2(wor)A(d)-.37 E F0(})A F1
(Remo)144 696 Q 1.396 -.1(ve m)-.1 H 1.196(atching pr).1 F 1.196
(e\214x patter)-.18 F(n)-.15 E F0 6.196(.T)C(he)-6.196 E F2(wor)4.036 E
(d)-.37 E F0 1.196(is e)4.466 F 1.196
(xpanded to produce a pattern just as in path-)-.15 F .152(name e)144
708 R 2.652(xpansion. If)-.15 F .152(the pattern matches the be)2.652 F
.152(ginning of the v)-.15 F .152(alue of)-.25 F F2(par)2.652 E(ameter)
-.15 E F0 2.652(,t).73 G .151(hen the result of)-2.652 F 1.4(the e)144
720 R 1.4(xpansion is the e)-.15 F 1.4(xpanded v)-.15 F 1.4(alue of)-.25
F F2(par)5.15 E(ameter)-.15 E F0 1.4
(with the shortest matching pattern \(the `)4.63 F(`)-.74 E F1(#)A F0
-.74('')C(GNU Bash 4.2)72 768 Q(2012 January 29)141.79 E(20)190.95 E 0
Cg EP
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/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 389.54(SH\(1\) B).35 F(ASH\(1\))
-.35 E .281(case\) or the longest matching pattern \(the `)144 84 R(`)
-.74 E/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(##)A F0 1.761 -.74('' c)D .281
(ase\) deleted.).74 F(If)5.281 E/F2 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(par)4.031 E
(ameter)-.15 E F0(is)3.511 E F1(@)2.781 E F0(or)2.781 E F1(*)2.781 E F0
2.781(,t)C .281(he pattern)-2.781 F(remo)144 96 Q -.25(va)-.15 G 3.274
(lo).25 G .774
(peration is applied to each positional parameter in turn, and the e)
-3.274 F .774(xpansion is the resul-)-.15 F .402(tant list.)144 108 R
(If)5.402 E F2(par)4.152 E(ameter)-.15 E F0 .401(is an array v)3.632 F
.401(ariable subscripted with)-.25 F F1(@)2.901 E F0(or)2.901 E F1(*)
2.901 E F0 2.901(,t)C .401(he pattern remo)-2.901 F -.25(va)-.15 G 2.901
(lo).25 G(peration)-2.901 E
(is applied to each member of the array in turn, and the e)144 120 Q
(xpansion is the resultant list.)-.15 E(${)108 136.8 Q F2(par)A(ameter)
-.15 E F1(%)A F2(wor)A(d)-.37 E F0(})A(${)108 148.8 Q F2(par)A(ameter)
-.15 E F1(%%)A F2(wor)A(d)-.37 E F0(})A F1(Remo)144 160.8 Q .346 -.1
(ve m)-.1 H .146(atching suf\214x patter).1 F(n)-.15 E F0 5.146(.T)C(he)
-5.146 E F2(wor)2.646 E(d)-.37 E F0 .147(is e)2.647 F .147
(xpanded to produce a pattern just as in pathname)-.15 F -.15(ex)144
172.8 S 3.088(pansion. If).15 F .588
(the pattern matches a trailing portion of the e)3.088 F .588(xpanded v)
-.15 F .588(alue of)-.25 F F2(par)3.088 E(ameter)-.15 E F0 3.088(,t).73
G .588(hen the)-3.088 F .226(result of the e)144 184.8 R .226
(xpansion is the e)-.15 F .226(xpanded v)-.15 F .226(alue of)-.25 F F2
(par)3.976 E(ameter)-.15 E F0 .226
(with the shortest matching pattern \(the)3.456 F -.74(``)144 196.8 S F1
(%).74 E F0 1.522 -.74('' c)D .042
(ase\) or the longest matching pattern \(the `).74 F(`)-.74 E F1(%%)A F0
1.522 -.74('' c)D .042(ase\) deleted.).74 F(If)5.042 E F2(par)3.792 E
(ameter)-.15 E F0(is)3.272 E F1(@)2.541 E F0(or)2.541 E F1(*)2.541 E F0
2.541(,t)C(he)-2.541 E .44(pattern remo)144 208.8 R -.25(va)-.15 G 2.94
(lo).25 G .441
(peration is applied to each positional parameter in turn, and the e)
-2.94 F .441(xpansion is the)-.15 F .241(resultant list.)144 220.8 R(If)
5.241 E F2(par)3.991 E(ameter)-.15 E F0 .241(is an array v)3.471 F .241
(ariable subscripted with)-.25 F F1(@)2.741 E F0(or)2.74 E F1(*)2.74 E
F0 2.74(,t)C .24(he pattern remo)-2.74 F -.25(va)-.15 G 2.74(lo).25 G
(per)-2.74 E(-)-.2 E
(ation is applied to each member of the array in turn, and the e)144
232.8 Q(xpansion is the resultant list.)-.15 E(${)108 249.6 Q F2(par)A
(ameter)-.15 E F1(/)A F2(pattern)A F1(/)A F2(string)A F0(})A F1 -.1(Pa)
144 261.6 S(tter).1 E 3.606(ns)-.15 G(ubstitution)-3.606 E F0 6.106(.T)C
(he)-6.106 E F2(pattern)3.606 E F0 1.106(is e)3.606 F 1.107
(xpanded to produce a pattern just as in pathname e)-.15 F(xpan-)-.15 E
(sion.)144 273.6 Q F2 -.8(Pa)6.034 G -.15(ra).8 G(meter).15 E F0 1.034
(is e)3.534 F 1.033(xpanded and the longest match of)-.15 F F2(pattern)
3.533 E F0(ag)3.533 E 1.033(ainst its v)-.05 F 1.033
(alue is replaced with)-.25 F F2(string)144 285.6 Q F0 5.16(.I)C(f)-5.16
E F2(pattern)2.66 E F0(be)2.66 E .16(gins with)-.15 F F1(/)2.66 E F0
2.66(,a)C .161(ll matches of)-2.66 F F2(pattern)2.661 E F0 .161
(are replaced with)2.661 F F2(string)2.661 E F0 5.161(.N)C .161
(ormally only the)-5.161 F .807(\214rst match is replaced.)144 297.6 R
(If)5.807 E F2(pattern)3.307 E F0(be)3.307 E .807(gins with)-.15 F F1(#)
3.307 E F0 3.306(,i)C 3.306(tm)-3.306 G .806(ust match at the be)-3.306
F .806(ginning of the e)-.15 F(xpanded)-.15 E -.25(va)144 309.6 S .62
(lue of).25 F F2(par)3.12 E(ameter)-.15 E F0 5.62(.I)C(f)-5.62 E F2
(pattern)3.12 E F0(be)3.12 E .62(gins with)-.15 F F1(%)3.12 E F0 3.12
(,i)C 3.121(tm)-3.12 G .621(ust match at the end of the e)-3.121 F .621
(xpanded v)-.15 F .621(alue of)-.25 F F2(par)144 321.6 Q(ameter)-.15 E
F0 6.254(.I)C(f)-6.254 E F2(string)3.754 E F0 1.253(is null, matches of)
3.753 F F2(pattern)3.753 E F0 1.253(are deleted and the)3.753 F F1(/)
3.753 E F0(follo)3.753 E(wing)-.25 E F2(pattern)3.753 E F0 1.253(may be)
3.753 F 2.678(omitted. If)144 333.6 R F2(par)3.928 E(ameter)-.15 E F0
(is)3.408 E F1(@)2.678 E F0(or)2.678 E F1(*)2.679 E F0 2.679(,t)C .179
(he substitution operation is applied to each positional parameter)
-2.679 F .619(in turn, and the e)144 345.6 R .619
(xpansion is the resultant list.)-.15 F(If)5.619 E F2(par)4.369 E
(ameter)-.15 E F0 .618(is an array v)3.849 F .618
(ariable subscripted with)-.25 F F1(@)144 357.6 Q F0(or)3.223 E F1(*)
3.223 E F0 3.223(,t)C .723(he substitution operation is applied to each\
 member of the array in turn, and the e)-3.223 F(xpan-)-.15 E
(sion is the resultant list.)144 369.6 Q(${)108 386.4 Q F2(par)A(ameter)
-.15 E F1(^)A F2(pattern)A F0(})A(${)108 398.4 Q F2(par)A(ameter)-.15 E
F1(^^)A F2(pattern)A F0(})A(${)108 410.4 Q F2(par)A(ameter)-.15 E F1(,)A
F2(pattern)A F0(})A(${)108 422.4 Q F2(par)A(ameter)-.15 E F1(,,)A F2
(pattern)A F0(})A F1 .438(Case modi\214cation)144 434.4 R F0 5.438(.T)C
.438(his e)-5.438 F .437
(xpansion modi\214es the case of alphabetic characters in)-.15 F F2(par)
2.937 E(ameter)-.15 E F0 5.437(.T)C(he)-5.437 E F2(pattern)144 446.4 Q
F0 1.406(is e)3.906 F 1.407
(xpanded to produce a pattern just as in pathname e)-.15 F 3.907
(xpansion. Each)-.15 F 1.407(character in the)3.907 F -.15(ex)144 458.4
S 1.232(panded v).15 F 1.232(alue of)-.25 F F2(par)3.732 E(ameter)-.15 E
F0 1.232(is tested ag)3.732 F(ainst)-.05 E F2(pattern)3.732 E F0 3.732
(,a)C 1.232(nd, if it matches the pattern, its case is)-3.732 F(con)144
470.4 Q -.15(ve)-.4 G 2.924(rted. The).15 F .424
(pattern should not attempt to match more than one character)2.924 F
5.424(.T)-.55 G(he)-5.424 E F1(^)2.924 E F0 .424(operator con-)2.924 F
-.15(ve)144 482.4 S .61(rts lo).15 F .61(wercase letters matching)-.25 F
F2(pattern)3.11 E F0 .61(to uppercase; the)3.11 F F1(,)3.11 E F0 .61
(operator con)3.11 F -.15(ve)-.4 G .61(rts matching uppercase).15 F
1.547(letters to lo)144 494.4 R 4.047(wercase. The)-.25 F F1(^^)4.047 E
F0(and)4.047 E F1(,,)4.047 E F0 -.15(ex)4.047 G 1.547(pansions con).15 F
-.15(ve)-.4 G 1.547(rt each matched character in the e).15 F(xpanded)
-.15 E -.25(va)144 506.4 S .634(lue; the).25 F F1(^)3.134 E F0(and)3.134
E F1(,)3.134 E F0 -.15(ex)3.134 G .634(pansions match and con).15 F -.15
(ve)-.4 G .633(rt only the \214rst character in the e).15 F .633
(xpanded v)-.15 F 3.133(alue. If)-.25 F F2(pattern)144 518.4 Q F0 .78
(is omitted, it is treated lik)3.28 F 3.28(ea)-.1 G F1(?)A F0 3.28(,w)C
.78(hich matches e)-3.28 F -.15(ve)-.25 G .78(ry character).15 F 5.78
(.I)-.55 G(f)-5.78 E F2(par)4.53 E(ameter)-.15 E F0(is)4.01 E F1(@)3.28
E F0(or)3.28 E F1(*)3.28 E F0(,)A .582(the case modi\214cation operatio\
n is applied to each positional parameter in turn, and the e)144 530.4 R
(xpansion)-.15 E .468(is the resultant list.)144 542.4 R(If)5.468 E F2
(par)4.218 E(ameter)-.15 E F0 .468(is an array v)3.698 F .468
(ariable subscripted with)-.25 F F1(@)2.968 E F0(or)2.968 E F1(*)2.969 E
F0 2.969(,t)C .469(he case modi\214ca-)-2.969 F .005(tion operation is \
applied to each member of the array in turn, and the e)144 554.4 R .005
(xpansion is the resultant list.)-.15 F F1(Command Substitution)87 571.2
Q F2 1.697(Command substitution)108 583.2 R F0(allo)4.197 E 1.697
(ws the output of a command to replace the command name.)-.25 F 1.698
(There are tw)6.698 F(o)-.1 E(forms:)108 595.2 Q F1($\()144 612 Q F2
(command)A F1(\))1.666 E F0(or)108 624 Q F1<92>144 636 Q F2(command)A F1
<92>A(Bash)108 652.8 Q F0 .02(performs the e)2.52 F .02(xpansion by e)
-.15 F -.15(xe)-.15 G(cuting).15 E F2(command)2.519 E F0 .019
(and replacing the command substitution with the stan-)2.519 F .768
(dard output of the command, with an)108 664.8 R 3.268(yt)-.15 G .768
(railing ne)-3.268 F .768(wlines deleted.)-.25 F .768(Embedded ne)5.768
F .768(wlines are not deleted, b)-.25 F(ut)-.2 E(the)108 676.8 Q 3.219
(ym)-.15 G .719(ay be remo)-3.219 F -.15(ve)-.15 G 3.219(dd).15 G .719
(uring w)-3.219 F .719(ord splitting.)-.1 F .719
(The command substitution)5.719 F F1($\(cat)3.219 E F2(\214le)3.219 E F1
(\))A F0 .718(can be replaced by the)3.219 F(equi)108 688.8 Q -.25(va)
-.25 G(lent b).25 E(ut f)-.2 E(aster)-.1 E F1($\(<)2.5 E F2(\214le)2.5 E
F1(\))A F0(.)A 1.724(When the old-style backquote form of substitution \
is used, backslash retains its literal meaning e)108 705.6 R(xcept)-.15
E .315(when follo)108 717.6 R .315(wed by)-.25 F F1($)2.815 E F0(,)A F1
<92>2.815 E F0 2.815(,o)C(r)-2.815 E F1(\\)2.815 E F0 5.315(.T)C .314(h\
e \214rst backquote not preceded by a backslash terminates the command \
sub-)-5.315 F 5.766(stitution. When)108 729.6 R 3.266(using the $\()
5.766 F F2(command).833 E F0 5.766(\)f)1.666 G 3.266
(orm, all characters between the parentheses mak)-5.766 F 5.767(eu)-.1 G
5.767(pt)-5.767 G(he)-5.767 E(GNU Bash 4.2)72 768 Q(2012 January 29)
141.79 E(21)190.95 E 0 Cg EP
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/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 389.54(SH\(1\) B).35 F(ASH\(1\))
-.35 E(command; none are treated specially)108 84 Q(.)-.65 E .894
(Command substitutions may be nested.)108 100.8 R 2.494 -.8(To n)5.894 H
.894(est when using the backquoted form, escape the inner back-).8 F
(quotes with backslashes.)108 112.8 Q .422
(If the substitution appears within double quotes, w)108 129.6 R .422
(ord splitting and pathname e)-.1 F .423(xpansion are not performed)-.15
F(on the results.)108 141.6 Q/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 SF
(Arithmetic Expansion)87 158.4 Q F0 1.035(Arithmetic e)108 170.4 R 1.035
(xpansion allo)-.15 F 1.035(ws the e)-.25 F -.25(va)-.25 G 1.034
(luation of an arithmetic e).25 F 1.034
(xpression and the substitution of the result.)-.15 F
(The format for arithmetic e)108 182.4 Q(xpansion is:)-.15 E F1($\(\()
144 199.2 Q/F2 10/Times-Italic@0 SF -.2(ex)C(pr).2 E(ession)-.37 E F1
(\)\))A F0(The)108 216 Q F2 -.2(ex)2.665 G(pr).2 E(ession)-.37 E F0 .165
(is treated as if it were within double quotes, b)2.905 F .166
(ut a double quote inside the parentheses is not)-.2 F 1.075
(treated specially)108 228 R 6.075(.A)-.65 G 1.074(ll tok)-6.075 F 1.074
(ens in the e)-.1 F 1.074(xpression under)-.15 F 1.074(go parameter e)
-.18 F 1.074(xpansion, string e)-.15 F 1.074(xpansion, command)-.15 F
(substitution, and quote remo)108 240 Q -.25(va)-.15 G 2.5
(l. Arithmetic).25 F -.15(ex)2.5 G(pansions may be nested.).15 E 1.378
(The e)108 256.8 R -.25(va)-.25 G 1.378
(luation is performed according to the rules listed belo).25 F 3.878(wu)
-.25 G(nder)-3.878 E/F3 9/Times-Bold@0 SF 1.378(ARITHMETIC EV)3.878 F
(ALU)-1.215 E -.855(AT)-.54 G(ION).855 E/F4 9/Times-Roman@0 SF(.)A F0
(If)5.879 E F2 -.2(ex)108 268.8 S(pr).2 E(ession)-.37 E F0(is in)2.74 E
-.25(va)-.4 G(lid,).25 E F1(bash)2.5 E F0(prints a message indicating f)
2.5 E(ailure and no substitution occurs.)-.1 E F1(Pr)87 285.6 Q
(ocess Substitution)-.18 E F2(Pr)108 297.6 Q .971(ocess substitution)
-.45 F F0 .971(is supported on systems that support named pipes \()3.471
F F2(FIFOs)A F0 3.47(\)o)C 3.47(rt)-3.47 G(he)-3.47 E F1(/de)3.47 E
(v/fd)-.15 E F0 .97(method of)3.47 F .021(naming open \214les.)108 309.6
R .021(It tak)5.021 F .021(es the form of)-.1 F F1(<\()2.521 E F2(list)A
F1(\)).833 E F0(or)2.521 E F1(>\()2.521 E F2(list)A F1(\)).833 E F0
5.021(.T)C .021(he process)-5.021 F F2(list)2.521 E F0 .021
(is run with its input or output con-)2.521 F .059(nected to a)108 321.6
R F2(FIFO)2.559 E F0 .058(or some \214le in)2.559 F F1(/de)2.558 E(v/fd)
-.15 E F0 5.058(.T)C .058(he name of this \214le is passed as an ar)
-5.058 F .058(gument to the current com-)-.18 F .13
(mand as the result of the e)108 333.6 R 2.63(xpansion. If)-.15 F(the)
2.63 E F1(>\()2.63 E F2(list)A F1(\)).833 E F0 .13
(form is used, writing to the \214le will pro)2.63 F .131
(vide input for)-.15 F F2(list)2.631 E F0(.)A(If the)108 345.6 Q F1(<\()
2.5 E F2(list)A F1(\)).833 E F0
(form is used, the \214le passed as an ar)2.5 E
(gument should be read to obtain the output of)-.18 E F2(list)2.5 E F0
(.)A .897(When a)108 362.4 R -.25(va)-.2 G .896(ilable, process substit\
ution is performed simultaneously with parameter and v).25 F .896
(ariable e)-.25 F(xpansion,)-.15 E
(command substitution, and arithmetic e)108 374.4 Q(xpansion.)-.15 E F1
-.75(Wo)87 391.2 S(rd Splitting).75 E F0 1.142
(The shell scans the results of parameter e)108 403.2 R 1.143
(xpansion, command substitution, and arithmetic e)-.15 F 1.143
(xpansion that)-.15 F(did not occur within double quotes for)108 415.2 Q
F2(wor)2.5 E 2.5(ds)-.37 G(plitting)-2.5 E F0(.).22 E .063
(The shell treats each character of)108 432 R F3(IFS)2.563 E F0 .063
(as a delimiter)2.313 F 2.563(,a)-.4 G .063
(nd splits the results of the other e)-2.563 F .063(xpansions into w)
-.15 F(ords)-.1 E 1.788(on these characters.)108 444 R(If)6.788 E F3
(IFS)4.288 E F0 1.788(is unset, or its v)4.038 F 1.789(alue is e)-.25 F
(xactly)-.15 E F1(<space><tab><newline>)4.289 E F0 4.289(,t)C 1.789
(he def)-4.289 F 1.789(ault, then)-.1 F .022(sequences of)108 456 R F1
(<space>)2.522 E F0(,)A F1(<tab>)2.522 E F0 2.521(,a)C(nd)-2.521 E F1
(<newline>)2.521 E F0 .021(at the be)2.521 F .021
(ginning and end of the results of the pre)-.15 F .021(vious e)-.25 F
(xpan-)-.15 E .585(sions are ignored, and an)108 468 R 3.086(ys)-.15 G
.586(equence of)-3.086 F F3(IFS)3.086 E F0 .586
(characters not at the be)2.836 F .586(ginning or end serv)-.15 F .586
(es to delimit w)-.15 F(ords.)-.1 E(If)108 480 Q F3(IFS)3.617 E F0 1.117
(has a v)3.367 F 1.117(alue other than the def)-.25 F 1.117
(ault, then sequences of the whitespace characters)-.1 F F1(space)3.617
E F0(and)3.617 E F1(tab)3.617 E F0(are)3.617 E .315(ignored at the be)
108 492 R .315(ginning and end of the w)-.15 F .315
(ord, as long as the whitespace character is in the v)-.1 F .315
(alue of)-.25 F F3(IFS)2.815 E F0(\(an)2.566 E F3(IFS)108 504 Q F0 1.054
(whitespace character\).)3.304 F(An)6.054 E 3.554(yc)-.15 G 1.054
(haracter in)-3.554 F F3(IFS)3.554 E F0 1.053(that is not)3.303 F F3
(IFS)3.553 E F0 1.053(whitespace, along with an)3.303 F 3.553(ya)-.15 G
(djacent)-3.553 E F3(IFS)3.553 E F0 .331
(whitespace characters, delimits a \214eld.)108 516 R 2.831(As)5.331 G
.332(equence of)-2.831 F F3(IFS)2.832 E F0 .332
(whitespace characters is also treated as a delim-)2.582 F(iter)108 528
Q 5(.I)-.55 G 2.5(ft)-5 G(he v)-2.5 E(alue of)-.25 E F3(IFS)2.5 E F0
(is null, no w)2.25 E(ord splitting occurs.)-.1 E 1.879
(Explicit null ar)108 544.8 R 1.879(guments \()-.18 F F1 .833("").833 G
F0(or)3.545 E F1 .833<0808>5.211 G F0 4.378(\)a)C 1.878(re retained.)
-4.378 F 1.878(Unquoted implicit null ar)6.878 F 1.878
(guments, resulting from the)-.18 F -.15(ex)108 556.8 S .176
(pansion of parameters that ha).15 F .476 -.15(ve n)-.2 H 2.676(ov).15 G
.176(alues, are remo)-2.926 F -.15(ve)-.15 G 2.676(d. If).15 F 2.677(ap)
2.677 G .177(arameter with no v)-2.677 F .177(alue is e)-.25 F .177
(xpanded within)-.15 F(double quotes, a null ar)108 568.8 Q
(gument results and is retained.)-.18 E(Note that if no e)108 585.6 Q
(xpansion occurs, no splitting is performed.)-.15 E F1 -.1(Pa)87 602.4 S
(thname Expansion).1 E F0 .371(After w)108 614.4 R .371
(ord splitting, unless the)-.1 F F1<ad66>2.871 E F0 .371
(option has been set,)2.871 F F1(bash)2.871 E F0 .37(scans each w)2.87 F
.37(ord for the characters)-.1 F F1(*)2.87 E F0(,)A F1(?)2.87 E F0 2.87
(,a)C(nd)-2.87 E F1([)2.87 E F0(.)A .677
(If one of these characters appears, then the w)108 626.4 R .677
(ord is re)-.1 F -.05(ga)-.15 G .677(rded as a).05 F F2(pattern)3.177 E
F0 3.177(,a).24 G .678(nd replaced with an alphabeti-)-3.177 F .562
(cally sorted list of \214lenames matching the pattern \(see)108 638.4 R
F3 -.09(Pa)3.062 G(tter).09 E 2.812(nM)-.135 G(atching)-2.812 E F0(belo)
2.812 E 3.062(w\). If)-.25 F .561(no matching \214lenames)3.061 F .008
(are found, and the shell option)108 650.4 R F1(nullglob)2.508 E F0 .008
(is not enabled, the w)2.508 F .009(ord is left unchanged.)-.1 F .009
(If the)5.009 F F1(nullglob)2.509 E F0 .009(option is)2.509 F .443
(set, and no matches are found, the w)108 662.4 R .443(ord is remo)-.1 F
-.15(ve)-.15 G 2.943(d. If).15 F(the)2.942 E F1(failglob)2.942 E F0 .442
(shell option is set, and no matches are)2.942 F 1.38
(found, an error message is printed and the command is not e)108 674.4 R
-.15(xe)-.15 G 3.88(cuted. If).15 F 1.38(the shell option)3.88 F F1
(nocaseglob)3.88 E F0(is)3.88 E .104
(enabled, the match is performed without re)108 686.4 R -.05(ga)-.15 G
.104(rd to the case of alphabetic characters.).05 F .103
(When a pattern is used)5.103 F .377(for pathname e)108 698.4 R .377
(xpansion, the character)-.15 F F1 -.63(``)2.878 G -.55(.').63 G(')-.08
E F0 .378(at the start of a name or immediately follo)5.378 F .378
(wing a slash must be)-.25 F .579(matched e)108 710.4 R(xplicitly)-.15 E
3.079(,u)-.65 G .579(nless the shell option)-3.079 F F1(dotglob)3.079 E
F0 .579(is set.)3.079 F .578
(When matching a pathname, the slash character)5.579 F 1.788(must al)108
722.4 R -.1(wa)-.1 G 1.788(ys be matched e).1 F(xplicitly)-.15 E 6.788
(.I)-.65 G 4.288(no)-6.788 G 1.788(ther cases, the)-4.288 F F1 -.63(``)
4.288 G -.55(.').63 G(')-.08 E F0 1.788
(character is not treated specially)6.788 F 6.789(.S)-.65 G 1.789
(ee the)-6.789 F(GNU Bash 4.2)72 768 Q(2012 January 29)141.79 E(22)
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/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 389.54(SH\(1\) B).35 F(ASH\(1\))
-.35 E .166(description of)108 84 R/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(shopt)2.666 E
F0(belo)2.666 E 2.666(wu)-.25 G(nder)-2.666 E/F2 9/Times-Bold@0 SF .166
(SHELL B)2.666 F(UIL)-.09 E .165(TIN COMMANDS)-.828 F F0 .165
(for a description of the)2.415 F F1(nocaseglob)2.665 E F0(,)A F1(null-)
2.665 E(glob)108 96 Q F0(,)A F1(failglob)2.5 E F0 2.5(,a)C(nd)-2.5 E F1
(dotglob)2.5 E F0(shell options.)2.5 E(The)108 112.8 Q F2(GLOBIGNORE)
2.785 E F0 .285(shell v)2.535 F .285
(ariable may be used to restrict the set of \214lenames matching a)-.25
F/F3 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(pattern)2.786 E F0 5.286(.I).24 G(f)-5.286 E
F2(GLO-)2.786 E(BIGNORE)108 124.8 Q F0 2.316(is set, each matching \214\
lename that also matches one of the patterns in)4.566 F F2(GLOBIGNORE)
4.816 E F0(is)4.565 E(remo)108 136.8 Q -.15(ve)-.15 G 2.659(df).15 G
.159(rom the list of matches.)-2.659 F .16(The \214lenames)5.16 F F1
-.63(``)2.66 G -.55(.').63 G(')-.08 E F0(and)5.16 E F1 -.63(``)2.66 G
(..).63 E -.63('')-.55 G F0 .16(are al)5.79 F -.1(wa)-.1 G .16
(ys ignored when).1 F F2(GLOBIGNORE)2.66 E F0(is)2.41 E .046
(set and not null.)108 148.8 R(Ho)5.046 E(we)-.25 E -.15(ve)-.25 G .846
-.4(r, s).15 H(etting).4 E F2(GLOBIGNORE)2.546 E F0 .046
(to a non-null v)2.296 F .045(alue has the ef)-.25 F .045
(fect of enabling the)-.25 F F1(dotglob)2.545 E F0 .786
(shell option, so all other \214lenames be)108 160.8 R .787
(ginning with a)-.15 F F1 -.63(``)3.287 G -.55(.').63 G(')-.08 E F0 .787
(will match.)5.787 F 2.387 -.8(To g)5.787 H .787(et the old beha).8 F
.787(vior of ignoring)-.2 F .642(\214lenames be)108 172.8 R .642
(ginning with a)-.15 F F1 -.63(``)3.142 G -.55(.').63 G(')-.08 E F0
3.142(,m)C(ak)-3.142 E(e)-.1 E F1 -.63(``)3.142 G(.*').63 E(')-.63 E F0
.642(one of the patterns in)5.642 F F2(GLOBIGNORE)3.141 E/F4 9
/Times-Roman@0 SF(.)A F0(The)5.141 E F1(dotglob)3.141 E F0 .641
(option is)3.141 F(disabled when)108 184.8 Q F2(GLOBIGNORE)2.5 E F0
(is unset.)2.25 E F1 -.1(Pa)108 201.6 S(tter).1 E 2.5(nM)-.15 G(atching)
-2.5 E F0(An)108 218.4 Q 3.138(yc)-.15 G .638(haracter that appears in \
a pattern, other than the special pattern characters described belo)
-3.138 F 1.938 -.65(w, m)-.25 H(atches).65 E 3.62(itself. The)108 230.4
R 1.12(NUL character may not occur in a pattern.)3.62 F 3.62(Ab)6.12 G
1.12(ackslash escapes the follo)-3.62 F 1.12(wing character; the)-.25 F
.576(escaping backslash is discarded when matching.)108 242.4 R .576
(The special pattern characters must be quoted if the)5.576 F 3.076(ya)
-.15 G(re)-3.076 E(to be matched literally)108 254.4 Q(.)-.65 E
(The special pattern characters ha)108 271.2 Q .3 -.15(ve t)-.2 H
(he follo).15 E(wing meanings:)-.25 E F1(*)144 288 Q F0 .377(Matches an)
31 F 2.877(ys)-.15 G .376(tring, including the null string.)-2.877 F
.376(When the)5.376 F F1(globstar)2.876 E F0 .376
(shell option is enabled,)2.876 F(and)180 300 Q F1(*)3.275 E F0 .775
(is used in a pathname e)3.275 F .775(xpansion conte)-.15 F .775(xt, tw)
-.15 F 3.275(oa)-.1 G(djacent)-3.275 E F1(*)3.275 E F0 3.275(su)C .775
(sed as a single pattern)-3.275 F 1.058(will match all \214les and zero\
 or more directories and subdirectories.)180 312 R 1.058(If follo)6.058
F 1.058(wed by a)-.25 F F1(/)3.558 E F0(,)A(tw)180 324 Q 2.5(oa)-.1 G
(djacent)-2.5 E F1(*)2.5 E F0 2.5(sw)C
(ill match only directories and subdirectories.)-2.5 E F1(?)144 336 Q F0
(Matches an)31 E 2.5(ys)-.15 G(ingle character)-2.5 E(.)-.55 E F1([...])
144 348 Q F0 .578(Matches an)21.84 F 3.078(yo)-.15 G .578
(ne of the enclosed characters.)-3.078 F 3.079(Ap)5.579 G .579
(air of characters separated by a h)-3.079 F(yphen)-.05 E .537
(denotes a)180 360 R F3 -.15(ra)3.037 G(ng).15 E 3.037(ee)-.1 G(xpr)
-3.237 E(ession)-.37 E F0 3.037(;a)C .837 -.15(ny c)-3.037 H .537
(haracter that sorts between those tw).15 F 3.036(oc)-.1 G .536
(haracters, inclu-)-3.036 F(si)180 372 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G 3.712(,u).15 G
1.212(sing the current locale')-3.712 F 3.712(sc)-.55 G 1.212
(ollating sequence and character set, is matched.)-3.712 F 1.213(If the)
6.213 F 1.124(\214rst character follo)180 384 R 1.124(wing the)-.25 F F1
([)3.624 E F0 1.124(is a)3.624 F F1(!)3.624 E F0 1.124(or a)6.124 F F1
(^)3.623 E F0 1.123(then an)3.623 F 3.623(yc)-.15 G 1.123
(haracter not enclosed is matched.)-3.623 F .894
(The sorting order of characters in range e)180 396 R .895
(xpressions is determined by the current locale)-.15 F .376(and the v)
180 408 R .376(alues of the)-.25 F F2(LC_COLLA)2.875 E(TE)-.855 E F0(or)
2.625 E F2(LC_ALL)2.875 E F0 .375(shell v)2.625 F .375
(ariables, if set.)-.25 F 1.975 -.8(To o)5.375 H .375(btain the tra-).8
F .067(ditional interpretation of range e)180 420 R .067
(xpressions, where)-.15 F F1([a\255d])2.567 E F0 .068(is equi)2.568 F
-.25(va)-.25 G .068(lent to).25 F F1([abcd])2.568 E F0 2.568(,s)C .068
(et v)-2.568 F(alue)-.25 E .157(of the)180 432 R F1(LC_ALL)2.657 E F0
.157(shell v)2.657 F .157(ariable to)-.25 F F1(C)2.657 E F0 2.657(,o)C
2.657(re)-2.657 G .157(nable the)-2.657 F F1(globasciiranges)2.657 E F0
.156(shell option.)2.656 F(A)5.156 E F1<ad>2.656 E F0(may)2.656 E .193(\
be matched by including it as the \214rst or last character in the set.)
180 444 R(A)5.193 E F1(])2.693 E F0 .194(may be matched by)2.693 F
(including it as the \214rst character in the set.)180 456 Q -.4(Wi)180
474 S(thin).4 E F1([)3.071 E F0(and)3.071 E F1(])3.071 E F0(,)A F3 -.15
(ch)3.071 G(ar).15 E .571(acter classes)-.15 F F0 .571
(can be speci\214ed using the syntax)3.071 F F1([:)3.07 E F3(class)A F1
(:])A F0 3.07(,w)C(here)-3.07 E F3(class)3.07 E F0(is one of the follo)
180 486 Q(wing classes de\214ned in the POSIX standard:)-.25 E F1 8.173
(alnum alpha ascii blank cntrl digit graph lo)180 498 R 8.173
(wer print punct space)-.1 F 5(upper w)180 510 R 5(ord xdigit)-.1 F F0
4.29(Ac)180 522 S 1.789(haracter class matches an)-4.29 F 4.289(yc)-.15
G 1.789(haracter belonging to that class.)-4.289 F(The)6.789 E F1 -.1
(wo)4.289 G(rd).1 E F0(character)4.289 E
(class matches letters, digits, and the character _.)180 534 Q -.4(Wi)
180 552 S(thin).4 E F1([)4.536 E F0(and)4.536 E F1(])4.536 E F0 4.536
(,a)C(n)-4.536 E F3 2.036(equivalence class)4.536 F F0 2.037
(can be speci\214ed using the syntax)4.536 F F1([=)4.537 E F3(c)A F1(=])
A F0 4.537(,w)C(hich)-4.537 E .125(matches all characters with the same\
 collation weight \(as de\214ned by the current locale\) as)180 564 R
(the character)180 576 Q F3(c)2.5 E F0(.)A -.4(Wi)180 594 S(thin).4 E F1
([)2.5 E F0(and)2.5 E F1(])2.5 E F0 2.5(,t)C(he syntax)-2.5 E F1([.)2.5
E F3(symbol)A F1(.])A F0(matches the collating symbol)2.5 E F3(symbol)
2.5 E F0(.)A .704(If the)108 610.8 R F1(extglob)3.204 E F0 .705
(shell option is enabled using the)3.204 F F1(shopt)3.205 E F0 -.2(bu)
3.205 G .705(iltin, se).2 F -.15(ve)-.25 G .705(ral e).15 F .705
(xtended pattern matching operators)-.15 F .256(are recognized.)108
622.8 R .256(In the follo)5.256 F .256(wing description, a)-.25 F F3
(pattern-list)2.755 E F0 .255
(is a list of one or more patterns separated by a)2.755 F F1(|)2.755 E
F0(.)A(Composite patterns may be formed using one or more of the follo)
108 634.8 Q(wing sub-patterns:)-.25 E F1(?\()144 658.8 Q F3
(pattern-list).833 E F1(\)).833 E F0
(Matches zero or one occurrence of the gi)180 670.8 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.5
(np).15 G(atterns)-2.5 E F1(*\()144 682.8 Q F3(pattern-list).833 E F1
(\)).833 E F0(Matches zero or more occurrences of the gi)180 694.8 Q
-.15(ve)-.25 G 2.5(np).15 G(atterns)-2.5 E F1(+\()144 706.8 Q F3
(pattern-list).833 E F1(\)).833 E F0
(Matches one or more occurrences of the gi)180 718.8 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G
2.5(np).15 G(atterns)-2.5 E(GNU Bash 4.2)72 768 Q(2012 January 29)141.79
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/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 389.54(SH\(1\) B).35 F(ASH\(1\))
-.35 E/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(@\()144 84 Q/F2 10/Times-Italic@0 SF
(pattern-list).833 E F1(\)).833 E F0(Matches one of the gi)180 96 Q -.15
(ve)-.25 G 2.5(np).15 G(atterns)-2.5 E F1(!\()144 108 Q F2(pattern-list)
.833 E F1(\)).833 E F0(Matches an)180 120 Q(ything e)-.15 E
(xcept one of the gi)-.15 E -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.5(np).15 G(atterns)-2.5 E
F1(Quote Remo)87 136.8 Q -.1(va)-.1 G(l).1 E F0 1.112
(After the preceding e)108 148.8 R 1.112
(xpansions, all unquoted occurrences of the characters)-.15 F F1(\\)
3.613 E F0(,)A F1<08>3.613 E F0 3.613(,a)C(nd)-3.613 E F1(")4.446 E F0
1.113(that did not result)4.446 F(from one of the abo)108 160.8 Q .3
-.15(ve ex)-.15 H(pansions are remo).15 E -.15(ve)-.15 G(d.).15 E/F3
10.95/Times-Bold@0 SF(REDIRECTION)72 177.6 Q F0 .545
(Before a command is e)108 189.6 R -.15(xe)-.15 G .545
(cuted, its input and output may be).15 F F2 -.37(re)3.045 G(dir).37 E
(ected)-.37 E F0 .545(using a special notation interpreted)3.815 F .405
(by the shell.)108 201.6 R .405(Redirection allo)5.405 F .405(ws comman\
ds' \214le handles to be duplicated, opened, closed, made to refer to)
-.25 F(dif)108 213.6 Q 1.02(ferent \214les, and can change the \214les \
the command reads from and writes to.)-.25 F 1.019
(Redirection may also be)6.019 F .215
(used to modify \214le handles in the current shell e)108 225.6 R -.15
(xe)-.15 G .215(cution en).15 F 2.715(vironment. The)-.4 F(follo)2.715 E
.215(wing redirection operators)-.25 F .876(may precede or appear an)108
237.6 R .876(ywhere within a)-.15 F F2 .875(simple command)3.715 F F0
.875(or may follo)4.145 F 3.375(wa)-.25 G F2(command)A F0 5.875(.R).77 G
.875(edirections are)-5.875 F(processed in the order the)108 249.6 Q 2.5
(ya)-.15 G(ppear)-2.5 E 2.5(,f)-.4 G(rom left to right.)-2.5 E .771(Eac\
h redirection that may be preceded by a \214le descriptor number may in\
stead be preceded by a w)108 266.4 R .772(ord of)-.1 F .293(the form {)
108 278.4 R F2(varname)A F0 2.793(}. In)B .293
(this case, for each redirection operator e)2.793 F .293
(xcept >&- and <&-, the shell will allocate)-.15 F 3.179<618c>108 290.4
S .679(le descriptor greater than or equal to 10 and assign it to)-3.179
F F2(varname)3.179 E F0 5.679(.I)C 3.179(f>)-5.679 G .679
(&- or <&- is preceded by {)-3.179 F F2(var)A(-)-.2 E(name)108 302.4 Q
F0(}, the v)A(alue of)-.25 E F2(varname)2.5 E F0
(de\214nes the \214le descriptor to close.)2.5 E .284(In the follo)108
319.2 R .283(wing descriptions, if the \214le descriptor number is omit\
ted, and the \214rst character of the redirect-)-.25 F .512
(ion operator is)108 331.2 R F1(<)3.012 E F0 3.012(,t)C .512
(he redirection refers to the standard input \(\214le descriptor 0\).)
-3.012 F .512(If the \214rst character of the)5.512 F
(redirection operator is)108 343.2 Q F1(>)2.5 E F0 2.5(,t)C
(he redirection refers to the standard output \(\214le descriptor 1\).)
-2.5 E .825(The w)108 360 R .825(ord follo)-.1 F .824
(wing the redirection operator in the follo)-.25 F .824
(wing descriptions, unless otherwise noted, is sub-)-.25 F .462
(jected to brace e)108 372 R .462(xpansion, tilde e)-.15 F .463
(xpansion, parameter and v)-.15 F .463(ariable e)-.25 F .463
(xpansion, command substitution, arith-)-.15 F .867(metic e)108 384 R
.867(xpansion, quote remo)-.15 F -.25(va)-.15 G .867(l, pathname e).25 F
.867(xpansion, and w)-.15 F .867(ord splitting.)-.1 F .867(If it e)5.867
F .866(xpands to more than one)-.15 F -.1(wo)108 396 S(rd,).1 E F1(bash)
2.5 E F0(reports an error)2.5 E(.)-.55 E
(Note that the order of redirections is signi\214cant.)108 412.8 Q -.15
(Fo)5 G 2.5(re).15 G(xample, the command)-2.65 E(ls)144 429.6 Q F1(>)2.5
E F0(dirlist 2)2.5 E F1(>&)A F0(1)A
(directs both standard output and standard error to the \214le)108 446.4
Q F2(dirlist)2.5 E F0 2.5(,w).68 G(hile the command)-2.5 E(ls 2)144
463.2 Q F1(>&)A F0(1)A F1(>)2.5 E F0(dirlist)2.5 E .527
(directs only the standard output to \214le)108 480 R F2(dirlist)3.027 E
F0 3.027(,b).68 G .527(ecause the standard error w)-3.027 F .527
(as duplicated from the standard)-.1 F
(output before the standard output w)108 492 Q(as redirected to)-.1 E F2
(dirlist)2.5 E F0(.).68 E F1(Bash)108 508.8 Q F0 .599(handles se)3.099 F
-.15(ve)-.25 G .599(ral \214lenames specially when the).15 F 3.099(ya)
-.15 G .598(re used in redirections, as described in the follo)-3.099 F
(wing)-.25 E(table:)108 520.8 Q F1(/de)144 537.6 Q(v/fd/)-.15 E F2(fd)A
F0(If)180 549.6 Q F2(fd)2.5 E F0(is a v)2.5 E(alid inte)-.25 E(ger)-.15
E 2.5<2c8c>-.4 G(le descriptor)-2.5 E F2(fd)2.5 E F0(is duplicated.)2.5
E F1(/de)144 561.6 Q(v/stdin)-.15 E F0(File descriptor 0 is duplicated.)
180 573.6 Q F1(/de)144 585.6 Q(v/stdout)-.15 E F0
(File descriptor 1 is duplicated.)180 597.6 Q F1(/de)144 609.6 Q
(v/stderr)-.15 E F0(File descriptor 2 is duplicated.)180 621.6 Q F1(/de)
144 633.6 Q(v/tcp/)-.15 E F2(host)A F1(/)A F2(port)A F0(If)180 645.6 Q
F2(host)2.996 E F0 .496(is a v)2.996 F .496
(alid hostname or Internet address, and)-.25 F F2(port)2.997 E F0 .497
(is an inte)2.997 F .497(ger port number or ser)-.15 F(-)-.2 E
(vice name,)180 657.6 Q F1(bash)2.5 E F0
(attempts to open a TCP connection to the corresponding sock)2.5 E(et.)
-.1 E F1(/de)144 669.6 Q(v/udp/)-.15 E F2(host)A F1(/)A F2(port)A F0(If)
180 681.6 Q F2(host)2.997 E F0 .497(is a v)2.997 F .497
(alid hostname or Internet address, and)-.25 F F2(port)2.996 E F0 .496
(is an inte)2.996 F .496(ger port number or ser)-.15 F(-)-.2 E
(vice name,)180 693.6 Q F1(bash)2.5 E F0
(attempts to open a UDP connection to the corresponding sock)2.5 E(et.)
-.1 E 2.5(Af)108 710.4 S
(ailure to open or create a \214le causes the redirection to f)-2.6 E
(ail.)-.1 E .946(Redirections using \214le descriptors greater than 9 s\
hould be used with care, as the)108 727.2 R 3.447(ym)-.15 G .947
(ay con\215ict with \214le)-3.447 F(GNU Bash 4.2)72 768 Q
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/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 389.54(SH\(1\) B).35 F(ASH\(1\))
-.35 E(descriptors the shell uses internally)108 84 Q(.)-.65 E/F1 10
/Times-Bold@0 SF(Redir)87 100.8 Q(ecting Input)-.18 E F0 .391
(Redirection of input causes the \214le whose name results from the e)
108 112.8 R .391(xpansion of)-.15 F/F2 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(wor)3.231 E
(d)-.37 E F0 .391(to be opened for read-)3.661 F
(ing on \214le descriptor)108 124.8 Q F2(n)2.5 E F0 2.5(,o).24 G 2.5(rt)
-2.5 G(he standard input \(\214le descriptor 0\) if)-2.5 E F2(n)2.86 E
F0(is not speci\214ed.)2.74 E
(The general format for redirecting input is:)108 141.6 Q([)144 158.4 Q
F2(n)A F0(])A F1(<)A F2(wor)A(d)-.37 E F1(Redir)87 175.2 Q
(ecting Output)-.18 E F0 .174
(Redirection of output causes the \214le whose name results from the e)
108 187.2 R .175(xpansion of)-.15 F F2(wor)3.015 E(d)-.37 E F0 .175
(to be opened for writ-)3.445 F .825(ing on \214le descriptor)108 199.2
R F2(n)3.325 E F0 3.325(,o).24 G 3.325(rt)-3.325 G .824
(he standard output \(\214le descriptor 1\) if)-3.325 F F2(n)3.684 E F0
.824(is not speci\214ed.)3.564 F .824(If the \214le does not)5.824 F
-.15(ex)108 211.2 S(ist it is created; if it does e).15 E
(xist it is truncated to zero size.)-.15 E
(The general format for redirecting output is:)108 228 Q([)144 244.8 Q
F2(n)A F0(])A F1(>)A F2(wor)A(d)-.37 E F0 .154
(If the redirection operator is)108 261.6 R F1(>)2.654 E F0 2.654(,a)C
.154(nd the)-2.654 F F1(noclob)2.654 E(ber)-.1 E F0 .154(option to the)
2.654 F F1(set)2.655 E F0 -.2(bu)2.655 G .155
(iltin has been enabled, the redirection).2 F .658(will f)108 273.6 R
.658(ail if the \214le whose name results from the e)-.1 F .658
(xpansion of)-.15 F F2(wor)3.158 E(d)-.37 E F0 -.15(ex)3.158 G .657
(ists and is a re).15 F .657(gular \214le.)-.15 F .657(If the redi-)
5.657 F .408(rection operator is)108 285.6 R F1(>|)2.909 E F0 2.909(,o)C
2.909(rt)-2.909 G .409(he redirection operator is)-2.909 F F1(>)2.909 E
F0 .409(and the)2.909 F F1(noclob)2.909 E(ber)-.1 E F0 .409
(option to the)2.909 F F1(set)2.909 E F0 -.2(bu)2.909 G .409
(iltin command).2 F(is not enabled, the redirection is attempted e)108
297.6 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.5(ni).15 G 2.5(ft)-2.5 G(he \214le named by)
-2.5 E F2(wor)2.5 E(d)-.37 E F0 -.15(ex)2.5 G(ists.).15 E F1 -.25(Ap)87
314.4 S(pending Redir).25 E(ected Output)-.18 E F0 .642
(Redirection of output in this f)108 326.4 R .642
(ashion causes the \214le whose name results from the e)-.1 F .641
(xpansion of)-.15 F F2(wor)3.481 E(d)-.37 E F0 .641(to be)3.911 F .473
(opened for appending on \214le descriptor)108 338.4 R F2(n)2.973 E F0
2.974(,o).24 G 2.974(rt)-2.974 G .474
(he standard output \(\214le descriptor 1\) if)-2.974 F F2(n)3.334 E F0
.474(is not speci\214ed.)3.214 F(If)5.474 E(the \214le does not e)108
350.4 Q(xist it is created.)-.15 E
(The general format for appending output is:)108 367.2 Q([)144 384 Q F2
(n)A F0(])A F1(>>)A F2(wor)A(d)-.37 E F1(Redir)87 405.6 Q
(ecting Standard Output and Standard Err)-.18 E(or)-.18 E F0 .249
(This construct allo)108 417.6 R .249(ws both the standard output \(\
\214le descriptor 1\) and the standard error output \(\214le descrip-)
-.25 F(tor 2\) to be redirected to the \214le whose name is the e)108
429.6 Q(xpansion of)-.15 E F2(wor)2.5 E(d)-.37 E F0(.).77 E
(There are tw)108 446.4 Q 2.5(of)-.1 G
(ormats for redirecting standard output and standard error:)-2.5 E F1
(&>)144 463.2 Q F2(wor)A(d)-.37 E F0(and)108 475.2 Q F1(>&)144 487.2 Q
F2(wor)A(d)-.37 E F0(Of the tw)108 504 Q 2.5(of)-.1 G
(orms, the \214rst is preferred.)-2.5 E(This is semantically equi)5 E
-.25(va)-.25 G(lent to).25 E F1(>)144 520.8 Q F2(wor)A(d)-.37 E F0(2)2.5
E F1(>&)A F0(1)A .114(When using the second form,)108 537.6 R F2(wor)
2.614 E(d)-.37 E F0 .114(may not e)2.614 F .114(xpand to a number or)
-.15 F F1<ad>2.614 E F0 5.114(.I)C 2.614(fi)-5.114 G 2.615(td)-2.614 G
.115(oes, other redirection operators)-2.615 F(apply \(see)108 549.6 Q
F1(Duplicating File Descriptors)2.5 E F0(belo)2.5 E
(w\) for compatibility reasons.)-.25 E F1 -.25(Ap)87 566.4 S
(pending Standard Output and Standard Err).25 E(or)-.18 E F0 .249
(This construct allo)108 578.4 R .249(ws both the standard output \(\
\214le descriptor 1\) and the standard error output \(\214le descrip-)
-.25 F(tor 2\) to be appended to the \214le whose name is the e)108
590.4 Q(xpansion of)-.15 E F2(wor)2.5 E(d)-.37 E F0(.).77 E
(The format for appending standard output and standard error is:)108
607.2 Q F1(&>>)144 624 Q F2(wor)A(d)-.37 E F0(This is semantically equi)
108 640.8 Q -.25(va)-.25 G(lent to).25 E F1(>>)144 657.6 Q F2(wor)A(d)
-.37 E F0(2)2.5 E F1(>&)A F0(1)A(\(see)108 674.4 Q F1
(Duplicating File Descriptors)2.5 E F0(belo)2.5 E(w\).)-.25 E F1(Her)87
691.2 Q 2.5(eD)-.18 G(ocuments)-2.5 E F0 .33(This type of redirection i\
nstructs the shell to read input from the current source until a line c\
ontaining only)108 703.2 R F2(delimiter)108.35 715.2 Q F0 .615
(\(with no trailing blanks\) is seen.)3.845 F .615
(All of the lines read up to that point are then used as the stan-)5.615
F(dard input for a command.)108 727.2 Q(GNU Bash 4.2)72 768 Q
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/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 389.54(SH\(1\) B).35 F(ASH\(1\))
-.35 E(The format of here-documents is:)108 84 Q/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 SF
(<<)144 100.8 Q F0([)A F1<ad>A F0(])A/F2 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(wor)A(d)
-.37 E(her)164 112.8 Q(e-document)-.37 E(delimiter)144 124.8 Q F0 .301
(No parameter and v)108 141.6 R .302(ariable e)-.25 F .302
(xpansion, command substitution, arithmetic e)-.15 F .302
(xpansion, or pathname e)-.15 F(xpansion)-.15 E .226(is performed on)108
153.6 R F2(wor)2.726 E(d)-.37 E F0 5.226(.I).77 G 2.726(fa)-5.226 G .526
-.15(ny c)-2.726 H .226(haracters in).15 F F2(wor)3.066 E(d)-.37 E F0
.226(are quoted, the)3.496 F F2(delimiter)3.076 E F0 .225
(is the result of quote remo)3.456 F -.25(va)-.15 G 2.725(lo).25 G(n)
-2.725 E F2(wor)108 165.6 Q(d)-.37 E F0 2.714(,a).77 G .214
(nd the lines in the here-document are not e)-2.714 F 2.714(xpanded. If)
-.15 F F2(wor)2.715 E(d)-.37 E F0 .215
(is unquoted, all lines of the here-docu-)2.715 F .673
(ment are subjected to parameter e)108 177.6 R .673
(xpansion, command substitution, and arithmetic e)-.15 F 3.173
(xpansion. In)-.15 F .673(the latter)3.173 F
(case, the character sequence)108 189.6 Q F1(\\<newline>)2.5 E F0
(is ignored, and)2.5 E F1(\\)2.5 E F0
(must be used to quote the characters)2.5 E F1(\\)2.5 E F0(,)A F1($)2.5
E F0 2.5(,a)C(nd)-2.5 E F1<92>2.5 E F0(.)A .601
(If the redirection operator is)108 206.4 R F1(<<\255)3.101 E F0 3.101
(,t)C .601(hen all leading tab characters are stripped from input lines\
 and the line)-3.101 F(containing)108 218.4 Q F2(delimiter)2.5 E F0 5
(.T).73 G(his allo)-5 E
(ws here-documents within shell scripts to be indented in a natural f)
-.25 E(ashion.)-.1 E F1(Her)87 235.2 Q 2.5(eS)-.18 G(trings)-2.5 E F0
2.5(Av)108 247.2 S(ariant of here documents, the format is:)-2.75 E F1
(<<<)144 264 Q F2(wor)A(d)-.37 E F0(The)108 280.8 Q F2(wor)2.894 E(d)
-.37 E F0(under)2.894 E .394(goes brace e)-.18 F .393(xpansion, tilde e)
-.15 F .393(xpansion, parameter and v)-.15 F .393(ariable e)-.25 F .393
(xpansion, command substi-)-.15 F 1.384(tution, arithmetic e)108 292.8 R
1.384(xpansion, and quote remo)-.15 F -.25(va)-.15 G 3.884(l. P).25 F
1.384(athname e)-.15 F 1.384(xpansion w)-.15 F 1.384
(ord splitting are not performed.)-.1 F(The result is supplied as a sin\
gle string to the command on its standard input.)108 304.8 Q F1
(Duplicating File Descriptors)87 321.6 Q F0(The redirection operator)108
333.6 Q([)144 350.4 Q F2(n)A F0(])A F1(<&)A F2(wor)A(d)-.37 E F0 .127
(is used to duplicate input \214le descriptors.)108 367.2 R(If)5.127 E
F2(wor)2.967 E(d)-.37 E F0 -.15(ex)3.397 G .126
(pands to one or more digits, the \214le descriptor denoted).15 F(by)108
379.2 Q F2(n)3.317 E F0 .457(is made to be a cop)3.197 F 2.957(yo)-.1 G
2.957(ft)-2.957 G .457(hat \214le descriptor)-2.957 F 5.457(.I)-.55 G
2.957(ft)-5.457 G .457(he digits in)-2.957 F F2(wor)3.298 E(d)-.37 E F0
.458(do not specify a \214le descriptor open)3.728 F .15
(for input, a redirection error occurs.)108 391.2 R(If)5.15 E F2(wor)
2.99 E(d)-.37 E F0 -.25(eva)3.42 G .15(luates to).25 F F1<ad>2.65 E F0
2.649<2c8c>C .149(le descriptor)-2.649 F F2(n)3.009 E F0 .149
(is closed.)2.889 F(If)5.149 E F2(n)3.009 E F0 .149(is not speci\214ed,)
2.889 F(the standard input \(\214le descriptor 0\) is used.)108 403.2 Q
(The operator)108 420 Q([)144 436.8 Q F2(n)A F0(])A F1(>&)A F2(wor)A(d)
-.37 E F0 .443
(is used similarly to duplicate output \214le descriptors.)108 453.6 R
(If)5.443 E F2(n)3.304 E F0 .444
(is not speci\214ed, the standard output \(\214le descrip-)3.184 F 1.358
(tor 1\) is used.)108 465.6 R 1.358(If the digits in)6.358 F F2(wor)
4.198 E(d)-.37 E F0 1.357(do not specify a \214le descriptor open for o\
utput, a redirection error)4.628 F 2.753(occurs. If)108 477.6 R F2(wor)
3.093 E(d)-.37 E F0 -.25(eva)3.523 G .253(luates to).25 F F1<ad>2.754 E
F0 2.754<2c8c>C .254(le descriptor)-2.754 F F2(n)3.114 E F0 .254
(is closed.)2.994 F .254(As a special case, if)5.254 F F2(n)2.754 E F0
.254(is omitted, and)2.754 F F2(wor)2.754 E(d)-.37 E F0(does)2.754 E
.966(not e)108 489.6 R .966(xpand to one or more digits or)-.15 F F1<ad>
3.466 E F0 3.466(,t)C .965
(he standard output and standard error are redirected as described)
-3.466 F(pre)108 501.6 Q(viously)-.25 E(.)-.65 E F1(Mo)87 518.4 Q
(ving File Descriptors)-.1 E F0(The redirection operator)108 530.4 Q([)
144 547.2 Q F2(n)A F0(])A F1(<&)A F2(digit)A F1<ad>A F0(mo)108 564 Q
-.15(ve)-.15 G 3.035(st).15 G .535(he \214le descriptor)-3.035 F F2
(digit)3.035 E F0 .535(to \214le descriptor)3.035 F F2(n)3.035 E F0
3.035(,o).24 G 3.035(rt)-3.035 G .536
(he standard input \(\214le descriptor 0\) if)-3.035 F F2(n)3.036 E F0
.536(is not speci-)3.036 F(\214ed.)108 576 Q F2(digit)5 E F0
(is closed after being duplicated to)2.5 E F2(n)2.5 E F0(.)A(Similarly)
108 592.8 Q 2.5(,t)-.65 G(he redirection operator)-2.5 E([)144 609.6 Q
F2(n)A F0(])A F1(>&)A F2(digit)A F1<ad>A F0(mo)108 626.4 Q -.15(ve)-.15
G 2.786(st).15 G .286(he \214le descriptor)-2.786 F F2(digit)2.786 E F0
.286(to \214le descriptor)2.786 F F2(n)2.786 E F0 2.786(,o).24 G 2.786
(rt)-2.786 G .285(he standard output \(\214le descriptor 1\) if)-2.786 F
F2(n)2.785 E F0 .285(is not speci-)2.785 F(\214ed.)108 638.4 Q F1
(Opening File Descriptors f)87 655.2 Q(or Reading and Writing)-.25 E F0
(The redirection operator)108 667.2 Q([)144 684 Q F2(n)A F0(])A F1(<>)A
F2(wor)A(d)-.37 E F0 1.349(causes the \214le whose name is the e)108
700.8 R 1.349(xpansion of)-.15 F F2(wor)4.189 E(d)-.37 E F0 1.349
(to be opened for both reading and writing on \214le)4.619 F(descriptor)
108 712.8 Q F2(n)2.5 E F0 2.5(,o).24 G 2.5(ro)-2.5 G 2.5<6e8c>-2.5 G
(le descriptor 0 if)-2.5 E F2(n)2.86 E F0(is not speci\214ed.)2.74 E
(If the \214le does not e)5 E(xist, it is created.)-.15 E(GNU Bash 4.2)
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/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 389.54(SH\(1\) B).35 F(ASH\(1\))
-.35 E/F1 10.95/Times-Bold@0 SF(ALIASES)72 84 Q/F2 10/Times-Italic@0 SF
(Aliases)108 96 Q F0(allo)3.174 E 3.174(was)-.25 G .674
(tring to be substituted for a w)-3.174 F .674
(ord when it is used as the \214rst w)-.1 F .673
(ord of a simple command.)-.1 F .394(The shell maintains a list of alia\
ses that may be set and unset with the)108 108 R/F3 10/Times-Bold@0 SF
(alias)2.894 E F0(and)2.894 E F3(unalias)2.894 E F0 -.2(bu)2.894 G .394
(iltin commands).2 F(\(see)108 120 Q/F4 9/Times-Bold@0 SF 1.98(SHELL B)
4.48 F(UIL)-.09 E 1.98(TIN COMMANDS)-.828 F F0(belo)4.23 E 4.48
(w\). The)-.25 F 1.98(\214rst w)4.48 F 1.979
(ord of each simple command, if unquoted, is)-.1 F(check)108 132 Q .472
(ed to see if it has an alias.)-.1 F .472(If so, that w)5.472 F .473
(ord is replaced by the te)-.1 F .473(xt of the alias.)-.15 F .473
(The characters)5.473 F F3(/)2.973 E F0(,)A F3($)2.973 E F0(,)A F3<92>
2.973 E F0(,)A(and)108 144 Q F3(=)3.612 E F0 1.112(and an)3.612 F 3.612
(yo)-.15 G 3.612(ft)-3.612 G 1.112(he shell)-3.612 F F2(metac)3.612 E
(har)-.15 E(acter)-.15 E(s)-.1 E F0 1.112
(or quoting characters listed abo)3.612 F 1.411 -.15(ve m)-.15 H 1.111
(ay not appear in an alias).15 F 3.619(name. The)108 156 R 1.119
(replacement te)3.619 F 1.119(xt may contain an)-.15 F 3.619(yv)-.15 G
1.119(alid shell input, including shell metacharacters.)-3.869 F 1.12
(The \214rst)6.12 F -.1(wo)108 168 S .514(rd of the replacement te).1 F
.514(xt is tested for aliases, b)-.15 F .514(ut a w)-.2 F .513
(ord that is identical to an alias being e)-.1 F .513(xpanded is)-.15 F
.295(not e)108 180 R .295(xpanded a second time.)-.15 F .296
(This means that one may alias)5.295 F F3(ls)2.796 E F0(to)2.796 E F3
.296(ls \255F)2.796 F F0 2.796(,f)C .296(or instance, and)-2.796 F F3
(bash)2.796 E F0 .296(does not try)2.796 F .543(to recursi)108 192 R
-.15(ve)-.25 G .543(ly e).15 F .543(xpand the replacement te)-.15 F
3.043(xt. If)-.15 F .543(the last character of the alias v)3.043 F .542
(alue is a)-.25 F F2(blank)3.042 E F0 3.042(,t).67 G .542(hen the ne)
-3.042 F(xt)-.15 E(command w)108 204 Q(ord follo)-.1 E
(wing the alias is also check)-.25 E(ed for alias e)-.1 E(xpansion.)-.15
E(Aliases are created and listed with the)108 220.8 Q F3(alias)2.5 E F0
(command, and remo)2.5 E -.15(ve)-.15 G 2.5(dw).15 G(ith the)-2.5 E F3
(unalias)2.5 E F0(command.)2.5 E .284
(There is no mechanism for using ar)108 237.6 R .284
(guments in the replacement te)-.18 F 2.784(xt. If)-.15 F(ar)2.784 E
.284(guments are needed, a shell func-)-.18 F(tion should be used \(see)
108 249.6 Q F4(FUNCTIONS)2.5 E F0(belo)2.25 E(w\).)-.25 E 1.22
(Aliases are not e)108 266.4 R 1.22
(xpanded when the shell is not interacti)-.15 F -.15(ve)-.25 G 3.72(,u)
.15 G 1.22(nless the)-3.72 F F3(expand_aliases)3.72 E F0 1.22
(shell option is set)3.72 F(using)108 278.4 Q F3(shopt)2.5 E F0
(\(see the description of)2.5 E F3(shopt)2.5 E F0(under)2.5 E F4
(SHELL B)2.5 E(UIL)-.09 E(TIN COMMANDS)-.828 E F0(belo)2.25 E(w\).)-.25
E .435
(The rules concerning the de\214nition and use of aliases are some)108
295.2 R .436(what confusing.)-.25 F F3(Bash)5.436 E F0(al)2.936 E -.1
(wa)-.1 G .436(ys reads at least).1 F .338
(one complete line of input before e)108 307.2 R -.15(xe)-.15 G .338
(cuting an).15 F 2.838(yo)-.15 G 2.838(ft)-2.838 G .338
(he commands on that line.)-2.838 F .337(Aliases are e)5.337 F .337
(xpanded when)-.15 F 3.403(ac)108 319.2 S .904
(ommand is read, not when it is e)-3.403 F -.15(xe)-.15 G 3.404
(cuted. Therefore,).15 F .904
(an alias de\214nition appearing on the same line as)3.404 F 1.162
(another command does not tak)108 331.2 R 3.662(ee)-.1 G -.25(ff)-3.662
G 1.162(ect until the ne).25 F 1.162(xt line of input is read.)-.15 F
1.161(The commands follo)6.161 F 1.161(wing the)-.25 F .277
(alias de\214nition on that line are not af)108 343.2 R .277
(fected by the ne)-.25 F 2.777(wa)-.25 G 2.777(lias. This)-2.777 F(beha)
2.777 E .277(vior is also an issue when functions)-.2 F .699(are e)108
355.2 R -.15(xe)-.15 G 3.199(cuted. Aliases).15 F .699(are e)3.199 F
.699(xpanded when a function de\214nition is read, not when the functio\
n is e)-.15 F -.15(xe)-.15 G(cuted,).15 E .494
(because a function de\214nition is itself a compound command.)108 367.2
R .495(As a consequence, aliases de\214ned in a func-)5.494 F .085
(tion are not a)108 379.2 R -.25(va)-.2 G .084
(ilable until after that function is e).25 F -.15(xe)-.15 G 2.584
(cuted. T).15 F 2.584(ob)-.8 G 2.584(es)-2.584 G .084(afe, al)-2.584 F
-.1(wa)-.1 G .084(ys put alias de\214nitions on a sepa-).1 F
(rate line, and do not use)108 391.2 Q F3(alias)2.5 E F0
(in compound commands.)2.5 E -.15(Fo)108 408 S 2.5(ra).15 G(lmost e)-2.5
E -.15(ve)-.25 G(ry purpose, aliases are superseded by shell functions.)
