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1076 cleartomark
1077 {restore}if
1078 %%EndFont
1079 %%BeginFont: CMMI9
1080 %!PS-AdobeFont-1.0: CMMI9 003.002
1081 %%Title: CMMI9
1082 %Version: 003.002
1083 %%CreationDate: Mon Jul 13 16:17:00 2009
1084 %%Creator: David M. Jones
1085 %Copyright: Copyright (c) 1997, 2009 American Mathematical Society
1086 %Copyright: (<http://www.ams.org>), with Reserved Font Name CMMI9.
1087 % This Font Software is licensed under the SIL Open Font License, Version 1.1.
1088 % This license is in the accompanying file OFL.txt, and is also
1089 % available with a FAQ at: http://scripts.sil.org/OFL.
1090 %%EndComments
1091 FontDirectory/CMMI9 known{/CMMI9 findfont dup/UniqueID known{dup
1092 /UniqueID get 5087384 eq exch/FontType get 1 eq and}{pop false}ifelse
1093 {save true}{false}ifelse}{false}ifelse
1094 11 dict begin
1095 /FontType 1 def
1096 /FontMatrix [0.001 0 0 0.001 0 0 ]readonly def
1097 /FontName /CMMI9 def
1098 /FontBBox {-29 -250 1075 750 }readonly def
1099 /PaintType 0 def
1100 /FontInfo 10 dict dup begin
1101 /version (003.002) readonly def
1102 /Notice (Copyright \050c\051 1997, 2009 American Mathematical Society \050<http://www.ams.org>\051, with Reserved Font Name CMMI9.) readonly def
1103 /FullName (CMMI9) readonly def
1104 /FamilyName (Computer Modern) readonly def
1105 /Weight (Medium) readonly def
1106 /ItalicAngle -14.04 def
1107 /isFixedPitch false def
1108 /UnderlinePosition -100 def
1109 /UnderlineThickness 50 def
1110 /ascent 750 def
1111 end readonly def
1112 /Encoding 256 array
1113 0 1 255 {1 index exch /.notdef put} for
1114 dup 58 /period put
1115 readonly def
1116 currentdict end
1117 currentfile eexec
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1304 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000
1305 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000
1306 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000
1307 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000
1308 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000
1309 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000
1310 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000
1311 cleartomark
1312 {restore}if
1313 %%EndFont
1314 %%BeginFont: CMSLTT10
1315 %!PS-AdobeFont-1.0: CMSLTT10 003.002
1316 %%Title: CMSLTT10
1317 %Version: 003.002
1318 %%CreationDate: Mon Jul 13 16:17:00 2009
1319 %%Creator: David M. Jones
1320 %Copyright: Copyright (c) 1997, 2009 American Mathematical Society
1321 %Copyright: (<http://www.ams.org>), with Reserved Font Name CMSLTT10.
1322 % This Font Software is licensed under the SIL Open Font License, Version 1.1.
1323 % This license is in the accompanying file OFL.txt, and is also
1324 % available with a FAQ at: http://scripts.sil.org/OFL.
1325 %%EndComments
1326 FontDirectory/CMSLTT10 known{/CMSLTT10 findfont dup/UniqueID known{dup
1327 /UniqueID get 5000800 eq exch/FontType get 1 eq and}{pop false}ifelse
1328 {save true}{false}ifelse}{false}ifelse
1329 11 dict begin
1330 /FontType 1 def
1331 /FontMatrix [0.001 0 0 0.001 0 0 ]readonly def
1332 /FontName /CMSLTT10 def
1333 /FontBBox {-20 -233 617 696 }readonly def
1334 /PaintType 0 def
1335 /FontInfo 9 dict dup begin
1336 /version (003.002) readonly def
1337 /Notice (Copyright \050c\051 1997, 2009 American Mathematical Society \050<http://www.ams.org>\051, with Reserved Font Name CMSLTT10.) readonly def
1338 /FullName (CMSLTT10) readonly def
1339 /FamilyName (Computer Modern) readonly def
1340 /Weight (Medium) readonly def
1341 /ItalicAngle -9.46 def
1342 /isFixedPitch true def
1343 /UnderlinePosition -100 def
1344 /UnderlineThickness 50 def
1345 end readonly def
1346 /Encoding 256 array
1347 0 1 255 {1 index exch /.notdef put} for
1348 dup 39 /quoteright put
1349 dup 45 /hyphen put
1350 dup 48 /zero put
1351 dup 49 /one put
1352 dup 50 /two put
1353 dup 51 /three put
1354 dup 58 /colon put
1355 dup 65 /A put
1356 dup 67 /C put
1357 dup 68 /D put
1358 dup 69 /E put
1359 dup 70 /F put
1360 dup 72 /H put
1361 dup 73 /I put
1362 dup 74 /J put
1363 dup 76 /L put
1364 dup 77 /M put
1365 dup 78 /N put
1366 dup 80 /P put
1367 dup 82 /R put
1368 dup 84 /T put
1369 dup 88 /X put
1370 dup 92 /backslash put
1371 dup 95 /underscore put
1372 dup 97 /a put
1373 dup 98 /b put
1374 dup 99 /c put
1375 dup 100 /d put
1376 dup 101 /e put
1377 dup 102 /f put
1378 dup 103 /g put
1379 dup 104 /h put
1380 dup 105 /i put
1381 dup 106 /j put
1382 dup 107 /k put
1383 dup 108 /l put
1384 dup 109 /m put
1385 dup 110 /n put
1386 dup 111 /o put
1387 dup 112 /p put
1388 dup 113 /q put
1389 dup 114 /r put
1390 dup 115 /s put
1391 dup 116 /t put
1392 dup 117 /u put
1393 dup 118 /v put
1394 dup 119 /w put
1395 dup 120 /x put
1396 dup 121 /y put
1397 readonly def
1398 currentdict end
1399 currentfile eexec
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1823 cleartomark
1824 {restore}if
1825 %%EndFont
1826 %%BeginFont: CMTT9
1827 %!PS-AdobeFont-1.0: CMTT9 003.002
1828 %%Title: CMTT9
1829 %Version: 003.002
1830 %%CreationDate: Mon Jul 13 16:17:00 2009
1831 %%Creator: David M. Jones
1832 %Copyright: Copyright (c) 1997, 2009 American Mathematical Society
1833 %Copyright: (<http://www.ams.org>), with Reserved Font Name CMTT9.
1834 % This Font Software is licensed under the SIL Open Font License, Version 1.1.
1835 % This license is in the accompanying file OFL.txt, and is also
1836 % available with a FAQ at: http://scripts.sil.org/OFL.
1837 %%EndComments
1838 FontDirectory/CMTT9 known{/CMTT9 findfont dup/UniqueID known{dup
1839 /UniqueID get 5000831 eq exch/FontType get 1 eq and}{pop false}ifelse
1840 {save true}{false}ifelse}{false}ifelse
1841 11 dict begin
1842 /FontType 1 def
1843 /FontMatrix [0.001 0 0 0.001 0 0 ]readonly def
1844 /FontName /CMTT9 def
1845 /FontBBox {-6 -233 542 698 }readonly def
1846 /PaintType 0 def
1847 /FontInfo 9 dict dup begin
1848 /version (003.002) readonly def
1849 /Notice (Copyright \050c\051 1997, 2009 American Mathematical Society \050<http://www.ams.org>\051, with Reserved Font Name CMTT9.) readonly def
1850 /FullName (CMTT9) readonly def
1851 /FamilyName (Computer Modern) readonly def
1852 /Weight (Medium) readonly def
1853 /ItalicAngle 0 def
1854 /isFixedPitch true def
1855 /UnderlinePosition -100 def
1856 /UnderlineThickness 50 def
1857 end readonly def
1858 /Encoding 256 array
1859 0 1 255 {1 index exch /.notdef put} for
1860 dup 33 /exclam put
1861 dup 35 /numbersign put
1862 dup 36 /dollar put
1863 dup 38 /ampersand put
1864 dup 39 /quoteright put
1865 dup 40 /parenleft put
1866 dup 41 /parenright put
1867 dup 42 /asterisk put
1868 dup 44 /comma put
1869 dup 45 /hyphen put
1870 dup 46 /period put
1871 dup 47 /slash put
1872 dup 48 /zero put
1873 dup 49 /one put
1874 dup 50 /two put
1875 dup 51 /three put
1876 dup 52 /four put
1877 dup 58 /colon put
1878 dup 59 /semicolon put
1879 dup 60 /less put
1880 dup 62 /greater put
1881 dup 63 /question put
1882 dup 64 /at put
1883 dup 65 /A put
1884 dup 66 /B put
1885 dup 67 /C put
1886 dup 68 /D put
1887 dup 69 /E put
1888 dup 70 /F put
1889 dup 71 /G put
1890 dup 72 /H put
1891 dup 73 /I put
1892 dup 75 /K put
1893 dup 76 /L put
1894 dup 77 /M put
1895 dup 78 /N put
1896 dup 79 /O put
1897 dup 80 /P put
1898 dup 82 /R put
1899 dup 83 /S put
1900 dup 84 /T put
1901 dup 85 /U put
1902 dup 86 /V put
1903 dup 87 /W put
1904 dup 88 /X put
1905 dup 89 /Y put
1906 dup 90 /Z put
1907 dup 91 /bracketleft put
1908 dup 93 /bracketright put
1909 dup 94 /asciicircum put
1910 dup 95 /underscore put
1911 dup 96 /quoteleft put
1912 dup 97 /a put
1913 dup 98 /b put
1914 dup 99 /c put
1915 dup 100 /d put
1916 dup 101 /e put
1917 dup 102 /f put
1918 dup 103 /g put
1919 dup 104 /h put
1920 dup 105 /i put
1921 dup 106 /j put
1922 dup 107 /k put
1923 dup 108 /l put
1924 dup 109 /m put
1925 dup 110 /n put
1926 dup 111 /o put
1927 dup 112 /p put
1928 dup 113 /q put
1929 dup 114 /r put
1930 dup 115 /s put
1931 dup 116 /t put
1932 dup 117 /u put
1933 dup 118 /v put
1934 dup 119 /w put
1935 dup 120 /x put
1936 dup 121 /y put
1937 dup 122 /z put
1938 dup 123 /braceleft put
1939 dup 125 /braceright put
1940 dup 126 /asciitilde put
1941 readonly def
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2498 cleartomark
2499 {restore}if
2500 %%EndFont
2501 %%BeginFont: CMR10
2502 %!PS-AdobeFont-1.0: CMR10 003.002
2503 %%Title: CMR10
2504 %Version: 003.002
2505 %%CreationDate: Mon Jul 13 16:17:00 2009
2506 %%Creator: David M. Jones
2507 %Copyright: Copyright (c) 1997, 2009 American Mathematical Society
2508 %Copyright: (<http://www.ams.org>), with Reserved Font Name CMR10.
2509 % This Font Software is licensed under the SIL Open Font License, Version 1.1.
2510 % This license is in the accompanying file OFL.txt, and is also
2511 % available with a FAQ at: http://scripts.sil.org/OFL.
2512 %%EndComments
2513 FontDirectory/CMR10 known{/CMR10 findfont dup/UniqueID known{dup
2514 /UniqueID get 5000793 eq exch/FontType get 1 eq and}{pop false}ifelse
2515 {save true}{false}ifelse}{false}ifelse
2516 11 dict begin
2517 /FontType 1 def
2518 /FontMatrix [0.001 0 0 0.001 0 0 ]readonly def
2519 /FontName /CMR10 def
2520 /FontBBox {-40 -250 1009 750 }readonly def
2521 /PaintType 0 def
2522 /FontInfo 9 dict dup begin
2523 /version (003.002) readonly def
2524 /Notice (Copyright \050c\051 1997, 2009 American Mathematical Society \050<http://www.ams.org>\051, with Reserved Font Name CMR10.) readonly def
2525 /FullName (CMR10) readonly def
2526 /FamilyName (Computer Modern) readonly def
2527 /Weight (Medium) readonly def
2528 /ItalicAngle 0 def
2529 /isFixedPitch false def
2530 /UnderlinePosition -100 def
2531 /UnderlineThickness 50 def
2532 end readonly def
2533 /Encoding 256 array
2534 0 1 255 {1 index exch /.notdef put} for
2535 dup 11 /ff put
2536 dup 12 /fi put
2537 dup 13 /fl put
2538 dup 14 /ffi put
2539 dup 33 /exclam put
2540 dup 34 /quotedblright put
2541 dup 35 /numbersign put
2542 dup 36 /dollar put
2543 dup 37 /percent put
2544 dup 38 /ampersand put
2545 dup 39 /quoteright put
2546 dup 40 /parenleft put
2547 dup 41 /parenright put
2548 dup 42 /asterisk put
2549 dup 44 /comma put
2550 dup 45 /hyphen put
2551 dup 46 /period put
2552 dup 47 /slash put
2553 dup 48 /zero put
2554 dup 49 /one put
2555 dup 50 /two put
2556 dup 51 /three put
2557 dup 52 /four put
2558 dup 53 /five put
2559 dup 54 /six put
2560 dup 55 /seven put
2561 dup 56 /eight put
2562 dup 57 /nine put
2563 dup 58 /colon put
2564 dup 59 /semicolon put
2565 dup 61 /equal put
2566 dup 63 /question put
2567 dup 64 /at put
2568 dup 65 /A put
2569 dup 66 /B put
2570 dup 67 /C put
2571 dup 68 /D put
2572 dup 69 /E put
2573 dup 70 /F put
2574 dup 71 /G put
2575 dup 72 /H put
2576 dup 73 /I put
2577 dup 74 /J put
2578 dup 75 /K put
2579 dup 76 /L put
2580 dup 77 /M put
2581 dup 78 /N put
2582 dup 79 /O put
2583 dup 80 /P put
2584 dup 81 /Q put
2585 dup 82 /R put
2586 dup 83 /S put
2587 dup 84 /T put
2588 dup 85 /U put
2589 dup 86 /V put
2590 dup 87 /W put
2591 dup 88 /X put
2592 dup 89 /Y put
2593 dup 90 /Z put
2594 dup 91 /bracketleft put
2595 dup 92 /quotedblleft put
2596 dup 93 /bracketright put
2597 dup 96 /quoteleft put
2598 dup 97 /a put
2599 dup 98 /b put
2600 dup 99 /c put
2601 dup 100 /d put
2602 dup 101 /e put
2603 dup 102 /f put
2604 dup 103 /g put
2605 dup 104 /h put
2606 dup 105 /i put
2607 dup 106 /j put
2608 dup 107 /k put
2609 dup 108 /l put
2610 dup 109 /m put
2611 dup 110 /n put
2612 dup 111 /o put
2613 dup 112 /p put
2614 dup 113 /q put
2615 dup 114 /r put
2616 dup 115 /s put
2617 dup 116 /t put
2618 dup 117 /u put
2619 dup 118 /v put
2620 dup 119 /w put
2621 dup 120 /x put
2622 dup 121 /y put
2623 dup 122 /z put
2624 dup 123 /endash put
2625 dup 124 /emdash put
2626 readonly def
2627 currentdict end
2628 currentfile eexec
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3419 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000
3420 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000
3421 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000
3422 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000
3423 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000
3424 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000
3425 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000
3426 cleartomark
3427 {restore}if
3428 %%EndFont
3429 %%BeginFont: CMCSC10
3430 %!PS-AdobeFont-1.0: CMCSC10 003.002
3431 %%Title: CMCSC10
3432 %Version: 003.002
3433 %%CreationDate: Mon Jul 13 16:17:00 2009
3434 %%Creator: David M. Jones
3435 %Copyright: Copyright (c) 1997, 2009 American Mathematical Society
3436 %Copyright: (<http://www.ams.org>), with Reserved Font Name CMCSC10.
3437 % This Font Software is licensed under the SIL Open Font License, Version 1.1.
3438 % This license is in the accompanying file OFL.txt, and is also
3439 % available with a FAQ at: http://scripts.sil.org/OFL.
3440 %%EndComments
3441 FontDirectory/CMCSC10 known{/CMCSC10 findfont dup/UniqueID known{dup
3442 /UniqueID get 5087402 eq exch/FontType get 1 eq and}{pop false}ifelse
3443 {save true}{false}ifelse}{false}ifelse
3444 11 dict begin
3445 /FontType 1 def
3446 /FontMatrix [0.001 0 0 0.001 0 0 ]readonly def
3447 /FontName /CMCSC10 def
3448 /FontBBox {14 -250 1077 750 }readonly def
3449 /PaintType 0 def
3450 /FontInfo 10 dict dup begin
3451 /version (003.002) readonly def
3452 /Notice (Copyright \050c\051 1997, 2009 American Mathematical Society \050<http://www.ams.org>\051, with Reserved Font Name CMCSC10.) readonly def
3453 /FullName (CMCSC10) readonly def
3454 /FamilyName (Computer Modern) readonly def
3455 /Weight (Medium) readonly def
3456 /ItalicAngle 0 def
3457 /isFixedPitch false def
3458 /UnderlinePosition -100 def
3459 /UnderlineThickness 50 def
3460 /ascent 750 def
3461 end readonly def
3462 /Encoding 256 array
3463 0 1 255 {1 index exch /.notdef put} for
3464 dup 45 /hyphen put
3465 dup 47 /slash put
3466 dup 50 /two put
3467 dup 97 /a put
3468 dup 98 /b put
3469 dup 99 /c put
3470 dup 100 /d put
3471 dup 101 /e put
3472 dup 102 /f put
3473 dup 103 /g put
3474 dup 105 /i put
3475 dup 108 /l put
3476 dup 109 /m put
3477 dup 110 /n put
3478 dup 111 /o put
3479 dup 112 /p put
3480 dup 114 /r put
3481 dup 115 /s put
3482 dup 117 /u put
3483 dup 120 /x put
3484 readonly def
3485 currentdict end
3486 currentfile eexec
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3775 0A0A6EBAA6F6D8E4292F9C5408D3859CFDEBFC9413032FA1A6E194C5F616A3D6
3776 FB0FEB8966534CCC9E6D67DFCA105E8994810D8EE414DAFC80B8A95CAFA254CA
3777 CCAA72B84130B5E485529013A35040074072A8A63B2F4384D976BBFA0A743C5A
3778 0A079A2CD15E598801AD121303CC37A2FD3942776FD1AA0805BED2B646D4D1CD
3779 9DE65CB859735EDC177C5A4D1A54C3E8BE7A91BCA91AB93A9DACAC90204CC207
3780 8432E95B2C47654DA02EC1664566E2137860F16F798E0A1EFFC819F4304B0FE2
3781 AA54AFE0AF6CC26D417B0CC9E3F5F6B9BD6DDDE6A2D7FC4C840E4AEF73452D16
3782 241FF01413DF2125BA3563B3A49EECC8EC4D0BF06283B3C8242F362A546E71B6
3783 21F3C6DA63882992A14E295926387D66EA6D9F296455276D4FEF0CDC706FBC25
3784 57169AAF546A1BC72114A3A6DC3A1A76CE001962D771C267864A987188BF6087
3785 183573E3E9DED10D7023965D29F19C8950B6B9B83E680010995360E54911AAAB
3786 44D07524518EE59F58E49485E885F56FF2CF8D30FC5779770685C305AEC4262C
3787 B8C0C194C26F5E122DF5E4153316C971460C3B3B336C1B72
3788 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000
3789 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000
3790 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000
3791 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000
3792 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000
3793 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000
3794 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000
3795 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000
3796 cleartomark
3797 {restore}if
3798 %%EndFont
3799 %%BeginFont: CMTT12
3800 %!PS-AdobeFont-1.0: CMTT12 003.002
3801 %%Title: CMTT12
3802 %Version: 003.002
3803 %%CreationDate: Mon Jul 13 16:17:00 2009
3804 %%Creator: David M. Jones
3805 %Copyright: Copyright (c) 1997, 2009 American Mathematical Society
3806 %Copyright: (<http://www.ams.org>), with Reserved Font Name CMTT12.
3807 % This Font Software is licensed under the SIL Open Font License, Version 1.1.
3808 % This license is in the accompanying file OFL.txt, and is also
3809 % available with a FAQ at: http://scripts.sil.org/OFL.
3810 %%EndComments
3811 FontDirectory/CMTT12 known{/CMTT12 findfont dup/UniqueID known{dup
3812 /UniqueID get 5000833 eq exch/FontType get 1 eq and}{pop false}ifelse
3813 {save true}{false}ifelse}{false}ifelse
3814 11 dict begin
3815 /FontType 1 def
3816 /FontMatrix [0.001 0 0 0.001 0 0 ]readonly def
3817 /FontName /CMTT12 def
3818 /FontBBox {-1 -234 524 695 }readonly def
3819 /PaintType 0 def
3820 /FontInfo 9 dict dup begin
3821 /version (003.002) readonly def
3822 /Notice (Copyright \050c\051 1997, 2009 American Mathematical Society \050<http://www.ams.org>\051, with Reserved Font Name CMTT12.) readonly def
3823 /FullName (CMTT12) readonly def
3824 /FamilyName (Computer Modern) readonly def
3825 /Weight (Medium) readonly def
3826 /ItalicAngle 0 def
3827 /isFixedPitch true def
3828 /UnderlinePosition -100 def
3829 /UnderlineThickness 50 def
3830 end readonly def
3831 /Encoding 256 array
3832 0 1 255 {1 index exch /.notdef put} for
3833 dup 45 /hyphen put
3834 dup 103 /g put
3835 dup 104 /h put
3836 dup 105 /i put
3837 dup 108 /l put
3838 dup 110 /n put
3839 dup 111 /o put
3840 dup 115 /s put
3841 readonly def
3842 currentdict end
3843 currentfile eexec
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3881 884C502F7F0496A01360C67D7A9BFC8533346485646AF058A743472B3276FB96
3882 EC4C82188A4A67763ABCE6AF7898C3B924A01118DCE34C77F22E62BB4C4CB561
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3890 470697609A0726EECB72390E6C5C5A1204521D45316989E3C0B4D398958D4363
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3908 969FA4302F06A5D43B48D40D3DE360F6A7B8F329022CF5B13A33980E8BE54325
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3915 F5C4622673ACA45BEABBE3941E7F40080D652567DED98AA3404A4384DA3006A4
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3917 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000
3918 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000
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3923 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000
3924 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000
3925 cleartomark
3926 {restore}if
3927 %%EndFont
3928 %%BeginFont: SFRM1095
3929 %!FontType1-1.0: SFRM1095 0.3
3930 %%CreationDate: Wed Sep 12 2001
3931 % Copyright (c) 2001 Vladimir Volovich <vvv@vsu.ru>.
3932 % See the file COPYING (GNU General Public License) for license conditions.
3933 % Converted from METAFONT EC/TC and LH fonts:
3934 % ecrm1095, tcrm1095, larm1095, lbrm1095, lcrm1095, rxrm1095.
3935 11 dict begin
3936 /FontInfo 6 dict dup begin
3937 /version (0.3) def
3938 /FullName (Computer Modern Roman) def
3939 /FamilyName (Computer Modern) def
3940 /ItalicAngle 0 def
3941 /isFixedPitch false def
3942 /Weight (Medium) def
3943 end readonly def
3944 /FontName /SFRM1095 def
3945 /Encoding StandardEncoding def
3946 /PaintType 0 def
3947 /FontType 1 def
3948 /FontMatrix [0.001 0 0 0.001 0 0] def
3949 /FontBBox{-188 -320 1445 942}readonly def
3950 currentdict end
3951 currentfile eexec
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4016 A60D496CE85D2393457C50B2D586E010C7C4C7272F496F0CED0084EA956455F6
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4019 6BDBF03E444C6F0F4DA2CE9AB049F324F887732D21C4BF9C5365C603C9971CFA
4020 7E45249203329FB9B4054B163C166E1322DED12CAAE39E289C126301D25076D0
4021 2FD409FABA5247D7A25945AD5881E18C2DAEC09606228CF925557DDFA155400F
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4023 96844722729076811B5054DA998F9AEBE37DE5068418F41A007E645599C0BC21
4024 8363573C695B3F68111CE4A6199C8BD40D61E46A153C3C25D0C7DC125415D125
4025 D0C6130BB6B603ED78153E0CFE7384F7481FD4EDA141C27898B3636398EFBBC1
4026 9E81060816655B2F7052016A4C72A6A1CDB83BCCB2EB475A9BE17EB08A5ADA04
4027 CA8AACF6FE68BBDE580243B111BE76EC06E70CB7751A8B206143D0134BF52670
4028 BB3F44DD8AA7D26283A483CB46286EE0A9BB4FDB0337342BBF362C236C30A120
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4158 87ADA7C572B0AA702156B715159829BA38A9EC28E1CF3494B0CEC876A97B4617
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4163 B553169F523517518CA0618E31F9A5940EDA42D8B9D851AD1E77BC1C0C8EED23
4164 F469B0568B5A556A5FD5A20F5F4E00FA6F030ECC5E711865F1549E409792F7DA
4165 D1FFD1BE1E6DD22619163B98EB0425319E738254ADA0AE57FE29E121B0D8F172
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4169 5AE09E214EDA066174A6823347B831ADF2619281E43A71D549FE194D5AD4ED5B
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4178 972A3FD82BF0377FDB8711A746B9F4C6016172C30CB33CEC0B327DA0DE2668BB
4179 CD41
4180 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000
4181 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000
4182 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000
4183 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000
4184 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000
4185 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000
4186 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000
4187 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000
4188 cleartomark
4189 %%EndFont
4190 %%BeginFont: CMBX12
4191 %!PS-AdobeFont-1.0: CMBX12 003.002
4192 %%Title: CMBX12
4193 %Version: 003.002
4194 %%CreationDate: Mon Jul 13 16:17:00 2009
4195 %%Creator: David M. Jones
4196 %Copyright: Copyright (c) 1997, 2009 American Mathematical Society
4197 %Copyright: (<http://www.ams.org>), with Reserved Font Name CMBX12.
4198 % This Font Software is licensed under the SIL Open Font License, Version 1.1.
4199 % This license is in the accompanying file OFL.txt, and is also
4200 % available with a FAQ at: http://scripts.sil.org/OFL.
4201 %%EndComments
4202 FontDirectory/CMBX12 known{/CMBX12 findfont dup/UniqueID known{dup
4203 /UniqueID get 5000769 eq exch/FontType get 1 eq and}{pop false}ifelse
4204 {save true}{false}ifelse}{false}ifelse
4205 11 dict begin
4206 /FontType 1 def
4207 /FontMatrix [0.001 0 0 0.001 0 0 ]readonly def
4208 /FontName /CMBX12 def
4209 /FontBBox {-53 -251 1139 750 }readonly def
4210 /PaintType 0 def
4211 /FontInfo 9 dict dup begin
4212 /version (003.002) readonly def
4213 /Notice (Copyright \050c\051 1997, 2009 American Mathematical Society \050<http://www.ams.org>\051, with Reserved Font Name CMBX12.) readonly def
4214 /FullName (CMBX12) readonly def
4215 /FamilyName (Computer Modern) readonly def
4216 /Weight (Bold) readonly def
4217 /ItalicAngle 0 def
4218 /isFixedPitch false def
4219 /UnderlinePosition -100 def
4220 /UnderlineThickness 50 def
4221 end readonly def
4222 /Encoding 256 array
4223 0 1 255 {1 index exch /.notdef put} for
4224 dup 11 /ff put
4225 dup 12 /fi put
4226 dup 33 /exclam put
4227 dup 35 /numbersign put
4228 dup 36 /dollar put
4229 dup 42 /asterisk put
4230 dup 44 /comma put
4231 dup 45 /hyphen put
4232 dup 46 /period put
4233 dup 48 /zero put
4234 dup 49 /one put
4235 dup 50 /two put
4236 dup 51 /three put
4237 dup 52 /four put
4238 dup 53 /five put
4239 dup 54 /six put
4240 dup 55 /seven put
4241 dup 56 /eight put
4242 dup 57 /nine put
4243 dup 58 /colon put
4244 dup 63 /question put
4245 dup 64 /at put
4246 dup 65 /A put
4247 dup 66 /B put
4248 dup 67 /C put
4249 dup 68 /D put
4250 dup 69 /E put
4251 dup 70 /F put
4252 dup 71 /G put
4253 dup 72 /H put
4254 dup 73 /I put
4255 dup 74 /J put
4256 dup 75 /K put
4257 dup 76 /L put
4258 dup 77 /M put
4259 dup 78 /N put
4260 dup 79 /O put
4261 dup 80 /P put
4262 dup 81 /Q put
4263 dup 82 /R put
4264 dup 83 /S put
4265 dup 84 /T put
4266 dup 85 /U put
4267 dup 86 /V put
4268 dup 87 /W put
4269 dup 88 /X put
4270 dup 89 /Y put
4271 dup 91 /bracketleft put
4272 dup 93 /bracketright put
4273 dup 97 /a put
4274 dup 98 /b put
4275 dup 99 /c put
4276 dup 100 /d put
4277 dup 101 /e put
4278 dup 102 /f put
4279 dup 103 /g put
4280 dup 104 /h put
4281 dup 105 /i put
4282 dup 106 /j put
4283 dup 107 /k put
4284 dup 108 /l put
4285 dup 109 /m put
4286 dup 110 /n put
4287 dup 111 /o put
4288 dup 112 /p put
4289 dup 113 /q put
4290 dup 114 /r put
4291 dup 115 /s put
4292 dup 116 /t put
4293 dup 117 /u put
4294 dup 118 /v put
4295 dup 119 /w put
4296 dup 120 /x put
4297 dup 121 /y put
4298 dup 123 /endash put
4299 readonly def
4300 currentdict end
4301 currentfile eexec
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4305 7C56816B03B901BF4A25A07175380E50A213F877C44778B3C5AADBCC86D6E551
4306 E6AF364B0BFCAAD22D8D558C5C81A7D425A1629DD5182206742D1D082A12F078
4307 0FD4F5F6D3129FCFFF1F4A912B0A7DEC8D33A57B5AE0328EF9D57ADDAC543273
4308 C01924195A181D03F5054A93B71E5065F8D92FE23794D2D43A151FEE81296FBE
4309 0CF37DF6A338C826464BA5198991445EC4BE80971DB687336AE8F74B516E333D
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4909 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000
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4916 cleartomark
4917 {restore}if
4918 %%EndFont
4919 %%BeginFont: CMTI10
4920 %!PS-AdobeFont-1.0: CMTI10 003.002
4921 %%Title: CMTI10
4922 %Version: 003.002
4923 %%CreationDate: Mon Jul 13 16:17:00 2009
4924 %%Creator: David M. Jones
4925 %Copyright: Copyright (c) 1997, 2009 American Mathematical Society
4926 %Copyright: (<http://www.ams.org>), with Reserved Font Name CMTI10.
4927 % This Font Software is licensed under the SIL Open Font License, Version 1.1.
4928 % This license is in the accompanying file OFL.txt, and is also
4929 % available with a FAQ at: http://scripts.sil.org/OFL.
4930 %%EndComments
4931 FontDirectory/CMTI10 known{/CMTI10 findfont dup/UniqueID known{dup
4932 /UniqueID get 5000828 eq exch/FontType get 1 eq and}{pop false}ifelse
4933 {save true}{false}ifelse}{false}ifelse
4934 11 dict begin
4935 /FontType 1 def
4936 /FontMatrix [0.001 0 0 0.001 0 0 ]readonly def
4937 /FontName /CMTI10 def
4938 /FontBBox {-35 -250 1124 750 }readonly def
4939 /PaintType 0 def
4940 /FontInfo 9 dict dup begin
4941 /version (003.002) readonly def
4942 /Notice (Copyright \050c\051 1997, 2009 American Mathematical Society \050<http://www.ams.org>\051, with Reserved Font Name CMTI10.) readonly def
4943 /FullName (CMTI10) readonly def
4944 /FamilyName (Computer Modern) readonly def
4945 /Weight (Medium) readonly def
4946 /ItalicAngle -14.04 def
4947 /isFixedPitch false def
4948 /UnderlinePosition -100 def
4949 /UnderlineThickness 50 def
4950 end readonly def
4951 /Encoding 256 array
4952 0 1 255 {1 index exch /.notdef put} for
4953 dup 12 /fi put
4954 dup 45 /hyphen put
4955 dup 97 /a put
4956 dup 99 /c put
4957 dup 100 /d put
4958 dup 101 /e put
4959 dup 103 /g put
4960 dup 105 /i put
4961 dup 108 /l put
4962 dup 109 /m put
4963 dup 110 /n put
4964 dup 111 /o put
4965 dup 112 /p put
4966 dup 114 /r put
4967 dup 115 /s put
4968 dup 116 /t put
4969 dup 118 /v put
4970 dup 120 /x put
4971 readonly def
4972 currentdict end
4973 currentfile eexec
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5297 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000
5298 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000
5299 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000
5300 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000
5301 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000
5302 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000
5303 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000
5304 cleartomark
5305 {restore}if
5306 %%EndFont
5307 %%BeginFont: CMMI10
5308 %!PS-AdobeFont-1.0: CMMI10 003.002
5309 %%Title: CMMI10
5310 %Version: 003.002
5311 %%CreationDate: Mon Jul 13 16:17:00 2009
5312 %%Creator: David M. Jones
5313 %Copyright: Copyright (c) 1997, 2009 American Mathematical Society
5314 %Copyright: (<http://www.ams.org>), with Reserved Font Name CMMI10.
5315 % This Font Software is licensed under the SIL Open Font License, Version 1.1.
5316 % This license is in the accompanying file OFL.txt, and is also
5317 % available with a FAQ at: http://scripts.sil.org/OFL.
5318 %%EndComments
5319 FontDirectory/CMMI10 known{/CMMI10 findfont dup/UniqueID known{dup
5320 /UniqueID get 5087385 eq exch/FontType get 1 eq and}{pop false}ifelse
5321 {save true}{false}ifelse}{false}ifelse
5322 11 dict begin
5323 /FontType 1 def
5324 /FontMatrix [0.001 0 0 0.001 0 0 ]readonly def
5325 /FontName /CMMI10 def
5326 /FontBBox {-32 -250 1048 750 }readonly def
5327 /PaintType 0 def
5328 /FontInfo 10 dict dup begin
5329 /version (003.002) readonly def
5330 /Notice (Copyright \050c\051 1997, 2009 American Mathematical Society \050<http://www.ams.org>\051, with Reserved Font Name CMMI10.) readonly def
5331 /FullName (CMMI10) readonly def
5332 /FamilyName (Computer Modern) readonly def
5333 /Weight (Medium) readonly def
5334 /ItalicAngle -14.04 def
5335 /isFixedPitch false def
5336 /UnderlinePosition -100 def
5337 /UnderlineThickness 50 def
5338 /ascent 750 def
5339 end readonly def
5340 /Encoding 256 array
5341 0 1 255 {1 index exch /.notdef put} for
5342 dup 58 /period put
5343 readonly def
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5539 cleartomark
5540 {restore}if
5541 %%EndFont
5542 %%BeginFont: CMMI12
5543 %!PS-AdobeFont-1.0: CMMI12 003.002
5544 %%Title: CMMI12
5545 %Version: 003.002
5546 %%CreationDate: Mon Jul 13 16:17:00 2009
5547 %%Creator: David M. Jones
5548 %Copyright: Copyright (c) 1997, 2009 American Mathematical Society
5549 %Copyright: (<http://www.ams.org>), with Reserved Font Name CMMI12.
5550 % This Font Software is licensed under the SIL Open Font License, Version 1.1.
5551 % This license is in the accompanying file OFL.txt, and is also
5552 % available with a FAQ at: http://scripts.sil.org/OFL.
5553 %%EndComments
5554 FontDirectory/CMMI12 known{/CMMI12 findfont dup/UniqueID known{dup
5555 /UniqueID get 5087386 eq exch/FontType get 1 eq and}{pop false}ifelse
5556 {save true}{false}ifelse}{false}ifelse
5557 11 dict begin
5558 /FontType 1 def
5559 /FontMatrix [0.001 0 0 0.001 0 0 ]readonly def
5560 /FontName /CMMI12 def
5561 /FontBBox {-31 -250 1026 750 }readonly def
5562 /PaintType 0 def
5563 /FontInfo 10 dict dup begin
5564 /version (003.002) readonly def
5565 /Notice (Copyright \050c\051 1997, 2009 American Mathematical Society \050<http://www.ams.org>\051, with Reserved Font Name CMMI12.) readonly def
5566 /FullName (CMMI12) readonly def
5567 /FamilyName (Computer Modern) readonly def
5568 /Weight (Medium) readonly def
5569 /ItalicAngle -14.04 def
5570 /isFixedPitch false def
5571 /UnderlinePosition -100 def
5572 /UnderlineThickness 50 def
5573 /ascent 750 def
5574 end readonly def
5575 /Encoding 256 array
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5577 dup 58 /period put
5578 readonly def
5579 currentdict end
5580 currentfile eexec
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5770 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000
5771 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000
5772 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000
5773 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000
5774 cleartomark
5775 {restore}if
5776 %%EndFont
5777 %%BeginFont: CMSY10
5778 %!PS-AdobeFont-1.0: CMSY10 003.002
5779 %%Title: CMSY10
5780 %Version: 003.002
5781 %%CreationDate: Mon Jul 13 16:17:00 2009
5782 %%Creator: David M. Jones
5783 %Copyright: Copyright (c) 1997, 2009 American Mathematical Society
5784 %Copyright: (<http://www.ams.org>), with Reserved Font Name CMSY10.
5785 % This Font Software is licensed under the SIL Open Font License, Version 1.1.
5786 % This license is in the accompanying file OFL.txt, and is also
5787 % available with a FAQ at: http://scripts.sil.org/OFL.
5788 %%EndComments
5789 FontDirectory/CMSY10 known{/CMSY10 findfont dup/UniqueID known{dup
5790 /UniqueID get 5096651 eq exch/FontType get 1 eq and}{pop false}ifelse
5791 {save true}{false}ifelse}{false}ifelse
5792 11 dict begin
5793 /FontType 1 def
5794 /FontMatrix [0.001 0 0 0.001 0 0 ]readonly def
5795 /FontName /CMSY10 def
5796 /FontBBox {-29 -960 1116 775 }readonly def
5797 /PaintType 0 def
5798 /FontInfo 9 dict dup begin
5799 /version (003.002) readonly def
5800 /Notice (Copyright \050c\051 1997, 2009 American Mathematical Society \050<http://www.ams.org>\051, with Reserved Font Name CMSY10.) readonly def
5801 /FullName (CMSY10) readonly def
5802 /FamilyName (Computer Modern) readonly def
5803 /Weight (Medium) readonly def
5804 /ItalicAngle -14.04 def
5805 /isFixedPitch false def
5806 /UnderlinePosition -100 def
5807 /UnderlineThickness 50 def
5808 end readonly def
5809 /Encoding 256 array
5810 0 1 255 {1 index exch /.notdef put} for
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5812 dup 13 /circlecopyrt put
5813 dup 15 /bullet put
5814 dup 33 /arrowright put
5815 dup 55 /mapsto put
5816 readonly def
5817 currentdict end
5818 currentfile eexec
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6029 cleartomark
6030 {restore}if
6031 %%EndFont
6032 %%BeginFont: CMSL10
6033 %!PS-AdobeFont-1.0: CMSL10 003.002
6034 %%Title: CMSL10
6035 %Version: 003.002
6036 %%CreationDate: Mon Jul 13 16:17:00 2009
6037 %%Creator: David M. Jones
6038 %Copyright: Copyright (c) 1997, 2009 American Mathematical Society
6039 %Copyright: (<http://www.ams.org>), with Reserved Font Name CMSL10.
6040 % This Font Software is licensed under the SIL Open Font License, Version 1.1.
6041 % This license is in the accompanying file OFL.txt, and is also
6042 % available with a FAQ at: http://scripts.sil.org/OFL.
6043 %%EndComments
6044 FontDirectory/CMSL10 known{/CMSL10 findfont dup/UniqueID known{dup
6045 /UniqueID get 5000798 eq exch/FontType get 1 eq and}{pop false}ifelse
6046 {save true}{false}ifelse}{false}ifelse
6047 11 dict begin
6048 /FontType 1 def
6049 /FontMatrix [0.001 0 0 0.001 0 0 ]readonly def
6050 /FontName /CMSL10 def
6051 /FontBBox {-62 -250 1123 750 }readonly def
6052 /PaintType 0 def
6053 /FontInfo 9 dict dup begin
6054 /version (003.002) readonly def
6055 /Notice (Copyright \050c\051 1997, 2009 American Mathematical Society \050<http://www.ams.org>\051, with Reserved Font Name CMSL10.) readonly def
6056 /FullName (CMSL10) readonly def
6057 /FamilyName (Computer Modern) readonly def
6058 /Weight (Medium) readonly def
6059 /ItalicAngle -9.46 def
6060 /isFixedPitch false def
6061 /UnderlinePosition -100 def
6062 /UnderlineThickness 50 def
6063 end readonly def
6064 /Encoding 256 array
6065 0 1 255 {1 index exch /.notdef put} for
6066 dup 11 /ff put
6067 dup 12 /fi put
6068 dup 14 /ffi put
6069 dup 33 /exclam put
6070 dup 36 /dollar put
6071 dup 45 /hyphen put
6072 dup 49 /one put
6073 dup 50 /two put
6074 dup 51 /three put
6075 dup 65 /A put
6076 dup 66 /B put
6077 dup 67 /C put
6078 dup 68 /D put
6079 dup 69 /E put
6080 dup 70 /F put
6081 dup 71 /G put
6082 dup 72 /H put
6083 dup 73 /I put
6084 dup 75 /K put
6085 dup 76 /L put
6086 dup 77 /M put
6087 dup 78 /N put
6088 dup 79 /O put
6089 dup 80 /P put
6090 dup 82 /R put
6091 dup 83 /S put
6092 dup 84 /T put
6093 dup 85 /U put
6094 dup 87 /W put
6095 dup 88 /X put
6096 dup 89 /Y put
6097 dup 97 /a put
6098 dup 98 /b put
6099 dup 99 /c put
6100 dup 100 /d put
6101 dup 101 /e put
6102 dup 102 /f put
6103 dup 103 /g put
6104 dup 104 /h put
6105 dup 105 /i put
6106 dup 106 /j put
6107 dup 107 /k put
6108 dup 108 /l put
6109 dup 109 /m put
6110 dup 110 /n put
6111 dup 111 /o put
6112 dup 112 /p put
6113 dup 113 /q put
6114 dup 114 /r put
6115 dup 115 /s put
6116 dup 116 /t put
6117 dup 117 /u put
6118 dup 118 /v put
6119 dup 119 /w put
6120 dup 120 /x put
6121 dup 121 /y put
6122 dup 122 /z put
6123 readonly def
6124 currentdict end
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6717 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000
6718 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000
6719 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000
6720 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000
6721 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000
6722 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000
6723 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000
6724 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000
6725 cleartomark
6726 {restore}if
6727 %%EndFont
6728 %%BeginFont: CMTT10
6729 %!PS-AdobeFont-1.0: CMTT10 003.002
6730 %%Title: CMTT10
6731 %Version: 003.002
6732 %%CreationDate: Mon Jul 13 16:17:00 2009
6733 %%Creator: David M. Jones
6734 %Copyright: Copyright (c) 1997, 2009 American Mathematical Society
6735 %Copyright: (<http://www.ams.org>), with Reserved Font Name CMTT10.
6736 % This Font Software is licensed under the SIL Open Font License, Version 1.1.
6737 % This license is in the accompanying file OFL.txt, and is also
6738 % available with a FAQ at: http://scripts.sil.org/OFL.
6739 %%EndComments
6740 FontDirectory/CMTT10 known{/CMTT10 findfont dup/UniqueID known{dup
6741 /UniqueID get 5000832 eq exch/FontType get 1 eq and}{pop false}ifelse
6742 {save true}{false}ifelse}{false}ifelse
6743 11 dict begin
6744 /FontType 1 def
6745 /FontMatrix [0.001 0 0 0.001 0 0 ]readonly def
6746 /FontName /CMTT10 def
6747 /FontBBox {-4 -233 537 696 }readonly def
6748 /PaintType 0 def
6749 /FontInfo 9 dict dup begin
6750 /version (003.002) readonly def
6751 /Notice (Copyright \050c\051 1997, 2009 American Mathematical Society \050<http://www.ams.org>\051, with Reserved Font Name CMTT10.) readonly def
6752 /FullName (CMTT10) readonly def
6753 /FamilyName (Computer Modern) readonly def
6754 /Weight (Medium) readonly def
6755 /ItalicAngle 0 def
6756 /isFixedPitch true def
6757 /UnderlinePosition -100 def
6758 /UnderlineThickness 50 def
6759 end readonly def
6760 /Encoding 256 array
6761 0 1 255 {1 index exch /.notdef put} for
6762 dup 33 /exclam put
6763 dup 34 /quotedbl put
6764 dup 35 /numbersign put
6765 dup 36 /dollar put
6766 dup 37 /percent put
6767 dup 38 /ampersand put
6768 dup 39 /quoteright put
6769 dup 40 /parenleft put
6770 dup 41 /parenright put
6771 dup 42 /asterisk put
6772 dup 43 /plus put
6773 dup 44 /comma put
6774 dup 45 /hyphen put
6775 dup 46 /period put
6776 dup 47 /slash put
6777 dup 48 /zero put
6778 dup 49 /one put
6779 dup 50 /two put
6780 dup 51 /three put
6781 dup 52 /four put
6782 dup 53 /five put
6783 dup 54 /six put
6784 dup 55 /seven put
6785 dup 56 /eight put
6786 dup 57 /nine put
6787 dup 58 /colon put
6788 dup 59 /semicolon put
6789 dup 60 /less put
6790 dup 61 /equal put
6791 dup 62 /greater put
6792 dup 63 /question put
6793 dup 64 /at put
6794 dup 65 /A put
6795 dup 66 /B put
6796 dup 67 /C put
6797 dup 68 /D put
6798 dup 69 /E put
6799 dup 70 /F put
6800 dup 71 /G put
6801 dup 72 /H put
6802 dup 73 /I put
6803 dup 75 /K put
6804 dup 76 /L put
6805 dup 77 /M put
6806 dup 78 /N put
6807 dup 79 /O put
6808 dup 80 /P put
6809 dup 81 /Q put
6810 dup 82 /R put
6811 dup 83 /S put
6812 dup 84 /T put
6813 dup 85 /U put
6814 dup 86 /V put
6815 dup 87 /W put
6816 dup 88 /X put
6817 dup 89 /Y put
6818 dup 90 /Z put
6819 dup 91 /bracketleft put
6820 dup 92 /backslash put
6821 dup 93 /bracketright put
6822 dup 94 /asciicircum put
6823 dup 95 /underscore put
6824 dup 96 /quoteleft put
6825 dup 97 /a put
6826 dup 98 /b put
6827 dup 99 /c put
6828 dup 100 /d put
6829 dup 101 /e put
6830 dup 102 /f put
6831 dup 103 /g put
6832 dup 104 /h put
6833 dup 105 /i put
6834 dup 106 /j put
6835 dup 107 /k put
6836 dup 108 /l put
6837 dup 109 /m put
6838 dup 110 /n put
6839 dup 111 /o put
6840 dup 112 /p put
6841 dup 113 /q put
6842 dup 114 /r put
6843 dup 115 /s put
6844 dup 116 /t put
6845 dup 117 /u put
6846 dup 118 /v put
6847 dup 119 /w put
6848 dup 120 /x put
6849 dup 121 /y put
6850 dup 122 /z put
6851 dup 123 /braceleft put
6852 dup 124 /bar put
6853 dup 125 /braceright put
6854 dup 126 /asciitilde put
6855 readonly def
6856 currentdict end
6857 currentfile eexec
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8047 %%Page: -4 6
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8067 (:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)
8068 h(:)34 b Fu(154)275 768 y(10.6)92 b(Sharing)30 b(Defaults)24
8069 b Fn(:)16 b(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f
8070 (:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)
8071 f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)37 b Fu(154)275
8072 878 y(10.7)92 b(Op)s(eration)30 b(Con)m(trols)12 b Fn(:)k(:)f(:)h(:)f
8073 (:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)
8074 f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f
8075 (:)h(:)f(:)25 b Fu(154)275 987 y(10.8)92 b(Optional)31
8076 b(F)-8 b(eatures)19 b Fn(:)d(:)g(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)
8077 h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h
8078 (:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)32
8079 b Fu(155)150 1238 y Fs(App)t(endix)44 b(A)119 b(Rep)t(orting)46
8080 b(Bugs)21 b Fo(:)f(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)h
8081 (:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)35 b Fs(160)150 1498 y(App)t(endix)44
8082 b(B)125 b(Ma)7 b(jor)46 b(Di\013erences)g(F)-11 b(rom)284
8083 1639 y(The)45 b(Bourne)f(Shell)35 b Fo(:)19 b(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f
8084 (:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)
8085 f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)47 b Fs(161)275 1776 y Fu(B.1)92
8086 b(Implemen)m(tation)31 b(Di\013erences)h(F)-8 b(rom)31
8087 b(The)e(SVR4.2)j(Shell)22 b Fn(:)15 b(:)g(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h
8088 (:)35 b Fu(165)150 2027 y Fs(App)t(endix)44 b(C)124 b(GNU)36
8089 b(F)-11 b(ree)35 b(Do)t(cumen)l(tation)i(License)25 b
8090 Fo(:)20 b(:)29 b Fs(167)150 2305 y(App)t(endix)44 b(D)118
8091 b(Indexes)27 b Fo(:)20 b(:)g(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)
8092 h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)40
8093 b Fs(175)275 2442 y Fu(D.1)92 b(Index)29 b(of)i(Shell)f(Builtin)h
8094 (Commands)23 b Fn(:)16 b(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)
8095 g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)38
8096 b Fu(175)275 2552 y(D.2)92 b(Index)29 b(of)i(Shell)f(Reserv)m(ed)h(W)-8
8097 b(ords)20 b Fn(:)c(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f
8098 (:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)34
8099 b Fu(176)275 2661 y(D.3)92 b(P)m(arameter)31 b(and)f(V)-8
8100 b(ariable)32 b(Index)27 b Fn(:)16 b(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g
8101 (:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)
8102 h(:)f(:)g(:)42 b Fu(177)275 2771 y(D.4)92 b(F)-8 b(unction)31
8103 b(Index)24 b Fn(:)15 b(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h
8104 (:)f(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)
8105 f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)38
8106 b Fu(179)275 2880 y(D.5)92 b(Concept)30 b(Index)15 b
8107 Fn(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h
8108 (:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)
8109 h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)29 b
8110 Fu(181)p eop end
8111 %%Page: 1 7
8112 TeXDict begin 1 6 bop 3705 -116 a Fu(1)150 299 y Fp(1)80
8113 b(In)l(tro)t(duction)150 604 y Fs(1.1)68 b(What)45 b(is)g(Bash?)150
8114 763 y Fu(Bash)38 b(is)g(the)g(shell,)i(or)d(command)h(language)h(in)m
8115 (terpreter,)h(for)e(the)g Fm(gnu)f Fu(op)s(erating)h(system.)63
8116 b(The)150 873 y(name)33 b(is)g(an)g(acron)m(ym)g(for)g(the)g(`)p
8117 Ft(Bourne-Again)27 b(SHell)p Fu(',)32 b(a)i(pun)d(on)i(Stephen)f
8118 (Bourne,)h(the)g(author)150 983 y(of)f(the)f(direct)h(ancestor)h(of)e
8119 (the)h(curren)m(t)f(Unix)g(shell)h Ft(sh)p Fu(,)f(whic)m(h)g(app)s
8120 (eared)g(in)g(the)h(Sev)m(en)m(th)g(Edition)150 1092
8121 y(Bell)g(Labs)e(Researc)m(h)h(v)m(ersion)g(of)f(Unix.)275
8122 1221 y(Bash)f(is)g(largely)i(compatible)f(with)f Ft(sh)g
8123 Fu(and)g(incorp)s(orates)g(useful)g(features)g(from)g(the)g(Korn)g
8124 (shell)150 1330 y Ft(ksh)37 b Fu(and)h(the)g(C)g(shell)g
8125 Ft(csh)p Fu(.)64 b(It)38 b(is)g(in)m(tended)g(to)h(b)s(e)f(a)g
8126 (conforman)m(t)h(implemen)m(tation)h(of)e(the)g Fm(ieee)150
8127 1440 y(posix)c Fu(Shell)g(and)g(T)-8 b(o)s(ols)35 b(p)s(ortion)f(of)g
8128 (the)h Fm(ieee)f(posix)f Fu(sp)s(eci\014cation)j(\()p
8129 Fm(ieee)e Fu(Standard)f(1003.1\).)56 b(It)150 1550 y(o\013ers)31
8130 b(functional)f(impro)m(v)m(emen)m(ts)i(o)m(v)m(er)g Ft(sh)d
8131 Fu(for)i(b)s(oth)e(in)m(teractiv)m(e)k(and)d(programming)g(use.)275
8132 1678 y(While)h(the)g Fm(gnu)f Fu(op)s(erating)h(system)g(pro)m(vides)f
8133 (other)h(shells,)g(including)f(a)h(v)m(ersion)g(of)g
8134 Ft(csh)p Fu(,)f(Bash)150 1788 y(is)j(the)h(default)f(shell.)49
8135 b(Lik)m(e)34 b(other)g Fm(gnu)f Fu(soft)m(w)m(are,)i(Bash)f(is)f(quite)
8136 h(p)s(ortable.)49 b(It)33 b(curren)m(tly)g(runs)f(on)150
8137 1897 y(nearly)c(ev)m(ery)g(v)m(ersion)g(of)f(Unix)h(and)e(a)i(few)f
8138 (other)h(op)s(erating)g(systems)f Fq(\000)g Fu(indep)s(enden)m
8139 (tly-supp)s(orted)150 2007 y(p)s(orts)j(exist)h(for)f
8140 Fm(ms-dos)p Fu(,)f Fm(os/2)p Fu(,)i(and)f(Windo)m(ws)g(platforms.)150
8141 2236 y Fs(1.2)68 b(What)45 b(is)g(a)h(shell?)150 2395
8142 y Fu(A)m(t)32 b(its)f(base,)h(a)f(shell)g(is)h(simply)e(a)h(macro)h
8143 (pro)s(cessor)f(that)g(executes)i(commands.)42 b(The)30
8144 b(term)h(macro)150 2505 y(pro)s(cessor)25 b(means)g(functionalit)m(y)i
8145 (where)d(text)j(and)d(sym)m(b)s(ols)h(are)h(expanded)e(to)i(create)h
8146 (larger)f(expres-)150 2615 y(sions.)275 2743 y(A)34 b(Unix)h(shell)g
8147 (is)f(b)s(oth)g(a)h(command)g(in)m(terpreter)g(and)f(a)h(programming)f
8148 (language.)55 b(As)35 b(a)g(com-)150 2853 y(mand)30 b(in)m(terpreter,)i
8149 (the)g(shell)f(pro)m(vides)g(the)h(user)e(in)m(terface)j(to)f(the)f
8150 (ric)m(h)h(set)g(of)f Fm(gnu)g Fu(utilities.)44 b(The)150
8151 2962 y(programming)30 b(language)h(features)f(allo)m(w)h(these)g
8152 (utilities)g(to)g(b)s(e)e(com)m(bined.)41 b(Files)31
8153 b(con)m(taining)g(com-)150 3072 y(mands)e(can)i(b)s(e)e(created,)j(and)
8154 d(b)s(ecome)i(commands)f(themselv)m(es.)42 b(These)30
8155 b(new)f(commands)h(ha)m(v)m(e)i(the)150 3182 y(same)j(status)g(as)g
8156 (system)g(commands)f(in)g(directories)i(suc)m(h)e(as)h
8157 Ft(/bin)p Fu(,)g(allo)m(wing)h(users)e(or)g(groups)g(to)150
8158 3291 y(establish)d(custom)f(en)m(vironmen)m(ts)h(to)g(automate)h(their)
8159 f(common)f(tasks.)275 3420 y(Shells)j(ma)m(y)h(b)s(e)f(used)g(in)m
8160 (teractiv)m(ely)k(or)d(non-in)m(teractiv)m(ely)-8 b(.)54
8161 b(In)33 b(in)m(teractiv)m(e)j(mo)s(de,)f(they)e(accept)150
8162 3529 y(input)21 b(t)m(yp)s(ed)h(from)g(the)h(k)m(eyb)s(oard.)37
8163 b(When)22 b(executing)i(non-in)m(teractiv)m(ely)-8 b(,)27
8164 b(shells)c(execute)g(commands)150 3639 y(read)30 b(from)g(a)h(\014le.)
8165 275 3768 y(A)41 b(shell)g(allo)m(ws)h(execution)h(of)e
8166 Fm(gnu)g Fu(commands,)i(b)s(oth)e(sync)m(hronously)f(and)h(async)m
8167 (hronously)-8 b(.)150 3877 y(The)29 b(shell)g(w)m(aits)i(for)e(sync)m
8168 (hronous)f(commands)h(to)h(complete)h(b)s(efore)e(accepting)i(more)e
8169 (input;)g(asyn-)150 3987 y(c)m(hronous)22 b(commands)h(con)m(tin)m(ue)h
8170 (to)f(execute)h(in)e(parallel)i(with)f(the)f(shell)h(while)g(it)g
8171 (reads)g(and)f(executes)150 4096 y(additional)35 b(commands.)50
8172 b(The)33 b Fr(redirection)h Fu(constructs)g(p)s(ermit)f(\014ne-grained)
8173 g(con)m(trol)i(of)f(the)g(input)150 4206 y(and)40 b(output)f(of)i
8174 (those)f(commands.)70 b(Moreo)m(v)m(er,)45 b(the)c(shell)f(allo)m(ws)h
8175 (con)m(trol)h(o)m(v)m(er)g(the)e(con)m(ten)m(ts)i(of)150
8176 4316 y(commands')30 b(en)m(vironmen)m(ts.)275 4444 y(Shells)k(also)i
8177 (pro)m(vide)g(a)f(small)h(set)f(of)g(built-in)g(commands)g(\()p
8178 Fr(builtins)t Fu(\))g(implemen)m(ting)h(function-)150
8179 4554 y(alit)m(y)i(imp)s(ossible)e(or)g(incon)m(v)m(enien)m(t)j(to)e
8180 (obtain)g(via)g(separate)g(utilities.)61 b(F)-8 b(or)37
8181 b(example,)i Ft(cd)p Fu(,)e Ft(break)p Fu(,)150 4663
8182 y Ft(continue)p Fu(,)28 b(and)i Ft(exec)f Fu(cannot)i(b)s(e)f(implemen)
8183 m(ted)h(outside)g(of)f(the)h(shell)f(b)s(ecause)h(they)f(directly)h
8184 (ma-)150 4773 y(nipulate)d(the)g(shell)g(itself.)41 b(The)27
8185 b Ft(history)p Fu(,)g Ft(getopts)p Fu(,)f Ft(kill)p Fu(,)i(or)g
8186 Ft(pwd)f Fu(builtins,)h(among)g(others,)h(could)150 4883
8187 y(b)s(e)34 b(implemen)m(ted)g(in)g(separate)h(utilities,)i(but)d(they)g
8188 (are)g(more)h(con)m(v)m(enien)m(t)h(to)f(use)f(as)g(builtin)g(com-)150
8189 4992 y(mands.)40 b(All)31 b(of)f(the)h(shell)f(builtins)g(are)h
8190 (describ)s(ed)e(in)h(subsequen)m(t)g(sections.)275 5121
8191 y(While)39 b(executing)h(commands)e(is)g(essen)m(tial,)43
8192 b(most)c(of)g(the)g(p)s(o)m(w)m(er)f(\(and)g(complexit)m(y\))j(of)e
8193 (shells)150 5230 y(is)34 b(due)f(to)i(their)f(em)m(b)s(edded)f
8194 (programming)h(languages.)52 b(Lik)m(e)35 b(an)m(y)f(high-lev)m(el)i
8195 (language,)h(the)d(shell)150 5340 y(pro)m(vides)c(v)-5
8196 b(ariables,)32 b(\015o)m(w)e(con)m(trol)i(constructs,)f(quoting,)g(and)
8197 f(functions.)p eop end
8198 %%Page: 2 8
8199 TeXDict begin 2 7 bop 150 -116 a Fu(Chapter)30 b(1:)41
8200 b(In)m(tro)s(duction)2592 b(2)275 299 y(Shells)21 b(o\013er)i(features)
8201 f(geared)h(sp)s(eci\014cally)g(for)f(in)m(teractiv)m(e)j(use)d(rather)g
8202 (than)g(to)h(augmen)m(t)g(the)f(pro-)150 408 y(gramming)32
8203 b(language.)48 b(These)32 b(in)m(teractiv)m(e)j(features)d(include)g
8204 (job)g(con)m(trol,)j(command)c(line)i(editing,)150 518
8205 y(command)d(history)g(and)g(aliases.)42 b(Eac)m(h)31
8206 b(of)g(these)g(features)f(is)h(describ)s(ed)e(in)h(this)g(man)m(ual.)p
8207 eop end
8208 %%Page: 3 9
8209 TeXDict begin 3 8 bop 3705 -116 a Fu(3)150 299 y Fp(2)80
8210 b(De\014nitions)150 552 y Fu(These)30 b(de\014nitions)g(are)h(used)e
8211 (throughout)h(the)h(remainder)f(of)g(this)h(man)m(ual.)150
8212 720 y Ft(POSIX)240 b Fu(A)27 b(family)g(of)g(op)s(en)f(system)g
8213 (standards)g(based)g(on)h(Unix.)39 b(Bash)27 b(is)g(primarily)f
8214 (concerned)630 830 y(with)k(the)h(Shell)f(and)g(Utilities)i(p)s(ortion)
8215 e(of)h(the)f Fm(posix)g Fu(1003.1)j(standard.)150 995
8216 y Ft(blank)240 b Fu(A)30 b(space)h(or)g(tab)f(c)m(haracter.)150
8217 1161 y Ft(builtin)144 b Fu(A)35 b(command)g(that)g(is)g(implemen)m(ted)
8218 g(in)m(ternally)h(b)m(y)f(the)g(shell)g(itself,)i(rather)d(than)h(b)m
8219 (y)630 1271 y(an)30 b(executable)i(program)e(somewhere)h(in)f(the)g
8220 (\014le)h(system.)150 1436 y Ft(control)d(operator)630
8221 1546 y Fu(A)20 b Ft(token)f Fu(that)i(p)s(erforms)e(a)i(con)m(trol)g
8222 (function.)37 b(It)21 b(is)f(a)h Ft(newline)d Fu(or)j(one)f(of)h(the)f
8223 (follo)m(wing:)630 1655 y(`)p Ft(||)p Fu(',)31 b(`)p
8224 Ft(&&)p Fu(',)f(`)p Ft(&)p Fu(',)h(`)p Ft(;)p Fu(',)g(`)p
8225 Ft(;;)p Fu(',)f(`)p Ft(;&)p Fu(',)h(`)p Ft(;;&)p Fu(',)f(`)p
8226 Ft(|)p Fu(',)h(`)p Ft(|&)p Fu(',)f(`)p Ft(\()p Fu(',)h(or)f(`)p
8227 Ft(\))p Fu('.)150 1821 y Ft(exit)f(status)630 1931 y
8228 Fu(The)f(v)-5 b(alue)29 b(returned)e(b)m(y)h(a)h(command)f(to)h(its)g
8229 (caller.)41 b(The)28 b(v)-5 b(alue)29 b(is)f(restricted)h(to)h(eigh)m
8230 (t)630 2040 y(bits,)h(so)f(the)h(maxim)m(um)f(v)-5 b(alue)31
8231 b(is)f(255.)150 2206 y Ft(field)240 b Fu(A)27 b(unit)g(of)g(text)h
8232 (that)g(is)f(the)g(result)g(of)g(one)h(of)f(the)g(shell)g(expansions.)
8233 40 b(After)27 b(expansion,)630 2315 y(when)e(executing)h(a)g(command,)h
8234 (the)f(resulting)f(\014elds)g(are)h(used)f(as)h(the)g(command)f(name)
8235 630 2425 y(and)30 b(argumen)m(ts.)150 2591 y Ft(filename)96
8236 b Fu(A)30 b(string)h(of)f(c)m(haracters)i(used)e(to)h(iden)m(tify)g(a)f
8237 (\014le.)150 2756 y Ft(job)336 b Fu(A)31 b(set)h(of)f(pro)s(cesses)g
8238 (comprising)g(a)g(pip)s(eline,)g(and)g(an)m(y)g(pro)s(cesses)g
8239 (descended)g(from)f(it,)630 2866 y(that)h(are)g(all)g(in)f(the)h(same)f
8240 (pro)s(cess)g(group.)150 3031 y Ft(job)f(control)630
8241 3141 y Fu(A)22 b(mec)m(hanism)g(b)m(y)f(whic)m(h)h(users)f(can)h
8242 (selectiv)m(ely)i(stop)e(\(susp)s(end\))e(and)h(restart)i(\(resume\))
8243 630 3251 y(execution)32 b(of)e(pro)s(cesses.)150 3416
8244 y Ft(metacharacter)630 3526 y Fu(A)23 b(c)m(haracter)h(that,)h(when)d
8245 (unquoted,)h(separates)h(w)m(ords.)37 b(A)23 b(metac)m(haracter)i(is)e
8246 (a)g Ft(space)p Fu(,)630 3635 y Ft(tab)p Fu(,)29 b Ft(newline)p
8247 Fu(,)e(or)i(one)h(of)f(the)h(follo)m(wing)g(c)m(haracters:)42
8248 b(`)p Ft(|)p Fu(',)29 b(`)p Ft(&)p Fu(',)h(`)p Ft(;)p
8249 Fu(',)g(`)p Ft(\()p Fu(',)g(`)p Ft(\))p Fu(',)g(`)p Ft(<)p
8250 Fu(',)f(or)h(`)p Ft(>)p Fu('.)150 3801 y Ft(name)288
8251 b Fu(A)37 b Ft(word)f Fu(consisting)i(solely)h(of)e(letters,)j(n)m(um)m
8252 (b)s(ers,)e(and)f(underscores,)h(and)f(b)s(eginning)630
8253 3910 y(with)23 b(a)g(letter)h(or)f(underscore.)38 b Ft(Name)p
8254 Fu(s)22 b(are)h(used)f(as)i(shell)f(v)-5 b(ariable)24
8255 b(and)e(function)h(names.)630 4020 y(Also)31 b(referred)f(to)h(as)f(an)
8256 h Ft(identifier)p Fu(.)150 4186 y Ft(operator)96 b Fu(A)38
8257 b Ft(control)28 b(operator)36 b Fu(or)h(a)i Ft(redirection)27
8258 b(operator)p Fu(.)61 b(See)38 b(Section)g(3.6)h([Redirec-)630
8259 4295 y(tions],)f(page)f(35,)i(for)d(a)g(list)h(of)f(redirection)h(op)s
8260 (erators.)58 b(Op)s(erators)35 b(con)m(tain)j(at)f(least)630
8261 4405 y(one)31 b(unquoted)e Ft(metacharacter)p Fu(.)150
8262 4570 y Ft(process)f(group)630 4680 y Fu(A)i(collection)k(of)c(related)h
8263 (pro)s(cesses)g(eac)m(h)g(ha)m(ving)g(the)g(same)f(pro)s(cess)g(group)g
8264 Fm(id)p Fu(.)150 4846 y Ft(process)e(group)h(ID)630 4955
8265 y Fu(A)h(unique)g(iden)m(ti\014er)h(that)f(represen)m(ts)h(a)g
8266 Ft(process)d(group)h Fu(during)g(its)i(lifetime.)150
8267 5121 y Ft(reserved)d(word)630 5230 y Fu(A)h Ft(word)e
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8271 Ft(for)g Fu(and)g Ft(while)p Fu(.)p eop end
8272 %%Page: 4 10
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8279 150 837 y Ft(special)d(builtin)630 946 y Fu(A)j(shell)f(builtin)g
8280 (command)h(that)g(has)f(b)s(een)g(classi\014ed)h(as)g(sp)s(ecial)g(b)m
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8282 y Ft(token)240 b Fu(A)38 b(sequence)h(of)f(c)m(haracters)h(considered)f
8283 (a)h(single)g(unit)e(b)m(y)h(the)h(shell.)64 b(It)38
8284 b(is)g(either)h(a)630 1325 y Ft(word)29 b Fu(or)i(an)f
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8286 (c)m(haracters)h(treated)g(as)f(a)g(unit)f(b)m(y)h(the)g(shell.)40
8287 b(W)-8 b(ords)28 b(ma)m(y)g(not)g(include)630 1594 y(unquoted)i
8288 Ft(metacharacters)p Fu(.)p eop end
8289 %%Page: 5 11
8290 TeXDict begin 5 10 bop 3705 -116 a Fu(5)150 299 y Fp(3)80
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8292 b(is)g(an)f(acron)m(ym)i(for)e(`)p Ft(Bourne-Again)27
8293 b(SHell)p Fu('.)37 b(The)20 b(Bourne)g(shell)h(is)g(the)g(traditional)h
8294 (Unix)f(shell)150 710 y(originally)h(written)f(b)m(y)f(Stephen)g
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8297 (ev)-5 b(aluation)28 b(and)d(quoting)h(are)h(tak)m(en)g(from)f(the)g
8298 Fm(posix)f Fu(sp)s(eci\014cation)i(for)f(the)150 929
8299 y(`standard')k(Unix)g(shell.)275 1086 y(This)h(c)m(hapter)i(brie\015y)e
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8301 b(commands,)32 b(con)m(trol)i(struc-)150 1196 y(tures,)k(shell)e
8302 (functions,)h(shell)g Fl(p)-5 b(ar)g(ameters)p Fu(,)41
8303 b(shell)36 b(expansions,)i Fl(r)-5 b(e)g(dir)g(e)g(ctions)p
8304 Fu(,)40 b(whic)m(h)c(are)h(a)f(w)m(a)m(y)h(to)150 1306
8305 y(direct)31 b(input)e(and)h(output)g(from)g(and)g(to)h(named)f
8306 (\014les,)g(and)g(ho)m(w)g(the)h(shell)g(executes)g(commands.)150
8307 1580 y Fs(3.1)68 b(Shell)45 b(Syn)l(tax)150 1740 y Fu(When)40
8308 b(the)h(shell)g(reads)f(input,)i(it)f(pro)s(ceeds)f(through)g(a)h
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8310 1849 y(indicates)31 b(the)f(b)s(eginning)f(of)h(a)g(commen)m(t,)h(the)f
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8315 2225 y(and)23 b(op)s(erators,)j(emplo)m(ying)e(the)g(quoting)h(rules)e
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8317 b(arious)23 b(w)m(ords)150 2335 y(and)30 b(c)m(haracters.)275
8318 2492 y(The)38 b(shell)h(then)f(parses)g(these)h(tok)m(ens)h(in)m(to)f
8319 (commands)g(and)f(other)h(constructs,)i(remo)m(v)m(es)f(the)150
8320 2602 y(sp)s(ecial)31 b(meaning)f(of)g(certain)h(w)m(ords)f(or)g(c)m
8321 (haracters,)i(expands)d(others,)h(redirects)h(input)e(and)g(output)150
8322 2711 y(as)d(needed,)g(executes)g(the)g(sp)s(eci\014ed)e(command,)j(w)m
8323 (aits)f(for)f(the)g(command's)g(exit)i(status,)f(and)f(mak)m(es)150
8324 2821 y(that)31 b(exit)g(status)g(a)m(v)-5 b(ailable)33
8325 b(for)d(further)f(insp)s(ection)h(or)h(pro)s(cessing.)150
8326 3043 y Fk(3.1.1)63 b(Shell)41 b(Op)s(eration)150 3190
8327 y Fu(The)c(follo)m(wing)h(is)f(a)h(brief)e(description)i(of)f(the)g
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8331 (\014le)h(\(see)g(Section)g(3.8)g([Shell)f(Scripts],)j(page)e(42\),)k
8332 (from)41 b(a)i(string)330 3566 y(supplied)30 b(as)h(an)g(argumen)m(t)h
8333 (to)g(the)f Ft(-c)g Fu(in)m(v)m(o)s(cation)i(option)f(\(see)g(Section)g
8334 (6.1)g([In)m(v)m(oking)g(Bash],)330 3675 y(page)f(86\),)h(or)e(from)g
8335 (the)h(user's)f(terminal.)199 3821 y(2.)61 b(Breaks)43
8336 b(the)g(input)f(in)m(to)h(w)m(ords)f(and)g(op)s(erators,)k(ob)s(eying)d
8337 (the)g(quoting)g(rules)f(describ)s(ed)f(in)330 3931 y(Section)27
8338 b(3.1.2)i([Quoting],)f(page)f(6.)40 b(These)26 b(tok)m(ens)i(are)f
8339 (separated)g(b)m(y)f Ft(metacharacters)p Fu(.)36 b(Alias)330
8340 4040 y(expansion)30 b(is)h(p)s(erformed)d(b)m(y)j(this)f(step)g(\(see)i
8341 (Section)f(6.6)g([Aliases],)i(page)e(94\).)199 4186 y(3.)61
8342 b(P)m(arses)35 b(the)g(tok)m(ens)g(in)m(to)h(simple)e(and)g(comp)s
8343 (ound)f(commands)h(\(see)h(Section)h(3.2)f([Shell)g(Com-)330
8344 4296 y(mands],)30 b(page)h(8\).)199 4442 y(4.)61 b(P)m(erforms)40
8345 b(the)h(v)-5 b(arious)40 b(shell)h(expansions)f(\(see)h(Section)g(3.5)g
8346 ([Shell)g(Expansions],)h(page)f(22\),)330 4551 y(breaking)35
8347 b(the)g(expanded)g(tok)m(ens)h(in)m(to)g(lists)f(of)g(\014lenames)h
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8354 y(6.)61 b(Executes)31 b(the)g(command)f(\(see)h(Section)g(3.7)h
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8356 b(Optionally)40 b(w)m(aits)g(for)f(the)g(command)g(to)h(complete)g(and)
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8358 y(tion)31 b(3.7.5)h([Exit)f(Status],)g(page)g(41\).)p
8359 eop end
8360 %%Page: 6 12
8361 TeXDict begin 6 11 bop 150 -116 a Fu(Chapter)30 b(3:)41
8362 b(Basic)32 b(Shell)e(F)-8 b(eatures)2292 b(6)150 299
8363 y Fk(3.1.2)63 b(Quoting)150 446 y Fu(Quoting)32 b(is)h(used)e(to)i
8364 (remo)m(v)m(e)h(the)e(sp)s(ecial)h(meaning)f(of)h(certain)g(c)m
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8366 y(Quoting)c(can)f(b)s(e)g(used)f(to)j(disable)e(sp)s(ecial)h(treatmen)m
8367 (t)h(for)e(sp)s(ecial)h(c)m(haracters,)i(to)e(prev)m(en)m(t)g(reserv)m
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8370 795 y(Eac)m(h)22 b(of)g(the)g(shell)g(metac)m(haracters)i(\(see)f
8371 (Chapter)e(2)i([De\014nitions],)h(page)f(3\))g(has)e(sp)s(ecial)i
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8377 b(expansion)h Fu(c)m(haracter,)h(usually)f(`)p Ft(!)p
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8379 (expansion.)41 b(See)150 1234 y(Section)22 b(9.1)g([Bash)f(History)h(F)
8380 -8 b(acilities],)26 b(page)c(146,)j(for)20 b(more)h(details)h
8381 (concerning)g(history)f(expansion.)275 1364 y(There)37
8382 b(are)h(three)f(quoting)h(mec)m(hanisms:)56 b(the)38
8383 b Fr(escap)s(e)g(c)m(haracter)p Fu(,)j(single)d(quotes,)i(and)d(double)
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8385 b(Character)150 1812 y Fu(A)36 b(non-quoted)f(bac)m(kslash)h(`)p
8386 Ft(\\)p Fu(')g(is)f(the)h(Bash)g(escap)s(e)f(c)m(haracter.)58
8387 b(It)36 b(preserv)m(es)f(the)h(literal)h(v)-5 b(alue)36
8388 b(of)150 1921 y(the)27 b(next)g(c)m(haracter)h(that)f(follo)m(ws,)i
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8391 (kslash)g(itself)g(is)g(not)g(quoted,)g(the)f Ft(\\newline)f
8392 Fu(is)h(treated)i(as)f(a)g(line)g(con)m(tin)m(uation)h(\(that)150
8393 2140 y(is,)f(it)g(is)f(remo)m(v)m(ed)h(from)f(the)h(input)e(stream)i
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8405 b(quotes,)h(with)f(the)g(exception)h(of)f(`)p Ft($)p
8406 Fu(',)h(`)p Ft(`)p Fu(',)g(`)p Ft(\\)p Fu(',)g(and,)f(when)f(history)g
8407 (expansion)h(is)g(enabled,)h(`)p Ft(!)p Fu('.)150 3254
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8430 b(The)150 4241 y(bac)m(kslash)31 b(preceding)f(the)h(`)p
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8432 b(sp)s(ecial)h(parameters)f(`)p Ft(*)p Fu(')h(and)f(`)p
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8444 eop end
8445 %%Page: 7 13
8446 TeXDict begin 7 12 bop 150 -116 a Fu(Chapter)30 b(3:)41
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8449 (\(not)f(ANSI)f(C\))150 566 y Ft(\\f)384 b Fu(form)30
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8452 b(tab)150 1194 y Ft(\\v)384 b Fu(v)m(ertical)32 b(tab)150
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8454 Fu(single)31 b(quote)150 1665 y Ft(\\")384 b Fu(double)30
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8460 b(eigh)m(t-bit)i(c)m(haracter)f(whose)f(v)-5 b(alue)36
8461 b(is)g(the)g(hexadecimal)h(v)-5 b(alue)36 b Fr(HH)46
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8463 2513 y Ft(\\u)p Fj(HHHH)192 b Fu(the)33 b(Unico)s(de)f(\(ISO/IEC)g
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8465 (hexadecimal)g(v)-5 b(alue)630 2623 y Fr(HHHH)41 b Fu(\(one)31
8466 b(to)g(four)f(hex)g(digits\))150 2780 y Ft(\\U)p Fj(HHHHHHHH)630
8467 2889 y Fu(the)j(Unico)s(de)f(\(ISO/IEC)g(10646\))j(c)m(haracter)f
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8470 (digits\))150 3156 y Ft(\\c)p Fj(x)336 b Fu(a)31 b(con)m(trol-)p
8471 Fr(x)38 b Fu(c)m(haracter)150 3313 y(The)30 b(expanded)f(result)i(is)f
8472 (single-quoted,)i(as)f(if)f(the)g(dollar)h(sign)g(had)e(not)i(b)s(een)f
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8474 b(T)-10 b(ranslation)150 3657 y Fu(A)28 b(double-quoted)g(string)f
8475 (preceded)h(b)m(y)f(a)h(dollar)h(sign)e(\(`)p Ft($)p
8476 Fu('\))i(will)f(cause)g(the)g(string)g(to)g(b)s(e)f(translated)150
8477 3767 y(according)37 b(to)g(the)f(curren)m(t)g(lo)s(cale.)59
8478 b(The)36 b Fr(gettext)k Fu(infrastructure)35 b(p)s(erforms)g(the)h
8479 (message)h(catalog)150 3876 y(lo)s(okup)21 b(and)g(translation,)k
8480 (using)c(the)h Ft(LC_MESSAGES)d Fu(and)i Ft(TEXTDOMAIN)e
8481 Fu(shell)i(v)-5 b(ariables,)25 b(as)d(explained)150 3986
8482 y(b)s(elo)m(w.)57 b(See)36 b(the)g(gettext)i(do)s(cumen)m(tation)e(for)
8483 g(additional)g(details.)58 b(If)35 b(the)h(curren)m(t)f(lo)s(cale)j(is)
8484 e Ft(C)f Fu(or)150 4096 y Ft(POSIX)p Fu(,)g(or)g(if)g(there)g(are)h(no)
8485 f(translations)h(a)m(v)-5 b(ailable,)38 b(the)e(dollar)f(sign)g(is)g
8486 (ignored.)55 b(If)35 b(the)g(string)g(is)150 4205 y(translated)c(and)f
8487 (replaced,)h(the)f(replacemen)m(t)i(is)f(double-quoted.)275
8488 4339 y(Some)20 b(systems)h(use)f(the)h(message)h(catalog)h(selected)f
8489 (b)m(y)f(the)g Ft(LC_MESSAGES)c Fu(shell)k(v)-5 b(ariable.)39
8490 b(Others)150 4448 y(create)g(the)e(name)g(of)g(the)g(message)h(catalog)
8491 i(from)d(the)g(v)-5 b(alue)37 b(of)g(the)h Ft(TEXTDOMAIN)c
8492 Fu(shell)j(v)-5 b(ariable,)150 4558 y(p)s(ossibly)31
8493 b(adding)g(a)g(su\016x)g(of)h(`)p Ft(.mo)p Fu('.)43 b(If)31
8494 b(y)m(ou)h(use)f(the)h Ft(TEXTDOMAIN)c Fu(v)-5 b(ariable,)33
8495 b(y)m(ou)f(ma)m(y)g(need)f(to)h(set)150 4667 y(the)22
8496 b Ft(TEXTDOMAINDIR)d Fu(v)-5 b(ariable)23 b(to)g(the)f(lo)s(cation)i
8497 (of)e(the)h(message)g(catalog)i(\014les.)38 b(Still)23
8498 b(others)f(use)g(b)s(oth)150 4777 y(v)-5 b(ariables)31
8499 b(in)f(this)g(fashion:)41 b Ft(TEXTDOMAINDIR)p Fu(/)p
8500 Ft(LC_MESSAGES)p Fu(/LC)p 2528 4777 28 4 v 34 w(MESSA)m(GES/)p
8501 Ft(TEXTDOMAIN)p Fu(.mo.)150 4974 y Fk(3.1.3)63 b(Commen)m(ts)150
8502 5121 y Fu(In)21 b(a)i(non-in)m(teractiv)m(e)h(shell,)g(or)e(an)g(in)m
8503 (teractiv)m(e)j(shell)d(in)g(whic)m(h)g(the)g Ft(interactive_comments)
8504 16 b Fu(option)150 5230 y(to)40 b(the)f Ft(shopt)e Fu(builtin)h(is)h
8505 (enabled)g(\(see)h(Section)g(4.3.2)g([The)f(Shopt)f(Builtin],)k(page)e
8506 (66\),)i(a)d(w)m(ord)150 5340 y(b)s(eginning)26 b(with)g(`)p
8507 Ft(#)p Fu(')g(causes)h(that)f(w)m(ord)g(and)g(all)h(remaining)g(c)m
8508 (haracters)g(on)f(that)h(line)g(to)g(b)s(e)f(ignored.)p
8509 eop end
8510 %%Page: 8 14
8511 TeXDict begin 8 13 bop 150 -116 a Fu(Chapter)30 b(3:)41
8512 b(Basic)32 b(Shell)e(F)-8 b(eatures)2292 b(8)150 299
8513 y(An)43 b(in)m(teractiv)m(e)j(shell)e(without)f(the)g
8514 Ft(interactive_comments)38 b Fu(option)44 b(enabled)f(do)s(es)g(not)g
8515 (allo)m(w)150 408 y(commen)m(ts.)56 b(The)34 b Ft(interactive_comments)
8516 c Fu(option)35 b(is)g(on)g(b)m(y)g(default)g(in)g(in)m(teractiv)m(e)j
8517 (shells.)55 b(See)150 518 y(Section)30 b(6.3)f([In)m(teractiv)m(e)j
8518 (Shells],)d(page)h(89,)g(for)e(a)i(description)e(of)h(what)g(mak)m(es)h
8519 (a)f(shell)g(in)m(teractiv)m(e.)150 757 y Fs(3.2)68 b(Shell)45
8520 b(Commands)150 916 y Fu(A)d(simple)g(shell)g(command)f(suc)m(h)h(as)g
8521 Ft(echo)29 b(a)h(b)g(c)41 b Fu(consists)i(of)f(the)f(command)h(itself)h
8522 (follo)m(w)m(ed)g(b)m(y)150 1026 y(argumen)m(ts,)31 b(separated)g(b)m
8523 (y)f(spaces.)275 1159 y(More)h(complex)h(shell)f(commands)g(are)g(comp)
8524 s(osed)g(of)g(simple)g(commands)g(arranged)g(together)h(in)150
8525 1269 y(a)f(v)-5 b(ariet)m(y)32 b(of)f(w)m(a)m(ys:)41
8526 b(in)31 b(a)g(pip)s(eline)f(in)g(whic)m(h)g(the)h(output)f(of)h(one)f
8527 (command)h(b)s(ecomes)f(the)h(input)f(of)150 1378 y(a)h(second,)f(in)h
8528 (a)f(lo)s(op)h(or)f(conditional)i(construct,)f(or)f(in)g(some)h(other)g
8529 (grouping.)150 1575 y Fk(3.2.1)63 b(Reserv)m(ed)40 b(W)-10
8530 b(ords)150 1722 y Fu(Reserv)m(ed)33 b(w)m(ords)g(are)g(w)m(ords)g(that)
8531 g(ha)m(v)m(e)h(sp)s(ecial)g(meaning)f(to)h(the)f(shell.)49
8532 b(They)32 b(are)h(used)g(to)g(b)s(egin)150 1832 y(and)d(end)f(the)i
8533 (shell's)g(comp)s(ound)e(commands.)275 1965 y(The)k(follo)m(wing)i(w)m
8534 (ords)e(are)h(recognized)i(as)e(reserv)m(ed)f(when)g(unquoted)g(and)g
8535 (the)h(\014rst)f(w)m(ord)h(of)g(a)150 2075 y(command)c(\(see)h(b)s(elo)
8536 m(w)g(for)f(exceptions\):)150 2208 y Ft(if)364 b(then)168
8537 b(elif)g(else)g(fi)336 b(time)150 2318 y(for)316 b(in)264
8538 b(until)120 b(while)g(do)336 b(done)150 2427 y(case)268
8539 b(esac)168 b(coproc)72 b(select)g(function)150 2537 y({)412
8540 b(})312 b([[)264 b(]])g(!)150 2670 y(in)33 b Fu(is)h(recognized)h(as)f
8541 (a)g(reserv)m(ed)f(w)m(ord)h(if)f(it)h(is)g(the)g(third)f(w)m(ord)g(of)
8542 h(a)g Ft(case)e Fu(or)i Ft(select)e Fu(command.)150 2780
8543 y Ft(in)e Fu(and)g Ft(do)f Fu(are)i(recognized)h(as)e(reserv)m(ed)h(w)m
8544 (ords)f(if)g(they)h(are)f(the)h(third)f(w)m(ord)g(in)g(a)g
8545 Ft(for)g Fu(command.)150 2977 y Fk(3.2.2)63 b(Simple)41
8546 b(Commands)150 3124 y Fu(A)29 b(simple)f(command)g(is)h(the)g(kind)e
8547 (of)i(command)f(encoun)m(tered)h(most)g(often.)40 b(It's)29
8548 b(just)f(a)h(sequence)g(of)150 3233 y(w)m(ords)22 b(separated)i(b)m(y)e
8549 Ft(blank)p Fu(s,)i(terminated)f(b)m(y)g(one)g(of)g(the)g(shell's)g(con)
8550 m(trol)h(op)s(erators)f(\(see)h(Chapter)f(2)150 3343
8551 y([De\014nitions],)37 b(page)e(3\).)54 b(The)35 b(\014rst)e(w)m(ord)i
8552 (generally)g(sp)s(eci\014es)g(a)g(command)f(to)h(b)s(e)f(executed,)j
8553 (with)150 3452 y(the)31 b(rest)f(of)h(the)f(w)m(ords)g(b)s(eing)g(that)
8554 h(command's)f(argumen)m(ts.)275 3586 y(The)h(return)h(status)g(\(see)i
8555 (Section)f(3.7.5)h([Exit)f(Status],)h(page)f(41\))g(of)g(a)g(simple)f
8556 (command)g(is)h(its)150 3695 y(exit)38 b(status)f(as)g(pro)m(vided)f(b)
8557 m(y)h(the)g Fm(posix)f Fu(1003.1)j Ft(waitpid)c Fu(function,)j(or)f
8558 (128)p Ft(+)p Fr(n)g Fu(if)g(the)g(command)150 3805 y(w)m(as)31
8559 b(terminated)g(b)m(y)f(signal)h Fr(n)p Fu(.)150 4002
8560 y Fk(3.2.3)63 b(Pip)s(elines)150 4149 y Fu(A)21 b Ft(pipeline)d
8561 Fu(is)j(a)g(sequence)g(of)g(one)g(or)g(more)g(commands)f(separated)h(b)
8562 m(y)g(one)g(of)g(the)g(con)m(trol)h(op)s(erators)150
8563 4259 y(`)p Ft(|)p Fu(')31 b(or)f(`)p Ft(|&)p Fu('.)275
8564 4392 y(The)f(format)i(for)f(a)h(pip)s(eline)f(is)390
8565 4525 y Ft([time)46 b([-p]])h([!])g Fj(command1)e Ft([)j(|)f(or)g(|&)g
8566 Fj(command2)f Ft(])h(...)150 4659 y Fu(The)25 b(output)f(of)i(eac)m(h)g
8567 (command)f(in)f(the)i(pip)s(eline)e(is)i(connected)g(via)f(a)h(pip)s(e)
8568 e(to)i(the)f(input)f(of)h(the)h(next)150 4768 y(command.)40
8569 b(That)29 b(is,)h(eac)m(h)h(command)e(reads)g(the)h(previous)f
8570 (command's)g(output.)40 b(This)29 b(connection)150 4878
8571 y(is)h(p)s(erformed)f(b)s(efore)h(an)m(y)h(redirections)g(sp)s
8572 (eci\014ed)f(b)m(y)g(the)g(command.)275 5011 y(If)k(`)p
8573 Ft(|&)p Fu(')h(is)f(used,)i Fr(command1)7 b Fu('s)35
8574 b(standard)f(error,)i(in)e(addition)h(to)h(its)f(standard)f(output,)i
8575 (is)e(con-)150 5121 y(nected)h(to)g Fr(command2)7 b Fu('s)35
8576 b(standard)f(input)f(through)h(the)g(pip)s(e;)i(it)f(is)g(shorthand)e
8577 (for)h Ft(2>&1)29 b(|)p Fu(.)53 b(This)150 5230 y(implicit)41
8578 b(redirection)f(of)g(the)g(standard)f(error)g(to)h(the)g(standard)f
8579 (output)g(is)h(p)s(erformed)e(after)j(an)m(y)150 5340
8580 y(redirections)31 b(sp)s(eci\014ed)f(b)m(y)g(the)g(command.)p
8581 eop end
8582 %%Page: 9 15
8583 TeXDict begin 9 14 bop 150 -116 a Fu(Chapter)30 b(3:)41
8584 b(Basic)32 b(Shell)e(F)-8 b(eatures)2292 b(9)275 299
8585 y(The)36 b(reserv)m(ed)g(w)m(ord)g Ft(time)g Fu(causes)h(timing)g
8586 (statistics)h(to)f(b)s(e)f(prin)m(ted)g(for)g(the)h(pip)s(eline)f(once)
8587 h(it)150 408 y(\014nishes.)51 b(The)34 b(statistics)i(curren)m(tly)e
8588 (consist)h(of)f(elapsed)h(\(w)m(all-clo)s(c)m(k\))i(time)e(and)f(user)f
8589 (and)h(system)150 518 y(time)e(consumed)e(b)m(y)h(the)g(command's)g
8590 (execution.)44 b(The)31 b Ft(-p)f Fu(option)i(c)m(hanges)g(the)f
8591 (output)g(format)g(to)150 628 y(that)j(sp)s(eci\014ed)e(b)m(y)h
8592 Fm(posix)p Fu(.)49 b(When)33 b(the)g(shell)g(is)h(in)e
8593 Fm(posix)h Fu(mo)s(de)g(\(see)h(Section)g(6.11)g([Bash)g(POSIX)150
8594 737 y(Mo)s(de],)j(page)e(101\),)j(it)e(do)s(es)e(not)i(recognize)g
8595 Ft(time)e Fu(as)h(a)h(reserv)m(ed)f(w)m(ord)f(if)h(the)g(next)g(tok)m
8596 (en)h(b)s(egins)150 847 y(with)d(a)g(`)p Ft(-)p Fu('.)49
8597 b(The)33 b Ft(TIMEFORMAT)d Fu(v)-5 b(ariable)34 b(ma)m(y)g(b)s(e)f(set)
8598 g(to)h(a)g(format)f(string)g(that)h(sp)s(eci\014es)f(ho)m(w)g(the)150
8599 956 y(timing)38 b(information)g(should)e(b)s(e)h(displa)m(y)m(ed.)62
8600 b(See)38 b(Section)g(5.2)g([Bash)g(V)-8 b(ariables],)41
8601 b(page)d(73,)i(for)e(a)150 1066 y(description)27 b(of)g(the)h(a)m(v)-5
8602 b(ailable)29 b(formats.)40 b(The)26 b(use)h(of)g Ft(time)f
8603 Fu(as)i(a)f(reserv)m(ed)g(w)m(ord)g(p)s(ermits)f(the)h(timing)150
8604 1176 y(of)38 b(shell)g(builtins,)i(shell)e(functions,)i(and)d(pip)s
8605 (elines.)63 b(An)38 b(external)h Ft(time)e Fu(command)h(cannot)g(time)
8606 150 1285 y(these)31 b(easily)-8 b(.)275 1418 y(When)26
8607 b(the)h(shell)g(is)g(in)g Fm(posix)f Fu(mo)s(de)g(\(see)i(Section)f
8608 (6.11)i([Bash)e(POSIX)f(Mo)s(de],)i(page)g(101\),)h Ft(time)150
8609 1527 y Fu(ma)m(y)d(b)s(e)f(follo)m(w)m(ed)j(b)m(y)d(a)h(newline.)39
8610 b(In)25 b(this)h(case,)i(the)d(shell)h(displa)m(ys)g(the)g(total)h
8611 (user)e(and)g(system)h(time)150 1637 y(consumed)33 b(b)m(y)h(the)h
8612 (shell)f(and)f(its)i(c)m(hildren.)51 b(The)34 b Ft(TIMEFORMAT)d
8613 Fu(v)-5 b(ariable)35 b(ma)m(y)g(b)s(e)e(used)g(to)i(sp)s(ecify)150
8614 1746 y(the)c(format)f(of)h(the)f(time)h(information.)275
8615 1879 y(If)24 b(the)h(pip)s(eline)g(is)g(not)g(executed)h(async)m
8616 (hronously)f(\(see)h(Section)g(3.2.4)h([Lists],)g(page)e(9\),)i(the)f
8617 (shell)150 1988 y(w)m(aits)31 b(for)f(all)i(commands)e(in)g(the)g(pip)s
8618 (eline)g(to)h(complete.)275 2121 y(Eac)m(h)e(command)g(in)g(a)g(pip)s
8619 (eline)g(is)g(executed)h(in)e(its)i(o)m(wn)f(subshell,)f(whic)m(h)h(is)
8620 g(a)g(separate)h(pro)s(cess)150 2230 y(\(see)g(Section)g(3.7.3)h
8621 ([Command)e(Execution)h(En)m(vironmen)m(t],)g(page)g(40\).)41
8622 b(If)29 b(the)g Ft(lastpipe)e Fu(option)j(is)150 2340
8623 y(enabled)35 b(using)g(the)g Ft(shopt)f Fu(builtin)g(\(see)i(Section)g
8624 (4.3.2)h([The)e(Shopt)f(Builtin],)j(page)f(66\),)i(the)d(last)150
8625 2450 y(elemen)m(t)d(of)e(a)h(pip)s(eline)f(ma)m(y)h(b)s(e)f(run)f(b)m
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8627 (a)f(pip)s(eline)g(is)g(the)g(exit)h(status)f(of)h(the)f(last)h
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8629 y(the)31 b Ft(pipefail)d Fu(option)j(is)g(enabled)f(\(see)i(Section)f
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8631 b Ft(pipefail)150 2801 y Fu(is)f(enabled,)g(the)f(pip)s(eline's)g
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8634 b(a)h(non-zero)g(status,)i(or)d(zero)i(if)e(all)i(commands)e(exit)h
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8636 Ft(!)p Fu(')150 3020 y(precedes)e(the)f(pip)s(eline,)h(the)f(exit)i
8637 (status)f(is)f(the)h(logical)i(negation)f(of)e(the)h(exit)g(status)g
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8639 b(shell)f(w)m(aits)i(for)e(all)i(commands)e(in)g(the)h(pip)s(eline)f
8640 (to)h(terminate)h(b)s(efore)e(returning)g(a)150 3240
8641 y(v)-5 b(alue.)150 3435 y Fk(3.2.4)63 b(Lists)41 b(of)h(Commands)150
8642 3582 y Fu(A)37 b Ft(list)e Fu(is)i(a)g(sequence)g(of)g(one)g(or)f(more)
8643 h(pip)s(elines)f(separated)h(b)m(y)g(one)g(of)f(the)h(op)s(erators)g(`)
8644 p Ft(;)p Fu(',)i(`)p Ft(&)p Fu(',)150 3691 y(`)p Ft(&&)p
8645 Fu(',)31 b(or)f(`)p Ft(||)p Fu(',)g(and)g(optionally)i(terminated)f(b)m
8646 (y)f(one)h(of)f(`)p Ft(;)p Fu(',)h(`)p Ft(&)p Fu(',)g(or)f(a)h
8647 Ft(newline)p Fu(.)275 3824 y(Of)23 b(these)h(list)g(op)s(erators,)i(`)p
8648 Ft(&&)p Fu(')d(and)g(`)p Ft(||)p Fu(')h(ha)m(v)m(e)h(equal)f
8649 (precedence,)i(follo)m(w)m(ed)f(b)m(y)f(`)p Ft(;)p Fu(')g(and)f(`)p
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8651 275 4066 y(A)f(sequence)h(of)g(one)g(or)g(more)g(newlines)f(ma)m(y)h
8652 (app)s(ear)f(in)h(a)g Ft(list)e Fu(to)j(delimit)f(commands,)g(equiv-)
8653 150 4175 y(alen)m(t)i(to)f(a)g(semicolon.)275 4308 y(If)c(a)h(command)f
8654 (is)h(terminated)g(b)m(y)g(the)g(con)m(trol)h(op)s(erator)f(`)p
8655 Ft(&)p Fu(',)h(the)e(shell)h(executes)h(the)f(command)150
8656 4418 y(async)m(hronously)g(in)h(a)g(subshell.)39 b(This)28
8657 b(is)h(kno)m(wn)f(as)h(executing)h(the)f(command)g(in)f(the)h
8658 Fr(bac)m(kground)p Fu(,)150 4527 y(and)42 b(these)i(are)f(referred)g
8659 (to)g(as)h Fr(async)m(hronous)i Fu(commands.)78 b(The)43
8660 b(shell)g(do)s(es)g(not)g(w)m(ait)h(for)f(the)150 4637
8661 y(command)34 b(to)h(\014nish,)f(and)f(the)h(return)f(status)i(is)f(0)g
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8663 (\(see)150 4746 y(Chapter)27 b(7)h([Job)f(Con)m(trol],)i(page)g(107\),)
8664 h(the)d(standard)g(input)f(for)i(async)m(hronous)f(commands,)h(in)f
8665 (the)150 4856 y(absence)k(of)f(an)m(y)h(explicit)h(redirections,)f(is)f
8666 (redirected)h(from)f Ft(/dev/null)p Fu(.)275 4988 y(Commands)19
8667 b(separated)j(b)m(y)f(a)g(`)p Ft(;)p Fu(')g(are)h(executed)g(sequen)m
8668 (tially;)k(the)21 b(shell)g(w)m(aits)h(for)f(eac)m(h)h(command)150
8669 5098 y(to)31 b(terminate)h(in)e(turn.)39 b(The)30 b(return)f(status)i
8670 (is)f(the)h(exit)g(status)g(of)g(the)f(last)h(command)f(executed.)275
8671 5230 y Fm(and)g Fu(and)h Fm(or)g Fu(lists)h(are)g(sequences)f(of)h(one)
8672 g(or)f(more)h(pip)s(elines)e(separated)i(b)m(y)g(the)f(con)m(trol)i(op)
8673 s(er-)150 5340 y(ators)e(`)p Ft(&&)p Fu(')f(and)g(`)p
8674 Ft(||)p Fu(',)h(resp)s(ectiv)m(ely)-8 b(.)42 b Fm(and)30
8675 b Fu(and)f Fm(or)h Fu(lists)h(are)g(executed)g(with)f(left)h(asso)s
8676 (ciativit)m(y)-8 b(.)p eop end
8677 %%Page: 10 16
8678 TeXDict begin 10 15 bop 150 -116 a Fu(Chapter)30 b(3:)41
8679 b(Basic)32 b(Shell)e(F)-8 b(eatures)2246 b(10)275 299
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8822 5340 y(go)s(es)35 b(tilde)f(expansion,)h(parameter)g(expansion,)g
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8824 %%Page: 12 18
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8890 b(ariable)31 b Ft(REPLY)p Fu(.)630 4855 y(The)42 b Fr(commands)j
8891 Fu(are)d(executed)h(after)g(eac)m(h)g(selection)h(un)m(til)e(a)h
8892 Ft(break)d Fu(command)i(is)630 4964 y(executed,)32 b(at)f(whic)m(h)f(p)
8893 s(oin)m(t)g(the)h Ft(select)d Fu(command)i(completes.)630
8894 5097 y(Here)39 b(is)g(an)g(example)h(that)f(allo)m(ws)i(the)e(user)f
8895 (to)i(pic)m(k)f(a)g(\014lename)h(from)e(the)h(curren)m(t)630
8896 5207 y(directory)-8 b(,)32 b(and)d(displa)m(ys)i(the)f(name)h(and)f
8897 (index)f(of)i(the)g(\014le)f(selected.)870 5340 y Ft(select)46
8898 b(fname)g(in)i(*;)p eop end
8899 %%Page: 13 19
8900 TeXDict begin 13 18 bop 150 -116 a Fu(Chapter)30 b(3:)41
8901 b(Basic)32 b(Shell)e(F)-8 b(eatures)2246 b(13)870 299
8902 y Ft(do)870 408 y(echo)47 b(you)g(picked)f($fname)g(\\\($REPLY\\\))870
8903 518 y(break;)870 628 y(done)150 788 y(\(\(...)o(\)\))870
8904 923 y(\(\()h Fj(expression)e Ft(\)\))630 1058 y Fu(The)33
8905 b(arithmetic)i Fr(expression)f Fu(is)f(ev)-5 b(aluated)35
8906 b(according)g(to)f(the)g(rules)f(describ)s(ed)g(b)s(elo)m(w)630
8907 1167 y(\(see)j(Section)f(6.5)h([Shell)f(Arithmetic],)i(page)f(93\).)55
8908 b(If)34 b(the)h(v)-5 b(alue)35 b(of)g(the)g(expression)g(is)630
8909 1277 y(non-zero,)27 b(the)f(return)e(status)i(is)g(0;)h(otherwise)f
8910 (the)g(return)e(status)i(is)g(1.)39 b(This)25 b(is)g(exactly)630
8911 1386 y(equiv)-5 b(alen)m(t)32 b(to)870 1521 y Ft(let)47
8912 b(")p Fj(expression)p Ft(")630 1656 y Fu(See)25 b(Section)h(4.2)h
8913 ([Bash)e(Builtins],)i(page)f(51,)i(for)c(a)i(full)f(description)g(of)g
8914 (the)h Ft(let)e Fu(builtin.)150 1816 y Ft([[...)o(]])870
8915 1951 y([[)47 b Fj(expression)e Ft(]])630 2086 y Fu(Return)25
8916 b(a)h(status)f(of)h(0)g(or)g(1)g(dep)s(ending)e(on)h(the)h(ev)-5
8917 b(aluation)27 b(of)e(the)h(conditional)h(expres-)630
8918 2196 y(sion)j Fr(expression)p Fu(.)41 b(Expressions)29
8919 b(are)i(comp)s(osed)f(of)g(the)h(primaries)f(describ)s(ed)f(b)s(elo)m
8920 (w)h(in)630 2305 y(Section)36 b(6.4)h([Bash)f(Conditional)g
8921 (Expressions],)h(page)f(91.)57 b(W)-8 b(ord)36 b(splitting)h(and)e
8922 (\014le-)630 2415 y(name)d(expansion)g(are)h(not)g(p)s(erformed)d(on)j
8923 (the)f(w)m(ords)g(b)s(et)m(w)m(een)h(the)f Ft([[)g Fu(and)f
8924 Ft(]])p Fu(;)i(tilde)630 2524 y(expansion,)e(parameter)g(and)f(v)-5
8925 b(ariable)31 b(expansion,)g(arithmetic)g(expansion,)g(command)630
8926 2634 y(substitution,)40 b(pro)s(cess)f(substitution,)h(and)e(quote)h
8927 (remo)m(v)-5 b(al)40 b(are)f(p)s(erformed.)63 b(Condi-)630
8928 2744 y(tional)32 b(op)s(erators)e(suc)m(h)g(as)h(`)p
8929 Ft(-f)p Fu(')f(m)m(ust)g(b)s(e)g(unquoted)g(to)h(b)s(e)e(recognized)j
8930 (as)f(primaries.)630 2878 y(When)k(used)f(with)h Ft([[)p
8931 Fu(,)h(the)f(`)p Ft(<)p Fu(')g(and)g(`)p Ft(>)p Fu(')g(op)s(erators)g
8932 (sort)g(lexicographically)j(using)d(the)630 2988 y(curren)m(t)30
8933 b(lo)s(cale.)630 3123 y(When)22 b(the)h(`)p Ft(==)p Fu(')f(and)g(`)p
8934 Ft(!=)p Fu(')g(op)s(erators)h(are)g(used,)g(the)g(string)f(to)i(the)e
8935 (righ)m(t)h(of)g(the)g(op)s(erator)630 3232 y(is)31 b(considered)g(a)h
8936 (pattern)f(and)g(matc)m(hed)h(according)g(to)g(the)g(rules)f(describ)s
8937 (ed)f(b)s(elo)m(w)h(in)630 3342 y(Section)d(3.5.8.1)h([P)m(attern)f
8938 (Matc)m(hing],)h(page)f(33,)g(as)f(if)g(the)g Ft(extglob)d
8939 Fu(shell)j(option)g(w)m(ere)630 3452 y(enabled.)46 b(The)31
8940 b(`)p Ft(=)p Fu(')h(op)s(erator)h(is)f(iden)m(tical)h(to)g(`)p
8941 Ft(==)p Fu('.)46 b(If)31 b(the)h Ft(nocasematch)d Fu(shell)j(option)630
8942 3561 y(\(see)42 b(the)f(description)g(of)h Ft(shopt)d
8943 Fu(in)i(Section)h(4.3.2)h([The)e(Shopt)f(Builtin],)45
8944 b(page)d(66\))630 3671 y(is)e(enabled,)i(the)e(matc)m(h)h(is)e(p)s
8945 (erformed)g(without)g(regard)h(to)h(the)f(case)g(of)g(alphab)s(etic)630
8946 3780 y(c)m(haracters.)h(The)28 b(return)e(v)-5 b(alue)28
8947 b(is)g(0)g(if)g(the)g(string)g(matc)m(hes)h(\(`)p Ft(==)p
8948 Fu('\))f(or)g(do)s(es)f(not)h(matc)m(h)630 3890 y(\(`)p
8949 Ft(!=)p Fu('\))j(the)f(pattern,)h(and)e(1)i(otherwise.)41
8950 b(An)m(y)30 b(part)g(of)h(the)f(pattern)g(ma)m(y)h(b)s(e)f(quoted)g(to)
8951 630 4000 y(force)h(the)g(quoted)f(p)s(ortion)g(to)h(b)s(e)f(matc)m(hed)
8952 h(as)g(a)f(string.)630 4134 y(An)44 b(additional)h(binary)f(op)s
8953 (erator,)49 b(`)p Ft(=~)p Fu(',)f(is)c(a)m(v)-5 b(ailable,)51
8954 b(with)44 b(the)h(same)f(precedence)630 4244 y(as)c(`)p
8955 Ft(==)p Fu(')g(and)f(`)p Ft(!=)p Fu('.)69 b(When)40 b(it)g(is)g(used,)i
8956 (the)e(string)g(to)g(the)g(righ)m(t)h(of)f(the)g(op)s(erator)g(is)630
8957 4354 y(considered)23 b(a)g Fm(posix)g Fu(extended)g(regular)g
8958 (expression)g(and)f(matc)m(hed)i(accordingly)g(\(using)630
8959 4463 y(the)29 b Fm(posix)g Ft(regcomp)e Fu(and)h Ft(regexec)g
8960 Fu(in)m(terfaces)i(usually)f(describ)s(ed)f(in)h Fl(r)-5
8961 b(e)g(gex)11 b Fu(\(3\)\).)42 b(The)630 4573 y(return)20
8962 b(v)-5 b(alue)21 b(is)g(0)g(if)g(the)g(string)g(matc)m(hes)h(the)f
8963 (pattern,)j(and)c(1)h(otherwise.)38 b(If)21 b(the)g(regular)630
8964 4682 y(expression)k(is)h(syn)m(tactically)i(incorrect,)g(the)e
8965 (conditional)h(expression's)e(return)g(v)-5 b(alue)26
8966 b(is)630 4792 y(2.)39 b(If)24 b(the)h Ft(nocasematch)c
8967 Fu(shell)k(option)g(\(see)h(the)e(description)h(of)g
8968 Ft(shopt)e Fu(in)h(Section)h(4.3.2)630 4902 y([The)e(Shopt)g(Builtin],)
8969 j(page)e(66\))h(is)e(enabled,)i(the)f(matc)m(h)g(is)g(p)s(erformed)e
8970 (without)h(regard)630 5011 y(to)36 b(the)g(case)h(of)f(alphab)s(etic)g
8971 (c)m(haracters.)58 b(An)m(y)36 b(part)g(of)g(the)g(pattern)f(ma)m(y)i
8972 (b)s(e)e(quoted)630 5121 y(to)f(force)g(the)f(quoted)h(p)s(ortion)f(to)
8973 h(b)s(e)f(matc)m(hed)h(as)f(a)h(string.)50 b(Brac)m(k)m(et)35
8974 b(expressions)e(in)630 5230 y(regular)g(expressions)g(m)m(ust)g(b)s(e)f
8975 (treated)i(carefully)-8 b(,)35 b(since)e(normal)g(quoting)g(c)m
8976 (haracters)630 5340 y(lose)25 b(their)f(meanings)g(b)s(et)m(w)m(een)h
8977 (brac)m(k)m(ets.)40 b(If)23 b(the)h(pattern)h(is)f(stored)g(in)f(a)i
8978 (shell)f(v)-5 b(ariable,)p eop end
8979 %%Page: 14 20
8980 TeXDict begin 14 19 bop 150 -116 a Fu(Chapter)30 b(3:)41
8981 b(Basic)32 b(Shell)e(F)-8 b(eatures)2246 b(14)630 299
8982 y(quoting)41 b(the)f(v)-5 b(ariable)42 b(expansion)e(forces)h(the)f(en)
8983 m(tire)h(pattern)g(to)g(b)s(e)f(matc)m(hed)h(as)g(a)630
8984 408 y(string.)630 555 y(The)26 b(pattern)g(will)h(matc)m(h)g(if)f(it)h
8985 (matc)m(hes)h(an)m(y)e(part)h(of)f(the)h(string.)39 b(Anc)m(hor)26
8986 b(the)h(pattern)630 664 y(using)f(the)i(`)p Ft(^)p Fu(')f(and)f(`)p
8987 Ft($)p Fu(')h(regular)h(expression)e(op)s(erators)h(to)h(force)g(it)f
8988 (to)h(matc)m(h)g(the)f(en)m(tire)630 774 y(string.)81
8989 b(The)44 b(arra)m(y)g(v)-5 b(ariable)45 b Ft(BASH_REMATCH)40
8990 b Fu(records)k(whic)m(h)f(parts)h(of)g(the)g(string)630
8991 883 y(matc)m(hed)31 b(the)f(pattern.)41 b(The)30 b(elemen)m(t)i(of)e
8992 Ft(BASH_REMATCH)d Fu(with)j(index)g(0)g(con)m(tains)i(the)630
8993 993 y(p)s(ortion)20 b(of)h(the)g(string)f(matc)m(hing)i(the)f(en)m
8994 (tire)g(regular)g(expression.)37 b(Substrings)19 b(matc)m(hed)630
8995 1103 y(b)m(y)30 b(paren)m(thesized)g(sub)s(expressions)e(within)i(the)g
8996 (regular)g(expression)g(are)g(sa)m(v)m(ed)h(in)f(the)630
8997 1212 y(remaining)j Ft(BASH_REMATCH)c Fu(indices.)49 b(The)32
8998 b(elemen)m(t)i(of)f Ft(BASH_REMATCH)d Fu(with)i(index)g
8999 Fr(n)630 1322 y Fu(is)e(the)h(p)s(ortion)f(of)g(the)h(string)f(matc)m
9000 (hing)i(the)e Fr(n)p Fu(th)g(paren)m(thesized)h(sub)s(expression.)630
9001 1468 y(F)-8 b(or)34 b(example,)h(the)e(follo)m(wing)i(will)f(matc)m(h)g
9002 (a)g(line)f(\(stored)h(in)f(the)h(shell)f(v)-5 b(ariable)34
9003 b Fr(line)5 b Fu(\))630 1577 y(if)42 b(there)h(is)g(a)f(sequence)h(of)g
9004 (c)m(haracters)h(an)m(ywhere)e(in)g(the)h(v)-5 b(alue)43
9005 b(consisting)g(of)g(an)m(y)630 1687 y(n)m(um)m(b)s(er,)30
9006 b(including)h(zero,)h(of)f(c)m(haracters)i(in)e(the)g
9007 Ft(space)f Fu(c)m(haracter)i(class,)h(zero)f(or)f(one)630
9008 1797 y(instances)g(of)f(`)p Ft(a)p Fu(',)h(then)f(a)h(`)p
9009 Ft(b)p Fu(':)870 1943 y Ft([[)47 b($line)g(=~)g([[:space:]]*\(a\)?b)c
9010 (]])630 2089 y Fu(That)24 b(means)g(v)-5 b(alues)24 b(lik)m(e)h(`)p
9011 Ft(aab)p Fu(')e(and)h(`)30 b Ft(aaaaaab)p Fu(')22 b(will)i(matc)m(h,)j
9012 (as)d(will)g(a)g(line)g(con)m(taining)630 2198 y(a)31
9013 b(`)p Ft(b)p Fu(')f(an)m(ywhere)h(in)f(its)g(v)-5 b(alue.)630
9014 2345 y(Storing)31 b(the)g(regular)g(expression)f(in)h(a)g(shell)g(v)-5
9015 b(ariable)31 b(is)g(often)g(a)g(useful)f(w)m(a)m(y)i(to)f(a)m(v)m(oid)
9016 630 2454 y(problems)f(with)g(quoting)h(c)m(haracters)i(that)e(are)g(sp)
9017 s(ecial)g(to)h(the)f(shell.)41 b(It)31 b(is)g(sometimes)630
9018 2564 y(di\016cult)24 b(to)h(sp)s(ecify)f(a)h(regular)g(expression)f
9019 (literally)i(without)f(using)e(quotes,)k(or)d(to)h(k)m(eep)630
9020 2673 y(trac)m(k)33 b(of)g(the)f(quoting)g(used)g(b)m(y)g(regular)g
9021 (expressions)g(while)g(pa)m(ying)h(atten)m(tion)h(to)f(the)630
9022 2783 y(shell's)25 b(quote)g(remo)m(v)-5 b(al.)40 b(Using)25
9023 b(a)g(shell)g(v)-5 b(ariable)26 b(to)f(store)g(the)g(pattern)g
9024 (decreases)g(these)630 2892 y(problems.)40 b(F)-8 b(or)31
9025 b(example,)g(the)g(follo)m(wing)h(is)e(equiv)-5 b(alen)m(t)32
9026 b(to)f(the)g(ab)s(o)m(v)m(e:)870 3039 y Ft(pattern='[[:space:]]*\(a\))o
9027 (?b')870 3148 y([[)47 b($line)g(=~)g($pattern)e(]])630
9028 3294 y Fu(If)28 b(y)m(ou)h(w)m(an)m(t)g(to)g(matc)m(h)h(a)e(c)m
9029 (haracter)j(that's)e(sp)s(ecial)g(to)g(the)g(regular)f(expression)g
9030 (gram-)630 3404 y(mar,)g(it)g(has)g(to)g(b)s(e)f(quoted)h(to)g(remo)m
9031 (v)m(e)h(its)f(sp)s(ecial)g(meaning.)40 b(This)27 b(means)g(that)h(in)g
9032 (the)630 3513 y(pattern)e(`)p Ft(xxx.txt)p Fu(',)g(the)h(`)p
9033 Ft(.)p Fu(')f(matc)m(hes)i(an)m(y)e(c)m(haracter)i(in)e(the)h(string)f
9034 (\(its)h(usual)f(regular)630 3623 y(expression)g(meaning\),)i(but)e(in)
9035 g(the)h(pattern)f(`)p Ft("xxx.txt")p Fu(')f(it)i(can)g(only)f(matc)m(h)
9036 i(a)e(literal)630 3733 y(`)p Ft(.)p Fu('.)56 b(Shell)35
9037 b(programmers)f(should)h(tak)m(e)i(sp)s(ecial)e(care)i(with)e(bac)m
9038 (kslashes,)i(since)f(bac)m(k-)630 3842 y(slashes)27 b(are)g(used)f(b)s
9039 (oth)g(b)m(y)h(the)f(shell)h(and)f(regular)h(expressions)g(to)g(remo)m
9040 (v)m(e)h(the)f(sp)s(ecial)630 3952 y(meaning)h(from)f(the)h(follo)m
9041 (wing)i(c)m(haracter.)41 b(The)27 b(follo)m(wing)j(t)m(w)m(o)f(sets)f
9042 (of)g(commands)g(are)630 4061 y Fl(not)40 b Fu(equiv)-5
9043 b(alen)m(t:)870 4208 y Ft(pattern='\\.')870 4427 y([[)47
9044 b(.)h(=~)f($pattern)e(]])870 4536 y([[)i(.)h(=~)f(\\.)g(]])870
9045 4756 y([[)g(.)h(=~)f("$pattern")e(]])870 4865 y([[)i(.)h(=~)f('\\.')f
9046 (]])630 5011 y Fu(The)28 b(\014rst)h(t)m(w)m(o)h(matc)m(hes)g(will)f
9047 (succeed,)h(but)f(the)g(second)g(t)m(w)m(o)h(will)f(not,)h(b)s(ecause)f
9048 (in)g(the)630 5121 y(second)39 b(t)m(w)m(o)i(the)e(bac)m(kslash)h(will)
9049 f(b)s(e)g(part)g(of)g(the)h(pattern)f(to)h(b)s(e)e(matc)m(hed.)68
9050 b(In)39 b(the)630 5230 y(\014rst)31 b(t)m(w)m(o)h(examples,)h(the)e
9051 (bac)m(kslash)h(remo)m(v)m(es)h(the)f(sp)s(ecial)g(meaning)f(from)g(`)p
9052 Ft(.)p Fu(',)h(so)g(the)630 5340 y(literal)f(`)p Ft(.)p
9053 Fu(')e(matc)m(hes.)42 b(If)28 b(the)i(string)f(in)g(the)g(\014rst)g
9054 (examples)g(w)m(ere)h(an)m(ything)g(other)f(than)p eop
9055 end
9056 %%Page: 15 21
9057 TeXDict begin 15 20 bop 150 -116 a Fu(Chapter)30 b(3:)41
9058 b(Basic)32 b(Shell)e(F)-8 b(eatures)2246 b(15)630 299
9059 y(`)p Ft(.)p Fu(',)29 b(sa)m(y)g(`)p Ft(a)p Fu(',)g(the)f(pattern)g(w)m
9060 (ould)g(not)h(matc)m(h,)h(b)s(ecause)e(the)g(quoted)g(`)p
9061 Ft(.)p Fu(')h(in)e(the)i(pattern)630 408 y(loses)i(its)g(sp)s(ecial)g
9062 (meaning)f(of)h(matc)m(hing)g(an)m(y)g(single)g(c)m(haracter.)630
9063 542 y(Expressions)23 b(ma)m(y)h(b)s(e)e(com)m(bined)i(using)f(the)h
9064 (follo)m(wing)h(op)s(erators,)g(listed)f(in)f(decreasing)630
9065 651 y(order)30 b(of)g(precedence:)630 808 y Ft(\()g Fj(expression)e
9066 Ft(\))1110 918 y Fu(Returns)i(the)h(v)-5 b(alue)31 b(of)g
9067 Fr(expression)p Fu(.)42 b(This)30 b(ma)m(y)i(b)s(e)e(used)g(to)i(o)m(v)
9068 m(erride)g(the)1110 1027 y(normal)e(precedence)h(of)g(op)s(erators.)630
9069 1184 y Ft(!)f Fj(expression)1110 1293 y Fu(T)-8 b(rue)30
9070 b(if)g Fr(expression)g Fu(is)h(false.)630 1450 y Fj(expression1)c
9071 Ft(&&)j Fj(expression2)1110 1560 y Fu(T)-8 b(rue)30 b(if)g(b)s(oth)g
9072 Fr(expression1)38 b Fu(and)29 b Fr(expression2)38 b Fu(are)31
9073 b(true.)630 1716 y Fj(expression1)c Ft(||)j Fj(expression2)1110
9074 1826 y Fu(T)-8 b(rue)30 b(if)g(either)h Fr(expression1)38
9075 b Fu(or)30 b Fr(expression2)38 b Fu(is)30 b(true.)630
9076 1983 y(The)24 b Ft(&&)h Fu(and)f Ft(||)g Fu(op)s(erators)h(do)g(not)g
9077 (ev)-5 b(aluate)27 b Fr(expression2)32 b Fu(if)25 b(the)g(v)-5
9078 b(alue)25 b(of)g Fr(expression1)630 2092 y Fu(is)30 b(su\016cien)m(t)h
9079 (to)g(determine)g(the)f(return)g(v)-5 b(alue)31 b(of)f(the)h(en)m(tire)
9080 g(conditional)h(expression.)150 2289 y Fk(3.2.5.3)63
9081 b(Grouping)43 b(Commands)150 2436 y Fu(Bash)30 b(pro)m(vides)g(t)m(w)m
9082 (o)h(w)m(a)m(ys)f(to)h(group)e(a)h(list)g(of)g(commands)f(to)i(b)s(e)e
9083 (executed)h(as)g(a)h(unit.)40 b(When)29 b(com-)150 2545
9084 y(mands)h(are)i(group)s(ed,)f(redirections)h(ma)m(y)g(b)s(e)e(applied)i
9085 (to)g(the)f(en)m(tire)h(command)g(list.)44 b(F)-8 b(or)32
9086 b(example,)150 2655 y(the)f(output)f(of)g(all)h(the)g(commands)f(in)g
9087 (the)h(list)g(ma)m(y)g(b)s(e)e(redirected)i(to)g(a)g(single)g(stream.)