.15 E F1(FUNCTIONS)72 424.8 Q F0 3.467(As)108 436.8 S .967
(hell function, de\214ned as described abo)-3.467 F 1.267 -.15(ve u)-.15
H(nder).15 E F4 .967(SHELL GRAMMAR)3.467 F/F5 9/Times-Roman@0 SF(,)A F0
.968(stores a series of commands for)3.217 F 1.002(later e)108 448.8 R
-.15(xe)-.15 G 3.502(cution. When).15 F 1.002(the name of a shell funct\
ion is used as a simple command name, the list of com-)3.502 F .315
(mands associated with that function name is e)108 460.8 R -.15(xe)-.15
G 2.816(cuted. Functions).15 F .316(are e)2.816 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .316
(cuted in the conte).15 F .316(xt of the current)-.15 F .036
(shell; no ne)108 472.8 R 2.536(wp)-.25 G .036
(rocess is created to interpret them \(contrast this with the e)-2.536 F
-.15(xe)-.15 G .036(cution of a shell script\).).15 F .035(When a)5.035
F .639(function is e)108 484.8 R -.15(xe)-.15 G .639(cuted, the ar).15 F
.639
(guments to the function become the positional parameters during its e)
-.18 F -.15(xe)-.15 G(cution.).15 E .533(The special parameter)108 496.8
R F3(#)3.033 E F0 .532(is updated to re\215ect the change.)3.033 F .532
(Special parameter)5.532 F F3(0)3.032 E F0 .532(is unchanged.)3.032 F
.532(The \214rst ele-)5.532 F(ment of the)108 508.8 Q F4(FUNCN)2.5 E
(AME)-.18 E F0 -.25(va)2.25 G
(riable is set to the name of the function while the function is e).25 E
-.15(xe)-.15 G(cuting.).15 E 1.25(All other aspects of the shell e)108
525.6 R -.15(xe)-.15 G 1.25(cution en).15 F 1.25
(vironment are identical between a function and its caller with)-.4 F
1.049(these e)108 537.6 R 3.548(xceptions: the)-.15 F F4(DEB)3.548 E(UG)
-.09 E F0(and)3.298 E F3(RETURN)3.548 E F0 1.048
(traps \(see the description of the)3.548 F F3(trap)3.548 E F0 -.2(bu)
3.548 G 1.048(iltin under).2 F F4(SHELL)3.548 E -.09(BU)108 549.6 S(IL)
.09 E .478(TIN COMMANDS)-.828 F F0(belo)2.728 E .479
(w\) are not inherited unless the function has been gi)-.25 F -.15(ve)
-.25 G 2.979(nt).15 G(he)-2.979 E F3(trace)2.979 E F0(attrib)2.979 E
.479(ute \(see)-.2 F .421(the description of the)108 561.6 R F4(declar)
2.92 E(e)-.162 E F0 -.2(bu)2.67 G .42(iltin belo).2 F .42(w\) or the)
-.25 F F3 .42(\255o functrace)2.92 F F0 .42
(shell option has been enabled with the)2.92 F F3(set)2.92 E F0 -.2(bu)
108 573.6 S .071(iltin \(in which case all functions inherit the).2 F F3
(DEB)2.572 E(UG)-.1 E F0(and)2.572 E F3(RETURN)2.572 E F0 .072
(traps\), and the)2.572 F F4(ERR)2.572 E F0 .072(trap is not inher)2.322
F(-)-.2 E(ited unless the)108 585.6 Q F3(\255o errtrace)2.5 E F0
(shell option has been enabled.)2.5 E -1.11(Va)108 602.4 S .656
(riables local to the function may be declared with the)1.11 F F3(local)
3.155 E F0 -.2(bu)3.155 G .655(iltin command.).2 F(Ordinarily)5.655 E
3.155(,v)-.65 G .655(ariables and)-3.405 F(their v)108 614.4 Q
(alues are shared between the function and its caller)-.25 E(.)-.55 E
(The)108 631.2 Q F3(FUNCNEST)3.528 E F0 -.25(va)3.528 G 1.028
(riable, if set to a numeric v).25 F 1.028
(alue greater than 0, de\214nes a maximum function nesting)-.25 F(le)108
643.2 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.5(l. Function).15 F(in)2.5 E -.2(vo)-.4 G
(cations that e).2 E(xceed the limit cause the entire command to abort.)
-.15 E .044(If the b)108 660 R .043(uiltin command)-.2 F F3 -.18(re)
2.543 G(tur).18 E(n)-.15 E F0 .043(is e)2.543 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .043
(cuted in a function, the function completes and e).15 F -.15(xe)-.15 G
.043(cution resumes with).15 F 1.011(the ne)108 672 R 1.011
(xt command after the function call.)-.15 F(An)6.011 E 3.511(yc)-.15 G
1.011(ommand associated with the)-3.511 F F3(RETURN)3.512 E F0 1.012
(trap is e)3.512 F -.15(xe)-.15 G(cuted).15 E .214(before e)108 684 R
-.15(xe)-.15 G .214(cution resumes.).15 F .213
(When a function completes, the v)5.214 F .213
(alues of the positional parameters and the spe-)-.25 F(cial parameter)
108 696 Q F3(#)2.5 E F0(are restored to the v)2.5 E(alues the)-.25 E 2.5
(yh)-.15 G(ad prior to the function')-2.5 E 2.5(se)-.55 G -.15(xe)-2.65
G(cution.).15 E 1.358
(Function names and de\214nitions may be listed with the)108 712.8 R F3
<ad66>3.858 E F0 1.358(option to the)3.858 F F3(declar)3.858 E(e)-.18 E
F0(or)3.859 E F3(typeset)3.859 E F0 -.2(bu)3.859 G 1.359(iltin com-).2 F
3.39(mands. The)108 724.8 R F3<ad46>3.39 E F0 .89(option to)3.39 F F3
(declar)3.39 E(e)-.18 E F0(or)3.39 E F3(typeset)3.39 E F0 .89
(will list the function names only \(and optionally the source)3.39 F
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/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 389.54(SH\(1\) B).35 F(ASH\(1\))
-.35 E .326(\214le and line number)108 84 R 2.826(,i)-.4 G 2.826(ft)
-2.826 G(he)-2.826 E/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(extdeb)2.826 E(ug)-.2 E F0
.326(shell option is enabled\).)2.826 F .327(Functions may be e)5.327 F
.327(xported so that subshells)-.15 F 1.298(automatically ha)108 96 R
1.598 -.15(ve t)-.2 H 1.298(hem de\214ned with the).15 F F1<ad66>3.798 E
F0 1.298(option to the)3.798 F F1(export)3.797 E F0 -.2(bu)3.797 G 3.797
(iltin. A).2 F 1.297(function de\214nition may be)3.797 F .16
(deleted using the)108 108 R F1<ad66>2.66 E F0 .16(option to the)2.66 F
F1(unset)2.66 E F0 -.2(bu)2.66 G 2.661(iltin. Note).2 F .161
(that shell functions and v)2.661 F .161(ariables with the same name)
-.25 F 1.325(may result in multiple identically-named entries in the en)
108 120 R 1.325(vironment passed to the shell')-.4 F 3.825(sc)-.55 G
3.825(hildren. Care)-3.825 F(should be tak)108 132 Q
(en in cases where this may cause a problem.)-.1 E .371
(Functions may be recursi)108 148.8 R -.15(ve)-.25 G 5.371(.T).15 G(he)
-5.371 E F1(FUNCNEST)2.871 E F0 -.25(va)2.871 G .371
(riable may be used to limit the depth of the function call).25 F 1.141
(stack and restrict the number of function in)108 160.8 R -.2(vo)-.4 G
3.641(cations. By).2 F(def)3.641 E 1.141
(ault, no limit is imposed on the number of)-.1 F(recursi)108 172.8 Q .3
-.15(ve c)-.25 H(alls.).15 E/F2 10.95/Times-Bold@0 SF(ARITHMETIC EV)72
189.6 Q(ALU)-1.478 E -1.04(AT)-.657 G(ION)1.04 E F0 2.297
(The shell allo)108 201.6 R 2.297(ws arithmetic e)-.25 F 2.297
(xpressions to be e)-.15 F -.25(va)-.25 G 2.297
(luated, under certain circumstances \(see the).25 F F1(let)4.798 E F0
(and)4.798 E F1(declar)108 213.6 Q(e)-.18 E F0 -.2(bu)2.706 G .206
(iltin commands and).2 F F1 .206(Arithmetic Expansion)2.706 F F0 2.705
(\). Ev)B .205(aluation is done in \214x)-.25 F .205(ed-width inte)-.15
F .205(gers with no)-.15 F .428(check for o)108 225.6 R -.15(ve)-.15 G
(r\215o).15 E 1.728 -.65(w, t)-.25 H .428(hough di).65 F .428
(vision by 0 is trapped and \215agged as an error)-.25 F 5.429(.T)-.55 G
.429(he operators and their prece-)-5.429 F 1.92(dence, associati)108
237.6 R(vity)-.25 E 4.42(,a)-.65 G 1.92(nd v)-4.42 F 1.92
(alues are the same as in the C language.)-.25 F 1.919(The follo)6.919 F
1.919(wing list of operators is)-.25 F(grouped into le)108 249.6 Q -.15
(ve)-.25 G(ls of equal-precedence operators.).15 E(The le)5 E -.15(ve)
-.25 G(ls are listed in order of decreasing precedence.).15 E/F3 10
/Times-Italic@0 SF(id)108 266.4 Q F1(++)A F3(id)2.5 E F1<adad>A F0 -.25
(va)144 278.4 S(riable post-increment and post-decrement).25 E F1(++)108
290.4 Q F3(id)A F1<adad>2.5 E F3(id)A F0 -.25(va)144 302.4 S
(riable pre-increment and pre-decrement).25 E F1 2.5<ad2b>108 314.4 S F0
(unary minus and plus)19.6 E F1 2.5(!~)108 326.4 S F0
(logical and bitwise ne)24.34 E -.05(ga)-.15 G(tion).05 E F1(**)108
338.4 Q F0 -.15(ex)26 G(ponentiation).15 E F1 2.5(*/%)108 350.4 S F0
(multiplication, di)10.72 E(vision, remainder)-.25 E F1 2.5<2bad>108
362.4 S F0(addition, subtraction)19.6 E F1(<< >>)108 374.4 Q F0
(left and right bitwise shifts)10.7 E F1(<= >= < >)108 386.4 Q F0
(comparison)144 398.4 Q F1(== !=)108 410.4 Q F0(equality and inequality)
13.07 E F1(&)108 422.4 Q F0(bitwise AND)27.67 E F1(^)108 434.4 Q F0
(bitwise e)32.67 E(xclusi)-.15 E .3 -.15(ve O)-.25 H(R).15 E F1(|)108
446.4 Q F0(bitwise OR)33.8 E F1(&&)108 458.4 Q F0(logical AND)19.34 E F1
(||)108 470.4 Q F0(logical OR)31.6 E F3 -.2(ex)108 482.4 S(pr).2 E F1(?)
A F3 -.2(ex)C(pr).2 E F1(:)A F3 -.2(ex)C(pr).2 E F0
(conditional operator)144 494.4 Q F1 2.5(=*)108 506.4 S 2.5(=/)-2.5 G
2.5(=%)-2.5 G 2.5(=+)-2.5 G 2.5<3dad>-2.5 G 2.5(=<)-2.5 G
(<= >>= &= ^= |=)-2.5 E F0(assignment)144 518.4 Q F3 -.2(ex)108 530.4 S
(pr1).2 E F1(,)2.5 E F3 -.2(ex)2.5 G(pr2).2 E F0(comma)144 542.4 Q .68
(Shell v)108 559.2 R .68(ariables are allo)-.25 F .68
(wed as operands; parameter e)-.25 F .68
(xpansion is performed before the e)-.15 F .68(xpression is e)-.15 F
-.25(va)-.25 G(lu-).25 E 3.508(ated. W)108 571.2 R 1.008(ithin an e)-.4
F 1.008(xpression, shell v)-.15 F 1.007
(ariables may also be referenced by name without using the parameter)
-.25 F -.15(ex)108 583.2 S 1.04(pansion syntax.).15 F 3.54(As)6.04 G
1.04(hell v)-3.54 F 1.04(ariable that is null or unset e)-.25 F -.25(va)
-.25 G 1.041(luates to 0 when referenced by name without).25 F 1.467
(using the parameter e)108 595.2 R 1.467(xpansion syntax.)-.15 F 1.467
(The v)6.467 F 1.467(alue of a v)-.25 F 1.467(ariable is e)-.25 F -.25
(va)-.25 G 1.466(luated as an arithmetic e).25 F(xpression)-.15 E 1.389
(when it is referenced, or when a v)108 607.2 R 1.389
(ariable which has been gi)-.25 F -.15(ve)-.25 G 3.89(nt).15 G(he)-3.89
E F3(inte)3.89 E -.1(ge)-.4 G(r).1 E F0(attrib)3.89 E 1.39(ute using)-.2
F F1(declar)3.89 E 3.89(e-)-.18 G(i)-3.89 E F0(is)3.89 E .333
(assigned a v)108 619.2 R 2.832(alue. A)-.25 F .332(null v)2.832 F .332
(alue e)-.25 F -.25(va)-.25 G .332(luates to 0.).25 F 2.832(As)5.332 G
.332(hell v)-2.832 F .332(ariable need not ha)-.25 F .632 -.15(ve i)-.2
H(ts).15 E F3(inte)2.832 E -.1(ge)-.4 G(r).1 E F0(attrib)2.832 E .332
(ute turned on)-.2 F(to be used in an e)108 631.2 Q(xpression.)-.15 E
1.406(Constants with a leading 0 are interpreted as octal numbers.)108
648 R 3.906(Al)6.406 G 1.407(eading 0x or 0X denotes he)-3.906 F
(xadecimal.)-.15 E .113(Otherwise, numbers tak)108 660 R 2.613(et)-.1 G
.113(he form [)-2.613 F F3(base#)A F0 .112(]n, where the optional)B F3
(base)2.612 E F0 .112(is a decimal number between 2 and 64)2.612 F .533
(representing the arithmetic base, and)108 672 R F3(n)3.033 E F0 .533
(is a number in that base.)3.033 F(If)5.534 E F3(base#)3.034 E F0 .534
(is omitted, then base 10 is used.)3.034 F .16(When specifying)108 684 R
F3(n)2.66 E F0 2.66(,t)C .16
(he digits greater< than 9 are represented by the lo)-2.66 F .16
(wercase letters, the uppercase letters,)-.25 F .942
(@, and _, in that order)108 696 R 5.942(.I)-.55 G(f)-5.942 E F3(base)
3.442 E F0 .942(is less than or equal to 36, lo)3.442 F .943
(wercase and uppercase letters may be used)-.25 F
(interchangeably to represent numbers between 10 and 35.)108 708 Q .235
(Operators are e)108 724.8 R -.25(va)-.25 G .235
(luated in order of precedence.).25 F(Sub-e)5.234 E .234
(xpressions in parentheses are e)-.15 F -.25(va)-.25 G .234
(luated \214rst and may).25 F(GNU Bash 4.2)72 768 Q(2012 January 29)
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/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 389.54(SH\(1\) B).35 F(ASH\(1\))
-.35 E -.15(ove)108 84 S(rride the precedence rules abo).15 E -.15(ve)
-.15 G(.).15 E/F1 10.95/Times-Bold@0 SF(CONDITION)72 100.8 Q
(AL EXPRESSIONS)-.219 E F0 .255(Conditional e)108 112.8 R .255
(xpressions are used by the)-.15 F/F2 10/Times-Bold@0 SF([[)2.755 E F0
.255(compound command and the)2.755 F F2(test)2.755 E F0(and)2.755 E F2
([)2.756 E F0 -.2(bu)2.756 G .256(iltin commands to test).2 F .77
(\214le attrib)108 124.8 R .77
(utes and perform string and arithmetic comparisons.)-.2 F .77
(Expressions are formed from the follo)5.77 F(wing)-.25 E 1.04
(unary or binary primaries.)108 136.8 R 1.04(If an)6.04 F(y)-.15 E/F3 10
/Times-Italic@0 SF(\214le)3.54 E F0(ar)3.54 E 1.041
(gument to one of the primaries is of the form)-.18 F F3(/de)3.541 E
(v/fd/n)-.15 E F0 3.541(,t)C 1.041(hen \214le)-3.541 F(descriptor)108
148.8 Q F3(n)3.789 E F0 1.289(is check)3.789 F 3.789(ed. If)-.1 F(the)
3.789 E F3(\214le)3.789 E F0(ar)3.789 E 1.289
(gument to one of the primaries is one of)-.18 F F3(/de)3.789 E(v/stdin)
-.15 E F0(,)A F3(/de)3.788 E(v/stdout)-.15 E F0 3.788(,o)C(r)-3.788 E F3
(/de)108 160.8 Q(v/stderr)-.15 E F0 2.5<2c8c>C
(le descriptor 0, 1, or 2, respecti)-2.5 E -.15(ve)-.25 G(ly).15 E 2.5
(,i)-.65 G 2.5(sc)-2.5 G(heck)-2.5 E(ed.)-.1 E .721
(Unless otherwise speci\214ed, primaries that operate on \214les follo)
108 177.6 R 3.221(ws)-.25 G .722(ymbolic links and operate on the tar)
-3.221 F(get)-.18 E(of the link, rather than the link itself.)108 189.6
Q 1.096(When used with)108 207.6 R F2([[)3.596 E F0 3.596(,t)C(he)-3.596
E F2(<)3.596 E F0(and)3.595 E F2(>)3.595 E F0 1.095(operators sort le)
3.595 F 1.095(xicographically using the current locale.)-.15 F(The)6.095
E F2(test)3.595 E F0(com-)3.595 E(mand sorts using ASCII ordering.)108
219.6 Q F2<ad61>108 243.6 Q F3(\214le)2.5 E F0 -.35(Tr)10.58 G(ue if).35
E F3(\214le)2.5 E F0 -.15(ex)2.5 G(ists.).15 E F2<ad62>108 255.6 Q F3
(\214le)2.5 E F0 -.35(Tr)10.02 G(ue if).35 E F3(\214le)2.5 E F0 -.15(ex)
2.5 G(ists and is a block special \214le.).15 E F2<ad63>108 267.6 Q F3
(\214le)2.5 E F0 -.35(Tr)11.14 G(ue if).35 E F3(\214le)2.5 E F0 -.15(ex)
2.5 G(ists and is a character special \214le.).15 E F2<ad64>108 279.6 Q
F3(\214le)2.5 E F0 -.35(Tr)10.02 G(ue if).35 E F3(\214le)2.5 E F0 -.15
(ex)2.5 G(ists and is a directory).15 E(.)-.65 E F2<ad65>108 291.6 Q F3
(\214le)2.5 E F0 -.35(Tr)11.14 G(ue if).35 E F3(\214le)2.5 E F0 -.15(ex)
2.5 G(ists.).15 E F2<ad66>108 303.6 Q F3(\214le)2.5 E F0 -.35(Tr)12.25 G
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10.58 G(ue if).35 E F3(\214le)2.5 E F0 -.15(ex)2.5 G
(ists and is set-group-id.).15 E F2<ad68>108 327.6 Q F3(\214le)2.5 E F0
-.35(Tr)10.02 G(ue if).35 E F3(\214le)2.5 E F0 -.15(ex)2.5 G
(ists and is a symbolic link.).15 E F2<ad6b>108 339.6 Q F3(\214le)2.5 E
F0 -.35(Tr)10.02 G(ue if).35 E F3(\214le)2.5 E F0 -.15(ex)2.5 G
(ists and its `).15 E(`stick)-.74 E(y')-.15 E 2.5('b)-.74 G(it is set.)
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375.6 Q F3(\214le)2.5 E F0 -.35(Tr)11.69 G(ue if).35 E F3(\214le)2.5 E
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108 387.6 Q F3(fd)2.5 E F0 -.35(Tr)16.69 G(ue if \214le descriptor).35 E
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399.6 Q F3(\214le)2.5 E F0 -.35(Tr)10.02 G(ue if).35 E F3(\214le)2.5 E
F0 -.15(ex)2.5 G(ists and its set-user).15 E(-id bit is set.)-.2 E F2
<ad77>108 411.6 Q F3(\214le)2.5 E F0 -.35(Tr)8.36 G(ue if).35 E F3
(\214le)2.5 E F0 -.15(ex)2.5 G(ists and is writable.).15 E F2<ad78>108
423.6 Q F3(\214le)2.5 E F0 -.35(Tr)10.58 G(ue if).35 E F3(\214le)2.5 E
F0 -.15(ex)2.5 G(ists and is e).15 E -.15(xe)-.15 G(cutable.).15 E F2
<ad47>108 435.6 Q F3(\214le)2.5 E F0 -.35(Tr)7.8 G(ue if).35 E F3
(\214le)2.5 E F0 -.15(ex)2.5 G(ists and is o).15 E(wned by the ef)-.25 E
(fecti)-.25 E .3 -.15(ve g)-.25 H(roup id.).15 E F2<ad4c>108 447.6 Q F3
(\214le)2.5 E F0 -.35(Tr)8.91 G(ue if).35 E F3(\214le)2.5 E F0 -.15(ex)
2.5 G(ists and is a symbolic link.).15 E F2<ad4e>108 459.6 Q F3(\214le)
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(ists and has been modi\214ed since it w).15 E(as last read.)-.1 E F2
<ad4f>108 471.6 Q F3(\214le)2.5 E F0 -.35(Tr)7.8 G(ue if).35 E F3
(\214le)2.5 E F0 -.15(ex)2.5 G(ists and is o).15 E(wned by the ef)-.25 E
(fecti)-.25 E .3 -.15(ve u)-.25 H(ser id.).15 E F2<ad53>108 483.6 Q F3
(\214le)2.5 E F0 -.35(Tr)10.02 G(ue if).35 E F3(\214le)2.5 E F0 -.15(ex)
2.5 G(ists and is a sock).15 E(et.)-.1 E F3(\214le1)108 495.6 Q F2
(\255ef)2.5 E F3(\214le2)2.5 E F0 -.35(Tr)144 507.6 S(ue if).35 E F3
(\214le1)2.5 E F0(and)2.5 E F3(\214le2)2.5 E F0(refer to the same de)2.5
E(vice and inode numbers.)-.25 E F3(\214le1)108 519.6 Q F0<ad>2.5 E F2
(nt)A F3(\214le2)2.5 E F0 -.35(Tr)144 531.6 S .038(ue if).35 F F3
(\214le1)2.538 E F0 .039(is ne)2.539 F .039
(wer \(according to modi\214cation date\) than)-.25 F F3(\214le2)2.539 E
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(ex)2.539 G .039(ists and).15 F F3(\214le2)2.539 E F0 .039(does not.)
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<ad6f>108 567.6 Q F3(optname)2.5 E F0 -.35(Tr)144 579.6 S .263
(ue if the shell option).35 F F3(optname)2.992 E F0 .262(is enabled.)
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F F2<ad6f>2.762 E F0(option to the)144 591.6 Q F2(set)2.5 E F0 -.2(bu)
2.5 G(iltin belo).2 E -.65(w.)-.25 G F2<ad76>108 603.6 Q F3(varname)2.5
E F0 -.35(Tr)144 615.6 S(ue if the shell v).35 E(ariable)-.25 E F3
(varname)2.79 E F0(is set \(has been assigned a v)2.68 E(alue\).)-.25 E
F2<ad7a>108 627.6 Q F3(string)2.5 E F0 -.35(Tr)144 639.6 S
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(ue if the strings are equal.).35 E F2(=)5 E F0(should be used with the)
2.5 E F2(test)2.5 E F0(command for POSIX conformance.)2.5 E
(GNU Bash 4.2)72 768 Q(2012 January 29)141.79 E(29)190.95 E 0 Cg EP
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(ue if the strings are not equal.).35 E F1(string1)108 112.8 Q F2(<)2.5
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170.4 Q(g1)-.37 E F2(OP)2.5 E F1(ar)2.5 E(g2)-.37 E/F3 9/Times-Bold@0 SF
(OP)144 182.4 Q F0 .385(is one of)2.634 F F2(\255eq)2.885 E F0(,)A F2
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(.T)C .385(hese arithmetic binary operators return true if)-5.385 F F1
(ar)2.885 E(g1)-.37 E F0 .845(is equal to, not equal to, less than, les\
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R F1(ar)144 206.4 Q(g2)-.37 E F0 2.5(,r)C(especti)-2.5 E -.15(ve)-.25 G
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(cuted, the shell performs the follo).15 F .614(wing e)-.25 F .614
(xpansions, assignments, and redi-)-.15 F(rections, from left to right.)
108 247.2 Q 26(1. The)108 264 R -.1(wo)4.349 G 1.849
(rds that the parser has mark).1 F 1.848(ed as v)-.1 F 1.848
(ariable assignments \(those preceding the command)-.25 F
(name\) and redirections are sa)144 276 Q -.15(ve)-.2 G 2.5(df).15 G
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304.8 R .776(xpansion, the \214rst w)-.15 F .776(ord is tak)-.1 F .775
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(are the ar)144 316.8 Q(guments.)-.18 E 26(3. Redirections)108 333.6 R
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(command substitution, arithmetic e)144 362.4 R .339
(xpansion, and quote remo)-.15 F -.25(va)-.15 G 2.839(lb).25 G .339
(efore being assigned to the v)-2.839 F(ari-)-.25 E(able.)144 374.4 Q
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(ariable assignments af)-.25 F .332(fect the current shell en)-.25 F
2.833(vironment. Otherwise,)-.4 F(the)2.833 E -.25(va)108 403.2 S .757
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(xe)-.15 G .757(cuted command and do not af).15 F .757
(fect the current shell en)-.25 F(vi-)-.4 E 3.176(ronment. If)108 415.2
R(an)3.176 E 3.176(yo)-.15 G 3.176(ft)-3.176 G .677
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(alue to a readonly v)-.25 F .677(ariable, an error occurs, and)-.25 F
(the command e)108 427.2 Q(xits with a non-zero status.)-.15 E .15
(If no command name results, redirections are performed, b)108 444 R
.149(ut do not af)-.2 F .149(fect the current shell en)-.25 F 2.649
(vironment. A)-.4 F(redirection error causes the command to e)108 456 Q
(xit with a non-zero status.)-.15 E 1.064
(If there is a command name left after e)108 472.8 R 1.064(xpansion, e)
-.15 F -.15(xe)-.15 G 1.064(cution proceeds as described belo).15 F
4.864 -.65(w. O)-.25 H 1.064(therwise, the).65 F .069(command e)108
484.8 R 2.569(xits. If)-.15 F .069(one of the e)2.569 F .069
(xpansions contained a command substitution, the e)-.15 F .068
(xit status of the command)-.15 F .466(is the e)108 496.8 R .466
(xit status of the last command substitution performed.)-.15 F .467
(If there were no command substitutions, the)5.466 F(command e)108 508.8
Q(xits with a status of zero.)-.15 E F4(COMMAND EXECUTION)72 525.6 Q F0
.547(After a command has been split into w)108 537.6 R .546
(ords, if it results in a simple command and an optional list of ar)-.1
F(gu-)-.18 E(ments, the follo)108 549.6 Q(wing actions are tak)-.25 E
(en.)-.1 E .379(If the command name contains no slashes, the shell atte\
mpts to locate it.)108 566.4 R .379(If there e)5.379 F .379
(xists a shell function by)-.15 F .246(that name, that function is in)
108 578.4 R -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G 2.746(da).1 G 2.746(sd)-2.746 G
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2.746 E F5(.)A F0 .246(If the name does not match a func-)4.746 F
(tion, the shell searches for it in the list of shell b)108 590.4 Q 2.5
(uiltins. If)-.2 F 2.5(am)2.5 G(atch is found, that b)-2.5 E
(uiltin is in)-.2 E -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G(d.).1 E .309
(If the name is neither a shell function nor a b)108 607.2 R .31
(uiltin, and contains no slashes,)-.2 F F2(bash)2.81 E F0 .31
(searches each element of)2.81 F(the)108 619.2 Q F3 -.666(PA)3.163 G(TH)
-.189 E F0 .662(for a directory containing an e)2.913 F -.15(xe)-.15 G
.662(cutable \214le by that name.).15 F F2(Bash)5.662 E F0 .662
(uses a hash table to remember)3.162 F 1.914(the full pathnames of e)108
631.2 R -.15(xe)-.15 G 1.915(cutable \214les \(see).15 F F2(hash)4.415 E
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(search of the directories in)108 643.2 R F3 -.666(PA)3.22 G(TH)-.189 E
F0 .719
(is performed only if the command is not found in the hash table.)2.97 F
.719(If the)5.719 F .956(search is unsuccessful, the shell searches for\
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(ound_han-)-.25 E(dle)108 667.2 Q F0 5.278(.I)C 2.778(ft)-5.278 G .278
(hat function e)-2.778 F .278(xists, it is in)-.15 F -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1
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(ith the original command and the original command')-2.778 F 2.777(sa)
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(guments, and the function')-.18 F 3.275(se)-.55 G .775
(xit status becomes the e)-3.425 F .775(xit status of the shell.)-.15 F
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Q(xit status of 127.)-.15 E 1.089(If the search is successful, or if th\
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(xe)-.15 G 1.089(cutes the).15 F 2.31(named program in a separate e)108
720 R -.15(xe)-.15 G 2.31(cution en).15 F 4.81(vironment. Ar)-.4 F 2.31
(gument 0 is set to the name gi)-.18 F -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.31(n, and the)
.15 F(GNU Bash 4.2)72 768 Q(2012 January 29)141.79 E(30)190.95 E 0 Cg EP
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/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 389.54(SH\(1\) B).35 F(ASH\(1\))
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(cutable format, and the \214le is not a directory).15 F 4.309(,i)-.65 G
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(le containing shell commands.)-3.178 F 3.178(As)5.678 G .678
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(cute it.).15 F(This)5.678 E .33
(subshell reinitializes itself, so that the ef)108 124.8 R .33
(fect is as if a ne)-.25 F 2.829(ws)-.25 G .329(hell had been in)-2.829
F -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G 2.829(dt).1 G 2.829(oh)-2.829 G .329
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(xception that the locations of commands remembered by the parent \(see)
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G(nder)-3.719 E/F3 9/Times-Bold@0 SF(SHELL)3.719 E -.09(BU)108 148.8 S
(IL).09 E(TIN COMMANDS)-.828 E/F4 9/Times-Roman@0 SF(\))A F0
(are retained by the child.)2.25 E .348(If the program is a \214le be)
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(gument follo)-.18 F 1.192(wing the)-.25 F 1.13
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(cation, as modi\214ed by redirections supplied to the).2 F F2(exec)
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<8374>108 304.8 S(he \214le creation mode mask as set by)-32.5 E F2
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(or inherited from the shell')2.756 F 2.757(sp)-.55 G(arent)-2.757 E
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(arious process IDs, including those of background jobs, the v)-32.75 E
(alue of)-.25 E F2($$)2.5 E F0 2.5(,a)C(nd the v)-2.5 E(alue of)-.25 E
F3(PPID)2.5 E F0 .427(When a simple command other than a b)108 451.2 R
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(cuted, it is in).15 F -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G 2.926(di).1 G 2.926(nas)
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(vironment that consists of the follo)-.4 F 2.634(wing. Unless)-.25 F
.134(otherwise noted, the v)2.634 F .134(alues are inherited from)-.25 F
(the shell.)108 475.2 Q 32.5<8374>108 492 S 1.056(he shell')-32.5 F
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(odi\214cations and additions speci\214ed by redirections to the com-)
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(he \214le creation mode mask)-32.5 E 32.5<8373>108 554.4 S .856(hell v)
-32.5 F .857(ariables and functions mark)-.25 F .857(ed for e)-.1 F .857
(xport, along with v)-.15 F .857(ariables e)-.25 F .857
(xported for the command,)-.15 F(passed in the en)144 566.4 Q(vironment)
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(alues inherited from the shell')-.25 F 2.806(sp)-.55 G .306
(arent, and traps ignored)-2.806 F(by the shell are ignored)144 595.2 Q
2.5(Ac)108 612 S(ommand in)-2.5 E -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G 2.5(di).1 G
2.5(nt)-2.5 G(his separate en)-2.5 E(vironment cannot af)-.4 E
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(ke).2 G 3.078(di).1 G(n)-3.078 E 2.745(as)108 640.8 S .245(ubshell en)
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(alues that the shell inherited from its parent at in)-.25 F -.2(vo)-.4
G 2.858(cation. Builtin).2 F .359(commands that are in)2.859 F -.2(vo)
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R -.15(xe)-.15 G .856(cuted in a subshell en).15 F 3.356
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-.4 E(ment cannot af)108 676.8 Q(fect the shell')-.25 E 2.5(se)-.55 G
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(cute command substitutions inherit the v).15 F 1.377(alue of the)-.25 F
F2<ad65>3.877 E F0 1.377(option from the parent)3.877 F 2.5(shell. When)
108 705.6 R(not in)2.5 E F1(posix)2.5 E F0(mode,)2.5 E F2(bash)2.5 E F0
(clears the)2.5 E F2<ad65>2.5 E F0(option in such subshells.)2.5 E .405
(If a command is follo)108 722.4 R .405(wed by a)-.25 F F2(&)2.905 E F0
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.404(he def)-2.904 F .404(ault standard input for the command)-.1 F
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(or function may be augmented temporarily by pre\214xing it with)3.833 F
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3.31 G .81(iltin command belo).2 F .81(w\), then)-.25 F F1(all)3.64 E F0
.81(parameter assignments are placed in)3.82 F(the en)108 307.2 Q
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72 352.8 Q -1.04(AT)-.986 G(US)1.04 E F0 .151(The e)108 364.8 R .151
(xit status of an e)-.15 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .151(cuted command is the v)
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(system call or equi)2.65 F -.25(va)-.25 G .15(lent func-).25 F 2.847
(tion. Exit)108 376.8 R .347(statuses f)2.847 F .347
(all between 0 and 255, though, as e)-.1 F .347(xplained belo)-.15 F
1.647 -.65(w, t)-.25 H .347(he shell may use v).65 F .348(alues abo)-.25
F .648 -.15(ve 1)-.15 H(25).15 E(specially)108 388.8 Q 5.674(.E)-.65 G
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(uiltins and compound commands are also limited to this range. Under)-.2
F(certain circumstances, the shell will use special v)108 400.8 Q
(alues to indicate speci\214c f)-.25 E(ailure modes.)-.1 E -.15(Fo)108
417.6 S 3.372(rt).15 G .872(he shell')-3.372 F 3.372(sp)-.55 G .873
(urposes, a command which e)-3.372 F .873(xits with a zero e)-.15 F .873
(xit status has succeeded.)-.15 F .873(An e)5.873 F .873(xit status of)
-.15 F .049(zero indicates success.)108 429.6 R 2.549(An)5.049 G .049
(on-zero e)-2.549 F .049(xit status indicates f)-.15 F 2.549
(ailure. When)-.1 F 2.549(ac)2.549 G .048(ommand terminates on a f)
-2.549 F .048(atal sig-)-.1 F(nal)108 441.6 Q F1(N)2.5 E F0(,)A F3(bash)
2.5 E F0(uses the v)2.5 E(alue of 128+)-.25 E F1(N)A F0(as the e)2.5 E
(xit status.)-.15 E .404
(If a command is not found, the child process created to e)108 458.4 R
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(If a command is)5.405 F(found b)108 470.4 Q(ut is not e)-.2 E -.15(xe)
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2.581(fs)-2.581 G .08(uccessful, and non-zero \()-2.581 F F1(false)A F0
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(the)108 516 Q 2.5(ye)-.15 G -.15(xe)-2.65 G 2.5(cute. All).15 F -.2(bu)
2.5 G(iltins return an e).2 E
(xit status of 2 to indicate incorrect usage.)-.15 E F3(Bash)108 532.8 Q
F0 .201(itself returns the e)2.701 F .202
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(cuted, unless a syntax error occurs, in which case).15 F(it e)108 544.8
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(ve s)-.25 H .457(hell\), and).15 F F4(SIGINT)2.957 E F0 .458
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F3(bash)108 597.6 Q F0(ignores)2.5 E F4(SIGQ)2.5 E(UIT)-.09 E F5(.)A F0
(If job control is in ef)4.5 E(fect,)-.25 E F3(bash)2.5 E F0(ignores)2.5
E F4(SIGTTIN)2.5 E F5(,)A F4(SIGTT)2.25 E(OU)-.162 E F5(,)A F0(and)2.25
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(ve s)-.2 H 1.065(ignal handlers set to the v).15 F 1.064
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626.4 R .747(job control is not in ef)3.247 F .747
(fect, asynchronous commands ignore)-.25 F F4(SIGINT)3.248 E F0(and)
2.998 E F4(SIGQ)3.248 E(UIT)-.09 E F0 .748(in addi-)2.998 F .653
(tion to these inherited handlers.)108 638.4 R .653
(Commands run as a result of command substitution ignore the k)5.653 F
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(SIGTTIN)2.5 E F5(,)A F4(SIGTT)2.25 E(OU)-.162 E F5(,)A F0(and)2.25 E F4
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(xits by def)-.15 F 2.045(ault upon receipt of a)-.1 F F4(SIGHUP)4.545 E
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-.15(ve s)-.25 H 2.046(hell resends the).15 F F4(SIGHUP)108 679.2 Q F0
1.005(to all jobs, running or stopped.)3.255 F 1.004
(Stopped jobs are sent)6.005 F F4(SIGCONT)3.504 E F0 1.004
(to ensure that the)3.254 F 3.504(yr)-.15 G(ecei)-3.504 E 1.304 -.15
(ve t)-.25 H(he).15 E F4(SIGHUP)108 691.2 Q F5(.)A F0 2.529 -.8(To p)
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 to a particular job, it should be remo).15 F -.15(ve)-.15 G 3.43(df).15
G .93(rom the)-3.43 F 1.357(jobs table with the)108 703.2 R F3(diso)
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(SIGHUP)108 715.2 Q F0(using)2.25 E F3(diso)2.5 E(wn \255h)-.1 E F0(.)A
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-.15(ve)-.25 G 3.046(sas).15 G .546
(ignal for which a trap has been set, the trap)-3.046 F .662
(will not be e)108 124.8 R -.15(xe)-.15 G .662
(cuted until the command completes.).15 F(When)5.663 E F1(bash)3.163 E
F0 .663(is w)3.163 F .663(aiting for an asynchronous command)-.1 F .99
(via the)108 136.8 R F1(wait)3.49 E F0 -.2(bu)3.49 G .99(iltin, the rec\
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(wait)3.49 E F0 -.2(bu)3.49 G .99(iltin to).2 F
(return immediately with an e)108 148.8 Q
(xit status greater than 128, immediately after which the trap is e)-.15
E -.15(xe)-.15 G(cuted.).15 E/F3 10.95/Times-Bold@0 SF(JOB CONTR)72
165.6 Q(OL)-.329 E/F4 10/Times-Italic@0 SF -.25(Jo)108 177.6 S 4.567(bc)
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(cution of processes and continue).15 F(\()108 189.6 Q F4 -.37(re)C
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(cution at a later point.).15 F 3.202(Au)5.702 G .702
(ser typically emplo)-3.202 F .702(ys this f)-.1 F .702
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-.1 E(supplied jointly by the operating system k)108 201.6 Q(ernel')-.1
E 2.5(st)-.55 G(erminal dri)-2.5 E -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.5(ra).15 G(nd)-2.5 E
F1(bash)2.5 E F0(.)A .784(The shell associates a)108 218.4 R F4(job)
5.024 E F0 .784(with each pipeline.)3.514 F .784(It k)5.784 F .785
(eeps a table of currently e)-.1 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .785
(cuting jobs, which may be).15 F .341(listed with the)108 230.4 R F1
(jobs)2.841 E F0 2.841(command. When)2.841 F F1(bash)2.841 E F0 .341
(starts a job asynchronously \(in the)2.841 F F4(bac)2.84 E(kgr)-.2 E
(ound)-.45 E F0 .34(\), it prints a line).77 F(that looks lik)108 242.4
Q(e:)-.1 E([1] 25647)144 259.2 Q .241(indicating that this job is job n\
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(All of the processes in a single pipeline are members of the same job)
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4.24 E F0(abstraction as the basis for job control.)2.73 E 3.062 -.8
(To f)108 316.8 T 1.462(acilitate the implementation of the user interf)
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.871(notion of a)108 328.8 R F4(curr)3.371 E .871(ent terminal pr)-.37 F
.871(ocess gr)-.45 F .871(oup ID)-.45 F F0 5.871(.M)C .87
(embers of this process group \(processes whose process)-5.871 F .023
(group ID is equal to the current terminal process group ID\) recei)108
340.8 R .323 -.15(ve k)-.25 H -.15(ey).05 G .023
(board-generated signals such as).15 F F2(SIG-)2.523 E(INT)108 352.8 Q
/F5 9/Times-Roman@0 SF(.)A F0 1.347
(These processes are said to be in the)5.847 F F4(for)3.846 E -.4(eg)
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(group ID dif)108 364.8 R .145(fers from the terminal')-.25 F .146
(s; such processes are immune to k)-.55 F -.15(ey)-.1 G .146
(board-generated signals.).15 F .146(Only fore-)5.146 F .16
(ground processes are allo)108 376.8 R .16(wed to read from or)-.25 F
2.66(,i)-.4 G 2.66(ft)-2.66 G .16(he user so speci\214es with)-2.66 F/F6
10/Courier@0 SF .16(stty tostop)2.66 F F0 2.66(,w)C .16(rite to the ter)
-2.66 F(-)-.2 E 3.051(minal. Background)108 388.8 R .551
(processes which attempt to read from \(write to when)3.051 F F6 .551
(stty tostop)3.051 F F0 .552(is in ef)3.052 F .552(fect\) the)-.25 F
.718(terminal are sent a)108 400.8 R F2 .718(SIGTTIN \(SIGTT)3.218 F
(OU\))-.162 E F0 .718(signal by the k)2.968 F(ernel')-.1 E 3.217(st)-.55
G .717(erminal dri)-3.217 F -.15(ve)-.25 G 1.517 -.4(r, w).15 H .717
(hich, unless caught, sus-).4 F(pends the process.)108 412.8 Q 1.087
(If the operating system on which)108 429.6 R F1(bash)3.587 E F0 1.088
(is running supports job control,)3.588 F F1(bash)3.588 E F0 1.088
(contains f)3.588 F 1.088(acilities to use it.)-.1 F -.8(Ty)108 441.6 S
.302(ping the).8 F F4(suspend)3.142 E F0 .302(character \(typically)
3.572 F F1(^Z)2.801 E F0 2.801(,C)C .301
(ontrol-Z\) while a process is running causes that process to be)-2.801
F 2.142(stopped and returns control to)108 453.6 R F1(bash)4.642 E F0
7.142(.T)C 2.142(yping the)-7.942 F F4 2.142(delayed suspend)4.992 F F0
2.143(character \(typically)5.413 F F1(^Y)4.643 E F0 4.643(,C)C
(ontrol-Y\))-4.643 E .021(causes the process to be stopped when it atte\
mpts to read input from the terminal, and control to be returned)108
465.6 R(to)108 477.6 Q F1(bash)3.392 E F0 5.892(.T)C .892
(he user may then manipulate the state of this job, using the)-5.892 F
F1(bg)3.392 E F0 .892(command to continue it in the)3.392 F .895
(background, the)108 489.6 R F1(fg)3.395 E F0 .895
(command to continue it in the fore)3.395 F .895(ground, or the)-.15 F
F1(kill)3.395 E F0 .894(command to kill it.)3.395 F(A)5.894 E F1(^Z)
3.394 E F0(tak)3.394 E(es)-.1 E(ef)108 501.6 Q .948(fect immediately)
-.25 F 3.448(,a)-.65 G .948(nd has the additional side ef)-3.448 F .948
(fect of causing pending output and typeahead to be dis-)-.25 F(carded.)
108 513.6 Q .777(There are a number of w)108 530.4 R .777
(ays to refer to a job in the shell.)-.1 F .777(The character)5.777 F F1
(%)3.277 E F0 .777(introduces a job speci\214cation)3.277 F(\()108 542.4
Q F4(jobspec)A F0 3.457(\). Job)B(number)3.457 E F4(n)3.817 E F0 .957
(may be referred to as)3.697 F F1(%n)3.457 E F0 5.957(.A)C .957
(job may also be referred to using a pre\214x of the)-2.5 F .59(name us\
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108 554.4 R -.15(Fo)5.59 G 3.09(re).15 G(xample,)-3.24 E F1(%ce)3.09 E
F0 .59(refers to a)3.09 F(stopped)108 566.4 Q F1(ce)3.463 E F0(job)3.463
E 5.963(.I)-.4 G 3.463(fap)-5.963 G .963
(re\214x matches more than one job,)-3.463 F F1(bash)3.463 E F0 .963
(reports an error)3.463 F 5.963(.U)-.55 G(sing)-5.963 E F1(%?ce)3.463 E
F0 3.464(,o)C 3.464(nt)-3.464 G .964(he other)-3.464 F .087
(hand, refers to an)108 578.4 R 2.587(yj)-.15 G .087
(ob containing the string)-2.587 F F1(ce)2.587 E F0 .087
(in its command line.)2.587 F .087
(If the substring matches more than one)5.087 F(job,)108 590.4 Q F1
(bash)2.518 E F0 .018(reports an error)2.518 F 5.018(.T)-.55 G .018
(he symbols)-5.018 F F1(%%)2.518 E F0(and)2.518 E F1(%+)2.518 E F0 .018
(refer to the shell')2.518 F 2.518(sn)-.55 G .018(otion of the)-2.518 F
F4(curr)2.518 E .018(ent job)-.37 F F0 2.518(,w).23 G .018(hich is)
-2.518 F .495(the last job stopped while it w)108 602.4 R .495
(as in the fore)-.1 F .495(ground or started in the background.)-.15 F
(The)5.494 E F4(pr)4.244 E -.15(ev)-.37 G .494(ious job).15 F F0 .494
(may be)3.224 F .787(referenced using)108 614.4 R F1<25ad>3.287 E F0
5.787(.I)C 3.287(ft)-5.787 G .787(here is only a single job,)-3.287 F F1
(%+)3.287 E F0(and)3.287 E F1<25ad>3.287 E F0 .788
(can both be used to refer to that job)3.287 F 5.788(.I)-.4 G(n)-5.788 E
.257(output pertaining to jobs \(e.g., the output of the)108 626.4 R F1
(jobs)2.756 E F0 .256(command\), the current job is al)2.756 F -.1(wa)
-.1 G .256(ys \215agged with a).1 F F1(+)2.756 E F0(,)A .41(and the pre)
108 638.4 R .41(vious job with a)-.25 F F1<ad>2.91 E F0 5.41(.A)C .411
(single % \(with no accompan)-2.5 F .411
(ying job speci\214cation\) also refers to the cur)-.15 F(-)-.2 E
(rent job)108 650.4 Q(.)-.4 E .444
(Simply naming a job can be used to bring it into the fore)108 667.2 R
(ground:)-.15 E F1(%1)2.943 E F0 .443(is a synon)2.943 F .443(ym for)
-.15 F F1 -.63(``)2.943 G .443(fg %1').63 F(')-.63 E F0 2.943(,b)C
(ringing)-2.943 E 1.472(job 1 from the background into the fore)108
679.2 R 3.972(ground. Similarly)-.15 F(,)-.65 E F1 -.63(``)3.973 G 1.473
(%1 &').63 F(')-.63 E F0 1.473(resumes job 1 in the background,)3.973 F
(equi)108 691.2 Q -.25(va)-.25 G(lent to).25 E F1 -.63(``)2.5 G(bg %1')
.63 E(')-.63 E F0(.)A .131(The shell learns immediately whene)108 708 R
-.15(ve)-.25 G 2.631(raj).15 G .131(ob changes state.)-2.631 F(Normally)
5.131 E(,)-.65 E F1(bash)2.631 E F0 -.1(wa)2.63 G .13
(its until it is about to print a).1 F .157
(prompt before reporting changes in a job')108 720 R 2.657(ss)-.55 G
.157(tatus so as to not interrupt an)-2.657 F 2.658(yo)-.15 G .158
(ther output.)-2.658 F .158(If the)5.158 F F1<ad62>2.658 E F0 .158
(option to)2.658 F(GNU Bash 4.2)72 768 Q(2012 January 29)141.79 E(33)
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/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 389.54(SH\(1\) B).35 F(ASH\(1\))
-.35 E(the)108 84 Q/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(set)3.952 E F0 -.2(bu)3.952 G
1.452(iltin command is enabled,).2 F F1(bash)3.952 E F0 1.451
(reports such changes immediately)3.952 F 6.451(.A)-.65 G 1.751 -.15
(ny t)-6.451 H 1.451(rap on).15 F/F2 9/Times-Bold@0 SF(SIGCHLD)3.951 E
F0(is)3.701 E -.15(exe)108 96 S(cuted for each child that e).15 E(xits.)
-.15 E .032(If an attempt to e)108 112.8 R(xit)-.15 E F1(bash)2.532 E F0
.032(is made while jobs are stopped \(or)2.532 F 2.533(,i)-.4 G 2.533
(ft)-2.533 G(he)-2.533 E F1(checkjobs)2.533 E F0 .033
(shell option has been enabled)2.533 F 2.02(using the)108 124.8 R F1
(shopt)4.52 E F0 -.2(bu)4.52 G 2.02
(iltin, running\), the shell prints a w).2 F 2.019
(arning message, and, if the)-.1 F F1(checkjobs)4.519 E F0 2.019
(option is)4.519 F .458(enabled, lists the jobs and their statuses.)108
136.8 R(The)5.458 E F1(jobs)2.958 E F0 .459
(command may then be used to inspect their status.)2.958 F .459(If a)
5.459 F .604(second attempt to e)108 148.8 R .604
(xit is made without an interv)-.15 F .604
(ening command, the shell does not print another w)-.15 F(arning,)-.1 E
(and an)108 160.8 Q 2.5(ys)-.15 G(topped jobs are terminated.)-2.5 E/F3
10.95/Times-Bold@0 SF(PR)72 177.6 Q(OMPTING)-.329 E F0 .644(When e)108
189.6 R -.15(xe)-.15 G .644(cuting interacti).15 F -.15(ve)-.25 G(ly).15
E(,)-.65 E F1(bash)3.144 E F0 .645(displays the primary prompt)3.145 F
F2(PS1)3.145 E F0 .645(when it is ready to read a command,)2.895 F 1.826
(and the secondary prompt)108 201.6 R F2(PS2)4.326 E F0 1.825
(when it needs more input to complete a command.)4.076 F F1(Bash)6.825 E
F0(allo)4.325 E 1.825(ws these)-.25 F 1.499(prompt strings to be custom\
ized by inserting a number of backslash-escaped special characters that\
 are)108 213.6 R(decoded as follo)108 225.6 Q(ws:)-.25 E F1(\\a)144
237.6 Q F0(an ASCII bell character \(07\))28.22 E F1(\\d)144 249.6 Q F0
(the date in "W)27.66 E(eekday Month Date" format \(e.g., "T)-.8 E
(ue May 26"\))-.45 E F1(\\D{)144 261.6 Q/F4 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(format)
A F1(})A F0(the)180 273.6 Q F4(format)3.927 E F0 1.427(is passed to)
3.927 F F4(strftime)3.927 E F0 1.427
(\(3\) and the result is inserted into the prompt string; an)B(empty)180
285.6 Q F4(format)2.5 E F0
(results in a locale-speci\214c time representation.)2.5 E
(The braces are required)5 E F1(\\e)144 297.6 Q F0
(an ASCII escape character \(033\))28.78 E F1(\\h)144 309.6 Q F0
(the hostname up to the \214rst `.)27.66 E(')-.7 E F1(\\H)144 321.6 Q F0
(the hostname)25.44 E F1(\\j)144 333.6 Q F0
(the number of jobs currently managed by the shell)29.89 E F1(\\l)144
345.6 Q F0(the basename of the shell')30.44 E 2.5(st)-.55 G(erminal de)
-2.5 E(vice name)-.25 E F1(\\n)144 357.6 Q F0(ne)27.66 E(wline)-.25 E F1
(\\r)144 369.6 Q F0(carriage return)28.78 E F1(\\s)144 381.6 Q F0
(the name of the shell, the basename of)29.33 E F1($0)2.5 E F0
(\(the portion follo)2.5 E(wing the \214nal slash\))-.25 E F1(\\t)144
393.6 Q F0(the current time in 24-hour HH:MM:SS format)29.89 E F1(\\T)
144 405.6 Q F0(the current time in 12-hour HH:MM:SS format)26.55 E F1
(\\@)144 417.6 Q F0(the current time in 12-hour am/pm format)23.92 E F1
(\\A)144 429.6 Q F0(the current time in 24-hour HH:MM format)26 E F1
(\\u)144 441.6 Q F0(the username of the current user)27.66 E F1(\\v)144
453.6 Q F0(the v)28.22 E(ersion of)-.15 E F1(bash)2.5 E F0
(\(e.g., 2.00\))2.5 E F1(\\V)144 465.6 Q F0(the release of)26 E F1(bash)
2.5 E F0 2.5(,v)C(ersion + patch le)-2.65 E -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.5(l\().15 G
(e.g., 2.00.0\))-2.5 E F1(\\w)144 477.6 Q F0 .115(the current w)26 F
.115(orking directory)-.1 F 2.615(,w)-.65 G(ith)-2.615 E F2($HOME)2.615
E F0(abbre)2.365 E .116(viated with a tilde \(uses the v)-.25 F .116
(alue of the)-.25 F F2(PR)180 489.6 Q(OMPT_DIR)-.27 E(TRIM)-.36 E F0
-.25(va)2.25 G(riable\)).25 E F1(\\W)144 501.6 Q F0
(the basename of the current w)23.22 E(orking directory)-.1 E 2.5(,w)
-.65 G(ith)-2.5 E F2($HOME)2.5 E F0(abbre)2.25 E(viated with a tilde)
-.25 E F1(\\!)144 513.6 Q F0(the history number of this command)29.89 E
F1(\\#)144 525.6 Q F0(the command number of this command)28.22 E F1(\\$)
144 537.6 Q F0(if the ef)28.22 E(fecti)-.25 E .3 -.15(ve U)-.25 H
(ID is 0, a).15 E F1(#)2.5 E F0 2.5(,o)C(therwise a)-2.5 E F1($)2.5 E
(\\)144 549.6 Q F4(nnn)A F0
(the character corresponding to the octal number)18.22 E F4(nnn)2.5 E F1
(\\\\)144 561.6 Q F0 2.5(ab)30.44 G(ackslash)-2.5 E F1(\\[)144 573.6 Q
F0(be)29.89 E 1.257(gin a sequence of non-printing characters, which co\
uld be used to embed a terminal)-.15 F(control sequence into the prompt)
180 585.6 Q F1(\\])144 597.6 Q F0
(end a sequence of non-printing characters)29.89 E .119
(The command number and the history number are usually dif)108 614.4 R
.12(ferent: the history number of a command is its)-.25 F 1.585(positio\
n in the history list, which may include commands restored from the his\
tory \214le \(see)108 626.4 R F2(HIST)4.084 E(OR)-.162 E(Y)-.315 E F0
(belo)108 638.4 Q .541(w\), while the command number is the position in\
 the sequence of commands e)-.25 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .541
(cuted during the cur).15 F(-)-.2 E .546(rent shell session.)108 650.4 R
.546(After the string is decoded, it is e)5.546 F .546
(xpanded via parameter e)-.15 F .546(xpansion, command substitu-)-.15 F
.351(tion, arithmetic e)108 662.4 R .352(xpansion, and quote remo)-.15 F
-.25(va)-.15 G .352(l, subject to the v).25 F .352(alue of the)-.25 F F1
(pr)2.852 E(omptv)-.18 E(ars)-.1 E F0 .352(shell option \(see the)2.852
F(description of the)108 674.4 Q F1(shopt)2.5 E F0(command under)2.5 E
F2(SHELL B)2.5 E(UIL)-.09 E(TIN COMMANDS)-.828 E F0(belo)2.25 E(w\).)
-.25 E F3(READLINE)72 691.2 Q F0 .151
(This is the library that handles reading input when using an interacti)
108 703.2 R .45 -.15(ve s)-.25 H .15(hell, unless the).15 F F1
(\255\255noediting)2.65 E F0(option)2.65 E 1.208(is gi)108 715.2 R -.15
(ve)-.25 G 3.708(na).15 G 3.708(ts)-3.708 G 1.208(hell in)-3.708 F -.2
(vo)-.4 G 3.708(cation. Line).2 F 1.208
(editing is also used when using the)3.708 F F1<ad65>3.709 E F0 1.209
(option to the)3.709 F F1 -.18(re)3.709 G(ad).18 E F0 -.2(bu)3.709 G
3.709(iltin. By).2 F(def)108 727.2 Q .851
(ault, the line editing commands are similar to those of Emacs.)-.1 F
3.351(Av)5.851 G .851(i-style line editing interf)-3.351 F .851
(ace is also)-.1 F(GNU Bash 4.2)72 768 Q(2012 January 29)141.79 E(34)
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/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 389.54(SH\(1\) B).35 F(ASH\(1\))
-.35 E -.2(av)108 84 S 3.35(ailable. Line)-.05 F .85
(editing can be enabled at an)3.35 F 3.35(yt)-.15 G .85(ime using the)
-3.35 F/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 SF .85(\255o emacs)3.35 F F0(or)3.35 E F1 .85
(\255o vi)3.35 F F0 .85(options to the)3.35 F F1(set)3.35 E F0 -.2(bu)
3.35 G(iltin).2 E(\(see)108 96 Q/F2 9/Times-Bold@0 SF .763(SHELL B)3.263
F(UIL)-.09 E .763(TIN COMMANDS)-.828 F F0(belo)3.013 E 3.263(w\). T)-.25
F 3.263(ot)-.8 G .763(urn of)-3.263 F 3.263(fl)-.25 G .763
(ine editing after the shell is running, use the)-3.263 F F1(+o)3.262 E
(emacs)108 108 Q F0(or)2.5 E F1(+o vi)2.5 E F0(options to the)2.5 E F1
(set)2.5 E F0 -.2(bu)2.5 G(iltin.).2 E F1(Readline Notation)87 124.8 Q
F0 .463(In this section, the Emacs-style notation is used to denote k)
108 136.8 R -.15(ey)-.1 G(strok).15 E 2.963(es. Control)-.1 F -.1(ke)
2.963 G .463(ys are denoted by C\255)-.05 F/F3 10/Times-Italic@0 SF -.1
(ke)C(y)-.2 E F0(,)A 1.153(e.g., C\255n means Control\255N.)108 148.8 R
(Similarly)6.153 E(,)-.65 E F3(meta)4.033 E F0 -.1(ke)3.913 G 1.153
(ys are denoted by M\255)-.05 F F3 -.1(ke)C(y)-.2 E F0 3.652(,s)C 3.652
(oM)-3.652 G 1.152(\255x means Meta\255X.)-3.652 F(\(On)6.152 E -.1(ke)
108 160.8 S .83(yboards without a)-.05 F F3(meta)3.71 E F0 -.1(ke)3.59 G
2.13 -.65(y, M)-.05 H<ad>.65 E F3(x)A F0 .83(means ESC)3.33 F F3(x)3.33
E F0 3.33(,i)C .831(.e., press the Escape k)-3.33 F 1.131 -.15(ey t)-.1
H .831(hen the).15 F F3(x)4.101 E F0 -.1(ke)3.861 G 4.631 -.65(y. T)-.05
H .831(his mak).65 F(es)-.1 E .6(ESC the)108 172.8 R F3 .6(meta pr)3.1 F
(e\214x)-.37 E F0 5.6(.T)C .6(he combination M\255C\255)-5.6 F F3(x)A F0
.599(means ESC\255Control\255)3.099 F F3(x)A F0 3.099(,o)C 3.099(rp)
-3.099 G .599(ress the Escape k)-3.099 F .899 -.15(ey t)-.1 H .599
(hen hold).15 F(the Control k)108 184.8 Q .3 -.15(ey w)-.1 H
(hile pressing the).15 E F3(x)3.27 E F0 -.1(ke)3.03 G -.65(y.)-.05 G(\))
.65 E .619(Readline commands may be gi)108 201.6 R -.15(ve)-.25 G 3.119
(nn).15 G(umeric)-3.119 E F3(ar)3.119 E(guments)-.37 E F0 3.119(,w).27 G
.619(hich normally act as a repeat count.)-3.119 F(Sometimes,)5.62 E(ho)
108 213.6 Q(we)-.25 E -.15(ve)-.25 G 1.419 -.4(r, i).15 H 3.119(ti).4 G
3.119(st)-3.119 G .619(he sign of the ar)-3.119 F .619
(gument that is signi\214cant.)-.18 F -.15(Pa)5.619 G .619(ssing a ne)
.15 F -.05(ga)-.15 G(ti).05 E .919 -.15(ve a)-.25 H -.18(rg).15 G .619
(ument to a command that).18 F 1.018(acts in the forw)108 225.6 R 1.018
(ard direction \(e.g.,)-.1 F F1(kill\255line)3.518 E F0 3.518(\)c)C
1.018(auses that command to act in a backw)-3.518 F 1.019
(ard direction.)-.1 F(Com-)6.019 E(mands whose beha)108 237.6 Q
(vior with ar)-.2 E(guments de)-.18 E(viates from this are noted belo)
-.25 E -.65(w.)-.25 G .812(When a command is described as)108 254.4 R F3
(killing)3.311 E F0(te)3.311 E .811(xt, the te)-.15 F .811
(xt deleted is sa)-.15 F -.15(ve)-.2 G 3.311(df).15 G .811
(or possible future retrie)-3.311 F -.25(va)-.25 G 3.311(l\().25 G F3
(yank-)-3.311 E(ing)108 266.4 Q F0 2.529(\). The)B .029(killed te)2.529
F .029(xt is sa)-.15 F -.15(ve)-.2 G 2.529(di).15 G 2.529(na)-2.529 G F3
.029(kill ring)B F0 5.029(.C)C(onsecuti)-5.029 E .329 -.15(ve k)-.25 H
.029(ills cause the te).15 F .029(xt to be accumulated into one unit,)
-.15 F .567(which can be yank)108 278.4 R .567(ed all at once.)-.1 F
.567(Commands which do not kill te)5.567 F .567
(xt separate the chunks of te)-.15 F .567(xt on the kill)-.15 F(ring.)
108 290.4 Q F1(Readline Initialization)87 307.2 Q F0 .091(Readline is c\
ustomized by putting commands in an initialization \214le \(the)108
319.2 R F3(inputr)2.591 E(c)-.37 E F0 2.591(\214le\). The)2.591 F .092
(name of this \214le)2.591 F .197(is tak)108 331.2 R .196(en from the v)
-.1 F .196(alue of the)-.25 F F2(INPUTRC)2.696 E F0 -.25(va)2.446 G
2.696(riable. If).25 F .196(that v)2.696 F .196
(ariable is unset, the def)-.25 F .196(ault is)-.1 F F3(~/.inputr)2.696
E(c)-.37 E F0 5.196(.W).31 G .196(hen a)-5.196 F 1.034(program which us\
es the readline library starts up, the initialization \214le is read, a\
nd the k)108 343.2 R 1.335 -.15(ey b)-.1 H 1.035(indings and).15 F -.25
(va)108 355.2 S 1.15(riables are set.).25 F 1.15(There are only a fe)
6.15 F 3.649(wb)-.25 G 1.149(asic constructs allo)-3.649 F 1.149
(wed in the readline initialization \214le.)-.25 F(Blank)6.149 E .736
(lines are ignored.)108 367.2 R .737(Lines be)5.737 F .737
(ginning with a)-.15 F F1(#)3.237 E F0 .737(are comments.)3.237 F .737
(Lines be)5.737 F .737(ginning with a)-.15 F F1($)3.237 E F0 .737
(indicate conditional)3.237 F 2.5(constructs. Other)108 379.2 R
(lines denote k)2.5 E .3 -.15(ey b)-.1 H(indings and v).15 E
(ariable settings.)-.25 E .987(The def)108 396 R .987(ault k)-.1 F -.15
(ey)-.1 G .987(-bindings may be changed with an).15 F F3(inputr)3.497 E
(c)-.37 E F0 3.487(\214le. Other)3.797 F .987
(programs that use this library may)3.487 F(add their o)108 408 Q
(wn commands and bindings.)-.25 E -.15(Fo)108 424.8 S 2.5(re).15 G
(xample, placing)-2.65 E(M\255Control\255u: uni)144 441.6 Q -.15(ve)-.25
G(rsal\255ar).15 E(gument)-.18 E(or)108 453.6 Q(C\255Meta\255u: uni)144
465.6 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G(rsal\255ar).15 E(gument)-.18 E(into the)108 477.6
Q F3(inputr)2.51 E(c)-.37 E F0 -.1(wo)2.81 G(uld mak).1 E 2.5(eM)-.1 G
(\255C\255u e)-2.5 E -.15(xe)-.15 G(cute the readline command).15 E F3
(univer)2.5 E(sal\255ar)-.1 E(gument)-.37 E F0(.).68 E 1.26(The follo)
108 494.4 R 1.261(wing symbolic character names are recognized:)-.25 F
F3 -.4(RU)3.761 G(BOUT).4 E F0(,)1.27 E F3(DEL)3.761 E F0(,).53 E F3
(ESC)3.761 E F0(,).72 E F3(LFD)3.761 E F0(,).28 E F3(NEWLINE)3.761 E F0
(,).73 E F3(RET)3.761 E F0(,)1.27 E F3(RETURN)108 506.4 Q F0(,)1.1 E F3
(SPC)2.5 E F0(,).72 E F3(SP)2.5 E -.3(AC)-.9 G(E).3 E F0 2.5(,a).73 G
(nd)-2.5 E F3 -.5(TA)2.5 G(B).5 E F0(.).27 E .209
(In addition to command names, readline allo)108 523.2 R .209(ws k)-.25
F -.15(ey)-.1 G 2.709(st).15 G 2.709(ob)-2.709 G 2.709(eb)-2.709 G .209
(ound to a string that is inserted when the k)-2.709 F .509 -.15(ey i)
-.1 H(s).15 E(pressed \(a)108 535.2 Q F3(macr)2.5 E(o)-.45 E F0(\).)A F1
(Readline K)87 552 Q(ey Bindings)-.25 E F0 .366
(The syntax for controlling k)108 564 R .666 -.15(ey b)-.1 H .366
(indings in the).15 F F3(inputr)2.876 E(c)-.37 E F0 .366
(\214le is simple.)3.176 F .366(All that is required is the name of the)
5.366 F .383(command or the te)108 576 R .383(xt of a macro and a k)-.15
F .683 -.15(ey s)-.1 H .383
(equence to which it should be bound. The name may be speci-).15 F .853
(\214ed in one of tw)108 588 R 3.353(ow)-.1 G .853(ays: as a symbolic k)
-3.453 F 1.153 -.15(ey n)-.1 H .853(ame, possibly with).15 F F3
(Meta\255)3.353 E F0(or)3.353 E F3(Contr)3.353 E(ol\255)-.45 E F0
(pre\214x)3.353 E .853(es, or as a k)-.15 F -.15(ey)-.1 G(sequence.)108
600 Q 1.542(When using the form)108 616.8 R F1 -.1(ke)4.042 G(yname).1 E
F0(:)A F3(function\255name).833 E F0(or)4.042 E F3(macr)4.042 E(o)-.45 E
F0(,)A F3 -.1(ke)4.042 G(yname)-.2 E F0 1.542(is the name of a k)4.222 F
1.841 -.15(ey s)-.1 H 1.541(pelled out in).15 F 2.5(English. F)108 628.8
R(or e)-.15 E(xample:)-.15 E(Control-u: uni)144 652.8 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G
(rsal\255ar).15 E(gument)-.18 E(Meta-Rubout: backw)144 664.8 Q
(ard-kill-w)-.1 E(ord)-.1 E(Control-o: "> output")144 676.8 Q .698
(In the abo)108 693.6 R .998 -.15(ve ex)-.15 H(ample,).15 E F3(C\255u)
3.038 E F0 .698(is bound to the function)3.448 F F1(uni)3.198 E -.1(ve)
-.1 G(rsal\255ar).1 E(gument)-.1 E F0(,)A F3(M\255DEL)3.878 E F0 .698
(is bound to the func-)3.728 F(tion)108 705.6 Q F1
(backward\255kill\255w)2.759 E(ord)-.1 E F0 2.759(,a)C(nd)-2.759 E F3
(C\255o)2.599 E F0 .258(is bound to run the macro e)2.939 F .258
(xpressed on the right hand side \(that is, to)-.15 F(insert the te)108
717.6 Q(xt)-.15 E/F4 10/Courier@0 SF 6(>o)2.5 G(utput)-6 E F0
(into the line\).)2.5 E(GNU Bash 4.2)72 768 Q(2012 January 29)141.79 E
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/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 389.54(SH\(1\) B).35 F(ASH\(1\))
-.35 E .055(In the second form,)108 84 R/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 SF("k)2.555
E(eyseq")-.1 E F0(:)A/F2 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(function\255name).833 E F0
(or)2.555 E F2(macr)2.555 E(o)-.45 E F0(,)A F1 -.1(ke)2.555 G(yseq).1 E
F0(dif)2.556 E .056(fers from)-.25 F F1 -.1(ke)2.556 G(yname).1 E F0
(abo)2.556 E .356 -.15(ve i)-.15 H 2.556(nt).15 G .056(hat strings)
-2.556 F 1.284(denoting an entire k)108 96 R 1.584 -.15(ey s)-.1 H 1.284
(equence may be speci\214ed by placing the sequence within double quote\
s.).15 F(Some)6.284 E .385(GNU Emacs style k)108 108 R .685 -.15(ey e)
-.1 H .385(scapes can be used, as in the follo).15 F .385(wing e)-.25 F
.386(xample, b)-.15 F .386(ut the symbolic character names)-.2 F
(are not recognized.)108 120 Q("\\C\255u": uni)144 144 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G
(rsal\255ar).15 E(gument)-.18 E
("\\C\255x\\C\255r": re\255read\255init\255\214le)144 156 Q
("\\e[11~": "Function K)144 168 Q .3 -.15(ey 1)-.25 H(").15 E .315
(In this e)108 184.8 R(xample,)-.15 E F2(C\255u)2.655 E F0 .315(is ag)
3.065 F .315(ain bound to the function)-.05 F F1(uni)2.815 E -.1(ve)-.1
G(rsal\255ar).1 E(gument)-.1 E F0(.)A F2 .315(C\255x C\255r)5.155 F F0
.314(is bound to the func-)3.544 F(tion)108 196.8 Q F1 -.18(re)2.5 G
<ad72>.18 E(ead\255init\255\214le)-.18 E F0 2.5(,a)C(nd)-2.5 E F2
(ESC [ 1 1 ~)3.01 E F0(is bound to insert the te)3.94 E(xt)-.15 E/F3 10
/Courier@0 SF(Function Key 1)2.5 E F0(.)A
(The full set of GNU Emacs style escape sequences is)108 213.6 Q F1
<5c43ad>144 225.6 Q F0(control pre\214x)20.3 E F1<5c4dad>144 237.6 Q F0
(meta pre\214x)18.08 E F1(\\e)144 249.6 Q F0(an escape character)28.78 E
F1(\\\\)144 261.6 Q F0(backslash)30.44 E F1(\\")144 273.6 Q F0
(literal ")27.67 E F1<5c08>144 285.6 Q F0(literal \010)30.44 E(In addit\
ion to the GNU Emacs style escape sequences, a second set of backslash \
escapes is a)108 302.4 Q -.25(va)-.2 G(ilable:).25 E F1(\\a)144 314.4 Q
F0(alert \(bell\))28.22 E F1(\\b)144 326.4 Q F0(backspace)27.66 E F1
(\\d)144 338.4 Q F0(delete)27.66 E F1(\\f)144 350.4 Q F0(form feed)29.89
E F1(\\n)144 362.4 Q F0(ne)27.66 E(wline)-.25 E F1(\\r)144 374.4 Q F0
(carriage return)28.78 E F1(\\t)144 386.4 Q F0(horizontal tab)29.89 E F1
(\\v)144 398.4 Q F0 -.15(ve)28.22 G(rtical tab).15 E F1(\\)144 410.4 Q
F2(nnn)A F0(the eight-bit character whose v)18.22 E(alue is the octal v)
-.25 E(alue)-.25 E F2(nnn)2.5 E F0(\(one to three digits\))2.5 E F1(\\x)
144 422.4 Q F2(HH)A F0(the eight-bit character whose v)13.78 E
(alue is the he)-.25 E(xadecimal v)-.15 E(alue)-.25 E F2(HH)2.5 E F0
(\(one or tw)2.5 E 2.5(oh)-.1 G .3 -.15(ex d)-2.5 H(igits\)).15 E 1.141
(When entering the te)108 439.2 R 1.141(xt of a macro, single or double\
 quotes must be used to indicate a macro de\214nition.)-.15 F .09
(Unquoted te)108 451.2 R .09(xt is assumed to be a function name.)-.15 F
.089(In the macro body)5.089 F 2.589(,t)-.65 G .089
(he backslash escapes described abo)-2.589 F -.15(ve)-.15 G(are e)108
463.2 Q 2.5(xpanded. Backslash)-.15 F(will quote an)2.5 E 2.5(yo)-.15 G
(ther character in the macro te)-2.5 E(xt, including " and \010.)-.15 E
F1(Bash)108 480 Q F0(allo)2.929 E .429(ws the current readline k)-.25 F
.729 -.15(ey b)-.1 H .429
(indings to be displayed or modi\214ed with the).15 F F1(bind)2.93 E F0
-.2(bu)2.93 G .43(iltin command.).2 F .046
(The editing mode may be switched during interacti)108 492 R .346 -.15
(ve u)-.25 H .046(se by using the).15 F F1<ad6f>2.545 E F0 .045
(option to the)2.545 F F1(set)2.545 E F0 -.2(bu)2.545 G .045
(iltin command).2 F(\(see)108 504 Q/F4 9/Times-Bold@0 SF(SHELL B)2.5 E
(UIL)-.09 E(TIN COMMANDS)-.828 E F0(belo)2.25 E(w\).)-.25 E F1
(Readline V)87 520.8 Q(ariables)-.92 E F0 .043(Readline has v)108 532.8
R .043(ariables that can be used to further customize its beha)-.25 F
(vior)-.2 E 5.043(.A)-.55 G -.25(va)-2.5 G .043
(riable may be set in the).25 F F2(inpu-)2.554 E(tr)108 544.8 Q(c)-.37 E
F0(\214le with a statement of the form)2.81 E F1(set)144 561.6 Q F2
(variable\255name value)2.5 E F0 .79(Except where noted, readline v)108
578.4 R .79(ariables can tak)-.25 F 3.29(et)-.1 G .79(he v)-3.29 F
(alues)-.25 E F1(On)3.29 E F0(or)3.29 E F1(Off)3.29 E F0 .79
(\(without re)3.29 F -.05(ga)-.15 G .79(rd to case\).).05 F(Unrecog-)
5.79 E .448(nized v)108 590.4 R .448(ariable names are ignored.)-.25 F
.448(When a v)5.448 F .448(ariable v)-.25 F .448
(alue is read, empty or null v)-.25 F .449(alues, "on" \(case-insensi-)
-.25 F(ti)108 602.4 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G .468(\), and "1" are equi).15 F
-.25(va)-.25 G .468(lent to).25 F F1(On)2.968 E F0 5.468(.A)C .468
(ll other v)-5.468 F .468(alues are equi)-.25 F -.25(va)-.25 G .468
(lent to).25 F F1(Off)2.968 E F0 5.468(.T)C .467(he v)-5.468 F .467
(ariables and their def)-.25 F(ault)-.1 E -.25(va)108 614.4 S(lues are:)
.25 E F1(bell\255style \(audible\))108 631.2 Q F0 .01
(Controls what happens when readline w)144 643.2 R .011
(ants to ring the terminal bell.)-.1 F .011(If set to)5.011 F F1(none)
2.511 E F0 2.511(,r)C .011(eadline ne)-2.511 F -.15(ve)-.25 G(r).15 E
.94(rings the bell.)144 655.2 R .94(If set to)5.94 F F1(visible)3.44 E
F0 3.44(,r)C .94(eadline uses a visible bell if one is a)-3.44 F -.25
(va)-.2 G 3.44(ilable. If).25 F .94(set to)3.44 F F1(audible)3.44 E F0
(,)A(readline attempts to ring the terminal')144 667.2 Q 2.5(sb)-.55 G
(ell.)-2.5 E F1(bind\255tty\255special\255chars \(On\))108 679.2 Q F0
.055(If set to)144 691.2 R F1(On)2.555 E F0 2.555(,r)C .056(eadline att\
empts to bind the control characters treated specially by the k)-2.555 F
(ernel')-.1 E 2.556(st)-.55 G(ermi-)-2.556 E(nal dri)144 703.2 Q -.15
(ve)-.25 G 2.5(rt).15 G 2.5(ot)-2.5 G(heir readline equi)-2.5 E -.25(va)
-.25 G(lents.).25 E(GNU Bash 4.2)72 768 Q(2012 January 29)141.79 E(36)
190.95 E 0 Cg EP
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/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 389.54(SH\(1\) B).35 F(ASH\(1\))
-.35 E/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(color)108 84 Q(ed\255stats \(Off\))-.18 E
F0 1.58(If set to)144 96 R F1(On)4.08 E F0 4.08(,r)C 1.579
(eadline displays possible completions using dif)-4.08 F 1.579
(ferent colors to indicate their \214le)-.25 F 2.5(type. The)144 108 R
(color de\214nitions are tak)2.5 E(en from the v)-.1 E(alue of the)-.25
E F1(LS_COLORS)2.5 E F0(en)2.5 E(vironment v)-.4 E(ariable.)-.25 E F1
(comment\255begin \(`)108 120 Q(`#')-.63 E('\))-.63 E F0 .884
(The string that is inserted when the readline)144 132 R F1
(insert\255comment)3.385 E F0 .885(command is e)3.385 F -.15(xe)-.15 G
3.385(cuted. This).15 F(com-)3.385 E(mand is bound to)144 144 Q F1
(M\255#)2.5 E F0(in emacs mode and to)2.5 E F1(#)2.5 E F0
(in vi command mode.)2.5 E F1(completion\255ignor)108 156 Q
(e\255case \(Off\))-.18 E F0(If set to)144 168 Q F1(On)2.5 E F0 2.5(,r)C
(eadline performs \214lename matching and completion in a case\255insen\
siti)-2.5 E .3 -.15(ve f)-.25 H(ashion.).05 E F1(completion\255pr)108
180 Q(e\214x\255display\255length \(0\))-.18 E F0 .829(The length in ch\
aracters of the common pre\214x of a list of possible completions that \
is displayed)144 192 R 1.274(without modi\214cation.)144 204 R 1.274
(When set to a v)6.274 F 1.274(alue greater than zero, common pre\214x)
-.25 F 1.275(es longer than this)-.15 F -.25(va)144 216 S(lue are repla\
ced with an ellipsis when displaying possible completions.).25 E F1
(completion\255query\255items \(100\))108 228 Q F0 .53
(This determines when the user is queried about vie)144 240 R .529
(wing the number of possible completions gen-)-.25 F .56(erated by the)
144 252 R F1(possible\255completions)3.06 E F0 3.06(command. It)3.06 F
.561(may be set to an)3.061 F 3.061(yi)-.15 G(nte)-3.061 E .561(ger v)
-.15 F .561(alue greater than or)-.25 F .783(equal to zero.)144 264 R
.783(If the number of possible completions is greater than or equal to \
the v)5.783 F .782(alue of this)-.25 F -.25(va)144 276 S .237
(riable, the user is ask).25 F .237(ed whether or not he wishes to vie)
-.1 F 2.737(wt)-.25 G .237(hem; otherwise the)-2.737 F 2.737(ya)-.15 G
.237(re simply listed)-2.737 F(on the terminal.)144 288 Q F1(con)108 300
Q -.1(ve)-.4 G(rt\255meta \(On\)).1 E F0 .613(If set to)144 312 R F1(On)
3.113 E F0 3.113(,r)C .613(eadline will con)-3.113 F -.15(ve)-.4 G .613
(rt characters with the eighth bit set to an ASCII k).15 F .912 -.15
(ey s)-.1 H .612(equence by).15 F .541
(stripping the eighth bit and pre\214xing an escape character \(in ef)
144 324 R .541(fect, using escape as the)-.25 F/F2 10/Times-Italic@0 SF
.542(meta pr)3.042 F(e-)-.37 E<8c78>144 336 Q F0(\).)A F1
(disable\255completion \(Off\))108 348 Q F0 .038(If set to)144 360 R F1
(On)2.538 E F0 2.538(,r)C .038(eadline will inhibit w)-2.538 F .038
(ord completion.)-.1 F .038
(Completion characters will be inserted into the)5.038 F(line as if the)
144 372 Q 2.5(yh)-.15 G(ad been mapped to)-2.5 E F1(self-insert)2.5 E F0
(.)A F1(editing\255mode \(emacs\))108 384 Q F0 .141
(Controls whether readline be)144 396 R .141(gins with a set of k)-.15 F
.441 -.15(ey b)-.1 H .141(indings similar to).15 F F2(Emacs)2.642 E F0
(or)2.642 E F2(vi)2.642 E F0(.)A F1(editing\255mode)5.142 E F0
(can be set to either)144 408 Q F1(emacs)2.5 E F0(or)2.5 E F1(vi)2.5 E
F0(.)A F1(echo\255contr)108 420 Q(ol\255characters \(On\))-.18 E F0
1.211(When set to)144 432 R F1(On)3.711 E F0 3.711(,o)C 3.711(no)-3.711
G 1.211(perating systems that indicate the)-3.711 F 3.711(ys)-.15 G 1.21
(upport it, readline echoes a character)-3.711 F
(corresponding to a signal generated from the k)144 444 Q -.15(ey)-.1 G
(board.).15 E F1(enable\255k)108 456 Q(eypad \(Off\))-.1 E F0 .892
(When set to)144 468 R F1(On)3.393 E F0 3.393(,r)C .893
(eadline will try to enable the application k)-3.393 F -.15(ey)-.1 G
.893(pad when it is called.).15 F .893(Some sys-)5.893 F
(tems need this to enable the arro)144 480 Q 2.5(wk)-.25 G -.15(ey)-2.6
G(s.).15 E F1(enable\255meta\255k)108 492 Q(ey \(On\))-.1 E F0 .64
(When set to)144 504 R F1(On)3.14 E F0 3.14(,r)C .64
(eadline will try to enable an)-3.14 F 3.14(ym)-.15 G .64
(eta modi\214er k)-3.14 F .94 -.15(ey t)-.1 H .64
(he terminal claims to support).15 F(when it is called.)144 516 Q
(On man)5 E 2.5(yt)-.15 G(erminals, the meta k)-2.5 E .3 -.15(ey i)-.1 H
2.5(su).15 G(sed to send eight-bit characters.)-2.5 E F1
(expand\255tilde \(Off\))108 528 Q F0(If set to)144 540 Q F1(On)2.5 E F0
2.5(,t)C(ilde e)-2.5 E(xpansion is performed when readline attempts w)
-.15 E(ord completion.)-.1 E F1(history\255pr)108 552 Q(eser)-.18 E -.1
(ve)-.1 G(\255point \(Off\)).1 E F0 1.338(If set to)144 564 R F1(On)
3.838 E F0 3.838(,t)C 1.338(he history code attempts to place point at \
the same location on each history line)-3.838 F(retrie)144 576 Q -.15
(ve)-.25 G 2.5(dw).15 G(ith)-2.5 E F1(pr)2.5 E -.15(ev)-.18 G
(ious-history).15 E F0(or)2.5 E F1(next-history)2.5 E F0(.)A F1
(history\255size \(0\))108 588 Q F0 .463
(Set the maximum number of history entries sa)144 600 R -.15(ve)-.2 G
2.963(di).15 G 2.963(nt)-2.963 G .463(he history list.)-2.963 F .462
(If set to zero, the number of)5.463 F
(entries in the history list is not limited.)144 612 Q F1
(horizontal\255scr)108 624 Q(oll\255mode \(Off\))-.18 E F0 .448
(When set to)144 636 R F1(On)2.948 E F0 2.948(,m)C(ak)-2.948 E .448
(es readline use a single line for display)-.1 F 2.948(,s)-.65 G .449
(crolling the input horizontally on a)-2.948 F 1.194(single screen line\
 when it becomes longer than the screen width rather than wrapping to a\
 ne)144 648 R(w)-.25 E(line.)144 660 Q F1(input\255meta \(Off\))108 672
Q F0 .227(If set to)144 684 R F1(On)2.727 E F0 2.727(,r)C .228(eadline \
will enable eight-bit input \(that is, it will not strip the high bit f\
rom the char)-2.727 F(-)-.2 E .957(acters it reads\), re)144 696 R -.05
(ga)-.15 G .956(rdless of what the terminal claims it can support.).05 F
.956(The name)5.956 F F1(meta\255\215ag)3.456 E F0 .956(is a)3.456 F
(synon)144 708 Q(ym for this v)-.15 E(ariable.)-.25 E(GNU Bash 4.2)72
768 Q(2012 January 29)141.79 E(37)190.95 E 0 Cg EP
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/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 389.54(SH\(1\) B).35 F(ASH\(1\))
-.35 E/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(isear)108 84 Q(ch\255terminators \(`)-.18 E
(`C\255[C\255J')-.63 E('\))-.63 E F0 .439(The string of characters that\
 should terminate an incremental search without subsequently e)144 96 R
-.15(xe)-.15 G(cut-).15 E .935(ing the character as a command.)144 108 R
.935(If this v)5.935 F .935(ariable has not been gi)-.25 F -.15(ve)-.25
G 3.434(nav).15 G .934(alue, the characters)-3.684 F/F2 10
/Times-Italic@0 SF(ESC)3.434 E F0(and)144 120 Q F2(C\255J)2.5 E F0
(will terminate an incremental search.)2.5 E F1 -.1(ke)108 132 S
(ymap \(emacs\)).1 E F0 2.02(Set the current readline k)144 144 R -.15
(ey)-.1 G 4.521(map. The).15 F 2.021(set of v)4.521 F 2.021(alid k)-.25
F -.15(ey)-.1 G 2.021(map names is).15 F F2 2.021
(emacs, emacs\255standar)4.521 F(d,)-.37 E .069
(emacs\255meta, emacs\255ctlx, vi, vi\255command)144 156 R F0 2.568(,a)C
(nd)-2.568 E F2(vi\255insert)2.568 E F0(.).68 E F2(vi)5.068 E F0 .068
(is equi)2.568 F -.25(va)-.25 G .068(lent to).25 F F2(vi\255command)
2.568 E F0(;)A F2(emacs)2.568 E F0 1.543(is equi)144 168 R -.25(va)-.25
G 1.543(lent to).25 F F2(emacs\255standar)4.044 E(d)-.37 E F0 6.544(.T)C
1.544(he def)-6.544 F 1.544(ault v)-.1 F 1.544(alue is)-.25 F F2(emacs)
4.044 E F0 4.044(;t).27 G 1.544(he v)-4.044 F 1.544(alue of)-.25 F F1
(editing\255mode)4.044 E F0(also)4.044 E(af)144 180 Q(fects the def)-.25
E(ault k)-.1 E -.15(ey)-.1 G(map.).15 E F1(mark\255dir)108 192 Q
(ectories \(On\))-.18 E F0(If set to)144 204 Q F1(On)2.5 E F0 2.5(,c)C
(ompleted directory names ha)-2.5 E .3 -.15(ve a s)-.2 H(lash appended.)
.15 E F1(mark\255modi\214ed\255lines \(Off\))108 216 Q F0(If set to)144
228 Q F1(On)2.5 E F0 2.5(,h)C(istory lines that ha)-2.5 E .3 -.15(ve b)
-.2 H(een modi\214ed are displayed with a preceding asterisk \().15 E F1
(*)A F0(\).)A F1(mark\255symlink)108 240 Q(ed\255dir)-.1 E
(ectories \(Off\))-.18 E F0 .175(If set to)144 252 R F1(On)2.675 E F0
2.675(,c)C .175
(ompleted names which are symbolic links to directories ha)-2.675 F .475
-.15(ve a s)-.2 H .175(lash appended \(sub-).15 F(ject to the v)144 264
Q(alue of)-.25 E F1(mark\255dir)2.5 E(ectories)-.18 E F0(\).)A F1
(match\255hidden\255\214les \(On\))108 276 Q F0 .192(This v)144 288 R
.192(ariable, when set to)-.25 F F1(On)2.692 E F0 2.692(,c)C .192
(auses readline to match \214les whose names be)-2.692 F .193
(gin with a `.)-.15 F 2.693('\()-.7 G(hidden)-2.693 E .457
(\214les\) when performing \214lename completion.)144 300 R .456
(If set to)5.456 F F1(Off)2.956 E F0 2.956(,t)C .456(he leading `.)
-2.956 F 2.956('m)-.7 G .456(ust be supplied by the)-2.956 F
(user in the \214lename to be completed.)144 312 Q F1
(menu\255complete\255display\255pr)108 324 Q(e\214x \(Off\))-.18 E F0
1.585(If set to)144 336 R F1(On)4.085 E F0 4.085(,m)C 1.585(enu complet\
ion displays the common pre\214x of the list of possible completions)
-4.085 F(\(which may be empty\) before c)144 348 Q
(ycling through the list.)-.15 E F1(output\255meta \(Off\))108 360 Q F0
.507(If set to)144 372 R F1(On)3.007 E F0 3.007(,r)C .507(eadline will \
display characters with the eighth bit set directly rather than as a me\
ta-)-3.007 F(pre\214x)144 384 Q(ed escape sequence.)-.15 E F1
(page\255completions \(On\))108 396 Q F0 .808(If set to)144 408 R F1(On)
3.308 E F0 3.308(,r)C .808(eadline uses an internal)-3.308 F F2(mor)
3.308 E(e)-.37 E F0(-lik)A 3.308(ep)-.1 G .808
(ager to display a screenful of possible comple-)-3.308 F
(tions at a time.)144 420 Q F1
(print\255completions\255horizontally \(Off\))108 432 Q F0 1.319
(If set to)144 444 R F1(On)3.819 E F0 3.819(,r)C 1.318(eadline will dis\
play completions with matches sorted horizontally in alphabetical)-3.819
F(order)144 456 Q 2.5(,r)-.4 G(ather than do)-2.5 E(wn the screen.)-.25
E F1 -2.29 -.18(re v)108 468 T(ert\255all\255at\255newline \(Off\)).08 E
F0 .698(If set to)144 480 R F1(On)3.198 E F0 3.198(,r)C .699
(eadline will undo all changes to history lines before returning when)
-3.198 F F1(accept\255line)3.199 E F0(is)3.199 E -.15(exe)144 492 S
2.686(cuted. By).15 F(def)2.686 E .186
(ault, history lines may be modi\214ed and retain indi)-.1 F .186
(vidual undo lists across calls to)-.25 F F1 -.18(re)144 504 S(adline)
.18 E F0(.)A F1(sho)108 516 Q(w\255all\255if\255ambiguous \(Off\))-.1 E
F0 .303(This alters the def)144 528 R .303(ault beha)-.1 F .304
(vior of the completion functions.)-.2 F .304(If set to)5.304 F F1(On)
2.804 E F0 2.804(,w)C .304(ords which ha)-2.904 F .604 -.15(ve m)-.2 H
(ore).15 E 1.264(than one possible completion cause the matches to be l\
isted immediately instead of ringing the)144 540 R(bell.)144 552 Q F1
(sho)108 564 Q(w\255all\255if\255unmodi\214ed \(Off\))-.1 E F0 5.345
(This alters the def)144 576 R 5.345(ault beha)-.1 F 5.345
(vior of the completion functions in a f)-.2 F 5.346(ashion similar to)
-.1 F F1(sho)144 588 Q(w\255all\255if\255ambiguous)-.1 E F0 6.691(.I)C
4.191(fs)-6.691 G 1.691(et to)-4.191 F F1(On)4.191 E F0 4.191(,w)C 1.691
(ords which ha)-4.291 F 1.991 -.15(ve m)-.2 H 1.691
(ore than one possible completion).15 F 1.039(without an)144 600 R 3.539
(yp)-.15 G 1.039
(ossible partial completion \(the possible completions don')-3.539 F
3.539(ts)-.18 G 1.04(hare a common pre\214x\))-3.539 F(cause the matche\
s to be listed immediately instead of ringing the bell.)144 612 Q F1
(skip\255completed\255text \(Off\))108 624 Q F0 .095(If set to)144 636 R
F1(On)2.595 E F0 2.595(,t)C .095(his alters the def)-2.595 F .095
(ault completion beha)-.1 F .094
(vior when inserting a single match into the line.)-.2 F(It')144 648 Q
2.545(so)-.55 G .045(nly acti)-2.545 F .345 -.15(ve w)-.25 H .046
(hen performing completion in the middle of a w).15 F 2.546(ord. If)-.1
F .046(enabled, readline does not)2.546 F 1.394(insert characters from \
the completion that match characters after point in the w)144 660 R
1.394(ord being com-)-.1 F(pleted, so portions of the w)144 672 Q
(ord follo)-.1 E(wing the cursor are not duplicated.)-.25 E F1
(visible\255stats \(Off\))108 684 Q F0 .846(If set to)144 696 R F1(On)
3.346 E F0 3.346(,ac)C .846(haracter denoting a \214le')-3.346 F 3.346
(st)-.55 G .846(ype as reported by)-3.346 F F2(stat)3.346 E F0 .846
(\(2\) is appended to the \214lename)B
(when listing possible completions.)144 708 Q(GNU Bash 4.2)72 768 Q
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/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 389.54(SH\(1\) B).35 F(ASH\(1\))
-.35 E/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(Readline Conditional Constructs)87 84 Q F0
.05(Readline implements a f)108 96 R .05(acility similar in spirit to t\
he conditional compilation features of the C preprocessor)-.1 F .096
(which allo)108 108 R .096(ws k)-.25 F .396 -.15(ey b)-.1 H .096
(indings and v).15 F .096
(ariable settings to be performed as the result of tests.)-.25 F .097
(There are four parser)5.096 F(directi)108 120 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.5(su)
.15 G(sed.)-2.5 E F1($if)108 136.8 Q F0(The)24.89 E F1($if)2.963 E F0
.463(construct allo)2.963 F .462(ws bindings to be made based on the ed\
iting mode, the terminal being used,)-.25 F .477
(or the application using readline.)144 148.8 R .477(The te)5.477 F .477
(xt of the test e)-.15 F .477
(xtends to the end of the line; no characters)-.15 F
(are required to isolate it.)144 160.8 Q F1(mode)144 177.6 Q F0(The)
12.67 E F1(mode=)3.712 E F0 1.212(form of the)3.712 F F1($if)3.711 E F0
(directi)3.711 E 1.511 -.15(ve i)-.25 H 3.711(su).15 G 1.211
(sed to test whether readline is in emacs or vi)-3.711 F 3.065
(mode. This)180 189.6 R .565(may be used in conjunction with the)3.065 F
F1 .565(set k)3.065 F(eymap)-.1 E F0 .565(command, for instance, to)
3.065 F .735(set bindings in the)180 201.6 R/F2 10/Times-Italic@0 SF
(emacs\255standar)3.235 E(d)-.37 E F0(and)3.235 E F2(emacs\255ctlx)3.235
E F0 -.1(ke)3.235 G .735(ymaps only if readline is starting)-.05 F
(out in emacs mode.)180 213.6 Q F1(term)144 230.4 Q F0(The)15.46 E F1
(term=)3.196 E F0 .696
(form may be used to include terminal-speci\214c k)3.196 F .996 -.15
(ey b)-.1 H .697(indings, perhaps to bind).15 F .654(the k)180 242.4 R
.954 -.15(ey s)-.1 H .654(equences output by the terminal').15 F 3.154
(sf)-.55 G .654(unction k)-3.154 F -.15(ey)-.1 G 3.154(s. The).15 F -.1
(wo)3.154 G .654(rd on the right side of).1 F(the)180 254.4 Q F1(=)3.231
E F0 .731(is tested ag)3.231 F .732(ainst the both full name of the ter\
minal and the portion of the terminal)-.05 F(name before the \214rst)180
266.4 Q F1<ad>2.5 E F0 5(.T)C(his allo)-5 E(ws)-.25 E F2(sun)2.84 E F0
(to match both)2.74 E F2(sun)2.84 E F0(and)2.74 E F2(sun\255cmd)2.5 E F0
2.5(,f).77 G(or instance.)-2.5 E F1(application)144 283.2 Q F0(The)180
295.2 Q F1(application)3.003 E F0 .503
(construct is used to include application-speci\214c settings.)3.003 F
.503(Each program)5.503 F .114(using the readline library sets the)180
307.2 R F2 .114(application name)2.614 F F0 2.614(,a)C .114
(nd an initialization \214le can test for a)-2.614 F .501(particular v)
180 319.2 R 3.001(alue. This)-.25 F .501(could be used to bind k)3.001 F
.801 -.15(ey s)-.1 H .5(equences to functions useful for a spe-).15 F
.396(ci\214c program.)180 331.2 R -.15(Fo)5.396 G 2.896(ri).15 G .396
(nstance, the follo)-2.896 F .396(wing command adds a k)-.25 F .696 -.15
(ey s)-.1 H .397(equence that quotes the).15 F(current or pre)180 343.2
Q(vious w)-.25 E(ord in)-.1 E F1(bash)2.5 E F0(:)A F1($if)180 367.2 Q F0
(Bash)2.5 E 2.5(#Q)180 379.2 S(uote the current or pre)-2.5 E(vious w)
-.25 E(ord)-.1 E("\\C\255xq": "\\eb\\"\\ef\\"")180 391.2 Q F1($endif)180
403.2 Q($endif)108 420 Q F0(This command, as seen in the pre)9.33 E
(vious e)-.25 E(xample, terminates an)-.15 E F1($if)2.5 E F0(command.)
2.5 E F1($else)108 436.8 Q F0(Commands in this branch of the)15.45 E F1
($if)2.5 E F0(directi)2.5 E .3 -.15(ve a)-.25 H(re e).15 E -.15(xe)-.15
G(cuted if the test f).15 E(ails.)-.1 E F1($include)108 453.6 Q F0 .357
(This directi)144 465.6 R .657 -.15(ve t)-.25 H(ak).15 E .357
(es a single \214lename as an ar)-.1 F .356
(gument and reads commands and bindings from that)-.18 F 2.5(\214le. F)
144 477.6 R(or e)-.15 E(xample, the follo)-.15 E(wing directi)-.25 E .3
-.15(ve w)-.25 H(ould read).05 E F2(/etc/inputr)2.5 E(c)-.37 E F0(:)A F1
($include)144 501.6 Q F2(/etc/inputr)5.833 E(c)-.37 E F1(Sear)87 518.4 Q
(ching)-.18 E F0 .834(Readline pro)108 530.4 R .834
(vides commands for searching through the command history \(see)-.15 F
/F3 9/Times-Bold@0 SF(HIST)3.335 E(OR)-.162 E(Y)-.315 E F0(belo)3.085 E
.835(w\) for lines)-.25 F(containing a speci\214ed string.)108 542.4 Q
(There are tw)5 E 2.5(os)-.1 G(earch modes:)-2.5 E F2(incr)2.51 E
(emental)-.37 E F0(and)3.01 E F2(non-incr)2.5 E(emental)-.37 E F0(.).51
E .698(Incremental searches be)108 559.2 R .698
(gin before the user has \214nished typing the search string.)-.15 F
.697(As each character of the)5.697 F .112
(search string is typed, readline displays the ne)108 571.2 R .112
(xt entry from the history matching the string typed so f)-.15 F(ar)-.1
E 5.113(.A)-.55 G(n)-5.113 E .542
(incremental search requires only as man)108 583.2 R 3.042(yc)-.15 G
.542(haracters as needed to \214nd the desired history entry)-3.042 F
5.541(.T)-.65 G .541(he char)-5.541 F(-)-.2 E .224
(acters present in the v)108 595.2 R .224(alue of the)-.25 F F1(isear)
2.724 E(ch-terminators)-.18 E F0 -.25(va)2.724 G .224
(riable are used to terminate an incremental search.).25 F .66
(If that v)108 607.2 R .66(ariable has not been assigned a v)-.25 F .66
(alue the Escape and Control-J characters will terminate an incre-)-.25
F .096(mental search.)108 619.2 R .096(Control-G will abort an incremen\
tal search and restore the original line.)5.096 F .097
(When the search is)5.097 F(terminated, the history entry containing th\
e search string becomes the current line.)108 631.2 Q 2.939 -.8(To \214)
108 648 T 1.339(nd other matching entries in the history list, type Con\
trol-S or Control-R as appropriate.).8 F 1.338(This will)6.338 F .674
(search backw)108 660 R .674(ard or forw)-.1 F .674
(ard in the history for the ne)-.1 F .675
(xt entry matching the search string typed so f)-.15 F(ar)-.1 E 5.675
(.A)-.55 G -.15(ny)-5.675 G .175(other k)108 672 R .475 -.15(ey s)-.1 H
.174
(equence bound to a readline command will terminate the search and e).15
F -.15(xe)-.15 G .174(cute that command.).15 F -.15(Fo)5.174 G(r).15 E
.54(instance, a)108 684 R F2(ne)3.04 E(wline)-.15 E F0 .541
(will terminate the search and accept the line, thereby e)3.04 F -.15
(xe)-.15 G .541(cuting the command from the).15 F(history list.)108 696
Q .653(Readline remembers the last incremental search string.)108 712.8
R .653(If tw)5.653 F 3.153(oC)-.1 G .653(ontrol-Rs are typed without an)
-3.153 F 3.152(yi)-.15 G(nterv)-3.152 E(en-)-.15 E
(ing characters de\214ning a ne)108 724.8 Q 2.5(ws)-.25 G
(earch string, an)-2.5 E 2.5(yr)-.15 G(emembered search string is used.)
-2.5 E(GNU Bash 4.2)72 768 Q(2012 January 29)141.79 E(39)190.95 E 0 Cg
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/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 389.54(SH\(1\) B).35 F(ASH\(1\))
-.35 E .567(Non-incremental searches read the entire search string befo\
re starting to search for matching history lines.)108 84 R(The search s\
tring may be typed by the user or be part of the contents of the curren\
t line.)108 96 Q/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(Readline Command Names)87 112.8 Q
F0 1.392(The follo)108 124.8 R 1.391
(wing is a list of the names of the commands and the def)-.25 F 1.391
(ault k)-.1 F 1.691 -.15(ey s)-.1 H 1.391(equences to which the).15 F
3.891(ya)-.15 G(re)-3.891 E 2.621(bound. Command)108 136.8 R .121
(names without an accompan)2.621 F .121(ying k)-.15 F .421 -.15(ey s)-.1
H .122(equence are unbound by def).15 F 2.622(ault. In)-.1 F .122
(the follo)2.622 F(wing)-.25 E(descriptions,)108 148.8 Q/F2 10
/Times-Italic@0 SF(point)3.411 E F0 .911
(refers to the current cursor position, and)3.411 F F2(mark)3.411 E F0
.91(refers to a cursor position sa)3.411 F -.15(ve)-.2 G 3.41(db).15 G
3.41(yt)-3.41 G(he)-3.41 E F1(set\255mark)108 160.8 Q F0 2.5
(command. The)2.5 F(te)2.5 E
(xt between the point and mark is referred to as the)-.15 E F2 -.37(re)
2.5 G(gion)-.03 E F0(.)A F1(Commands f)87 177.6 Q(or Mo)-.25 E(ving)-.1
E(beginning\255of\255line \(C\255a\))108 189.6 Q F0(Mo)144 201.6 Q .3
-.15(ve t)-.15 H 2.5(ot).15 G(he start of the current line.)-2.5 E F1
(end\255of\255line \(C\255e\))108 213.6 Q F0(Mo)144 225.6 Q .3 -.15
(ve t)-.15 H 2.5(ot).15 G(he end of the line.)-2.5 E F1 -.25(fo)108
237.6 S(rward\255char \(C\255f\)).25 E F0(Mo)144 249.6 Q .3 -.15(ve f)
-.15 H(orw).15 E(ard a character)-.1 E(.)-.55 E F1
(backward\255char \(C\255b\))108 261.6 Q F0(Mo)144 273.6 Q .3 -.15(ve b)
-.15 H(ack a character).15 E(.)-.55 E F1 -.25(fo)108 285.6 S(rward\255w)
.25 E(ord \(M\255f\))-.1 E F0(Mo)144 297.6 Q .822 -.15(ve f)-.15 H(orw)
.15 E .522(ard to the end of the ne)-.1 F .523(xt w)-.15 F 3.023(ord. W)
-.1 F .523(ords are composed of alphanumeric characters \(let-)-.8 F
(ters and digits\).)144 309.6 Q F1(backward\255w)108 321.6 Q
(ord \(M\255b\))-.1 E F0(Mo)144 333.6 Q 1.71 -.15(ve b)-.15 H 1.41
(ack to the start of the current or pre).15 F 1.41(vious w)-.25 F 3.91
(ord. W)-.1 F 1.41(ords are composed of alphanumeric)-.8 F
(characters \(letters and digits\).)144 345.6 Q F1(shell\255f)108 357.6
Q(orward\255w)-.25 E(ord)-.1 E F0(Mo)144 369.6 Q .784 -.15(ve f)-.15 H
(orw).15 E .484(ard to the end of the ne)-.1 F .484(xt w)-.15 F 2.984
(ord. W)-.1 F .484(ords are delimited by non-quoted shell metacharac-)
-.8 F(ters.)144 381.6 Q F1(shell\255backward\255w)108 393.6 Q(ord)-.1 E
F0(Mo)144 405.6 Q .909 -.15(ve b)-.15 H .609
(ack to the start of the current or pre).15 F .609(vious w)-.25 F 3.109
(ord. W)-.1 F .608(ords are delimited by non-quoted shell)-.8 F
(metacharacters.)144 417.6 Q F1(clear\255scr)108 429.6 Q(een \(C\255l\))
-.18 E F0 .993(Clear the screen lea)144 441.6 R .993
(ving the current line at the top of the screen.)-.2 F -.4(Wi)5.993 G
.993(th an ar).4 F .993(gument, refresh the)-.18 F
(current line without clearing the screen.)144 453.6 Q F1 -.18(re)108
465.6 S(draw\255curr).18 E(ent\255line)-.18 E F0
(Refresh the current line.)144 477.6 Q F1(Commands f)87 494.4 Q
(or Manipulating the History)-.25 E(accept\255line \(Newline, Retur)108
506.4 Q(n\))-.15 E F0 .159(Accept the line re)144 518.4 R -.05(ga)-.15 G
.159(rdless of where the cursor is.).05 F .158
(If this line is non-empty)5.158 F 2.658(,a)-.65 G .158
(dd it to the history list)-2.658 F .699(according to the state of the)
144 530.4 R/F3 9/Times-Bold@0 SF(HISTCONTR)3.199 E(OL)-.27 E F0 -.25(va)
2.949 G 3.199(riable. If).25 F .699
(the line is a modi\214ed history line, then)3.199 F
(restore the history line to its original state.)144 542.4 Q F1(pr)108
554.4 Q -.15(ev)-.18 G(ious\255history \(C\255p\)).15 E F0
(Fetch the pre)144 566.4 Q(vious command from the history list, mo)-.25
E(ving back in the list.)-.15 E F1(next\255history \(C\255n\))108 578.4
Q F0(Fetch the ne)144 590.4 Q(xt command from the history list, mo)-.15
E(ving forw)-.15 E(ard in the list.)-.1 E F1
(beginning\255of\255history \(M\255<\))108 602.4 Q F0(Mo)144 614.4 Q .3
-.15(ve t)-.15 H 2.5(ot).15 G(he \214rst line in the history)-2.5 E(.)
-.65 E F1(end\255of\255history \(M\255>\))108 626.4 Q F0(Mo)144 638.4 Q
.3 -.15(ve t)-.15 H 2.5(ot).15 G(he end of the input history)-2.5 E 2.5
(,i)-.65 G(.e., the line currently being entered.)-2.5 E F1 -2.29 -.18
(re v)108 650.4 T(erse\255sear).08 E(ch\255history \(C\255r\))-.18 E F0
1.471(Search backw)144 662.4 R 1.471
(ard starting at the current line and mo)-.1 F 1.47
(ving `up' through the history as necessary)-.15 F(.)-.65 E
(This is an incremental search.)144 674.4 Q F1 -.25(fo)108 686.4 S
(rward\255sear).25 E(ch\255history \(C\255s\))-.18 E F0 1.131
(Search forw)144 698.4 R 1.131(ard starting at the current line and mo)
-.1 F 1.132(ving `do)-.15 F 1.132(wn' through the history as necessary)
-.25 F(.)-.65 E(This is an incremental search.)144 710.4 Q(GNU Bash 4.2)
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/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 389.54(SH\(1\) B).35 F(ASH\(1\))
-.35 E/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(non\255incr)108 84 Q(emental\255r)-.18 E
-2.3 -.15(ev e)-.18 H(rse\255sear).15 E(ch\255history \(M\255p\))-.18 E
F0 .165(Search backw)144 96 R .164(ard through the history starting at \
the current line using a non-incremental search for)-.1 F 2.5(as)144 108
S(tring supplied by the user)-2.5 E(.)-.55 E F1(non\255incr)108 120 Q
(emental\255f)-.18 E(orward\255sear)-.25 E(ch\255history \(M\255n\))-.18
E F0 1.353(Search forw)144 132 R 1.354(ard through the history using a \
non-incremental search for a string supplied by the)-.1 F(user)144 144 Q
(.)-.55 E F1(history\255sear)108 156 Q(ch\255f)-.18 E(orward)-.25 E F0
.249(Search forw)144 168 R .249(ard through the history for the string \
of characters between the start of the current line)-.1 F
(and the point.)144 180 Q(This is a non-incremental search.)5 E F1
(history\255sear)108 192 Q(ch\255backward)-.18 E F0 .95(Search backw)144
204 R .951(ard through the history for the string of characters between\
 the start of the current)-.1 F(line and the point.)144 216 Q
(This is a non-incremental search.)5 E F1(yank\255nth\255ar)108 228 Q
2.5(g\()-.1 G<4dad43ad7929>-2.5 E F0 .622(Insert the \214rst ar)144 240
R .622(gument to the pre)-.18 F .622
(vious command \(usually the second w)-.25 F .622(ord on the pre)-.1 F
.622(vious line\))-.25 F .794(at point.)144 252 R -.4(Wi)5.794 G .794
(th an ar).4 F(gument)-.18 E/F2 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(n)3.294 E F0 3.294
(,i).24 G .794(nsert the)-3.294 F F2(n)3.294 E F0 .794(th w)B .794
(ord from the pre)-.1 F .794(vious command \(the w)-.25 F .795
(ords in the)-.1 F(pre)144 264 Q .292(vious command be)-.25 F .292
(gin with w)-.15 F .291(ord 0\).)-.1 F 2.791(An)5.291 G -2.25 -.15(eg a)
-2.791 H(ti).15 E .591 -.15(ve a)-.25 H -.18(rg).15 G .291
(ument inserts the).18 F F2(n)2.791 E F0 .291(th w)B .291
(ord from the end of)-.1 F .281(the pre)144 276 R .281(vious command.)
-.25 F .281(Once the ar)5.281 F(gument)-.18 E F2(n)2.781 E F0 .281
(is computed, the ar)2.781 F .281(gument is e)-.18 F .282
(xtracted as if the "!)-.15 F F2(n)A F0(")A(history e)144 288 Q
(xpansion had been speci\214ed.)-.15 E F1(yank\255last\255ar)108 300 Q
2.5(g\()-.1 G -1.667(M\255. ,)-2.5 F -1.667(M\255_ \))2.5 F F0 1.308
(Insert the last ar)144 312 R 1.308(gument to the pre)-.18 F 1.307
(vious command \(the last w)-.25 F 1.307(ord of the pre)-.1 F 1.307
(vious history entry\).)-.25 F -.4(Wi)144 324 S .203(th a numeric ar).4
F .203(gument, beha)-.18 F .504 -.15(ve ex)-.2 H .204(actly lik).15 F(e)
-.1 E F1(yank\255nth\255ar)2.704 E(g)-.1 E F0 5.204(.S)C(uccessi)-5.204
E .504 -.15(ve c)-.25 H .204(alls to).15 F F1(yank\255last\255ar)2.704 E
(g)-.1 E F0(mo)144 336 Q .807 -.15(ve b)-.15 H .507
(ack through the history list, inserting the last w).15 F .507
(ord \(or the w)-.1 F .507(ord speci\214ed by the ar)-.1 F(gument)-.18 E
1.396(to the \214rst call\) of each line in turn.)144 348 R(An)6.396 E
3.896(yn)-.15 G 1.396(umeric ar)-3.896 F 1.397
(gument supplied to these successi)-.18 F 1.697 -.15(ve c)-.25 H(alls)
.15 E .492(determines the direction to mo)144 360 R .792 -.15(ve t)-.15
H .492(hrough the history).15 F 5.491(.A)-.65 G(ne)-2.5 E -.05(ga)-.15 G
(ti).05 E .791 -.15(ve a)-.25 H -.18(rg).15 G .491
(ument switches the direction).18 F .494
(through the history \(back or forw)144 372 R 2.994(ard\). The)-.1 F
.494(history e)2.994 F .494(xpansion f)-.15 F .494
(acilities are used to e)-.1 F .494(xtract the last)-.15 F(ar)144 384 Q
(gument, as if the "!$" history e)-.18 E(xpansion had been speci\214ed.)
-.15 E F1(shell\255expand\255line \(M\255C\255e\))108 396 Q F0 .623
(Expand the line as the shell does.)144 408 R .622
(This performs alias and history e)5.622 F .622
(xpansion as well as all of the)-.15 F(shell w)144 420 Q(ord e)-.1 E 2.5
(xpansions. See)-.15 F/F3 9/Times-Bold@0 SF(HIST)2.5 E(OR)-.162 E 2.25
(YE)-.315 G(XP)-2.25 E(ANSION)-.666 E F0(belo)2.25 E 2.5(wf)-.25 G
(or a description of history e)-2.5 E(xpansion.)-.15 E F1
(history\255expand\255line \(M\255^\))108 432 Q F0 .938
(Perform history e)144 444 R .939(xpansion on the current line.)-.15 F
(See)5.939 E F3(HIST)3.439 E(OR)-.162 E 3.189(YE)-.315 G(XP)-3.189 E
(ANSION)-.666 E F0(belo)3.189 E 3.439(wf)-.25 G .939(or a descrip-)
-3.439 F(tion of history e)144 456 Q(xpansion.)-.15 E F1(magic\255space)
108 468 Q F0 1.627(Perform history e)144 480 R 1.627
(xpansion on the current line and insert a space.)-.15 F(See)6.626 E F3
(HIST)4.126 E(OR)-.162 E 3.876(YE)-.315 G(XP)-3.876 E(ANSION)-.666 E F0
(belo)144 492 Q 2.5(wf)-.25 G(or a description of history e)-2.5 E
(xpansion.)-.15 E F1(alias\255expand\255line)108 504 Q F0 .394
(Perform alias e)144 516 R .394(xpansion on the current line.)-.15 F
(See)5.395 E F3(ALIASES)2.895 E F0(abo)2.645 E .695 -.15(ve f)-.15 H
.395(or a description of alias e).15 F(xpan-)-.15 E(sion.)144 528 Q F1
(history\255and\255alias\255expand\255line)108 540 Q F0
(Perform history and alias e)144 552 Q(xpansion on the current line.)