9088 150 2812 y Ft(\(\))870 2945 y(\()47 b Fj(list)g Ft(\))630
9089 3078 y Fu(Placing)30 b(a)f(list)g(of)g(commands)f(b)s(et)m(w)m(een)i
9090 (paren)m(theses)e(causes)i(a)f(subshell)e(en)m(vironmen)m(t)630
9091 3188 y(to)k(b)s(e)e(created)j(\(see)f(Section)g(3.7.3)h([Command)d
9092 (Execution)i(En)m(vironmen)m(t],)g(page)f(40\),)630 3297
9093 y(and)d(eac)m(h)h(of)g(the)f(commands)g(in)g Fr(list)j
9094 Fu(to)f(b)s(e)d(executed)j(in)e(that)h(subshell.)38 b(Since)28
9095 b(the)f Fr(list)630 3407 y Fu(is)i(executed)g(in)f(a)h(subshell,)g(v)-5
9096 b(ariable)29 b(assignmen)m(ts)g(do)g(not)g(remain)f(in)g(e\013ect)j
9097 (after)e(the)630 3516 y(subshell)g(completes.)150 3673
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9122 %%Page: 16 22
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9178 (\014lenames,)150 3724 y(usernames,)27 b(hostnames,)h(or)e(lines)h
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9191 (replace)h Ft(xargs)d Fu(to)i(gzip)g(all)g(h)m(tml)g(\014les)f(in)h
9192 (the)f(curren)m(t)g(directory)150 4555 y(and)30 b(its)h(sub)s
9193 (directories:)390 4696 y Ft(find)47 b(.)g(-type)f(f)i(-name)e('*.html')
9194 g(-print)g(|)h(parallel)f(gzip)150 4838 y Fu(If)30 b(y)m(ou)h(need)f
9195 (to)h(protect)h(sp)s(ecial)f(c)m(haracters)g(suc)m(h)g(as)f(newlines)h
9196 (in)f(\014le)g(names,)h(use)f(\014nd's)f Ft(-print0)150
9197 4948 y Fu(option)i(and)f(parallel's)h Ft(-0)f Fu(option.)275
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9199 (\014les)f(from)f(the)h(curren)m(t)f(directory)h(when)f(the)h(n)m(um)m
9200 (b)s(er)e(of)i(\014les)150 5199 y(is)c(to)s(o)i(large)f(to)g(pro)s
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9203 (destdir)p eop end
9204 %%Page: 17 23
9205 TeXDict begin 17 22 bop 150 -116 a Fu(Chapter)30 b(3:)41
9206 b(Basic)32 b(Shell)e(F)-8 b(eatures)2246 b(17)275 299
9207 y(As)28 b(y)m(ou)h(can)g(see,)g(the)g Fi({})g Fu(is)g(replaced)g(with)f
9208 (eac)m(h)i(line)f(read)f(from)g(standard)g(input.)39
9209 b(While)29 b(using)150 408 y Ft(ls)34 b Fu(will)i(w)m(ork)f(in)g(most)g
9210 (instances,)i(it)f(is)f(not)g(su\016cien)m(t)h(to)g(deal)f(with)g(all)h
9211 (\014lenames.)55 b Ft(printf)33 b Fu(is)j(a)150 518 y(shell)31
9212 b(builtin,)f(and)g(therefore)h(is)g(not)g(sub)5 b(ject)30
9213 b(to)h(the)g(k)m(ernel's)g(limit)g(on)g(the)g(n)m(um)m(b)s(er)e(of)i
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9215 g(`)p Ft(*)p Fu(')g(\(but)f(see)i(b)s(elo)m(w)f(ab)s(out)g(the)g
9216 Ft(dotglob)e Fu(shell)i(option\).)58 b(If)36 b(y)m(ou)150
9217 737 y(need)30 b(to)h(accommo)s(date)h(sp)s(ecial)f(c)m(haracters)h(in)e
9218 (\014lenames,)h(y)m(ou)g(can)f(use)390 877 y Ft(printf)46
9219 b('\045s\\0')g(*)i(|)f(parallel)f(-0)h(mv)g({})g(destdir)150
9220 1017 y Fu(as)31 b(alluded)f(to)h(ab)s(o)m(v)m(e.)275
9221 1157 y(This)e(will)i(run)e(as)h(man)m(y)h Ft(mv)e Fu(commands)h(as)h
9222 (there)f(are)h(\014les)f(in)h(the)f(curren)m(t)g(directory)-8
9223 b(.)42 b(Y)-8 b(ou)31 b(can)150 1267 y(em)m(ulate)h(a)f(parallel)g
9224 Ft(xargs)e Fu(b)m(y)h(adding)g(the)h Ft(-X)f Fu(option:)390
9225 1407 y Ft(printf)46 b('\045s\\0')g(*)i(|)f(parallel)f(-0)h(-X)g(mv)g
9226 ({})g(destdir)275 1547 y Fu(\(Y)-8 b(ou)31 b(ma)m(y)g(ha)m(v)m(e)g(to)g
9227 (mo)s(dify)f(the)h(pattern)f(if)g(y)m(ou)h(ha)m(v)m(e)h(the)e
9228 Ft(dotglob)f Fu(option)h(enabled.\))275 1687 y(GNU)h(P)m(arallel)i(can)
9229 e(replace)h(certain)g(common)g(idioms)f(that)g(op)s(erate)h(on)f(lines)
9230 g(read)g(from)f(a)i(\014le)150 1797 y(\(in)e(this)h(case,)g
9231 (\014lenames)g(listed)g(one)f(p)s(er)g(line\):)390 1937
9232 y Ft(while)46 b(IFS=)h(read)g(-r)g(x;)g(do)390 2046 y(do-something1)d
9233 ("$x")j("config-$x")390 2156 y(do-something2)d(<)k("$x")390
9234 2265 y(done)f(<)g(file)g(|)g(process-output)150 2405
9235 y Fu(with)30 b(a)h(more)f(compact)i(syn)m(tax)f(reminiscen)m(t)g(of)g
9236 (lam)m(b)s(das:)390 2545 y Ft(cat)47 b(list)g(|)g(parallel)f
9237 ("do-something1)d({})48 b(config-{})d(;)i(do-something2)e(<)i({}")g(|)
9238 915 2655 y(process-output)275 2795 y Fu(P)m(arallel)31
9239 b(pro)m(vides)e(a)h(built-in)g(mec)m(hanism)g(to)g(remo)m(v)m(e)h
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9241 2905 y(to)i(batc)m(h)g(\014le)g(transformations)f(or)g(renaming:)390
9242 3045 y Ft(ls)47 b(*.gz)g(|)g(parallel)f(-j+0)g("zcat)h({})g(|)g(bzip2)g
9243 (>{.}.bz2)e(&&)j(rm)f({}")150 3185 y Fu(This)28 b(will)i(recompress)e
9244 (all)i(\014les)f(in)g(the)g(curren)m(t)g(directory)g(with)g(names)g
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9246 b(one)i(job)f(p)s(er)f(CPU)h(\(-j)p Ft(+)p Fu(0\))i(in)e(parallel.)66
9247 b(\(W)-8 b(e)40 b(use)e Ft(ls)g Fu(for)h(brevit)m(y)g(here;)j(using)c
9248 Ft(find)g Fu(as)150 3404 y(ab)s(o)m(v)m(e)e(is)g(more)f(robust)f(in)h
9249 (the)h(face)g(of)f(\014lenames)h(con)m(taining)g(unexp)s(ected)f(c)m
9250 (haracters.\))57 b(P)m(arallel)150 3513 y(can)31 b(tak)m(e)h(argumen)m
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9252 g(b)s(e)f(written)g(as)390 3654 y Ft(parallel)46 b("zcat)g({})h(|)h
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9255 (an)m(t)h(to)g(preserv)m(e)g(the)f(input)f(order)h(in)g(the)g(output.)
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9265 b(|)h(parallel)d(-k)j(traceroute)150 5340 y Fu(will)31
9266 b(ensure)e(that)i(the)g(output)f(of)g Ft(traceroute)e(foss.org.my)f
9267 Fu(is)k(displa)m(y)m(ed)g(\014rst.)p eop end
9268 %%Page: 18 24
9269 TeXDict begin 18 23 bop 150 -116 a Fu(Chapter)30 b(3:)41
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9271 y(Finally)-8 b(,)31 b(P)m(arallel)h(can)e(b)s(e)f(used)g(to)i(run)d(a)i
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9273 408 y(`)p Ft(cat)g(file)f(|)h(bash)p Fu('.)53 b(It)35
9274 b(is)g(not)g(uncommon)f(to)i(tak)m(e)g(a)f(list)h(of)f(\014lenames,)h
9275 (create)g(a)g(series)f(of)g(shell)150 518 y(commands)24
9276 b(to)h(op)s(erate)h(on)e(them,)i(and)e(feed)g(that)h(list)h(of)e
9277 (commands)g(to)i(a)f(shell.)39 b(P)m(arallel)26 b(can)f(sp)s(eed)150
9278 628 y(this)30 b(up.)40 b(Assuming)30 b(that)h Ft(file)e
9279 Fu(con)m(tains)i(a)g(list)g(of)g(shell)f(commands,)h(one)f(p)s(er)g
9280 (line,)390 772 y Ft(parallel)46 b(-j)h(10)g(<)g(file)150
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9289 Ft(")f Fu(command.)54 b(When)35 b(the)h(name)f(of)g(a)h(shell)150
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9295 (terpret)g(them.)275 2025 y(F)-8 b(unctions)30 b(are)h(declared)g
9296 (using)f(this)g(syn)m(tax:)390 2170 y Fj(fname)46 b Ft(\(\))i
9297 Fj(compound-command)43 b Ft([)k Fj(redirections)e Ft(])275
9298 2315 y Fu(or)390 2460 y Ft(function)h Fj(fname)g Ft([\(\)])h
9299 Fj(compound-command)c Ft([)k Fj(redirections)e Ft(])275
9300 2604 y Fu(This)37 b(de\014nes)h(a)h(shell)f(function)g(named)g
9301 Fr(fname)p Fu(.)65 b(The)38 b(reserv)m(ed)h(w)m(ord)f
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9303 Ft(function)e Fu(reserv)m(ed)i(w)m(ord)g(is)g(supplied,)g(the)g(paren)m
9304 (theses)h(are)f(optional.)50 b(The)33 b Fr(b)s(o)s(dy)39
9305 b Fu(of)34 b(the)150 2824 y(function)41 b(is)h(the)g(comp)s(ound)e
9306 (command)h Fr(comp)s(ound-command)j Fu(\(see)e(Section)h(3.2.5)g([Comp)
9307 s(ound)150 2933 y(Commands],)30 b(page)h(10\).)42 b(That)30
9308 b(command)g(is)g(usually)h(a)f Fr(list)j Fu(enclosed)e(b)s(et)m(w)m
9309 (een)g Fi({)g Fu(and)f Fi(})p Fu(,)h(but)e(ma)m(y)150
9310 3043 y(b)s(e)39 b(an)m(y)h(comp)s(ound)e(command)i(listed)g(ab)s(o)m(v)
9311 m(e,)j(with)d(one)g(exception:)60 b(If)39 b(the)h Ft(function)e
9312 Fu(reserv)m(ed)150 3152 y(w)m(ord)g(is)g(used,)h(but)f(the)g(paren)m
9313 (theses)h(are)f(not)h(supplied,)g(the)f(braces)g(are)h(required.)63
9314 b Fr(comp)s(ound-)150 3262 y(command)37 b Fu(is)d(executed)g(whenev)m
9315 (er)f Fr(fname)39 b Fu(is)34 b(sp)s(eci\014ed)e(as)i(the)g(name)g(of)f
9316 (a)h(command.)50 b(When)34 b(the)150 3371 y(shell)e(is)f(in)g
9317 Fm(posix)f Fu(mo)s(de)h(\(see)i(Section)f(6.11)h([Bash)e(POSIX)g(Mo)s
9318 (de],)h(page)g(101\),)h Fr(fname)k Fu(m)m(ust)31 b(b)s(e)g(a)150
9319 3481 y(v)-5 b(alid)37 b(shell)f Fr(name)42 b Fu(and)36
9320 b(ma)m(y)h(not)f(b)s(e)g(the)g(same)h(as)g(one)f(of)h(the)g(sp)s(ecial)
9321 g(builtins)e(\(see)j(Section)f(4.4)150 3591 y([Sp)s(ecial)e(Builtins],)
9322 h(page)e(72\).)54 b(In)33 b(default)h(mo)s(de,)h(a)g(function)f(name)g
9323 (can)g(b)s(e)g(an)m(y)g(unquoted)g(shell)150 3700 y(w)m(ord)g(that)h
9324 (do)s(es)e(not)i(con)m(tain)g(`)p Ft($)p Fu('.)53 b(An)m(y)34
9325 b(redirections)h(\(see)g(Section)g(3.6)g([Redirections],)i(page)e(35\))
9326 150 3810 y(asso)s(ciated)30 b(with)e(the)h(shell)f(function)g(are)h(p)s
9327 (erformed)e(when)h(the)g(function)g(is)h(executed.)41
9328 b(A)28 b(function)150 3919 y(de\014nition)g(ma)m(y)h(b)s(e)f(deleted)h
9329 (using)f(the)h Ft(-f)e Fu(option)i(to)g(the)g Ft(unset)e
9330 Fu(builtin)h(\(see)h(Section)g(4.1)h([Bourne)150 4029
9331 y(Shell)g(Builtins],)h(page)h(44\).)275 4174 y(The)26
9332 b(exit)i(status)g(of)f(a)h(function)f(de\014nition)g(is)g(zero)h
9333 (unless)f(a)g(syn)m(tax)h(error)f(o)s(ccurs)g(or)g(a)h(readonly)150
9334 4283 y(function)k(with)f(the)i(same)f(name)g(already)h(exists.)46
9335 b(When)32 b(executed,)h(the)f(exit)h(status)g(of)f(a)g(function)150
9336 4393 y(is)e(the)h(exit)g(status)g(of)f(the)h(last)g(command)f(executed)
9337 i(in)e(the)g(b)s(o)s(dy)-8 b(.)275 4538 y(Note)22 b(that)f(for)f
9338 (historical)i(reasons,)h(in)e(the)g(most)g(common)g(usage)g(the)g
9339 (curly)f(braces)h(that)g(surround)150 4647 y(the)38 b(b)s(o)s(dy)d(of)j
9340 (the)f(function)g(m)m(ust)g(b)s(e)g(separated)h(from)f(the)g(b)s(o)s
9341 (dy)f(b)m(y)h Ft(blank)p Fu(s)f(or)h(newlines.)62 b(This)150
9342 4757 y(is)38 b(b)s(ecause)g(the)h(braces)f(are)h(reserv)m(ed)f(w)m
9343 (ords)g(and)f(are)i(only)f(recognized)i(as)e(suc)m(h)g(when)f(they)i
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9346 b(Also,)28 b(when)150 4976 y(using)i(the)g(braces,)h(the)g
9347 Fr(list)i Fu(m)m(ust)d(b)s(e)g(terminated)h(b)m(y)f(a)h(semicolon,)h(a)
9348 e(`)p Ft(&)p Fu(',)h(or)g(a)f(newline.)275 5121 y(When)i(a)i(function)f
9349 (is)g(executed,)i(the)e(argumen)m(ts)h(to)g(the)f(function)g(b)s(ecome)
9350 g(the)h(p)s(ositional)g(pa-)150 5230 y(rameters)42 b(during)e(its)i
9351 (execution)h(\(see)f(Section)g(3.4.1)h([P)m(ositional)h(P)m
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9353 b(parameter)f(`)p Ft(#)p Fu(')g(that)h(expands)e(to)i(the)f(n)m(um)m(b)
9354 s(er)f(of)h(p)s(ositional)h(parameters)f(is)g(up)s(dated)f(to)p
9355 eop end
9356 %%Page: 19 25
9357 TeXDict begin 19 24 bop 150 -116 a Fu(Chapter)30 b(3:)41
9358 b(Basic)32 b(Shell)e(F)-8 b(eatures)2246 b(19)150 299
9359 y(re\015ect)36 b(the)f(c)m(hange.)56 b(Sp)s(ecial)35
9360 b(parameter)h Ft(0)f Fu(is)g(unc)m(hanged.)54 b(The)35
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9362 y Fu(v)-5 b(ariable)31 b(is)g(set)f(to)i(the)e(name)h(of)f(the)h
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9365 (vironmen)m(t)g(are)f(iden)m(tical)h(b)s(et)m(w)m(een)g(a)f(function)g
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9367 b(the)36 b Ft(DEBUG)d Fu(and)h Ft(RETURN)g Fu(traps)g(are)i(not)f
9368 (inherited)f(unless)h(the)150 759 y(function)26 b(has)g(b)s(een)f(giv)m
9369 (en)i(the)g Ft(trace)d Fu(attribute)j(using)f(the)g Ft(declare)e
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9371 (b)s(een)h(enabled)g(with)g(the)g Ft(set)f Fu(builtin,)i(\(in)f(whic)m
9372 (h)f(case)j(all)f(functions)e(inherit)h(the)g Ft(DEBUG)150
9373 978 y Fu(and)33 b Ft(RETURN)f Fu(traps\),)j(and)e(the)h
9374 Ft(ERR)f Fu(trap)h(is)g(not)g(inherited)f(unless)g(the)h
9375 Ft(-o)c(errtrace)h Fu(shell)j(option)150 1088 y(has)h(b)s(een)f
9376 (enabled.)55 b(See)35 b(Section)h(4.1)g([Bourne)f(Shell)g(Builtins],)i
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9378 Ft(trap)e Fu(builtin.)275 1329 y(The)38 b Ft(FUNCNEST)f
9379 Fu(v)-5 b(ariable,)42 b(if)d(set)h(to)g(a)g(n)m(umeric)f(v)-5
9380 b(alue)39 b(greater)h(than)f(0,)j(de\014nes)d(a)g(maxim)m(um)150
9381 1439 y(function)24 b(nesting)h(lev)m(el.)40 b(F)-8 b(unction)25
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9383 (en)m(tire)g(command)150 1548 y(to)31 b(ab)s(ort.)275
9384 1680 y(If)37 b(the)g(builtin)g(command)h Ft(return)d
9385 Fu(is)j(executed)g(in)g(a)g(function,)h(the)e(function)h(completes)h
9386 (and)150 1789 y(execution)25 b(resumes)e(with)h(the)g(next)g(command)f
9387 (after)i(the)f(function)f(call.)40 b(An)m(y)24 b(command)f(asso)s
9388 (ciated)150 1899 y(with)36 b(the)h Ft(RETURN)d Fu(trap)i(is)h(executed)
9389 g(b)s(efore)f(execution)i(resumes.)57 b(When)37 b(a)f(function)g
9390 (completes,)150 2008 y(the)h(v)-5 b(alues)38 b(of)f(the)g(p)s
9391 (ositional)h(parameters)f(and)g(the)g(sp)s(ecial)h(parameter)f(`)p
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9393 b(alues)26 b(they)f(had)g(prior)f(to)i(the)g(function's)f(execution.)40
9394 b(If)25 b(a)h(n)m(umeric)f(argumen)m(t)h(is)f(giv)m(en)h(to)g
9395 Ft(return)p Fu(,)150 2228 y(that)j(is)g(the)f(function's)h(return)e
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9399 b(lo)s(cal)g(to)f(the)g(function)f(ma)m(y)i(b)s(e)e(declared)h(with)f
9400 (the)h Ft(local)f Fu(builtin.)40 b(These)29 b(v)-5 b(ariables)150
9401 2578 y(are)25 b(visible)h(only)f(to)g(the)g(function)g(and)f(the)i
9402 (commands)e(it)i(in)m(v)m(ok)m(es.)40 b(This)24 b(is)h(particularly)h
9403 (imp)s(ortan)m(t)150 2688 y(when)j(a)i(shell)g(function)f(calls)h
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9405 b Ft(")p Fu(shado)m(w)p Ft(")e Fu(v)-5 b(ariables)42
9406 b(with)f(the)g(same)g(name)g(declared)h(at)f(previous)g(scop)s(es.)150
9407 2929 y(F)-8 b(or)41 b(instance,)j(a)d(lo)s(cal)h(v)-5
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9409 b(ariable)41 b(of)g(the)g(same)150 3039 y(name:)59 b(references)40
9410 b(and)f(assignmen)m(ts)h(refer)f(to)i(the)f(lo)s(cal)g(v)-5
9411 b(ariable,)43 b(lea)m(ving)f(the)d(global)i(v)-5 b(ariable)150
9412 3148 y(unmo)s(di\014ed.)39 b(When)30 b(the)g(function)g(returns,)g(the)
9413 g(global)i(v)-5 b(ariable)31 b(is)g(once)g(again)g(visible.)275
9414 3280 y(The)f(shell)h(uses)g Fr(dynamic)g(scoping)39 b
9415 Fu(to)32 b(con)m(trol)g(a)f(v)-5 b(ariable's)32 b(visibilit)m(y)h
9416 (within)d(functions.)42 b(With)150 3389 y(dynamic)31
9417 b(scoping,)i(visible)e(v)-5 b(ariables)32 b(and)f(their)h(v)-5
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9422 b(sees)g(dep)s(ends)f(on)h(its)g(v)-5 b(alue)25 b(within)e(its)i
9423 (caller,)i(if)d(an)m(y)-8 b(,)26 b(whether)e(that)g(caller)i(is)e(the)g
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9425 (shell)g(function.)73 b(This)40 b(is)h(also)h(the)f(v)-5
9426 b(alue)41 b(that)h(a)f(lo)s(cal)i(v)-5 b(ariable)41 b(declaration)150
9427 3828 y Ft(")p Fu(shado)m(ws)p Ft(")p Fu(,)30 b(and)g(the)g(v)-5
9428 b(alue)31 b(that)g(is)f(restored)h(when)e(the)i(function)f(returns.)275
9429 3959 y(F)-8 b(or)41 b(example,)j(if)d(a)g(v)-5 b(ariable)41
9430 b Fr(v)-5 b(ar)48 b Fu(is)40 b(declared)h(as)g(lo)s(cal)h(in)f
9431 (function)f Fr(func1)p Fu(,)j(and)d Fr(func1)48 b Fu(calls)150
9432 4069 y(another)33 b(function)g Fr(func2)p Fu(,)g(references)g(to)h
9433 Fr(v)-5 b(ar)39 b Fu(made)33 b(from)f(within)h Fr(func2)39
9434 b Fu(will)34 b(resolv)m(e)g(to)g(the)f(lo)s(cal)150 4178
9435 y(v)-5 b(ariable)31 b Fr(v)-5 b(ar)37 b Fu(from)30 b
9436 Fr(func1)p Fu(,)g(shado)m(wing)h(an)m(y)f(global)i(v)-5
9437 b(ariable)31 b(named)f Fr(v)-5 b(ar)p Fu(.)275 4310 y(The)29
9438 b(follo)m(wing)j(script)f(demonstrates)f(this)h(b)s(eha)m(vior.)40
9439 b(When)31 b(executed,)g(the)g(script)f(displa)m(ys)390
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9441 4573 y(func1\(\))390 4682 y({)581 4792 y(local)g(var='func1)f(local')
9442 581 4902 y(func2)390 5011 y(})390 5230 y(func2\(\))390
9443 5340 y({)p eop end
9444 %%Page: 20 26
9445 TeXDict begin 20 25 bop 150 -116 a Fu(Chapter)30 b(3:)41
9446 b(Basic)32 b(Shell)e(F)-8 b(eatures)2246 b(20)581 299
9447 y Ft(echo)47 b("In)f(func2,)h(var)f(=)i($var")390 408
9448 y(})390 628 y(var=global)390 737 y(func1)275 878 y Fu(The)32
9449 b Ft(unset)g Fu(builtin)g(also)i(acts)g(using)e(the)i(same)f(dynamic)g
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9451 (the)150 987 y(curren)m(t)i(scop)s(e,)h Ft(unset)e Fu(will)h(unset)g
9452 (it;)j(otherwise)e(the)f(unset)f(will)h(refer)g(to)h(the)f(v)-5
9453 b(ariable)37 b(found)d(in)150 1097 y(an)m(y)j(calling)h(scop)s(e)f(as)g
9454 (describ)s(ed)f(ab)s(o)m(v)m(e.)61 b(If)36 b(a)h(v)-5
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9456 (unset,)h(it)150 1207 y(will)27 b(remain)h(so)f(un)m(til)g(it)h(is)f
9457 (reset)h(in)f(that)g(scop)s(e)h(or)f(un)m(til)g(the)h(function)e
9458 (returns.)39 b(Once)27 b(the)g(function)150 1316 y(returns,)34
9459 b(an)m(y)h(instance)g(of)f(the)g(v)-5 b(ariable)35 b(at)g(a)g(previous)
9460 e(scop)s(e)i(will)f(b)s(ecome)h(visible.)52 b(If)34 b(the)g(unset)150
9461 1426 y(acts)e(on)f(a)h(v)-5 b(ariable)32 b(at)g(a)f(previous)g(scop)s
9462 (e,)h(an)m(y)f(instance)h(of)f(a)h(v)-5 b(ariable)32
9463 b(with)f(that)h(name)f(that)h(had)150 1535 y(b)s(een)e(shado)m(w)m(ed)g
9464 (will)h(b)s(ecome)g(visible.)275 1676 y(F)-8 b(unction)51
9465 b(names)f(and)g(de\014nitions)g(ma)m(y)i(b)s(e)e(listed)h(with)f(the)h
9466 Ft(-f)f Fu(option)h(to)g(the)g Ft(declare)150 1786 y
9467 Fu(\()p Ft(typeset)p Fu(\))35 b(builtin)g(command)h(\(see)h(Section)g
9468 (4.2)g([Bash)f(Builtins],)i(page)f(51\).)59 b(The)35
9469 b Ft(-F)h Fu(option)g(to)150 1895 y Ft(declare)e Fu(or)i
9470 Ft(typeset)e Fu(will)i(list)h(the)f(function)g(names)g(only)g(\(and)g
9471 (optionally)h(the)f(source)g(\014le)h(and)150 2005 y(line)c(n)m(um)m(b)
9472 s(er,)g(if)f(the)h Ft(extdebug)e Fu(shell)i(option)g(is)g(enabled\).)49
9473 b(F)-8 b(unctions)33 b(ma)m(y)h(b)s(e)e(exp)s(orted)g(so)h(that)150
9474 2114 y(subshells)j(automatically)k(ha)m(v)m(e)f(them)e(de\014ned)f
9475 (with)h(the)h Ft(-f)e Fu(option)i(to)g(the)g Ft(export)d
9476 Fu(builtin)i(\(see)150 2224 y(Section)31 b(4.1)h([Bourne)e(Shell)g
9477 (Builtins],)h(page)h(44\).)275 2365 y(F)-8 b(unctions)33
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9479 Fu(v)-5 b(ariable)34 b(ma)m(y)f(b)s(e)f(used)g(to)i(limit)g(the)f
9480 (depth)f(of)150 2474 y(the)27 b(function)f(call)i(stac)m(k)h(and)d
9481 (restrict)h(the)g(n)m(um)m(b)s(er)f(of)h(function)f(in)m(v)m(o)s
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9483 y(is)j(placed)h(on)g(the)f(n)m(um)m(b)s(er)f(of)i(recursiv)m(e)f
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9485 2993 y Fu(A)23 b Fr(parameter)31 b Fu(is)23 b(an)g(en)m(tit)m(y)i(that)
9486 f(stores)g(v)-5 b(alues.)39 b(It)23 b(can)h(b)s(e)f(a)g
9487 Ft(name)p Fu(,)h(a)g(n)m(um)m(b)s(er,)f(or)h(one)f(of)h(the)f(sp)s
9488 (ecial)150 3103 y(c)m(haracters)i(listed)e(b)s(elo)m(w.)39
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9490 m(y)h(a)f Ft(name)p Fu(.)37 b(A)24 b(v)-5 b(ariable)24
9491 b(has)f(a)g Fr(v)-5 b(alue)150 3212 y Fu(and)33 b(zero)i(or)f(more)g
9492 Fr(attributes)p Fu(.)52 b(A)m(ttributes)35 b(are)f(assigned)g(using)g
9493 (the)g Ft(declare)e Fu(builtin)h(command)150 3322 y(\(see)e(the)g
9494 (description)f(of)h(the)f Ft(declare)f Fu(builtin)h(in)g(Section)h(4.2)
9495 g([Bash)g(Builtins],)g(page)g(51\).)275 3462 y(A)d(parameter)h(is)g
9496 (set)g(if)f(it)h(has)f(b)s(een)g(assigned)h(a)g(v)-5
9497 b(alue.)40 b(The)28 b(n)m(ull)h(string)f(is)h(a)g(v)-5
9498 b(alid)28 b(v)-5 b(alue.)41 b(Once)150 3572 y(a)31 b(v)-5
9499 b(ariable)31 b(is)f(set,)i(it)e(ma)m(y)h(b)s(e)f(unset)g(only)h(b)m(y)f
9500 (using)g(the)g Ft(unset)f Fu(builtin)h(command.)275 3713
9501 y(A)g(v)-5 b(ariable)31 b(ma)m(y)g(b)s(e)f(assigned)g(to)i(b)m(y)e(a)h
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9503 Ft(=[)p Fj(value)p Ft(])150 3994 y Fu(If)j Fr(v)-5 b(alue)40
9504 b Fu(is)35 b(not)g(giv)m(en,)h(the)f(v)-5 b(ariable)35
9505 b(is)g(assigned)g(the)f(n)m(ull)h(string.)53 b(All)35
9506 b Fr(v)-5 b(alue)5 b Fu(s)35 b(undergo)f(tilde)h(ex-)150
9507 4103 y(pansion,)h(parameter)f(and)f(v)-5 b(ariable)36
9508 b(expansion,)f(command)g(substitution,)h(arithmetic)g(expansion,)150
9509 4213 y(and)k(quote)h(remo)m(v)-5 b(al)42 b(\(detailed)h(b)s(elo)m(w\).)
9510 72 b(If)40 b(the)h(v)-5 b(ariable)41 b(has)g(its)g Ft(integer)e
9511 Fu(attribute)i(set,)j(then)150 4323 y Fr(v)-5 b(alue)38
9512 b Fu(is)33 b(ev)-5 b(aluated)34 b(as)f(an)g(arithmetic)h(expression)f
9513 (ev)m(en)h(if)e(the)h Ft($\(\(...)o(\)\))f Fu(expansion)h(is)g(not)g
9514 (used)150 4432 y(\(see)e(Section)g(3.5.5)i([Arithmetic)e(Expansion],)f
9515 (page)h(31\).)42 b(W)-8 b(ord)31 b(splitting)g(is)g(not)f(p)s
9516 (erformed,)f(with)150 4542 y(the)35 b(exception)h(of)f
9517 Ft("$@")f Fu(as)h(explained)g(b)s(elo)m(w.)54 b(Filename)36
9518 b(expansion)f(is)g(not)g(p)s(erformed.)53 b(Assign-)150
9519 4651 y(men)m(t)33 b(statemen)m(ts)h(ma)m(y)f(also)g(app)s(ear)f(as)g
9520 (argumen)m(ts)h(to)g(the)g Ft(alias)p Fu(,)e Ft(declare)p
9521 Fu(,)g Ft(typeset)p Fu(,)g Ft(export)p Fu(,)150 4761
9522 y Ft(readonly)p Fu(,)38 b(and)g Ft(local)f Fu(builtin)h(commands)g(\()p
9523 Fr(declaration)j Fu(commands\).)64 b(When)39 b(in)f Fm(posix)f
9524 Fu(mo)s(de)150 4871 y(\(see)29 b(Section)h(6.11)g([Bash)f(POSIX)e(Mo)s
9525 (de],)j(page)f(101\),)h(these)f(builtins)f(ma)m(y)h(app)s(ear)f(in)g(a)
9526 h(command)150 4980 y(after)34 b(one)g(or)f(more)h(instances)g(of)f(the)
9527 h Ft(command)d Fu(builtin)i(and)g(retain)h(these)g(assignmen)m(t)g
9528 (statemen)m(t)150 5090 y(prop)s(erties.)275 5230 y(In)29
9529 b(the)h(con)m(text)i(where)d(an)h(assignmen)m(t)h(statemen)m(t)h(is)e
9530 (assigning)g(a)h(v)-5 b(alue)30 b(to)h(a)f(shell)g(v)-5
9531 b(ariable)31 b(or)150 5340 y(arra)m(y)24 b(index)f(\(see)h(Section)g
9532 (6.7)g([Arra)m(ys],)i(page)e(95\),)i(the)e(`)p Ft(+=)p
9533 Fu(')f(op)s(erator)g(can)h(b)s(e)f(used)f(to)i(app)s(end)e(to)i(or)p
9534 eop end
9535 %%Page: 21 27
9536 TeXDict begin 21 26 bop 150 -116 a Fu(Chapter)30 b(3:)41
9537 b(Basic)32 b(Shell)e(F)-8 b(eatures)2246 b(21)150 299
9538 y(add)28 b(to)i(the)f(v)-5 b(ariable's)30 b(previous)e(v)-5
9539 b(alue.)41 b(This)28 b(includes)g(argumen)m(ts)i(to)f(builtin)g
9540 (commands)f(suc)m(h)h(as)150 408 y Ft(declare)e Fu(that)i(accept)h
9541 (assignmen)m(t)f(statemen)m(ts)h(\()p Fr(declaration)h
9542 Fu(commands\).)40 b(When)28 b(`)p Ft(+=)p Fu(')h(is)f(applied)150
9543 518 y(to)d(a)f(v)-5 b(ariable)24 b(for)g(whic)m(h)f(the)h
9544 Fr(in)m(teger)32 b Fu(attribute)24 b(has)g(b)s(een)f(set,)j
9545 Fr(v)-5 b(alue)29 b Fu(is)24 b(ev)-5 b(aluated)25 b(as)f(an)g
9546 (arithmetic)150 628 y(expression)30 b(and)f(added)g(to)i(the)f(v)-5
9547 b(ariable's)30 b(curren)m(t)g(v)-5 b(alue,)31 b(whic)m(h)e(is)h(also)h
9548 (ev)-5 b(aluated.)42 b(When)29 b(`)p Ft(+=)p Fu(')h(is)150
9549 737 y(applied)25 b(to)h(an)f(arra)m(y)h(v)-5 b(ariable)26
9550 b(using)f(comp)s(ound)f(assignmen)m(t)i(\(see)g(Section)g(6.7)g([Arra)m
9551 (ys],)h(page)f(95\),)150 847 y(the)33 b(v)-5 b(ariable's)33
9552 b(v)-5 b(alue)33 b(is)g(not)g(unset)f(\(as)h(it)g(is)g(when)e(using)i
9553 (`)p Ft(=)p Fu('\),)g(and)f(new)g(v)-5 b(alues)33 b(are)g(app)s(ended)e
9554 (to)150 956 y(the)26 b(arra)m(y)h(b)s(eginning)e(at)i(one)f(greater)h
9555 (than)f(the)g(arra)m(y's)h(maxim)m(um)f(index)f(\(for)i(indexed)e(arra)
9556 m(ys\),)j(or)150 1066 y(added)c(as)i(additional)g(k)m(ey-v)-5
9557 b(alue)26 b(pairs)f(in)g(an)g(asso)s(ciativ)m(e)j(arra)m(y)-8
9558 b(.)40 b(When)24 b(applied)h(to)h(a)g(string-v)-5 b(alued)150
9559 1176 y(v)g(ariable,)31 b Fr(v)-5 b(alue)36 b Fu(is)31
9560 b(expanded)e(and)h(app)s(ended)f(to)i(the)f(v)-5 b(ariable's)32
9561 b(v)-5 b(alue.)275 1319 y(A)28 b(v)-5 b(ariable)29 b(can)f(b)s(e)f
9562 (assigned)i(the)f Fr(nameref)45 b Fu(attribute)29 b(using)f(the)g
9563 Ft(-n)f Fu(option)i(to)g(the)f Ft(declare)e Fu(or)150
9564 1428 y Ft(local)f Fu(builtin)h(commands)g(\(see)i(Section)f(4.2)h
9565 ([Bash)f(Builtins],)h(page)f(51\))h(to)f(create)i(a)e
9566 Fr(nameref)p Fu(,)g(or)g(a)150 1538 y(reference)f(to)g(another)f(v)-5
9567 b(ariable.)40 b(This)24 b(allo)m(ws)j(v)-5 b(ariables)26
9568 b(to)g(b)s(e)e(manipulated)h(indirectly)-8 b(.)40 b(Whenev)m(er)150
9569 1647 y(the)31 b(nameref)g(v)-5 b(ariable)32 b(is)f(referenced,)g
9570 (assigned)h(to,)g(unset,)f(or)g(has)f(its)i(attributes)f(mo)s(di\014ed)
9571 f(\(other)150 1757 y(than)c(using)g(or)h(c)m(hanging)g(the)g(nameref)f
9572 (attribute)i(itself)7 b(\),)29 b(the)d(op)s(eration)h(is)g(actually)h
9573 (p)s(erformed)d(on)150 1867 y(the)31 b(v)-5 b(ariable)31
9574 b(sp)s(eci\014ed)f(b)m(y)g(the)h(nameref)f(v)-5 b(ariable's)31
9575 b(v)-5 b(alue.)42 b(A)30 b(nameref)g(is)h(commonly)g(used)e(within)150
9576 1976 y(shell)h(functions)g(to)h(refer)f(to)h(a)f(v)-5
9577 b(ariable)31 b(whose)f(name)h(is)f(passed)g(as)g(an)g(argumen)m(t)h(to)
9578 g(the)f(function.)150 2086 y(F)-8 b(or)31 b(instance,)g(if)g(a)g(v)-5
9579 b(ariable)31 b(name)f(is)h(passed)e(to)j(a)e(shell)h(function)f(as)h
9580 (its)f(\014rst)g(argumen)m(t,)h(running)390 2229 y Ft(declare)46
9581 b(-n)h(ref=$1)150 2372 y Fu(inside)31 b(the)h(function)f(creates)i(a)g
9582 (nameref)e(v)-5 b(ariable)32 b Fr(ref)49 b Fu(whose)32
9583 b(v)-5 b(alue)32 b(is)g(the)f(v)-5 b(ariable)33 b(name)e(passed)150
9584 2481 y(as)e(the)h(\014rst)e(argumen)m(t.)41 b(References)30
9585 b(and)e(assignmen)m(ts)i(to)g Fr(ref)p Fu(,)f(and)g(c)m(hanges)h(to)g
9586 (its)f(attributes,)i(are)150 2591 y(treated)g(as)f(references,)g
9587 (assignmen)m(ts,)h(and)e(attribute)i(mo)s(di\014cations)f(to)h(the)f(v)
9588 -5 b(ariable)30 b(whose)g(name)150 2701 y(w)m(as)h(passed)f(as)g
9589 Ft($1)p Fu(.)275 2844 y(If)h(the)g(con)m(trol)i(v)-5
9590 b(ariable)32 b(in)g(a)f Ft(for)g Fu(lo)s(op)h(has)f(the)g(nameref)h
9591 (attribute,)g(the)g(list)g(of)g(w)m(ords)f(can)h(b)s(e)150
9592 2953 y(a)h(list)h(of)f(shell)g(v)-5 b(ariables,)34 b(and)e(a)i(name)f
9593 (reference)g(will)g(b)s(e)f(established)h(for)g(eac)m(h)h(w)m(ord)e(in)
9594 h(the)g(list,)150 3063 y(in)c(turn,)g(when)g(the)h(lo)s(op)g(is)g
9595 (executed.)41 b(Arra)m(y)30 b(v)-5 b(ariables)30 b(cannot)h(b)s(e)e
9596 (giv)m(en)h(the)g(nameref)g(attribute.)150 3172 y(Ho)m(w)m(ev)m(er,)39
9597 b(nameref)d(v)-5 b(ariables)36 b(can)g(reference)g(arra)m(y)g(v)-5
9598 b(ariables)37 b(and)e(subscripted)f(arra)m(y)i(v)-5 b(ariables.)150
9599 3282 y(Namerefs)36 b(can)f(b)s(e)g(unset)g(using)g(the)h
9600 Ft(-n)e Fu(option)i(to)g(the)g Ft(unset)e Fu(builtin)h(\(see)h(Section)
9601 g(4.1)h([Bourne)150 3392 y(Shell)43 b(Builtins],)j(page)e(44\).)79
9602 b(Otherwise,)45 b(if)e Ft(unset)e Fu(is)i(executed)h(with)e(the)h(name)
9603 g(of)g(a)g(nameref)150 3501 y(v)-5 b(ariable)31 b(as)g(an)f(argumen)m
9604 (t,)h(the)g(v)-5 b(ariable)31 b(referenced)f(b)m(y)g(the)h(nameref)f(v)
9605 -5 b(ariable)31 b(will)g(b)s(e)f(unset.)150 3709 y Fk(3.4.1)63
9606 b(P)m(ositional)41 b(P)m(arameters)150 3856 y Fu(A)28
9607 b Fr(p)s(ositional)h(parameter)35 b Fu(is)28 b(a)g(parameter)g(denoted)
9608 g(b)m(y)g(one)g(or)g(more)g(digits,)h(other)g(than)e(the)h(single)150
9609 3965 y(digit)34 b Ft(0)p Fu(.)48 b(P)m(ositional)36 b(parameters)d(are)
9610 g(assigned)h(from)e(the)i(shell's)f(argumen)m(ts)g(when)f(it)i(is)f(in)
9611 m(v)m(ok)m(ed,)150 4075 y(and)38 b(ma)m(y)i(b)s(e)e(reassigned)i(using)
9612 e(the)h Ft(set)g Fu(builtin)f(command.)67 b(P)m(ositional)41
9613 b(parameter)e Ft(N)g Fu(ma)m(y)h(b)s(e)150 4185 y(referenced)34
9614 b(as)h Ft(${N})p Fu(,)g(or)f(as)h Ft($N)e Fu(when)h Ft(N)g
9615 Fu(consists)h(of)f(a)h(single)g(digit.)54 b(P)m(ositional)37
9616 b(parameters)d(ma)m(y)150 4294 y(not)j(b)s(e)f(assigned)h(to)g(with)f
9617 (assignmen)m(t)i(statemen)m(ts.)61 b(The)36 b Ft(set)g
9618 Fu(and)g Ft(shift)f Fu(builtins)h(are)h(used)f(to)150
9619 4404 y(set)k(and)f(unset)f(them)i(\(see)g(Chapter)f(4)g([Shell)h
9620 (Builtin)g(Commands],)h(page)f(44\).)68 b(The)39 b(p)s(ositional)150
9621 4513 y(parameters)44 b(are)g(temp)s(orarily)g(replaced)h(when)e(a)h
9622 (shell)g(function)g(is)g(executed)g(\(see)h(Section)g(3.3)150
9623 4623 y([Shell)30 b(F)-8 b(unctions],)32 b(page)f(18\).)275
9624 4766 y(When)c(a)i(p)s(ositional)g(parameter)g(consisting)f(of)h(more)f
9625 (than)g(a)g(single)h(digit)g(is)f(expanded,)g(it)h(m)m(ust)150
9626 4876 y(b)s(e)h(enclosed)h(in)f(braces.)150 5083 y Fk(3.4.2)63
9627 b(Sp)s(ecial)41 b(P)m(arameters)150 5230 y Fu(The)d(shell)g(treats)h
9628 (sev)m(eral)g(parameters)f(sp)s(ecially)-8 b(.)65 b(These)38
9629 b(parameters)h(ma)m(y)f(only)g(b)s(e)g(referenced;)150
9630 5340 y(assignmen)m(t)31 b(to)g(them)g(is)f(not)h(allo)m(w)m(ed.)p
9631 eop end
9632 %%Page: 22 28
9633 TeXDict begin 22 27 bop 150 -116 a Fu(Chapter)30 b(3:)41
9634 b(Basic)32 b(Shell)e(F)-8 b(eatures)2246 b(22)150 299
9635 y Ft(*)432 b Fu(\($*\))38 b(Expands)d(to)i(the)f(p)s(ositional)h
9636 (parameters,)h(starting)f(from)f(one.)59 b(When)36 b(the)g(ex-)630
9637 408 y(pansion)h(is)h(not)g(within)f(double)g(quotes,)j(eac)m(h)f(p)s
9638 (ositional)f(parameter)g(expands)f(to)i(a)630 518 y(separate)23
9639 b(w)m(ord.)38 b(In)21 b(con)m(texts)j(where)e(it)g(is)h(p)s(erformed,)f
9640 (those)h(w)m(ords)e(are)i(sub)5 b(ject)22 b(to)h(fur-)630
9641 628 y(ther)k(w)m(ord)g(splitting)i(and)e(\014lename)g(expansion.)40
9642 b(When)27 b(the)h(expansion)f(o)s(ccurs)g(within)630
9643 737 y(double)37 b(quotes,)k(it)d(expands)f(to)h(a)g(single)h(w)m(ord)e
9644 (with)h(the)f(v)-5 b(alue)39 b(of)f(eac)m(h)g(parameter)630
9645 847 y(separated)g(b)m(y)g(the)f(\014rst)g(c)m(haracter)i(of)f(the)g
9646 Ft(IFS)f Fu(sp)s(ecial)h(v)-5 b(ariable.)63 b(That)38
9647 b(is,)h Ft("$*")e Fu(is)630 956 y(equiv)-5 b(alen)m(t)39
9648 b(to)g Ft("$1)p Fj(c)p Ft($2)p Fj(c)p Ft(...)m(")p Fu(,)h(where)d
9649 Fr(c)44 b Fu(is)38 b(the)g(\014rst)g(c)m(haracter)h(of)f(the)g(v)-5
9650 b(alue)39 b(of)f(the)630 1066 y Ft(IFS)29 b Fu(v)-5 b(ariable.)41
9651 b(If)29 b Ft(IFS)g Fu(is)h(unset,)f(the)h(parameters)g(are)g(separated)
9652 g(b)m(y)g(spaces.)41 b(If)29 b Ft(IFS)g Fu(is)630 1176
9653 y(n)m(ull,)i(the)f(parameters)h(are)g(joined)f(without)g(in)m(terv)m
9654 (ening)i(separators.)150 1334 y Ft(@)432 b Fu(\($@\))43
9655 b(Expands)f(to)h(the)g(p)s(ositional)g(parameters,)k(starting)c(from)f
9656 (one.)78 b(In)42 b(con)m(texts)630 1444 y(where)35 b(w)m(ord)h
9657 (splitting)g(is)g(p)s(erformed,)g(this)g(expands)e(eac)m(h)j(p)s
9658 (ositional)g(parameter)f(to)630 1553 y(a)d(separate)h(w)m(ord;)g(if)f
9659 (not)g(within)g(double)f(quotes,)j(these)e(w)m(ords)g(are)g(sub)5
9660 b(ject)33 b(to)g(w)m(ord)630 1663 y(splitting.)60 b(In)36
9661 b(con)m(texts)j(where)d(w)m(ord)g(splitting)h(is)g(not)g(p)s(erformed,)
9662 g(this)f(expands)g(to)630 1773 y(a)c(single)h(w)m(ord)e(with)h(eac)m(h)
9663 h(p)s(ositional)g(parameter)f(separated)g(b)m(y)g(a)g(space.)46
9664 b(When)32 b(the)630 1882 y(expansion)i(o)s(ccurs)h(within)e(double)i
9665 (quotes,)h(and)e(w)m(ord)g(splitting)h(is)g(p)s(erformed,)f(eac)m(h)630
9666 1992 y(parameter)23 b(expands)f(to)i(a)f(separate)h(w)m(ord.)37
9667 b(That)23 b(is,)i Ft("$@")c Fu(is)i(equiv)-5 b(alen)m(t)24
9668 b(to)g Ft("$1")29 b("$2")630 2101 y(...)o Fu(.)39 b(If)26
9669 b(the)g(double-quoted)g(expansion)f(o)s(ccurs)h(within)f(a)h(w)m(ord,)h
9670 (the)f(expansion)g(of)g(the)630 2211 y(\014rst)31 b(parameter)h(is)g
9671 (joined)f(with)g(the)h(b)s(eginning)f(part)h(of)f(the)h(original)h(w)m
9672 (ord,)f(and)f(the)630 2321 y(expansion)25 b(of)g(the)h(last)g
9673 (parameter)f(is)h(joined)f(with)g(the)g(last)h(part)f(of)g(the)h
9674 (original)g(w)m(ord.)630 2430 y(When)i(there)g(are)g(no)g(p)s
9675 (ositional)g(parameters,)h Ft("$@")e Fu(and)g Ft($@)h
9676 Fu(expand)f(to)h(nothing)g(\(i.e.,)630 2540 y(they)j(are)f(remo)m(v)m
9677 (ed\).)150 2698 y Ft(#)432 b Fu(\($#\))31 b(Expands)e(to)i(the)g(n)m
9678 (um)m(b)s(er)e(of)h(p)s(ositional)i(parameters)e(in)g(decimal.)150
9679 2857 y Ft(?)432 b Fu(\($?\))88 b(Expands)45 b(to)h(the)g(exit)h(status)
9680 f(of)g(the)g(most)h(recen)m(tly)g(executed)g(foreground)630
9681 2967 y(pip)s(eline.)150 3125 y Ft(-)432 b Fu(\($-,)24
9682 b(a)e(h)m(yphen.\))37 b(Expands)20 b(to)i(the)f(curren)m(t)h(option)f
9683 (\015ags)h(as)f(sp)s(eci\014ed)g(up)s(on)f(in)m(v)m(o)s(cation,)630
9684 3235 y(b)m(y)38 b(the)h Ft(set)f Fu(builtin)g(command,)j(or)d(those)i
9685 (set)f(b)m(y)f(the)h(shell)g(itself)g(\(suc)m(h)g(as)g(the)g
9686 Ft(-i)630 3344 y Fu(option\).)150 3503 y Ft($)432 b Fu(\($$\))31
9687 b(Expands)d(to)j(the)e(pro)s(cess)h Fm(id)f Fu(of)h(the)g(shell.)41
9688 b(In)28 b(a)i Ft(\(\))f Fu(subshell,)h(it)g(expands)e(to)j(the)630
9689 3613 y(pro)s(cess)f Fm(id)g Fu(of)h(the)g(in)m(v)m(oking)g(shell,)g
9690 (not)g(the)f(subshell.)150 3771 y Ft(!)432 b Fu(\($!\))51
9691 b(Expands)32 b(to)i(the)g(pro)s(cess)f Fm(id)h Fu(of)f(the)h(job)f
9692 (most)h(recen)m(tly)h(placed)f(in)m(to)g(the)g(bac)m(k-)630
9693 3881 y(ground,)26 b(whether)g(executed)g(as)h(an)f(async)m(hronous)f
9694 (command)h(or)g(using)g(the)g Ft(bg)f Fu(builtin)630
9695 3990 y(\(see)31 b(Section)h(7.2)f([Job)f(Con)m(trol)h(Builtins],)g
9696 (page)h(108\).)150 4149 y Ft(0)432 b Fu(\($0\))46 b(Expands)d(to)i(the)
9697 g(name)g(of)f(the)h(shell)g(or)f(shell)h(script.)83 b(This)44
9698 b(is)g(set)h(at)h(shell)630 4259 y(initialization.)d(If)27
9699 b(Bash)h(is)g(in)m(v)m(ok)m(ed)h(with)e(a)i(\014le)e(of)h(commands)g
9700 (\(see)g(Section)h(3.8)g([Shell)630 4368 y(Scripts],)g(page)g(42\),)h
9701 Ft($0)e Fu(is)h(set)g(to)g(the)f(name)h(of)f(that)h(\014le.)41
9702 b(If)28 b(Bash)g(is)h(started)g(with)f(the)630 4478 y
9703 Ft(-c)i Fu(option)h(\(see)h(Section)g(6.1)f([In)m(v)m(oking)h(Bash],)g
9704 (page)f(86\),)i(then)d Ft($0)g Fu(is)h(set)g(to)h(the)f(\014rst)630
9705 4587 y(argumen)m(t)g(after)g(the)g(string)g(to)g(b)s(e)f(executed,)i
9706 (if)f(one)g(is)f(presen)m(t.)42 b(Otherwise,)31 b(it)g(is)f(set)630
9707 4697 y(to)h(the)g(\014lename)f(used)g(to)h(in)m(v)m(ok)m(e)h(Bash,)f
9708 (as)g(giv)m(en)g(b)m(y)f(argumen)m(t)h(zero.)150 4937
9709 y Fs(3.5)68 b(Shell)45 b(Expansions)150 5096 y Fu(Expansion)27
9710 b(is)i(p)s(erformed)d(on)i(the)g(command)g(line)h(after)f(it)h(has)f(b)
9711 s(een)f(split)h(in)m(to)i Ft(token)p Fu(s.)38 b(There)28
9712 b(are)150 5206 y(sev)m(en)j(kinds)e(of)i(expansion)f(p)s(erformed:)225
9713 5340 y Fq(\017)60 b Fu(brace)31 b(expansion)p eop end
9714 %%Page: 23 29
9715 TeXDict begin 23 28 bop 150 -116 a Fu(Chapter)30 b(3:)41
9716 b(Basic)32 b(Shell)e(F)-8 b(eatures)2246 b(23)225 299
9717 y Fq(\017)60 b Fu(tilde)31 b(expansion)225 436 y Fq(\017)60
9718 b Fu(parameter)31 b(and)f(v)-5 b(ariable)31 b(expansion)225
9719 574 y Fq(\017)60 b Fu(command)30 b(substitution)225 711
9720 y Fq(\017)60 b Fu(arithmetic)32 b(expansion)225 849 y
9721 Fq(\017)60 b Fu(w)m(ord)30 b(splitting)225 986 y Fq(\017)60
9722 b Fu(\014lename)31 b(expansion)275 1155 y(The)24 b(order)h(of)h
9723 (expansions)f(is:)39 b(brace)25 b(expansion;)j(tilde)e(expansion,)g
9724 (parameter)g(and)f(v)-5 b(ariable)26 b(ex-)150 1264 y(pansion,)j
9725 (arithmetic)i(expansion,)f(and)f(command)g(substitution)g(\(done)g(in)h
9726 (a)f(left-to-righ)m(t)k(fashion\);)150 1374 y(w)m(ord)d(splitting;)h
9727 (and)f(\014lename)h(expansion.)275 1515 y(On)42 b(systems)h(that)h(can)
9728 g(supp)s(ort)e(it,)47 b(there)d(is)f(an)h(additional)g(expansion)f(a)m
9729 (v)-5 b(ailable:)69 b Fr(pro)s(cess)150 1624 y(substitution)p
9730 Fu(.)50 b(This)33 b(is)h(p)s(erformed)e(at)j(the)f(same)g(time)g(as)g
9731 (tilde,)i(parameter,)f(v)-5 b(ariable,)35 b(and)f(arith-)150
9732 1734 y(metic)d(expansion)g(and)e(command)i(substitution.)275
9733 1874 y(After)f(these)h(expansions)f(are)g(p)s(erformed,)f(quote)i(c)m
9734 (haracters)h(presen)m(t)e(in)g(the)g(original)i(w)m(ord)e(are)150
9735 1984 y(remo)m(v)m(ed)h(unless)f(they)h(ha)m(v)m(e)g(b)s(een)f(quoted)g
9736 (themselv)m(es)i(\()p Fr(quote)f(remo)m(v)-5 b(al)t Fu(\).)275
9737 2124 y(Only)31 b(brace)i(expansion,)h(w)m(ord)e(splitting,)i(and)e
9738 (\014lename)h(expansion)f(can)h(increase)g(the)g(n)m(um)m(b)s(er)150
9739 2234 y(of)24 b(w)m(ords)g(of)g(the)h(expansion;)h(other)e(expansions)g
9740 (expand)g(a)g(single)h(w)m(ord)f(to)h(a)f(single)h(w)m(ord.)38
9741 b(The)24 b(only)150 2344 y(exceptions)i(to)f(this)g(are)g(the)g
9742 (expansions)g(of)g Ft("$@")f Fu(and)g Ft($*)g Fu(\(see)i(Section)f
9743 (3.4.2)i([Sp)s(ecial)e(P)m(arameters],)150 2453 y(page)31
9744 b(21\),)h(and)e Ft("${)p Fj(name)p Ft([@]}")d Fu(and)i
9745 Ft(${)p Fj(name)p Ft([*]})f Fu(\(see)j(Section)h(6.7)f([Arra)m(ys],)g
9746 (page)g(95\).)275 2594 y(After)41 b(all)i(expansions,)h
9747 Ft(quote)29 b(removal)40 b Fu(\(see)i(Section)h(3.5.9)g([Quote)f(Remo)m
9748 (v)-5 b(al],)47 b(page)42 b(35\))h(is)150 2703 y(p)s(erformed.)150
9749 2908 y Fk(3.5.1)63 b(Brace)40 b(Expansion)150 3055 y
9750 Fu(Brace)32 b(expansion)f(is)f(a)i(mec)m(hanism)f(b)m(y)f(whic)m(h)h
9751 (arbitrary)f(strings)h(ma)m(y)g(b)s(e)f(generated.)43
9752 b(This)30 b(mec)m(h-)150 3165 y(anism)35 b(is)h(similar)f(to)h
9753 Fr(\014lename)g(expansion)f Fu(\(see)i(Section)f(3.5.8)h([Filename)g
9754 (Expansion],)f(page)g(33\),)150 3275 y(but)26 b(the)h(\014lenames)g
9755 (generated)h(need)f(not)g(exist.)40 b(P)m(atterns)28
9756 b(to)f(b)s(e)g(brace)g(expanded)f(tak)m(e)i(the)f(form)g(of)150
9757 3384 y(an)j(optional)h Fr(pream)m(ble)p Fu(,)g(follo)m(w)m(ed)g(b)m(y)f
9758 (either)g(a)h(series)f(of)g(comma-separated)i(strings)d(or)h(a)h
9759 (sequence)150 3494 y(expression)36 b(b)s(et)m(w)m(een)g(a)h(pair)e(of)i
9760 (braces,)g(follo)m(w)m(ed)h(b)m(y)e(an)g(optional)h Fr(p)s(ostscript)p
9761 Fu(.)57 b(The)36 b(pream)m(ble)g(is)150 3603 y(pre\014xed)28
9762 b(to)h(eac)m(h)h(string)f(con)m(tained)h(within)e(the)h(braces,)g(and)g
9763 (the)g(p)s(ostscript)f(is)h(then)f(app)s(ended)f(to)150
9764 3713 y(eac)m(h)32 b(resulting)e(string,)h(expanding)e(left)j(to)f(righ)
9765 m(t.)275 3853 y(Brace)37 b(expansions)f(ma)m(y)h(b)s(e)f(nested.)59
9766 b(The)36 b(results)g(of)h(eac)m(h)g(expanded)f(string)g(are)h(not)g
9767 (sorted;)150 3963 y(left)31 b(to)g(righ)m(t)g(order)f(is)g(preserv)m
9768 (ed.)41 b(F)-8 b(or)31 b(example,)390 4104 y Ft(bash$)46
9769 b(echo)h(a{d,c,b}e)390 4213 y(ade)g(ace)g(abe)275 4354
9770 y Fu(A)23 b(sequence)g(expression)g(tak)m(es)i(the)e(form)g
9771 Ft({)p Fj(x)p Ft(..)p Fj(y)p Ft([..)p Fj(incr)p Ft(]})p
9772 Fu(,)e(where)i Fr(x)29 b Fu(and)23 b Fr(y)30 b Fu(are)24
9773 b(either)g(in)m(tegers)150 4463 y(or)42 b(single)h(c)m(haracters,)48
9774 b(and)41 b Fr(incr)p Fu(,)46 b(an)c(optional)i(incremen)m(t,)i(is)c(an)
9775 h(in)m(teger.)78 b(When)42 b(in)m(tegers)i(are)150 4573
9776 y(supplied,)f(the)f(expression)f(expands)f(to)i(eac)m(h)h(n)m(um)m(b)s
9777 (er)d(b)s(et)m(w)m(een)i Fr(x)47 b Fu(and)41 b Fr(y)p
9778 Fu(,)j(inclusiv)m(e.)75 b(Supplied)150 4682 y(in)m(tegers)33
9779 b(ma)m(y)e(b)s(e)g(pre\014xed)f(with)h(`)p Ft(0)p Fu(')h(to)g(force)g
9780 (eac)m(h)g(term)g(to)g(ha)m(v)m(e)g(the)g(same)g(width.)42
9781 b(When)31 b(either)150 4792 y Fr(x)43 b Fu(or)36 b Fr(y)44
9782 b Fu(b)s(egins)36 b(with)g(a)h(zero,)i(the)e(shell)g(attempts)g(to)g
9783 (force)g(all)h(generated)f(terms)g(to)g(con)m(tain)h(the)150
9784 4902 y(same)e(n)m(um)m(b)s(er)e(of)i(digits,)i(zero-padding)d(where)h
9785 (necessary)-8 b(.)57 b(When)35 b(c)m(haracters)i(are)f(supplied,)g(the)
9786 150 5011 y(expression)24 b(expands)g(to)h(eac)m(h)h(c)m(haracter)g
9787 (lexicographically)h(b)s(et)m(w)m(een)e Fr(x)30 b Fu(and)24
9788 b Fr(y)p Fu(,)i(inclusiv)m(e,)h(using)d(the)150 5121
9789 y(default)32 b(C)g(lo)s(cale.)48 b(Note)34 b(that)f(b)s(oth)e
9790 Fr(x)39 b Fu(and)31 b Fr(y)40 b Fu(m)m(ust)32 b(b)s(e)g(of)g(the)h
9791 (same)f(t)m(yp)s(e.)47 b(When)32 b(the)g(incremen)m(t)150
9792 5230 y(is)d(supplied,)g(it)h(is)f(used)f(as)i(the)f(di\013erence)h(b)s
9793 (et)m(w)m(een)g(eac)m(h)g(term.)41 b(The)29 b(default)g(incremen)m(t)h
9794 (is)f(1)h(or)f(-1)150 5340 y(as)i(appropriate.)p eop
9795 end
9796 %%Page: 24 30
9797 TeXDict begin 24 29 bop 150 -116 a Fu(Chapter)30 b(3:)41
9798 b(Basic)32 b(Shell)e(F)-8 b(eatures)2246 b(24)275 299
9799 y(Brace)36 b(expansion)g(is)f(p)s(erformed)f(b)s(efore)h(an)m(y)h
9800 (other)g(expansions,)h(and)e(an)m(y)g(c)m(haracters)i(sp)s(ecial)150
9801 408 y(to)32 b(other)g(expansions)g(are)g(preserv)m(ed)f(in)h(the)f
9802 (result.)45 b(It)32 b(is)g(strictly)g(textual.)46 b(Bash)32
9803 b(do)s(es)f(not)h(apply)150 518 y(an)m(y)27 b(syn)m(tactic)i(in)m
9804 (terpretation)g(to)f(the)f(con)m(text)i(of)e(the)g(expansion)g(or)g
9805 (the)h(text)g(b)s(et)m(w)m(een)f(the)h(braces.)275 656
9806 y(A)h(correctly-formed)i(brace)f(expansion)f(m)m(ust)h(con)m(tain)h
9807 (unquoted)e(op)s(ening)g(and)g(closing)i(braces,)150
9808 766 y(and)h(at)i(least)g(one)f(unquoted)g(comma)g(or)g(a)h(v)-5
9809 b(alid)33 b(sequence)g(expression.)48 b(An)m(y)33 b(incorrectly)h
9810 (formed)150 875 y(brace)d(expansion)f(is)g(left)h(unc)m(hanged.)275
9811 1013 y(A)25 b Fi({)h Fu(or)f(`)p Ft(,)p Fu(')g(ma)m(y)h(b)s(e)f(quoted)
9812 h(with)f(a)g(bac)m(kslash)h(to)g(prev)m(en)m(t)g(its)g(b)s(eing)f
9813 (considered)g(part)g(of)h(a)g(brace)150 1123 y(expression.)51
9814 b(T)-8 b(o)34 b(a)m(v)m(oid)i(con\015icts)e(with)g(parameter)g
9815 (expansion,)h(the)f(string)g(`)p Ft(${)p Fu(')g(is)g(not)g(considered)
9816 150 1232 y(eligible)e(for)e(brace)h(expansion,)f(and)g(inhibits)g
9817 (brace)h(expansion)f(un)m(til)g(the)h(closing)h(`)p Ft(})p
9818 Fu('.)275 1370 y(This)e(construct)h(is)g(t)m(ypically)i(used)d(as)h
9819 (shorthand)f(when)g(the)h(common)g(pre\014x)f(of)h(the)g(strings)g(to)
9820 150 1480 y(b)s(e)f(generated)h(is)g(longer)g(than)f(in)g(the)g(ab)s(o)m
9821 (v)m(e)i(example:)390 1618 y Ft(mkdir)46 b(/usr/local/src/bash/{old,n)o
9822 (ew,)o(dist)o(,bug)o(s})275 1756 y Fu(or)390 1894 y Ft(chown)g(root)h
9823 (/usr/{ucb/{ex,edit},lib/)o({ex?)o(.?*,)o(how)o(_ex})o(})150
9824 2097 y Fk(3.5.2)63 b(Tilde)41 b(Expansion)150 2243 y
9825 Fu(If)29 b(a)h(w)m(ord)g(b)s(egins)f(with)g(an)h(unquoted)f(tilde)h(c)m
9826 (haracter)h(\(`)p Ft(~)p Fu('\),)g(all)g(of)f(the)g(c)m(haracters)h(up)
9827 d(to)j(the)f(\014rst)150 2353 y(unquoted)24 b(slash)g(\(or)h(all)h(c)m
9828 (haracters,)h(if)e(there)g(is)f(no)h(unquoted)e(slash\))i(are)g
9829 (considered)g(a)g Fr(tilde-pre\014x)p Fu(.)150 2463 y(If)38
9830 b(none)g(of)g(the)h(c)m(haracters)g(in)f(the)h(tilde-pre\014x)f(are)h
9831 (quoted,)h(the)f(c)m(haracters)h(in)d(the)i(tilde-pre\014x)150
9832 2572 y(follo)m(wing)28 b(the)g(tilde)f(are)h(treated)g(as)f(a)g(p)s
9833 (ossible)g Fr(login)h(name)p Fu(.)39 b(If)27 b(this)g(login)h(name)f
9834 (is)g(the)g(n)m(ull)g(string,)150 2682 y(the)35 b(tilde)g(is)g
9835 (replaced)g(with)f(the)h(v)-5 b(alue)35 b(of)g(the)g
9836 Ft(HOME)e Fu(shell)i(v)-5 b(ariable.)54 b(If)34 b Ft(HOME)g
9837 Fu(is)h(unset,)g(the)g(home)150 2791 y(directory)e(of)g(the)f(user)g
9838 (executing)i(the)e(shell)h(is)f(substituted)g(instead.)47
9839 b(Otherwise,)33 b(the)g(tilde-pre\014x)150 2901 y(is)d(replaced)h(with)
9840 f(the)h(home)f(directory)h(asso)s(ciated)h(with)e(the)h(sp)s(eci\014ed)
9841 e(login)j(name.)275 3039 y(If)g(the)h(tilde-pre\014x)f(is)h(`)p
9842 Ft(~+)p Fu(',)g(the)g(v)-5 b(alue)33 b(of)g(the)g(shell)g(v)-5
9843 b(ariable)34 b Ft(PWD)d Fu(replaces)j(the)f(tilde-pre\014x.)47
9844 b(If)150 3149 y(the)31 b(tilde-pre\014x)f(is)g(`)p Ft(~-)p
9845 Fu(',)h(the)f(v)-5 b(alue)31 b(of)g(the)f(shell)h(v)-5
9846 b(ariable)31 b Ft(OLDPWD)p Fu(,)e(if)h(it)h(is)g(set,)g(is)f
9847 (substituted.)275 3287 y(If)f(the)h(c)m(haracters)h(follo)m(wing)h(the)
9848 e(tilde)g(in)g(the)g(tilde-pre\014x)g(consist)g(of)g(a)h(n)m(um)m(b)s
9849 (er)d Fr(N)p Fu(,)j(optionally)150 3396 y(pre\014xed)22
9850 b(b)m(y)h(a)h(`)p Ft(+)p Fu(')f(or)h(a)f(`)p Ft(-)p Fu(',)j(the)d
9851 (tilde-pre\014x)g(is)h(replaced)f(with)g(the)h(corresp)s(onding)e
9852 (elemen)m(t)j(from)e(the)150 3506 y(directory)36 b(stac)m(k,)i(as)e(it)
9853 g(w)m(ould)f(b)s(e)g(displa)m(y)m(ed)h(b)m(y)g(the)f
9854 Ft(dirs)g Fu(builtin)g(in)m(v)m(ok)m(ed)i(with)e(the)g(c)m(haracters)
9855 150 3615 y(follo)m(wing)40 b(tilde)f(in)g(the)f(tilde-pre\014x)h(as)g
9856 (an)f(argumen)m(t)h(\(see)h(Section)f(6.8)h([The)e(Directory)i(Stac)m
9857 (k],)150 3725 y(page)c(97\).)57 b(If)35 b(the)g(tilde-pre\014x,)i(sans)
9858 e(the)h(tilde,)h(consists)f(of)g(a)f(n)m(um)m(b)s(er)f(without)i(a)f
9859 (leading)h(`)p Ft(+)p Fu(')g(or)150 3834 y(`)p Ft(-)p
9860 Fu(',)31 b(`)p Ft(+)p Fu(')f(is)h(assumed.)275 3972 y(If)e(the)i(login)
9861 g(name)g(is)f(in)m(v)-5 b(alid,)31 b(or)g(the)f(tilde)h(expansion)f
9862 (fails,)i(the)e(w)m(ord)g(is)h(left)g(unc)m(hanged.)275
9863 4110 y(Eac)m(h)38 b(v)-5 b(ariable)38 b(assignmen)m(t)h(is)e(c)m(hec)m
9864 (k)m(ed)j(for)d(unquoted)g(tilde-pre\014xes)h(immediately)g(follo)m
9865 (wing)150 4220 y(a)d(`)p Ft(:)p Fu(')g(or)g(the)g(\014rst)f(`)p
9866 Ft(=)p Fu('.)54 b(In)34 b(these)h(cases,)i(tilde)e(expansion)g(is)g
9867 (also)h(p)s(erformed.)52 b(Consequen)m(tly)-8 b(,)37
9868 b(one)150 4330 y(ma)m(y)29 b(use)e(\014lenames)h(with)g(tildes)g(in)g
9869 (assignmen)m(ts)g(to)h Ft(PATH)p Fu(,)f Ft(MAILPATH)p
9870 Fu(,)e(and)h Ft(CDPATH)p Fu(,)g(and)h(the)g(shell)150
9871 4439 y(assigns)j(the)f(expanded)g(v)-5 b(alue.)275 4577
9872 y(The)29 b(follo)m(wing)j(table)g(sho)m(ws)e(ho)m(w)g(Bash)h(treats)g
9873 (unquoted)e(tilde-pre\014xes:)150 4742 y Ft(~)432 b Fu(The)30
9874 b(v)-5 b(alue)31 b(of)f Ft($HOME)150 4905 y(~/foo)240
9875 b($HOME/foo)150 5068 y(~fred/foo)630 5177 y Fu(The)30
9876 b(sub)s(directory)f Ft(foo)h Fu(of)g(the)h(home)f(directory)h(of)g(the)
9877 f(user)g Ft(fred)150 5340 y(~+/foo)192 b($PWD/foo)p eop
9878 end
9879 %%Page: 25 31
9880 TeXDict begin 25 30 bop 150 -116 a Fu(Chapter)30 b(3:)41
9881 b(Basic)32 b(Shell)e(F)-8 b(eatures)2246 b(25)150 299
9882 y Ft(~-/foo)192 b(${OLDPWD-'~-'}/foo)150 471 y(~)p Fj(N)384
9883 b Fu(The)30 b(string)g(that)h(w)m(ould)f(b)s(e)g(displa)m(y)m(ed)h(b)m
9884 (y)f(`)p Ft(dirs)g(+)p Fj(N)p Fu(')150 644 y Ft(~+)p
9885 Fj(N)336 b Fu(The)30 b(string)g(that)h(w)m(ould)f(b)s(e)g(displa)m(y)m
9886 (ed)h(b)m(y)f(`)p Ft(dirs)g(+)p Fj(N)p Fu(')150 816 y
9887 Ft(~-)p Fj(N)336 b Fu(The)30 b(string)g(that)h(w)m(ould)f(b)s(e)g
9888 (displa)m(y)m(ed)h(b)m(y)f(`)p Ft(dirs)g(-)p Fj(N)p Fu(')275
9889 995 y(Bash)40 b(also)h(p)s(erforms)e(tilde)h(expansion)g(on)h(w)m(ords)
9890 e(satisfying)i(the)f(conditions)h(of)f(v)-5 b(ariable)41
9891 b(as-)150 1105 y(signmen)m(ts)f(\(see)h(Section)g(3.4)g([Shell)f(P)m
9892 (arameters],)k(page)d(20\))g(when)e(they)h(app)s(ear)f(as)i(argumen)m
9893 (ts)150 1215 y(to)c(simple)f(commands.)57 b(Bash)36 b(do)s(es)f(not)h
9894 (do)g(this,)i(except)f(for)e(the)h Fr(declaration)i Fu(commands)d
9895 (listed)150 1324 y(ab)s(o)m(v)m(e,)d(when)d(in)h Fm(posix)g
9896 Fu(mo)s(de.)150 1536 y Fk(3.5.3)63 b(Shell)41 b(P)m(arameter)f
9897 (Expansion)150 1683 y Fu(The)g(`)p Ft($)p Fu(')h(c)m(haracter)i(in)m
9898 (tro)s(duces)d(parameter)h(expansion,)j(command)d(substitution,)i(or)e
9899 (arithmetic)150 1793 y(expansion.)d(The)22 b(parameter)h(name)f(or)g
9900 (sym)m(b)s(ol)h(to)g(b)s(e)e(expanded)h(ma)m(y)h(b)s(e)f(enclosed)h(in)
9901 f(braces,)i(whic)m(h)150 1903 y(are)31 b(optional)g(but)f(serv)m(e)h
9902 (to)h(protect)f(the)g(v)-5 b(ariable)31 b(to)g(b)s(e)f(expanded)g(from)
9903 g(c)m(haracters)i(immediately)150 2012 y(follo)m(wing)g(it)f(whic)m(h)f
9904 (could)g(b)s(e)g(in)m(terpreted)h(as)f(part)h(of)f(the)h(name.)275
9905 2160 y(When)44 b(braces)i(are)f(used,)j(the)e(matc)m(hing)g(ending)f
9906 (brace)g(is)g(the)g(\014rst)g(`)p Ft(})p Fu(')g(not)g(escap)s(ed)h(b)m
9907 (y)f(a)150 2269 y(bac)m(kslash)40 b(or)f(within)g(a)g(quoted)g(string,)
9908 j(and)c(not)i(within)e(an)h(em)m(b)s(edded)f(arithmetic)j(expansion,)
9909 150 2379 y(command)30 b(substitution,)g(or)h(parameter)g(expansion.)275
9910 2526 y(The)40 b(basic)i(form)f(of)g(parameter)h(expansion)f(is)h($)p
9911 Fi({)p Fr(parameter)7 b Fi(})p Fu(.)74 b(The)41 b(v)-5
9912 b(alue)42 b(of)g Fr(parameter)48 b Fu(is)150 2636 y(substituted.)43
9913 b(The)31 b Fr(parameter)39 b Fu(is)31 b(a)h(shell)f(parameter)h(as)g
9914 (describ)s(ed)e(ab)s(o)m(v)m(e)j(\(see)f(Section)g(3.4)h([Shell)150
9915 2746 y(P)m(arameters],)e(page)f(20\))h(or)e(an)g(arra)m(y)h(reference)f
9916 (\(see)i(Section)f(6.7)g([Arra)m(ys],)g(page)g(95\).)42
9917 b(The)29 b(braces)150 2855 y(are)j(required)g(when)f
9918 Fr(parameter)39 b Fu(is)32 b(a)h(p)s(ositional)f(parameter)h(with)f
9919 (more)g(than)g(one)g(digit,)i(or)e(when)150 2965 y Fr(parameter)37
9920 b Fu(is)31 b(follo)m(w)m(ed)h(b)m(y)e(a)h(c)m(haracter)h(that)f(is)f
9921 (not)h(to)g(b)s(e)f(in)m(terpreted)g(as)h(part)f(of)h(its)f(name.)275
9922 3112 y(If)k(the)h(\014rst)f(c)m(haracter)i(of)f Fr(parameter)42
9923 b Fu(is)35 b(an)g(exclamation)i(p)s(oin)m(t)e(\(!\),)i(and)d
9924 Fr(parameter)42 b Fu(is)34 b(not)i(a)150 3222 y Fr(nameref)p
9925 Fu(,)c(it)f(in)m(tro)s(duces)h(a)f(lev)m(el)i(of)f(indirection.)44
9926 b(Bash)31 b(uses)g(the)g(v)-5 b(alue)32 b(formed)f(b)m(y)g(expanding)g
9927 (the)150 3332 y(rest)c(of)f Fr(parameter)33 b Fu(as)27
9928 b(the)g(new)f Fr(parameter)7 b Fu(;)28 b(this)e(is)g(then)g(expanded)g
9929 (and)g(that)h(v)-5 b(alue)27 b(is)f(used)g(in)g(the)150
9930 3441 y(rest)33 b(of)f(the)h(expansion,)g(rather)g(than)f(the)h
9931 (expansion)f(of)h(the)g(original)g Fr(parameter)p Fu(.)48
9932 b(This)32 b(is)g(kno)m(wn)150 3551 y(as)42 b Ft(indirect)28
9933 b(expansion)p Fu(.)71 b(The)41 b(v)-5 b(alue)41 b(is)h(sub)5
9934 b(ject)41 b(to)h(tilde)g(expansion,)i(parameter)e(expansion,)150
9935 3660 y(command)31 b(substitution,)g(and)g(arithmetic)h(expansion.)43
9936 b(If)31 b Fr(parameter)38 b Fu(is)32 b(a)f(nameref,)h(this)f(expands)
9937 150 3770 y(to)d(the)g(name)g(of)f(the)h(v)-5 b(ariable)28
9938 b(referenced)g(b)m(y)f Fr(parameter)35 b Fu(instead)27
9939 b(of)h(p)s(erforming)e(the)i(complete)h(in-)150 3880
9940 y(direct)e(expansion.)39 b(The)25 b(exceptions)i(to)g(this)f(are)h(the)
9941 f(expansions)g(of)g($)p Fi({)p Fu(!)p Fr(pre\014x)6 b
9942 Fu(*)p Fi(})28 b Fu(and)d($)p Fi({)p Fu(!)p Fr(name)5
9943 b Fu([@])p Fi(})150 3989 y Fu(describ)s(ed)28 b(b)s(elo)m(w.)41
9944 b(The)28 b(exclamation)j(p)s(oin)m(t)f(m)m(ust)f(immediately)h(follo)m
9945 (w)g(the)g(left)f(brace)h(in)f(order)f(to)150 4099 y(in)m(tro)s(duce)i
9946 (indirection.)275 4246 y(In)39 b(eac)m(h)i(of)g(the)f(cases)h(b)s(elo)m
9947 (w,)i Fr(w)m(ord)h Fu(is)c(sub)5 b(ject)40 b(to)h(tilde)f(expansion,)j
9948 (parameter)e(expansion,)150 4356 y(command)30 b(substitution,)g(and)g
9949 (arithmetic)i(expansion.)275 4503 y(When)h(not)h(p)s(erforming)e
9950 (substring)h(expansion,)h(using)g(the)f(form)h(describ)s(ed)e(b)s(elo)m
9951 (w)i(\(e.g.,)i(`)p Ft(:-)p Fu('\),)150 4613 y(Bash)d(tests)h(for)e(a)i
9952 (parameter)f(that)h(is)e(unset)h(or)g(n)m(ull.)48 b(Omitting)33
9953 b(the)h(colon)f(results)g(in)g(a)g(test)h(only)150 4723
9954 y(for)c(a)i(parameter)f(that)g(is)g(unset.)41 b(Put)31
9955 b(another)f(w)m(a)m(y)-8 b(,)33 b(if)e(the)f(colon)i(is)f(included,)f
9956 (the)h(op)s(erator)g(tests)150 4832 y(for)36 b(b)s(oth)g
9957 Fr(parameter)7 b Fu('s)37 b(existence)h(and)e(that)i(its)f(v)-5
9958 b(alue)37 b(is)g(not)f(n)m(ull;)k(if)d(the)g(colon)h(is)e(omitted,)k
9959 (the)150 4942 y(op)s(erator)31 b(tests)g(only)f(for)g(existence.)150
9960 5121 y Ft(${)p Fj(parameter)p Ft(:)p Fq(\000)p Fj(word)p
9961 Ft(})630 5230 y Fu(If)g Fr(parameter)37 b Fu(is)30 b(unset)g(or)h(n)m
9962 (ull,)f(the)h(expansion)f(of)g Fr(w)m(ord)k Fu(is)c(substituted.)40
9963 b(Otherwise,)630 5340 y(the)31 b(v)-5 b(alue)30 b(of)h
9964 Fr(parameter)37 b Fu(is)31 b(substituted.)p eop end
9965 %%Page: 26 32
9966 TeXDict begin 26 31 bop 150 -116 a Fu(Chapter)30 b(3:)41
9967 b(Basic)32 b(Shell)e(F)-8 b(eatures)2246 b(26)150 299
9968 y Ft(${)p Fj(parameter)p Ft(:=)p Fj(word)p Ft(})630 408
9969 y Fu(If)33 b Fr(parameter)40 b Fu(is)33 b(unset)f(or)h(n)m(ull,)h(the)f
9970 (expansion)g(of)g Fr(w)m(ord)j Fu(is)d(assigned)g(to)h
9971 Fr(parameter)p Fu(.)630 518 y(The)c(v)-5 b(alue)32 b(of)f
9972 Fr(parameter)38 b Fu(is)31 b(then)g(substituted.)42 b(P)m(ositional)33
9973 b(parameters)e(and)f(sp)s(ecial)630 628 y(parameters)h(ma)m(y)g(not)f
9974 (b)s(e)g(assigned)h(to)g(in)f(this)g(w)m(a)m(y)-8 b(.)150
9975 786 y Ft(${)p Fj(parameter)p Ft(:?)p Fj(word)p Ft(})630
9976 896 y Fu(If)26 b Fr(parameter)33 b Fu(is)26 b(n)m(ull)g(or)g(unset,)h
9977 (the)f(expansion)g(of)g Fr(w)m(ord)k Fu(\(or)c(a)h(message)g(to)g(that)
9978 f(e\013ect)630 1005 y(if)i Fr(w)m(ord)j Fu(is)d(not)g(presen)m(t\))h
9979 (is)f(written)g(to)h(the)f(standard)f(error)h(and)f(the)h(shell,)h(if)f
9980 (it)h(is)f(not)630 1115 y(in)m(teractiv)m(e,)33 b(exits.)42
9981 b(Otherwise,)30 b(the)h(v)-5 b(alue)31 b(of)f Fr(parameter)38
9982 b Fu(is)30 b(substituted.)150 1273 y Ft(${)p Fj(parameter)p
9983 Ft(:+)p Fj(word)p Ft(})630 1383 y Fu(If)35 b Fr(parameter)42
9984 b Fu(is)36 b(n)m(ull)f(or)h(unset,)g(nothing)g(is)f(substituted,)i
9985 (otherwise)e(the)h(expansion)630 1492 y(of)31 b Fr(w)m(ord)i
9986 Fu(is)e(substituted.)150 1650 y Ft(${)p Fj(parameter)p
9987 Ft(:)p Fj(offset)p Ft(})150 1760 y(${)p Fj(parameter)p
9988 Ft(:)p Fj(offset)p Ft(:)p Fj(lengt)o(h)p Ft(})630 1870
9989 y Fu(This)f(is)h(referred)f(to)h(as)g(Substring)f(Expansion.)41
9990 b(It)31 b(expands)f(to)h(up)f(to)h Fr(length)g Fu(c)m(harac-)630
9991 1979 y(ters)k(of)g(the)h(v)-5 b(alue)35 b(of)g Fr(parameter)42
9992 b Fu(starting)36 b(at)g(the)f(c)m(haracter)i(sp)s(eci\014ed)d(b)m(y)h
9993 Fr(o\013set)p Fu(.)55 b(If)630 2089 y Fr(parameter)32
9994 b Fu(is)26 b(`)p Ft(@)p Fu(',)g(an)f(indexed)g(arra)m(y)h(subscripted)e
9995 (b)m(y)h(`)p Ft(@)p Fu(')g(or)h(`)p Ft(*)p Fu(',)g(or)g(an)f(asso)s
9996 (ciativ)m(e)j(ar-)630 2198 y(ra)m(y)g(name,)h(the)f(results)g(di\013er)
9997 g(as)g(describ)s(ed)f(b)s(elo)m(w.)40 b(If)28 b Fr(length)g
9998 Fu(is)g(omitted,)i(it)f(expands)630 2308 y(to)e(the)g(substring)f(of)g
9999 (the)h(v)-5 b(alue)27 b(of)g Fr(parameter)33 b Fu(starting)28
10000 b(at)f(the)g(c)m(haracter)h(sp)s(eci\014ed)e(b)m(y)630
10001 2418 y Fr(o\013set)37 b Fu(and)d(extending)g(to)h(the)f(end)g(of)g(the)
10002 g(v)-5 b(alue.)53 b Fr(length)34 b Fu(and)g Fr(o\013set)j
10003 Fu(are)e(arithmetic)630 2527 y(expressions)30 b(\(see)h(Section)g(6.5)h
10004 ([Shell)e(Arithmetic],)i(page)f(93\).)630 2661 y(If)39
10005 b Fr(o\013set)k Fu(ev)-5 b(aluates)41 b(to)f(a)g(n)m(um)m(b)s(er)f
10006 (less)h(than)f(zero,)k(the)d(v)-5 b(alue)40 b(is)g(used)e(as)i(an)g
10007 (o\013set)630 2771 y(in)33 b(c)m(haracters)i(from)f(the)f(end)g(of)h
10008 (the)g(v)-5 b(alue)34 b(of)g Fr(parameter)p Fu(.)51 b(If)33
10009 b Fr(length)h Fu(ev)-5 b(aluates)35 b(to)g(a)630 2880
10010 y(n)m(um)m(b)s(er)23 b(less)h(than)g(zero,)j(it)d(is)h(in)m(terpreted)f
10011 (as)g(an)h(o\013set)g(in)f(c)m(haracters)h(from)f(the)g(end)g(of)630
10012 2990 y(the)31 b(v)-5 b(alue)31 b(of)g Fr(parameter)38
10013 b Fu(rather)30 b(than)h(a)g(n)m(um)m(b)s(er)f(of)g(c)m(haracters,)j
10014 (and)d(the)h(expansion)630 3099 y(is)39 b(the)g(c)m(haracters)i(b)s(et)
10015 m(w)m(een)f Fr(o\013set)i Fu(and)c(that)i(result.)67
10016 b(Note)40 b(that)g(a)g(negativ)m(e)h(o\013set)630 3209
10017 y(m)m(ust)27 b(b)s(e)g(separated)g(from)g(the)g(colon)i(b)m(y)e(at)h
10018 (least)g(one)f(space)h(to)g(a)m(v)m(oid)h(b)s(eing)e(confused)630
10019 3319 y(with)j(the)h(`)p Ft(:-)p Fu(')f(expansion.)630
10020 3453 y(Here)43 b(are)g(some)f(examples)h(illustrating)g(substring)f
10021 (expansion)g(on)g(parameters)h(and)630 3562 y(subscripted)29
10022 b(arra)m(ys:)630 3696 y Ft($)47 b(string=01234567890abcdefgh)630
10023 3806 y($)g(echo)g(${string:7})630 3915 y(7890abcdefgh)630
10024 4025 y($)g(echo)g(${string:7:0})630 4244 y($)g(echo)g(${string:7:2})630
10025 4354 y(78)630 4463 y($)g(echo)g(${string:7:-2})630 4573
10026 y(7890abcdef)630 4682 y($)g(echo)g(${string:)e(-7})630
10027 4792 y(bcdefgh)630 4902 y($)i(echo)g(${string:)e(-7:0})630
10028 5121 y($)i(echo)g(${string:)e(-7:2})630 5230 y(bc)630
10029 5340 y($)i(echo)g(${string:)e(-7:-2})p eop end
10030 %%Page: 27 33
10031 TeXDict begin 27 32 bop 150 -116 a Fu(Chapter)30 b(3:)41
10032 b(Basic)32 b(Shell)e(F)-8 b(eatures)2246 b(27)630 299
10033 y Ft(bcdef)630 408 y($)47 b(set)g(--)h(01234567890abcdefgh)630
10034 518 y($)f(echo)g(${1:7})630 628 y(7890abcdefgh)630 737
10035 y($)g(echo)g(${1:7:0})630 956 y($)g(echo)g(${1:7:2})630
10036 1066 y(78)630 1176 y($)g(echo)g(${1:7:-2})630 1285 y(7890abcdef)630
10037 1395 y($)g(echo)g(${1:)g(-7})630 1504 y(bcdefgh)630 1614
10038 y($)g(echo)g(${1:)g(-7:0})630 1833 y($)g(echo)g(${1:)g(-7:2})630
10039 1943 y(bc)630 2052 y($)g(echo)g(${1:)g(-7:-2})630 2162
10040 y(bcdef)630 2271 y($)g(array[0]=01234567890abcdef)o(gh)630
10041 2381 y($)g(echo)g(${array[0]:7})630 2491 y(7890abcdefgh)630
10042 2600 y($)g(echo)g(${array[0]:7:0})630 2819 y($)g(echo)g
10043 (${array[0]:7:2})630 2929 y(78)630 3039 y($)g(echo)g(${array[0]:7:-2})
10044 630 3148 y(7890abcdef)630 3258 y($)g(echo)g(${array[0]:)e(-7})630
10045 3367 y(bcdefgh)630 3477 y($)i(echo)g(${array[0]:)e(-7:0})630
10046 3696 y($)i(echo)g(${array[0]:)e(-7:2})630 3806 y(bc)630
10047 3915 y($)i(echo)g(${array[0]:)e(-7:-2})630 4025 y(bcdef)630
10048 4171 y Fu(If)22 b Fr(parameter)30 b Fu(is)23 b(`)p Ft(@)p
10049 Fu(',)i(the)e(result)g(is)g Fr(length)h Fu(p)s(ositional)f(parameters)h
10050 (b)s(eginning)e(at)i Fr(o\013set)p Fu(.)630 4281 y(A)36
10051 b(negativ)m(e)j Fr(o\013set)g Fu(is)e(tak)m(en)g(relativ)m(e)i(to)e
10052 (one)g(greater)g(than)f(the)h(greatest)h(p)s(ositional)630
10053 4390 y(parameter,)29 b(so)f(an)g(o\013set)h(of)f(-1)g(ev)-5
10054 b(aluates)30 b(to)e(the)g(last)h(p)s(ositional)g(parameter.)40
10055 b(It)28 b(is)g(an)630 4500 y(expansion)i(error)g(if)h
10056 Fr(length)f Fu(ev)-5 b(aluates)32 b(to)f(a)g(n)m(um)m(b)s(er)e(less)i
10057 (than)f(zero.)630 4646 y(The)i(follo)m(wing)i(examples)f(illustrate)h
10058 (substring)d(expansion)i(using)f(p)s(ositional)h(param-)630
10059 4755 y(eters:)630 4902 y Ft($)47 b(set)g(--)h(1)f(2)g(3)h(4)f(5)h(6)f
10060 (7)h(8)f(9)h(0)f(a)h(b)f(c)g(d)h(e)f(f)h(g)f(h)630 5011
10061 y($)g(echo)g(${@:7})630 5121 y(7)g(8)h(9)f(0)h(a)f(b)h(c)f(d)h(e)f(f)h
10062 (g)f(h)630 5230 y($)g(echo)g(${@:7:0})p eop end
10063 %%Page: 28 34
10064 TeXDict begin 28 33 bop 150 -116 a Fu(Chapter)30 b(3:)41
10065 b(Basic)32 b(Shell)e(F)-8 b(eatures)2246 b(28)630 299
10066 y Ft($)47 b(echo)g(${@:7:2})630 408 y(7)g(8)630 518 y($)g(echo)g
10067 (${@:7:-2})630 628 y(bash:)f(-2:)h(substring)f(expression)f(<)i(0)630
10068 737 y($)g(echo)g(${@:)g(-7:2})630 847 y(b)g(c)630 956
10069 y($)g(echo)g(${@:0})630 1066 y(./bash)f(1)i(2)f(3)g(4)h(5)f(6)h(7)f(8)h
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10071 630 1285 y(./bash)f(1)630 1395 y($)h(echo)g(${@:)g(-7:0})630
10072 1677 y Fu(If)36 b Fr(parameter)43 b Fu(is)36 b(an)g(indexed)g(arra)m(y)
10073 g(name)g(subscripted)f(b)m(y)h(`)p Ft(@)p Fu(')g(or)h(`)p
10074 Ft(*)p Fu(',)h(the)e(result)g(is)630 1786 y(the)j Fr(length)g
10075 Fu(mem)m(b)s(ers)f(of)h(the)f(arra)m(y)i(b)s(eginning)d(with)i
10076 Ft(${)p Fj(parameter)p Ft([)p Fj(offset)p Ft(]})p Fu(.)60
10077 b(A)630 1896 y(negativ)m(e)33 b Fr(o\013set)g Fu(is)e(tak)m(en)h
10078 (relativ)m(e)g(to)g(one)f(greater)g(than)g(the)f(maxim)m(um)h(index)f
10079 (of)h(the)630 2005 y(sp)s(eci\014ed)38 b(arra)m(y)-8
10080 b(.)65 b(It)38 b(is)g(an)h(expansion)f(error)f(if)i Fr(length)f
10081 Fu(ev)-5 b(aluates)40 b(to)f(a)g(n)m(um)m(b)s(er)e(less)630
10082 2115 y(than)30 b(zero.)630 2287 y(These)23 b(examples)i(sho)m(w)e(ho)m
10083 (w)h(y)m(ou)g(can)g(use)f(substring)f(expansion)i(with)f(indexed)g
10084 (arra)m(ys:)630 2459 y Ft($)47 b(array=\(0)f(1)h(2)h(3)f(4)h(5)f(6)h(7)
10085 f(8)h(9)f(0)h(a)f(b)g(c)h(d)f(e)h(f)f(g)h(h\))630 2569
10086 y($)f(echo)g(${array[@]:7})630 2679 y(7)g(8)h(9)f(0)h(a)f(b)h(c)f(d)h
10087 (e)f(f)h(g)f(h)630 2788 y($)g(echo)g(${array[@]:7:2})630
10088 2898 y(7)g(8)630 3007 y($)g(echo)g(${array[@]:)e(-7:2})630
10089 3117 y(b)i(c)630 3226 y($)g(echo)g(${array[@]:)e(-7:-2})630
10090 3336 y(bash:)h(-2:)h(substring)f(expression)f(<)i(0)630
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10093 y($)g(echo)g(${array[@]:0:2})630 3774 y(0)g(1)630 3884
10094 y($)g(echo)g(${array[@]:)e(-7:0})630 4166 y Fu(Substring)25
10095 b(expansion)g(applied)h(to)h(an)f(asso)s(ciativ)m(e)j(arra)m(y)d(pro)s
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10097 b(indexing)i(is)f(zero-based)i(unless)e(the)h(p)s(ositional)g
10098 (parameters)g(are)g(used,)g(in)630 4448 y(whic)m(h)29
10099 b(case)i(the)f(indexing)g(starts)g(at)g(1)g(b)m(y)g(default.)41
10100 b(If)29 b Fr(o\013set)k Fu(is)d(0,)g(and)f(the)h(p)s(ositional)630
10101 4557 y(parameters)h(are)f(used,)g Ft($0)g Fu(is)g(pre\014xed)g(to)h
10102 (the)f(list.)150 4792 y Ft(${!)p Fj(prefix)p Ft(*})150
10103 4902 y(${!)p Fj(prefix)p Ft(@})630 5011 y Fu(Expands)24
10104 b(to)h(the)g(names)g(of)g(v)-5 b(ariables)26 b(whose)f(names)f(b)s
10105 (egin)h(with)f Fr(pre\014x)p Fu(,)i(separated)f(b)m(y)630
10106 5121 y(the)k(\014rst)f(c)m(haracter)j(of)e(the)g Ft(IFS)f
10107 Fu(sp)s(ecial)i(v)-5 b(ariable.)41 b(When)29 b(`)p Ft(@)p
10108 Fu(')g(is)g(used)f(and)h(the)g(expan-)630 5230 y(sion)35
10109 b(app)s(ears)g(within)f(double)h(quotes,)i(eac)m(h)f(v)-5
10110 b(ariable)36 b(name)f(expands)g(to)g(a)h(separate)630
10111 5340 y(w)m(ord.)p eop end
10112 %%Page: 29 35
10113 TeXDict begin 29 34 bop 150 -116 a Fu(Chapter)30 b(3:)41
10114 b(Basic)32 b(Shell)e(F)-8 b(eatures)2246 b(29)150 299
10115 y Ft(${!)p Fj(name)p Ft([@]})150 408 y(${!)p Fj(name)p
10116 Ft([*]})630 518 y Fu(If)26 b Fr(name)32 b Fu(is)27 b(an)f(arra)m(y)h(v)
10117 -5 b(ariable,)29 b(expands)d(to)h(the)g(list)g(of)g(arra)m(y)g(indices)
10118 g(\(k)m(eys\))h(assigned)630 628 y(in)c Fr(name)p Fu(.)39
10119 b(If)24 b Fr(name)30 b Fu(is)24 b(not)h(an)f(arra)m(y)-8
10120 b(,)27 b(expands)c(to)j(0)f(if)f Fr(name)30 b Fu(is)24
10121 b(set)h(and)f(n)m(ull)g(otherwise.)630 737 y(When)39
10122 b(`)p Ft(@)p Fu(')h(is)f(used)g(and)f(the)i(expansion)f(app)s(ears)g
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10124 y(expands)30 b(to)h(a)f(separate)i(w)m(ord.)150 1011
10125 y Ft(${#)p Fj(parameter)p Ft(})630 1121 y Fu(The)40 b(length)g(in)g(c)m
10126 (haracters)i(of)e(the)h(expanded)e(v)-5 b(alue)41 b(of)f
10127 Fr(parameter)47 b Fu(is)40 b(substituted.)630 1230 y(If)i
10128 Fr(parameter)50 b Fu(is)43 b(`)p Ft(*)p Fu(')g(or)g(`)p
10129 Ft(@)p Fu(',)k(the)c(v)-5 b(alue)43 b(substituted)f(is)h(the)g(n)m(um)m
10130 (b)s(er)f(of)h(p)s(ositional)630 1340 y(parameters.)i(If)32
10131 b Fr(parameter)38 b Fu(is)32 b(an)g(arra)m(y)g(name)g(subscripted)f(b)m
10132 (y)g(`)p Ft(*)p Fu(')h(or)g(`)p Ft(@)p Fu(',)g(the)g(v)-5
10133 b(alue)630 1450 y(substituted)30 b(is)h(the)g(n)m(um)m(b)s(er)e(of)i
10134 (elemen)m(ts)i(in)d(the)h(arra)m(y)-8 b(.)43 b(If)30
10135 b Fr(parameter)38 b Fu(is)31 b(an)f(indexed)630 1559
10136 y(arra)m(y)37 b(name)g(subscripted)f(b)m(y)h(a)g(negativ)m(e)i(n)m(um)m
10137 (b)s(er,)f(that)f(n)m(um)m(b)s(er)f(is)g(in)m(terpreted)i(as)630
10138 1669 y(relativ)m(e)47 b(to)g(one)e(greater)i(than)e(the)h(maxim)m(um)f
10139 (index)g(of)g Fr(parameter)p Fu(,)50 b(so)c(negativ)m(e)630
10140 1778 y(indices)30 b(coun)m(t)h(bac)m(k)g(from)f(the)h(end)e(of)i(the)f
10141 (arra)m(y)-8 b(,)32 b(and)e(an)g(index)g(of)g(-1)h(references)g(the)630
10142 1888 y(last)g(elemen)m(t.)150 2052 y Ft(${)p Fj(parameter)p
10143 Ft(#)p Fj(word)p Ft(})150 2162 y(${)p Fj(parameter)p
10144 Ft(##)p Fj(word)p Ft(})630 2271 y Fu(The)43 b Fr(w)m(ord)k
10145 Fu(is)d(expanded)f(to)h(pro)s(duce)f(a)h(pattern)g(and)f(matc)m(hed)i
10146 (according)f(to)h(the)630 2381 y(rules)31 b(describ)s(ed)g(b)s(elo)m(w)
10147 h(\(see)h(Section)g(3.5.8.1)h([P)m(attern)g(Matc)m(hing],)g(page)f
10148 (33\).)46 b(If)32 b(the)630 2491 y(pattern)37 b(matc)m(hes)h(the)f(b)s
10149 (eginning)f(of)h(the)g(expanded)f(v)-5 b(alue)38 b(of)f
10150 Fr(parameter)p Fu(,)i(then)e(the)630 2600 y(result)f(of)h(the)f
10151 (expansion)h(is)f(the)h(expanded)e(v)-5 b(alue)37 b(of)g
10152 Fr(parameter)43 b Fu(with)36 b(the)h(shortest)630 2710
10153 y(matc)m(hing)31 b(pattern)e(\(the)h(`)p Ft(#)p Fu(')g(case\))h(or)e
10154 (the)h(longest)h(matc)m(hing)f(pattern)g(\(the)g(`)p
10155 Ft(##)p Fu(')g(case\))630 2819 y(deleted.)49 b(If)32
10156 b Fr(parameter)40 b Fu(is)33 b(`)p Ft(@)p Fu(')g(or)g(`)p
10157 Ft(*)p Fu(',)h(the)f(pattern)g(remo)m(v)-5 b(al)34 b(op)s(eration)g(is)
10158 f(applied)f(to)630 2929 y(eac)m(h)38 b(p)s(ositional)g(parameter)g(in)f
10159 (turn,)h(and)e(the)h(expansion)g(is)h(the)f(resultan)m(t)h(list.)61
10160 b(If)630 3039 y Fr(parameter)38 b Fu(is)32 b(an)f(arra)m(y)h(v)-5
10161 b(ariable)32 b(subscripted)e(with)h(`)p Ft(@)p Fu(')g(or)h(`)p
10162 Ft(*)p Fu(',)g(the)f(pattern)h(remo)m(v)-5 b(al)630 3148
10163 y(op)s(eration)30 b(is)g(applied)f(to)i(eac)m(h)g(mem)m(b)s(er)e(of)h
10164 (the)g(arra)m(y)g(in)f(turn,)g(and)g(the)h(expansion)g(is)630
10165 3258 y(the)h(resultan)m(t)g(list.)150 3422 y Ft(${)p
10166 Fj(parameter)p Ft(\045)p Fj(word)p Ft(})150 3532 y(${)p
10167 Fj(parameter)p Ft(\045\045)p Fj(word)p Ft(})630 3641
10168 y Fu(The)43 b Fr(w)m(ord)k Fu(is)d(expanded)f(to)h(pro)s(duce)f(a)h
10169 (pattern)g(and)f(matc)m(hed)i(according)f(to)h(the)630
10170 3751 y(rules)f(describ)s(ed)g(b)s(elo)m(w)h(\(see)h(Section)g(3.5.8.1)h
10171 ([P)m(attern)f(Matc)m(hing],)51 b(page)45 b(33\).)85
10172 b(If)630 3861 y(the)43 b(pattern)g(matc)m(hes)h(a)g(trailing)g(p)s
10173 (ortion)e(of)h(the)g(expanded)g(v)-5 b(alue)43 b(of)g
10174 Fr(parameter)p Fu(,)630 3970 y(then)c(the)g(result)g(of)h(the)f
10175 (expansion)g(is)h(the)f(v)-5 b(alue)40 b(of)f Fr(parameter)46
10176 b Fu(with)39 b(the)h(shortest)630 4080 y(matc)m(hing)31
10177 b(pattern)e(\(the)h(`)p Ft(\045)p Fu(')g(case\))h(or)e(the)h(longest)h
10178 (matc)m(hing)f(pattern)g(\(the)g(`)p Ft(\045\045)p Fu(')g(case\))630
10179 4189 y(deleted.)49 b(If)32 b Fr(parameter)40 b Fu(is)33
10180 b(`)p Ft(@)p Fu(')g(or)g(`)p Ft(*)p Fu(',)h(the)f(pattern)g(remo)m(v)-5
10181 b(al)34 b(op)s(eration)g(is)f(applied)f(to)630 4299 y(eac)m(h)38
10182 b(p)s(ositional)g(parameter)g(in)f(turn,)h(and)e(the)h(expansion)g(is)h
10183 (the)f(resultan)m(t)h(list.)61 b(If)630 4408 y Fr(parameter)38
10184 b Fu(is)32 b(an)f(arra)m(y)h(v)-5 b(ariable)32 b(subscripted)e(with)h
10185 (`)p Ft(@)p Fu(')g(or)h(`)p Ft(*)p Fu(',)g(the)f(pattern)h(remo)m(v)-5
10186 b(al)630 4518 y(op)s(eration)30 b(is)g(applied)f(to)i(eac)m(h)g(mem)m
10187 (b)s(er)e(of)h(the)g(arra)m(y)g(in)f(turn,)g(and)g(the)h(expansion)g
10188 (is)630 4628 y(the)h(resultan)m(t)g(list.)150 4792 y
10189 Ft(${)p Fj(parameter)p Ft(/)p Fj(pattern)p Ft(/)p Fj(stri)o(ng)p
10190 Ft(})630 4902 y Fu(The)37 b Fr(pattern)g Fu(is)g(expanded)g(to)h(pro)s
10191 (duce)e(a)h(pattern)g(just)g(as)h(in)e(\014lename)i(expansion.)630
10192 5011 y Fr(P)m(arameter)46 b Fu(is)38 b(expanded)f(and)g(the)i(longest)g
10193 (matc)m(h)g(of)f Fr(pattern)g Fu(against)h(its)f(v)-5
10194 b(alue)39 b(is)630 5121 y(replaced)31 b(with)g Fr(string)p
10195 Fu(.)42 b(The)30 b(matc)m(h)h(is)g(p)s(erformed)f(according)h(to)h(the)
10196 f(rules)f(describ)s(ed)630 5230 y(b)s(elo)m(w)f(\(see)h(Section)g
10197 (3.5.8.1)h([P)m(attern)g(Matc)m(hing],)g(page)f(33\).)41
10198 b(If)29 b Fr(pattern)g Fu(b)s(egins)f(with)630 5340 y(`)p
10199 Ft(/)p Fu(',)43 b(all)e(matc)m(hes)g(of)f Fr(pattern)g
10200 Fu(are)h(replaced)f(with)g Fr(string)p Fu(.)69 b(Normally)41
10201 b(only)f(the)h(\014rst)p eop end
10202 %%Page: 30 36
10203 TeXDict begin 30 35 bop 150 -116 a Fu(Chapter)30 b(3:)41
10204 b(Basic)32 b(Shell)e(F)-8 b(eatures)2246 b(30)630 299
10205 y(matc)m(h)28 b(is)f(replaced.)40 b(If)26 b Fr(pattern)h
10206 Fu(b)s(egins)f(with)h(`)p Ft(#)p Fu(',)h(it)f(m)m(ust)g(matc)m(h)h(at)g
10207 (the)f(b)s(eginning)f(of)630 408 y(the)32 b(expanded)f(v)-5
10208 b(alue)32 b(of)g Fr(parameter)p Fu(.)45 b(If)31 b Fr(pattern)h
10209 Fu(b)s(egins)f(with)g(`)p Ft(\045)p Fu(',)i(it)f(m)m(ust)g(matc)m(h)g
10210 (at)630 518 y(the)24 b(end)f(of)h(the)h(expanded)e(v)-5
10211 b(alue)24 b(of)g Fr(parameter)p Fu(.)39 b(If)24 b Fr(string)31
10212 b Fu(is)24 b(n)m(ull,)i(matc)m(hes)f(of)f Fr(pattern)630
10213 628 y Fu(are)36 b(deleted)g(and)f(the)g Ft(/)g Fu(follo)m(wing)i
10214 Fr(pattern)e Fu(ma)m(y)h(b)s(e)f(omitted.)57 b(If)34
10215 b(the)i Ft(nocasematch)630 737 y Fu(shell)31 b(option)h(\(see)g(the)g
10216 (description)f(of)g Ft(shopt)f Fu(in)h(Section)h(4.3.2)h([The)e(Shopt)f
10217 (Builtin],)630 847 y(page)45 b(66\))h(is)f(enabled,)j(the)d(matc)m(h)g
10218 (is)g(p)s(erformed)e(without)i(regard)f(to)h(the)g(case)h(of)630
10219 956 y(alphab)s(etic)36 b(c)m(haracters.)56 b(If)34 b
10220 Fr(parameter)42 b Fu(is)36 b(`)p Ft(@)p Fu(')f(or)g(`)p
10221 Ft(*)p Fu(',)h(the)g(substitution)e(op)s(eration)i(is)630
10222 1066 y(applied)26 b(to)g(eac)m(h)h(p)s(ositional)f(parameter)h(in)e
10223 (turn,)h(and)f(the)h(expansion)g(is)f(the)h(resultan)m(t)630
10224 1176 y(list.)38 b(If)21 b Fr(parameter)28 b Fu(is)22
10225 b(an)f(arra)m(y)h(v)-5 b(ariable)22 b(subscripted)e(with)h(`)p
10226 Ft(@)p Fu(')g(or)g(`)p Ft(*)p Fu(',)j(the)d(substitution)630
10227 1285 y(op)s(eration)30 b(is)g(applied)f(to)i(eac)m(h)g(mem)m(b)s(er)e
10228 (of)h(the)g(arra)m(y)g(in)f(turn,)g(and)g(the)h(expansion)g(is)630
10229 1395 y(the)h(resultan)m(t)g(list.)150 1551 y Ft(${)p
10230 Fj(parameter)p Ft(^)p Fj(pattern)p Ft(})150 1661 y(${)p
10231 Fj(parameter)p Ft(^^)p Fj(pattern)p Ft(})150 1771 y(${)p
10232 Fj(parameter)p Ft(,)p Fj(pattern)p Ft(})150 1880 y(${)p
10233 Fj(parameter)p Ft(,,)p Fj(pattern)p Ft(})630 1990 y Fu(This)36
10234 b(expansion)g(mo)s(di\014es)g(the)g(case)i(of)f(alphab)s(etic)g(c)m
10235 (haracters)h(in)e Fr(parameter)p Fu(.)59 b(The)630 2099
10236 y Fr(pattern)33 b Fu(is)g(expanded)e(to)j(pro)s(duce)d(a)j(pattern)e
10237 (just)g(as)h(in)g(\014lename)g(expansion.)47 b(Eac)m(h)630
10238 2209 y(c)m(haracter)32 b(in)e(the)g(expanded)f(v)-5 b(alue)31
10239 b(of)f Fr(parameter)37 b Fu(is)30 b(tested)h(against)h
10240 Fr(pattern)p Fu(,)e(and,)g(if)630 2318 y(it)j(matc)m(hes)h(the)g
10241 (pattern,)f(its)h(case)g(is)f(con)m(v)m(erted.)49 b(The)33
10242 b(pattern)g(should)f(not)h(attempt)630 2428 y(to)f(matc)m(h)g(more)f
10243 (than)g(one)g(c)m(haracter.)44 b(The)30 b(`)p Ft(^)p
10244 Fu(')i(op)s(erator)f(con)m(v)m(erts)h(lo)m(w)m(ercase)i(letters)630
10245 2538 y(matc)m(hing)i Fr(pattern)f Fu(to)h(upp)s(ercase;)h(the)e(`)p
10246 Ft(,)p Fu(')g(op)s(erator)g(con)m(v)m(erts)i(matc)m(hing)f(upp)s
10247 (ercase)630 2647 y(letters)e(to)f(lo)m(w)m(ercase.)50
10248 b(The)32 b(`)p Ft(^^)p Fu(')h(and)f(`)p Ft(,,)p Fu(')g(expansions)h
10249 (con)m(v)m(ert)h(eac)m(h)g(matc)m(hed)f(c)m(har-)630
10250 2757 y(acter)c(in)f(the)h(expanded)e(v)-5 b(alue;)30
10251 b(the)e(`)p Ft(^)p Fu(')g(and)g(`)p Ft(,)p Fu(')g(expansions)g(matc)m
10252 (h)h(and)f(con)m(v)m(ert)i(only)630 2866 y(the)37 b(\014rst)g(c)m
10253 (haracter)i(in)e(the)g(expanded)g(v)-5 b(alue.)61 b(If)37
10254 b Fr(pattern)g Fu(is)h(omitted,)i(it)e(is)f(treated)630
10255 2976 y(lik)m(e)h(a)f(`)p Ft(?)p Fu(',)i(whic)m(h)d(matc)m(hes)i(ev)m
10256 (ery)f(c)m(haracter.)61 b(If)37 b Fr(parameter)43 b Fu(is)37
10257 b(`)p Ft(@)p Fu(')g(or)f(`)p Ft(*)p Fu(',)j(the)e(case)630
10258 3086 y(mo)s(di\014cation)29 b(op)s(eration)f(is)g(applied)g(to)h(eac)m
10259 (h)h(p)s(ositional)f(parameter)f(in)g(turn,)g(and)g(the)630
10260 3195 y(expansion)38 b(is)g(the)g(resultan)m(t)h(list.)65
10261 b(If)37 b Fr(parameter)46 b Fu(is)38 b(an)g(arra)m(y)g(v)-5
10262 b(ariable)39 b(subscripted)630 3305 y(with)26 b(`)p Ft(@)p
10263 Fu(')f(or)h(`)p Ft(*)p Fu(',)h(the)f(case)h(mo)s(di\014cation)f(op)s
10264 (eration)h(is)e(applied)h(to)h(eac)m(h)g(mem)m(b)s(er)e(of)h(the)630
10265 3414 y(arra)m(y)31 b(in)f(turn,)f(and)h(the)h(expansion)f(is)g(the)h
10266 (resultan)m(t)g(list.)150 3571 y Ft(${)p Fj(parameter)p
10267 Ft(@)p Fj(operator)p Ft(})630 3680 y Fu(The)d(expansion)h(is)f(either)h
10268 (a)g(transformation)g(of)g(the)g(v)-5 b(alue)29 b(of)g
10269 Fr(parameter)35 b Fu(or)29 b(informa-)630 3790 y(tion)e(ab)s(out)f
10270 Fr(parameter)33 b Fu(itself,)28 b(dep)s(ending)c(on)i(the)h(v)-5
10271 b(alue)26 b(of)h Fr(op)s(erator)p Fu(.)39 b(Eac)m(h)27
10272 b Fr(op)s(erator)630 3900 y Fu(is)j(a)h(single)g(letter:)630
10273 4056 y Ft(U)432 b Fu(The)31 b(expansion)g(is)g(a)g(string)h(that)f(is)h
10274 (the)f(v)-5 b(alue)32 b(of)f Fr(parameter)38 b Fu(with)31
10275 b(lo)m(w-)1110 4166 y(ercase)g(alphab)s(etic)g(c)m(haracters)h(con)m(v)
10276 m(erted)g(to)f(upp)s(ercase.)630 4322 y Ft(u)432 b Fu(The)34
10277 b(expansion)g(is)g(a)h(string)f(that)h(is)g(the)f(v)-5
10278 b(alue)35 b(of)f Fr(parameter)42 b Fu(with)34 b(the)1110
10279 4432 y(\014rst)c(c)m(haracter)i(con)m(v)m(erted)f(to)h(upp)s(ercase,)d
10280 (if)i(it)g(is)f(alphab)s(etic.)630 4589 y Ft(L)432 b
10281 Fu(The)33 b(expansion)h(is)g(a)g(string)g(that)h(is)f(the)g(v)-5
10282 b(alue)34 b(of)g Fr(parameter)41 b Fu(with)34 b(up-)1110
10283 4698 y(p)s(ercase)c(alphab)s(etic)h(c)m(haracters)h(con)m(v)m(erted)g
10284 (to)f(lo)m(w)m(ercase.)630 4855 y Ft(Q)432 b Fu(The)30
10285 b(expansion)h(is)g(a)g(string)f(that)i(is)f(the)g(v)-5
10286 b(alue)31 b(of)g Fr(parameter)37 b Fu(quoted)31 b(in)1110
10287 4964 y(a)g(format)f(that)h(can)g(b)s(e)f(reused)f(as)i(input.)630
10288 5121 y Ft(E)432 b Fu(The)27 b(expansion)g(is)g(a)g(string)h(that)f(is)h
10289 (the)f(v)-5 b(alue)28 b(of)f Fr(parameter)34 b Fu(with)27
10290 b(bac)m(k-)1110 5230 y(slash)e(escap)s(e)h(sequences)f(expanded)g(as)g
10291 (with)g(the)h Ft($'...)o(')e Fu(quoting)i(mec)m(h-)1110
10292 5340 y(anism.)p eop end
10293 %%Page: 31 37
10294 TeXDict begin 31 36 bop 150 -116 a Fu(Chapter)30 b(3:)41
10295 b(Basic)32 b(Shell)e(F)-8 b(eatures)2246 b(31)630 299
10296 y Ft(P)432 b Fu(The)22 b(expansion)h(is)g(a)g(string)g(that)g(is)g(the)
10297 g(result)g(of)g(expanding)f(the)h(v)-5 b(alue)24 b(of)1110
10298 408 y Fr(parameter)31 b Fu(as)24 b(if)f(it)h(w)m(ere)g(a)g(prompt)f
10299 (string)h(\(see)g(Section)h(6.9)g([Con)m(trolling)1110
10300 518 y(the)31 b(Prompt],)f(page)h(98\).)630 676 y Ft(A)432
10301 b Fu(The)24 b(expansion)g(is)g(a)h(string)f(in)g(the)g(form)g(of)h(an)f
10302 (assignmen)m(t)h(statemen)m(t)h(or)1110 785 y Ft(declare)h
10303 Fu(command)i(that,)h(if)f(ev)-5 b(aluated,)31 b(will)e(recreate)i
10304 Fr(parameter)36 b Fu(with)1110 895 y(its)31 b(attributes)g(and)e(v)-5
10305 b(alue.)630 1052 y Ft(K)432 b Fu(Pro)s(duces)33 b(a)i(p)s
10306 (ossibly-quoted)e(v)m(ersion)i(of)f(the)h(v)-5 b(alue)34
10307 b(of)h Fr(parameter)p Fu(,)g(ex-)1110 1162 y(cept)46
10308 b(that)h(it)f(prin)m(ts)f(the)h(v)-5 b(alues)47 b(of)f(indexed)f(and)g
10309 (asso)s(ciativ)m(e)k(arra)m(ys)1110 1271 y(as)37 b(a)g(sequence)f(of)h
10310 (quoted)g(k)m(ey-v)-5 b(alue)38 b(pairs)e(\(see)h(Section)h(6.7)f
10311 ([Arra)m(ys],)1110 1381 y(page)31 b(95\).)630 1539 y
10312 Ft(a)432 b Fu(The)30 b(expansion)g(is)g(a)h(string)f(consisting)h(of)g
10313 (\015ag)g(v)-5 b(alues)30 b(represen)m(ting)h Fr(pa-)1110
10314 1648 y(rameter)7 b Fu('s)31 b(attributes.)630 1806 y(If)e
10315 Fr(parameter)37 b Fu(is)30 b(`)p Ft(@)p Fu(')g(or)g(`)p
10316 Ft(*)p Fu(',)g(the)g(op)s(eration)g(is)g(applied)f(to)i(eac)m(h)g(p)s
10317 (ositional)f(parameter)630 1915 y(in)24 b(turn,)g(and)f(the)h
10318 (expansion)g(is)g(the)g(resultan)m(t)h(list.)39 b(If)23
10319 b Fr(parameter)31 b Fu(is)24 b(an)g(arra)m(y)g(v)-5 b(ariable)630
10320 2025 y(subscripted)24 b(with)h(`)p Ft(@)p Fu(')h(or)g(`)p
10321 Ft(*)p Fu(',)h(the)e(op)s(eration)h(is)g(applied)f(to)h(eac)m(h)h(mem)m
10322 (b)s(er)e(of)h(the)f(arra)m(y)630 2134 y(in)30 b(turn,)g(and)f(the)i
10323 (expansion)f(is)h(the)f(resultan)m(t)h(list.)630 2268
10324 y(The)c(result)h(of)g(the)f(expansion)h(is)g(sub)5 b(ject)27
10325 b(to)h(w)m(ord)g(splitting)g(and)f(\014lename)h(expansion)630
10326 2378 y(as)j(describ)s(ed)e(b)s(elo)m(w.)150 2575 y Fk(3.5.4)63
10327 b(Command)41 b(Substitution)150 2722 y Fu(Command)f(substitution)h
10328 (allo)m(ws)i(the)e(output)g(of)h(a)f(command)g(to)h(replace)g(the)g
10329 (command)f(itself.)150 2831 y(Command)29 b(substitution)h(o)s(ccurs)h
10330 (when)e(a)i(command)f(is)g(enclosed)h(as)g(follo)m(ws:)390
10331 2965 y Ft($\()p Fj(command)p Ft(\))150 3098 y Fu(or)390
10332 3232 y Ft(`)p Fj(command)p Ft(`)150 3366 y Fu(Bash)20
10333 b(p)s(erforms)f(the)i(expansion)f(b)m(y)g(executing)i
10334 Fr(command)h Fu(in)d(a)h(subshell)e(en)m(vironmen)m(t)i(and)f
10335 (replacing)150 3475 y(the)40 b(command)g(substitution)f(with)h(the)g
10336 (standard)f(output)g(of)h(the)g(command,)i(with)e(an)m(y)g(trailing)150
10337 3585 y(newlines)e(deleted.)64 b(Em)m(b)s(edded)37 b(newlines)h(are)g
10338 (not)g(deleted,)j(but)d(they)g(ma)m(y)h(b)s(e)e(remo)m(v)m(ed)i(during)
10339 150 3694 y(w)m(ord)30 b(splitting.)42 b(The)30 b(command)g
10340 (substitution)h Ft($\(cat)e Fj(file)p Ft(\))g Fu(can)h(b)s(e)g
10341 (replaced)h(b)m(y)g(the)f(equiv)-5 b(alen)m(t)150 3804
10342 y(but)30 b(faster)g Ft($\(<)g Fj(file)p Ft(\))p Fu(.)275
10343 3937 y(When)j(the)i(old-st)m(yle)h(bac)m(kquote)f(form)f(of)g
10344 (substitution)g(is)g(used,)h(bac)m(kslash)f(retains)h(its)f(literal)150
10345 4047 y(meaning)k(except)h(when)e(follo)m(w)m(ed)j(b)m(y)e(`)p
10346 Ft($)p Fu(',)j(`)p Ft(`)p Fu(',)f(or)e(`)p Ft(\\)p Fu('.)64
10347 b(The)38 b(\014rst)f(bac)m(kquote)j(not)e(preceded)g(b)m(y)g(a)150
10348 4157 y(bac)m(kslash)k(terminates)f(the)h(command)e(substitution.)72
10349 b(When)41 b(using)f(the)i Ft($\()p Fj(command)p Ft(\))c
10350 Fu(form,)43 b(all)150 4266 y(c)m(haracters)32 b(b)s(et)m(w)m(een)f(the)
10351 f(paren)m(theses)h(mak)m(e)g(up)f(the)g(command;)h(none)f(are)h
10352 (treated)g(sp)s(ecially)-8 b(.)275 4400 y(Command)22
10353 b(substitutions)g(ma)m(y)i(b)s(e)e(nested.)39 b(T)-8
10354 b(o)23 b(nest)g(when)f(using)h(the)g(bac)m(kquoted)h(form,)g(escap)s(e)
10355 150 4509 y(the)31 b(inner)e(bac)m(kquotes)j(with)e(bac)m(kslashes.)275
10356 4643 y(If)e(the)i(substitution)e(app)s(ears)h(within)g(double)f
10357 (quotes,)i(w)m(ord)f(splitting)h(and)f(\014lename)g(expansion)150
10358 4753 y(are)i(not)f(p)s(erformed)f(on)h(the)h(results.)150
10359 4950 y Fk(3.5.5)63 b(Arithmetic)40 b(Expansion)150 5097
10360 y Fu(Arithmetic)25 b(expansion)g(allo)m(ws)g(the)g(ev)-5
10361 b(aluation)26 b(of)f(an)f(arithmetic)i(expression)e(and)g(the)g
10362 (substitution)150 5206 y(of)31 b(the)f(result.)41 b(The)30
10363 b(format)g(for)g(arithmetic)i(expansion)e(is:)390 5340
10364 y Ft($\(\()47 b Fj(expression)e Ft(\)\))p eop end
10365 %%Page: 32 38
10366 TeXDict begin 32 37 bop 150 -116 a Fu(Chapter)30 b(3:)41
10367 b(Basic)32 b(Shell)e(F)-8 b(eatures)2246 b(32)275 299
10368 y(The)33 b(expression)g(is)h(treated)g(as)g(if)g(it)g(w)m(ere)g(within)
10369 f(double)h(quotes,)h(but)e(a)h(double)f(quote)h(inside)150
10370 408 y(the)k(paren)m(theses)g(is)g(not)g(treated)h(sp)s(ecially)-8
10371 b(.)65 b(All)38 b(tok)m(ens)h(in)f(the)g(expression)f(undergo)g
10372 (parameter)150 518 y(and)26 b(v)-5 b(ariable)28 b(expansion,)g(command)
10373 e(substitution,)i(and)e(quote)i(remo)m(v)-5 b(al.)41
10374 b(The)26 b(result)h(is)g(treated)h(as)150 628 y(the)j(arithmetic)g
10375 (expression)f(to)h(b)s(e)f(ev)-5 b(aluated.)42 b(Arithmetic)31
10376 b(expansions)g(ma)m(y)g(b)s(e)e(nested.)275 761 y(The)34
10377 b(ev)-5 b(aluation)37 b(is)f(p)s(erformed)e(according)i(to)g(the)g
10378 (rules)f(listed)h(b)s(elo)m(w)g(\(see)g(Section)g(6.5)h([Shell)150
10379 870 y(Arithmetic],)32 b(page)f(93\).)42 b(If)30 b(the)h(expression)f
10380 (is)g(in)m(v)-5 b(alid,)32 b(Bash)e(prin)m(ts)g(a)h(message)g
10381 (indicating)h(failure)150 980 y(to)f(the)g(standard)e(error)h(and)g(no)
10382 g(substitution)g(o)s(ccurs.)150 1177 y Fk(3.5.6)63 b(Pro)s(cess)42
10383 b(Substitution)150 1324 y Fu(Pro)s(cess)33 b(substitution)g(allo)m(ws)i
10384 (a)e(pro)s(cess's)g(input)f(or)h(output)g(to)h(b)s(e)f(referred)f(to)i
10385 (using)f(a)g(\014lename.)150 1433 y(It)d(tak)m(es)i(the)f(form)f(of)390
10386 1567 y Ft(<\()p Fj(list)p Ft(\))150 1700 y Fu(or)390
10387 1833 y Ft(>\()p Fj(list)p Ft(\))150 1966 y Fu(The)e(pro)s(cess)h
10388 Fr(list)j Fu(is)d(run)e(async)m(hronously)-8 b(,)30 b(and)e(its)i
10389 (input)e(or)h(output)f(app)s(ears)h(as)g(a)g(\014lename.)41
10390 b(This)150 2076 y(\014lename)25 b(is)g(passed)g(as)g(an)g(argumen)m(t)h
10391 (to)g(the)f(curren)m(t)g(command)g(as)g(the)g(result)g(of)g(the)h
10392 (expansion.)38 b(If)150 2186 y(the)28 b Ft(>\()p Fj(list)p
10393 Ft(\))d Fu(form)i(is)g(used,)h(writing)f(to)h(the)g(\014le)f(will)h
10394 (pro)m(vide)g(input)e(for)h Fr(list)p Fu(.)41 b(If)26
10395 b(the)i Ft(<\()p Fj(list)p Ft(\))d Fu(form)150 2295 y(is)g(used,)g(the)
10396 f(\014le)h(passed)f(as)h(an)f(argumen)m(t)h(should)e(b)s(e)h(read)h(to)
10397 g(obtain)g(the)f(output)g(of)h Fr(list)p Fu(.)40 b(Note)25
10398 b(that)150 2405 y(no)33 b(space)g(ma)m(y)g(app)s(ear)f(b)s(et)m(w)m
10399 (een)i(the)f Ft(<)f Fu(or)h Ft(>)f Fu(and)g(the)h(left)h(paren)m
10400 (thesis,)f(otherwise)h(the)f(construct)150 2514 y(w)m(ould)j(b)s(e)g
10401 (in)m(terpreted)g(as)h(a)f(redirection.)59 b(Pro)s(cess)36
10402 b(substitution)g(is)h(supp)s(orted)d(on)i(systems)g(that)150
10403 2624 y(supp)s(ort)29 b(named)h(pip)s(es)f(\()p Fm(fif)n(o)p
10404 Fu(s\))h(or)h(the)f Ft(/dev/fd)f Fu(metho)s(d)h(of)g(naming)g(op)s(en)g
10405 (\014les.)275 2757 y(When)36 b(a)m(v)-5 b(ailable,)40
10406 b(pro)s(cess)c(substitution)h(is)f(p)s(erformed)f(sim)m(ultaneously)i
10407 (with)g(parameter)g(and)150 2867 y(v)-5 b(ariable)31
10408 b(expansion,)g(command)f(substitution,)g(and)g(arithmetic)i(expansion.)