-.15 E F1(insert\255last\255ar)108 564 Q(gument \(M\255.)-.1 E 2.5(,M)
.833 G -1.667(\255_ \))-2.5 F F0 2.5(As)144 576 S(ynon)-2.5 E(ym for)
-.15 E F1(yank\255last\255ar)2.5 E(g)-.1 E F0(.)A F1
(operate\255and\255get\255next \(C\255o\))108 588 Q F0 .948
(Accept the current line for e)144 600 R -.15(xe)-.15 G .948
(cution and fetch the ne).15 F .948(xt line relati)-.15 F 1.247 -.15
(ve t)-.25 H 3.447(ot).15 G .947(he current line from the)-3.447 F
(history for editing.)144 612 Q(An)5 E 2.5(ya)-.15 G -.18(rg)-2.5 G
(ument is ignored.).18 E F1
(edit\255and\255execute\255command \(C\255xC\255e\))108 624 Q F0(In)144
636 Q -.2(vo)-.4 G 1.226 -.1(ke a).2 H 3.526(ne).1 G 1.026
(ditor on the current command line, and e)-3.526 F -.15(xe)-.15 G 1.026
(cute the result as shell commands.).15 F F1(Bash)6.026 E F0
(attempts to in)144 648 Q -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G F3($VISU)2.6 E(AL)
-.54 E/F4 9/Times-Roman@0 SF(,)A F3($EDIT)2.25 E(OR)-.162 E F4(,)A F0
(and)2.25 E F2(emacs)2.5 E F0(as the editor)2.5 E 2.5(,i)-.4 G 2.5(nt)
-2.5 G(hat order)-2.5 E(.)-.55 E F1(Commands f)87 664.8 Q(or Changing T)
-.25 E(ext)-.92 E(delete\255char \(C\255d\))108 676.8 Q F0 .358
(Delete the character at point.)144 688.8 R .358(If point is at the be)
5.358 F .358(ginning of the line, there are no characters in the)-.15 F
(line, and the last character typed w)144 700.8 Q(as not bound to)-.1 E
F1(delete\255char)2.5 E F0 2.5(,t)C(hen return)-2.5 E F3(EOF)2.5 E F4(.)
A F0(GNU Bash 4.2)72 768 Q(2012 January 29)141.79 E(41)190.95 E 0 Cg EP
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/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 389.54(SH\(1\) B).35 F(ASH\(1\))
-.35 E/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(backward\255delete\255char \(Rubout\))108
84 Q F0 .552(Delete the character behind the cursor)144 96 R 5.553(.W)
-.55 G .553(hen gi)-5.553 F -.15(ve)-.25 G 3.053(nan).15 G .553
(umeric ar)-3.053 F .553(gument, sa)-.18 F .853 -.15(ve t)-.2 H .553
(he deleted te).15 F .553(xt on)-.15 F(the kill ring.)144 108 Q F1 -.25
(fo)108 120 S(rward\255backward\255delete\255char).25 E F0 .474
(Delete the character under the cursor)144 132 R 2.974(,u)-.4 G .474
(nless the cursor is at the end of the line, in which case the)-2.974 F
(character behind the cursor is deleted.)144 144 Q F1
(quoted\255insert \(C\255q, C\255v\))108 156 Q F0 .778(Add the ne)144
168 R .779(xt character typed to the line v)-.15 F 3.279(erbatim. This)
-.15 F .779(is ho)3.279 F 3.279(wt)-.25 G 3.279(oi)-3.279 G .779
(nsert characters lik)-3.279 F(e)-.1 E F1(C\255q)3.279 E F0 3.279(,f)C
(or)-3.279 E -.15(ex)144 180 S(ample.).15 E F1(tab\255insert \(C\255v T)
108 192 Q(AB\))-.9 E F0(Insert a tab character)144 204 Q(.)-.55 E F1
(self\255insert \(a, b, A, 1, !, ...\))108 216 Q F0
(Insert the character typed.)144 228 Q F1(transpose\255chars \(C\255t\))
108 240 Q F0 .322(Drag the character before point forw)144 252 R .321
(ard o)-.1 F -.15(ve)-.15 G 2.821(rt).15 G .321
(he character at point, mo)-2.821 F .321(ving point forw)-.15 F .321
(ard as well.)-.1 F 1.182
(If point is at the end of the line, then this transposes the tw)144 264
R 3.683(oc)-.1 G 1.183(haracters before point.)-3.683 F(Ne)6.183 E -.05
(ga)-.15 G(ti).05 E -.15(ve)-.25 G(ar)144 276 Q(guments ha)-.18 E .3
-.15(ve n)-.2 H 2.5(oe).15 G -.25(ff)-2.5 G(ect.).25 E F1
(transpose\255w)108 288 Q(ords \(M\255t\))-.1 E F0 .024(Drag the w)144
300 R .024(ord before point past the w)-.1 F .023(ord after point, mo)
-.1 F .023(ving point o)-.15 F -.15(ve)-.15 G 2.523(rt).15 G .023(hat w)
-2.523 F .023(ord as well.)-.1 F .023(If point)5.023 F
(is at the end of the line, this transposes the last tw)144 312 Q 2.5
(ow)-.1 G(ords on the line.)-2.6 E F1(upcase\255w)108 324 Q
(ord \(M\255u\))-.1 E F0 1.698(Uppercase the current \(or follo)144 336
R 1.698(wing\) w)-.25 F 4.198(ord. W)-.1 F 1.698(ith a ne)-.4 F -.05(ga)
-.15 G(ti).05 E 1.999 -.15(ve a)-.25 H -.18(rg).15 G 1.699
(ument, uppercase the pre).18 F(vious)-.25 E -.1(wo)144 348 S(rd, b).1 E
(ut do not mo)-.2 E .3 -.15(ve p)-.15 H(oint.).15 E F1(do)108 360 Q
(wncase\255w)-.1 E(ord \(M\255l\))-.1 E F0(Lo)144 372 Q 1.648
(wercase the current \(or follo)-.25 F 1.648(wing\) w)-.25 F 4.148
(ord. W)-.1 F 1.647(ith a ne)-.4 F -.05(ga)-.15 G(ti).05 E 1.947 -.15
(ve a)-.25 H -.18(rg).15 G 1.647(ument, lo).18 F 1.647(wercase the pre)
-.25 F(vious)-.25 E -.1(wo)144 384 S(rd, b).1 E(ut do not mo)-.2 E .3
-.15(ve p)-.15 H(oint.).15 E F1(capitalize\255w)108 396 Q
(ord \(M\255c\))-.1 E F0 1.974(Capitalize the current \(or follo)144 408
R 1.974(wing\) w)-.25 F 4.474(ord. W)-.1 F 1.974(ith a ne)-.4 F -.05(ga)
-.15 G(ti).05 E 2.274 -.15(ve a)-.25 H -.18(rg).15 G 1.975
(ument, capitalize the pre).18 F(vious)-.25 E -.1(wo)144 420 S(rd, b).1
E(ut do not mo)-.2 E .3 -.15(ve p)-.15 H(oint.).15 E F1 -.1(ove)108 432
S(rwrite\255mode).1 E F0 -.8(To)144 444 S .438(ggle o).8 F -.15(ve)-.15
G .438(rwrite mode.).15 F -.4(Wi)5.438 G .438(th an e).4 F .438
(xplicit positi)-.15 F .737 -.15(ve n)-.25 H .437(umeric ar).15 F .437
(gument, switches to o)-.18 F -.15(ve)-.15 G .437(rwrite mode.).15 F -.4
(Wi)144 456 S .78(th an e).4 F .781(xplicit non-positi)-.15 F 1.081 -.15
(ve n)-.25 H .781(umeric ar).15 F .781(gument, switches to insert mode.)
-.18 F .781(This command af)5.781 F(fects)-.25 E(only)144 468 Q F1
(emacs)4.395 E F0(mode;)4.395 E F1(vi)4.395 E F0 1.894(mode does o)4.395
F -.15(ve)-.15 G 1.894(rwrite dif).15 F(ferently)-.25 E 6.894(.E)-.65 G
1.894(ach call to)-6.894 F/F2 10/Times-Italic@0 SF -.37(re)4.394 G
(adline\(\)).37 E F0 1.894(starts in insert)4.394 F 3.968(mode. In)144
480 R -.15(ove)3.968 G 1.468(rwrite mode, characters bound to).15 F F1
(self\255insert)3.969 E F0 1.469(replace the te)3.969 F 1.469
(xt at point rather than)-.15 F .958(pushing the te)144 492 R .958
(xt to the right.)-.15 F .957(Characters bound to)5.958 F F1
(backward\255delete\255char)3.457 E F0 .957(replace the character)3.457
F(before point with a space.)144 504 Q(By def)5 E
(ault, this command is unbound.)-.1 E F1(Killing and Y)87 520.8 Q
(anking)-.85 E(kill\255line \(C\255k\))108 532.8 Q F0(Kill the te)144
544.8 Q(xt from point to the end of the line.)-.15 E F1
(backward\255kill\255line \(C\255x Rubout\))108 556.8 Q F0(Kill backw)
144 568.8 Q(ard to the be)-.1 E(ginning of the line.)-.15 E F1
(unix\255line\255discard \(C\255u\))108 580.8 Q F0(Kill backw)144 592.8
Q(ard from point to the be)-.1 E(ginning of the line.)-.15 E
(The killed te)5 E(xt is sa)-.15 E -.15(ve)-.2 G 2.5(do).15 G 2.5(nt)
-2.5 G(he kill-ring.)-2.5 E F1(kill\255whole\255line)108 604.8 Q F0
(Kill all characters on the current line, no matter where point is.)144
616.8 Q F1(kill\255w)108 628.8 Q(ord \(M\255d\))-.1 E F0 .728
(Kill from point to the end of the current w)144 640.8 R .729
(ord, or if between w)-.1 F .729(ords, to the end of the ne)-.1 F .729
(xt w)-.15 F(ord.)-.1 E -.8(Wo)144 652.8 S
(rd boundaries are the same as those used by).8 E F1 -.25(fo)2.5 G
(rward\255w).25 E(ord)-.1 E F0(.)A F1(backward\255kill\255w)108 664.8 Q
(ord \(M\255Rubout\))-.1 E F0(Kill the w)144 676.8 Q(ord behind point.)
-.1 E -.8(Wo)5 G(rd boundaries are the same as those used by).8 E F1
(backward\255w)2.5 E(ord)-.1 E F0(.)A F1(shell\255kill\255w)108 688.8 Q
(ord \(M\255d\))-.1 E F0 .729
(Kill from point to the end of the current w)144 700.8 R .728
(ord, or if between w)-.1 F .728(ords, to the end of the ne)-.1 F .728
(xt w)-.15 F(ord.)-.1 E -.8(Wo)144 712.8 S
(rd boundaries are the same as those used by).8 E F1(shell\255f)2.5 E
(orward\255w)-.25 E(ord)-.1 E F0(.)A(GNU Bash 4.2)72 768 Q
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/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 389.54(SH\(1\) B).35 F(ASH\(1\))
-.35 E/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(shell\255backward\255kill\255w)108 84 Q
(ord \(M\255Rubout\))-.1 E F0 3.025(Kill the w)144 96 R 3.025
(ord behind point.)-.1 F -.8(Wo)8.025 G 3.025
(rd boundaries are the same as those used by).8 F F1(shell\255back-)
5.525 E(ward\255w)144 108 Q(ord)-.1 E F0(.)A F1(unix\255w)108 120 Q
(ord\255rubout \(C\255w\))-.1 E F0 .365(Kill the w)144 132 R .365
(ord behind point, using white space as a w)-.1 F .364(ord boundary)-.1
F 5.364(.T)-.65 G .364(he killed te)-5.364 F .364(xt is sa)-.15 F -.15
(ve)-.2 G 2.864(do).15 G 2.864(nt)-2.864 G(he)-2.864 E(kill-ring.)144
144 Q F1(unix\255\214lename\255rubout)108 156 Q F0 .166(Kill the w)144
168 R .166
(ord behind point, using white space and the slash character as the w)
-.1 F .167(ord boundaries.)-.1 F(The)5.167 E(killed te)144 180 Q
(xt is sa)-.15 E -.15(ve)-.2 G 2.5(do).15 G 2.5(nt)-2.5 G(he kill-ring.)
-2.5 E F1(delete\255horizontal\255space \(M\255\\\))108 192 Q F0
(Delete all spaces and tabs around point.)144 204 Q F1(kill\255r)108 216
Q(egion)-.18 E F0(Kill the te)144 228 Q(xt in the current re)-.15 E
(gion.)-.15 E F1(copy\255r)108 240 Q(egion\255as\255kill)-.18 E F0(Cop)
144 252 Q 2.5(yt)-.1 G(he te)-2.5 E(xt in the re)-.15 E
(gion to the kill b)-.15 E(uf)-.2 E(fer)-.25 E(.)-.55 E F1
(copy\255backward\255w)108 264 Q(ord)-.1 E F0(Cop)144 276 Q 4.801(yt)-.1
G 2.301(he w)-4.801 F 2.301(ord before point to the kill b)-.1 F(uf)-.2
E(fer)-.25 E 7.301(.T)-.55 G 2.301(he w)-7.301 F 2.3
(ord boundaries are the same as)-.1 F F1(back-)4.8 E(ward\255w)144 288 Q
(ord)-.1 E F0(.)A F1(copy\255f)108 300 Q(orward\255w)-.25 E(ord)-.1 E F0
(Cop)144 312 Q 4.507(yt)-.1 G 2.007(he w)-4.507 F 2.007(ord follo)-.1 F
2.007(wing point to the kill b)-.25 F(uf)-.2 E(fer)-.25 E 7.008(.T)-.55
G 2.008(he w)-7.008 F 2.008(ord boundaries are the same as)-.1 F F1 -.25
(fo)4.508 G -.37(r-).25 G(ward\255w)144 324 Q(ord)-.1 E F0(.)A F1
(yank \(C\255y\))108 336 Q F0 -1(Ya)144 348 S
(nk the top of the kill ring into the b)1 E(uf)-.2 E(fer at point.)-.25
E F1(yank\255pop \(M\255y\))108 360 Q F0
(Rotate the kill ring, and yank the ne)144 372 Q 2.5(wt)-.25 G 2.5
(op. Only)-2.5 F -.1(wo)2.5 G(rks follo).1 E(wing)-.25 E F1(yank)2.5 E
F0(or)2.5 E F1(yank\255pop)2.5 E F0(.)A F1(Numeric Ar)87 388.8 Q
(guments)-.1 E(digit\255ar)108 400.8 Q
(gument \(M\2550, M\2551, ..., M\255\255\))-.1 E F0 .642
(Add this digit to the ar)144 412.8 R .641
(gument already accumulating, or start a ne)-.18 F 3.141(wa)-.25 G -.18
(rg)-3.141 G 3.141(ument. M\255\255).18 F .641(starts a ne)3.141 F(g-)
-.15 E(ati)144 424.8 Q .3 -.15(ve a)-.25 H -.18(rg).15 G(ument.).18 E F1
(uni)108 436.8 Q -.1(ve)-.1 G(rsal\255ar).1 E(gument)-.1 E F0 .778
(This is another w)144 448.8 R .779(ay to specify an ar)-.1 F 3.279
(gument. If)-.18 F .779(this command is follo)3.279 F .779
(wed by one or more digits,)-.25 F 1.376
(optionally with a leading minus sign, those digits de\214ne the ar)144
460.8 R 3.876(gument. If)-.18 F 1.376(the command is fol-)3.876 F(lo)144
472.8 Q 1.17(wed by digits, e)-.25 F -.15(xe)-.15 G(cuting).15 E F1(uni)
3.67 E -.1(ve)-.1 G(rsal\255ar).1 E(gument)-.1 E F0(ag)3.67 E 1.17
(ain ends the numeric ar)-.05 F 1.17(gument, b)-.18 F 1.17(ut is other)
-.2 F(-)-.2 E .899(wise ignored.)144 484.8 R .898
(As a special case, if this command is immediately follo)5.899 F .898
(wed by a character that is)-.25 F .243
(neither a digit or minus sign, the ar)144 496.8 R .243
(gument count for the ne)-.18 F .243(xt command is multiplied by four)
-.15 F 5.243(.T)-.55 G(he)-5.243 E(ar)144 508.8 Q .378
(gument count is initially one, so e)-.18 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .378
(cuting this function the \214rst time mak).15 F .378(es the ar)-.1 F
.378(gument count)-.18 F(four)144 520.8 Q 2.5(,as)-.4 G(econd time mak)
-2.5 E(es the ar)-.1 E(gument count sixteen, and so on.)-.18 E F1
(Completing)87 537.6 Q(complete \(T)108 549.6 Q(AB\))-.9 E F0 1.137
(Attempt to perform completion on the te)144 561.6 R 1.137
(xt before point.)-.15 F F1(Bash)6.137 E F0 1.137
(attempts completion treating the)3.637 F(te)144 573.6 Q .533(xt as a v)
-.15 F .533(ariable \(if the te)-.25 F .533(xt be)-.15 F .533(gins with)
-.15 F F1($)3.033 E F0 .533(\), username \(if the te)B .532(xt be)-.15 F
.532(gins with)-.15 F F1(~)3.032 E F0 .532(\), hostname \(if the)B(te)
144 585.6 Q .701(xt be)-.15 F .701(gins with)-.15 F F1(@)3.201 E F0 .701
(\), or command \(including aliases and functions\) in turn.)B .702
(If none of these pro-)5.701 F
(duces a match, \214lename completion is attempted.)144 597.6 Q F1
(possible\255completions \(M\255?\))108 609.6 Q F0
(List the possible completions of the te)144 621.6 Q(xt before point.)
-.15 E F1(insert\255completions \(M\255*\))108 633.6 Q F0 .783
(Insert all completions of the te)144 645.6 R .783
(xt before point that w)-.15 F .783(ould ha)-.1 F 1.083 -.15(ve b)-.2 H
.783(een generated by).15 F F1(possible\255com-)3.282 E(pletions)144
657.6 Q F0(.)A F1(menu\255complete)108 669.6 Q F0 .928(Similar to)144
681.6 R F1(complete)3.428 E F0 3.428(,b)C .929(ut replaces the w)-3.628
F .929(ord to be completed with a single match from the list of)-.1 F
1.194(possible completions.)144 693.6 R 1.194(Repeated e)6.194 F -.15
(xe)-.15 G 1.194(cution of).15 F F1(menu\255complete)3.694 E F0 1.193
(steps through the list of possible)3.694 F .828
(completions, inserting each match in turn.)144 705.6 R .828
(At the end of the list of completions, the bell is rung)5.828 F .727
(\(subject to the setting of)144 717.6 R F1(bell\255style)3.227 E F0
3.227(\)a)C .727(nd the original te)-3.227 F .727(xt is restored.)-.15 F
.727(An ar)5.727 F .727(gument of)-.18 F/F2 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(n)3.227
E F0(mo)3.227 E -.15(ve)-.15 G(s).15 E F2(n)3.227 E F0 1.73
(positions forw)144 729.6 R 1.73(ard in the list of matches; a ne)-.1 F
-.05(ga)-.15 G(ti).05 E 2.03 -.15(ve a)-.25 H -.18(rg).15 G 1.73
(ument may be used to mo).18 F 2.03 -.15(ve b)-.15 H(ackw).15 E(ard)-.1
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/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 389.54(SH\(1\) B).35 F(ASH\(1\))
-.35 E(through the list.)144 84 Q
(This command is intended to be bound to)5 E/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 SF -.9
(TA)2.5 G(B).9 E F0 2.5(,b)C(ut is unbound by def)-2.7 E(ault.)-.1 E F1
(menu\255complete\255backward)108 96 Q F0 .82(Identical to)144 108 R F1
(menu\255complete)3.32 E F0 3.32(,b)C .82(ut mo)-3.52 F -.15(ve)-.15 G
3.32(sb).15 G(ackw)-3.32 E .82
(ard through the list of possible completions, as if)-.1 F F1
(menu\255complete)144 120 Q F0(had been gi)2.5 E -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.5(nan)
.15 G -2.25 -.15(eg a)-2.5 H(ti).15 E .3 -.15(ve a)-.25 H -.18(rg).15 G
2.5(ument. This).18 F(command is unbound by def)2.5 E(ault.)-.1 E F1
(delete\255char\255or\255list)108 132 Q F0 .234
(Deletes the character under the cursor if not at the be)144 144 R .234
(ginning or end of the line \(lik)-.15 F(e)-.1 E F1(delete\255char)2.735
E F0(\).)A .425(If at the end of the line, beha)144 156 R -.15(ve)-.2 G
2.925(si).15 G .425(dentically to)-2.925 F F1(possible\255completions)
2.925 E F0 5.425(.T)C .425(his command is unbound)-5.425 F(by def)144
168 Q(ault.)-.1 E F1(complete\255\214lename \(M\255/\))108 180 Q F0
(Attempt \214lename completion on the te)144 192 Q(xt before point.)-.15
E F1(possible\255\214lename\255completions \(C\255x /\))108 204 Q F0
(List the possible completions of the te)144 216 Q
(xt before point, treating it as a \214lename.)-.15 E F1
(complete\255user)108 228 Q(name \(M\255~\))-.15 E F0
(Attempt completion on the te)144 240 Q
(xt before point, treating it as a username.)-.15 E F1(possible\255user)
108 252 Q(name\255completions \(C\255x ~\))-.15 E F0
(List the possible completions of the te)144 264 Q
(xt before point, treating it as a username.)-.15 E F1(complete\255v)108
276 Q(ariable \(M\255$\))-.1 E F0(Attempt completion on the te)144 288 Q
(xt before point, treating it as a shell v)-.15 E(ariable.)-.25 E F1
(possible\255v)108 300 Q(ariable\255completions \(C\255x $\))-.1 E F0
(List the possible completions of the te)144 312 Q
(xt before point, treating it as a shell v)-.15 E(ariable.)-.25 E F1
(complete\255hostname \(M\255@\))108 324 Q F0
(Attempt completion on the te)144 336 Q
(xt before point, treating it as a hostname.)-.15 E F1
(possible\255hostname\255completions \(C\255x @\))108 348 Q F0
(List the possible completions of the te)144 360 Q
(xt before point, treating it as a hostname.)-.15 E F1
(complete\255command \(M\255!\))108 372 Q F0 .58
(Attempt completion on the te)144 384 R .581
(xt before point, treating it as a command name.)-.15 F .581
(Command comple-)5.581 F .715(tion attempts to match the te)144 396 R
.715(xt ag)-.15 F .715(ainst aliases, reserv)-.05 F .715(ed w)-.15 F
.715(ords, shell functions, shell b)-.1 F .715(uiltins, and)-.2 F
(\214nally e)144 408 Q -.15(xe)-.15 G
(cutable \214lenames, in that order).15 E(.)-.55 E F1
(possible\255command\255completions \(C\255x !\))108 420 Q F0
(List the possible completions of the te)144 432 Q
(xt before point, treating it as a command name.)-.15 E F1
(dynamic\255complete\255history \(M\255T)108 444 Q(AB\))-.9 E F0 .424
(Attempt completion on the te)144 456 R .425
(xt before point, comparing the te)-.15 F .425(xt ag)-.15 F .425
(ainst lines from the history list)-.05 F
(for possible completion matches.)144 468 Q F1(dab)108 480 Q(br)-.1 E
-.15(ev)-.18 G(\255expand).15 E F0 .611
(Attempt menu completion on the te)144 492 R .611
(xt before point, comparing the te)-.15 F .61(xt ag)-.15 F .61
(ainst lines from the his-)-.05 F
(tory list for possible completion matches.)144 504 Q F1
(complete\255into\255braces \(M\255{\))108 516 Q F0 .4(Perform \214lena\
me completion and insert the list of possible completions enclosed with\
in braces so)144 528 R(the list is a)144 540 Q -.25(va)-.2 G
(ilable to the shell \(see).25 E F1(Brace Expansion)2.5 E F0(abo)2.5 E
-.15(ve)-.15 G(\).).15 E F1 -.25(Ke)87 556.8 S(yboard Macr).25 E(os)-.18
E(start\255kbd\255macr)108 568.8 Q 2.5(o\()-.18 G(C\255x \()-2.5 E(\))
.833 E F0(Be)144 580.8 Q(gin sa)-.15 E
(ving the characters typed into the current k)-.2 E -.15(ey)-.1 G
(board macro.).15 E F1(end\255kbd\255macr)108 592.8 Q 2.5(o\()-.18 G
(C\255x \))-2.5 E(\)).833 E F0(Stop sa)144 604.8 Q
(ving the characters typed into the current k)-.2 E -.15(ey)-.1 G
(board macro and store the de\214nition.).15 E F1
(call\255last\255kbd\255macr)108 616.8 Q 2.5(o\()-.18 G(C\255x e\))-2.5
E F0(Re-e)144 628.8 Q -.15(xe)-.15 G 1(cute the last k).15 F -.15(ey)-.1
G .999(board macro de\214ned, by making the characters in the macro app\
ear as if).15 F .662(typed at the k)144 640.8 R -.15(ey)-.1 G(board.).15
E F1(print\255last\255kbd\255macr)5.663 E 3.163(o\()-.18 G(\))-3.163 E
F0 .663(Print the last k)3.163 F -.15(ey)-.1 G .663
(board macro de\214ned in a for).15 F(-)-.2 E(mat suitable for the)144
652.8 Q/F2 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(inputr)2.5 E(c)-.37 E F0(\214le.)2.5 E
F1(Miscellaneous)87 669.6 Q -.18(re)108 681.6 S<ad72>.18 E
(ead\255init\255\214le \(C\255x C\255r\))-.18 E F0 1.777
(Read in the contents of the)144 693.6 R F2(inputr)4.277 E(c)-.37 E F0
1.776(\214le, and incorporate an)4.276 F 4.276(yb)-.15 G 1.776
(indings or v)-4.276 F 1.776(ariable assignments)-.25 F(found there.)144
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/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 389.54(SH\(1\) B).35 F(ASH\(1\))
-.35 E/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(abort \(C\255g\))108 84 Q F0 3.248
(Abort the current editing command and ring the terminal')144 96 R 5.749
(sb)-.55 G 3.249(ell \(subject to the setting of)-5.749 F F1
(bell\255style)144 108 Q F0(\).)A F1(do\255upper)108 120 Q(case\255v)
-.18 E(ersion \(M\255a, M\255b, M\255)-.1 E/F2 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(x)A
F1 2.5(,.)C(..\))-2.5 E F0 1.756(If the meta\214ed character)144 132 R
F2(x)4.256 E F0 1.755(is lo)4.256 F 1.755
(wercase, run the command that is bound to the corresponding)-.25 F
(uppercase character)144 144 Q(.)-.55 E F1(pr)108 156 Q
(e\214x\255meta \(ESC\))-.18 E F0(Metafy the ne)144 168 Q
(xt character typed.)-.15 E/F3 9/Times-Bold@0 SF(ESC)5 E F1(f)2.25 E F0
(is equi)2.5 E -.25(va)-.25 G(lent to).25 E F1(Meta\255f)2.5 E F0(.)A F1
(undo \(C\255_, C\255x C\255u\))108 180 Q F0
(Incremental undo, separately remembered for each line.)144 192 Q F1
-2.29 -.18(re v)108 204 T(ert\255line \(M\255r\)).08 E F0 1.095
(Undo all changes made to this line.)144 216 R 1.095(This is lik)6.095 F
3.595(ee)-.1 G -.15(xe)-3.745 G 1.095(cuting the).15 F F1(undo)3.595 E
F0 1.095(command enough times to)3.595 F
(return the line to its initial state.)144 228 Q F1
(tilde\255expand \(M\255&\))108 240 Q F0(Perform tilde e)144 252 Q
(xpansion on the current w)-.15 E(ord.)-.1 E F1
(set\255mark \(C\255@, M\255<space>\))108 264 Q F0
(Set the mark to the point.)144 276 Q(If a numeric ar)5 E
(gument is supplied, the mark is set to that position.)-.18 E F1
(exchange\255point\255and\255mark \(C\255x C\255x\))108 288 Q F0(Sw)144
300 Q .283(ap the point with the mark.)-.1 F .283
(The current cursor position is set to the sa)5.283 F -.15(ve)-.2 G
2.782(dp).15 G .282(osition, and the old)-2.782 F(cursor position is sa)
144 312 Q -.15(ve)-.2 G 2.5(da).15 G 2.5(st)-2.5 G(he mark.)-2.5 E F1
(character\255sear)108 324 Q(ch \(C\255]\))-.18 E F0 3.035(Ac)144 336 S
.535(haracter is read and point is mo)-3.035 F -.15(ve)-.15 G 3.035(dt)
.15 G 3.035(ot)-3.035 G .535(he ne)-3.035 F .535
(xt occurrence of that character)-.15 F 5.536(.A)-.55 G(ne)-2.5 E -.05
(ga)-.15 G(ti).05 E .836 -.15(ve c)-.25 H(ount).15 E(searches for pre)
144 348 Q(vious occurrences.)-.25 E F1(character\255sear)108 360 Q
(ch\255backward \(M\255C\255]\))-.18 E F0 3.544(Ac)144 372 S 1.044
(haracter is read and point is mo)-3.544 F -.15(ve)-.15 G 3.544(dt).15 G
3.544(ot)-3.544 G 1.044(he pre)-3.544 F 1.044
(vious occurrence of that character)-.25 F 6.043(.A)-.55 G(ne)-2.5 E
-.05(ga)-.15 G(ti).05 E -.15(ve)-.25 G
(count searches for subsequent occurrences.)144 384 Q F1
(skip\255csi\255sequence)108 396 Q F0 1.826
(Read enough characters to consume a multi-k)144 408 R 2.126 -.15(ey s)
-.1 H 1.827(equence such as those de\214ned for k).15 F -.15(ey)-.1 G
4.327(sl).15 G(ik)-4.327 E(e)-.1 E .791(Home and End.)144 420 R .791
(Such sequences be)5.791 F .791
(gin with a Control Sequence Indicator \(CSI\), usually ESC\255[.)-.15 F
.331(If this sequence is bound to "\\[", k)144 432 R -.15(ey)-.1 G 2.831
(sp).15 G .331(roducing such sequences will ha)-2.831 F .632 -.15(ve n)
-.2 H 2.832(oe).15 G -.25(ff)-2.832 G .332(ect unless e).25 F(xplic-)
-.15 E .026(itly bound to a readline command, instead of inserting stra\
y characters into the editing b)144 444 R(uf)-.2 E(fer)-.25 E 5.026(.T)
-.55 G(his)-5.026 E(is unbound by def)144 456 Q(ault, b)-.1 E
(ut usually bound to ESC\255[.)-.2 E F1(insert\255comment \(M\255#\))108
468 Q F0 -.4(Wi)144 480 S .48(thout a numeric ar).4 F .48(gument, the v)
-.18 F .481(alue of the readline)-.25 F F1(comment\255begin)2.981 E F0
-.25(va)2.981 G .481(riable is inserted at the).25 F(be)144 492 Q .098
(ginning of the current line.)-.15 F .098(If a numeric ar)5.098 F .097
(gument is supplied, this command acts as a toggle:)-.18 F(if)5.097 E
.321(the characters at the be)144 504 R .321
(ginning of the line do not match the v)-.15 F .321(alue of)-.25 F F1
(comment\255begin)2.821 E F0 2.822(,t)C .322(he v)-2.822 F .322(alue is)
-.25 F .832(inserted, otherwise the characters in)144 516 R F1
(comment\255begin)3.332 E F0 .831(are deleted from the be)3.332 F .831
(ginning of the line.)-.15 F 1.468
(In either case, the line is accepted as if a ne)144 528 R 1.468
(wline had been typed.)-.25 F 1.469(The def)6.469 F 1.469(ault v)-.1 F
1.469(alue of)-.25 F F1(com-)3.969 E(ment\255begin)144 540 Q F0 .84
(causes this command to mak)3.34 F 3.339(et)-.1 G .839
(he current line a shell comment.)-3.339 F .839(If a numeric ar)5.839 F
(gu-)-.18 E(ment causes the comment character to be remo)144 552 Q -.15
(ve)-.15 G(d, the line will be e).15 E -.15(xe)-.15 G
(cuted by the shell.).15 E F1(glob\255complete\255w)108 564 Q
(ord \(M\255g\))-.1 E F0 .791(The w)144 576 R .791
(ord before point is treated as a pattern for pathname e)-.1 F .792
(xpansion, with an asterisk implicitly)-.15 F 2.5(appended. This)144 588
R(pattern is used to generate a list of matching \214lenames for possib\
le completions.)2.5 E F1(glob\255expand\255w)108 600 Q(ord \(C\255x *\))
-.1 E F0 .176(The w)144 612 R .176
(ord before point is treated as a pattern for pathname e)-.1 F .176
(xpansion, and the list of matching \214le-)-.15 F .516
(names is inserted, replacing the w)144 624 R 3.016(ord. If)-.1 F 3.016
(an)3.016 G .516(umeric ar)-3.016 F .516
(gument is supplied, an asterisk is appended)-.18 F(before pathname e)
144 636 Q(xpansion.)-.15 E F1(glob\255list\255expansions \(C\255x g\))
108 648 Q F0 .923(The list of e)144 660 R .923(xpansions that w)-.15 F
.923(ould ha)-.1 F 1.223 -.15(ve b)-.2 H .923(een generated by).15 F F1
(glob\255expand\255w)3.423 E(ord)-.1 E F0 .923(is displayed, and)3.423 F
.872(the line is redra)144 672 R 3.372(wn. If)-.15 F 3.372(an)3.372 G
.872(umeric ar)-3.372 F .872
(gument is supplied, an asterisk is appended before pathname)-.18 F -.15
(ex)144 684 S(pansion.).15 E F1(dump\255functions)108 696 Q F0 .627
(Print all of the functions and their k)144 708 R .927 -.15(ey b)-.1 H
.626(indings to the readline output stream.).15 F .626(If a numeric ar)
5.626 F(gu-)-.18 E
(ment is supplied, the output is formatted in such a w)144 720 Q
(ay that it can be made part of an)-.1 E F2(inputr)2.5 E(c)-.37 E F0
(\214le.)2.5 E(GNU Bash 4.2)72 768 Q(2012 January 29)141.79 E(45)190.95
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/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 389.54(SH\(1\) B).35 F(ASH\(1\))
-.35 E/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(dump\255v)108 84 Q(ariables)-.1 E F0 1.799
(Print all of the settable readline v)144 96 R 1.799
(ariables and their v)-.25 F 1.8(alues to the readline output stream.)
-.25 F 1.8(If a)6.8 F .305(numeric ar)144 108 R .304
(gument is supplied, the output is formatted in such a w)-.18 F .304
(ay that it can be made part of an)-.1 F/F2 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(inputr)
144 120 Q(c)-.37 E F0(\214le.)2.5 E F1(dump\255macr)108 132 Q(os)-.18 E
F0 .592(Print all of the readline k)144 144 R .892 -.15(ey s)-.1 H .592
(equences bound to macros and the strings the).15 F 3.093(yo)-.15 G
3.093(utput. If)-3.093 F 3.093(an)3.093 G(umeric)-3.093 E(ar)144 156 Q
.528(gument is supplied, the output is formatted in such a w)-.18 F .528
(ay that it can be made part of an)-.1 F F2(inputr)3.027 E(c)-.37 E F0
(\214le.)144 168 Q F1(display\255shell\255v)108 180 Q
(ersion \(C\255x C\255v\))-.1 E F0(Display v)144 192 Q
(ersion information about the current instance of)-.15 E F1(bash)2.5 E
F0(.)A F1(Pr)87 208.8 Q(ogrammable Completion)-.18 E F0 .146(When w)108
220.8 R .147(ord completion is attempted for an ar)-.1 F .147
(gument to a command for which a completion speci\214cation \(a)-.18 F
F2(compspec)108 232.8 Q F0 3.829(\)h)C 1.329
(as been de\214ned using the)-3.829 F F1(complete)3.829 E F0 -.2(bu)
3.829 G 1.329(iltin \(see).2 F/F3 9/Times-Bold@0 SF 1.329(SHELL B)3.829
F(UIL)-.09 E 1.329(TIN COMMANDS)-.828 F F0(belo)3.579 E 1.328(w\), the)
-.25 F(programmable completion f)108 244.8 Q(acilities are in)-.1 E -.2
(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G(d.).1 E .497
(First, the command name is identi\214ed.)108 261.6 R .497
(If the command w)5.497 F .498
(ord is the empty string \(completion attempted at)-.1 F .234(the be)108
273.6 R .233(ginning of an empty line\), an)-.15 F 2.733(yc)-.15 G .233
(ompspec de\214ned with the)-2.733 F F1<ad45>2.733 E F0 .233(option to)
2.733 F F1(complete)2.733 E F0 .233(is used.)2.733 F .233(If a comp-)
5.233 F .481(spec has been de\214ned for that command, the compspec is \
used to generate the list of possible completions)108 285.6 R .823
(for the w)108 297.6 R 3.323(ord. If)-.1 F .823(the command w)3.323 F
.822(ord is a full pathname, a compspec for the full pathname is search\
ed for)-.1 F 2.866(\214rst. If)108 309.6 R .367(no compspec is found fo\
r the full pathname, an attempt is made to \214nd a compspec for the po\
rtion)2.866 F(follo)108 321.6 Q .299(wing the \214nal slash.)-.25 F .298
(If those searches do not result in a compspec, an)5.299 F 2.798(yc)-.15
G .298(ompspec de\214ned with the)-2.798 F F1<ad44>2.798 E F0(option to)
108 333.6 Q F1(complete)2.5 E F0(is used as the def)2.5 E(ault.)-.1 E
.817(Once a compspec has been found, it is used to generate the list of\
 matching w)108 350.4 R 3.317(ords. If)-.1 F 3.317(ac)3.317 G .817
(ompspec is not)-3.317 F(found, the def)108 362.4 Q(ault)-.1 E F1(bash)
2.5 E F0(completion as described abo)2.5 E .3 -.15(ve u)-.15 H(nder).15
E F1(Completing)2.5 E F0(is performed.)2.5 E .464
(First, the actions speci\214ed by the compspec are used.)108 379.2 R
.463(Only matches which are pre\214x)5.464 F .463(ed by the w)-.15 F
.463(ord being)-.1 F .595(completed are returned.)108 391.2 R .595
(When the)5.595 F F1<ad66>3.095 E F0(or)3.095 E F1<ad64>3.095 E F0 .596
(option is used for \214lename or directory name completion, the)3.095 F
(shell v)108 403.2 Q(ariable)-.25 E F3(FIGNORE)2.5 E F0
(is used to \214lter the matches.)2.25 E(An)108 420 Q 4.084(yc)-.15 G
1.584(ompletions speci\214ed by a pathname e)-4.084 F 1.584
(xpansion pattern to the)-.15 F F1<ad47>4.084 E F0 1.584
(option are generated ne)4.084 F 4.084(xt. The)-.15 F -.1(wo)108 432 S
.554(rds generated by the pattern need not match the w).1 F .555
(ord being completed.)-.1 F(The)5.555 E F3(GLOBIGNORE)3.055 E F0 .555
(shell v)2.805 F(ari-)-.25 E
(able is not used to \214lter the matches, b)108 444 Q(ut the)-.2 E F3
(FIGNORE)2.5 E F0 -.25(va)2.25 G(riable is used.).25 E(Ne)108 460.8 Q
.321(xt, the string speci\214ed as the ar)-.15 F .321(gument to the)-.18
F F1<ad57>2.821 E F0 .32(option is considered.)2.821 F .32
(The string is \214rst split using the)5.32 F .412(characters in the)108
472.8 R F3(IFS)2.912 E F0 .412(special v)2.662 F .412
(ariable as delimiters.)-.25 F .412(Shell quoting is honored.)5.412 F
.413(Each w)5.412 F .413(ord is then e)-.1 F(xpanded)-.15 E .092
(using brace e)108 484.8 R .092(xpansion, tilde e)-.15 F .092
(xpansion, parameter and v)-.15 F .092(ariable e)-.25 F .091
(xpansion, command substitution, and arith-)-.15 F 1.396(metic e)108
496.8 R 1.396(xpansion, as described abo)-.15 F 1.696 -.15(ve u)-.15 H
(nder).15 E F3(EXP)3.896 E(ANSION)-.666 E/F4 9/Times-Roman@0 SF(.)A F0
1.396(The results are split using the rules described)5.896 F(abo)108
508.8 Q .51 -.15(ve u)-.15 H(nder).15 E F1 -.75(Wo)2.71 G .21
(rd Splitting).75 F F0 5.21(.T)C .209(he results of the e)-5.21 F .209
(xpansion are pre\214x-matched ag)-.15 F .209(ainst the w)-.05 F .209
(ord being com-)-.1 F(pleted, and the matching w)108 520.8 Q
(ords become the possible completions.)-.1 E 1.237
(After these matches ha)108 537.6 R 1.537 -.15(ve b)-.2 H 1.237
(een generated, an).15 F 3.737(ys)-.15 G 1.238
(hell function or command speci\214ed with the)-3.737 F F1<ad46>3.738 E
F0(and)3.738 E F1<ad43>3.738 E F0 3.376(options is in)108 549.6 R -.2
(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G 5.875(d. When).1 F 3.375
(the command or function is in)5.875 F -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G 3.375
(d, the).1 F F3(COMP_LINE)5.875 E F4(,)A F3(COMP_POINT)5.625 E F4(,)A F3
(COMP_KEY)108 561.6 Q F4(,)A F0(and)2.407 E F3(COMP_TYPE)2.657 E F0 -.25
(va)2.407 G .157(riables are assigned v).25 F .157
(alues as described abo)-.25 F .457 -.15(ve u)-.15 H(nder).15 E F1 .158
(Shell V)2.658 F(ariables)-.92 E F0 5.158(.I)C(f)-5.158 E 3.486(as)108
573.6 S .986(hell function is being in)-3.486 F -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G
.986(d, the).1 F F3(COMP_W)3.486 E(ORDS)-.09 E F0(and)3.236 E F3
(COMP_CW)3.486 E(ORD)-.09 E F0 -.25(va)3.236 G .986
(riables are also set.).25 F(When)5.985 E .346
(the function or command is in)108 585.6 R -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G .346
(d, the \214rst ar).1 F .346(gument \()-.18 F F1($1)A F0 2.847(\)i)C
2.847(st)-2.847 G .347(he name of the command whose ar)-2.847 F(guments)
-.18 E .264(are being completed, the second ar)108 597.6 R .264
(gument \()-.18 F F1($2)A F0 2.764(\)i)C 2.764(st)-2.764 G .264(he w)
-2.764 F .263(ord being completed, and the third ar)-.1 F .263
(gument \()-.18 F F1($3)A F0 2.763(\)i)C(s)-2.763 E .628(the w)108 609.6
R .628(ord preceding the w)-.1 F .629
(ord being completed on the current command line.)-.1 F .629
(No \214ltering of the generated)5.629 F .715(completions ag)108 621.6 R
.715(ainst the w)-.05 F .714(ord being completed is performed; the func\
tion or command has complete free-)-.1 F(dom in generating the matches.)
108 633.6 Q(An)108 650.4 Q 2.937(yf)-.15 G .437
(unction speci\214ed with)-2.937 F F1<ad46>2.937 E F0 .437(is in)2.937 F
-.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G 2.937<648c>.1 G 2.937(rst. The)-2.937 F .437
(function may use an)2.937 F 2.937(yo)-.15 G 2.937(ft)-2.937 G .437
(he shell f)-2.937 F .438(acilities, including)-.1 F(the)108 662.4 Q F1
(compgen)2.957 E F0 -.2(bu)2.957 G .457(iltin described belo).2 F 1.756
-.65(w, t)-.25 H 2.956(og).65 G .456(enerate the matches.)-2.956 F .456
(It must put the possible completions in the)5.456 F F3(COMPREPL)108
674.4 Q(Y)-.828 E F0(array v)2.25 E(ariable, one per array element.)-.25
E(Ne)108 691.2 Q .08(xt, an)-.15 F 2.58(yc)-.15 G .08
(ommand speci\214ed with the)-2.58 F F1<ad43>2.58 E F0 .081
(option is in)2.581 F -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G 2.581(di).1 G 2.581(na)
-2.581 G 2.581(ne)-2.581 G -.4(nv)-2.581 G .081(ironment equi).4 F -.25
(va)-.25 G .081(lent to command sub-).25 F 2.859(stitution. It)108 703.2
R .359(should print a list of completions, one per line, to the standar\
d output.)2.859 F .358(Backslash may be used)5.359 F(to escape a ne)108
715.2 Q(wline, if necessary)-.25 E(.)-.65 E(GNU Bash 4.2)72 768 Q
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/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 389.54(SH\(1\) B).35 F(ASH\(1\))
-.35 E .376(After all of the possible completions are generated, an)108
84 R 2.877<798c>-.15 G .377(lter speci\214ed with the)-2.877 F/F1 10
/Times-Bold@0 SF<ad58>2.877 E F0 .377(option is applied to the)2.877 F
3.182(list. The)108 96 R .682
(\214lter is a pattern as used for pathname e)3.182 F .681(xpansion; a)
-.15 F F1(&)3.181 E F0 .681(in the pattern is replaced with the te)3.181
F .681(xt of)-.15 F .522(the w)108 108 R .522(ord being completed.)-.1 F
3.022(Al)5.522 G(iteral)-3.022 E F1(&)3.022 E F0 .523
(may be escaped with a backslash; the backslash is remo)3.022 F -.15(ve)
-.15 G 3.023(db).15 G(efore)-3.023 E .85(attempting a match.)108 120 R
(An)5.85 E 3.35(yc)-.15 G .849
(ompletion that matches the pattern will be remo)-3.35 F -.15(ve)-.15 G
3.349(df).15 G .849(rom the list.)-3.349 F 3.349(Al)5.849 G(eading)
-3.349 E F1(!)3.349 E F0(ne)108 132 Q -.05(ga)-.15 G
(tes the pattern; in this case an).05 E 2.5(yc)-.15 G
(ompletion not matching the pattern will be remo)-2.5 E -.15(ve)-.15 G
(d.).15 E(Finally)108 148.8 Q 3.086(,a)-.65 G .886 -.15(ny p)-3.086 H
.586(re\214x and suf).15 F .587(\214x speci\214ed with the)-.25 F F1
<ad50>3.087 E F0(and)3.087 E F1<ad53>3.087 E F0 .587
(options are added to each member of the com-)3.087 F(pletion list, and\
 the result is returned to the readline completion code as the list of \
possible completions.)108 160.8 Q .247(If the pre)108 177.6 R .247
(viously-applied actions do not generate an)-.25 F 2.747(ym)-.15 G .247
(atches, and the)-2.747 F F1 .247(\255o dir)2.747 F(names)-.15 E F0 .247
(option w)2.747 F .246(as supplied to)-.1 F F1(complete)108 189.6 Q F0
(when the compspec w)2.5 E
(as de\214ned, directory name completion is attempted.)-.1 E .461
(If the)108 206.4 R F1 .462(\255o plusdirs)2.961 F F0 .462(option w)
2.962 F .462(as supplied to)-.1 F F1(complete)2.962 E F0 .462
(when the compspec w)2.962 F .462(as de\214ned, directory name com-)-.1
F(pletion is attempted and an)108 218.4 Q 2.5(ym)-.15 G
(atches are added to the results of the other actions.)-2.5 E .56
(By def)108 235.2 R .56(ault, if a compspec is found, whate)-.1 F -.15
(ve)-.25 G 3.06(ri).15 G 3.06(tg)-3.06 G .559
(enerates is returned to the completion code as the full set)-3.06 F
.631(of possible completions.)108 247.2 R .631(The def)5.631 F(ault)-.1
E F1(bash)3.131 E F0 .631
(completions are not attempted, and the readline def)3.131 F .632
(ault of \214le-)-.1 F .559(name completion is disabled.)108 259.2 R
.559(If the)5.559 F F1 .559(\255o bashdefault)3.059 F F0 .559(option w)
3.059 F .559(as supplied to)-.1 F F1(complete)3.058 E F0 .558
(when the compspec)3.058 F -.1(wa)108 271.2 S 3.171(sd).1 G .671
(e\214ned, the)-3.171 F F1(bash)3.171 E F0(def)3.171 E .671
(ault completions are attempted if the compspec generates no matches.)
-.1 F .672(If the)5.672 F F1<ad6f>3.172 E(default)108 283.2 Q F0 1.207
(option w)3.707 F 1.207(as supplied to)-.1 F F1(complete)3.707 E F0
1.207(when the compspec w)3.707 F 1.207(as de\214ned, readline')-.1 F
3.707(sd)-.55 G(ef)-3.707 E 1.206(ault completion)-.1 F
(will be performed if the compspec \(and, if attempted, the def)108
295.2 Q(ault)-.1 E F1(bash)2.5 E F0(completions\) generate no matches.)
2.5 E .245(When a compspec indicates that directory name completion is \
desired, the programmable completion func-)108 312 R .633(tions force r\
eadline to append a slash to completed names which are symbolic links t\
o directories, subject)108 324 R 2.761(to the v)108 336 R 2.761
(alue of the)-.25 F F1(mark\255dir)5.261 E(ectories)-.18 E F0 2.761
(readline v)5.261 F 2.761(ariable, re)-.25 F -.05(ga)-.15 G 2.762
(rdless of the setting of the).05 F F1(mark-sym-)5.262 E(link)108 348 Q
(ed\255dir)-.1 E(ectories)-.18 E F0(readline v)2.5 E(ariable.)-.25 E
.191(There is some support for dynamically modifying completions.)108
364.8 R .19(This is most useful when used in combina-)5.191 F 1.33
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F1 1.33(complete -D)3.83 F F0 6.33(.I)C(t')-6.33 E 3.83(sp)-.55 G 1.33
(ossible for shell functions e)-3.83 F -.15(xe)-.15 G 1.33(cuted as).15
F .93(completion handlers to indicate that completion should be retried\
 by returning an e)108 388.8 R .93(xit status of 124.)-.15 F .93(If a)
5.93 F .1(shell function returns 124, and changes the compspec associat\
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(being attempted \(supplied as the \214rst ar)108 412.8 R .665
(gument when the function is e)-.18 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .665
(cuted\), programmable completion).15 F .083(restarts from the be)108
424.8 R .084(ginning, with an attempt to \214nd a ne)-.15 F 2.584(wc)
-.25 G .084(ompspec for that command.)-2.584 F .084(This allo)5.084 F
.084(ws a set of)-.25 F(completions to be b)108 436.8 Q(uilt dynamicall\
y as completion is attempted, rather than being loaded all at once.)-.2
E -.15(Fo)108 453.6 S 2.637(ri).15 G .137
(nstance, assuming that there is a library of compspecs, each k)-2.637 F
.137(ept in a \214le corresponding to the name of)-.1 F
(the command, the follo)108 465.6 Q(wing def)-.25 E
(ault completion function w)-.1 E(ould load completions dynamically:)-.1
E/F2 10/Courier@0 SF(_completion_loader\(\))108 482.4 Q({)108 494.4 Q 6
(.")144 506.4 S
(/etc/bash_completion.d/$1.sh" >/dev/null 2>&1 && return 124)-6 E(})108
518.4 Q(complete -D -F _completion_loader)108 530.4 Q/F3 10.95
/Times-Bold@0 SF(HIST)72 559.2 Q(OR)-.197 E(Y)-.383 E F0 .371(When the)
108 571.2 R F1 .371(\255o history)2.871 F F0 .371(option to the)2.871 F
F1(set)2.872 E F0 -.2(bu)2.872 G .372(iltin is enabled, the shell pro).2
F .372(vides access to the)-.15 F/F4 10/Times-Italic@0 SF .372
(command history)2.872 F F0(,)A .305(the list of commands pre)108 583.2
R .305(viously typed.)-.25 F .305(The v)5.305 F .304(alue of the)-.25 F
/F5 9/Times-Bold@0 SF(HISTSIZE)2.804 E F0 -.25(va)2.554 G .304
(riable is used as the number of com-).25 F .429(mands to sa)108 595.2 R
.729 -.15(ve i)-.2 H 2.929(nah).15 G .429(istory list.)-2.929 F .429
(The te)5.429 F .429(xt of the last)-.15 F F5(HISTSIZE)2.93 E F0 .43
(commands \(def)2.68 F .43(ault 500\) is sa)-.1 F -.15(ve)-.2 G 2.93
(d. The).15 F(shell)2.93 E .287
(stores each command in the history list prior to parameter and v)108
607.2 R .287(ariable e)-.25 F .287(xpansion \(see)-.15 F F5(EXP)2.787 E
(ANSION)-.666 E F0(abo)2.537 E -.15(ve)-.15 G(\)).15 E -.2(bu)108 619.2
S 4.065(ta).2 G 1.565(fter history e)-4.065 F 1.565
(xpansion is performed, subject to the v)-.15 F 1.565
(alues of the shell v)-.25 F(ariables)-.25 E F5(HISTIGNORE)4.065 E F0
(and)3.816 E F5(HISTCONTR)108 631.2 Q(OL)-.27 E/F6 9/Times-Roman@0 SF(.)
A F0 .082
(On startup, the history is initialized from the \214le named by the v)
108 648 R(ariable)-.25 E F5(HISTFILE)2.582 E F0(\(def)2.332 E(ault)-.1 E
F4(~/.bash_history)2.582 E F0(\).)A .315(The \214le named by the v)108
660 R .315(alue of)-.25 F F5(HISTFILE)2.815 E F0 .315
(is truncated, if necessary)2.565 F 2.815(,t)-.65 G 2.815(oc)-2.815 G
.315(ontain no more than the number of)-2.815 F .659
(lines speci\214ed by the v)108 672 R .659(alue of)-.25 F F5
(HISTFILESIZE)3.158 E F6(.)A F0(If)5.158 E F1(HISTFILESIZE)3.158 E F0
.658(is unset, or set to null, a non-numeric)3.158 F -.25(va)108 684 S
.142(lue, or a numeric v).25 F .142
(alue less than zero, the history \214le is not truncated.)-.25 F .142
(When the history \214le is read, lines)5.142 F(be)108 696 Q 1.605
(ginning with the history comment character follo)-.15 F 1.604
(wed immediately by a digit are interpreted as time-)-.25 F .098
(stamps for the preceding history line.)108 708 R .098
(These timestamps are optionally displayed depending on the v)5.098 F
.098(alue of)-.25 F(the)108 720 Q F5(HISTTIMEFORMA)4.079 E(T)-.855 E F0
-.25(va)3.828 G 4.078(riable. When).25 F 1.578(an interacti)4.078 F
1.878 -.15(ve s)-.25 H 1.578(hell e).15 F 1.578(xits, the last)-.15 F F5
($HISTSIZE)4.078 E F0 1.578(lines are copied)3.828 F(GNU Bash 4.2)72 768
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/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 389.54(SH\(1\) B).35 F(ASH\(1\))
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($HISTFILE)2.854 E/F2 9/Times-Roman@0 SF(.)A F0 .354(If the)4.854 F/F3
10/Times-Bold@0 SF(histappend)2.854 E F0 .354
(shell option is enabled \(see the description of)2.854 F F3(shopt)2.854
E F0(under)108 96 Q F1 .638(SHELL B)3.138 F(UIL)-.09 E .638
(TIN COMMANDS)-.828 F F0(belo)2.888 E .638
(w\), the lines are appended to the history \214le, otherwise the his-)
-.25 F .187(tory \214le is o)108 108 R -.15(ve)-.15 G 2.687
(rwritten. If).15 F F1(HISTFILE)2.687 E F0 .187(is unset, or if the his\
tory \214le is unwritable, the history is not sa)2.437 F -.15(ve)-.2 G
2.688(d. If).15 F(the)108 120 Q F1(HISTTIMEFORMA)2.895 E(T)-.855 E F0
-.25(va)2.645 G .394
(riable is set, time stamps are written to the history \214le, mark).25
F .394(ed with the history)-.1 F .26(comment character)108 132 R 2.76
(,s)-.4 G 2.76(ot)-2.76 G(he)-2.76 E 2.76(ym)-.15 G .26(ay be preserv)
-2.76 F .26(ed across shell sessions.)-.15 F .26
(This uses the history comment charac-)5.26 F .44
(ter to distinguish timestamps from other history lines.)108 144 R .439
(After sa)5.439 F .439(ving the history)-.2 F 2.939(,t)-.65 G .439
(he history \214le is truncated)-2.939 F 1.237(to contain no more than)
108 156 R F1(HISTFILESIZE)3.738 E F0 3.738(lines. If)3.488 F F1
(HISTFILESIZE)3.738 E F0 1.238(is unset, or set to null, a non-numeric)
3.488 F -.25(va)108 168 S(lue, or a numeric v).25 E
(alue less than zero, the history \214le is not truncated.)-.25 E 1.294
(The b)108 184.8 R 1.294(uiltin command)-.2 F F3(fc)3.794 E F0(\(see)
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F0(belo)3.543 E 1.293(w\) may be used to list or edit and re-)-.25 F
-.15(exe)108 196.8 S .673(cute a portion of the history list.).15 F(The)
5.673 E F3(history)3.173 E F0 -.2(bu)3.173 G .673
(iltin may be used to display or modify the history list).2 F .28
(and manipulate the history \214le.)108 208.8 R .279
(When using command-line editing, search commands are a)5.279 F -.25(va)
-.2 G .279(ilable in each).25 F(editing mode that pro)108 220.8 Q
(vide access to the history list.)-.15 E 1.485(The shell allo)108 237.6
R 1.485(ws control o)-.25 F -.15(ve)-.15 G 3.986(rw).15 G 1.486
(hich commands are sa)-3.986 F -.15(ve)-.2 G 3.986(do).15 G 3.986(nt)
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E(OL)-.27 E F0(and)3.736 E F1(HISTIGNORE)108 249.6 Q F0 -.25(va)2.708 G
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-.2 H .457(nly a subset of the commands entered.).15 F(The)5.457 E F3
(cmdhist)108 261.6 Q F0 .75
(shell option, if enabled, causes the shell to attempt to sa)3.25 F 1.05
-.15(ve e)-.2 H .75(ach line of a multi-line command in).15 F 1.077
(the same history entry)108 273.6 R 3.577(,a)-.65 G 1.077
(dding semicolons where necessary to preserv)-3.577 F 3.577(es)-.15 G
1.077(yntactic correctness.)-3.577 F(The)6.077 E F3(lithist)3.576 E F0
.373(shell option causes the shell to sa)108 285.6 R .674 -.15(ve t)-.2
H .374(he command with embedded ne).15 F .374
(wlines instead of semicolons.)-.25 F .374(See the)5.374 F .319
(description of the)108 297.6 R F3(shopt)2.819 E F0 -.2(bu)2.819 G .318
(iltin belo).2 F 2.818(wu)-.25 G(nder)-2.818 E F1 .318(SHELL B)2.818 F
(UIL)-.09 E .318(TIN COMMANDS)-.828 F F0 .318
(for information on setting and)2.568 F(unsetting shell options.)108
309.6 Q/F4 10.95/Times-Bold@0 SF(HIST)72 326.4 Q(OR)-.197 E 2.738(YE)
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108 338.4 R .611(xpansion feature that is similar to the history e)-.15
F .611(xpansion in)-.15 F F3(csh.)3.111 E F0 .611(This section)5.611 F
.871(describes what syntax features are a)108 350.4 R -.25(va)-.2 G
3.371(ilable. This).25 F .871(feature is enabled by def)3.371 F .87
(ault for interacti)-.1 F 1.17 -.15(ve s)-.25 H .87(hells, and).15 F
2.013(can be disabled using the)108 362.4 R F3(+H)4.514 E F0 2.014
(option to the)4.514 F F3(set)4.514 E F0 -.2(bu)4.514 G 2.014
(iltin command \(see).2 F F1 2.014(SHELL B)4.514 F(UIL)-.09 E 2.014
(TIN COMMANDS)-.828 F F0(belo)108 374.4 Q 2.5(w\). Non-interacti)-.25 F
.3 -.15(ve s)-.25 H(hells do not perform history e).15 E
(xpansion by def)-.15 E(ault.)-.1 E 1.306(History e)108 391.2 R 1.306
(xpansions introduce w)-.15 F 1.306(ords from the history list into the\
 input stream, making it easy to repeat)-.1 F .209
(commands, insert the ar)108 403.2 R .209(guments to a pre)-.18 F .21
(vious command into the current input line, or \214x errors in pre)-.25
F(vious)-.25 E(commands quickly)108 415.2 Q(.)-.65 E 1.164(History e)108
432 R 1.163(xpansion is performed immediately after a complete line is \
read, before the shell breaks it into)-.15 F -.1(wo)108 444 S 3.2
(rds. It).1 F(tak)3.2 E .7(es place in tw)-.1 F 3.2(op)-.1 G 3.2
(arts. The)-3.2 F .7
(\214rst is to determine which line from the history list to use during)
3.2 F 4.368(substitution. The)108 456 R 1.868(second is to select porti\
ons of that line for inclusion into the current one.)4.368 F 1.867
(The line)6.867 F .662(selected from the history is the)108 468 R/F5 10
/Times-Italic@0 SF -.15(ev)3.162 G(ent).15 E F0 3.162(,a)C .663
(nd the portions of that line that are acted upon are)-3.162 F F5(wor)
3.163 E(ds)-.37 E F0 5.663(.V)C(arious)-6.773 E F5(modi\214er)108 480 Q
(s)-.1 E F0 .227(are a)2.727 F -.25(va)-.2 G .227
(ilable to manipulate the selected w).25 F 2.727(ords. The)-.1 F .226
(line is brok)2.726 F .226(en into w)-.1 F .226(ords in the same f)-.1 F
(ashion)-.1 E .351(as when reading input, so that se)108 492 R -.15(ve)
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(-separated w)B .352(ords surrounded by quotes are considered)-.1 F .625
(one w)108 504 R 3.125(ord. History)-.1 F -.15(ex)3.125 G .624
(pansions are introduced by the appearance of the history e).15 F .624
(xpansion character)-.15 F 3.124(,w)-.4 G(hich)-3.124 E(is)108 516 Q F3
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(\\).833 E F0 2.5(\)a).833 G(nd single quotes can quote the history e)
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(xpansion if found immediately follo)-.15 F .03(wing the history e)-.25
F .03(xpansion character)-.15 F(,)-.4 E -2.15 -.25(ev e)108 544.8 T
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(ve)-.25 G .109(ral shell options settable with the).15 F F3(shopt)2.609
E F0 -.2(bu)2.609 G .11(iltin may be used to tailor the beha).2 F .11
(vior of history e)-.2 F(xpansion.)-.15 E 1.143(If the)108 585.6 R F3
(histv)3.643 E(erify)-.1 E F0 1.143
(shell option is enabled \(see the description of the)3.643 F F3(shopt)
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1.516(is reloaded into the)108 609.6 R F3 -.18(re)4.016 G(adline).18 E
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(fer for further modi\214cation.)-.25 F(If)6.516 E F3 -.18(re)4.015 G
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(ailed history substitution will be reloaded into the)-.1 F F3 -.18(re)
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1.161(er for correction.).25 F(The)6.161 E F3<ad70>3.661 E F0 1.161
(option to the)3.661 F F3(history)3.661 E F0 -.2(bu)3.661 G 1.16
(iltin command may be used to see what a history).2 F -.15(ex)108 645.6
S .055(pansion will do before using it.).15 F(The)5.055 E F3<ad73>2.555
E F0 .055(option to the)2.555 F F3(history)2.556 E F0 -.2(bu)2.556 G
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(ws control of the v)-.25 F 2.2(arious characters used by the history e)
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686.4 R F3(histchars)3.646 E F0(abo)3.646 E 1.446 -.15(ve u)-.15 H(nder)
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(shell uses the history comment character to)3.646 F
(mark history timestamps when writing the history \214le.)108 698.4 Q
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/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 389.54(SH\(1\) B).35 F(ASH\(1\))
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(An e)108 96 R -.15(ve)-.25 G .204(nt designator is a reference to a co\
mmand line entry in the history list.).15 F .204
(Unless the reference is abso-)5.204 F(lute, e)108 108 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G
(nts are relati).15 E .3 -.15(ve t)-.25 H 2.5(ot).15 G
(he current position in the history list.)-2.5 E F1(!)108 124.8 Q F0
1.607(Start a history substitution, e)32.67 F 1.607(xcept when follo)
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Q F1(extglob)2.5 E F0(shell option is enabled using the)2.5 E F1(shopt)
2.5 E F0 -.2(bu)2.5 G(iltin\).).2 E F1(!)108 148.8 Q/F2 10
/Times-Italic@0 SF(n)A F0(Refer to command line)27.67 E F2(n)2.5 E F0(.)
.24 E F1<21ad>108 160.8 Q F2(n)A F0(Refer to the current command minus)
21.97 E F2(n)2.5 E F0(.).24 E F1(!!)108 172.8 Q F0(Refer to the pre)
29.34 E(vious command.)-.25 E(This is a synon)5 E(ym for `!\2551'.)-.15
E F1(!)108 184.8 Q F2(string)A F0 .865(Refer to the most recent command\
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F2(string)144 196.8 Q F0(.).22 E F1(!?)108 208.8 Q F2(string)A F1([?])A
F0 1.503(Refer to the most recent command preceding the current positio\
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(.T).22 G(he trailing)-5 E F1(?)2.5 E F0(may be omitted if)2.5 E F2
(string)2.84 E F0(is follo)2.72 E(wed immediately by a ne)-.25 E(wline.)
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(string2)-5 I F3(^)5 I F0 .784(Quick substitution.)144 256.8 R .784
(Repeat the pre)5.784 F .784(vious command, replacing)-.25 F F2(string1)
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E -.25(va)-.25 G .783(lent to).25 F -.74(``)144 268.8 S(!!:s/).74 E F2
(string1)A F0(/)A F2(string2)A F0(/')A 2.5('\()-.74 G(see)-2.5 E F1
(Modi\214ers)2.5 E F0(belo)2.5 E(w\).)-.25 E F1(!#)108 280.8 Q F0
(The entire command line typed so f)27.67 E(ar)-.1 E(.)-.55 E F1 -.75
(Wo)87 297.6 S(rd Designators).75 E F0 -.8(Wo)108 309.6 S 1.313
(rd designators are used to select desired w).8 F 1.314(ords from the e)
-.1 F -.15(ve)-.25 G 3.814(nt. A).15 F F1(:)3.814 E F0 1.314
(separates the e)3.814 F -.15(ve)-.25 G 1.314(nt speci\214cation).15 F
.53(from the w)108 321.6 R .529(ord designator)-.1 F 5.529(.I)-.55 G
3.029(tm)-5.529 G .529(ay be omitted if the w)-3.029 F .529
(ord designator be)-.1 F .529(gins with a)-.15 F F1(^)3.029 E F0(,)A F1
($)3.029 E F0(,)A F1(*)3.029 E F0(,)A F1<ad>3.029 E F0 3.029(,o)C(r)
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(ginning of the line, with the \214rst w)-.15 F 1.301
(ord being denoted by 0 \(zero\).)-.1 F -.8(Wo)6.301 G 1.301(rds are).8
F(inserted into the current line separated by single spaces.)108 345.6 Q
F1 2.5(0\()108 362.4 S(zer)-2.5 E(o\))-.18 E F0(The zeroth w)144 374.4 Q
2.5(ord. F)-.1 F(or the shell, this is the command w)-.15 E(ord.)-.1 E
F2(n)108.36 386.4 Q F0(The)30.64 E F2(n)2.5 E F0(th w)A(ord.)-.1 E F1(^)
108 398.4 Q F0(The \214rst ar)32.67 E 2.5(gument. That)-.18 F(is, w)2.5
E(ord 1.)-.1 E F1($)108 410.4 Q F0(The last ar)31 E(gument.)-.18 E F1(%)
108 422.4 Q F0(The w)26 E(ord matched by the most recent `?)-.1 E F2
(string)A F0(?' search.)A F2(x)108.77 434.4 Q F1<ad>A F2(y)A F0 2.5(Ar)
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E(viates `0\255)-.25 E F2(y)A F0('.)A F1(*)108 446.4 Q F0 .316
(All of the w)31 F .316(ords b)-.1 F .316(ut the zeroth.)-.2 F .315
(This is a synon)5.315 F .315(ym for `)-.15 F F2(1\255$)A F0 2.815
('. It)B .315(is not an error to use)2.815 F F1(*)2.815 E F0 .315
(if there is)2.815 F(just one w)144 458.4 Q(ord in the e)-.1 E -.15(ve)
-.25 G(nt; the empty string is returned in that case.).15 E F1(x*)108
470.4 Q F0(Abbre)26 E(viates)-.25 E F2(x\255$)2.5 E F0(.)A F1<78ad>108
482.4 Q F0(Abbre)25.3 E(viates)-.25 E F2(x\255$)2.5 E F0(lik)2.5 E(e)-.1
E F1(x*)2.5 E F0 2.5(,b)C(ut omits the last w)-2.7 E(ord.)-.1 E(If a w)
108 499.2 Q(ord designator is supplied without an e)-.1 E -.15(ve)-.25 G
(nt speci\214cation, the pre).15 E(vious command is used as the e)-.25 E
-.15(ve)-.25 G(nt.).15 E F1(Modi\214ers)87 516 Q F0 .183
(After the optional w)108 528 R .183(ord designator)-.1 F 2.683(,t)-.4 G
.184(here may appear a sequence of one or more of the follo)-2.683 F
.184(wing modi\214ers,)-.25 F(each preceded by a `:'.)108 540 Q F1(h)108
556.8 Q F0(Remo)30.44 E .3 -.15(ve a t)-.15 H
(railing \214lename component, lea).15 E(ving only the head.)-.2 E F1(t)
108 568.8 Q F0(Remo)32.67 E .3 -.15(ve a)-.15 H
(ll leading \214lename components, lea).15 E(ving the tail.)-.2 E F1(r)
108 580.8 Q F0(Remo)31.56 E .3 -.15(ve a t)-.15 H(railing suf).15 E
(\214x of the form)-.25 E F2(.xxx)2.5 E F0 2.5(,l)C(ea)-2.5 E
(ving the basename.)-.2 E F1(e)108 592.8 Q F0(Remo)31.56 E .3 -.15(ve a)
-.15 H(ll b).15 E(ut the trailing suf)-.2 E(\214x.)-.25 E F1(p)108 604.8
Q F0(Print the ne)30.44 E 2.5(wc)-.25 G(ommand b)-2.5 E(ut do not e)-.2
E -.15(xe)-.15 G(cute it.).15 E F1(q)108 616.8 Q F0
(Quote the substituted w)30.44 E(ords, escaping further substitutions.)
-.1 E F1(x)108 628.8 Q F0(Quote the substituted w)31 E(ords as with)-.1
E F1(q)2.5 E F0 2.5(,b)C(ut break into w)-2.7 E(ords at)-.1 E F1(blanks)
2.5 E F0(and ne)2.5 E(wlines.)-.25 E F1(s/)108 640.8 Q F2(old)A F1(/)A
F2(ne)A(w)-.15 E F1(/)A F0(Substitute)144 652.8 Q F2(ne)3.082 E(w)-.15 E
F0 .221(for the \214rst occurrence of)3.032 F F2(old)2.951 E F0 .221
(in the e)3.491 F -.15(ve)-.25 G .221(nt line.).15 F(An)5.221 E 2.721
(yd)-.15 G .221(elimiter can be used in place)-2.721 F .616(of /.)144
664.8 R .617
(The \214nal delimiter is optional if it is the last character of the e)
5.616 F -.15(ve)-.25 G .617(nt line.).15 F .617(The delimiter may)5.617
F .666(be quoted in)144 676.8 R F2(old)3.396 E F0(and)3.936 E F2(ne)
3.526 E(w)-.15 E F0 .666(with a single backslash.)3.476 F .666
(If & appears in)5.666 F F2(ne)3.166 E(w)-.15 E F0 3.166(,i).31 G 3.166
(ti)-3.166 G 3.166(sr)-3.166 G .666(eplaced by)-3.166 F F2(old)3.166 E
F0 5.666(.A).77 G .274(single backslash will quote the &.)144 688.8 R
(If)5.274 E F2(old)3.004 E F0 .274(is null, it is set to the last)3.544
F F2(old)3.005 E F0 .275(substituted, or)3.545 F 2.775(,i)-.4 G 2.775
(fn)-2.775 G 2.775(op)-2.775 G(re)-2.775 E(vi-)-.25 E
(ous history substitutions took place, the last)144 700.8 Q F2(string)
2.84 E F0(in a)2.72 E F1(!?)2.5 E F2(string)A F1([?])A F0(search.)5 E F1
(&)108 712.8 Q F0(Repeat the pre)27.67 E(vious substitution.)-.25 E
(GNU Bash 4.2)72 768 Q(2012 January 29)141.79 E(49)190.95 E 0 Cg EP
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/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 389.54(SH\(1\) B).35 F(ASH\(1\))
-.35 E/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(g)108 84 Q F0 .398
(Cause changes to be applied o)31 F -.15(ve)-.15 G 2.898(rt).15 G .398
(he entire e)-2.898 F -.15(ve)-.25 G .398(nt line.).15 F .397
(This is used in conjunction with `)5.398 F F1(:s)A F0 2.897('\()C
(e.g.,)-2.897 E(`)144 96 Q F1(:gs/)A/F2 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(old)A F1(/)
A F2(ne)A(w)-.15 E F1(/)A F0 1.218('\) or `)B F1(:&)A F0 3.718('. If)B
1.218(used with `)3.718 F F1(:s)A F0 1.218(', an)B 3.718(yd)-.15 G 1.219
(elimiter can be used in place of /, and the \214nal)-3.718 F .09
(delimiter is optional if it is the last character of the e)144 108 R
-.15(ve)-.25 G .089(nt line.).15 F(An)5.089 E F1(a)2.589 E F0 .089
(may be used as a synon)2.589 F .089(ym for)-.15 F F1(g)144 120 Q F0(.)A
F1(G)108 132 Q F0(Apply the follo)28.22 E(wing `)-.25 E F1(s)A F0 2.5
('m)C(odi\214er once to each w)-2.5 E(ord in the e)-.1 E -.15(ve)-.25 G
(nt line.).15 E/F3 10.95/Times-Bold@0 SF(SHELL B)72 148.8 Q(UIL)-.11 E
(TIN COMMANDS)-1.007 E F0 .062(Unless otherwise noted, each b)108 160.8
R .062(uiltin command documented in this section as accepting options p\
receded by)-.2 F F1<ad>108 172.8 Q F0(accepts)2.534 E F1<adad>2.534 E F0
.034(to signify the end of the options.)2.534 F(The)5.034 E F1(:)2.534 E
F0(,)A F1(true)2.534 E F0(,)A F1(false)2.534 E F0 2.534(,a)C(nd)-2.534 E
F1(test)2.534 E F0 -.2(bu)2.534 G .033(iltins do not accept options and)
.2 F .077(do not treat)108 184.8 R F1<adad>2.577 E F0(specially)2.577 E
5.077(.T)-.65 G(he)-5.077 E F1(exit)2.577 E F0(,)A F1(logout)2.577 E F0
(,)A F1(br)2.577 E(eak)-.18 E F0(,)A F1(continue)2.577 E F0(,)A F1(let)
2.577 E F0 2.577(,a)C(nd)-2.577 E F1(shift)2.577 E F0 -.2(bu)2.577 G
.077(iltins accept and process ar).2 F(gu-)-.18 E .32(ments be)108 196.8
R .32(ginning with)-.15 F F1<ad>2.82 E F0 .32(without requiring)2.82 F
F1<adad>2.82 E F0 5.319(.O)C .319(ther b)-5.319 F .319
(uiltins that accept ar)-.2 F .319(guments b)-.18 F .319
(ut are not speci\214ed as)-.2 F 1.143(accepting options interpret ar)
108 208.8 R 1.143(guments be)-.18 F 1.143(ginning with)-.15 F F1<ad>
3.643 E F0 1.143(as in)3.643 F -.25(va)-.4 G 1.143
(lid options and require).25 F F1<adad>3.644 E F0 1.144(to pre)3.644 F
-.15(ve)-.25 G 1.144(nt this).15 F(interpretation.)108 220.8 Q F1(:)108
238.8 Q F0([)2.5 E F2(ar)A(guments)-.37 E F0(])A .452(No ef)144 250.8 R
.452(fect; the command does nothing be)-.25 F .452(yond e)-.15 F
(xpanding)-.15 E F2(ar)3.282 E(guments)-.37 E F0 .451(and performing an)
3.221 F 2.951(ys)-.15 G(peci\214ed)-2.951 E 2.5(redirections. A)144
262.8 R(zero e)2.5 E(xit code is returned.)-.15 E F1(.)110.5 279.6 Q F2
(\214lename)6.666 E F0([)2.5 E F2(ar)A(guments)-.37 E F0(])A F1(sour)108
291.6 Q(ce)-.18 E F2(\214lename)2.5 E F0([)2.5 E F2(ar)A(guments)-.37 E
F0(])A 1.02(Read and e)144 303.6 R -.15(xe)-.15 G 1.02
(cute commands from).15 F F2(\214lename)5.43 E F0 1.02
(in the current shell en)3.7 F 1.02(vironment and return the e)-.4 F
(xit)-.15 E 1.458(status of the last command e)144 315.6 R -.15(xe)-.15
G 1.458(cuted from).15 F F2(\214lename)3.958 E F0 6.458(.I).18 G(f)
-6.458 E F2(\214lename)5.868 E F0 1.458
(does not contain a slash, \214le-)4.138 F .608(names in)144 327.6 R/F4
9/Times-Bold@0 SF -.666(PA)3.108 G(TH)-.189 E F0 .608
(are used to \214nd the directory containing)2.858 F F2(\214lename)3.108
E F0 5.608(.T).18 G .608(he \214le searched for in)-5.608 F F4 -.666(PA)
3.108 G(TH)-.189 E F0 .833(need not be e)144 339.6 R -.15(xe)-.15 G
3.333(cutable. When).15 F F1(bash)3.333 E F0 .832(is not in)3.333 F F2
.832(posix mode)3.332 F F0 3.332(,t)C .832
(he current directory is searched if no)-3.332 F .981
(\214le is found in)144 351.6 R F4 -.666(PA)3.481 G(TH)-.189 E/F5 9
/Times-Roman@0 SF(.)A F0 .981(If the)5.481 F F1(sour)3.481 E(cepath)-.18
E F0 .981(option to the)3.481 F F1(shopt)3.481 E F0 -.2(bu)3.481 G .981
(iltin command is turned of).2 F .982(f, the)-.25 F F4 -.666(PA)144
363.6 S(TH)-.189 E F0 .112(is not searched.)2.363 F .112(If an)5.112 F
(y)-.15 E F2(ar)2.612 E(guments)-.37 E F0 .112(are supplied, the)2.612 F
2.612(yb)-.15 G .112(ecome the positional parameters when)-2.612 F F2
(\214lename)144 375.6 Q F0 .341(is e)2.841 F -.15(xe)-.15 G 2.841
(cuted. Otherwise).15 F .341(the positional parameters are unchanged.)
2.841 F .342(The return status is the)5.342 F .716
(status of the last command e)144 387.6 R .716
(xited within the script \(0 if no commands are e)-.15 F -.15(xe)-.15 G
.716(cuted\), and f).15 F .715(alse if)-.1 F F2(\214lename)145.91 399.6
Q F0(is not found or cannot be read.)2.68 E F1(alias)108 416.4 Q F0([)
2.5 E F1<ad70>A F0 2.5(][)C F2(name)-2.5 E F0([=)A F2(value)A F0 2.5(].)
C(..])-2.5 E F1(Alias)144 428.4 Q F0 2.724(with no ar)5.224 F 2.724
(guments or with the)-.18 F F1<ad70>5.224 E F0 2.724
(option prints the list of aliases in the form)5.224 F F1(alias)5.225 E
F2(name)144 440.4 Q F0(=)A F2(value)A F0 .58(on standard output.)3.08 F
.58(When ar)5.58 F .58
(guments are supplied, an alias is de\214ned for each)-.18 F F2(name)
3.08 E F0(whose)144 452.4 Q F2(value)2.895 E F0 .395(is gi)2.895 F -.15
(ve)-.25 G 2.895(n. A).15 F .395(trailing space in)2.895 F F2(value)
5.395 E F0 .395(causes the ne)2.895 F .395(xt w)-.15 F .395
(ord to be check)-.1 F .395(ed for alias sub-)-.1 F .054
(stitution when the alias is e)144 464.4 R 2.554(xpanded. F)-.15 F .054
(or each)-.15 F F2(name)2.554 E F0 .054(in the ar)2.554 F .054
(gument list for which no)-.18 F F2(value)2.554 E F0 .053(is sup-)2.553
F 1.313(plied, the name and v)144 476.4 R 1.314
(alue of the alias is printed.)-.25 F F1(Alias)6.314 E F0 1.314
(returns true unless a)3.814 F F2(name)3.814 E F0 1.314(is gi)3.814 F
-.15(ve)-.25 G 3.814(nf).15 G(or)-3.814 E
(which no alias has been de\214ned.)144 488.4 Q F1(bg)108 505.2 Q F0([)
2.5 E F2(jobspec)A F0(...])2.5 E .745(Resume each suspended job)144
517.2 R F2(jobspec)3.245 E F0 .745
(in the background, as if it had been started with)3.245 F F1(&)3.244 E
F0 5.744(.I)C(f)-5.744 E F2(job-)4.984 E(spec)144 529.2 Q F0 .671
(is not present, the shell')3.481 F 3.171(sn)-.55 G .672(otion of the)
-3.171 F F2(curr)3.172 E .672(ent job)-.37 F F0 .672(is used.)3.172 F F1
(bg)5.672 E F2(jobspec)4.912 E F0 .672(returns 0 unless run)3.482 F .419
(when job control is disabled or)144 541.2 R 2.919(,w)-.4 G .419
(hen run with job control enabled, an)-2.919 F 2.918(ys)-.15 G
(peci\214ed)-2.918 E F2(jobspec)2.918 E F0 -.1(wa)2.918 G 2.918(sn).1 G
(ot)-2.918 E(found or w)144 553.2 Q(as started without job control.)-.1
E F1(bind)108 570 Q F0([)2.5 E F1<ad6d>A F2 -.1(ke)2.5 G(ymap)-.2 E F0
2.5(][)C F1(\255lpsvPSVX)-2.5 E F0(])A F1(bind)108 582 Q F0([)2.5 E F1
<ad6d>A F2 -.1(ke)2.5 G(ymap)-.2 E F0 2.5(][)C F1<ad71>-2.5 E F2
(function)2.5 E F0 2.5(][)C F1<ad75>-2.5 E F2(function)2.5 E F0 2.5(][)C
F1<ad72>-2.5 E F2 -.1(ke)2.5 G(yseq)-.2 E F0(])A F1(bind)108 594 Q F0([)
2.5 E F1<ad6d>A F2 -.1(ke)2.5 G(ymap)-.2 E F0(])A F1<ad66>2.5 E F2
(\214lename)2.5 E F1(bind)108 606 Q F0([)2.5 E F1<ad6d>A F2 -.1(ke)2.5 G
(ymap)-.2 E F0(])A F1<ad78>2.5 E F2 -.1(ke)2.5 G(yseq)-.2 E F0(:)A F2
(shell\255command)A F1(bind)108 618 Q F0([)2.5 E F1<ad6d>A F2 -.1(ke)2.5
G(ymap)-.2 E F0(])A F2 -.1(ke)2.5 G(yseq)-.2 E F0(:)A F2
(function\255name)A F1(bind)108 630 Q F2 -.37(re)2.5 G
(adline\255command).37 E F0 .238(Display current)144 642 R F1 -.18(re)
2.738 G(adline).18 E F0 -.1(ke)2.738 G 2.738(ya)-.05 G .239
(nd function bindings, bind a k)-2.738 F .539 -.15(ey s)-.1 H .239
(equence to a).15 F F1 -.18(re)2.739 G(adline).18 E F0 .239(function or)
2.739 F .476(macro, or set a)144 654 R F1 -.18(re)2.976 G(adline).18 E
F0 -.25(va)2.976 G 2.976(riable. Each).25 F .476(non-option ar)2.976 F
.475(gument is a command as it w)-.18 F .475(ould appear in)-.1 F F2
(.inputr)144 666 Q(c)-.37 E F0 2.983(,b).31 G .484
(ut each binding or command must be passed as a separate ar)-3.183 F
.484(gument; e.g., '"\\C\255x\\C\255r":)-.18 F 2.5
(re\255read\255init\255\214le'. Options,)144 678 R(if supplied, ha)2.5 E
.3 -.15(ve t)-.2 H(he follo).15 E(wing meanings:)-.25 E F1<ad6d>144 690
Q F2 -.1(ke)2.5 G(ymap)-.2 E F0(Use)180 702 Q F2 -.1(ke)5.159 G(ymap)-.2
E F0 2.659(as the k)5.349 F -.15(ey)-.1 G 2.658(map to be af).15 F 2.658
(fected by the subsequent bindings.)-.25 F(Acceptable)7.658 E F2 -.1(ke)
180 714 S(ymap)-.2 E F0 3.192(names are)5.882 F F2 3.192
(emacs, emacs\255standar)5.692 F 3.193
(d, emacs\255meta, emacs\255ctlx, vi, vi\255mo)-.37 F(ve)-.1 E(,)-.1 E
(vi\255command)180 726 Q F0 4.43(,a)C(nd)-4.43 E F2(vi\255insert)4.429 E
F0(.).68 E F2(vi)6.929 E F0 1.929(is equi)4.429 F -.25(va)-.25 G 1.929
(lent to).25 F F2(vi\255command)4.429 E F0(;)A F2(emacs)4.429 E F0 1.929
(is equi)4.429 F -.25(va)-.25 G 1.929(lent to).25 F(GNU Bash 4.2)72 768
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/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 389.54(SH\(1\) B).35 F(ASH\(1\))
-.35 E/F1 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(emacs\255standar)180 84 Q(d)-.37 E F0(.)A
/F2 10/Times-Bold@0 SF<ad6c>144 96 Q F0(List the names of all)27.52 E F2
-.18(re)2.5 G(adline).18 E F0(functions.)2.5 E F2<ad70>144 108 Q F0
(Display)24.74 E F2 -.18(re)2.5 G(adline).18 E F0
(function names and bindings in such a w)2.5 E(ay that the)-.1 E 2.5(yc)
-.15 G(an be re-read.)-2.5 E F2<ad50>144 120 Q F0(List current)24.19 E
F2 -.18(re)2.5 G(adline).18 E F0(function names and bindings.)2.5 E F2
<ad73>144 132 Q F0(Display)26.41 E F2 -.18(re)3.655 G(adline).18 E F0
-.1(ke)3.655 G 3.655(ys)-.05 G 1.155
(equences bound to macros and the strings the)-3.655 F 3.655(yo)-.15 G
1.155(utput in such a)-3.655 F -.1(wa)180 144 S 2.5(yt).1 G(hat the)-2.5
E 2.5(yc)-.15 G(an be re-read.)-2.5 E F2<ad53>144 156 Q F0(Display)24.74
E F2 -.18(re)2.5 G(adline).18 E F0 -.1(ke)2.5 G 2.5(ys)-.05 G
(equences bound to macros and the strings the)-2.5 E 2.5(yo)-.15 G
(utput.)-2.5 E F2<ad76>144 168 Q F0(Display)25.3 E F2 -.18(re)2.5 G
(adline).18 E F0 -.25(va)2.5 G(riable names and v).25 E
(alues in such a w)-.25 E(ay that the)-.1 E 2.5(yc)-.15 G
(an be re-read.)-2.5 E F2<ad56>144 180 Q F0(List current)23.08 E F2 -.18
(re)2.5 G(adline).18 E F0 -.25(va)2.5 G(riable names and v).25 E(alues.)
-.25 E F2<ad66>144 192 Q F1(\214lename)2.5 E F0(Read k)180 204 Q .3 -.15
(ey b)-.1 H(indings from).15 E F1(\214lename)2.5 E F0(.)A F2<ad71>144
216 Q F1(function)2.5 E F0(Query about which k)180 228 Q -.15(ey)-.1 G
2.5(si).15 G -1.9 -.4(nv o)-2.5 H .2 -.1(ke t).4 H(he named).1 E F1
(function)2.5 E F0(.)A F2<ad75>144 240 Q F1(function)2.5 E F0
(Unbind all k)180 252 Q -.15(ey)-.1 G 2.5(sb).15 G(ound to the named)
-2.5 E F1(function)2.5 E F0(.)A F2<ad72>144 264 Q F1 -.1(ke)2.5 G(yseq)
-.2 E F0(Remo)180 276 Q .3 -.15(ve a)-.15 H .3 -.15(ny c).15 H
(urrent binding for).15 E F1 -.1(ke)2.5 G(yseq)-.2 E F0(.)A F2<ad78>144
288 Q F1 -.1(ke)2.5 G(yseq)-.2 E F2(:)A F1(shell\255command)A F0(Cause)
180 300 Q F1(shell\255command)4.325 E F0 1.825(to be e)4.325 F -.15(xe)
-.15 G 1.825(cuted whene).15 F -.15(ve)-.25 G(r).15 E F1 -.1(ke)4.325 G
(yseq)-.2 E F0 1.825(is entered.)4.325 F(When)6.825 E F1(shell\255com-)
4.325 E(mand)180 312 Q F0 1.764(is e)4.264 F -.15(xe)-.15 G 1.765
(cuted, the shell sets the).15 F/F3 9/Times-Bold@0 SF(READLINE_LINE)
4.265 E F0 -.25(va)4.015 G 1.765(riable to the contents of the).25 F F2
-.18(re)180 324 S(adline).18 E F0 1.353(line b)3.853 F(uf)-.2 E 1.353
(fer and the)-.25 F F3(READLINE_POINT)3.853 E F0 -.25(va)3.603 G 1.353
(riable to the current location of the).25 F 2.011(insertion point.)180
336 R 2.011(If the e)7.011 F -.15(xe)-.15 G 2.011
(cuted command changes the v).15 F 2.011(alue of)-.25 F F3
(READLINE_LINE)4.512 E F0(or)4.262 E F3(READLINE_POINT)180 348 Q/F4 9
/Times-Roman@0 SF(,)A F0(those ne)2.25 E 2.5(wv)-.25 G
(alues will be re\215ected in the editing state.)-2.75 E F2<ad58>144 360
Q F0 .83(List all k)23.08 F 1.13 -.15(ey s)-.1 H .829
(equences bound to shell commands and the associated commands in a for)
.15 F(-)-.2 E(mat that can be reused as input.)180 372 Q(The return v)
144 388.8 Q(alue is 0 unless an unrecognized option is gi)-.25 E -.15
(ve)-.25 G 2.5(no).15 G 2.5(ra)-2.5 G 2.5(ne)-2.5 G(rror occurred.)-2.5
E F2(br)108 405.6 Q(eak)-.18 E F0([)2.5 E F1(n)A F0(])A .054
(Exit from within a)144 417.6 R F2 -.25(fo)2.554 G(r).25 E F0(,)A F2
(while)2.554 E F0(,)A F2(until)2.555 E F0 2.555(,o)C(r)-2.555 E F2
(select)2.555 E F0 2.555(loop. If)2.555 F F1(n)2.555 E F0 .055
(is speci\214ed, break)2.555 F F1(n)2.555 E F0(le)2.555 E -.15(ve)-.25 G
(ls.).15 E F1(n)5.415 E F0 .055(must be)2.795 F/F5 10/Symbol SF<b3>2.555
E F0(1.)2.555 E(If)144 429.6 Q F1(n)3.075 E F0 .215(is greater than the\
 number of enclosing loops, all enclosing loops are e)2.955 F 2.714
(xited. The)-.15 F .214(return v)2.714 F(alue)-.25 E(is 0 unless)144
441.6 Q F1(n)2.5 E F0(is not greater than or equal to 1.)2.5 E F2 -.2
(bu)108 458.4 S(iltin).2 E F1(shell\255b)2.5 E(uiltin)-.2 E F0([)2.5 E
F1(ar)A(guments)-.37 E F0(])A(Ex)144 470.4 Q .792
(ecute the speci\214ed shell b)-.15 F .792(uiltin, passing it)-.2 F F1
(ar)3.293 E(guments)-.37 E F0 3.293(,a).27 G .793(nd return its e)-3.293
F .793(xit status.)-.15 F .793(This is useful)5.793 F .616
(when de\214ning a function whose name is the same as a shell b)144
482.4 R .615(uiltin, retaining the functionality of)-.2 F .57(the b)144
494.4 R .57(uiltin within the function.)-.2 F(The)5.57 E F2(cd)3.07 E F0
-.2(bu)3.07 G .57(iltin is commonly rede\214ned this w).2 F(ay)-.1 E
5.57(.T)-.65 G .57(he return status)-5.57 F(is f)144 506.4 Q(alse if)-.1
E F1(shell\255b)2.84 E(uiltin)-.2 E F0(is not a shell b)2.74 E
(uiltin command.)-.2 E F2(caller)108 523.2 Q F0([)2.5 E F1 -.2(ex)C(pr)
.2 E F0(])A .254(Returns the conte)144 535.2 R .254(xt of an)-.15 F
2.754(ya)-.15 G(cti)-2.754 E .554 -.15(ve s)-.25 H .254
(ubroutine call \(a shell function or a script e).15 F -.15(xe)-.15 G
.254(cuted with the).15 F F2(.)2.753 E F0(or)2.753 E F2(sour)144 547.2 Q
(ce)-.18 E F0 -.2(bu)2.824 G 2.824(iltins\). W).2 F(ithout)-.4 E F1 -.2
(ex)2.824 G(pr).2 E F0(,)A F2(caller)2.824 E F0 .324
(displays the line number and source \214lename of the current)2.824 F
.254(subroutine call.)144 559.2 R .254(If a non-ne)5.254 F -.05(ga)-.15
G(ti).05 E .554 -.15(ve i)-.25 H(nte).15 E .253(ger is supplied as)-.15
F F1 -.2(ex)2.753 G(pr).2 E F0(,)A F2(caller)2.753 E F0 .253
(displays the line number)2.753 F 2.753(,s)-.4 G(ub-)-2.753 E 1.327(rou\
tine name, and source \214le corresponding to that position in the curr\
ent e)144 571.2 R -.15(xe)-.15 G 1.328(cution call stack.).15 F .001
(This e)144 583.2 R .001(xtra information may be used, for e)-.15 F .001
(xample, to print a stack trace.)-.15 F(The current frame is frame)5 E
3.019(0. The)144 595.2 R .519(return v)3.019 F .519
(alue is 0 unless the shell is not e)-.25 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .52
(cuting a subroutine call or).15 F F1 -.2(ex)3.02 G(pr).2 E F0 .52
(does not corre-)3.02 F(spond to a v)144 607.2 Q
(alid position in the call stack.)-.25 E F2(cd)108 624 Q F0([)2.5 E F2
<ad4c>A F0(|[)A F2<ad50>A F0([)2.5 E F2<ad65>A F0(]]] [)A F1(dir)A F0(])
A .322(Change the current directory to)144 636 R F1(dir)2.822 E F0 5.322
(.i)C(f)-5.322 E F1(dir)2.822 E F0 .321(is not supplied, the v)2.822 F
.321(alue of the)-.25 F F3(HOME)2.821 E F0 .321(shell v)2.571 F .321
(ariable is)-.25 F 1.035(the def)144 648 R 3.535(ault. An)-.1 F 3.535
(ya)-.15 G 1.035(dditional ar)-3.535 F 1.035(guments follo)-.18 F(wing)
-.25 E F1(dir)3.535 E F0 1.035(are ignored.)3.535 F 1.036(The v)6.035 F
(ariable)-.25 E F3(CDP)3.536 E -.855(AT)-.666 G(H).855 E F0(de\214nes)
3.286 E .85(the search path for the directory containing)144 660 R F1
(dir)3.35 E F0 3.35(:e).73 G .849(ach directory name in)-3.35 F F3(CDP)
3.349 E -.855(AT)-.666 G(H).855 E F0 .849(is searched for)3.099 F F1
(dir)144 672 Q F0 5.664(.A)C(lternati)-5.664 E .964 -.15(ve d)-.25 H
.665(irectory names in).15 F F3(CDP)3.165 E -.855(AT)-.666 G(H).855 E F0
.665(are separated by a colon \(:\).)2.915 F 3.165(An)5.665 G .665
(ull directory name)-3.165 F(in)144 684 Q F3(CDP)4.163 E -.855(AT)-.666
G(H).855 E F0 1.663(is the same as the current directory)3.913 F 4.162
(,i)-.65 G 1.662(.e., `)-4.162 F(`)-.74 E F2(.)A F0 -.74('')C 6.662(.I)
.74 G(f)-6.662 E F1(dir)4.512 E F0(be)4.892 E 1.662
(gins with a slash \(/\), then)-.15 F F3(CDP)144 696 Q -.855(AT)-.666 G
(H).855 E F0 .347(is not used. The)2.597 F F2<ad50>2.847 E F0 .347
(option causes)2.847 F F2(cd)2.847 E F0 .347(to use the ph)2.847 F .347
(ysical directory structure by resolving)-.05 F 1.12
(symbolic links while tra)144 708 R -.15(ve)-.2 G(rsing).15 E F1(dir)
3.62 E F0 1.12(and before processing instances of)3.62 F F1(..)3.62 E F0
(in)3.62 E F1(dir)3.62 E F0 1.12(\(see also the)3.62 F F2<ad50>3.62 E F0
2.439(option to the)144 720 R F2(set)4.939 E F0 -.2(bu)4.939 G 2.439
(iltin command\); the).2 F F2<ad4c>4.939 E F0 2.44
(option forces symbolic links to be follo)4.939 F 2.44(wed by)-.25 F
(GNU Bash 4.2)72 768 Q(2012 January 29)141.79 E(51)190.95 E 0 Cg EP
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96 Q .887(ving the immediately pre)-.15 F .888
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(dir)2.718 E F0 5.218(.I)C 2.718(ft)-5.218 G(he)-2.718 E/F2 10
/Times-Bold@0 SF<ad65>2.718 E F0 .218(option is supplied with)2.718 F F2
<ad50>2.718 E F0 2.718(,a)C .218(nd the current w)-2.718 F .217
(orking directory cannot be suc-)-.1 F .169
(cessfully determined after a successful directory change,)144 120 R F2
(cd)2.669 E F0 .169(will return an unsuccessful status.)2.669 F(An)5.17
E(ar)144 132 Q .072(gument of)-.18 F F2<ad>2.572 E F0 .072(is con)2.572
F -.15(ve)-.4 G .072(rted to).15 F/F3 9/Times-Bold@0 SF($OLDPWD)2.572 E
F0 .072(before the directory change is attempted.)2.322 F .072
(If a non-empty)5.072 F .054(directory name from)144 144 R F3(CDP)2.554
E -.855(AT)-.666 G(H).855 E F0 .054(is used, or if)2.304 F F2<ad>2.555 E
F0 .055(is the \214rst ar)2.555 F .055
(gument, and the directory change is suc-)-.18 F .168
(cessful, the absolute pathname of the ne)144 156 R 2.668(ww)-.25 G .168
(orking directory is written to the standard output.)-2.768 F(The)5.168
E(return v)144 168 Q(alue is true if the directory w)-.25 E
(as successfully changed; f)-.1 E(alse otherwise.)-.1 E F2(command)108
184.8 Q F0([)2.5 E F2(\255pVv)A F0(])A F1(command)2.5 E F0([)2.5 E F1
(ar)A(g)-.37 E F0(...])2.5 E(Run)144 196.8 Q F1(command)2.956 E F0(with)
3.527 E F1(ar)3.087 E(gs)-.37 E F0 .257
(suppressing the normal shell function lookup. Only b)3.027 F .257
(uiltin commands or)-.2 F .502(commands found in the)144 208.8 R F3
-.666(PA)3.002 G(TH)-.189 E F0 .502(are e)2.752 F -.15(xe)-.15 G 3.002
(cuted. If).15 F(the)3.002 E F2<ad70>3.002 E F0 .502(option is gi)3.002
F -.15(ve)-.25 G .501(n, the search for).15 F F1(command)3.201 E F0(is)
3.771 E .399(performed using a def)144 220.8 R .399(ault v)-.1 F .399
(alue for)-.25 F F3 -.666(PA)2.899 G(TH)-.189 E F0 .4
(that is guaranteed to \214nd all of the standard utilities.)2.649 F(If)
5.4 E .175(either the)144 232.8 R F2<ad56>2.675 E F0(or)2.675 E F2<ad76>
2.675 E F0 .175(option is supplied, a description of)2.675 F F1(command)
2.875 E F0 .174(is printed.)3.445 F(The)5.174 E F2<ad76>2.674 E F0 .174
(option causes)2.674 F 3.317(as)144 244.8 S .817(ingle w)-3.317 F .817
(ord indicating the command or \214lename used to in)-.1 F -.2(vo)-.4 G
-.1(ke).2 G F1(command)3.618 E F0 .818(to be displayed; the)4.088 F F2
<ad56>144 256.8 Q F0 .25(option produces a more v)2.75 F .25
(erbose description.)-.15 F .249(If the)5.25 F F2<ad56>2.749 E F0(or)
2.749 E F2<ad76>2.749 E F0 .249(option is supplied, the e)2.749 F .249
(xit status)-.15 F 1.004(is 0 if)144 268.8 R F1(command)3.704 E F0 -.1
(wa)4.274 G 3.504(sf).1 G 1.005(ound, and 1 if not.)-3.504 F 1.005
(If neither option is supplied and an error occurred or)6.005 F F1
(command)144.2 280.8 Q F0 1.599(cannot be found, the e)4.869 F 1.599
(xit status is 127.)-.15 F 1.599(Otherwise, the e)6.599 F 1.598
(xit status of the)-.15 F F2(command)4.098 E F0 -.2(bu)144 292.8 S
(iltin is the e).2 E(xit status of)-.15 E F1(command)2.5 E F0(.).77 E F2
(compgen)108 309.6 Q F0([)2.5 E F1(option)A F0 2.5(][)C F1(wor)-2.5 E(d)
-.37 E F0(])A .012(Generate possible completion matches for)144 321.6 R
F1(wor)2.513 E(d)-.37 E F0 .013(according to the)2.513 F F1(option)2.513
E F0 .013(s, which may be an)B 2.513(yo)-.15 G(ption)-2.513 E .982
(accepted by the)144 333.6 R F2(complete)3.482 E F0 -.2(bu)3.481 G .981
(iltin with the e).2 F .981(xception of)-.15 F F2<ad70>3.481 E F0(and)
3.481 E F2<ad72>3.481 E F0 3.481(,a)C .981(nd write the matches to the)
-3.481 F 1.415(standard output.)144 345.6 R 1.415(When using the)6.415 F
F2<ad46>3.915 E F0(or)3.915 E F2<ad43>3.915 E F0 1.415(options, the v)
3.915 F 1.415(arious shell v)-.25 F 1.415(ariables set by the pro-)-.25
F(grammable completion f)144 357.6 Q(acilities, while a)-.1 E -.25(va)
-.2 G(ilable, will not ha).25 E .3 -.15(ve u)-.2 H(seful v).15 E(alues.)
-.25 E .352(The matches will be generated in the same w)144 381.6 R .352
(ay as if the programmable completion code had gen-)-.1 F .02(erated th\
em directly from a completion speci\214cation with the same \215ags.)144
393.6 R(If)5.02 E F1(wor)2.52 E(d)-.37 E F0 .02(is speci\214ed, only)
2.52 F(those completions matching)144 405.6 Q F1(wor)2.5 E(d)-.37 E F0
(will be displayed.)2.5 E(The return v)144 429.6 Q
(alue is true unless an in)-.25 E -.25(va)-.4 G
(lid option is supplied, or no matches were generated.).25 E F2
(complete)108 446.4 Q F0([)3.729 E F2(\255abcdefgjksuv)A F0 3.729(][)C
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E(dlist)-.37 E F0 3.728(][)C F2<ad46>-3.728 E F1(func-)3.728 E(tion)108
458.4 Q F0 2.5(][)C F2<ad43>-2.5 E F1(command)2.5 E F0(])A([)144 470.4 Q
F2<ad58>A F1(\214lterpat)2.5 E F0 2.5(][)C F2<ad50>-2.5 E F1(pr)2.5 E
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482.4 Q F0([)2.5 E F2(\255DE)A F0 2.5(][)C F1(name)-2.5 E F0(...])2.5 E
.634(Specify ho)144 494.4 R 3.134(wa)-.25 G -.18(rg)-3.134 G .634
(uments to each).18 F F1(name)3.134 E F0 .634(should be completed.)3.134
F .633(If the)5.634 F F2<ad70>3.133 E F0 .633
(option is supplied, or if no)3.133 F .139(options are supplied, e)144
506.4 R .139(xisting completion speci\214cations are printed in a w)-.15
F .14(ay that allo)-.1 F .14(ws them to be)-.25 F .31(reused as input.)
144 518.4 R(The)5.31 E F2<ad72>2.81 E F0 .31(option remo)2.81 F -.15(ve)
-.15 G 2.81(sac).15 G .31(ompletion speci\214cation for each)-2.81 F F1
(name)2.81 E F0 2.81(,o)C 1.11 -.4(r, i)-2.81 H 2.81(fn).4 G(o)-2.81 E
F1(name)2.81 E F0(s)A 1.346
(are supplied, all completion speci\214cations.)144 530.4 R(The)6.347 E
F2<ad44>3.847 E F0 1.347(option indicates that the remaining options)
3.847 F .5(and actions should apply to the `)144 542.4 R(`def)-.74 E
(ault')-.1 E 3('c)-.74 G .5
(ommand completion; that is, completion attempted on)-3 F 3.455(ac)144
554.4 S .955(ommand for which no completion has pre)-3.455 F .955
(viously been de\214ned.)-.25 F(The)5.955 E F2<ad45>3.455 E F0 .955
(option indicates that)3.455 F .065
(the remaining options and actions should apply to `)144 566.4 R
(`empty')-.74 E 2.564('c)-.74 G .064
(ommand completion; that is, comple-)-2.564 F
(tion attempted on a blank line.)144 578.4 Q 1.437
(The process of applying these completion speci\214cations when w)144
602.4 R 1.438(ord completion is attempted is)-.1 F(described abo)144
614.4 Q .3 -.15(ve u)-.15 H(nder).15 E F2(Pr)2.5 E
(ogrammable Completion)-.18 E F0(.)A .556
(Other options, if speci\214ed, ha)144 638.4 R .856 -.15(ve t)-.2 H .555
(he follo).15 F .555(wing meanings.)-.25 F .555(The ar)5.555 F .555
(guments to the)-.18 F F2<ad47>3.055 E F0(,)A F2<ad57>3.055 E F0 3.055
(,a)C(nd)-3.055 E F2<ad58>3.055 E F0 .722(options \(and, if necessary)
144 650.4 R 3.222(,t)-.65 G(he)-3.222 E F2<ad50>3.222 E F0(and)3.222 E
F2<ad53>3.222 E F0 .723
(options\) should be quoted to protect them from e)3.222 F(xpan-)-.15 E
(sion before the)144 662.4 Q F2(complete)2.5 E F0 -.2(bu)2.5 G
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F1(comp-option)2.5 E F0(The)184 686.4 Q F1(comp-option)2.791 E F0 .291
(controls se)2.791 F -.15(ve)-.25 G .291(ral aspects of the compspec')
.15 F 2.791(sb)-.55 G(eha)-2.791 E .291(vior be)-.2 F .291
(yond the simple)-.15 F(generation of completions.)184 698.4 Q F1
(comp-option)5 E F0(may be one of:)2.5 E(GNU Bash 4.2)72 768 Q
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/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 389.54(SH\(1\) B).35 F(ASH\(1\))
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(Perform the rest of the def)224 96 R(ault)-.1 E F1(bash)2.781 E F0 .281
(completions if the compspec generates no)2.781 F(matches.)224 108 Q F1
(default)184 120 Q F0 2.876(Use readline')10 F 5.376(sd)-.55 G(ef)-5.376
E 2.875(ault \214lename completion if the compspec generates no)-.1 F
(matches.)224 132 Q F1(dir)184 144 Q(names)-.15 E F0(Perform directory \
name completion if the compspec generates no matches.)224 156 Q F1
(\214lenames)184 168 Q F0 -.7(Te)224 180 S .137(ll readline that the co\
mpspec generates \214lenames, so it can perform an).7 F 2.637<798c>-.15
G(le-)-2.637 E .134(name\255speci\214c processing \(lik)224 192 R 2.634
(ea)-.1 G .134(dding a slash to directory names, quoting spe-)-2.634 F
.45(cial characters, or suppressing trailing spaces\).)224 204 R .45
(Intended to be used with shell)5.45 F(functions.)224 216 Q F1(noquote)
184 228 Q F0 -.7(Te)5.55 G .814
(ll readline not to quote the completed w).7 F .814(ords if the)-.1 F
3.314(ya)-.15 G .814(re \214lenames \(quoting)-3.314 F
(\214lenames is the def)224 240 Q(ault\).)-.1 E F1(nospace)184 252 Q F0
-.7(Te)6.11 G .22(ll readline not to append a space \(the def).7 F .22
(ault\) to w)-.1 F .22(ords completed at the end)-.1 F(of the line.)224
264 Q F1(plusdirs)184 276 Q F0 1.985(After an)5.54 F 4.485(ym)-.15 G
1.985(atches de\214ned by the compspec are generated, directory name)
-4.485 F .583(completion is attempted and an)224 288 R 3.084(ym)-.15 G
.584(atches are added to the results of the other)-3.084 F(actions.)224
300 Q F1<ad41>144 312 Q/F2 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(action)2.5 E F0(The)184
324 Q F2(action)2.5 E F0(may be one of the follo)2.5 E
(wing to generate a list of possible completions:)-.25 E F1(alias)184
336 Q F0(Alias names.)20.55 E(May also be speci\214ed as)5 E F1<ad61>2.5
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(ariable names.)-.25 E F1 4.7(binding Readline)184 372 R F0 -.1(ke)2.5 G
2.5(yb)-.05 G(inding names.)-2.5 E F1 -.2(bu)184 384 S(iltin).2 E F0
(Names of shell b)11.85 E(uiltin commands.)-.2 E
(May also be speci\214ed as)5 E F1<ad62>2.5 E F0(.)A F1(command)184 396
Q F0(Command names.)224 408 Q(May also be speci\214ed as)5 E F1<ad63>2.5
E F0(.)A F1(dir)184 420 Q(ectory)-.18 E F0(Directory names.)224 432 Q
(May also be speci\214ed as)5 E F1<ad64>2.5 E F0(.)A F1(disabled)184 444
Q F0(Names of disabled shell b)224 456 Q(uiltins.)-.2 E F1(enabled)184
468 Q F0(Names of enabled shell b)6.66 E(uiltins.)-.2 E F1(export)184
480 Q F0(Names of e)12.23 E(xported shell v)-.15 E 2.5(ariables. May)
-.25 F(also be speci\214ed as)2.5 E F1<ad65>2.5 E F0(.)A F1(\214le)184
492 Q F0(File names.)27.22 E(May also be speci\214ed as)5 E F1<ad66>2.5
E F0(.)A F1(function)184 504 Q F0(Names of shell functions.)224 516 Q F1
(gr)184 528 Q(oup)-.18 E F0(Group names.)14.62 E
(May also be speci\214ed as)5 E F1<ad67>2.5 E F0(.)A F1(helptopic)184
540 Q F0(Help topics as accepted by the)224 552 Q F1(help)2.5 E F0 -.2
(bu)2.5 G(iltin.).2 E F1(hostname)184 564 Q F0(Hostnames, as tak)224 576
Q(en from the \214le speci\214ed by the)-.1 E/F3 9/Times-Bold@0 SF
(HOSTFILE)2.5 E F0(shell v)2.25 E(ariable.)-.25 E F1(job)184 588 Q F0
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(yw).1 E(ord)-.1 E F0(Shell reserv)224 612 Q(ed w)-.15 E 2.5(ords. May)
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624 Q F0(Names of running jobs, if job control is acti)5.54 E -.15(ve)
-.25 G(.).15 E F1(ser)184 636 Q(vice)-.1 E F0(Service names.)10.67 E
(May also be speci\214ed as)5 E F1<ad73>2.5 E F0(.)A F1(setopt)184 648 Q
F0 -1.11(Va)14.45 G(lid ar)1.11 E(guments for the)-.18 E F1<ad6f>2.5 E
F0(option to the)2.5 E F1(set)2.5 E F0 -.2(bu)2.5 G(iltin.).2 E F1
(shopt)184 660 Q F0(Shell option names as accepted by the)16.66 E F1
(shopt)2.5 E F0 -.2(bu)2.5 G(iltin.).2 E F1(signal)184 672 Q F0
(Signal names.)14.99 E F1(stopped)184 684 Q F0
(Names of stopped jobs, if job control is acti)6.66 E -.15(ve)-.25 G(.)
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(May also be speci\214ed as)5 E F1<ad75>2.5 E F0(.)A F1 -.1(va)184 708 S
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(command)2.5 E(command)184 96 Q F0 1.056(is e)3.556 F -.15(xe)-.15 G
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(vironment, and its output is used as the possible)-.4 F(completions.)
184 108 Q F1<ad46>144 120 Q F2(function)2.5 E F0 .113
(The shell function)184 132 R F2(function)2.614 E F0 .114(is e)2.614 F
-.15(xe)-.15 G .114(cuted in the current shell en).15 F 2.614
(vironment. When)-.4 F .114(the func-)2.614 F .817(tion is e)184 144 R
-.15(xe)-.15 G .817(cuted, the \214rst ar).15 F .817(gument \()-.18 F F1
($1)A F0 3.316(\)i)C 3.316(st)-3.316 G .816
(he name of the command whose ar)-3.316 F(guments)-.18 E 1.407
(are being completed, the second ar)184 156 R 1.407(gument \()-.18 F F1
($2)A F0 3.907(\)i)C 3.907(st)-3.907 G 1.407(he w)-3.907 F 1.407
(ord being completed, and the)-.1 F .104(third ar)184 168 R .104
(gument \()-.18 F F1($3)A F0 2.604(\)i)C 2.604(st)-2.604 G .104(he w)
-2.604 F .104(ord preceding the w)-.1 F .103
(ord being completed on the current com-)-.1 F .101(mand line.)184 180 R
.101(When it \214nishes, the possible completions are retrie)5.101 F
-.15(ve)-.25 G 2.602(df).15 G .102(rom the v)-2.602 F .102(alue of the)
-.25 F/F3 9/Times-Bold@0 SF(COMPREPL)184 192 Q(Y)-.828 E F0(array v)2.25
E(ariable.)-.25 E F1<ad47>144 204 Q F2(globpat)2.5 E F0 1.008
(The pathname e)184 216 R 1.008(xpansion pattern)-.15 F F2(globpat)3.507
E F0 1.007(is e)3.507 F 1.007(xpanded to generate the possible comple-)
-.15 F(tions.)184 228 Q F1<ad50>144 240 Q F2(pr)2.5 E(e\214x)-.37 E(pr)
184 252 Q(e\214x)-.37 E F0 .534(is added at the be)3.034 F .534
(ginning of each possible completion after all other options ha)-.15 F
-.15(ve)-.2 G(been applied.)184 264 Q F1<ad53>144 276 Q F2(suf)2.5 E
2.81(\214x suf)-.18 F<8c78>-.18 E F0
(is appended to each possible completion after all other options ha)2.5
E .3 -.15(ve b)-.2 H(een applied.).15 E F1<ad57>144 288 Q F2(wor)2.5 E
(dlist)-.37 E F0(The)184 300 Q F2(wor)3.64 E(dlist)-.37 E F0 1.14
(is split using the characters in the)3.64 F F3(IFS)3.64 E F0 1.139
(special v)3.39 F 1.139(ariable as delimiters, and)-.25 F 2.007
(each resultant w)184 312 R 2.007(ord is e)-.1 F 4.507(xpanded. The)-.15
F 2.008(possible completions are the members of the)4.507 F
(resultant list which match the w)184 324 Q(ord being completed.)-.1 E
F1<ad58>144 336 Q F2(\214lterpat)2.5 E(\214lterpat)184 348 Q F0 .456
(is a pattern as used for pathname e)2.956 F 2.956(xpansion. It)-.15 F
.455(is applied to the list of possible)2.956 F 1.596
(completions generated by the preceding options and ar)184 360 R 1.596
(guments, and each completion)-.18 F(matching)184 372 Q F2(\214lterpat)
3.205 E F0 .705(is remo)3.205 F -.15(ve)-.15 G 3.205(df).15 G .704
(rom the list.)-3.205 F 3.204(Al)5.704 G(eading)-3.204 E F1(!)3.204 E F0
(in)3.204 E F2(\214lterpat)3.204 E F0(ne)3.204 E -.05(ga)-.15 G .704
(tes the pattern;).05 F(in this case, an)184 384 Q 2.5(yc)-.15 G
(ompletion not matching)-2.5 E F2(\214lterpat)2.5 E F0(is remo)2.5 E
-.15(ve)-.15 G(d.).15 E .466(The return v)144 400.8 R .466
(alue is true unless an in)-.25 F -.25(va)-.4 G .466
(lid option is supplied, an option other than).25 F F1<ad70>2.967 E F0
(or)2.967 E F1<ad72>2.967 E F0 .467(is sup-)2.967 F 1.362
(plied without a)144 412.8 R F2(name)3.862 E F0(ar)3.862 E 1.361
(gument, an attempt is made to remo)-.18 F 1.661 -.15(ve a c)-.15 H
1.361(ompletion speci\214cation for a).15 F F2(name)144 424.8 Q F0
(for which no speci\214cation e)2.5 E
(xists, or an error occurs adding a completion speci\214cation.)-.15 E
F1(compopt)108 441.6 Q F0([)2.5 E F1<ad6f>A F2(option)2.5 E F0 2.5(][)C
F1(\255DE)-2.5 E F0 2.5(][)C F1(+o)-2.5 E F2(option)2.5 E F0 2.5(][)C F2
(name)-2.5 E F0(])A .447(Modify completion options for each)144 453.6 R
F2(name)2.947 E F0 .447(according to the)2.947 F F2(option)2.947 E F0
.447(s, or for the currently-e)B -.15(xe)-.15 G(cuting).15 E .726
(completion if no)144 465.6 R F2(name)3.226 E F0 3.226(sa)C .726
(re supplied.)-3.226 F .725(If no)5.725 F F2(option)3.225 E F0 3.225(sa)
C .725(re gi)-3.225 F -.15(ve)-.25 G .725
(n, display the completion options for).15 F(each)144 477.6 Q F2(name)
3.223 E F0 .723(or the current completion.)3.223 F .724(The possible v)
5.724 F .724(alues of)-.25 F F2(option)3.224 E F0 .724(are those v)3.224
F .724(alid for the)-.25 F F1(com-)3.224 E(plete)144 489.6 Q F0 -.2(bu)
2.798 G .298(iltin described abo).2 F -.15(ve)-.15 G 5.297(.T).15 G(he)
-5.297 E F1<ad44>2.797 E F0 .297
(option indicates that the remaining options should apply to)2.797 F
1.227(the `)144 501.6 R(`def)-.74 E(ault')-.1 E 3.727('c)-.74 G 1.228(o\
mmand completion; that is, completion attempted on a command for which \
no)-3.727 F 2.178(completion has pre)144 513.6 R 2.178
(viously been de\214ned.)-.25 F(The)7.178 E F1<ad45>4.678 E F0 2.177
(option indicates that the remaining options)4.677 F(should apply to `)
144 525.6 Q(`empty')-.74 E 2.5('c)-.74 G
(ommand completion; that is, completion attempted on a blank line.)-2.5
E 1.387(The return v)144 549.6 R 1.387(alue is true unless an in)-.25 F
-.25(va)-.4 G 1.388
(lid option is supplied, an attempt is made to modify the).25 F
(options for a)144 561.6 Q F2(name)2.5 E F0
(for which no completion speci\214cation e)2.5 E
(xists, or an output error occurs.)-.15 E F1(continue)108 578.4 Q F0([)
2.5 E F2(n)A F0(])A 1.754(Resume the ne)144 590.4 R 1.754
(xt iteration of the enclosing)-.15 F F1 -.25(fo)4.254 G(r).25 E F0(,)A
F1(while)4.254 E F0(,)A F1(until)4.254 E F0 4.254(,o)C(r)-4.254 E F1
(select)4.254 E F0 4.253(loop. If)4.254 F F2(n)4.613 E F0 1.753
(is speci\214ed,)4.493 F 1.208(resume at the)144 602.4 R F2(n)3.709 E F0
1.209(th enclosing loop.)B F2(n)6.569 E F0 1.209(must be)3.949 F/F4 10
/Symbol SF<b3>3.709 E F0 3.709(1. If)3.709 F F2(n)4.069 E F0 1.209
(is greater than the number of enclosing)3.949 F .514
(loops, the last enclosing loop \(the `)144 614.4 R(`top-le)-.74 E -.15
(ve)-.25 G(l').15 E 3.014('l)-.74 G .514(oop\) is resumed.)-3.014 F .513
(The return v)5.513 F .513(alue is 0 unless)-.25 F F2(n)3.013 E F0(is)
3.013 E(not greater than or equal to 1.)144 626.4 Q F1(declar)108 643.2
Q(e)-.18 E F0([)2.5 E F1(\255aAfFgilrtux)A F0 2.5(][)C F1<ad70>-2.5 E F0
2.5(][)C F2(name)-2.5 E F0([=)A F2(value)A F0 2.5(].)C(..])-2.5 E F1
(typeset)108 655.2 Q F0([)2.5 E F1(\255aAfFgilrtux)A F0 2.5(][)C F1
<ad70>-2.5 E F0 2.5(][)C F2(name)-2.5 E F0([=)A F2(value)A F0 2.5(].)C
(..])-2.5 E 1.264(Declare v)144 667.2 R 1.264(ariables and/or gi)-.25 F
1.564 -.15(ve t)-.25 H 1.264(hem attrib).15 F 3.765(utes. If)-.2 F(no)
3.765 E F2(name)3.765 E F0 3.765(sa)C 1.265(re gi)-3.765 F -.15(ve)-.25
G 3.765(nt).15 G 1.265(hen display the v)-3.765 F 1.265(alues of)-.25 F
-.25(va)144 679.2 S 3.483(riables. The).25 F F1<ad70>3.483 E F0 .983
(option will display the attrib)3.483 F .983(utes and v)-.2 F .982
(alues of each)-.25 F F2(name)3.482 E F0 5.982(.W).18 G(hen)-5.982 E F1
<ad70>3.482 E F0 .982(is used)3.482 F(with)144 691.2 Q F2(name)3.579 E
F0(ar)3.579 E 1.079(guments, additional options are ignored.)-.18 F
(When)6.079 E F1<ad70>3.579 E F0 1.079(is supplied without)3.579 F F2
(name)3.58 E F0(ar)3.58 E(gu-)-.18 E .151
(ments, it will display the attrib)144 703.2 R .151(utes and v)-.2 F
.151(alues of all v)-.25 F .15(ariables ha)-.25 F .15(ving the attrib)
-.2 F .15(utes speci\214ed by the)-.2 F .046(additional options.)144
715.2 R .046(If no other options are supplied with)5.046 F F1<ad70>2.547
E F0(,)A F1(declar)2.547 E(e)-.18 E F0 .047(will display the attrib)
2.547 F .047(utes and)-.2 F -.25(va)144 727.2 S 1.363
(lues of all shell v).25 F 3.863(ariables. The)-.25 F F1<ad66>3.863 E F0
1.362(option will restrict the display to shell functions.)3.863 F(The)
6.362 E F1<ad46>3.862 E F0(GNU Bash 4.2)72 768 Q(2012 January 29)141.79
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/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 389.54(SH\(1\) B).35 F(ASH\(1\))
-.35 E 2.422(option inhibits the display of function de\214nitions; onl\
y the function name and attrib)144 84 R 2.423(utes are)-.2 F 2.664
(printed. If)144 96 R(the)2.664 E/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(extdeb)2.664 E
(ug)-.2 E F0 .164(shell option is enabled using)2.664 F F1(shopt)2.664 E
F0 2.664(,t)C .163(he source \214le name and line number)-2.664 F 1.288
(where the function is de\214ned are displayed as well.)144 108 R(The)
6.288 E F1<ad46>3.788 E F0 1.288(option implies)3.788 F F1<ad66>3.788 E
F0 6.288(.T)C(he)-6.288 E F1<ad67>3.789 E F0(option)3.789 E .491
(forces v)144 120 R .491
(ariables to be created or modi\214ed at the global scope, e)-.25 F -.15
(ve)-.25 G 2.99(nw).15 G(hen)-2.99 E F1(declar)2.99 E(e)-.18 E F0 .49
(is e)2.99 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .49(cuted in a).15 F .124(shell function.)