10409 150 3064 y Fk(3.5.7)63 b(W)-10 b(ord)41 b(Splitting)150
10410 3210 y Fu(The)30 b(shell)h(scans)g(the)g(results)f(of)h(parameter)g
10411 (expansion,)g(command)g(substitution,)g(and)f(arithmetic)150
10412 3320 y(expansion)g(that)h(did)f(not)g(o)s(ccur)h(within)e(double)h
10413 (quotes)h(for)f(w)m(ord)g(splitting.)275 3453 y(The)e(shell)g(treats)i
10414 (eac)m(h)g(c)m(haracter)g(of)f Ft($IFS)e Fu(as)i(a)g(delimiter,)h(and)e
10415 (splits)g(the)h(results)f(of)h(the)g(other)150 3563 y(expansions)22
10416 b(in)m(to)i(w)m(ords)e(using)h(these)g(c)m(haracters)h(as)f(\014eld)f
10417 (terminators.)39 b(If)22 b Ft(IFS)g Fu(is)h(unset,)h(or)e(its)h(v)-5
10418 b(alue)150 3672 y(is)36 b(exactly)j Ft(<space><tab><newline>)p
10419 Fu(,)32 b(the)37 b(default,)h(then)e(sequences)h(of)67
10420 b Ft(<space>)p Fu(,)36 b Ft(<tab>)p Fu(,)h(and)150 3782
10421 y Ft(<newline>)28 b Fu(at)k(the)f(b)s(eginning)f(and)h(end)f(of)h(the)g
10422 (results)g(of)g(the)g(previous)g(expansions)f(are)i(ignored,)150
10423 3892 y(and)k(an)m(y)h(sequence)h(of)f Ft(IFS)f Fu(c)m(haracters)i(not)f
10424 (at)h(the)f(b)s(eginning)f(or)h(end)f(serv)m(es)h(to)h(delimit)f(w)m
10425 (ords.)150 4001 y(If)43 b Ft(IFS)f Fu(has)h(a)h(v)-5
10426 b(alue)43 b(other)h(than)f(the)g(default,)k(then)c(sequences)h(of)f
10427 (the)h(whitespace)f(c)m(haracters)150 4111 y Ft(space)p
10428 Fu(,)29 b Ft(tab)p Fu(,)h(and)g Ft(newline)e Fu(are)j(ignored)g(at)g
10429 (the)f(b)s(eginning)g(and)g(end)g(of)g(the)h(w)m(ord,)f(as)h(long)g(as)
10430 g(the)150 4220 y(whitespace)c(c)m(haracter)h(is)f(in)f(the)g(v)-5
10431 b(alue)27 b(of)g Ft(IFS)e Fu(\(an)i Ft(IFS)e Fu(whitespace)i(c)m
10432 (haracter\).)42 b(An)m(y)26 b(c)m(haracter)i(in)150 4330
10433 y Ft(IFS)c Fu(that)h(is)g(not)f Ft(IFS)g Fu(whitespace,)j(along)f(with)
10434 e(an)m(y)h(adjacen)m(t)h Ft(IFS)e Fu(whitespace)h(c)m(haracters,)i
10435 (delimits)150 4440 y(a)k(\014eld.)40 b(A)31 b(sequence)g(of)f
10436 Ft(IFS)g Fu(whitespace)h(c)m(haracters)h(is)e(also)h(treated)h(as)f(a)f
10437 (delimiter.)42 b(If)30 b(the)g(v)-5 b(alue)150 4549 y(of)31
10438 b Ft(IFS)e Fu(is)h(n)m(ull,)h(no)f(w)m(ord)g(splitting)h(o)s(ccurs.)275
10439 4682 y(Explicit)21 b(n)m(ull)g(argumen)m(ts)g(\()p Ft("")g
10440 Fu(or)g Ft('')p Fu(\))f(are)h(retained)h(and)e(passed)g(to)i(commands)e
10441 (as)i(empt)m(y)f(strings.)150 4792 y(Unquoted)37 b(implicit)i(n)m(ull)f
10442 (argumen)m(ts,)i(resulting)d(from)g(the)h(expansion)g(of)g(parameters)f
10443 (that)i(ha)m(v)m(e)150 4902 y(no)32 b(v)-5 b(alues,)33
10444 b(are)f(remo)m(v)m(ed.)47 b(If)32 b(a)g(parameter)h(with)e(no)h(v)-5
10445 b(alue)33 b(is)f(expanded)f(within)h(double)f(quotes,)j(a)150
10446 5011 y(n)m(ull)c(argumen)m(t)g(results)g(and)f(is)h(retained)g(and)f
10447 (passed)g(to)i(a)f(command)g(as)g(an)f(empt)m(y)i(string.)40
10448 b(When)150 5121 y(a)f(quoted)f(n)m(ull)g(argumen)m(t)h(app)s(ears)e(as)
10449 i(part)f(of)g(a)g(w)m(ord)g(whose)g(expansion)g(is)h(non-n)m(ull,)h
10450 (the)e(n)m(ull)150 5230 y(argumen)m(t)i(is)f(remo)m(v)m(ed.)69
10451 b(That)39 b(is,)j(the)e(w)m(ord)f Ft(-d'')f Fu(b)s(ecomes)i
10452 Ft(-d)e Fu(after)i(w)m(ord)f(splitting)h(and)f(n)m(ull)150
10453 5340 y(argumen)m(t)31 b(remo)m(v)-5 b(al.)p eop end
10454 %%Page: 33 39
10455 TeXDict begin 33 38 bop 150 -116 a Fu(Chapter)30 b(3:)41
10456 b(Basic)32 b(Shell)e(F)-8 b(eatures)2246 b(33)275 299
10457 y(Note)31 b(that)g(if)g(no)f(expansion)g(o)s(ccurs,)g(no)h(splitting)g
10458 (is)f(p)s(erformed.)150 505 y Fk(3.5.8)63 b(Filename)41
10459 b(Expansion)150 652 y Fu(After)30 b(w)m(ord)f(splitting,)i(unless)d
10460 (the)i Ft(-f)f Fu(option)h(has)f(b)s(een)g(set)h(\(see)g(Section)h
10461 (4.3.1)g([The)e(Set)h(Builtin],)150 762 y(page)d(62\),)i(Bash)d(scans)h
10462 (eac)m(h)h(w)m(ord)e(for)g(the)h(c)m(haracters)g(`)p
10463 Ft(*)p Fu(',)h(`)p Ft(?)p Fu(',)g(and)e(`)p Ft([)p Fu('.)39
10464 b(If)26 b(one)h(of)g(these)f(c)m(haracters)150 872 y(app)s(ears,)34
10465 b(and)f(is)g(not)h(quoted,)h(then)e(the)h(w)m(ord)f(is)h(regarded)f(as)
10466 h(a)g Fr(pattern)p Fu(,)h(and)e(replaced)h(with)f(an)150
10467 981 y(alphab)s(etically)41 b(sorted)e(list)h(of)g(\014lenames)f(matc)m
10468 (hing)i(the)e(pattern)g(\(see)i(Section)f(3.5.8.1)i([P)m(attern)150
10469 1091 y(Matc)m(hing],)e(page)e(33\).)60 b(If)36 b(no)h(matc)m(hing)g
10470 (\014lenames)g(are)g(found,)g(and)f(the)g(shell)h(option)g
10471 Ft(nullglob)150 1200 y Fu(is)k(disabled,)i(the)f(w)m(ord)e(is)h(left)h
10472 (unc)m(hanged.)72 b(If)40 b(the)h Ft(nullglob)e Fu(option)i(is)g(set,)k
10473 (and)40 b(no)h(matc)m(hes)150 1310 y(are)c(found,)g(the)g(w)m(ord)f(is)
10474 g(remo)m(v)m(ed.)60 b(If)36 b(the)h Ft(failglob)d Fu(shell)j(option)g
10475 (is)g(set,)i(and)c(no)i(matc)m(hes)h(are)150 1420 y(found,)e(an)g
10476 (error)f(message)i(is)f(prin)m(ted)f(and)h(the)g(command)f(is)h(not)g
10477 (executed.)58 b(If)35 b(the)h(shell)g(option)150 1529
10478 y Ft(nocaseglob)e Fu(is)j(enabled,)i(the)e(matc)m(h)h(is)f(p)s
10479 (erformed)e(without)i(regard)g(to)h(the)f(case)h(of)f(alphab)s(etic)150
10480 1639 y(c)m(haracters.)275 1781 y(When)23 b(a)h(pattern)f(is)h(used)f
10481 (for)g(\014lename)h(expansion,)h(the)e(c)m(haracter)i(`)p
10482 Ft(.)p Fu(')f(at)g(the)g(start)g(of)g(a)g(\014lename)150
10483 1890 y(or)f(immediately)i(follo)m(wing)g(a)f(slash)f(m)m(ust)h(b)s(e)f
10484 (matc)m(hed)h(explicitly)-8 b(,)27 b(unless)c(the)g(shell)h(option)g
10485 Ft(dotglob)150 2000 y Fu(is)k(set.)41 b(The)28 b(\014lenames)g(`)p
10486 Ft(.)p Fu(')g(and)g(`)p Ft(..)p Fu(')g(m)m(ust)g(alw)m(a)m(ys)i(b)s(e)e
10487 (matc)m(hed)h(explicitly)-8 b(,)30 b(ev)m(en)f(if)g Ft(dotglob)d
10488 Fu(is)i(set.)150 2109 y(In)i(other)g(cases,)i(the)e(`)p
10489 Ft(.)p Fu(')h(c)m(haracter)h(is)e(not)h(treated)g(sp)s(ecially)-8
10490 b(.)275 2251 y(When)30 b(matc)m(hing)i(a)f(\014lename,)h(the)f(slash)f
10491 (c)m(haracter)j(m)m(ust)d(alw)m(a)m(ys)j(b)s(e)d(matc)m(hed)h
10492 (explicitly)i(b)m(y)e(a)150 2361 y(slash)d(in)f(the)h(pattern,)h(but)e
10493 (in)h(other)g(matc)m(hing)h(con)m(texts)h(it)e(can)g(b)s(e)g(matc)m
10494 (hed)g(b)m(y)g(a)g(sp)s(ecial)h(pattern)150 2470 y(c)m(haracter)j(as)f
10495 (describ)s(ed)e(b)s(elo)m(w)h(\(see)i(Section)f(3.5.8.1)i([P)m(attern)e
10496 (Matc)m(hing],)i(page)e(33\).)275 2612 y(See)d(the)g(description)g(of)g
10497 Ft(shopt)e Fu(in)i(Section)g(4.3.2)i([The)e(Shopt)f(Builtin],)i(page)g
10498 (66,)g(for)f(a)g(descrip-)150 2722 y(tion)j(of)f(the)h
10499 Ft(nocaseglob)p Fu(,)d Ft(nullglob)p Fu(,)g Ft(failglob)p
10500 Fu(,)h(and)g Ft(dotglob)g Fu(options.)275 2864 y(The)36
10501 b Ft(GLOBIGNORE)d Fu(shell)k(v)-5 b(ariable)37 b(ma)m(y)g(b)s(e)f(used)
10502 g(to)h(restrict)g(the)g(set)g(of)g(\014le)f(names)h(matc)m(hing)150
10503 2973 y(a)42 b(pattern.)74 b(If)41 b Ft(GLOBIGNORE)e Fu(is)i(set,)k(eac)
10504 m(h)e(matc)m(hing)f(\014le)g(name)f(that)h(also)h(matc)m(hes)f(one)g
10505 (of)g(the)150 3083 y(patterns)34 b(in)g Ft(GLOBIGNORE)d
10506 Fu(is)k(remo)m(v)m(ed)g(from)f(the)g(list)h(of)f(matc)m(hes.)54
10507 b(If)33 b(the)i Ft(nocaseglob)c Fu(option)k(is)150 3192
10508 y(set,)c(the)e(matc)m(hing)i(against)g(the)f(patterns)f(in)h
10509 Ft(GLOBIGNORE)c Fu(is)k(p)s(erformed)e(without)i(regard)f(to)i(case.)
10510 150 3302 y(The)d(\014lenames)h Ft(.)g Fu(and)f Ft(..)h
10511 Fu(are)g(alw)m(a)m(ys)h(ignored)f(when)f Ft(GLOBIGNORE)f
10512 Fu(is)i(set)g(and)f(not)h(n)m(ull.)41 b(Ho)m(w)m(ev)m(er,)150
10513 3412 y(setting)30 b Ft(GLOBIGNORE)d Fu(to)j(a)f(non-n)m(ull)g(v)-5
10514 b(alue)30 b(has)f(the)g(e\013ect)i(of)f(enabling)f(the)h
10515 Ft(dotglob)d Fu(shell)i(option,)150 3521 y(so)j(all)h(other)f
10516 (\014lenames)g(b)s(eginning)f(with)h(a)g(`)p Ft(.)p Fu(')g(will)h(matc)
10517 m(h.)46 b(T)-8 b(o)32 b(get)h(the)f(old)g(b)s(eha)m(vior)g(of)h
10518 (ignoring)150 3631 y(\014lenames)c(b)s(eginning)f(with)h(a)h(`)p
10519 Ft(.)p Fu(',)f(mak)m(e)h(`)p Ft(.*)p Fu(')f(one)h(of)f(the)g(patterns)g
10520 (in)g Ft(GLOBIGNORE)p Fu(.)37 b(The)29 b Ft(dotglob)150
10521 3740 y Fu(option)i(is)f(disabled)g(when)g Ft(GLOBIGNORE)d
10522 Fu(is)k(unset.)150 3947 y Fk(3.5.8.1)63 b(P)m(attern)40
10523 b(Matc)m(hing)150 4094 y Fu(An)m(y)24 b(c)m(haracter)h(that)f(app)s
10524 (ears)f(in)g(a)h(pattern,)i(other)e(than)f(the)h(sp)s(ecial)g(pattern)g
10525 (c)m(haracters)h(describ)s(ed)150 4203 y(b)s(elo)m(w,)31
10526 b(matc)m(hes)g(itself.)42 b(The)29 b Fm(nul)h Fu(c)m(haracter)i(ma)m(y)
10527 e(not)h(o)s(ccur)f(in)g(a)h(pattern.)40 b(A)31 b(bac)m(kslash)g(escap)s
10528 (es)150 4313 y(the)38 b(follo)m(wing)g(c)m(haracter;)43
10529 b(the)37 b(escaping)i(bac)m(kslash)e(is)h(discarded)f(when)f(matc)m
10530 (hing.)63 b(The)36 b(sp)s(ecial)150 4423 y(pattern)30
10531 b(c)m(haracters)i(m)m(ust)f(b)s(e)e(quoted)i(if)f(they)h(are)f(to)i(b)s
10532 (e)d(matc)m(hed)i(literally)-8 b(.)275 4564 y(The)29
10533 b(sp)s(ecial)i(pattern)g(c)m(haracters)h(ha)m(v)m(e)f(the)g(follo)m
10534 (wing)h(meanings:)150 4735 y Ft(*)432 b Fu(Matc)m(hes)31
10535 b(an)m(y)e(string,)h(including)f(the)g(n)m(ull)g(string.)41
10536 b(When)29 b(the)g Ft(globstar)e Fu(shell)i(option)630
10537 4844 y(is)37 b(enabled,)h(and)e(`)p Ft(*)p Fu(')h(is)g(used)f(in)g(a)h
10538 (\014lename)g(expansion)g(con)m(text,)j(t)m(w)m(o)e(adjacen)m(t)g(`)p
10539 Ft(*)p Fu('s)630 4954 y(used)f(as)g(a)h(single)g(pattern)g(will)f(matc)
10540 m(h)i(all)f(\014les)f(and)g(zero)h(or)g(more)f(directories)i(and)630
10541 5064 y(sub)s(directories.)g(If)25 b(follo)m(w)m(ed)j(b)m(y)e(a)g(`)p
10542 Ft(/)p Fu(',)h(t)m(w)m(o)g(adjacen)m(t)h(`)p Ft(*)p Fu('s)e(will)g
10543 (matc)m(h)h(only)f(directories)630 5173 y(and)k(sub)s(directories.)150
10544 5340 y Ft(?)432 b Fu(Matc)m(hes)32 b(an)m(y)f(single)g(c)m(haracter.)p
10545 eop end
10546 %%Page: 34 40
10547 TeXDict begin 34 39 bop 150 -116 a Fu(Chapter)30 b(3:)41
10548 b(Basic)32 b(Shell)e(F)-8 b(eatures)2246 b(34)150 299
10549 y Ft([...)o(])241 b Fu(Matc)m(hes)27 b(an)m(y)e(one)g(of)g(the)g
10550 (enclosed)g(c)m(haracters.)41 b(A)25 b(pair)f(of)h(c)m(haracters)i
10551 (separated)e(b)m(y)g(a)630 408 y(h)m(yphen)k(denotes)i(a)g
10552 Fr(range)g(expression)p Fu(;)f(an)m(y)h(c)m(haracter)h(that)f(falls)g
10553 (b)s(et)m(w)m(een)g(those)g(t)m(w)m(o)630 518 y(c)m(haracters,)d
10554 (inclusiv)m(e,)f(using)d(the)h(curren)m(t)f(lo)s(cale's)j(collating)g
10555 (sequence)e(and)f(c)m(haracter)630 628 y(set,)31 b(is)f(matc)m(hed.)42
10556 b(If)30 b(the)g(\014rst)g(c)m(haracter)i(follo)m(wing)g(the)e(`)p
10557 Ft([)p Fu(')h(is)f(a)h(`)p Ft(!)p Fu(')f(or)g(a)h(`)p
10558 Ft(^)p Fu(')g(then)f(an)m(y)630 737 y(c)m(haracter)c(not)f(enclosed)g
10559 (is)g(matc)m(hed.)40 b(A)25 b(`)p Fq(\000)p Fu(')f(ma)m(y)i(b)s(e)e
10560 (matc)m(hed)h(b)m(y)f(including)h(it)g(as)g(the)630 847
10561 y(\014rst)32 b(or)h(last)h(c)m(haracter)h(in)e(the)g(set.)50
10562 b(A)33 b(`)p Ft(])p Fu(')g(ma)m(y)h(b)s(e)e(matc)m(hed)i(b)m(y)f
10563 (including)g(it)g(as)h(the)630 956 y(\014rst)25 b(c)m(haracter)i(in)e
10564 (the)h(set.)40 b(The)25 b(sorting)h(order)f(of)h(c)m(haracters)h(in)f
10565 (range)g(expressions)f(is)630 1066 y(determined)h(b)m(y)h(the)g(curren)
10566 m(t)f(lo)s(cale)j(and)d(the)h(v)-5 b(alues)27 b(of)g(the)g
10567 Ft(LC_COLLATE)d Fu(and)i Ft(LC_ALL)630 1176 y Fu(shell)31
10568 b(v)-5 b(ariables,)31 b(if)f(set.)630 1312 y(F)-8 b(or)34
10569 b(example,)g(in)f(the)g(default)g(C)f(lo)s(cale,)k(`)p
10570 Ft([a-dx-z])p Fu(')31 b(is)i(equiv)-5 b(alen)m(t)34 b(to)g(`)p
10571 Ft([abcdxyz])p Fu('.)630 1422 y(Man)m(y)68 b(lo)s(cales)h(sort)f(c)m
10572 (haracters)h(in)e(dictionary)i(order,)76 b(and)67 b(in)g(these)h(lo)s
10573 (cales)630 1531 y(`)p Ft([a-dx-z])p Fu(')36 b(is)i(t)m(ypically)i(not)e
10574 (equiv)-5 b(alen)m(t)39 b(to)g(`)p Ft([abcdxyz])p Fu(';)g(it)g(migh)m
10575 (t)f(b)s(e)f(equiv)-5 b(alen)m(t)630 1641 y(to)34 b(`)p
10576 Ft([aBbCcDdxXyYz])p Fu(',)c(for)j(example.)49 b(T)-8
10577 b(o)33 b(obtain)h(the)f(traditional)h(in)m(terpretation)h(of)630
10578 1751 y(ranges)e(in)f(brac)m(k)m(et)i(expressions,)g(y)m(ou)f(can)g
10579 (force)g(the)g(use)f(of)h(the)g(C)f(lo)s(cale)i(b)m(y)f(setting)630
10580 1860 y(the)c Ft(LC_COLLATE)e Fu(or)i Ft(LC_ALL)f Fu(en)m(vironmen)m(t)i
10581 (v)-5 b(ariable)30 b(to)g(the)f(v)-5 b(alue)30 b(`)p
10582 Ft(C)p Fu(',)g(or)f(enable)h(the)630 1970 y Ft(globasciiranges)c
10583 Fu(shell)31 b(option.)630 2106 y(Within)23 b(`)p Ft([)p
10584 Fu(')h(and)e(`)p Ft(])p Fu(',)j Fr(c)m(haracter)g(classes)j
10585 Fu(can)c(b)s(e)e(sp)s(eci\014ed)h(using)f(the)i(syn)m(tax)f
10586 Ft([:)p Fr(class)t Ft(:])p Fu(,)630 2216 y(where)30 b
10587 Fr(class)35 b Fu(is)30 b(one)h(of)f(the)h(follo)m(wing)h(classes)f
10588 (de\014ned)e(in)h(the)h Fm(posix)f Fu(standard:)870 2353
10589 y Ft(alnum)142 b(alpha)g(ascii)f(blank)h(cntrl)g(digit)g(graph)g(lower)
10590 870 2462 y(print)g(punct)g(space)f(upper)h(word)190 b(xdigit)630
10591 2599 y Fu(A)42 b(c)m(haracter)h(class)f(matc)m(hes)h(an)m(y)f(c)m
10592 (haracter)h(b)s(elonging)f(to)g(that)g(class.)75 b(The)41
10593 b Ft(word)630 2709 y Fu(c)m(haracter)32 b(class)f(matc)m(hes)h
10594 (letters,)f(digits,)h(and)d(the)i(c)m(haracter)h(`)p
10595 Ft(_)p Fu('.)630 2845 y(Within)25 b(`)p Ft([)p Fu(')f(and)g(`)p
10596 Ft(])p Fu(',)i(an)e Fr(equiv)-5 b(alence)26 b(class)j
10597 Fu(can)24 b(b)s(e)g(sp)s(eci\014ed)g(using)g(the)g(syn)m(tax)h
10598 Ft([=)p Fr(c)6 b Ft(=])p Fu(,)630 2955 y(whic)m(h)29
10599 b(matc)m(hes)i(all)f(c)m(haracters)h(with)e(the)h(same)g(collation)h(w)
10600 m(eigh)m(t)g(\(as)f(de\014ned)e(b)m(y)i(the)630 3064
10601 y(curren)m(t)g(lo)s(cale\))j(as)d(the)h(c)m(haracter)h
10602 Fr(c)p Fu(.)630 3201 y(Within)22 b(`)p Ft([)p Fu(')f(and)g(`)p
10603 Ft(])p Fu(',)j(the)d(syn)m(tax)h Ft([.)p Fr(sym)m(b)s(ol)t
10604 Ft(.])e Fu(matc)m(hes)i(the)g(collating)i(sym)m(b)s(ol)d
10605 Fr(sym)m(b)s(ol)p Fu(.)275 3367 y(If)29 b(the)g Ft(extglob)f
10606 Fu(shell)h(option)h(is)g(enabled)f(using)g(the)h Ft(shopt)e
10607 Fu(builtin,)h(sev)m(eral)i(extended)f(pattern)150 3477
10608 y(matc)m(hing)37 b(op)s(erators)e(are)h(recognized.)58
10609 b(In)35 b(the)g(follo)m(wing)i(description,)g(a)f Fr(pattern-list)j
10610 Fu(is)d(a)g(list)g(of)150 3586 y(one)d(or)f(more)h(patterns)f
10611 (separated)h(b)m(y)f(a)h(`)p Ft(|)p Fu('.)47 b(Comp)s(osite)33
10612 b(patterns)f(ma)m(y)i(b)s(e)d(formed)h(using)g(one)h(or)150
10613 3696 y(more)e(of)f(the)h(follo)m(wing)g(sub-patterns:)150
10614 3862 y Ft(?\()p Fj(pattern-list)p Ft(\))630 3971 y Fu(Matc)m(hes)h
10615 (zero)f(or)g(one)f(o)s(ccurrence)h(of)f(the)h(giv)m(en)g(patterns.)150
10616 4135 y Ft(*\()p Fj(pattern-list)p Ft(\))630 4245 y Fu(Matc)m(hes)h
10617 (zero)f(or)g(more)f(o)s(ccurrences)h(of)f(the)h(giv)m(en)g(patterns.)
10618 150 4408 y Ft(+\()p Fj(pattern-list)p Ft(\))630 4518
10619 y Fu(Matc)m(hes)h(one)f(or)f(more)h(o)s(ccurrences)f(of)h(the)f(giv)m
10620 (en)i(patterns.)150 4682 y Ft(@\()p Fj(pattern-list)p
10621 Ft(\))630 4791 y Fu(Matc)m(hes)g(one)f(of)f(the)h(giv)m(en)g(patterns.)
10622 150 4955 y Ft(!\()p Fj(pattern-list)p Ft(\))630 5064
10623 y Fu(Matc)m(hes)h(an)m(ything)f(except)g(one)g(of)f(the)h(giv)m(en)g
10624 (patterns.)275 5230 y(Complicated)41 b(extended)f(pattern)g(matc)m
10625 (hing)h(against)h(long)f(strings)f(is)g(slo)m(w,)k(esp)s(ecially)d
10626 (when)150 5340 y(the)29 b(patterns)g(con)m(tain)i(alternations)f(and)f
10627 (the)g(strings)g(con)m(tain)h(m)m(ultiple)g(matc)m(hes.)42
10628 b(Using)29 b(separate)p eop end
10629 %%Page: 35 41
10630 TeXDict begin 35 40 bop 150 -116 a Fu(Chapter)30 b(3:)41
10631 b(Basic)32 b(Shell)e(F)-8 b(eatures)2246 b(35)150 299
10632 y(matc)m(hes)38 b(against)g(shorter)e(strings,)i(or)f(using)f(arra)m
10633 (ys)h(of)g(strings)f(instead)h(of)g(a)g(single)g(long)h(string,)150
10634 408 y(ma)m(y)31 b(b)s(e)f(faster.)150 598 y Fk(3.5.9)63
10635 b(Quote)41 b(Remo)m(v)-7 b(al)150 745 y Fu(After)32 b(the)g(preceding)g
10636 (expansions,)h(all)f(unquoted)f(o)s(ccurrences)h(of)g(the)h(c)m
10637 (haracters)g(`)p Ft(\\)p Fu(',)g(`)p Ft(')p Fu(',)f(and)g(`)p
10638 Ft(")p Fu(')150 854 y(that)f(did)f(not)g(result)g(from)g(one)h(of)g
10639 (the)f(ab)s(o)m(v)m(e)i(expansions)e(are)h(remo)m(v)m(ed.)150
10640 1085 y Fs(3.6)68 b(Redirections)150 1245 y Fu(Before)32
10641 b(a)f(command)f(is)h(executed,)h(its)f(input)e(and)h(output)h(ma)m(y)g
10642 (b)s(e)f Fr(redirected)k Fu(using)c(a)i(sp)s(ecial)f(no-)150
10643 1354 y(tation)d(in)m(terpreted)f(b)m(y)f(the)h(shell.)40
10644 b(Redirection)27 b(allo)m(ws)h(commands')f(\014le)f(handles)g(to)i(b)s
10645 (e)e(duplicated,)150 1464 y(op)s(ened,)i(closed,)i(made)e(to)h(refer)f
10646 (to)h(di\013eren)m(t)f(\014les,)h(and)f(can)g(c)m(hange)h(the)g
10647 (\014les)f(the)g(command)g(reads)150 1573 y(from)39 b(and)g(writes)h
10648 (to.)69 b(Redirection)40 b(ma)m(y)g(also)h(b)s(e)e(used)g(to)h(mo)s
10649 (dify)f(\014le)g(handles)g(in)g(the)h(curren)m(t)150
10650 1683 y(shell)e(execution)h(en)m(vironmen)m(t.)65 b(The)37
10651 b(follo)m(wing)j(redirection)f(op)s(erators)f(ma)m(y)g(precede)h(or)f
10652 (app)s(ear)150 1793 y(an)m(ywhere)30 b(within)f(a)h(simple)f(command)h
10653 (or)f(ma)m(y)i(follo)m(w)g(a)f(command.)40 b(Redirections)30
10654 b(are)g(pro)s(cessed)150 1902 y(in)g(the)h(order)f(they)g(app)s(ear,)g
10655 (from)g(left)h(to)g(righ)m(t.)275 2032 y(Eac)m(h)45 b(redirection)h
10656 (that)f(ma)m(y)h(b)s(e)e(preceded)g(b)m(y)h(a)h(\014le)f(descriptor)f
10657 (n)m(um)m(b)s(er)g(ma)m(y)h(instead)h(b)s(e)150 2141
10658 y(preceded)41 b(b)m(y)g(a)h(w)m(ord)f(of)g(the)h(form)f
10659 Fi({)p Fr(v)-5 b(arname)5 b Fi(})p Fu(.)74 b(In)41 b(this)g(case,)k
10660 (for)c(eac)m(h)i(redirection)f(op)s(erator)150 2251 y(except)30
10661 b Ft(>)p Fu(&-)f(and)f Ft(<)p Fu(&-,)h(the)g(shell)g(will)h(allo)s
10662 (cate)h(a)e(\014le)h(descriptor)e(greater)j(than)d(10)i(and)e(assign)i
10663 (it)f(to)150 2361 y Fi({)p Fr(v)-5 b(arname)5 b Fi(})p
10664 Fu(.)45 b(If)31 b Ft(>)p Fu(&-)g(or)h Ft(<)p Fu(&-)f(is)h(preceded)f(b)
10665 m(y)g Fi({)p Fr(v)-5 b(arname)5 b Fi(})p Fu(,)33 b(the)f(v)-5
10666 b(alue)32 b(of)g Fr(v)-5 b(arname)36 b Fu(de\014nes)31
10667 b(the)h(\014le)150 2470 y(descriptor)i(to)g(close.)52
10668 b(If)34 b Fi({)p Fr(v)-5 b(arname)5 b Fi(})34 b Fu(is)g(supplied,)g
10669 (the)g(redirection)g(p)s(ersists)f(b)s(ey)m(ond)g(the)h(scop)s(e)g(of)
10670 150 2580 y(the)d(command,)f(allo)m(wing)i(the)f(shell)f(programmer)g
10671 (to)h(manage)h(the)e(\014le)h(descriptor)f(himself.)275
10672 2709 y(In)d(the)i(follo)m(wing)h(descriptions,)g(if)e(the)h(\014le)g
10673 (descriptor)f(n)m(um)m(b)s(er)g(is)g(omitted,)i(and)f(the)f(\014rst)g
10674 (c)m(har-)150 2819 y(acter)42 b(of)f(the)g(redirection)g(op)s(erator)g
10675 (is)g(`)p Ft(<)p Fu(',)i(the)e(redirection)g(refers)g(to)g(the)g
10676 (standard)f(input)f(\(\014le)150 2928 y(descriptor)33
10677 b(0\).)49 b(If)33 b(the)g(\014rst)f(c)m(haracter)i(of)g(the)f
10678 (redirection)g(op)s(erator)h(is)f(`)p Ft(>)p Fu(',)h(the)f(redirection)
10679 g(refers)150 3038 y(to)e(the)g(standard)e(output)h(\(\014le)h
10680 (descriptor)f(1\).)275 3168 y(The)h(w)m(ord)h(follo)m(wing)i(the)f
10681 (redirection)g(op)s(erator)f(in)g(the)h(follo)m(wing)h(descriptions,)f
10682 (unless)e(other-)150 3277 y(wise)21 b(noted,)i(is)e(sub)5
10683 b(jected)21 b(to)h(brace)f(expansion,)i(tilde)f(expansion,)h(parameter)
10684 e(expansion,)i(command)150 3387 y(substitution,)31 b(arithmetic)h
10685 (expansion,)f(quote)h(remo)m(v)-5 b(al,)33 b(\014lename)e(expansion,)g
10686 (and)f(w)m(ord)h(splitting.)150 3496 y(If)f(it)h(expands)e(to)i(more)g
10687 (than)f(one)h(w)m(ord,)f(Bash)h(rep)s(orts)e(an)h(error.)275
10688 3626 y(Note)h(that)g(the)g(order)f(of)g(redirections)h(is)g
10689 (signi\014can)m(t.)41 b(F)-8 b(or)31 b(example,)h(the)e(command)390
10690 3756 y Ft(ls)47 b(>)h Fj(dirlist)d Ft(2>&1)150 3885 y
10691 Fu(directs)28 b(b)s(oth)f(standard)g(output)g(\(\014le)h(descriptor)f
10692 (1\))i(and)e(standard)f(error)i(\(\014le)g(descriptor)f(2\))h(to)h(the)
10693 150 3995 y(\014le)h Fr(dirlist)p Fu(,)h(while)f(the)h(command)390
10694 4124 y Ft(ls)47 b(2>&1)g(>)g Fj(dirlist)150 4254 y Fu(directs)28
10695 b(only)f(the)h(standard)e(output)i(to)g(\014le)f Fr(dirlist)p
10696 Fu(,)h(b)s(ecause)g(the)f(standard)g(error)g(w)m(as)h(made)f(a)h(cop)m
10697 (y)150 4363 y(of)j(the)f(standard)g(output)g(b)s(efore)g(the)g
10698 (standard)g(output)g(w)m(as)g(redirected)h(to)g Fr(dirlist)p
10699 Fu(.)275 4493 y(Bash)26 b(handles)f(sev)m(eral)j(\014lenames)e(sp)s
10700 (ecially)h(when)f(they)g(are)g(used)g(in)g(redirections,)i(as)e
10701 (describ)s(ed)150 4603 y(in)38 b(the)h(follo)m(wing)h(table.)66
10702 b(If)38 b(the)h(op)s(erating)g(system)f(on)h(whic)m(h)f(Bash)h(is)f
10703 (running)f(pro)m(vides)h(these)150 4712 y(sp)s(ecial)27
10704 b(\014les,)g(bash)e(will)i(use)f(them;)h(otherwise)g(it)f(will)h(em)m
10705 (ulate)h(them)e(in)m(ternally)h(with)f(the)g(b)s(eha)m(vior)150
10706 4822 y(describ)s(ed)j(b)s(elo)m(w.)150 4971 y Ft(/dev/fd/)p
10707 Fj(fd)630 5081 y Fu(If)h Fr(fd)j Fu(is)d(a)h(v)-5 b(alid)31
10708 b(in)m(teger,)h(\014le)e(descriptor)h Fr(fd)i Fu(is)d(duplicated.)150
10709 5230 y Ft(/dev/stdin)630 5340 y Fu(File)i(descriptor)e(0)h(is)f
10710 (duplicated.)p eop end
10711 %%Page: 36 42
10712 TeXDict begin 36 41 bop 150 -116 a Fu(Chapter)30 b(3:)41
10713 b(Basic)32 b(Shell)e(F)-8 b(eatures)2246 b(36)150 299
10714 y Ft(/dev/stdout)630 408 y Fu(File)32 b(descriptor)e(1)h(is)f
10715 (duplicated.)150 595 y Ft(/dev/stderr)630 705 y Fu(File)i(descriptor)e
10716 (2)h(is)f(duplicated.)150 892 y Ft(/dev/tcp/)p Fj(host)p
10717 Ft(/)p Fj(port)630 1001 y Fu(If)41 b Fr(host)i Fu(is)f(a)g(v)-5
10718 b(alid)41 b(hostname)h(or)f(In)m(ternet)h(address,)i(and)c
10719 Fr(p)s(ort)j Fu(is)f(an)f(in)m(teger)i(p)s(ort)630 1111
10720 y(n)m(um)m(b)s(er)23 b(or)i(service)h(name,)g(Bash)f(attempts)h(to)f
10721 (op)s(en)f(the)h(corresp)s(onding)f(TCP)g(so)s(c)m(k)m(et.)150
10722 1298 y Ft(/dev/udp/)p Fj(host)p Ft(/)p Fj(port)630 1407
10723 y Fu(If)41 b Fr(host)i Fu(is)f(a)g(v)-5 b(alid)41 b(hostname)h(or)f(In)
10724 m(ternet)h(address,)i(and)c Fr(p)s(ort)j Fu(is)f(an)f(in)m(teger)i(p)s
10725 (ort)630 1517 y(n)m(um)m(b)s(er)23 b(or)h(service)h(name,)h(Bash)e
10726 (attempts)h(to)g(op)s(en)f(the)g(corresp)s(onding)f(UDP)i(so)s(c)m(k)m
10727 (et.)275 1718 y(A)30 b(failure)h(to)g(op)s(en)e(or)i(create)h(a)e
10728 (\014le)h(causes)g(the)f(redirection)h(to)g(fail.)275
10729 1880 y(Redirections)f(using)e(\014le)i(descriptors)f(greater)h(than)f
10730 (9)h(should)e(b)s(e)h(used)f(with)h(care,)h(as)g(they)f(ma)m(y)150
10731 1989 y(con\015ict)i(with)f(\014le)h(descriptors)f(the)g(shell)h(uses)f
10732 (in)m(ternally)-8 b(.)150 2216 y Fk(3.6.1)63 b(Redirecting)40
10733 b(Input)150 2363 y Fu(Redirection)35 b(of)f(input)f(causes)i(the)f
10734 (\014le)g(whose)g(name)g(results)g(from)g(the)g(expansion)g(of)g
10735 Fr(w)m(ord)k Fu(to)d(b)s(e)150 2473 y(op)s(ened)d(for)g(reading)g(on)g
10736 (\014le)h(descriptor)f Ft(n)p Fu(,)h(or)f(the)g(standard)g(input)f
10737 (\(\014le)i(descriptor)f(0\))h(if)f Ft(n)g Fu(is)h(not)150
10738 2582 y(sp)s(eci\014ed.)275 2744 y(The)c(general)j(format)e(for)h
10739 (redirecting)g(input)e(is:)390 2906 y Ft([)p Fj(n)p Ft(]<)p
10740 Fj(word)150 3133 y Fk(3.6.2)63 b(Redirecting)40 b(Output)150
10741 3280 y Fu(Redirection)31 b(of)g(output)f(causes)h(the)f(\014le)h(whose)
10742 f(name)g(results)h(from)e(the)i(expansion)f(of)h Fr(w)m(ord)i
10743 Fu(to)f(b)s(e)150 3389 y(op)s(ened)d(for)g(writing)g(on)g(\014le)h
10744 (descriptor)f Fr(n)p Fu(,)g(or)g(the)h(standard)e(output)h(\(\014le)h
10745 (descriptor)f(1\))h(if)g Fr(n)e Fu(is)i(not)150 3499
10746 y(sp)s(eci\014ed.)40 b(If)30 b(the)g(\014le)h(do)s(es)f(not)h(exist)g
10747 (it)g(is)f(created;)i(if)e(it)h(do)s(es)f(exist)h(it)g(is)g(truncated)f
10748 (to)h(zero)g(size.)275 3661 y(The)e(general)j(format)e(for)h
10749 (redirecting)g(output)f(is:)390 3823 y Ft([)p Fj(n)p
10750 Ft(]>[|])p Fj(word)275 3985 y Fu(If)g(the)h(redirection)g(op)s(erator)g
10751 (is)g(`)p Ft(>)p Fu(',)g(and)f(the)h Ft(noclobber)d Fu(option)j(to)g
10752 (the)g Ft(set)f Fu(builtin)g(has)h(b)s(een)150 4094 y(enabled,)h(the)g
10753 (redirection)h(will)f(fail)h(if)e(the)i(\014le)e(whose)h(name)g
10754 (results)g(from)f(the)h(expansion)g(of)g Fr(w)m(ord)150
10755 4204 y Fu(exists)f(and)f(is)g(a)h(regular)g(\014le.)41
10756 b(If)30 b(the)h(redirection)g(op)s(erator)g(is)f(`)p
10757 Ft(>|)p Fu(',)h(or)f(the)h(redirection)g(op)s(erator)g(is)150
10758 4314 y(`)p Ft(>)p Fu(')36 b(and)f(the)g Ft(noclobber)e
10759 Fu(option)j(is)g(not)g(enabled,)h(the)e(redirection)h(is)g(attempted)g
10760 (ev)m(en)h(if)e(the)h(\014le)150 4423 y(named)30 b(b)m(y)g
10761 Fr(w)m(ord)k Fu(exists.)150 4650 y Fk(3.6.3)63 b(App)s(ending)42
10762 b(Redirected)e(Output)150 4797 y Fu(Redirection)23 b(of)e(output)h(in)f
10763 (this)h(fashion)f(causes)h(the)g(\014le)g(whose)f(name)h(results)f
10764 (from)g(the)h(expansion)g(of)150 4906 y Fr(w)m(ord)28
10765 b Fu(to)e(b)s(e)e(op)s(ened)g(for)h(app)s(ending)e(on)i(\014le)g
10766 (descriptor)g Fr(n)p Fu(,)g(or)g(the)g(standard)f(output)h(\(\014le)g
10767 (descriptor)150 5016 y(1\))31 b(if)f Fr(n)g Fu(is)h(not)f(sp)s
10768 (eci\014ed.)40 b(If)30 b(the)h(\014le)f(do)s(es)g(not)h(exist)g(it)g
10769 (is)f(created.)275 5178 y(The)f(general)j(format)e(for)h(app)s(ending)e
10770 (output)h(is:)390 5340 y Ft([)p Fj(n)p Ft(]>>)p Fj(word)p
10771 eop end
10772 %%Page: 37 43
10773 TeXDict begin 37 42 bop 150 -116 a Fu(Chapter)30 b(3:)41
10774 b(Basic)32 b(Shell)e(F)-8 b(eatures)2246 b(37)150 299
10775 y Fk(3.6.4)63 b(Redirecting)40 b(Standard)h(Output)g(and)g(Standard)g
10776 (Error)150 446 y Fu(This)33 b(construct)i(allo)m(ws)g(b)s(oth)f(the)g
10777 (standard)g(output)f(\(\014le)i(descriptor)f(1\))h(and)f(the)g
10778 (standard)f(error)150 555 y(output)d(\(\014le)h(descriptor)f(2\))h(to)g
10779 (b)s(e)f(redirected)h(to)g(the)f(\014le)h(whose)f(name)h(is)f(the)g
10780 (expansion)h(of)f Fr(w)m(ord)p Fu(.)275 712 y(There)f(are)i(t)m(w)m(o)h
10781 (formats)e(for)h(redirecting)g(standard)e(output)h(and)g(standard)f
10782 (error:)390 870 y Ft(&>)p Fj(word)150 1027 y Fu(and)390
10783 1184 y Ft(>&)p Fj(word)150 1341 y Fu(Of)h(the)g(t)m(w)m(o)i(forms,)e
10784 (the)h(\014rst)e(is)i(preferred.)39 b(This)30 b(is)g(seman)m(tically)j
10785 (equiv)-5 b(alen)m(t)32 b(to)390 1498 y Ft(>)p Fj(word)46
10786 b Ft(2>&1)275 1655 y Fu(When)41 b(using)g(the)h(second)f(form,)k
10787 Fr(w)m(ord)f Fu(ma)m(y)e(not)g(expand)f(to)h(a)g(n)m(um)m(b)s(er)f(or)g
10788 (`)p Ft(-)p Fu('.)75 b(If)41 b(it)h(do)s(es,)150 1764
10789 y(other)27 b(redirection)g(op)s(erators)f(apply)h(\(see)g(Duplicating)h
10790 (File)f(Descriptors)h(b)s(elo)m(w\))f(for)f(compatibilit)m(y)150
10791 1874 y(reasons.)150 2096 y Fk(3.6.5)63 b(App)s(ending)42
10792 b(Standard)f(Output)g(and)g(Standard)g(Error)150 2243
10793 y Fu(This)33 b(construct)i(allo)m(ws)g(b)s(oth)f(the)g(standard)g
10794 (output)f(\(\014le)i(descriptor)f(1\))h(and)f(the)g(standard)f(error)
10795 150 2352 y(output)d(\(\014le)h(descriptor)f(2\))h(to)g(b)s(e)f(app)s
10796 (ended)f(to)i(the)f(\014le)h(whose)f(name)g(is)h(the)f(expansion)h(of)f
10797 Fr(w)m(ord)p Fu(.)275 2509 y(The)f(format)i(for)f(app)s(ending)f
10798 (standard)h(output)g(and)f(standard)h(error)g(is:)390
10799 2666 y Ft(&>>)p Fj(word)150 2823 y Fu(This)g(is)g(seman)m(tically)j
10800 (equiv)-5 b(alen)m(t)32 b(to)390 2980 y Ft(>>)p Fj(word)46
10801 b Ft(2>&1)275 3138 y Fu(\(see)31 b(Duplicating)h(File)f(Descriptors)g
10802 (b)s(elo)m(w\).)150 3359 y Fk(3.6.6)63 b(Here)41 b(Do)s(cumen)m(ts)150
10803 3506 y Fu(This)26 b(t)m(yp)s(e)g(of)h(redirection)g(instructs)f(the)g
10804 (shell)h(to)g(read)f(input)g(from)g(the)g(curren)m(t)h(source)f(un)m
10805 (til)h(a)g(line)150 3616 y(con)m(taining)h(only)e Fr(w)m(ord)k
10806 Fu(\(with)c(no)g(trailing)h(blanks\))f(is)g(seen.)40
10807 b(All)27 b(of)f(the)g(lines)h(read)f(up)f(to)i(that)g(p)s(oin)m(t)150
10808 3725 y(are)k(then)f(used)f(as)i(the)g(standard)e(input)h(\(or)g(\014le)
10809 h(descriptor)f Fr(n)g Fu(if)g Fr(n)g Fu(is)g(sp)s(eci\014ed\))g(for)h
10810 (a)f(command.)275 3883 y(The)f(format)i(of)g(here-do)s(cumen)m(ts)f
10811 (is:)390 4040 y Ft([)p Fj(n)p Ft(]<<[)p Fq(\000)p Ft(])p
10812 Fj(word)772 4149 y(here-document)390 4259 y(delimiter)275
10813 4416 y Fu(No)i(parameter)h(and)f(v)-5 b(ariable)32 b(expansion,)h
10814 (command)f(substitution,)h(arithmetic)g(expansion,)g(or)150
10815 4525 y(\014lename)26 b(expansion)g(is)g(p)s(erformed)e(on)i
10816 Fr(w)m(ord)p Fu(.)39 b(If)25 b(an)m(y)i(part)e(of)h Fr(w)m(ord)j
10817 Fu(is)d(quoted,)i(the)e Fr(delimiter)33 b Fu(is)26 b(the)150
10818 4635 y(result)33 b(of)g(quote)g(remo)m(v)-5 b(al)34 b(on)f
10819 Fr(w)m(ord)p Fu(,)g(and)f(the)h(lines)g(in)g(the)g(here-do)s(cumen)m(t)
10820 g(are)g(not)g(expanded.)47 b(If)150 4745 y Fr(w)m(ord)26
10821 b Fu(is)c(unquoted,)h(all)g(lines)g(of)g(the)f(here-do)s(cumen)m(t)g
10822 (are)h(sub)5 b(jected)22 b(to)h(parameter)g(expansion,)h(com-)150
10823 4854 y(mand)30 b(substitution,)g(and)g(arithmetic)h(expansion,)g(the)f
10824 (c)m(haracter)i(sequence)f Ft(\\newline)d Fu(is)j(ignored,)150
10825 4964 y(and)f(`)p Ft(\\)p Fu(')g(m)m(ust)h(b)s(e)e(used)h(to)h(quote)g
10826 (the)g(c)m(haracters)g(`)p Ft(\\)p Fu(',)g(`)p Ft($)p
10827 Fu(',)g(and)f(`)p Ft(`)p Fu('.)275 5121 y(If)21 b(the)i(redirection)g
10828 (op)s(erator)g(is)f(`)p Ft(<<-)p Fu(',)i(then)e(all)h(leading)g(tab)g
10829 (c)m(haracters)h(are)e(stripp)s(ed)f(from)h(input)150
10830 5230 y(lines)33 b(and)f(the)h(line)h(con)m(taining)g
10831 Fr(delimiter)p Fu(.)49 b(This)32 b(allo)m(ws)i(here-do)s(cumen)m(ts)f
10832 (within)f(shell)i(scripts)e(to)150 5340 y(b)s(e)e(inden)m(ted)g(in)g(a)
10833 h(natural)f(fashion.)p eop end
10834 %%Page: 38 44
10835 TeXDict begin 38 43 bop 150 -116 a Fu(Chapter)30 b(3:)41
10836 b(Basic)32 b(Shell)e(F)-8 b(eatures)2246 b(38)150 299
10837 y Fk(3.6.7)63 b(Here)41 b(Strings)150 446 y Fu(A)30 b(v)-5
10838 b(arian)m(t)32 b(of)e(here)h(do)s(cumen)m(ts,)f(the)g(format)h(is:)390
10839 600 y Ft([)p Fj(n)p Ft(]<<<)46 b Fj(word)275 753 y Fu(The)29
10840 b Fr(w)m(ord)k Fu(undergo)s(es)c(tilde)i(expansion,)f(parameter)h(and)e
10841 (v)-5 b(ariable)31 b(expansion,)f(command)g(sub-)150
10842 863 y(stitution,)f(arithmetic)f(expansion,)g(and)f(quote)h(remo)m(v)-5
10843 b(al.)41 b(Filename)29 b(expansion)e(and)f(w)m(ord)h(splitting)150
10844 973 y(are)35 b(not)g(p)s(erformed.)51 b(The)34 b(result)h(is)g
10845 (supplied)e(as)i(a)f(single)i(string,)f(with)g(a)g(newline)f(app)s
10846 (ended,)g(to)150 1082 y(the)d(command)f(on)g(its)h(standard)e(input)h
10847 (\(or)g(\014le)h(descriptor)f Fr(n)g Fu(if)g Fr(n)g Fu(is)h(sp)s
10848 (eci\014ed\).)150 1301 y Fk(3.6.8)63 b(Duplicating)41
10849 b(File)g(Descriptors)150 1448 y Fu(The)30 b(redirection)h(op)s(erator)
10850 390 1602 y Ft([)p Fj(n)p Ft(]<&)p Fj(word)150 1755 y
10851 Fu(is)k(used)e(to)j(duplicate)f(input)f(\014le)g(descriptors.)53
10852 b(If)34 b Fr(w)m(ord)k Fu(expands)c(to)h(one)g(or)g(more)g(digits,)h
10853 (the)f(\014le)150 1865 y(descriptor)e(denoted)h(b)m(y)f
10854 Fr(n)g Fu(is)g(made)h(to)g(b)s(e)f(a)g(cop)m(y)h(of)g(that)g(\014le)f
10855 (descriptor.)50 b(If)33 b(the)h(digits)g(in)f Fr(w)m(ord)150
10856 1975 y Fu(do)c(not)h(sp)s(ecify)f(a)h(\014le)f(descriptor)g(op)s(en)g
10857 (for)g(input,)g(a)h(redirection)g(error)f(o)s(ccurs.)40
10858 b(If)29 b Fr(w)m(ord)j Fu(ev)-5 b(aluates)150 2084 y(to)31
10859 b(`)p Ft(-)p Fu(',)g(\014le)g(descriptor)g Fr(n)f Fu(is)g(closed.)43
10860 b(If)30 b Fr(n)g Fu(is)g(not)h(sp)s(eci\014ed,)f(the)h(standard)f
10861 (input)g(\(\014le)h(descriptor)f(0\))150 2194 y(is)g(used.)275
10862 2348 y(The)f(op)s(erator)390 2502 y Ft([)p Fj(n)p Ft(]>&)p
10863 Fj(word)150 2655 y Fu(is)40 b(used)g(similarly)h(to)g(duplicate)f
10864 (output)g(\014le)h(descriptors.)70 b(If)40 b Fr(n)f Fu(is)i(not)f(sp)s
10865 (eci\014ed,)i(the)f(standard)150 2765 y(output)30 b(\(\014le)g
10866 (descriptor)g(1\))h(is)f(used.)39 b(If)30 b(the)g(digits)h(in)e
10867 Fr(w)m(ord)34 b Fu(do)29 b(not)i(sp)s(ecify)e(a)i(\014le)f(descriptor)g
10868 (op)s(en)150 2875 y(for)35 b(output,)h(a)g(redirection)g(error)e(o)s
10869 (ccurs.)55 b(If)35 b Fr(w)m(ord)j Fu(ev)-5 b(aluates)37
10870 b(to)f(`)p Ft(-)p Fu(',)h(\014le)e(descriptor)g Fr(n)g
10871 Fu(is)g(closed.)150 2984 y(As)f(a)g(sp)s(ecial)h(case,)h(if)e
10872 Fr(n)f Fu(is)h(omitted,)i(and)e Fr(w)m(ord)j Fu(do)s(es)d(not)g(expand)
10873 f(to)i(one)f(or)g(more)g(digits)h(or)f(`)p Ft(-)p Fu(',)150
10874 3094 y(the)d(standard)e(output)h(and)g(standard)f(error)h(are)h
10875 (redirected)g(as)g(describ)s(ed)e(previously)-8 b(.)150
10876 3312 y Fk(3.6.9)63 b(Mo)m(ving)41 b(File)h(Descriptors)150
10877 3459 y Fu(The)30 b(redirection)h(op)s(erator)390 3613
10878 y Ft([)p Fj(n)p Ft(]<&)p Fj(digit)p Ft(-)150 3767 y Fu(mo)m(v)m(es)i
10879 (the)f(\014le)g(descriptor)f Fr(digit)k Fu(to)d(\014le)g(descriptor)g
10880 Fr(n)p Fu(,)f(or)h(the)g(standard)f(input)f(\(\014le)j(descriptor)e
10881 (0\))150 3876 y(if)f Fr(n)g Fu(is)h(not)f(sp)s(eci\014ed.)40
10882 b Fr(digit)33 b Fu(is)e(closed)g(after)g(b)s(eing)f(duplicated)g(to)h
10883 Fr(n)p Fu(.)275 4030 y(Similarly)-8 b(,)31 b(the)f(redirection)h(op)s
10884 (erator)390 4184 y Ft([)p Fj(n)p Ft(]>&)p Fj(digit)p
10885 Ft(-)150 4338 y Fu(mo)m(v)m(es)e(the)g(\014le)f(descriptor)f
10886 Fr(digit)k Fu(to)e(\014le)f(descriptor)g Fr(n)p Fu(,)g(or)g(the)g
10887 (standard)f(output)h(\(\014le)g(descriptor)g(1\))150
10888 4448 y(if)i Fr(n)g Fu(is)h(not)f(sp)s(eci\014ed.)150
10889 4666 y Fk(3.6.10)63 b(Op)s(ening)42 b(File)g(Descriptors)g(for)g
10890 (Reading)e(and)h(W)-10 b(riting)150 4813 y Fu(The)30
10891 b(redirection)h(op)s(erator)390 4967 y Ft([)p Fj(n)p
10892 Ft(]<>)p Fj(word)150 5121 y Fu(causes)39 b(the)g(\014le)g(whose)g(name)
10893 g(is)g(the)g(expansion)g(of)g Fr(w)m(ord)j Fu(to)d(b)s(e)g(op)s(ened)f
10894 (for)g(b)s(oth)h(reading)g(and)150 5230 y(writing)33
10895 b(on)f(\014le)h(descriptor)f Fr(n)p Fu(,)h(or)g(on)f(\014le)h
10896 (descriptor)g(0)g(if)f Fr(n)g Fu(is)h(not)g(sp)s(eci\014ed.)47
10897 b(If)32 b(the)h(\014le)f(do)s(es)h(not)150 5340 y(exist,)e(it)g(is)g
10898 (created.)p eop end
10899 %%Page: 39 45
10900 TeXDict begin 39 44 bop 150 -116 a Fu(Chapter)30 b(3:)41
10901 b(Basic)32 b(Shell)e(F)-8 b(eatures)2246 b(39)150 299
10902 y Fs(3.7)68 b(Executing)46 b(Commands)150 523 y Fk(3.7.1)63
10903 b(Simple)41 b(Command)h(Expansion)150 670 y Fu(When)33
10904 b(a)g(simple)g(command)g(is)g(executed,)h(the)g(shell)f(p)s(erforms)e
10905 (the)i(follo)m(wing)i(expansions,)e(assign-)150 779 y(men)m(ts,)e(and)f
10906 (redirections,)h(from)f(left)h(to)g(righ)m(t,)g(in)f(the)h(follo)m
10907 (wing)h(order.)199 913 y(1.)61 b(The)38 b(w)m(ords)f(that)i(the)g
10908 (parser)e(has)h(mark)m(ed)g(as)h(v)-5 b(ariable)39 b(assignmen)m(ts)g
10909 (\(those)g(preceding)f(the)330 1023 y(command)30 b(name\))h(and)f
10910 (redirections)h(are)f(sa)m(v)m(ed)i(for)e(later)h(pro)s(cessing.)199
10911 1157 y(2.)61 b(The)39 b(w)m(ords)g(that)i(are)f(not)g(v)-5
10912 b(ariable)40 b(assignmen)m(ts)h(or)e(redirections)i(are)f(expanded)f
10913 (\(see)h(Sec-)330 1267 y(tion)d(3.5)i([Shell)e(Expansions],)h(page)g
10914 (22\).)61 b(If)37 b(an)m(y)g(w)m(ords)f(remain)h(after)h(expansion,)h
10915 (the)e(\014rst)330 1376 y(w)m(ord)31 b(is)g(tak)m(en)h(to)g(b)s(e)f
10916 (the)g(name)h(of)f(the)h(command)f(and)f(the)i(remaining)f(w)m(ords)g
10917 (are)g(the)h(argu-)330 1486 y(men)m(ts.)199 1620 y(3.)61
10918 b(Redirections)25 b(are)f(p)s(erformed)f(as)h(describ)s(ed)f(ab)s(o)m
10919 (v)m(e)i(\(see)g(Section)g(3.6)g([Redirections],)i(page)d(35\).)199
10920 1754 y(4.)61 b(The)25 b(text)h(after)f(the)g(`)p Ft(=)p
10921 Fu(')h(in)e(eac)m(h)j(v)-5 b(ariable)25 b(assignmen)m(t)h(undergo)s(es)
10922 e(tilde)i(expansion,)g(parameter)330 1864 y(expansion,)49
10923 b(command)d(substitution,)j(arithmetic)d(expansion,)k(and)45
10924 b(quote)h(remo)m(v)-5 b(al)46 b(b)s(efore)330 1973 y(b)s(eing)30
10925 b(assigned)h(to)g(the)f(v)-5 b(ariable.)275 2132 y(If)32
10926 b(no)i(command)f(name)g(results,)h(the)g(v)-5 b(ariable)34
10927 b(assignmen)m(ts)g(a\013ect)h(the)f(curren)m(t)f(shell)h(en)m(viron-)
10928 150 2242 y(men)m(t.)39 b(Otherwise,)27 b(the)e(v)-5 b(ariables)26
10929 b(are)g(added)f(to)h(the)f(en)m(vironmen)m(t)h(of)g(the)f(executed)h
10930 (command)g(and)150 2351 y(do)35 b(not)f(a\013ect)j(the)d(curren)m(t)h
10931 (shell)g(en)m(vironmen)m(t.)54 b(If)34 b(an)m(y)h(of)g(the)f(assignmen)
10932 m(ts)i(attempts)f(to)h(assign)150 2461 y(a)j(v)-5 b(alue)39
10933 b(to)g(a)g(readonly)f(v)-5 b(ariable,)42 b(an)c(error)g(o)s(ccurs,)j
10934 (and)c(the)i(command)f(exits)h(with)g(a)f(non-zero)150
10935 2570 y(status.)275 2705 y(If)33 b(no)g(command)g(name)h(results,)g
10936 (redirections)g(are)g(p)s(erformed,)f(but)g(do)h(not)f(a\013ect)i(the)f
10937 (curren)m(t)150 2814 y(shell)d(en)m(vironmen)m(t.)41
10938 b(A)30 b(redirection)h(error)f(causes)h(the)g(command)f(to)h(exit)g
10939 (with)f(a)h(non-zero)g(status.)275 2948 y(If)26 b(there)i(is)f(a)h
10940 (command)f(name)h(left)g(after)g(expansion,)g(execution)h(pro)s(ceeds)e
10941 (as)g(describ)s(ed)f(b)s(elo)m(w.)150 3058 y(Otherwise,)39
10942 b(the)e(command)g(exits.)62 b(If)37 b(one)g(of)g(the)h(expansions)f
10943 (con)m(tained)h(a)g(command)f(substitu-)150 3167 y(tion,)i(the)d(exit)h
10944 (status)g(of)f(the)h(command)f(is)h(the)f(exit)h(status)g(of)f(the)h
10945 (last)g(command)f(substitution)150 3277 y(p)s(erformed.)55
10946 b(If)35 b(there)g(w)m(ere)h(no)g(command)f(substitutions,)i(the)e
10947 (command)h(exits)g(with)f(a)h(status)g(of)150 3387 y(zero.)150
10948 3585 y Fk(3.7.2)63 b(Command)41 b(Searc)m(h)f(and)h(Execution)150
10949 3732 y Fu(After)i(a)h(command)f(has)g(b)s(een)f(split)h(in)m(to)h(w)m
10950 (ords,)j(if)c(it)g(results)g(in)g(a)h(simple)f(command)g(and)f(an)150
10951 3842 y(optional)32 b(list)f(of)f(argumen)m(ts,)h(the)g(follo)m(wing)g
10952 (actions)h(are)f(tak)m(en.)199 3976 y(1.)61 b(If)24 b(the)g(command)g
10953 (name)g(con)m(tains)i(no)e(slashes,)i(the)e(shell)h(attempts)g(to)g(lo)
10954 s(cate)h(it.)39 b(If)24 b(there)g(exists)330 4085 y(a)h(shell)g
10955 (function)f(b)m(y)g(that)h(name,)h(that)f(function)f(is)h(in)m(v)m(ok)m
10956 (ed)h(as)e(describ)s(ed)g(in)g(Section)h(3.3)h([Shell)330
10957 4195 y(F)-8 b(unctions],)31 b(page)h(18.)199 4329 y(2.)61
10958 b(If)41 b(the)g(name)h(do)s(es)f(not)g(matc)m(h)i(a)e(function,)j(the)e
10959 (shell)f(searc)m(hes)i(for)e(it)h(in)f(the)g(list)h(of)g(shell)330
10960 4439 y(builtins.)e(If)30 b(a)h(matc)m(h)g(is)f(found,)g(that)h(builtin)
10961 f(is)g(in)m(v)m(ok)m(ed.)199 4573 y(3.)61 b(If)40 b(the)g(name)h(is)f
10962 (neither)h(a)f(shell)h(function)f(nor)g(a)g(builtin,)j(and)d(con)m
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10978 (original)h(command)e(and)g(the)p eop end
10979 %%Page: 40 46
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11011 Fu(,)g(or)g Ft(popd)p Fu(,)g(or)g(inherited)g(b)m(y)g(the)h(shell)f(at)
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11028 b Fu(shell)31 b(aliases)g(de\014ned)f(with)g Ft(alias)f
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11030 3839 y Fq(\017)60 b Fu(v)-5 b(arious)50 b(pro)s(cess)f
11031 Fm(id)p Fu(s,)55 b(including)49 b(those)i(of)e(bac)m(kground)h(jobs)f
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11045 4985 y Fq(\017)60 b Fu(shell)32 b(v)-5 b(ariables)33
11046 b(and)e(functions)h(mark)m(ed)g(for)g(exp)s(ort,)g(along)h(with)f(v)-5
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11053 eop end
11054 %%Page: 41 47
11055 TeXDict begin 41 46 bop 150 -116 a Fu(Chapter)30 b(3:)41
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11066 881 y(its)g(paren)m(t)f(at)h(in)m(v)m(o)s(cation.)49
11067 b(Builtin)32 b(commands)g(that)h(are)g(in)m(v)m(ok)m(ed)h(as)e(part)g
11068 (of)h(a)f(pip)s(eline)g(are)h(also)150 991 y(executed)41
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11070 b(made)g(to)h(the)g(subshell)e(en)m(vironmen)m(t)i(cannot)150
11071 1100 y(a\013ect)32 b(the)f(shell's)f(execution)i(en)m(vironmen)m(t.)275
11072 1244 y(Subshells)c(spa)m(wned)i(to)h(execute)g(command)f(substitutions)
11073 g(inherit)g(the)g(v)-5 b(alue)31 b(of)f(the)h Ft(-e)e
11074 Fu(option)150 1354 y(from)23 b(the)i(paren)m(t)f(shell.)38
11075 b(When)24 b(not)g(in)g Fm(posix)f Fu(mo)s(de,)i(Bash)f(clears)h(the)f
11076 Ft(-e)f Fu(option)i(in)e(suc)m(h)h(subshells.)275 1498
11077 y(If)f(a)h(command)g(is)g(follo)m(w)m(ed)h(b)m(y)f(a)g(`)p
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11087 2182 y(list)i(of)g(name-v)-5 b(alue)31 b(pairs,)f(of)h(the)f(form)g
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11089 m(a)m(ys)g(to)f(manipulate)f(the)h(en)m(vironmen)m(t.)69
11090 b(On)38 b(in)m(v)m(o)s(cation,)44 b(the)c(shell)150 2436
11091 y(scans)g(its)h(o)m(wn)f(en)m(vironmen)m(t)h(and)f(creates)i(a)f
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11093 2545 y(marking)26 b(it)g(for)g Fr(exp)s(ort)h Fu(to)g(c)m(hild)f(pro)s
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11101 b(b)s(ecomes)f(part)h(of)f(the)h(en)m(vironmen)m(t,)g(replacing)h(the)e
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11109 Fu(and)i(`)p Ft(declare)f(-x)p Fu(')h(commands.)275 3347
11110 y(The)j(en)m(vironmen)m(t)i(for)f(an)m(y)g(simple)h(command)f(or)g
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11121 (v)m(ok)m(es)i(an)e(external)h(command,)f(the)g(v)-5
11122 b(ariable)33 b(`)p Ft($_)p Fu(')f(is)g(set)h(to)f(the)g(full)g
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11131 b(alues)35 b(ab)s(o)m(v)m(e)g(125)h(sp)s(ecially)-8 b(.)54
11132 b(Exit)35 b(statuses)g(from)f(shell)h(builtins)f(and)f(comp)s(ound)150
11133 4867 y(commands)j(are)g(also)h(limited)g(to)g(this)f(range.)58
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11136 f(failure)h(mo)s(des.)275 5121 y(F)-8 b(or)32 b(the)g(shell's)g(purp)s
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11143 b(arious)p eop end
11144 %%Page: 42 48
11145 TeXDict begin 42 47 bop 150 -116 a Fu(Chapter)30 b(3:)41
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11150 b(128)p Ft(+)p Fr(N)42 b Fu(as)30 b(the)h(exit)g(status.)275
11151 537 y(If)k(a)h(command)g(is)g(not)g(found,)g(the)g(c)m(hild)h(pro)s
11152 (cess)e(created)i(to)g(execute)g(it)g(returns)d(a)j(status)f(of)150
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11154 (executable,)h(the)f(return)e(status)i(is)f(126.)275
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11156 g(expansion)h(or)g(redirection,)i(the)f(exit)g(status)150
11157 885 y(is)c(greater)i(than)e(zero.)275 1014 y(The)38 b(exit)h(status)g
11158 (is)g(used)f(b)m(y)g(the)h(Bash)g(conditional)h(commands)e(\(see)h
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11160 (11\))g(and)e(some)i(of)f(the)g(list)g(constructs)g(\(see)h(Section)f
11161 (3.2.4)i([Lists],)150 1233 y(page)31 b(9\).)275 1362
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11165 (b)m(y)g(the)h(conditional)h(and)e(list)h(constructs.)50
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11168 b(alid)35 b(options)g(or)f(missing)150 1691 y(argumen)m(ts.)150
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11170 (teractiv)m(e,)j(in)c(the)h(absence)f(of)h(an)m(y)f(traps,)i(it)e
11171 (ignores)h Ft(SIGTERM)d Fu(\(so)j(that)g(`)p Ft(kill)150
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11173 (shell\),)f(and)d Ft(SIGINT)f Fu(is)i(caugh)m(t)h(and)f(handled)f(\(so)
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11175 (terruptible\).)39 b(When)24 b(Bash)g(receiv)m(es)j(a)d
11176 Ft(SIGINT)p Fu(,)h(it)g(breaks)f(out)h(of)f(an)m(y)h(executing)h(lo)s
11177 (ops.)150 2354 y(In)31 b(all)h(cases,)h(Bash)f(ignores)g
11178 Ft(SIGQUIT)p Fu(.)42 b(If)32 b(job)f(con)m(trol)i(is)e(in)h(e\013ect)h
11179 (\(see)f(Chapter)f(7)h([Job)g(Con)m(trol],)150 2464 y(page)f(107\),)h
11180 (Bash)f(ignores)g Ft(SIGTTIN)p Fu(,)d Ft(SIGTTOU)p Fu(,)h(and)h
11181 Ft(SIGTSTP)p Fu(.)275 2592 y(Non-builtin)h(commands)g(started)g(b)m(y)g
11182 (Bash)h(ha)m(v)m(e)g(signal)g(handlers)e(set)i(to)g(the)g(v)-5
11183 b(alues)31 b(inherited)150 2702 y(b)m(y)37 b(the)h(shell)g(from)f(its)h
11184 (paren)m(t.)62 b(When)38 b(job)f(con)m(trol)i(is)e(not)h(in)f
11185 (e\013ect,)k(async)m(hronous)c(commands)150 2812 y(ignore)f
11186 Ft(SIGINT)e Fu(and)h Ft(SIGQUIT)e Fu(in)j(addition)f(to)i(these)f
11187 (inherited)f(handlers.)55 b(Commands)35 b(run)f(as)i(a)150
11188 2921 y(result)27 b(of)h(command)f(substitution)h(ignore)g(the)g(k)m
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11191 Ft(SIGTSTP)p Fu(.)275 3160 y(The)h(shell)i(exits)g(b)m(y)f(default)g
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11193 b(exiting,)h(an)e(in)m(teractiv)m(e)j(shell)150 3269
11194 y(resends)41 b(the)i Ft(SIGHUP)e Fu(to)i(all)g(jobs,)i(running)c(or)h
11195 (stopp)s(ed.)76 b(Stopp)s(ed)41 b(jobs)h(are)h(sen)m(t)g
11196 Ft(SIGCONT)d Fu(to)150 3379 y(ensure)32 b(that)h(they)g(receiv)m(e)i
11197 (the)e Ft(SIGHUP)p Fu(.)47 b(T)-8 b(o)33 b(prev)m(en)m(t)g(the)g(shell)
11198 g(from)g(sending)f(the)h Ft(SIGHUP)e Fu(signal)150 3488
11199 y(to)i(a)g(particular)g(job,)g(it)g(should)f(b)s(e)g(remo)m(v)m(ed)h
11200 (from)g(the)f(jobs)g(table)i(with)e(the)h Ft(disown)e
11201 Fu(builtin)h(\(see)150 3598 y(Section)c(7.2)g([Job)e(Con)m(trol)i
11202 (Builtins],)g(page)g(108\))h(or)e(mark)m(ed)g(to)g(not)g(receiv)m(e)i
11203 Ft(SIGHUP)c Fu(using)i Ft(disown)150 3707 y(-h)p Fu(.)275
11204 3836 y(If)38 b(the)h Ft(huponexit)e Fu(shell)i(option)g(has)g(b)s(een)f
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11206 3946 y(Builtin],)31 b(page)g(66\),)h(Bash)f(sends)e(a)i
11207 Ft(SIGHUP)e Fu(to)i(all)g(jobs)f(when)f(an)i(in)m(teractiv)m(e)i(login)
11208 e(shell)g(exits.)275 4075 y(If)38 b(Bash)h(is)g(w)m(aiting)h(for)f(a)g
11209 (command)f(to)i(complete)g(and)e(receiv)m(es)j(a)e(signal)h(for)e(whic)
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11213 (hronous)g(command)g(via)h(the)f Ft(wait)f Fu(builtin,)i(the)g
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11215 (has)g(b)s(een)f(set)h(will)h(cause)f(the)g Ft(wait)f
11216 Fu(builtin)h(to)g(return)f(immediately)i(with)f(an)g(exit)150
11217 4513 y(status)c(greater)g(than)f(128,)i(immediately)g(after)f(whic)m(h)
11218 f(the)h(trap)f(is)g(executed.)150 4742 y Fs(3.8)68 b(Shell)45
11219 b(Scripts)150 4902 y Fu(A)30 b(shell)f(script)h(is)f(a)h(text)h(\014le)
11220 f(con)m(taining)h(shell)f(commands.)40 b(When)29 b(suc)m(h)g(a)h
11221 (\014le)g(is)f(used)g(as)h(the)g(\014rst)150 5011 y(non-option)c
11222 (argumen)m(t)h(when)e(in)m(v)m(oking)i(Bash,)g(and)f(neither)g(the)g
11223 Ft(-c)g Fu(nor)f Ft(-s)h Fu(option)g(is)g(supplied)f(\(see)150
11224 5121 y(Section)39 b(6.1)g([In)m(v)m(oking)g(Bash],)h(page)f(86\),)i
11225 (Bash)d(reads)g(and)f(executes)i(commands)f(from)f(the)i(\014le,)150
11226 5230 y(then)32 b(exits.)46 b(This)32 b(mo)s(de)f(of)i(op)s(eration)f
11227 (creates)i(a)e(non-in)m(teractiv)m(e)j(shell.)46 b(The)31
11228 b(shell)i(\014rst)e(searc)m(hes)150 5340 y(for)d(the)g(\014le)g(in)g
11229 (the)g(curren)m(t)f(directory)-8 b(,)30 b(and)d(lo)s(oks)i(in)e(the)i
11230 (directories)g(in)e Ft($PATH)g Fu(if)h(not)g(found)e(there.)p
11231 eop end
11232 %%Page: 43 49
11233 TeXDict begin 43 48 bop 150 -116 a Fu(Chapter)30 b(3:)41
11234 b(Basic)32 b(Shell)e(F)-8 b(eatures)2246 b(43)275 299
11235 y(When)34 b(Bash)h(runs)e(a)i(shell)g(script,)g(it)h(sets)f(the)f(sp)s
11236 (ecial)i(parameter)f Ft(0)f Fu(to)h(the)g(name)g(of)g(the)g(\014le,)150
11237 408 y(rather)k(than)g(the)h(name)f(of)h(the)f(shell,)j(and)d(the)h(p)s
11238 (ositional)g(parameters)f(are)h(set)g(to)g(the)g(remain-)150
11239 518 y(ing)f(argumen)m(ts,)j(if)d(an)m(y)g(are)g(giv)m(en.)67
11240 b(If)39 b(no)g(additional)g(argumen)m(ts)h(are)f(supplied,)h(the)f(p)s
11241 (ositional)150 628 y(parameters)31 b(are)f(unset.)275
11242 762 y(A)39 b(shell)h(script)f(ma)m(y)h(b)s(e)f(made)h(executable)h(b)m
11243 (y)e(using)g(the)h Ft(chmod)e Fu(command)h(to)h(turn)e(on)i(the)150
11244 872 y(execute)j(bit.)73 b(When)41 b(Bash)g(\014nds)e(suc)m(h)i(a)h
11245 (\014le)f(while)g(searc)m(hing)h(the)f Ft($PATH)f Fu(for)h(a)h
11246 (command,)h(it)150 981 y(spa)m(wns)30 b(a)g(subshell)g(to)h(execute)h
11247 (it.)41 b(In)30 b(other)g(w)m(ords,)g(executing)390 1116
11248 y Ft(filename)46 b Fj(arguments)150 1250 y Fu(is)30 b(equiv)-5
11249 b(alen)m(t)32 b(to)f(executing)390 1385 y Ft(bash)47
11250 b(filename)e Fj(arguments)150 1519 y Fu(if)30 b Ft(filename)d
11251 Fu(is)j(an)f(executable)j(shell)e(script.)40 b(This)29
11252 b(subshell)g(reinitializes)i(itself,)g(so)f(that)h(the)e(e\013ect)150
11253 1629 y(is)36 b(as)h(if)g(a)f(new)g(shell)h(had)f(b)s(een)g(in)m(v)m(ok)
11254 m(ed)h(to)h(in)m(terpret)e(the)h(script,)h(with)e(the)h(exception)h
11255 (that)f(the)150 1738 y(lo)s(cations)25 b(of)g(commands)e(remem)m(b)s
11256 (ered)h(b)m(y)g(the)g(paren)m(t)g(\(see)h(the)f(description)g(of)g
11257 Ft(hash)f Fu(in)h(Section)h(4.1)150 1848 y([Bourne)30
11258 b(Shell)h(Builtins],)g(page)g(44\))h(are)e(retained)h(b)m(y)f(the)h(c)m
11259 (hild.)275 1983 y(Most)36 b(v)m(ersions)g(of)g(Unix)f(mak)m(e)h(this)g
11260 (a)g(part)f(of)h(the)g(op)s(erating)g(system's)f(command)h(execution)
11261 150 2092 y(mec)m(hanism.)50 b(If)33 b(the)g(\014rst)g(line)h(of)f(a)h
11262 (script)f(b)s(egins)g(with)g(the)g(t)m(w)m(o)i(c)m(haracters)g(`)p
11263 Ft(#!)p Fu(',)f(the)g(remainder)150 2202 y(of)27 b(the)g(line)g(sp)s
11264 (eci\014es)g(an)g(in)m(terpreter)g(for)g(the)g(program)g(and,)g(dep)s
11265 (ending)e(on)i(the)g(op)s(erating)h(system,)150 2311
11266 y(one)e(or)g(more)g(optional)h(argumen)m(ts)f(for)g(that)g(in)m
11267 (terpreter.)40 b(Th)m(us,)26 b(y)m(ou)g(can)g(sp)s(ecify)g(Bash,)h
11268 Ft(awk)p Fu(,)f(P)m(erl,)150 2421 y(or)k(some)h(other)g(in)m(terpreter)
11269 g(and)e(write)i(the)f(rest)h(of)g(the)f(script)g(\014le)h(in)f(that)h
11270 (language.)275 2555 y(The)k(argumen)m(ts)h(to)h(the)f(in)m(terpreter)h
11271 (consist)f(of)h(one)f(or)g(more)g(optional)h(argumen)m(ts)f(follo)m
11272 (wing)150 2665 y(the)e(in)m(terpreter)g(name)g(on)g(the)g(\014rst)g
11273 (line)g(of)g(the)g(script)g(\014le,)h(follo)m(w)m(ed)h(b)m(y)e(the)g
11274 (name)g(of)g(the)g(script)150 2775 y(\014le,)k(follo)m(w)m(ed)g(b)m(y)e
11275 (the)g(rest)g(of)g(the)h(argumen)m(ts)f(supplied)f(to)i(the)f(script.)
11276 58 b(The)35 b(details)i(of)g(ho)m(w)f(the)150 2884 y(in)m(terpreter)26
11277 b(line)g(is)g(split)g(in)m(to)h(an)f(in)m(terpreter)g(name)g(and)f(a)h
11278 (set)h(of)e(argumen)m(ts)i(v)-5 b(ary)25 b(across)i(systems.)150
11279 2994 y(Bash)j(will)f(p)s(erform)g(this)g(action)i(on)e(op)s(erating)h
11280 (systems)g(that)g(do)f(not)h(handle)f(it)h(themselv)m(es.)42
11281 b(Note)150 3103 y(that)e(some)g(older)g(v)m(ersions)g(of)g(Unix)f
11282 (limit)i(the)f(in)m(terpreter)g(name)g(and)f(a)h(single)g(argumen)m(t)g
11283 (to)h(a)150 3213 y(maxim)m(um)21 b(of)g(32)h(c)m(haracters,)j(so)c
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11285 (one)g(argumen)m(t)150 3323 y(will)31 b(w)m(ork.)275
11286 3457 y(Bash)h(scripts)g(often)g(b)s(egin)g(with)g Ft(#!)e(/bin/bash)g
11287 Fu(\(assuming)i(that)h(Bash)f(has)g(b)s(een)f(installed)i(in)150
11288 3567 y Ft(/bin)p Fu(\),)26 b(since)h(this)f(ensures)f(that)i(Bash)f
11289 (will)h(b)s(e)f(used)f(to)i(in)m(terpret)f(the)h(script,)g(ev)m(en)g
11290 (if)f(it)h(is)f(executed)150 3676 y(under)h(another)h(shell.)41
11291 b(It's)28 b(a)h(common)g(idiom)f(to)h(use)f Ft(env)g
11292 Fu(to)h(\014nd)e Ft(bash)g Fu(ev)m(en)i(if)f(it's)i(b)s(een)d
11293 (installed)150 3786 y(in)h(another)g(directory:)40 b
11294 Ft(#!/usr/bin/env)27 b(bash)f Fu(will)j(\014nd)d(the)j(\014rst)e(o)s
11295 (ccurrence)h(of)g Ft(bash)f Fu(in)h Ft($PATH)p Fu(.)p
11296 eop end
11297 %%Page: 44 50
11298 TeXDict begin 44 49 bop 3659 -116 a Fu(44)150 299 y Fp(4)80
11299 b(Shell)53 b(Builtin)f(Commands)150 499 y Fu(Builtin)34
11300 b(commands)f(are)h(con)m(tained)g(within)f(the)h(shell)g(itself.)50
11301 b(When)34 b(the)f(name)h(of)f(a)h(builtin)f(com-)150
11302 608 y(mand)26 b(is)i(used)e(as)i(the)g(\014rst)e(w)m(ord)h(of)h(a)f
11303 (simple)h(command)f(\(see)h(Section)g(3.2.2)h([Simple)f(Commands],)150
11304 718 y(page)21 b(8\),)j(the)d(shell)g(executes)h(the)f(command)f
11305 (directly)-8 b(,)24 b(without)d(in)m(v)m(oking)h(another)f(program.)37
11306 b(Builtin)150 828 y(commands)f(are)h(necessary)g(to)g(implemen)m(t)g
11307 (functionalit)m(y)h(imp)s(ossible)e(or)h(incon)m(v)m(enien)m(t)h(to)f
11308 (obtain)150 937 y(with)30 b(separate)h(utilities.)275
11309 1065 y(This)c(section)j(brie\015y)e(describ)s(es)g(the)h(builtins)f
11310 (whic)m(h)g(Bash)h(inherits)f(from)g(the)h(Bourne)g(Shell,)g(as)150
11311 1174 y(w)m(ell)i(as)g(the)g(builtin)e(commands)h(whic)m(h)h(are)f
11312 (unique)g(to)h(or)f(ha)m(v)m(e)i(b)s(een)d(extended)i(in)f(Bash.)275
11313 1302 y(Sev)m(eral)45 b(builtin)e(commands)h(are)h(describ)s(ed)e(in)h
11314 (other)g(c)m(hapters:)69 b(builtin)43 b(commands)h(whic)m(h)150
11315 1412 y(pro)m(vide)23 b(the)h(Bash)f(in)m(terface)i(to)f(the)g(job)f
11316 (con)m(trol)i(facilities)g(\(see)f(Section)h(7.2)f([Job)f(Con)m(trol)h
11317 (Builtins],)150 1521 y(page)37 b(108\),)i(the)d(directory)g(stac)m(k)h
11318 (\(see)g(Section)g(6.8.1)g([Directory)h(Stac)m(k)f(Builtins],)h(page)e
11319 (97\),)j(the)150 1631 y(command)23 b(history)h(\(see)g(Section)g(9.2)h
11320 ([Bash)f(History)g(Builtins],)h(page)g(146\),)h(and)d(the)h
11321 (programmable)150 1740 y(completion)32 b(facilities)g(\(see)g(Section)f
11322 (8.7)g([Programmable)g(Completion)g(Builtins],)g(page)h(139\).)275
11323 1868 y(Man)m(y)f(of)f(the)h(builtins)e(ha)m(v)m(e)j(b)s(een)e(extended)
11324 g(b)m(y)g Fm(posix)g Fu(or)g(Bash.)275 1996 y(Unless)20
11325 b(otherwise)h(noted,)h(eac)m(h)g(builtin)e(command)g(do)s(cumen)m(ted)g
11326 (as)h(accepting)h(options)e(preceded)150 2105 y(b)m(y)42
11327 b(`)p Ft(-)p Fu(')g(accepts)h(`)p Ft(--)p Fu(')f(to)h(signify)f(the)g
11328 (end)f(of)h(the)g(options.)76 b(The)41 b Ft(:)p Fu(,)k
11329 Ft(true)p Fu(,)f Ft(false)p Fu(,)g(and)d Ft(test)p Fu(/)p
11330 Ft([)150 2215 y Fu(builtins)32 b(do)g(not)h(accept)h(options)f(and)f
11331 (do)g(not)h(treat)g(`)p Ft(--)p Fu(')g(sp)s(ecially)-8
11332 b(.)48 b(The)32 b Ft(exit)p Fu(,)g Ft(logout)p Fu(,)f
11333 Ft(return)p Fu(,)150 2325 y Ft(break)p Fu(,)38 b Ft(continue)p
11334 Fu(,)f Ft(let)p Fu(,)i(and)d Ft(shift)g Fu(builtins)h(accept)i(and)e
11335 (pro)s(cess)g(argumen)m(ts)h(b)s(eginning)e(with)150
11336 2434 y(`)p Ft(-)p Fu(')h(without)f(requiring)g(`)p Ft(--)p
11337 Fu('.)59 b(Other)36 b(builtins)g(that)h(accept)h(argumen)m(ts)f(but)f
11338 (are)h(not)g(sp)s(eci\014ed)f(as)150 2544 y(accepting)28
11339 b(options)f(in)m(terpret)g(argumen)m(ts)g(b)s(eginning)e(with)i(`)p
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11341 Ft(--)p Fu(')150 2653 y(to)31 b(prev)m(en)m(t)g(this)f(in)m
11342 (terpretation.)150 2880 y Fs(4.1)68 b(Bourne)45 b(Shell)g(Builtins)150
11343 3040 y Fu(The)22 b(follo)m(wing)j(shell)d(builtin)h(commands)f(are)h
11344 (inherited)g(from)f(the)h(Bourne)g(Shell.)38 b(These)22
11345 b(commands)150 3149 y(are)31 b(implemen)m(ted)g(as)f(sp)s(eci\014ed)g
11346 (b)m(y)g(the)h Fm(posix)e Fu(standard.)150 3295 y Ft(:)h
11347 Fu(\(a)h(colon\))870 3405 y Ft(:)47 b([)p Fj(arguments)p
11348 Ft(])630 3532 y Fu(Do)c(nothing)f(b)s(ey)m(ond)g(expanding)f
11349 Fr(argumen)m(ts)46 b Fu(and)c(p)s(erforming)f(redirections.)76
11350 b(The)630 3642 y(return)29 b(status)i(is)f(zero.)150
11351 3788 y Ft(.)g Fu(\(a)h(p)s(erio)s(d\))870 3897 y Ft(.)47
11352 b Fj(filename)f Ft([)p Fj(arguments)p Ft(])630 4025 y
11353 Fu(Read)34 b(and)f(execute)i(commands)e(from)g(the)h
11354 Fr(\014lename)39 b Fu(argumen)m(t)34 b(in)f(the)h(curren)m(t)g(shell)
11355 630 4134 y(con)m(text.)45 b(If)31 b Fr(\014lename)37
11356 b Fu(do)s(es)31 b(not)g(con)m(tain)i(a)e(slash,)h(the)g
11357 Ft(PATH)e Fu(v)-5 b(ariable)32 b(is)f(used)f(to)i(\014nd)630
11358 4244 y Fr(\014lename)p Fu(.)52 b(When)34 b(Bash)g(is)h(not)f(in)g
11359 Fm(posix)f Fu(mo)s(de,)i(the)g(curren)m(t)f(directory)g(is)g(searc)m
11360 (hed)630 4354 y(if)d Fr(\014lename)36 b Fu(is)31 b(not)h(found)d(in)i
11361 Ft($PATH)p Fu(.)41 b(If)31 b(an)m(y)g Fr(argumen)m(ts)k
11362 Fu(are)c(supplied,)f(they)i(b)s(ecome)630 4463 y(the)e(p)s(ositional)h
11363 (parameters)g(when)e Fr(\014lename)35 b Fu(is)30 b(executed.)42
11364 b(Otherwise)30 b(the)g(p)s(ositional)630 4573 y(parameters)40
11365 b(are)f(unc)m(hanged.)67 b(If)39 b(the)g Ft(-T)g Fu(option)g(is)h
11366 (enabled,)h Ft(source)d Fu(inherits)h(an)m(y)630 4682
11367 y(trap)31 b(on)g Ft(DEBUG)p Fu(;)f(if)i(it)f(is)g(not,)h(an)m(y)g
11368 Ft(DEBUG)e Fu(trap)h(string)g(is)g(sa)m(v)m(ed)h(and)f(restored)g
11369 (around)630 4792 y(the)41 b(call)i(to)e Ft(source)p Fu(,)i(and)d
11370 Ft(source)f Fu(unsets)i(the)g Ft(DEBUG)f Fu(trap)h(while)g(it)g
11371 (executes.)74 b(If)630 4902 y Ft(-T)39 b Fu(is)g(not)h(set,)j(and)c
11372 (the)g(sourced)h(\014le)f(c)m(hanges)i(the)e Ft(DEBUG)f
11373 Fu(trap,)k(the)e(new)f(v)-5 b(alue)40 b(is)630 5011 y(retained)e(when)e
11374 Ft(source)g Fu(completes.)63 b(The)37 b(return)f(status)h(is)h(the)f
11375 (exit)i(status)e(of)h(the)630 5121 y(last)g(command)e(executed,)j(or)e
11376 (zero)h(if)e(no)h(commands)f(are)h(executed.)61 b(If)36
11377 b Fr(\014lename)42 b Fu(is)630 5230 y(not)f(found,)h(or)e(cannot)h(b)s
11378 (e)f(read,)j(the)e(return)e(status)i(is)g(non-zero.)71
11379 b(This)40 b(builtin)g(is)630 5340 y(equiv)-5 b(alen)m(t)32
11380 b(to)f Ft(source)p Fu(.)p eop end
11381 %%Page: 45 51
11382 TeXDict begin 45 50 bop 150 -116 a Fu(Chapter)30 b(4:)41
11383 b(Shell)30 b(Builtin)h(Commands)2069 b(45)150 299 y Ft(break)870
11384 428 y(break)46 b([)p Fj(n)p Ft(])630 558 y Fu(Exit)f(from)f(a)g
11385 Ft(for)p Fu(,)k Ft(while)p Fu(,)e Ft(until)p Fu(,)h(or)d
11386 Ft(select)f Fu(lo)s(op.)83 b(If)44 b Fr(n)g Fu(is)g(supplied,)j(the)e
11387 Fr(n)p Fu(th)630 667 y(enclosing)c(lo)s(op)f(is)h(exited.)70
11388 b Fr(n)40 b Fu(m)m(ust)g(b)s(e)f(greater)j(than)d(or)i(equal)f(to)h(1.)