144 132 R .124(It is ignored in all other cases.)5.124 F .125(The follo)
5.125 F .125(wing options can be used to restrict output)-.25 F(to v)144
144 Q(ariables with the speci\214ed attrib)-.25 E(ute or to gi)-.2 E .3
-.15(ve v)-.25 H(ariables attrib)-.1 E(utes:)-.2 E F1<ad61>144 156 Q F0
(Each)25.3 E/F2 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(name)2.5 E F0(is an inde)2.5 E -.15
(xe)-.15 G 2.5(da).15 G(rray v)-2.5 E(ariable \(see)-.25 E F1(Arrays)2.5
E F0(abo)2.5 E -.15(ve)-.15 G(\).).15 E F1<ad41>144 168 Q F0(Each)23.08
E F2(name)2.5 E F0(is an associati)2.5 E .3 -.15(ve a)-.25 H(rray v).15
E(ariable \(see)-.25 E F1(Arrays)2.5 E F0(abo)2.5 E -.15(ve)-.15 G(\).)
.15 E F1<ad66>144 180 Q F0(Use function names only)26.97 E(.)-.65 E F1
<ad69>144 192 Q F0 .558(The v)27.52 F .558
(ariable is treated as an inte)-.25 F .558(ger; arithmetic e)-.15 F -.25
(va)-.25 G .558(luation \(see).25 F/F3 9/Times-Bold@0 SF .557
(ARITHMETIC EV)3.058 F(ALU)-1.215 E(A-)-.54 E(TION)180 204 Q F0(abo)2.25
E -.15(ve)-.15 G 2.5(\)i).15 G 2.5(sp)-2.5 G(erformed when the v)-2.5 E
(ariable is assigned a v)-.25 E(alue.)-.25 E F1<ad6c>144 216 Q F0 .909
(When the v)27.52 F .909(ariable is assigned a v)-.25 F .909
(alue, all upper)-.25 F .909(-case characters are con)-.2 F -.15(ve)-.4
G .91(rted to lo).15 F(wer)-.25 E(-)-.2 E 2.5(case. The)180 228 R(upper)
2.5 E(-case attrib)-.2 E(ute is disabled.)-.2 E F1<ad72>144 240 Q F0
(Mak)25.86 E(e)-.1 E F2(name)5.047 E F0 5.047(sr)C(eadonly)-5.047 E
7.547(.T)-.65 G 2.546(hese names cannot then be assigned v)-7.547 F
2.546(alues by subsequent)-.25 F(assignment statements or unset.)180 252
Q F1<ad74>144 264 Q F0(Gi)26.97 E .729 -.15(ve e)-.25 H(ach).15 E F2
(name)2.929 E F0(the)2.929 E F2(tr)2.929 E(ace)-.15 E F0(attrib)2.929 E
2.929(ute. T)-.2 F .429(raced functions inherit the)-.35 F F1(DEB)2.929
E(UG)-.1 E F0(and)2.93 E F1(RETURN)2.93 E F0
(traps from the calling shell.)180 276 Q(The trace attrib)5 E
(ute has no special meaning for v)-.2 E(ariables.)-.25 E F1<ad75>144 288
Q F0 .91(When the v)24.74 F .909(ariable is assigned a v)-.25 F .909
(alue, all lo)-.25 F(wer)-.25 E .909(-case characters are con)-.2 F -.15
(ve)-.4 G .909(rted to upper).15 F(-)-.2 E 2.5(case. The)180 300 R(lo)
2.5 E(wer)-.25 E(-case attrib)-.2 E(ute is disabled.)-.2 E F1<ad78>144
312 Q F0(Mark)25.3 E F2(name)2.5 E F0 2.5(sf)C(or e)-2.5 E
(xport to subsequent commands via the en)-.15 E(vironment.)-.4 E .12
(Using `+' instead of `\255' turns of)144 328.8 R 2.62(ft)-.25 G .12
(he attrib)-2.62 F .121(ute instead, with the e)-.2 F .121
(xceptions that)-.15 F F1(+a)2.621 E F0 .121(may not be used)2.621 F
.645(to destro)144 340.8 R 3.145(ya)-.1 G 3.145(na)-3.145 G .645(rray v)
-3.145 F .645(ariable and)-.25 F F1(+r)3.145 E F0 .645(will not remo)
3.145 F .945 -.15(ve t)-.15 H .645(he readonly attrib).15 F 3.144
(ute. When)-.2 F .644(used in a func-)3.144 F(tion,)144 352.8 Q F1
(declar)2.835 E(e)-.18 E F0(and)2.835 E F1(typeset)2.835 E F0(mak)2.835
E 2.835(ee)-.1 G(ach)-2.835 E F2(name)2.835 E F0 .335
(local, as with the)2.835 F F1(local)2.835 E F0 .335
(command, unless the)2.835 F F1<ad67>2.835 E F0(option)2.835 E .134
(is supplied.)144 364.8 R .134(If a v)5.134 F .134
(ariable name is follo)-.25 F .134(wed by =)-.25 F F2(value)A F0 2.634
(,t)C .134(he v)-2.634 F .134(alue of the v)-.25 F .133
(ariable is set to)-.25 F F2(value)2.633 E F0 5.133(.T)C(he)-5.133 E .8
(return v)144 376.8 R .8(alue is 0 unless an in)-.25 F -.25(va)-.4 G
.801
(lid option is encountered, an attempt is made to de\214ne a function)
.25 F(using)144 388.8 Q/F4 10/Courier@0 SF 1.039(\255f foo=bar)3.539 F
F0 3.539(,a)C 3.539(na)-3.539 G 1.038(ttempt is made to assign a v)
-3.539 F 1.038(alue to a readonly v)-.25 F 1.038(ariable, an attempt is)
-.25 F .974(made to assign a v)144 400.8 R .974(alue to an array v)-.25
F .974(ariable without using the compound assignment syntax \(see)-.25 F
F1(Arrays)144 412.8 Q F0(abo)2.86 E -.15(ve)-.15 G .36(\), one of the)
.15 F F2(names)2.86 E F0 .36(is not a v)2.86 F .36(alid shell v)-.25 F
.36(ariable name, an attempt is made to turn of)-.25 F(f)-.25 E .056
(readonly status for a readonly v)144 424.8 R .057
(ariable, an attempt is made to turn of)-.25 F 2.557(fa)-.25 G .057
(rray status for an array v)-2.557 F(ari-)-.25 E
(able, or an attempt is made to display a non-e)144 436.8 Q
(xistent function with)-.15 E F1<ad66>2.5 E F0(.)A F1
(dirs [\255clpv] [+)108 453.6 Q F2(n)A F1 2.5(][)C<ad>-2.5 E F2(n)A F1
(])A F0 -.4(Wi)144 465.6 S .329
(thout options, displays the list of currently remembered directories.)
.4 F .328(The def)5.328 F .328(ault display is on a)-.1 F 1.238
(single line with directory names separated by spaces.)144 477.6 R 1.238
(Directories are added to the list with the)6.238 F F1(pushd)144 489.6 Q
F0(command; the)2.5 E F1(popd)2.5 E F0(command remo)2.5 E -.15(ve)-.15 G
2.5(se).15 G(ntries from the list.)-2.5 E F1<ad63>144 501.6 Q F0
(Clears the directory stack by deleting all of the entries.)25.86 E F1
<ad6c>144 513.6 Q F0 .882
(Produces a listing using full pathnames; the def)27.52 F .881
(ault listing format uses a tilde to denote)-.1 F(the home directory)180
525.6 Q(.)-.65 E F1<ad70>144 537.6 Q F0
(Print the directory stack with one entry per line.)24.74 E F1<ad76>144
549.6 Q F0 .272(Print the directory stack with one entry per line, pre\
\214xing each entry with its inde)25.3 F 2.773(xi)-.15 G 2.773(nt)-2.773
G(he)-2.773 E(stack.)180 561.6 Q F1(+)144 573.6 Q F2(n)A F0 1.565
(Displays the)25.3 F F2(n)4.065 E F0 1.565
(th entry counting from the left of the list sho)B 1.564(wn by)-.25 F F1
(dirs)4.064 E F0 1.564(when in)4.064 F -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G(d).1 E
(without options, starting with zero.)180 585.6 Q F1<ad>144 597.6 Q F2
(n)A F0 1.194(Displays the)25.3 F F2(n)3.694 E F0 1.194
(th entry counting from the right of the list sho)B 1.194(wn by)-.25 F
F1(dirs)3.694 E F0 1.194(when in)3.694 F -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G(d).1 E
(without options, starting with zero.)180 609.6 Q .258(The return v)144
626.4 R .258(alue is 0 unless an in)-.25 F -.25(va)-.4 G .258
(lid option is supplied or).25 F F2(n)2.758 E F0(inde)2.758 E -.15(xe)
-.15 G 2.758(sb).15 G -.15(ey)-2.758 G .258(ond the end of the direc-)
.15 F(tory stack.)144 638.4 Q F1(diso)108 655.2 Q(wn)-.1 E F0([)2.5 E F1
(\255ar)A F0 2.5(][)C F1<ad68>-2.5 E F0 2.5(][)C F2(jobspec)-2.5 E F0
(...])2.5 E -.4(Wi)144 667.2 S .121(thout options, remo).4 F .422 -.15
(ve e)-.15 H(ach).15 E F2(jobspec)4.362 E F0 .122
(from the table of acti)2.932 F .422 -.15(ve j)-.25 H 2.622(obs. If).15
F F2(jobspec)4.362 E F0 .122(is not present, and)2.932 F(neither)144
679.2 Q F1<ad61>3.837 E F0(nor)3.837 E F1<ad72>3.837 E F0 1.337
(is supplied, the shell')3.837 F 3.836(sn)-.55 G 1.336(otion of the)
-3.836 F F2(curr)3.836 E 1.336(ent job)-.37 F F0 1.336(is used.)3.836 F
1.336(If the)6.336 F F1<ad68>3.836 E F0 1.336(option is)3.836 F(gi)144
691.2 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G .14(n, each).15 F F2(jobspec)4.38 E F0 .14
(is not remo)2.95 F -.15(ve)-.15 G 2.641(df).15 G .141(rom the table, b)
-2.641 F .141(ut is mark)-.2 F .141(ed so that)-.1 F F3(SIGHUP)2.641 E
F0 .141(is not sent to the)2.391 F .005(job if the shell recei)144 703.2
R -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.504(sa).15 G F3(SIGHUP)A/F5 9/Times-Roman@0 SF(.)A F0
.004(If no)4.504 F F2(jobspec)4.244 E F0 .004
(is present, and neither the)2.814 F F1<ad61>2.504 E F0 .004(nor the)
2.504 F F1<ad72>2.504 E F0 .004(option is)2.504 F 1.228(supplied, the)
144 715.2 R F2(curr)3.728 E 1.228(ent job)-.37 F F0 1.229(is used.)3.729
F 1.229(If no)6.229 F F2(jobspec)5.469 E F0 1.229(is supplied, the)4.039
F F1<ad61>3.729 E F0 1.229(option means to remo)3.729 F 1.529 -.15(ve o)
-.15 H(r).15 E .657(mark all jobs; the)144 727.2 R F1<ad72>3.157 E F0
.657(option without a)3.157 F F2(jobspec)4.897 E F0(ar)3.467 E .656
(gument restricts operation to running jobs.)-.18 F(The)5.656 E
(GNU Bash 4.2)72 768 Q(2012 January 29)141.79 E(55)190.95 E 0 Cg EP
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/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 389.54(SH\(1\) B).35 F(ASH\(1\))
-.35 E(return v)144 84 Q(alue is 0 unless a)-.25 E/F1 10/Times-Italic@0
SF(jobspec)4.24 E F0(does not specify a v)2.81 E(alid job)-.25 E(.)-.4 E
/F2 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(echo)108 100.8 Q F0([)2.5 E F2(\255neE)A F0 2.5
(][)C F1(ar)-2.5 E(g)-.37 E F0(...])2.5 E .424(Output the)144 112.8 R F1
(ar)2.924 E(g)-.37 E F0 .424(s, separated by spaces, follo)B .424
(wed by a ne)-.25 F 2.924(wline. The)-.25 F .424
(return status is 0 unless a write)2.924 F .308(error occurs.)144 124.8
R(If)5.308 E F2<ad6e>2.808 E F0 .308(is speci\214ed, the trailing ne)
2.808 F .308(wline is suppressed.)-.25 F .307(If the)5.308 F F2<ad65>
2.807 E F0 .307(option is gi)2.807 F -.15(ve)-.25 G .307(n, inter).15 F
(-)-.2 E 1.348(pretation of the follo)144 136.8 R 1.348
(wing backslash-escaped characters is enabled.)-.25 F(The)6.348 E F2
<ad45>3.849 E F0 1.349(option disables the)3.849 F 1.055
(interpretation of these escape characters, e)144 148.8 R -.15(ve)-.25 G
3.555(no).15 G 3.555(ns)-3.555 G 1.055(ystems where the)-3.555 F 3.554
(ya)-.15 G 1.054(re interpreted by def)-3.554 F(ault.)-.1 E(The)144
160.8 Q F2(xpg_echo)3.458 E F0 .959
(shell option may be used to dynamically determine whether or not)3.458
F F2(echo)3.459 E F0 -.15(ex)3.459 G(pands).15 E .716
(these escape characters by def)144 172.8 R(ault.)-.1 E F2(echo)5.716 E
F0 .716(does not interpret)3.216 F F2<adad>3.216 E F0 .715
(to mean the end of options.)3.216 F F2(echo)5.715 E F0
(interprets the follo)144 184.8 Q(wing escape sequences:)-.25 E F2(\\a)
144 196.8 Q F0(alert \(bell\))28.22 E F2(\\b)144 208.8 Q F0(backspace)
27.66 E F2(\\c)144 220.8 Q F0(suppress further output)28.78 E F2(\\e)144
232.8 Q(\\E)144 244.8 Q F0(an escape character)26.55 E F2(\\f)144 256.8
Q F0(form feed)29.89 E F2(\\n)144 268.8 Q F0(ne)27.66 E 2.5(wl)-.25 G
(ine)-2.5 E F2(\\r)144 280.8 Q F0(carriage return)28.78 E F2(\\t)144
292.8 Q F0(horizontal tab)29.89 E F2(\\v)144 304.8 Q F0 -.15(ve)28.22 G
(rtical tab).15 E F2(\\\\)144 316.8 Q F0(backslash)30.44 E F2(\\0)144
328.8 Q F1(nnn)A F0(the eight-bit character whose v)13.22 E
(alue is the octal v)-.25 E(alue)-.25 E F1(nnn)2.5 E F0
(\(zero to three octal digits\))2.5 E F2(\\x)144 340.8 Q F1(HH)A F0
(the eight-bit character whose v)13.78 E(alue is the he)-.25 E
(xadecimal v)-.15 E(alue)-.25 E F1(HH)2.5 E F0(\(one or tw)2.5 E 2.5(oh)
-.1 G .3 -.15(ex d)-2.5 H(igits\)).15 E F2(\\u)144 352.8 Q F1(HHHH)A F0
1.506(the Unicode \(ISO/IEC 10646\) character whose v)180 364.8 R 1.507
(alue is the he)-.25 F 1.507(xadecimal v)-.15 F(alue)-.25 E F1(HHHH)
4.007 E F0(\(one to four he)180 376.8 Q 2.5(xd)-.15 G(igits\))-2.5 E F2
(\\U)144 388.8 Q F1(HHHHHHHH)A F0 .548
(the Unicode \(ISO/IEC 10646\) character whose v)180 400.8 R .547
(alue is the he)-.25 F .547(xadecimal v)-.15 F(alue)-.25 E F1(HHHHH-)
3.047 E(HHH)180 412.8 Q F0(\(one to eight he)2.5 E 2.5(xd)-.15 G
(igits\))-2.5 E F2(enable)108 429.6 Q F0([)2.5 E F2<ad61>A F0 2.5(][)C
F2(\255dnps)-2.5 E F0 2.5(][)C F2<ad66>-2.5 E F1(\214lename)2.5 E F0 2.5
(][)C F1(name)-2.5 E F0(...])2.5 E .277(Enable and disable b)144 441.6 R
.278(uiltin shell commands.)-.2 F .278(Disabling a b)5.278 F .278
(uiltin allo)-.2 F .278(ws a disk command which has)-.25 F .834
(the same name as a shell b)144 453.6 R .834(uiltin to be e)-.2 F -.15
(xe)-.15 G .834(cuted without specifying a full pathname, e).15 F -.15
(ve)-.25 G 3.333(nt).15 G(hough)-3.333 E .989
(the shell normally searches for b)144 465.6 R .989
(uiltins before disk commands.)-.2 F(If)5.989 E F2<ad6e>3.489 E F0 .99
(is used, each)3.49 F F1(name)3.49 E F0 .99(is dis-)3.49 F 1.582
(abled; otherwise,)144 477.6 R F1(names)4.082 E F0 1.582(are enabled.)
4.082 F -.15(Fo)6.582 G 4.082(re).15 G 1.582(xample, to use the)-4.232 F
F2(test)4.082 E F0 1.582(binary found via the)4.082 F/F3 9/Times-Bold@0
SF -.666(PA)4.081 G(TH)-.189 E F0 .08(instead of the shell b)144 489.6 R
.08(uiltin v)-.2 F .08(ersion, run)-.15 F/F4 10/Courier@0 SF .081
(enable -n test)2.58 F F0 5.081(.T)C(he)-5.081 E F2<ad66>2.581 E F0 .081
(option means to load the ne)2.581 F(w)-.25 E -.2(bu)144 501.6 S 1.525
(iltin command).2 F F1(name)4.385 E F0 1.524(from shared object)4.204 F
F1(\214lename)4.024 E F0 4.024(,o).18 G 4.024(ns)-4.024 G 1.524
(ystems that support dynamic loading.)-4.024 F(The)144 513.6 Q F2<ad64>
2.866 E F0 .366(option will delete a b)2.866 F .366(uiltin pre)-.2 F
.366(viously loaded with)-.25 F F2<ad66>2.867 E F0 5.367(.I)C 2.867(fn)
-5.367 G(o)-2.867 E F1(name)2.867 E F0(ar)2.867 E .367(guments are gi)
-.18 F -.15(ve)-.25 G .367(n, or).15 F .399(if the)144 525.6 R F2<ad70>
2.899 E F0 .399(option is supplied, a list of shell b)2.899 F .399
(uiltins is printed.)-.2 F -.4(Wi)5.399 G .399(th no other option ar).4
F .398(guments, the)-.18 F .098(list consists of all enabled shell b)144
537.6 R 2.598(uiltins. If)-.2 F F2<ad6e>2.598 E F0 .098
(is supplied, only disabled b)2.598 F .099(uiltins are printed.)-.2 F
(If)5.099 E F2<ad61>2.599 E F0 1.917
(is supplied, the list printed includes all b)144 549.6 R 1.916
(uiltins, with an indication of whether or not each is)-.2 F 2.878
(enabled. If)144 561.6 R F2<ad73>2.878 E F0 .379
(is supplied, the output is restricted to the POSIX)2.878 F F1(special)
2.879 E F0 -.2(bu)2.879 G 2.879(iltins. The).2 F .379(return v)2.879 F
(alue)-.25 E .995(is 0 unless a)144 573.6 R F1(name)3.855 E F0 .994
(is not a shell b)3.675 F .994(uiltin or there is an error loading a ne)
-.2 F 3.494(wb)-.25 G .994(uiltin from a shared)-3.694 F(object.)144
585.6 Q F2 -2.3 -.15(ev a)108 602.4 T(l).15 E F0([)2.5 E F1(ar)A(g)-.37
E F0(...])2.5 E(The)144 614.4 Q F1(ar)3.17 E(g)-.37 E F0 3.17(sa)C .671
(re read and concatenated together into a single command.)-3.17 F .671
(This command is then read)5.671 F .495(and e)144 626.4 R -.15(xe)-.15 G
.495(cuted by the shell, and its e).15 F .495
(xit status is returned as the v)-.15 F .495(alue of)-.25 F F2 -2.3 -.15
(ev a)2.995 H(l).15 E F0 5.495(.I)C 2.995(ft)-5.495 G .495(here are no)
-2.995 F F1(ar)2.995 E(gs)-.37 E F0(,).27 E(or only null ar)144 638.4 Q
(guments,)-.18 E F2 -2.3 -.15(ev a)2.5 H(l).15 E F0(returns 0.)2.5 E F2
(exec)108 655.2 Q F0([)2.5 E F2(\255cl)A F0 2.5(][)C F2<ad61>-2.5 E F1
(name)2.5 E F0 2.5(][)C F1(command)-2.5 E F0([)2.5 E F1(ar)A(guments)
-.37 E F0(]])A(If)144 667.2 Q F1(command)3.005 E F0 .305
(is speci\214ed, it replaces the shell.)3.575 F .305(No ne)5.305 F 2.805
(wp)-.25 G .306(rocess is created.)-2.805 F(The)5.306 E F1(ar)3.136 E
(guments)-.37 E F0(become)3.076 E .177(the ar)144 679.2 R .177
(guments to)-.18 F F1(command)2.676 E F0 5.176(.I)C 2.676(ft)-5.176 G
(he)-2.676 E F2<ad6c>2.676 E F0 .176
(option is supplied, the shell places a dash at the be)2.676 F .176
(ginning of)-.15 F .499(the zeroth ar)144 691.2 R .499(gument passed to)
-.18 F F1(command)2.999 E F0 5.499(.T).77 G .499(his is what)-5.499 F F1
(lo)2.999 E(gin)-.1 E F0 .499(\(1\) does.).24 F(The)5.5 E F2<ad63>3 E F0
.5(option causes)3 F F1(com-)3.2 E(mand)144 703.2 Q F0 .639(to be e)
3.909 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .638(cuted with an empty en).15 F 3.138
(vironment. If)-.4 F F2<ad61>3.138 E F0 .638
(is supplied, the shell passes)3.138 F F1(name)3.498 E F0 .638(as the)
3.318 F 1.077(zeroth ar)144 715.2 R 1.077(gument to the e)-.18 F -.15
(xe)-.15 G 1.077(cuted command.).15 F(If)6.077 E F1(command)3.777 E F0
1.077(cannot be e)4.347 F -.15(xe)-.15 G 1.077(cuted for some reason, a)
.15 F(non-interacti)144 727.2 Q 2.28 -.15(ve s)-.25 H 1.98(hell e).15 F
1.98(xits, unless the)-.15 F F2(execfail)4.479 E F0 1.979
(shell option is enabled.)4.479 F 1.979(In that case, it returns)6.979 F
(GNU Bash 4.2)72 768 Q(2012 January 29)141.79 E(56)190.95 E 0 Cg EP
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/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 389.54(SH\(1\) B).35 F(ASH\(1\))
-.35 E -.1(fa)144 84 S 2.563(ilure. An).1 F(interacti)2.563 E .363 -.15
(ve s)-.25 H .063(hell returns f).15 F .064
(ailure if the \214le cannot be e)-.1 F -.15(xe)-.15 G 2.564(cuted. If)
.15 F/F1 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(command)2.764 E F0 .064(is not speci-)
3.334 F .742(\214ed, an)144 96 R 3.242(yr)-.15 G .742(edirections tak)
-3.242 F 3.242(ee)-.1 G -.25(ff)-3.242 G .742
(ect in the current shell, and the return status is 0.).25 F .741
(If there is a redi-)5.741 F(rection error)144 108 Q 2.5(,t)-.4 G
(he return status is 1.)-2.5 E/F2 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(exit)108 124.8 Q F0
([)2.5 E F1(n)A F0 6.29(]C)C .095(ause the shell to e)-6.29 F .095
(xit with a status of)-.15 F F1(n)2.595 E F0 5.095(.I)C(f)-5.095 E F1(n)
2.955 E F0 .096(is omitted, the e)2.835 F .096
(xit status is that of the last command)-.15 F -.15(exe)144 136.8 S 2.5
(cuted. A).15 F(trap on)2.5 E/F3 9/Times-Bold@0 SF(EXIT)2.5 E F0(is e)
2.25 E -.15(xe)-.15 G(cuted before the shell terminates.).15 E F2
(export)108 153.6 Q F0([)2.5 E F2(\255fn)A F0 2.5(][).833 G F1(name)-2.5
E F0([=)A F1(wor)A(d)-.37 E F0(]] ...)A F2(export \255p)108 165.6 Q F0
.257(The supplied)144 177.6 R F1(names)3.117 E F0 .257(are mark)3.027 F
.257(ed for automatic e)-.1 F .257(xport to the en)-.15 F .257
(vironment of subsequently e)-.4 F -.15(xe)-.15 G(cuted).15 E 2.626
(commands. If)144 189.6 R(the)2.626 E F2<ad66>2.626 E F0 .127
(option is gi)2.627 F -.15(ve)-.25 G .127(n, the).15 F F1(names)2.987 E
F0 .127(refer to functions.)2.897 F .127(If no)5.127 F F1(names)2.987 E
F0 .127(are gi)2.897 F -.15(ve)-.25 G .127(n, or if the).15 F F2<ad70>
144 201.6 Q F0 .048(option is supplied, a list of names of all e)2.548 F
.048(xported v)-.15 F .048(ariables is printed.)-.25 F(The)5.048 E F2
<ad6e>2.547 E F0 .047(option causes the)2.547 F -.15(ex)144 213.6 S
1.446(port property to be remo).15 F -.15(ve)-.15 G 3.947(df).15 G 1.447
(rom each)-3.947 F F1(name)3.947 E F0 6.447(.I)C 3.947(fav)-6.447 G
1.447(ariable name is follo)-4.197 F 1.447(wed by =)-.25 F F1(wor)A(d)
-.37 E F0 3.947(,t)C(he)-3.947 E -.25(va)144 225.6 S .742(lue of the v)
.25 F .742(ariable is set to)-.25 F F1(wor)3.242 E(d)-.37 E F0(.)A F2
(export)5.742 E F0 .742(returns an e)3.242 F .741
(xit status of 0 unless an in)-.15 F -.25(va)-.4 G .741(lid option is)
.25 F .031(encountered, one of the)144 237.6 R F1(names)2.531 E F0 .031
(is not a v)2.531 F .032(alid shell v)-.25 F .032(ariable name, or)-.25
F F2<ad66>2.532 E F0 .032(is supplied with a)2.532 F F1(name)2.892 E F0
(that)2.712 E(is not a function.)144 249.6 Q F2(fc)108 266.4 Q F0([)2.5
E F2<ad65>A F1(ename)2.5 E F0 2.5(][)C F2(\255lnr)-2.5 E F0 2.5(][)C F1
<8c72>-2.5 E(st)-.1 E F0 2.5(][)C F1(last)-2.5 E F0(])A F2(fc \255s)108
278.4 Q F0([)2.5 E F1(pat)A F0(=)A F1 -.37(re)C(p).37 E F0 2.5(][)C F1
(cmd)-2.5 E F0(])A .432
(The \214rst form selects a range of commands from)144 290.4 R F1<8c72>
4.842 E(st)-.1 E F0(to)3.612 E F1(last)3.022 E F0 .431
(from the history list and displays or)3.612 F .141(edits and re-e)144
302.4 R -.15(xe)-.15 G .141(cutes them.).15 F F1 -.45(Fi)5.141 G -.1(rs)
.45 G(t).1 E F0(and)3.321 E F1(last)2.731 E F0 .141
(may be speci\214ed as a string \(to locate the last command)3.321 F(be)
144 314.4 Q .311(ginning with that string\) or as a number \(an inde)
-.15 F 2.811(xi)-.15 G .31(nto the history list, where a ne)-2.811 F
-.05(ga)-.15 G(ti).05 E .61 -.15(ve n)-.25 H(umber).15 E .314
(is used as an of)144 326.4 R .314
(fset from the current command number\).)-.25 F(If)5.314 E F1(last)2.905
E F0 .315(is not speci\214ed it is set to the cur)3.495 F(-)-.2 E .949
(rent command for listing \(so that)144 338.4 R/F4 10/Courier@0 SF .948
(fc \255l \25510)3.448 F F0 .948(prints the last 10 commands\) and to)
3.448 F F1<8c72>5.358 E(st)-.1 E F0(other)4.128 E(-)-.2 E 2.5(wise. If)
144 350.4 R F1<8c72>4.41 E(st)-.1 E F0
(is not speci\214ed it is set to the pre)3.18 E
(vious command for editing and \25516 for listing.)-.25 E(The)144 374.4
Q F2<ad6e>2.522 E F0 .022
(option suppresses the command numbers when listing.)2.522 F(The)5.022 E
F2<ad72>2.522 E F0 .022(option re)2.522 F -.15(ve)-.25 G .022
(rses the order of).15 F .438(the commands.)144 386.4 R .438(If the)
5.438 F F2<ad6c>2.938 E F0 .438(option is gi)2.938 F -.15(ve)-.25 G .438
(n, the commands are listed on standard output.).15 F(Otherwise,)5.438 E
.334(the editor gi)144 398.4 R -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.834(nb).15 G(y)-2.834 E
F1(ename)3.024 E F0 .335(is in)3.014 F -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G 2.835
(do).1 G 2.835(na\214)-2.835 G .335(le containing those commands.)-2.835
F(If)5.335 E F1(ename)3.025 E F0 .335(is not gi)3.015 F -.15(ve)-.25 G
(n,).15 E .631(the v)144 410.4 R .631(alue of the)-.25 F F3(FCEDIT)3.131
E F0 -.25(va)2.881 G .631(riable is used, and the v).25 F .631(alue of)
-.25 F F3(EDIT)3.131 E(OR)-.162 E F0(if)2.881 E F3(FCEDIT)3.13 E F0 .63
(is not set.)2.88 F .63(If nei-)5.63 F .95(ther v)144 422.4 R .95
(ariable is set,)-.25 F F1(vi)5.116 E F0 .95(is used.)5.116 F .951
(When editing is complete, the edited commands are echoed and)5.95 F
-.15(exe)144 434.4 S(cuted.).15 E .789(In the second form,)144 458.4 R
F1(command)3.288 E F0 .788(is re-e)3.288 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .788
(cuted after each instance of).15 F F1(pat)3.288 E F0 .788
(is replaced by)3.288 F F1 -.37(re)3.288 G(p).37 E F0(.)A F1(Com-)5.788
E(mand)144 470.4 Q F0 .346(is intepreted the same as)2.846 F F1<8c72>
2.847 E(st)-.1 E F0(abo)2.847 E -.15(ve)-.15 G 5.347(.A).15 G .347
(useful alias to use with this is)-2.5 F F4 .347(r='fc \255s')2.847 F F0
2.847(,s)C 2.847(ot)-2.847 G(hat)-2.847 E(typing)144 482.4 Q F4 7.166
(rc)3.666 G(c)-7.166 E F0 1.166(runs the last command be)3.666 F 1.166
(ginning with)-.15 F F4(cc)3.666 E F0 1.165(and typing)3.666 F F4(r)
3.665 E F0(re-e)3.665 E -.15(xe)-.15 G 1.165(cutes the last com-).15 F
(mand.)144 494.4 Q .142(If the \214rst form is used, the return v)144
518.4 R .142(alue is 0 unless an in)-.25 F -.25(va)-.4 G .142
(lid option is encountered or).25 F F1<8c72>4.552 E(st)-.1 E F0(or)3.322
E F1(last)2.732 E F0 .455(specify history lines out of range.)144 530.4
R .454(If the)5.454 F F2<ad65>2.954 E F0 .454
(option is supplied, the return v)2.954 F .454(alue is the v)-.25 F .454
(alue of the)-.25 F .787(last command e)144 542.4 R -.15(xe)-.15 G .787
(cuted or f).15 F .788
(ailure if an error occurs with the temporary \214le of commands.)-.1 F
.788(If the)5.788 F 1.136
(second form is used, the return status is that of the command re-e)144
554.4 R -.15(xe)-.15 G 1.135(cuted, unless).15 F F1(cmd)3.835 E F0 1.135
(does not)4.405 F(specify a v)144 566.4 Q
(alid history line, in which case)-.25 E F2(fc)2.5 E F0(returns f)2.5 E
(ailure.)-.1 E F2(fg)108 583.2 Q F0([)2.5 E F1(jobspec)A F0(])A(Resume)
144 595.2 Q F1(jobspec)5.653 E F0 1.413(in the fore)4.223 F 1.413
(ground, and mak)-.15 F 3.913(ei)-.1 G 3.913(tt)-3.913 G 1.413
(he current job)-3.913 F 6.413(.I)-.4 G(f)-6.413 E F1(jobspec)5.653 E F0
1.414(is not present, the)4.223 F(shell')144 607.2 Q 3.117(sn)-.55 G
.617(otion of the)-3.117 F F1(curr)3.117 E .617(ent job)-.37 F F0 .617
(is used.)3.117 F .617(The return v)5.617 F .616
(alue is that of the command placed into the)-.25 F(fore)144 619.2 Q
.362(ground, or f)-.15 F .362
(ailure if run when job control is disabled or)-.1 F 2.862(,w)-.4 G .363
(hen run with job control enabled, if)-2.862 F F1(jobspec)145.74 631.2 Q
F0 .004(does not specify a v)2.815 F .004(alid job or)-.25 F F1(jobspec)
4.244 E F0 .004(speci\214es a job that w)2.814 F .004
(as started without job control.)-.1 F F2(getopts)108 648 Q F1
(optstring name)2.5 E F0([)2.5 E F1(ar)A(gs)-.37 E F0(])A F2(getopts)144
660 Q F0 .793
(is used by shell procedures to parse positional parameters.)3.293 F F1
(optstring)6.023 E F0 .793(contains the option)3.513 F .15
(characters to be recognized; if a character is follo)144 672 R .149
(wed by a colon, the option is e)-.25 F .149(xpected to ha)-.15 F .449
-.15(ve a)-.2 H(n).15 E(ar)144 684 Q .578
(gument, which should be separated from it by white space.)-.18 F .579
(The colon and question mark char)5.579 F(-)-.2 E 1.665
(acters may not be used as option characters.)144 696 R 1.665
(Each time it is in)6.665 F -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G(d,).1 E F2(getopts)
4.165 E F0 1.665(places the ne)4.165 F(xt)-.15 E .796
(option in the shell v)144 708 R(ariable)-.25 E F1(name)3.296 E F0 3.296
(,i).18 G(nitializing)-3.296 E F1(name)3.657 E F0 .797(if it does not e)
3.477 F .797(xist, and the inde)-.15 F 3.297(xo)-.15 G 3.297(ft)-3.297 G
.797(he ne)-3.297 F(xt)-.15 E(ar)144 720 Q .085
(gument to be processed into the v)-.18 F(ariable)-.25 E F3(OPTIND)2.585
E/F5 9/Times-Roman@0 SF(.)A F3(OPTIND)4.585 E F0 .085
(is initialized to 1 each time the shell)2.335 F(GNU Bash 4.2)72 768 Q
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/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 389.54(SH\(1\) B).35 F(ASH\(1\))
-.35 E .845(or a shell script is in)144 84 R -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G
3.345(d. When).1 F .845(an option requires an ar)3.345 F(gument,)-.18 E
/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(getopts)3.346 E F0 .846(places that ar)3.346 F
(gument)-.18 E .804(into the v)144 96 R(ariable)-.25 E/F2 9/Times-Bold@0
SF(OPT)3.304 E(ARG)-.81 E/F3 9/Times-Roman@0 SF(.)A F0 .803
(The shell does not reset)5.304 F F2(OPTIND)3.303 E F0 .803
(automatically; it must be manually)3.053 F .293
(reset between multiple calls to)144 108 R F1(getopts)2.793 E F0 .293
(within the same shell in)2.793 F -.2(vo)-.4 G .293(cation if a ne).2 F
2.793(ws)-.25 G .294(et of parameters)-2.793 F(is to be used.)144 120 Q
2.044(When the end of options is encountered,)144 144 R F1(getopts)4.543
E F0 -.15(ex)4.543 G 2.043(its with a return v).15 F 2.043
(alue greater than zero.)-.25 F F2(OPTIND)144 156 Q F0
(is set to the inde)2.25 E 2.5(xo)-.15 G 2.5(ft)-2.5 G
(he \214rst non-option ar)-2.5 E(gument, and)-.18 E/F4 10/Times-Italic@0
SF(name)2.5 E F0(is set to ?.)2.5 E F1(getopts)144 180 Q F0 2.392
(normally parses the positional parameters, b)4.892 F 2.392
(ut if more ar)-.2 F 2.393(guments are gi)-.18 F -.15(ve)-.25 G 4.893
(ni).15 G(n)-4.893 E F4(ar)4.893 E(gs)-.37 E F0(,).27 E F1(getopts)144
192 Q F0(parses those instead.)2.5 E F1(getopts)144 216 Q F0 1.166
(can report errors in tw)3.666 F 3.665(ow)-.1 G 3.665(ays. If)-3.765 F
1.165(the \214rst character of)3.665 F F4(optstring)3.895 E F0 1.165
(is a colon,)3.885 F F4(silent)4.005 E F0(error)4.345 E 1.07
(reporting is used.)144 228 R 1.071
(In normal operation, diagnostic messages are printed when in)6.07 F
-.25(va)-.4 G 1.071(lid options or).25 F .394(missing option ar)144 240
R .394(guments are encountered.)-.18 F .394(If the v)5.394 F(ariable)
-.25 E F2(OPTERR)2.894 E F0 .394(is set to 0, no error messages)2.644 F
(will be displayed, e)144 252 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.5(ni).15 G 2.5(ft)-2.5
G(he \214rst character of)-2.5 E F4(optstring)2.73 E F0(is not a colon.)
2.72 E .666(If an in)144 276 R -.25(va)-.4 G .666(lid option is seen,)
.25 F F1(getopts)3.166 E F0 .667(places ? into)3.167 F F4(name)3.527 E
F0 .667(and, if not silent, prints an error message)3.347 F .4
(and unsets)144 288 R F2(OPT)2.9 E(ARG)-.81 E F3(.)A F0(If)4.899 E F1
(getopts)2.899 E F0 .399
(is silent, the option character found is placed in)2.899 F F2(OPT)2.899
E(ARG)-.81 E F0 .399(and no)2.649 F(diagnostic message is printed.)144
300 Q 1.241(If a required ar)144 324 R 1.241(gument is not found, and)
-.18 F F1(getopts)3.741 E F0 1.241(is not silent, a question mark \()
3.741 F F1(?).833 E F0 3.742(\)i).833 G 3.742(sp)-3.742 G 1.242
(laced in)-3.742 F F4(name)144 336 Q F0(,).18 E F2(OPT)2.735 E(ARG)-.81
E F0 .234(is unset, and a diagnostic message is printed.)2.485 F(If)
5.234 E F1(getopts)2.734 E F0 .234(is silent, then a colon \()2.734 F F1
(:).833 E F0(\)).833 E(is placed in)144 348 Q F4(name)2.86 E F0(and)2.68
E F2(OPT)2.5 E(ARG)-.81 E F0(is set to the option character found.)2.25
E F1(getopts)144 372 Q F0 .902
(returns true if an option, speci\214ed or unspeci\214ed, is found.)
3.401 F .902(It returns f)5.902 F .902(alse if the end of)-.1 F
(options is encountered or an error occurs.)144 384 Q F1(hash)108 400.8
Q F0([)2.5 E F1(\255lr)A F0 2.5(][)C F1<ad70>-2.5 E F4(\214lename)2.5 E
F0 2.5(][)C F1(\255dt)-2.5 E F0 2.5(][)C F4(name)-2.5 E F0(])A .858
(Each time)144 412.8 R F1(hash)3.358 E F0 .858(is in)3.358 F -.2(vo)-.4
G -.1(ke).2 G .858(d, the full pathname of the command).1 F F4(name)
3.718 E F0 .858(is determined by searching)3.538 F .956
(the directories in)144 424.8 R F1($P)3.456 E -.95(AT)-.74 G(H).95 E F0
.956(and remembered.)3.456 F(An)5.956 E 3.456(yp)-.15 G(re)-3.456 E .956
(viously-remembered pathname is discarded.)-.25 F .243(If the)144 436.8
R F1<ad70>2.743 E F0 .243
(option is supplied, no path search is performed, and)2.743 F F4
(\214lename)4.653 E F0 .242(is used as the full \214lename)2.923 F 1.711
(of the command.)144 448.8 R(The)6.711 E F1<ad72>4.211 E F0 1.711
(option causes the shell to for)4.211 F 1.712
(get all remembered locations.)-.18 F(The)6.712 E F1<ad64>4.212 E F0
.833(option causes the shell to for)144 460.8 R .833
(get the remembered location of each)-.18 F F4(name)3.333 E F0 5.833(.I)
C 3.333(ft)-5.833 G(he)-3.333 E F1<ad74>3.333 E F0 .833(option is sup-)
3.333 F .703(plied, the full pathname to which each)144 472.8 R F4(name)
3.204 E F0 .704(corresponds is printed.)3.204 F .704(If multiple)5.704 F
F4(name)3.204 E F0(ar)3.204 E(guments)-.18 E .795(are supplied with)144
484.8 R F1<ad74>3.295 E F0 3.295(,t)C(he)-3.295 E F4(name)3.295 E F0
.795(is printed before the hashed full pathname.)3.295 F(The)5.795 E F1
<ad6c>3.295 E F0 .795(option causes)3.295 F .934
(output to be displayed in a format that may be reused as input.)144
496.8 R .934(If no ar)5.934 F .935(guments are gi)-.18 F -.15(ve)-.25 G
.935(n, or if).15 F(only)144 508.8 Q F1<ad6c>2.822 E F0 .322
(is supplied, information about remembered commands is printed.)2.822 F
.321(The return status is true)5.321 F(unless a)144 520.8 Q F4(name)2.86
E F0(is not found or an in)2.68 E -.25(va)-.4 G(lid option is supplied.)
.25 E F1(help)108 537.6 Q F0([)2.5 E F1(\255dms)A F0 2.5(][)C F4
(pattern)-2.5 E F0(])A .866(Display helpful information about b)144
549.6 R .867(uiltin commands.)-.2 F(If)5.867 E F4(pattern)4.617 E F0
.867(is speci\214ed,)3.607 F F1(help)3.367 E F0(gi)3.367 E -.15(ve)-.25
G 3.367(sd).15 G(etailed)-3.367 E .307(help on all commands matching)144
561.6 R F4(pattern)2.807 E F0 2.807(;o).24 G .307
(therwise help for all the b)-2.807 F .306
(uiltins and shell control struc-)-.2 F(tures is printed.)144 573.6 Q F1
<ad64>144 585.6 Q F0(Display a short description of each)24.74 E F4
(pattern)2.5 E F1<ad6d>144 597.6 Q F0(Display the description of each)
21.97 E F4(pattern)2.5 E F0(in a manpage-lik)2.5 E 2.5(ef)-.1 G(ormat)
-2.5 E F1<ad73>144 609.6 Q F0
(Display only a short usage synopsis for each)26.41 E F4(pattern)2.5 E
F0(The return status is 0 unless no command matches)144 626.4 Q F4
(pattern)2.5 E F0(.).24 E F1(history [)108 643.2 Q F4(n)A F1(])A
(history \255c)108 655.2 Q(history \255d)108 667.2 Q F4(of)2.5 E(fset)
-.18 E F1(history \255anrw)108 679.2 Q F0([)2.5 E F4(\214lename)A F0(])A
F1(history \255p)108 691.2 Q F4(ar)2.5 E(g)-.37 E F0([)2.5 E F4(ar)A 2.5
(g.)-.37 G(..)-2.5 E F0(])A F1(history \255s)108 703.2 Q F4(ar)2.5 E(g)
-.37 E F0([)2.5 E F4(ar)A 2.5(g.)-.37 G(..)-2.5 E F0(])A -.4(Wi)144
715.2 S .752
(th no options, display the command history list with line numbers.).4 F
.752(Lines listed with a)5.752 F F1(*)3.252 E F0(ha)3.252 E -.15(ve)-.2
G 5.073(been modi\214ed.)144 727.2 R 5.073(An ar)10.073 F 5.073
(gument of)-.18 F F4(n)7.933 E F0 5.073(lists only the last)7.813 F F4
(n)7.933 E F0 7.572(lines. If)7.812 F 5.072(the shell v)7.572 F(ariable)
-.25 E(GNU Bash 4.2)72 768 Q(2012 January 29)141.79 E(58)190.95 E 0 Cg
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/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 389.54(SH\(1\) B).35 F(ASH\(1\))
-.35 E/F1 9/Times-Bold@0 SF(HISTTIMEFORMA)144 84 Q(T)-.855 E F0 .617
(is set and not null, it is used as a format string for)2.867 F/F2 10
/Times-Italic@0 SF(strftime)3.118 E F0 .618(\(3\) to display the)B .42
(time stamp associated with each displayed history entry)144 96 R 5.42
(.N)-.65 G 2.92(oi)-5.42 G(nterv)-2.92 E .42
(ening blank is printed between)-.15 F .23
(the formatted time stamp and the history line.)144 108 R(If)5.23 E F2
(\214lename)2.73 E F0 .23(is supplied, it is used as the name of the)
2.73 F .375(history \214le; if not, the v)144 120 R .375(alue of)-.25 F
F1(HISTFILE)2.875 E F0 .375(is used.)2.625 F .374
(Options, if supplied, ha)5.375 F .674 -.15(ve t)-.2 H .374(he follo).15
F .374(wing mean-)-.25 F(ings:)144 132 Q/F3 10/Times-Bold@0 SF<ad63>144
144 Q F0(Clear the history list by deleting all the entries.)25.86 E F3
<ad64>144 156 Q F2(of)2.5 E(fset)-.18 E F0
(Delete the history entry at position)180 168 Q F2(of)2.5 E(fset)-.18 E
F0(.)A F3<ad61>144 180 Q F0 .598(Append the `)25.3 F(`ne)-.74 E(w')-.25
E 3.098('h)-.74 G .598
(istory lines \(history lines entered since the be)-3.098 F .599
(ginning of the current)-.15 F F3(bash)180 192 Q F0
(session\) to the history \214le.)2.5 E F3<ad6e>144 204 Q F0 .854(Read \
the history lines not already read from the history \214le into the cur\
rent history list.)24.74 F .772
(These are lines appended to the history \214le since the be)180 216 R
.773(ginning of the current)-.15 F F3(bash)3.273 E F0(ses-)3.273 E
(sion.)180 228 Q F3<ad72>144 240 Q F0(Read the contents of the history \
\214le and append them to the current history list.)25.86 E F3<ad77>144
252 Q F0(Write the current history list to the history \214le, o)23.08 E
-.15(ve)-.15 G(rwriting the history \214le').15 E 2.5(sc)-.55 G
(ontents.)-2.5 E F3<ad70>144 264 Q F0 .626
(Perform history substitution on the follo)24.74 F(wing)-.25 E F2(ar)
3.125 E(gs)-.37 E F0 .625(and display the result on the standard)3.125 F
2.975(output. Does)180 276 R .475
(not store the results in the history list.)2.975 F(Each)5.475 E F2(ar)
2.975 E(g)-.37 E F0 .475(must be quoted to disable)2.975 F
(normal history e)180 288 Q(xpansion.)-.15 E F3<ad73>144 300 Q F0 .363
(Store the)26.41 F F2(ar)3.193 E(gs)-.37 E F0 .363
(in the history list as a single entry)3.133 F 5.363(.T)-.65 G .362
(he last command in the history list is)-5.363 F(remo)180 312 Q -.15(ve)
-.15 G 2.5(db).15 G(efore the)-2.5 E F2(ar)2.83 E(gs)-.37 E F0
(are added.)2.77 E .145(If the)144 328.8 R F1(HISTTIMEFORMA)2.645 E(T)
-.855 E F0 -.25(va)2.395 G .145
(riable is set, the time stamp information associated with each history)
.25 F .669(entry is written to the history \214le, mark)144 340.8 R .669
(ed with the history comment character)-.1 F 5.668(.W)-.55 G .668
(hen the history)-5.668 F .955(\214le is read, lines be)144 352.8 R .956
(ginning with the history comment character follo)-.15 F .956
(wed immediately by a digit)-.25 F .416
(are interpreted as timestamps for the pre)144 364.8 R .416
(vious history line.)-.25 F .416(The return v)5.416 F .415
(alue is 0 unless an in)-.25 F -.25(va)-.4 G(lid).25 E .499(option is e\
ncountered, an error occurs while reading or writing the history \214le\
, an in)144 376.8 R -.25(va)-.4 G(lid).25 E F2(of)3 E(fset)-.18 E F0(is)
3 E(supplied as an ar)144 388.8 Q(gument to)-.18 E F3<ad64>2.5 E F0 2.5
(,o)C 2.5(rt)-2.5 G(he history e)-2.5 E(xpansion supplied as an ar)-.15
E(gument to)-.18 E F3<ad70>2.5 E F0 -.1(fa)2.5 G(ils.).1 E F3(jobs)108
405.6 Q F0([)2.5 E F3(\255lnprs)A F0 2.5(][)C F2(jobspec)A F0(... ])2.5
E F3(jobs \255x)108 417.6 Q F2(command)2.5 E F0([)2.5 E F2(ar)2.5 E(gs)
-.37 E F0(... ])2.5 E(The \214rst form lists the acti)144 429.6 Q .3
-.15(ve j)-.25 H 2.5(obs. The).15 F(options ha)2.5 E .3 -.15(ve t)-.2 H
(he follo).15 E(wing meanings:)-.25 E F3<ad6c>144 441.6 Q F0
(List process IDs in addition to the normal information.)27.52 E F3
<ad6e>144 453.6 Q F0 .194(Display information only about jobs that ha)
24.74 F .494 -.15(ve c)-.2 H .193(hanged status since the user w).15 F
.193(as last noti-)-.1 F(\214ed of their status.)180 465.6 Q F3<ad70>144
477.6 Q F0(List only the process ID of the job')24.74 E 2.5(sp)-.55 G
(rocess group leader)-2.5 E(.)-.55 E F3<ad72>144 489.6 Q F0
(Display only running jobs.)25.86 E F3<ad73>144 501.6 Q F0
(Display only stopped jobs.)26.41 E(If)144 518.4 Q F2(jobspec)4.553 E F0
.313(is gi)3.123 F -.15(ve)-.25 G .313
(n, output is restricted to information about that job).15 F 5.314(.T)
-.4 G .314(he return status is 0 unless)-5.314 F(an in)144 530.4 Q -.25
(va)-.4 G(lid option is encountered or an in).25 E -.25(va)-.4 G(lid).25
E F2(jobspec)4.24 E F0(is supplied.)2.81 E .395(If the)144 547.2 R F3
<ad78>2.895 E F0 .394(option is supplied,)2.894 F F3(jobs)2.894 E F0
.394(replaces an)2.894 F(y)-.15 E F2(jobspec)4.634 E F0 .394(found in)
3.204 F F2(command)3.094 E F0(or)3.664 E F2(ar)3.224 E(gs)-.37 E F0 .394
(with the corre-)3.164 F(sponding process group ID, and e)144 559.2 Q
-.15(xe)-.15 G(cutes).15 E F2(command)2.7 E F0(passing it)3.27 E F2(ar)
2.5 E(gs)-.37 E F0 2.5(,r).27 G(eturning its e)-2.5 E(xit status.)-.15 E
F3(kill)108 576 Q F0([)2.5 E F3<ad73>A F2(sigspec)2.5 E F0(|)2.5 E F3
<ad6e>2.5 E F2(signum)2.5 E F0(|)2.5 E F3<ad>2.5 E F2(sigspec)A F0 2.5
(][)C F2(pid)-2.5 E F0(|)2.5 E F2(jobspec)2.5 E F0 2.5(].)C(..)-2.5 E F3
(kill \255l)108 588 Q F0([)2.5 E F2(sigspec)A F0(|)2.5 E F2 -.2(ex)2.5 G
(it_status).2 E F0(])A .119(Send the signal named by)144 600 R F2
(sigspec)2.959 E F0(or)2.929 E F2(signum)2.959 E F0 .119
(to the processes named by)2.939 F F2(pid)3.87 E F0(or)3.39 E F2
(jobspec)2.62 E F0(.).31 E F2(sigspec)5.46 E F0(is)2.93 E .319
(either a case-insensiti)144 612 R .619 -.15(ve s)-.25 H .319
(ignal name such as).15 F F1(SIGKILL)2.819 E F0 .318
(\(with or without the)2.569 F F1(SIG)2.818 E F0 .318
(pre\214x\) or a signal)2.568 F(number;)144 624 Q F2(signum)4.188 E F0
1.349(is a signal number)4.168 F 6.349(.I)-.55 G(f)-6.349 E F2(sigspec)
4.189 E F0 1.349(is not present, then)4.159 F F1(SIGTERM)3.849 E F0
1.349(is assumed.)3.599 F(An)6.349 E(ar)144 636 Q .523(gument of)-.18 F
F3<ad6c>3.023 E F0 .523(lists the signal names.)3.023 F .523(If an)5.523
F 3.023(ya)-.15 G -.18(rg)-3.023 G .523(uments are supplied when).18 F
F3<ad6c>3.023 E F0 .523(is gi)3.023 F -.15(ve)-.25 G .523(n, the names)
.15 F .28(of the signals corresponding to the ar)144 648 R .28
(guments are listed, and the return status is 0.)-.18 F(The)5.28 E F2
-.2(ex)2.78 G(it_status).2 E F0(ar)144 660 Q .378(gument to)-.18 F F3
<ad6c>2.878 E F0 .378
(is a number specifying either a signal number or the e)2.878 F .377
(xit status of a process termi-)-.15 F .593(nated by a signal.)144 672 R
F3(kill)5.593 E F0 .593(returns true if at least one signal w)3.093 F
.593(as successfully sent, or f)-.1 F .594(alse if an error)-.1 F
(occurs or an in)144 684 Q -.25(va)-.4 G(lid option is encountered.).25
E F3(let)108 700.8 Q F2(ar)2.5 E(g)-.37 E F0([)2.5 E F2(ar)A(g)-.37 E F0
(...])2.5 E(Each)144 712.8 Q F2(ar)3.027 E(g)-.37 E F0 .197
(is an arithmetic e)2.917 F .197(xpression to be e)-.15 F -.25(va)-.25 G
.196(luated \(see).25 F F1 .196(ARITHMETIC EV)2.696 F(ALU)-1.215 E -.855
(AT)-.54 G(ION).855 E F0(abo)2.446 E -.15(ve)-.15 G 2.696(\). If).15 F
(the last)144 724.8 Q F2(ar)2.83 E(g)-.37 E F0 -.25(eva)2.72 G
(luates to 0,).25 E F3(let)2.5 E F0(returns 1; 0 is returned otherwise.)
2.5 E(GNU Bash 4.2)72 768 Q(2012 January 29)141.79 E(59)190.95 E 0 Cg EP
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/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 389.54(SH\(1\) B).35 F(ASH\(1\))
-.35 E/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(local)108 84 Q F0([)2.5 E/F2 10
/Times-Italic@0 SF(option)A F0 2.5(][)C F2(name)-2.5 E F0([=)A F2(value)
A F0 2.5(].)C(..])-2.5 E -.15(Fo)144 96 S 2.56(re).15 G .06(ach ar)-2.56
F .06(gument, a local v)-.18 F .06(ariable named)-.25 F F2(name)2.92 E
F0 .06(is created, and assigned)2.74 F F2(value)2.56 E F0 5.06(.T).18 G
(he)-5.06 E F2(option)2.56 E F0 .06(can be)2.56 F(an)144 108 Q 3.153(yo)
-.15 G 3.153(ft)-3.153 G .653(he options accepted by)-3.153 F F1(declar)
3.153 E(e)-.18 E F0 5.652(.W)C(hen)-5.652 E F1(local)3.152 E F0 .652
(is used within a function, it causes the v)3.152 F(ari-)-.25 E(able)144
120 Q F2(name)3.72 E F0 .86(to ha)3.54 F 1.16 -.15(ve a v)-.2 H .861
(isible scope restricted to that function and its children.).15 F -.4
(Wi)5.861 G .861(th no operands,).4 F F1(local)144 132 Q F0 1.165
(writes a list of local v)3.665 F 1.165
(ariables to the standard output.)-.25 F 1.165(It is an error to use)
6.165 F F1(local)3.664 E F0 1.164(when not)3.664 F .232
(within a function.)144 144 R .233(The return status is 0 unless)5.232 F
F1(local)2.733 E F0 .233(is used outside a function, an in)2.733 F -.25
(va)-.4 G(lid).25 E F2(name)3.093 E F0(is)2.913 E(supplied, or)144 156 Q
F2(name)2.5 E F0(is a readonly v)2.5 E(ariable.)-.25 E F1(logout)108
172.8 Q F0(Exit a login shell.)9.33 E F1(map\214le)108 189.6 Q F0([)2.5
E F1<ad6e>A F2(count)2.5 E F0 2.5(][)C F1<ad4f>-2.5 E F2(origin)2.5 E F0
2.5(][)C F1<ad73>-2.5 E F2(count)2.5 E F0 2.5(][)C F1<ad74>-2.5 E F0 2.5
(][)C F1<ad75>-2.5 E F2(fd)2.5 E F0 2.5(][)C F1<ad43>-2.5 E F2(callbac)
2.5 E(k)-.2 E F0 2.5(][)C F1<ad63>-2.5 E F2(quantum)2.5 E F0 2.5(][)C F2
(arr)-2.5 E(ay)-.15 E F0(])A F1 -.18(re)108 201.6 S(adarray).18 E F0([)
2.5 E F1<ad6e>A F2(count)2.5 E F0 2.5(][)C F1<ad4f>-2.5 E F2(origin)2.5
E F0 2.5(][)C F1<ad73>-2.5 E F2(count)2.5 E F0 2.5(][)C F1<ad74>-2.5 E
F0 2.5(][)C F1<ad75>-2.5 E F2(fd)2.5 E F0 2.5(][)C F1<ad43>-2.5 E F2
(callbac)2.5 E(k)-.2 E F0 2.5(][)C F1<ad63>-2.5 E F2(quantum)2.5 E F0
2.5(][)C F2(arr)-2.5 E(ay)-.15 E F0(])A .351
(Read lines from the standard input into the inde)144 213.6 R -.15(xe)
-.15 G 2.851(da).15 G .351(rray v)-2.851 F(ariable)-.25 E F2(arr)2.85 E
(ay)-.15 E F0 2.85(,o).32 G 2.85(rf)-2.85 G .35(rom \214le descriptor)
-2.85 F F2(fd)2.85 E F0 1.248(if the)144 225.6 R F1<ad75>3.748 E F0
1.248(option is supplied.)3.748 F 1.249(The v)6.249 F(ariable)-.25 E/F3
9/Times-Bold@0 SF(MAPFILE)3.749 E F0 1.249(is the def)3.499 F(ault)-.1 E
F2(arr)3.749 E(ay)-.15 E F0 6.249(.O)C 1.249(ptions, if supplied,)-6.249
F(ha)144 237.6 Q .3 -.15(ve t)-.2 H(he follo).15 E(wing meanings:)-.25 E
F1<ad6e>144 249.6 Q F0(Cop)24.74 E 2.5(ya)-.1 G 2.5(tm)-2.5 G(ost)-2.5 E
F2(count)2.7 E F0 2.5(lines. If)3.18 F F2(count)2.5 E F0
(is 0, all lines are copied.)2.5 E F1<ad4f>144 261.6 Q F0(Be)22.52 E
(gin assigning to)-.15 E F2(arr)2.83 E(ay)-.15 E F0(at inde)2.82 E(x)
-.15 E F2(origin)2.5 E F0 5(.T).24 G(he def)-5 E(ault inde)-.1 E 2.5(xi)
-.15 G 2.5(s0)-2.5 G(.)-2.5 E F1<ad73>144 273.6 Q F0
(Discard the \214rst)26.41 E F2(count)2.5 E F0(lines read.)2.5 E F1
<ad74>144 285.6 Q F0(Remo)26.97 E .3 -.15(ve a t)-.15 H(railing ne).15 E
(wline from each line read.)-.25 E F1<ad75>144 297.6 Q F0
(Read lines from \214le descriptor)24.74 E F2(fd)2.5 E F0
(instead of the standard input.)2.5 E F1<ad43>144 309.6 Q F0(Ev)23.08 E
(aluate)-.25 E F2(callbac)2.7 E(k)-.2 E F0(each time)3.17 E F2(quantum)
2.5 E F0(lines are read.)2.5 E(The)5 E F1<ad63>2.5 E F0
(option speci\214es)2.5 E F2(quantum)2.5 E F0(.).32 E F1<ad63>144 321.6
Q F0(Specify the number of lines read between each call to)25.86 E F2
(callbac)2.5 E(k)-.2 E F0(.).67 E(If)144 338.4 Q F1<ad43>2.968 E F0 .467
(is speci\214ed without)2.967 F F1<ad63>2.967 E F0 2.967(,t)C .467
(he def)-2.967 F .467(ault quantum is 5000.)-.1 F(When)5.467 E F2
(callbac)2.967 E(k)-.2 E F0 .467(is e)2.967 F -.25(va)-.25 G .467
(luated, it is sup-).25 F .261(plied the inde)144 350.4 R 2.761(xo)-.15
G 2.761(ft)-2.761 G .261(he ne)-2.761 F .262(xt array element to be ass\
igned and the line to be assigned to that element)-.15 F .275
(as additional ar)144 362.4 R(guments.)-.18 E F2(callbac)5.275 E(k)-.2 E
F0 .275(is e)2.775 F -.25(va)-.25 G .274
(luated after the line is read b).25 F .274
(ut before the array element is)-.2 F(assigned.)144 374.4 Q
(If not supplied with an e)144 391.2 Q(xplicit origin,)-.15 E F1
(map\214le)2.5 E F0(will clear)2.5 E F2(arr)2.5 E(ay)-.15 E F0
(before assigning to it.)2.5 E F1(map\214le)144 408 Q F0 1.905
(returns successfully unless an in)4.405 F -.25(va)-.4 G 1.905
(lid option or option ar).25 F 1.906(gument is supplied,)-.18 F F2(arr)
4.406 E(ay)-.15 E F0(is)4.406 E(in)144 420 Q -.25(va)-.4 G
(lid or unassignable, or if).25 E F2(arr)2.5 E(ay)-.15 E F0
(is not an inde)2.5 E -.15(xe)-.15 G 2.5(da).15 G(rray)-2.5 E(.)-.65 E
F1(popd)108 436.8 Q F0<5bad>2.5 E F1(n)A F0 2.5(][)C(+)-2.5 E F2(n)A F0
2.5(][)C<ad>-2.5 E F2(n)A F0(])A(Remo)144 448.8 Q -.15(ve)-.15 G 2.8(se)
.15 G .3(ntries from the directory stack.)-2.8 F -.4(Wi)5.299 G .299
(th no ar).4 F .299(guments, remo)-.18 F -.15(ve)-.15 G 2.799(st).15 G
.299(he top directory from the)-2.799 F 1.478(stack, and performs a)144
460.8 R F1(cd)3.978 E F0 1.479(to the ne)3.978 F 3.979(wt)-.25 G 1.479
(op directory)-3.979 F 6.479(.A)-.65 G -.18(rg)-6.479 G 1.479
(uments, if supplied, ha).18 F 1.779 -.15(ve t)-.2 H 1.479(he follo).15
F(wing)-.25 E(meanings:)144 472.8 Q F1<ad6e>144 484.8 Q F0 .551
(Suppresses the normal change of directory when remo)24.74 F .551
(ving directories from the stack, so)-.15 F
(that only the stack is manipulated.)180 496.8 Q F1(+)144 508.8 Q F2(n)A
F0(Remo)25.3 E -.15(ve)-.15 G 2.64(st).15 G(he)-2.64 E F2(n)2.64 E F0
.14(th entry counting from the left of the list sho)B .14(wn by)-.25 F
F1(dirs)2.64 E F0 2.64(,s)C .14(tarting with zero.)-2.64 F -.15(Fo)180
520.8 S 2.5(re).15 G(xample:)-2.65 E/F4 10/Courier@0 SF(popd +0)2.5 E F0
(remo)2.5 E -.15(ve)-.15 G 2.5(st).15 G(he \214rst directory)-2.5 E(,)
-.65 E F4(popd +1)2.5 E F0(the second.)2.5 E F1<ad>144 532.8 Q F2(n)A F0
(Remo)25.3 E -.15(ve)-.15 G 3.76(st).15 G(he)-3.76 E F2(n)3.76 E F0
1.259(th entry counting from the right of the list sho)B 1.259(wn by)
-.25 F F1(dirs)3.759 E F0 3.759(,s)C 1.259(tarting with)-3.759 F 2.5
(zero. F)180 544.8 R(or e)-.15 E(xample:)-.15 E F4(popd -0)2.5 E F0
(remo)2.5 E -.15(ve)-.15 G 2.5(st).15 G(he last directory)-2.5 E(,)-.65
E F4(popd -1)2.5 E F0(the ne)2.5 E(xt to last.)-.15 E .643(If the)144
561.6 R F1(popd)3.143 E F0 .643(command is successful, a)3.143 F F1
(dirs)3.143 E F0 .644(is performed as well, and the return status is 0.)
3.143 F F1(popd)5.644 E F0 .416(returns f)144 573.6 R .416
(alse if an in)-.1 F -.25(va)-.4 G .415
(lid option is encountered, the directory stack is empty).25 F 2.915
(,an)-.65 G(on-e)-2.915 E .415(xistent direc-)-.15 F
(tory stack entry is speci\214ed, or the directory change f)144 585.6 Q
(ails.)-.1 E F1(printf)108 602.4 Q F0([)2.5 E F1<ad76>A F2(var)2.5 E F0
(])A F2(format)2.5 E F0([)2.5 E F2(ar)A(guments)-.37 E F0(])A 1.436
(Write the formatted)144 614.4 R F2(ar)3.936 E(guments)-.37 E F0 1.437
(to the standard output under the control of the)3.936 F F2(format)3.937
E F0 6.437(.T)C(he)-6.437 E F1<ad76>3.937 E F0 .126
(option causes the output to be assigned to the v)144 626.4 R(ariable)
-.25 E F2(var)2.626 E F0 .126(rather than being printed to the standard)
2.626 F(output.)144 638.4 Q(The)144 662.4 Q F2(format)3.017 E F0 .517(i\
s a character string which contains three types of objects: plain chara\
cters, which are)3.017 F .704(simply copied to standard output, charact\
er escape sequences, which are con)144 674.4 R -.15(ve)-.4 G .703
(rted and copied to).15 F .036(the standard output, and format speci\
\214cations, each of which causes printing of the ne)144 686.4 R .037
(xt successi)-.15 F -.15(ve)-.25 G F2(ar)144 698.4 Q(gument)-.37 E F0
5.532(.I)C 3.032(na)-5.532 G .532(ddition to the standard)-3.032 F F2
(printf)3.032 E F0 .532(\(1\) format speci\214cations,)B F1(printf)3.031
E F0 .531(interprets the follo)3.031 F(w-)-.25 E(ing e)144 710.4 Q
(xtensions:)-.15 E(GNU Bash 4.2)72 768 Q(2012 January 29)141.79 E(60)
190.95 E 0 Cg EP
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/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 389.54(SH\(1\) B).35 F(ASH\(1\))
-.35 E/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(%b)144 84 Q F0(causes)20.44 E F1(printf)
5.115 E F0 2.615(to e)5.115 F 2.615
(xpand backslash escape sequences in the corresponding)-.15 F/F2 10
/Times-Italic@0 SF(ar)5.115 E(gument)-.37 E F0(\(e)180 96 Q .608
(xcept that)-.15 F F1(\\c)3.108 E F0 .608
(terminates output, backslashes in)3.108 F F1<5c08>3.108 E F0(,)A F1
(\\")3.108 E F0 3.108(,a)C(nd)-3.108 E F1(\\?)3.108 E F0 .608
(are not remo)3.108 F -.15(ve)-.15 G .608(d, and octal).15 F(escapes be)
180 108 Q(ginning with)-.15 E F1(\\0)2.5 E F0
(may contain up to four digits\).)2.5 E F1(%q)144 120 Q F0(causes)20.44
E F1(printf)2.51 E F0 .01(to output the corresponding)2.51 F F2(ar)2.51
E(gument)-.37 E F0 .01(in a format that can be reused as shell)2.51 F
(input.)180 132 Q F1(%\()144 144 Q F2(datefmt)A F1(\)T)A F0(causes)180
156 Q F1(printf)4.404 E F0 1.904
(to output the date-time string resulting from using)4.404 F F2(datefmt)
4.404 E F0 1.903(as a format)4.404 F .38(string for)180 168 R F2
(strftime)2.881 E F0 2.881(\(3\). The)B(corresponding)2.881 E F2(ar)
2.881 E(gument)-.37 E F0 .381(is an inte)2.881 F .381
(ger representing the number)-.15 F .458(of seconds since the epoch.)180
180 R -1 -.8(Tw o)5.458 H .458(special ar)3.758 F .458(gument v)-.18 F
.458(alues may be used: -1 represents the)-.25 F
(current time, and -2 represents the time the shell w)180 192 Q(as in)
-.1 E -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G(d.).1 E(Ar)144 208.8 Q .463(guments to n\
on-string format speci\214ers are treated as C constants, e)-.18 F .464
(xcept that a leading plus or)-.15 F 1.259(minus sign is allo)144 220.8
R 1.259
(wed, and if the leading character is a single or double quote, the v)
-.25 F 1.258(alue is the)-.25 F(ASCII v)144 232.8 Q(alue of the follo)
-.25 E(wing character)-.25 E(.)-.55 E(The)144 249.6 Q F2(format)3.423 E
F0 .923(is reused as necessary to consume all of the)3.423 F F2(ar)3.423
E(guments)-.37 E F0 5.923(.I)C 3.423(ft)-5.923 G(he)-3.423 E F2(format)
3.423 E F0 .924(requires more)3.424 F F2(ar)144 261.6 Q(guments)-.37 E
F0 .033(than are supplied, the e)2.534 F .033
(xtra format speci\214cations beha)-.15 F .333 -.15(ve a)-.2 H 2.533(si)
.15 G 2.533(faz)-2.533 G .033(ero v)-2.533 F .033(alue or null string,)
-.25 F(as appropriate, had been supplied.)144 273.6 Q(The return v)5 E
(alue is zero on success, non-zero on f)-.25 E(ailure.)-.1 E F1(pushd)
108 290.4 Q F0([)2.5 E F1<ad6e>A F0 2.5(][)C(+)-2.5 E F2(n)A F0 2.5(][)C
<ad>-2.5 E F2(n)A F0(])A F1(pushd)108 302.4 Q F0([)2.5 E F1<ad6e>A F0
2.5(][)C F2(dir)-2.5 E F0(])A .639(Adds a directory to the top of the d\
irectory stack, or rotates the stack, making the ne)144 314.4 R 3.14(wt)
-.25 G .64(op of the)-3.14 F 1.316(stack the current w)144 326.4 R 1.316
(orking directory)-.1 F 6.316(.W)-.65 G 1.315(ith no ar)-6.716 F 1.315
(guments, e)-.18 F 1.315(xchanges the top tw)-.15 F 3.815(od)-.1 G 1.315
(irectories and)-3.815 F .871
(returns 0, unless the directory stack is empty)144 338.4 R 5.871(.A)
-.65 G -.18(rg)-5.871 G .872(uments, if supplied, ha).18 F 1.172 -.15
(ve t)-.2 H .872(he follo).15 F .872(wing mean-)-.25 F(ings:)144 350.4 Q
F1<ad6e>144 362.4 Q F0 .902(Suppresses the normal change of directory w\
hen adding directories to the stack, so that)24.74 F
(only the stack is manipulated.)180 374.4 Q F1(+)144 386.4 Q F2(n)A F0
1.267(Rotates the stack so that the)25.3 F F2(n)3.767 E F0 1.268
(th directory \(counting from the left of the list sho)B 1.268(wn by)
-.25 F F1(dirs)180 398.4 Q F0 2.5(,s)C
(tarting with zero\) is at the top.)-2.5 E F1<ad>144 410.4 Q F2(n)A F0
.92(Rotates the stack so that the)25.3 F F2(n)3.42 E F0 .92
(th directory \(counting from the right of the list sho)B .92(wn by)-.25
F F1(dirs)180 422.4 Q F0 2.5(,s)C(tarting with zero\) is at the top.)
-2.5 E F2(dir)144.35 434.4 Q F0(Adds)23.98 E F2(dir)3.137 E F0 .287
(to the directory stack at the top, making it the ne)3.517 F 2.788(wc)
-.25 G .288(urrent w)-2.788 F .288(orking directory as)-.1 F
(if it had been supplied as the ar)180 446.4 Q(gument to the)-.18 E F1
(cd)2.5 E F0 -.2(bu)2.5 G(iltin.).2 E .489(If the)144 463.2 R F1(pushd)
2.989 E F0 .489(command is successful, a)2.989 F F1(dirs)2.988 E F0 .488
(is performed as well.)2.988 F .488(If the \214rst form is used,)5.488 F
F1(pushd)2.988 E F0 1.039(returns 0 unless the cd to)144 475.2 R F2(dir)
3.889 E F0 -.1(fa)4.269 G 3.539(ils. W).1 F 1.039(ith the second form,)
-.4 F F1(pushd)3.54 E F0 1.04(returns 0 unless the directory)3.54 F .847
(stack is empty)144 487.2 R 3.347(,an)-.65 G(on-e)-3.347 E .847(xistent\
 directory stack element is speci\214ed, or the directory change to the)
-.15 F(speci\214ed ne)144 499.2 Q 2.5(wc)-.25 G(urrent directory f)-2.5
E(ails.)-.1 E F1(pwd)108 516 Q F0([)2.5 E F1(\255LP)A F0(])A .844
(Print the absolute pathname of the current w)144 528 R .845
(orking directory)-.1 F 5.845(.T)-.65 G .845
(he pathname printed contains no)-5.845 F .182(symbolic links if the)144
540 R F1<ad50>2.681 E F0 .181(option is supplied or the)2.681 F F1 .181
(\255o ph)2.681 F(ysical)-.15 E F0 .181(option to the)2.681 F F1(set)
2.681 E F0 -.2(bu)2.681 G .181(iltin command is).2 F 3.263(enabled. If)
144 552 R(the)3.263 E F1<ad4c>3.263 E F0 .763
(option is used, the pathname printed may contain symbolic links.)3.263
F .764(The return)5.764 F 1.36(status is 0 unless an error occurs while\
 reading the name of the current directory or an in)144 564 R -.25(va)
-.4 G(lid).25 E(option is supplied.)144 576 Q F1 -.18(re)108 592.8 S(ad)
.18 E F0([)3.816 E F1(\255ers)A F0 3.816(][)C F1<ad61>-3.816 E F2(aname)
3.816 E F0 3.816(][)C F1<ad64>-3.816 E F2(delim)3.816 E F0 3.816(][)C F1
<ad69>-3.816 E F2(te)3.816 E(xt)-.2 E F0 3.816(][)C F1<ad6e>-3.816 E F2
(nc)3.816 E(har)-.15 E(s)-.1 E F0 3.817(][)C F1<ad4e>-3.817 E F2(nc)
3.817 E(har)-.15 E(s)-.1 E F0 3.817(][)C F1<ad70>-3.817 E F2(pr)3.817 E
(ompt)-.45 E F0 3.817(][)C F1<ad74>-3.817 E F2(timeout)3.817 E F0 3.817
(][)C F1<ad75>-3.817 E F2(fd)3.817 E F0(])A([)108 604.8 Q F2(name)A F0
(...])2.5 E .516(One line is read from the standard input, or from the \
\214le descriptor)144 616.8 R F2(fd)3.016 E F0 .516(supplied as an ar)
3.016 F .517(gument to)-.18 F(the)144 628.8 Q F1<ad75>2.539 E F0 .039
(option, and the \214rst w)2.539 F .038(ord is assigned to the \214rst)
-.1 F F2(name)2.538 E F0 2.538(,t).18 G .038(he second w)-2.538 F .038
(ord to the second)-.1 F F2(name)2.538 E F0(,).18 E .42
(and so on, with lefto)144 640.8 R -.15(ve)-.15 G 2.92(rw).15 G .42
(ords and their interv)-3.02 F .42
(ening separators assigned to the last)-.15 F F2(name)2.92 E F0 5.42(.I)
.18 G 2.92(ft)-5.42 G(here)-2.92 E .541(are fe)144 652.8 R .541(wer w)
-.25 F .541(ords read from the input stream than names, the remaining n\
ames are assigned empty)-.1 F -.25(va)144 664.8 S 2.51(lues. The).25 F
.011(characters in)2.511 F/F3 9/Times-Bold@0 SF(IFS)2.511 E F0 .011
(are used to split the line into w)2.261 F 2.511(ords. The)-.1 F .011
(backslash character \()2.511 F F1(\\)A F0 2.511(\)m)C(ay)-2.511 E 1.891
(be used to remo)144 676.8 R 2.191 -.15(ve a)-.15 H 2.191 -.15(ny s).15
H 1.891(pecial meaning for the ne).15 F 1.89
(xt character read and for line continuation.)-.15 F
(Options, if supplied, ha)144 688.8 Q .3 -.15(ve t)-.2 H(he follo).15 E
(wing meanings:)-.25 E F1<ad61>144 700.8 Q F2(aname)2.5 E F0 1.049
(The w)180 712.8 R 1.049
(ords are assigned to sequential indices of the array v)-.1 F(ariable)
-.25 E F2(aname)3.55 E F0 3.55(,s).18 G 1.05(tarting at 0.)-3.55 F F2
(aname)180.33 724.8 Q F0(is unset before an)2.68 E 2.5(yn)-.15 G .5 -.25
(ew va)-2.5 H(lues are assigned.).25 E(Other)5 E F2(name)2.5 E F0(ar)2.5
E(guments are ignored.)-.18 E(GNU Bash 4.2)72 768 Q(2012 January 29)
141.79 E(61)190.95 E 0 Cg EP
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/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 389.54(SH\(1\) B).35 F(ASH\(1\))
-.35 E/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 SF<ad64>144 84 Q/F2 10/Times-Italic@0 SF
(delim)2.5 E F0(The \214rst character of)180 96 Q F2(delim)2.5 E F0
(is used to terminate the input line, rather than ne)2.5 E(wline.)-.25 E
F1<ad65>144 108 Q F0 .373
(If the standard input is coming from a terminal,)25.86 F F1 -.18(re)
2.873 G(adline).18 E F0(\(see)2.873 E/F3 9/Times-Bold@0 SF(READLINE)
2.872 E F0(abo)2.622 E -.15(ve)-.15 G 2.872(\)i).15 G 2.872(su)-2.872 G
(sed)-2.872 E .218(to obtain the line.)180 120 R .218
(Readline uses the current \(or def)5.218 F .218
(ault, if line editing w)-.1 F .218(as not pre)-.1 F(viously)-.25 E
(acti)180 132 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.5(\)e).15 G(diting settings.)-2.5 E F1
<ad69>144 144 Q F2(te)2.5 E(xt)-.2 E F0(If)10.78 E F1 -.18(re)2.716 G
(adline).18 E F0 .216(is being used to read the line,)2.716 F F2(te)
2.716 E(xt)-.2 E F0 .216(is placed into the editing b)2.716 F(uf)-.2 E
.215(fer before edit-)-.25 F(ing be)180 156 Q(gins.)-.15 E F1<ad6e>144
168 Q F2(nc)2.5 E(har)-.15 E(s)-.1 E F1 -.18(re)180 180 S(ad).18 E F0
1.394(returns after reading)3.894 F F2(nc)3.894 E(har)-.15 E(s)-.1 E F0
1.395(characters rather than w)3.894 F 1.395
(aiting for a complete line of)-.1 F(input, b)180 192 Q
(ut honor a delimiter if fe)-.2 E(wer than)-.25 E F2(nc)2.5 E(har)-.15 E
(s)-.1 E F0(characters are read before the delimiter)2.5 E(.)-.55 E F1
<ad4e>144 204 Q F2(nc)2.5 E(har)-.15 E(s)-.1 E F1 -.18(re)180 216 S(ad)
.18 E F0 1.269(returns after reading e)3.77 F(xactly)-.15 E F2(nc)3.769
E(har)-.15 E(s)-.1 E F0 1.269(characters rather than w)3.769 F 1.269
(aiting for a complete)-.1 F .274
(line of input, unless EOF is encountered or)180 228 R F1 -.18(re)2.775
G(ad).18 E F0 .275(times out.)2.775 F .275(Delimiter characters encoun-)
5.275 F 1.003
(tered in the input are not treated specially and do not cause)180 240 R
F1 -.18(re)3.502 G(ad).18 E F0 1.002(to return until)3.502 F F2(nc)3.502
E(har)-.15 E(s)-.1 E F0(characters are read.)180 252 Q F1<ad70>144 264 Q
F2(pr)2.5 E(ompt)-.45 E F0(Display)180 276 Q F2(pr)3.66 E(ompt)-.45 E F0
1.161(on standard error)3.66 F 3.661(,w)-.4 G 1.161
(ithout a trailing ne)-3.661 F 1.161(wline, before attempting to read)
-.25 F(an)180 288 Q 2.5(yi)-.15 G 2.5(nput. The)-2.5 F
(prompt is displayed only if input is coming from a terminal.)2.5 E F1
<ad72>144 300 Q F0 .544(Backslash does not act as an escape character)
25.86 F 5.543(.T)-.55 G .543(he backslash is considered to be part of)
-5.543 F(the line.)180 312 Q(In particular)5 E 2.5(,ab)-.4 G
(ackslash-ne)-2.5 E(wline pair may not be used as a line continuation.)
-.25 E F1<ad73>144 324 Q F0(Silent mode.)26.41 E
(If input is coming from a terminal, characters are not echoed.)5 E F1
<ad74>144 336 Q F2(timeout)2.5 E F0(Cause)180 348 Q F1 -.18(re)3.548 G
(ad).18 E F0 1.048(to time out and return f)3.548 F 1.048
(ailure if a complete line of input is not read within)-.1 F F2(timeout)
180 360 Q F0(seconds.)3.497 E F2(timeout)5.997 E F0 .997
(may be a decimal number with a fractional portion follo)3.497 F(wing)
-.25 E .576(the decimal point.)180 372 R .576(This option is only ef)
5.576 F(fecti)-.25 E .876 -.15(ve i)-.25 H(f).15 E F1 -.18(re)3.076 G
(ad).18 E F0 .576(is reading input from a terminal,)3.076 F .142
(pipe, or other special \214le; it has no ef)180 384 R .142
(fect when reading from re)-.25 F .142(gular \214les.)-.15 F(If)5.141 E
F2(timeout)2.641 E F0 .141(is 0,)2.641 F F1 -.18(re)180 396 S(ad).18 E
F0 .61(returns immediately)3.11 F 3.11(,w)-.65 G .61
(ithout trying to read an)-3.11 F 3.11(yd)-.15 G 3.11(ata. The)-3.11 F
-.15(ex)3.11 G .61(it statis is 0 if input is).15 F -.2(av)180 408 S
1.224(ailable on the speci\214ed \214le descriptor)-.05 F 3.723(,n)-.4 G
1.223(on-zero otherwise.)-3.723 F 1.223(The e)6.223 F 1.223
(xit status is greater)-.15 F(than 128 if the timeout is e)180 420 Q
(xceeded.)-.15 E F1<ad75>144 432 Q F2(fd)2.5 E F0
(Read input from \214le descriptor)14.46 E F2(fd)2.5 E F0(.)A .191
(If no)144 448.8 R F2(names)3.051 E F0 .191
(are supplied, the line read is assigned to the v)2.961 F(ariable)-.25 E
F3(REPL)2.692 E(Y)-.828 E/F4 9/Times-Roman@0 SF(.)A F0 .192
(The return code is zero,)4.692 F 1.344
(unless end-of-\214le is encountered,)144 460.8 R F1 -.18(re)3.844 G(ad)
.18 E F0 1.343
(times out \(in which case the return code is greater than)3.844 F .871
(128\), a v)144 472.8 R .871
(ariable assignment error \(such as assigning to a readonly v)-.25 F
.872(ariable\) occurs, or an in)-.25 F -.25(va)-.4 G(lid).25 E
(\214le descriptor is supplied as the ar)144 484.8 Q(gument to)-.18 E F1
<ad75>2.5 E F0(.)A F1 -.18(re)108 501.6 S(adonly).18 E F0([)2.5 E F1
(\255aAf)A F0 2.5(][)C F1<ad70>-2.5 E F0 2.5(][)C F2(name)-2.5 E F0([=)A
F2(wor)A(d)-.37 E F0 2.5(].)C(..])-2.5 E .77(The gi)144 513.6 R -.15(ve)
-.25 G(n).15 E F2(names)3.27 E F0 .77(are mark)3.27 F .77
(ed readonly; the v)-.1 F .77(alues of these)-.25 F F2(names)3.63 E F0
.77(may not be changed by subse-)3.54 F 1.096(quent assignment.)144
525.6 R 1.096(If the)6.096 F F1<ad66>3.596 E F0 1.097
(option is supplied, the functions corresponding to the)3.596 F F2
(names)3.597 E F0 1.097(are so)3.597 F(mark)144 537.6 Q 3.334(ed. The)
-.1 F F1<ad61>3.334 E F0 .834(option restricts the v)3.334 F .834
(ariables to inde)-.25 F -.15(xe)-.15 G 3.334(da).15 G .834(rrays; the)
-3.334 F F1<ad41>3.334 E F0 .834(option restricts the v)3.334 F(ari-)
-.25 E .776(ables to associati)144 549.6 R 1.076 -.15(ve a)-.25 H 3.276
(rrays. If).15 F .777(both options are supplied,)3.276 F F1<ad41>3.277 E
F0(tak)3.277 E .777(es precedence.)-.1 F .777(If no)5.777 F F2(name)
3.637 E F0(ar)3.457 E(gu-)-.18 E .522(ments are gi)144 561.6 R -.15(ve)
-.25 G .521(n, or if the).15 F F1<ad70>3.021 E F0 .521
(option is supplied, a list of all readonly names is printed.)3.021 F
.521(The other)5.521 F .295(options may be used to restrict the output \
to a subset of the set of readonly names.)144 573.6 R(The)5.296 E F1
<ad70>2.796 E F0(option)2.796 E .786
(causes output to be displayed in a format that may be reused as input.)
144 585.6 R .786(If a v)5.786 F .785(ariable name is fol-)-.25 F(lo)144
597.6 Q .717(wed by =)-.25 F F2(wor)A(d)-.37 E F0 3.218(,t)C .718(he v)
-3.218 F .718(alue of the v)-.25 F .718(ariable is set to)-.25 F F2(wor)
3.218 E(d)-.37 E F0 5.718(.T)C .718(he return status is 0 unless an in)
-5.718 F -.25(va)-.4 G(lid).25 E .26(option is encountered, one of the)
144 609.6 R F2(names)3.12 E F0 .26(is not a v)3.03 F .26(alid shell v)
-.25 F .26(ariable name, or)-.25 F F1<ad66>2.76 E F0 .26
(is supplied with a)2.76 F F2(name)144.36 621.6 Q F0
(that is not a function.)2.68 E F1 -.18(re)108 638.4 S(tur).18 E(n)-.15
E F0([)2.5 E F2(n)A F0(])A .02(Causes a function to stop e)144 650.4 R
-.15(xe)-.15 G .02(cuting and return the v).15 F .021
(alue speci\214ed by)-.25 F F2(n)2.881 E F0 .021(to its caller)2.761 F
5.021(.I)-.55 G(f)-5.021 E F2(n)2.881 E F0 .021(is omitted,)2.761 F .469
(the return status is that of the last command e)144 662.4 R -.15(xe)
-.15 G .469(cuted in the function body).15 F 5.469(.I)-.65 G(f)-5.469 E
F1 -.18(re)2.969 G(tur).18 E(n)-.15 E F0 .468(is used out-)2.969 F .466
(side a function, b)144 674.4 R .466(ut during e)-.2 F -.15(xe)-.15 G
.467(cution of a script by the).15 F F1(.)2.967 E F0(\()5.467 E F1(sour)
A(ce)-.18 E F0 2.967(\)c)C .467(ommand, it causes the shell to)-2.967 F
.088(stop e)144 686.4 R -.15(xe)-.15 G .087
(cuting that script and return either).15 F F2(n)2.947 E F0 .087
(or the e)2.827 F .087(xit status of the last command e)-.15 F -.15(xe)
-.15 G .087(cuted within).15 F .613(the script as the e)144 698.4 R .613
(xit status of the script.)-.15 F(If)5.613 E F2(n)3.113 E F0 .613
(is supplied, the return v)3.113 F .613
(alue is its least signi\214cant 8)-.25 F 2.511(bits. The)144 710.4 R
.011(return status is non-zero if)2.511 F F1 -.18(re)2.511 G(tur).18 E
(n)-.15 E F0 .011(is supplied a non-numeric ar)2.511 F .01
(gument, or is used outside)-.18 F 2.909(af)144 722.4 S .409
(unction and not during e)-2.909 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .41
(cution of a script by).15 F F1(.)2.91 E F0(or)3.743 E F1(sour)2.91 E
(ce)-.18 E F0 5.41(.A)C .71 -.15(ny c)-5.41 H .41
(ommand associated with the).15 F(GNU Bash 4.2)72 768 Q(2012 January 29)
141.79 E(62)190.95 E 0 Cg EP
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/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 389.54(SH\(1\) B).35 F(ASH\(1\))
-.35 E/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(RETURN)144 84 Q F0(trap is e)2.5 E -.15(xe)
-.15 G(cuted before e).15 E -.15(xe)-.15 G
(cution resumes after the function or script.).15 E F1(set)108 100.8 Q
F0([)2.5 E F1(\255\255abefhkmnptuvxBCEHPT)A F0 2.5(][)C F1<ad6f>-2.5 E
/F2 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(option\255name)2.5 E F0 2.5(][)C F2(ar)-2.5 E
(g)-.37 E F0(...])2.5 E F1(set)108 112.8 Q F0([)2.5 E F1
(+abefhkmnptuvxBCEHPT)A F0 2.5(][)C F1(+o)-2.5 E F2(option\255name)2.5 E
F0 2.5(][)C F2(ar)-2.5 E(g)-.37 E F0(...])2.5 E -.4(Wi)144 124.8 S .836
(thout options, the name and v).4 F .835(alue of each shell v)-.25 F
.835(ariable are displayed in a format that can be)-.25 F .784
(reused as input for setting or resetting the currently-set v)144 136.8
R 3.284(ariables. Read-only)-.25 F -.25(va)3.284 G .784
(riables cannot be).25 F 2.947(reset. In)144 148.8 R F2 .447(posix mode)
2.947 F F0 2.947(,o)C .447(nly shell v)-2.947 F .447
(ariables are listed.)-.25 F .447
(The output is sorted according to the current)5.447 F 3.53
(locale. When)144 160.8 R 1.031(options are speci\214ed, the)3.53 F
3.531(ys)-.15 G 1.031(et or unset shell attrib)-3.531 F 3.531(utes. An)
-.2 F 3.531(ya)-.15 G -.18(rg)-3.531 G 1.031(uments remaining).18 F
1.624(after option processing are treated as v)144 172.8 R 1.623
(alues for the positional parameters and are assigned, in)-.25 F(order)
144 184.8 Q 2.5(,t)-.4 G(o)-2.5 E F1($1)2.5 E F0(,)A F1($2)2.5 E F0(,)A
F1 2.5(... $)2.5 F F2(n)A F0 5(.O)C(ptions, if speci\214ed, ha)-5 E .3
-.15(ve t)-.2 H(he follo).15 E(wing meanings:)-.25 E F1<ad61>144 196.8 Q
F0 .539(Automatically mark v)29.3 F .539
(ariables and functions which are modi\214ed or created for e)-.25 F .54
(xport to)-.15 F(the en)184 208.8 Q(vironment of subsequent commands.)
-.4 E F1<ad62>144 220.8 Q F0 .132
(Report the status of terminated background jobs immediately)28.74 F
2.632(,r)-.65 G .131(ather than before the ne)-2.632 F(xt)-.15 E
(primary prompt.)184 232.8 Q(This is ef)5 E(fecti)-.25 E .3 -.15(ve o)
-.25 H(nly when job control is enabled.).15 E F1<ad65>144 244.8 Q F0
.087(Exit immediately if a)29.86 F F2(pipeline)2.587 E F0 .087
(\(which may consist of a single)2.587 F F2 .088(simple command)2.588 F
F0 .088(\), a)B F2(list)2.588 E F0 2.588(,o)C(r)-2.588 E(a)184 256.8 Q
F2 1.294(compound command)3.794 F F0(\(see)3.794 E/F3 9/Times-Bold@0 SF
1.294(SHELL GRAMMAR)3.794 F F0(abo)3.544 E -.15(ve)-.15 G 3.793(\), e)
.15 F 1.293(xits with a non-zero status.)-.15 F .079
(The shell does not e)184 268.8 R .079(xit if the command that f)-.15 F
.08(ails is part of the command list immediately)-.1 F(follo)184 280.8 Q
1.655(wing a)-.25 F F1(while)4.155 E F0(or)4.155 E F1(until)4.155 E F0
-.1(ke)4.155 G(yw)-.05 E 1.655(ord, part of the test follo)-.1 F 1.654
(wing the)-.25 F F1(if)4.154 E F0(or)4.154 E F1(elif)4.154 E F0(reserv)
4.154 E(ed)-.15 E -.1(wo)184 292.8 S .581(rds, part of an).1 F 3.081(yc)
-.15 G .581(ommand e)-3.081 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .581(cuted in a).15 F F1
(&&)3.081 E F0(or)3.081 E F1(||)3.081 E F0 .582(list e)3.082 F .582
(xcept the command follo)-.15 F(wing)-.25 E .918(the \214nal)184 304.8 R
F1(&&)3.418 E F0(or)3.418 E F1(||)3.418 E F0 3.418(,a)C 1.218 -.15(ny c)
-3.418 H .918(ommand in a pipeline b).15 F .917
(ut the last, or if the command')-.2 F 3.417(sr)-.55 G(eturn)-3.417 E
-.25(va)184 316.8 S .66(lue is being in).25 F -.15(ve)-.4 G .66
(rted with).15 F F1(!)3.16 E F0 5.661(.I)C 3.161(fac)-5.661 G .661
(ompound command other than a subshell returns a)-3.161 F 1.113
(non-zero status because a command f)184 328.8 R 1.112(ailed while)-.1 F
F1<ad65>3.612 E F0 -.1(wa)3.612 G 3.612(sb).1 G 1.112
(eing ignored, the shell does)-3.612 F .177(not e)184 340.8 R 2.677
(xit. A)-.15 F .177(trap on)2.677 F F1(ERR)2.677 E F0 2.677(,i)C 2.678
(fs)-2.677 G .178(et, is e)-2.678 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .178
(cuted before the shell e).15 F 2.678(xits. This)-.15 F .178
(option applies to)2.678 F .618(the shell en)184 352.8 R .617
(vironment and each subshell en)-.4 F .617(vironment separately \(see)
-.4 F F3 .617(COMMAND EXE-)3.117 F .642(CUTION ENVIR)184 364.8 R(ONMENT)
-.27 E F0(abo)2.893 E -.15(ve)-.15 G .643
(\), and may cause subshells to e).15 F .643(xit before e)-.15 F -.15
(xe)-.15 G .643(cuting all).15 F(the commands in the subshell.)184 376.8
Q F1<ad66>144 388.8 Q F0(Disable pathname e)30.97 E(xpansion.)-.15 E F1
<ad68>144 400.8 Q F0 2.239(Remember the location of commands as the)
28.74 F 4.738(ya)-.15 G 2.238(re look)-4.738 F 2.238(ed up for e)-.1 F
-.15(xe)-.15 G 4.738(cution. This).15 F(is)4.738 E(enabled by def)184
412.8 Q(ault.)-.1 E F1<ad6b>144 424.8 Q F0 .513(All ar)28.74 F .514
(guments in the form of assignment statements are placed in the en)-.18
F .514(vironment for a)-.4 F
(command, not just those that precede the command name.)184 436.8 Q F1
<ad6d>144 448.8 Q F0 .149(Monitor mode.)25.97 F .149
(Job control is enabled.)5.149 F .148(This option is on by def)5.149 F
.148(ault for interacti)-.1 F .448 -.15(ve s)-.25 H(hells).15 E .65
(on systems that support it \(see)184 460.8 R F3 .651(JOB CONTR)3.151 F
(OL)-.27 E F0(abo)2.901 E -.15(ve)-.15 G 3.151(\). All).15 F .651
(processes run in a separate)3.151 F .679(process group.)184 472.8 R
.678(When a background job completes, the shell prints a line containin\
g its)5.679 F -.15(ex)184 484.8 S(it status.).15 E F1<ad6e>144 496.8 Q
F0 .652(Read commands b)28.74 F .652(ut do not e)-.2 F -.15(xe)-.15 G
.652(cute them.).15 F .653(This may be used to check a shell script for)
5.652 F(syntax errors.)184 508.8 Q(This is ignored by interacti)5 E .3
-.15(ve s)-.25 H(hells.).15 E F1<ad6f>144 520.8 Q F2(option\255name)2.5
E F0(The)184 532.8 Q F2(option\255name)2.5 E F0(can be one of the follo)
2.5 E(wing:)-.25 E F1(allexport)184 544.8 Q F0(Same as)224 556.8 Q F1
<ad61>2.5 E F0(.)A F1(braceexpand)184 568.8 Q F0(Same as)224 580.8 Q F1
<ad42>2.5 E F0(.)A F1(emacs)184 592.8 Q F0 .089
(Use an emacs-style command line editing interf)13.9 F 2.589(ace. This)
-.1 F .089(is enabled by def)2.589 F(ault)-.1 E .95
(when the shell is interacti)224 604.8 R -.15(ve)-.25 G 3.45(,u).15 G
.95(nless the shell is started with the)-3.45 F F1(\255\255noediting)
3.45 E F0 2.5(option. This)224 616.8 R(also af)2.5 E
(fects the editing interf)-.25 E(ace used for)-.1 E F1 -.18(re)2.5 G
(ad \255e).18 E F0(.)A F1(err)184 628.8 Q(exit)-.18 E F0(Same as)11.31 E
F1<ad65>2.5 E F0(.)A F1(errtrace)184 640.8 Q F0(Same as)5.03 E F1<ad45>
2.5 E F0(.)A F1(functrace)184 652.8 Q F0(Same as)224 664.8 Q F1<ad54>2.5
E F0(.)A F1(hashall)184 676.8 Q F0(Same as)9.43 E F1<ad68>2.5 E F0(.)A
F1(histexpand)184 688.8 Q F0(Same as)224 700.8 Q F1<ad48>2.5 E F0(.)A F1
(history)184 712.8 Q F0 .587(Enable command history)10 F 3.087(,a)-.65 G
3.087(sd)-3.087 G .587(escribed abo)-3.087 F .887 -.15(ve u)-.15 H(nder)
.15 E F3(HIST)3.087 E(OR)-.162 E(Y)-.315 E/F4 9/Times-Roman@0 SF(.)A F0
.587(This option is)5.087 F(on by def)224 724.8 Q(ault in interacti)-.1
E .3 -.15(ve s)-.25 H(hells.).15 E(GNU Bash 4.2)72 768 Q
(2012 January 29)141.79 E(63)190.95 E 0 Cg EP
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/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 389.54(SH\(1\) B).35 F(ASH\(1\))
-.35 E/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(ignor)184 84 Q(eeof)-.18 E F0 1.656(The ef)
224 96 R 1.656(fect is as if the shell command)-.25 F/F2 10/Courier@0 SF
(IGNOREEOF=10)4.157 E F0 1.657(had been e)4.157 F -.15(xe)-.15 G(cuted)
.15 E(\(see)224 108 Q F1(Shell V)2.5 E(ariables)-.92 E F0(abo)2.5 E -.15
(ve)-.15 G(\).).15 E F1 -.1(ke)184 120 S(yw).1 E(ord)-.1 E F0(Same as)
224 132 Q F1<ad6b>2.5 E F0(.)A F1(monitor)184 144 Q F0(Same as)5.56 E F1
<ad6d>2.5 E F0(.)A F1(noclob)184 156 Q(ber)-.1 E F0(Same as)224 168 Q F1
<ad43>2.5 E F0(.)A F1(noexec)184 180 Q F0(Same as)11.12 E F1<ad6e>2.5 E
F0(.)A F1(noglob)184 192 Q F0(Same as)11.1 E F1<ad66>2.5 E F0(.)A F1
(nolog)184 204 Q F0(Currently ignored.)16.66 E F1(notify)184 216 Q F0
(Same as)15 E F1<ad62>2.5 E F0(.)A F1(nounset)184 228 Q F0(Same as)6.66
E F1<ad75>2.5 E F0(.)A F1(onecmd)184 240 Q F0(Same as)6.67 E F1<ad74>2.5
E F0(.)A F1(ph)184 252 Q(ysical)-.15 E F0(Same as)5.14 E F1<ad50>2.5 E
F0(.)A F1(pipefail)184 264 Q F0 1.03(If set, the return v)7.77 F 1.029
(alue of a pipeline is the v)-.25 F 1.029
(alue of the last \(rightmost\) com-)-.25 F 1.136(mand to e)224 276 R
1.136
(xit with a non-zero status, or zero if all commands in the pipeline)
-.15 F -.15(ex)224 288 S(it successfully).15 E 5(.T)-.65 G
(his option is disabled by def)-5 E(ault.)-.1 E F1(posix)184 300 Q F0
2.091(Change the beha)17.77 F 2.091(vior of)-.2 F F1(bash)4.591 E F0
2.091(where the def)4.591 F 2.091(ault operation dif)-.1 F 2.091
(fers from the)-.25 F(POSIX standard to match the standard \()224 312 Q
/F3 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(posix mode)A F0(\).)A F1(pri)184 324 Q(vileged)
-.1 E F0(Same as)224 336 Q F1<ad70>2.5 E F0(.)A F1 -.1(ve)184 348 S
(rbose).1 E F0(Same as)7.33 E F1<ad76>2.5 E F0(.)A F1(vi)184 360 Q F0
1.465(Use a vi-style command line editing interf)32.22 F 3.966
(ace. This)-.1 F 1.466(also af)3.966 F 1.466(fects the editing)-.25 F
(interf)224 372 Q(ace used for)-.1 E F1 -.18(re)2.5 G(ad \255e).18 E F0
(.)A F1(xtrace)184 384 Q F0(Same as)13.35 E F1<ad78>2.5 E F0(.)A(If)184
402 Q F1<ad6f>3.053 E F0 .553(is supplied with no)3.053 F F3
(option\255name)3.053 E F0 3.053(,t)C .553(he v)-3.053 F .552
(alues of the current options are printed.)-.25 F(If)5.552 E F1(+o)184
414 Q F0 1.071(is supplied with no)3.571 F F3(option\255name)3.571 E F0
3.571(,as)C 1.071(eries of)-3.571 F F1(set)3.572 E F0 1.072
(commands to recreate the current)3.572 F
(option settings is displayed on the standard output.)184 426 Q F1<ad70>
144 438 Q F0 -.45(Tu)28.74 G 1.072(rn on).45 F F3(privile)4.822 E -.1
(ge)-.4 G(d).1 E F0 3.572(mode. In)4.342 F 1.072(this mode, the)3.572 F
/F4 9/Times-Bold@0 SF($ENV)3.572 E F0(and)3.322 E F4($B)3.572 E(ASH_ENV)
-.27 E F0 1.071(\214les are not pro-)3.322 F 1.5
(cessed, shell functions are not inherited from the en)184 450 R 1.501
(vironment, and the)-.4 F F4(SHELLOPTS)4.001 E/F5 9/Times-Roman@0 SF(,)A
F4 -.27(BA)184 462 S(SHOPTS).27 E F5(,)A F4(CDP)2.775 E -.855(AT)-.666 G
(H).855 E F5(,)A F0(and)2.775 E F4(GLOBIGNORE)3.025 E F0 -.25(va)2.775 G
.524(riables, if the).25 F 3.024(ya)-.15 G .524(ppear in the en)-3.024 F
(vironment,)-.4 E .379(are ignored.)184 474 R .379
(If the shell is started with the ef)5.379 F(fecti)-.25 E .679 -.15
(ve u)-.25 H .38(ser \(group\) id not equal to the real).15 F .462
(user \(group\) id, and the)184 486 R F1<ad70>2.961 E F0 .461
(option is not supplied, these actions are tak)2.961 F .461
(en and the ef)-.1 F(fec-)-.25 E(ti)184 498 Q .694 -.15(ve u)-.25 H .394
(ser id is set to the real user id.).15 F .395(If the)5.395 F F1<ad70>
2.895 E F0 .395(option is supplied at startup, the ef)2.895 F(fecti)-.25
E -.15(ve)-.25 G .387(user id is not reset.)184 510 R -.45(Tu)5.387 G
.387(rning this option of).45 F 2.886(fc)-.25 G .386(auses the ef)-2.886
F(fecti)-.25 E .686 -.15(ve u)-.25 H .386(ser and group ids to be).15 F
(set to the real user and group ids.)184 522 Q F1<ad74>144 534 Q F0
(Exit after reading and e)30.97 E -.15(xe)-.15 G(cuting one command.).15
E F1<ad75>144 546 Q F0 -.35(Tr)28.74 G .043(eat unset v).35 F .044(aria\
bles and parameters other than the special parameters "@" and "*" as an)
-.25 F .183(error when performing parameter e)184 558 R 2.683
(xpansion. If)-.15 F -.15(ex)2.683 G .182
(pansion is attempted on an unset v).15 F(ari-)-.25 E .746
(able or parameter)184 570 R 3.246(,t)-.4 G .746
(he shell prints an error message, and, if not interacti)-3.246 F -.15
(ve)-.25 G 3.246(,e).15 G .746(xits with a)-3.396 F(non-zero status.)184
582 Q F1<ad76>144 594 Q F0(Print shell input lines as the)29.3 E 2.5(ya)
-.15 G(re read.)-2.5 E F1<ad78>144 606 Q F0 .315(After e)29.3 F .315
(xpanding each)-.15 F F3 .315(simple command)2.815 F F0(,)A F1 -.25(fo)
2.815 G(r).25 E F0(command,)2.815 E F1(case)2.815 E F0(command,)2.815 E
F1(select)2.815 E F0(command,)2.815 E 1.235(or arithmetic)184 618 R F1
-.25(fo)3.736 G(r).25 E F0 1.236(command, display the e)3.736 F 1.236
(xpanded v)-.15 F 1.236(alue of)-.25 F F4(PS4)3.736 E F5(,)A F0(follo)
3.486 E 1.236(wed by the com-)-.25 F(mand and its e)184 630 Q
(xpanded ar)-.15 E(guments or associated w)-.18 E(ord list.)-.1 E F1
<ad42>144 642 Q F0 2.579(The shell performs brace e)27.63 F 2.578
(xpansion \(see)-.15 F F1 2.578(Brace Expansion)5.078 F F0(abo)5.078 E
-.15(ve)-.15 G 5.078(\). This).15 F 2.578(is on by)5.078 F(def)184 654 Q
(ault.)-.1 E F1<ad43>144 666 Q F0 .213(If set,)27.08 F F1(bash)2.713 E
F0 .213(does not o)2.713 F -.15(ve)-.15 G .214(rwrite an e).15 F .214
(xisting \214le with the)-.15 F F1(>)2.714 E F0(,)A F1(>&)2.714 E F0
2.714(,a)C(nd)-2.714 E F1(<>)2.714 E F0 .214(redirection opera-)2.714 F
3.054(tors. This)184 678 R .553(may be o)3.053 F -.15(ve)-.15 G .553
(rridden when creating output \214les by using the redirection opera-)
.15 F(tor)184 690 Q F1(>|)2.5 E F0(instead of)2.5 E F1(>)2.5 E F0(.)A F1
<ad45>144 702 Q F0 .103(If set, an)27.63 F 2.603(yt)-.15 G .103(rap on)
-2.603 F F1(ERR)2.603 E F0 .104
(is inherited by shell functions, command substitutions, and com-)2.603
F .839(mands e)184 714 R -.15(xe)-.15 G .839(cuted in a subshell en).15
F 3.339(vironment. The)-.4 F F1(ERR)3.338 E F0 .838
(trap is normally not inherited in)3.338 F(such cases.)184 726 Q
(GNU Bash 4.2)72 768 Q(2012 January 29)141.79 E(64)190.95 E 0 Cg EP
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/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 389.54(SH\(1\) B).35 F(ASH\(1\))
-.35 E/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 SF<ad48>144 84 Q F0(Enable)26.52 E F1(!)3.031
E F0 .531(style history substitution.)5.531 F .531
(This option is on by def)5.531 F .532(ault when the shell is inter)-.1
F(-)-.2 E(acti)184 96 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G(.).15 E F1<ad50>144 108 Q F0 .96
(If set, the shell does not resolv)28.19 F 3.459(es)-.15 G .959
(ymbolic links when e)-3.459 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .959
(cuting commands such as).15 F F1(cd)3.459 E F0 2.821
(that change the current w)184 120 R 2.822(orking directory)-.1 F 7.822
(.I)-.65 G 5.322(tu)-7.822 G 2.822(ses the ph)-5.322 F 2.822
(ysical directory structure)-.05 F 2.686(instead. By)184 132 R(def)2.686
E(ault,)-.1 E F1(bash)2.686 E F0(follo)2.686 E .186
(ws the logical chain of directories when performing com-)-.25 F
(mands which change the current directory)184 144 Q(.)-.65 E F1<ad54>144
156 Q F0 .89(If set, an)27.63 F 3.39(yt)-.15 G .89(raps on)-3.39 F F1
(DEB)3.39 E(UG)-.1 E F0(and)3.39 E F1(RETURN)3.39 E F0 .89
(are inherited by shell functions, command)3.39 F 1.932
(substitutions, and commands e)184 168 R -.15(xe)-.15 G 1.932
(cuted in a subshell en).15 F 4.432(vironment. The)-.4 F F1(DEB)4.432 E
(UG)-.1 E F0(and)4.432 E F1(RETURN)184 180 Q F0
(traps are normally not inherited in such cases.)2.5 E F1<adad>144 192 Q
F0 .4(If no ar)28.6 F .401(guments follo)-.18 F 2.901(wt)-.25 G .401
(his option, then the positional parameters are unset.)-2.901 F
(Otherwise,)5.401 E(the positional parameters are set to the)184 204 Q
/F2 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(ar)2.5 E(g)-.37 E F0(s, e)A -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.5
(ni).15 G 2.5(fs)-2.5 G(ome of them be)-2.5 E(gin with a)-.15 E F1<ad>
2.5 E F0(.)A F1<ad>144 216 Q F0 1.945
(Signal the end of options, cause all remaining)34.3 F F2(ar)4.444 E(g)
-.37 E F0 4.444(st)C 4.444(ob)-4.444 G 4.444(ea)-4.444 G 1.944
(ssigned to the positional)-4.444 F 3.445(parameters. The)184 228 R F1
<ad78>3.445 E F0(and)3.445 E F1<ad76>3.445 E F0 .945
(options are turned of)3.445 F 3.445(f. If)-.25 F .946(there are no)
3.445 F F2(ar)3.446 E(g)-.37 E F0 .946(s, the positional)B
(parameters remain unchanged.)184 240 Q .425(The options are of)144
256.8 R 2.925(fb)-.25 G 2.925(yd)-2.925 G(ef)-2.925 E .425
(ault unless otherwise noted.)-.1 F .425
(Using + rather than \255 causes these options)5.425 F .177
(to be turned of)144 268.8 R 2.677(f. The)-.25 F .178
(options can also be speci\214ed as ar)2.678 F .178(guments to an in)
-.18 F -.2(vo)-.4 G .178(cation of the shell.).2 F(The)5.178 E .066
(current set of options may be found in)144 280.8 R F1<24ad>2.566 E F0
5.066(.T)C .066(he return status is al)-5.066 F -.1(wa)-.1 G .066
(ys true unless an in).1 F -.25(va)-.4 G .066(lid option).25 F
(is encountered.)144 292.8 Q F1(shift)108 309.6 Q F0([)2.5 E F2(n)A F0
(])A .428(The positional parameters from)144 321.6 R F2(n)2.928 E F0
.429(+1 ... are renamed to)B F1 .429($1 ....)2.929 F F0 -.15(Pa)5.429 G
.429(rameters represented by the num-).15 F(bers)144 333.6 Q F1($#)2.583
E F0(do)2.583 E .083(wn to)-.25 F F1($#)2.583 E F0<ad>A F2(n)A F0 .083
(+1 are unset.)B F2(n)5.443 E F0 .083(must be a non-ne)2.823 F -.05(ga)
-.15 G(ti).05 E .382 -.15(ve n)-.25 H .082(umber less than or equal to)
.15 F F1($#)2.582 E F0 5.082(.I)C(f)-5.082 E F2(n)2.942 E F0 .06
(is 0, no parameters are changed.)144 345.6 R(If)5.06 E F2(n)2.92 E F0
.06(is not gi)2.8 F -.15(ve)-.25 G .06(n, it is assumed to be 1.).15 F
(If)5.06 E F2(n)2.92 E F0 .06(is greater than)2.8 F F1($#)2.56 E F0 2.56
(,t)C(he)-2.56 E .144(positional parameters are not changed.)144 357.6 R
.144(The return status is greater than zero if)5.144 F F2(n)3.003 E F0
.143(is greater than)2.883 F F1($#)2.643 E F0
(or less than zero; otherwise 0.)144 369.6 Q F1(shopt)108 386.4 Q F0([)
2.5 E F1(\255pqsu)A F0 2.5(][)C F1<ad6f>-2.5 E F0 2.5(][)C F2(optname)
-2.5 E F0(...])2.5 E -.8(To)144 398.4 S .222(ggle the v).8 F .222
(alues of v)-.25 F .222(ariables controlling optional shell beha)-.25 F
(vior)-.2 E 5.222(.W)-.55 G .222(ith no options, or with the)-5.622 F F1
<ad70>2.722 E F0 .721(option, a list of all settable options is display\
ed, with an indication of whether or not each is set.)144 410.4 R(The)
144 422.4 Q F1<ad70>2.827 E F0 .327(option causes output to be displaye\
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5.328 F(ha)144 434.4 Q .3 -.15(ve t)-.2 H(he follo).15 E(wing meanings:)
-.25 E F1<ad73>144 446.4 Q F0(Enable \(set\) each)26.41 E F2(optname)2.5
E F0(.)A F1<ad75>144 458.4 Q F0(Disable \(unset\) each)24.74 E F2
(optname)2.5 E F0(.)A F1<ad71>144 470.4 Q F0 .003(Suppresses normal out\
put \(quiet mode\); the return status indicates whether the)24.74 F F2
(optname)2.503 E F0(is)2.503 E .255(set or unset.)180 482.4 R .255
(If multiple)5.255 F F2(optname)2.755 E F0(ar)2.755 E .256
(guments are gi)-.18 F -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.756(nw).15 G(ith)-2.756 E F1
<ad71>2.756 E F0 2.756(,t)C .256(he return status is zero if)-2.756 F
(all)180 494.4 Q F2(optnames)2.5 E F0(are enabled; non-zero otherwise.)
2.5 E F1<ad6f>144 506.4 Q F0(Restricts the v)25.3 E(alues of)-.25 E F2
(optname)2.5 E F0(to be those de\214ned for the)2.5 E F1<ad6f>2.5 E F0
(option to the)2.5 E F1(set)2.5 E F0 -.2(bu)2.5 G(iltin.).2 E .625
(If either)144 523.2 R F1<ad73>3.125 E F0(or)3.124 E F1<ad75>3.124 E F0
.624(is used with no)3.124 F F2(optname)3.124 E F0(ar)3.124 E(guments,)
-.18 E F1(shopt)3.124 E F0(sho)3.124 E .624
(ws only those options which are)-.25 F 2.233(set or unset, respecti)144
535.2 R -.15(ve)-.25 G(ly).15 E 7.234(.U)-.65 G 2.234
(nless otherwise noted, the)-7.234 F F1(shopt)4.734 E F0 2.234
(options are disabled \(unset\) by)4.734 F(def)144 547.2 Q(ault.)-.1 E
1.544(The return status when listing options is zero if all)144 564 R F2
(optnames)4.044 E F0 1.544(are enabled, non-zero otherwise.)4.044 F .696
(When setting or unsetting options, the return status is zero unless an)
144 576 R F2(optname)3.196 E F0 .696(is not a v)3.196 F .696(alid shell)
-.25 F(option.)144 588 Q(The list of)144 604.8 Q F1(shopt)2.5 E F0
(options is:)2.5 E F1(autocd)144 622.8 Q F0 .2
(If set, a command name that is the name of a directory is e)11.11 F
-.15(xe)-.15 G .199(cuted as if it were the ar).15 F(gu-)-.18 E
(ment to the)184 634.8 Q F1(cd)2.5 E F0 2.5(command. This)2.5 F
(option is only used by interacti)2.5 E .3 -.15(ve s)-.25 H(hells.).15 E
F1(cdable_v)144 646.8 Q(ars)-.1 E F0 .155(If set, an ar)184 658.8 R .155
(gument to the)-.18 F F1(cd)2.655 E F0 -.2(bu)2.655 G .156
(iltin command that is not a directory is assumed to be the).2 F
(name of a v)184 670.8 Q(ariable whose v)-.25 E
(alue is the directory to change to.)-.25 E F1(cdspell)144 682.8 Q F0
1.055
(If set, minor errors in the spelling of a directory component in a)
10.55 F F1(cd)3.555 E F0 1.055(command will be)3.555 F 3.987
(corrected. The)184 694.8 R 1.487(errors check)3.987 F 1.487
(ed for are transposed characters, a missing character)-.1 F 3.988(,a)
-.4 G(nd)-3.988 E .77(one character too man)184 706.8 R 4.57 -.65(y. I)
-.15 H 3.27(fac).65 G .77
(orrection is found, the corrected \214lename is printed, and)-3.27 F
(the command proceeds.)184 718.8 Q
(This option is only used by interacti)5 E .3 -.15(ve s)-.25 H(hells.)