11389 70 b(The)40 b(return)630 777 y(status)31 b(is)f(zero)h(unless)f
11390 Fr(n)g Fu(is)g(not)h(greater)g(than)g(or)f(equal)h(to)g(1.)150
11391 927 y Ft(cd)870 1056 y(cd)47 b([-L|[-P)f([-e]])g([-@])h([)p
11392 Fj(directory)p Ft(])630 1186 y Fu(Change)27 b(the)g(curren)m(t)f(w)m
11393 (orking)h(directory)g(to)h Fr(directory)p Fu(.)40 b(If)26
11394 b Fr(directory)35 b Fu(is)27 b(not)g(supplied,)630 1295
11395 y(the)f(v)-5 b(alue)26 b(of)f(the)h Ft(HOME)e Fu(shell)i(v)-5
11396 b(ariable)26 b(is)g(used.)38 b(An)m(y)25 b(additional)i(argumen)m(ts)e
11397 (follo)m(wing)630 1405 y Fr(directory)39 b Fu(are)31
11398 b(ignored.)41 b(If)30 b(the)h(shell)g(v)-5 b(ariable)31
11399 b Ft(CDPATH)e Fu(exists,)i(it)g(is)g(used)f(as)g(a)h(searc)m(h)630
11400 1514 y(path:)39 b(eac)m(h)29 b(directory)g(name)f(in)f
11401 Ft(CDPATH)g Fu(is)h(searc)m(hed)g(for)g Fr(directory)p
11402 Fu(,)h(with)f(alternativ)m(e)630 1624 y(directory)j(names)g(in)f
11403 Ft(CDPATH)f Fu(separated)j(b)m(y)e(a)h(colon)h(\(`)p
11404 Ft(:)p Fu('\).)43 b(If)30 b Fr(directory)39 b Fu(b)s(egins)30
11405 b(with)630 1733 y(a)h(slash,)f Ft(CDPATH)f Fu(is)h(not)h(used.)630
11406 1863 y(The)g Ft(-P)h Fu(option)g(means)g(to)h(not)f(follo)m(w)h(sym)m
11407 (b)s(olic)g(links:)44 b(sym)m(b)s(olic)32 b(links)g(are)g(resolv)m(ed)
11408 630 1973 y(while)41 b Ft(cd)f Fu(is)h(tra)m(v)m(ersing)h
11409 Fr(directory)49 b Fu(and)40 b(b)s(efore)g(pro)s(cessing)h(an)f
11410 (instance)i(of)f(`)p Ft(..)p Fu(')f(in)630 2082 y Fr(directory)p
11411 Fu(.)630 2212 y(By)34 b(default,)h(or)e(when)g(the)g
11412 Ft(-L)g Fu(option)h(is)g(supplied,)f(sym)m(b)s(olic)h(links)f(in)h
11413 Fr(directory)42 b Fu(are)630 2321 y(resolv)m(ed)31 b(after)g
11414 Ft(cd)f Fu(pro)s(cesses)g(an)g(instance)h(of)g(`)p Ft(..)p
11415 Fu(')f(in)g Fr(directory)p Fu(.)630 2451 y(If)35 b(`)p
11416 Ft(..)p Fu(')f(app)s(ears)h(in)f Fr(directory)p Fu(,)j(it)f(is)f(pro)s
11417 (cessed)f(b)m(y)h(remo)m(ving)h(the)f(immediately)h(pre-)630
11418 2560 y(ceding)31 b(pathname)f(comp)s(onen)m(t,)h(bac)m(k)g(to)g(a)g
11419 (slash)f(or)h(the)f(b)s(eginning)g(of)g Fr(directory)p
11420 Fu(.)630 2690 y(If)i(the)i Ft(-e)e Fu(option)h(is)g(supplied)f(with)g
11421 Ft(-P)h Fu(and)f(the)h(curren)m(t)g(w)m(orking)g(directory)g(cannot)630
11422 2800 y(b)s(e)k(successfully)g(determined)g(after)i(a)e(successful)h
11423 (directory)g(c)m(hange,)i Ft(cd)d Fu(will)h(return)630
11424 2909 y(an)30 b(unsuccessful)f(status.)630 3039 y(On)41
11425 b(systems)h(that)h(supp)s(ort)d(it,)46 b(the)c Ft(-@)g
11426 Fu(option)g(presen)m(ts)g(the)g(extended)g(attributes)630
11427 3148 y(asso)s(ciated)32 b(with)e(a)h(\014le)f(as)h(a)f(directory)-8
11428 b(.)630 3278 y(If)41 b Fr(directory)49 b Fu(is)41 b(`)p
11429 Ft(-)p Fu(',)j(it)e(is)f(con)m(v)m(erted)h(to)g Ft($OLDPWD)d
11430 Fu(b)s(efore)i(the)g(directory)h(c)m(hange)g(is)630 3387
11431 y(attempted.)630 3517 y(If)33 b(a)h(non-empt)m(y)g(directory)g(name)f
11432 (from)g Ft(CDPATH)f Fu(is)h(used,)h(or)g(if)f(`)p Ft(-)p
11433 Fu(')h(is)f(the)h(\014rst)f(argu-)630 3626 y(men)m(t,)28
11434 b(and)e(the)h(directory)g(c)m(hange)h(is)f(successful,)h(the)f
11435 (absolute)g(pathname)g(of)f(the)h(new)630 3736 y(w)m(orking)k
11436 (directory)g(is)f(written)g(to)i(the)e(standard)g(output.)630
11437 3866 y(The)f(return)g(status)h(is)f(zero)i(if)e(the)h(directory)g(is)g
11438 (successfully)g(c)m(hanged,)g(non-zero)g(oth-)630 3975
11439 y(erwise.)150 4125 y Ft(continue)870 4254 y(continue)46
11440 b([)p Fj(n)p Ft(])630 4384 y Fu(Resume)32 b(the)g(next)g(iteration)i
11441 (of)e(an)g(enclosing)h Ft(for)p Fu(,)f Ft(while)p Fu(,)f
11442 Ft(until)p Fu(,)g(or)h Ft(select)f Fu(lo)s(op.)630 4493
11443 y(If)f Fr(n)h Fu(is)g(supplied,)e(the)j(execution)g(of)f(the)g
11444 Fr(n)p Fu(th)f(enclosing)i(lo)s(op)f(is)f(resumed.)42
11445 b Fr(n)30 b Fu(m)m(ust)h(b)s(e)630 4603 y(greater)39
11446 b(than)f(or)g(equal)g(to)h(1.)63 b(The)38 b(return)e(status)j(is)e
11447 (zero)i(unless)e Fr(n)h Fu(is)g(not)g(greater)630 4712
11448 y(than)30 b(or)g(equal)h(to)g(1.)150 4862 y Ft(eval)870
11449 4991 y(eval)47 b([)p Fj(arguments)p Ft(])630 5121 y Fu(The)25
11450 b(argumen)m(ts)h(are)g(concatenated)i(together)f(in)m(to)f(a)g(single)h
11451 (command,)f(whic)m(h)g(is)f(then)630 5230 y(read)35 b(and)g(executed,)j
11452 (and)d(its)h(exit)g(status)g(returned)e(as)h(the)h(exit)g(status)g(of)g
11453 Ft(eval)p Fu(.)54 b(If)630 5340 y(there)31 b(are)f(no)h(argumen)m(ts)f
11454 (or)h(only)f(empt)m(y)h(argumen)m(ts,)g(the)f(return)g(status)g(is)h
11455 (zero.)p eop end
11456 %%Page: 46 52
11457 TeXDict begin 46 51 bop 150 -116 a Fu(Chapter)30 b(4:)h(Shell)f
11458 (Builtin)h(Commands)2079 b(46)150 299 y Ft(exec)870 430
11459 y(exec)47 b([-cl])f([-a)h Fj(name)p Ft(])f([)p Fj(command)g
11460 Ft([)p Fj(arguments)p Ft(]])630 562 y Fu(If)36 b Fr(command)k
11461 Fu(is)c(supplied,)h(it)g(replaces)h(the)e(shell)h(without)f(creating)i
11462 (a)f(new)f(pro)s(cess.)630 671 y(If)k(the)h Ft(-l)e Fu(option)i(is)g
11463 (supplied,)h(the)e(shell)h(places)g(a)g(dash)f(at)h(the)f(b)s(eginning)
11464 g(of)h(the)630 781 y(zeroth)36 b(argumen)m(t)h(passed)e(to)h
11465 Fr(command)p Fu(.)57 b(This)35 b(is)h(what)f(the)h Ft(login)e
11466 Fu(program)i(do)s(es.)630 891 y(The)i Ft(-c)g Fu(option)g(causes)h
11467 Fr(command)j Fu(to)d(b)s(e)f(executed)h(with)f(an)g(empt)m(y)h(en)m
11468 (vironmen)m(t.)630 1000 y(If)c Ft(-a)g Fu(is)h(supplied,)f(the)h(shell)
11469 g(passes)f Fr(name)41 b Fu(as)36 b(the)f(zeroth)i(argumen)m(t)f(to)g
11470 Fr(command)p Fu(.)630 1110 y(If)c Fr(command)j Fu(cannot)e(b)s(e)f
11471 (executed)h(for)f(some)g(reason,)h(a)g(non-in)m(teractiv)m(e)i(shell)d
11472 (exits,)630 1219 y(unless)27 b(the)g Ft(execfail)e Fu(shell)i(option)h
11473 (is)f(enabled.)40 b(In)27 b(that)g(case,)j(it)d(returns)f(failure.)40
11474 b(An)630 1329 y(in)m(teractiv)m(e)35 b(shell)d(returns)f(failure)h(if)g
11475 (the)g(\014le)g(cannot)h(b)s(e)e(executed.)47 b(A)32
11476 b(subshell)f(exits)630 1439 y(unconditionally)j(if)g
11477 Ft(exec)f Fu(fails.)52 b(If)33 b(no)h Fr(command)j Fu(is)d(sp)s
11478 (eci\014ed,)h(redirections)f(ma)m(y)h(b)s(e)630 1548
11479 y(used)30 b(to)i(a\013ect)g(the)f(curren)m(t)g(shell)g(en)m(vironmen)m
11480 (t.)43 b(If)30 b(there)i(are)f(no)g(redirection)g(errors,)630
11481 1658 y(the)g(return)e(status)i(is)f(zero;)h(otherwise)g(the)g(return)e
11482 (status)i(is)f(non-zero.)150 1811 y Ft(exit)870 1943
11483 y(exit)47 b([)p Fj(n)p Ft(])630 2074 y Fu(Exit)30 b(the)g(shell,)h
11484 (returning)d(a)j(status)f(of)g Fr(n)f Fu(to)h(the)g(shell's)g(paren)m
11485 (t.)41 b(If)30 b Fr(n)f Fu(is)h(omitted,)h(the)630 2184
11486 y(exit)c(status)g(is)g(that)g(of)g(the)g(last)g(command)f(executed.)41
11487 b(An)m(y)26 b(trap)h(on)f Ft(EXIT)f Fu(is)i(executed)630
11488 2293 y(b)s(efore)j(the)h(shell)f(terminates.)150 2447
11489 y Ft(export)870 2578 y(export)46 b([-fn])g([-p])h([)p
11490 Fj(name)p Ft([=)p Fj(value)p Ft(]])630 2710 y Fu(Mark)40
11491 b(eac)m(h)h Fr(name)k Fu(to)40 b(b)s(e)f(passed)g(to)i(c)m(hild)f(pro)s
11492 (cesses)f(in)g(the)h(en)m(vironmen)m(t.)70 b(If)39 b(the)630
11493 2819 y Ft(-f)33 b Fu(option)h(is)g(supplied,)f(the)h
11494 Fr(name)5 b Fu(s)33 b(refer)g(to)i(shell)e(functions;)i(otherwise)f
11495 (the)g(names)630 2929 y(refer)c(to)h(shell)g(v)-5 b(ariables.)41
11496 b(The)30 b Ft(-n)f Fu(option)i(means)f(to)h(no)f(longer)h(mark)f(eac)m
11497 (h)i Fr(name)j Fu(for)630 3039 y(exp)s(ort.)52 b(If)33
11498 b(no)h Fr(names)k Fu(are)c(supplied,)g(or)g(if)g(the)g
11499 Ft(-p)g Fu(option)g(is)g(giv)m(en,)j(a)d(list)h(of)f(names)630
11500 3148 y(of)d(all)h(exp)s(orted)e(v)-5 b(ariables)31 b(is)g(displa)m(y)m
11501 (ed.)43 b(The)30 b Ft(-p)g Fu(option)i(displa)m(ys)e(output)h(in)f(a)h
11502 (form)630 3258 y(that)25 b(ma)m(y)g(b)s(e)f(reused)g(as)h(input.)38
11503 b(If)24 b(a)h(v)-5 b(ariable)25 b(name)g(is)g(follo)m(w)m(ed)h(b)m(y)e
11504 (=)p Fr(v)-5 b(alue)p Fu(,)27 b(the)d(v)-5 b(alue)630
11505 3367 y(of)31 b(the)f(v)-5 b(ariable)31 b(is)g(set)g(to)g
11506 Fr(v)-5 b(alue)p Fu(.)630 3499 y(The)29 b(return)e(status)j(is)f(zero)h
11507 (unless)e(an)h(in)m(v)-5 b(alid)29 b(option)h(is)f(supplied,)f(one)i
11508 (of)f(the)g(names)630 3608 y(is)k(not)g(a)h(v)-5 b(alid)33
11509 b(shell)h(v)-5 b(ariable)33 b(name,)i(or)e Ft(-f)f Fu(is)h(supplied)f
11510 (with)h(a)g(name)g(that)h(is)f(not)h(a)630 3718 y(shell)d(function.)150
11511 3871 y Ft(getopts)870 4003 y(getopts)46 b Fj(optstring)f(name)i
11512 Ft([)p Fj(arg)f Ft(...])630 4134 y(getopts)28 b Fu(is)i(used)g(b)m(y)g
11513 (shell)g(scripts)g(to)g(parse)g(p)s(ositional)h(parameters.)41
11514 b Fr(optstring)d Fu(con-)630 4244 y(tains)k(the)g(option)f(c)m
11515 (haracters)i(to)g(b)s(e)d(recognized;)49 b(if)42 b(a)f(c)m(haracter)j
11516 (is)d(follo)m(w)m(ed)i(b)m(y)f(a)630 4354 y(colon,)33
11517 b(the)f(option)g(is)g(exp)s(ected)g(to)h(ha)m(v)m(e)g(an)e(argumen)m
11518 (t,)i(whic)m(h)f(should)e(b)s(e)h(separated)630 4463
11519 y(from)40 b(it)g(b)m(y)g(whitespace.)70 b(The)40 b(colon)h(\(`)p
11520 Ft(:)p Fu('\))g(and)e(question)h(mark)g(\(`)p Ft(?)p
11521 Fu('\))h(ma)m(y)f(not)h(b)s(e)630 4573 y(used)d(as)g(option)h(c)m
11522 (haracters.)67 b(Eac)m(h)39 b(time)g(it)g(is)f(in)m(v)m(ok)m(ed,)k
11523 Ft(getopts)37 b Fu(places)i(the)g(next)630 4682 y(option)29
11524 b(in)f(the)h(shell)g(v)-5 b(ariable)30 b Fr(name)p Fu(,)f(initializing)
11525 i Fr(name)j Fu(if)28 b(it)h(do)s(es)g(not)g(exist,)h(and)e(the)630
11526 4792 y(index)33 b(of)g(the)h(next)f(argumen)m(t)h(to)g(b)s(e)e(pro)s
11527 (cessed)h(in)m(to)h(the)g(v)-5 b(ariable)34 b Ft(OPTIND)p
11528 Fu(.)48 b Ft(OPTIND)630 4902 y Fu(is)41 b(initialized)i(to)f(1)f(eac)m
11529 (h)h(time)g(the)f(shell)g(or)g(a)g(shell)g(script)g(is)g(in)m(v)m(ok)m
11530 (ed.)74 b(When)41 b(an)630 5011 y(option)36 b(requires)e(an)h(argumen)m
11531 (t,)i Ft(getopts)c Fu(places)j(that)g(argumen)m(t)g(in)m(to)g(the)f(v)
11532 -5 b(ariable)630 5121 y Ft(OPTARG)p Fu(.)55 b(The)35
11533 b(shell)g(do)s(es)h(not)g(reset)g Ft(OPTIND)e Fu(automatically;)41
11534 b(it)36 b(m)m(ust)f(b)s(e)g(man)m(ually)630 5230 y(reset)i(b)s(et)m(w)m
11535 (een)g(m)m(ultiple)h(calls)f(to)g Ft(getopts)e Fu(within)h(the)h(same)g
11536 (shell)f(in)m(v)m(o)s(cation)j(if)e(a)630 5340 y(new)30
11537 b(set)h(of)f(parameters)h(is)f(to)i(b)s(e)d(used.)p eop
11538 end
11539 %%Page: 47 53
11540 TeXDict begin 47 52 bop 150 -116 a Fu(Chapter)30 b(4:)41
11541 b(Shell)30 b(Builtin)h(Commands)2069 b(47)630 299 y(When)41
11542 b(the)h(end)e(of)i(options)g(is)f(encoun)m(tered,)k Ft(getopts)39
11543 b Fu(exits)j(with)f(a)h(return)e(v)-5 b(alue)630 408
11544 y(greater)32 b(than)e(zero.)41 b Ft(OPTIND)29 b Fu(is)h(set)h(to)g(the)
11545 g(index)f(of)g(the)h(\014rst)f(non-option)g(argumen)m(t,)630
11546 518 y(and)g Fr(name)35 b Fu(is)c(set)g(to)g(`)p Ft(?)p
11547 Fu('.)630 655 y Ft(getopts)c Fu(normally)j(parses)e(the)i(p)s
11548 (ositional)g(parameters,)g(but)e(if)i(more)f(argumen)m(ts)h(are)630
11549 765 y(supplied)f(as)i Fr(arg)38 b Fu(v)-5 b(alues,)31
11550 b Ft(getopts)e Fu(parses)h(those)h(instead.)630 902 y
11551 Ft(getopts)h Fu(can)h(rep)s(ort)g(errors)g(in)h(t)m(w)m(o)h(w)m(a)m
11552 (ys.)51 b(If)33 b(the)h(\014rst)e(c)m(haracter)k(of)d
11553 Fr(optstring)42 b Fu(is)34 b(a)630 1011 y(colon,)g Fr(silen)m(t)h
11554 Fu(error)d(rep)s(orting)f(is)i(used.)45 b(In)31 b(normal)h(op)s
11555 (eration,)h(diagnostic)h(messages)630 1121 y(are)c(prin)m(ted)e(when)g
11556 (in)m(v)-5 b(alid)30 b(options)g(or)f(missing)g(option)g(argumen)m(ts)h
11557 (are)f(encoun)m(tered.)630 1230 y(If)34 b(the)g(v)-5
11558 b(ariable)35 b Ft(OPTERR)d Fu(is)i(set)h(to)f(0,)i(no)e(error)g
11559 (messages)h(will)f(b)s(e)f(displa)m(y)m(ed,)j(ev)m(en)f(if)630
11560 1340 y(the)c(\014rst)e(c)m(haracter)j(of)f Ft(optstring)d
11561 Fu(is)i(not)h(a)f(colon.)630 1477 y(If)39 b(an)h(in)m(v)-5
11562 b(alid)41 b(option)f(is)g(seen,)i Ft(getopts)c Fu(places)j(`)p
11563 Ft(?)p Fu(')f(in)m(to)h Fr(name)k Fu(and,)d(if)e(not)g(silen)m(t,)630
11564 1587 y(prin)m(ts)f(an)h(error)f(message)h(and)f(unsets)g
11565 Ft(OPTARG)p Fu(.)67 b(If)39 b Ft(getopts)f Fu(is)i(silen)m(t,)j(the)c
11566 (option)630 1696 y(c)m(haracter)32 b(found)d(is)h(placed)h(in)f
11567 Ft(OPTARG)f Fu(and)h(no)g(diagnostic)i(message)f(is)g(prin)m(ted.)630
11568 1833 y(If)c(a)g(required)f(argumen)m(t)i(is)f(not)g(found,)g(and)f
11569 Ft(getopts)f Fu(is)i(not)h(silen)m(t,)h(a)e(question)g(mark)630
11570 1943 y(\(`)p Ft(?)p Fu('\))h(is)g(placed)g(in)f Fr(name)p
11571 Fu(,)h Ft(OPTARG)e Fu(is)h(unset,)h(and)f(a)g(diagnostic)i(message)g
11572 (is)e(prin)m(ted.)39 b(If)630 2052 y Ft(getopts)28 b
11573 Fu(is)h(silen)m(t,)i(then)e(a)h(colon)h(\(`)p Ft(:)p
11574 Fu('\))f(is)g(placed)g(in)f Fr(name)35 b Fu(and)29 b
11575 Ft(OPTARG)f Fu(is)h(set)h(to)h(the)630 2162 y(option)g(c)m(haracter)h
11576 (found.)150 2326 y Ft(hash)870 2463 y(hash)47 b([-r])f([-p)h
11577 Fj(filename)p Ft(])e([-dt])i([)p Fj(name)p Ft(])630 2600
11578 y Fu(Eac)m(h)32 b(time)g Ft(hash)e Fu(is)h(in)m(v)m(ok)m(ed,)j(it)d
11579 (remem)m(b)s(ers)g(the)g(full)g(pathnames)g(of)h(the)f(commands)630
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11586 Ft(-p)630 3039 y Fu(option)d(inhibits)f(the)h(path)g(searc)m(h,)h(and)e
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11588 Fr(name)p Fu(.)630 3148 y(The)42 b Ft(-r)g Fu(option)h(causes)f(the)h
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11590 b(The)42 b Ft(-d)630 3258 y Fu(option)31 b(causes)g(the)f(shell)h(to)g
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11592 Fr(name)p Fu(.)41 b(If)30 b(the)630 3367 y Ft(-t)39 b
11593 Fu(option)h(is)g(supplied,)g(the)g(full)f(pathname)h(to)g(whic)m(h)f
11594 (eac)m(h)i Fr(name)k Fu(corresp)s(onds)38 b(is)630 3477
11595 y(prin)m(ted.)i(If)28 b(m)m(ultiple)h Fr(name)34 b Fu(argumen)m(ts)29
11596 b(are)g(supplied)f(with)g Ft(-t)p Fu(,)h(the)g Fr(name)34
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11598 (pathname.)41 b(The)29 b Ft(-l)g Fu(option)i(causes)f(output)f(to)i(b)s
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11600 s(e)f(reused)f(as)i(input.)37 b(If)23 b(no)h(argumen)m(ts)f(are)h(giv)m
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11604 Fr(name)k Fu(is)c(not)f(found)f(or)i(an)f(in)m(v)-5 b(alid)31
11605 b(option)g(is)f(supplied.)150 4080 y Ft(pwd)870 4217
11606 y(pwd)47 b([-LP])630 4354 y Fu(Prin)m(t)29 b(the)g(absolute)h(pathname)
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11608 b(If)28 b(the)h Ft(-P)f Fu(option)630 4463 y(is)39 b(supplied,)h(the)f
11609 (pathname)g(prin)m(ted)g(will)g(not)h(con)m(tain)g(sym)m(b)s(olic)f
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11616 5093 y(readonly)46 b([-aAf])g([-p])g([)p Fj(name)p Ft([=)p
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11618 Fr(name)39 b Fu(as)33 b(readonly)-8 b(.)49 b(The)32 b(v)-5
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11620 5340 y(b)m(y)38 b(subsequen)m(t)g(assignmen)m(t.)65 b(If)38
11621 b(the)h Ft(-f)f Fu(option)g(is)h(supplied,)g(eac)m(h)h
11622 Fr(name)j Fu(refers)38 b(to)p eop end
11623 %%Page: 48 54
11624 TeXDict begin 48 53 bop 150 -116 a Fu(Chapter)30 b(4:)41
11625 b(Shell)30 b(Builtin)h(Commands)2069 b(48)630 299 y(a)37
11626 b(shell)g(function.)59 b(The)36 b Ft(-a)g Fu(option)h(means)f(eac)m(h)i
11627 Fr(name)k Fu(refers)36 b(to)h(an)f(indexed)g(arra)m(y)630
11628 408 y(v)-5 b(ariable;)28 b(the)f Ft(-A)e Fu(option)h(means)g(eac)m(h)h
11629 Fr(name)k Fu(refers)26 b(to)g(an)g(asso)s(ciativ)m(e)i(arra)m(y)f(v)-5
11630 b(ariable.)630 518 y(If)35 b(b)s(oth)g(options)h(are)h(supplied,)f
11631 Ft(-A)f Fu(tak)m(es)i(precedence.)58 b(If)35 b(no)h Fr(name)k
11632 Fu(argumen)m(ts)d(are)630 628 y(giv)m(en,)k(or)c(if)h(the)g
11633 Ft(-p)f Fu(option)h(is)f(supplied,)i(a)f(list)g(of)g(all)g(readonly)g
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11635 (b)s(e)f(used)f(to)i(restrict)g(the)f(output)g(to)h(a)f(subset)g(of)g
11636 (the)g(set)h(of)630 847 y(readonly)c(names.)41 b(The)28
11637 b Ft(-p)h Fu(option)h(causes)g(output)e(to)j(b)s(e)d(displa)m(y)m(ed)i
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11639 (input.)42 b(If)30 b(a)i(v)-5 b(ariable)31 b(name)h(is)f(follo)m(w)m
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11641 b(alue)32 b(of)630 1066 y(the)i(v)-5 b(ariable)34 b(is)f(set)i(to)f
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11645 b(is)g(not)g(a)g(v)-5 b(alid)31 b(shell)f(v)-5 b(ariable)30
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11651 b Fr(n)g Fu(to)h(its)f(caller.)630 1858 y(If)h Fr(n)h
11652 Fu(is)g(not)g(supplied,)h(the)f(return)e(v)-5 b(alue)40
11653 b(is)f(the)g(exit)g(status)g(of)g(the)g(last)h(command)630
11654 1968 y(executed)i(in)f(the)g(function.)72 b(If)41 b Ft(return)e
11655 Fu(is)i(executed)h(b)m(y)f(a)h(trap)f(handler,)i(the)e(last)630
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11658 b(trap)g(handler.)39 b(If)26 b Ft(return)g Fu(is)h(executed)h(during)d
11659 (a)j Ft(DEBUG)d Fu(trap,)j(the)f(last)h(command)630 2297
11660 y(used)f(to)h(determine)g(the)f(status)h(is)g(the)f(last)i(command)e
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11662 Ft(return)f Fu(w)m(as)i(in)m(v)m(ok)m(ed.)41 b Ft(return)25
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11664 2516 y(a)34 b(script)g(b)s(eing)g(executed)g(with)g(the)g
11665 Ft(.)g Fu(\()p Ft(source)p Fu(\))f(builtin,)h(returning)f(either)i
11666 Fr(n)e Fu(or)h(the)630 2626 y(exit)j(status)f(of)g(the)g(last)h
11667 (command)e(executed)i(within)e(the)h(script)g(as)g(the)g(exit)h(status)
11668 630 2735 y(of)i(the)g(script.)65 b(If)38 b Fr(n)g Fu(is)h(supplied,)h
11669 (the)f(return)e(v)-5 b(alue)39 b(is)g(its)g(least)h(signi\014can)m(t)g
11670 (8)f(bits.)630 2845 y(An)m(y)g(command)f(asso)s(ciated)j(with)d(the)h
11671 Ft(RETURN)e Fu(trap)i(is)g(executed)g(b)s(efore)g(execution)630
11672 2954 y(resumes)29 b(after)h(the)g(function)g(or)g(script.)40
11673 b(The)29 b(return)g(status)h(is)g(non-zero)g(if)g Ft(return)e
11674 Fu(is)630 3064 y(supplied)h(a)i(non-n)m(umeric)g(argumen)m(t)g(or)f(is)
11675 h(used)f(outside)h(a)g(function)f(and)g(not)h(during)630
11676 3173 y(the)g(execution)g(of)g(a)f(script)h(b)m(y)f Ft(.)g
11677 Fu(or)g Ft(source)p Fu(.)150 3351 y Ft(shift)870 3494
11678 y(shift)46 b([)p Fj(n)p Ft(])630 3637 y Fu(Shift)41 b(the)g(p)s
11679 (ositional)h(parameters)g(to)g(the)f(left)h(b)m(y)g Fr(n)p
11680 Fu(.)73 b(The)40 b(p)s(ositional)j(parameters)630 3747
11681 y(from)34 b Fr(n)p Ft(+)p Fu(1)39 b(.)22 b(.)h(.)45 b
11682 Ft($#)34 b Fu(are)g(renamed)g(to)h Ft($1)k Fu(.)22 b(.)g(.)46
11683 b Ft($#)p Fu(-)p Fr(n)p Fu(.)51 b(P)m(arameters)36 b(represen)m(ted)e
11684 (b)m(y)g(the)630 3856 y(n)m(um)m(b)s(ers)25 b Ft($#)i
11685 Fu(to)g Ft($#)p Fu(-)p Fr(n)p Ft(+)p Fu(1)g(are)g(unset.)39
11686 b Fr(n)26 b Fu(m)m(ust)h(b)s(e)f(a)i(non-negativ)m(e)h(n)m(um)m(b)s(er)
11687 c(less)i(than)g(or)630 3966 y(equal)33 b(to)h Ft($#)p
11688 Fu(.)47 b(If)33 b Fr(n)f Fu(is)h(zero)g(or)g(greater)h(than)f
11689 Ft($#)p Fu(,)g(the)g(p)s(ositional)g(parameters)g(are)h(not)630
11690 4075 y(c)m(hanged.)48 b(If)32 b Fr(n)g Fu(is)h(not)f(supplied,)h(it)g
11691 (is)f(assumed)g(to)h(b)s(e)f(1.)48 b(The)32 b(return)g(status)h(is)f
11692 (zero)630 4185 y(unless)e Fr(n)f Fu(is)i(greater)g(than)g
11693 Ft($#)e Fu(or)i(less)f(than)h(zero,)g(non-zero)g(otherwise.)150
11694 4362 y Ft(test)150 4472 y([)870 4615 y(test)47 b Fj(expr)630
11695 4758 y Fu(Ev)-5 b(aluate)43 b(a)f(conditional)h(expression)f
11696 Fr(expr)48 b Fu(and)41 b(return)g(a)h(status)g(of)g(0)g(\(true\))h(or)f
11697 (1)630 4868 y(\(false\).)g(Eac)m(h)31 b(op)s(erator)f(and)f(op)s(erand)
11698 g(m)m(ust)h(b)s(e)f(a)i(separate)g(argumen)m(t.)41 b(Expressions)630
11699 4977 y(are)26 b(comp)s(osed)f(of)g(the)h(primaries)f(describ)s(ed)f(b)s
11700 (elo)m(w)h(in)g(Section)h(6.4)h([Bash)e(Conditional)630
11701 5087 y(Expressions],)39 b(page)g(91.)64 b Ft(test)37
11702 b Fu(do)s(es)g(not)h(accept)i(an)m(y)e(options,)i(nor)e(do)s(es)f(it)h
11703 (accept)630 5197 y(and)30 b(ignore)h(an)f(argumen)m(t)h(of)f
11704 Ft(--)g Fu(as)h(signifying)f(the)h(end)f(of)g(options.)630
11705 5340 y(When)g(the)h Ft([)f Fu(form)g(is)g(used,)g(the)g(last)i(argumen)
11706 m(t)e(to)i(the)e(command)g(m)m(ust)h(b)s(e)e(a)i Ft(])p
11707 Fu(.)p eop end
11708 %%Page: 49 55
11709 TeXDict begin 49 54 bop 150 -116 a Fu(Chapter)30 b(4:)41
11710 b(Shell)30 b(Builtin)h(Commands)2069 b(49)630 299 y(Expressions)23
11711 b(ma)m(y)h(b)s(e)e(com)m(bined)i(using)f(the)h(follo)m(wing)h(op)s
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11717 673 y Ft(!)f Fj(expr)210 b Fu(T)-8 b(rue)30 b(if)g Fr(expr)37
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11719 b Fu(Returns)23 b(the)i(v)-5 b(alue)25 b(of)f Fr(expr)p
11720 Fu(.)38 b(This)24 b(ma)m(y)h(b)s(e)e(used)h(to)h(o)m(v)m(erride)g(the)g
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11725 1468 y Fu(T)-8 b(rue)30 b(if)g(either)h Fr(expr1)38 b
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11758 Fu(')f(and)f(the)g(third)g(argumen)m(t)h(is)1290 4504
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11761 4746 y(4.)61 b(Otherwise,)30 b(the)h(expression)f(is)g(false.)630
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11765 h(remaining)g(argumen)m(ts.)50 b(Oth-)1110 5230 y(erwise,)34
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11768 (listed)h(ab)s(o)m(v)m(e.)p eop end
11769 %%Page: 50 56
11770 TeXDict begin 50 55 bop 150 -116 a Fu(Chapter)30 b(4:)41
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11854 b(signal.)p eop end
11855 %%Page: 51 57
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11931 eop end
11932 %%Page: 52 58
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11989 y(LINE)37 b Fu(v)-5 b(ariable)38 b(to)g(the)g(con)m(ten)m(ts)i(of)e
11990 (the)g(Readline)g(line)g(bu\013er)f(and)g(the)1110 4902
11991 y Ft(READLINE_POINT)21 b Fu(and)k Ft(READLINE_MARK)c
11992 Fu(v)-5 b(ariables)26 b(to)g(the)g(curren)m(t)f(lo)s(ca-)1110
11993 5011 y(tion)f(of)g(the)g(insertion)g(p)s(oin)m(t)g(and)f(the)h(sa)m(v)m
11994 (ed)h(insertion)f(p)s(oin)m(t)g(\(the)g Fr(mark)6 b Fu(\),)1110
11995 5121 y(resp)s(ectiv)m(ely)-8 b(.)43 b(If)30 b(the)h(executed)g(command)
11996 g(c)m(hanges)g(the)g(v)-5 b(alue)31 b(of)g(an)m(y)g(of)1110
11997 5230 y Ft(READLINE_LINE)p Fu(,)40 b Ft(READLINE_POINT)p
11998 Fu(,)f(or)i Ft(READLINE_MARK)p Fu(,)e(those)i(new)1110
11999 5340 y(v)-5 b(alues)31 b(will)f(b)s(e)g(re\015ected)h(in)f(the)h
12000 (editing)g(state.)p eop end
12001 %%Page: 53 59
12002 TeXDict begin 53 58 bop 150 -116 a Fu(Chapter)30 b(4:)41
12003 b(Shell)30 b(Builtin)h(Commands)2069 b(53)630 299 y Ft(-X)384
12004 b Fu(List)27 b(all)i(k)m(ey)f(sequences)f(b)s(ound)e(to)j(shell)g
12005 (commands)e(and)h(the)g(asso)s(ciated)1110 408 y(commands)j(in)g(a)h
12006 (format)g(that)f(can)h(b)s(e)f(reused)f(as)i(input.)630
12007 568 y(The)26 b(return)f(status)i(is)f(zero)i(unless)d(an)i(in)m(v)-5
12008 b(alid)27 b(option)g(is)f(supplied)f(or)i(an)f(error)g(o)s(ccurs.)150
12009 727 y Ft(builtin)870 862 y(builtin)46 b([)p Fj(shell-builtin)e
12010 Ft([)p Fj(args)p Ft(]])630 996 y Fu(Run)35 b(a)i(shell)f(builtin,)i
12011 (passing)e(it)h Fr(args)p Fu(,)h(and)e(return)f(its)i(exit)g(status.)59
12012 b(This)35 b(is)i(useful)630 1106 y(when)29 b(de\014ning)h(a)g(shell)h
12013 (function)f(with)g(the)g(same)h(name)f(as)h(a)g(shell)f(builtin,)g
12014 (retaining)630 1215 y(the)k(functionalit)m(y)h(of)f(the)f(builtin)g
12015 (within)g(the)h(function.)50 b(The)33 b(return)g(status)h(is)f(non-)630
12016 1325 y(zero)e(if)g Fr(shell-builtin)f Fu(is)g(not)h(a)g(shell)f
12017 (builtin)g(command.)150 1484 y Ft(caller)870 1619 y(caller)46
12018 b([)p Fj(expr)p Ft(])630 1753 y Fu(Returns)34 b(the)g(con)m(text)j(of)e
12019 (an)m(y)g(activ)m(e)i(subroutine)c(call)j(\(a)f(shell)g(function)f(or)h
12020 (a)g(script)630 1863 y(executed)c(with)f(the)h Ft(.)f
12021 Fu(or)g Ft(source)f Fu(builtins\).)630 1998 y(Without)45
12022 b Fr(expr)p Fu(,)j Ft(caller)43 b Fu(displa)m(ys)i(the)f(line)h(n)m(um)
12023 m(b)s(er)f(and)g(source)g(\014lename)h(of)g(the)630 2107
12024 y(curren)m(t)35 b(subroutine)g(call.)58 b(If)35 b(a)h(non-negativ)m(e)i
12025 (in)m(teger)f(is)f(supplied)e(as)i Fr(expr)p Fu(,)h Ft(caller)630
12026 2217 y Fu(displa)m(ys)k(the)f(line)h(n)m(um)m(b)s(er,)h(subroutine)d
12027 (name,)44 b(and)c(source)g(\014le)h(corresp)s(onding)e(to)630
12028 2326 y(that)c(p)s(osition)g(in)f(the)h(curren)m(t)f(execution)i(call)g
12029 (stac)m(k.)54 b(This)34 b(extra)h(information)g(ma)m(y)630
12030 2436 y(b)s(e)30 b(used,)g(for)g(example,)h(to)g(prin)m(t)f(a)h(stac)m
12031 (k)h(trace.)42 b(The)29 b(curren)m(t)i(frame)f(is)g(frame)h(0.)630
12032 2570 y(The)d(return)g(v)-5 b(alue)29 b(is)g(0)g(unless)f(the)h(shell)g
12033 (is)g(not)g(executing)h(a)f(subroutine)e(call)j(or)f
12034 Fr(expr)630 2680 y Fu(do)s(es)h(not)h(corresp)s(ond)e(to)i(a)g(v)-5
12035 b(alid)30 b(p)s(osition)h(in)f(the)g(call)i(stac)m(k.)150
12036 2839 y Ft(command)870 2974 y(command)46 b([-pVv])g Fj(command)g
12037 Ft([)p Fj(arguments)f Ft(...)o(])630 3108 y Fu(Runs)32
12038 b Fr(command)k Fu(with)d Fr(argumen)m(ts)k Fu(ignoring)c(an)m(y)g
12039 (shell)h(function)e(named)h Fr(command)p Fu(.)630 3218
12040 y(Only)39 b(shell)i(builtin)e(commands)h(or)g(commands)f(found)g(b)m(y)
12041 h(searc)m(hing)h(the)f Ft(PATH)f Fu(are)630 3328 y(executed.)59
12042 b(If)36 b(there)h(is)f(a)h(shell)f(function)g(named)g
12043 Ft(ls)p Fu(,)h(running)e(`)p Ft(command)29 b(ls)p Fu(')35
12044 b(within)630 3437 y(the)c(function)f(will)h(execute)g(the)g(external)g
12045 (command)g Ft(ls)f Fu(instead)g(of)h(calling)h(the)f(func-)630
12046 3547 y(tion)36 b(recursiv)m(ely)-8 b(.)56 b(The)34 b
12047 Ft(-p)h Fu(option)g(means)g(to)h(use)f(a)g(default)h(v)-5
12048 b(alue)35 b(for)g Ft(PATH)f Fu(that)i(is)630 3656 y(guaran)m(teed)f(to)
12049 f(\014nd)e(all)j(of)f(the)g(standard)f(utilities.)52
12050 b(The)33 b(return)g(status)h(in)f(this)h(case)630 3766
12051 y(is)29 b(127)g(if)g Fr(command)j Fu(cannot)d(b)s(e)e(found)h(or)g(an)g
12052 (error)h(o)s(ccurred,)f(and)g(the)h(exit)g(status)g(of)630
12053 3875 y Fr(command)34 b Fu(otherwise.)630 4010 y(If)e(either)h(the)f
12054 Ft(-V)g Fu(or)g Ft(-v)g Fu(option)h(is)f(supplied,)g(a)h(description)f
12055 (of)h Fr(command)j Fu(is)c(prin)m(ted.)630 4120 y(The)f
12056 Ft(-v)h Fu(option)g(causes)g(a)g(single)h(w)m(ord)f(indicating)g(the)g
12057 (command)g(or)g(\014le)g(name)g(used)630 4229 y(to)40
12058 b(in)m(v)m(ok)m(e)h Fr(command)h Fu(to)e(b)s(e)e(displa)m(y)m(ed;)44
12059 b(the)39 b Ft(-V)f Fu(option)i(pro)s(duces)d(a)j(more)f(v)m(erb)s(ose)
12060 630 4339 y(description.)61 b(In)36 b(this)h(case,)j(the)e(return)e
12061 (status)h(is)g(zero)h(if)f Fr(command)k Fu(is)c(found,)h(and)630
12062 4448 y(non-zero)31 b(if)f(not.)150 4608 y Ft(declare)870
12063 4742 y(declare)46 b([-aAfFgiIlnrtux])d([-p])k([)p Fj(name)p
12064 Ft([=)p Fj(value)p Ft(])d(...)o(])630 4877 y Fu(Declare)29
12065 b(v)-5 b(ariables)28 b(and)e(giv)m(e)j(them)e(attributes.)40
12066 b(If)27 b(no)g Fr(name)5 b Fu(s)27 b(are)h(giv)m(en,)h(then)e(displa)m
12067 (y)630 4986 y(the)k(v)-5 b(alues)30 b(of)h(v)-5 b(ariables)31
12068 b(instead.)630 5121 y(The)k Ft(-p)f Fu(option)i(will)g(displa)m(y)f
12069 (the)h(attributes)g(and)e(v)-5 b(alues)36 b(of)f(eac)m(h)i
12070 Fr(name)p Fu(.)55 b(When)36 b Ft(-p)630 5230 y Fu(is)i(used)g(with)g
12071 Fr(name)43 b Fu(argumen)m(ts,)e(additional)e(options,)i(other)d(than)g
12072 Ft(-f)g Fu(and)g Ft(-F)p Fu(,)i(are)630 5340 y(ignored.)p
12073 eop end
12074 %%Page: 54 60
12075 TeXDict begin 54 59 bop 150 -116 a Fu(Chapter)30 b(4:)41
12076 b(Shell)30 b(Builtin)h(Commands)2069 b(54)630 299 y(When)40
12077 b Ft(-p)g Fu(is)g(supplied)f(without)i Fr(name)k Fu(argumen)m(ts,)f
12078 Ft(declare)38 b Fu(will)j(displa)m(y)f(the)h(at-)630
12079 408 y(tributes)31 b(and)f(v)-5 b(alues)31 b(of)g(all)h(v)-5
12080 b(ariables)31 b(ha)m(ving)h(the)f(attributes)g(sp)s(eci\014ed)f(b)m(y)h
12081 (the)g(addi-)630 518 y(tional)k(options.)52 b(If)34 b(no)g(other)g
12082 (options)g(are)g(supplied)f(with)h Ft(-p)p Fu(,)g Ft(declare)e
12083 Fu(will)j(displa)m(y)630 628 y(the)e(attributes)h(and)e(v)-5
12084 b(alues)33 b(of)g(all)h(shell)f(v)-5 b(ariables.)50 b(The)32
12085 b Ft(-f)g Fu(option)i(will)f(restrict)h(the)630 737 y(displa)m(y)d(to)g
12086 (shell)f(functions.)630 877 y(The)41 b Ft(-F)f Fu(option)i(inhibits)e
12087 (the)i(displa)m(y)f(of)g(function)g(de\014nitions;)47
12088 b(only)41 b(the)g(function)630 986 y(name)30 b(and)f(attributes)i(are)f
12089 (prin)m(ted.)40 b(If)30 b(the)g Ft(extdebug)e Fu(shell)i(option)g(is)g
12090 (enabled)g(using)630 1096 y Ft(shopt)24 b Fu(\(see)i(Section)g(4.3.2)i
12091 ([The)d(Shopt)f(Builtin],)k(page)e(66\),)i(the)d(source)h(\014le)f
12092 (name)h(and)630 1205 y(line)31 b(n)m(um)m(b)s(er)e(where)h(eac)m(h)h
12093 Fr(name)36 b Fu(is)30 b(de\014ned)f(are)i(displa)m(y)m(ed)g(as)g(w)m
12094 (ell.)41 b Ft(-F)30 b Fu(implies)h Ft(-f)p Fu(.)630 1345
12095 y(The)36 b Ft(-g)g Fu(option)h(forces)g(v)-5 b(ariables)37
12096 b(to)g(b)s(e)f(created)i(or)e(mo)s(di\014ed)g(at)h(the)g(global)h(scop)
12097 s(e,)630 1455 y(ev)m(en)g(when)e Ft(declare)f Fu(is)j(executed)g(in)f
12098 (a)g(shell)h(function.)61 b(It)37 b(is)g(ignored)h(in)f(all)h(other)630
12099 1564 y(cases.)630 1704 y(The)50 b Ft(-I)h Fu(option)g(causes)h(lo)s
12100 (cal)g(v)-5 b(ariables)51 b(to)h(inherit)f(the)g(attributes)g(\(except)
12101 i(the)630 1813 y Fr(nameref)63 b Fu(attribute\))46 b(and)f(v)-5
12102 b(alue)45 b(of)h(an)m(y)f(existing)i(v)-5 b(ariable)46
12103 b(with)f(the)g(same)h Fr(name)630 1923 y Fu(at)40 b(a)f(surrounding)d
12104 (scop)s(e.)66 b(If)39 b(there)g(is)g(no)f(existing)i(v)-5
12105 b(ariable,)42 b(the)d(lo)s(cal)h(v)-5 b(ariable)40 b(is)630
12106 2032 y(initially)32 b(unset.)630 2172 y(The)27 b(follo)m(wing)h
12107 (options)g(can)f(b)s(e)g(used)f(to)i(restrict)g(output)e(to)i(v)-5
12108 b(ariables)28 b(with)f(the)g(sp)s(ec-)630 2281 y(i\014ed)j(attributes)h
12109 (or)f(to)h(giv)m(e)h(v)-5 b(ariables)31 b(attributes:)630
12110 2451 y Ft(-a)384 b Fu(Eac)m(h)36 b Fr(name)k Fu(is)34
12111 b(an)h(indexed)g(arra)m(y)g(v)-5 b(ariable)36 b(\(see)f(Section)h(6.7)g
12112 ([Arra)m(ys],)1110 2560 y(page)31 b(95\).)630 2730 y
12113 Ft(-A)384 b Fu(Eac)m(h)24 b Fr(name)k Fu(is)23 b(an)g(asso)s(ciativ)m
12114 (e)j(arra)m(y)e(v)-5 b(ariable)24 b(\(see)g(Section)g(6.7)g([Arra)m
12115 (ys],)1110 2839 y(page)31 b(95\).)630 3009 y Ft(-f)384
12116 b Fu(Use)31 b(function)f(names)g(only)-8 b(.)630 3178
12117 y Ft(-i)384 b Fu(The)36 b(v)-5 b(ariable)37 b(is)f(to)h(b)s(e)f
12118 (treated)h(as)g(an)f(in)m(teger;)41 b(arithmetic)c(ev)-5
12119 b(aluation)1110 3288 y(\(see)29 b(Section)f(6.5)h([Shell)f
12120 (Arithmetic],)i(page)e(93\))h(is)f(p)s(erformed)e(when)h(the)1110
12121 3397 y(v)-5 b(ariable)31 b(is)g(assigned)f(a)h(v)-5 b(alue.)630
12122 3567 y Ft(-l)384 b Fu(When)26 b(the)g(v)-5 b(ariable)27
12123 b(is)f(assigned)g(a)g(v)-5 b(alue,)28 b(all)f(upp)s(er-case)e(c)m
12124 (haracters)j(are)1110 3676 y(con)m(v)m(erted)k(to)f(lo)m(w)m(er-case.)
12125 43 b(The)30 b(upp)s(er-case)g(attribute)h(is)g(disabled.)630
12126 3846 y Ft(-n)384 b Fu(Giv)m(e)28 b(eac)m(h)g Fr(name)k
12127 Fu(the)27 b Fr(nameref)44 b Fu(attribute,)28 b(making)f(it)h(a)f(name)f
12128 (reference)1110 3955 y(to)32 b(another)g(v)-5 b(ariable.)46
12129 b(That)31 b(other)h(v)-5 b(ariable)33 b(is)f(de\014ned)e(b)m(y)i(the)g
12130 (v)-5 b(alue)32 b(of)1110 4065 y Fr(name)p Fu(.)54 b(All)35
12131 b(references,)h(assignmen)m(ts,)h(and)d(attribute)h(mo)s(di\014cations)
12132 g(to)1110 4174 y Fr(name)p Fu(,)27 b(except)f(for)f(those)h(using)f(or)
12133 g(c)m(hanging)h(the)f Ft(-n)g Fu(attribute)h(itself,)i(are)1110
12134 4284 y(p)s(erformed)22 b(on)h(the)g(v)-5 b(ariable)25
12135 b(referenced)e(b)m(y)g Fr(name)5 b Fu('s)23 b(v)-5 b(alue.)39
12136 b(The)23 b(nameref)1110 4394 y(attribute)31 b(cannot)g(b)s(e)f(applied)
12137 g(to)h(arra)m(y)g(v)-5 b(ariables.)630 4563 y Ft(-r)384
12138 b Fu(Mak)m(e)25 b Fr(name)5 b Fu(s)23 b(readonly)-8 b(.)39
12139 b(These)24 b(names)f(cannot)h(then)f(b)s(e)g(assigned)h(v)-5
12140 b(alues)1110 4672 y(b)m(y)30 b(subsequen)m(t)g(assignmen)m(t)h
12141 (statemen)m(ts)h(or)f(unset.)630 4842 y Ft(-t)384 b Fu(Giv)m(e)33
12142 b(eac)m(h)h Fr(name)j Fu(the)32 b Ft(trace)f Fu(attribute.)46
12143 b(T)-8 b(raced)32 b(functions)g(inherit)g(the)1110 4951
12144 y Ft(DEBUG)26 b Fu(and)h Ft(RETURN)f Fu(traps)h(from)g(the)h(calling)h
12145 (shell.)40 b(The)27 b(trace)i(attribute)1110 5061 y(has)h(no)g(sp)s
12146 (ecial)h(meaning)g(for)f(v)-5 b(ariables.)630 5230 y
12147 Ft(-u)384 b Fu(When)28 b(the)h(v)-5 b(ariable)29 b(is)f(assigned)h(a)f
12148 (v)-5 b(alue,)30 b(all)f(lo)m(w)m(er-case)i(c)m(haracters)f(are)1110
12149 5340 y(con)m(v)m(erted)i(to)f(upp)s(er-case.)40 b(The)30
12150 b(lo)m(w)m(er-case)j(attribute)e(is)g(disabled.)p eop
12151 end
12152 %%Page: 55 61
12153 TeXDict begin 55 60 bop 150 -116 a Fu(Chapter)30 b(4:)41
12154 b(Shell)30 b(Builtin)h(Commands)2069 b(55)630 299 y Ft(-x)384
12155 b Fu(Mark)30 b(eac)m(h)h Fr(name)k Fu(for)29 b(exp)s(ort)h(to)g
12156 (subsequen)m(t)f(commands)h(via)g(the)g(en)m(vi-)1110
12157 408 y(ronmen)m(t.)630 560 y(Using)e(`)p Ft(+)p Fu(')h(instead)f(of)g(`)
12158 p Ft(-)p Fu(')g(turns)f(o\013)i(the)f(attribute)h(instead,)g(with)f
12159 (the)g(exceptions)h(that)630 670 y(`)p Ft(+a)p Fu(')23
12160 b(and)f(`)p Ft(+A)p Fu(')h(ma)m(y)h(not)f(b)s(e)f(used)g(to)i(destro)m
12161 (y)g(arra)m(y)f(v)-5 b(ariables)24 b(and)e(`)p Ft(+r)p
12162 Fu(')h(will)g(not)g(remo)m(v)m(e)630 780 y(the)36 b(readonly)h
12163 (attribute.)59 b(When)36 b(used)f(in)h(a)h(function,)g
12164 Ft(declare)d Fu(mak)m(es)j(eac)m(h)h Fr(name)630 889
12165 y Fu(lo)s(cal,)e(as)d(with)h(the)f Ft(local)f Fu(command,)j(unless)d
12166 (the)i Ft(-g)f Fu(option)h(is)f(used.)49 b(If)33 b(a)h(v)-5
12167 b(ariable)630 999 y(name)30 b(is)h(follo)m(w)m(ed)h(b)m(y)e(=)p
12168 Fr(v)-5 b(alue)p Fu(,)31 b(the)f(v)-5 b(alue)31 b(of)g(the)f(v)-5
12169 b(ariable)32 b(is)e(set)h(to)g Fr(v)-5 b(alue)p Fu(.)630
12170 1130 y(When)41 b(using)g Ft(-a)g Fu(or)h Ft(-A)e Fu(and)h(the)h(comp)s
12171 (ound)e(assignmen)m(t)i(syn)m(tax)g(to)g(create)h(arra)m(y)630
12172 1239 y(v)-5 b(ariables,)28 b(additional)f(attributes)g(do)f(not)h(tak)m
12173 (e)h(e\013ect)g(un)m(til)e(subsequen)m(t)g(assignmen)m(ts.)630
12174 1370 y(The)35 b(return)f(status)i(is)g(zero)g(unless)f(an)g(in)m(v)-5
12175 b(alid)36 b(option)g(is)g(encoun)m(tered,)h(an)f(attempt)630
12176 1480 y(is)c(made)g(to)g(de\014ne)f(a)h(function)g(using)f(`)p
12177 Ft(-f)f(foo=bar)p Fu(',)h(an)h(attempt)g(is)g(made)g(to)h(assign)630
12178 1589 y(a)42 b(v)-5 b(alue)43 b(to)g(a)f(readonly)g(v)-5
12179 b(ariable,)47 b(an)42 b(attempt)h(is)f(made)g(to)h(assign)f(a)h(v)-5
12180 b(alue)42 b(to)h(an)630 1699 y(arra)m(y)30 b(v)-5 b(ariable)30
12181 b(without)g(using)e(the)i(comp)s(ound)e(assignmen)m(t)i(syn)m(tax)g
12182 (\(see)h(Section)f(6.7)630 1808 y([Arra)m(ys],)47 b(page)c(95\),)48
12183 b(one)43 b(of)g(the)g Fr(names)k Fu(is)c(not)g(a)g(v)-5
12184 b(alid)43 b(shell)g(v)-5 b(ariable)44 b(name,)i(an)630
12185 1918 y(attempt)28 b(is)f(made)h(to)f(turn)f(o\013)i(readonly)f(status)g
12186 (for)g(a)h(readonly)f(v)-5 b(ariable,)29 b(an)e(attempt)630
12187 2028 y(is)h(made)h(to)g(turn)e(o\013)i(arra)m(y)f(status)h(for)f(an)g
12188 (arra)m(y)h(v)-5 b(ariable,)30 b(or)e(an)g(attempt)i(is)e(made)g(to)630
12189 2137 y(displa)m(y)j(a)f(non-existen)m(t)i(function)e(with)g
12190 Ft(-f)p Fu(.)150 2289 y Ft(echo)870 2420 y(echo)47 b([-neE])f([)p
12191 Fj(arg)g Ft(...])630 2551 y Fu(Output)31 b(the)i Fr(arg)8
12192 b Fu(s,)33 b(separated)g(b)m(y)g(spaces,)g(terminated)g(with)f(a)h
12193 (newline.)47 b(The)32 b(return)630 2660 y(status)f(is)f(0)h(unless)f(a)
12194 h(write)g(error)f(o)s(ccurs.)41 b(If)30 b Ft(-n)g Fu(is)h(sp)s
12195 (eci\014ed,)f(the)h(trailing)g(newline)g(is)630 2770
12196 y(suppressed.)38 b(If)29 b(the)h Ft(-e)f Fu(option)h(is)f(giv)m(en,)i
12197 (in)m(terpretation)g(of)e(the)h(follo)m(wing)h(bac)m(kslash-)630
12198 2880 y(escap)s(ed)43 b(c)m(haracters)h(is)e(enabled.)78
12199 b(The)42 b Ft(-E)g Fu(option)h(disables)g(the)g(in)m(terpretation)h(of)
12200 630 2989 y(these)27 b(escap)s(e)g(c)m(haracters,)i(ev)m(en)e(on)g
12201 (systems)f(where)g(they)h(are)g(in)m(terpreted)g(b)m(y)f(default.)630
12202 3099 y(The)32 b Ft(xpg_echo)f Fu(shell)i(option)g(ma)m(y)h(b)s(e)e
12203 (used)g(to)h(dynamically)h(determine)f(whether)f(or)630
12204 3208 y(not)h Ft(echo)f Fu(expands)g(these)h(escap)s(e)h(c)m(haracters)g
12205 (b)m(y)f(default.)48 b Ft(echo)32 b Fu(do)s(es)g(not)i(in)m(terpret)630
12206 3318 y Ft(--)c Fu(to)h(mean)f(the)h(end)f(of)g(options.)630
12207 3449 y Ft(echo)f Fu(in)m(terprets)i(the)f(follo)m(wing)i(escap)s(e)f
12208 (sequences:)630 3601 y Ft(\\a)384 b Fu(alert)31 b(\(b)s(ell\))630
12209 3753 y Ft(\\b)384 b Fu(bac)m(kspace)630 3905 y Ft(\\c)g
12210 Fu(suppress)28 b(further)h(output)630 4057 y Ft(\\e)630
12211 4166 y(\\E)384 b Fu(escap)s(e)630 4318 y Ft(\\f)g Fu(form)30
12212 b(feed)630 4470 y Ft(\\n)384 b Fu(new)30 b(line)630 4622
12213 y Ft(\\r)384 b Fu(carriage)32 b(return)630 4774 y Ft(\\t)384
12214 b Fu(horizon)m(tal)32 b(tab)630 4926 y Ft(\\v)384 b Fu(v)m(ertical)32
12215 b(tab)630 5078 y Ft(\\\\)384 b Fu(bac)m(kslash)630 5230
12216 y Ft(\\0)p Fj(nnn)240 b Fu(the)32 b(eigh)m(t-bit)i(c)m(haracter)g
12217 (whose)e(v)-5 b(alue)33 b(is)f(the)g(o)s(ctal)i(v)-5
12218 b(alue)32 b Fr(nnn)f Fu(\(zero)i(to)1110 5340 y(three)e(o)s(ctal)g
12219 (digits\))p eop end
12220 %%Page: 56 62
12221 TeXDict begin 56 61 bop 150 -116 a Fu(Chapter)30 b(4:)41
12222 b(Shell)30 b(Builtin)h(Commands)2069 b(56)630 299 y Ft(\\x)p
12223 Fj(HH)288 b Fu(the)38 b(eigh)m(t-bit)i(c)m(haracter)g(whose)e(v)-5
12224 b(alue)39 b(is)f(the)h(hexadecimal)g(v)-5 b(alue)39 b
12225 Fr(HH)1110 408 y Fu(\(one)31 b(or)f(t)m(w)m(o)i(hex)e(digits\))630
12226 563 y Ft(\\u)p Fj(HHHH)192 b Fu(the)41 b(Unico)s(de)g(\(ISO/IEC)f
12227 (10646\))j(c)m(haracter)g(whose)e(v)-5 b(alue)41 b(is)g(the)g(hex-)1110
12228 673 y(adecimal)32 b(v)-5 b(alue)31 b Fr(HHHH)41 b Fu(\(one)31
12229 b(to)g(four)e(hex)h(digits\))630 828 y Ft(\\U)p Fj(HHHHHHHH)1110
12230 938 y Fu(the)41 b(Unico)s(de)g(\(ISO/IEC)f(10646\))j(c)m(haracter)g
12231 (whose)e(v)-5 b(alue)41 b(is)g(the)g(hex-)1110 1047 y(adecimal)32
12232 b(v)-5 b(alue)31 b Fr(HHHHHHHH)41 b Fu(\(one)31 b(to)g(eigh)m(t)h(hex)e
12233 (digits\))150 1202 y Ft(enable)870 1334 y(enable)46 b([-a])h([-dnps])f
12234 ([-f)g Fj(filename)p Ft(])g([)p Fj(name)g Ft(...)o(])630
12235 1467 y Fu(Enable)36 b(and)f(disable)h(builtin)g(shell)g(commands.)56
12236 b(Disabling)37 b(a)g(builtin)e(allo)m(ws)i(a)f(disk)630
12237 1576 y(command)e(whic)m(h)g(has)g(the)g(same)h(name)f(as)h(a)f(shell)h
12238 (builtin)e(to)i(b)s(e)f(executed)h(without)630 1686 y(sp)s(ecifying)27
12239 b(a)g(full)g(pathname,)g(ev)m(en)h(though)f(the)g(shell)g(normally)g
12240 (searc)m(hes)h(for)f(builtins)630 1795 y(b)s(efore)35
12241 b(disk)g(commands.)55 b(If)35 b Ft(-n)g Fu(is)g(used,)h(the)g
12242 Fr(name)5 b Fu(s)35 b(b)s(ecome)h(disabled.)55 b(Otherwise)630
12243 1905 y Fr(name)5 b Fu(s)44 b(are)h(enabled.)82 b(F)-8
12244 b(or)45 b(example,)k(to)c(use)f(the)g Ft(test)f Fu(binary)h(found)f
12245 (via)h Ft($PATH)630 2015 y Fu(instead)31 b(of)f(the)h(shell)f(builtin)g
12246 (v)m(ersion,)h(t)m(yp)s(e)g(`)p Ft(enable)e(-n)h(test)p
12247 Fu('.)630 2147 y(If)45 b(the)i Ft(-p)e Fu(option)h(is)g(supplied,)j(or)
12248 d(no)g Fr(name)51 b Fu(argumen)m(ts)46 b(app)s(ear,)k(a)c(list)h(of)f
12249 (shell)630 2256 y(builtins)37 b(is)h(prin)m(ted.)63 b(With)38
12250 b(no)f(other)h(argumen)m(ts,)j(the)d(list)g(consists)g(of)g(all)h
12251 (enabled)630 2366 y(shell)d(builtins.)57 b(The)35 b Ft(-a)h
12252 Fu(option)g(means)g(to)g(list)h(eac)m(h)g(builtin)f(with)f(an)h
12253 (indication)h(of)630 2476 y(whether)30 b(or)g(not)h(it)g(is)f(enabled.)
12254 630 2608 y(The)22 b Ft(-f)f Fu(option)h(means)g(to)h(load)g(the)f(new)g
12255 (builtin)f(command)h Fr(name)27 b Fu(from)22 b(shared)f(ob)5
12256 b(ject)630 2717 y Fr(\014lename)p Fu(,)33 b(on)e(systems)h(that)h(supp)
12257 s(ort)d(dynamic)i(loading.)46 b(The)31 b Ft(-d)g Fu(option)h(will)h
12258 (delete)630 2827 y(a)e(builtin)f(loaded)h(with)f Ft(-f)p
12259 Fu(.)630 2959 y(If)j(there)i(are)f(no)g(options,)h(a)f(list)h(of)f(the)
12260 g(shell)g(builtins)g(is)g(displa)m(y)m(ed.)52 b(The)33
12261 b Ft(-s)g Fu(option)630 3069 y(restricts)j Ft(enable)d
12262 Fu(to)j(the)f Fm(posix)f Fu(sp)s(ecial)i(builtins.)54
12263 b(If)34 b Ft(-s)h Fu(is)g(used)f(with)g Ft(-f)p Fu(,)i(the)f(new)630
12264 3178 y(builtin)30 b(b)s(ecomes)h(a)f(sp)s(ecial)h(builtin)f(\(see)i
12265 (Section)f(4.4)g([Sp)s(ecial)g(Builtins],)g(page)g(72\).)630
12266 3311 y(The)26 b(return)f(status)h(is)g(zero)h(unless)e(a)i
12267 Fr(name)k Fu(is)26 b(not)g(a)h(shell)f(builtin)g(or)g(there)g(is)g(an)g
12268 (error)630 3420 y(loading)31 b(a)g(new)f(builtin)g(from)g(a)g(shared)g
12269 (ob)5 b(ject.)150 3575 y Ft(help)870 3707 y(help)47 b([-dms])f([)p
12270 Fj(pattern)p Ft(])630 3840 y Fu(Displa)m(y)40 b(helpful)e(information)h
12271 (ab)s(out)g(builtin)f(commands.)66 b(If)38 b Fr(pattern)h
12272 Fu(is)g(sp)s(eci\014ed,)630 3949 y Ft(help)28 b Fu(giv)m(es)i(detailed)
12273 g(help)e(on)h(all)h(commands)e(matc)m(hing)i Fr(pattern)p
12274 Fu(,)g(otherwise)f(a)g(list)h(of)630 4059 y(the)h(builtins)e(is)i(prin)
12275 m(ted.)630 4191 y(Options,)f(if)h(supplied,)e(ha)m(v)m(e)i(the)g(follo)
12276 m(wing)h(meanings:)630 4346 y Ft(-d)384 b Fu(Displa)m(y)32
12277 b(a)e(short)g(description)h(of)f(eac)m(h)i Fr(pattern)630
12278 4501 y Ft(-m)384 b Fu(Displa)m(y)32 b(the)e(description)g(of)h(eac)m(h)
12279 h Fr(pattern)e Fu(in)g(a)h(manpage-lik)m(e)h(format)630
12280 4656 y Ft(-s)384 b Fu(Displa)m(y)32 b(only)e(a)h(short)f(usage)h
12281 (synopsis)e(for)i(eac)m(h)g Fr(pattern)630 4811 y Fu(The)f(return)f
12282 (status)i(is)f(zero)h(unless)f(no)g(command)h(matc)m(hes)g
12283 Fr(pattern)p Fu(.)150 4966 y Ft(let)870 5098 y(let)47
12284 b Fj(expression)e Ft([)p Fj(expression)g Ft(...)o(])630
12285 5230 y Fu(The)c Ft(let)g Fu(builtin)g(allo)m(ws)i(arithmetic)f(to)h(b)s
12286 (e)d(p)s(erformed)g(on)i(shell)g(v)-5 b(ariables.)74
12287 b(Eac)m(h)630 5340 y Fr(expression)31 b Fu(is)g(ev)-5
12288 b(aluated)32 b(according)f(to)h(the)f(rules)g(giv)m(en)h(b)s(elo)m(w)f
12289 (in)f(Section)i(6.5)g([Shell)p eop end
12290 %%Page: 57 63
12291 TeXDict begin 57 62 bop 150 -116 a Fu(Chapter)30 b(4:)41
12292 b(Shell)30 b(Builtin)h(Commands)2069 b(57)630 299 y(Arithmetic],)51
12293 b(page)46 b(93.)87 b(If)45 b(the)g(last)h Fr(expression)g
12294 Fu(ev)-5 b(aluates)47 b(to)f(0,)k Ft(let)44 b Fu(returns)g(1;)630
12295 408 y(otherwise)31 b(0)g(is)f(returned.)150 566 y Ft(local)870
12296 700 y(local)46 b([)p Fj(option)p Ft(])g Fj(name)p Ft([=)p
12297 Fj(value)p Ft(])e(...)630 833 y Fu(F)-8 b(or)27 b(eac)m(h)g(argumen)m
12298 (t,)g(a)f(lo)s(cal)h(v)-5 b(ariable)27 b(named)e Fr(name)31
12299 b Fu(is)26 b(created,)i(and)d(assigned)h Fr(v)-5 b(alue)p
12300 Fu(.)630 943 y(The)37 b Fr(option)h Fu(can)f(b)s(e)g(an)m(y)h(of)f(the)
12301 h(options)g(accepted)g(b)m(y)g Ft(declare)p Fu(.)59 b
12302 Ft(local)36 b Fu(can)i(only)630 1052 y(b)s(e)j(used)h(within)f(a)i
12303 (function;)48 b(it)42 b(mak)m(es)h(the)f(v)-5 b(ariable)43
12304 b Fr(name)48 b Fu(ha)m(v)m(e)43 b(a)f(visible)h(scop)s(e)630
12305 1162 y(restricted)h(to)f(that)h(function)e(and)g(its)i(c)m(hildren.)78
12306 b(If)42 b Fr(name)48 b Fu(is)43 b(`)p Ft(-)p Fu(',)j(the)d(set)h(of)f
12307 (shell)630 1271 y(options)34 b(is)f(made)g(lo)s(cal)i(to)f(the)f
12308 (function)g(in)g(whic)m(h)g Ft(local)f Fu(is)h(in)m(v)m(ok)m(ed:)48
12309 b(shell)34 b(options)630 1381 y(c)m(hanged)e(using)e(the)i
12310 Ft(set)e Fu(builtin)h(inside)g(the)g(function)g(are)g(restored)h(to)g
12311 (their)f(original)630 1491 y(v)-5 b(alues)25 b(when)e(the)i(function)f
12312 (returns.)37 b(The)24 b(return)f(status)i(is)f(zero)i(unless)d
12313 Ft(local)g Fu(is)i(used)630 1600 y(outside)k(a)f(function,)h(an)f(in)m
12314 (v)-5 b(alid)29 b Fr(name)k Fu(is)28 b(supplied,)g(or)g
12315 Fr(name)34 b Fu(is)28 b(a)h(readonly)f(v)-5 b(ariable.)150
12316 1758 y Ft(logout)870 1891 y(logout)46 b([)p Fj(n)p Ft(])630
12317 2025 y Fu(Exit)31 b(a)g(login)g(shell,)g(returning)e(a)i(status)g(of)f
12318 Fr(n)g Fu(to)h(the)g(shell's)f(paren)m(t.)150 2182 y
12319 Ft(mapfile)870 2316 y(mapfile)46 b([-d)h Fj(delim)p Ft(])f([-n)h
12320 Fj(count)p Ft(])f([-O)h Fj(origin)p Ft(])f([-s)g Fj(count)p
12321 Ft(])1061 2426 y([-t])h([-u)f Fj(fd)p Ft(])h([-C)g Fj(callback)p
12322 Ft(])f([-c)g Fj(quantum)p Ft(])g([)p Fj(array)p Ft(])630
12323 2559 y Fu(Read)38 b(lines)f(from)g(the)h(standard)e(input)g(in)m(to)j
12324 (the)e(indexed)g(arra)m(y)h(v)-5 b(ariable)38 b Fr(arra)m(y)p
12325 Fu(,)i(or)630 2669 y(from)28 b(\014le)h(descriptor)f
12326 Fr(fd)k Fu(if)c(the)h Ft(-u)f Fu(option)h(is)g(supplied.)39
12327 b(The)28 b(v)-5 b(ariable)29 b Ft(MAPFILE)e Fu(is)i(the)630
12328 2778 y(default)i Fr(arra)m(y)p Fu(.)41 b(Options,)30
12329 b(if)g(supplied,)g(ha)m(v)m(e)h(the)g(follo)m(wing)h(meanings:)630
12330 2936 y Ft(-d)384 b Fu(The)37 b(\014rst)g(c)m(haracter)i(of)f
12331 Fr(delim)g Fu(is)f(used)g(to)h(terminate)h(eac)m(h)g(input)d(line,)1110
12332 3045 y(rather)41 b(than)h(newline.)74 b(If)41 b Fr(delim)h
12333 Fu(is)g(the)f(empt)m(y)h(string,)j Ft(mapfile)40 b Fu(will)1110
12334 3155 y(terminate)31 b(a)g(line)g(when)e(it)i(reads)f(a)h(NUL)g(c)m
12335 (haracter.)630 3313 y Ft(-n)384 b Fu(Cop)m(y)30 b(at)h(most)g
12336 Fr(coun)m(t)i Fu(lines.)41 b(If)30 b Fr(coun)m(t)j Fu(is)d(0,)h(all)h
12337 (lines)e(are)h(copied.)630 3470 y Ft(-O)384 b Fu(Begin)31
12338 b(assigning)g(to)g Fr(arra)m(y)39 b Fu(at)31 b(index)f
12339 Fr(origin)p Fu(.)41 b(The)30 b(default)h(index)f(is)g(0.)630
12340 3628 y Ft(-s)384 b Fu(Discard)31 b(the)f(\014rst)g Fr(coun)m(t)j
12341 Fu(lines)e(read.)630 3785 y Ft(-t)384 b Fu(Remo)m(v)m(e)32
12342 b(a)f(trailing)g Fr(delim)g Fu(\(default)g(newline\))f(from)g(eac)m(h)i
12343 (line)f(read.)630 3943 y Ft(-u)384 b Fu(Read)31 b(lines)f(from)g
12344 (\014le)h(descriptor)f Fr(fd)j Fu(instead)e(of)f(the)h(standard)e
12345 (input.)630 4100 y Ft(-C)384 b Fu(Ev)-5 b(aluate)26 b
12346 Fr(callbac)m(k)33 b Fu(eac)m(h)26 b(time)g Fr(quan)m(tum)f
12347 Fu(lines)g(are)g(read.)39 b(The)25 b Ft(-c)f Fu(option)1110
12348 4210 y(sp)s(eci\014es)30 b Fr(quan)m(tum)p Fu(.)630 4367
12349 y Ft(-c)384 b Fu(Sp)s(ecify)30 b(the)g(n)m(um)m(b)s(er)f(of)i(lines)f
12350 (read)h(b)s(et)m(w)m(een)g(eac)m(h)g(call)h(to)f Fr(callbac)m(k)p
12351 Fu(.)630 4525 y(If)36 b Ft(-C)g Fu(is)g(sp)s(eci\014ed)g(without)g
12352 Ft(-c)p Fu(,)h(the)g(default)f(quan)m(tum)g(is)h(5000.)60
12353 b(When)36 b Fr(callbac)m(k)44 b Fu(is)630 4634 y(ev)-5
12354 b(aluated,)30 b(it)e(is)g(supplied)f(the)h(index)f(of)i(the)f(next)g
12355 (arra)m(y)g(elemen)m(t)h(to)g(b)s(e)e(assigned)i(and)630
12356 4744 y(the)39 b(line)g(to)h(b)s(e)e(assigned)h(to)h(that)f(elemen)m(t)i
12357 (as)e(additional)h(argumen)m(ts.)66 b Fr(callbac)m(k)47
12358 b Fu(is)630 4854 y(ev)-5 b(aluated)32 b(after)e(the)h(line)g(is)f(read)
12359 g(but)g(b)s(efore)g(the)h(arra)m(y)g(elemen)m(t)g(is)g(assigned.)630
12360 4987 y(If)25 b(not)g(supplied)f(with)h(an)g(explicit)i(origin,)g
12361 Ft(mapfile)c Fu(will)j(clear)g Fr(arra)m(y)34 b Fu(b)s(efore)24
12362 b(assigning)630 5097 y(to)31 b(it.)630 5230 y Ft(mapfile)41
12363 b Fu(returns)g(successfully)i(unless)e(an)i(in)m(v)-5
12364 b(alid)43 b(option)g(or)g(option)g(argumen)m(t)g(is)630
12365 5340 y(supplied,)29 b Fr(arra)m(y)39 b Fu(is)30 b(in)m(v)-5
12366 b(alid)31 b(or)g(unassignable,)f(or)h Fr(arra)m(y)38
12367 b Fu(is)31 b(not)f(an)h(indexed)e(arra)m(y)-8 b(.)p eop
12368 end
12369 %%Page: 58 64
12370 TeXDict begin 58 63 bop 150 -116 a Fu(Chapter)30 b(4:)41
12371 b(Shell)30 b(Builtin)h(Commands)2069 b(58)150 299 y Ft(printf)870
12372 434 y(printf)46 b([-v)h Fj(var)p Ft(])g Fj(format)f Ft([)p
12373 Fj(arguments)p Ft(])630 570 y Fu(W)-8 b(rite)27 b(the)g(formatted)f
12374 Fr(argumen)m(ts)k Fu(to)d(the)f(standard)f(output)h(under)e(the)i(con)m
12375 (trol)i(of)e(the)630 679 y Fr(format)p Fu(.)66 b(The)39
12376 b Ft(-v)f Fu(option)h(causes)g(the)g(output)g(to)g(b)s(e)f(assigned)h
12377 (to)h(the)f(v)-5 b(ariable)39 b Fr(v)-5 b(ar)630 789
12378 y Fu(rather)30 b(than)g(b)s(eing)g(prin)m(ted)g(to)h(the)g(standard)e
12379 (output.)630 924 y(The)36 b Fr(format)i Fu(is)f(a)f(c)m(haracter)i
12380 (string)e(whic)m(h)g(con)m(tains)i(three)e(t)m(yp)s(es)g(of)h(ob)5
12381 b(jects:)53 b(plain)630 1034 y(c)m(haracters,)41 b(whic)m(h)c(are)h
12382 (simply)e(copied)i(to)g(standard)f(output,)i(c)m(haracter)g(escap)s(e)e
12383 (se-)630 1143 y(quences,)g(whic)m(h)f(are)g(con)m(v)m(erted)h(and)f
12384 (copied)g(to)g(the)g(standard)f(output,)i(and)f(format)630
12385 1253 y(sp)s(eci\014cations,)j(eac)m(h)e(of)g(whic)m(h)f(causes)g(prin)m
12386 (ting)g(of)h(the)f(next)h(successiv)m(e)g Fr(argumen)m(t)p
12387 Fu(.)630 1363 y(In)24 b(addition)h(to)g(the)g(standard)f
12388 Ft(printf\(1\))e Fu(formats,)27 b Ft(printf)c Fu(in)m(terprets)i(the)f
12389 (follo)m(wing)630 1472 y(extensions:)630 1633 y Ft(\045b)384
12390 b Fu(Causes)38 b Ft(printf)f Fu(to)j(expand)e(bac)m(kslash)h(escap)s(e)
12391 g(sequences)g(in)f(the)h(cor-)1110 1743 y(resp)s(onding)31
12392 b Fr(argumen)m(t)j Fu(in)e(the)h(same)f(w)m(a)m(y)h(as)g
12393 Ft(echo)c(-e)j Fu(\(see)h(Section)g(4.2)1110 1852 y([Bash)e(Builtins],)
12394 g(page)g(51\).)630 2014 y Ft(\045q)384 b Fu(Causes)32
12395 b Ft(printf)e Fu(to)i(output)g(the)g(corresp)s(onding)f
12396 Fr(argumen)m(t)j Fu(in)d(a)i(format)1110 2123 y(that)e(can)g(b)s(e)e
12397 (reused)h(as)h(shell)f(input.)630 2284 y Ft(\045\()p
12398 Fj(datefmt)p Ft(\)T)1110 2394 y Fu(Causes)f Ft(printf)e
12399 Fu(to)j(output)f(the)g(date-time)i(string)e(resulting)h(from)e(using)
12400 1110 2504 y Fr(datefm)m(t)45 b Fu(as)d(a)g(format)g(string)g(for)g
12401 Ft(strftime)p Fu(\(3\).)74 b(The)41 b(corresp)s(onding)1110
12402 2613 y Fr(argumen)m(t)h Fu(is)e(an)g(in)m(teger)i(represen)m(ting)e
12403 (the)g(n)m(um)m(b)s(er)f(of)h(seconds)g(since)1110 2723
12404 y(the)24 b(ep)s(o)s(c)m(h.)38 b(Tw)m(o)24 b(sp)s(ecial)h(argumen)m(t)f
12405 (v)-5 b(alues)24 b(ma)m(y)h(b)s(e)e(used:)36 b(-1)25
12406 b(represen)m(ts)1110 2832 y(the)30 b(curren)m(t)g(time,)h(and)e(-2)i
12407 (represen)m(ts)f(the)g(time)h(the)f(shell)g(w)m(as)g(in)m(v)m(ok)m(ed.)
12408 1110 2942 y(If)38 b(no)g(argumen)m(t)h(is)f(sp)s(eci\014ed,)i(con)m(v)m
12409 (ersion)f(b)s(eha)m(v)m(es)g(as)g(if)f(-1)h(had)f(b)s(een)1110
12410 3051 y(giv)m(en.)k(This)29 b(is)i(an)f(exception)i(to)f(the)f(usual)g
12411 Ft(printf)f Fu(b)s(eha)m(vior.)630 3213 y(The)d(\045b,)h(\045q,)h(and)e
12412 (\045T)g(directiv)m(es)j(all)e(use)g(the)g(\014eld)f(width)g(and)h
12413 (precision)g(argumen)m(ts)630 3322 y(from)f(the)g(format)h(sp)s
12414 (eci\014cation)g(and)e(write)i(that)f(man)m(y)h(b)m(ytes)f(from)g(\(or)
12415 h(use)e(that)i(wide)630 3432 y(a)42 b(\014eld)g(for\))g(the)h(expanded)
12416 e(argumen)m(t,)k(whic)m(h)d(usually)g(con)m(tains)h(more)f(c)m
12417 (haracters)630 3541 y(than)30 b(the)h(original.)630 3677
12418 y(Argumen)m(ts)d(to)h(non-string)e(format)i(sp)s(eci\014ers)e(are)h
12419 (treated)h(as)g(C)e(language)j(constan)m(ts,)630 3786
12420 y(except)22 b(that)g(a)g(leading)g(plus)e(or)h(min)m(us)f(sign)i(is)f
12421 (allo)m(w)m(ed,)k(and)c(if)g(the)g(leading)h(c)m(haracter)h(is)630
12422 3896 y(a)i(single)g(or)f(double)h(quote,)h(the)f(v)-5
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12425 Fu(is)f(reused)e(as)i(necessary)f(to)i(consume)e(all)h(of)f(the)h
12426 Fr(argumen)m(ts)p Fu(.)44 b(If)30 b(the)i Fr(for-)630
12427 4141 y(mat)c Fu(requires)e(more)g Fr(argumen)m(ts)k Fu(than)25
12428 b(are)i(supplied,)e(the)h(extra)h(format)f(sp)s(eci\014cations)630
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12430 b(or)g(n)m(ull)f(string,)h(as)g(appropriate,)g(had)f(b)s(een)g
12431 (supplied.)38 b(The)630 4360 y(return)29 b(v)-5 b(alue)31
12432 b(is)g(zero)g(on)f(success,)h(non-zero)g(on)f(failure.)150
12433 4521 y Ft(read)870 4657 y(read)47 b([-ers])f([-a)h Fj(aname)p
12434 Ft(])f([-d)h Fj(delim)p Ft(])f([-i)h Fj(text)p Ft(])f([-n)h
12435 Fj(nchars)p Ft(])1061 4766 y([-N)g Fj(nchars)p Ft(])f([-p)h
12436 Fj(prompt)p Ft(])e([-t)i Fj(timeout)p Ft(])f([-u)h Fj(fd)p
12437 Ft(])g([)p Fj(name)f Ft(...)o(])630 4902 y Fu(One)38
12438 b(line)g(is)g(read)g(from)g(the)g(standard)f(input,)j(or)e(from)f(the)i
12439 (\014le)f(descriptor)g Fr(fd)j Fu(sup-)630 5011 y(plied)34
12440 b(as)h(an)f(argumen)m(t)h(to)g(the)f Ft(-u)g Fu(option,)i(split)f(in)m
12441 (to)g(w)m(ords)f(as)g(describ)s(ed)g(ab)s(o)m(v)m(e)h(in)630
12442 5121 y(Section)j(3.5.7)h([W)-8 b(ord)38 b(Splitting],)i(page)e(32,)j
12443 (and)36 b(the)i(\014rst)f(w)m(ord)g(is)g(assigned)h(to)g(the)630
12444 5230 y(\014rst)32 b Fr(name)p Fu(,)h(the)g(second)g(w)m(ord)f(to)h(the)
12445 g(second)g Fr(name)p Fu(,)g(and)f(so)h(on.)47 b(If)32
12446 b(there)h(are)g(more)630 5340 y(w)m(ords)39 b(than)g(names,)j(the)e
12447 (remaining)f(w)m(ords)g(and)g(their)h(in)m(terv)m(ening)g(delimiters)h
12448 (are)p eop end
12449 %%Page: 59 65
12450 TeXDict begin 59 64 bop 150 -116 a Fu(Chapter)30 b(4:)41
12451 b(Shell)30 b(Builtin)h(Commands)2069 b(59)630 299 y(assigned)29
12452 b(to)h(the)g(last)g Fr(name)p Fu(.)40 b(If)29 b(there)g(are)h(few)m(er)
12453 f(w)m(ords)g(read)g(from)g(the)g(input)g(stream)630 408
12454 y(than)35 b(names,)i(the)e(remaining)h(names)f(are)h(assigned)f(empt)m
12455 (y)h(v)-5 b(alues.)56 b(The)34 b(c)m(haracters)630 518
12456 y(in)e(the)h(v)-5 b(alue)33 b(of)g(the)g Ft(IFS)f Fu(v)-5
12457 b(ariable)33 b(are)h(used)d(to)j(split)f(the)g(line)g(in)m(to)g(w)m
12458 (ords)g(using)f(the)630 628 y(same)d(rules)f(the)g(shell)h(uses)f(for)g
12459 (expansion)g(\(describ)s(ed)g(ab)s(o)m(v)m(e)i(in)e(Section)h(3.5.7)h
12460 ([W)-8 b(ord)630 737 y(Splitting],)38 b(page)f(32\).)60
12461 b(The)35 b(bac)m(kslash)i(c)m(haracter)h(`)p Ft(\\)p
12462 Fu(')e(ma)m(y)h(b)s(e)f(used)f(to)i(remo)m(v)m(e)h(an)m(y)630
12463 847 y(sp)s(ecial)i(meaning)g(for)f(the)g(next)h(c)m(haracter)h(read)e
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12466 g(the)f(v)-5 b(ariable)36 b Ft(REPLY)p Fu(.)54 b(The)35
12467 b(exit)630 1066 y(status)f(is)f(zero,)i(unless)e(end-of-\014le)h(is)f
12468 (encoun)m(tered,)i Ft(read)e Fu(times)h(out)f(\(in)h(whic)m(h)f(case)
12469 630 1176 y(the)g(status)h(is)f(greater)i(than)e(128\),)j(a)e(v)-5
12470 b(ariable)34 b(assignmen)m(t)g(error)f(\(suc)m(h)g(as)g(assigning)630
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12472 (an)g(in)m(v)-5 b(alid)38 b(\014le)f(descriptor)g(is)g(supplied)e(as)j
12473 (the)630 1395 y(argumen)m(t)31 b(to)g Ft(-u)p Fu(.)630
12474 1533 y(Options,)f(if)h(supplied,)e(ha)m(v)m(e)i(the)g(follo)m(wing)h
12475 (meanings:)630 1700 y Ft(-a)e Fj(aname)114 b Fu(The)34
12476 b(w)m(ords)f(are)i(assigned)f(to)h(sequen)m(tial)h(indices)e(of)g(the)g
12477 (arra)m(y)h(v)-5 b(ariable)1110 1810 y Fr(aname)p Fu(,)29
12478 b(starting)h(at)f(0.)40 b(All)29 b(elemen)m(ts)h(are)e(remo)m(v)m(ed)i
12479 (from)d Fr(aname)34 b Fu(b)s(efore)1110 1920 y(the)d(assignmen)m(t.)41
12480 b(Other)30 b Fr(name)36 b Fu(argumen)m(ts)30 b(are)h(ignored.)630
12481 2087 y Ft(-d)f Fj(delim)114 b Fu(The)41 b(\014rst)h(c)m(haracter)h(of)f
12482 Fr(delim)g Fu(is)g(used)g(to)g(terminate)h(the)f(input)f(line,)1110
12483 2196 y(rather)31 b(than)g(newline.)42 b(If)30 b Fr(delim)h
12484 Fu(is)g(the)h(empt)m(y)f(string,)g Ft(read)f Fu(will)h(termi-)1110
12485 2306 y(nate)g(a)g(line)f(when)g(it)h(reads)f(a)h(NUL)f(c)m(haracter.)
12486 630 2473 y Ft(-e)384 b Fu(Readline)46 b(\(see)g(Chapter)e(8)h([Command)
12487 f(Line)h(Editing],)50 b(page)45 b(111\))i(is)1110 2583
12488 y(used)37 b(to)i(obtain)g(the)f(line.)65 b(Readline)39
12489 b(uses)e(the)i(curren)m(t)f(\(or)g(default,)j(if)1110
12490 2693 y(line)h(editing)g(w)m(as)g(not)g(previously)f(activ)m(e\))k
12491 (editing)d(settings,)j(but)c(uses)1110 2802 y(Readline's)31
12492 b(default)g(\014lename)f(completion.)630 2969 y Ft(-i)g
12493 Fj(text)162 b Fu(If)36 b(Readline)i(is)f(b)s(eing)g(used)f(to)h(read)g
12494 (the)g(line,)j Fr(text)f Fu(is)e(placed)h(in)m(to)g(the)1110
12495 3079 y(editing)31 b(bu\013er)e(b)s(efore)h(editing)h(b)s(egins.)630
12496 3246 y Ft(-n)f Fj(nchars)66 b Ft(read)38 b Fu(returns)f(after)j
12497 (reading)f Fr(nc)m(hars)j Fu(c)m(haracters)e(rather)f(than)g(w)m
12498 (aiting)1110 3356 y(for)d(a)h(complete)h(line)f(of)g(input,)g(but)f
12499 (honors)g(a)h(delimiter)g(if)f(few)m(er)h(than)1110 3465
12500 y Fr(nc)m(hars)d Fu(c)m(haracters)e(are)e(read)h(b)s(efore)f(the)g
12501 (delimiter.)630 3633 y Ft(-N)g Fj(nchars)66 b Ft(read)39
12502 b Fu(returns)f(after)j(reading)e(exactly)j Fr(nc)m(hars)h
12503 Fu(c)m(haracters)f(rather)d(than)1110 3742 y(w)m(aiting)32
12504 b(for)f(a)g(complete)i(line)e(of)g(input,)g(unless)f(EOF)h(is)g(encoun)
12505 m(tered)g(or)1110 3852 y Ft(read)f Fu(times)i(out.)43
12506 b(Delimiter)33 b(c)m(haracters)f(encoun)m(tered)g(in)f(the)g(input)g
12507 (are)1110 3961 y(not)g(treated)h(sp)s(ecially)f(and)f(do)h(not)g(cause)
12508 g Ft(read)e Fu(to)j(return)d(un)m(til)i Fr(nc)m(hars)1110
12509 4071 y Fu(c)m(haracters)26 b(are)f(read.)38 b(The)24
12510 b(result)g(is)h(not)f(split)h(on)f(the)h(c)m(haracters)h(in)e
12511 Ft(IFS)p Fu(;)1110 4181 y(the)e(in)m(ten)m(t)i(is)e(that)h(the)f(v)-5
12512 b(ariable)23 b(is)f(assigned)g(exactly)i(the)e(c)m(haracters)i(read)
12513 1110 4290 y(\(with)30 b(the)h(exception)h(of)e(bac)m(kslash;)h(see)g
12514 (the)g Ft(-r)f Fu(option)h(b)s(elo)m(w\).)630 4457 y
12515 Ft(-p)f Fj(prompt)66 b Fu(Displa)m(y)38 b Fr(prompt)p
12516 Fu(,)g(without)e(a)h(trailing)h(newline,)h(b)s(efore)d(attempting)i(to)
12517 1110 4567 y(read)f(an)m(y)h(input.)60 b(The)37 b(prompt)g(is)g(displa)m
12518 (y)m(ed)h(only)f(if)g(input)g(is)g(coming)1110 4677 y(from)30
12519 b(a)h(terminal.)630 4844 y Ft(-r)384 b Fu(If)21 b(this)h(option)g(is)f
12520 (giv)m(en,)k(bac)m(kslash)d(do)s(es)f(not)h(act)h(as)f(an)f(escap)s(e)h
12521 (c)m(haracter.)1110 4954 y(The)30 b(bac)m(kslash)i(is)f(considered)g
12522 (to)h(b)s(e)e(part)h(of)g(the)g(line.)43 b(In)30 b(particular,)i(a)1110
12523 5063 y(bac)m(kslash-newline)26 b(pair)e(ma)m(y)h(not)g(then)g(b)s(e)f
12524 (used)g(as)h(a)g(line)g(con)m(tin)m(uation.)630 5230
12525 y Ft(-s)384 b Fu(Silen)m(t)28 b(mo)s(de.)40 b(If)27 b(input)f(is)i
12526 (coming)g(from)f(a)h(terminal,)h(c)m(haracters)g(are)f(not)1110
12527 5340 y(ec)m(ho)s(ed.)p eop end
12528 %%Page: 60 66
12529 TeXDict begin 60 65 bop 150 -116 a Fu(Chapter)30 b(4:)41
12530 b(Shell)30 b(Builtin)h(Commands)2069 b(60)630 299 y Ft(-t)30
12531 b Fj(timeout)1110 408 y Fu(Cause)42 b Ft(read)g Fu(to)h(time)h(out)f
12532 (and)f(return)f(failure)i(if)g(a)g(complete)h(line)f(of)1110
12533 518 y(input)26 b(\(or)h(a)g(sp)s(eci\014ed)f(n)m(um)m(b)s(er)g(of)h(c)m
12534 (haracters\))h(is)f(not)g(read)g(within)f Fr(time-)1110
12535 628 y(out)37 b Fu(seconds.)53 b Fr(timeout)38 b Fu(ma)m(y)d(b)s(e)f(a)h
12536 (decimal)h(n)m(um)m(b)s(er)d(with)h(a)h(fractional)1110
12537 737 y(p)s(ortion)29 b(follo)m(wing)h(the)f(decimal)h(p)s(oin)m(t.)40
12538 b(This)29 b(option)g(is)g(only)g(e\013ectiv)m(e)j(if)1110
12539 847 y Ft(read)j Fu(is)i(reading)g(input)e(from)h(a)h(terminal,)i(pip)s
12540 (e,)e(or)g(other)f(sp)s(ecial)i(\014le;)1110 956 y(it)31
12541 b(has)g(no)g(e\013ect)h(when)e(reading)h(from)g(regular)g(\014les.)42
12542 b(If)30 b Ft(read)g Fu(times)h(out,)1110 1066 y Ft(read)d
12543 Fu(sa)m(v)m(es)j(an)m(y)f(partial)h(input)d(read)i(in)m(to)h(the)e(sp)s
12544 (eci\014ed)g(v)-5 b(ariable)31 b Fr(name)p Fu(.)1110
12545 1176 y(If)k Fr(timeout)j Fu(is)e(0,)h Ft(read)e Fu(returns)f
12546 (immediately)-8 b(,)39 b(without)c(trying)h(to)g(read)1110
12547 1285 y(an)m(y)c(data.)44 b(The)31 b(exit)h(status)f(is)h(0)f(if)h
12548 (input)e(is)h(a)m(v)-5 b(ailable)34 b(on)d(the)h(sp)s(eci\014ed)1110
12549 1395 y(\014le)g(descriptor,)g(non-zero)h(otherwise.)46
12550 b(The)31 b(exit)i(status)f(is)g(greater)h(than)1110 1504
12551 y(128)f(if)e(the)h(timeout)g(is)f(exceeded.)630 1656
12552 y Ft(-u)g Fj(fd)258 b Fu(Read)31 b(input)e(from)h(\014le)g(descriptor)h
12553 Fr(fd)p Fu(.)150 1807 y Ft(readarray)870 1917 y(readarray)45
12554 b([-d)i Fj(delim)p Ft(])f([-n)h Fj(count)p Ft(])f([-O)h
12555 Fj(origin)p Ft(])f([-s)h Fj(count)p Ft(])1061 2026 y([-t])g([-u)f
12556 Fj(fd)p Ft(])h([-C)g Fj(callback)p Ft(])f([-c)g Fj(quantum)p
12557 Ft(])g([)p Fj(array)p Ft(])630 2157 y Fu(Read)38 b(lines)f(from)g(the)h
12558 (standard)e(input)g(in)m(to)j(the)e(indexed)g(arra)m(y)h(v)-5
12559 b(ariable)38 b Fr(arra)m(y)p Fu(,)i(or)630 2266 y(from)30
12560 b(\014le)g(descriptor)h Fr(fd)i Fu(if)d(the)h Ft(-u)e
12561 Fu(option)i(is)g(supplied.)630 2397 y(A)f(synon)m(ym)g(for)g
12562 Ft(mapfile)p Fu(.)150 2548 y Ft(source)870 2679 y(source)46
12563 b Fj(filename)630 2809 y Fu(A)30 b(synon)m(ym)g(for)g
12564 Ft(.)g Fu(\(see)i(Section)f(4.1)g([Bourne)g(Shell)f(Builtins],)h(page)g
12565 (44\).)150 2960 y Ft(type)870 3091 y(type)47 b([-afptP])e([)p
12566 Fj(name)i Ft(...)o(])630 3221 y Fu(F)-8 b(or)42 b(eac)m(h)g
12567 Fr(name)p Fu(,)i(indicate)e(ho)m(w)g(it)f(w)m(ould)g(b)s(e)g(in)m
12568 (terpreted)g(if)g(used)f(as)i(a)f(command)630 3331 y(name.)630
12569 3461 y(If)g(the)g Ft(-t)g Fu(option)h(is)f(used,)j Ft(type)c
12570 Fu(prin)m(ts)h(a)h(single)g(w)m(ord)f(whic)m(h)g(is)g(one)h(of)g(`)p
12571 Ft(alias)p Fu(',)630 3571 y(`)p Ft(function)p Fu(',)32
12572 b(`)p Ft(builtin)p Fu(',)g(`)p Ft(file)p Fu(')g(or)h(`)p
12573 Ft(keyword)p Fu(',)f(if)h Fr(name)38 b Fu(is)33 b(an)f(alias,)j(shell)e
12574 (function,)630 3680 y(shell)i(builtin,)g(disk)g(\014le,)h(or)e(shell)h
12575 (reserv)m(ed)g(w)m(ord,)h(resp)s(ectiv)m(ely)-8 b(.)55
12576 b(If)34 b(the)h Fr(name)40 b Fu(is)35 b(not)630 3790
12577 y(found,)29 b(then)h(nothing)h(is)f(prin)m(ted,)g(and)g
12578 Ft(type)f Fu(returns)g(a)i(failure)g(status.)630 3921
12579 y(If)25 b(the)g Ft(-p)g Fu(option)h(is)f(used,)h Ft(type)e
12580 Fu(either)h(returns)g(the)g(name)g(of)h(the)f(disk)g(\014le)g(that)h(w)
12581 m(ould)630 4030 y(b)s(e)k(executed,)h(or)g(nothing)f(if)g
12582 Ft(-t)g Fu(w)m(ould)g(not)h(return)e(`)p Ft(file)p Fu('.)630
12583 4161 y(The)h Ft(-P)g Fu(option)h(forces)g(a)g(path)f(searc)m(h)h(for)g
12584 (eac)m(h)g Fr(name)p Fu(,)g(ev)m(en)g(if)g Ft(-t)f Fu(w)m(ould)g(not)h
12585 (return)630 4270 y(`)p Ft(file)p Fu('.)630 4401 y(If)f(a)g(command)g
12586 (is)g(hashed,)f Ft(-p)h Fu(and)f Ft(-P)g Fu(prin)m(t)h(the)g(hashed)f
12587 (v)-5 b(alue,)31 b(whic)m(h)f(is)g(not)g(neces-)630 4510
12588 y(sarily)h(the)f(\014le)h(that)g(app)s(ears)e(\014rst)h(in)g
12589 Ft($PATH)p Fu(.)630 4641 y(If)22 b(the)i Ft(-a)e Fu(option)h(is)g
12590 (used,)h Ft(type)e Fu(returns)f(all)j(of)f(the)g(places)h(that)f(con)m
12591 (tain)i(an)d(executable)630 4750 y(named)32 b Fr(\014le)p
12592 Fu(.)49 b(This)32 b(includes)h(aliases)h(and)e(functions,)i(if)f(and)f
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12594 (used.)630 4990 y(If)f(the)g Ft(-f)g Fu(option)g(is)h(used,)e
12595 Ft(type)g Fu(do)s(es)h(not)h(attempt)g(to)g(\014nd)d(shell)j
12596 (functions,)f(as)g(with)630 5100 y(the)h Ft(command)d
12597 Fu(builtin.)630 5230 y(The)j(return)f(status)h(is)g(zero)h(if)f(all)h
12598 (of)f(the)h Fr(names)i Fu(are)e(found,)e(non-zero)i(if)f(an)m(y)g(are)h
12599 (not)630 5340 y(found.)p eop end
12600 %%Page: 61 67
12601 TeXDict begin 61 66 bop 150 -116 a Fu(Chapter)30 b(4:)41
12602 b(Shell)30 b(Builtin)h(Commands)2069 b(61)150 299 y Ft(typeset)870
12603 432 y(typeset)46 b([-afFgrxilnrtux])d([-p])k([)p Fj(name)p
12604 Ft([=)p Fj(value)p Ft(])d(...)o(])630 564 y Fu(The)31
12605 b Ft(typeset)e Fu(command)i(is)g(supplied)f(for)h(compatibilit)m(y)i
12606 (with)e(the)g(Korn)f(shell.)44 b(It)31 b(is)630 674 y(a)g(synon)m(ym)f
12607 (for)g(the)g Ft(declare)f Fu(builtin)h(command.)150 830
12608 y Ft(ulimit)870 963 y(ulimit)46 b([-HSabcdefiklmnpqrstuvxPT)o(])c([)p
12609 Fj(limit)p Ft(])630 1096 y(ulimit)25 b Fu(pro)m(vides)h(con)m(trol)i(o)
12610 m(v)m(er)g(the)f(resources)f(a)m(v)-5 b(ailable)29 b(to)e(pro)s(cesses)
12611 f(started)h(b)m(y)g(the)630 1205 y(shell,)i(on)f(systems)g(that)h(allo)
12612 m(w)h(suc)m(h)e(con)m(trol.)41 b(If)28 b(an)g(option)h(is)f(giv)m(en,)i
12613 (it)e(is)h(in)m(terpreted)630 1315 y(as)i(follo)m(ws:)630
12614 1471 y Ft(-S)384 b Fu(Change)30 b(and)g(rep)s(ort)g(the)g(soft)h(limit)
12615 g(asso)s(ciated)h(with)e(a)h(resource.)630 1627 y Ft(-H)384
12616 b Fu(Change)30 b(and)g(rep)s(ort)g(the)g(hard)g(limit)h(asso)s(ciated)h
12617 (with)e(a)h(resource.)630 1783 y Ft(-a)384 b Fu(All)31
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12654 5340 y(microseconds.)p eop end
12655 %%Page: 62 68
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12730 b(ma)m(y)h(consist)f(of)h(a)f(single)h(simple)f(command)g(\(see)p
12731 eop end
12732 %%Page: 63 69
12733 TeXDict begin 63 68 bop 150 -116 a Fu(Chapter)30 b(4:)41
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12741 737 y(command)g(list)h(immediately)g(follo)m(wing)g(a)g
12742 Ft(while)e Fu(or)h Ft(until)e Fu(k)m(eyw)m(ord,)1110
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12744 b(part)61 b(of)g(an)m(y)g(command)1110 956 y(executed)50
12745 b(in)e(a)h Ft(&&)f Fu(or)h Ft(||)f Fu(list)h(except)g(the)g(command)g
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12796 Ft(-B)p Fu(.)p eop end
12797 %%Page: 64 70
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12822 3367 y Ft(notify)192 b Fu(Same)30 b(as)h Ft(-b)p Fu(.)1110
12823 3524 y Ft(nounset)144 b Fu(Same)30 b(as)h Ft(-u)p Fu(.)1110
12824 3680 y Ft(onecmd)192 b Fu(Same)30 b(as)h Ft(-t)p Fu(.)1110
12825 3837 y Ft(physical)96 b Fu(Same)30 b(as)h Ft(-P)p Fu(.)1110
12826 3994 y Ft(pipefail)96 b Fu(If)44 b(set,)k(the)d(return)e(v)-5
12827 b(alue)45 b(of)f(a)h(pip)s(eline)e(is)i(the)f(v)-5 b(alue)45
12828 b(of)1590 4103 y(the)33 b(last)h(\(righ)m(tmost\))h(command)e(to)h
12829 (exit)g(with)f(a)g(non-zero)1590 4213 y(status,)28 b(or)f(zero)g(if)f
12830 (all)i(commands)e(in)g(the)h(pip)s(eline)f(exit)i(suc-)1590
12831 4322 y(cessfully)-8 b(.)41 b(This)30 b(option)h(is)f(disabled)g(b)m(y)h
12832 (default.)1110 4479 y Ft(posix)240 b Fu(Change)30 b(the)g(b)s(eha)m
12833 (vior)h(of)f(Bash)g(where)g(the)g(default)h(op)s(era-)1590
12834 4589 y(tion)25 b(di\013ers)f(from)g(the)h Fm(posix)f
12835 Fu(standard)f(to)i(matc)m(h)h(the)f(stan-)1590 4698 y(dard)h(\(see)j
12836 (Section)f(6.11)h([Bash)f(POSIX)e(Mo)s(de],)j(page)f(101\).)1590
12837 4808 y(This)37 b(is)g(in)m(tended)g(to)h(mak)m(e)g(Bash)g(b)s(eha)m(v)m
12838 (e)g(as)g(a)f(strict)h(su-)1590 4917 y(p)s(erset)30 b(of)h(that)f
12839 (standard.)1110 5074 y Ft(privileged)1590 5183 y Fu(Same)g(as)h
12840 Ft(-p)p Fu(.)1110 5340 y Ft(verbose)144 b Fu(Same)30
12841 b(as)h Ft(-v)p Fu(.)p eop end
12842 %%Page: 65 71
12843 TeXDict begin 65 70 bop 150 -116 a Fu(Chapter)30 b(4:)41
12844 b(Shell)30 b(Builtin)h(Commands)2069 b(65)1110 299 y
12845 Ft(vi)384 b Fu(Use)36 b(a)g Ft(vi)p Fu(-st)m(yle)g(line)g(editing)g(in)
12846 m(terface.)58 b(This)35 b(also)h(a\013ects)1590 408 y(the)31
12847 b(editing)g(in)m(terface)h(used)d(for)h Ft(read)f(-e)p
12848 Fu(.)1110 555 y Ft(xtrace)192 b Fu(Same)30 b(as)h Ft(-x)p
12849 Fu(.)630 701 y Ft(-p)384 b Fu(T)-8 b(urn)33 b(on)h(privileged)h(mo)s
12850 (de.)51 b(In)34 b(this)g(mo)s(de,)h(the)f Ft($BASH_ENV)e
12851 Fu(and)h Ft($ENV)1110 810 y Fu(\014les)23 b(are)h(not)f(pro)s(cessed,)h
12852 (shell)g(functions)e(are)i(not)f(inherited)g(from)f(the)i(en-)1110
12853 920 y(vironmen)m(t,)h(and)e(the)g Ft(SHELLOPTS)p Fu(,)f
12854 Ft(BASHOPTS)p Fu(,)h Ft(CDPATH)e Fu(and)i Ft(GLOBIGNORE)1110
12855 1029 y Fu(v)-5 b(ariables,)23 b(if)e(they)g(app)s(ear)f(in)g(the)h(en)m
12856 (vironmen)m(t,)i(are)e(ignored.)38 b(If)20 b(the)h(shell)1110
12857 1139 y(is)37 b(started)h(with)f(the)g(e\013ectiv)m(e)j(user)d
12858 (\(group\))g(id)g(not)g(equal)h(to)g(the)f(real)1110
12859 1249 y(user)h(\(group\))h(id,)i(and)d(the)h Ft(-p)f Fu(option)i(is)e
12860 (not)i(supplied,)f(these)h(actions)1110 1358 y(are)32
12861 b(tak)m(en)i(and)d(the)h(e\013ectiv)m(e)j(user)c(id)h(is)g(set)h(to)f
12862 (the)h(real)f(user)g(id.)45 b(If)32 b(the)1110 1468 y
12863 Ft(-p)i Fu(option)h(is)g(supplied)f(at)h(startup,)h(the)f(e\013ectiv)m
12864 (e)i(user)d(id)g(is)h(not)g(reset.)1110 1577 y(T)-8 b(urning)35
12865 b(this)i(option)g(o\013)g(causes)g(the)g(e\013ectiv)m(e)i(user)d(and)g
12866 (group)g(ids)g(to)1110 1687 y(b)s(e)30 b(set)h(to)g(the)f(real)h(user)f
12867 (and)g(group)g(ids.)630 1833 y Ft(-t)384 b Fu(Exit)31
12868 b(after)g(reading)f(and)g(executing)h(one)g(command.)630
12869 1979 y Ft(-u)384 b Fu(T)-8 b(reat)25 b(unset)e(v)-5 b(ariables)25
12870 b(and)e(parameters)h(other)h(than)e(the)h(sp)s(ecial)h(param-)1110
12871 2089 y(eters)35 b(`)p Ft(@)p Fu(')f(or)g(`)p Ft(*)p Fu(')h(as)f(an)g
12872 (error)g(when)f(p)s(erforming)g(parameter)i(expansion.)1110
12873 2198 y(An)28 b(error)h(message)g(will)g(b)s(e)f(written)h(to)h(the)e
12874 (standard)g(error,)h(and)f(a)h(non-)1110 2308 y(in)m(teractiv)m(e)k
12875 (shell)e(will)g(exit.)630 2454 y Ft(-v)384 b Fu(Prin)m(t)30
12876 b(shell)h(input)e(lines)i(as)g(they)f(are)h(read.)630
12877 2600 y Ft(-x)384 b Fu(Prin)m(t)21 b(a)h(trace)h(of)f(simple)f
12878 (commands,)i Ft(for)e Fu(commands,)i Ft(case)d Fu(commands,)1110
12879 2710 y Ft(select)29 b Fu(commands,)j(and)e(arithmetic)j
12880 Ft(for)d Fu(commands)h(and)f(their)i(argu-)1110 2819
12881 y(men)m(ts)h(or)f(asso)s(ciated)i(w)m(ord)e(lists)h(after)g(they)f(are)
12882 h(expanded)f(and)f(b)s(efore)1110 2929 y(they)i(are)g(executed.)49
12883 b(The)32 b(v)-5 b(alue)33 b(of)g(the)g Ft(PS4)f Fu(v)-5
12884 b(ariable)34 b(is)f(expanded)f(and)1110 3039 y(the)24
12885 b(resultan)m(t)h(v)-5 b(alue)24 b(is)g(prin)m(ted)g(b)s(efore)f(the)h
12886 (command)g(and)f(its)i(expanded)1110 3148 y(argumen)m(ts.)630
12887 3294 y Ft(-B)384 b Fu(The)41 b(shell)g(will)g(p)s(erform)f(brace)h
12888 (expansion)g(\(see)h(Section)g(3.5.1)g([Brace)1110 3404
12889 y(Expansion],)30 b(page)h(23\).)42 b(This)30 b(option)h(is)f(on)g(b)m
12890 (y)h(default.)630 3550 y Ft(-C)384 b Fu(Prev)m(en)m(t)25
12891 b(output)e(redirection)h(using)f(`)p Ft(>)p Fu(',)i(`)p
12892 Ft(>&)p Fu(',)g(and)e(`)p Ft(<>)p Fu(')g(from)h(o)m(v)m(erwriting)1110
12893 3660 y(existing)31 b(\014les.)630 3806 y Ft(-E)384 b
12894 Fu(If)39 b(set,)j(an)m(y)e(trap)f(on)g Ft(ERR)g Fu(is)g(inherited)g(b)m
12895 (y)g(shell)h(functions,)h(command)1110 3915 y(substitutions,)35
12896 b(and)e(commands)g(executed)i(in)f(a)g(subshell)f(en)m(vironmen)m(t.)