.15 E(GNU Bash 4.2)72 768 Q(2012 January 29)141.79 E(65)190.95 E 0 Cg EP
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/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 389.54(SH\(1\) B).35 F(ASH\(1\))
-.35 E/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(checkhash)144 84 Q F0 2.079(If set,)184 96
R F1(bash)4.579 E F0 2.079
(checks that a command found in the hash table e)4.579 F 2.08
(xists before trying to)-.15 F -.15(exe)184 108 S(cute it.).15 E
(If a hashed command no longer e)5 E
(xists, a normal path search is performed.)-.15 E F1(checkjobs)144 120 Q
F0 .449(If set,)184 132 R F1(bash)2.949 E F0 .449
(lists the status of an)2.949 F 2.949(ys)-.15 G .448
(topped and running jobs before e)-2.949 F .448(xiting an interacti)-.15
F -.15(ve)-.25 G 3.438(shell. If)184 144 R(an)3.438 E 3.438(yj)-.15 G
.938(obs are running, this causes the e)-3.438 F .938
(xit to be deferred until a second e)-.15 F .939(xit is)-.15 F 2.203
(attempted without an interv)184 156 R 2.203(ening command \(see)-.15 F
/F2 9/Times-Bold@0 SF 2.203(JOB CONTR)4.703 F(OL)-.27 E F0(abo)4.453 E
-.15(ve)-.15 G 4.703(\). The).15 F(shell)4.703 E(al)184 168 Q -.1(wa)-.1
G(ys postpones e).1 E(xiting if an)-.15 E 2.5(yj)-.15 G
(obs are stopped.)-2.5 E F1(checkwinsize)144 180 Q F0 .796(If set,)184
192 R F1(bash)3.296 E F0 .796(checks the windo)3.296 F 3.296(ws)-.25 G
.797(ize after each command and, if necessary)-3.296 F 3.297(,u)-.65 G
.797(pdates the)-3.297 F -.25(va)184 204 S(lues of).25 E F2(LINES)2.5 E
F0(and)2.25 E F2(COLUMNS)2.5 E/F3 9/Times-Roman@0 SF(.)A F1(cmdhist)144
216 Q F0 1.202(If set,)6.11 F F1(bash)3.702 E F0 1.202(attempts to sa)
3.702 F 1.502 -.15(ve a)-.2 H 1.202
(ll lines of a multiple-line command in the same history).15 F(entry)184
228 Q 5(.T)-.65 G(his allo)-5 E
(ws easy re-editing of multi-line commands.)-.25 E F1(compat31)144 240 Q
F0 .419(If set,)184 252 R F1(bash)2.919 E F0 .419(changes its beha)2.919
F .419(vior to that of v)-.2 F .42(ersion 3.1 with respect to quoted ar)
-.15 F(guments)-.18 E .462(to the)184 264 R F1([[)2.962 E F0 .462
(conditional command')2.962 F(s)-.55 E F1(=~)2.962 E F0 .462
(operator and locale-speci\214c string comparison when)2.962 F .71
(using the)184 276 R F1([[)3.21 E F0 .71(conditional command')3.21 F(s)
-.55 E F1(<)3.21 E F0(and)3.21 E F1(>)3.21 E F0 3.21(operators. Bash)
3.21 F -.15(ve)3.21 G .71(rsions prior to bash-4.1).15 F .821
(use ASCII collation and)184 288 R/F4 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(str)3.321 E
(cmp)-.37 E F0 .821(\(3\); bash-4.1 and later use the current locale')
.19 F 3.32(sc)-.55 G(ollation)-3.32 E(sequence and)184 300 Q F4(str)2.5
E(coll)-.37 E F0(\(3\).).51 E F1(compat32)144 312 Q F0 1.409(If set,)184
324 R F1(bash)3.909 E F0 1.409(changes its beha)3.909 F 1.409
(vior to that of v)-.2 F 1.41
(ersion 3.2 with respect to locale-speci\214c)-.15 F .423
(string comparison when using the)184 336 R F1([[)2.922 E F0 .422
(conditional command')2.922 F(s)-.55 E F1(<)2.922 E F0(and)2.922 E F1(>)
2.922 E F0 .422(operators \(see pre-)2.922 F(vious item\).)184 348 Q F1
(compat40)144 360 Q F0 1.409(If set,)184 372 R F1(bash)3.909 E F0 1.409
(changes its beha)3.909 F 1.409(vior to that of v)-.2 F 1.41
(ersion 4.0 with respect to locale-speci\214c)-.15 F 2.008
(string comparison when using the)184 384 R F1([[)4.508 E F0 2.007
(conditional command')4.508 F(s)-.55 E F1(<)4.507 E F0(and)4.507 E F1(>)
4.507 E F0 2.007(operators \(see)4.507 F .769(description of)184 396 R
F1(compat31)3.269 E F0 3.269(\)a)C .769(nd the ef)-3.269 F .769
(fect of interrupting a command list.)-.25 F .77(Bash v)5.77 F(ersions)
-.15 E .087(4.0 and later interrupt the list as if the shell recei)184
408 R -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.586(dt).15 G .086(he interrupt; pre)-2.586 F .086
(vious v)-.25 F .086(ersions con-)-.15 F(tinue with the ne)184 420 Q
(xt command in the list.)-.15 E F1(compat41)144 432 Q F0 1.443(If set,)
184 444 R F1(bash)3.943 E F0 3.943(,w)C 1.444
(hen in posix mode, treats a single quote in a double-quoted parameter)
-3.943 F -.15(ex)184 456 S .959(pansion as a special character).15 F
5.959(.T)-.55 G .958(he single quotes must match \(an e)-5.959 F -.15
(ve)-.25 G 3.458(nn).15 G .958(umber\) and)-3.458 F .59
(the characters between the single quotes are considered quoted.)184 468
R .59(This is the beha)5.59 F .59(vior of)-.2 F .59
(posix mode through v)184 480 R .589(ersion 4.1.)-.15 F .589(The def)
5.589 F .589(ault bash beha)-.1 F .589(vior remains as in pre)-.2 F .589
(vious v)-.25 F(er)-.15 E(-)-.2 E(sions.)184 492 Q F1
(complete_fullquote)144 504 Q F0 .653(If set,)184 516 R F1(bash)3.153 E
F0 .653(quotes all shell metacharacters in \214lenames and directory na\
mes when per)3.153 F(-)-.2 E 1.525(forming completion.)184 528 R 1.524
(If not set,)6.525 F F1(bash)4.024 E F0(remo)4.024 E -.15(ve)-.15 G
4.024(sm).15 G 1.524(etacharacters such as the dollar sign)-4.024 F
2.667(from the set of characters that will be quoted in completed \214l\
enames when these)184 540 R .029(metacharacters appear in shell v)184
552 R .028(ariable references in w)-.25 F .028(ords to be completed.)-.1
F .028(This means)5.028 F 1.072(that dollar signs in v)184 564 R 1.073
(ariable names that e)-.25 F 1.073
(xpand to directories will not be quoted; ho)-.15 F(w-)-.25 E -2.15 -.25
(ev e)184 576 T 1.923 -.4(r, a).25 H 1.423 -.15(ny d).4 H 1.123
(ollar signs appearing in \214lenames will not be quoted, either).15 F
6.123(.T)-.55 G 1.122(his is acti)-6.123 F -.15(ve)-.25 G .59
(only when bash is using backslashes to quote completed \214lenames.)184
588 R .59(This v)5.59 F .59(ariable is set)-.25 F(by def)184 600 Q
(ault, which is the def)-.1 E(ault bash beha)-.1 E(vior in v)-.2 E
(ersions through 4.2.)-.15 E F1(dir)144 612 Q(expand)-.18 E F0 .487
(If set,)184 624 R F1(bash)2.987 E F0 .486
(replaces directory names with the results of w)2.986 F .486(ord e)-.1 F
.486(xpansion when perform-)-.15 F .179(ing \214lename completion.)184
636 R .179(This changes the contents of the readline editing b)5.179 F
(uf)-.2 E(fer)-.25 E 5.18(.I)-.55 G 2.68(fn)-5.18 G(ot)-2.68 E(set,)184
648 Q F1(bash)2.5 E F0(attempts to preserv)2.5 E 2.5(ew)-.15 G
(hat the user typed.)-2.5 E F1(dirspell)144 660 Q F0 .859(If set,)7.77 F
F1(bash)3.359 E F0 .858
(attempts spelling correction on directory names during w)3.359 F .858
(ord completion if)-.1 F
(the directory name initially supplied does not e)184 672 Q(xist.)-.15 E
F1(dotglob)144 684 Q F0 .165(If set,)7.77 F F1(bash)2.665 E F0 .165
(includes \214lenames be)2.665 F .165(ginning with a `.)-.15 F 2.665('i)
-.7 G 2.665(nt)-2.665 G .165(he results of pathname e)-2.665 F
(xpansion.)-.15 E F1(execfail)144 696 Q F0 1.387
(If set, a non-interacti)7.79 F 1.687 -.15(ve s)-.25 H 1.386
(hell will not e).15 F 1.386(xit if it cannot e)-.15 F -.15(xe)-.15 G
1.386(cute the \214le speci\214ed as an).15 F(ar)184 708 Q
(gument to the)-.18 E F1(exec)2.5 E F0 -.2(bu)2.5 G(iltin command.).2 E
(An interacti)5 E .3 -.15(ve s)-.25 H(hell does not e).15 E(xit if)-.15
E F1(exec)2.5 E F0 -.1(fa)2.5 G(ils.).1 E(GNU Bash 4.2)72 768 Q
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/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 389.54(SH\(1\) B).35 F(ASH\(1\))
-.35 E/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(expand_aliases)144 84 Q F0 .716
(If set, aliases are e)184 96 R .717(xpanded as described abo)-.15 F
1.017 -.15(ve u)-.15 H(nder).15 E/F2 9/Times-Bold@0 SF(ALIASES)3.217 E
/F3 9/Times-Roman@0 SF(.)A F0 .717(This option is enabled)5.217 F
(by def)184 108 Q(ault for interacti)-.1 E .3 -.15(ve s)-.25 H(hells.)
.15 E F1(extdeb)144 120 Q(ug)-.2 E F0(If set, beha)184 132 Q
(vior intended for use by deb)-.2 E(uggers is enabled:)-.2 E F1(1.)184
144 Q F0(The)28.5 E F1<ad46>4.251 E F0 1.751(option to the)4.251 F F1
(declar)4.251 E(e)-.18 E F0 -.2(bu)4.251 G 1.751
(iltin displays the source \214le name and line).2 F
(number corresponding to each function name supplied as an ar)220 156 Q
(gument.)-.18 E F1(2.)184 168 Q F0 1.667(If the command run by the)28.5
F F1(DEB)4.167 E(UG)-.1 E F0 1.667(trap returns a non-zero v)4.167 F
1.667(alue, the ne)-.25 F(xt)-.15 E(command is skipped and not e)220 180
Q -.15(xe)-.15 G(cuted.).15 E F1(3.)184 192 Q F0 .841
(If the command run by the)28.5 F F1(DEB)3.341 E(UG)-.1 E F0 .841
(trap returns a v)3.341 F .84(alue of 2, and the shell is)-.25 F -.15
(exe)220 204 S .488
(cuting in a subroutine \(a shell function or a shell script e).15 F
-.15(xe)-.15 G .488(cuted by the).15 F F1(.)2.988 E F0(or)2.988 E F1
(sour)220 216 Q(ce)-.18 E F0 -.2(bu)2.5 G(iltins\), a call to).2 E F1
-.18(re)2.5 G(tur).18 E(n)-.15 E F0(is simulated.)2.5 E F1(4.)184 228 Q
F2 -.27(BA)28.5 G(SH_ARGC).27 E F0(and)3.154 E F2 -.27(BA)3.404 G
(SH_ARGV).27 E F0 .904(are updated as described in their descriptions)
3.154 F(abo)220 240 Q -.15(ve)-.15 G(.).15 E F1(5.)184 252 Q F0 1.359
(Function tracing is enabled:)28.5 F 1.359
(command substitution, shell functions, and sub-)6.359 F(shells in)220
264 Q -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G 2.5(dw).1 G(ith)-2.5 E F1(\()2.5 E/F4 10
/Times-Italic@0 SF(command)2.5 E F1(\))2.5 E F0(inherit the)2.5 E F1
(DEB)2.5 E(UG)-.1 E F0(and)2.5 E F1(RETURN)2.5 E F0(traps.)2.5 E F1(6.)
184 276 Q F0 .805(Error tracing is enabled:)28.5 F .804
(command substitution, shell functions, and subshells)5.805 F(in)220 288
Q -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G 2.5(dw).1 G(ith)-2.5 E F1(\()2.5 E F4
(command)2.5 E F1(\))2.5 E F0(inherit the)2.5 E F1(ERR)2.5 E F0(trap.)
2.5 E F1(extglob)144 300 Q F0 .4(If set, the e)8.89 F .4
(xtended pattern matching features described abo)-.15 F .7 -.15(ve u)
-.15 H(nder).15 E F1 -.1(Pa)2.9 G .4(thname Expan-).1 F(sion)184 312 Q
F0(are enabled.)2.5 E F1(extquote)144 324 Q F0 2.473(If set,)184 336 R
F1($)4.973 E F0<08>A F4(string)A F0 4.973<0861>C(nd)-4.973 E F1($)4.973
E F0(")A F4(string)A F0 4.973("q)C 2.473(uoting is performed within)
-4.973 F F1(${)4.973 E F4(par)A(ameter)-.15 E F1(})A F0 -.15(ex)4.973 G
(pansions).15 E(enclosed in double quotes.)184 348 Q
(This option is enabled by def)5 E(ault.)-.1 E F1(failglob)144 360 Q F0
1.424(If set, patterns which f)7.77 F 1.425
(ail to match \214lenames during pathname e)-.1 F 1.425
(xpansion result in an)-.15 F -.15(ex)184 372 S(pansion error).15 E(.)
-.55 E F1 -.25(fo)144 384 S -.18(rc).25 G(e_\214gnor).18 E(e)-.18 E F0
.937(If set, the suf)184 396 R<8c78>-.25 E .936(es speci\214ed by the)
-.15 F F2(FIGNORE)3.436 E F0 .936(shell v)3.186 F .936(ariable cause w)
-.25 F .936(ords to be ignored)-.1 F .32(when performing w)184 408 R .32
(ord completion e)-.1 F -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.82(ni).15 G 2.82(ft)-2.82 G .32
(he ignored w)-2.82 F .32(ords are the only possible com-)-.1 F 2.948
(pletions. See)184 420 R F2 .448(SHELL V)2.948 F(ARIABLES)-1.215 E F0
(abo)2.698 E .748 -.15(ve f)-.15 H .448(or a description of).15 F F2
(FIGNORE)2.947 E F3(.)A F0 .447(This option is)4.947 F(enabled by def)
184 432 Q(ault.)-.1 E F1(globasciiranges)144 444 Q F0 .805
(If set, range e)184 456 R .806
(xpressions used in pattern matching \(see)-.15 F F2 -.09(Pa)3.306 G
(tter).09 E 3.056(nM)-.135 G(atching)-3.056 E F0(abo)3.056 E -.15(ve)
-.15 G 3.306(\)b).15 G(eha)-3.306 E -.15(ve)-.2 G 2.089
(as if in the traditional C locale when performing comparisons.)184 468
R 2.089(That is, the current)7.089 F(locale')184 480 Q 2.613(sc)-.55 G
.113(ollating sequence is not tak)-2.613 F .113(en into account, so)-.1
F F1(b)2.613 E F0 .114(will not collate between)2.613 F F1(A)2.614 E F0
(and)2.614 E F1(B)184 492 Q F0 2.5(,a)C(nd upper)-2.5 E(-case and lo)-.2
E(wer)-.25 E(-case ASCII characters will collate together)-.2 E(.)-.55 E
F1(globstar)144 504 Q F0 .519(If set, the pattern)5 F F1(**)3.019 E F0
.519(used in a pathname e)3.019 F .519(xpansion conte)-.15 F .518
(xt will match all \214les and zero)-.15 F .431
(or more directories and subdirectories.)184 516 R .431
(If the pattern is follo)5.431 F .432(wed by a)-.25 F F1(/)2.932 E F0
2.932(,o)C .432(nly directories)-2.932 F(and subdirectories match.)184
528 Q F1(gnu_errfmt)144 540 Q F0(If set, shell error messages are writt\
en in the standard GNU error message format.)184 552 Q F1(histappend)144
564 Q F0 .676
(If set, the history list is appended to the \214le named by the v)184
576 R .676(alue of the)-.25 F F2(HISTFILE)3.176 E F0 -.25(va)2.926 G
(ri-).25 E(able when the shell e)184 588 Q(xits, rather than o)-.15 E
-.15(ve)-.15 G(rwriting the \214le.).15 E F1(histr)144 600 Q(eedit)-.18
E F0 .575(If set, and)184 612 R F1 -.18(re)3.075 G(adline).18 E F0 .575
(is being used, a user is gi)3.075 F -.15(ve)-.25 G 3.075(nt).15 G .576
(he opportunity to re-edit a f)-3.075 F .576(ailed his-)-.1 F
(tory substitution.)184 624 Q F1(histv)144 636 Q(erify)-.1 E F0 .403
(If set, and)184 648 R F1 -.18(re)2.903 G(adline).18 E F0 .403
(is being used, the results of history substitution are not immediately)
2.903 F .661(passed to the shell parser)184 660 R 5.661(.I)-.55 G .662
(nstead, the resulting line is loaded into the)-5.661 F F1 -.18(re)3.162
G(adline).18 E F0(editing)3.162 E -.2(bu)184 672 S -.25(ff).2 G(er).25 E
2.5(,a)-.4 G(llo)-2.5 E(wing further modi\214cation.)-.25 E F1
(hostcomplete)144 684 Q F0 1.182(If set, and)184 696 R F1 -.18(re)3.682
G(adline).18 E F0 1.182(is being used,)3.682 F F1(bash)3.682 E F0 1.181
(will attempt to perform hostname completion)3.681 F 1.38(when a w)184
708 R 1.38(ord containing a)-.1 F F1(@)3.881 E F0 1.381
(is being completed \(see)3.881 F F1(Completing)3.881 E F0(under)3.881 E
F2(READLINE)3.881 E F0(abo)184 720 Q -.15(ve)-.15 G 2.5(\). This).15 F
(is enabled by def)2.5 E(ault.)-.1 E(GNU Bash 4.2)72 768 Q
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/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 389.54(SH\(1\) B).35 F(ASH\(1\))
-.35 E/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(huponexit)144 84 Q F0(If set,)184 96 Q F1
(bash)2.5 E F0(will send)2.5 E/F2 9/Times-Bold@0 SF(SIGHUP)2.5 E F0
(to all jobs when an interacti)2.25 E .3 -.15(ve l)-.25 H(ogin shell e)
.15 E(xits.)-.15 E F1(interacti)144 108 Q -.1(ve)-.1 G(_comments).1 E F0
.33(If set, allo)184 120 R 2.83(waw)-.25 G .33(ord be)-2.93 F .33
(ginning with)-.15 F F1(#)2.83 E F0 .33(to cause that w)2.83 F .33
(ord and all remaining characters on)-.1 F .967
(that line to be ignored in an interacti)184 132 R 1.267 -.15(ve s)-.25
H .967(hell \(see).15 F F2(COMMENTS)3.467 E F0(abo)3.217 E -.15(ve)-.15
G 3.467(\). This).15 F .968(option is)3.468 F(enabled by def)184 144 Q
(ault.)-.1 E F1(lastpipe)144 156 Q F0 1.212
(If set, and job control is not acti)6.66 F -.15(ve)-.25 G 3.712(,t).15
G 1.212(he shell runs the last command of a pipeline not)-3.712 F -.15
(exe)184 168 S(cuted in the background in the current shell en).15 E
(vironment.)-.4 E F1(lithist)144 180 Q F0 .654(If set, and the)15.55 F
F1(cmdhist)3.154 E F0 .654
(option is enabled, multi-line commands are sa)3.154 F -.15(ve)-.2 G
3.155(dt).15 G 3.155(ot)-3.155 G .655(he history)-3.155 F
(with embedded ne)184 192 Q
(wlines rather than using semicolon separators where possible.)-.25 E F1
(login_shell)144 204 Q F0 .486
(The shell sets this option if it is started as a login shell \(see)184
216 R F2(INV)2.986 E(OCA)-.405 E(TION)-.855 E F0(abo)2.736 E -.15(ve)
-.15 G 2.986(\). The).15 F -.25(va)184 228 S(lue may not be changed.).25
E F1(mailwar)144 240 Q(n)-.15 E F0 .814(If set, and a \214le that)184
252 R F1(bash)3.314 E F0 .815
(is checking for mail has been accessed since the last time it)3.314 F
-.1(wa)184 264 S 2.5(sc).1 G(heck)-2.5 E(ed, the message `)-.1 E
(`The mail in)-.74 E/F3 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(mail\214le)2.5 E F0
(has been read')2.5 E 2.5('i)-.74 G 2.5(sd)-2.5 G(isplayed.)-2.5 E F1
(no_empty_cmd_completion)144 276 Q F0 .325(If set, and)184 288 R F1 -.18
(re)2.825 G(adline).18 E F0 .325(is being used,)2.825 F F1(bash)2.824 E
F0 .324(will not attempt to search the)2.824 F F2 -.666(PA)2.824 G(TH)
-.189 E F0 .324(for possible)2.574 F
(completions when completion is attempted on an empty line.)184 300 Q F1
(nocaseglob)144 312 Q F0 .436(If set,)184 324 R F1(bash)2.936 E F0 .436
(matches \214lenames in a case\255insensiti)2.936 F .737 -.15(ve f)-.25
H .437(ashion when performing pathname).05 F -.15(ex)184 336 S
(pansion \(see).15 E F1 -.1(Pa)2.5 G(thname Expansion).1 E F0(abo)2.5 E
-.15(ve)-.15 G(\).).15 E F1(nocasematch)144 348 Q F0 1.194(If set,)184
360 R F1(bash)3.694 E F0 1.194(matches patterns in a case\255insensiti)
3.694 F 1.493 -.15(ve f)-.25 H 1.193(ashion when performing matching).05
F(while e)184 372 Q -.15(xe)-.15 G(cuting).15 E F1(case)2.5 E F0(or)2.5
E F1([[)2.5 E F0(conditional commands.)2.5 E F1(nullglob)144 384 Q F0
.854(If set,)184 396 R F1(bash)3.354 E F0(allo)3.354 E .855
(ws patterns which match no \214les \(see)-.25 F F1 -.1(Pa)3.355 G .855
(thname Expansion).1 F F0(abo)3.355 E -.15(ve)-.15 G 3.355(\)t).15 G(o)
-3.355 E -.15(ex)184 408 S(pand to a null string, rather than themselv)
.15 E(es.)-.15 E F1(pr)144 420 Q(ogcomp)-.18 E F0 .677
(If set, the programmable completion f)184 432 R .677(acilities \(see)
-.1 F F1(Pr)3.176 E .676(ogrammable Completion)-.18 F F0(abo)3.176 E
-.15(ve)-.15 G(\)).15 E(are enabled.)184 444 Q
(This option is enabled by def)5 E(ault.)-.1 E F1(pr)144 456 Q(omptv)
-.18 E(ars)-.1 E F0 1.447(If set, prompt strings under)184 468 R 1.448
(go parameter e)-.18 F 1.448(xpansion, command substitution, arithmetic)
-.15 F -.15(ex)184 480 S .171(pansion, and quote remo).15 F -.25(va)-.15
G 2.67(la).25 G .17(fter being e)-2.67 F .17(xpanded as described in)
-.15 F F2(PR)2.67 E(OMPTING)-.27 E F0(abo)2.42 E -.15(ve)-.15 G(.).15 E
(This option is enabled by def)184 492 Q(ault.)-.1 E F1 -.18(re)144 504
S(stricted_shell).18 E F0 1.069
(The shell sets this option if it is started in restricted mode \(see)
184 516 R F2 1.069(RESTRICTED SHELL)3.569 F F0(belo)184 528 Q 4.178
(w\). The)-.25 F -.25(va)4.178 G 1.678(lue may not be changed.).25 F
1.678(This is not reset when the startup \214les are)6.678 F -.15(exe)
184 540 S(cuted, allo).15 E(wing the startup \214les to disco)-.25 E
-.15(ve)-.15 G 2.5(rw).15 G(hether or not a shell is restricted.)-2.5 E
F1(shift_v)144 552 Q(erbose)-.1 E F0 .501(If set, the)184 564 R F1
(shift)3.001 E F0 -.2(bu)3.001 G .501
(iltin prints an error message when the shift count e).2 F .502
(xceeds the number)-.15 F(of positional parameters.)184 576 Q F1(sour)
144 588 Q(cepath)-.18 E F0 .771(If set, the)184 600 R F1(sour)3.271 E
(ce)-.18 E F0(\()3.271 E F1(.)A F0 3.271(\)b)C .771(uiltin uses the v)
-3.471 F .771(alue of)-.25 F F2 -.666(PA)3.27 G(TH)-.189 E F0 .77
(to \214nd the directory containing the)3.02 F(\214le supplied as an ar)
184 612 Q 2.5(gument. This)-.18 F(option is enabled by def)2.5 E(ault.)
-.1 E F1(xpg_echo)144 624 Q F0(If set, the)184 636 Q F1(echo)2.5 E F0
-.2(bu)2.5 G(iltin e).2 E(xpands backslash-escape sequences by def)-.15
E(ault.)-.1 E F1(suspend)108 652.8 Q F0([)2.5 E F1<ad66>A F0(])A 1.001
(Suspend the e)144 664.8 R -.15(xe)-.15 G 1.001
(cution of this shell until it recei).15 F -.15(ve)-.25 G 3.501(sa).15 G
F2(SIGCONT)A F0 3.502(signal. A)3.252 F 1.002(login shell cannot be)
3.502 F .023(suspended; the)144 676.8 R F1<ad66>2.523 E F0 .023
(option can be used to o)2.523 F -.15(ve)-.15 G .022
(rride this and force the suspension.).15 F .022(The return status is)
5.022 F 2.5(0u)144 688.8 S(nless the shell is a login shell and)-2.5 E
F1<ad66>2.5 E F0(is not supplied, or if job control is not enabled.)2.5
E F1(test)108 705.6 Q F3 -.2(ex)2.5 G(pr).2 E F1([)108 717.6 Q F3 -.2
(ex)2.5 G(pr).2 E F1(])2.5 E F0 .877
(Return a status of 0 \(true\) or 1 \(f)6.77 F .878
(alse\) depending on the e)-.1 F -.25(va)-.25 G .878
(luation of the conditional e).25 F(xpression)-.15 E F3 -.2(ex)144 729.6
S(pr).2 E F0 5.53(.E).73 G .53
(ach operator and operand must be a separate ar)-5.53 F 3.03
(gument. Expressions)-.18 F .53(are composed of the)3.03 F(GNU Bash 4.2)
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/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 389.54(SH\(1\) B).35 F(ASH\(1\))
-.35 E 3.079(primaries described abo)144 84 R 3.379 -.15(ve u)-.15 H
(nder).15 E/F1 9/Times-Bold@0 SF(CONDITION)5.579 E 3.079(AL EXPRESSIONS)
-.18 F/F2 9/Times-Roman@0 SF(.)A/F3 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(test)7.579 E F0
3.08(does not accept an)5.58 F(y)-.15 E
(options, nor does it accept and ignore an ar)144 96 Q(gument of)-.18 E
F3<adad>2.5 E F0(as signifying the end of options.)2.5 E .786
(Expressions may be combined using the follo)144 114 R .785
(wing operators, listed in decreasing order of prece-)-.25 F 3.411
(dence. The)144 126 R -.25(eva)3.411 G .911
(luation depends on the number of ar).25 F .912(guments; see belo)-.18 F
4.712 -.65(w. O)-.25 H .912(perator precedence is).65 F
(used when there are \214v)144 138 Q 2.5(eo)-.15 G 2.5(rm)-2.5 G(ore ar)
-2.5 E(guments.)-.18 E F3(!)144 150 Q/F4 10/Times-Italic@0 SF -.2(ex)2.5
G(pr).2 E F0 -.35(Tr)12.6 G(ue if).35 E F4 -.2(ex)2.5 G(pr).2 E F0(is f)
3.23 E(alse.)-.1 E F3(\()144 162 Q F4 -.2(ex)2.5 G(pr).2 E F3(\))2.5 E
F0 .26(Returns the v)6.77 F .26(alue of)-.25 F F4 -.2(ex)2.76 G(pr).2 E
F0 5.26(.T)C .26(his may be used to o)-5.26 F -.15(ve)-.15 G .26
(rride the normal precedence of opera-).15 F(tors.)180 174 Q F4 -.2(ex)
144 186 S(pr1).2 E F0<ad>2.5 E F3(a)A F4 -.2(ex)2.5 G(pr2).2 E F0 -.35
(Tr)180 198 S(ue if both).35 E F4 -.2(ex)2.5 G(pr1).2 E F0(and)2.5 E F4
-.2(ex)2.5 G(pr2).2 E F0(are true.)2.52 E F4 -.2(ex)144 210 S(pr1).2 E
F0<ad>2.5 E F3(o)A F4 -.2(ex)2.5 G(pr2).2 E F0 -.35(Tr)180 222 S
(ue if either).35 E F4 -.2(ex)2.5 G(pr1).2 E F0(or)2.5 E F4 -.2(ex)2.5 G
(pr2).2 E F0(is true.)2.52 E F3(test)144 238.8 Q F0(and)2.5 E F3([)2.5 E
F0 -.25(eva)2.5 G(luate conditional e).25 E
(xpressions using a set of rules based on the number of ar)-.15 E
(guments.)-.18 E 2.5(0a)144 256.8 S -.18(rg)-2.5 G(uments).18 E(The e)
180 268.8 Q(xpression is f)-.15 E(alse.)-.1 E 2.5(1a)144 280.8 S -.18
(rg)-2.5 G(ument).18 E(The e)180 292.8 Q
(xpression is true if and only if the ar)-.15 E(gument is not null.)-.18
E 2.5(2a)144 304.8 S -.18(rg)-2.5 G(uments).18 E .37(If the \214rst ar)
180 316.8 R .37(gument is)-.18 F F3(!)2.87 E F0 2.87(,t)C .37(he e)-2.87
F .37(xpression is true if and only if the second ar)-.15 F .37
(gument is null.)-.18 F .38(If the \214rst ar)180 328.8 R .38
(gument is one of the unary conditional operators listed abo)-.18 F .679
-.15(ve u)-.15 H(nder).15 E F1(CONDI-)2.879 E(TION)180 340.8 Q .552
(AL EXPRESSIONS)-.18 F F2(,)A F0 .552(the e)2.802 F .552
(xpression is true if the unary test is true.)-.15 F .552
(If the \214rst ar)5.552 F(gu-)-.18 E(ment is not a v)180 352.8 Q
(alid unary conditional operator)-.25 E 2.5(,t)-.4 G(he e)-2.5 E
(xpression is f)-.15 E(alse.)-.1 E 2.5(3a)144 364.8 S -.18(rg)-2.5 G
(uments).18 E .236(The follo)180 376.8 R .236
(wing conditions are applied in the order listed.)-.25 F .236
(If the second ar)5.236 F .236(gument is one of)-.18 F .855
(the binary conditional operators listed abo)180 388.8 R 1.155 -.15
(ve u)-.15 H(nder).15 E F1(CONDITION)3.355 E .855(AL EXPRESSIONS)-.18 F
F2(,)A F0(the)3.105 E .579(result of the e)180 400.8 R .578(xpression i\
s the result of the binary test using the \214rst and third ar)-.15 F
(guments)-.18 E 1.332(as operands.)180 412.8 R(The)6.332 E F3<ad61>3.832
E F0(and)3.832 E F3<ad6f>3.832 E F0 1.333
(operators are considered binary operators when there are)3.832 F .558
(three ar)180 424.8 R 3.058(guments. If)-.18 F .558(the \214rst ar)3.058
F .558(gument is)-.18 F F3(!)3.058 E F0 3.058(,t)C .558(he v)-3.058 F
.558(alue is the ne)-.25 F -.05(ga)-.15 G .558(tion of the tw).05 F
(o-ar)-.1 E(gument)-.18 E .52(test using the second and third ar)180
436.8 R 3.021(guments. If)-.18 F .521(the \214rst ar)3.021 F .521
(gument is e)-.18 F(xactly)-.15 E F3(\()3.021 E F0 .521(and the third)
3.021 F(ar)180 448.8 Q .485(gument is e)-.18 F(xactly)-.15 E F3(\))2.985
E F0 2.985(,t)C .485(he result is the one-ar)-2.985 F .485
(gument test of the second ar)-.18 F 2.985(gument. Other)-.18 F(-)-.2 E
(wise, the e)180 460.8 Q(xpression is f)-.15 E(alse.)-.1 E 2.5(4a)144
472.8 S -.18(rg)-2.5 G(uments).18 E .384(If the \214rst ar)180 484.8 R
.384(gument is)-.18 F F3(!)2.884 E F0 2.885(,t)C .385
(he result is the ne)-2.885 F -.05(ga)-.15 G .385(tion of the three-ar)
.05 F .385(gument e)-.18 F .385(xpression com-)-.15 F 1.648
(posed of the remaining ar)180 496.8 R 4.147(guments. Otherwise,)-.18 F
1.647(the e)4.147 F 1.647(xpression is parsed and e)-.15 F -.25(va)-.25
G(luated).25 E(according to precedence using the rules listed abo)180
508.8 Q -.15(ve)-.15 G(.).15 E 2.5(5o)144 520.8 S 2.5(rm)-2.5 G(ore ar)
-2.5 E(guments)-.18 E 1.635(The e)180 532.8 R 1.635
(xpression is parsed and e)-.15 F -.25(va)-.25 G 1.635
(luated according to precedence using the rules listed).25 F(abo)180
544.8 Q -.15(ve)-.15 G(.).15 E(When used with)144 562.8 Q F3(test)2.5 E
F0(or)2.5 E F3([)2.5 E F0 2.5(,t)C(he)-2.5 E F3(<)2.5 E F0(and)2.5 E F3
(>)2.5 E F0(operators sort le)2.5 E
(xicographically using ASCII ordering.)-.15 E F3(times)108 579.6 Q F0
1.229(Print the accumulated user and system times for the shell and for\
 processes run from the shell.)13.23 F(The return status is 0.)144 591.6
Q F3(trap)108 608.4 Q F0([)2.5 E F3(\255lp)A F0 2.5(][)C([)-2.5 E F4(ar)
A(g)-.37 E F0(])A F4(sigspec)2.5 E F0(...])2.5 E .702(The command)144
620.4 R F4(ar)3.532 E(g)-.37 E F0 .702(is to be read and e)3.422 F -.15
(xe)-.15 G .702(cuted when the shell recei).15 F -.15(ve)-.25 G 3.203
(ss).15 G(ignal\(s\))-3.203 E F4(sigspec)3.203 E F0 5.703(.I).31 G(f)
-5.703 E F4(ar)3.533 E(g)-.37 E F0(is)3.423 E .609
(absent \(and there is a single)144 632.4 R F4(sigspec)3.108 E F0 3.108
(\)o)C(r)-3.108 E F3<ad>3.108 E F0 3.108(,e)C .608
(ach speci\214ed signal is reset to its original disposition)-3.108 F
.658(\(the v)144 644.4 R .658(alue it had upon entrance to the shell\).)
-.25 F(If)5.658 E F4(ar)3.488 E(g)-.37 E F0 .659
(is the null string the signal speci\214ed by each)3.378 F F4(sigspec)
144.34 656.4 Q F0 .581
(is ignored by the shell and by the commands it in)3.391 F -.2(vo)-.4 G
-.1(ke).2 G 3.08(s. If).1 F F4(ar)3.41 E(g)-.37 E F0 .58
(is not present and)3.3 F F3<ad70>3.08 E F0(has)3.08 E 1.214
(been supplied, then the trap commands associated with each)144 668.4 R
F4(sigspec)4.054 E F0 1.215(are displayed.)4.024 F 1.215(If no ar)6.215
F(gu-)-.18 E .86(ments are supplied or if only)144 680.4 R F3<ad70>3.36
E F0 .86(is gi)3.36 F -.15(ve)-.25 G(n,).15 E F3(trap)3.36 E F0 .86
(prints the list of commands associated with each)3.36 F 2.83
(signal. The)144 692.4 R F3<ad6c>2.83 E F0 .33(option causes the shell \
to print a list of signal names and their corresponding num-)2.83 F
4.311(bers. Each)144 704.4 R F4(sigspec)4.651 E F0 1.811
(is either a signal name de\214ned in <)4.621 F F4(signal.h)A F0 1.81
(>, or a signal number)B 6.81(.S)-.55 G(ignal)-6.81 E
(names are case insensiti)144 716.4 Q .3 -.15(ve a)-.25 H(nd the).15 E
F1(SIG)2.5 E F0(pre\214x is optional.)2.25 E(GNU Bash 4.2)72 768 Q
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/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 389.54(SH\(1\) B).35 F(ASH\(1\))
-.35 E 1.648(If a)144 84 R/F1 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(sigspec)4.488 E F0
(is)4.458 E/F2 9/Times-Bold@0 SF(EXIT)4.148 E F0 1.648
(\(0\) the command)3.898 F F1(ar)4.479 E(g)-.37 E F0 1.649(is e)4.369 F
-.15(xe)-.15 G 1.649(cuted on e).15 F 1.649(xit from the shell.)-.15 F
1.649(If a)6.649 F F1(sigspec)4.489 E F0(is)4.459 E F2(DEB)144 96 Q(UG)
-.09 E/F3 9/Times-Roman@0 SF(,)A F0 1.168(the command)3.418 F F1(ar)
3.998 E(g)-.37 E F0 1.168(is e)3.888 F -.15(xe)-.15 G 1.167
(cuted before e).15 F -.15(ve)-.25 G(ry).15 E F1 1.167(simple command)
3.667 F F0(,)A F1(for)3.667 E F0(command,)3.667 E F1(case)3.667 E F0
(com-)3.667 E(mand,)144 108 Q F1(select)2.646 E F0 .146(command, e)2.646
F -.15(ve)-.25 G .146(ry arithmetic).15 F F1(for)2.646 E F0 .147
(command, and before the \214rst command e)2.646 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .147
(cutes in a).15 F .146(shell function \(see)144 120 R F2 .146
(SHELL GRAMMAR)2.646 F F0(abo)2.396 E -.15(ve)-.15 G 2.646(\). Refer).15
F .146(to the description of the)2.646 F/F4 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(extdeb)
2.645 E(ug)-.2 E F0 .145(option to)2.645 F(the)144 132 Q F4(shopt)3.2 E
F0 -.2(bu)3.2 G .7(iltin for details of its ef).2 F .7(fect on the)-.25
F F4(DEB)3.2 E(UG)-.1 E F0 3.2(trap. If)3.2 F(a)3.2 E F1(sigspec)3.54 E
F0(is)3.51 E F2(RETURN)3.2 E F3(,)A F0 .701(the com-)2.951 F(mand)144
144 Q F1(ar)3.474 E(g)-.37 E F0 .644(is e)3.364 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .643
(cuted each time a shell function or a script e).15 F -.15(xe)-.15 G
.643(cuted with the).15 F F4(.)3.143 E F0(or)3.143 E F4(sour)3.143 E(ce)
-.18 E F0 -.2(bu)3.143 G(iltins).2 E(\214nishes e)144 156 Q -.15(xe)-.15
G(cuting.).15 E .928(If a)144 174 R F1(sigspec)3.768 E F0(is)3.738 E F2
(ERR)3.429 E F3(,)A F0 .929(the command)3.179 F F1(ar)3.759 E(g)-.37 E
F0 .929(is e)3.649 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .929(cuted whene).15 F -.15(ve)-.25
G 3.429(ras).15 G .929(imple command has a non\255zero)-3.429 F -.15(ex)
144 186 S 1.009(it status, subject to the follo).15 F 1.009
(wing conditions.)-.25 F(The)6.009 E F2(ERR)3.509 E F0 1.009
(trap is not e)3.259 F -.15(xe)-.15 G 1.008(cuted if the f).15 F 1.008
(ailed com-)-.1 F .324
(mand is part of the command list immediately follo)144 198 R .324
(wing a)-.25 F F4(while)2.824 E F0(or)2.824 E F4(until)2.824 E F0 -.1
(ke)2.824 G(yw)-.05 E .324(ord, part of the test)-.1 F .151(in an)144
210 R F1(if)2.661 E F0 .151(statement, part of a command e)4.611 F -.15
(xe)-.15 G .151(cuted in a).15 F F4(&&)2.651 E F0(or)2.651 E F4(||)2.651
E F0 .151(list, or if the command')2.651 F 2.651(sr)-.55 G .151(eturn v)
-2.651 F(alue)-.25 E(is being in)144 222 Q -.15(ve)-.4 G(rted via).15 E
F4(!)2.5 E F0 5(.T)C(hese are the same conditions obe)-5 E(yed by the)
-.15 E F4(err)2.5 E(exit)-.18 E F0(option.)2.5 E 1.095
(Signals ignored upon entry to the shell cannot be trapped or reset.)144
240 R -.35(Tr)6.095 G 1.095(apped signals that are not).35 F .662
(being ignored are reset to their original v)144 252 R .662
(alues in a subshell or subshell en)-.25 F .661(vironment when one is)
-.4 F 2.5(created. The)144 264 R(return status is f)2.5 E(alse if an)-.1
E(y)-.15 E F1(sigspec)2.84 E F0(is in)2.81 E -.25(va)-.4 G
(lid; otherwise).25 E F4(trap)2.5 E F0(returns true.)2.5 E F4(type)108
280.8 Q F0([)2.5 E F4(\255aftpP)A F0(])A F1(name)2.5 E F0([)2.5 E F1
(name)A F0(...])2.5 E -.4(Wi)144 292.8 S .173
(th no options, indicate ho).4 F 2.673(we)-.25 G(ach)-2.673 E F1(name)
3.033 E F0 -.1(wo)2.853 G .174
(uld be interpreted if used as a command name.).1 F .174(If the)5.174 F
F4<ad74>144 304.8 Q F0 .843(option is used,)3.343 F F4(type)3.343 E F0
.843(prints a string which is one of)3.343 F F1(alias)3.343 E F0(,).27 E
F1 -.1(ke)3.343 G(ywor)-.2 E(d)-.37 E F0(,).77 E F1(function)3.343 E F0
(,).24 E F1 -.2(bu)3.342 G(iltin).2 E F0 3.342(,o).24 G(r)-3.342 E F1
(\214le)5.252 E F0(if)3.522 E F1(name)144.36 316.8 Q F0 .086
(is an alias, shell reserv)2.766 F .086(ed w)-.15 F .086
(ord, function, b)-.1 F .087(uiltin, or disk \214le, respecti)-.2 F -.15
(ve)-.25 G(ly).15 E 5.087(.I)-.65 G 2.587(ft)-5.087 G(he)-2.587 E F1
(name)2.947 E F0 .087(is not)2.767 F .119
(found, then nothing is printed, and an e)144 328.8 R .118
(xit status of f)-.15 F .118(alse is returned.)-.1 F .118(If the)5.118 F
F4<ad70>2.618 E F0 .118(option is used,)2.618 F F4(type)2.618 E F0 .855
(either returns the name of the disk \214le that w)144 340.8 R .855
(ould be e)-.1 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .855(cuted if).15 F F1(name)3.715 E F0
.855(were speci\214ed as a com-)3.535 F .641(mand name, or nothing if)
144 352.8 R/F5 10/Courier@0 SF .641(type -t name)3.141 F F0 -.1(wo)3.141
G .641(uld not return).1 F F1(\214le)3.14 E F0 5.64(.T).18 G(he)-5.64 E
F4<ad50>3.14 E F0 .64(option forces a)3.14 F F2 -.666(PA)3.14 G(TH)-.189
E F0 .112(search for each)144 364.8 R F1(name)2.612 E F0 2.612(,e)C -.15
(ve)-2.862 G 2.613(ni).15 G(f)-2.613 E F5 .113(type -t name)2.613 F F0
-.1(wo)2.613 G .113(uld not return).1 F F1(\214le)2.613 E F0 5.113(.I)
.18 G 2.613(fac)-5.113 G .113(ommand is hashed,)-2.613 F F4<ad70>2.613 E
F0(and)144 376.8 Q F4<ad50>3.231 E F0 .731(print the hashed v)3.231 F
.73(alue, which is not necessarily the \214le that appears \214rst in)
-.25 F F2 -.666(PA)3.23 G(TH)-.189 E F3(.)A F0 .73(If the)5.23 F F4
<ad61>144 388.8 Q F0 1.748(option is used,)4.248 F F4(type)4.248 E F0
1.748(prints all of the places that contain an e)4.248 F -.15(xe)-.15 G
1.748(cutable named).15 F F1(name)4.249 E F0 6.749(.T).18 G(his)-6.749 E
.744(includes aliases and functions, if and only if the)144 400.8 R F4
<ad70>3.244 E F0 .744(option is not also used.)3.244 F .743
(The table of hashed)5.744 F 1.223(commands is not consulted when using)
144 412.8 R F4<ad61>3.723 E F0 6.223(.T)C(he)-6.223 E F4<ad66>3.723 E F0
1.223(option suppresses shell function lookup, as)3.723 F .326(with the)
144 424.8 R F4(command)2.826 E F0 -.2(bu)2.826 G(iltin.).2 E F4(type)
5.326 E F0 .326(returns true if all of the ar)2.826 F .325
(guments are found, f)-.18 F .325(alse if an)-.1 F 2.825(ya)-.15 G .325
(re not)-2.825 F(found.)144 436.8 Q F4(ulimit)108 453.6 Q F0([)2.5 E F4
(\255HST)A(abcde\214lmnpqrstuvx)-.92 E F0([)2.5 E F1(limit)A F0(]])A
(Pro)144 465.6 Q .243(vides control o)-.15 F -.15(ve)-.15 G 2.743(rt).15
G .243(he resources a)-2.743 F -.25(va)-.2 G .244
(ilable to the shell and to processes started by it, on systems).25 F
.944(that allo)144 477.6 R 3.444(ws)-.25 G .944(uch control.)-3.444 F
(The)5.944 E F4<ad48>3.444 E F0(and)3.444 E F4<ad53>3.444 E F0 .943
(options specify that the hard or soft limit is set for the)3.444 F(gi)
144 489.6 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.708(nr).15 G 2.708(esource. A)-2.708 F .208
(hard limit cannot be increased by a non-root user once it is set; a so\
ft limit may)2.708 F .426(be increased up to the v)144 501.6 R .426
(alue of the hard limit.)-.25 F .425(If neither)5.426 F F4<ad48>2.925 E
F0(nor)2.925 E F4<ad53>2.925 E F0 .425
(is speci\214ed, both the soft and)2.925 F .139(hard limits are set.)144
513.6 R .139(The v)5.139 F .139(alue of)-.25 F F1(limit)2.729 E F0 .139
(can be a number in the unit speci\214ed for the resource or one)3.319 F
.742(of the special v)144 525.6 R(alues)-.25 E F4(hard)3.242 E F0(,)A F4
(soft)3.241 E F0 3.241(,o)C(r)-3.241 E F4(unlimited)3.241 E F0 3.241(,w)
C .741(hich stand for the current hard limit, the current)-3.241 F .78
(soft limit, and no limit, respecti)144 537.6 R -.15(ve)-.25 G(ly).15 E
5.78(.I)-.65 G(f)-5.78 E F1(limit)3.37 E F0 .78
(is omitted, the current v)3.96 F .78(alue of the soft limit of the)-.25
F .499(resource is printed, unless the)144 549.6 R F4<ad48>2.999 E F0
.499(option is gi)2.999 F -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.999(n. When).15 F .498
(more than one resource is speci\214ed, the)2.999 F
(limit name and unit are printed before the v)144 561.6 Q 2.5
(alue. Other)-.25 F(options are interpreted as follo)2.5 E(ws:)-.25 E F4
<ad61>144 573.6 Q F0(All current limits are reported)25.3 E F4<ad62>144
585.6 Q F0(The maximum sock)24.74 E(et b)-.1 E(uf)-.2 E(fer size)-.25 E
F4<ad63>144 597.6 Q F0(The maximum size of core \214les created)25.86 E
F4<ad64>144 609.6 Q F0(The maximum size of a process')24.74 E 2.5(sd)
-.55 G(ata se)-2.5 E(gment)-.15 E F4<ad65>144 621.6 Q F0
(The maximum scheduling priority \("nice"\))25.86 E F4<ad66>144 633.6 Q
F0(The maximum size of \214les written by the shell and its children)
26.97 E F4<ad69>144 645.6 Q F0(The maximum number of pending signals)
27.52 E F4<ad6c>144 657.6 Q F0(The maximum size that may be lock)27.52 E
(ed into memory)-.1 E F4<ad6d>144 669.6 Q F0
(The maximum resident set size \(man)21.97 E 2.5(ys)-.15 G
(ystems do not honor this limit\))-2.5 E F4<ad6e>144 681.6 Q F0 .791(Th\
e maximum number of open \214le descriptors \(most systems do not allo)
24.74 F 3.291(wt)-.25 G .791(his v)-3.291 F .791(alue to)-.25 F
(be set\))180 693.6 Q F4<ad70>144 705.6 Q F0
(The pipe size in 512-byte blocks \(this may not be set\))24.74 E F4
<ad71>144 717.6 Q F0
(The maximum number of bytes in POSIX message queues)24.74 E
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/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 389.54(SH\(1\) B).35 F(ASH\(1\))
-.35 E/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 SF<ad72>144 84 Q F0
(The maximum real-time scheduling priority)25.86 E F1<ad73>144 96 Q F0
(The maximum stack size)26.41 E F1<ad74>144 108 Q F0
(The maximum amount of cpu time in seconds)26.97 E F1<ad75>144 120 Q F0
(The maximum number of processes a)24.74 E -.25(va)-.2 G
(ilable to a single user).25 E F1<ad76>144 132 Q F0 .47
(The maximum amount of virtual memory a)25.3 F -.25(va)-.2 G .47
(ilable to the shell and, on some systems, to).25 F(its children)180 144
Q F1<ad78>144 156 Q F0(The maximum number of \214le locks)25.3 E F1
<ad54>144 168 Q F0(The maximum number of threads)23.63 E(If)144 184.8 Q
/F2 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(limit)3.058 E F0 .468(is gi)3.648 F -.15(ve)
-.25 G .468(n, and the).15 F F1<ad61>2.968 E F0 .468
(option is not used,)2.968 F F2(limit)2.968 E F0 .468(is the ne)2.968 F
2.968(wv)-.25 G .468(alue of the speci\214ed resource.)-3.218 F(If)5.468
E .045(no option is gi)144 196.8 R -.15(ve)-.25 G .045(n, then).15 F F1
<ad66>2.545 E F0 .045(is assumed.)2.545 F -1.11(Va)5.045 G .045
(lues are in 1024-byte increments, e)1.11 F .044(xcept for)-.15 F F1
<ad74>2.544 E F0 2.544(,w)C .044(hich is)-2.544 F .402(in seconds;)144
208.8 R F1<ad70>2.902 E F0 2.902(,w)C .402
(hich is in units of 512-byte blocks; and)-2.902 F F1<ad54>2.902 E F0(,)
A F1<ad62>2.902 E F0(,)A F1<ad6e>2.902 E F0 2.902(,a)C(nd)-2.902 E F1
<ad75>2.903 E F0 2.903(,w)C .403(hich are unscaled)-2.903 F -.25(va)144
220.8 S 3.083(lues. The).25 F .583(return status is 0 unless an in)3.083
F -.25(va)-.4 G .583(lid option or ar).25 F .583
(gument is supplied, or an error occurs)-.18 F(while setting a ne)144
232.8 Q 2.5(wl)-.25 G(imit.)-2.5 E F1(umask)108 249.6 Q F0([)2.5 E F1
<ad70>A F0 2.5(][)C F1<ad53>-2.5 E F0 2.5(][)C F2(mode)-2.5 E F0(])A .2
(The user \214le-creation mask is set to)144 261.6 R F2(mode)2.7 E F0
5.2(.I).18 G(f)-5.2 E F2(mode)3.08 E F0(be)2.88 E .2
(gins with a digit, it is interpreted as an octal)-.15 F .066(number; o\
therwise it is interpreted as a symbolic mode mask similar to that acce\
pted by)144 273.6 R F2 -.15(ch)2.566 G(mod).15 E F0(\(1\).).77 E(If)144
285.6 Q F2(mode)3.262 E F0 .382(is omitted, the current v)3.062 F .382
(alue of the mask is printed.)-.25 F(The)5.382 E F1<ad53>2.882 E F0 .382
(option causes the mask to be)2.882 F .547
(printed in symbolic form; the def)144 297.6 R .547
(ault output is an octal number)-.1 F 5.547(.I)-.55 G 3.047(ft)-5.547 G
(he)-3.047 E F1<ad70>3.047 E F0 .547(option is supplied, and)3.047 F F2
(mode)144.38 309.6 Q F0 .551
(is omitted, the output is in a form that may be reused as input.)3.231
F .552(The return status is 0 if the)5.552 F(mode w)144 321.6 Q
(as successfully changed or if no)-.1 E F2(mode)2.5 E F0(ar)2.5 E
(gument w)-.18 E(as supplied, and f)-.1 E(alse otherwise.)-.1 E F1
(unalias)108 338.4 Q F0<5bad>2.5 E F1(a)A F0 2.5(][)C F2(name)-2.5 E F0
(...])2.5 E(Remo)144 350.4 Q 1.955 -.15(ve e)-.15 H(ach).15 E F2(name)
4.155 E F0 1.655(from the list of de\214ned aliases.)4.155 F(If)6.655 E
F1<ad61>4.155 E F0 1.655(is supplied, all alias de\214nitions are)4.155
F(remo)144 362.4 Q -.15(ve)-.15 G 2.5(d. The).15 F(return v)2.5 E
(alue is true unless a supplied)-.25 E F2(name)2.86 E F0
(is not a de\214ned alias.)2.68 E F1(unset)108 379.2 Q F0<5bad>2.5 E F1
(fv)A F0 2.5(][)C F2(name)-2.5 E F0(...])2.5 E -.15(Fo)144 391.2 S 3.827
(re).15 G(ach)-3.827 E F2(name)3.827 E F0 3.827(,r).18 G(emo)-3.827 E
1.627 -.15(ve t)-.15 H 1.327(he corresponding v).15 F 1.327
(ariable or function.)-.25 F 1.327(If the)6.327 F F1<ad76>3.828 E F0
1.328(option is gi)3.828 F -.15(ve)-.25 G 1.328(n, each).15 F F2(name)
144.36 403.2 Q F0 1.551(refers to a shell v)4.231 F 1.551
(ariable, and that v)-.25 F 1.551(ariable is remo)-.25 F -.15(ve)-.15 G
4.05(d. Read-only).15 F -.25(va)4.05 G 1.55(riables may not be).25 F
4.641(unset. If)144 415.2 R F1<ad66>4.641 E F0 2.141
(is speci\214ed, each)4.641 F F2(name)5.001 E F0 2.141
(refers to a shell function, and the function de\214nition is)4.821 F
(remo)144 427.2 Q -.15(ve)-.15 G 2.899(d. If).15 F .399
(no options are supplied, each)2.899 F F2(name)2.898 E F0 .398
(refers to a v)2.898 F .398(ariable; if there is no v)-.25 F .398
(ariable by that)-.25 F .578(name, an)144 439.2 R 3.078(yf)-.15 G .579
(unction with that name is unset.)-3.078 F .579(Each unset v)5.579 F
.579(ariable or function is remo)-.25 F -.15(ve)-.15 G 3.079(df).15 G
.579(rom the)-3.079 F(en)144 451.2 Q .046
(vironment passed to subsequent commands.)-.4 F .046(If an)5.046 F 2.546
(yo)-.15 G(f)-2.546 E/F3 9/Times-Bold@0 SF(COMP_W)2.545 E(ORDBREAKS)-.09
E/F4 9/Times-Roman@0 SF(,)A F3(RANDOM)2.295 E F4(,)A F3(SEC-)2.295 E
(ONDS)144 463.2 Q F4(,)A F3(LINENO)2.64 E F4(,)A F3(HISTCMD)2.64 E F4(,)
A F3(FUNCN)2.64 E(AME)-.18 E F4(,)A F3(GR)2.64 E(OUPS)-.27 E F4(,)A F0
(or)2.64 E F3(DIRST)2.89 E -.495(AC)-.81 G(K).495 E F0 .39
(are unset, the)2.64 F 2.891(yl)-.15 G .391(ose their spe-)-2.891 F .727
(cial properties, e)144 475.2 R -.15(ve)-.25 G 3.227(ni).15 G 3.227(ft)
-3.227 G(he)-3.227 E 3.227(ya)-.15 G .727(re subsequently reset.)-3.227
F .726(The e)5.727 F .726(xit status is true unless a)-.15 F F2(name)
3.586 E F0 .726(is read-)3.406 F(only)144 487.2 Q(.)-.65 E F1(wait)108
504 Q F0([)2.5 E F2 2.5(n.)C(..)-2.5 E F0(])A -.8(Wa)144 516 S .288
(it for each speci\214ed process and return its termination status.).8 F
(Each)5.288 E F2(n)3.148 E F0 .288(may be a process ID or a)3.028 F .722
(job speci\214cation; if a job spec is gi)144 528 R -.15(ve)-.25 G .722
(n, all processes in that job').15 F 3.222(sp)-.55 G .722(ipeline are w)
-3.222 F .722(aited for)-.1 F 5.722(.I)-.55 G(f)-5.722 E F2(n)3.582 E F0
(is)3.462 E 1.265(not gi)144 540 R -.15(ve)-.25 G 1.265
(n, all currently acti).15 F 1.565 -.15(ve c)-.25 H 1.265
(hild processes are w).15 F 1.265(aited for)-.1 F 3.765(,a)-.4 G 1.266
(nd the return status is zero.)-3.765 F(If)6.266 E F2(n)4.126 E F0 .457
(speci\214es a non-e)144 552 R .457
(xistent process or job, the return status is 127.)-.15 F .457
(Otherwise, the return status is the)5.457 F -.15(ex)144 564 S
(it status of the last process or job w).15 E(aited for)-.1 E(.)-.55 E
/F5 10.95/Times-Bold@0 SF(RESTRICTED SHELL)72 580.8 Q F0(If)108 592.8 Q
F1(bash)4.396 E F0 1.896(is started with the name)4.396 F F1(rbash)4.397
E F0 4.397(,o)C 4.397(rt)-4.397 G(he)-4.397 E F1<ad72>4.397 E F0 1.897
(option is supplied at in)4.397 F -.2(vo)-.4 G 1.897
(cation, the shell becomes).2 F 3.446(restricted. A)108 604.8 R .945
(restricted shell is used to set up an en)3.446 F .945
(vironment more controlled than the standard shell.)-.4 F(It)5.945 E
(beha)108 616.8 Q -.15(ve)-.2 G 2.5(si).15 G(dentically to)-2.5 E F1
(bash)2.5 E F0(with the e)2.5 E(xception that the follo)-.15 E
(wing are disallo)-.25 E(wed or not performed:)-.25 E 32.5<8363>108
633.6 S(hanging directories with)-32.5 E F1(cd)2.5 E F0 32.5<8373>108
650.4 S(etting or unsetting the v)-32.5 E(alues of)-.25 E F3(SHELL)2.5 E
F4(,)A F3 -.666(PA)2.25 G(TH)-.189 E F4(,)A F3(ENV)2.25 E F4(,)A F0(or)
2.25 E F3 -.27(BA)2.5 G(SH_ENV).27 E F0 32.5<8373>108 667.2 S
(pecifying command names containing)-32.5 E F1(/)2.5 E F0 32.5<8373>108
684 S(pecifying a \214lename containing a)-32.5 E F1(/)2.5 E F0
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(oprocess at a time.).15 E(GNU Bash 4.2)72 768 Q(2012 January 29)141.79
E(73)190.95 E 0 Cg EP
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