12897 1110 4025 y(The)d Ft(ERR)f Fu(trap)i(is)f(normally)h(not)f(inherited)g
12898 (in)g(suc)m(h)g(cases.)630 4171 y Ft(-H)384 b Fu(Enable)38
12899 b(`)p Ft(!)p Fu(')h(st)m(yle)h(history)e(substitution)g(\(see)h
12900 (Section)h(9.3)f([History)g(In-)1110 4281 y(teraction],)g(page)d
12901 (148\).)57 b(This)34 b(option)i(is)f(on)g(b)m(y)h(default)f(for)g(in)m
12902 (teractiv)m(e)1110 4390 y(shells.)630 4536 y Ft(-P)384
12903 b Fu(If)39 b(set,)j(do)d(not)g(resolv)m(e)i(sym)m(b)s(olic)e(links)g
12904 (when)f(p)s(erforming)g(commands)1110 4646 y(suc)m(h)29
12905 b(as)h Ft(cd)f Fu(whic)m(h)g(c)m(hange)h(the)g(curren)m(t)f(directory)
12906 -8 b(.)42 b(The)28 b(ph)m(ysical)j(direc-)1110 4756 y(tory)j(is)g(used)
12907 f(instead.)52 b(By)34 b(default,)h(Bash)f(follo)m(ws)h(the)f(logical)i
12908 (c)m(hain)f(of)1110 4865 y(directories)j(when)d(p)s(erforming)h
12909 (commands)g(whic)m(h)g(c)m(hange)i(the)f(curren)m(t)1110
12910 4975 y(directory)-8 b(.)1110 5103 y(F)g(or)42 b(example,)i(if)d
12911 Ft(/usr/sys)e Fu(is)i(a)g(sym)m(b)s(olic)g(link)g(to)h
12912 Ft(/usr/local/sys)1110 5212 y Fu(then:)1350 5340 y Ft($)47
12913 b(cd)h(/usr/sys;)d(echo)i($PWD)p eop end
12914 %%Page: 66 72
12915 TeXDict begin 66 71 bop 150 -116 a Fu(Chapter)30 b(4:)41
12916 b(Shell)30 b(Builtin)h(Commands)2069 b(66)1350 299 y
12917 Ft(/usr/sys)1350 408 y($)47 b(cd)h(..;)f(pwd)1350 518
12918 y(/usr)1110 652 y Fu(If)30 b Ft(set)f(-P)h Fu(is)h(on,)f(then:)1350
12919 786 y Ft($)47 b(cd)h(/usr/sys;)d(echo)i($PWD)1350 895
12920 y(/usr/local/sys)1350 1005 y($)g(cd)h(..;)f(pwd)1350
12921 1114 y(/usr/local)630 1272 y(-T)384 b Fu(If)34 b(set,)j(an)m(y)e(trap)g
12922 (on)g Ft(DEBUG)e Fu(and)i Ft(RETURN)e Fu(are)i(inherited)g(b)m(y)f
12923 (shell)i(func-)1110 1382 y(tions,)k(command)d(substitutions,)h(and)f
12924 (commands)g(executed)h(in)f(a)h(sub-)1110 1491 y(shell)33
12925 b(en)m(vironmen)m(t.)49 b(The)32 b Ft(DEBUG)g Fu(and)g
12926 Ft(RETURN)f Fu(traps)h(are)i(normally)f(not)1110 1601
12927 y(inherited)d(in)g(suc)m(h)g(cases.)630 1759 y Ft(--)384
12928 b Fu(If)44 b(no)g(argumen)m(ts)g(follo)m(w)i(this)e(option,)k(then)c
12929 (the)h(p)s(ositional)g(parame-)1110 1869 y(ters)31 b(are)g(unset.)40
12930 b(Otherwise,)31 b(the)f(p)s(ositional)i(parameters)f(are)f(set)h(to)h
12931 (the)1110 1978 y Fr(argumen)m(ts)p Fu(,)f(ev)m(en)g(if)f(some)h(of)g
12932 (them)f(b)s(egin)g(with)g(a)h(`)p Ft(-)p Fu('.)630 2136
12933 y Ft(-)432 b Fu(Signal)45 b(the)g(end)f(of)h(options,)k(cause)c(all)h
12934 (remaining)e Fr(argumen)m(ts)49 b Fu(to)d(b)s(e)1110
12935 2246 y(assigned)33 b(to)h(the)g(p)s(ositional)g(parameters.)49
12936 b(The)33 b Ft(-x)g Fu(and)f Ft(-v)h Fu(options)h(are)1110
12937 2355 y(turned)k(o\013.)68 b(If)38 b(there)i(are)f(no)g(argumen)m(ts,)j
12938 (the)e(p)s(ositional)g(parameters)1110 2465 y(remain)30
12939 b(unc)m(hanged.)630 2623 y(Using)d(`)p Ft(+)p Fu(')h(rather)f(than)g(`)
12940 p Ft(-)p Fu(')g(causes)h(these)f(options)h(to)g(b)s(e)e(turned)g
12941 (o\013.)40 b(The)27 b(options)h(can)630 2732 y(also)36
12942 b(b)s(e)f(used)f(up)s(on)g(in)m(v)m(o)s(cation)j(of)e(the)g(shell.)56
12943 b(The)34 b(curren)m(t)h(set)h(of)f(options)h(ma)m(y)g(b)s(e)630
12944 2842 y(found)29 b(in)h Ft($-)p Fu(.)630 2976 y(The)43
12945 b(remaining)h(N)f Fr(argumen)m(ts)48 b Fu(are)c(p)s(ositional)g
12946 (parameters)g(and)f(are)h(assigned,)j(in)630 3085 y(order,)30
12947 b(to)h Ft($1)p Fu(,)f Ft($2)p Fu(,)36 b(.)22 b(.)g(.)42
12948 b Ft($N)p Fu(.)e(The)30 b(sp)s(ecial)h(parameter)g Ft(#)f
12949 Fu(is)g(set)h(to)g(N.)630 3219 y(The)f(return)f(status)i(is)f(alw)m(a)m
12950 (ys)i(zero)f(unless)f(an)g(in)m(v)-5 b(alid)31 b(option)g(is)f
12951 (supplied.)150 3417 y Fk(4.3.2)63 b(The)41 b(Shopt)h(Builtin)150
12952 3564 y Fu(This)30 b(builtin)g(allo)m(ws)h(y)m(ou)g(to)g(c)m(hange)h
12953 (additional)f(shell)f(optional)i(b)s(eha)m(vior.)150
12954 3722 y Ft(shopt)870 3856 y(shopt)46 b([-pqsu])g([-o])h([)p
12955 Fj(optname)e Ft(...])630 3989 y Fu(T)-8 b(oggle)37 b(the)e(v)-5
12956 b(alues)35 b(of)g(settings)h(con)m(trolling)g(optional)g(shell)f(b)s
12957 (eha)m(vior.)55 b(The)34 b(settings)630 4099 y(can)24
12958 b(b)s(e)g(either)h(those)f(listed)h(b)s(elo)m(w,)h(or,)f(if)g(the)f
12959 Ft(-o)f Fu(option)i(is)f(used,)h(those)g(a)m(v)-5 b(ailable)26
12960 b(with)630 4209 y(the)k Ft(-o)f Fu(option)i(to)f(the)g
12961 Ft(set)f Fu(builtin)h(command)f(\(see)i(Section)g(4.3.1)g([The)f(Set)g
12962 (Builtin],)630 4318 y(page)i(62\).)45 b(With)32 b(no)f(options,)h(or)g
12963 (with)f(the)g Ft(-p)g Fu(option,)h(a)g(list)g(of)f(all)i(settable)g
12964 (options)630 4428 y(is)g(displa)m(y)m(ed,)i(with)e(an)g(indication)h
12965 (of)g(whether)e(or)h(not)h(eac)m(h)g(is)g(set;)h(if)e
12966 Fr(optnames)38 b Fu(are)630 4537 y(supplied,)25 b(the)g(output)g(is)g
12967 (restricted)g(to)h(those)g(options.)39 b(The)24 b Ft(-p)h
12968 Fu(option)g(causes)g(output)630 4647 y(to)30 b(b)s(e)f(displa)m(y)m(ed)
12969 g(in)g(a)h(form)f(that)g(ma)m(y)h(b)s(e)f(reused)f(as)i(input.)39
12970 b(Other)29 b(options)g(ha)m(v)m(e)i(the)630 4757 y(follo)m(wing)h
12971 (meanings:)630 4914 y Ft(-s)384 b Fu(Enable)30 b(\(set\))i(eac)m(h)f
12972 Fr(optname)p Fu(.)630 5072 y Ft(-u)384 b Fu(Disable)31
12973 b(\(unset\))g(eac)m(h)h Fr(optname)p Fu(.)630 5230 y
12974 Ft(-q)384 b Fu(Suppresses)28 b(normal)h(output;)h(the)g(return)e
12975 (status)i(indicates)h(whether)e(the)1110 5340 y Fr(optname)37
12976 b Fu(is)31 b(set)h(or)f(unset.)43 b(If)31 b(m)m(ultiple)h
12977 Fr(optname)37 b Fu(argumen)m(ts)31 b(are)h(giv)m(en)p
12978 eop end
12979 %%Page: 67 73
12980 TeXDict begin 67 72 bop 150 -116 a Fu(Chapter)30 b(4:)41
12981 b(Shell)30 b(Builtin)h(Commands)2069 b(67)1110 299 y(with)29
12982 b Ft(-q)p Fu(,)g(the)g(return)f(status)h(is)g(zero)h(if)f(all)h
12983 Fr(optnames)j Fu(are)d(enabled;)f(non-)1110 408 y(zero)i(otherwise.)630
12984 570 y Ft(-o)384 b Fu(Restricts)22 b(the)f(v)-5 b(alues)22
12985 b(of)f Fr(optname)27 b Fu(to)22 b(b)s(e)e(those)i(de\014ned)e(for)h
12986 (the)g Ft(-o)f Fu(option)1110 680 y(to)31 b(the)g Ft(set)e
12987 Fu(builtin)h(\(see)h(Section)h(4.3.1)g([The)e(Set)g(Builtin],)i(page)f
12988 (62\).)630 842 y(If)e(either)i Ft(-s)e Fu(or)h Ft(-u)f
12989 Fu(is)h(used)f(with)g(no)h Fr(optname)35 b Fu(argumen)m(ts,)c
12990 Ft(shopt)d Fu(sho)m(ws)h(only)h(those)630 951 y(options)h(whic)m(h)f
12991 (are)h(set)f(or)h(unset,)f(resp)s(ectiv)m(ely)-8 b(.)630
12992 1087 y(Unless)30 b(otherwise)h(noted,)g(the)g Ft(shopt)d
12993 Fu(options)j(are)g(disabled)f(\(o\013)7 b(\))32 b(b)m(y)e(default.)630
12994 1223 y(The)d(return)f(status)i(when)f(listing)h(options)g(is)f(zero)i
12995 (if)e(all)i Fr(optnames)i Fu(are)d(enabled,)g(non-)630
12996 1332 y(zero)40 b(otherwise.)66 b(When)39 b(setting)h(or)f(unsetting)g
12997 (options,)i(the)e(return)f(status)h(is)g(zero)630 1442
12998 y(unless)30 b(an)g Fr(optname)36 b Fu(is)30 b(not)h(a)g(v)-5
12999 b(alid)30 b(shell)h(option.)630 1577 y(The)f(list)h(of)f
13000 Ft(shopt)f Fu(options)i(is:)630 1739 y Ft(assoc_expand_once)1110
13001 1849 y Fu(If)h(set,)i(the)e(shell)h(suppresses)e(m)m(ultiple)i(ev)-5
13002 b(aluation)34 b(of)e(asso)s(ciativ)m(e)j(arra)m(y)1110
13003 1958 y(subscripts)24 b(during)h(arithmetic)h(expression)g(ev)-5
13004 b(aluation,)28 b(while)e(executing)1110 2068 y(builtins)c(that)i(can)f
13005 (p)s(erform)f(v)-5 b(ariable)24 b(assignmen)m(ts,)h(and)e(while)g
13006 (executing)1110 2178 y(builtins)30 b(that)h(p)s(erform)e(arra)m(y)i
13007 (dereferencing.)630 2339 y Ft(autocd)192 b Fu(If)27 b(set,)h(a)g
13008 (command)f(name)g(that)h(is)f(the)g(name)g(of)h(a)f(directory)h(is)f
13009 (executed)1110 2449 y(as)j(if)f(it)h(w)m(ere)f(the)h(argumen)m(t)g(to)g
13010 (the)f Ft(cd)g Fu(command.)40 b(This)29 b(option)g(is)h(only)1110
13011 2559 y(used)g(b)m(y)g(in)m(teractiv)m(e)j(shells.)630
13012 2720 y Ft(cdable_vars)1110 2830 y Fu(If)h(this)h(is)g(set,)i(an)e
13013 (argumen)m(t)g(to)h(the)f Ft(cd)f Fu(builtin)h(command)f(that)i(is)f
13014 (not)1110 2939 y(a)c(directory)g(is)g(assumed)f(to)h(b)s(e)f(the)h
13015 (name)f(of)h(a)g(v)-5 b(ariable)31 b(whose)g(v)-5 b(alue)31
13016 b(is)1110 3049 y(the)g(directory)f(to)i(c)m(hange)f(to.)630
13017 3211 y Ft(cdspell)144 b Fu(If)27 b(set,)h(minor)f(errors)f(in)h(the)g
13018 (sp)s(elling)h(of)f(a)g(directory)h(comp)s(onen)m(t)f(in)g(a)h
13019 Ft(cd)1110 3320 y Fu(command)i(will)h(b)s(e)f(corrected.)43
13020 b(The)30 b(errors)g(c)m(hec)m(k)m(ed)j(for)d(are)h(transp)s(osed)1110
13021 3430 y(c)m(haracters,)46 b(a)c(missing)f(c)m(haracter,)47
13022 b(and)40 b(a)i(c)m(haracter)h(to)s(o)g(man)m(y)-8 b(.)74
13023 b(If)42 b(a)1110 3540 y(correction)25 b(is)e(found,)g(the)h(corrected)g
13024 (path)f(is)g(prin)m(ted,)h(and)f(the)g(command)1110 3649
13025 y(pro)s(ceeds.)40 b(This)30 b(option)h(is)f(only)h(used)e(b)m(y)h(in)m
13026 (teractiv)m(e)k(shells.)630 3811 y Ft(checkhash)1110
13027 3921 y Fu(If)29 b(this)h(is)g(set,)g(Bash)g(c)m(hec)m(ks)h(that)g(a)f
13028 (command)f(found)g(in)g(the)h(hash)f(table)1110 4030
13029 y(exists)k(b)s(efore)f(trying)h(to)h(execute)g(it.)48
13030 b(If)32 b(a)h(hashed)e(command)i(no)f(longer)1110 4140
13031 y(exists,)f(a)g(normal)f(path)g(searc)m(h)h(is)g(p)s(erformed.)630
13032 4301 y Ft(checkjobs)1110 4411 y Fu(If)d(set,)i(Bash)e(lists)h(the)g
13033 (status)g(of)f(an)m(y)h(stopp)s(ed)f(and)g(running)e(jobs)i(b)s(efore)
13034 1110 4521 y(exiting)42 b(an)f(in)m(teractiv)m(e)j(shell.)72
13035 b(If)41 b(an)m(y)g(jobs)f(are)i(running,)g(this)f(causes)1110
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13047 %%Page: 68 74
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13096 b(The)33 b(\014lenames)i(`)p Ft(.)p Fu(')f(and)g(`)p
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13098 y(matc)m(hed)31 b(explicitly)-8 b(,)33 b(ev)m(en)e(if)f
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13110 %%Page: 69 75
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13180 eop end
13181 %%Page: 70 76
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13238 %%Page: 71 77
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13298 %%Page: 72 78
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13343 eop end
13344 %%Page: 73 79
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13363 1885 y Ft(IFS)336 b Fu(A)25 b(list)i(of)e(c)m(haracters)i(that)f
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13398 b(default)g(v)-5 b(alue)29 b(is)g(`)p Ft(>)h Fu('.)40
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13400 (as)g Ft(PS1)e Fu(b)s(efore)h(b)s(eing)g(displa)m(y)m(ed.)150
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13410 Fu(\($)p 716 5230 28 4 v 41 w(,)34 b(an)g(underscore.\))49
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13414 (argumen)m(t)p eop end
13415 %%Page: 74 80
13416 TeXDict begin 74 79 bop 150 -116 a Fu(Chapter)30 b(5:)41
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13430 b(w)m(ord)f(in)g(the)h(list)g(is)g(a)g(v)-5 b(alid)630
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13435 1431 y(rep)s(orted)e(as)h(`)p Ft(on)p Fu(')f(b)m(y)h(`)p
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13498 %%Page: 75 81
13499 TeXDict begin 75 80 bop 150 -116 a Fu(Chapter)30 b(5:)41
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13576 %%Page: 76 82
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13635 %%Page: 77 83
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13711 eop end
13712 %%Page: 78 84
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13791 p eop end
13792 %%Page: 79 85
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13846 Fu(ha)m(v)m(e)i(no)g(e\013ect.)42 b(If)30 b Ft(GROUPS)f
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13865 b(history)h(commen)m(t)h(c)m(haracter)h(causes)e(history)g
13866 (substitution)630 4837 y(to)27 b(b)s(e)f(skipp)s(ed)f(for)i(the)f
13867 (remaining)h(w)m(ords)f(on)h(the)f(line.)40 b(It)27 b(do)s(es)f(not)h
13868 (necessarily)g(cause)630 4947 y(the)k(shell)f(parser)g(to)h(treat)g
13869 (the)g(rest)g(of)f(the)h(line)f(as)h(a)g(commen)m(t.)150
13870 5121 y Ft(HISTCMD)144 b Fu(The)44 b(history)h(n)m(um)m(b)s(er,)j(or)d
13871 (index)g(in)f(the)h(history)g(list,)50 b(of)45 b(the)g(curren)m(t)g
13872 (command.)630 5230 y(Assignmen)m(ts)37 b(to)h Ft(HISTCMD)d
13873 Fu(are)j(ignored.)61 b(If)37 b Ft(HISTCMD)e Fu(is)i(unset,)h(it)g
13874 (loses)g(its)f(sp)s(ecial)630 5340 y(prop)s(erties,)30
13875 b(ev)m(en)h(if)f(it)h(is)g(subsequen)m(tly)f(reset.)p
13876 eop end
13877 %%Page: 80 86
13878 TeXDict begin 80 85 bop 150 -116 a Fu(Chapter)30 b(5:)41
13879 b(Shell)30 b(V)-8 b(ariables)2459 b(80)150 299 y Ft(HISTCONTROL)630
13880 408 y Fu(A)40 b(colon-separated)i(list)f(of)f(v)-5 b(alues)40
13881 b(con)m(trolling)i(ho)m(w)e(commands)g(are)h(sa)m(v)m(ed)g(on)f(the)630
13882 518 y(history)29 b(list.)41 b(If)28 b(the)h(list)h(of)f(v)-5
13883 b(alues)29 b(includes)f(`)p Ft(ignorespace)p Fu(',)f(lines)i(whic)m(h)g
13884 (b)s(egin)f(with)630 628 y(a)39 b(space)g(c)m(haracter)i(are)e(not)g
13885 (sa)m(v)m(ed)g(in)g(the)g(history)f(list.)66 b(A)39 b(v)-5
13886 b(alue)39 b(of)g(`)p Ft(ignoredups)p Fu(')630 737 y(causes)34
13887 b(lines)h(whic)m(h)f(matc)m(h)h(the)f(previous)f(history)h(en)m(try)h
13888 (to)g(not)f(b)s(e)f(sa)m(v)m(ed.)53 b(A)34 b(v)-5 b(alue)630
13889 847 y(of)32 b(`)p Ft(ignoreboth)p Fu(')d(is)j(shorthand)e(for)i(`)p
13890 Ft(ignorespace)p Fu(')d(and)i(`)p Ft(ignoredups)p Fu('.)42
13891 b(A)32 b(v)-5 b(alue)32 b(of)630 956 y(`)p Ft(erasedups)p
13892 Fu(')f(causes)i(all)h(previous)f(lines)g(matc)m(hing)h(the)f(curren)m
13893 (t)g(line)g(to)h(b)s(e)e(remo)m(v)m(ed)630 1066 y(from)42
13894 b(the)h(history)f(list)i(b)s(efore)e(that)h(line)g(is)g(sa)m(v)m(ed.)78
13895 b(An)m(y)43 b(v)-5 b(alue)43 b(not)g(in)f(the)h(ab)s(o)m(v)m(e)630
13896 1176 y(list)35 b(is)g(ignored.)53 b(If)34 b Ft(HISTCONTROL)e
13897 Fu(is)i(unset,)i(or)e(do)s(es)h(not)g(include)f(a)h(v)-5
13898 b(alid)35 b(v)-5 b(alue,)36 b(all)630 1285 y(lines)30
13899 b(read)g(b)m(y)g(the)g(shell)g(parser)g(are)g(sa)m(v)m(ed)h(on)f(the)g
13900 (history)g(list,)h(sub)5 b(ject)30 b(to)g(the)g(v)-5
13901 b(alue)630 1395 y(of)42 b Ft(HISTIGNORE)p Fu(.)73 b(The)42
13902 b(second)g(and)g(subsequen)m(t)f(lines)h(of)h(a)f(m)m(ulti-line)h(comp)
13903 s(ound)630 1504 y(command)33 b(are)h(not)g(tested,)i(and)d(are)h(added)
13904 f(to)h(the)g(history)g(regardless)g(of)g(the)f(v)-5 b(alue)630
13905 1614 y(of)31 b Ft(HISTCONTROL)p Fu(.)150 1763 y Ft(HISTFILE)96
13906 b Fu(The)27 b(name)h(of)g(the)g(\014le)g(to)h(whic)m(h)f(the)g(command)
13907 f(history)h(is)g(sa)m(v)m(ed.)41 b(The)27 b(default)h(v)-5
13908 b(alue)630 1873 y(is)30 b Ft(~/.bash_history)p Fu(.)150
13909 2022 y Ft(HISTFILESIZE)630 2132 y Fu(The)c(maxim)m(um)f(n)m(um)m(b)s
13910 (er)g(of)h(lines)h(con)m(tained)g(in)f(the)g(history)g(\014le.)39
13911 b(When)26 b(this)g(v)-5 b(ariable)630 2242 y(is)25 b(assigned)h(a)g(v)
13912 -5 b(alue,)27 b(the)f(history)f(\014le)h(is)f(truncated,)i(if)e
13913 (necessary)-8 b(,)28 b(to)e(con)m(tain)g(no)g(more)630
13914 2351 y(than)37 b(that)h(n)m(um)m(b)s(er)d(of)j(lines)f(b)m(y)g(remo)m
13915 (ving)h(the)f(oldest)h(en)m(tries.)62 b(The)37 b(history)g(\014le)g(is)
13916 630 2461 y(also)i(truncated)f(to)h(this)e(size)i(after)g(writing)f(it)g
13917 (when)f(a)h(shell)h(exits.)64 b(If)37 b(the)h(v)-5 b(alue)39
13918 b(is)630 2570 y(0,)g(the)e(history)f(\014le)h(is)g(truncated)f(to)i
13919 (zero)f(size.)60 b(Non-n)m(umeric)37 b(v)-5 b(alues)37
13920 b(and)f(n)m(umeric)630 2680 y(v)-5 b(alues)31 b(less)f(than)g(zero)h
13921 (inhibit)f(truncation.)41 b(The)29 b(shell)i(sets)f(the)h(default)f(v)
13922 -5 b(alue)31 b(to)g(the)630 2790 y(v)-5 b(alue)31 b(of)f
13923 Ft(HISTSIZE)f Fu(after)h(reading)h(an)m(y)g(startup)f(\014les.)150
13924 2939 y Ft(HISTIGNORE)630 3049 y Fu(A)j(colon-separated)h(list)f(of)g
13925 (patterns)f(used)g(to)h(decide)g(whic)m(h)f(command)g(lines)h(should)
13926 630 3158 y(b)s(e)f(sa)m(v)m(ed)h(on)g(the)f(history)h(list.)47
13927 b(Eac)m(h)33 b(pattern)g(is)f(anc)m(hored)h(at)g(the)f(b)s(eginning)g
13928 (of)h(the)630 3268 y(line)43 b(and)e(m)m(ust)h(matc)m(h)h(the)g
13929 (complete)h(line)e(\(no)h(implicit)g(`)p Ft(*)p Fu(')f(is)g(app)s
13930 (ended\).)75 b(Eac)m(h)630 3377 y(pattern)42 b(is)g(tested)g(against)h
13931 (the)f(line)g(after)g(the)g(c)m(hec)m(ks)h(sp)s(eci\014ed)e(b)m(y)h
13932 Ft(HISTCONTROL)630 3487 y Fu(are)37 b(applied.)59 b(In)36
13933 b(addition)h(to)g(the)g(normal)g(shell)f(pattern)h(matc)m(hing)h(c)m
13934 (haracters,)i(`)p Ft(&)p Fu(')630 3597 y(matc)m(hes)d(the)f(previous)g
13935 (history)g(line.)57 b(`)p Ft(&)p Fu(')36 b(ma)m(y)h(b)s(e)e(escap)s(ed)
13936 h(using)g(a)g(bac)m(kslash;)k(the)630 3706 y(bac)m(kslash)34
13937 b(is)g(remo)m(v)m(ed)h(b)s(efore)e(attempting)i(a)g(matc)m(h.)51
13938 b(The)34 b(second)f(and)h(subsequen)m(t)630 3816 y(lines)e(of)h(a)g(m)m
13939 (ulti-line)g(comp)s(ound)e(command)h(are)h(not)f(tested,)i(and)e(are)g
13940 (added)g(to)h(the)630 3925 y(history)k(regardless)h(of)f(the)g(v)-5
13941 b(alue)38 b(of)f Ft(HISTIGNORE)p Fu(.)58 b(The)37 b(pattern)g(matc)m
13942 (hing)i(honors)630 4035 y(the)31 b(setting)g(of)g(the)f
13943 Ft(extglob)f Fu(shell)h(option.)630 4164 y Ft(HISTIGNORE)20
13944 b Fu(subsumes)g(the)j(function)f(of)h Ft(HISTCONTROL)p
13945 Fu(.)35 b(A)23 b(pattern)f(of)h(`)p Ft(&)p Fu(')g(is)f(iden)m(tical)630
13946 4274 y(to)k Ft(ignoredups)p Fu(,)e(and)h(a)h(pattern)g(of)f(`)p
13947 Ft([)31 b(]*)p Fu(')25 b(is)h(iden)m(tical)h(to)f Ft(ignorespace)p
13948 Fu(.)36 b(Com)m(bining)630 4384 y(these)30 b(t)m(w)m(o)h(patterns,)f
13949 (separating)g(them)g(with)f(a)h(colon,)h(pro)m(vides)e(the)h
13950 (functionalit)m(y)h(of)630 4493 y Ft(ignoreboth)p Fu(.)150
13951 4643 y Ft(HISTSIZE)96 b Fu(The)37 b(maxim)m(um)g(n)m(um)m(b)s(er)e(of)j
13952 (commands)f(to)g(remem)m(b)s(er)g(on)g(the)g(history)g(list.)62
13953 b(If)37 b(the)630 4752 y(v)-5 b(alue)26 b(is)g(0,)i(commands)d(are)h
13954 (not)h(sa)m(v)m(ed)g(in)e(the)h(history)g(list.)40 b(Numeric)26
13955 b(v)-5 b(alues)26 b(less)g(than)630 4862 y(zero)i(result)e(in)h(ev)m
13956 (ery)g(command)g(b)s(eing)f(sa)m(v)m(ed)i(on)f(the)g(history)f(list)i
13957 (\(there)f(is)g(no)g(limit\).)630 4971 y(The)j(shell)g(sets)h(the)g
13958 (default)f(v)-5 b(alue)31 b(to)g(500)h(after)f(reading)f(an)m(y)h
13959 (startup)f(\014les.)150 5121 y Ft(HISTTIMEFORMAT)630
13960 5230 y Fu(If)44 b(this)g(v)-5 b(ariable)45 b(is)f(set)g(and)g(not)g(n)m
13961 (ull,)k(its)d(v)-5 b(alue)44 b(is)g(used)g(as)g(a)h(format)f(string)g
13962 (for)630 5340 y Fr(strftime)c Fu(to)35 b(prin)m(t)f(the)h(time)g(stamp)
13963 f(asso)s(ciated)i(with)f(eac)m(h)g(history)g(en)m(try)f(displa)m(y)m
13964 (ed)p eop end
13965 %%Page: 81 87
13966 TeXDict begin 81 86 bop 150 -116 a Fu(Chapter)30 b(5:)41
13967 b(Shell)30 b(V)-8 b(ariables)2459 b(81)630 299 y(b)m(y)34
13968 b(the)f Ft(history)f Fu(builtin.)50 b(If)33 b(this)h(v)-5
13969 b(ariable)34 b(is)g(set,)h(time)f(stamps)g(are)g(written)f(to)i(the)630
13970 408 y(history)26 b(\014le)g(so)g(they)g(ma)m(y)h(b)s(e)e(preserv)m(ed)g
13971 (across)i(shell)f(sessions.)39 b(This)25 b(uses)h(the)g(history)630
13972 518 y(commen)m(t)31 b(c)m(haracter)h(to)f(distinguish)f(timestamps)h
13973 (from)f(other)g(history)h(lines.)150 687 y Ft(HOSTFILE)96
13974 b Fu(Con)m(tains)33 b(the)g(name)f(of)h(a)g(\014le)f(in)g(the)h(same)g
13975 (format)g(as)f Ft(/etc/hosts)e Fu(that)j(should)f(b)s(e)630
13976 797 y(read)21 b(when)g(the)g(shell)h(needs)f(to)h(complete)h(a)e
13977 (hostname.)38 b(The)21 b(list)h(of)g(p)s(ossible)f(hostname)630
13978 907 y(completions)27 b(ma)m(y)f(b)s(e)f(c)m(hanged)h(while)f(the)h
13979 (shell)g(is)f(running;)h(the)g(next)f(time)i(hostname)630
13980 1016 y(completion)33 b(is)g(attempted)g(after)g(the)f(v)-5
13981 b(alue)33 b(is)f(c)m(hanged,)i(Bash)e(adds)f(the)i(con)m(ten)m(ts)h(of)
13982 630 1126 y(the)h(new)f(\014le)g(to)h(the)g(existing)h(list.)53
13983 b(If)34 b Ft(HOSTFILE)e Fu(is)j(set,)h(but)e(has)g(no)h(v)-5
13984 b(alue,)36 b(or)e(do)s(es)630 1235 y(not)d(name)f(a)h(readable)g
13985 (\014le,)g(Bash)f(attempts)i(to)f(read)f Ft(/etc/hosts)e
13986 Fu(to)j(obtain)g(the)f(list)630 1345 y(of)h(p)s(ossible)f(hostname)h
13987 (completions.)43 b(When)31 b Ft(HOSTFILE)d Fu(is)j(unset,)f(the)h
13988 (hostname)g(list)630 1455 y(is)f(cleared.)150 1624 y
13989 Ft(HOSTNAME)96 b Fu(The)30 b(name)g(of)h(the)f(curren)m(t)h(host.)150
13990 1793 y Ft(HOSTTYPE)96 b Fu(A)30 b(string)h(describing)f(the)g(mac)m
13991 (hine)h(Bash)g(is)f(running)f(on.)150 1963 y Ft(IGNOREEOF)630
13992 2072 y Fu(Con)m(trols)e(the)h(action)g(of)f(the)g(shell)g(on)g(receipt)
13993 h(of)f(an)g Ft(EOF)f Fu(c)m(haracter)i(as)g(the)f(sole)h(input.)630
13994 2182 y(If)i(set,)i(the)f(v)-5 b(alue)32 b(denotes)f(the)g(n)m(um)m(b)s
13995 (er)f(of)h(consecutiv)m(e)i Ft(EOF)d Fu(c)m(haracters)i(that)f(can)h(b)
13996 s(e)630 2291 y(read)40 b(as)f(the)h(\014rst)f(c)m(haracter)i(on)f(an)f
13997 (input)g(line)h(b)s(efore)f(the)h(shell)g(will)g(exit.)70
13998 b(If)39 b(the)630 2401 y(v)-5 b(ariable)39 b(exists)f(but)g(do)s(es)f
13999 (not)h(ha)m(v)m(e)h(a)g(n)m(umeric)f(v)-5 b(alue,)40
14000 b(or)e(has)g(no)g(v)-5 b(alue,)40 b(then)e(the)630 2511
14001 y(default)31 b(is)g(10.)43 b(If)30 b(the)h(v)-5 b(ariable)31
14002 b(do)s(es)g(not)g(exist,)h(then)e Ft(EOF)g Fu(signi\014es)h(the)g(end)f
14003 (of)h(input)630 2620 y(to)g(the)g(shell.)41 b(This)29
14004 b(is)i(only)f(in)g(e\013ect)i(for)e(in)m(teractiv)m(e)j(shells.)150
14005 2790 y Ft(INPUTRC)144 b Fu(The)68 b(name)h(of)f(the)h(Readline)g
14006 (initialization)j(\014le,)78 b(o)m(v)m(erriding)69 b(the)g(default)g
14007 (of)630 2899 y Ft(~/.inputrc)p Fu(.)150 3068 y Ft(INSIDE_EMACS)630
14008 3178 y Fu(If)29 b(Bash)h(\014nds)e(this)h(v)-5 b(ariable)31
14009 b(in)e(the)h(en)m(vironmen)m(t)g(when)e(the)i(shell)g(starts,)g(it)g
14010 (assumes)630 3288 y(that)i(the)g(shell)g(is)f(running)f(in)i(an)f
14011 (Emacs)h(shell)g(bu\013er)e(and)h(ma)m(y)i(disable)e(line)h(editing)630
14012 3397 y(dep)s(ending)d(on)h(the)h(v)-5 b(alue)31 b(of)f
14013 Ft(TERM)p Fu(.)150 3567 y Ft(LANG)288 b Fu(Used)28 b(to)h(determine)f
14014 (the)g(lo)s(cale)h(category)h(for)e(an)m(y)h(category)h(not)e(sp)s
14015 (eci\014cally)g(selected)630 3676 y(with)i(a)h(v)-5 b(ariable)31
14016 b(starting)g(with)f Ft(LC_)p Fu(.)150 3846 y Ft(LC_ALL)192
14017 b Fu(This)28 b(v)-5 b(ariable)29 b(o)m(v)m(errides)h(the)f(v)-5
14018 b(alue)29 b(of)g Ft(LANG)f Fu(and)g(an)m(y)h(other)g
14019 Ft(LC_)f Fu(v)-5 b(ariable)29 b(sp)s(ecifying)630 3955
14020 y(a)i(lo)s(cale)h(category)-8 b(.)150 4125 y Ft(LC_COLLATE)630
14021 4234 y Fu(This)37 b(v)-5 b(ariable)38 b(determines)g(the)g(collation)i
14022 (order)d(used)g(when)f(sorting)i(the)g(results)g(of)630
14023 4344 y(\014lename)e(expansion,)i(and)e(determines)g(the)h(b)s(eha)m
14024 (vior)f(of)g(range)h(expressions,)h(equiv-)630 4453 y(alence)e
14025 (classes,)h(and)e(collating)i(sequences)e(within)f(\014lename)h
14026 (expansion)g(and)f(pattern)630 4563 y(matc)m(hing)d(\(see)h(Section)f
14027 (3.5.8)h([Filename)g(Expansion],)e(page)h(33\).)150 4732
14028 y Ft(LC_CTYPE)96 b Fu(This)36 b(v)-5 b(ariable)37 b(determines)f(the)h
14029 (in)m(terpretation)h(of)f(c)m(haracters)h(and)e(the)g(b)s(eha)m(vior)h
14030 (of)630 4842 y(c)m(haracter)46 b(classes)g(within)e(\014lename)h
14031 (expansion)g(and)f(pattern)h(matc)m(hing)h(\(see)f(Sec-)630
14032 4951 y(tion)31 b(3.5.8)h([Filename)g(Expansion],)e(page)h(33\).)150
14033 5121 y Ft(LC_MESSAGES)630 5230 y Fu(This)25 b(v)-5 b(ariable)27
14034 b(determines)f(the)g(lo)s(cale)i(used)d(to)i(translate)g(double-quoted)
14035 f(strings)g(pre-)630 5340 y(ceded)31 b(b)m(y)f(a)h(`)p
14036 Ft($)p Fu(')f(\(see)h(Section)h(3.1.2.5)g([Lo)s(cale)g(T)-8
14037 b(ranslation],)32 b(page)f(7\).)p eop end
14038 %%Page: 82 88
14039 TeXDict begin 82 87 bop 150 -116 a Fu(Chapter)30 b(5:)41
14040 b(Shell)30 b(V)-8 b(ariables)2459 b(82)150 299 y Ft(LC_NUMERIC)630
14041 408 y Fu(This)30 b(v)-5 b(ariable)31 b(determines)f(the)h(lo)s(cale)h
14042 (category)g(used)e(for)g(n)m(um)m(b)s(er)f(formatting.)150
14043 565 y Ft(LC_TIME)144 b Fu(This)25 b(v)-5 b(ariable)26
14044 b(determines)g(the)g(lo)s(cale)h(category)h(used)d(for)g(data)h(and)f
14045 (time)i(formatting.)150 722 y Ft(LINENO)192 b Fu(The)32
14046 b(line)h(n)m(um)m(b)s(er)e(in)i(the)f(script)h(or)f(shell)h(function)f
14047 (curren)m(tly)h(executing.)49 b(If)32 b Ft(LINENO)630
14048 831 y Fu(is)e(unset,)h(it)g(loses)g(its)f(sp)s(ecial)h(prop)s(erties,)f
14049 (ev)m(en)h(if)g(it)g(is)f(subsequen)m(tly)g(reset.)150
14050 988 y Ft(LINES)240 b Fu(Used)43 b(b)m(y)g(the)g Ft(select)e
14051 Fu(command)i(to)g(determine)g(the)g(column)g(length)g(for)g(prin)m
14052 (ting)630 1097 y(selection)c(lists.)63 b(Automatically)41
14053 b(set)d(if)f(the)h Ft(checkwinsize)d Fu(option)j(is)f(enabled)h(\(see)
14054 630 1207 y(Section)44 b(4.3.2)h([The)e(Shopt)g(Builtin],)k(page)d
14055 (66\),)k(or)43 b(in)g(an)g(in)m(teractiv)m(e)j(shell)e(up)s(on)630
14056 1316 y(receipt)31 b(of)g(a)g Ft(SIGWINCH)p Fu(.)150 1473
14057 y Ft(MACHTYPE)96 b Fu(A)26 b(string)g(that)h(fully)f(describ)s(es)f
14058 (the)h(system)g(t)m(yp)s(e)h(on)f(whic)m(h)f(Bash)i(is)f(executing,)i
14059 (in)e(the)630 1583 y(standard)k Fm(gnu)g Fr(cpu-compan)m(y-system)h
14060 Fu(format.)150 1739 y Ft(MAILCHECK)630 1849 y Fu(Ho)m(w)d(often)g(\(in)
14061 g(seconds\))g(that)g(the)f(shell)h(should)f(c)m(hec)m(k)i(for)e(mail)h
14062 (in)f(the)h(\014les)g(sp)s(eci\014ed)630 1958 y(in)i(the)h
14063 Ft(MAILPATH)e Fu(or)i Ft(MAIL)e Fu(v)-5 b(ariables.)43
14064 b(The)30 b(default)h(is)f(60)i(seconds.)42 b(When)30
14065 b(it)h(is)g(time)630 2068 y(to)37 b(c)m(hec)m(k)h(for)e(mail,)j(the)e
14066 (shell)f(do)s(es)g(so)h(b)s(efore)f(displa)m(ying)h(the)f(primary)g
14067 (prompt.)57 b(If)630 2178 y(this)37 b(v)-5 b(ariable)38
14068 b(is)f(unset,)h(or)f(set)h(to)g(a)f(v)-5 b(alue)38 b(that)f(is)g(not)h
14069 (a)f(n)m(um)m(b)s(er)f(greater)i(than)f(or)630 2287 y(equal)31
14070 b(to)g(zero,)g(the)g(shell)g(disables)f(mail)h(c)m(hec)m(king.)150
14071 2444 y Ft(MAPFILE)144 b Fu(An)35 b(arra)m(y)h(v)-5 b(ariable)36
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14075 b Fu(The)30 b(previous)g(w)m(orking)g(directory)h(as)g(set)g(b)m(y)f
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14077 Fu(If)35 b(set)i(to)f(the)h(v)-5 b(alue)36 b(1,)i(Bash)e(displa)m(ys)g
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14080 b Fu(A)30 b(string)h(describing)f(the)g(op)s(erating)h(system)g(Bash)f
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14095 (running,)e(Bash)h(enables)h Fm(posix)f Fu(mo)s(de,)g(as)g(if)h(the)f
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14098 h Fm(posix)f Fu(mo)s(de,)h(it)g(sets)g(this)g(v)-5 b(ariable)34
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14111 %%Page: 83 89
14112 TeXDict begin 83 88 bop 150 -116 a Fu(Chapter)30 b(5:)41
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14123 Ft(PS1)e Fu(and)g(displa)m(y)m(ed)i(b)m(y)e(in)m(teractiv)m(e)630
14124 1002 y(shells)e(after)h(reading)g(a)g(command)f(and)f(b)s(efore)h(the)h
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14129 Ft(select)f Fu(command)h(prompts)f(with)h(`)p Ft(#?)g
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14141 (orking)h(directory)g(as)f(set)h(b)m(y)f(the)h Ft(cd)f
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14156 b(with)f(`)p Ft(bind)30 b(-x)p Fu(')35 b(\(see)i(Section)g(4.2)g([Bash)
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14159 (mark)f(are)h(often)f(called)i(the)f Fr(region)p Fu(.)150
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14180 b(expands)e(to)i(the)g(full)f(pathname)g(to)h(the)f(shell.)39
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14184 5121 y Ft(SHELLOPTS)630 5230 y Fu(A)g(colon-separated)h(list)f(of)g
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14187 b(for)f(the)h Ft(-o)e Fu(option)i(to)g(the)g Ft(set)e
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14189 eop end
14190 %%Page: 84 90
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14200 b(is)f(readonly)-8 b(.)150 790 y Ft(SHLVL)240 b Fu(Incremen)m(ted)21
14201 b(b)m(y)g(one)g(eac)m(h)h(time)f(a)h(new)e(instance)h(of)g(Bash)g(is)g
14202 (started.)38 b(This)20 b(is)h(in)m(tended)630 899 y(to)31
14203 b(b)s(e)f(a)h(coun)m(t)g(of)f(ho)m(w)h(deeply)f(y)m(our)g(Bash)h
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14206 (um)m(b)s(er)g(eac)m(h)j(time)f(it)g(is)g(ref-)630 1171
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14251 (fraction)h(is)630 3977 y(included.)630 4113 y(If)30
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14261 b Fu(builtin)h(\(see)h(Section)f(4.2)i([Bash)e(Builtins],)h(page)g
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14272 (es)h(not)h(arriv)m(e.)p eop end
14273 %%Page: 85 91
14274 TeXDict begin 85 90 bop 150 -116 a Fu(Chapter)30 b(5:)41
14275 b(Shell)30 b(V)-8 b(ariables)2459 b(85)150 299 y Ft(TMPDIR)192
14276 b Fu(If)39 b(set,)j(Bash)e(uses)f(its)h(v)-5 b(alue)40
14277 b(as)f(the)h(name)f(of)h(a)g(directory)g(in)f(whic)m(h)g(Bash)h
14278 (creates)630 408 y(temp)s(orary)30 b(\014les)g(for)g(the)h(shell's)g
14279 (use.)150 568 y Ft(UID)336 b Fu(The)30 b(n)m(umeric)g(real)h(user)f(id)
14280 g(of)g(the)h(curren)m(t)f(user.)40 b(This)30 b(v)-5 b(ariable)31
14281 b(is)f(readonly)-8 b(.)p eop end
14282 %%Page: 86 92
14283 TeXDict begin 86 91 bop 3659 -116 a Fu(86)150 299 y Fp(6)80
14284 b(Bash)54 b(F)-13 b(eatures)150 502 y Fu(This)30 b(c)m(hapter)h
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14286 y Fs(6.1)68 b(In)l(v)l(oking)46 b(Bash)390 890 y Ft(bash)h([long-opt])e
14287 ([-ir])h([-abefhkmnptuvxdBCDHP])c([-o)47 b Fj(option)p
14288 Ft(])581 1000 y([-O)g Fj(shopt_option)p Ft(])d([)p Fj(argument)h
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14291 Ft(])d(-c)j Fj(string)f Ft([)p Fj(argument)g Ft(...)o(])390
14292 1329 y(bash)h([long-opt])e(-s)i([-abefhkmnptuvxdBCDHP])42
14293 b([-o)k Fj(option)p Ft(])581 1438 y([-O)h Fj(shopt_option)p
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14295 b(of)g(the)f(single-c)m(haracter)k(options)d(used)f(with)g(the)h
14296 Ft(set)f Fu(builtin)g(\(see)h(Section)h(4.3.1)g([The)f(Set)150
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14301 b(options)f(m)m(ust)h(app)s(ear)e(on)i(the)150 1896 y(command)30
14302 b(line)h(b)s(efore)f(the)g(single-c)m(haracter)j(options)e(to)g(b)s(e)f
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14304 (the)g(debugger)g(pro\014le)g(to)h(b)s(e)e(executed)i(b)s(efore)f(the)g
14305 (shell)g(starts.)49 b(T)-8 b(urns)630 2262 y(on)35 b(extended)g
14306 (debugging)f(mo)s(de)h(\(see)g(Section)h(4.3.2)h([The)d(Shopt)g
14307 (Builtin],)j(page)f(66,)630 2371 y(for)30 b(a)h(description)f(of)h(the)
14308 f Ft(extdebug)f Fu(option)h(to)h(the)g Ft(shopt)e Fu(builtin\).)150
14309 2519 y Ft(--dump-po-strings)630 2628 y Fu(A)37 b(list)g(of)f(all)i
14310 (double-quoted)e(strings)g(preceded)g(b)m(y)h(`)p Ft($)p
14311 Fu(')f(is)h(prin)m(ted)f(on)g(the)h(standard)630 2738
14312 y(output)29 b(in)g(the)g Fm(gnu)g Ft(gettext)f Fu(PO)g(\(p)s(ortable)i
14313 (ob)5 b(ject\))30 b(\014le)g(format.)40 b(Equiv)-5 b(alen)m(t)31
14314 b(to)f Ft(-D)630 2847 y Fu(except)h(for)f(the)h(output)f(format.)150
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14316 b(to)g Ft(-D)p Fu(.)150 3251 y Ft(--help)192 b Fu(Displa)m(y)32
14317 b(a)e(usage)h(message)h(on)e(standard)g(output)g(and)f(exit)j
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14319 3508 y Ft(--rcfile)h Fj(filename)630 3618 y Fu(Execute)23
14320 b(commands)e(from)g Fr(\014lename)28 b Fu(\(instead)22
14321 b(of)g Ft(~/.bashrc)p Fu(\))e(in)h(an)h(in)m(teractiv)m(e)i(shell.)150
14322 3765 y Ft(--login)144 b Fu(Equiv)-5 b(alen)m(t)31 b(to)g
14323 Ft(-l)p Fu(.)150 3912 y Ft(--noediting)630 4022 y Fu(Do)h(not)e(use)h
14324 (the)g Fm(gnu)f Fu(Readline)i(library)e(\(see)h(Chapter)g(8)g([Command)
14325 f(Line)g(Editing],)630 4131 y(page)h(111\))h(to)f(read)g(command)f
14326 (lines)g(when)g(the)g(shell)h(is)f(in)m(teractiv)m(e.)150
14327 4278 y Ft(--noprofile)630 4388 y Fu(Don't)22 b(load)g(the)g
14328 (system-wide)f(startup)g(\014le)h Ft(/etc/profile)c Fu(or)j(an)m(y)h
14329 (of)f(the)h(p)s(ersonal)f(ini-)630 4498 y(tialization)34
14330 b(\014les)e Ft(~/.bash_profile)p Fu(,)c Ft(~/.bash_login)p
14331 Fu(,)g(or)k Ft(~/.profile)c Fu(when)j(Bash)630 4607 y(is)f(in)m(v)m(ok)
14332 m(ed)i(as)f(a)g(login)g(shell.)150 4754 y Ft(--norc)192
14333 b Fu(Don't)35 b(read)f(the)g Ft(~/.bashrc)e Fu(initialization)k(\014le)
14334 f(in)e(an)h(in)m(teractiv)m(e)j(shell.)52 b(This)33 b(is)h(on)630
14335 4864 y(b)m(y)c(default)h(if)f(the)h(shell)f(is)h(in)m(v)m(ok)m(ed)h(as)
14336 e Ft(sh)p Fu(.)150 5011 y Ft(--posix)144 b Fu(Change)24
14337 b(the)h(b)s(eha)m(vior)f(of)g(Bash)h(where)e(the)i(default)f(op)s
14338 (eration)h(di\013ers)f(from)f(the)i Fm(posix)630 5121
14339 y Fu(standard)35 b(to)h(matc)m(h)g(the)g(standard.)55
14340 b(This)35 b(is)h(in)m(tended)f(to)h(mak)m(e)h(Bash)f(b)s(eha)m(v)m(e)g
14341 (as)g(a)630 5230 y(strict)22 b(sup)s(erset)e(of)h(that)g(standard.)37
14342 b(See)21 b(Section)h(6.11)g([Bash)f(POSIX)f(Mo)s(de],)k(page)d(101,)630
14343 5340 y(for)30 b(a)h(description)f(of)h(the)f(Bash)h Fm(posix)f
14344 Fu(mo)s(de.)p eop end
14345 %%Page: 87 93
14346 TeXDict begin 87 92 bop 150 -116 a Fu(Chapter)30 b(6:)41
14347 b(Bash)30 b(F)-8 b(eatures)2484 b(87)150 299 y Ft(--restricted)630
14348 408 y Fu(Mak)m(e)54 b(the)e(shell)g(a)h(restricted)g(shell)f(\(see)h
14349 (Section)g(6.10)h([The)d(Restricted)j(Shell],)630 518
14350 y(page)31 b(100\).)150 677 y Ft(--verbose)630 787 y Fu(Equiv)-5
14351 b(alen)m(t)31 b(to)g Ft(-v)p Fu(.)41 b(Prin)m(t)30 b(shell)g(input)g
14352 (lines)g(as)h(they're)g(read.)150 946 y Ft(--version)630
14353 1056 y Fu(Sho)m(w)d(v)m(ersion)g(information)g(for)g(this)g(instance)h
14354 (of)f(Bash)g(on)g(the)g(standard)f(output)h(and)630 1166
14355 y(exit)j(successfully)-8 b(.)275 1325 y(There)28 b(are)i(sev)m(eral)g
14356 (single-c)m(haracter)i(options)d(that)h(ma)m(y)g(b)s(e)e(supplied)g(at)
14357 i(in)m(v)m(o)s(cation)h(whic)m(h)e(are)150 1435 y(not)i(a)m(v)-5
14358 b(ailable)32 b(with)e(the)h Ft(set)e Fu(builtin.)150
14359 1594 y Ft(-c)384 b Fu(Read)66 b(and)f(execute)i(commands)e(from)g(the)h
14360 (\014rst)e(non-option)i(argumen)m(t)g Fr(com-)630 1704
14361 y(mand)p 859 1704 28 4 v 39 w(string)p Fu(,)34 b(then)e(exit.)49
14362 b(If)32 b(there)h(are)g(argumen)m(ts)g(after)g(the)g
14363 Fr(command)p 3303 1704 V 40 w(string)p Fu(,)h(the)630
14364 1813 y(\014rst)e(argumen)m(t)h(is)g(assigned)g(to)h Ft($0)e
14365 Fu(and)h(an)m(y)g(remaining)g(argumen)m(ts)g(are)g(assigned)g(to)630
14366 1923 y(the)38 b(p)s(ositional)h(parameters.)65 b(The)37
14367 b(assignmen)m(t)i(to)g Ft($0)f Fu(sets)g(the)h(name)f(of)g(the)g
14368 (shell,)630 2032 y(whic)m(h)30 b(is)h(used)e(in)h(w)m(arning)g(and)g
14369 (error)g(messages.)150 2192 y Ft(-i)384 b Fu(F)-8 b(orce)22
14370 b(the)g(shell)f(to)g(run)f(in)m(teractiv)m(ely)-8 b(.)41
14371 b(In)m(teractiv)m(e)23 b(shells)e(are)h(describ)s(ed)d(in)i(Section)h
14372 (6.3)630 2301 y([In)m(teractiv)m(e)33 b(Shells],)e(page)g(89.)150
14373 2461 y Ft(-l)384 b Fu(Mak)m(e)33 b(this)e(shell)h(act)g(as)g(if)f(it)h
14374 (had)f(b)s(een)f(directly)i(in)m(v)m(ok)m(ed)h(b)m(y)f(login.)44
14375 b(When)31 b(the)h(shell)630 2570 y(is)37 b(in)m(teractiv)m(e,)43
14376 b(this)37 b(is)g(equiv)-5 b(alen)m(t)39 b(to)f(starting)h(a)e(login)i
14377 (shell)e(with)g(`)p Ft(exec)30 b(-l)g(bash)p Fu('.)630
14378 2680 y(When)h(the)g(shell)h(is)f(not)g(in)m(teractiv)m(e,)k(the)c
14379 (login)h(shell)g(startup)f(\014les)g(will)g(b)s(e)g(executed.)630
14380 2790 y(`)p Ft(exec)e(bash)h(-l)p Fu(')43 b(or)h(`)p Ft(exec)29
14381 b(bash)g(--login)p Fu(')42 b(will)i(replace)h(the)f(curren)m(t)f(shell)
14382 h(with)g(a)630 2899 y(Bash)26 b(login)g(shell.)39 b(See)26
14383 b(Section)g(6.2)h([Bash)e(Startup)g(Files],)j(page)e(88,)i(for)d(a)h
14384 (description)630 3009 y(of)31 b(the)f(sp)s(ecial)h(b)s(eha)m(vior)g(of)
14385 f(a)h(login)g(shell.)150 3168 y Ft(-r)384 b Fu(Mak)m(e)54
14386 b(the)e(shell)g(a)h(restricted)g(shell)f(\(see)h(Section)g(6.10)h([The)
14387 d(Restricted)j(Shell],)630 3278 y(page)31 b(100\).)150
14388 3437 y Ft(-s)384 b Fu(If)24 b(this)h(option)h(is)f(presen)m(t,)h(or)f
14389 (if)g(no)f(argumen)m(ts)i(remain)e(after)i(option)f(pro)s(cessing,)h
14390 (then)630 3547 y(commands)i(are)h(read)g(from)f(the)h(standard)f
14391 (input.)39 b(This)28 b(option)h(allo)m(ws)h(the)f(p)s(ositional)630
14392 3656 y(parameters)i(to)h(b)s(e)e(set)i(when)d(in)m(v)m(oking)k(an)d(in)
14393 m(teractiv)m(e)k(shell)d(or)g(when)f(reading)h(input)630
14394 3766 y(through)f(a)g(pip)s(e.)150 3925 y Ft(-D)384 b
14395 Fu(A)37 b(list)g(of)f(all)i(double-quoted)e(strings)g(preceded)g(b)m(y)
14396 h(`)p Ft($)p Fu(')f(is)h(prin)m(ted)f(on)g(the)h(standard)630
14397 4035 y(output.)63 b(These)38 b(are)g(the)g(strings)g(that)h(are)f(sub)5
14398 b(ject)38 b(to)h(language)g(translation)g(when)630 4144
14399 y(the)e(curren)m(t)g(lo)s(cale)h(is)f(not)g Ft(C)g Fu(or)f
14400 Ft(POSIX)g Fu(\(see)h(Section)h(3.1.2.5)h([Lo)s(cale)g(T)-8
14401 b(ranslation],)630 4254 y(page)31 b(7\).)42 b(This)29
14402 b(implies)i(the)f Ft(-n)g Fu(option;)h(no)f(commands)g(will)h(b)s(e)f
14403 (executed.)150 4413 y Ft([-+]O)f([)p Fj(shopt_option)p
14404 Ft(])630 4523 y Fr(shopt)p 854 4523 V 40 w(option)44
14405 b Fu(is)g(one)h(of)f(the)g(shell)h(options)f(accepted)h(b)m(y)f(the)h
14406 Ft(shopt)d Fu(builtin)i(\(see)630 4633 y(Section)32 b(4.3.2)h([The)e
14407 (Shopt)f(Builtin],)i(page)g(66\).)44 b(If)31 b Fr(shopt)p
14408 2724 4633 V 40 w(option)g Fu(is)g(presen)m(t,)h Ft(-O)f
14409 Fu(sets)630 4742 y(the)24 b(v)-5 b(alue)24 b(of)g(that)h(option;)h
14410 Ft(+O)e Fu(unsets)f(it.)39 b(If)23 b Fr(shopt)p 2423
14411 4742 V 40 w(option)h Fu(is)g(not)g(supplied,)g(the)g(names)630
14412 4852 y(and)31 b(v)-5 b(alues)32 b(of)g(the)g(shell)g(options)g
14413 (accepted)h(b)m(y)f Ft(shopt)e Fu(are)i(prin)m(ted)f(on)h(the)g
14414 (standard)630 4961 y(output.)40 b(If)29 b(the)h(in)m(v)m(o)s(cation)h
14415 (option)f(is)f Ft(+O)p Fu(,)h(the)f(output)g(is)h(displa)m(y)m(ed)g(in)
14416 f(a)h(format)f(that)630 5071 y(ma)m(y)i(b)s(e)f(reused)f(as)i(input.)
14417 150 5230 y Ft(--)384 b Fu(A)38 b Ft(--)g Fu(signals)g(the)h(end)e(of)i
14418 (options)f(and)g(disables)g(further)f(option)h(pro)s(cessing.)64
14419 b(An)m(y)630 5340 y(argumen)m(ts)31 b(after)g(the)f Ft(--)g
14420 Fu(are)h(treated)g(as)g(\014lenames)f(and)g(argumen)m(ts.)p
14421 eop end
14422 %%Page: 88 94
14423 TeXDict begin 88 93 bop 150 -116 a Fu(Chapter)30 b(6:)41
14424 b(Bash)30 b(F)-8 b(eatures)2484 b(88)275 299 y(A)27 b
14425 Fl(lo)-5 b(gin)35 b Fu(shell)27 b(is)g(one)h(whose)f(\014rst)f(c)m
14426 (haracter)j(of)e(argumen)m(t)h(zero)f(is)h(`)p Ft(-)p
14427 Fu(',)g(or)f(one)g(in)m(v)m(ok)m(ed)i(with)e(the)150
14428 408 y Ft(--login)h Fu(option.)275 555 y(An)g Fl(inter)-5
14429 b(active)37 b Fu(shell)30 b(is)f(one)g(started)h(without)f(non-option)h
14430 (argumen)m(ts,)g(unless)e Ft(-s)h Fu(is)g(sp)s(eci\014ed,)150
14431 665 y(without)k(sp)s(ecifying)h(the)f Ft(-c)g Fu(option,)i(and)e(whose)
14432 g(input)g(and)f(output)h(are)h(b)s(oth)f(connected)h(to)g(ter-)150
14433 774 y(minals)g(\(as)g(determined)f(b)m(y)h Ft(isatty\(3\))p
14434 Fu(\),)e(or)i(one)g(started)g(with)f(the)h Ft(-i)f Fu(option.)51
14435 b(See)33 b(Section)i(6.3)150 884 y([In)m(teractiv)m(e)e(Shells],)e
14436 (page)g(89,)g(for)f(more)h(information.)275 1031 y(If)i(argumen)m(ts)h
14437 (remain)g(after)h(option)f(pro)s(cessing,)h(and)e(neither)h(the)g
14438 Ft(-c)g Fu(nor)f(the)h Ft(-s)g Fu(option)g(has)150 1140
14439 y(b)s(een)44 b(supplied,)j(the)d(\014rst)g(argumen)m(t)h(is)g(assumed)e
14440 (to)j(b)s(e)d(the)i(name)g(of)f(a)h(\014le)g(con)m(taining)h(shell)150
14441 1250 y(commands)30 b(\(see)g(Section)h(3.8)g([Shell)f(Scripts],)g(page)
14442 h(42\).)41 b(When)30 b(Bash)g(is)g(in)m(v)m(ok)m(ed)i(in)d(this)h
14443 (fashion,)150 1359 y Ft($0)37 b Fu(is)g(set)h(to)h(the)e(name)h(of)f
14444 (the)h(\014le,)i(and)c(the)i(p)s(ositional)g(parameters)g(are)g(set)g
14445 (to)g(the)g(remaining)150 1469 y(argumen)m(ts.)h(Bash)26
14446 b(reads)f(and)g(executes)h(commands)f(from)g(this)g(\014le,)i(then)e
14447 (exits.)40 b(Bash's)25 b(exit)i(status)150 1579 y(is)f(the)h(exit)h
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14449 b(If)26 b(no)g(commands)g(are)h(executed,)150 1688 y(the)k(exit)g
14450 (status)g(is)f(0.)150 1947 y Fs(6.2)68 b(Bash)45 b(Startup)g(Files)150
14451 2107 y Fu(This)23 b(section)j(describ)s(es)d(ho)m(w)i(Bash)f(executes)h
14452 (its)g(startup)f(\014les.)38 b(If)24 b(an)m(y)h(of)f(the)h(\014les)f
14453 (exist)h(but)e(cannot)150 2216 y(b)s(e)29 b(read,)i(Bash)f(rep)s(orts)f
14454 (an)h(error.)40 b(Tildes)30 b(are)g(expanded)f(in)h(\014lenames)g(as)g
14455 (describ)s(ed)f(ab)s(o)m(v)m(e)i(under)150 2326 y(Tilde)f(Expansion)g
14456 (\(see)h(Section)h(3.5.2)g([Tilde)e(Expansion],)h(page)g(24\).)275
14457 2473 y(In)m(teractiv)m(e)h(shells)f(are)g(describ)s(ed)e(in)h(Section)h
14458 (6.3)h([In)m(teractiv)m(e)h(Shells],)d(page)h(89.)150
14459 2684 y Fk(In)m(v)m(ok)m(ed)40 b(as)h(an)f(in)m(teractiv)m(e)f(login)j
14460 (shell,)g(or)g(with)e Fh(--login)150 2831 y Fu(When)c(Bash)f(is)h(in)m
14461 (v)m(ok)m(ed)h(as)f(an)g(in)m(teractiv)m(e)j(login)d(shell,)i(or)e(as)g
14462 (a)g(non-in)m(teractiv)m(e)i(shell)e(with)g(the)150 2940
14463 y Ft(--login)30 b Fu(option,)k(it)f(\014rst)e(reads)h(and)g(executes)i
14464 (commands)e(from)f(the)i(\014le)f Ft(/etc/profile)p Fu(,)e(if)i(that)
14465 150 3050 y(\014le)44 b(exists.)80 b(After)44 b(reading)g(that)g
14466 (\014le,)j(it)d(lo)s(oks)g(for)f Ft(~/.bash_profile)p
14467 Fu(,)g Ft(~/.bash_login)p Fu(,)h(and)150 3160 y Ft(~/.profile)p
14468 Fu(,)25 b(in)i(that)g(order,)h(and)e(reads)h(and)f(executes)j(commands)
14469 d(from)h(the)g(\014rst)f(one)i(that)f(exists)150 3269
14470 y(and)j(is)h(readable.)42 b(The)30 b Ft(--noprofile)d
14471 Fu(option)k(ma)m(y)g(b)s(e)f(used)g(when)g(the)h(shell)f(is)h(started)g
14472 (to)g(inhibit)150 3379 y(this)f(b)s(eha)m(vior.)275 3526
14473 y(When)h(an)g(in)m(teractiv)m(e)k(login)d(shell)g(exits,)h(or)f(a)g
14474 (non-in)m(teractiv)m(e)i(login)f(shell)e(executes)i(the)f
14475 Ft(exit)150 3635 y Fu(builtin)g(command,)i(Bash)e(reads)h(and)f
14476 (executes)i(commands)e(from)g(the)h(\014le)g Ft(~/.bash_logout)p
14477 Fu(,)d(if)i(it)150 3745 y(exists.)150 3956 y Fk(In)m(v)m(ok)m(ed)40
14478 b(as)h(an)f(in)m(teractiv)m(e)f(non-login)k(shell)150
14479 4103 y Fu(When)g(an)h(in)m(teractiv)m(e)i(shell)e(that)g(is)f(not)h(a)g
14480 (login)g(shell)g(is)f(started,)48 b(Bash)c(reads)f(and)g(executes)150
14481 4213 y(commands)31 b(from)g Ft(~/.bashrc)p Fu(,)f(if)h(that)h(\014le)g
14482 (exists.)44 b(This)31 b(ma)m(y)h(b)s(e)f(inhibited)g(b)m(y)g(using)g
14483 (the)h Ft(--norc)150 4322 y Fu(option.)40 b(The)27 b
14484 Ft(--rcfile)h Fj(file)e Fu(option)h(will)g(force)h(Bash)f(to)h(read)f
14485 (and)f(execute)j(commands)d(from)h Fr(\014le)150 4432
14486 y Fu(instead)k(of)f Ft(~/.bashrc)p Fu(.)275 4579 y(So,)g(t)m(ypically)
14487 -8 b(,)33 b(y)m(our)d Ft(~/.bash_profile)c Fu(con)m(tains)32
14488 b(the)f(line)390 4725 y Ft(if)47 b([)h(-f)f(~/.bashrc)e(];)i(then)g(.)g
14489 (~/.bashrc;)e(fi)150 4872 y Fu(after)31 b(\(or)g(b)s(efore\))f(an)m(y)h
14490 (login-sp)s(eci\014c)g(initializations.)150 5083 y Fk(In)m(v)m(ok)m(ed)
14491 40 b(non-in)m(teractiv)m(ely)150 5230 y Fu(When)33 b(Bash)g(is)g
14492 (started)h(non-in)m(teractiv)m(ely)-8 b(,)37 b(to)d(run)e(a)h(shell)h
14493 (script,)g(for)f(example,)i(it)e(lo)s(oks)h(for)f(the)150
14494 5340 y(v)-5 b(ariable)35 b Ft(BASH_ENV)d Fu(in)i(the)h(en)m(vironmen)m
14495 (t,)h(expands)e(its)g(v)-5 b(alue)35 b(if)g(it)g(app)s(ears)e(there,)j
14496 (and)e(uses)g(the)p eop end
14497 %%Page: 89 95
14498 TeXDict begin 89 94 bop 150 -116 a Fu(Chapter)30 b(6:)41
14499 b(Bash)30 b(F)-8 b(eatures)2484 b(89)150 299 y(expanded)30
14500 b(v)-5 b(alue)30 b(as)h(the)g(name)f(of)h(a)f(\014le)h(to)g(read)f(and)
14501 g(execute.)42 b(Bash)31 b(b)s(eha)m(v)m(es)g(as)g(if)f(the)g(follo)m
14502 (wing)150 408 y(command)g(w)m(ere)h(executed:)390 552
14503 y Ft(if)47 b([)h(-n)f("$BASH_ENV")e(];)i(then)f(.)i("$BASH_ENV";)c(fi)
14504 150 696 y Fu(but)30 b(the)g(v)-5 b(alue)31 b(of)g(the)f
14505 Ft(PATH)f Fu(v)-5 b(ariable)32 b(is)e(not)h(used)e(to)i(searc)m(h)g
14506 (for)f(the)h(\014lename.)275 840 y(As)42 b(noted)g(ab)s(o)m(v)m(e,)47
14507 b(if)42 b(a)h(non-in)m(teractiv)m(e)i(shell)d(is)g(in)m(v)m(ok)m(ed)i
14508 (with)e(the)h Ft(--login)d Fu(option,)46 b(Bash)150 949
14509 y(attempts)31 b(to)g(read)g(and)e(execute)j(commands)e(from)g(the)h
14510 (login)g(shell)g(startup)e(\014les.)150 1158 y Fk(In)m(v)m(ok)m(ed)40
14511 b(with)g(name)h Fh(sh)150 1305 y Fu(If)c(Bash)g(is)g(in)m(v)m(ok)m(ed)i
14512 (with)e(the)g(name)g Ft(sh)p Fu(,)i(it)f(tries)f(to)h(mimic)g(the)f
14513 (startup)g(b)s(eha)m(vior)g(of)h(historical)150 1414
14514 y(v)m(ersions)31 b(of)f Ft(sh)g Fu(as)h(closely)h(as)e(p)s(ossible,)g
14515 (while)h(conforming)f(to)h(the)g Fm(posix)e Fu(standard)h(as)h(w)m
14516 (ell.)275 1558 y(When)50 b(in)m(v)m(ok)m(ed)j(as)f(an)f(in)m(teractiv)m
14517 (e)j(login)e(shell,)57 b(or)51 b(as)g(a)h(non-in)m(teractiv)m(e)h
14518 (shell)f(with)f(the)150 1668 y Ft(--login)31 b Fu(option,)k(it)e
14519 (\014rst)g(attempts)h(to)g(read)f(and)g(execute)h(commands)f(from)g
14520 Ft(/etc/profile)d Fu(and)150 1777 y Ft(~/.profile)p Fu(,)d(in)i(that)i
14521 (order.)39 b(The)30 b Ft(--noprofile)c Fu(option)k(ma)m(y)g(b)s(e)f
14522 (used)g(to)h(inhibit)f(this)h(b)s(eha)m(vior.)150 1887
14523 y(When)36 b(in)m(v)m(ok)m(ed)i(as)e(an)g(in)m(teractiv)m(e)j(shell)e
14524 (with)f(the)g(name)h Ft(sh)p Fu(,)g(Bash)f(lo)s(oks)h(for)f(the)h(v)-5
14525 b(ariable)37 b Ft(ENV)p Fu(,)150 1997 y(expands)29 b(its)i(v)-5
14526 b(alue)30 b(if)h(it)f(is)g(de\014ned,)g(and)f(uses)h(the)g(expanded)g
14527 (v)-5 b(alue)30 b(as)h(the)f(name)g(of)g(a)h(\014le)f(to)h(read)150
14528 2106 y(and)g(execute.)46 b(Since)32 b(a)g(shell)g(in)m(v)m(ok)m(ed)h
14529 (as)f Ft(sh)f Fu(do)s(es)g(not)h(attempt)h(to)g(read)e(and)g(execute)i
14530 (commands)150 2216 y(from)39 b(an)m(y)g(other)h(startup)e(\014les,)k
14531 (the)d Ft(--rcfile)e Fu(option)j(has)f(no)g(e\013ect.)69
14532 b(A)39 b(non-in)m(teractiv)m(e)j(shell)150 2325 y(in)m(v)m(ok)m(ed)32
14533 b(with)e(the)g(name)h Ft(sh)f Fu(do)s(es)g(not)g(attempt)i(to)f(read)f
14534 (an)m(y)h(other)g(startup)e(\014les.)275 2469 y(When)h(in)m(v)m(ok)m
14535 (ed)h(as)g Ft(sh)p Fu(,)f(Bash)h(en)m(ters)g Fm(posix)e
14536 Fu(mo)s(de)h(after)h(the)g(startup)f(\014les)g(are)h(read.)150
14537 2678 y Fk(In)m(v)m(ok)m(ed)40 b(in)h Fg(posix)g Fk(mo)s(de)150
14538 2824 y Fu(When)28 b(Bash)h(is)g(started)g(in)g Fm(posix)f
14539 Fu(mo)s(de,)g(as)h(with)g(the)g Ft(--posix)d Fu(command)j(line)g
14540 (option,)h(it)f(follo)m(ws)150 2934 y(the)24 b Fm(posix)f
14541 Fu(standard)h(for)f(startup)h(\014les.)38 b(In)24 b(this)g(mo)s(de,)h
14542 (in)m(teractiv)m(e)i(shells)d(expand)f(the)h Ft(ENV)f
14543 Fu(v)-5 b(ariable)150 3044 y(and)30 b(commands)g(are)g(read)h(and)e
14544 (executed)j(from)d(the)i(\014le)f(whose)g(name)h(is)f(the)h(expanded)e
14545 (v)-5 b(alue.)41 b(No)150 3153 y(other)31 b(startup)f(\014les)g(are)h
14546 (read.)150 3362 y Fk(In)m(v)m(ok)m(ed)40 b(b)m(y)g(remote)h(shell)h
14547 (daemon)150 3509 y Fu(Bash)36 b(attempts)h(to)g(determine)f(when)f(it)i
14548 (is)f(b)s(eing)g(run)e(with)i(its)g(standard)g(input)f(connected)i(to)g
14549 (a)150 3618 y(net)m(w)m(ork)h(connection,)j(as)c(when)g(executed)h(b)m
14550 (y)f(the)h(remote)g(shell)g(daemon,)h(usually)e Ft(rshd)p
14551 Fu(,)h(or)g(the)150 3728 y(secure)c(shell)f(daemon)h
14552 Ft(sshd)p Fu(.)49 b(If)33 b(Bash)g(determines)h(it)g(is)f(b)s(eing)g
14553 (run)f(in)i(this)f(fashion,)h(it)g(reads)g(and)150 3837
14554 y(executes)29 b(commands)e(from)g Ft(~/.bashrc)p Fu(,)e(if)j(that)g
14555 (\014le)f(exists)h(and)f(is)g(readable.)41 b(It)27 b(will)h(not)f(do)h
14556 (this)f(if)150 3947 y(in)m(v)m(ok)m(ed)k(as)f Ft(sh)p
14557 Fu(.)40 b(The)29 b Ft(--norc)f Fu(option)i(ma)m(y)g(b)s(e)f(used)f(to)j
14558 (inhibit)e(this)g(b)s(eha)m(vior,)h(and)f(the)h Ft(--rcfile)150
14559 4057 y Fu(option)36 b(ma)m(y)g(b)s(e)e(used)h(to)h(force)g(another)f
14560 (\014le)h(to)g(b)s(e)e(read,)j(but)d(neither)i Ft(rshd)e
14561 Fu(nor)h Ft(sshd)f Fu(generally)150 4166 y(in)m(v)m(ok)m(e)e(the)f
14562 (shell)f(with)h(those)f(options)h(or)f(allo)m(w)i(them)f(to)g(b)s(e)e
14563 (sp)s(eci\014ed.)150 4375 y Fk(In)m(v)m(ok)m(ed)40 b(with)g(unequal)h
14564 (e\013ectiv)m(e)e(and)i(real)g Fg(uid/gid)p Fk(s)150
14565 4522 y Fu(If)34 b(Bash)h(is)g(started)g(with)f(the)h(e\013ectiv)m(e)i
14566 (user)d(\(group\))h(id)f(not)h(equal)g(to)g(the)g(real)g(user)f
14567 (\(group\))h(id,)150 4631 y(and)26 b(the)i Ft(-p)e Fu(option)h(is)g
14568 (not)h(supplied,)e(no)h(startup)g(\014les)g(are)g(read,)h(shell)f
14569 (functions)g(are)g(not)g(inherited)150 4741 y(from)41
14570 b(the)g(en)m(vironmen)m(t,)j(the)d Ft(SHELLOPTS)p Fu(,)h
14571 Ft(BASHOPTS)p Fu(,)g Ft(CDPATH)p Fu(,)g(and)e Ft(GLOBIGNORE)e
14572 Fu(v)-5 b(ariables,)45 b(if)150 4850 y(they)28 b(app)s(ear)f(in)h(the)g
14573 (en)m(vironmen)m(t,)i(are)e(ignored,)h(and)e(the)h(e\013ectiv)m(e)j
14574 (user)c(id)h(is)g(set)g(to)h(the)f(real)h(user)150 4960
14575 y(id.)62 b(If)38 b(the)f Ft(-p)h Fu(option)g(is)f(supplied)g(at)h(in)m
14576 (v)m(o)s(cation,)k(the)c(startup)f(b)s(eha)m(vior)h(is)g(the)g(same,)i
14577 (but)d(the)150 5070 y(e\013ectiv)m(e)c(user)d(id)g(is)g(not)h(reset.)
14578 150 5324 y Fs(6.3)68 b(In)l(teractiv)l(e)47 b(Shells)p
14579 eop end
14580 %%Page: 90 96
14581 TeXDict begin 90 95 bop 150 -116 a Fu(Chapter)30 b(6:)41
14582 b(Bash)30 b(F)-8 b(eatures)2484 b(90)150 299 y Fk(6.3.1)63
14583 b(What)40 b(is)h(an)g(In)m(teractiv)m(e)e(Shell?)150
14584 446 y Fu(An)g(in)m(teractiv)m(e)k(shell)d(is)g(one)g(started)g(without)
14585 g(non-option)g(argumen)m(ts,)j(unless)c Ft(-s)h Fu(is)f(sp)s
14586 (eci\014ed,)150 555 y(without)30 b(sp)s(ecifying)g(the)g
14587 Ft(-c)f Fu(option,)h(and)g(whose)f(input)g(and)g(error)h(output)f(are)h
14588 (b)s(oth)f(connected)i(to)150 665 y(terminals)g(\(as)g(determined)f(b)m
14589 (y)g Ft(isatty\(3\))p Fu(\),)e(or)j(one)f(started)h(with)f(the)h
14590 Ft(-i)f Fu(option.)275 808 y(An)g(in)m(teractiv)m(e)j(shell)d
14591 (generally)i(reads)e(from)g(and)g(writes)g(to)h(a)g(user's)f(terminal.)
14592 275 952 y(The)i Ft(-s)g Fu(in)m(v)m(o)s(cation)j(option)f(ma)m(y)f(b)s
14593 (e)g(used)f(to)i(set)f(the)g(p)s(ositional)h(parameters)f(when)f(an)h
14594 (in)m(ter-)150 1061 y(activ)m(e)g(shell)d(is)h(started.)150
14595 1269 y Fk(6.3.2)63 b(Is)41 b(this)g(Shell)g(In)m(teractiv)m(e?)150
14596 1416 y Fu(T)-8 b(o)30 b(determine)g(within)f(a)h(startup)g(script)f
14597 (whether)g(or)h(not)g(Bash)g(is)g(running)e(in)m(teractiv)m(ely)-8
14598 b(,)33 b(test)e(the)150 1526 y(v)-5 b(alue)30 b(of)g(the)f(`)p
14599 Ft(-)p Fu(')h(sp)s(ecial)g(parameter.)41 b(It)29 b(con)m(tains)i
14600 Ft(i)e Fu(when)g(the)g(shell)h(is)f(in)m(teractiv)m(e.)44
14601 b(F)-8 b(or)30 b(example:)390 1669 y Ft(case)47 b("$-")f(in)390
14602 1779 y(*i*\))h(echo)f(This)h(shell)f(is)h(interactive)e(;;)390
14603 1888 y(*\))i(echo)g(This)f(shell)h(is)g(not)g(interactive)e(;;)390
14604 1998 y(esac)275 2141 y Fu(Alternativ)m(ely)-8 b(,)28
14605 b(startup)23 b(scripts)h(ma)m(y)g(examine)g(the)g(v)-5
14606 b(ariable)25 b Ft(PS1)p Fu(;)g(it)g(is)e(unset)h(in)f(non-in)m
14607 (teractiv)m(e)150 2251 y(shells,)31 b(and)e(set)i(in)f(in)m(teractiv)m
14608 (e)k(shells.)40 b(Th)m(us:)390 2394 y Ft(if)47 b([)h(-z)f("$PS1")f(];)h
14609 (then)772 2503 y(echo)f(This)h(shell)f(is)i(not)f(interactive)390
14610 2613 y(else)772 2723 y(echo)f(This)h(shell)f(is)i(interactive)390
14611 2832 y(fi)150 3040 y Fk(6.3.3)63 b(In)m(teractiv)m(e)38
14612 b(Shell)k(Beha)m(vior)150 3187 y Fu(When)30 b(the)h(shell)f(is)h
14613 (running)d(in)m(teractiv)m(ely)-8 b(,)34 b(it)d(c)m(hanges)h(its)f(b)s
14614 (eha)m(vior)f(in)g(sev)m(eral)i(w)m(a)m(ys.)199 3330
14615 y(1.)61 b(Startup)37 b(\014les)g(are)h(read)f(and)g(executed)h(as)f
14616 (describ)s(ed)g(in)g(Section)h(6.2)g([Bash)g(Startup)e(Files],)330
14617 3440 y(page)31 b(88.)199 3579 y(2.)61 b(Job)32 b(Con)m(trol)h(\(see)g
14618 (Chapter)e(7)i([Job)f(Con)m(trol],)i(page)f(107\))h(is)e(enabled)g(b)m
14619 (y)g(default.)46 b(When)32 b(job)330 3689 y(con)m(trol)j(is)f(in)f
14620 (e\013ect,)k(Bash)d(ignores)g(the)g(k)m(eyb)s(oard-generated)h(job)e
14621 (con)m(trol)i(signals)g Ft(SIGTTIN)p Fu(,)330 3798 y
14622 Ft(SIGTTOU)p Fu(,)29 b(and)g Ft(SIGTSTP)p Fu(.)199 3937
14623 y(3.)61 b(Bash)25 b(expands)e(and)h(displa)m(ys)h Ft(PS1)e
14624 Fu(b)s(efore)h(reading)h(the)f(\014rst)g(line)h(of)f(a)h(command,)h
14625 (and)e(expands)330 4047 y(and)33 b(displa)m(ys)h Ft(PS2)f
14626 Fu(b)s(efore)h(reading)g(the)g(second)g(and)f(subsequen)m(t)g(lines)i
14627 (of)f(a)g(m)m(ulti-line)h(com-)330 4156 y(mand.)42 b(Bash)31
14628 b(expands)f(and)h(displa)m(ys)g Ft(PS0)f Fu(after)h(it)h(reads)f(a)g
14629 (command)g(but)f(b)s(efore)h(executing)330 4266 y(it.)62
14630 b(See)38 b(Section)g(6.9)h([Con)m(trolling)g(the)e(Prompt],)j(page)e
14631 (98,)i(for)d(a)h(complete)h(list)f(of)g(prompt)330 4375
14632 y(string)30 b(escap)s(e)h(sequences.)199 4514 y(4.)61
14633 b(Bash)28 b(executes)h(the)e(v)-5 b(alues)28 b(of)g(the)g(set)g(elemen)
14634 m(ts)h(of)f(the)g Ft(PROMPT_COMMANDS)23 b Fu(arra)m(y)28
14635 b(v)-5 b(ariable)29 b(as)330 4624 y(commands)e(b)s(efore)f(prin)m(ting)
14636 h(the)g(primary)g(prompt,)g Ft($PS1)f Fu(\(see)i(Section)f(5.2)i([Bash)
14637 e(V)-8 b(ariables],)330 4733 y(page)31 b(73\).)199 4872
14638 y(5.)61 b(Readline)27 b(\(see)g(Chapter)e(8)h([Command)g(Line)g
14639 (Editing],)h(page)g(111\))g(is)f(used)g(to)g(read)g(commands)330
14640 4982 y(from)k(the)g(user's)g(terminal.)199 5121 y(6.)61
14641 b(Bash)36 b(insp)s(ects)g(the)h(v)-5 b(alue)37 b(of)f(the)g
14642 Ft(ignoreeof)e Fu(option)j(to)g Ft(set)29 b(-o)36 b Fu(instead)h(of)f
14643 (exiting)i(imme-)330 5230 y(diately)f(when)e(it)i(receiv)m(es)h(an)e
14644 Ft(EOF)f Fu(on)h(its)g(standard)f(input)g(when)h(reading)g(a)g(command)
14645 g(\(see)330 5340 y(Section)31 b(4.3.1)h([The)e(Set)h(Builtin],)g(page)g
14646 (62\).)p eop end
14647 %%Page: 91 97
14648 TeXDict begin 91 96 bop 150 -116 a Fu(Chapter)30 b(6:)41
14649 b(Bash)30 b(F)-8 b(eatures)2484 b(91)199 299 y(7.)61
14650 b(Command)43 b(history)h(\(see)h(Section)g(9.1)g([Bash)f(History)h(F)-8
14651 b(acilities],)51 b(page)45 b(146\))h(and)d(history)330
14652 408 y(expansion)h(\(see)i(Section)f(9.3)h([History)g(In)m(teraction],)k
14653 (page)45 b(148\))h(are)f(enabled)g(b)m(y)f(default.)330
14654 518 y(Bash)28 b(will)g(sa)m(v)m(e)h(the)f(command)f(history)h(to)g(the)
14655 g(\014le)g(named)f(b)m(y)h Ft($HISTFILE)d Fu(when)h(a)i(shell)g(with)
14656 330 628 y(history)i(enabled)h(exits.)199 762 y(8.)61
14657 b(Alias)31 b(expansion)g(\(see)g(Section)g(6.6)g([Aliases],)i(page)e
14658 (94\))h(is)e(p)s(erformed)f(b)m(y)h(default.)199 896
14659 y(9.)61 b(In)24 b(the)g(absence)h(of)f(an)m(y)h(traps,)g(Bash)g
14660 (ignores)f Ft(SIGTERM)f Fu(\(see)i(Section)g(3.7.6)h([Signals],)g(page)
14661 f(42\).)154 1030 y(10.)61 b(In)29 b(the)g(absence)h(of)g(an)m(y)g
14662 (traps,)f Ft(SIGINT)f Fu(is)h(caugh)m(t)i(and)e(handled)f(\(see)j
14663 (Section)f(3.7.6)h([Signals],)330 1140 y(page)g(42\).)42
14664 b Ft(SIGINT)29 b Fu(will)h(in)m(terrupt)g(some)h(shell)g(builtins.)154
14665 1274 y(11.)61 b(An)40 b(in)m(teractiv)m(e)j(login)e(shell)g(sends)e(a)i
14666 Ft(SIGHUP)d Fu(to)j(all)g(jobs)f(on)g(exit)h(if)g(the)f
14667 Ft(huponexit)e Fu(shell)330 1383 y(option)31 b(has)f(b)s(een)g(enabled)
14668 g(\(see)h(Section)g(3.7.6)i([Signals],)e(page)g(42\).)154
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14670 (ignored,)g(and)f(`)p Ft(set)h(-n)p Fu(')f(has)h(no)f(e\013ect)j(\(see)
14671 e(Section)h(4.3.1)g([The)330 1627 y(Set)g(Builtin],)g(page)g(62\).)154
14672 1761 y(13.)61 b(Bash)32 b(will)g(c)m(hec)m(k)i(for)e(mail)g(p)s(erio)s
14673 (dically)-8 b(,)34 b(dep)s(ending)c(on)i(the)g(v)-5 b(alues)32
14674 b(of)g(the)h Ft(MAIL)p Fu(,)e Ft(MAILPATH)p Fu(,)330
14675 1871 y(and)f Ft(MAILCHECK)e Fu(shell)i(v)-5 b(ariables)31
14676 b(\(see)h(Section)f(5.2)g([Bash)g(V)-8 b(ariables],)32
14677 b(page)f(73\).)154 2005 y(14.)61 b(Expansion)32 b(errors)h(due)f(to)i
14678 (references)f(to)h(un)m(b)s(ound)c(shell)j(v)-5 b(ariables)34
14679 b(after)g(`)p Ft(set)29 b(-u)p Fu(')k(has)g(b)s(een)330
14680 2114 y(enabled)d(will)h(not)g(cause)g(the)f(shell)h(to)g(exit)g(\(see)g
14681 (Section)h(4.3.1)g([The)e(Set)h(Builtin],)g(page)g(62\).)154
14682 2248 y(15.)61 b(The)48 b(shell)h(will)f(not)h(exit)g(on)g(expansion)f
14683 (errors)g(caused)g(b)m(y)h Fr(v)-5 b(ar)54 b Fu(b)s(eing)48
14684 b(unset)g(or)h(n)m(ull)f(in)330 2358 y Ft(${)p Fj(var)p
14685 Ft(:?)p Fj(word)p Ft(})27 b Fu(expansions)j(\(see)h(Section)h(3.5.3)g
14686 ([Shell)e(P)m(arameter)i(Expansion],)e(page)h(25\).)154
14687 2492 y(16.)61 b(Redirection)31 b(errors)f(encoun)m(tered)h(b)m(y)f
14688 (shell)h(builtins)f(will)g(not)h(cause)g(the)f(shell)h(to)g(exit.)154
14689 2626 y(17.)61 b(When)26 b(running)f(in)i Fm(posix)e Fu(mo)s(de,)j(a)f
14690 (sp)s(ecial)g(builtin)f(returning)g(an)g(error)h(status)g(will)g(not)f
14691 (cause)330 2736 y(the)31 b(shell)f(to)h(exit)h(\(see)f(Section)g(6.11)h
14692 ([Bash)f(POSIX)e(Mo)s(de],)i(page)g(101\).)154 2870 y(18.)61
14693 b(A)34 b(failed)g Ft(exec)f Fu(will)h(not)g(cause)g(the)g(shell)g(to)g
14694 (exit)h(\(see)f(Section)h(4.1)g([Bourne)f(Shell)f(Builtins],)330
14695 2980 y(page)e(44\).)154 3114 y(19.)61 b(P)m(arser)31
14696 b(syn)m(tax)f(errors)g(will)h(not)g(cause)g(the)f(shell)h(to)g(exit.)
14697 154 3248 y(20.)61 b(Simple)21 b(sp)s(elling)h(correction)g(for)g
14698 (directory)g(argumen)m(ts)f(to)i(the)e Ft(cd)g Fu(builtin)g(is)h
14699 (enabled)f(b)m(y)h(default)330 3357 y(\(see)35 b(the)g(description)f
14700 (of)h(the)f Ft(cdspell)f Fu(option)h(to)i(the)e Ft(shopt)f
14701 Fu(builtin)h(in)g(Section)h(4.3.2)h([The)330 3467 y(Shopt)30
14702 b(Builtin],)h(page)g(66\).)154 3601 y(21.)61 b(The)42
14703 b(shell)h(will)g(c)m(hec)m(k)h(the)f(v)-5 b(alue)43 b(of)f(the)h
14704 Ft(TMOUT)e Fu(v)-5 b(ariable)44 b(and)e(exit)h(if)g(a)g(command)f(is)h
14705 (not)330 3711 y(read)30 b(within)g(the)g(sp)s(eci\014ed)f(n)m(um)m(b)s
14706 (er)g(of)i(seconds)f(after)g(prin)m(ting)g Ft($PS1)f
14707 Fu(\(see)i(Section)g(5.2)h([Bash)330 3820 y(V)-8 b(ariables],)32
14708 b(page)f(73\).)150 4060 y Fs(6.4)68 b(Bash)45 b(Conditional)h
14709 (Expressions)150 4220 y Fu(Conditional)26 b(expressions)g(are)g(used)f
14710 (b)m(y)g(the)h Ft([[)f Fu(comp)s(ound)g(command)g(and)g(the)h
14711 Ft(test)f Fu(and)g Ft([)g Fu(builtin)150 4329 y(commands.)50
14712 b(The)33 b Ft(test)g Fu(and)f Ft([)i Fu(commands)f(determine)h(their)f
14713 (b)s(eha)m(vior)h(based)f(on)h(the)f(n)m(um)m(b)s(er)g(of)150
14714 4439 y(argumen)m(ts;)28 b(see)f(the)f(descriptions)g(of)g(those)g
14715 (commands)g(for)g(an)m(y)g(other)h(command-sp)s(eci\014c)e(actions.)275
14716 4573 y(Expressions)d(ma)m(y)h(b)s(e)g(unary)f(or)h(binary)-8
14717 b(,)24 b(and)f(are)g(formed)g(from)g(the)g(follo)m(wing)h(primaries.)38
14718 b(Unary)150 4682 y(expressions)c(are)g(often)g(used)g(to)g(examine)h
14719 (the)f(status)g(of)h(a)f(\014le.)52 b(There)33 b(are)h(string)g(op)s
14720 (erators)h(and)150 4792 y(n)m(umeric)c(comparison)g(op)s(erators)h(as)f
14721 (w)m(ell.)44 b(Bash)31 b(handles)g(sev)m(eral)h(\014lenames)g(sp)s
14722 (ecially)g(when)e(they)150 4902 y(are)35 b(used)e(in)i(expressions.)52
14723 b(If)34 b(the)h(op)s(erating)f(system)h(on)f(whic)m(h)g(Bash)h(is)f
14724 (running)f(pro)m(vides)h(these)150 5011 y(sp)s(ecial)22
14725 b(\014les,)i(Bash)e(will)g(use)f(them;)k(otherwise)d(it)g(will)g(em)m
14726 (ulate)h(them)f(in)m(ternally)h(with)e(this)h(b)s(eha)m(vior:)150
14727 5121 y(If)27 b(the)g Fr(\014le)33 b Fu(argumen)m(t)27
14728 b(to)h(one)g(of)f(the)h(primaries)f(is)g(of)h(the)f(form)g
14729 Ft(/dev/fd/)p Fj(N)p Fu(,)e(then)i(\014le)h(descriptor)f
14730 Fr(N)150 5230 y Fu(is)g(c)m(hec)m(k)m(ed.)42 b(If)26
14731 b(the)h Fr(\014le)32 b Fu(argumen)m(t)c(to)f(one)h(of)f(the)g
14732 (primaries)f(is)h(one)h(of)f Ft(/dev/stdin)p Fu(,)e Ft(/dev/stdout)p
14733 Fu(,)150 5340 y(or)30 b Ft(/dev/stderr)p Fu(,)e(\014le)i(descriptor)h
14734 (0,)g(1,)g(or)f(2,)h(resp)s(ectiv)m(ely)-8 b(,)32 b(is)f(c)m(hec)m(k)m
14735 (ed.)p eop end
14736 %%Page: 92 98
14737 TeXDict begin 92 97 bop 150 -116 a Fu(Chapter)30 b(6:)41
14738 b(Bash)30 b(F)-8 b(eatures)2484 b(92)275 299 y(When)37
14739 b(used)g(with)g Ft([[)p Fu(,)i(the)f(`)p Ft(<)p Fu(')g(and)f(`)p
14740 Ft(>)p Fu(')h(op)s(erators)g(sort)g(lexicographically)i(using)d(the)h
14741 (curren)m(t)150 408 y(lo)s(cale.)k(The)30 b Ft(test)f
14742 Fu(command)i(uses)f(ASCI)s(I)e(ordering.)275 542 y(Unless)44
14743 b(otherwise)h(sp)s(eci\014ed,)j(primaries)c(that)h(op)s(erate)g(on)g
14744 (\014les)f(follo)m(w)i(sym)m(b)s(olic)f(links)g(and)150
14745 651 y(op)s(erate)31 b(on)f(the)h(target)h(of)e(the)h(link,)f(rather)h
14746 (than)f(the)g(link)h(itself.)150 808 y Ft(-a)f Fj(file)162
14747 b Fu(T)-8 b(rue)30 b(if)g Fr(\014le)36 b Fu(exists.)150
14748 965 y Ft(-b)30 b Fj(file)162 b Fu(T)-8 b(rue)30 b(if)g
14749 Fr(\014le)36 b Fu(exists)31 b(and)f(is)g(a)h(blo)s(c)m(k)g(sp)s(ecial)g
14750 (\014le.)150 1122 y Ft(-c)f Fj(file)162 b Fu(T)-8 b(rue)30
14751 b(if)g Fr(\014le)36 b Fu(exists)31 b(and)f(is)g(a)h(c)m(haracter)h(sp)s
14752 (ecial)f(\014le.)150 1279 y Ft(-d)f Fj(file)162 b Fu(T)-8
14753 b(rue)30 b(if)g Fr(\014le)36 b Fu(exists)31 b(and)f(is)g(a)h(directory)
14754 -8 b(.)150 1436 y Ft(-e)30 b Fj(file)162 b Fu(T)-8 b(rue)30
14755 b(if)g Fr(\014le)36 b Fu(exists.)150 1592 y Ft(-f)30
14756 b Fj(file)162 b Fu(T)-8 b(rue)30 b(if)g Fr(\014le)36
14757 b Fu(exists)31 b(and)f(is)g(a)h(regular)f(\014le.)150
14758 1749 y Ft(-g)g Fj(file)162 b Fu(T)-8 b(rue)30 b(if)g
14759 Fr(\014le)36 b Fu(exists)31 b(and)f(its)g(set-group-id)h(bit)g(is)f
14760 (set.)150 1906 y Ft(-h)g Fj(file)162 b Fu(T)-8 b(rue)30
14761 b(if)g Fr(\014le)36 b Fu(exists)31 b(and)f(is)g(a)h(sym)m(b)s(olic)g
14762 (link.)150 2063 y Ft(-k)f Fj(file)162 b Fu(T)-8 b(rue)30
14763 b(if)g Fr(\014le)36 b Fu(exists)31 b(and)f(its)g Ft(")p
14764 Fu(stic)m(ky)p Ft(")h Fu(bit)g(is)f(set.)150 2220 y Ft(-p)g
14765 Fj(file)162 b Fu(T)-8 b(rue)30 b(if)g Fr(\014le)36 b
14766 Fu(exists)31 b(and)f(is)g(a)h(named)f(pip)s(e)f(\(FIF)m(O\).)150
14767 2377 y Ft(-r)h Fj(file)162 b Fu(T)-8 b(rue)30 b(if)g
14768 Fr(\014le)36 b Fu(exists)31 b(and)f(is)g(readable.)150
14769 2534 y Ft(-s)g Fj(file)162 b Fu(T)-8 b(rue)30 b(if)g
14770 Fr(\014le)36 b Fu(exists)31 b(and)f(has)g(a)g(size)i(greater)f(than)f
14771 (zero.)150 2690 y Ft(-t)g Fj(fd)258 b Fu(T)-8 b(rue)30
14772 b(if)g(\014le)h(descriptor)f Fr(fd)j Fu(is)e(op)s(en)e(and)h(refers)g
14773 (to)h(a)g(terminal.)150 2847 y Ft(-u)f Fj(file)162 b
14774 Fu(T)-8 b(rue)30 b(if)g Fr(\014le)36 b Fu(exists)31 b(and)f(its)g
14775 (set-user-id)h(bit)f(is)h(set.)150 3004 y Ft(-w)f Fj(file)162
14776 b Fu(T)-8 b(rue)30 b(if)g Fr(\014le)36 b Fu(exists)31
14777 b(and)f(is)g(writable.)150 3161 y Ft(-x)g Fj(file)162
14778 b Fu(T)-8 b(rue)30 b(if)g Fr(\014le)36 b Fu(exists)31
14779 b(and)f(is)g(executable.)150 3318 y Ft(-G)g Fj(file)162
14780 b Fu(T)-8 b(rue)30 b(if)g Fr(\014le)36 b Fu(exists)31
14781 b(and)f(is)g(o)m(wned)g(b)m(y)h(the)f(e\013ectiv)m(e)j(group)d(id.)150
14782 3475 y Ft(-L)g Fj(file)162 b Fu(T)-8 b(rue)30 b(if)g
14783 Fr(\014le)36 b Fu(exists)31 b(and)f(is)g(a)h(sym)m(b)s(olic)g(link.)150
14784 3632 y Ft(-N)f Fj(file)162 b Fu(T)-8 b(rue)30 b(if)g
14785 Fr(\014le)36 b Fu(exists)31 b(and)f(has)g(b)s(een)f(mo)s(di\014ed)h
14786 (since)g(it)h(w)m(as)g(last)g(read.)150 3789 y Ft(-O)f
14787 Fj(file)162 b Fu(T)-8 b(rue)30 b(if)g Fr(\014le)36 b
14788 Fu(exists)31 b(and)f(is)g(o)m(wned)g(b)m(y)h(the)f(e\013ectiv)m(e)j
14789 (user)d(id.)150 3945 y Ft(-S)g Fj(file)162 b Fu(T)-8
14790 b(rue)30 b(if)g Fr(\014le)36 b Fu(exists)31 b(and)f(is)g(a)h(so)s(c)m
14791 (k)m(et.)150 4102 y Fj(file1)e Ft(-ef)g Fj(file2)630
14792 4212 y Fu(T)-8 b(rue)30 b(if)g Fr(\014le1)38 b Fu(and)30
14793 b Fr(\014le2)38 b Fu(refer)30 b(to)i(the)e(same)h(device)g(and)f(ino)s
14794 (de)g(n)m(um)m(b)s(ers.)150 4369 y Fj(file1)f Ft(-nt)g
14795 Fj(file2)630 4478 y Fu(T)-8 b(rue)23 b(if)h Fr(\014le1)32
14796 b Fu(is)24 b(new)m(er)g(\(according)h(to)g(mo)s(di\014cation)f(date\))h
14797 (than)f Fr(\014le2)p Fu(,)i(or)e(if)g Fr(\014le1)31 b
14798 Fu(exists)630 4588 y(and)f Fr(\014le2)38 b Fu(do)s(es)30
14799 b(not.)150 4745 y Fj(file1)f Ft(-ot)g Fj(file2)630 4854
14800 y Fu(T)-8 b(rue)30 b(if)g Fr(\014le1)38 b Fu(is)31 b(older)f(than)g
14801 Fr(\014le2)p Fu(,)i(or)e(if)g Fr(\014le2)38 b Fu(exists)31
14802 b(and)f Fr(\014le1)38 b Fu(do)s(es)30 b(not.)150 5011
14803 y Ft(-o)g Fj(optname)630 5121 y Fu(T)-8 b(rue)41 b(if)g(the)g(shell)h
14804 (option)f Fr(optname)47 b Fu(is)41 b(enabled.)73 b(The)41
14805 b(list)h(of)f(options)h(app)s(ears)e(in)630 5230 y(the)33
14806 b(description)h(of)f(the)g Ft(-o)g Fu(option)g(to)h(the)g
14807 Ft(set)e Fu(builtin)h(\(see)h(Section)g(4.3.1)h([The)e(Set)630
14808 5340 y(Builtin],)e(page)g(62\).)p eop end
14809 %%Page: 93 99
14810 TeXDict begin 93 98 bop 150 -116 a Fu(Chapter)30 b(6:)41
14811 b(Bash)30 b(F)-8 b(eatures)2484 b(93)150 299 y Ft(-v)30
14812 b Fj(varname)630 408 y Fu(T)-8 b(rue)30 b(if)g(the)h(shell)f(v)-5
14813 b(ariable)32 b Fr(v)-5 b(arname)35 b Fu(is)30 b(set)h(\(has)g(b)s(een)e
14814 (assigned)i(a)g(v)-5 b(alue\).)150 565 y Ft(-R)30 b Fj(varname)630
14815 674 y Fu(T)-8 b(rue)30 b(if)g(the)h(shell)f(v)-5 b(ariable)32
14816 b Fr(v)-5 b(arname)35 b Fu(is)30 b(set)h(and)f(is)h(a)f(name)h
14817 (reference.)150 830 y Ft(-z)f Fj(string)66 b Fu(T)-8
14818 b(rue)30 b(if)g(the)h(length)g(of)f Fr(string)38 b Fu(is)31
14819 b(zero.)150 987 y Ft(-n)f Fj(string)150 1096 y(string)192
14820 b Fu(T)-8 b(rue)30 b(if)g(the)h(length)g(of)f Fr(string)38
14821 b Fu(is)31 b(non-zero.)150 1252 y Fj(string1)d Ft(==)i
14822 Fj(string2)150 1362 y(string1)e Ft(=)i Fj(string2)630
14823 1472 y Fu(T)-8 b(rue)43 b(if)h(the)g(strings)g(are)g(equal.)82
14824 b(When)44 b(used)f(with)g(the)h Ft([[)g Fu(command,)j(this)d(p)s(er-)
14825 630 1581 y(forms)d(pattern)g(matc)m(hing)i(as)f(describ)s(ed)e(ab)s(o)m
14826 (v)m(e)j(\(see)f(Section)g(3.2.5.2)i([Conditional)630
14827 1691 y(Constructs],)30 b(page)h(11\).)630 1824 y(`)p
14828 Ft(=)p Fu(')g(should)e(b)s(e)h(used)f(with)h(the)h Ft(test)e
14829 Fu(command)h(for)g Fm(posix)g Fu(conformance.)150 1980
14830 y Fj(string1)e Ft(!=)i Fj(string2)630 2089 y Fu(T)-8
14831 b(rue)30 b(if)g(the)h(strings)f(are)h(not)f(equal.)150
14832 2246 y Fj(string1)e Ft(<)i Fj(string2)630 2355 y Fu(T)-8
14833 b(rue)30 b(if)g Fr(string1)38 b Fu(sorts)31 b(b)s(efore)f
14834 Fr(string2)38 b Fu(lexicographically)-8 b(.)150 2511
14835 y Fj(string1)28 b Ft(>)i Fj(string2)630 2621 y Fu(T)-8
14836 b(rue)30 b(if)g Fr(string1)38 b Fu(sorts)31 b(after)g
14837 Fr(string2)38 b Fu(lexicographically)-8 b(.)150 2777
14838 y Fj(arg1)29 b Ft(OP)h Fj(arg2)630 2887 y Ft(OP)j Fu(is)h(one)g(of)h(`)
14839 p Ft(-eq)p Fu(',)f(`)p Ft(-ne)p Fu(',)h(`)p Ft(-lt)p
14840 Fu(',)g(`)p Ft(-le)p Fu(',)f(`)p Ft(-gt)p Fu(',)h(or)f(`)p
14841 Ft(-ge)p Fu('.)51 b(These)34 b(arithmetic)h(binary)630
14842 2996 y(op)s(erators)h(return)e(true)i(if)f Fr(arg1)44
14843 b Fu(is)36 b(equal)g(to,)i(not)e(equal)g(to,)i(less)e(than,)h(less)f
14844 (than)f(or)630 3106 y(equal)29 b(to,)g(greater)h(than,)e(or)g(greater)i
14845 (than)d(or)i(equal)f(to)h Fr(arg2)p Fu(,)h(resp)s(ectiv)m(ely)-8
14846 b(.)42 b Fr(Arg1)36 b Fu(and)630 3215 y Fr(arg2)41 b
14847 Fu(ma)m(y)34 b(b)s(e)f(p)s(ositiv)m(e)h(or)f(negativ)m(e)j(in)m
14848 (tegers.)50 b(When)33 b(used)g(with)g(the)g Ft([[)g Fu(command,)630
14849 3325 y Fr(Arg1)41 b Fu(and)33 b Fr(Arg2)41 b Fu(are)33
14850 b(ev)-5 b(aluated)35 b(as)e(arithmetic)i(expressions)d(\(see)j(Section)
14851 f(6.5)g([Shell)630 3435 y(Arithmetic],)e(page)f(93\).)150
14852 3672 y Fs(6.5)68 b(Shell)45 b(Arithmetic)150 3832 y Fu(The)26
14853 b(shell)h(allo)m(ws)h(arithmetic)f(expressions)g(to)g(b)s(e)f(ev)-5
14854 b(aluated,)29 b(as)d(one)h(of)g(the)g(shell)f(expansions)h(or)f(b)m(y)
14855 150 3941 y(using)h(the)g Ft(\(\()g Fu(comp)s(ound)e(command,)j(the)g
14856 Ft(let)e Fu(builtin,)i(or)f(the)g Ft(-i)g Fu(option)h(to)f(the)h
14857 Ft(declare)d Fu(builtin.)275 4074 y(Ev)-5 b(aluation)27
14858 b(is)g(done)f(in)g(\014xed-width)g(in)m(tegers)i(with)e(no)h(c)m(hec)m
14859 (k)h(for)e(o)m(v)m(er\015o)m(w,)j(though)d(division)h(b)m(y)150
14860 4184 y(0)g(is)g(trapp)s(ed)f(and)h(\015agged)g(as)h(an)f(error.)39
14861 b(The)26 b(op)s(erators)h(and)g(their)g(precedence,)h(asso)s(ciativit)m
14862 (y)-8 b(,)32 b(and)150 4293 y(v)-5 b(alues)35 b(are)h(the)f(same)g(as)h
14863 (in)e(the)h(C)g(language.)56 b(The)35 b(follo)m(wing)h(list)g(of)f(op)s
14864 (erators)g(is)g(group)s(ed)f(in)m(to)150 4403 y(lev)m(els)27
14865 b(of)f(equal-precedence)i(op)s(erators.)39 b(The)25 b(lev)m(els)j(are)e
14866 (listed)h(in)e(order)h(of)g(decreasing)g(precedence.)150
14867 4559 y Fj(id)p Ft(++)j Fj(id)p Ft(--)67 b Fu(v)-5 b(ariable)31
14868 b(p)s(ost-incremen)m(t)g(and)f(p)s(ost-decremen)m(t)150
14869 4715 y Ft(++)p Fj(id)f Ft(--)p Fj(id)67 b Fu(v)-5 b(ariable)31
14870 b(pre-incremen)m(t)g(and)f(pre-decremen)m(t)150 4871
14871 y Ft(-)g(+)354 b Fu(unary)29 b(min)m(us)h(and)g(plus)150
14872 5028 y Ft(!)g(~)354 b Fu(logical)33 b(and)d(bit)m(wise)h(negation)150
14873 5184 y Ft(**)384 b Fu(exp)s(onen)m(tiation)150 5340 y
14874 Ft(*)30 b(/)g(\045)276 b Fu(m)m(ultiplication,)33 b(division,)d
14875 (remainder)p eop end
14876 %%Page: 94 100
14877 TeXDict begin 94 99 bop 150 -116 a Fu(Chapter)30 b(6:)41
14878 b(Bash)30 b(F)-8 b(eatures)2484 b(94)150 299 y Ft(+)30
14879 b(-)354 b Fu(addition,)31 b(subtraction)150 460 y Ft(<<)f(>>)258
14880 b Fu(left)31 b(and)f(righ)m(t)h(bit)m(wise)g(shifts)150
14881 620 y Ft(<=)f(>=)g(<)g(>)102 b Fu(comparison)150 781
14882 y Ft(==)30 b(!=)258 b Fu(equalit)m(y)32 b(and)e(inequalit)m(y)150
14883 942 y Ft(&)432 b Fu(bit)m(wise)31 b(AND)150 1103 y Ft(^)432
14884 b Fu(bit)m(wise)31 b(exclusiv)m(e)h(OR)150 1263 y Ft(|)432
14885 b Fu(bit)m(wise)31 b(OR)150 1424 y Ft(&&)384 b Fu(logical)33
14886 b(AND)150 1585 y Ft(||)384 b Fu(logical)33 b(OR)150 1746
14887 y Ft(expr)c(?)h(expr)f(:)h(expr)630 1855 y Fu(conditional)i(op)s
14888 (erator)150 2016 y Ft(=)e(*=)g(/=)g(\045=)f(+=)h(-=)g(<<=)f(>>=)h(&=)g
14889 (^=)f(|=)630 2126 y Fu(assignmen)m(t)150 2287 y Ft(expr1)g(,)h(expr2)
14890 630 2396 y Fu(comma)275 2558 y(Shell)38 b(v)-5 b(ariables)39
14891 b(are)g(allo)m(w)m(ed)i(as)e(op)s(erands;)i(parameter)e(expansion)g(is)
14892 f(p)s(erformed)g(b)s(efore)g(the)150 2667 y(expression)g(is)g(ev)-5
14893 b(aluated.)66 b(Within)38 b(an)h(expression,)h(shell)e(v)-5
14894 b(ariables)39 b(ma)m(y)g(also)g(b)s(e)f(referenced)g(b)m(y)150
14895 2777 y(name)31 b(without)f(using)g(the)h(parameter)g(expansion)f(syn)m
14896 (tax.)42 b(A)31 b(shell)f(v)-5 b(ariable)32 b(that)f(is)f(n)m(ull)h(or)
14897 f(unset)150 2886 y(ev)-5 b(aluates)41 b(to)f(0)g(when)e(referenced)h(b)
14898 m(y)g(name)h(without)f(using)g(the)g(parameter)h(expansion)f(syn)m
14899 (tax.)150 2996 y(The)c(v)-5 b(alue)37 b(of)f(a)h(v)-5
14900 b(ariable)36 b(is)g(ev)-5 b(aluated)38 b(as)e(an)g(arithmetic)h
14901 (expression)f(when)f(it)h(is)g(referenced,)i(or)150 3106
14902 y(when)31 b(a)i(v)-5 b(ariable)33 b(whic)m(h)f(has)g(b)s(een)f(giv)m
14903 (en)j(the)e Fr(in)m(teger)40 b Fu(attribute)33 b(using)f(`)p
14904 Ft(declare)d(-i)p Fu(')i(is)i(assigned)150 3215 y(a)j(v)-5
14905 b(alue.)58 b(A)36 b(n)m(ull)f(v)-5 b(alue)37 b(ev)-5
14906 b(aluates)37 b(to)g(0.)57 b(A)36 b(shell)g(v)-5 b(ariable)37
14907 b(need)e(not)h(ha)m(v)m(e)h(its)f Fr(in)m(teger)44 b
14908 Fu(attribute)150 3325 y(turned)29 b(on)h(to)i(b)s(e)d(used)h(in)g(an)g
14909 (expression.)275 3461 y(In)m(teger)41 b(constan)m(ts)g(follo)m(w)h(the)
14910 e(C)g(language)i(de\014nition,)g(without)f(su\016xes)e(or)h(c)m
14911 (haracter)i(con-)150 3570 y(stan)m(ts.)f(Constan)m(ts)31
14912 b(with)f(a)g(leading)h(0)f(are)h(in)m(terpreted)f(as)g(o)s(ctal)i(n)m
14913 (um)m(b)s(ers.)39 b(A)30 b(leading)h(`)p Ft(0x)p Fu(')f(or)g(`)p
14914 Ft(0X)p Fu(')150 3680 y(denotes)g(hexadecimal.)42 b(Otherwise,)30
14915 b(n)m(um)m(b)s(ers)f(tak)m(e)i(the)f(form)g([)p Fr(base)5
14916 b Ft(#)p Fu(])p Fr(n)p Fu(,)30 b(where)f(the)i(optional)g
14917 Fr(base)150 3789 y Fu(is)e(a)h(decimal)g(n)m(um)m(b)s(er)e(b)s(et)m(w)m
14918 (een)h(2)h(and)e(64)i(represen)m(ting)g(the)f(arithmetic)i(base,)e(and)
14919 g Fr(n)g Fu(is)g(a)g(n)m(um)m(b)s(er)150 3899 y(in)g(that)i(base.)40
14920 b(If)30 b Fr(base)5 b Ft(#)30 b Fu(is)f(omitted,)i(then)f(base)g(10)g
14921 (is)g(used.)40 b(When)30 b(sp)s(ecifying)f Fr(n)p Fu(,)h(if)f(a)i
14922 (non-digit)f(is)150 4008 y(required,)k(the)g(digits)h(greater)g(than)e
14923 (9)i(are)f(represen)m(ted)g(b)m(y)f(the)h(lo)m(w)m(ercase)j(letters,)f
14924 (the)e(upp)s(ercase)150 4118 y(letters,)26 b(`)p Ft(@)p
14925 Fu(',)g(and)d(`)p Ft(_)p Fu(',)i(in)e(that)i(order.)38
14926 b(If)23 b Fr(base)29 b Fu(is)23 b(less)h(than)g(or)f(equal)h(to)h(36,)h
14927 (lo)m(w)m(ercase)g(and)d(upp)s(ercase)150 4228 y(letters)32
14928 b(ma)m(y)f(b)s(e)e(used)h(in)m(terc)m(hangeably)i(to)f(represen)m(t)g
14929 (n)m(um)m(b)s(ers)e(b)s(et)m(w)m(een)i(10)g(and)f(35.)275
14930 4364 y(Op)s(erators)44 b(are)h(ev)-5 b(aluated)46 b(in)f(order)f(of)h
14931 (precedence.)85 b(Sub-expressions)44 b(in)g(paren)m(theses)i(are)150
14932 4473 y(ev)-5 b(aluated)32 b(\014rst)d(and)h(ma)m(y)h(o)m(v)m(erride)g
14933 (the)g(precedence)g(rules)f(ab)s(o)m(v)m(e.)150 4716
14934 y Fs(6.6)68 b(Aliases)150 4875 y Fr(Aliases)41 b Fu(allo)m(w)d(a)f
14935 (string)f(to)h(b)s(e)f(substituted)g(for)g(a)g(w)m(ord)g(when)g(it)h
14936 (is)f(used)f(as)i(the)g(\014rst)e(w)m(ord)h(of)h(a)150
14937 4985 y(simple)32 b(command.)45 b(The)31 b(shell)i(main)m(tains)f(a)h
14938 (list)f(of)g(aliases)i(that)e(ma)m(y)h(b)s(e)e(set)h(and)g(unset)f
14939 (with)h(the)150 5095 y Ft(alias)d Fu(and)h Ft(unalias)e
14940 Fu(builtin)i(commands.)275 5230 y(The)f(\014rst)f(w)m(ord)i(of)f(eac)m
14941 (h)i(simple)f(command,)g(if)f(unquoted,)g(is)h(c)m(hec)m(k)m(ed)h(to)g
14942 (see)f(if)g(it)g(has)f(an)g(alias.)150 5340 y(If)24 b(so,)i(that)g(w)m
14943 (ord)e(is)h(replaced)g(b)m(y)f(the)h(text)h(of)e(the)h(alias.)40
14944 b(The)24 b(c)m(haracters)i(`)p Ft(/)p Fu(',)h(`)p Ft($)p
14945 Fu(',)f(`)p Ft(`)p Fu(',)g(`)p Ft(=)p Fu(')f(and)f(an)m(y)h(of)p
14946 eop end
14947 %%Page: 95 101
14948 TeXDict begin 95 100 bop 150 -116 a Fu(Chapter)30 b(6:)41
14949 b(Bash)30 b(F)-8 b(eatures)2484 b(95)150 299 y(the)23
14950 b(shell)g(metac)m(haracters)i(or)e(quoting)g(c)m(haracters)h(listed)g
14951 (ab)s(o)m(v)m(e)g(ma)m(y)f(not)g(app)s(ear)f(in)h(an)g(alias)h(name.)
14952 150 408 y(The)e(replacemen)m(t)h(text)g(ma)m(y)g(con)m(tain)h(an)m(y)e
14953 (v)-5 b(alid)23 b(shell)f(input,)h(including)f(shell)g(metac)m
14954 (haracters.)40 b(The)150 518 y(\014rst)35 b(w)m(ord)g(of)h(the)g
14955 (replacemen)m(t)i(text)e(is)g(tested)h(for)e(aliases,)k(but)c(a)h(w)m
14956 (ord)g(that)g(is)g(iden)m(tical)i(to)e(an)150 628 y(alias)c(b)s(eing)f
14957 (expanded)f(is)h(not)g(expanded)f(a)h(second)g(time.)43
14958 b(This)30 b(means)h(that)g(one)g(ma)m(y)h(alias)g Ft(ls)e
14959 Fu(to)150 737 y Ft("ls)f(-F")p Fu(,)f(for)f(instance,)i(and)d(Bash)i
14960 (do)s(es)f(not)h(try)f(to)h(recursiv)m(ely)g(expand)e(the)i(replacemen)
14961 m(t)h(text.)40 b(If)150 847 y(the)31 b(last)h(c)m(haracter)h(of)e(the)h
14962 (alias)g(v)-5 b(alue)31 b(is)h(a)f Fr(blank)p Fu(,)g(then)g(the)g(next)
14963 h(command)e(w)m(ord)h(follo)m(wing)i(the)150 956 y(alias)f(is)e(also)h
14964 (c)m(hec)m(k)m(ed)i(for)d(alias)h(expansion.)275 1096
14965 y(Aliases)e(are)f(created)i(and)d(listed)i(with)f(the)g
14966 Ft(alias)f Fu(command,)h(and)g(remo)m(v)m(ed)h(with)f(the)g
14967 Ft(unalias)150 1206 y Fu(command.)275 1345 y(There)44
14968 b(is)h(no)g(mec)m(hanism)g(for)f(using)h(argumen)m(ts)g(in)f(the)h
14969 (replacemen)m(t)i(text,)i(as)d(in)e Ft(csh)p Fu(.)83
14970 b(If)150 1455 y(argumen)m(ts)37 b(are)h(needed,)g(a)g(shell)f(function)
14971 f(should)g(b)s(e)h(used)f(\(see)i(Section)g(3.3)g([Shell)f(F)-8
14972 b(unctions],)150 1564 y(page)31 b(18\).)275 1704 y(Aliases)i(are)h(not)
14973 e(expanded)g(when)g(the)h(shell)g(is)g(not)g(in)m(teractiv)m(e,)j
14974 (unless)c(the)h Ft(expand_aliases)150 1813 y Fu(shell)e(option)f(is)h
14975 (set)g(using)f Ft(shopt)f Fu(\(see)i(Section)g(4.3.2)h([The)e(Shopt)g
14976 (Builtin],)h(page)g(66\).)275 1953 y(The)38 b(rules)h(concerning)h(the)
14977 f(de\014nition)g(and)g(use)g(of)g(aliases)i(are)e(somewhat)h
14978 (confusing.)67 b(Bash)150 2063 y(alw)m(a)m(ys)37 b(reads)f(at)h(least)g
14979 (one)f(complete)i(line)e(of)g(input,)h(and)e(all)i(lines)f(that)g(mak)m
14980 (e)h(up)e(a)h(comp)s(ound)150 2172 y(command,)29 b(b)s(efore)g
14981 (executing)i(an)m(y)e(of)h(the)f(commands)g(on)g(that)h(line)f(or)h
14982 (the)f(comp)s(ound)f(command.)150 2282 y(Aliases)g(are)g(expanded)e
14983 (when)g(a)i(command)f(is)g(read,)h(not)f(when)f(it)i(is)f(executed.)41
14984 b(Therefore,)28 b(an)f(alias)150 2391 y(de\014nition)36
14985 b(app)s(earing)h(on)f(the)h(same)g(line)g(as)g(another)g(command)f(do)s
14986 (es)g(not)h(tak)m(e)i(e\013ect)f(un)m(til)f(the)150 2501
14987 y(next)i(line)g(of)g(input)f(is)h(read.)66 b(The)38 b(commands)h(follo)
14988 m(wing)h(the)f(alias)h(de\014nition)e(on)h(that)g(line)h(are)150
14989 2610 y(not)33 b(a\013ected)h(b)m(y)f(the)g(new)f(alias.)49
14990 b(This)32 b(b)s(eha)m(vior)h(is)g(also)g(an)g(issue)g(when)e(functions)
14991 i(are)g(executed.)150 2720 y(Aliases)c(are)g(expanded)e(when)g(a)i
14992 (function)e(de\014nition)h(is)g(read,)h(not)f(when)g(the)g(function)g
14993 (is)g(executed,)150 2830 y(b)s(ecause)36 b(a)h(function)f(de\014nition)
14994 f(is)i(itself)g(a)f(command.)58 b(As)36 b(a)h(consequence,)h(aliases)g
14995 (de\014ned)d(in)h(a)150 2939 y(function)28 b(are)h(not)g(a)m(v)-5
14996 b(ailable)31 b(un)m(til)e(after)g(that)g(function)f(is)g(executed.)41
14997 b(T)-8 b(o)29 b(b)s(e)f(safe,)i(alw)m(a)m(ys)g(put)e(alias)150
14998 3049 y(de\014nitions)i(on)g(a)h(separate)g(line,)g(and)f(do)g(not)h
14999 (use)f Ft(alias)f Fu(in)h(comp)s(ound)f(commands.)275
15000 3188 y(F)-8 b(or)31 b(almost)g(ev)m(ery)g(purp)s(ose,)e(shell)i
15001 (functions)f(are)g(preferred)g(o)m(v)m(er)h(aliases.)150
15002 3437 y Fs(6.7)68 b(Arra)l(ys)150 3596 y Fu(Bash)33 b(pro)m(vides)g
15003 (one-dimensional)g(indexed)f(and)h(asso)s(ciativ)m(e)i(arra)m(y)e(v)-5
15004 b(ariables.)49 b(An)m(y)33 b(v)-5 b(ariable)33 b(ma)m(y)150
15005 3706 y(b)s(e)e(used)h(as)g(an)g(indexed)f(arra)m(y;)j(the)e
15006 Ft(declare)e Fu(builtin)h(will)i(explicitly)g(declare)g(an)f(arra)m(y)
15007 -8 b(.)46 b(There)32 b(is)150 3815 y(no)h(maxim)m(um)g(limit)h(on)f
15008 (the)g(size)h(of)g(an)f(arra)m(y)-8 b(,)35 b(nor)d(an)m(y)i(requiremen)
15009 m(t)f(that)h(mem)m(b)s(ers)e(b)s(e)g(indexed)150 3925
15010 y(or)26 b(assigned)h(con)m(tiguously)-8 b(.)41 b(Indexed)25
15011 b(arra)m(ys)i(are)f(referenced)g(using)g(in)m(tegers)i(\(including)e
15012 (arithmetic)150 4034 y(expressions)38 b(\(see)h(Section)g(6.5)h([Shell)
15013 e(Arithmetic],)k(page)d(93\)\))h(and)d(are)i(zero-based;)k(asso)s
15014 (ciativ)m(e)150 4144 y(arra)m(ys)37 b(use)f(arbitrary)g(strings.)59
15015 b(Unless)36 b(otherwise)h(noted,)h(indexed)e(arra)m(y)h(indices)f(m)m
15016 (ust)g(b)s(e)g(non-)150 4254 y(negativ)m(e)d(in)m(tegers.)275
15017 4393 y(An)26 b(indexed)h(arra)m(y)h(is)f(created)h(automatically)j(if)c
15018 (an)m(y)g(v)-5 b(ariable)28 b(is)g(assigned)f(to)h(using)f(the)g(syn)m
15019 (tax)390 4533 y Fj(name)p Ft([)p Fj(subscript)p Ft(]=)p
15020 Fj(value)150 4672 y Fu(The)34 b Fr(subscript)h Fu(is)g(treated)g(as)g
15021 (an)f(arithmetic)i(expression)e(that)h(m)m(ust)g(ev)-5
15022 b(aluate)36 b(to)f(a)g(n)m(um)m(b)s(er.)51 b(T)-8 b(o)150
15023 4782 y(explicitly)32 b(declare)f(an)g(arra)m(y)-8 b(,)31
15024 b(use)390 4921 y Ft(declare)46 b(-a)h Fj(name)150 5061
15025 y Fu(The)30 b(syn)m(tax)390 5200 y Ft(declare)46 b(-a)h
15026 Fj(name)p Ft([)p Fj(subscript)p Ft(])150 5340 y Fu(is)30
15027 b(also)i(accepted;)g(the)e Fr(subscript)h Fu(is)g(ignored.)p
15028 eop end
15029 %%Page: 96 102
15030 TeXDict begin 96 101 bop 150 -116 a Fu(Chapter)30 b(6:)41
15031 b(Bash)30 b(F)-8 b(eatures)2484 b(96)150 299 y(Asso)s(ciativ)m(e)33
15032 b(arra)m(ys)d(are)h(created)h(using)390 427 y Ft(declare)46
15033 b(-A)h Fj(name)275 555 y Fu(A)m(ttributes)f(ma)m(y)h(b)s(e)e(sp)s
15034 (eci\014ed)g(for)h(an)g(arra)m(y)g(v)-5 b(ariable)47
15035 b(using)e(the)h Ft(declare)e Fu(and)h Ft(readonly)150
15036 664 y Fu(builtins.)40 b(Eac)m(h)31 b(attribute)g(applies)g(to)g(all)g
15037 (mem)m(b)s(ers)f(of)g(an)h(arra)m(y)-8 b(.)275 792 y(Arra)m(ys)30
15038 b(are)h(assigned)f(to)h(using)f(comp)s(ound)f(assignmen)m(ts)i(of)g
15039 (the)f(form)390 920 y Fj(name)p Ft(=\()p Fj(value1)44
15040 b(value2)j Ft(...)f(\))150 1048 y Fu(where)33 b(eac)m(h)i
15041 Fr(v)-5 b(alue)40 b Fu(ma)m(y)34 b(b)s(e)g(of)g(the)g(form)f
15042 Ft([)p Fj(subscript)p Ft(]=)p Fr(string)p Fu(.)48 b(Indexed)33
15043 b(arra)m(y)h(assignmen)m(ts)h(do)150 1157 y(not)26 b(require)f(an)m
15044 (ything)g(but)g Fr(string)p Fu(.)39 b(When)25 b(assigning)h(to)g
15045 (indexed)f(arra)m(ys,)i(if)e(the)h(optional)g(subscript)150
15046 1267 y(is)h(supplied,)f(that)h(index)g(is)f(assigned)h(to;)i(otherwise)
15047 e(the)g(index)g(of)f(the)h(elemen)m(t)i(assigned)d(is)h(the)g(last)150
15048 1377 y(index)j(assigned)h(to)g(b)m(y)f(the)g(statemen)m(t)j(plus)c
15049 (one.)41 b(Indexing)30 b(starts)h(at)g(zero.)275 1504
15050 y(Eac)m(h)26 b Fr(v)-5 b(alue)32 b Fu(in)26 b(the)h(list)g(undergo)s
15051 (es)e(all)i(the)g(shell)f(expansions)g(describ)s(ed)f(ab)s(o)m(v)m(e)j
15052 (\(see)f(Section)g(3.5)150 1614 y([Shell)j(Expansions],)h(page)g(22\).)
15053 275 1742 y(When)k(assigning)i(to)g(an)f(asso)s(ciativ)m(e)i(arra)m(y)-8
15054 b(,)39 b(the)d(w)m(ords)f(in)h(a)h(comp)s(ound)d(assignmen)m(t)j(ma)m
15055 (y)g(b)s(e)150 1851 y(either)31 b(assignmen)m(t)h(statemen)m(ts,)h(for)
15056 e(whic)m(h)g(the)g(subscript)f(is)h(required,)g(or)g(a)g(list)h(of)f(w)
15057 m(ords)f(that)i(is)150 1961 y(in)m(terpreted)g(as)g(a)g(sequence)f(of)h
15058 (alternating)h(k)m(eys)f(and)f(v)-5 b(alues:)44 b Fr(name)5
15059 b Fu(=\()p Fr(k)m(ey1)40 b(v)-5 b(alue1)40 b(k)m(ey2)g(v)-5
15060 b(alue2)156 2071 y Fu(.)22 b(.)g(.)47 b(\).)57 b(These)35
15061 b(are)i(treated)f(iden)m(tically)i(to)e Fr(name)5 b Fu(=\()36
15062 b([)p Fr(k)m(ey1)7 b Fu(]=)p Fr(v)-5 b(alue1)46 b Fu([)p
15063 Fr(k)m(ey2)7 b Fu(]=)p Fr(v)-5 b(alue2)51 b Fu(.)22 b(.)h(.)46
15064 b(\).)57 b(The)150 2180 y(\014rst)25 b(w)m(ord)f(in)h(the)h(list)g
15065 (determines)f(ho)m(w)g(the)h(remaining)f(w)m(ords)g(are)h(in)m
15066 (terpreted;)h(all)f(assignmen)m(ts)g(in)150 2290 y(a)31
15067 b(list)f(m)m(ust)h(b)s(e)e(of)h(the)h(same)f(t)m(yp)s(e.)41
15068 b(When)30 b(using)g(k)m(ey/v)-5 b(alue)32 b(pairs,)e(the)g(k)m(eys)h
15069 (ma)m(y)g(not)f(b)s(e)g(missing)150 2399 y(or)g(empt)m(y;)h(a)g
15070 (\014nal)f(missing)g(v)-5 b(alue)31 b(is)g(treated)g(lik)m(e)h(the)e
15071 (empt)m(y)h(string.)275 2527 y(This)f(syn)m(tax)j(is)e(also)i(accepted)
15072 g(b)m(y)f(the)f Ft(declare)f Fu(builtin.)44 b(Individual)31
15073 b(arra)m(y)h(elemen)m(ts)h(ma)m(y)g(b)s(e)150 2637 y(assigned)e(to)g
15074 (using)f(the)g Fj(name)p Ft([)p Fj(subscript)p Ft(]=)p
15075 Fj(value)25 b Fu(syn)m(tax)31 b(in)m(tro)s(duced)e(ab)s(o)m(v)m(e.)275
15076 2765 y(When)h(assigning)h(to)h(an)e(indexed)g(arra)m(y)-8
15077 b(,)32 b(if)f Fr(name)36 b Fu(is)31 b(subscripted)e(b)m(y)i(a)g
15078 (negativ)m(e)i(n)m(um)m(b)s(er,)c(that)150 2874 y(n)m(um)m(b)s(er)43
15079 b(is)h(in)m(terpreted)h(as)f(relativ)m(e)j(to)e(one)f(greater)i(than)e
15080 (the)g(maxim)m(um)g(index)g(of)h Fr(name)p Fu(,)j(so)150
15081 2984 y(negativ)m(e)30 b(indices)d(coun)m(t)h(bac)m(k)g(from)f(the)g
15082 (end)g(of)g(the)h(arra)m(y)-8 b(,)29 b(and)e(an)g(index)g(of)g(-1)h
15083 (references)g(the)f(last)150 3093 y(elemen)m(t.)275 3221
15084 y(An)m(y)h(elemen)m(t)h(of)g(an)f(arra)m(y)g(ma)m(y)h(b)s(e)f
15085 (referenced)g(using)g Ft(${)p Fj(name)p Ft([)p Fj(subscript)p
15086 Ft(]})p Fu(.)35 b(The)27 b(braces)i(are)150 3331 y(required)f(to)j(a)m
15087 (v)m(oid)f(con\015icts)g(with)f(the)h(shell's)f(\014lename)h(expansion)
15088 f(op)s(erators.)41 b(If)28 b(the)i Fr(subscript)g Fu(is)150
15089 3440 y(`)p Ft(@)p Fu(')f(or)h(`)p Ft(*)p Fu(',)f(the)h(w)m(ord)f
15090 (expands)f(to)i(all)g(mem)m(b)s(ers)e(of)i(the)f(arra)m(y)h
15091 Fr(name)p Fu(.)40 b(These)29 b(subscripts)f(di\013er)h(only)150
15092 3550 y(when)36 b(the)g(w)m(ord)g(app)s(ears)g(within)g(double)g
15093 (quotes.)60 b(If)36 b(the)h(w)m(ord)f(is)g(double-quoted,)j
15094 Ft(${)p Fj(name)p Ft([*]})150 3660 y Fu(expands)25 b(to)h(a)g(single)h
15095 (w)m(ord)e(with)g(the)h(v)-5 b(alue)26 b(of)g(eac)m(h)h(arra)m(y)f(mem)
15096 m(b)s(er)f(separated)h(b)m(y)g(the)f(\014rst)g(c)m(harac-)150
15097 3769 y(ter)j(of)g(the)h Ft(IFS)e Fu(v)-5 b(ariable,)29
15098 b(and)f Ft(${)p Fj(name)p Ft([@]})d Fu(expands)i(eac)m(h)i(elemen)m(t)h
15099 (of)e Fr(name)33 b Fu(to)c(a)f(separate)h(w)m(ord.)150
15100 3879 y(When)j(there)h(are)f(no)g(arra)m(y)h(mem)m(b)s(ers,)f
15101 Ft(${)p Fj(name)p Ft([@]})e Fu(expands)h(to)i(nothing.)47
15102 b(If)31 b(the)i(double-quoted)150 3988 y(expansion)39
15103 b(o)s(ccurs)h(within)f(a)h(w)m(ord,)i(the)d(expansion)h(of)g(the)f
15104 (\014rst)g(parameter)h(is)g(joined)f(with)h(the)150 4098
15105 y(b)s(eginning)29 b(part)g(of)h(the)f(original)i(w)m(ord,)e(and)g(the)h
15106 (expansion)f(of)h(the)f(last)i(parameter)e(is)h(joined)f(with)150
15107 4208 y(the)g(last)h(part)f(of)g(the)g(original)h(w)m(ord.)40
15108 b(This)28 b(is)h(analogous)h(to)f(the)h(expansion)e(of)h(the)g(sp)s
15109 (ecial)h(param-)150 4317 y(eters)g(`)p Ft(@)p Fu(')f(and)g(`)p
15110 Ft(*)p Fu('.)41 b Ft(${#)p Fj(name)p Ft([)p Fj(subscript)p
15111 Ft(]})24 b Fu(expands)k(to)i(the)g(length)g(of)f Ft(${)p
15112 Fj(name)p Ft([)p Fj(subscript)p Ft(]})p Fu(.)35 b(If)150
15113 4427 y Fr(subscript)28 b Fu(is)g(`)p Ft(@)p Fu(')f(or)h(`)p
15114 Ft(*)p Fu(',)g(the)g(expansion)f(is)g(the)h(n)m(um)m(b)s(er)e(of)i
15115 (elemen)m(ts)g(in)f(the)h(arra)m(y)-8 b(.)41 b(If)27
15116 b(the)g Fr(subscript)150 4536 y Fu(used)34 b(to)h(reference)g(an)f
15117 (elemen)m(t)i(of)f(an)f(indexed)g(arra)m(y)h(ev)-5 b(aluates)36
15118 b(to)f(a)g(n)m(um)m(b)s(er)e(less)i(than)f(zero,)i(it)150
15119 4646 y(is)c(in)m(terpreted)h(as)f(relativ)m(e)i(to)f(one)f(greater)h
15120 (than)f(the)h(maxim)m(um)f(index)f(of)h(the)h(arra)m(y)-8
15121 b(,)33 b(so)g(negativ)m(e)150 4756 y(indices)d(coun)m(t)h(bac)m(k)h
15122 (from)e(the)g(end)g(of)g(the)h(arra)m(y)-8 b(,)31 b(and)f(an)g(index)g
15123 (of)h(-1)g(refers)f(to)h(the)g(last)g(elemen)m(t.)275
15124 4883 y(Referencing)41 b(an)f(arra)m(y)h(v)-5 b(ariable)42
15125 b(without)e(a)h(subscript)e(is)i(equiv)-5 b(alen)m(t)42
15126 b(to)f(referencing)g(with)g(a)150 4993 y(subscript)35
15127 b(of)h(0.)57 b(An)m(y)36 b(reference)g(to)h(a)f(v)-5
15128 b(ariable)36 b(using)g(a)g(v)-5 b(alid)36 b(subscript)f(is)h(legal,)j
15129 (and)c Ft(bash)g Fu(will)150 5103 y(create)d(an)e(arra)m(y)h(if)f
15130 (necessary)-8 b(.)275 5230 y(An)35 b(arra)m(y)i(v)-5
15131 b(ariable)37 b(is)g(considered)f(set)h(if)f(a)h(subscript)e(has)h(b)s
15132 (een)g(assigned)g(a)h(v)-5 b(alue.)59 b(The)36 b(n)m(ull)150
15133 5340 y(string)30 b(is)h(a)g(v)-5 b(alid)30 b(v)-5 b(alue.)p
15134 eop end
15135 %%Page: 97 103
15136 TeXDict begin 97 102 bop 150 -116 a Fu(Chapter)30 b(6:)41
15137 b(Bash)30 b(F)-8 b(eatures)2484 b(97)275 299 y(It)29
15138 b(is)h(p)s(ossible)f(to)h(obtain)g(the)f(k)m(eys)i(\(indices\))f(of)f
15139 (an)h(arra)m(y)g(as)f(w)m(ell)i(as)f(the)f(v)-5 b(alues.)41
15140 b($)p Fi({)p Fu(!)p Fr(name)5 b Fu([@])p Fi(})150 408
15141 y Fu(and)39 b($)p Fi({)p Fu(!)p Fr(name)5 b Fu([*])p
15142 Fi(})43 b Fu(expand)c(to)i(the)f(indices)h(assigned)f(in)g(arra)m(y)g
15143 (v)-5 b(ariable)41 b Fr(name)p Fu(.)70 b(The)39 b(treatmen)m(t)150
15144 518 y(when)i(in)g(double)g(quotes)h(is)f(similar)h(to)h(the)e
15145 (expansion)h(of)f(the)h(sp)s(ecial)g(parameters)g(`)p
15146 Ft(@)p Fu(')g(and)f(`)p Ft(*)p Fu(')150 628 y(within)30
15147 b(double)g(quotes.)275 759 y(The)25 b Ft(unset)g Fu(builtin)g(is)h
15148 (used)f(to)i(destro)m(y)f(arra)m(ys.)40 b Ft(unset)29
15149 b Fj(name)p Ft([)p Fj(subscript)p Ft(])22 b Fu(destro)m(ys)k(the)g
15150 (arra)m(y)150 868 y(elemen)m(t)40 b(at)e(index)g Fr(subscript)p
15151 Fu(.)62 b(Negativ)m(e)41 b(subscripts)c(to)i(indexed)e(arra)m(ys)i(are)
15152 f(in)m(terpreted)h(as)f(de-)150 978 y(scrib)s(ed)30 b(ab)s(o)m(v)m(e.)
15153 42 b(Unsetting)31 b(the)g(last)g(elemen)m(t)h(of)f(an)g(arra)m(y)g(v)-5
15154 b(ariable)31 b(do)s(es)f(not)h(unset)f(the)h(v)-5 b(ariable.)150
15155 1087 y Ft(unset)29 b Fj(name)p Fu(,)e(where)h Fr(name)33
15156 b Fu(is)28 b(an)g(arra)m(y)-8 b(,)30 b(remo)m(v)m(es)f(the)f(en)m(tire)
15157 h(arra)m(y)-8 b(.)41 b(A)28 b(subscript)f(of)h(`)p Ft(*)p
15158 Fu(')g(or)g(`)p Ft(@)p Fu(')g(also)150 1197 y(remo)m(v)m(es)k(the)e(en)
15159 m(tire)i(arra)m(y)-8 b(.)275 1328 y(When)35 b(using)g(a)i(v)-5
15160 b(ariable)36 b(name)g(with)g(a)g(subscript)e(as)i(an)g(argumen)m(t)g
15161 (to)h(a)f(command,)h(suc)m(h)f(as)150 1438 y(with)k Ft(unset)p
15162 Fu(,)h(without)e(using)h(the)g(w)m(ord)f(expansion)h(syn)m(tax)g
15163 (describ)s(ed)f(ab)s(o)m(v)m(e,)44 b(the)c(argumen)m(t)g(is)150
15164 1547 y(sub)5 b(ject)25 b(to)h(the)g(shell's)g(\014lename)f(expansion.)
15165 39 b(If)25 b(\014lename)h(expansion)f(is)g(not)h(desired,)g(the)f
15166 (argumen)m(t)150 1657 y(should)k(b)s(e)h(quoted.)275
15167 1788 y(The)20 b Ft(declare)p Fu(,)h Ft(local)p Fu(,)h(and)e
15168 Ft(readonly)f Fu(builtins)h(eac)m(h)i(accept)g(a)g Ft(-a)e
15169 Fu(option)h(to)h(sp)s(ecify)f(an)f(indexed)150 1897 y(arra)m(y)28
15170 b(and)f(a)h Ft(-A)e Fu(option)i(to)g(sp)s(ecify)f(an)h(asso)s(ciativ)m
15171 (e)i(arra)m(y)-8 b(.)40 b(If)27 b(b)s(oth)g(options)h(are)g(supplied,)f
15172 Ft(-A)f Fu(tak)m(es)150 2007 y(precedence.)55 b(The)35
15173 b Ft(read)f Fu(builtin)h(accepts)h(a)g Ft(-a)e Fu(option)i(to)g(assign)
15174 f(a)g(list)h(of)f(w)m(ords)g(read)g(from)g(the)150 2116
15175 y(standard)h(input)g(to)i(an)f(arra)m(y)-8 b(,)40 b(and)c(can)h(read)g
15176 (v)-5 b(alues)38 b(from)e(the)h(standard)g(input)f(in)m(to)i
15177 (individual)150 2226 y(arra)m(y)f(elemen)m(ts.)62 b(The)36
15178 b Ft(set)g Fu(and)h Ft(declare)d Fu(builtins)j(displa)m(y)g(arra)m(y)g
15179 (v)-5 b(alues)37 b(in)g(a)g(w)m(a)m(y)h(that)g(allo)m(ws)150
15180 2336 y(them)30 b(to)h(b)s(e)f(reused)g(as)g(input.)150
15181 2569 y Fs(6.8)68 b(The)45 b(Directory)g(Stac)l(k)150
15182 2729 y Fu(The)21 b(directory)h(stac)m(k)h(is)e(a)h(list)g(of)f(recen)m
15183 (tly-visited)j(directories.)39 b(The)20 b Ft(pushd)g
15184 Fu(builtin)h(adds)g(directories)150 2838 y(to)42 b(the)f(stac)m(k)i(as)
15185 e(it)h(c)m(hanges)g(the)f(curren)m(t)g(directory)-8 b(,)45
15186 b(and)40 b(the)i Ft(popd)e Fu(builtin)g(remo)m(v)m(es)j(sp)s(eci\014ed)
15187 150 2948 y(directories)29 b(from)f(the)h(stac)m(k)h(and)d(c)m(hanges)j
15188 (the)e(curren)m(t)g(directory)h(to)g(the)g(directory)f(remo)m(v)m(ed.)
15189 41 b(The)150 3058 y Ft(dirs)34 b Fu(builtin)g(displa)m(ys)h(the)g(con)m
15190 (ten)m(ts)i(of)e(the)g(directory)h(stac)m(k.)56 b(The)34
15191 b(curren)m(t)h(directory)g(is)g(alw)m(a)m(ys)150 3167
15192 y(the)c Ft(")p Fu(top)p Ft(")f Fu(of)g(the)h(directory)g(stac)m(k.)275
15193 3298 y(The)k(con)m(ten)m(ts)i(of)f(the)h(directory)f(stac)m(k)h(are)f
15194 (also)h(visible)g(as)f(the)g(v)-5 b(alue)36 b(of)g(the)g
15195 Ft(DIRSTACK)e Fu(shell)150 3408 y(v)-5 b(ariable.)150
15196 3600 y Fk(6.8.1)63 b(Directory)40 b(Stac)m(k)g(Builtins)150
15197 3768 y Ft(dirs)870 3899 y(dirs)47 b([-clpv])e([+)p Fj(N)i
15198 Ft(|)h(-)p Fj(N)p Ft(])630 4030 y Fu(Displa)m(y)35 b(the)f(list)g(of)g
15199 (curren)m(tly)g(remem)m(b)s(ered)f(directories.)51 b(Directories)36
15200 b(are)e(added)f(to)630 4140 y(the)28 b(list)h(with)f(the)g
15201 Ft(pushd)f Fu(command;)i(the)f Ft(popd)f Fu(command)h(remo)m(v)m(es)h
15202 (directories)g(from)630 4249 y(the)i(list.)41 b(The)30
15203 b(curren)m(t)g(directory)h(is)f(alw)m(a)m(ys)i(the)f(\014rst)e
15204 (directory)i(in)f(the)h(stac)m(k.)630 4402 y Ft(-c)384
15205 b Fu(Clears)31 b(the)f(directory)h(stac)m(k)h(b)m(y)e(deleting)h(all)h
15206 (of)e(the)h(elemen)m(ts.)630 4554 y Ft(-l)384 b Fu(Pro)s(duces)31
15207 b(a)h(listing)h(using)e(full)h(pathnames;)h(the)f(default)g(listing)h
15208 (format)1110 4664 y(uses)d(a)h(tilde)g(to)g(denote)g(the)f(home)h
15209 (directory)-8 b(.)630 4816 y Ft(-p)384 b Fu(Causes)30
15210 b Ft(dirs)f Fu(to)i(prin)m(t)f(the)h(directory)g(stac)m(k)h(with)e(one)
15211 g(en)m(try)h(p)s(er)e(line.)630 4968 y Ft(-v)384 b Fu(Causes)36
15212 b Ft(dirs)f Fu(to)i(prin)m(t)f(the)g(directory)h(stac)m(k)h(with)e(one)
15213 h(en)m(try)f(p)s(er)f(line,)1110 5078 y(pre\014xing)30
15214 b(eac)m(h)h(en)m(try)g(with)f(its)h(index)e(in)i(the)f(stac)m(k.)630
15215 5230 y Ft(+)p Fj(N)384 b Fu(Displa)m(ys)23 b(the)f Fr(N)10
15216 b Fu(th)21 b(directory)h(\(coun)m(ting)h(from)e(the)h(left)g(of)g(the)g
15217 (list)g(prin)m(ted)1110 5340 y(b)m(y)30 b Ft(dirs)f Fu(when)h(in)m(v)m
15218 (ok)m(ed)i(without)e(options\),)h(starting)g(with)g(zero.)p
15219 eop end
15220 %%Page: 98 104
15221 TeXDict begin 98 103 bop 150 -116 a Fu(Chapter)30 b(6:)41
15222 b(Bash)30 b(F)-8 b(eatures)2484 b(98)630 299 y Ft(-)p
15223 Fj(N)384 b Fu(Displa)m(ys)47 b(the)g Fr(N)10 b Fu(th)46
15224 b(directory)h(\(coun)m(ting)g(from)f(the)g(righ)m(t)h(of)g(the)f(list)
15225 1110 408 y(prin)m(ted)25 b(b)m(y)g Ft(dirs)g Fu(when)f(in)m(v)m(ok)m
15226 (ed)j(without)f(options\),)h(starting)g(with)e(zero.)150
15227 583 y Ft(popd)870 725 y(popd)47 b([-n])f([+)p Fj(N)h
15228 Ft(|)h(-)p Fj(N)p Ft(])630 867 y Fu(When)32 b(no)g(argumen)m(ts)h(are)g
15229 (giv)m(en,)h Ft(popd)d Fu(remo)m(v)m(es)j(the)f(top)f(directory)h(from)
15230 f(the)g(stac)m(k)630 977 y(and)f(p)s(erforms)e(a)j Ft(cd)f
15231 Fu(to)h(the)f(new)g(top)h(directory)-8 b(.)44 b(The)31
15232 b(elemen)m(ts)i(are)e(n)m(um)m(b)s(ered)f(from)630 1086
15233 y(0)j(starting)g(at)g(the)f(\014rst)g(directory)g(listed)h(with)f
15234 Ft(dirs)p Fu(;)g(that)h(is,)g Ft(popd)e Fu(is)i(equiv)-5
15235 b(alen)m(t)33 b(to)630 1196 y Ft(popd)c(+0)p Fu(.)630
15236 1370 y Ft(-n)384 b Fu(Suppresses)27 b(the)j(normal)g(c)m(hange)g(of)g
15237 (directory)g(when)e(remo)m(ving)j(directo-)1110 1480
15238 y(ries)f(from)g(the)h(stac)m(k,)h(so)f(that)g(only)f(the)h(stac)m(k)g
15239 (is)g(manipulated.)630 1655 y Ft(+)p Fj(N)384 b Fu(Remo)m(v)m(es)22
15240 b(the)f Fr(N)10 b Fu(th)20 b(directory)g(\(coun)m(ting)i(from)e(the)g
15241 (left)h(of)g(the)f(list)h(prin)m(ted)1110 1764 y(b)m(y)30
15242 b Ft(dirs)p Fu(\),)g(starting)h(with)f(zero.)630 1939
15243 y Ft(-)p Fj(N)384 b Fu(Remo)m(v)m(es)46 b(the)g Fr(N)10
15244 b Fu(th)44 b(directory)h(\(coun)m(ting)h(from)f(the)g(righ)m(t)g(of)g
15245 (the)g(list)1110 2048 y(prin)m(ted)30 b(b)m(y)g Ft(dirs)p
15246 Fu(\),)g(starting)h(with)f(zero.)150 2223 y Ft(pushd)870
15247 2365 y(pushd)46 b([-n])h([+)p Fj(N)g Ft(|)g Fj(-N)h Ft(|)f
15248 Fj(dir)p Ft(])630 2507 y Fu(Sa)m(v)m(e)30 b(the)e(curren)m(t)g
15249 (directory)h(on)f(the)h(top)f(of)h(the)f(directory)h(stac)m(k)h(and)e
15250 (then)g Ft(cd)f Fu(to)i Fr(dir)p Fu(.)630 2617 y(With)39
15251 b(no)f(argumen)m(ts,)j Ft(pushd)c Fu(exc)m(hanges)j(the)f(top)f(t)m(w)m
15252 (o)i(directories)g(and)d(mak)m(es)j(the)630 2726 y(new)30
15253 b(top)g(the)h(curren)m(t)f(directory)-8 b(.)630 2901
15254 y Ft(-n)384 b Fu(Suppresses)24 b(the)j(normal)f(c)m(hange)h(of)g
15255 (directory)f(when)g(rotating)h(or)f(adding)1110 3010
15256 y(directories)31 b(to)h(the)e(stac)m(k,)i(so)f(that)g(only)f(the)h
15257 (stac)m(k)h(is)e(manipulated.)630 3185 y Ft(+)p Fj(N)384
15258 b Fu(Brings)29 b(the)f Fr(N)10 b Fu(th)29 b(directory)g(\(coun)m(ting)h
15259 (from)e(the)g(left)i(of)e(the)h(list)g(prin)m(ted)1110
15260 3295 y(b)m(y)34 b Ft(dirs)p Fu(,)g(starting)h(with)f(zero\))i(to)f(the)
15261 f(top)g(of)h(the)f(list)h(b)m(y)f(rotating)i(the)1110
15262 3404 y(stac)m(k.)630 3579 y Ft(-)p Fj(N)384 b Fu(Brings)23
15263 b(the)g Fr(N)10 b Fu(th)23 b(directory)h(\(coun)m(ting)g(from)e(the)i
15264 (righ)m(t)f(of)g(the)h(list)f(prin)m(ted)1110 3688 y(b)m(y)34
15265 b Ft(dirs)p Fu(,)g(starting)h(with)f(zero\))i(to)f(the)f(top)g(of)h
15266 (the)f(list)h(b)m(y)f(rotating)i(the)1110 3798 y(stac)m(k.)630
15267 3972 y Fj(dir)336 b Fu(Mak)m(es)28 b Fr(dir)33 b Fu(b)s(e)27
15268 b(the)g(top)g(of)g(the)h(stac)m(k,)h(making)e(it)h(the)f(new)g(curren)m
15269 (t)g(direc-)1110 4082 y(tory)k(as)f(if)h(it)g(had)e(b)s(een)h(supplied)
15270 f(as)i(an)f(argumen)m(t)h(to)g(the)f Ft(cd)g Fu(builtin.)150
15271 4345 y Fs(6.9)68 b(Con)l(trolling)47 b(the)e(Prompt)150
15272 4505 y Fu(Bash)33 b(examines)h(the)f(v)-5 b(alue)33 b(of)h(the)f(arra)m
15273 (y)g(v)-5 b(ariable)34 b Ft(PROMPT_COMMANDS)29 b Fu(just)j(b)s(efore)h
15274 (prin)m(ting)g(eac)m(h)150 4614 y(primary)c(prompt.)40
15275 b(If)30 b(an)m(y)g(elemen)m(ts)i(in)e Ft(PROMPT_COMMANDS)c
15276 Fu(are)31 b(set)f(and)g(non-n)m(ull,)g(Bash)h(executes)150
15277 4724 y(eac)m(h)h(v)-5 b(alue,)31 b(in)f(n)m(umeric)g(order,)g(just)g
15278 (as)g(if)h(it)g(had)e(b)s(een)h(t)m(yp)s(ed)g(on)g(the)h(command)f
15279 (line.)275 4874 y(In)d(addition,)j(the)f(follo)m(wing)h(table)f
15280 (describ)s(es)f(the)h(sp)s(ecial)g(c)m(haracters)h(whic)m(h)f(can)f
15281 (app)s(ear)g(in)h(the)150 4983 y(prompt)g(v)-5 b(ariables)32
15282 b Ft(PS0)p Fu(,)d Ft(PS1)p Fu(,)h Ft(PS2)p Fu(,)g(and)f
15283 Ft(PS4)p Fu(:)150 5165 y Ft(\\a)384 b Fu(A)30 b(b)s(ell)h(c)m
15284 (haracter.)150 5340 y Ft(\\d)384 b Fu(The)30 b(date,)h(in)f
15285 Ft(")p Fu(W)-8 b(eekda)m(y)32 b(Mon)m(th)f(Date)p Ft(")h
15286 Fu(format)f(\(e.g.,)h Ft(")p Fu(T)-8 b(ue)30 b(Ma)m(y)h(26)p
15287 Ft(")p Fu(\).)p eop end
15288 %%Page: 99 105
15289 TeXDict begin 99 104 bop 150 -116 a Fu(Chapter)30 b(6:)41
15290 b(Bash)30 b(F)-8 b(eatures)2484 b(99)150 299 y Ft(\\D{)p
15291 Fj(format)p Ft(})630 408 y Fu(The)27 b Fr(format)i Fu(is)f(passed)e(to)
15292 i Ft(strftime)p Fu(\(3\))f(and)f(the)i(result)f(is)g(inserted)g(in)m
15293 (to)h(the)g(prompt)630 518 y(string;)42 b(an)d(empt)m(y)f
15294 Fr(format)j Fu(results)d(in)g(a)h(lo)s(cale-sp)s(eci\014c)h(time)f
15295 (represen)m(tation.)65 b(The)630 628 y(braces)31 b(are)f(required.)150
15296 790 y Ft(\\e)384 b Fu(An)30 b(escap)s(e)h(c)m(haracter.)150
15297 952 y Ft(\\h)384 b Fu(The)30 b(hostname,)h(up)e(to)i(the)g(\014rst)e
15298 (`.'.)150 1114 y Ft(\\H)384 b Fu(The)30 b(hostname.)150
15299 1276 y Ft(\\j)384 b Fu(The)30 b(n)m(um)m(b)s(er)f(of)h(jobs)g(curren)m
15300 (tly)h(managed)g(b)m(y)f(the)g(shell.)150 1438 y Ft(\\l)384
15301 b Fu(The)30 b(basename)h(of)f(the)h(shell's)f(terminal)h(device)g
15302 (name.)150 1600 y Ft(\\n)384 b Fu(A)30 b(newline.)150
15303 1763 y Ft(\\r)384 b Fu(A)30 b(carriage)i(return.)150
15304 1925 y Ft(\\s)384 b Fu(The)22 b(name)g(of)h(the)f(shell,)i(the)f
15305 (basename)f(of)h Ft($0)f Fu(\(the)g(p)s(ortion)g(follo)m(wing)i(the)f
15306 (\014nal)e(slash\).)150 2087 y Ft(\\t)384 b Fu(The)30
15307 b(time,)h(in)f(24-hour)h(HH:MM:SS)g(format.)150 2249
15308 y Ft(\\T)384 b Fu(The)30 b(time,)h(in)f(12-hour)h(HH:MM:SS)g(format.)
15309 150 2411 y Ft(\\@)384 b Fu(The)30 b(time,)h(in)f(12-hour)h(am/pm)f
15310 (format.)150 2573 y Ft(\\A)384 b Fu(The)30 b(time,)h(in)f(24-hour)h
15311 (HH:MM)g(format.)150 2735 y Ft(\\u)384 b Fu(The)30 b(username)g(of)g
15312 (the)h(curren)m(t)f(user.)150 2898 y Ft(\\v)384 b Fu(The)30
15313 b(v)m(ersion)h(of)f(Bash)h(\(e.g.,)h(2.00\))150 3060
15314 y Ft(\\V)384 b Fu(The)30 b(release)i(of)e(Bash,)h(v)m(ersion)g
15315 Ft(+)f Fu(patc)m(hlev)m(el)i(\(e.g.,)h(2.00.0\))150 3222
15316 y Ft(\\w)384 b Fu(The)34 b(curren)m(t)h(w)m(orking)g(directory)-8
15317 b(,)37 b(with)e Ft($HOME)e Fu(abbreviated)j(with)e(a)h(tilde)h(\(uses)f
15318 (the)630 3331 y Ft($PROMPT_DIRTRIM)26 b Fu(v)-5 b(ariable\).)150
15319 3494 y Ft(\\W)384 b Fu(The)30 b(basename)h(of)f Ft($PWD)p
15320 Fu(,)g(with)g Ft($HOME)f Fu(abbreviated)h(with)g(a)h(tilde.)150
15321 3656 y Ft(\\!)384 b Fu(The)30 b(history)g(n)m(um)m(b)s(er)f(of)i(this)f
15322 (command.)150 3818 y Ft(\\#)384 b Fu(The)30 b(command)g(n)m(um)m(b)s
15323 (er)f(of)i(this)f(command.)150 3980 y Ft(\\$)384 b Fu(If)30
15324 b(the)g(e\013ectiv)m(e)j(uid)d(is)g(0,)h Ft(#)p Fu(,)g(otherwise)g
15325 Ft($)p Fu(.)150 4142 y Ft(\\)p Fj(nnn)288 b Fu(The)30
15326 b(c)m(haracter)i(whose)e(ASCI)s(I)f(co)s(de)h(is)h(the)f(o)s(ctal)i(v)
15327 -5 b(alue)31 b Fr(nnn)p Fu(.)150 4304 y Ft(\\\\)384 b
15328 Fu(A)30 b(bac)m(kslash.)150 4466 y Ft(\\[)384 b Fu(Begin)38
15329 b(a)f(sequence)g(of)g(non-prin)m(ting)g(c)m(haracters.)61
15330 b(This)36 b(could)h(b)s(e)g(used)f(to)h(em)m(b)s(ed)g(a)630
15331 4576 y(terminal)31 b(con)m(trol)h(sequence)e(in)m(to)i(the)e(prompt.)
15332 150 4738 y Ft(\\])384 b Fu(End)29 b(a)i(sequence)g(of)f(non-prin)m
15333 (ting)g(c)m(haracters.)275 4902 y(The)25 b(command)h(n)m(um)m(b)s(er)f
15334 (and)h(the)g(history)g(n)m(um)m(b)s(er)f(are)i(usually)f(di\013eren)m
15335 (t:)39 b(the)26 b(history)g(n)m(um)m(b)s(er)150 5011
15336 y(of)h(a)f(command)h(is)f(its)h(p)s(osition)f(in)g(the)h(history)f
15337 (list,)i(whic)m(h)f(ma)m(y)g(include)f(commands)g(restored)g(from)150
15338 5121 y(the)39 b(history)h(\014le)f(\(see)h(Section)g(9.1)h([Bash)e
15339 (History)h(F)-8 b(acilities],)45 b(page)40 b(146\),)j(while)d(the)f
15340 (command)150 5230 y(n)m(um)m(b)s(er)j(is)h(the)h(p)s(osition)f(in)g
15341 (the)g(sequence)h(of)f(commands)g(executed)h(during)e(the)i(curren)m(t)
15342 f(shell)150 5340 y(session.)p eop end
15343 %%Page: 100 106
15344 TeXDict begin 100 105 bop 150 -116 a Fu(Chapter)30 b(6:)41
15345 b(Bash)30 b(F)-8 b(eatures)2439 b(100)275 299 y(After)28
15346 b(the)g(string)g(is)g(deco)s(ded,)g(it)g(is)g(expanded)f(via)i
15347 (parameter)f(expansion,)h(command)f(substitu-)150 408
15348 y(tion,)g(arithmetic)f(expansion,)g(and)e(quote)i(remo)m(v)-5
15349 b(al,)29 b(sub)5 b(ject)25 b(to)i(the)f(v)-5 b(alue)27
15350 b(of)f(the)g Ft(promptvars)e Fu(shell)150 518 y(option)i(\(see)h
15351 (Section)g(4.3.2)g([The)f(Shopt)f(Builtin],)j(page)e(66\).)41
15352 b(This)25 b(can)h(ha)m(v)m(e)h(un)m(w)m(an)m(ted)f(side)g(e\013ects)150
15353 628 y(if)i(escap)s(ed)f(p)s(ortions)g(of)h(the)g(string)f(app)s(ear)g
15354 (within)g(command)h(substitution)f(or)h(con)m(tain)g(c)m(haracters)150
15355 737 y(sp)s(ecial)j(to)g(w)m(ord)f(expansion.)150 1015
15356 y Fs(6.10)68 b(The)45 b(Restricted)h(Shell)150 1174 y
15357 Fu(If)34 b(Bash)g(is)g(started)g(with)g(the)g(name)h
15358 Ft(rbash)p Fu(,)e(or)h(the)h Ft(--restricted)30 b Fu(or)k
15359 Ft(-r)g Fu(option)g(is)g(supplied)f(at)150 1284 y(in)m(v)m(o)s(cation,)
15360 d(the)d(shell)g(b)s(ecomes)h(restricted.)40 b(A)27 b(restricted)h
15361 (shell)f(is)g(used)f(to)i(set)f(up)f(an)h(en)m(vironmen)m(t)150
15362 1393 y(more)g(con)m(trolled)i(than)e(the)g(standard)g(shell.)40
15363 b(A)27 b(restricted)h(shell)f(b)s(eha)m(v)m(es)h(iden)m(tically)h(to)f
15364 Ft(bash)e Fu(with)150 1503 y(the)31 b(exception)g(that)g(the)g(follo)m
15365 (wing)h(are)e(disallo)m(w)m(ed)i(or)e(not)h(p)s(erformed:)225
15366 1662 y Fq(\017)60 b Fu(Changing)30 b(directories)h(with)g(the)f
15367 Ft(cd)g Fu(builtin.)225 1809 y Fq(\017)60 b Fu(Setting)33
15368 b(or)g(unsetting)f(the)h(v)-5 b(alues)33 b(of)f(the)h
15369 Ft(SHELL)p Fu(,)f Ft(PATH)p Fu(,)g Ft(HISTFILE)p Fu(,)f
15370 Ft(ENV)p Fu(,)h(or)g Ft(BASH_ENV)e Fu(v)-5 b(ari-)330
15371 1919 y(ables.)225 2065 y Fq(\017)60 b Fu(Sp)s(ecifying)30
15372 b(command)g(names)g(con)m(taining)i(slashes.)225 2212
15373 y Fq(\017)60 b Fu(Sp)s(ecifying)30 b(a)h(\014lename)f(con)m(taining)i
15374 (a)f(slash)f(as)h(an)f(argumen)m(t)h(to)g(the)f Ft(.)h
15375 Fu(builtin)e(command.)225 2359 y Fq(\017)60 b Fu(Sp)s(ecifying)33
15376 b(a)i(\014lename)f(con)m(taining)h(a)g(slash)e(as)i(an)e(argumen)m(t)i
15377 (to)g(the)f Ft(history)e Fu(builtin)h(com-)330 2469 y(mand.)225
15378 2615 y Fq(\017)60 b Fu(Sp)s(ecifying)32 b(a)g(\014lename)h(con)m
15379 (taining)h(a)e(slash)g(as)h(an)f(argumen)m(t)h(to)g(the)f
15380 Ft(-p)g Fu(option)h(to)g(the)f Ft(hash)330 2725 y Fu(builtin)e
15381 (command.)225 2872 y Fq(\017)60 b Fu(Imp)s(orting)30
15382 b(function)g(de\014nitions)g(from)f(the)i(shell)g(en)m(vironmen)m(t)g
15383 (at)g(startup.)225 3018 y Fq(\017)60 b Fu(P)m(arsing)31
15384 b(the)f(v)-5 b(alue)31 b(of)g Ft(SHELLOPTS)d Fu(from)h(the)i(shell)g
15385 (en)m(vironmen)m(t)g(at)g(startup.)225 3165 y Fq(\017)60
15386 b Fu(Redirecting)31 b(output)f(using)g(the)h(`)p Ft(>)p
15387 Fu(',)g(`)p Ft(>|)p Fu(',)f(`)p Ft(<>)p Fu(',)h(`)p Ft(>&)p
15388 Fu(',)f(`)p Ft(&>)p Fu(',)h(and)e(`)p Ft(>>)p Fu(')i(redirection)g(op)s
15389 (erators.)225 3312 y Fq(\017)60 b Fu(Using)31 b(the)f
15390 Ft(exec)f Fu(builtin)h(to)h(replace)h(the)e(shell)h(with)f(another)h
15391 (command.)225 3459 y Fq(\017)60 b Fu(Adding)24 b(or)g(deleting)i
15392 (builtin)e(commands)g(with)h(the)f Ft(-f)g Fu(and)g Ft(-d)g
15393 Fu(options)h(to)h(the)e Ft(enable)f Fu(builtin.)225 3606
15394 y Fq(\017)60 b Fu(Using)31 b(the)f Ft(enable)f Fu(builtin)h(command)g
15395 (to)h(enable)g(disabled)f(shell)g(builtins.)225 3752
15396 y Fq(\017)60 b Fu(Sp)s(ecifying)30 b(the)g Ft(-p)g Fu(option)h(to)g
15397 (the)g Ft(command)d Fu(builtin.)225 3899 y Fq(\017)60
15398 b Fu(T)-8 b(urning)29 b(o\013)i(restricted)g(mo)s(de)f(with)g(`)p
15399 Ft(set)g(+r)p Fu(')g(or)g(`)p Ft(set)g(+o)g(restricted)p
15400 Fu('.)275 4096 y(These)g(restrictions)h(are)g(enforced)f(after)h(an)m
15401 (y)g(startup)f(\014les)g(are)h(read.)275 4255 y(When)j(a)i(command)e
15402 (that)i(is)f(found)f(to)h(b)s(e)g(a)g(shell)g(script)g(is)g(executed)h
15403 (\(see)g(Section)g(3.8)g([Shell)150 4364 y(Scripts],)25
15404 b(page)e(42\),)j Ft(rbash)c Fu(turns)g(o\013)i(an)m(y)f(restrictions)h
15405 (in)f(the)g(shell)h(spa)m(wned)e(to)i(execute)g(the)g(script.)275
15406 4523 y(The)42 b(restricted)h(shell)g(mo)s(de)f(is)g(only)h(one)g(comp)s
15407 (onen)m(t)f(of)h(a)g(useful)f(restricted)h(en)m(vironmen)m(t.)150
15408 4633 y(It)36 b(should)g(b)s(e)f(accompanied)j(b)m(y)e(setting)h
15409 Ft(PATH)e Fu(to)i(a)g(v)-5 b(alue)37 b(that)g(allo)m(ws)g(execution)h
15410 (of)e(only)h(a)f(few)150 4743 y(v)m(eri\014ed)26 b(commands)g
15411 (\(commands)g(that)h(allo)m(w)h(shell)f(escap)s(es)f(are)h
15412 (particularly)g(vulnerable\),)g(lea)m(ving)150 4852 y(the)i(user)f(in)h
15413 (a)g(non-writable)h(directory)f(other)g(than)g(his)g(home)g(directory)g
15414 (after)h(login,)g(not)f(allo)m(wing)150 4962 y(the)j(restricted)g
15415 (shell)g(to)g(execute)h(shell)e(scripts,)h(and)f(cleaning)i(the)e(en)m
15416 (vironmen)m(t)i(of)e(v)-5 b(ariables)32 b(that)150 5071
15417 y(cause)f(some)g(commands)f(to)h(mo)s(dify)e(their)i(b)s(eha)m(vior)f
15418 (\(e.g.,)j Ft(VISUAL)28 b Fu(or)j Ft(PAGER)p Fu(\).)275
15419 5230 y(Mo)s(dern)e(systems)g(pro)m(vide)h(more)g(secure)g(w)m(a)m(ys)g
15420 (to)h(implemen)m(t)f(a)g(restricted)h(en)m(vironmen)m(t,)f(suc)m(h)150
15421 5340 y(as)h Ft(jails)p Fu(,)e Ft(zones)p Fu(,)g(or)h
15422 Ft(containers)p Fu(.)p eop end
15423 %%Page: 101 107
15424 TeXDict begin 101 106 bop 150 -116 a Fu(Chapter)30 b(6:)41
15425 b(Bash)30 b(F)-8 b(eatures)2439 b(101)150 299 y Fs(6.11)68
15426 b(Bash)45 b(POSIX)f(Mo)t(de)150 458 y Fu(Starting)39
15427 b(Bash)f(with)g(the)h Ft(--posix)d Fu(command-line)j(option)g(or)f
15428 (executing)h(`)p Ft(set)30 b(-o)g(posix)p Fu(')37 b(while)150
15429 568 y(Bash)26 b(is)g(running)e(will)j(cause)f(Bash)g(to)h(conform)f
15430 (more)g(closely)h(to)g(the)f Fm(posix)f Fu(standard)g(b)m(y)h(c)m
15431 (hanging)150 677 y(the)31 b(b)s(eha)m(vior)f(to)h(matc)m(h)g(that)g(sp)
15432 s(eci\014ed)f(b)m(y)g Fm(posix)g Fu(in)g(areas)h(where)f(the)h(Bash)f
15433 (default)h(di\013ers.)275 810 y(When)f(in)m(v)m(ok)m(ed)h(as)g
15434 Ft(sh)p Fu(,)f(Bash)h(en)m(ters)g Fm(posix)e Fu(mo)s(de)h(after)h
15435 (reading)g(the)f(startup)g(\014les.)275 942 y(The)f(follo)m(wing)j
15436 (list)f(is)g(what's)f(c)m(hanged)h(when)e(`)p Fm(posix)h
15437 Fu(mo)s(de')h(is)f(in)g(e\013ect:)199 1074 y(1.)61 b(Bash)31
15438 b(ensures)e(that)i(the)f Ft(POSIXLY_CORRECT)d Fu(v)-5
15439 b(ariable)31 b(is)f(set.)199 1206 y(2.)61 b(When)28 b(a)i(command)e(in)
15440 g(the)h(hash)f(table)i(no)e(longer)h(exists,)h(Bash)f(will)g(re-searc)m
15441 (h)h Ft($PATH)d Fu(to)i(\014nd)330 1316 y(the)i(new)e(lo)s(cation.)43
15442 b(This)29 b(is)i(also)g(a)m(v)-5 b(ailable)33 b(with)d(`)p
15443 Ft(shopt)f(-s)h(checkhash)p Fu('.)199 1448 y(3.)61 b(Bash)36
15444 b(will)g(not)g(insert)g(a)g(command)f(without)h(the)g(execute)h(bit)f
15445 (set)g(in)m(to)h(the)f(command)g(hash)330 1558 y(table,)c(ev)m(en)f(if)
15446 f(it)h(returns)e(it)i(as)g(a)f(\(last-ditc)m(h\))j(result)d(from)g(a)h
15447 Ft($PATH)e Fu(searc)m(h.)199 1690 y(4.)61 b(The)42 b(message)h(prin)m
15448 (ted)e(b)m(y)h(the)g(job)g(con)m(trol)i(co)s(de)e(and)f(builtins)h
15449 (when)f(a)h(job)g(exits)h(with)f(a)330 1800 y(non-zero)31
15450 b(status)g(is)f(`Done\(status\)'.)199 1932 y(5.)61 b(The)40
15451 b(message)h(prin)m(ted)f(b)m(y)g(the)h(job)f(con)m(trol)h(co)s(de)g
15452 (and)f(builtins)f(when)h(a)g(job)g(is)h(stopp)s(ed)e(is)330
15453 2041 y(`Stopp)s(ed\()p Fr(signame)5 b Fu(\)',)31 b(where)f
15454 Fr(signame)36 b Fu(is,)31 b(for)f(example,)h Ft(SIGTSTP)p
15455 Fu(.)199 2174 y(6.)61 b(Alias)31 b(expansion)g(is)f(alw)m(a)m(ys)i
15456 (enabled,)e(ev)m(en)i(in)e(non-in)m(teractiv)m(e)j(shells.)199
15457 2306 y(7.)61 b(Reserv)m(ed)40 b(w)m(ords)g(app)s(earing)f(in)h(a)g(con)
15458 m(text)i(where)d(reserv)m(ed)h(w)m(ords)f(are)i(recognized)g(do)f(not)
15459 330 2415 y(undergo)30 b(alias)h(expansion.)199 2548 y(8.)61
15460 b(The)38 b Fm(posix)h Ft(PS1)f Fu(and)g Ft(PS2)g Fu(expansions)g(of)i
15461 (`)p Ft(!)p Fu(')f(to)g(the)g(history)g(n)m(um)m(b)s(er)f(and)g(`)p
15462 Ft(!!)p Fu(')h(to)g(`)p Ft(!)p Fu(')h(are)330 2657 y(enabled,)26
15463 b(and)f(parameter)g(expansion)g(is)g(p)s(erformed)e(on)i(the)g(v)-5
15464 b(alues)25 b(of)g Ft(PS1)f Fu(and)h Ft(PS2)f Fu(regardless)330
15465 2767 y(of)31 b(the)f(setting)i(of)e(the)h Ft(promptvars)c
15466 Fu(option.)199 2899 y(9.)61 b(The)30 b Fm(posix)g Fu(startup)f(\014les)
15467 i(are)g(executed)g(\()p Ft($ENV)p Fu(\))f(rather)g(than)g(the)h(normal)
15468 f(Bash)g(\014les.)154 3031 y(10.)61 b(Tilde)30 b(expansion)g(is)f(only)
15469 h(p)s(erformed)f(on)h(assignmen)m(ts)g(preceding)g(a)g(command)g(name,)
15470 g(rather)330 3141 y(than)g(on)g(all)i(assignmen)m(t)f(statemen)m(ts)h
15471 (on)e(the)h(line.)154 3273 y(11.)61 b(The)30 b(default)g(history)h
15472 (\014le)f(is)h Ft(~/.sh_history)26 b Fu(\(this)31 b(is)f(the)h(default)
15473 g(v)-5 b(alue)30 b(of)h Ft($HISTFILE)p Fu(\).)154 3405
15474 y(12.)61 b(Redirection)25 b(op)s(erators)f(do)g(not)g(p)s(erform)f
15475 (\014lename)h(expansion)g(on)g(the)g(w)m(ord)f(in)h(the)g(redirection)
15476 330 3515 y(unless)30 b(the)g(shell)h(is)f(in)m(teractiv)m(e.)154
15477 3647 y(13.)61 b(Redirection)31 b(op)s(erators)g(do)f(not)h(p)s(erform)e
15478 (w)m(ord)h(splitting)h(on)f(the)h(w)m(ord)f(in)g(the)g(redirection.)154
15479 3779 y(14.)61 b(F)-8 b(unction)35 b(names)g(m)m(ust)f(b)s(e)g(v)-5
15480 b(alid)35 b(shell)f Ft(name)p Fu(s.)52 b(That)34 b(is,)i(they)f(ma)m(y)
15481 g(not)g(con)m(tain)g(c)m(haracters)330 3889 y(other)e(than)g(letters,)h
15482 (digits,)h(and)d(underscores,)h(and)f(ma)m(y)h(not)g(start)h(with)e(a)h
15483 (digit.)49 b(Declaring)330 3999 y(a)31 b(function)f(with)g(an)g(in)m(v)
15484 -5 b(alid)31 b(name)g(causes)f(a)h(fatal)h(syn)m(tax)f(error)f(in)g
15485 (non-in)m(teractiv)m(e)j(shells.)154 4131 y(15.)61 b(F)-8
15486 b(unction)31 b(names)f(ma)m(y)h(not)g(b)s(e)f(the)g(same)h(as)g(one)f
15487 (of)h(the)f Fm(posix)g Fu(sp)s(ecial)h(builtins.)154
15488 4263 y(16.)61 b Fm(posix)30 b Fu(sp)s(ecial)h(builtins)e(are)i(found)e
15489 (b)s(efore)h(shell)h(functions)f(during)f(command)h(lo)s(okup.)154
15490 4395 y(17.)61 b(When)48 b(prin)m(ting)g(shell)h(function)f
15491 (de\014nitions)g(\(e.g.,)55 b(b)m(y)48 b Ft(type)p Fu(\),)k(Bash)d(do)s
15492 (es)f(not)h(prin)m(t)f(the)330 4505 y Ft(function)28
15493 b Fu(k)m(eyw)m(ord.)154 4637 y(18.)61 b(Literal)28 b(tildes)g(that)f
15494 (app)s(ear)f(as)i(the)f(\014rst)f(c)m(haracter)j(in)d(elemen)m(ts)j(of)
15495 e(the)g Ft(PATH)f Fu(v)-5 b(ariable)27 b(are)h(not)330
15496 4747 y(expanded)i(as)g(describ)s(ed)f(ab)s(o)m(v)m(e)j(under)d(Section)
15497 i(3.5.2)h([Tilde)f(Expansion],)f(page)h(24.)154 4879
15498 y(19.)61 b(The)29 b Ft(time)g Fu(reserv)m(ed)h(w)m(ord)g(ma)m(y)g(b)s
15499 (e)g(used)f(b)m(y)h(itself)g(as)g(a)h(command.)40 b(When)30
15500 b(used)f(in)g(this)h(w)m(a)m(y)-8 b(,)330 4989 y(it)33
15501 b(displa)m(ys)g(timing)g(statistics)h(for)e(the)h(shell)g(and)f(its)g
15502 (completed)i(c)m(hildren.)47 b(The)32 b Ft(TIMEFORMAT)330
15503 5098 y Fu(v)-5 b(ariable)31 b(con)m(trols)h(the)e(format)h(of)g(the)f
15504 (timing)h(information.)154 5230 y(20.)61 b(When)33 b(parsing)g(and)f
15505 (expanding)h(a)h($)p Fi({)6 b Fu(.)22 b(.)h(.)11 b Fi(})33
15506 b Fu(expansion)g(that)h(app)s(ears)f(within)f(double)h(quotes,)330
15507 5340 y(single)42 b(quotes)g(are)g(no)g(longer)g(sp)s(ecial)g(and)f
15508 (cannot)i(b)s(e)e(used)g(to)h(quote)g(a)g(closing)h(brace)f(or)p
15509 eop end
15510 %%Page: 102 108
15511 TeXDict begin 102 107 bop 150 -116 a Fu(Chapter)30 b(6:)41
15512 b(Bash)30 b(F)-8 b(eatures)2439 b(102)330 299 y(other)31
15513 b(sp)s(ecial)h(c)m(haracter,)i(unless)c(the)i(op)s(erator)f(is)g(one)h
15514 (of)f(those)h(de\014ned)e(to)i(p)s(erform)e(pattern)330
15515 408 y(remo)m(v)-5 b(al.)42 b(In)30 b(this)g(case,)i(they)e(do)g(not)h
15516 (ha)m(v)m(e)h(to)f(app)s(ear)e(as)i(matc)m(hed)g(pairs.)154
15517 547 y(21.)61 b(The)29 b(parser)g(do)s(es)g(not)h(recognize)h
15518 Ft(time)d Fu(as)i(a)g(reserv)m(ed)f(w)m(ord)g(if)h(the)f(next)h(tok)m
15519 (en)h(b)s(egins)d(with)i(a)330 656 y(`)p Ft(-)p Fu('.)154
15520 795 y(22.)61 b(The)30 b(`)p Ft(!)p Fu(')h(c)m(haracter)h(do)s(es)e(not)
15521 h(in)m(tro)s(duce)g(history)f(expansion)h(within)f(a)h(double-quoted)g
15522 (string,)330 905 y(ev)m(en)g(if)f(the)h Ft(histexpand)d
15523 Fu(option)i(is)h(enabled.)154 1043 y(23.)61 b(If)24 b(a)g
15524 Fm(posix)g Fu(sp)s(ecial)h(builtin)f(returns)f(an)h(error)g(status,)i
15525 (a)e(non-in)m(teractiv)m(e)j(shell)e(exits.)39 b(The)24
15526 b(fatal)330 1153 y(errors)30 b(are)h(those)f(listed)h(in)f(the)h
15527 Fm(posix)e Fu(standard,)h(and)g(include)g(things)g(lik)m(e)i(passing)e
15528 (incorrect)330 1262 y(options,)43 b(redirection)d(errors,)i(v)-5
15529 b(ariable)41 b(assignmen)m(t)g(errors)e(for)g(assignmen)m(ts)i
15530 (preceding)f(the)330 1372 y(command)30 b(name,)h(and)f(so)g(on.)154
15531 1510 y(24.)61 b(A)31 b(non-in)m(teractiv)m(e)j(shell)d(exits)h(with)e
15532 (an)h(error)g(status)g(if)g(a)g(v)-5 b(ariable)32 b(assignmen)m(t)g
15533 (error)e(o)s(ccurs)330 1620 y(when)38 b(no)h(command)g(name)g(follo)m
15534 (ws)i(the)e(assignmen)m(t)h(statemen)m(ts.)69 b(A)39
15535 b(v)-5 b(ariable)40 b(assignmen)m(t)330 1729 y(error)30
15536 b(o)s(ccurs,)g(for)g(example,)i(when)d(trying)i(to)g(assign)f(a)h(v)-5
15537 b(alue)31 b(to)g(a)g(readonly)f(v)-5 b(ariable.)154 1868
15538 y(25.)61 b(A)31 b(non-in)m(teractiv)m(e)j(shell)d(exits)h(with)e(an)h
15539 (error)g(status)g(if)g(a)g(v)-5 b(ariable)32 b(assignmen)m(t)g(error)e
15540 (o)s(ccurs)330 1977 y(in)g(an)g(assignmen)m(t)i(statemen)m(t)g
15541 (preceding)e(a)h(sp)s(ecial)g(builtin,)f(but)g(not)g(with)h(an)m(y)f
15542 (other)h(simple)330 2087 y(command.)154 2225 y(26.)61
15543 b(A)43 b(non-in)m(teractiv)m(e)i(shell)e(exits)h(with)f(an)f(error)h
15544 (status)g(if)g(the)g(iteration)h(v)-5 b(ariable)44 b(in)f(a)g
15545 Ft(for)330 2335 y Fu(statemen)m(t)32 b(or)f(the)f(selection)i(v)-5
15546 b(ariable)32 b(in)e(a)g Ft(select)f Fu(statemen)m(t)j(is)f(a)f
15547 (readonly)h(v)-5 b(ariable.)154 2473 y(27.)61 b(Non-in)m(teractiv)m(e)
15548 34 b(shells)c(exit)h(if)g Fr(\014lename)k Fu(in)30 b
15549 Ft(.)g Fr(\014lename)36 b Fu(is)31 b(not)f(found.)154
15550 2612 y(28.)61 b(Non-in)m(teractiv)m(e)41 b(shells)d(exit)h(if)f(a)g
15551 (syn)m(tax)g(error)g(in)f(an)h(arithmetic)h(expansion)f(results)f(in)h
15552 (an)330 2721 y(in)m(v)-5 b(alid)31 b(expression.)154
15553 2860 y(29.)61 b(Non-in)m(teractiv)m(e)34 b(shells)c(exit)h(if)g(a)f
15554 (parameter)h(expansion)g(error)f(o)s(ccurs.)154 2998
15555 y(30.)61 b(Non-in)m(teractiv)m(e)27 b(shells)c(exit)i(if)e(there)h(is)f
15556 (a)h(syn)m(tax)g(error)f(in)g(a)h(script)f(read)g(with)h(the)f
15557 Ft(.)g Fu(or)h Ft(source)330 3108 y Fu(builtins,)30 b(or)g(in)g(a)h
15558 (string)g(pro)s(cessed)e(b)m(y)i(the)f Ft(eval)f Fu(builtin.)154
15559 3246 y(31.)61 b(While)32 b(v)-5 b(ariable)32 b(indirection)f(is)g(a)m
15560 (v)-5 b(ailable,)34 b(it)d(ma)m(y)h(not)f(b)s(e)g(applied)g(to)g(the)h
15561 (`)p Ft(#)p Fu(')f(and)f(`)p Ft(?)p Fu(')h(sp)s(ecial)330
15562 3356 y(parameters.)154 3494 y(32.)61 b(When)28 b(expanding)g(the)g(`)p
15563 Ft(*)p Fu(')g(sp)s(ecial)h(parameter)f(in)g(a)h(pattern)f(con)m(text)i
15564 (where)e(the)g(expansion)g(is)330 3604 y(double-quoted)i(do)s(es)g(not)
15565 h(treat)h(the)e Ft($*)g Fu(as)h(if)f(it)h(w)m(ere)g(double-quoted.)154
15566 3742 y(33.)61 b(Assignmen)m(t)23 b(statemen)m(ts)h(preceding)e
15567 Fm(posix)f Fu(sp)s(ecial)i(builtins)f(p)s(ersist)g(in)f(the)i(shell)f
15568 (en)m(vironmen)m(t)330 3852 y(after)31 b(the)f(builtin)g(completes.)154
15569 3990 y(34.)61 b(The)31 b Ft(command)e Fu(builtin)i(do)s(es)g(not)h
15570 (prev)m(en)m(t)f(builtins)g(that)h(tak)m(e)h(assignmen)m(t)f(statemen)m
15571 (ts)h(as)f(ar-)330 4100 y(gumen)m(ts)40 b(from)e(expanding)h(them)g(as)
15572 h(assignmen)m(t)g(statemen)m(ts;)46 b(when)38 b(not)i(in)f
15573 Fm(posix)f Fu(mo)s(de,)330 4209 y(assignmen)m(t)k(builtins)e(lose)h
15574 (their)g(assignmen)m(t)h(statemen)m(t)h(expansion)d(prop)s(erties)g
15575 (when)g(pre-)330 4319 y(ceded)31 b(b)m(y)f Ft(command)p
15576 Fu(.)154 4457 y(35.)61 b(The)27 b Ft(bg)g Fu(builtin)g(uses)g(the)h
15577 (required)f(format)h(to)g(describ)s(e)f(eac)m(h)i(job)e(placed)h(in)f
15578 (the)h(bac)m(kground,)330 4567 y(whic)m(h)h(do)s(es)g(not)g(include)g
15579 (an)g(indication)h(of)f(whether)f(the)h(job)g(is)g(the)h(curren)m(t)e
15580 (or)h(previous)g(job.)154 4706 y(36.)61 b(The)23 b(output)f(of)i(`)p
15581 Ft(kill)29 b(-l)p Fu(')23 b(prin)m(ts)f(all)i(the)g(signal)f(names)g
15582 (on)g(a)h(single)g(line,)h(separated)e(b)m(y)g(spaces,)330
15583 4815 y(without)30 b(the)h(`)p Ft(SIG)p Fu(')f(pre\014x.)154
15584 4954 y(37.)61 b(The)30 b Ft(kill)f Fu(builtin)h(do)s(es)g(not)h(accept)
15585 h(signal)f(names)f(with)g(a)h(`)p Ft(SIG)p Fu(')f(pre\014x.)154
15586 5092 y(38.)61 b(The)38 b Ft(export)f Fu(and)g Ft(readonly)f
15587 Fu(builtin)i(commands)g(displa)m(y)h(their)f(output)g(in)g(the)h
15588 (format)g(re-)330 5202 y(quired)30 b(b)m(y)g Fm(posix)p
15589 Fu(.)154 5340 y(39.)61 b(The)30 b Ft(trap)f Fu(builtin)h(displa)m(ys)g
15590 (signal)i(names)e(without)g(the)h(leading)g Ft(SIG)p
15591 Fu(.)p eop end
15592 %%Page: 103 109
15593 TeXDict begin 103 108 bop 150 -116 a Fu(Chapter)30 b(6:)41
15594 b(Bash)30 b(F)-8 b(eatures)2439 b(103)154 299 y(40.)61
15595 b(The)39 b Ft(trap)e Fu(builtin)i(do)s(esn't)g(c)m(hec)m(k)h(the)g
15596 (\014rst)e(argumen)m(t)i(for)e(a)i(p)s(ossible)e(signal)i(sp)s
15597 (eci\014cation)330 408 y(and)30 b(rev)m(ert)i(the)e(signal)i(handling)e
15598 (to)h(the)g(original)h(disp)s(osition)e(if)h(it)g(is,)g(unless)f(that)h
15599 (argumen)m(t)330 518 y(consists)e(solely)g(of)g(digits)g(and)f(is)g(a)h
15600 (v)-5 b(alid)29 b(signal)g(n)m(um)m(b)s(er.)38 b(If)28
15601 b(users)g(w)m(an)m(t)h(to)g(reset)g(the)g(handler)330
15602 628 y(for)h(a)g(giv)m(en)h(signal)g(to)f(the)h(original)g(disp)s
15603 (osition,)f(they)g(should)f(use)h(`)p Ft(-)p Fu(')g(as)g(the)g(\014rst)
15604 f(argumen)m(t.)154 765 y(41.)61 b Ft(trap)29 b(-p)35
15605 b Fu(displa)m(ys)h(signals)h(whose)f(disp)s(ositions)f(are)h(set)h(to)f
15606 (SIG)p 2687 765 28 4 v 40 w(DFL)g(and)g(those)g(that)g(w)m(ere)330
15607 874 y(ignored)30 b(when)g(the)g(shell)h(started.)154
15608 1011 y(42.)61 b(The)21 b Ft(.)h Fu(and)f Ft(source)f
15609 Fu(builtins)h(do)g(not)h(searc)m(h)h(the)f(curren)m(t)f(directory)h
15610 (for)g(the)g(\014lename)f(argumen)m(t)330 1121 y(if)30
15611 b(it)h(is)g(not)f(found)f(b)m(y)i(searc)m(hing)g Ft(PATH)p
15612 Fu(.)154 1258 y(43.)61 b(Enabling)21 b Fm(posix)g Fu(mo)s(de)g(has)g
15613 (the)g(e\013ect)i(of)e(setting)i(the)e Ft(inherit_errexit)d
15614 Fu(option,)23 b(so)f(subshells)330 1367 y(spa)m(wned)27
15615 b(to)i(execute)g(command)e(substitutions)h(inherit)f(the)h(v)-5
15616 b(alue)28 b(of)g(the)g Ft(-e)f Fu(option)h(from)g(the)330
15617 1477 y(paren)m(t)37 b(shell.)62 b(When)37 b(the)g Ft(inherit_errexit)c
15618 Fu(option)38 b(is)f(not)h(enabled,)h(Bash)e(clears)h(the)g
15619 Ft(-e)330 1587 y Fu(option)31 b(in)f(suc)m(h)g(subshells.)154
15620 1724 y(44.)61 b(Enabling)32 b Fm(posix)f Fu(mo)s(de)h(has)g(the)h
15621 (e\013ect)g(of)g(setting)g(the)g Ft(shift_verbose)28
15622 b Fu(option,)34 b(so)e(n)m(umeric)330 1833 y(argumen)m(ts)f(to)g
15623 Ft(shift)f Fu(that)h(exceed)h(the)e(n)m(um)m(b)s(er)g(of)h(p)s
15624 (ositional)g(parameters)g(will)g(result)g(in)f(an)330
15625 1943 y(error)g(message.)154 2080 y(45.)61 b(When)43 b(the)g
15626 Ft(alias)f Fu(builtin)g(displa)m(ys)i(alias)g(de\014nitions,)i(it)d(do)
15627 s(es)g(not)g(displa)m(y)h(them)f(with)g(a)330 2189 y(leading)31
15628 b(`)p Ft(alias)e Fu(')i(unless)f(the)g Ft(-p)g Fu(option)h(is)f
15629 (supplied.)154 2326 y(46.)61 b(When)40 b(the)g Ft(set)f
15630 Fu(builtin)h(is)g(in)m(v)m(ok)m(ed)h(without)f(options,)j(it)e(do)s(es)
15631 f(not)g(displa)m(y)g(shell)g(function)330 2436 y(names)30
15632 b(and)g(de\014nitions.)154 2573 y(47.)61 b(When)36 b(the)g
15633 Ft(set)g Fu(builtin)g(is)g(in)m(v)m(ok)m(ed)i(without)e(options,)i(it)f
15634 (displa)m(ys)f(v)-5 b(ariable)37 b(v)-5 b(alues)37 b(without)330
15635 2682 y(quotes,)26 b(unless)d(they)i(con)m(tain)g(shell)f(metac)m
15636 (haracters,)k(ev)m(en)d(if)f(the)g(result)g(con)m(tains)i(nonprin)m
15637 (ting)330 2792 y(c)m(haracters.)154 2929 y(48.)61 b(When)35
15638 b(the)g Ft(cd)f Fu(builtin)h(is)g(in)m(v)m(ok)m(ed)i(in)d
15639 Fr(logical)41 b Fu(mo)s(de,)36 b(and)f(the)g(pathname)g(constructed)g
15640 (from)330 3039 y Ft($PWD)i Fu(and)h(the)h(directory)f(name)h(supplied)e
15641 (as)i(an)f(argumen)m(t)h(do)s(es)f(not)g(refer)h(to)g(an)f(existing)330
15642 3148 y(directory)-8 b(,)32 b Ft(cd)d Fu(will)i(fail)g(instead)g(of)f
15643 (falling)h(bac)m(k)h(to)f Fr(ph)m(ysical)j Fu(mo)s(de.)154
15644 3285 y(49.)61 b(When)37 b(the)h Ft(cd)f Fu(builtin)g(cannot)h(c)m
15645 (hange)h(a)f(directory)g(b)s(ecause)g(the)g(length)g(of)f(the)h
15646 (pathname)330 3395 y(constructed)52 b(from)f Ft($PWD)f
15647 Fu(and)g(the)i(directory)g(name)f(supplied)f(as)i(an)f(argumen)m(t)h
15648 (exceeds)330 3504 y Fr(P)-8 b(A)g(TH)p 584 3504 V 41
15649 w(MAX)42 b Fu(when)31 b(all)j(sym)m(b)s(olic)e(links)h(are)f(expanded,)
15650 h Ft(cd)f Fu(will)g(fail)h(instead)g(of)g(attempting)330
15651 3614 y(to)e(use)f(only)h(the)f(supplied)f(directory)i(name.)154
15652 3751 y(50.)61 b(The)36 b Ft(pwd)f Fu(builtin)h(v)m(eri\014es)h(that)g
15653 (the)f(v)-5 b(alue)37 b(it)g(prin)m(ts)e(is)i(the)f(same)h(as)f(the)h
15654 (curren)m(t)f(directory)-8 b(,)330 3861 y(ev)m(en)31
15655 b(if)f(it)h(is)g(not)f(ask)m(ed)h(to)g(c)m(hec)m(k)h(the)f(\014le)f
15656 (system)h(with)f(the)h Ft(-P)e Fu(option.)154 3998 y(51.)61
15657 b(When)35 b(listing)g(the)g(history)-8 b(,)36 b(the)f
15658 Ft(fc)g Fu(builtin)f(do)s(es)g(not)h(include)g(an)f(indication)i(of)f
15659 (whether)f(or)330 4107 y(not)d(a)f(history)h(en)m(try)f(has)g(b)s(een)g
15660 (mo)s(di\014ed.)154 4244 y(52.)61 b(The)30 b(default)g(editor)h(used)f
15661 (b)m(y)g Ft(fc)g Fu(is)g Ft(ed)p Fu(.)154 4381 y(53.)61
15662 b(The)37 b Ft(type)g Fu(and)g Ft(command)f Fu(builtins)i(will)g(not)g
15663 (rep)s(ort)f(a)i(non-executable)g(\014le)f(as)g(ha)m(ving)h(b)s(een)330
15664 4491 y(found,)26 b(though)h(the)g(shell)g(will)g(attempt)h(to)g
15665 (execute)g(suc)m(h)f(a)g(\014le)g(if)g(it)g(is)g(the)g(only)g(so-named)
15666 g(\014le)330 4600 y(found)i(in)h Ft($PATH)p Fu(.)154
15667 4737 y(54.)61 b(The)33 b Ft(vi)f Fu(editing)i(mo)s(de)f(will)g(in)m(v)m
15668 (ok)m(e)i(the)e Ft(vi)g Fu(editor)h(directly)f(when)f(the)i(`)p
15669 Ft(v)p Fu(')f(command)g(is)g(run,)330 4847 y(instead)e(of)f(c)m(hec)m
15670 (king)i Ft($VISUAL)d Fu(and)g Ft($EDITOR)p Fu(.)154 4984
15671 y(55.)61 b(When)41 b(the)g Ft(xpg_echo)e Fu(option)i(is)g(enabled,)j
15672 (Bash)d(do)s(es)g(not)g(attempt)h(to)g(in)m(terpret)f(an)m(y)h(ar-)330
15673 5093 y(gumen)m(ts)35 b(to)g Ft(echo)e Fu(as)i(options.)54
15674 b(Eac)m(h)35 b(argumen)m(t)g(is)f(displa)m(y)m(ed,)j(after)e(escap)s(e)
15675 g(c)m(haracters)h(are)330 5203 y(con)m(v)m(erted.)154
15676 5340 y(56.)61 b(The)30 b Ft(ulimit)f Fu(builtin)g(uses)h(a)h(blo)s(c)m
15677 (k)g(size)g(of)g(512)g(b)m(ytes)g(for)f(the)h Ft(-c)f
15678 Fu(and)g Ft(-f)f Fu(options.)p eop end
15679 %%Page: 104 110
15680 TeXDict begin 104 109 bop 150 -116 a Fu(Chapter)30 b(6:)41
15681 b(Bash)30 b(F)-8 b(eatures)2439 b(104)154 299 y(57.)61
15682 b(The)39 b(arriv)-5 b(al)41 b(of)f Ft(SIGCHLD)e Fu(when)h(a)h(trap)g
15683 (is)g(set)h(on)f Ft(SIGCHLD)e Fu(do)s(es)h(not)h(in)m(terrupt)g(the)g
15684 Ft(wait)330 408 y Fu(builtin)c(and)h(cause)g(it)h(to)f(return)f
15685 (immediately)-8 b(.)62 b(The)37 b(trap)f(command)h(is)g(run)e(once)j
15686 (for)f(eac)m(h)330 518 y(c)m(hild)31 b(that)g(exits.)154
15687 654 y(58.)61 b(The)27 b Ft(read)f Fu(builtin)g(ma)m(y)i(b)s(e)e(in)m
15688 (terrupted)h(b)m(y)g(a)h(signal)f(for)g(whic)m(h)g(a)h(trap)f(has)g(b)s
15689 (een)f(set.)40 b(If)27 b(Bash)330 764 y(receiv)m(es)41
15690 b(a)f(trapp)s(ed)e(signal)i(while)f(executing)h Ft(read)p
15691 Fu(,)h(the)e(trap)h(handler)e(executes)i(and)f Ft(read)330
15692 874 y Fu(returns)29 b(an)h(exit)i(status)e(greater)i(than)e(128.)154
15693 1010 y(59.)61 b(Bash)27 b(remo)m(v)m(es)h(an)e(exited)i(bac)m(kground)e
15694 (pro)s(cess's)h(status)g(from)f(the)h(list)g(of)g(suc)m(h)f(statuses)h
15695 (after)330 1119 y(the)k Ft(wait)e Fu(builtin)h(is)g(used)g(to)h(obtain)
15696 g(it.)275 1284 y(There)j(is)g(other)h Fm(posix)f Fu(b)s(eha)m(vior)h
15697 (that)g(Bash)g(do)s(es)f(not)h(implemen)m(t)g(b)m(y)g(default)f(ev)m
15698 (en)i(when)d(in)150 1394 y Fm(posix)d Fu(mo)s(de.)40
15699 b(Sp)s(eci\014cally:)199 1532 y(1.)61 b(The)30 b Ft(fc)f
15700 Fu(builtin)h(c)m(hec)m(ks)i Ft($EDITOR)c Fu(as)j(a)f(program)g(to)h
15701 (edit)g(history)f(en)m(tries)h(if)f Ft(FCEDIT)f Fu(is)h(unset,)330
15702 1641 y(rather)g(than)g(defaulting)h(directly)g(to)g Ft(ed)p
15703 Fu(.)40 b Ft(fc)30 b Fu(uses)g Ft(ed)g Fu(if)g Ft(EDITOR)f
15704 Fu(is)h(unset.)199 1778 y(2.)61 b(As)29 b(noted)g(ab)s(o)m(v)m(e,)i
15705 (Bash)e(requires)g(the)g Ft(xpg_echo)e Fu(option)j(to)g(b)s(e)e
15706 (enabled)h(for)g(the)g Ft(echo)f Fu(builtin)330 1887
15707 y(to)j(b)s(e)f(fully)g(conforman)m(t.)275 2052 y(Bash)c(can)g(b)s(e)f
15708 (con\014gured)h(to)g(b)s(e)g Fm(posix)p Fu(-conforman)m(t)g(b)m(y)g
15709 (default,)h(b)m(y)f(sp)s(ecifying)g(the)g Ft(--enable-)150
15710 2162 y(strict-posix-default)c Fu(to)27 b Ft(configure)e
15711 Fu(when)h(building)h(\(see)h(Section)g(10.8)g([Optional)g(F)-8
15712 b(eatures],)150 2271 y(page)31 b(155\).)150 2518 y Fs(6.12)68
15713 b(Shell)46 b(Compatibilit)l(y)h(Mo)t(de)150 2677 y Fu(Bash-4.0)30
15714 b(in)m(tro)s(duced)d(the)i(concept)g(of)f(a)h(`shell)f(compatibilit)m
15715 (y)i(lev)m(el',)h(sp)s(eci\014ed)d(as)g(a)h(set)f(of)h(options)150
15716 2786 y(to)i(the)f(shopt)g(builtin)g(\()p Ft(compat31)p
15717 Fu(,)e Ft(compat32)p Fu(,)h Ft(compat40)p Fu(,)f Ft(compat41)p
15718 Fu(,)g(and)i(so)g(on\).)41 b(There)30 b(is)g(only)150
15719 2896 y(one)f(curren)m(t)f(compatibilit)m(y)j(lev)m(el)f({)f(eac)m(h)h
15720 (option)f(is)g(m)m(utually)g(exclusiv)m(e.)41 b(The)28
15721 b(compatibilit)m(y)j(lev)m(el)150 3006 y(is)39 b(in)m(tended)g(to)h
15722 (allo)m(w)g(users)e(to)i(select)h(b)s(eha)m(vior)e(from)f(previous)h(v)
15723 m(ersions)g(that)h(is)f(incompatible)150 3115 y(with)d(new)m(er)g(v)m
15724 (ersions)g(while)g(they)g(migrate)h(scripts)f(to)h(use)f(curren)m(t)f
15725 (features)i(and)e(b)s(eha)m(vior.)58 b(It's)150 3225
15726 y(in)m(tended)30 b(to)h(b)s(e)f(a)h(temp)s(orary)f(solution.)275
15727 3363 y(This)k(section)j(do)s(es)e(not)h(men)m(tion)g(b)s(eha)m(vior)g
15728 (that)g(is)f(standard)g(for)g(a)h(particular)g(v)m(ersion)g(\(e.g.,)150
15729 3473 y(setting)24 b Ft(compat32)e Fu(means)h(that)h(quoting)g(the)f
15730 (rhs)g(of)g(the)h(regexp)f(matc)m(hing)i(op)s(erator)e(quotes)h(sp)s
15731 (ecial)150 3582 y(regexp)31 b(c)m(haracters)g(in)g(the)f(w)m(ord,)g
15732 (whic)m(h)g(is)h(default)f(b)s(eha)m(vior)h(in)f(bash-3.2)h(and)f(ab)s
15733 (o)m(v)m(e\).)275 3720 y(If)f(a)h(user)f(enables,)h(sa)m(y)-8
15734 b(,)31 b Ft(compat32)p Fu(,)d(it)i(ma)m(y)g(a\013ect)h(the)f(b)s(eha)m
15735 (vior)g(of)g(other)g(compatibilit)m(y)h(lev)m(els)150
15736 3830 y(up)23 b(to)h(and)f(including)h(the)g(curren)m(t)f(compatibilit)m
15737 (y)j(lev)m(el.)41 b(The)23 b(idea)h(is)g(that)g(eac)m(h)h(compatibilit)
15738 m(y)h(lev)m(el)150 3939 y(con)m(trols)35 b(b)s(eha)m(vior)f(that)g(c)m
15739 (hanged)g(in)f(that)h(v)m(ersion)g(of)g(Bash,)h(but)e(that)h(b)s(eha)m
15740 (vior)g(ma)m(y)g(ha)m(v)m(e)h(b)s(een)150 4049 y(presen)m(t)f(in)g
15741 (earlier)g(v)m(ersions.)52 b(F)-8 b(or)35 b(instance,)g(the)f(c)m
15742 (hange)h(to)g(use)f(lo)s(cale-based)h(comparisons)f(with)150
15743 4159 y(the)e Ft([[)f Fu(command)g(came)h(in)g(bash-4.1,)h(and)d
15744 (earlier)j(v)m(ersions)f(used)f(ASCI)s(I-based)f(comparisons,)i(so)150
15745 4268 y(enabling)27 b Ft(compat32)e Fu(will)i(enable)g(ASCI)s(I-based)e
15746 (comparisons)i(as)g(w)m(ell.)41 b(That)26 b(gran)m(ularit)m(y)i(ma)m(y)
15747 g(not)150 4378 y(b)s(e)i(su\016cien)m(t)i(for)f(all)g(uses,)g(and)g(as)
15748 g(a)g(result)g(users)f(should)g(emplo)m(y)i(compatibilit)m(y)h(lev)m
15749 (els)g(carefully)-8 b(.)150 4487 y(Read)31 b(the)f(do)s(cumen)m(tation)
15750 h(for)g(a)f(particular)h(feature)g(to)g(\014nd)e(out)h(the)h(curren)m
15751 (t)f(b)s(eha)m(vior.)275 4625 y(Bash-4.3)44 b(in)m(tro)s(duced)e(a)h
15752 (new)f(shell)h(v)-5 b(ariable:)65 b Ft(BASH_COMPAT)p
15753 Fu(.)75 b(The)42 b(v)-5 b(alue)43 b(assigned)g(to)g(this)150
15754 4735 y(v)-5 b(ariable)32 b(\(a)g(decimal)h(v)m(ersion)e(n)m(um)m(b)s
15755 (er)f(lik)m(e)j(4.2,)g(or)e(an)h(in)m(teger)g(corresp)s(onding)f(to)h
15756 (the)f Ft(compat)p Fr(NN)150 4845 y Fu(option,)g(lik)m(e)h(42\))f
15757 (determines)g(the)f(compatibilit)m(y)j(lev)m(el.)275
15758 4983 y(Starting)e(with)g(bash-4.4,)h(Bash)f(has)g(b)s(egun)f
15759 (deprecating)h(older)h(compatibilit)m(y)h(lev)m(els.)44
15760 b(Ev)m(en)m(tu-)150 5092 y(ally)-8 b(,)32 b(the)e(options)h(will)g(b)s
15761 (e)f(remo)m(v)m(ed)h(in)f(fa)m(v)m(or)i(of)e Ft(BASH_COMPAT)p
15762 Fu(.)275 5230 y(Bash-5.0)36 b(is)f(the)g(\014nal)f(v)m(ersion)i(for)e
15763 (whic)m(h)h(there)g(will)g(b)s(e)f(an)h(individual)f(shopt)h(option)g
15764 (for)g(the)150 5340 y(previous)30 b(v)m(ersion.)41 b(Users)30
15765 b(should)g(use)g Ft(BASH_COMPAT)d Fu(on)j(bash-5.0)h(and)f(later)i(v)m
15766 (ersions.)p eop end
15767 %%Page: 105 111
15768 TeXDict begin 105 110 bop 150 -116 a Fu(Chapter)30 b(6:)41
15769 b(Bash)30 b(F)-8 b(eatures)2439 b(105)275 299 y(The)24
15770 b(follo)m(wing)i(table)g(describ)s(es)e(the)i(b)s(eha)m(vior)f(c)m
15771 (hanges)h(con)m(trolled)g(b)m(y)f(eac)m(h)h(compatibilit)m(y)h(lev)m
15772 (el)150 408 y(setting.)43 b(The)30 b Ft(compat)p Fr(NN)39
15773 b Fu(tag)32 b(is)f(used)f(as)h(shorthand)e(for)h(setting)i(the)f
15774 (compatibilit)m(y)i(lev)m(el)f(to)g Fr(NN)150 518 y Fu(using)37
15775 b(one)h(of)g(the)g(follo)m(wing)h(mec)m(hanisms.)63 b(F)-8
15776 b(or)39 b(v)m(ersions)f(prior)f(to)h(bash-5.0,)j(the)d(compatibilit)m
15777 (y)150 628 y(lev)m(el)d(ma)m(y)f(b)s(e)e(set)i(using)e(the)i(corresp)s
15778 (onding)e Ft(compat)p Fr(NN)41 b Fu(shopt)33 b(option.)50
15779 b(F)-8 b(or)34 b(bash-4.3)f(and)g(later)150 737 y(v)m(ersions,)40
15780 b(the)e Ft(BASH_COMPAT)d Fu(v)-5 b(ariable)39 b(is)e(preferred,)i(and)e
15781 (it)i(is)f(required)f(for)g(bash-5.1)i(and)e(later)150
15782 847 y(v)m(ersions.)150 1025 y Ft(compat31)705 1165 y
15783 Fq(\017)60 b Fu(quoting)34 b(the)g(rhs)e(of)i(the)f Ft([[)g
15784 Fu(command's)h(regexp)f(matc)m(hing)i(op)s(erator)f(\(=)p
15785 Ft(~)p Fu(\))f(has)810 1275 y(no)d(sp)s(ecial)h(e\013ect)150
15786 1446 y Ft(compat32)705 1587 y Fq(\017)60 b Fu(in)m(terrupting)28
15787 b(a)g(command)g(list)h(suc)m(h)f(as)g Ft(")p Fu(a)g(;)h(b)f(;)h(c)p
15788 Ft(")f Fu(causes)h(the)f(execution)h(of)g(the)810 1697
15789 y(next)j(command)f(in)g(the)h(list)g(\(in)f(bash-4.0)h(and)f(later)i(v)
15790 m(ersions,)f(the)g(shell)f(acts)i(as)810 1806 y(if)i(it)i(receiv)m(ed)f
15791 (the)g(in)m(terrupt,)h(so)f(in)m(terrupting)f(one)h(command)f(in)g(a)h
15792 (list)g(ab)s(orts)810 1916 y(the)31 b(execution)g(of)g(the)f(en)m(tire)
15793 i(list\))150 2087 y Ft(compat40)705 2228 y Fq(\017)60
15794 b Fu(the)35 b(`)p Ft(<)p Fu(')g(and)f(`)p Ft(>)p Fu(')g(op)s(erators)h
15795 (to)g(the)g Ft([[)f Fu(command)h(do)f(not)h(consider)f(the)h(curren)m
15796 (t)810 2338 y(lo)s(cale)41 b(when)d(comparing)i(strings;)k(they)c(use)f
15797 (ASCI)s(I)f(ordering.)67 b(Bash)40 b(v)m(ersions)810
15798 2447 y(prior)f(to)i(bash-4.1)f(use)g(ASCI)s(I)e(collation)k(and)d
15799 (strcmp\(3\);)45 b(bash-4.1)c(and)e(later)810 2557 y(use)30
15800 b(the)h(curren)m(t)f(lo)s(cale's)i(collation)h(sequence)d(and)g
15801 (strcoll\(3\).)150 2728 y Ft(compat41)705 2869 y Fq(\017)60
15802 b Fu(in)29 b(p)s(osix)f(mo)s(de,)i Ft(time)e Fu(ma)m(y)h(b)s(e)g(follo)
15803 m(w)m(ed)i(b)m(y)e(options)g(and)g(still)h(b)s(e)e(recognized)j(as)810
15804 2979 y(a)g(reserv)m(ed)f(w)m(ord)g(\(this)h(is)f Fm(posix)g
15805 Fu(in)m(terpretation)i(267\))705 3119 y Fq(\017)60 b
15806 Fu(in)37 b(p)s(osix)f(mo)s(de,)i(the)g(parser)e(requires)g(that)i(an)f
15807 (ev)m(en)g(n)m(um)m(b)s(er)f(of)h(single)g(quotes)810
15808 3229 y(o)s(ccur)28 b(in)g(the)h Fr(w)m(ord)i Fu(p)s(ortion)d(of)h(a)g
15809 (double-quoted)f($)p Fi({)6 b Fu(.)23 b(.)f(.)11 b Fi(})29
15810 b Fu(parameter)g(expansion)810 3338 y(and)34 b(treats)h(them)f(sp)s
15811 (ecially)-8 b(,)37 b(so)e(that)g(c)m(haracters)g(within)f(the)h(single)
15812 g(quotes)g(are)810 3448 y(considered)30 b(quoted)h(\(this)f(is)h
15813 Fm(posix)e Fu(in)m(terpretation)j(221\))150 3620 y Ft(compat42)705
15814 3760 y Fq(\017)60 b Fu(the)29 b(replacemen)m(t)i(string)e(in)g
15815 (double-quoted)h(pattern)f(substitution)g(do)s(es)g(not)h(un-)810
15816 3870 y(dergo)h(quote)g(remo)m(v)-5 b(al,)32 b(as)e(it)h(do)s(es)f(in)g
15817 (v)m(ersions)h(after)g(bash-4.2)705 4010 y Fq(\017)60
15818 b Fu(in)39 b(p)s(osix)g(mo)s(de,)j(single)e(quotes)g(are)g(considered)f
15819 (sp)s(ecial)h(when)f(expanding)g(the)810 4120 y Fr(w)m(ord)d
15820 Fu(p)s(ortion)c(of)g(a)h(double-quoted)g($)p Fi({)6 b
15821 Fu(.)22 b(.)h(.)11 b Fi(})33 b Fu(parameter)g(expansion)f(and)g(can)h
15822 (b)s(e)810 4230 y(used)40 b(to)i(quote)g(a)f(closing)h(brace)f(or)g
15823 (other)h(sp)s(ecial)f(c)m(haracter)i(\(this)e(is)g(part)g(of)810
15824 4339 y Fm(posix)36 b Fu(in)m(terpretation)h(221\);)42
15825 b(in)36 b(later)h(v)m(ersions,)h(single)f(quotes)g(are)g(not)f(sp)s
15826 (ecial)810 4449 y(within)30 b(double-quoted)g(w)m(ord)g(expansions)150
15827 4620 y Ft(compat43)705 4761 y Fq(\017)60 b Fu(the)31
15828 b(shell)g(do)s(es)g(not)g(prin)m(t)f(a)h(w)m(arning)g(message)h(if)f
15829 (an)g(attempt)h(is)f(made)f(to)i(use)f(a)810 4871 y(quoted)22
15830 b(comp)s(ound)f(assignmen)m(t)i(as)f(an)g(argumen)m(t)h(to)g(declare)g
15831 (\(declare)g(-a)g(fo)s(o='\(1)810 4980 y(2\)'\).)42 b(Later)31
15832 b(v)m(ersions)g(w)m(arn)f(that)h(this)f(usage)h(is)f(deprecated)705
15833 5121 y Fq(\017)60 b Fu(w)m(ord)21 b(expansion)g(errors)g(are)h
15834 (considered)f(non-fatal)h(errors)f(that)h(cause)g(the)f(curren)m(t)810
15835 5230 y(command)k(to)g(fail,)i(ev)m(en)e(in)g(p)s(osix)f(mo)s(de)h
15836 (\(the)g(default)g(b)s(eha)m(vior)g(is)g(to)g(mak)m(e)h(them)810
15837 5340 y(fatal)32 b(errors)d(that)i(cause)g(the)g(shell)f(to)i(exit\))p
15838 eop end
15839 %%Page: 106 112
15840 TeXDict begin 106 111 bop 150 -116 a Fu(Chapter)30 b(6:)41
15841 b(Bash)30 b(F)-8 b(eatures)2439 b(106)705 299 y Fq(\017)60
15842 b Fu(when)37 b(executing)i(a)g(shell)f(function,)i(the)f(lo)s(op)f
15843 (state)h(\(while/un)m(til/etc.\))68 b(is)38 b(not)810
15844 408 y(reset,)c(so)g Ft(break)d Fu(or)i Ft(continue)e
15845 Fu(in)h(that)i(function)f(will)g(break)g(or)g(con)m(tin)m(ue)h(lo)s
15846 (ops)810 518 y(in)h(the)g(calling)h(con)m(text.)57 b(Bash-4.4)37
15847 b(and)d(later)i(reset)g(the)f(lo)s(op)g(state)i(to)e(prev)m(en)m(t)810
15848 628 y(this)150 787 y Ft(compat44)705 922 y Fq(\017)60
15849 b Fu(the)41 b(shell)g(sets)g(up)e(the)i(v)-5 b(alues)41
15850 b(used)f(b)m(y)h Ft(BASH_ARGV)d Fu(and)i Ft(BASH_ARGC)e
15851 Fu(so)j(they)810 1031 y(can)26 b(expand)f(to)h(the)g(shell's)g(p)s
15852 (ositional)g(parameters)g(ev)m(en)h(if)e(extended)h(debugging)810
15853 1141 y(mo)s(de)k(is)g(not)h(enabled)705 1275 y Fq(\017)60
15854 b Fu(a)40 b(subshell)f(inherits)g(lo)s(ops)h(from)g(its)g(paren)m(t)g
15855 (con)m(text,)k(so)c Ft(break)e Fu(or)i Ft(continue)810
15856 1385 y Fu(will)35 b(cause)g(the)f(subshell)f(to)i(exit.)54
15857 b(Bash-5.0)36 b(and)d(later)j(reset)f(the)f(lo)s(op)h(state)g(to)810
15858 1494 y(prev)m(en)m(t)c(the)g(exit)705 1629 y Fq(\017)60
15859 b Fu(v)-5 b(ariable)28 b(assignmen)m(ts)h(preceding)f(builtins)f(lik)m
15860 (e)i Ft(export)d Fu(and)h Ft(readonly)e Fu(that)j(set)810
15861 1738 y(attributes)37 b(con)m(tin)m(ue)h(to)g(a\013ect)g(v)-5
15862 b(ariables)37 b(with)g(the)f(same)h(name)g(in)g(the)f(calling)810
15863 1848 y(en)m(vironmen)m(t)31 b(ev)m(en)g(if)f(the)h(shell)g(is)f(not)h
15864 (in)f(p)s(osix)f(mo)s(de)150 2007 y Ft(compat50)f(\(set)h(using)g
15865 (BASH_COMPAT\))705 2117 y Fq(\017)60 b Fu(Bash-5.1)29
15866 b(c)m(hanged)g(the)f(w)m(a)m(y)g Ft($RANDOM)e Fu(is)i(generated)h(to)f
15867 (in)m(tro)s(duce)g(sligh)m(tly)h(more)810 2227 y(randomness.)39
15868 b(If)30 b(the)f(shell)h(compatibilit)m(y)i(lev)m(el)f(is)f(set)g(to)h
15869 (50)f(or)g(lo)m(w)m(er,)h(it)f(rev)m(erts)810 2336 y(to)e(the)g(metho)s
15870 (d)f(from)g(bash-5.0)h(and)f(previous)g(v)m(ersions,)i(so)e(seeding)h
15871 (the)g(random)810 2446 y(n)m(um)m(b)s(er)36 b(generator)j(b)m(y)e
15872 (assigning)h(a)g(v)-5 b(alue)38 b(to)g Ft(RANDOM)e Fu(will)i(pro)s
15873 (duce)e(the)i(same)810 2555 y(sequence)31 b(as)f(in)g(bash-5.0)p
15874 eop end
15875 %%Page: 107 113
15876 TeXDict begin 107 112 bop 3614 -116 a Fu(107)150 299
15877 y Fp(7)80 b(Job)54 b(Con)l(trol)150 518 y Fu(This)25
15878 b(c)m(hapter)i(discusses)f(what)g(job)f(con)m(trol)j(is,)f(ho)m(w)f(it)
15879 h(w)m(orks,)g(and)f(ho)m(w)g(Bash)g(allo)m(ws)h(y)m(ou)g(to)g(access)
15880 150 628 y(its)k(facilities.)150 863 y Fs(7.1)68 b(Job)45
15881 b(Con)l(trol)h(Basics)150 1022 y Fu(Job)27 b(con)m(trol)i(refers)e(to)h
15882 (the)g(abilit)m(y)h(to)f(selectiv)m(ely)j(stop)c(\(susp)s(end\))f(the)i
15883 (execution)h(of)e(pro)s(cesses)h(and)150 1132 y(con)m(tin)m(ue)38
15884 b(\(resume\))g(their)f(execution)h(at)g(a)g(later)g(p)s(oin)m(t.)61
15885 b(A)37 b(user)g(t)m(ypically)i(emplo)m(ys)f(this)f(facilit)m(y)150
15886 1241 y(via)27 b(an)e(in)m(teractiv)m(e)k(in)m(terface)f(supplied)d
15887 (join)m(tly)h(b)m(y)g(the)h(op)s(erating)f(system)g(k)m(ernel's)h
15888 (terminal)f(driv)m(er)150 1351 y(and)k(Bash.)275 1482
15889 y(The)23 b(shell)i(asso)s(ciates)h(a)f Fr(job)h Fu(with)e(eac)m(h)i
15890 (pip)s(eline.)38 b(It)25 b(k)m(eeps)f(a)h(table)h(of)e(curren)m(tly)h
15891 (executing)g(jobs,)150 1592 y(whic)m(h)33 b(ma)m(y)i(b)s(e)e(listed)h
15892 (with)f(the)h Ft(jobs)f Fu(command.)50 b(When)33 b(Bash)h(starts)g(a)g
15893 (job)g(async)m(hronously)-8 b(,)34 b(it)150 1701 y(prin)m(ts)c(a)h
15894 (line)f(that)h(lo)s(oks)g(lik)m(e:)390 1833 y Ft([1])47
15895 b(25647)150 1965 y Fu(indicating)34 b(that)g(this)f(job)g(is)g(job)g(n)
15896 m(um)m(b)s(er)f(1)i(and)f(that)g(the)h(pro)s(cess)f Fm(id)g
15897 Fu(of)g(the)h(last)g(pro)s(cess)f(in)g(the)150 2074 y(pip)s(eline)42
15898 b(asso)s(ciated)i(with)e(this)g(job)g(is)h(25647.)78
15899 b(All)43 b(of)g(the)g(pro)s(cesses)f(in)g(a)h(single)g(pip)s(eline)f
15900 (are)150 2184 y(mem)m(b)s(ers)30 b(of)g(the)h(same)f(job.)41
15901 b(Bash)30 b(uses)g(the)h Fr(job)h Fu(abstraction)f(as)g(the)g(basis)f
15902 (for)g(job)g(con)m(trol.)275 2315 y(T)-8 b(o)23 b(facilitate)j(the)d
15903 (implemen)m(tation)i(of)f(the)f(user)f(in)m(terface)j(to)f(job)f(con)m
15904 (trol,)j(the)d(op)s(erating)h(system)150 2425 y(main)m(tains)j(the)f
15905 (notion)h(of)f(a)g(curren)m(t)g(terminal)g(pro)s(cess)g(group)g
15906 Fm(id)p Fu(.)39 b(Mem)m(b)s(ers)26 b(of)g(this)g(pro)s(cess)f(group)150
15907 2534 y(\(pro)s(cesses)h(whose)g(pro)s(cess)g(group)g
15908 Fm(id)g Fu(is)h(equal)g(to)g(the)f(curren)m(t)g(terminal)h(pro)s(cess)f
15909 (group)f Fm(id)p Fu(\))i(receiv)m(e)150 2644 y(k)m(eyb)s
15910 (oard-generated)22 b(signals)g(suc)m(h)e(as)h Ft(SIGINT)p
15911 Fu(.)36 b(These)21 b(pro)s(cesses)g(are)g(said)g(to)g(b)s(e)g(in)f(the)
15912 h(foreground.)150 2754 y(Bac)m(kground)38 b(pro)s(cesses)f(are)h(those)
15913 g(whose)f(pro)s(cess)g(group)g Fm(id)h Fu(di\013ers)f(from)g(the)g
15914 (terminal's;)42 b(suc)m(h)150 2863 y(pro)s(cesses)24
15915 b(are)g(imm)m(une)g(to)g(k)m(eyb)s(oard-generated)h(signals.)40
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15967 eop end
15968 %%Page: 108 114
15969 TeXDict begin 108 113 bop 150 -116 a Fu(Chapter)30 b(7:)41
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16046 Fu(s)g(in)g(addition)h(to)g(the)f(normal)h(information.)p
16047 eop end
16048 %%Page: 109 115
16049 TeXDict begin 109 114 bop 150 -116 a Fu(Chapter)30 b(7:)41
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16135 %%Page: 110 116
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16191 %%Page: 111 117
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16203 1074 y(is)g(also)h(used)f(when)f(using)h(the)g Ft(-e)g
16204 Fu(option)h(to)g(the)f Ft(read)f Fu(builtin)h(command)g(\(see)h
16205 (Section)g(4.2)h([Bash)150 1183 y(Builtins],)j(page)f(51\).)52
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16211 b(vi)35 b Fu(options)i(to)g(the)f Ft(set)f Fu(builtin)h(command)g
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16213 (62\),)h(or)e(disabled)g(using)g(the)h Ft(+o)e(emacs)g
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16215 1804 y Fs(8.1)68 b(In)l(tro)t(duction)45 b(to)g(Line)h(Editing)150
16216 1963 y Fu(The)30 b(follo)m(wing)i(paragraphs)d(describ)s(e)h(the)h
16217 (notation)g(used)f(to)h(represen)m(t)f(k)m(eystrok)m(es.)275
16218 2132 y(The)35 b(text)i Fj(C-k)f Fu(is)g(read)g(as)h(`Con)m(trol-K')g
16219 (and)f(describ)s(es)f(the)h(c)m(haracter)i(pro)s(duced)d(when)g(the)h
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16221 g(k)m(ey)g(is)g(depressed.)275 2410 y(The)g(text)i Fj(M-k)e
16222 Fu(is)h(read)f(as)i(`Meta-K')g(and)f(describ)s(es)f(the)h(c)m(haracter)
16223 h(pro)s(duced)e(when)f(the)i(Meta)150 2520 y(k)m(ey)i(\(if)f(y)m(ou)h
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16229 2739 y(space)h(bar\),)f(the)g Ft(ALT)f Fu(on)h(the)g(left)h(side)f(is)g
16230 (generally)h(set)f(to)h(w)m(ork)f(as)g(a)h(Meta)g(k)m(ey)-8
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16238 (Meta)h(k)m(ey)-8 b(,)27 b(the)d(iden)m(tical)150 3236
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16276 %%Page: 112 118
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16308 2217 y Fu(Delete)i(the)d(c)m(haracter)i(to)f(the)g(left)g(of)f(the)h
16309 (cursor.)150 2384 y Fj(C-d)336 b Fu(Delete)33 b(the)d(c)m(haracter)i
16310 (underneath)d(the)i(cursor.)150 2550 y(Prin)m(ting)g(c)m(haracters)630
16311 2660 y(Insert)f(the)g(c)m(haracter)i(in)m(to)g(the)e(line)h(at)g(the)g
16312 (cursor.)150 2826 y Fj(C-_)e Fu(or)i Fj(C-x)e(C-u)630
16313 2936 y Fu(Undo)k(the)h(last)g(editing)g(command.)50 b(Y)-8
16314 b(ou)34 b(can)f(undo)g(all)h(the)f(w)m(a)m(y)i(bac)m(k)f(to)g(an)g
16315 (empt)m(y)630 3045 y(line.)150 3215 y(\(Dep)s(ending)29
16316 b(on)h(y)m(our)f(con\014guration,)i(the)e Ft(Backspace)e
16317 Fu(k)m(ey)k(b)s(e)d(set)j(to)f(delete)h(the)e(c)m(haracter)i(to)g(the)
16318 150 3324 y(left)37 b(of)f(the)h(cursor)e(and)h(the)g
16319 Ft(DEL)g Fu(k)m(ey)h(set)f(to)h(delete)h(the)e(c)m(haracter)i
16320 (underneath)d(the)h(cursor,)i(lik)m(e)150 3434 y Fj(C-d)p
16321 Fu(,)30 b(rather)g(than)g(the)h(c)m(haracter)h(to)f(the)f(left)h(of)g
16322 (the)f(cursor.\))150 3640 y Fk(8.2.2)63 b(Readline)40
16323 b(Mo)m(v)m(emen)m(t)h(Commands)150 3787 y Fu(The)27 b(ab)s(o)m(v)m(e)i
16324 (table)g(describ)s(es)e(the)g(most)i(basic)f(k)m(eystrok)m(es)h(that)f
16325 (y)m(ou)g(need)g(in)f(order)g(to)i(do)e(editing)i(of)150
16326 3897 y(the)k(input)f(line.)49 b(F)-8 b(or)34 b(y)m(our)f(con)m(v)m
16327 (enience,)j(man)m(y)d(other)g(commands)f(ha)m(v)m(e)j(b)s(een)d(added)g
16328 (in)h(addition)150 4006 y(to)j Fj(C-b)p Fu(,)f Fj(C-f)p
16329 Fu(,)g Fj(C-d)p Fu(,)h(and)e Ft(DEL)p Fu(.)54 b(Here)35
16330 b(are)g(some)h(commands)e(for)h(mo)m(ving)h(more)f(rapidly)f(ab)s(out)h
16331 (the)150 4116 y(line.)150 4286 y Fj(C-a)336 b Fu(Mo)m(v)m(e)32
16332 b(to)g(the)e(start)h(of)g(the)f(line.)150 4452 y Fj(C-e)336
16333 b Fu(Mo)m(v)m(e)32 b(to)g(the)e(end)g(of)g(the)h(line.)150
16334 4618 y Fj(M-f)336 b Fu(Mo)m(v)m(e)32 b(forw)m(ard)e(a)h(w)m(ord,)f
16335 (where)g(a)h(w)m(ord)f(is)g(comp)s(osed)g(of)h(letters)h(and)d(digits.)
16336 150 4785 y Fj(M-b)336 b Fu(Mo)m(v)m(e)32 b(bac)m(kw)m(ard)f(a)g(w)m
16337 (ord.)150 4951 y Fj(C-l)336 b Fu(Clear)31 b(the)f(screen,)h(reprin)m
16338 (ting)f(the)h(curren)m(t)f(line)h(at)g(the)f(top.)275
16339 5121 y(Notice)c(ho)m(w)f Fj(C-f)e Fu(mo)m(v)m(es)j(forw)m(ard)e(a)h(c)m
16340 (haracter,)j(while)d Fj(M-f)e Fu(mo)m(v)m(es)j(forw)m(ard)e(a)h(w)m
16341 (ord.)39 b(It)24 b(is)h(a)g(lo)s(ose)150 5230 y(con)m(v)m(en)m(tion)32
16342 b(that)f(con)m(trol)g(k)m(eystrok)m(es)h(op)s(erate)e(on)g(c)m
16343 (haracters)h(while)f(meta)h(k)m(eystrok)m(es)h(op)s(erate)e(on)150
16344 5340 y(w)m(ords.)p eop end
16345 %%Page: 113 119
16346 TeXDict begin 113 118 bop 150 -116 a Fu(Chapter)30 b(8:)41
16347 b(Command)29 b(Line)i(Editing)2062 b(113)150 299 y Fk(8.2.3)63
16348 b(Readline)40 b(Killing)i(Commands)150 446 y Fr(Killing)35
16349 b Fu(text)28 b(means)e(to)h(delete)h(the)f(text)g(from)g(the)f(line,)i
16350 (but)e(to)h(sa)m(v)m(e)h(it)g(a)m(w)m(a)m(y)g(for)e(later)i(use,)f
16351 (usually)150 555 y(b)m(y)g Fr(y)m(anking)35 b Fu(\(re-inserting\))28
16352 b(it)g(bac)m(k)f(in)m(to)h(the)f(line.)40 b(\(`Cut')27
16353 b(and)g(`paste')h(are)f(more)g(recen)m(t)h(jargon)f(for)150
16354 665 y(`kill')32 b(and)d(`y)m(ank'.\))275 801 y(If)g(the)i(description)f
16355 (for)g(a)h(command)f(sa)m(ys)g(that)h(it)g(`kills')g(text,)h(then)e(y)m
16356 (ou)g(can)h(b)s(e)e(sure)h(that)h(y)m(ou)150 911 y(can)g(get)g(the)g
16357 (text)g(bac)m(k)g(in)f(a)h(di\013eren)m(t)g(\(or)g(the)f(same\))h
16358 (place)h(later.)275 1047 y(When)23 b(y)m(ou)g(use)g(a)h(kill)g
16359 (command,)g(the)g(text)g(is)f(sa)m(v)m(ed)i(in)e(a)g
16360 Fr(kill-ring)p Fu(.)39 b(An)m(y)24 b(n)m(um)m(b)s(er)e(of)h(consecutiv)
16361 m(e)150 1157 y(kills)31 b(sa)m(v)m(e)i(all)f(of)f(the)g(killed)h(text)g
16362 (together,)g(so)g(that)f(when)f(y)m(ou)h(y)m(ank)h(it)f(bac)m(k,)h(y)m
16363 (ou)g(get)g(it)f(all.)43 b(The)150 1267 y(kill)33 b(ring)f(is)g(not)h
16364 (line)g(sp)s(eci\014c;)g(the)g(text)g(that)g(y)m(ou)g(killed)f(on)h(a)f
16365 (previously)g(t)m(yp)s(ed)h(line)f(is)h(a)m(v)-5 b(ailable)150
16366 1376 y(to)31 b(b)s(e)f(y)m(ank)m(ed)h(bac)m(k)g(later,)h(when)d(y)m(ou)
16367 i(are)g(t)m(yping)f(another)h(line.)275 1513 y(Here)f(is)h(the)f(list)h
16368 (of)g(commands)f(for)g(killing)h(text.)150 1675 y Fj(C-k)336
16369 b Fu(Kill)31 b(the)f(text)i(from)e(the)g(curren)m(t)g(cursor)g(p)s
16370 (osition)h(to)g(the)f(end)g(of)g(the)h(line.)150 1836
16371 y Fj(M-d)336 b Fu(Kill)27 b(from)f(the)g(cursor)g(to)h(the)f(end)g(of)h
16372 (the)f(curren)m(t)g(w)m(ord,)h(or,)h(if)e(b)s(et)m(w)m(een)h(w)m(ords,)
16373 g(to)g(the)630 1946 y(end)j(of)g(the)h(next)f(w)m(ord.)41
16374 b(W)-8 b(ord)30 b(b)s(oundaries)f(are)i(the)g(same)f(as)h(those)g(used)
16375 f(b)m(y)g Fj(M-f)p Fu(.)150 2107 y Fj(M-DEL)240 b Fu(Kill)31
16376 b(from)f(the)h(cursor)f(the)g(start)h(of)g(the)g(curren)m(t)f(w)m(ord,)
16377 h(or,)f(if)h(b)s(et)m(w)m(een)g(w)m(ords,)f(to)i(the)630
16378 2217 y(start)39 b(of)f(the)h(previous)f(w)m(ord.)64 b(W)-8
16379 b(ord)39 b(b)s(oundaries)e(are)i(the)f(same)h(as)g(those)f(used)g(b)m
16380 (y)630 2326 y Fj(M-b)p Fu(.)150 2487 y Fj(C-w)336 b Fu(Kill)35
16381 b(from)g(the)g(cursor)f(to)i(the)f(previous)g(whitespace.)55
16382 b(This)34 b(is)h(di\013eren)m(t)h(than)e Fj(M-DEL)630
16383 2597 y Fu(b)s(ecause)c(the)h(w)m(ord)f(b)s(oundaries)f(di\013er.)275
16384 2759 y(Here)42 b(is)f(ho)m(w)h(to)g Fr(y)m(ank)47 b Fu(the)42
16385 b(text)g(bac)m(k)h(in)m(to)f(the)g(line.)74 b(Y)-8 b(anking)43
16386 b(means)e(to)h(cop)m(y)h(the)e(most-)150 2869 y(recen)m(tly-killed)33
16387 b(text)e(from)f(the)g(kill)i(bu\013er.)150 3031 y Fj(C-y)336
16388 b Fu(Y)-8 b(ank)31 b(the)f(most)h(recen)m(tly)h(killed)f(text)g(bac)m
16389 (k)g(in)m(to)h(the)e(bu\013er)g(at)h(the)f(cursor.)150
16390 3192 y Fj(M-y)336 b Fu(Rotate)36 b(the)f(kill-ring,)i(and)d(y)m(ank)h
16391 (the)f(new)g(top.)54 b(Y)-8 b(ou)35 b(can)g(only)f(do)h(this)f(if)h
16392 (the)g(prior)630 3302 y(command)30 b(is)h Fj(C-y)e Fu(or)h
16393 Fj(M-y)p Fu(.)150 3503 y Fk(8.2.4)63 b(Readline)40 b(Argumen)m(ts)150
16394 3650 y Fu(Y)-8 b(ou)40 b(can)f(pass)g(n)m(umeric)f(argumen)m(ts)i(to)f
16395 (Readline)h(commands.)67 b(Sometimes)39 b(the)g(argumen)m(t)h(acts)150
16396 3760 y(as)g(a)h(rep)s(eat)f(coun)m(t,)j(other)e(times)f(it)h(is)f(the)g
16397 Fl(sign)47 b Fu(of)41 b(the)f(argumen)m(t)g(that)h(is)f(signi\014can)m
16398 (t.)71 b(If)40 b(y)m(ou)150 3869 y(pass)33 b(a)h(negativ)m(e)i(argumen)
16399 m(t)e(to)g(a)g(command)f(whic)m(h)g(normally)h(acts)g(in)f(a)h(forw)m
16400 (ard)f(direction,)i(that)150 3979 y(command)g(will)h(act)g(in)f(a)h
16401 (bac)m(kw)m(ard)f(direction.)57 b(F)-8 b(or)36 b(example,)h(to)f(kill)g
16402 (text)g(bac)m(k)g(to)g(the)g(start)g(of)150 4088 y(the)31
16403 b(line,)g(y)m(ou)f(migh)m(t)h(t)m(yp)s(e)g(`)p Ft(M--)f(C-k)p
16404 Fu('.)275 4225 y(The)d(general)i(w)m(a)m(y)h(to)e(pass)g(n)m(umeric)g
16405 (argumen)m(ts)h(to)g(a)f(command)g(is)g(to)h(t)m(yp)s(e)f(meta)i
16406 (digits)e(b)s(efore)150 4334 y(the)j(command.)42 b(If)30
16407 b(the)h(\014rst)f(`digit')i(t)m(yp)s(ed)f(is)g(a)g(min)m(us)f(sign)h
16408 (\(`)p Ft(-)p Fu('\),)h(then)f(the)g(sign)f(of)h(the)g(argumen)m(t)150
16409 4444 y(will)39 b(b)s(e)e(negativ)m(e.)66 b(Once)38 b(y)m(ou)h(ha)m(v)m
16410 (e)g(t)m(yp)s(ed)f(one)h(meta)g(digit)g(to)f(get)i(the)e(argumen)m(t)h
16411 (started,)i(y)m(ou)150 4554 y(can)29 b(t)m(yp)s(e)g(the)g(remainder)f
16412 (of)h(the)g(digits,)h(and)f(then)f(the)h(command.)40
16413 b(F)-8 b(or)30 b(example,)g(to)f(giv)m(e)i(the)e Fj(C-d)150
16414 4663 y Fu(command)37 b(an)g(argumen)m(t)h(of)g(10,)i(y)m(ou)e(could)f
16415 (t)m(yp)s(e)h(`)p Ft(M-1)29 b(0)h(C-d)p Fu(',)39 b(whic)m(h)e(will)h
16416 (delete)h(the)e(next)h(ten)150 4773 y(c)m(haracters)32
16417 b(on)e(the)h(input)e(line.)150 4974 y Fk(8.2.5)63 b(Searc)m(hing)40
16418 b(for)i(Commands)g(in)f(the)g(History)150 5121 y Fu(Readline)35
16419 b(pro)m(vides)f(commands)g(for)g(searc)m(hing)h(through)e(the)i
16420 (command)f(history)g(\(see)h(Section)g(9.1)150 5230 y([Bash)i(History)h
16421 (F)-8 b(acilities],)42 b(page)37 b(146\))i(for)d(lines)h(con)m(taining)
16422 i(a)e(sp)s(eci\014ed)f(string.)60 b(There)36 b(are)i(t)m(w)m(o)150
16423 5340 y(searc)m(h)31 b(mo)s(des:)40 b Fr(incremen)m(tal)35
16424 b Fu(and)30 b Fr(non-incremen)m(tal)p Fu(.)p eop end
16425 %%Page: 114 120
16426 TeXDict begin 114 119 bop 150 -116 a Fu(Chapter)30 b(8:)41
16427 b(Command)29 b(Line)i(Editing)2062 b(114)275 299 y(Incremen)m(tal)26
16428 b(searc)m(hes)h(b)s(egin)e(b)s(efore)g(the)h(user)f(has)h(\014nished)e
16429 (t)m(yping)i(the)g(searc)m(h)g(string.)39 b(As)26 b(eac)m(h)150
16430 408 y(c)m(haracter)37 b(of)e(the)h(searc)m(h)g(string)f(is)h(t)m(yp)s
16431 (ed,)g(Readline)g(displa)m(ys)g(the)f(next)h(en)m(try)g(from)e(the)i
16432 (history)150 518 y(matc)m(hing)25 b(the)f(string)g(t)m(yp)s(ed)g(so)g
16433 (far.)39 b(An)23 b(incremen)m(tal)j(searc)m(h)e(requires)g(only)g(as)g
16434 (man)m(y)g(c)m(haracters)i(as)150 628 y(needed)i(to)i(\014nd)d(the)i
16435 (desired)f(history)h(en)m(try)-8 b(.)41 b(T)-8 b(o)29
16436 b(searc)m(h)h(bac)m(kw)m(ard)f(in)f(the)h(history)g(for)f(a)i
16437 (particular)150 737 y(string,)g(t)m(yp)s(e)f Fj(C-r)p
16438 Fu(.)40 b(T)m(yping)29 b Fj(C-s)g Fu(searc)m(hes)h(forw)m(ard)f
16439 (through)g(the)g(history)-8 b(.)41 b(The)29 b(c)m(haracters)i(presen)m
16440 (t)150 847 y(in)38 b(the)g(v)-5 b(alue)38 b(of)g(the)g
16441 Ft(isearch-terminators)33 b Fu(v)-5 b(ariable)39 b(are)f(used)f(to)i
16442 (terminate)g(an)f(incremen)m(tal)150 956 y(searc)m(h.)71
16443 b(If)40 b(that)h(v)-5 b(ariable)41 b(has)f(not)h(b)s(een)e(assigned)i
16444 (a)f(v)-5 b(alue,)44 b(the)c Ft(ESC)g Fu(and)f Fj(C-J)h
16445 Fu(c)m(haracters)i(will)150 1066 y(terminate)h(an)g(incremen)m(tal)g
16446 (searc)m(h.)78 b Fj(C-g)41 b Fu(will)i(ab)s(ort)f(an)g(incremen)m(tal)i
16447 (searc)m(h)f(and)f(restore)h(the)150 1176 y(original)30
16448 b(line.)41 b(When)28 b(the)h(searc)m(h)h(is)f(terminated,)h(the)f
16449 (history)g(en)m(try)g(con)m(taining)h(the)f(searc)m(h)h(string)150
16450 1285 y(b)s(ecomes)h(the)f(curren)m(t)g(line.)275 1416
16451 y(T)-8 b(o)31 b(\014nd)e(other)j(matc)m(hing)g(en)m(tries)g(in)e(the)h
16452 (history)g(list,)h(t)m(yp)s(e)g Fj(C-r)e Fu(or)h Fj(C-s)f
16453 Fu(as)h(appropriate.)43 b(This)150 1525 y(will)26 b(searc)m(h)h(bac)m
16454 (kw)m(ard)g(or)f(forw)m(ard)g(in)f(the)i(history)f(for)g(the)g(next)g
16455 (en)m(try)h(matc)m(hing)g(the)f(searc)m(h)h(string)150
16456 1635 y(t)m(yp)s(ed)37 b(so)h(far.)63 b(An)m(y)38 b(other)f(k)m(ey)i
16457 (sequence)f(b)s(ound)e(to)i(a)g(Readline)h(command)e(will)h(terminate)h
16458 (the)150 1744 y(searc)m(h)26 b(and)f(execute)i(that)f(command.)39
16459 b(F)-8 b(or)26 b(instance,)h(a)f Ft(RET)f Fu(will)g(terminate)i(the)f
16460 (searc)m(h)g(and)e(accept)150 1854 y(the)30 b(line,)g(thereb)m(y)f
16461 (executing)i(the)e(command)g(from)g(the)h(history)f(list.)41
16462 b(A)29 b(mo)m(v)m(emen)m(t)j(command)d(will)150 1964
16463 y(terminate)i(the)g(searc)m(h,)g(mak)m(e)h(the)e(last)h(line)g(found)e
16464 (the)i(curren)m(t)f(line,)h(and)f(b)s(egin)g(editing.)275
16465 2094 y(Readline)35 b(remem)m(b)s(ers)f(the)h(last)h(incremen)m(tal)g
16466 (searc)m(h)f(string.)54 b(If)34 b(t)m(w)m(o)j Fj(C-r)p
16467 Fu(s)c(are)i(t)m(yp)s(ed)g(without)150 2204 y(an)m(y)i(in)m(terv)m
16468 (ening)g(c)m(haracters)h(de\014ning)e(a)h(new)f(searc)m(h)h(string,)h
16469 (an)m(y)f(remem)m(b)s(ered)e(searc)m(h)i(string)g(is)150
16470 2313 y(used.)275 2444 y(Non-incremen)m(tal)48 b(searc)m(hes)g(read)e
16471 (the)h(en)m(tire)h(searc)m(h)f(string)g(b)s(efore)f(starting)h(to)h
16472 (searc)m(h)f(for)150 2553 y(matc)m(hing)d(history)e(lines.)78
16473 b(The)42 b(searc)m(h)h(string)g(ma)m(y)g(b)s(e)f(t)m(yp)s(ed)g(b)m(y)g
16474 (the)h(user)f(or)h(b)s(e)f(part)g(of)h(the)150 2663 y(con)m(ten)m(ts)32
16475 b(of)f(the)f(curren)m(t)g(line.)150 2896 y Fs(8.3)68
16476 b(Readline)47 b(Init)e(File)150 3055 y Fu(Although)f(the)g(Readline)g
16477 (library)f(comes)i(with)e(a)h(set)h(of)f(Emacs-lik)m(e)h(k)m
16478 (eybindings)f(installed)g(b)m(y)150 3165 y(default,)26
16479 b(it)g(is)e(p)s(ossible)h(to)g(use)f(a)i(di\013eren)m(t)f(set)g(of)g(k)
16480 m(eybindings.)38 b(An)m(y)25 b(user)f(can)h(customize)h(programs)150
16481 3274 y(that)45 b(use)f(Readline)h(b)m(y)f(putting)g(commands)g(in)g(an)
16482 g Fr(inputrc)49 b Fu(\014le,)g(con)m(v)m(en)m(tionally)e(in)d(his)g
16483 (home)150 3384 y(directory)-8 b(.)59 b(The)35 b(name)i(of)f(this)g
16484 (\014le)g(is)g(tak)m(en)h(from)f(the)g(v)-5 b(alue)37
16485 b(of)f(the)g(shell)h(v)-5 b(ariable)36 b Ft(INPUTRC)p
16486 Fu(.)56 b(If)150 3493 y(that)36 b(v)-5 b(ariable)36 b(is)f(unset,)h
16487 (the)f(default)h(is)f Ft(~/.inputrc)p Fu(.)52 b(If)35
16488 b(that)g(\014le)h(do)s(es)e(not)i(exist)g(or)f(cannot)h(b)s(e)150
16489 3603 y(read,)f(the)f(ultimate)h(default)f(is)g Ft(/etc/inputrc)p
16490 Fu(.)47 b(The)33 b Ft(bind)g Fu(builtin)g(command)h(can)g(also)h(b)s(e)
16491 e(used)150 3713 y(to)e(set)g(Readline)g(k)m(eybindings)f(and)g(v)-5
16492 b(ariables.)41 b(See)31 b(Section)g(4.2)g([Bash)g(Builtins],)g(page)g
16493 (51.)275 3843 y(When)e(a)h(program)f(whic)m(h)h(uses)f(the)h(Readline)g
16494 (library)f(starts)h(up,)f(the)h(init)g(\014le)f(is)h(read,)g(and)f(the)
16495 150 3953 y(k)m(ey)i(bindings)e(are)i(set.)275 4083 y(In)26
16496 b(addition,)i(the)f Ft(C-x)i(C-r)d Fu(command)h(re-reads)g(this)f(init)
16497 h(\014le,)h(th)m(us)f(incorp)s(orating)g(an)m(y)g(c)m(hanges)150
16498 4193 y(that)k(y)m(ou)g(migh)m(t)g(ha)m(v)m(e)g(made)g(to)g(it.)150
16499 4384 y Fk(8.3.1)63 b(Readline)40 b(Init)h(File)g(Syn)m(tax)150
16500 4531 y Fu(There)f(are)i(only)f(a)g(few)g(basic)g(constructs)h(allo)m(w)
16501 m(ed)h(in)d(the)h(Readline)h(init)f(\014le.)73 b(Blank)41
16502 b(lines)h(are)150 4641 y(ignored.)72 b(Lines)41 b(b)s(eginning)f(with)h
16503 (a)g(`)p Ft(#)p Fu(')g(are)h(commen)m(ts.)73 b(Lines)41
16504 b(b)s(eginning)f(with)g(a)i(`)p Ft($)p Fu(')f(indicate)150
16505 4750 y(conditional)e(constructs)f(\(see)g(Section)h(8.3.2)g
16506 ([Conditional)g(Init)e(Constructs],)j(page)e(122\).)64
16507 b(Other)150 4860 y(lines)31 b(denote)g(v)-5 b(ariable)31
16508 b(settings)g(and)f(k)m(ey)h(bindings.)150 5011 y(V)-8
16509 b(ariable)32 b(Settings)630 5121 y(Y)-8 b(ou)41 b(can)g(mo)s(dify)e
16510 (the)i(run-time)f(b)s(eha)m(vior)g(of)h(Readline)g(b)m(y)f(altering)h
16511 (the)g(v)-5 b(alues)41 b(of)630 5230 y(v)-5 b(ariables)34
16512 b(in)f(Readline)i(using)e(the)g Ft(set)g Fu(command)g(within)g(the)h
16513 (init)g(\014le.)50 b(The)33 b(syn)m(tax)630 5340 y(is)d(simple:)p
16514 eop end
16515 %%Page: 115 121
16516 TeXDict begin 115 120 bop 150 -116 a Fu(Chapter)30 b(8:)41
16517 b(Command)29 b(Line)i(Editing)2062 b(115)870 299 y Ft(set)47
16518 b Fj(variable)e(value)630 436 y Fu(Here,)29 b(for)e(example,)h(is)g(ho)
16519 m(w)f(to)h(c)m(hange)g(from)f(the)g(default)h(Emacs-lik)m(e)h(k)m(ey)f
16520 (binding)e(to)630 545 y(use)k Ft(vi)g Fu(line)h(editing)g(commands:)870
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16522 b(ariable)36 b(names)f(and)g(v)-5 b(alues,)36 b(where)f(appropriate,)h
16523 (are)g(recognized)g(without)f(regard)630 929 y(to)c(case.)42
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16527 g(v)-5 b(alue)26 b(is)630 1176 y(n)m(ull)e(or)g(empt)m(y)-8
16528 b(,)27 b Fr(on)d Fu(\(case-insensitiv)m(e\),)29 b(or)24
16529 b(1.)39 b(An)m(y)25 b(other)f(v)-5 b(alue)25 b(results)f(in)g(the)g(v)
16530 -5 b(ariable)630 1285 y(b)s(eing)30 b(set)h(to)g(o\013.)630
16531 1422 y(The)37 b Ft(bind)30 b(-V)37 b Fu(command)g(lists)i(the)f(curren)
16532 m(t)f(Readline)i(v)-5 b(ariable)38 b(names)g(and)f(v)-5
16533 b(alues.)630 1532 y(See)31 b(Section)g(4.2)g([Bash)g(Builtins],)g(page)
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16535 (is)g(c)m(hangeable)j(with)d(the)g(follo)m(wing)i(v)-5
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16537 b(what)g(happ)s(ens)e(when)h(Readline)i(w)m(an)m(ts)f(to)h(ring)e(the)h
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16539 Ft(none)p Fu(',)g(Readline)g(nev)m(er)g(rings)e(the)i(b)s(ell.)61
16540 b(If)36 b(set)i(to)1110 2162 y(`)p Ft(visible)p Fu(',)32
16541 b(Readline)i(uses)f(a)g(visible)g(b)s(ell)g(if)g(one)g(is)g(a)m(v)-5
16542 b(ailable.)51 b(If)33 b(set)g(to)1110 2271 y(`)p Ft(audible)p
16543 Fu(')j(\(the)i(default\),)i(Readline)e(attempts)g(to)h(ring)e(the)g
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16545 1110 2655 y Fu(If)e(set)g(to)h(`)p Ft(on)p Fu(')f(\(the)g(default\),)i
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16550 1110 3148 y Fu(If)36 b(set)g(to)h(`)p Ft(on)p Fu(',)h(Readline)f
16551 (attempts)g(to)g(brie\015y)e(mo)m(v)m(e)j(the)f(cursor)e(to)i(an)1110
16552 3258 y(op)s(ening)k(paren)m(thesis)h(when)f(a)h(closing)h(paren)m
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16555 1110 3641 y Fu(If)f(set)h(to)g(`)p Ft(on)p Fu(',)g(when)e(listing)i
16556 (completions,)h(Readline)f(displa)m(ys)g(the)f(com-)1110
16557 3751 y(mon)c(pre\014x)f(of)i(the)f(set)h(of)g(p)s(ossible)f
16558 (completions)h(using)f(a)h(di\013eren)m(t)g(color.)1110
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16560 (v)-5 b(alue)40 b(of)g(the)g Ft(LS_COLORS)1110 3970 y
16561 Fu(en)m(vironmen)m(t)31 b(v)-5 b(ariable.)41 b(The)30
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16563 4244 y Fu(If)c(set)h(to)g(`)p Ft(on)p Fu(',)h(Readline)f(displa)m(ys)g
16564 (p)s(ossible)f(completions)h(using)f(di\013eren)m(t)1110
16565 4354 y(colors)40 b(to)g(indicate)g(their)f(\014le)h(t)m(yp)s(e.)67
16566 b(The)38 b(color)j(de\014nitions)d(are)i(tak)m(en)1110
16567 4463 y(from)24 b(the)h(v)-5 b(alue)25 b(of)g(the)g Ft(LS_COLORS)d
16568 Fu(en)m(vironmen)m(t)j(v)-5 b(ariable.)40 b(The)24 b(default)1110
16569 4573 y(is)30 b(`)p Ft(off)p Fu('.)630 4737 y Ft(comment-begin)1110
16570 4847 y Fu(The)62 b(string)g(to)h(insert)f(at)h(the)g(b)s(eginning)e(of)
16571 h(the)h(line)f(when)g(the)1110 4956 y Ft(insert-comment)26
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16573 b(alue)31 b(is)f Ft("#")p Fu(.)630 5121 y Ft(completion-display-width)
16574 1110 5230 y Fu(The)41 b(n)m(um)m(b)s(er)f(of)i(screen)g(columns)f(used)
16575 g(to)h(displa)m(y)g(p)s(ossible)f(matc)m(hes)1110 5340
16576 y(when)28 b(p)s(erforming)g(completion.)41 b(The)29 b(v)-5
16577 b(alue)29 b(is)g(ignored)g(if)g(it)h(is)f(less)g(than)p
16578 eop end
16579 %%Page: 116 122
16580 TeXDict begin 116 121 bop 150 -116 a Fu(Chapter)30 b(8:)41
16581 b(Command)29 b(Line)i(Editing)2062 b(116)1110 299 y(0)27
16582 b(or)f(greater)h(than)f(the)g(terminal)h(screen)f(width.)39
16583 b(A)26 b(v)-5 b(alue)27 b(of)f(0)h(will)f(cause)1110
16584 408 y(matc)m(hes)32 b(to)f(b)s(e)e(displa)m(y)m(ed)i(one)g(p)s(er)e
16585 (line.)41 b(The)30 b(default)h(v)-5 b(alue)31 b(is)f(-1.)630
16586 587 y Ft(completion-ignore-case)1110 696 y Fu(If)d(set)h(to)g(`)p
16587 Ft(on)p Fu(',)g(Readline)g(p)s(erforms)e(\014lename)h(matc)m(hing)i
16588 (and)e(completion)1110 806 y(in)j(a)h(case-insensitiv)m(e)i(fashion.)40
16589 b(The)30 b(default)h(v)-5 b(alue)30 b(is)h(`)p Ft(off)p
16590 Fu('.)630 984 y Ft(completion-map-case)1110 1093 y Fu(If)22
16591 b(set)g(to)h(`)p Ft(on)p Fu(',)h(and)e Fr(completion-ignore-case)31
16592 b Fu(is)22 b(enabled,)i(Readline)f(treats)1110 1203 y(h)m(yphens)29
16593 b(\(`)p Ft(-)p Fu('\))j(and)e(underscores)g(\(`)p Ft(_)p
16594 Fu('\))i(as)f(equiv)-5 b(alen)m(t)32 b(when)e(p)s(erforming)1110
16595 1313 y(case-insensitiv)m(e)47 b(\014lename)e(matc)m(hing)g(and)f
16596 (completion.)85 b(The)44 b(default)1110 1422 y(v)-5 b(alue)31
16597 b(is)f(`)p Ft(off)p Fu('.)630 1600 y Ft(completion-prefix-displa)o
16598 (y-le)o(ngth)1110 1710 y Fu(The)h(length)g(in)g(c)m(haracters)i(of)f
16599 (the)f(common)h(pre\014x)e(of)h(a)h(list)g(of)f(p)s(ossible)1110
16600 1819 y(completions)g(that)f(is)g(displa)m(y)m(ed)g(without)g(mo)s
16601 (di\014cation.)41 b(When)29 b(set)h(to)h(a)1110 1929
16602 y(v)-5 b(alue)26 b(greater)h(than)e(zero,)j(common)e(pre\014xes)e
16603 (longer)j(than)e(this)g(v)-5 b(alue)27 b(are)1110 2039
16604 y(replaced)k(with)f(an)g(ellipsis)h(when)e(displa)m(ying)i(p)s(ossible)
16605 f(completions.)630 2217 y Ft(completion-query-items)1110
16606 2326 y Fu(The)c(n)m(um)m(b)s(er)f(of)h(p)s(ossible)g(completions)h
16607 (that)g(determines)f(when)f(the)i(user)1110 2436 y(is)i(ask)m(ed)h
16608 (whether)f(the)h(list)g(of)f(p)s(ossibilities)h(should)e(b)s(e)h
16609 (displa)m(y)m(ed.)41 b(If)29 b(the)1110 2545 y(n)m(um)m(b)s(er)d(of)h
16610 (p)s(ossible)f(completions)i(is)f(greater)h(than)e(this)h(v)-5
16611 b(alue,)28 b(Readline)1110 2655 y(will)f(ask)g(the)f(user)g(whether)g
16612 (or)g(not)h(he)f(wishes)g(to)i(view)e(them;)i(otherwise,)1110
16613 2765 y(they)d(are)f(simply)g(listed.)40 b(This)23 b(v)-5
16614 b(ariable)25 b(m)m(ust)g(b)s(e)e(set)i(to)g(an)g(in)m(teger)g(v)-5
16615 b(alue)1110 2874 y(greater)26 b(than)f(or)f(equal)i(to)f(0.)40
16616 b(A)24 b(negativ)m(e)j(v)-5 b(alue)26 b(means)e(Readline)i(should)1110
16617 2984 y(nev)m(er)31 b(ask.)41 b(The)29 b(default)i(limit)g(is)g
16618 Ft(100)p Fu(.)630 3162 y Ft(convert-meta)1110 3271 y
16619 Fu(If)22 b(set)g(to)h(`)p Ft(on)p Fu(',)h(Readline)f(will)f(con)m(v)m
16620 (ert)i(c)m(haracters)f(with)f(the)g(eigh)m(th)h(bit)f(set)1110
16621 3381 y(to)33 b(an)e Fm(asci)r(i)h Fu(k)m(ey)h(sequence)f(b)m(y)g
16622 (stripping)f(the)h(eigh)m(th)h(bit)f(and)f(pre\014xing)1110
16623 3491 y(an)24 b Ft(ESC)g Fu(c)m(haracter,)j(con)m(v)m(erting)f(them)f
16624 (to)g(a)g(meta-pre\014xed)f(k)m(ey)h(sequence.)1110 3600
16625 y(The)i(default)h(v)-5 b(alue)28 b(is)f(`)p Ft(on)p Fu(',)i(but)d(will)
16626 i(b)s(e)f(set)h(to)g(`)p Ft(off)p Fu(')g(if)f(the)h(lo)s(cale)h(is)f
16627 (one)1110 3710 y(that)j(con)m(tains)h(eigh)m(t-bit)g(c)m(haracters.)630
16628 3888 y Ft(disable-completion)1110 3998 y Fu(If)k(set)h(to)h(`)p
16629 Ft(On)p Fu(',)g(Readline)f(will)g(inhibit)f(w)m(ord)h(completion.)60
16630 b(Completion)1110 4107 y(c)m(haracters)28 b(will)e(b)s(e)f(inserted)h
16631 (in)m(to)h(the)g(line)f(as)g(if)g(they)h(had)e(b)s(een)g(mapp)s(ed)1110
16632 4217 y(to)31 b Ft(self-insert)p Fu(.)38 b(The)30 b(default)g(is)h(`)p
16633 Ft(off)p Fu('.)630 4395 y Ft(echo-control-characters)1110
16634 4504 y Fu(When)f(set)h(to)g(`)p Ft(on)p Fu(',)f(on)g(op)s(erating)h
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16636 y(it,)i(readline)e(ec)m(ho)s(es)i(a)f(c)m(haracter)h(corresp)s(onding)d
16637 (to)j(a)f(signal)g(generated)1110 4724 y(from)e(the)g(k)m(eyb)s(oard.)
16638 41 b(The)30 b(default)g(is)h(`)p Ft(on)p Fu('.)630 4902
16639 y Ft(editing-mode)1110 5011 y Fu(The)d Ft(editing-mode)e
16640 Fu(v)-5 b(ariable)29 b(con)m(trols)h(whic)m(h)e(default)h(set)h(of)e(k)
16641 m(ey)i(bind-)1110 5121 y(ings)25 b(is)g(used.)38 b(By)26
16642 b(default,)g(Readline)g(starts)f(up)f(in)h(Emacs)g(editing)h(mo)s(de,)
16643 1110 5230 y(where)j(the)g(k)m(eystrok)m(es)i(are)e(most)h(similar)f(to)
16644 h(Emacs.)40 b(This)29 b(v)-5 b(ariable)30 b(can)1110
16645 5340 y(b)s(e)g(set)h(to)g(either)g(`)p Ft(emacs)p Fu(')e(or)h(`)p
16646 Ft(vi)p Fu('.)p eop end
16647 %%Page: 117 123
16648 TeXDict begin 117 122 bop 150 -116 a Fu(Chapter)30 b(8:)41
16649 b(Command)29 b(Line)i(Editing)2062 b(117)630 299 y Ft
16650 (emacs-mode-string)1110 408 y Fu(If)33 b(the)h Fr(sho)m(w-mo)s
16651 (de-in-prompt)h Fu(v)-5 b(ariable)35 b(is)e(enabled,)i(this)f(string)f
16652 (is)h(dis-)1110 518 y(pla)m(y)m(ed)24 b(immediately)g(b)s(efore)f(the)g
16653 (last)h(line)f(of)h(the)f(primary)f(prompt)g(when)1110
16654 628 y(emacs)g(editing)h(mo)s(de)e(is)h(activ)m(e.)40
16655 b(The)21 b(v)-5 b(alue)22 b(is)g(expanded)f(lik)m(e)h(a)h(k)m(ey)f
16656 (bind-)1110 737 y(ing,)27 b(so)f(the)f(standard)g(set)h(of)f(meta-)i
16657 (and)e(con)m(trol)i(pre\014xes)d(and)h(bac)m(kslash)1110
16658 847 y(escap)s(e)f(sequences)h(is)e(a)m(v)-5 b(ailable.)41
16659 b(Use)25 b(the)f(`)p Ft(\\1)p Fu(')f(and)h(`)p Ft(\\2)p
16660 Fu(')g(escap)s(es)g(to)g(b)s(egin)1110 956 y(and)37 b(end)g(sequences)h
16661 (of)f(non-prin)m(ting)h(c)m(haracters,)j(whic)m(h)c(can)h(b)s(e)f(used)
16662 1110 1066 y(to)h(em)m(b)s(ed)f(a)g(terminal)h(con)m(trol)h(sequence)f
16663 (in)m(to)g(the)f(mo)s(de)g(string.)61 b(The)1110 1176
16664 y(default)31 b(is)f(`)p Ft(@)p Fu('.)630 1332 y Ft
16665 (enable-bracketed-paste)1110 1442 y Fu(When)24 b(set)h(to)h(`)p
16666 Ft(On)p Fu(',)g(Readline)f(will)g(con\014gure)f(the)h(terminal)g(in)f
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16668 (eac)m(h)g(paste)g(in)m(to)g(the)g(editing)g(bu\013er)e(as)i(a)f
16669 (single)1110 1661 y(string)33 b(of)f(c)m(haracters,)j(instead)e(of)g
16670 (treating)h(eac)m(h)g(c)m(haracter)g(as)f(if)f(it)i(had)1110
16671 1771 y(b)s(een)e(read)i(from)e(the)i(k)m(eyb)s(oard.)49
16672 b(This)32 b(can)h(prev)m(en)m(t)h(pasted)f(c)m(haracters)1110
16673 1880 y(from)d(b)s(eing)g(in)m(terpreted)h(as)f(editing)h(commands.)41
16674 b(The)29 b(default)i(is)f(`)p Ft(off)p Fu('.)630 2037
16675 y Ft(enable-keypad)1110 2146 y Fu(When)23 b(set)h(to)g(`)p
16676 Ft(on)p Fu(',)h(Readline)f(will)g(try)f(to)h(enable)g(the)f
16677 (application)i(k)m(eypad)1110 2256 y(when)h(it)h(is)f(called.)41
16678 b(Some)27 b(systems)f(need)h(this)f(to)h(enable)g(the)g(arro)m(w)g(k)m
16679 (eys.)1110 2365 y(The)j(default)g(is)h(`)p Ft(off)p Fu('.)630
16680 2522 y Ft(enable-meta-key)1110 2632 y Fu(When)40 b(set)g(to)g(`)p
16681 Ft(on)p Fu(',)j(Readline)d(will)g(try)g(to)g(enable)g(an)m(y)g(meta)h
16682 (mo)s(di\014er)1110 2741 y(k)m(ey)i(the)e(terminal)i(claims)f(to)h
16683 (supp)s(ort)d(when)h(it)h(is)g(called.)76 b(On)41 b(man)m(y)1110
16684 2851 y(terminals,)c(the)e(meta)h(k)m(ey)g(is)f(used)g(to)h(send)e(eigh)
16685 m(t-bit)j(c)m(haracters.)56 b(The)1110 2960 y(default)31
16686 b(is)f(`)p Ft(on)p Fu('.)630 3117 y Ft(expand-tilde)1110
16687 3226 y Fu(If)d(set)h(to)h(`)p Ft(on)p Fu(',)f(tilde)g(expansion)g(is)f
16688 (p)s(erformed)f(when)h(Readline)h(attempts)1110 3336
16689 y(w)m(ord)i(completion.)42 b(The)30 b(default)g(is)h(`)p
16690 Ft(off)p Fu('.)630 3493 y Ft(history-preserve-point)1110
16691 3602 y Fu(If)41 b(set)h(to)h(`)p Ft(on)p Fu(',)i(the)c(history)h(co)s
16692 (de)g(attempts)h(to)f(place)h(the)f(p)s(oin)m(t)f(\(the)1110
16693 3712 y(curren)m(t)35 b(cursor)g(p)s(osition\))g(at)h(the)g(same)f(lo)s
16694 (cation)i(on)e(eac)m(h)h(history)g(line)1110 3821 y(retriev)m(ed)h
16695 (with)f Ft(previous-history)c Fu(or)37 b Ft(next-history)p
16696 Fu(.)55 b(The)36 b(default)1110 3931 y(is)30 b(`)p Ft(off)p
16697 Fu('.)630 4088 y Ft(history-size)1110 4197 y Fu(Set)39
16698 b(the)g(maxim)m(um)g(n)m(um)m(b)s(er)f(of)h(history)g(en)m(tries)h(sa)m
16699 (v)m(ed)g(in)f(the)g(history)1110 4307 y(list.)51 b(If)34
16700 b(set)g(to)h(zero,)g(an)m(y)f(existing)h(history)f(en)m(tries)g(are)g
16701 (deleted)h(and)e(no)1110 4416 y(new)e(en)m(tries)i(are)f(sa)m(v)m(ed.)
16702 46 b(If)31 b(set)h(to)h(a)f(v)-5 b(alue)32 b(less)g(than)f(zero,)i(the)
16703 f(n)m(um)m(b)s(er)1110 4526 y(of)f(history)f(en)m(tries)h(is)g(not)g
16704 (limited.)42 b(By)30 b(default,)h(the)g(n)m(um)m(b)s(er)e(of)i(history)
16705 1110 4635 y(en)m(tries)j(is)f(not)g(limited.)49 b(If)32
16706 b(an)h(attempt)h(is)f(made)g(to)h(set)f Fr(history-size)39
16707 b Fu(to)1110 4745 y(a)34 b(non-n)m(umeric)f(v)-5 b(alue,)34
16708 b(the)g(maxim)m(um)f(n)m(um)m(b)s(er)f(of)h(history)h(en)m(tries)g
16709 (will)1110 4855 y(b)s(e)c(set)h(to)g(500.)630 5011 y
16710 Ft(horizontal-scroll-mode)1110 5121 y Fu(This)k(v)-5
16711 b(ariable)37 b(can)f(b)s(e)f(set)h(to)h(either)f(`)p
16712 Ft(on)p Fu(')g(or)g(`)p Ft(off)p Fu('.)57 b(Setting)36
16713 b(it)g(to)h(`)p Ft(on)p Fu(')1110 5230 y(means)26 b(that)h(the)f(text)h
16714 (of)g(the)f(lines)g(b)s(eing)g(edited)h(will)f(scroll)h(horizon)m
16715 (tally)1110 5340 y(on)32 b(a)g(single)g(screen)g(line)g(when)e(they)i
16716 (are)g(longer)h(than)e(the)h(width)f(of)h(the)p eop end
16717 %%Page: 118 124
16718 TeXDict begin 118 123 bop 150 -116 a Fu(Chapter)30 b(8:)41
16719 b(Command)29 b(Line)i(Editing)2062 b(118)1110 299 y(screen,)28
16720 b(instead)g(of)f(wrapping)f(on)m(to)i(a)g(new)e(screen)i(line.)40
16721 b(This)26 b(v)-5 b(ariable)28 b(is)1110 408 y(automatically)k(set)e(to)
16722 g(`)p Ft(on)p Fu(')f(for)g(terminals)g(of)h(heigh)m(t)g(1.)41
16723 b(By)29 b(default,)h(this)1110 518 y(v)-5 b(ariable)31
16724 b(is)g(set)f(to)i(`)p Ft(off)p Fu('.)630 719 y Ft(input-meta)1110
16725 829 y Fu(If)f(set)g(to)h(`)p Ft(on)p Fu(',)g(Readline)g(will)f(enable)h
16726 (eigh)m(t-bit)h(input)d(\(it)i(will)f(not)h(clear)1110
16727 938 y(the)40 b(eigh)m(th)g(bit)g(in)f(the)h(c)m(haracters)h(it)f
16728 (reads\),)j(regardless)c(of)h(what)g(the)1110 1048 y(terminal)k(claims)
16729 h(it)f(can)g(supp)s(ort.)79 b(The)44 b(default)g(v)-5
16730 b(alue)44 b(is)g(`)p Ft(off)p Fu(',)j(but)1110 1157 y(Readline)24
16731 b(will)h(set)f(it)g(to)h(`)p Ft(on)p Fu(')e(if)h(the)g(lo)s(cale)i(con)
16732 m(tains)f(eigh)m(t-bit)g(c)m(haracters.)1110 1267 y(The)30
16733 b(name)g Ft(meta-flag)e Fu(is)j(a)f(synon)m(ym)g(for)g(this)h(v)-5
16734 b(ariable.)630 1468 y Ft(isearch-terminators)1110 1577
16735 y Fu(The)51 b(string)h(of)g(c)m(haracters)h(that)f(should)e(terminate)j
16736 (an)f(incremen)m(tal)1110 1687 y(searc)m(h)25 b(without)g(subsequen)m
16737 (tly)g(executing)h(the)f(c)m(haracter)h(as)f(a)g(command)1110
16738 1797 y(\(see)38 b(Section)g(8.2.5)h([Searc)m(hing],)h(page)e(113\).)62
16739 b(If)37 b(this)g(v)-5 b(ariable)38 b(has)f(not)1110 1906
16740 y(b)s(een)e(giv)m(en)h(a)g(v)-5 b(alue,)37 b(the)f(c)m(haracters)h
16741 Ft(ESC)d Fu(and)h Fj(C-J)g Fu(will)h(terminate)g(an)1110
16742 2016 y(incremen)m(tal)c(searc)m(h.)630 2217 y Ft(keymap)192
16743 b Fu(Sets)64 b(Readline's)i(idea)f(of)f(the)h(curren)m(t)f(k)m(eymap)h
16744 (for)f(k)m(ey)h(binding)1110 2326 y(commands.)71 b(Built-in)41
16745 b Ft(keymap)e Fu(names)h(are)h Ft(emacs)p Fu(,)h Ft(emacs-standard)p
16746 Fu(,)1110 2436 y Ft(emacs-meta)p Fu(,)99 b Ft(emacs-ctlx)p
16747 Fu(,)f Ft(vi)p Fu(,)j Ft(vi-move)p Fu(,)f Ft(vi-command)p
16748 Fu(,)f(and)1110 2545 y Ft(vi-insert)p Fu(.)81 b Ft(vi)44
16749 b Fu(is)h(equiv)-5 b(alen)m(t)46 b(to)g Ft(vi-command)c
16750 Fu(\()p Ft(vi-move)h Fu(is)i(also)h(a)1110 2655 y(synon)m(ym\);)41
16751 b Ft(emacs)c Fu(is)h(equiv)-5 b(alen)m(t)39 b(to)f Ft(emacs-standard)p
16752 Fu(.)59 b(Applications)1110 2765 y(ma)m(y)32 b(add)e(additional)i
16753 (names.)43 b(The)30 b(default)h(v)-5 b(alue)32 b(is)f
16754 Ft(emacs)p Fu(.)41 b(The)30 b(v)-5 b(alue)1110 2874 y(of)31
16755 b(the)f Ft(editing-mode)d Fu(v)-5 b(ariable)31 b(also)h(a\013ects)f
16756 (the)g(default)g(k)m(eymap.)630 3075 y Ft(keyseq-timeout)1110
16757 3185 y Fu(Sp)s(eci\014es)25 b(the)g(duration)g(Readline)h(will)g(w)m
16758 (ait)g(for)g(a)f(c)m(haracter)i(when)e(read-)1110 3294
16759 y(ing)30 b(an)g(am)m(biguous)g(k)m(ey)h(sequence)f(\(one)g(that)h(can)f
16760 (form)g(a)g(complete)h(k)m(ey)1110 3404 y(sequence)j(using)e(the)i
16761 (input)e(read)h(so)g(far,)h(or)g(can)f(tak)m(e)i(additional)f(input)
16762 1110 3513 y(to)g(complete)g(a)f(longer)h(k)m(ey)f(sequence\).)49
16763 b(If)33 b(no)f(input)g(is)h(receiv)m(ed)h(within)1110
16764 3623 y(the)43 b(timeout,)48 b(Readline)43 b(will)g(use)g(the)g(shorter)
16765 g(but)f(complete)j(k)m(ey)e(se-)1110 3733 y(quence.)c(Readline)26
16766 b(uses)f(this)h(v)-5 b(alue)26 b(to)g(determine)g(whether)f(or)g(not)h
16767 (input)1110 3842 y(is)31 b(a)m(v)-5 b(ailable)33 b(on)d(the)h(curren)m
16768 (t)f(input)g(source)h(\()p Ft(rl_instream)d Fu(b)m(y)i(default\).)1110
16769 3952 y(The)25 b(v)-5 b(alue)26 b(is)f(sp)s(eci\014ed)f(in)h
16770 (milliseconds,)j(so)d(a)h(v)-5 b(alue)26 b(of)f(1000)i(means)e(that)
16771 1110 4061 y(Readline)e(will)g(w)m(ait)g(one)g(second)f(for)g
16772 (additional)i(input.)37 b(If)22 b(this)g(v)-5 b(ariable)23
16773 b(is)1110 4171 y(set)28 b(to)h(a)f(v)-5 b(alue)29 b(less)f(than)g(or)f
16774 (equal)i(to)f(zero,)i(or)e(to)g(a)h(non-n)m(umeric)e(v)-5
16775 b(alue,)1110 4281 y(Readline)30 b(will)f(w)m(ait)i(un)m(til)e(another)h
16776 (k)m(ey)g(is)f(pressed)g(to)h(decide)f(whic)m(h)g(k)m(ey)1110
16777 4390 y(sequence)i(to)g(complete.)42 b(The)30 b(default)g(v)-5
16778 b(alue)31 b(is)g Ft(500)p Fu(.)630 4591 y Ft(mark-directories)1110
16779 4701 y Fu(If)38 b(set)g(to)h(`)p Ft(on)p Fu(',)i(completed)e(directory)
16780 f(names)g(ha)m(v)m(e)i(a)e(slash)g(app)s(ended.)1110
16781 4810 y(The)30 b(default)g(is)h(`)p Ft(on)p Fu('.)630
16782 5011 y Ft(mark-modified-lines)1110 5121 y Fu(This)k(v)-5
16783 b(ariable,)38 b(when)d(set)h(to)h(`)p Ft(on)p Fu(',)g(causes)g
16784 (Readline)f(to)h(displa)m(y)f(an)f(as-)1110 5230 y(terisk)f(\(`)p
16785 Ft(*)p Fu('\))h(at)f(the)g(start)g(of)g(history)g(lines)g(whic)m(h)f
16786 (ha)m(v)m(e)i(b)s(een)e(mo)s(di\014ed.)1110 5340 y(This)d(v)-5
16787 b(ariable)31 b(is)f(`)p Ft(off)p Fu(')g(b)m(y)g(default.)p
16788 eop end
16789 %%Page: 119 125
16790 TeXDict begin 119 124 bop 150 -116 a Fu(Chapter)30 b(8:)41
16791 b(Command)29 b(Line)i(Editing)2062 b(119)630 299 y Ft
16792 (mark-symlinked-directori)o(es)1110 408 y Fu(If)59 b(set)h(to)g(`)p
16793 Ft(on)p Fu(',)67 b(completed)60 b(names)f(whic)m(h)g(are)h(sym)m(b)s
16794 (olic)g(links)f(to)1110 518 y(directories)71 b(ha)m(v)m(e)f(a)g(slash)f
16795 (app)s(ended)f(\(sub)5 b(ject)70 b(to)g(the)g(v)-5 b(alue)70
16796 b(of)1110 628 y Ft(mark-directories)p Fu(\).)37 b(The)30
16797 b(default)g(is)g(`)p Ft(off)p Fu('.)630 778 y Ft(match-hidden-files)
16798 1110 888 y Fu(This)21 b(v)-5 b(ariable,)25 b(when)d(set)g(to)h(`)p
16799 Ft(on)p Fu(',)h(causes)f(Readline)g(to)g(matc)m(h)g(\014les)f(whose)
16800 1110 998 y(names)44 b(b)s(egin)g(with)g(a)g(`)p Ft(.)p
16801 Fu(')g(\(hidden)f(\014les\))i(when)e(p)s(erforming)g(\014lename)1110
16802 1107 y(completion.)75 b(If)41 b(set)g(to)h(`)p Ft(off)p
16803 Fu(',)i(the)e(leading)g(`)p Ft(.)p Fu(')f(m)m(ust)g(b)s(e)g(supplied)f
16804 (b)m(y)1110 1217 y(the)34 b(user)g(in)g(the)g(\014lename)g(to)h(b)s(e)f
16805 (completed.)53 b(This)33 b(v)-5 b(ariable)35 b(is)f(`)p
16806 Ft(on)p Fu(')g(b)m(y)1110 1326 y(default.)630 1477 y
16807 Ft(menu-complete-display-pr)o(efix)1110 1587 y Fu(If)f(set)h(to)g(`)p
16808 Ft(on)p Fu(',)h(men)m(u)e(completion)i(displa)m(ys)e(the)h(common)g
16809 (pre\014x)e(of)i(the)1110 1696 y(list)k(of)g(p)s(ossible)f(completions)
16810 i(\(whic)m(h)e(ma)m(y)h(b)s(e)f(empt)m(y\))i(b)s(efore)e(cycling)1110
16811 1806 y(through)30 b(the)g(list.)42 b(The)29 b(default)i(is)f(`)p
16812 Ft(off)p Fu('.)630 1956 y Ft(output-meta)1110 2066 y
16813 Fu(If)35 b(set)h(to)g(`)p Ft(on)p Fu(',)h(Readline)f(will)g(displa)m(y)
16814 f(c)m(haracters)i(with)e(the)h(eigh)m(th)g(bit)1110 2176
16815 y(set)h(directly)g(rather)f(than)g(as)h(a)g(meta-pre\014xed)f(escap)s
16816 (e)h(sequence.)59 b(The)1110 2285 y(default)26 b(is)f(`)p
16817 Ft(off)p Fu(',)i(but)e(Readline)h(will)g(set)g(it)g(to)h(`)p
16818 Ft(on)p Fu(')e(if)h(the)f(lo)s(cale)j(con)m(tains)1110
16819 2395 y(eigh)m(t-bit)k(c)m(haracters.)630 2545 y Ft(page-completions)
16820 1110 2655 y Fu(If)h(set)i(to)f(`)p Ft(on)p Fu(',)h(Readline)g(uses)e
16821 (an)h(in)m(ternal)h Ft(more)p Fu(-lik)m(e)f(pager)g(to)h(displa)m(y)
16822 1110 2765 y(a)e(screenful)f(of)g(p)s(ossible)g(completions)i(at)f(a)g
16823 (time.)47 b(This)31 b(v)-5 b(ariable)34 b(is)e(`)p Ft(on)p
16824 Fu(')1110 2874 y(b)m(y)e(default.)630 3025 y Ft
16825 (print-completions-horizo)o(ntal)o(ly)1110 3134 y Fu(If)23
16826 b(set)i(to)g(`)p Ft(on)p Fu(',)g(Readline)g(will)f(displa)m(y)g
16827 (completions)h(with)f(matc)m(hes)h(sorted)1110 3244 y(horizon)m(tally)
16828 45 b(in)e(alphab)s(etical)i(order,)i(rather)c(than)g(do)m(wn)g(the)h
16829 (screen.)1110 3354 y(The)30 b(default)g(is)h(`)p Ft(off)p
16830 Fu('.)630 3504 y Ft(revert-all-at-newline)1110 3614 y
16831 Fu(If)e(set)h(to)g(`)p Ft(on)p Fu(',)g(Readline)g(will)g(undo)f(all)h
16832 (c)m(hanges)h(to)f(history)g(lines)f(b)s(efore)1110 3724
16833 y(returning)f(when)f Ft(accept-line)f Fu(is)j(executed.)41
16834 b(By)29 b(default,)g(history)g(lines)1110 3833 y(ma)m(y)42
16835 b(b)s(e)g(mo)s(di\014ed)e(and)h(retain)i(individual)e(undo)g(lists)h
16836 (across)g(calls)h(to)1110 3943 y Ft(readline)p Fu(.)38
16837 b(The)30 b(default)h(is)f(`)p Ft(off)p Fu('.)630 4093
16838 y Ft(show-all-if-ambiguous)1110 4203 y Fu(This)f(alters)i(the)f
16839 (default)g(b)s(eha)m(vior)g(of)g(the)h(completion)g(functions.)40
16840 b(If)29 b(set)1110 4313 y(to)f(`)p Ft(on)p Fu(',)g(w)m(ords)f(whic)m(h)
16841 g(ha)m(v)m(e)i(more)f(than)f(one)h(p)s(ossible)f(completion)h(cause)
16842 1110 4422 y(the)39 b(matc)m(hes)h(to)g(b)s(e)e(listed)h(immediately)i
16843 (instead)e(of)g(ringing)g(the)g(b)s(ell.)1110 4532 y(The)30
16844 b(default)g(v)-5 b(alue)31 b(is)g(`)p Ft(off)p Fu('.)630
16845 4682 y Ft(show-all-if-unmodified)1110 4792 y Fu(This)38
16846 b(alters)h(the)g(default)g(b)s(eha)m(vior)g(of)f(the)h(completion)h
16847 (functions)e(in)h(a)1110 4902 y(fashion)25 b(similar)h(to)g
16848 Fr(sho)m(w-all-if-am)m(biguous)p Fu(.)41 b(If)25 b(set)h(to)h(`)p
16849 Ft(on)p Fu(',)f(w)m(ords)f(whic)m(h)1110 5011 y(ha)m(v)m(e)32
16850 b(more)f(than)f(one)i(p)s(ossible)e(completion)i(without)f(an)m(y)g(p)s
16851 (ossible)f(par-)1110 5121 y(tial)43 b(completion)h(\(the)f(p)s(ossible)
16852 f(completions)h(don't)f(share)g(a)h(common)1110 5230
16853 y(pre\014x\))30 b(cause)g(the)h(matc)m(hes)g(to)g(b)s(e)f(listed)g
16854 (immediately)i(instead)e(of)h(ring-)1110 5340 y(ing)g(the)f(b)s(ell.)41
16855 b(The)30 b(default)g(v)-5 b(alue)31 b(is)f(`)p Ft(off)p
16856 Fu('.)p eop end
16857 %%Page: 120 126
16858 TeXDict begin 120 125 bop 150 -116 a Fu(Chapter)30 b(8:)41
16859 b(Command)29 b(Line)i(Editing)2062 b(120)630 299 y Ft
16860 (show-mode-in-prompt)1110 408 y Fu(If)24 b(set)h(to)g(`)p
16861 Ft(on)p Fu(',)g(add)f(a)h(string)f(to)h(the)f(b)s(eginning)g(of)g(the)h
16862 (prompt)e(indicating)1110 518 y(the)33 b(editing)h(mo)s(de:)46
16863 b(emacs,)35 b(vi)e(command,)h(or)f(vi)h(insertion.)49
16864 b(The)32 b(mo)s(de)1110 628 y(strings)45 b(are)h(user-settable)g
16865 (\(e.g.,)51 b Fr(emacs-mo)s(de-string)8 b Fu(\).)87 b(The)45
16866 b(default)1110 737 y(v)-5 b(alue)31 b(is)f(`)p Ft(off)p
16867 Fu('.)630 887 y Ft(skip-completed-text)1110 996 y Fu(If)i(set)i(to)f(`)
16868 p Ft(on)p Fu(',)h(this)f(alters)g(the)g(default)g(completion)h(b)s(eha)
16869 m(vior)f(when)f(in-)1110 1106 y(serting)d(a)h(single)g(matc)m(h)f(in)m
16870 (to)h(the)g(line.)40 b(It's)30 b(only)f(activ)m(e)i(when)d(p)s(erform-)
16871 1110 1215 y(ing)35 b(completion)h(in)e(the)h(middle)f(of)h(a)f(w)m
16872 (ord.)53 b(If)35 b(enabled,)g(readline)g(do)s(es)1110
16873 1325 y(not)41 b(insert)f(c)m(haracters)i(from)e(the)h(completion)h
16874 (that)f(matc)m(h)g(c)m(haracters)1110 1435 y(after)c(p)s(oin)m(t)g(in)g
16875 (the)g(w)m(ord)f(b)s(eing)g(completed,)k(so)d(p)s(ortions)f(of)h(the)g
16876 (w)m(ord)1110 1544 y(follo)m(wing)c(the)f(cursor)f(are)h(not)g
16877 (duplicated.)45 b(F)-8 b(or)32 b(instance,)h(if)f(this)f(is)h(en-)1110
16878 1654 y(abled,)43 b(attempting)f(completion)g(when)d(the)i(cursor)f(is)g
16879 (after)h(the)g(`)p Ft(e)p Fu(')f(in)1110 1763 y(`)p Ft(Makefile)p
16880 Fu(')c(will)i(result)f(in)g(`)p Ft(Makefile)p Fu(')f(rather)h(than)h(`)
16881 p Ft(Makefilefile)p Fu(',)1110 1873 y(assuming)d(there)g(is)h(a)f
16882 (single)h(p)s(ossible)f(completion.)56 b(The)35 b(default)g(v)-5
16883 b(alue)1110 1983 y(is)30 b(`)p Ft(off)p Fu('.)630 2132
16884 y Ft(vi-cmd-mode-string)1110 2242 y Fu(If)j(the)h Fr(sho)m(w-mo)s
16885 (de-in-prompt)h Fu(v)-5 b(ariable)35 b(is)e(enabled,)i(this)f(string)f
16886 (is)h(dis-)1110 2351 y(pla)m(y)m(ed)24 b(immediately)g(b)s(efore)f(the)
16887 g(last)h(line)f(of)h(the)f(primary)f(prompt)g(when)1110
16888 2461 y(vi)32 b(editing)h(mo)s(de)f(is)g(activ)m(e)j(and)c(in)h(command)
16889 g(mo)s(de.)46 b(The)31 b(v)-5 b(alue)33 b(is)f(ex-)1110
16890 2570 y(panded)26 b(lik)m(e)i(a)f(k)m(ey)h(binding,)e(so)i(the)f
16891 (standard)f(set)h(of)g(meta-)h(and)e(con)m(trol)1110
16892 2680 y(pre\014xes)34 b(and)g(bac)m(kslash)i(escap)s(e)g(sequences)f(is)
16893 g(a)m(v)-5 b(ailable.)57 b(Use)35 b(the)g(`)p Ft(\\1)p
16894 Fu(')1110 2790 y(and)23 b(`)p Ft(\\2)p Fu(')h(escap)s(es)h(to)f(b)s
16895 (egin)g(and)f(end)g(sequences)i(of)f(non-prin)m(ting)f(c)m(harac-)1110
16896 2899 y(ters,)31 b(whic)m(h)g(can)g(b)s(e)f(used)g(to)h(em)m(b)s(ed)f(a)
16897 h(terminal)h(con)m(trol)g(sequence)f(in)m(to)1110 3009
16898 y(the)g(mo)s(de)f(string.)40 b(The)30 b(default)h(is)f(`)p
16899 Ft(\(cmd\))p Fu('.)630 3158 y Ft(vi-ins-mode-string)1110
16900 3268 y Fu(If)j(the)h Fr(sho)m(w-mo)s(de-in-prompt)h Fu(v)-5
16901 b(ariable)35 b(is)e(enabled,)i(this)f(string)f(is)h(dis-)1110
16902 3377 y(pla)m(y)m(ed)24 b(immediately)g(b)s(efore)f(the)g(last)h(line)f
16903 (of)h(the)f(primary)f(prompt)g(when)1110 3487 y(vi)35
16904 b(editing)h(mo)s(de)e(is)i(activ)m(e)h(and)d(in)h(insertion)g(mo)s(de.)
16905 54 b(The)35 b(v)-5 b(alue)35 b(is)g(ex-)1110 3597 y(panded)26
16906 b(lik)m(e)i(a)f(k)m(ey)h(binding,)e(so)i(the)f(standard)f(set)h(of)g
16907 (meta-)h(and)e(con)m(trol)1110 3706 y(pre\014xes)34 b(and)g(bac)m
16908 (kslash)i(escap)s(e)g(sequences)f(is)g(a)m(v)-5 b(ailable.)57
16909 b(Use)35 b(the)g(`)p Ft(\\1)p Fu(')1110 3816 y(and)23
16910 b(`)p Ft(\\2)p Fu(')h(escap)s(es)h(to)f(b)s(egin)g(and)f(end)g
16911 (sequences)i(of)f(non-prin)m(ting)f(c)m(harac-)1110 3925
16912 y(ters,)31 b(whic)m(h)g(can)g(b)s(e)f(used)g(to)h(em)m(b)s(ed)f(a)h
16913 (terminal)h(con)m(trol)g(sequence)f(in)m(to)1110 4035
16914 y(the)g(mo)s(de)f(string.)40 b(The)30 b(default)h(is)f(`)p
16915 Ft(\(ins\))p Fu('.)630 4184 y Ft(visible-stats)1110 4294
16916 y Fu(If)h(set)i(to)f(`)p Ft(on)p Fu(',)h(a)f(c)m(haracter)i(denoting)e
16917 (a)g(\014le's)g(t)m(yp)s(e)g(is)g(app)s(ended)e(to)j(the)1110
16918 4403 y(\014lename)e(when)e(listing)i(p)s(ossible)f(completions.)42
16919 b(The)30 b(default)g(is)h(`)p Ft(off)p Fu('.)150 4553
16920 y(Key)f(Bindings)630 4663 y(The)41 b(syn)m(tax)i(for)f(con)m(trolling)h
16921 (k)m(ey)g(bindings)e(in)h(the)g(init)g(\014le)g(is)g(simple.)75
16922 b(First)43 b(y)m(ou)630 4772 y(need)27 b(to)i(\014nd)d(the)i(name)f(of)
16923 h(the)g(command)f(that)i(y)m(ou)f(w)m(an)m(t)g(to)g(c)m(hange.)41
16924 b(The)27 b(follo)m(wing)630 4882 y(sections)37 b(con)m(tain)g(tables)g
16925 (of)f(the)g(command)f(name,)j(the)e(default)g(k)m(eybinding,)h(if)f(an)
16926 m(y)-8 b(,)630 4991 y(and)30 b(a)h(short)f(description)g(of)h(what)f
16927 (the)g(command)h(do)s(es.)630 5121 y(Once)36 b(y)m(ou)g(kno)m(w)g(the)g
16928 (name)g(of)g(the)g(command,)h(simply)f(place)h(on)e(a)i(line)f(in)g
16929 (the)g(init)630 5230 y(\014le)e(the)g(name)f(of)h(the)g(k)m(ey)g(y)m
16930 (ou)g(wish)f(to)h(bind)f(the)h(command)f(to,)i(a)f(colon,)i(and)d(then)
16931 630 5340 y(the)f(name)h(of)f(the)g(command.)46 b(There)32
16932 b(can)g(b)s(e)g(no)g(space)g(b)s(et)m(w)m(een)h(the)f(k)m(ey)h(name)g
16933 (and)p eop end
16934 %%Page: 121 127
16935 TeXDict begin 121 126 bop 150 -116 a Fu(Chapter)30 b(8:)41
16936 b(Command)29 b(Line)i(Editing)2062 b(121)630 299 y(the)41
16937 b(colon)h({)f(that)g(will)g(b)s(e)g(in)m(terpreted)g(as)g(part)f(of)h
16938 (the)g(k)m(ey)h(name.)72 b(The)40 b(name)h(of)630 408
16939 y(the)35 b(k)m(ey)g(can)g(b)s(e)f(expressed)f(in)i(di\013eren)m(t)g(w)m
16940 (a)m(ys,)h(dep)s(ending)d(on)h(what)h(y)m(ou)g(\014nd)e(most)630
16941 518 y(comfortable.)630 650 y(In)i(addition)h(to)h(command)f(names,)i
16942 (readline)e(allo)m(ws)h(k)m(eys)g(to)g(b)s(e)e(b)s(ound)f(to)j(a)f
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16944 (pressed)g(\(a)h Fr(macro)5 b Fu(\).)630 891 y(The)42
16945 b Ft(bind)30 b(-p)42 b Fu(command)h(displa)m(ys)g(Readline)g(function)g
16946 (names)g(and)f(bindings)g(in)h(a)630 1000 y(format)37
16947 b(that)h(can)f(put)f(directly)i(in)m(to)g(an)f(initialization)j
16948 (\014le.)60 b(See)38 b(Section)f(4.2)i([Bash)630 1110
16949 y(Builtins],)31 b(page)g(51.)630 1263 y Fr(k)m(eyname)5
16950 b Fu(:)42 b Fr(function-name)35 b Fu(or)c Fr(macro)1110
16951 1373 y(k)m(eyname)k Fu(is)29 b(the)f(name)h(of)g(a)g(k)m(ey)h(sp)s
16952 (elled)e(out)h(in)g(English.)39 b(F)-8 b(or)30 b(example:)1350
16953 1504 y Ft(Control-u:)45 b(universal-argument)1350 1614
16954 y(Meta-Rubout:)f(backward-kill-word)1350 1724 y(Control-o:)h(">)i
16955 (output")1110 1855 y Fu(In)94 b(the)g(example)h(ab)s(o)m(v)m(e,)112
16956 b Fj(C-u)94 b Fu(is)g(b)s(ound)f(to)i(the)f(function)1110
16957 1965 y Ft(universal-argument)p Fu(,)124 b Fj(M-DEL)107
16958 b Fu(is)i(b)s(ound)e(to)j(the)f(function)1110 2074 y
16959 Ft(backward-kill-word)p Fu(,)75 b(and)69 b Fj(C-o)g Fu(is)h(b)s(ound)e
16960 (to)j(run)d(the)i(macro)1110 2184 y(expressed)45 b(on)h(the)g(righ)m(t)
16961 g(hand)e(side)i(\(that)h(is,)i(to)e(insert)e(the)h(text)h(`)p
16962 Ft(>)1110 2293 y(output)p Fu(')29 b(in)m(to)i(the)g(line\).)1110
16963 2425 y(A)62 b(n)m(um)m(b)s(er)e(of)i(sym)m(b)s(olic)h(c)m(haracter)g
16964 (names)f(are)g(recognized)h(while)1110 2534 y(pro)s(cessing)40
16965 b(this)f(k)m(ey)i(binding)e(syn)m(tax:)60 b Fr(DEL)p
16966 Fu(,)42 b Fr(ESC)p Fu(,)g Fr(ESCAPE)p Fu(,)f Fr(LFD)p
16967 Fu(,)1110 2644 y Fr(NEWLINE)p Fu(,)31 b Fr(RET)p Fu(,)f
16968 Fr(RETURN)p Fu(,)g Fr(R)m(UBOUT)p Fu(,)h Fr(SP)-8 b(A)m(CE)p
16969 Fu(,)31 b Fr(SPC)p Fu(,)e(and)h Fr(T)-8 b(AB)p Fu(.)630
16970 2798 y Ft(")p Fr(k)m(eyseq)r Ft(")p Fu(:)41 b Fr(function-name)36
16971 b Fu(or)30 b Fr(macro)1110 2907 y(k)m(eyseq)k Fu(di\013ers)d(from)f
16972 Fr(k)m(eyname)37 b Fu(ab)s(o)m(v)m(e)32 b(in)f(that)h(strings)f
16973 (denoting)g(an)g(en-)1110 3017 y(tire)j(k)m(ey)h(sequence)f(can)g(b)s
16974 (e)f(sp)s(eci\014ed,)h(b)m(y)f(placing)i(the)f(k)m(ey)g(sequence)g(in)
16975 1110 3126 y(double)29 b(quotes.)41 b(Some)29 b Fm(gnu)h
16976 Fu(Emacs)f(st)m(yle)i(k)m(ey)f(escap)s(es)g(can)g(b)s(e)f(used,)g(as)
16977 1110 3236 y(in)k(the)h(follo)m(wing)i(example,)f(but)e(the)h(sp)s
16978 (ecial)h(c)m(haracter)g(names)f(are)g(not)1110 3345 y(recognized.)1350
16979 3477 y Ft("\\C-u":)46 b(universal-argument)1350 3587
16980 y("\\C-x\\C-r":)f(re-read-init-file)1350 3696 y("\\e[11~":)g("Function)
16981 h(Key)g(1")1110 3828 y Fu(In)64 b(the)g(ab)s(o)m(v)m(e)i(example,)74
16982 b Fj(C-u)64 b Fu(is)g(again)i(b)s(ound)c(to)k(the)e(function)1110
16983 3937 y Ft(universal-argument)39 b Fu(\(just)k(as)h(it)g(w)m(as)g(in)g
16984 (the)f(\014rst)g(example\),)49 b(`)p Fj(C-x)1110 4047
16985 y(C-r)p Fu(')30 b(is)g(b)s(ound)e(to)j(the)g(function)f
16986 Ft(re-read-init-file)p Fu(,)c(and)j(`)p Ft(ESC)h([)g(1)g(1)1110
16987 4156 y(~)p Fu(')g(is)h(b)s(ound)d(to)j(insert)f(the)h(text)g(`)p
16988 Ft(Function)e(Key)g(1)p Fu('.)630 4310 y(The)g(follo)m(wing)i
16989 Fm(gnu)f Fu(Emacs)g(st)m(yle)h(escap)s(e)f(sequences)g(are)g(a)m(v)-5
16990 b(ailable)32 b(when)d(sp)s(ecifying)630 4419 y(k)m(ey)i(sequences:)630
16991 4573 y Fj(\\C-)336 b Fu(con)m(trol)32 b(pre\014x)630
16992 4726 y Fj(\\M-)336 b Fu(meta)31 b(pre\014x)630 4880 y
16993 Fj(\\e)384 b Fu(an)30 b(escap)s(e)h(c)m(haracter)630
16994 5033 y Fj(\\\\)384 b Fu(bac)m(kslash)630 5187 y Fj(\\)p
16995 Ft(")g(")p Fu(,)30 b(a)h(double)f(quotation)i(mark)630
16996 5340 y Fj(\\')384 b Ft(')p Fu(,)30 b(a)h(single)g(quote)g(or)f(ap)s
16997 (ostrophe)p eop end
16998 %%Page: 122 128
16999 TeXDict begin 122 127 bop 150 -116 a Fu(Chapter)30 b(8:)41
17000 b(Command)29 b(Line)i(Editing)2062 b(122)630 299 y(In)27
17001 b(addition)h(to)g(the)g Fm(gnu)f Fu(Emacs)h(st)m(yle)h(escap)s(e)f
17002 (sequences,)h(a)f(second)f(set)h(of)g(bac)m(kslash)630
17003 408 y(escap)s(es)j(is)f(a)m(v)-5 b(ailable:)630 570 y
17004 Ft(\\a)384 b Fu(alert)31 b(\(b)s(ell\))630 731 y Ft(\\b)384
17005 b Fu(bac)m(kspace)630 892 y Ft(\\d)g Fu(delete)630 1053
17006 y Ft(\\f)g Fu(form)30 b(feed)630 1214 y Ft(\\n)384 b
17007 Fu(newline)630 1375 y Ft(\\r)g Fu(carriage)32 b(return)630
17008 1536 y Ft(\\t)384 b Fu(horizon)m(tal)32 b(tab)630 1697
17009 y Ft(\\v)384 b Fu(v)m(ertical)32 b(tab)630 1858 y Ft(\\)p
17010 Fj(nnn)288 b Fu(the)35 b(eigh)m(t-bit)h(c)m(haracter)g(whose)e(v)-5
17011 b(alue)35 b(is)g(the)f(o)s(ctal)i(v)-5 b(alue)35 b Fr(nnn)e
17012 Fu(\(one)i(to)1110 1968 y(three)c(digits\))630 2129 y
17013 Ft(\\x)p Fj(HH)288 b Fu(the)38 b(eigh)m(t-bit)i(c)m(haracter)g(whose)e
17014 (v)-5 b(alue)39 b(is)f(the)h(hexadecimal)g(v)-5 b(alue)39
17015 b Fr(HH)1110 2239 y Fu(\(one)31 b(or)f(t)m(w)m(o)i(hex)e(digits\))630
17016 2400 y(When)37 b(en)m(tering)h(the)g(text)g(of)g(a)g(macro,)i(single)e
17017 (or)f(double)g(quotes)h(m)m(ust)f(b)s(e)g(used)f(to)630
17018 2509 y(indicate)23 b(a)e(macro)h(de\014nition.)38 b(Unquoted)21
17019 b(text)i(is)e(assumed)g(to)h(b)s(e)f(a)h(function)f(name.)38
17020 b(In)630 2619 y(the)22 b(macro)f(b)s(o)s(dy)-8 b(,)23
17021 b(the)e(bac)m(kslash)h(escap)s(es)g(describ)s(ed)e(ab)s(o)m(v)m(e)j
17022 (are)e(expanded.)37 b(Bac)m(kslash)630 2729 y(will)j(quote)h(an)m(y)f
17023 (other)g(c)m(haracter)i(in)d(the)i(macro)f(text,)k(including)39
17024 b(`)p Ft(")p Fu(')h(and)g(`)p Ft(')p Fu('.)69 b(F)-8
17025 b(or)630 2838 y(example,)28 b(the)e(follo)m(wing)h(binding)d(will)i
17026 (mak)m(e)h(`)p Fj(C-x)j Ft(\\)p Fu(')c(insert)f(a)h(single)h(`)p
17027 Ft(\\)p Fu(')f(in)m(to)g(the)g(line:)870 2974 y Ft("\\C-x\\\\":)45
17028 b("\\\\")150 3175 y Fk(8.3.2)63 b(Conditional)41 b(Init)g(Constructs)
17029 150 3322 y Fu(Readline)c(implemen)m(ts)g(a)h(facilit)m(y)g(similar)f
17030 (in)g(spirit)f(to)i(the)f(conditional)h(compilation)g(features)f(of)150
17031 3431 y(the)31 b(C)f(prepro)s(cessor)g(whic)m(h)g(allo)m(ws)i(k)m(ey)g
17032 (bindings)d(and)h(v)-5 b(ariable)32 b(settings)f(to)h(b)s(e)e(p)s
17033 (erformed)f(as)i(the)150 3541 y(result)f(of)h(tests.)41
17034 b(There)30 b(are)h(four)f(parser)f(directiv)m(es)j(used.)150
17035 3703 y Ft($if)336 b Fu(The)31 b Ft($if)f Fu(construct)i(allo)m(ws)h
17036 (bindings)d(to)i(b)s(e)e(made)i(based)f(on)g(the)g(editing)h(mo)s(de,)g
17037 (the)630 3812 y(terminal)37 b(b)s(eing)f(used,)h(or)f(the)h
17038 (application)g(using)f(Readline.)59 b(The)36 b(text)h(of)f(the)h(test,)
17039 630 3922 y(after)30 b(an)m(y)g(comparison)g(op)s(erator,)g(extends)f
17040 (to)h(the)g(end)f(of)h(the)f(line;)i(unless)e(otherwise)630
17041 4031 y(noted,)i(no)f(c)m(haracters)i(are)f(required)e(to)i(isolate)i
17042 (it.)630 4193 y Ft(mode)288 b Fu(The)30 b Ft(mode=)e
17043 Fu(form)i(of)g(the)h Ft($if)e Fu(directiv)m(e)j(is)e(used)f(to)i(test)g
17044 (whether)e(Read-)1110 4302 y(line)44 b(is)f(in)g Ft(emacs)f
17045 Fu(or)h Ft(vi)g Fu(mo)s(de.)79 b(This)42 b(ma)m(y)i(b)s(e)e(used)h(in)g
17046 (conjunction)1110 4412 y(with)c(the)h(`)p Ft(set)29 b(keymap)p
17047 Fu(')38 b(command,)k(for)d(instance,)j(to)e(set)g(bindings)e(in)1110
17048 4521 y(the)32 b Ft(emacs-standard)c Fu(and)j Ft(emacs-ctlx)d
17049 Fu(k)m(eymaps)k(only)g(if)g(Readline)g(is)1110 4631 y(starting)f(out)g
17050 (in)f Ft(emacs)f Fu(mo)s(de.)630 4792 y Ft(term)288 b
17051 Fu(The)26 b Ft(term=)g Fu(form)g(ma)m(y)i(b)s(e)e(used)g(to)i(include)f
17052 (terminal-sp)s(eci\014c)g(k)m(ey)h(bind-)1110 4902 y(ings,)38
17053 b(p)s(erhaps)c(to)j(bind)e(the)h(k)m(ey)h(sequences)f(output)g(b)m(y)g
17054 (the)g(terminal's)1110 5011 y(function)24 b(k)m(eys.)39
17055 b(The)23 b(w)m(ord)h(on)f(the)i(righ)m(t)f(side)g(of)g(the)g(`)p
17056 Ft(=)p Fu(')g(is)g(tested)h(against)1110 5121 y(b)s(oth)k(the)h(full)g
17057 (name)g(of)g(the)g(terminal)h(and)e(the)i(p)s(ortion)e(of)h(the)g
17058 (terminal)1110 5230 y(name)k(b)s(efore)f(the)g(\014rst)g(`)p
17059 Ft(-)p Fu('.)50 b(This)33 b(allo)m(ws)i Ft(sun)e Fu(to)h(matc)m(h)g(b)s
17060 (oth)f Ft(sun)g Fu(and)1110 5340 y Ft(sun-cmd)p Fu(,)c(for)h(instance.)
17061 p eop end
17062 %%Page: 123 129
17063 TeXDict begin 123 128 bop 150 -116 a Fu(Chapter)30 b(8:)41
17064 b(Command)29 b(Line)i(Editing)2062 b(123)630 299 y Ft(version)144
17065 b Fu(The)44 b Ft(version)f Fu(test)i(ma)m(y)h(b)s(e)e(used)f(to)j(p)s
17066 (erform)d(comparisons)i(against)1110 408 y(sp)s(eci\014c)c(Readline)i
17067 (v)m(ersions.)74 b(The)42 b Ft(version)d Fu(expands)i(to)h(the)g
17068 (curren)m(t)1110 518 y(Readline)25 b(v)m(ersion.)39 b(The)23
17069 b(set)h(of)g(comparison)h(op)s(erators)f(includes)f(`)p
17070 Ft(=)p Fu(')h(\(and)1110 628 y(`)p Ft(==)p Fu('\),)33
17071 b(`)p Ft(!=)p Fu(',)f(`)p Ft(<=)p Fu(',)h(`)p Ft(>=)p
17072 Fu(',)f(`)p Ft(<)p Fu(',)h(and)e(`)p Ft(>)p Fu('.)46
17073 b(The)31 b(v)m(ersion)i(n)m(um)m(b)s(er)d(supplied)h(on)1110
17074 737 y(the)j(righ)m(t)h(side)f(of)g(the)g(op)s(erator)g(consists)h(of)f
17075 (a)g(ma)5 b(jor)35 b(v)m(ersion)f(n)m(um)m(b)s(er,)1110
17076 847 y(an)45 b(optional)i(decimal)f(p)s(oin)m(t,)k(and)44
17077 b(an)i(optional)g(minor)f(v)m(ersion)h(\(e.g.,)1110 956
17078 y(`)p Ft(7.1)p Fu('\).)40 b(If)27 b(the)h(minor)f(v)m(ersion)h(is)g
17079 (omitted,)h(it)f(is)g(assumed)f(to)h(b)s(e)f(`)p Ft(0)p
17080 Fu('.)40 b(The)1110 1066 y(op)s(erator)34 b(ma)m(y)g(b)s(e)f(separated)
17081 g(from)g(the)h(string)f Ft(version)f Fu(and)h(from)g(the)1110
17082 1176 y(v)m(ersion)39 b(n)m(um)m(b)s(er)f(argumen)m(t)h(b)m(y)f
17083 (whitespace.)67 b(The)38 b(follo)m(wing)i(example)1110
17084 1285 y(sets)31 b(a)g(v)-5 b(ariable)31 b(if)f(the)h(Readline)g(v)m
17085 (ersion)f(b)s(eing)g(used)g(is)g(7.0)i(or)e(new)m(er:)1350
17086 1440 y Ft($if)47 b(version)f(>=)h(7.0)1350 1550 y(set)g
17087 (show-mode-in-prompt)42 b(on)1350 1659 y($endif)630 1860
17088 y(application)1110 1970 y Fu(The)21 b Fr(application)j
17089 Fu(construct)e(is)g(used)f(to)i(include)f(application-sp)s(eci\014c)h
17090 (set-)1110 2079 y(tings.)39 b(Eac)m(h)26 b(program)e(using)g(the)h
17091 (Readline)g(library)g(sets)g(the)g Fr(application)1110
17092 2189 y(name)p Fu(,)g(and)e(y)m(ou)g(can)h(test)g(for)f(a)g(particular)h
17093 (v)-5 b(alue.)39 b(This)22 b(could)h(b)s(e)g(used)f(to)1110
17094 2298 y(bind)32 b(k)m(ey)h(sequences)g(to)h(functions)e(useful)g(for)h
17095 (a)g(sp)s(eci\014c)f(program.)48 b(F)-8 b(or)1110 2408
17096 y(instance,)35 b(the)e(follo)m(wing)h(command)f(adds)f(a)i(k)m(ey)f
17097 (sequence)h(that)f(quotes)1110 2518 y(the)e(curren)m(t)f(or)g(previous)
17098 g(w)m(ord)g(in)g(Bash:)1350 2673 y Ft($if)47 b(Bash)1350
17099 2782 y(#)g(Quote)g(the)g(current)f(or)h(previous)e(word)1350
17100 2892 y("\\C-xq":)h("\\eb\\"\\ef\\"")1350 3002 y($endif)630
17101 3202 y(variable)96 b Fu(The)33 b Fr(v)-5 b(ariable)39
17102 b Fu(construct)33 b(pro)m(vides)g(simple)g(equalit)m(y)i(tests)e(for)g
17103 (Readline)1110 3312 y(v)-5 b(ariables)32 b(and)f(v)-5
17104 b(alues.)45 b(The)32 b(p)s(ermitted)f(comparison)h(op)s(erators)f(are)i
17105 (`)p Ft(=)p Fu(',)1110 3421 y(`)p Ft(==)p Fu(',)49 b(and)44
17106 b(`)p Ft(!=)p Fu('.)85 b(The)44 b(v)-5 b(ariable)46 b(name)f(m)m(ust)g
17107 (b)s(e)g(separated)g(from)g(the)1110 3531 y(comparison)25
17108 b(op)s(erator)g(b)m(y)g(whitespace;)j(the)d(op)s(erator)g(ma)m(y)g(b)s
17109 (e)f(separated)1110 3641 y(from)33 b(the)h(v)-5 b(alue)35
17110 b(on)f(the)g(righ)m(t)g(hand)f(side)h(b)m(y)f(whitespace.)52
17111 b(Both)35 b(string)1110 3750 y(and)i(b)s(o)s(olean)g(v)-5
17112 b(ariables)38 b(ma)m(y)h(b)s(e)d(tested.)63 b(Bo)s(olean)39
17113 b(v)-5 b(ariables)38 b(m)m(ust)g(b)s(e)1110 3860 y(tested)46
17114 b(against)g(the)f(v)-5 b(alues)46 b Fr(on)f Fu(and)f
17115 Fr(o\013)p Fu(.)85 b(The)45 b(follo)m(wing)h(example)g(is)1110
17116 3969 y(equiv)-5 b(alen)m(t)32 b(to)f(the)f Ft(mode=emacs)e
17117 Fu(test)j(describ)s(ed)f(ab)s(o)m(v)m(e:)1350 4124 y
17118 Ft($if)47 b(editing-mode)d(==)k(emacs)1350 4234 y(set)f
17119 (show-mode-in-prompt)42 b(on)1350 4344 y($endif)150 4544
17120 y($endif)192 b Fu(This)29 b(command,)i(as)f(seen)h(in)f(the)g(previous)
17121 g(example,)h(terminates)g(an)g Ft($if)e Fu(command.)150
17122 4745 y Ft($else)240 b Fu(Commands)29 b(in)h(this)h(branc)m(h)e(of)i
17123 (the)f Ft($if)g Fu(directiv)m(e)i(are)f(executed)g(if)f(the)h(test)g
17124 (fails.)150 4945 y Ft($include)96 b Fu(This)43 b(directiv)m(e)i(tak)m
17125 (es)g(a)e(single)i(\014lename)e(as)h(an)f(argumen)m(t)h(and)f(reads)g
17126 (commands)630 5055 y(and)38 b(bindings)f(from)h(that)i(\014le.)65
17127 b(F)-8 b(or)39 b(example,)j(the)d(follo)m(wing)h(directiv)m(e)g(reads)e
17128 (from)630 5165 y Ft(/etc/inputrc)p Fu(:)870 5320 y Ft($include)46
17129 b(/etc/inputrc)p eop end
17130 %%Page: 124 130
17131 TeXDict begin 124 129 bop 150 -116 a Fu(Chapter)30 b(8:)41
17132 b(Command)29 b(Line)i(Editing)2062 b(124)150 299 y Fk(8.3.3)63
17133 b(Sample)41 b(Init)g(File)150 446 y Fu(Here)27 b(is)f(an)h(example)g
17134 (of)f(an)h Fr(inputrc)k Fu(\014le.)39 b(This)26 b(illustrates)h(k)m(ey)
17135 h(binding,)e(v)-5 b(ariable)27 b(assignmen)m(t,)i(and)150
17136 555 y(conditional)j(syn)m(tax.)p eop end
17137 %%Page: 125 131
17138 TeXDict begin 125 130 bop 150 -116 a Fu(Chapter)30 b(8:)41
17139 b(Command)29 b(Line)i(Editing)2062 b(125)390 408 y Ft(#)47
17140 b(This)g(file)g(controls)e(the)i(behaviour)e(of)j(line)e(input)h
17141 (editing)e(for)390 518 y(#)i(programs)f(that)h(use)g(the)f(GNU)h
17142 (Readline)f(library.)93 b(Existing)390 628 y(#)47 b(programs)f(include)
17143 g(FTP,)g(Bash,)h(and)g(GDB.)390 737 y(#)390 847 y(#)g(You)g(can)g
17144 (re-read)f(the)h(inputrc)f(file)g(with)h(C-x)g(C-r.)390
17145 956 y(#)g(Lines)g(beginning)e(with)i('#')g(are)g(comments.)390
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17151 2381 y(Meta-Control-h:)91 b(backward-kill-word)43 b(Text)k(after)f(the)
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17161 y(#)47 b(Arrow)g(keys)f(in)i(8)f(bit)g(keypad)f(mode)390
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17165 4902 y(#)390 5011 y(#)47 b(Arrow)g(keys)f(in)i(8)f(bit)g(ANSI)g(mode)
17166 390 5121 y(#)390 5230 y(#"\\M-\\C-[D":)331 b(backward-char)390
17167 5340 y(#"\\M-\\C-[C":)g(forward-char)p eop end
17168 %%Page: 126 132
17169 TeXDict begin 126 131 bop 150 -116 a Fu(Chapter)30 b(8:)41
17170 b(Command)29 b(Line)i(Editing)2062 b(126)390 299 y Ft(#"\\M-\\C-[A":)
17171 331 b(previous-history)390 408 y(#"\\M-\\C-[B":)g(next-history)390
17172 628 y(C-q:)47 b(quoted-insert)390 847 y($endif)390 1066
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17175 (are)h(convenient)e(for)i(shell)f(interaction)390 1504
17176 y($if)h(Bash)390 1614 y(#)g(edit)g(the)g(path)390 1724
17177 y("\\C-xp":)f("PATH=${PATH}\\e\\C-e\\C-a)o(\\ef)o(\\C-f)o(")390
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17180 2052 y(#)g(and)g(move)g(to)g(just)g(after)f(the)h(open)g(quote)390
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17185 2710 y("\\C-xq":)h("\\eb\\"\\ef\\"")390 2819 y(#)h(Add)g(a)h(binding)e
17186 (to)h(refresh)f(the)h(line,)f(which)g(is)h(unbound)390
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17188 (on)h(current)f(line.)390 3148 y("\\M-\\C-v":)f
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17194 (characters)g(to)i(be)g(inserted)f(rather)390 4244 y(#)h(than)g
17195 (converted)e(to)j(prefix-meta)c(sequences)390 4354 y(set)j
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17198 (meta-prefixed)e(characters)390 4792 y(set)i(output-meta)e(on)390
17199 5011 y(#)i(if)h(there)e(are)h(more)g(than)f(150)h(possible)f
17200 (completions)e(for)390 5121 y(#)j(a)h(word,)e(ask)h(the)g(user)g(if)g
17201 (he)g(wants)f(to)i(see)f(all)f(of)i(them)390 5230 y(set)f
17202 (completion-query-items)42 b(150)p eop end
17203 %%Page: 127 133
17204 TeXDict begin 127 132 bop 150 -116 a Fu(Chapter)30 b(8:)41
17205 b(Command)29 b(Line)i(Editing)2062 b(127)390 299 y Ft(#)47
17206 b(For)g(FTP)390 408 y($if)g(Ftp)390 518 y("\\C-xg":)f("get)g(\\M-?")390
17207 628 y("\\C-xt":)g("put)g(\\M-?")390 737 y("\\M-.":)g(yank-last-arg)390
17208 847 y($endif)150 1089 y Fs(8.4)68 b(Bindable)45 b(Readline)i(Commands)
17209 150 1248 y Fu(This)32 b(section)h(describ)s(es)f(Readline)h(commands)f
17210 (that)h(ma)m(y)h(b)s(e)d(b)s(ound)g(to)i(k)m(ey)g(sequences.)48
17211 b(Y)-8 b(ou)33 b(can)150 1358 y(list)40 b(y)m(our)f(k)m(ey)i(bindings)d
17212 (b)m(y)h(executing)i Ft(bind)29 b(-P)39 b Fu(or,)j(for)d(a)h(more)g
17213 (terse)g(format,)i(suitable)e(for)f(an)150 1468 y Fr(inputrc)34
17214 b Fu(\014le,)29 b Ft(bind)g(-p)p Fu(.)40 b(\(See)30 b(Section)f(4.2)h
17215 ([Bash)g(Builtins],)g(page)g(51.\))41 b(Command)28 b(names)h(without)
17216 150 1577 y(an)h(accompan)m(ying)i(k)m(ey)f(sequence)g(are)g(un)m(b)s
17217 (ound)d(b)m(y)i(default.)275 1713 y(In)25 b(the)h(follo)m(wing)i
17218 (descriptions,)f Fr(p)s(oin)m(t)h Fu(refers)e(to)h(the)f(curren)m(t)g
17219 (cursor)g(p)s(osition,)h(and)f Fr(mark)31 b Fu(refers)150
17220 1822 y(to)40 b(a)f(cursor)f(p)s(osition)h(sa)m(v)m(ed)h(b)m(y)f(the)g
17221 Ft(set-mark)d Fu(command.)66 b(The)38 b(text)i(b)s(et)m(w)m(een)g(the)f
17222 (p)s(oin)m(t)g(and)150 1932 y(mark)30 b(is)h(referred)e(to)i(as)g(the)f
17223 Fr(region)p Fu(.)150 2132 y Fk(8.4.1)63 b(Commands)42
17224 b(F)-10 b(or)41 b(Mo)m(ving)150 2304 y Ft(beginning-of-line)26
17225 b(\(C-a\))630 2414 y Fu(Mo)m(v)m(e)32 b(to)g(the)e(start)h(of)g(the)f
17226 (curren)m(t)g(line.)150 2574 y Ft(end-of-line)d(\(C-e\))630
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17228 2844 y Ft(forward-char)c(\(C-f\))630 2954 y Fu(Mo)m(v)m(e)32
17229 b(forw)m(ard)e(a)h(c)m(haracter.)150 3114 y Ft(backward-char)c(\(C-b\))
17230 630 3223 y Fu(Mo)m(v)m(e)32 b(bac)m(k)g(a)e(c)m(haracter.)150
17231 3384 y Ft(forward-word)d(\(M-f\))630 3493 y Fu(Mo)m(v)m(e)32
17232 b(forw)m(ard)e(to)h(the)f(end)g(of)g(the)h(next)f(w)m(ord.)41
17233 b(W)-8 b(ords)30 b(are)h(comp)s(osed)f(of)g(letters)i(and)630
17234 3603 y(digits.)150 3763 y Ft(backward-word)27 b(\(M-b\))630
17235 3873 y Fu(Mo)m(v)m(e)36 b(bac)m(k)e(to)g(the)g(start)g(of)g(the)g
17236 (curren)m(t)f(or)g(previous)g(w)m(ord.)50 b(W)-8 b(ords)34
17237 b(are)g(comp)s(osed)630 3982 y(of)d(letters)g(and)f(digits.)150
17238 4143 y Ft(shell-forward-word)25 b(\(M-C-f\))630 4252
17239 y Fu(Mo)m(v)m(e)30 b(forw)m(ard)e(to)h(the)f(end)f(of)h(the)h(next)f(w)
17240 m(ord.)40 b(W)-8 b(ords)28 b(are)g(delimited)h(b)m(y)f(non-quoted)630
17241 4362 y(shell)j(metac)m(haracters.)150 4522 y Ft(shell-backward-word)25
17242 b(\(M-C-b\))630 4632 y Fu(Mo)m(v)m(e)37 b(bac)m(k)e(to)h(the)f(start)g
17243 (of)g(the)g(curren)m(t)g(or)f(previous)h(w)m(ord.)53
17244 b(W)-8 b(ords)35 b(are)g(delimited)630 4741 y(b)m(y)30
17245 b(non-quoted)h(shell)f(metac)m(haracters.)150 4902 y
17246 Ft(previous-screen-line)25 b(\(\))630 5011 y Fu(A)m(ttempt)41
17247 b(to)g(mo)m(v)m(e)h(p)s(oin)m(t)e(to)h(the)f(same)h(ph)m(ysical)g
17248 (screen)f(column)g(on)g(the)g(previous)630 5121 y(ph)m(ysical)26
17249 b(screen)f(line.)39 b(This)24 b(will)i(not)f(ha)m(v)m(e)h(the)f
17250 (desired)g(e\013ect)h(if)f(the)h(curren)m(t)e(Readline)630
17251 5230 y(line)k(do)s(es)f(not)g(tak)m(e)i(up)d(more)i(than)f(one)g(ph)m
17252 (ysical)h(line)g(or)f(if)g(p)s(oin)m(t)h(is)f(not)h(greater)g(than)630
17253 5340 y(the)j(length)f(of)h(the)f(prompt)g(plus)f(the)i(screen)f(width.)
17254 p eop end
17255 %%Page: 128 134
17256 TeXDict begin 128 133 bop 150 -116 a Fu(Chapter)30 b(8:)41
17257 b(Command)29 b(Line)i(Editing)2062 b(128)150 299 y Ft(next-screen-line)
17258 26 b(\(\))630 408 y Fu(A)m(ttempt)g(to)f(mo)m(v)m(e)i(p)s(oin)m(t)d(to)
17259 i(the)e(same)i(ph)m(ysical)f(screen)g(column)f(on)h(the)f(next)h(ph)m
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17263 (ysical)h(line)g(or)f(if)g(the)h(length)f(of)h(the)f(curren)m(t)g
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17265 (of)f(the)h(prompt)e(plus)h(the)g(screen)h(width.)150
17266 893 y Ft(clear-display)c(\(M-C-l\))630 1003 y Fu(Clear)33
17267 b(the)g(screen)g(and,)h(if)e(p)s(ossible,)i(the)f(terminal's)g
17268 (scrollbac)m(k)i(bu\013er,)e(then)f(redra)m(w)630 1112
17269 y(the)f(curren)m(t)f(line,)h(lea)m(ving)h(the)e(curren)m(t)h(line)f(at)
17270 h(the)g(top)g(of)f(the)h(screen.)150 1268 y Ft(clear-screen)c(\(C-l\))
17271 630 1378 y Fu(Clear)35 b(the)f(screen,)i(then)e(redra)m(w)g(the)h
17272 (curren)m(t)f(line,)i(lea)m(ving)g(the)f(curren)m(t)f(line)h(at)g(the)
17273 630 1488 y(top)c(of)f(the)h(screen.)150 1644 y Ft(redraw-current-line)
17274 25 b(\(\))630 1753 y Fu(Refresh)30 b(the)g(curren)m(t)h(line.)41
17275 b(By)30 b(default,)h(this)f(is)h(un)m(b)s(ound.)150 1949
17276 y Fk(8.4.2)63 b(Commands)42 b(F)-10 b(or)41 b(Manipulating)h(The)f
17277 (History)150 2119 y Ft(accept-line)27 b(\(Newline)h(or)i(Return\))630
17278 2229 y Fu(Accept)25 b(the)e(line)h(regardless)g(of)f(where)g(the)h
17279 (cursor)e(is.)39 b(If)23 b(this)g(line)h(is)f(non-empt)m(y)-8
17280 b(,)26 b(add)c(it)630 2338 y(to)27 b(the)f(history)g(list)h(according)g
17281 (to)g(the)f(setting)i(of)e(the)g Ft(HISTCONTROL)d Fu(and)j
17282 Ft(HISTIGNORE)630 2448 y Fu(v)-5 b(ariables.)42 b(If)30
17283 b(this)h(line)g(is)g(a)g(mo)s(di\014ed)e(history)i(line,)g(then)f
17284 (restore)i(the)f(history)f(line)h(to)630 2558 y(its)g(original)g
17285 (state.)150 2714 y Ft(previous-history)26 b(\(C-p\))630
17286 2823 y Fu(Mo)m(v)m(e)32 b(`bac)m(k')g(through)e(the)g(history)h(list,)g
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17288 (\(C-n\))630 3089 y Fu(Mo)m(v)m(e)32 b(`forw)m(ard')f(through)e(the)i
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17292 b(.)150 3510 y Ft(end-of-history)26 b(\(M->\))630 3620
17293 y Fu(Mo)m(v)m(e)32 b(to)g(the)e(end)g(of)g(the)h(input)e(history)-8
17294 b(,)31 b(i.e.,)h(the)f(line)f(curren)m(tly)h(b)s(eing)f(en)m(tered.)150
17295 3776 y Ft(reverse-search-history)24 b(\(C-r\))630 3886
17296 y Fu(Searc)m(h)31 b(bac)m(kw)m(ard)h(starting)g(at)g(the)f(curren)m(t)g
17297 (line)g(and)g(mo)m(ving)h(`up')e(through)h(the)g(his-)630
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17299 (tal)i(searc)m(h.)150 4151 y Ft(forward-search-history)24
17300 b(\(C-s\))630 4261 y Fu(Searc)m(h)44 b(forw)m(ard)f(starting)h(at)h
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17303 b(is)g(an)h(incremen)m(tal)g(searc)m(h.)150 4526 y Ft
17304 (non-incremental-reverse-)o(sear)o(ch-h)o(ist)o(ory)24
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17311 (non-incremental-forward-)o(sear)o(ch-h)o(ist)o(ory)24
17312 b(\(M-n\))630 5121 y Fu(Searc)m(h)44 b(forw)m(ard)f(starting)h(at)h
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17317 m(ywhere)g(in)f(a)h(history)f(line.)p eop end
17318 %%Page: 129 135
17319 TeXDict begin 129 134 bop 150 -116 a Fu(Chapter)30 b(8:)41
17320 b(Command)29 b(Line)i(Editing)2062 b(129)150 299 y Ft
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17327 b(is)h(a)f(non-incremen)m(tal)i(searc)m(h.)48 b(By)33
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17340 1797 y(start)29 b(of)g(the)g(curren)m(t)g(line)g(and)f(the)h(p)s(oin)m
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17347 (for)g(the)f(string)h(of)g(c)m(haracters)h(b)s(et)m(w)m(een)g(the)630
17348 2436 y(start)29 b(of)g(the)g(curren)m(t)g(line)g(and)f(the)h(p)s(oin)m
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17356 b(With)32 b(an)g(argumen)m(t)g Fr(n)p Fu(,)g(insert)g(the)g
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17358 (\(the)g(w)m(ords)g(in)f(the)h(previous)g(command)f(b)s(egin)h(with)f
17359 (w)m(ord)630 3294 y(0\).)69 b(A)40 b(negativ)m(e)h(argumen)m(t)f
17360 (inserts)g(the)f Fr(n)p Fu(th)g(w)m(ord)g(from)g(the)h(end)f(of)h(the)f
17361 (previous)630 3404 y(command.)48 b(Once)33 b(the)g(argumen)m(t)h
17362 Fr(n)e Fu(is)h(computed,)h(the)f(argumen)m(t)g(is)g(extracted)i(as)e
17363 (if)630 3513 y(the)e(`)p Ft(!)p Fj(n)p Fu(')f(history)g(expansion)g
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17367 3934 y(history)e(en)m(try\).)51 b(With)34 b(a)g(n)m(umeric)g(argumen)m
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17369 Fu(.)630 4043 y(Successiv)m(e)26 b(calls)g(to)f Ft(yank-last-arg)c
17370 Fu(mo)m(v)m(e)27 b(bac)m(k)e(through)f(the)h(history)g(list,)i
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17374 b(n)m(umeric)h(argumen)m(t)f(supplied)g(to)h(these)g(successiv)m(e)g
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17376 (through)e(the)h(history)-8 b(.)54 b(A)35 b(negativ)m(e)i(argumen)m(t)e
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17378 (\(bac)m(k)i(or)f(forw)m(ard\).)38 b(The)22 b(history)h(expansion)g
17379 (facilities)630 4591 y(are)28 b(used)f(to)h(extract)h(the)f(last)g
17380 (argumen)m(t,)h(as)e(if)h(the)g(`)p Ft(!$)p Fu(')f(history)g(expansion)
17381 h(had)f(b)s(een)630 4701 y(sp)s(eci\014ed.)150 4902 y
17382 Ft(operate-and-get-next)e(\(C-o\))630 5011 y Fu(Accept)30
17383 b(the)g(curren)m(t)e(line)i(for)f(return)f(to)h(the)h(calling)g
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17385 b(en)m(tered,)k(and)d(fetc)m(h)h(the)f(next)g(line)h(relativ)m(e)h(to)f
17386 (the)f(curren)m(t)g(line)h(from)f(the)g(history)630 5230
17387 y(for)31 b(editing.)43 b(A)31 b(n)m(umeric)f(argumen)m(t,)i(if)f
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17389 5340 y(instead)g(of)f(the)h(curren)m(t)f(line.)p eop
17390 end
17391 %%Page: 130 136
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17426 b(b)m(y)f(some)h(terminals,)i(and)d(suc)m(h)g(a)h(binding)e(is)i
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17450 b(With)32 b(a)g(negativ)m(e)j(argumen)m(t,)e(upp)s(er-)630
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17456 (v)m(e)i(the)f(cursor.)p eop end
17457 %%Page: 131 137
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17520 (kill-ring.)p eop end
17521 %%Page: 132 138
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17535 (the)f(kill)h(bu\013er,)f(so)g(it)h(can)f(b)s(e)f(y)m(ank)m(ed)i(righ)m
17536 (t)f(a)m(w)m(a)m(y)-8 b(.)630 1422 y(By)31 b(default,)f(this)h(command)
17537 f(is)g(un)m(b)s(ound.)150 1578 y Ft(copy-backward-word)25
17538 b(\(\))630 1687 y Fu(Cop)m(y)38 b(the)h(w)m(ord)f(b)s(efore)g(p)s(oin)m
17539 (t)g(to)i(the)e(kill)h(bu\013er.)64 b(The)38 b(w)m(ord)g(b)s(oundaries)
17540 f(are)i(the)630 1797 y(same)31 b(as)f Ft(backward-word)p
17541 Fu(.)38 b(By)30 b(default,)h(this)f(command)g(is)h(un)m(b)s(ound.)150
17542 1952 y Ft(copy-forward-word)26 b(\(\))630 2062 y Fu(Cop)m(y)31
17543 b(the)g(w)m(ord)g(follo)m(wing)h(p)s(oin)m(t)f(to)h(the)f(kill)h
17544 (bu\013er.)42 b(The)30 b(w)m(ord)h(b)s(oundaries)e(are)j(the)630
17545 2171 y(same)f(as)f Ft(forward-word)p Fu(.)38 b(By)30
17546 b(default,)h(this)g(command)f(is)g(un)m(b)s(ound.)150
17547 2327 y Ft(yank)f(\(C-y\))630 2436 y Fu(Y)-8 b(ank)31
17548 b(the)f(top)h(of)g(the)f(kill)h(ring)f(in)m(to)i(the)e(bu\013er)g(at)h
17549 (p)s(oin)m(t.)150 2592 y Ft(yank-pop)d(\(M-y\))630 2701
17550 y Fu(Rotate)36 b(the)f(kill-ring,)i(and)d(y)m(ank)h(the)f(new)g(top.)54
17551 b(Y)-8 b(ou)35 b(can)g(only)f(do)h(this)f(if)h(the)g(prior)630
17552 2811 y(command)30 b(is)h Ft(yank)e Fu(or)h Ft(yank-pop)p
17553 Fu(.)150 3006 y Fk(8.4.5)63 b(Sp)s(ecifying)42 b(Numeric)f(Argumen)m
17554 (ts)150 3176 y Ft(digit-argument)26 b(\()p Fj(M-0)p Ft(,)j
17555 Fj(M-1)p Ft(,)h(...)f Fj(M--)p Ft(\))630 3285 y Fu(Add)d(this)h(digit)g
17556 (to)h(the)f(argumen)m(t)g(already)h(accum)m(ulating,)h(or)e(start)h(a)f
17557 (new)f(argumen)m(t.)630 3395 y Fj(M--)j Fu(starts)i(a)g(negativ)m(e)i
17558 (argumen)m(t.)150 3550 y Ft(universal-argument)25 b(\(\))630
17559 3660 y Fu(This)g(is)g(another)h(w)m(a)m(y)g(to)h(sp)s(ecify)e(an)g
17560 (argumen)m(t.)40 b(If)25 b(this)g(command)h(is)f(follo)m(w)m(ed)i(b)m
17561 (y)f(one)630 3770 y(or)k(more)f(digits,)i(optionally)g(with)e(a)h
17562 (leading)h(min)m(us)e(sign,)h(those)g(digits)g(de\014ne)f(the)h(ar-)630
17563 3879 y(gumen)m(t.)41 b(If)28 b(the)i(command)f(is)g(follo)m(w)m(ed)h(b)
17564 m(y)f(digits,)i(executing)f Ft(universal-argument)630
17565 3989 y Fu(again)j(ends)e(the)h(n)m(umeric)f(argumen)m(t,)i(but)e(is)h
17566 (otherwise)g(ignored.)45 b(As)32 b(a)g(sp)s(ecial)h(case,)630
17567 4098 y(if)g(this)g(command)f(is)h(immediately)h(follo)m(w)m(ed)h(b)m(y)
17568 d(a)h(c)m(haracter)i(that)e(is)g(neither)g(a)g(digit)630
17569 4208 y(nor)41 b(min)m(us)f(sign,)k(the)e(argumen)m(t)f(coun)m(t)h(for)f
17570 (the)h(next)f(command)g(is)g(m)m(ultiplied)h(b)m(y)630
17571 4317 y(four.)54 b(The)35 b(argumen)m(t)g(coun)m(t)h(is)f(initially)h
17572 (one,)h(so)e(executing)i(this)e(function)f(the)i(\014rst)630
17573 4427 y(time)29 b(mak)m(es)h(the)e(argumen)m(t)i(coun)m(t)f(four,)f(a)h
17574 (second)g(time)g(mak)m(es)h(the)e(argumen)m(t)h(coun)m(t)630
17575 4537 y(sixteen,)i(and)f(so)h(on.)40 b(By)31 b(default,)g(this)f(is)g
17576 (not)h(b)s(ound)d(to)k(a)e(k)m(ey)-8 b(.)150 4732 y Fk(8.4.6)63
17577 b(Letting)40 b(Readline)h(T)m(yp)s(e)g(F)-10 b(or)42
17578 b(Y)-10 b(ou)150 4902 y Ft(complete)28 b(\(TAB\))630
17579 5011 y Fu(A)m(ttempt)c(to)f(p)s(erform)e(completion)j(on)f(the)g(text)g
17580 (b)s(efore)f(p)s(oin)m(t.)39 b(The)22 b(actual)i(completion)630
17581 5121 y(p)s(erformed)33 b(is)h(application-sp)s(eci\014c.)53
17582 b(Bash)35 b(attempts)g(completion)g(treating)h(the)e(text)630
17583 5230 y(as)39 b(a)h(v)-5 b(ariable)39 b(\(if)h(the)f(text)h(b)s(egins)e
17584 (with)h(`)p Ft($)p Fu('\),)j(username)c(\(if)i(the)f(text)h(b)s(egins)e
17585 (with)630 5340 y(`)p Ft(~)p Fu('\),)31 b(hostname)f(\(if)g(the)g(text)h
17586 (b)s(egins)e(with)h(`)p Ft(@)p Fu('\),)h(or)f(command)f(\(including)h
17587 (aliases)i(and)p eop end
17588 %%Page: 133 139
17589 TeXDict begin 133 138 bop 150 -116 a Fu(Chapter)30 b(8:)41
17590 b(Command)29 b(Line)i(Editing)2062 b(133)630 299 y(functions\))35
17591 b(in)f(turn.)53 b(If)34 b(none)g(of)h(these)h(pro)s(duces)d(a)i(matc)m
17592 (h,)i(\014lename)e(completion)h(is)630 408 y(attempted.)150
17593 573 y Ft(possible-completions)25 b(\(M-?\))630 682 y
17594 Fu(List)35 b(the)g(p)s(ossible)f(completions)i(of)e(the)h(text)h(b)s
17595 (efore)e(p)s(oin)m(t.)54 b(When)34 b(displa)m(ying)h(com-)630
17596 792 y(pletions,)f(Readline)f(sets)f(the)h(n)m(um)m(b)s(er)e(of)i
17597 (columns)f(used)f(for)i(displa)m(y)f(to)h(the)g(v)-5
17598 b(alue)33 b(of)630 902 y Ft(completion-display-width)o
17599 Fu(,)g(the)j(v)-5 b(alue)37 b(of)g(the)f(en)m(vironmen)m(t)h(v)-5
17600 b(ariable)38 b Ft(COLUMNS)p Fu(,)630 1011 y(or)30 b(the)h(screen)f
17601 (width,)g(in)g(that)h(order.)150 1176 y Ft(insert-completions)25
17602 b(\(M-*\))630 1285 y Fu(Insert)30 b(all)h(completions)h(of)f(the)g
17603 (text)g(b)s(efore)f(p)s(oin)m(t)h(that)g(w)m(ould)f(ha)m(v)m(e)i(b)s
17604 (een)e(generated)630 1395 y(b)m(y)g Ft(possible-completions)p
17605 Fu(.)150 1559 y Ft(menu-complete)d(\(\))630 1669 y Fu(Similar)d(to)g
17606 Ft(complete)p Fu(,)f(but)h(replaces)g(the)g(w)m(ord)g(to)g(b)s(e)f
17607 (completed)i(with)e(a)i(single)f(matc)m(h)630 1778 y(from)37
17608 b(the)h(list)h(of)f(p)s(ossible)f(completions.)64 b(Rep)s(eated)39
17609 b(execution)g(of)f Ft(menu-complete)630 1888 y Fu(steps)i(through)g
17610 (the)g(list)h(of)f(p)s(ossible)g(completions,)k(inserting)c(eac)m(h)i
17611 (matc)m(h)f(in)f(turn.)630 1998 y(A)m(t)e(the)f(end)f(of)h(the)g(list)g
17612 (of)g(completions,)i(the)e(b)s(ell)g(is)g(rung)f(\(sub)5
17613 b(ject)36 b(to)i(the)f(setting)630 2107 y(of)f Ft(bell-style)p
17614 Fu(\))e(and)h(the)h(original)i(text)f(is)f(restored.)57
17615 b(An)36 b(argumen)m(t)h(of)f Fr(n)f Fu(mo)m(v)m(es)i
17616 Fr(n)630 2217 y Fu(p)s(ositions)e(forw)m(ard)f(in)g(the)h(list)h(of)e
17617 (matc)m(hes;)39 b(a)c(negativ)m(e)i(argumen)m(t)e(ma)m(y)g(b)s(e)f
17618 (used)g(to)630 2326 y(mo)m(v)m(e)40 b(bac)m(kw)m(ard)e(through)g(the)g
17619 (list.)65 b(This)38 b(command)g(is)g(in)m(tended)g(to)h(b)s(e)f(b)s
17620 (ound)e(to)630 2436 y Ft(TAB)p Fu(,)30 b(but)f(is)i(un)m(b)s(ound)d(b)m
17621 (y)i(default.)150 2600 y Ft(menu-complete-backward)24
17622 b(\(\))630 2710 y Fu(Iden)m(tical)36 b(to)g Ft(menu-complete)p
17623 Fu(,)d(but)h(mo)m(v)m(es)j(bac)m(kw)m(ard)e(through)f(the)i(list)f(of)g
17624 (p)s(ossible)630 2819 y(completions,)d(as)e(if)h Ft(menu-complete)26
17625 b Fu(had)k(b)s(een)g(giv)m(en)h(a)g(negativ)m(e)i(argumen)m(t.)150
17626 2984 y Ft(delete-char-or-list)25 b(\(\))630 3093 y Fu(Deletes)41
17627 b(the)e(c)m(haracter)h(under)e(the)h(cursor)f(if)h(not)g(at)g(the)h(b)s
17628 (eginning)e(or)h(end)f(of)h(the)630 3203 y(line)50 b(\(lik)m(e)h
17629 Ft(delete-char)p Fu(\).)96 b(If)49 b(at)h(the)g(end)f(of)h(the)f(line,)
17630 55 b(b)s(eha)m(v)m(es)c(iden)m(tically)g(to)630 3313
17631 y Ft(possible-completions)p Fu(.)35 b(This)30 b(command)g(is)g(un)m(b)s
17632 (ound)e(b)m(y)i(default.)150 3477 y Ft(complete-filename)c(\(M-/\))630
17633 3587 y Fu(A)m(ttempt)32 b(\014lename)e(completion)i(on)e(the)h(text)g
17634 (b)s(efore)f(p)s(oin)m(t.)150 3751 y Ft(possible-filename-comple)o
17635 (tion)o(s)24 b(\(C-x)30 b(/\))630 3861 y Fu(List)f(the)g(p)s(ossible)f
17636 (completions)h(of)g(the)g(text)g(b)s(efore)g(p)s(oin)m(t,)g(treating)h
17637 (it)f(as)g(a)f(\014lename.)150 4025 y Ft(complete-username)e(\(M-~\))
17638 630 4134 y Fu(A)m(ttempt)32 b(completion)f(on)g(the)f(text)i(b)s(efore)
17639 e(p)s(oin)m(t,)g(treating)i(it)f(as)f(a)h(username.)150
17640 4299 y Ft(possible-username-comple)o(tion)o(s)24 b(\(C-x)30
17641 b(~\))630 4408 y Fu(List)25 b(the)g(p)s(ossible)g(completions)h(of)f
17642 (the)g(text)h(b)s(efore)f(p)s(oin)m(t,)h(treating)g(it)g(as)f(a)g
17643 (username.)150 4573 y Ft(complete-variable)h(\(M-$\))630
17644 4682 y Fu(A)m(ttempt)32 b(completion)f(on)g(the)f(text)i(b)s(efore)e(p)
17645 s(oin)m(t,)g(treating)i(it)f(as)f(a)h(shell)g(v)-5 b(ariable.)150
17646 4847 y Ft(possible-variable-comple)o(tion)o(s)24 b(\(C-x)30
17647 b($\))630 4956 y Fu(List)42 b(the)g(p)s(ossible)g(completions)h(of)f
17648 (the)g(text)h(b)s(efore)e(p)s(oin)m(t,)46 b(treating)d(it)f(as)g(a)h
17649 (shell)630 5066 y(v)-5 b(ariable.)150 5230 y Ft(complete-hostname)26
17650 b(\(M-@\))630 5340 y Fu(A)m(ttempt)32 b(completion)f(on)g(the)f(text)i
17651 (b)s(efore)e(p)s(oin)m(t,)g(treating)i(it)f(as)f(a)h(hostname.)p
17652 eop end
17653 %%Page: 134 140
17654 TeXDict begin 134 139 bop 150 -116 a Fu(Chapter)30 b(8:)41
17655 b(Command)29 b(Line)i(Editing)2062 b(134)150 299 y Ft
17656 (possible-hostname-comple)o(tion)o(s)24 b(\(C-x)30 b(@\))630
17657 408 y Fu(List)25 b(the)g(p)s(ossible)f(completions)h(of)g(the)g(text)g
17658 (b)s(efore)g(p)s(oin)m(t,)h(treating)g(it)f(as)f(a)h(hostname.)150
17659 587 y Ft(complete-command)h(\(M-!\))630 697 y Fu(A)m(ttempt)32
17660 b(completion)g(on)f(the)g(text)h(b)s(efore)e(p)s(oin)m(t,)h(treating)h
17661 (it)g(as)f(a)g(command)g(name.)630 807 y(Command)46 b(completion)i
17662 (attempts)g(to)f(matc)m(h)h(the)f(text)h(against)g(aliases,)53
17663 b(reserv)m(ed)630 916 y(w)m(ords,)36 b(shell)g(functions,)h(shell)e
17664 (builtins,)i(and)e(\014nally)g(executable)i(\014lenames,)g(in)e(that)
17665 630 1026 y(order.)150 1205 y Ft(possible-command-complet)o(ions)24
17666 b(\(C-x)29 b(!\))630 1314 y Fu(List)d(the)h(p)s(ossible)f(completions)h
17667 (of)f(the)h(text)g(b)s(efore)f(p)s(oin)m(t,)h(treating)g(it)g(as)g(a)f
17668 (command)630 1424 y(name.)150 1603 y Ft(dynamic-complete-history)e
17669 (\(M-TAB\))630 1712 y Fu(A)m(ttempt)31 b(completion)h(on)e(the)g(text)h
17670 (b)s(efore)f(p)s(oin)m(t,)g(comparing)h(the)f(text)h(against)h(lines)
17671 630 1822 y(from)e(the)g(history)h(list)g(for)f(p)s(ossible)g
17672 (completion)i(matc)m(hes.)150 2001 y Ft(dabbrev-expand)26
17673 b(\(\))630 2110 y Fu(A)m(ttempt)i(men)m(u)e(completion)i(on)f(the)g
17674 (text)g(b)s(efore)f(p)s(oin)m(t,)i(comparing)f(the)g(text)h(against)630
17675 2220 y(lines)j(from)e(the)i(history)f(list)h(for)g(p)s(ossible)e
17676 (completion)j(matc)m(hes.)150 2399 y Ft(complete-into-braces)25
17677 b(\(M-{\))630 2509 y Fu(P)m(erform)f(\014lename)f(completion)i(and)f
17678 (insert)f(the)h(list)g(of)g(p)s(ossible)f(completions)i(enclosed)630
17679 2618 y(within)34 b(braces)h(so)f(the)h(list)g(is)g(a)m(v)-5
17680 b(ailable)37 b(to)e(the)g(shell)g(\(see)g(Section)h(3.5.1)g([Brace)g
17681 (Ex-)630 2728 y(pansion],)30 b(page)h(23\).)150 2946
17682 y Fk(8.4.7)63 b(Keyb)s(oard)41 b(Macros)150 3128 y Ft(start-kbd-macro)
17683 26 b(\(C-x)j(\(\))630 3238 y Fu(Begin)i(sa)m(ving)h(the)e(c)m
17684 (haracters)i(t)m(yp)s(ed)e(in)m(to)h(the)g(curren)m(t)f(k)m(eyb)s(oard)
17685 g(macro.)150 3417 y Ft(end-kbd-macro)d(\(C-x)i(\)\))630
17686 3526 y Fu(Stop)e(sa)m(ving)h(the)g(c)m(haracters)g(t)m(yp)s(ed)f(in)m
17687 (to)i(the)e(curren)m(t)g(k)m(eyb)s(oard)g(macro)h(and)f(sa)m(v)m(e)i
17688 (the)630 3636 y(de\014nition.)150 3815 y Ft(call-last-kbd-macro)c
17689 (\(C-x)k(e\))630 3924 y Fu(Re-execute)37 b(the)e(last)h(k)m(eyb)s(oard)
17690 f(macro)h(de\014ned,)f(b)m(y)h(making)f(the)g(c)m(haracters)i(in)e(the)
17691 630 4034 y(macro)c(app)s(ear)f(as)g(if)h(t)m(yp)s(ed)f(at)h(the)f(k)m
17692 (eyb)s(oard.)150 4213 y Ft(print-last-kbd-macro)25 b(\(\))630
17693 4322 y Fu(Prin)m(t)30 b(the)h(last)g(k)m(eb)s(oard)f(macro)h(de\014ned)
17694 e(in)i(a)f(format)h(suitable)g(for)f(the)h Fr(inputrc)k
17695 Fu(\014le.)150 4541 y Fk(8.4.8)63 b(Some)41 b(Miscellaneous)i(Commands)
17696 150 4723 y Ft(re-read-init-file)26 b(\(C-x)j(C-r\))630
17697 4832 y Fu(Read)22 b(in)g(the)g(con)m(ten)m(ts)h(of)f(the)g
17698 Fr(inputrc)27 b Fu(\014le,)d(and)d(incorp)s(orate)h(an)m(y)h(bindings)d
17699 (or)i(v)-5 b(ariable)630 4942 y(assignmen)m(ts)31 b(found)e(there.)150
17700 5121 y Ft(abort)g(\(C-g\))630 5230 y Fu(Ab)s(ort)d(the)h(curren)m(t)f
17701 (editing)h(command)f(and)g(ring)h(the)f(terminal's)h(b)s(ell)g(\(sub)5
17702 b(ject)26 b(to)i(the)630 5340 y(setting)j(of)g Ft(bell-style)p
17703 Fu(\).)p eop end
17704 %%Page: 135 141
17705 TeXDict begin 135 140 bop 150 -116 a Fu(Chapter)30 b(8:)41
17706 b(Command)29 b(Line)i(Editing)2062 b(135)150 299 y Ft
17707 (do-lowercase-version)25 b(\(M-A,)k(M-B,)g(M-)p Fj(x)p
17708 Ft(,)g(...)o(\))630 408 y Fu(If)35 b(the)g(meta\014ed)g(c)m(haracter)i
17709 Fr(x)k Fu(is)35 b(upp)s(er)e(case,)k(run)d(the)h(command)g(that)g(is)g
17710 (b)s(ound)e(to)630 518 y(the)g(corresp)s(onding)f(meta\014ed)h(lo)m(w)m
17711 (er)i(case)f(c)m(haracter.)50 b(The)32 b(b)s(eha)m(vior)h(is)g
17712 (unde\014ned)e(if)630 628 y Fr(x)37 b Fu(is)30 b(already)h(lo)m(w)m(er)
17713 h(case.)150 781 y Ft(prefix-meta)27 b(\(ESC\))630 891
17714 y Fu(Metafy)39 b(the)e(next)h(c)m(haracter)h(t)m(yp)s(ed.)62
17715 b(This)37 b(is)g(for)h(k)m(eyb)s(oards)f(without)g(a)h(meta)g(k)m(ey)-8
17716 b(.)630 1000 y(T)m(yping)30 b(`)p Ft(ESC)g(f)p Fu(')g(is)h(equiv)-5
17717 b(alen)m(t)31 b(to)g(t)m(yping)g Fj(M-f)p Fu(.)150 1154
17718 y Ft(undo)e(\(C-_)g(or)h(C-x)g(C-u\))630 1263 y Fu(Incremen)m(tal)h
17719 (undo,)f(separately)h(remem)m(b)s(ered)f(for)g(eac)m(h)i(line.)150
17720 1417 y Ft(revert-line)27 b(\(M-r\))630 1526 y Fu(Undo)33
17721 b(all)h(c)m(hanges)g(made)f(to)h(this)f(line.)49 b(This)32
17722 b(is)h(lik)m(e)i(executing)f(the)f Ft(undo)f Fu(command)630
17723 1636 y(enough)e(times)h(to)g(get)h(bac)m(k)f(to)g(the)f(b)s(eginning.)
17724 150 1789 y Ft(tilde-expand)d(\(M-&\))630 1899 y Fu(P)m(erform)j(tilde)h
17725 (expansion)g(on)f(the)g(curren)m(t)h(w)m(ord.)150 2052
17726 y Ft(set-mark)d(\(C-@\))630 2162 y Fu(Set)33 b(the)g(mark)f(to)i(the)f
17727 (p)s(oin)m(t.)48 b(If)32 b(a)h(n)m(umeric)g(argumen)m(t)g(is)g
17728 (supplied,)f(the)h(mark)g(is)f(set)630 2271 y(to)f(that)g(p)s(osition.)
17729 150 2425 y Ft(exchange-point-and-mark)24 b(\(C-x)29 b(C-x\))630
17730 2534 y Fu(Sw)m(ap)i(the)g(p)s(oin)m(t)g(with)g(the)g(mark.)43
17731 b(The)31 b(curren)m(t)g(cursor)f(p)s(osition)i(is)f(set)h(to)f(the)h
17732 (sa)m(v)m(ed)630 2644 y(p)s(osition,)f(and)e(the)i(old)g(cursor)e(p)s
17733 (osition)i(is)f(sa)m(v)m(ed)i(as)e(the)h(mark.)150 2798
17734 y Ft(character-search)26 b(\(C-]\))630 2907 y Fu(A)f(c)m(haracter)h(is)
17735 f(read)g(and)f(p)s(oin)m(t)h(is)g(mo)m(v)m(ed)h(to)g(the)f(next)g(o)s
17736 (ccurrence)g(of)g(that)g(c)m(haracter.)630 3017 y(A)30
17737 b(negativ)m(e)j(coun)m(t)e(searc)m(hes)g(for)f(previous)g(o)s
17738 (ccurrences.)150 3170 y Ft(character-search-backwar)o(d)24
17739 b(\(M-C-]\))630 3280 y Fu(A)45 b(c)m(haracter)h(is)f(read)g(and)f(p)s
17740 (oin)m(t)h(is)g(mo)m(v)m(ed)h(to)f(the)g(previous)f(o)s(ccurrence)h(of)
17741 g(that)630 3389 y(c)m(haracter.)d(A)31 b(negativ)m(e)h(coun)m(t)f
17742 (searc)m(hes)h(for)e(subsequen)m(t)f(o)s(ccurrences.)150
17743 3543 y Ft(skip-csi-sequence)d(\(\))630 3652 y Fu(Read)i(enough)f(c)m
17744 (haracters)h(to)g(consume)f(a)h(m)m(ulti-k)m(ey)h(sequence)f(suc)m(h)f
17745 (as)g(those)h(de\014ned)630 3762 y(for)37 b(k)m(eys)h(lik)m(e)g(Home)g
17746 (and)f(End.)60 b(Suc)m(h)37 b(sequences)g(b)s(egin)g(with)g(a)h(Con)m
17747 (trol)g(Sequence)630 3871 y(Indicator)f(\(CSI\),)f(usually)h(ESC-[.)59
17748 b(If)36 b(this)g(sequence)h(is)g(b)s(ound)d(to)k Ft("\\)p
17749 Fu(e[)p Ft(")p Fu(,)g(k)m(eys)f(pro-)630 3981 y(ducing)31
17750 b(suc)m(h)h(sequences)g(will)h(ha)m(v)m(e)g(no)f(e\013ect)h(unless)e
17751 (explicitly)j(b)s(ound)c(to)i(a)h(readline)630 4091 y(command,)f
17752 (instead)g(of)g(inserting)g(stra)m(y)h(c)m(haracters)g(in)m(to)g(the)f
17753 (editing)h(bu\013er.)44 b(This)31 b(is)630 4200 y(un)m(b)s(ound)d(b)m
17754 (y)i(default,)h(but)f(usually)g(b)s(ound)e(to)j(ESC-[.)150
17755 4354 y Ft(insert-comment)26 b(\(M-#\))630 4463 y Fu(Without)36
17756 b(a)g(n)m(umeric)g(argumen)m(t,)h(the)f(v)-5 b(alue)36
17757 b(of)g(the)g Ft(comment-begin)c Fu(v)-5 b(ariable)36
17758 b(is)g(in-)630 4573 y(serted)c(at)g(the)g(b)s(eginning)f(of)h(the)f
17759 (curren)m(t)h(line.)45 b(If)31 b(a)h(n)m(umeric)f(argumen)m(t)h(is)g
17760 (supplied,)630 4682 y(this)k(command)h(acts)g(as)g(a)g(toggle:)55
17761 b(if)37 b(the)f(c)m(haracters)i(at)g(the)e(b)s(eginning)g(of)h(the)g
17762 (line)630 4792 y(do)30 b(not)h(matc)m(h)h(the)f(v)-5
17763 b(alue)31 b(of)f Ft(comment-begin)p Fu(,)e(the)i(v)-5
17764 b(alue)31 b(is)g(inserted,)g(otherwise)g(the)630 4902
17765 y(c)m(haracters)42 b(in)d Ft(comment-begin)e Fu(are)j(deleted)h(from)f
17766 (the)g(b)s(eginning)g(of)g(the)g(line.)71 b(In)630 5011
17767 y(either)37 b(case,)j(the)e(line)f(is)g(accepted)i(as)e(if)g(a)g
17768 (newline)g(had)g(b)s(een)f(t)m(yp)s(ed.)60 b(The)37 b(default)630
17769 5121 y(v)-5 b(alue)32 b(of)g Ft(comment-begin)c Fu(causes)k(this)f
17770 (command)h(to)g(mak)m(e)h(the)e(curren)m(t)h(line)g(a)g(shell)630
17771 5230 y(commen)m(t.)40 b(If)26 b(a)h(n)m(umeric)f(argumen)m(t)h(causes)g
17772 (the)f(commen)m(t)i(c)m(haracter)g(to)f(b)s(e)f(remo)m(v)m(ed,)630
17773 5340 y(the)31 b(line)f(will)h(b)s(e)f(executed)h(b)m(y)f(the)h(shell.)p
17774 eop end
17775 %%Page: 136 142
17776 TeXDict begin 136 141 bop 150 -116 a Fu(Chapter)30 b(8:)41
17777 b(Command)29 b(Line)i(Editing)2062 b(136)150 299 y Ft(dump-functions)26
17778 b(\(\))630 408 y Fu(Prin)m(t)g(all)i(of)e(the)h(functions)f(and)g
17779 (their)g(k)m(ey)h(bindings)e(to)j(the)e(Readline)h(output)f(stream.)630
17780 518 y(If)31 b(a)h(n)m(umeric)g(argumen)m(t)g(is)g(supplied,)f(the)h
17781 (output)f(is)h(formatted)g(in)f(suc)m(h)h(a)g(w)m(a)m(y)g(that)630
17782 628 y(it)f(can)g(b)s(e)e(made)i(part)f(of)g(an)h Fr(inputrc)k
17783 Fu(\014le.)41 b(This)29 b(command)h(is)h(un)m(b)s(ound)c(b)m(y)k
17784 (default.)150 783 y Ft(dump-variables)26 b(\(\))630 892
17785 y Fu(Prin)m(t)21 b(all)h(of)g(the)f(settable)i(v)-5 b(ariables)22
17786 b(and)f(their)g(v)-5 b(alues)22 b(to)g(the)f(Readline)h(output)f
17787 (stream.)630 1002 y(If)31 b(a)h(n)m(umeric)g(argumen)m(t)g(is)g
17788 (supplied,)f(the)h(output)f(is)h(formatted)g(in)f(suc)m(h)h(a)g(w)m(a)m
17789 (y)g(that)630 1112 y(it)f(can)g(b)s(e)e(made)i(part)f(of)g(an)h
17790 Fr(inputrc)k Fu(\014le.)41 b(This)29 b(command)h(is)h(un)m(b)s(ound)c
17791 (b)m(y)k(default.)150 1267 y Ft(dump-macros)c(\(\))630
17792 1377 y Fu(Prin)m(t)34 b(all)g(of)g(the)g(Readline)g(k)m(ey)h(sequences)
17793 f(b)s(ound)e(to)i(macros)g(and)f(the)h(strings)g(they)630
17794 1486 y(output.)53 b(If)35 b(a)g(n)m(umeric)f(argumen)m(t)i(is)e
17795 (supplied,)h(the)g(output)g(is)f(formatted)i(in)e(suc)m(h)h(a)630
17796 1596 y(w)m(a)m(y)c(that)g(it)f(can)g(b)s(e)g(made)g(part)f(of)i(an)e
17797 Fr(inputrc)35 b Fu(\014le.)41 b(This)29 b(command)h(is)g(un)m(b)s(ound)
17798 d(b)m(y)630 1705 y(default.)150 1861 y Ft(glob-complete-word)e(\(M-g\))
17799 630 1970 y Fu(The)i(w)m(ord)h(b)s(efore)f(p)s(oin)m(t)h(is)g(treated)h
17800 (as)f(a)h(pattern)f(for)f(pathname)h(expansion,)g(with)g(an)630
17801 2080 y(asterisk)d(implicitly)h(app)s(ended.)37 b(This)23
17802 b(pattern)i(is)f(used)g(to)h(generate)h(a)e(list)h(of)g(matc)m(hing)630
17803 2189 y(\014le)30 b(names)h(for)f(p)s(ossible)g(completions.)150
17804 2345 y Ft(glob-expand-word)c(\(C-x)j(*\))630 2454 y Fu(The)40
17805 b(w)m(ord)g(b)s(efore)g(p)s(oin)m(t)h(is)g(treated)g(as)g(a)g(pattern)g
17806 (for)f(pathname)g(expansion,)k(and)630 2564 y(the)c(list)g(of)f(matc)m
17807 (hing)i(\014le)e(names)g(is)h(inserted,)h(replacing)g(the)e(w)m(ord.)67
17808 b(If)39 b(a)h(n)m(umeric)630 2673 y(argumen)m(t)31 b(is)f(supplied,)g
17809 (a)g(`)p Ft(*)p Fu(')h(is)f(app)s(ended)f(b)s(efore)h(pathname)g
17810 (expansion.)150 2829 y Ft(glob-list-expansions)25 b(\(C-x)k(g\))630
17811 2938 y Fu(The)k(list)h(of)f(expansions)g(that)h(w)m(ould)f(ha)m(v)m(e)h
17812 (b)s(een)f(generated)h(b)m(y)f Ft(glob-expand-word)630
17813 3048 y Fu(is)h(displa)m(y)m(ed,)h(and)e(the)h(line)g(is)f(redra)m(wn.)
17814 50 b(If)33 b(a)h(n)m(umeric)g(argumen)m(t)g(is)f(supplied,)h(a)g(`)p
17815 Ft(*)p Fu(')630 3157 y(is)c(app)s(ended)f(b)s(efore)h(pathname)g
17816 (expansion.)150 3313 y Ft(display-shell-version)25 b(\(C-x)k(C-v\))630
17817 3422 y Fu(Displa)m(y)j(v)m(ersion)e(information)h(ab)s(out)f(the)h
17818 (curren)m(t)f(instance)h(of)f(Bash.)150 3577 y Ft(shell-expand-line)c
17819 (\(M-C-e\))630 3687 y Fu(Expand)34 b(the)h(line)h(as)g(the)f(shell)h
17820 (do)s(es.)55 b(This)34 b(p)s(erforms)g(alias)i(and)f(history)g
17821 (expansion)630 3797 y(as)f(w)m(ell)g(as)g(all)h(of)e(the)h(shell)g(w)m
17822 (ord)f(expansions)g(\(see)i(Section)f(3.5)h([Shell)e(Expansions],)630
17823 3906 y(page)e(22\).)150 4061 y Ft(history-expand-line)25
17824 b(\(M-^\))630 4171 y Fu(P)m(erform)30 b(history)h(expansion)f(on)g(the)
17825 h(curren)m(t)f(line.)150 4326 y Ft(magic-space)d(\(\))630
17826 4436 y Fu(P)m(erform)c(history)g(expansion)g(on)g(the)g(curren)m(t)g
17827 (line)g(and)g(insert)g(a)g(space)h(\(see)g(Section)g(9.3)630
17828 4545 y([History)31 b(In)m(teraction],)i(page)e(148\).)150
17829 4701 y Ft(alias-expand-line)26 b(\(\))630 4810 y Fu(P)m(erform)i(alias)
17830 i(expansion)e(on)g(the)h(curren)m(t)f(line)h(\(see)g(Section)g(6.6)h
17831 ([Aliases],)g(page)f(94\).)150 4966 y Ft(history-and-alias-expand)o
17832 (-lin)o(e)24 b(\(\))630 5075 y Fu(P)m(erform)30 b(history)h(and)e
17833 (alias)j(expansion)e(on)g(the)h(curren)m(t)f(line.)150
17834 5230 y Ft(insert-last-argument)25 b(\(M-.)k(or)h(M-_\))630
17835 5340 y Fu(A)g(synon)m(ym)g(for)g Ft(yank-last-arg)p Fu(.)p
17836 eop end
17837 %%Page: 137 143
17838 TeXDict begin 137 142 bop 150 -116 a Fu(Chapter)30 b(8:)41
17839 b(Command)29 b(Line)i(Editing)2062 b(137)150 299 y Ft
17840 (edit-and-execute-command)24 b(\(C-x)29 b(C-e\))630 408
17841 y Fu(In)m(v)m(ok)m(e)34 b(an)f(editor)g(on)g(the)g(curren)m(t)f
17842 (command)h(line,)h(and)e(execute)i(the)f(result)g(as)g(shell)630
17843 518 y(commands.)81 b(Bash)44 b(attempts)h(to)g(in)m(v)m(ok)m(e)h
17844 Ft($VISUAL)p Fu(,)f Ft($EDITOR)p Fu(,)h(and)d Ft(emacs)g
17845 Fu(as)h(the)630 628 y(editor,)31 b(in)f(that)h(order.)150
17846 893 y Fs(8.5)68 b(Readline)47 b(vi)e(Mo)t(de)150 1052
17847 y Fu(While)32 b(the)g(Readline)g(library)f(do)s(es)g(not)h(ha)m(v)m(e)h
17848 (a)f(full)f(set)h(of)g Ft(vi)f Fu(editing)h(functions,)f(it)h(do)s(es)g
17849 (con)m(tain)150 1162 y(enough)i(to)h(allo)m(w)g(simple)f(editing)h(of)f
17850 (the)g(line.)52 b(The)34 b(Readline)g Ft(vi)g Fu(mo)s(de)f(b)s(eha)m(v)
17851 m(es)i(as)f(sp)s(eci\014ed)f(in)150 1271 y(the)e Fm(posix)e
17852 Fu(standard.)275 1422 y(In)35 b(order)g(to)i(switc)m(h)f(in)m(teractiv)
17853 m(ely)j(b)s(et)m(w)m(een)d Ft(emacs)f Fu(and)g Ft(vi)g
17854 Fu(editing)h(mo)s(des,)h(use)f(the)g(`)p Ft(set)30 b(-o)150
17855 1532 y(emacs)p Fu(')43 b(and)h(`)p Ft(set)30 b(-o)f(vi)p
17856 Fu(')44 b(commands)g(\(see)i(Section)f(4.3.1)h([The)e(Set)h(Builtin],)j
17857 (page)e(62\).)83 b(The)150 1641 y(Readline)31 b(default)g(is)f
17858 Ft(emacs)f Fu(mo)s(de.)275 1792 y(When)g(y)m(ou)i(en)m(ter)f(a)h(line)f
17859 (in)g Ft(vi)f Fu(mo)s(de,)h(y)m(ou)h(are)f(already)h(placed)f(in)g
17860 (`insertion')g(mo)s(de,)g(as)h(if)f(y)m(ou)150 1902 y(had)f(t)m(yp)s
17861 (ed)g(an)g(`)p Ft(i)p Fu('.)41 b(Pressing)29 b Ft(ESC)f
17862 Fu(switc)m(hes)i(y)m(ou)g(in)m(to)h(`command')e(mo)s(de,)h(where)e(y)m
17863 (ou)i(can)g(edit)g(the)150 2011 y(text)35 b(of)f(the)g(line)g(with)f
17864 (the)h(standard)f Ft(vi)g Fu(mo)m(v)m(emen)m(t)j(k)m(eys,)g(mo)m(v)m(e)
17865 f(to)f(previous)g(history)f(lines)h(with)150 2121 y(`)p
17866 Ft(k)p Fu(')d(and)e(subsequen)m(t)h(lines)h(with)f(`)p
17867 Ft(j)p Fu(',)g(and)g(so)h(forth.)150 2386 y Fs(8.6)68
17868 b(Programmable)47 b(Completion)150 2545 y Fu(When)25
17869 b(w)m(ord)g(completion)i(is)f(attempted)g(for)g(an)f(argumen)m(t)h(to)g
17870 (a)g(command)f(for)h(whic)m(h)f(a)h(completion)150 2655
17871 y(sp)s(eci\014cation)40 b(\(a)h Fr(compsp)s(ec)6 b Fu(\))39
17872 b(has)h(b)s(een)f(de\014ned)f(using)h(the)h Ft(complete)d
17873 Fu(builtin)j(\(see)g(Section)h(8.7)150 2764 y([Programmable)h
17874 (Completion)f(Builtins],)k(page)d(139\),)j(the)c(programmable)g
17875 (completion)i(facilities)150 2874 y(are)31 b(in)m(v)m(ok)m(ed.)275
17876 3025 y(First,)23 b(the)e(command)g(name)g(is)h(iden)m(ti\014ed.)37
17877 b(If)21 b(a)g(compsp)s(ec)g(has)g(b)s(een)f(de\014ned)g(for)h(that)h
17878 (command,)150 3134 y(the)44 b(compsp)s(ec)g(is)g(used)f(to)h(generate)i
17879 (the)e(list)g(of)g(p)s(ossible)g(completions)h(for)e(the)h(w)m(ord.)81
17880 b(If)44 b(the)150 3244 y(command)36 b(w)m(ord)g(is)g(the)g(empt)m(y)h
17881 (string)f(\(completion)i(attempted)f(at)g(the)g(b)s(eginning)e(of)h(an)
17882 h(empt)m(y)150 3354 y(line\),)30 b(an)m(y)g(compsp)s(ec)f(de\014ned)f
17883 (with)h(the)h Ft(-E)e Fu(option)i(to)g Ft(complete)d
17884 Fu(is)i(used.)40 b(If)29 b(the)g(command)g(w)m(ord)150
17885 3463 y(is)e(a)h(full)e(pathname,)i(a)g(compsp)s(ec)e(for)h(the)g(full)g
17886 (pathname)g(is)g(searc)m(hed)h(for)f(\014rst.)39 b(If)26
17887 b(no)h(compsp)s(ec)g(is)150 3573 y(found)22 b(for)g(the)h(full)g
17888 (pathname,)h(an)f(attempt)h(is)f(made)g(to)g(\014nd)f(a)h(compsp)s(ec)f
17889 (for)h(the)g(p)s(ortion)f(follo)m(wing)150 3682 y(the)34
17890 b(\014nal)g(slash.)53 b(If)34 b(those)g(searc)m(hes)i(do)e(not)g
17891 (result)h(in)f(a)g(compsp)s(ec,)h(an)m(y)g(compsp)s(ec)f(de\014ned)f
17892 (with)150 3792 y(the)k Ft(-D)g Fu(option)g(to)h Ft(complete)d
17893 Fu(is)i(used)g(as)g(the)g(default.)61 b(If)37 b(there)g(is)h(no)f
17894 (default)g(compsp)s(ec,)i(Bash)150 3901 y(attempts)e(alias)h(expansion)
17895 e(on)g(the)h(command)f(w)m(ord)g(as)h(a)f(\014nal)g(resort,)j(and)c
17896 (attempts)j(to)f(\014nd)e(a)150 4011 y(compsp)s(ec)30
17897 b(for)g(the)h(command)f(w)m(ord)g(from)g(an)m(y)h(successful)f
17898 (expansion)275 4162 y(Once)k(a)g(compsp)s(ec)g(has)g(b)s(een)f(found,)h
17899 (it)h(is)f(used)f(to)i(generate)h(the)e(list)h(of)f(matc)m(hing)h(w)m
17900 (ords.)51 b(If)150 4271 y(a)37 b(compsp)s(ec)f(is)g(not)h(found,)f(the)
17901 h(default)f(Bash)h(completion)g(describ)s(ed)e(ab)s(o)m(v)m(e)j(\(see)f
17902 (Section)g(8.4.6)150 4381 y([Commands)30 b(F)-8 b(or)31
17903 b(Completion],)g(page)g(132\))h(is)f(p)s(erformed.)275
17904 4532 y(First,)g(the)g(actions)g(sp)s(eci\014ed)f(b)m(y)h(the)f(compsp)s
17905 (ec)h(are)g(used.)40 b(Only)30 b(matc)m(hes)i(whic)m(h)e(are)h
17906 (pre\014xed)150 4641 y(b)m(y)h(the)f(w)m(ord)h(b)s(eing)f(completed)h
17907 (are)g(returned.)44 b(When)31 b(the)h Ft(-f)f Fu(or)h
17908 Ft(-d)f Fu(option)h(is)f(used)g(for)h(\014lename)150
17909 4751 y(or)e(directory)h(name)f(completion,)i(the)e(shell)h(v)-5
17910 b(ariable)31 b Ft(FIGNORE)d Fu(is)i(used)f(to)i(\014lter)g(the)f(matc)m
17911 (hes.)42 b(See)150 4860 y(Section)31 b(5.2)h([Bash)e(V)-8
17912 b(ariables],)33 b(page)e(73,)g(for)f(a)h(description)g(of)f
17913 Ft(FIGNORE)p Fu(.)275 5011 y(An)m(y)22 b(completions)h(sp)s(eci\014ed)f
17914 (b)m(y)g(a)h(\014lename)f(expansion)h(pattern)f(to)h(the)g
17915 Ft(-G)e Fu(option)i(are)g(generated)150 5121 y(next.)41
17916 b(The)29 b(w)m(ords)g(generated)h(b)m(y)g(the)g(pattern)f(need)h(not)f
17917 (matc)m(h)i(the)f(w)m(ord)f(b)s(eing)g(completed.)41
17918 b(The)150 5230 y Ft(GLOBIGNORE)29 b Fu(shell)i(v)-5 b(ariable)32
17919 b(is)g(not)g(used)e(to)i(\014lter)g(the)g(matc)m(hes,)h(but)d(the)i
17920 Ft(FIGNORE)e Fu(shell)h(v)-5 b(ariable)150 5340 y(is)30
17921 b(used.)p eop end
17922 %%Page: 138 144
17923 TeXDict begin 138 143 bop 150 -116 a Fu(Chapter)30 b(8:)41
17924 b(Command)29 b(Line)i(Editing)2062 b(138)275 299 y(Next,)39
17925 b(the)f(string)f(sp)s(eci\014ed)f(as)h(the)g(argumen)m(t)h(to)g(the)f
17926 Ft(-W)f Fu(option)i(is)f(considered.)60 b(The)37 b(string)150
17927 408 y(is)c(\014rst)e(split)i(using)f(the)h(c)m(haracters)h(in)e(the)h
17928 Ft(IFS)e Fu(sp)s(ecial)j(v)-5 b(ariable)33 b(as)g(delimiters.)48
17929 b(Shell)32 b(quoting)h(is)150 518 y(honored)f(within)h(the)g(string,)h
17930 (in)f(order)f(to)i(pro)m(vide)f(a)h(mec)m(hanism)f(for)g(the)g(w)m
17931 (ords)g(to)g(con)m(tain)i(shell)150 628 y(metac)m(haracters)e(or)e(c)m
17932 (haracters)i(in)e(the)g(v)-5 b(alue)31 b(of)g Ft(IFS)p
17933 Fu(.)42 b(Eac)m(h)32 b(w)m(ord)e(is)h(then)g(expanded)f(using)h(brace)
17934 150 737 y(expansion,)g(tilde)h(expansion,)f(parameter)g(and)g(v)-5
17935 b(ariable)32 b(expansion,)f(command)f(substitution,)i(and)150
17936 847 y(arithmetic)c(expansion,)f(as)g(describ)s(ed)e(ab)s(o)m(v)m(e)i
17937 (\(see)h(Section)f(3.5)g([Shell)g(Expansions],)g(page)g(22\).)40
17938 b(The)150 956 y(results)23 b(are)h(split)g(using)f(the)h(rules)f
17939 (describ)s(ed)f(ab)s(o)m(v)m(e)j(\(see)g(Section)f(3.5.7)h([W)-8
17940 b(ord)24 b(Splitting],)i(page)e(32\).)150 1066 y(The)j(results)h(of)f
17941 (the)h(expansion)g(are)g(pre\014x-matc)m(hed)g(against)h(the)f(w)m(ord)
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17943 (b)s(ecome)h(the)g(p)s(ossible)f(completions.)275 1313
17944 y(After)f(these)g(matc)m(hes)i(ha)m(v)m(e)f(b)s(een)f(generated,)h(an)m
17945 (y)g(shell)f(function)g(or)g(command)g(sp)s(eci\014ed)f(with)150
17946 1422 y(the)36 b Ft(-F)f Fu(and)g Ft(-C)g Fu(options)h(is)g(in)m(v)m(ok)
17947 m(ed.)59 b(When)35 b(the)h(command)g(or)f(function)h(is)g(in)m(v)m(ok)m
17948 (ed,)i(the)e Ft(COMP_)150 1532 y(LINE)p Fu(,)42 b Ft(COMP_POINT)p
17949 Fu(,)d Ft(COMP_KEY)p Fu(,)i(and)e Ft(COMP_TYPE)f Fu(v)-5
17950 b(ariables)41 b(are)f(assigned)g(v)-5 b(alues)41 b(as)f(describ)s(ed)
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17956 y(in)m(v)m(ok)m(ed,)c(the)e(\014rst)f(argumen)m(t)h(\($1\))h(is)e(the)h
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17961 (eing)g(completed)i(on)e(the)h(curren)m(t)f(command)h(line.)65
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17966 s(eci\014ed)f(with)g Ft(-F)g Fu(is)h(in)m(v)m(ok)m(ed)h(\014rst.)53
17967 b(The)35 b(function)f(ma)m(y)h(use)g(an)m(y)g(of)g(the)g(shell)150
17968 2545 y(facilities,)50 b(including)44 b(the)h Ft(compgen)d
17969 Fu(and)i Ft(compopt)e Fu(builtins)i(describ)s(ed)f(b)s(elo)m(w)h(\(see)
17970 i(Section)f(8.7)150 2655 y([Programmable)31 b(Completion)h(Builtins],)f
17971 (page)h(139\),)g(to)g(generate)g(the)f(matc)m(hes.)42
17972 b(It)31 b(m)m(ust)g(put)f(the)150 2765 y(p)s(ossible)g(completions)h
17973 (in)f(the)h Ft(COMPREPLY)d Fu(arra)m(y)j(v)-5 b(ariable,)31
17974 b(one)g(p)s(er)e(arra)m(y)i(elemen)m(t.)275 2902 y(Next,)26
17975 b(an)m(y)f(command)f(sp)s(eci\014ed)g(with)g(the)h Ft(-C)f
17976 Fu(option)h(is)f(in)m(v)m(ok)m(ed)i(in)e(an)g(en)m(vironmen)m(t)h
17977 (equiv)-5 b(alen)m(t)150 3011 y(to)26 b(command)e(substitution.)39
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17980 b(Bac)m(kslash)32 b(ma)m(y)f(b)s(e)f(used)g(to)h(escap)s(e)g(a)f
17981 (newline,)h(if)f(necessary)-8 b(.)275 3258 y(After)24
17982 b(all)i(of)f(the)f(p)s(ossible)g(completions)i(are)f(generated,)i(an)m
17983 (y)e(\014lter)g(sp)s(eci\014ed)e(with)i(the)g Ft(-X)e
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17985 b(The)33 b(\014lter)h(is)g(a)h(pattern)f(as)g(used)f(for)h(pathname)g
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17987 y(pattern)28 b(is)f(replaced)h(with)g(the)f(text)i(of)f(the)f(w)m(ord)h
17988 (b)s(eing)f(completed.)40 b(A)28 b(literal)h(`)p Ft(&)p
17989 Fu(')f(ma)m(y)g(b)s(e)f(escap)s(ed)150 3587 y(with)38
17990 b(a)h(bac)m(kslash;)k(the)38 b(bac)m(kslash)h(is)g(remo)m(v)m(ed)g(b)s
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17993 (ed)h(from)f(the)h(list.)44 b(A)32 b(leading)g(`)p Ft(!)p
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17995 (completion)h(not)e(matc)m(hing)h(the)g(pattern)f(will)h(b)s(e)e(remo)m
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17997 Fu(shell)k(option)f(\(see)i(the)e(description)g(of)h
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18000 (without)h(regard)g(to)h(the)g(case)g(of)g(alphab)s(etic)g(c)m
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18002 (su\016x)h(sp)s(eci\014ed)f(with)i(the)f Ft(-P)g Fu(and)g
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18004 y(mem)m(b)s(er)31 b(of)g(the)h(completion)h(list,)f(and)f(the)h(result)
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18006 4381 y(as)e(the)f(list)h(of)g(p)s(ossible)f(completions.)275
18007 4518 y(If)d(the)h(previously-applied)f(actions)i(do)f(not)g(generate)h
18008 (an)m(y)f(matc)m(hes,)i(and)d(the)h Ft(-o)h(dirnames)d
18009 Fu(op-)150 4628 y(tion)j(w)m(as)f(supplied)f(to)i Ft(complete)d
18010 Fu(when)h(the)h(compsp)s(ec)g(w)m(as)g(de\014ned,)g(directory)g(name)h
18011 (completion)150 4737 y(is)h(attempted.)275 4874 y(If)35
18012 b(the)g Ft(-o)30 b(plusdirs)j Fu(option)j(w)m(as)g(supplied)e(to)i
18013 Ft(complete)e Fu(when)g(the)i(compsp)s(ec)f(w)m(as)h(de\014ned,)150
18014 4984 y(directory)g(name)f(completion)i(is)e(attempted)h(and)f(an)m(y)h
18015 (matc)m(hes)g(are)g(added)f(to)h(the)f(results)g(of)h(the)150
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18017 (ec)f(is)h(found,)f(whatev)m(er)h(it)g(generates)h(is)e(returned)g(to)h
18018 (the)g(completion)150 5340 y(co)s(de)21 b(as)g(the)g(full)g(set)g(of)g
18019 (p)s(ossible)f(completions.)39 b(The)20 b(default)h(Bash)g(completions)
18020 h(are)g(not)f(attempted,)p eop end
18021 %%Page: 139 145
18022 TeXDict begin 139 144 bop 150 -116 a Fu(Chapter)30 b(8:)41
18023 b(Command)29 b(Line)i(Editing)2062 b(139)150 299 y(and)30
18024 b(the)g(Readline)h(default)f(of)g(\014lename)h(completion)g(is)f
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18027 (ec)h(w)m(as)g(de\014ned,)g(the)f(default)h(Bash)g(completions)h(are)
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18029 (hes.)41 b(If)27 b(the)g Ft(-o)j(default)25 b Fu(option)j(w)m(as)f
18030 (supplied)f(to)150 628 y Ft(complete)f Fu(when)h(the)h(compsp)s(ec)f(w)
18031 m(as)i(de\014ned,)e(Readline's)i(default)f(completion)h(will)f(b)s(e)f
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18033 (attempted,)g(the)g(default)f(Bash)h(completions\))h(generate)g(no)e
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18036 982 y(completion)31 b(functions)e(force)i(Readline)f(to)h(app)s(end)d
18037 (a)i(slash)g(to)g(completed)h(names)e(whic)m(h)h(are)g(sym-)150
18038 1092 y(b)s(olic)40 b(links)g(to)h(directories,)j(sub)5
18039 b(ject)40 b(to)h(the)f(v)-5 b(alue)41 b(of)f(the)g Fr(mark-directories)
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18041 b(of)f(the)h(setting)g(of)g(the)f Fr(mark-symlink)m(ed-directories)36
18042 b Fu(Readline)31 b(v)-5 b(ariable.)275 1337 y(There)25
18043 b(is)i(some)g(supp)s(ort)e(for)h(dynamically)h(mo)s(difying)f
18044 (completions.)40 b(This)26 b(is)g(most)h(useful)f(when)150
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18047 (for)g(shell)150 1556 y(functions)28 b(executed)h(as)f(completion)i
18048 (handlers)d(to)i(indicate)g(that)g(completion)g(should)e(b)s(e)h
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18052 (on)g(whic)m(h)g(completion)i(is)e(b)s(eing)g(attempted)h(\(supplied)e
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18054 (is)g(executed\),)j(programmable)d(completion)i(restarts)f(from)f(the)
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18056 e(compsp)s(ec)i(for)f(that)h(command.)39 b(This)27 b(allo)m(ws)h(a)g
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18058 i(as)f(completion)h(is)f(attempted,)h(rather)f(than)f(b)s(eing)g
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18060 b(instance,)h(assuming)e(that)h(there)f(is)h(a)f(library)g(of)g(compsp)
18061 s(ecs,)i(eac)m(h)g(k)m(ept)e(in)g(a)h(\014le)f(corre-)150
18062 2459 y(sp)s(onding)g(to)j(the)f(name)f(of)h(the)g(command,)i(the)e
18063 (follo)m(wing)h(default)f(completion)h(function)e(w)m(ould)150
18064 2568 y(load)31 b(completions)g(dynamically:)390 2704
18065 y Ft(_completion_loader\(\))390 2813 y({)581 2923 y(.)47
18066 b("/etc/bash_completion.d/$1)o(.sh)o(")42 b(>/dev/null)j(2>&1)i(&&)g
18067 (return)f(124)390 3032 y(})390 3142 y(complete)g(-D)h(-F)g
18068 (_completion_loader)c(-o)k(bashdefault)e(-o)i(default)150
18069 3384 y Fs(8.7)68 b(Programmable)47 b(Completion)f(Builtins)150
18070 3543 y Fu(Three)21 b(builtin)g(commands)f(are)i(a)m(v)-5
18071 b(ailable)24 b(to)e(manipulate)f(the)h(programmable)f(completion)h
18072 (facilities:)150 3653 y(one)34 b(to)g(sp)s(ecify)f(ho)m(w)h(the)f
18073 (argumen)m(ts)h(to)g(a)g(particular)g(command)f(are)h(to)g(b)s(e)f
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18075 (completion)i(as)e(it)h(is)g(happ)s(ening.)150 3923 y
18076 Ft(compgen)870 4058 y(compgen)46 b([)p Fj(option)p Ft(])f([)p
18077 Fj(word)p Ft(])630 4193 y Fu(Generate)27 b(p)s(ossible)e(completion)i
18078 (matc)m(hes)g(for)e Fr(w)m(ord)k Fu(according)e(to)f(the)g
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18080 (option)g(accepted)g(b)m(y)g(the)f Ft(complete)f Fu(builtin)h(with)g
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18082 Ft(-r)p Fu(,)i(and)e(write)h(the)g(matc)m(hes)g(to)g(the)g(standard)f
18083 (output.)68 b(When)39 b(using)g(the)h Ft(-F)630 4522
18084 y Fu(or)33 b Ft(-C)f Fu(options,)i(the)e(v)-5 b(arious)33
18085 b(shell)g(v)-5 b(ariables)33 b(set)g(b)m(y)g(the)g(programmable)g
18086 (completion)630 4632 y(facilities,)g(while)d(a)m(v)-5
18087 b(ailable,)33 b(will)e(not)g(ha)m(v)m(e)g(useful)f(v)-5
18088 b(alues.)630 4767 y(The)34 b(matc)m(hes)h(will)g(b)s(e)f(generated)h
18089 (in)f(the)h(same)g(w)m(a)m(y)g(as)g(if)f(the)h(programmable)f(com-)630
18090 4876 y(pletion)d(co)s(de)g(had)f(generated)i(them)e(directly)i(from)e
18091 (a)h(completion)h(sp)s(eci\014cation)f(with)630 4986
18092 y(the)e(same)h(\015ags.)40 b(If)29 b Fr(w)m(ord)j Fu(is)d(sp)s
18093 (eci\014ed,)g(only)g(those)h(completions)g(matc)m(hing)g
18094 Fr(w)m(ord)j Fu(will)630 5095 y(b)s(e)d(displa)m(y)m(ed.)630
18095 5230 y(The)24 b(return)g(v)-5 b(alue)25 b(is)g(true)f(unless)g(an)h(in)
18096 m(v)-5 b(alid)25 b(option)g(is)g(supplied,)f(or)h(no)g(matc)m(hes)g(w)m
18097 (ere)630 5340 y(generated.)p eop end
18098 %%Page: 140 146
18099 TeXDict begin 140 145 bop 150 -116 a Fu(Chapter)30 b(8:)41
18100 b(Command)29 b(Line)i(Editing)2062 b(140)150 299 y Ft(complete)870
18101 432 y(complete)46 b([-abcdefgjksuv])d([-o)k Fj(comp-option)p
18102 Ft(])e([-DEI])h([-A)h Fj(action)p Ft(])e([-)870 542 y(G)i
18103 Fj(globpat)p Ft(])870 651 y([-W)g Fj(wordlist)p Ft(])e([-F)i
18104 Fj(function)p Ft(])e([-C)i Fj(command)p Ft(])f([-X)h
18105 Fj(filterpat)p Ft(])870 761 y([-P)g Fj(prefix)p Ft(])f([-S)h
18106 Fj(suffix)p Ft(])e Fj(name)i Ft([)p Fj(name)f Ft(...])870
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18113 (that)h(allo)m(ws)g(them)e(to)i(b)s(e)e(reused)f(as)i(input.)38
18114 b(The)24 b Ft(-r)g Fu(option)i(remo)m(v)m(es)630 1332
18115 y(a)i(completion)h(sp)s(eci\014cation)f(for)g(eac)m(h)h
18116 Fr(name)p Fu(,)f(or,)h(if)e(no)h Fr(name)5 b Fu(s)27
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18131 Ft(;)p Fu(')h(or)g(`)p Ft(|)p Fu(',)i(whic)m(h)e(is)f(usually)h
18132 (command)f(name)h(completion.)72 b(If)630 2318 y(m)m(ultiple)26
18133 b(options)g(are)g(supplied,)g(the)f Ft(-D)g Fu(option)h(tak)m(es)i
18134 (precedence)e(o)m(v)m(er)g Ft(-E)p Fu(,)h(and)e(b)s(oth)630
18135 2428 y(tak)m(e)34 b(precedence)f(o)m(v)m(er)h Ft(-I)p
18136 Fu(.)47 b(If)32 b(an)m(y)h(of)g Ft(-D)p Fu(,)g Ft(-E)p
18137 Fu(,)f(or)h Ft(-I)f Fu(are)h(supplied,)f(an)m(y)h(other)g
18138 Fr(name)630 2538 y Fu(argumen)m(ts)k(are)g(ignored;)j(these)d
18139 (completions)h(only)e(apply)g(to)i(the)f(case)g(sp)s(eci\014ed)f(b)m(y)
18140 630 2647 y(the)31 b(option.)630 2780 y(The)e(pro)s(cess)g(of)h
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18143 (v)m(e)j(\(see)f(Section)g(8.6)g([Programmable)g(Completion],)630
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18145 (eci\014ed,)g(ha)m(v)m(e)h(the)f(follo)m(wing)i(meanings.)40
18146 b(The)29 b(argumen)m(ts)g(to)h(the)630 3242 y Ft(-G)p
18147 Fu(,)41 b Ft(-W)p Fu(,)h(and)c Ft(-X)h Fu(options)h(\(and,)h(if)f
18148 (necessary)-8 b(,)42 b(the)e Ft(-P)f Fu(and)f Ft(-S)h
18149 Fu(options\))h(should)f(b)s(e)630 3352 y(quoted)28 b(to)h(protect)g
18150 (them)f(from)f(expansion)h(b)s(efore)g(the)g Ft(complete)e
18151 Fu(builtin)h(is)h(in)m(v)m(ok)m(ed.)630 3508 y Ft(-o)i
18152 Fj(comp-option)1110 3618 y Fu(The)c Fr(comp-option)i
18153 Fu(con)m(trols)g(sev)m(eral)h(asp)s(ects)e(of)g(the)g(compsp)s(ec's)g
18154 (b)s(eha)m(v-)1110 3727 y(ior)g(b)s(ey)m(ond)f(the)g(simple)h
18155 (generation)h(of)e(completions.)41 b Fr(comp-option)27
18156 b Fu(ma)m(y)1110 3837 y(b)s(e)j(one)g(of:)1110 3994 y
18157 Ft(bashdefault)1590 4103 y Fu(P)m(erform)d(the)h(rest)f(of)h(the)g
18158 (default)f(Bash)h(completions)g(if)g(the)1590 4213 y(compsp)s(ec)i
18159 (generates)i(no)e(matc)m(hes.)1110 4369 y Ft(default)144
18160 b Fu(Use)22 b(Readline's)g(default)g(\014lename)g(completion)g(if)g
18161 (the)g(comp-)1590 4479 y(sp)s(ec)30 b(generates)i(no)e(matc)m(hes.)1110
18162 4635 y Ft(dirnames)96 b Fu(P)m(erform)46 b(directory)g(name)h
18163 (completion)g(if)f(the)g(compsp)s(ec)1590 4745 y(generates)32
18164 b(no)e(matc)m(hes.)1110 4902 y Ft(filenames)1590 5011
18165 y Fu(T)-8 b(ell)40 b(Readline)f(that)h(the)f(compsp)s(ec)f(generates)j
18166 (\014lenames,)1590 5121 y(so)29 b(it)h(can)f(p)s(erform)f(an)m(y)h
18167 (\014lename-sp)s(eci\014c)h(pro)s(cessing)e(\(lik)m(e)1590
18168 5230 y(adding)22 b(a)g(slash)g(to)h(directory)f(names,)i(quoting)f(sp)s
18169 (ecial)f(c)m(har-)1590 5340 y(acters,)39 b(or)d(suppressing)f(trailing)
18170 i(spaces\).)59 b(This)35 b(option)i(is)p eop end
18171 %%Page: 141 147
18172 TeXDict begin 141 146 bop 150 -116 a Fu(Chapter)30 b(8:)41
18173 b(Command)29 b(Line)i(Editing)2062 b(141)1590 299 y(in)m(tended)30
18174 b(to)g(b)s(e)g(used)f(with)g(shell)i(functions)e(sp)s(eci\014ed)g(with)
18175 1590 408 y Ft(-F)p Fu(.)1110 565 y Ft(noquote)144 b Fu(T)-8
18176 b(ell)28 b(Readline)g(not)g(to)g(quote)g(the)g(completed)g(w)m(ords)f
18177 (if)h(they)1590 675 y(are)j(\014lenames)f(\(quoting)h(\014lenames)g(is)
18178 f(the)h(default\).)1110 831 y Ft(nosort)192 b Fu(T)-8
18179 b(ell)23 b(Readline)g(not)f(to)h(sort)g(the)f(list)h(of)f(p)s(ossible)g
18180 (completions)1590 941 y(alphab)s(etically)-8 b(.)1110
18181 1097 y Ft(nospace)144 b Fu(T)-8 b(ell)40 b(Readline)g(not)g(to)g(app)s
18182 (end)d(a)j(space)g(\(the)f(default\))h(to)1590 1207 y(w)m(ords)30
18183 b(completed)h(at)g(the)g(end)f(of)g(the)h(line.)1110
18184 1363 y Ft(plusdirs)96 b Fu(After)30 b(an)m(y)h(matc)m(hes)g(de\014ned)d
18185 (b)m(y)i(the)g(compsp)s(ec)g(are)g(gener-)1590 1473 y(ated,)g
18186 (directory)f(name)g(completion)i(is)d(attempted)i(and)f(an)m(y)1590
18187 1583 y(matc)m(hes)j(are)e(added)g(to)h(the)g(results)f(of)g(the)h
18188 (other)g(actions.)630 1739 y Ft(-A)f Fj(action)66 b Fu(The)25
18189 b Fr(action)h Fu(ma)m(y)g(b)s(e)e(one)h(of)h(the)f(follo)m(wing)i(to)e
18190 (generate)i(a)e(list)h(of)f(p)s(ossible)1110 1849 y(completions:)1110
18191 2005 y Ft(alias)240 b Fu(Alias)31 b(names.)41 b(Ma)m(y)31
18192 b(also)h(b)s(e)e(sp)s(eci\014ed)f(as)i Ft(-a)p Fu(.)1110
18193 2162 y Ft(arrayvar)96 b Fu(Arra)m(y)31 b(v)-5 b(ariable)31
18194 b(names.)1110 2318 y Ft(binding)144 b Fu(Readline)30
18195 b(k)m(ey)f(binding)f(names)h(\(see)h(Section)f(8.4)h([Bindable)1590
18196 2428 y(Readline)h(Commands],)f(page)h(127\).)1110 2585
18197 y Ft(builtin)144 b Fu(Names)21 b(of)g(shell)f(builtin)h(commands.)37
18198 b(Ma)m(y)21 b(also)h(b)s(e)e(sp)s(eci\014ed)1590 2694
18199 y(as)31 b Ft(-b)p Fu(.)1110 2851 y Ft(command)144 b Fu(Command)29
18200 b(names.)41 b(Ma)m(y)32 b(also)f(b)s(e)f(sp)s(eci\014ed)f(as)i
18201 Ft(-c)p Fu(.)1110 3007 y Ft(directory)1590 3117 y Fu(Directory)h
18202 (names.)40 b(Ma)m(y)32 b(also)f(b)s(e)f(sp)s(eci\014ed)g(as)g
18203 Ft(-d)p Fu(.)1110 3273 y Ft(disabled)96 b Fu(Names)31
18204 b(of)g(disabled)f(shell)g(builtins.)1110 3430 y Ft(enabled)144
18205 b Fu(Names)31 b(of)g(enabled)f(shell)g(builtins.)1110
18206 3587 y Ft(export)192 b Fu(Names)34 b(of)f(exp)s(orted)f(shell)h(v)-5
18207 b(ariables.)49 b(Ma)m(y)35 b(also)e(b)s(e)g(sp)s(eci-)1590
18208 3696 y(\014ed)d(as)g Ft(-e)p Fu(.)1110 3853 y Ft(file)288
18209 b Fu(File)32 b(names.)40 b(Ma)m(y)32 b(also)f(b)s(e)f(sp)s(eci\014ed)f
18210 (as)i Ft(-f)p Fu(.)1110 4009 y Ft(function)96 b Fu(Names)31
18211 b(of)g(shell)f(functions.)1110 4166 y Ft(group)240 b
18212 Fu(Group)30 b(names.)40 b(Ma)m(y)32 b(also)f(b)s(e)f(sp)s(eci\014ed)g
18213 (as)g Ft(-g)p Fu(.)1110 4322 y Ft(helptopic)1590 4432
18214 y Fu(Help)37 b(topics)g(as)g(accepted)h(b)m(y)e(the)h
18215 Ft(help)f Fu(builtin)g(\(see)h(Sec-)1590 4542 y(tion)31
18216 b(4.2)g([Bash)g(Builtins],)g(page)g(51\).)1110 4698 y
18217 Ft(hostname)96 b Fu(Hostnames,)89 b(as)76 b(tak)m(en)h(from)f(the)g
18218 (\014le)h(sp)s(eci\014ed)e(b)m(y)1590 4808 y(the)55 b
18219 Ft(HOSTFILE)e Fu(shell)j(v)-5 b(ariable)56 b(\(see)g(Section)g(5.2)h
18220 ([Bash)1590 4917 y(V)-8 b(ariables],)32 b(page)f(73\).)1110
18221 5074 y Ft(job)336 b Fu(Job)31 b(names,)h(if)g(job)f(con)m(trol)i(is)f
18222 (activ)m(e.)46 b(Ma)m(y)33 b(also)g(b)s(e)e(sp)s(eci-)1590
18223 5183 y(\014ed)f(as)g Ft(-j)p Fu(.)1110 5340 y Ft(keyword)144
18224 b Fu(Shell)30 b(reserv)m(ed)h(w)m(ords.)40 b(Ma)m(y)32
18225 b(also)f(b)s(e)f(sp)s(eci\014ed)f(as)i Ft(-k)p Fu(.)p
18226 eop end
18227 %%Page: 142 148
18228 TeXDict begin 142 147 bop 150 -116 a Fu(Chapter)30 b(8:)41
18229 b(Command)29 b(Line)i(Editing)2062 b(142)1110 299 y Ft(running)144
18230 b Fu(Names)31 b(of)g(running)d(jobs,)i(if)h(job)f(con)m(trol)h(is)g
18231 (activ)m(e.)1110 463 y Ft(service)144 b Fu(Service)31
18232 b(names.)41 b(Ma)m(y)31 b(also)g(b)s(e)f(sp)s(eci\014ed)g(as)g
18233 Ft(-s)p Fu(.)1110 628 y Ft(setopt)192 b Fu(V)-8 b(alid)39
18234 b(argumen)m(ts)g(for)f(the)h Ft(-o)e Fu(option)i(to)g(the)g
18235 Ft(set)e Fu(builtin)1590 737 y(\(see)31 b(Section)h(4.3.1)g([The)e(Set)
18236 g(Builtin],)i(page)f(62\).)1110 902 y Ft(shopt)240 b
18237 Fu(Shell)40 b(option)g(names)g(as)g(accepted)i(b)m(y)e(the)g
18238 Ft(shopt)e Fu(builtin)1590 1011 y(\(see)31 b(Section)h(4.2)f([Bash)g
18239 (Builtins],)g(page)g(51\).)1110 1176 y Ft(signal)192
18240 b Fu(Signal)31 b(names.)1110 1340 y Ft(stopped)144 b
18241 Fu(Names)31 b(of)g(stopp)s(ed)e(jobs,)h(if)g(job)g(con)m(trol)i(is)f
18242 (activ)m(e.)1110 1504 y Ft(user)288 b Fu(User)30 b(names.)41
18243 b(Ma)m(y)32 b(also)f(b)s(e)f(sp)s(eci\014ed)f(as)i Ft(-u)p
18244 Fu(.)1110 1669 y Ft(variable)96 b Fu(Names)36 b(of)g(all)g(shell)g(v)-5
18245 b(ariables.)56 b(Ma)m(y)37 b(also)f(b)s(e)f(sp)s(eci\014ed)g(as)1590
18246 1778 y Ft(-v)p Fu(.)630 1943 y Ft(-C)30 b Fj(command)1110
18247 2052 y Fr(command)35 b Fu(is)e(executed)g(in)e(a)i(subshell)e(en)m
18248 (vironmen)m(t,)i(and)f(its)g(output)g(is)1110 2162 y(used)e(as)g(the)h
18249 (p)s(ossible)f(completions.)630 2326 y Ft(-F)g Fj(function)1110
18250 2436 y Fu(The)39 b(shell)g(function)g Fr(function)g Fu(is)g(executed)h
18251 (in)f(the)g(curren)m(t)g(shell)g(en)m(vi-)1110 2545 y(ronmen)m(t.)72
18252 b(When)41 b(it)g(is)g(executed,)k($1)c(is)g(the)g(name)g(of)g(the)g
18253 (command)1110 2655 y(whose)34 b(argumen)m(ts)h(are)g(b)s(eing)f
18254 (completed,)j($2)e(is)f(the)h(w)m(ord)f(b)s(eing)g(com-)1110
18255 2765 y(pleted,)44 b(and)c($3)i(is)e(the)h(w)m(ord)g(preceding)f(the)h
18256 (w)m(ord)f(b)s(eing)h(completed,)1110 2874 y(as)g(describ)s(ed)f(ab)s
18257 (o)m(v)m(e)i(\(see)g(Section)f(8.6)h([Programmable)g(Completion],)1110
18258 2984 y(page)30 b(137\).)42 b(When)29 b(it)h(\014nishes,)e(the)h(p)s
18259 (ossible)g(completions)h(are)g(retriev)m(ed)1110 3093
18260 y(from)g(the)g(v)-5 b(alue)31 b(of)g(the)f Ft(COMPREPLY)e
18261 Fu(arra)m(y)j(v)-5 b(ariable.)630 3258 y Ft(-G)30 b Fj(globpat)1110
18262 3367 y Fu(The)39 b(\014lename)h(expansion)g(pattern)g
18263 Fr(globpat)j Fu(is)d(expanded)f(to)h(generate)1110 3477
18264 y(the)31 b(p)s(ossible)e(completions.)630 3641 y Ft(-P)h
18265 Fj(prefix)66 b Fr(pre\014x)39 b Fu(is)34 b(added)f(at)i(the)f(b)s
18266 (eginning)f(of)i(eac)m(h)g(p)s(ossible)e(completion)i(after)1110
18267 3751 y(all)c(other)g(options)g(ha)m(v)m(e)g(b)s(een)f(applied.)630
18268 3915 y Ft(-S)g Fj(suffix)66 b Fr(su\016x)26 b Fu(is)20
18269 b(app)s(ended)f(to)i(eac)m(h)h(p)s(ossible)e(completion)i(after)f(all)g
18270 (other)g(options)1110 4025 y(ha)m(v)m(e)32 b(b)s(een)d(applied.)630
18271 4189 y Ft(-W)h Fj(wordlist)1110 4299 y Fu(The)24 b Fr(w)m(ordlist)k
18272 Fu(is)d(split)g(using)f(the)h(c)m(haracters)i(in)d(the)i
18273 Ft(IFS)e Fu(sp)s(ecial)h(v)-5 b(ariable)1110 4408 y(as)36
18274 b(delimiters,)i(and)e(eac)m(h)h(resultan)m(t)g(w)m(ord)e(is)h
18275 (expanded.)57 b(The)35 b(p)s(ossible)1110 4518 y(completions)c(are)e
18276 (the)h(mem)m(b)s(ers)f(of)g(the)h(resultan)m(t)g(list)g(whic)m(h)f
18277 (matc)m(h)i(the)1110 4628 y(w)m(ord)f(b)s(eing)g(completed.)630
18278 4792 y Ft(-X)g Fj(filterpat)1110 4902 y Fr(\014lterpat)d
18279 Fu(is)e(a)g(pattern)g(as)f(used)g(for)h(\014lename)g(expansion.)38
18280 b(It)25 b(is)g(applied)f(to)1110 5011 y(the)30 b(list)f(of)h(p)s
18281 (ossible)f(completions)h(generated)h(b)m(y)e(the)g(preceding)h(options)
18282 1110 5121 y(and)d(argumen)m(ts,)i(and)e(eac)m(h)i(completion)g(matc)m
18283 (hing)g Fr(\014lterpat)h Fu(is)e(remo)m(v)m(ed)1110 5230
18284 y(from)i(the)h(list.)42 b(A)30 b(leading)i(`)p Ft(!)p
18285 Fu(')e(in)g Fr(\014lterpat)j Fu(negates)f(the)f(pattern;)g(in)f(this)
18286 1110 5340 y(case,)i(an)m(y)e(completion)i(not)f(matc)m(hing)g
18287 Fr(\014lterpat)i Fu(is)d(remo)m(v)m(ed.)p eop end
18288 %%Page: 143 149
18289 TeXDict begin 143 148 bop 150 -116 a Fu(Chapter)30 b(8:)41
18290 b(Command)29 b(Line)i(Editing)2062 b(143)630 299 y(The)35
18291 b(return)g(v)-5 b(alue)37 b(is)f(true)f(unless)h(an)f(in)m(v)-5
18292 b(alid)37 b(option)f(is)g(supplied,)g(an)g(option)h(other)630
18293 408 y(than)h Ft(-p)g Fu(or)g Ft(-r)f Fu(is)h(supplied)f(without)i(a)f
18294 Fr(name)44 b Fu(argumen)m(t,)c(an)e(attempt)i(is)e(made)g(to)630
18295 518 y(remo)m(v)m(e)32 b(a)e(completion)i(sp)s(eci\014cation)f(for)f(a)h
18296 Fr(name)k Fu(for)30 b(whic)m(h)g(no)g(sp)s(eci\014cation)h(exists,)630
18297 628 y(or)f(an)h(error)f(o)s(ccurs)g(adding)g(a)g(completion)i(sp)s
18298 (eci\014cation.)150 788 y Ft(compopt)870 923 y(compopt)46
18299 b([-o)h Fj(option)p Ft(])f([-DEI])g([+o)h Fj(option)p
18300 Ft(])e([)p Fj(name)p Ft(])630 1058 y Fu(Mo)s(dify)33
18301 b(completion)h(options)g(for)f(eac)m(h)h Fr(name)39 b
18302 Fu(according)34 b(to)g(the)f Fr(option)p Fu(s,)i(or)e(for)g(the)630
18303 1168 y(curren)m(tly-executing)46 b(completion)f(if)f(no)f
18304 Fr(name)5 b Fu(s)44 b(are)h(supplied.)80 b(If)43 b(no)h
18305 Fr(option)p Fu(s)h(are)630 1277 y(giv)m(en,)30 b(displa)m(y)e(the)g
18306 (completion)h(options)g(for)e(eac)m(h)i Fr(name)34 b
18307 Fu(or)27 b(the)i(curren)m(t)e(completion.)630 1387 y(The)f(p)s(ossible)
18308 g(v)-5 b(alues)27 b(of)f Fr(option)h Fu(are)g(those)g(v)-5
18309 b(alid)26 b(for)g(the)h Ft(complete)d Fu(builtin)i(describ)s(ed)630
18310 1496 y(ab)s(o)m(v)m(e.)41 b(The)27 b Ft(-D)f Fu(option)i(indicates)g
18311 (that)g(other)f(supplied)f(options)i(should)e(apply)h(to)h(the)630
18312 1606 y(\\default")33 b(command)f(completion;)i(that)f(is,)g(completion)
18313 g(attempted)g(on)f(a)g(command)630 1716 y(for)g(whic)m(h)g(no)g
18314 (completion)i(has)e(previously)g(b)s(een)g(de\014ned.)45
18315 b(The)32 b Ft(-E)f Fu(option)i(indicates)630 1825 y(that)23
18316 b(other)f(supplied)e(options)j(should)e(apply)g(to)i(\\empt)m(y")g
18317 (command)f(completion;)k(that)630 1935 y(is,)36 b(completion)g
18318 (attempted)g(on)e(a)h(blank)g(line.)54 b(The)34 b Ft(-I)g
18319 Fu(option)h(indicates)g(that)h(other)630 2044 y(supplied)23
18320 b(options)i(should)f(apply)g(to)i(completion)g(on)e(the)h(initial)h
18321 (non-assignmen)m(t)f(w)m(ord)630 2154 y(on)37 b(the)f(line,)j(or)e
18322 (after)g(a)g(command)f(delimiter)i(suc)m(h)e(as)h(`)p
18323 Ft(;)p Fu(')g(or)f(`)p Ft(|)p Fu(',)j(whic)m(h)e(is)f(usually)630
18324 2263 y(command)30 b(name)h(completion.)630 2398 y(If)k(m)m(ultiple)i
18325 (options)f(are)g(supplied,)g(the)g Ft(-D)g Fu(option)g(tak)m(es)h
18326 (precedence)g(o)m(v)m(er)g Ft(-E)p Fu(,)g(and)630 2508
18327 y(b)s(oth)30 b(tak)m(e)i(precedence)e(o)m(v)m(er)i Ft(-I)630
18328 2643 y Fu(The)23 b(return)g(v)-5 b(alue)25 b(is)f(true)g(unless)f(an)h
18329 (in)m(v)-5 b(alid)24 b(option)h(is)f(supplied,)g(an)g(attempt)h(is)f
18330 (made)630 2753 y(to)32 b(mo)s(dify)f(the)g(options)h(for)f(a)h
18331 Fr(name)k Fu(for)31 b(whic)m(h)g(no)g(completion)i(sp)s(eci\014cation)f
18332 (exists,)630 2862 y(or)e(an)h(output)f(error)g(o)s(ccurs.)150
18333 3104 y Fs(8.8)68 b(A)44 b(Programmable)j(Completion)f(Example)150
18334 3264 y Fu(The)37 b(most)g(common)g(w)m(a)m(y)i(to)e(obtain)h
18335 (additional)g(completion)g(functionalit)m(y)h(b)s(ey)m(ond)d(the)i
18336 (default)150 3373 y(actions)29 b Ft(complete)d Fu(and)i
18337 Ft(compgen)e Fu(pro)m(vide)i(is)h(to)f(use)g(a)h(shell)f(function)g
18338 (and)g(bind)e(it)j(to)g(a)g(particular)150 3483 y(command)h(using)g
18339 Ft(complete)e(-F)p Fu(.)275 3618 y(The)j(follo)m(wing)j(function)e(pro)
18340 m(vides)g(completions)i(for)e(the)g Ft(cd)g Fu(builtin.)46
18341 b(It)32 b(is)h(a)f(reasonably)h(go)s(o)s(d)150 3728 y(example)41
18342 b(of)g(what)f(shell)h(functions)f(m)m(ust)g(do)h(when)e(used)h(for)g
18343 (completion.)73 b(This)39 b(function)h(uses)150 3838
18344 y(the)32 b(w)m(ord)f(passed)g(as)h Ft($2)f Fu(to)h(determine)g(the)f
18345 (directory)h(name)g(to)g(complete.)46 b(Y)-8 b(ou)32
18346 b(can)g(also)g(use)g(the)150 3947 y Ft(COMP_WORDS)c Fu(arra)m(y)i(v)-5
18347 b(ariable;)32 b(the)e(curren)m(t)h(w)m(ord)f(is)g(indexed)g(b)m(y)g
18348 (the)h Ft(COMP_CWORD)c Fu(v)-5 b(ariable.)275 4083 y(The)42
18349 b(function)h(relies)h(on)e(the)i Ft(complete)c Fu(and)j
18350 Ft(compgen)e Fu(builtins)h(to)i(do)f(m)m(uc)m(h)g(of)g(the)h(w)m(ork,)
18351 150 4192 y(adding)25 b(only)h(the)g(things)g(that)g(the)g(Bash)g
18352 Ft(cd)f Fu(do)s(es)g(b)s(ey)m(ond)g(accepting)j(basic)e(directory)g
18353 (names:)38 b(tilde)150 4302 y(expansion)22 b(\(see)h(Section)g(3.5.2)g
18354 ([Tilde)g(Expansion],)g(page)g(24\),)i(searc)m(hing)e(directories)g(in)
18355 e Fr($CDP)-8 b(A)g(TH)p Fu(,)150 4411 y(whic)m(h)21 b(is)h(describ)s
18356 (ed)e(ab)s(o)m(v)m(e)j(\(see)f(Section)h(4.1)f([Bourne)g(Shell)f
18357 (Builtins],)j(page)e(44\),)j(and)c(basic)h(supp)s(ort)150
18358 4521 y(for)31 b(the)h Ft(cdable_vars)d Fu(shell)i(option)h(\(see)h
18359 (Section)f(4.3.2)i([The)d(Shopt)g(Builtin],)i(page)f(66\).)46
18360 b Ft(_comp_)150 4631 y(cd)30 b Fu(mo)s(di\014es)g(the)h(v)-5
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18372 %%Page: 144 150
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18409 %%Page: 145 151
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18575 (it)g(is)f(set)h(to)g Fr(\014rst)p Fu(.)49 b(If)33 b
18576 Fr(\014rst)i Fu(is)e(not)h(sp)s(eci\014ed,)f(it)h(is)g(set)g(to)g(the)
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18578 Fq(\000)p Fu(16)i(for)f(listing.)53 b(If)33 b(the)h Ft(-l)g
18579 Fu(\015ag)g(is)g(giv)m(en,)j(the)630 1811 y(commands)27
18580 b(are)h(listed)g(on)f(standard)g(output.)39 b(The)27
18581 b Ft(-n)g Fu(\015ag)h(suppresses)e(the)h(command)630
18582 1921 y(n)m(um)m(b)s(ers)h(when)h(listing.)42 b(The)29
18583 b Ft(-r)g Fu(\015ag)i(rev)m(erses)f(the)g(order)f(of)i(the)f(listing.)
18584 41 b(Otherwise,)630 2030 y(the)i(editor)h(giv)m(en)g(b)m(y)f
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18588 m(wing)h(v)-5 b(ariable)41 b(expansion)f(is)g(used:)630
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18595 h(ec)m(ho)s(ed)g(and)e(executed.)630 2600 y(In)34 b(the)g(second)g
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18598 (replaced)f(b)m(y)h Fr(rep)p Fu(.)39 b Fr(command)31
18599 b Fu(is)c(in)m(terpreted)h(the)f(same)h(as)g Fr(\014rst)630
18600 2819 y Fu(ab)s(o)m(v)m(e.)630 2951 y(A)j(useful)f(alias)i(to)g(use)e
18601 (with)h(the)g Ft(fc)f Fu(command)h(is)g Ft(r='fc)e(-s')p
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18603 3061 y(runs)35 b(the)h(last)h(command)f(b)s(eginning)g(with)g
18604 Ft(cc)f Fu(and)h(t)m(yping)g(`)p Ft(r)p Fu(')h(re-executes)h(the)e
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18608 Fj(offset)870 3784 y Ft(history)f(-d)h Fj(start)p Ft(-)p
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18612 (um)m(b)s(ers.)38 b(Lines)26 b(pre\014xed)e(with)630
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18614 53 b(An)34 b(argumen)m(t)h(of)g Fr(n)f Fu(lists)i(only)f(the)g(last)g
18615 Fr(n)f Fu(lines.)54 b(If)35 b(the)630 4354 y(shell)30
18616 b(v)-5 b(ariable)31 b Ft(HISTTIMEFORMAT)26 b Fu(is)k(set)h(and)e(not)i
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18618 4463 y(for)36 b Fr(strftime)41 b Fu(to)36 b(displa)m(y)g(the)g(time)h
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18622 630 4682 y(the)e(history)f(line.)630 4814 y(Options,)g(if)h(supplied,)e
18623 (ha)m(v)m(e)i(the)g(follo)m(wing)h(meanings:)630 4967
18624 y Ft(-c)384 b Fu(Clear)23 b(the)g(history)g(list.)39
18625 b(This)22 b(ma)m(y)i(b)s(e)e(com)m(bined)h(with)f(the)h(other)h
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18627 (completely)-8 b(.)630 5230 y Ft(-d)30 b Fj(offset)66
18628 b Fu(Delete)38 b(the)f(history)f(en)m(try)h(at)f(p)s(osition)h
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18630 (it)1110 5340 y(should)32 b(b)s(e)h(sp)s(eci\014ed)f(as)i(it)g(app)s
18631 (ears)e(when)g(the)i(history)f(is)g(displa)m(y)m(ed.)50
18632 b(If)p eop end
18633 %%Page: 148 154
18634 TeXDict begin 148 153 bop 150 -116 a Fu(Chapter)30 b(9:)41
18635 b(Using)30 b(History)h(In)m(teractiv)m(ely)1925 b(148)1110
18636 299 y Fr(o\013set)26 b Fu(is)d(negativ)m(e,)k(it)c(is)g(in)m(terpreted)
18637 h(as)f(relativ)m(e)i(to)f(one)f(greater)h(than)f(the)1110
18638 408 y(last)36 b(history)f(p)s(osition,)h(so)f(negativ)m(e)i(indices)e
18639 (coun)m(t)h(bac)m(k)f(from)g(the)g(end)1110 518 y(of)h(the)g(history)-8
18640 b(,)37 b(and)e(an)h(index)f(of)h(`)p Ft(-1)p Fu(')f(refers)g(to)i(the)f
18641 (curren)m(t)f Ft(history)1110 628 y(-d)30 b Fu(command.)630
18642 785 y Ft(-d)g Fj(start)p Ft(-)p Fj(end)1110 895 y Fu(Delete)23
18643 b(the)d(history)h(en)m(tries)g(b)s(et)m(w)m(een)g(p)s(ositions)g
18644 Fr(start)i Fu(and)d Fr(end)p Fu(,)i(inclusiv)m(e.)1110
18645 1004 y(P)m(ositiv)m(e)41 b(and)c(negativ)m(e)k(v)-5 b(alues)38
18646 b(for)h Fr(start)h Fu(and)e Fr(end)j Fu(are)e(in)m(terpreted)g(as)1110
18647 1114 y(describ)s(ed)29 b(ab)s(o)m(v)m(e.)630 1271 y Ft(-a)384
18648 b Fu(App)s(end)28 b(the)i(new)f(history)g(lines)h(to)h(the)e(history)h
18649 (\014le.)41 b(These)29 b(are)h(history)1110 1381 y(lines)36
18650 b(en)m(tered)g(since)f(the)h(b)s(eginning)f(of)g(the)h(curren)m(t)f
18651 (Bash)h(session,)h(but)1110 1490 y(not)31 b(already)g(app)s(ended)d(to)
18652 j(the)g(history)f(\014le.)630 1648 y Ft(-n)384 b Fu(App)s(end)32
18653 b(the)i(history)f(lines)h(not)g(already)g(read)g(from)f(the)h(history)f
18654 (\014le)h(to)1110 1758 y(the)26 b(curren)m(t)f(history)g(list.)40
18655 b(These)25 b(are)h(lines)g(app)s(ended)e(to)i(the)f(history)h(\014le)
18656 1110 1867 y(since)31 b(the)f(b)s(eginning)g(of)g(the)h(curren)m(t)f
18657 (Bash)h(session.)630 2025 y Ft(-r)384 b Fu(Read)31 b(the)f(history)g
18658 (\014le)h(and)f(app)s(end)e(its)j(con)m(ten)m(ts)h(to)f(the)g(history)f
18659 (list.)630 2182 y Ft(-w)384 b Fu(W)-8 b(rite)32 b(out)e(the)h(curren)m
18660 (t)f(history)g(list)h(to)h(the)e(history)g(\014le.)630
18661 2339 y Ft(-p)384 b Fu(P)m(erform)31 b(history)f(substitution)h(on)f
18662 (the)h Fr(arg)8 b Fu(s)31 b(and)f(displa)m(y)h(the)f(result)h(on)1110
18663 2449 y(the)d(standard)f(output,)i(without)f(storing)g(the)g(results)g
18664 (in)g(the)g(history)g(list.)630 2606 y Ft(-s)384 b Fu(The)30
18665 b Fr(arg)8 b Fu(s)30 b(are)h(added)f(to)h(the)f(end)g(of)h(the)f
18666 (history)h(list)g(as)f(a)h(single)g(en)m(try)-8 b(.)630
18667 2764 y(When)26 b(an)m(y)h(of)f(the)g Ft(-w)p Fu(,)h Ft(-r)p
18668 Fu(,)g Ft(-a)p Fu(,)g(or)f Ft(-n)f Fu(options)i(is)f(used,)h(if)f
18669 Fr(\014lename)32 b Fu(is)26 b(giv)m(en,)i(then)e(it)h(is)630
18670 2873 y(used)h(as)g(the)h(history)f(\014le.)40 b(If)28
18671 b(not,)i(then)e(the)g(v)-5 b(alue)29 b(of)g(the)g Ft(HISTFILE)d
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18673 b(History)46 b(Expansion)150 3272 y Fu(The)f(History)h(library)e(pro)m
18674 (vides)i(a)f(history)g(expansion)g(feature)h(that)g(is)f(similar)h(to)g
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18676 Ft(csh)p Fu(.)83 b(This)44 b(section)i(describ)s(es)e(the)h(syn)m(tax)h
18677 (used)e(to)i(manipulate)f(the)150 3491 y(history)30 b(information.)275
18678 3624 y(History)h(expansions)f(in)m(tro)s(duce)g(w)m(ords)g(from)g(the)h
18679 (history)f(list)h(in)m(to)g(the)g(input)f(stream,)h(making)150
18680 3734 y(it)g(easy)g(to)g(rep)s(eat)g(commands,)f(insert)g(the)h(argumen)
18681 m(ts)f(to)h(a)g(previous)f(command)g(in)m(to)i(the)e(curren)m(t)150
18682 3844 y(input)f(line,)i(or)g(\014x)f(errors)f(in)h(previous)g(commands)g
18683 (quic)m(kly)-8 b(.)275 3977 y(History)24 b(expansion)f(is)h(p)s
18684 (erformed)e(immediately)j(after)f(a)g(complete)h(line)f(is)g(read,)h(b)
18685 s(efore)e(the)h(shell)150 4087 y(breaks)32 b(it)i(in)m(to)f(w)m(ords,)g
18686 (and)f(is)h(p)s(erformed)e(on)h(eac)m(h)i(line)f(individually)-8
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18688 (expansion)g(functions)g(ab)s(out)g(quoting)h(still)g(in)f(e\013ect)i
18689 (from)e(previous)g(lines.)275 4330 y(History)37 b(expansion)f(tak)m(es)
18690 i(place)g(in)e(t)m(w)m(o)i(parts.)59 b(The)36 b(\014rst)g(is)h(to)g
18691 (determine)g(whic)m(h)f(line)h(from)150 4439 y(the)42
18692 b(history)f(list)h(should)e(b)s(e)h(used)f(during)g(substitution.)74
18693 b(The)40 b(second)i(is)f(to)h(select)h(p)s(ortions)e(of)150
18694 4549 y(that)31 b(line)g(for)f(inclusion)h(in)m(to)g(the)g(curren)m(t)f
18695 (one.)42 b(The)30 b(line)h(selected)h(from)e(the)h(history)f(is)h
18696 (called)h(the)150 4659 y Fr(ev)m(en)m(t)p Fu(,)e(and)c(the)i(p)s
18697 (ortions)e(of)i(that)f(line)h(that)g(are)f(acted)i(up)s(on)c(are)j
18698 (called)g Fr(w)m(ords)p Fu(.)39 b(V)-8 b(arious)28 b
18699 Fr(mo)s(di\014ers)150 4768 y Fu(are)33 b(a)m(v)-5 b(ailable)36
18700 b(to)d(manipulate)h(the)f(selected)h(w)m(ords.)48 b(The)32
18701 b(line)i(is)f(brok)m(en)f(in)m(to)i(w)m(ords)f(in)f(the)i(same)150
18702 4878 y(fashion)23 b(that)g(Bash)g(do)s(es,)h(so)f(that)h(sev)m(eral)g
18703 (w)m(ords)e(surrounded)e(b)m(y)j(quotes)g(are)g(considered)g(one)g(w)m
18704 (ord.)150 4987 y(History)37 b(expansions)g(are)g(in)m(tro)s(duced)f(b)m
18705 (y)h(the)g(app)s(earance)g(of)g(the)g(history)f(expansion)h(c)m
18706 (haracter,)150 5097 y(whic)m(h)30 b(is)h(`)p Ft(!)p Fu(')f(b)m(y)g
18707 (default.)275 5230 y(History)c(expansion)g(implemen)m(ts)h(shell-lik)m
18708 (e)h(quoting)f(con)m(v)m(en)m(tions:)40 b(a)27 b(bac)m(kslash)g(can)f
18709 (b)s(e)g(used)f(to)150 5340 y(remo)m(v)m(e)h(the)e(sp)s(ecial)g
18710 (handling)g(for)g(the)g(next)g(c)m(haracter;)k(single)d(quotes)g
18711 (enclose)g(v)m(erbatim)g(sequences)p eop end
18712 %%Page: 149 155
18713 TeXDict begin 149 154 bop 150 -116 a Fu(Chapter)30 b(9:)41
18714 b(Using)30 b(History)h(In)m(teractiv)m(ely)1925 b(149)150
18715 299 y(of)29 b(c)m(haracters,)i(and)e(can)g(b)s(e)g(used)f(to)i(inhibit)
18716 f(history)g(expansion;)g(and)g(c)m(haracters)i(enclosed)e(within)150
18717 408 y(double)h(quotes)i(ma)m(y)f(b)s(e)f(sub)5 b(ject)31
18718 b(to)h(history)f(expansion,)g(since)g(bac)m(kslash)g(can)h(escap)s(e)f
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18720 (quotes)g(ma)m(y)h(not,)f(since)g(they)g(are)g(not)f(treated)i(sp)s
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18722 y(When)41 b(using)g(the)h(shell,)i(only)e(`)p Ft(\\)p
18723 Fu(')g(and)e(`)p Ft(')p Fu(')i(ma)m(y)g(b)s(e)f(used)g(to)h(escap)s(e)g
18724 (the)g(history)f(expansion)150 875 y(c)m(haracter,)e(but)34
18725 b(the)i(history)g(expansion)f(c)m(haracter)i(is)f(also)g(treated)h(as)e
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18727 b(the)h(closing)g(double)f(quote)h(in)f(a)h(double-quoted)g(string.)275
18728 1122 y(Sev)m(eral)48 b(shell)g(options)h(settable)g(with)e(the)h
18729 Ft(shopt)f Fu(builtin)g(\(see)i(Section)f(4.3.2)i([The)e(Shopt)150
18730 1232 y(Builtin],)24 b(page)e(66\))h(ma)m(y)e(b)s(e)g(used)g(to)h
18731 (tailor)g(the)g(b)s(eha)m(vior)f(of)h(history)f(expansion.)37
18732 b(If)21 b(the)h Ft(histverify)150 1341 y Fu(shell)35
18733 b(option)f(is)h(enabled,)g(and)f(Readline)h(is)f(b)s(eing)g(used,)h
18734 (history)g(substitutions)e(are)i(not)g(immedi-)150 1451
18735 y(ately)i(passed)d(to)i(the)g(shell)f(parser.)55 b(Instead,)37
18736 b(the)e(expanded)g(line)g(is)h(reloaded)g(in)m(to)g(the)f(Readline)150
18737 1561 y(editing)29 b(bu\013er)f(for)h(further)e(mo)s(di\014cation.)41
18738 b(If)28 b(Readline)h(is)g(b)s(eing)f(used,)h(and)f(the)h
18739 Ft(histreedit)d Fu(shell)150 1670 y(option)e(is)g(enabled,)h(a)g
18740 (failed)f(history)g(expansion)g(will)g(b)s(e)f(reloaded)h(in)m(to)h
18741 (the)f(Readline)g(editing)h(bu\013er)150 1780 y(for)31
18742 b(correction.)43 b(The)30 b Ft(-p)g Fu(option)h(to)h(the)f
18743 Ft(history)e Fu(builtin)h(command)h(ma)m(y)g(b)s(e)f(used)g(to)i(see)f
18744 (what)g(a)150 1889 y(history)25 b(expansion)g(will)g(do)g(b)s(efore)g
18745 (using)f(it.)40 b(The)24 b Ft(-s)h Fu(option)g(to)h(the)f
18746 Ft(history)e Fu(builtin)i(ma)m(y)g(b)s(e)g(used)150 1999
18747 y(to)36 b(add)f(commands)g(to)h(the)g(end)f(of)g(the)h(history)f(list)i
18748 (without)e(actually)i(executing)g(them,)g(so)e(that)150
18749 2108 y(they)c(are)f(a)m(v)-5 b(ailable)33 b(for)d(subsequen)m(t)g
18750 (recall.)42 b(This)29 b(is)i(most)g(useful)e(in)h(conjunction)h(with)f
18751 (Readline.)275 2246 y(The)j(shell)h(allo)m(ws)h(con)m(trol)h(of)e(the)g
18752 (v)-5 b(arious)34 b(c)m(haracters)h(used)f(b)m(y)f(the)h(history)g
18753 (expansion)g(mec)m(h-)150 2356 y(anism)h(with)g(the)g
18754 Ft(histchars)d Fu(v)-5 b(ariable,)38 b(as)d(explained)g(ab)s(o)m(v)m(e)
18755 i(\(see)f(Section)f(5.2)i([Bash)e(V)-8 b(ariables],)150
18756 2465 y(page)32 b(73\).)44 b(The)31 b(shell)g(uses)g(the)g(history)g
18757 (commen)m(t)i(c)m(haracter)f(to)g(mark)f(history)g(timestamps)h(when)
18758 150 2575 y(writing)e(the)h(history)f(\014le.)150 2777
18759 y Fk(9.3.1)63 b(Ev)m(en)m(t)39 b(Designators)150 2924
18760 y Fu(An)32 b(ev)m(en)m(t)j(designator)e(is)g(a)g(reference)g(to)h(a)f
18761 (command)f(line)h(en)m(try)g(in)g(the)g(history)g(list.)48
18762 b(Unless)33 b(the)150 3034 y(reference)e(is)f(absolute,)i(ev)m(en)m(ts)
18763 f(are)g(relativ)m(e)i(to)e(the)f(curren)m(t)g(p)s(osition)h(in)f(the)h
18764 (history)f(list.)150 3198 y Ft(!)432 b Fu(Start)34 b(a)f(history)h
18765 (substitution,)g(except)g(when)f(follo)m(w)m(ed)i(b)m(y)e(a)h(space,)h
18766 (tab,)f(the)g(end)f(of)630 3308 y(the)i(line,)g(`)p Ft(=)p
18767 Fu(')g(or)f(`)p Ft(\()p Fu(')h(\(when)e(the)i Ft(extglob)d
18768 Fu(shell)j(option)f(is)h(enabled)f(using)g(the)g Ft(shopt)630
18769 3417 y Fu(builtin\).)150 3580 y Ft(!)p Fj(n)384 b Fu(Refer)30
18770 b(to)i(command)e(line)g Fr(n)p Fu(.)150 3742 y Ft(!-)p
18771 Fj(n)336 b Fu(Refer)30 b(to)i(the)e(command)g Fr(n)g
18772 Fu(lines)h(bac)m(k.)150 3905 y Ft(!!)384 b Fu(Refer)30
18773 b(to)i(the)e(previous)g(command.)40 b(This)30 b(is)g(a)h(synon)m(ym)f
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18775 b Fu(Refer)25 b(to)h(the)f(most)h(recen)m(t)g(command)f(preceding)g
18776 (the)g(curren)m(t)g(p)s(osition)g(in)g(the)g(history)630
18777 4177 y(list)31 b(starting)g(with)f Fr(string)p Fu(.)150
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18780 g(p)s(osition)g(in)g(the)g(history)630 4559 y(list)32
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18786 (used;)g(it)h(is)g(an)f(error)g(if)g(there)h(is)f(no)g(previous)g
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18788 Fj(string2)p Ft(^)630 5050 y Fu(Quic)m(k)h(Substitution.)44
18789 b(Rep)s(eat)32 b(the)g(last)h(command,)f(replacing)g
18790 Fr(string1)40 b Fu(with)31 b Fr(string2)p Fu(.)630 5160
18791 y(Equiv)-5 b(alen)m(t)31 b(to)g Ft(!!:s^)p Fj(string1)p
18792 Ft(^)p Fj(string2)p Ft(^)p Fu(.)150 5322 y Ft(!#)384
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18794 eop end
18795 %%Page: 150 156
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18799 446 y Fu(W)-8 b(ord)27 b(designators)h(are)g(used)e(to)i(select)h
18800 (desired)d(w)m(ords)h(from)f(the)i(ev)m(en)m(t.)41 b(A)27
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18802 555 y(sp)s(eci\014cation)38 b(from)e(the)h(w)m(ord)f(designator.)61
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18805 Ft($)p Fu(',)g(`)p Ft(*)p Fu(',)h(`)p Ft(-)p Fu(',)f(or)g(`)p
18806 Ft(\045)p Fu('.)41 b(W)-8 b(ords)30 b(are)g(n)m(um)m(b)s(ered)e(from)i
18807 (the)g(b)s(eginning)f(of)h(the)g(line,)g(with)g(the)150
18808 775 y(\014rst)f(w)m(ord)f(b)s(eing)h(denoted)h(b)m(y)f(0)h(\(zero\).)41
18809 b(W)-8 b(ords)30 b(are)g(inserted)f(in)m(to)h(the)g(curren)m(t)f(line)g
18810 (separated)h(b)m(y)150 884 y(single)h(spaces.)275 1019
18811 y(F)-8 b(or)31 b(example,)150 1179 y Ft(!!)384 b Fu(designates)37
18812 b(the)f(preceding)g(command.)57 b(When)35 b(y)m(ou)i(t)m(yp)s(e)f
18813 (this,)h(the)f(preceding)g(com-)630 1289 y(mand)30 b(is)g(rep)s(eated)g
18814 (in)g(toto.)150 1449 y Ft(!!:$)288 b Fu(designates)23
18815 b(the)g(last)g(argumen)m(t)g(of)f(the)h(preceding)f(command.)38
18816 b(This)22 b(ma)m(y)h(b)s(e)e(shortened)630 1558 y(to)31
18817 b Ft(!$)p Fu(.)150 1718 y Ft(!fi:2)240 b Fu(designates)30
18818 b(the)g(second)f(argumen)m(t)h(of)f(the)h(most)f(recen)m(t)i(command)e
18819 (starting)h(with)f(the)630 1828 y(letters)j Ft(fi)p Fu(.)275
18820 1988 y(Here)e(are)h(the)g(w)m(ord)f(designators:)150
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18822 b(F)-8 b(or)31 b(man)m(y)g(applications,)h(this)e(is)g(the)h(command)f
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18824 2467 y Ft(^)432 b Fu(The)30 b(\014rst)f(argumen)m(t;)j(that)f(is,)f(w)m
18825 (ord)g(1.)150 2627 y Ft($)432 b Fu(The)30 b(last)h(argumen)m(t.)150
18826 2787 y Ft(\045)432 b Fu(The)40 b(\014rst)h(w)m(ord)f(matc)m(hed)i(b)m
18827 (y)f(the)g(most)g(recen)m(t)h(`)p Ft(?)p Fj(string)p
18828 Ft(?)p Fu(')d(searc)m(h,)44 b(if)d(the)g(searc)m(h)630
18829 2897 y(string)30 b(b)s(egins)g(with)g(a)h(c)m(haracter)h(that)f(is)f
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18831 b Fu(A)30 b(range)h(of)g(w)m(ords;)f(`)p Ft(-)p Fj(y)p
18832 Fu(')g(abbreviates)h(`)p Ft(0-)p Fj(y)p Fu('.)150 3216
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18834 Ft(0)p Fu(th.)40 b(This)27 b(is)g(a)h(synon)m(ym)f(for)h(`)p
18835 Ft(1-$)p Fu('.)39 b(It)28 b(is)g(not)g(an)f(error)630
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18839 Ft(*)384 b Fu(Abbreviates)31 b(`)p Fj(x)p Ft(-$)p Fu(')150
18840 3755 y Fj(x)p Ft(-)384 b Fu(Abbreviates)27 b(`)p Fj(x)p
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18842 (last)h(w)m(ord.)39 b(If)27 b(`)p Ft(x)p Fu(')g(is)g(missing,)g(it)h
18843 (defaults)630 3865 y(to)j(0.)275 4025 y(If)i(a)h(w)m(ord)g(designator)g
18844 (is)g(supplied)f(without)h(an)g(ev)m(en)m(t)h(sp)s(eci\014cation,)h
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18849 150 4591 y(mo)s(di\014ers,)33 b(eac)m(h)h(preceded)f(b)m(y)g(a)h(`)p
18850 Ft(:)p Fu('.)50 b(These)33 b(mo)s(dify)-8 b(,)33 b(or)h(edit,)g(the)g
18851 (w)m(ord)f(or)g(w)m(ords)g(selected)h(from)150 4700 y(the)d(history)f
18852 (ev)m(en)m(t.)150 4860 y Ft(h)432 b Fu(Remo)m(v)m(e)32
18853 b(a)f(trailing)g(pathname)g(comp)s(onen)m(t,)g(lea)m(ving)h(only)e(the)
18854 h(head.)150 5020 y Ft(t)432 b Fu(Remo)m(v)m(e)32 b(all)f(leading)h
18855 (pathname)e(comp)s(onen)m(ts,)h(lea)m(ving)h(the)e(tail.)150
18856 5180 y Ft(r)432 b Fu(Remo)m(v)m(e)32 b(a)f(trailing)g(su\016x)f(of)g
18857 (the)h(form)f(`)p Ft(.)p Fj(suffix)p Fu(',)f(lea)m(ving)j(the)f
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18859 (trailing)g(su\016x.)p eop end
18860 %%Page: 151 157
18861 TeXDict begin 151 156 bop 150 -116 a Fu(Chapter)30 b(9:)41
18862 b(Using)30 b(History)h(In)m(teractiv)m(ely)1925 b(151)150
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18864 g(execute)i(it.)150 458 y Ft(q)432 b Fu(Quote)31 b(the)f(substituted)g
18865 (w)m(ords,)g(escaping)h(further)e(substitutions.)150
18866 618 y Ft(x)432 b Fu(Quote)32 b(the)f(substituted)g(w)m(ords)f(as)i
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18870 (utually)g(exclusiv)m(e;)45 b(the)39 b(last)h(one)630
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18874 b Fu(in)31 b(the)h(ev)m(en)m(t)h(line.)46 b(An)m(y)31
18875 b(c)m(haracter)630 1215 y(ma)m(y)k(b)s(e)e(used)h(as)g(the)h(delimiter)
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18884 (previous)g(history)g(substitutions)g(to)s(ok)h(place,)h(the)e(last)h
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18886 b Fu(searc)m(h.)61 b(If)37 b Fr(new)45 b Fu(is)37 b(is)g(n)m(ull,)i
18887 (eac)m(h)f(matc)m(hing)h Fr(old)h Fu(is)e(deleted.)61
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18889 g(the)f(last)i(c)m(haracter)f(on)g(the)f(input)g(line.)150
18890 1923 y Ft(&)432 b Fu(Rep)s(eat)31 b(the)f(previous)g(substitution.)150
18891 2082 y Ft(g)150 2192 y(a)432 b Fu(Cause)38 b(c)m(hanges)i(to)f(b)s(e)f
18892 (applied)h(o)m(v)m(er)h(the)f(en)m(tire)g(ev)m(en)m(t)h(line.)66
18893 b(Used)39 b(in)f(conjunction)630 2301 y(with)30 b(`)p
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18897 Fu(')f(or)f(`)p Ft(&)p Fu(')h(mo)s(di\014er)e(once)i(to)g(eac)m(h)h(w)m
18898 (ord)e(in)g(the)g(ev)m(en)m(t.)p eop end
18899 %%Page: 152 158
18900 TeXDict begin 152 157 bop 3614 -116 a Fu(152)150 299
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18902 b(c)m(hapter)h(pro)m(vides)g(basic)g(instructions)f(for)g(installing)i
18903 (Bash)f(on)f(the)h(v)-5 b(arious)31 b(supp)s(orted)f(plat-)150
18904 643 y(forms.)40 b(The)28 b(distribution)h(supp)s(orts)e(the)j
18905 Fm(gnu)f Fu(op)s(erating)h(systems,)f(nearly)h(ev)m(ery)g(v)m(ersion)f
18906 (of)h(Unix,)150 753 y(and)d(sev)m(eral)j(non-Unix)d(systems)h(suc)m(h)g
18907 (as)g(BeOS)g(and)f(In)m(terix.)40 b(Other)28 b(indep)s(enden)m(t)e(p)s
18908 (orts)h(exist)i(for)150 862 y Fm(ms-dos)p Fu(,)h Fm(os/2)p
18909 Fu(,)g(and)g(Windo)m(ws)g(platforms.)150 1103 y Fs(10.1)68
18910 b(Basic)45 b(Installation)150 1263 y Fu(These)30 b(are)h(installation)h
18911 (instructions)e(for)h(Bash.)275 1398 y(The)e(simplest)i(w)m(a)m(y)g(to)
18912 g(compile)h(Bash)e(is:)199 1532 y(1.)61 b Ft(cd)38 b
18913 Fu(to)h(the)f(directory)h(con)m(taining)h(the)f(source)f(co)s(de)h(and)
18914 f(t)m(yp)s(e)g(`)p Ft(./configure)p Fu(')e(to)j(con\014gure)330
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18916 Ft(csh)g Fu(on)g(an)h(old)g(v)m(ersion)g(of)g(System)f(V,)h(y)m(ou)g
18917 (migh)m(t)330 1751 y(need)21 b(to)g(t)m(yp)s(e)g(`)p
18918 Ft(sh)30 b(./configure)p Fu(')18 b(instead)j(to)g(prev)m(en)m(t)h
18919 Ft(csh)e Fu(from)g(trying)h(to)g(execute)h Ft(configure)330
18920 1861 y Fu(itself.)330 1996 y(Running)30 b Ft(configure)f
18921 Fu(tak)m(es)k(some)e(time.)45 b(While)32 b(running,)e(it)i(prin)m(ts)f
18922 (messages)h(telling)h(whic)m(h)330 2105 y(features)e(it)g(is)f(c)m(hec)
18923 m(king)i(for.)199 2240 y(2.)61 b(T)m(yp)s(e)30 b(`)p
18924 Ft(make)p Fu(')g(to)h(compile)g(Bash)g(and)e(build)h(the)g
18925 Ft(bashbug)f Fu(bug)g(rep)s(orting)h(script.)199 2374
18926 y(3.)61 b(Optionally)-8 b(,)32 b(t)m(yp)s(e)e(`)p Ft(make)g(tests)p
18927 Fu(')f(to)i(run)e(the)h(Bash)h(test)g(suite.)199 2509
18928 y(4.)61 b(T)m(yp)s(e)36 b(`)p Ft(make)29 b(install)p
18929 Fu(')35 b(to)i(install)h Ft(bash)d Fu(and)h Ft(bashbug)p
18930 Fu(.)57 b(This)35 b(will)i(also)h(install)f(the)g(man)m(ual)330
18931 2619 y(pages)31 b(and)f(Info)g(\014le.)275 2778 y(The)20
18932 b Ft(configure)f Fu(shell)i(script)g(attempts)h(to)g(guess)f(correct)i
18933 (v)-5 b(alues)21 b(for)g(v)-5 b(arious)21 b(system-dep)s(enden)m(t)150
18934 2888 y(v)-5 b(ariables)31 b(used)e(during)g(compilation.)42
18935 b(It)31 b(uses)e(those)i(v)-5 b(alues)30 b(to)h(create)h(a)e
18936 Ft(Makefile)e Fu(in)i(eac)m(h)i(direc-)150 2998 y(tory)k(of)g(the)g
18937 (pac)m(k)-5 b(age)38 b(\(the)e(top)g(directory)-8 b(,)38
18938 b(the)e Ft(builtins)p Fu(,)f Ft(doc)p Fu(,)i(and)e Ft(support)e
18939 Fu(directories,)39 b(eac)m(h)150 3107 y(directory)29
18940 b(under)d Ft(lib)p Fu(,)j(and)e(sev)m(eral)j(others\).)40
18941 b(It)29 b(also)g(creates)h(a)e Ft(config.h)e Fu(\014le)j(con)m(taining)
18942 g(system-)150 3217 y(dep)s(enden)m(t)e(de\014nitions.)40
18943 b(Finally)-8 b(,)31 b(it)d(creates)i(a)f(shell)g(script)f(named)g
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18945 (future)f(to)h(recreate)h(the)f(curren)m(t)f(con\014guration,)i(a)f
18946 (\014le)f Ft(config.cache)e Fu(that)j(sa)m(v)m(es)h(the)150
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18948 (recon\014guring,)j(and)e(a)g(\014le)g Ft(config.log)e
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18950 (for)f(debugging)h Ft(configure)p Fu(\).)40 b(If)30 b(at)h(some)h(p)s
18951 (oin)m(t)e Ft(config.cache)e Fu(con)m(tains)150 3655
18952 y(results)i(y)m(ou)h(don't)f(w)m(an)m(t)h(to)h(k)m(eep,)f(y)m(ou)g(ma)m
18953 (y)g(remo)m(v)m(e)g(or)g(edit)g(it.)275 3790 y(T)-8 b(o)37
18954 b(\014nd)f(out)i(more)f(ab)s(out)h(the)f(options)h(and)f(argumen)m(ts)g
18955 (that)h(the)g Ft(configure)d Fu(script)i(under-)150 3899
18956 y(stands,)30 b(t)m(yp)s(e)390 4034 y Ft(bash-4.2$)45
18957 b(./configure)g(--help)150 4169 y Fu(at)31 b(the)g(Bash)f(prompt)g(in)g
18958 (y)m(our)g(Bash)h(source)f(directory)-8 b(.)275 4303
18959 y(If)34 b(y)m(ou)h(w)m(an)m(t)g(to)g(build)f(Bash)g(in)h(a)g(directory)
18960 g(separate)g(from)f(the)h(source)g(directory)g({)g(to)g(build)150
18961 4413 y(for)30 b(m)m(ultiple)i(arc)m(hitectures,)g(for)e(example)h({)g
18962 (just)f(use)h(the)f(full)h(path)f(to)h(the)g(con\014gure)f(script.)41
18963 b(The)150 4523 y(follo)m(wing)24 b(commands)f(will)g(build)f(bash)g(in)
18964 g(a)h(directory)h(under)d Ft(/usr/local/build)d Fu(from)23
18965 b(the)g(source)150 4632 y(co)s(de)31 b(in)f Ft(/usr/local/src/bash-4.4)
18966 o Fu(:)390 4767 y Ft(mkdir)46 b(/usr/local/build/bash-4.4)390
18967 4877 y(cd)h(/usr/local/build/bash-4.4)390 4986 y(bash)g
18968 (/usr/local/src/bash-4.4)o(/con)o(fig)o(ure)390 5096
18969 y(make)275 5230 y Fu(See)27 b(Section)h(10.3)g([Compiling)g(F)-8
18970 b(or)27 b(Multiple)h(Arc)m(hitectures],)i(page)d(153,)j(for)c(more)i
18971 (information)150 5340 y(ab)s(out)i(building)g(in)g(a)g(directory)h
18972 (separate)h(from)e(the)g(source.)p eop end
18973 %%Page: 153 159
18974 TeXDict begin 153 158 bop 150 -116 a Fu(Chapter)30 b(10:)41
18975 b(Installing)31 b(Bash)2356 b(153)275 299 y(If)53 b(y)m(ou)h(need)f(to)
18976 i(do)e(un)m(usual)g(things)g(to)i(compile)g(Bash,)k(please)c(try)e(to)i
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18979 b(and)49 b(mail)h(di\013s)f(or)h(instructions)f(to)150
18980 518 y Ft(bash-maintainers@gnu.org)24 b Fu(so)30 b(they)h(can)g(b)s(e)e
18981 (considered)i(for)f(the)g(next)h(release.)275 658 y(The)e(\014le)g
18982 Ft(configure.ac)d Fu(is)k(used)e(to)j(create)g Ft(configure)c
18983 Fu(b)m(y)i(a)h(program)f(called)i(Auto)s(conf.)40 b(Y)-8
18984 b(ou)150 768 y(only)34 b(need)g Ft(configure.ac)d Fu(if)i(y)m(ou)i(w)m
18985 (an)m(t)g(to)f(c)m(hange)i(it)e(or)g(regenerate)i Ft(configure)31
18986 b Fu(using)j(a)g(new)m(er)150 878 y(v)m(ersion)25 b(of)f(Auto)s(conf.)
18987 39 b(If)24 b(y)m(ou)h(do)f(this,)i(mak)m(e)f(sure)f(y)m(ou)h(are)f
18988 (using)g(Auto)s(conf)h(v)m(ersion)f(2.50)i(or)f(new)m(er.)275
18989 1018 y(Y)-8 b(ou)29 b(can)f(remo)m(v)m(e)i(the)f(program)g(binaries)f
18990 (and)g(ob)5 b(ject)29 b(\014les)g(from)f(the)h(source)f(co)s(de)h
18991 (directory)g(b)m(y)150 1127 y(t)m(yping)j(`)p Ft(make)d(clean)p
18992 Fu('.)42 b(T)-8 b(o)32 b(also)g(remo)m(v)m(e)g(the)g(\014les)f(that)g
18993 Ft(configure)e Fu(created)j(\(so)g(y)m(ou)g(can)f(compile)150
18994 1237 y(Bash)g(for)f(a)g(di\013eren)m(t)h(kind)f(of)g(computer\),)h(t)m
18995 (yp)s(e)g(`)p Ft(make)e(distclean)p Fu('.)150 1487 y
18996 Fs(10.2)68 b(Compilers)46 b(and)f(Options)150 1646 y
18997 Fu(Some)28 b(systems)h(require)f(un)m(usual)f(options)i(for)f
18998 (compilation)i(or)f(linking)f(that)h(the)g Ft(configure)d
18999 Fu(script)150 1756 y(do)s(es)32 b(not)g(kno)m(w)g(ab)s(out.)44
19000 b(Y)-8 b(ou)33 b(can)f(giv)m(e)h Ft(configure)d Fu(initial)j(v)-5
19001 b(alues)32 b(for)g(v)-5 b(ariables)32 b(b)m(y)g(setting)h(them)150
19002 1865 y(in)k(the)g(en)m(vironmen)m(t.)62 b(Using)38 b(a)f
19003 (Bourne-compatible)i(shell,)g(y)m(ou)f(can)g(do)f(that)h(on)f(the)g
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19006 2255 y Fu(On)29 b(systems)h(that)h(ha)m(v)m(e)h(the)f
19007 Ft(env)e Fu(program,)h(y)m(ou)h(can)g(do)f(it)h(lik)m(e)h(this:)390
19008 2396 y Ft(env)47 b(CPPFLAGS=-I/usr/local/in)o(clud)o(e)42
19009 b(LDFLAGS=-s)j(./configure)275 2536 y Fu(The)29 b(con\014guration)i
19010 (pro)s(cess)f(uses)g(GCC)g(to)h(build)e(Bash)i(if)f(it)h(is)g(a)m(v)-5
19011 b(ailable.)150 2786 y Fs(10.3)68 b(Compiling)46 b(F)-11
19012 b(or)45 b(Multiple)g(Arc)l(hitectures)150 2945 y Fu(Y)-8
19013 b(ou)27 b(can)g(compile)g(Bash)g(for)f(more)h(than)f(one)h(kind)f(of)g
19014 (computer)h(at)g(the)g(same)g(time,)h(b)m(y)e(placing)i(the)150
19015 3055 y(ob)5 b(ject)31 b(\014les)f(for)g(eac)m(h)i(arc)m(hitecture)f(in)
19016 f(their)g(o)m(wn)h(directory)-8 b(.)41 b(T)-8 b(o)31
19017 b(do)f(this,)g(y)m(ou)h(m)m(ust)f(use)g(a)g(v)m(ersion)150
19018 3164 y(of)36 b Ft(make)e Fu(that)i(supp)s(orts)e(the)i
19019 Ft(VPATH)e Fu(v)-5 b(ariable,)38 b(suc)m(h)d(as)h(GNU)g
19020 Ft(make)p Fu(.)55 b Ft(cd)35 b Fu(to)i(the)e(directory)h(where)150
19021 3274 y(y)m(ou)k(w)m(an)m(t)h(the)g(ob)5 b(ject)41 b(\014les)f(and)f
19022 (executables)j(to)e(go)h(and)f(run)e(the)j Ft(configure)c
19023 Fu(script)j(from)g(the)150 3383 y(source)32 b(directory)h(\(see)g
19024 (Section)f(10.1)i([Basic)f(Installation],)i(page)e(152\).)47
19025 b(Y)-8 b(ou)32 b(ma)m(y)h(need)f(to)g(supply)150 3493
19026 y(the)43 b Ft(--srcdir=PATH)c Fu(argumen)m(t)k(to)h(tell)g
19027 Ft(configure)c Fu(where)i(the)h(source)g(\014les)g(are.)78
19028 b Ft(configure)150 3603 y Fu(automatically)33 b(c)m(hec)m(ks)f(for)e
19029 (the)h(source)f(co)s(de)h(in)f(the)h(directory)f(that)h
19030 Ft(configure)d Fu(is)j(in)f(and)f(in)h(`..'.)275 3743
19031 y(If)20 b(y)m(ou)h(ha)m(v)m(e)i(to)e(use)g(a)g Ft(make)f
19032 Fu(that)i(do)s(es)e(not)i(supp)s(orts)d(the)i Ft(VPATH)e
19033 Fu(v)-5 b(ariable,)24 b(y)m(ou)e(can)f(compile)h(Bash)150
19034 3853 y(for)33 b(one)h(arc)m(hitecture)h(at)f(a)g(time)g(in)f(the)h
19035 (source)g(co)s(de)f(directory)-8 b(.)51 b(After)34 b(y)m(ou)g(ha)m(v)m
19036 (e)h(installed)f(Bash)150 3962 y(for)c(one)h(arc)m(hitecture,)h(use)e
19037 (`)p Ft(make)g(distclean)p Fu(')e(b)s(efore)i(recon\014guring)g(for)g
19038 (another)g(arc)m(hitecture.)275 4102 y(Alternativ)m(ely)-8
19039 b(,)30 b(if)c(y)m(our)g(system)h(supp)s(orts)d(sym)m(b)s(olic)j(links,)
19040 g(y)m(ou)g(can)g(use)f(the)g Ft(support/mkclone)150 4212
19041 y Fu(script)d(to)h(create)g(a)f(build)f(tree)i(whic)m(h)f(has)f(sym)m
19042 (b)s(olic)i(links)e(bac)m(k)i(to)g(eac)m(h)g(\014le)f(in)g(the)g
19043 (source)g(directory)-8 b(.)150 4322 y(Here's)41 b(an)f(example)i(that)f
19044 (creates)h(a)e(build)g(directory)h(in)f(the)h(curren)m(t)f(directory)h
19045 (from)f(a)h(source)150 4431 y(directory)31 b Ft(/usr/gnu/src/bash-2.0)p
19046 Fu(:)390 4572 y Ft(bash)47 b(/usr/gnu/src/bash-2.0/s)o(uppo)o(rt/)o
19047 (mkcl)o(one)41 b(-s)47 b(/usr/gnu/src/bash-2.0)42 b(.)150
19048 4712 y Fu(The)c Ft(mkclone)e Fu(script)i(requires)g(Bash,)i(so)f(y)m
19049 (ou)f(m)m(ust)h(ha)m(v)m(e)g(already)g(built)f(Bash)g(for)g(at)h(least)
19050 h(one)150 4821 y(arc)m(hitecture)32 b(b)s(efore)e(y)m(ou)h(can)f
19051 (create)i(build)e(directories)h(for)f(other)h(arc)m(hitectures.)150
19052 5071 y Fs(10.4)68 b(Installation)47 b(Names)150 5230
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19054 b(will)j(install)f(in)m(to)h Ft(/usr/local/bin)p Fu(,)d
19055 Ft(/usr/local/man)p Fu(,)f(etc.)61 b(Y)-8 b(ou)150 5340
19056 y(can)35 b(sp)s(ecify)f(an)h(installation)i(pre\014x)c(other)j(than)e
19057 Ft(/usr/local)e Fu(b)m(y)j(giving)g Ft(configure)e Fu(the)h(option)p
19058 eop end
19059 %%Page: 154 160
19060 TeXDict begin 154 159 bop 150 -116 a Fu(Chapter)30 b(10:)41
19061 b(Installing)31 b(Bash)2356 b(154)150 299 y Ft(--prefix=)p
19062 Fj(PATH)p Fu(,)41 b(or)g(b)m(y)g(sp)s(ecifying)h(a)f(v)-5
19063 b(alue)42 b(for)f(the)h Ft(DESTDIR)d Fu(`)p Ft(make)p
19064 Fu(')i(v)-5 b(ariable)42 b(when)f(running)150 408 y(`)p
19065 Ft(make)29 b(install)p Fu('.)275 566 y(Y)-8 b(ou)71 b(can)h(sp)s(ecify)
19066 f(separate)h(installation)h(pre\014xes)d(for)h(arc)m(hitecture-sp)s
19067 (eci\014c)i(\014les)f(and)150 676 y(arc)m(hitecture-indep)s(enden)m(t)
19068 44 b(\014les.)80 b(If)43 b(y)m(ou)h(giv)m(e)h Ft(configure)c
19069 Fu(the)j(option)g Ft(--exec-prefix=)p Fj(PATH)p Fu(,)150
19070 785 y(`)p Ft(make)29 b(install)p Fu(')63 b(will)h(use)f
19071 Fr(P)-8 b(A)g(TH)75 b Fu(as)64 b(the)g(pre\014x)e(for)i(installing)h
19072 (programs)e(and)h(libraries.)150 895 y(Do)s(cumen)m(tation)32
19073 b(and)e(other)h(data)g(\014les)f(will)h(still)g(use)f(the)h(regular)f
19074 (pre\014x.)150 1171 y Fs(10.5)68 b(Sp)t(ecifying)45 b(the)g(System)h(T)
19075 l(yp)t(e)150 1330 y Fu(There)f(ma)m(y)g(b)s(e)f(some)i(features)f
19076 Ft(configure)e Fu(can)i(not)g(\014gure)g(out)g(automatically)-8
19077 b(,)52 b(but)44 b(need)h(to)150 1440 y(determine)26 b(b)m(y)g(the)g(t)m
19078 (yp)s(e)g(of)g(host)g(Bash)g(will)g(run)f(on.)39 b(Usually)26
19079 b Ft(configure)d Fu(can)k(\014gure)e(that)h(out,)i(but)150
19080 1549 y(if)g(it)g(prin)m(ts)f(a)h(message)g(sa)m(ying)h(it)f(can)g(not)f
19081 (guess)h(the)g(host)f(t)m(yp)s(e,)i(giv)m(e)g(it)f(the)g
19082 Ft(--host=TYPE)c Fu(option.)150 1659 y(`)p Ft(TYPE)p
19083 Fu(')29 b(can)h(either)g(b)s(e)g(a)g(short)f(name)h(for)f(the)h(system)
19084 g(t)m(yp)s(e,)h(suc)m(h)e(as)h(`)p Ft(sun4)p Fu(',)g(or)f(a)h
19085 (canonical)i(name)150 1768 y(with)e(three)h(\014elds:)40
19086 b(`)p Ft(CPU-COMPANY-SYSTEM)p Fu(')26 b(\(e.g.,)32 b(`)p
19087 Ft(i386-unknown-freebsd4.2)p Fu('\).)275 1926 y(See)e(the)h(\014le)f
19088 Ft(support/config.sub)c Fu(for)k(the)g(p)s(ossible)g(v)-5
19089 b(alues)31 b(of)f(eac)m(h)i(\014eld.)150 2202 y Fs(10.6)68
19090 b(Sharing)45 b(Defaults)150 2361 y Fu(If)d(y)m(ou)i(w)m(an)m(t)g(to)f
19091 (set)h(default)f(v)-5 b(alues)43 b(for)g Ft(configure)d
19092 Fu(scripts)j(to)h(share,)i(y)m(ou)d(can)g(create)i(a)e(site)150
19093 2471 y(shell)48 b(script)f(called)i Ft(config.site)44
19094 b Fu(that)k(giv)m(es)h(default)f(v)-5 b(alues)48 b(for)f(v)-5
19095 b(ariables)48 b(lik)m(e)h Ft(CC)p Fu(,)j Ft(cache_)150
19096 2580 y(file)p Fu(,)c(and)d Ft(prefix)p Fu(.)85 b Ft(configure)43
19097 b Fu(lo)s(oks)j(for)f Ft(PREFIX/share/config.site)39
19098 b Fu(if)46 b(it)g(exists,)k(then)150 2690 y Ft(PREFIX/etc/config.site)
19099 24 b Fu(if)31 b(it)g(exists.)42 b(Or,)30 b(y)m(ou)h(can)g(set)g(the)g
19100 Ft(CONFIG_SITE)c Fu(en)m(vironmen)m(t)k(v)-5 b(ari-)150
19101 2800 y(able)40 b(to)g(the)g(lo)s(cation)h(of)e(the)h(site)g(script.)67
19102 b(A)40 b(w)m(arning:)58 b(the)40 b(Bash)g Ft(configure)c
19103 Fu(lo)s(oks)k(for)f(a)h(site)150 2909 y(script,)31 b(but)e(not)i(all)g
19104 Ft(configure)d Fu(scripts)i(do.)150 3185 y Fs(10.7)68
19105 b(Op)t(eration)46 b(Con)l(trols)150 3344 y Ft(configure)28
19106 b Fu(recognizes)k(the)e(follo)m(wing)i(options)f(to)g(con)m(trol)h(ho)m
19107 (w)e(it)h(op)s(erates.)150 3538 y Ft(--cache-file=)p
19108 Fj(file)630 3648 y Fu(Use)d(and)g(sa)m(v)m(e)h(the)f(results)g(of)g
19109 (the)h(tests)f(in)g Fr(\014le)33 b Fu(instead)28 b(of)h
19110 Ft(./config.cache)p Fu(.)36 b(Set)28 b Fr(\014le)630
19111 3758 y Fu(to)j Ft(/dev/null)d Fu(to)j(disable)g(cac)m(hing,)h(for)e
19112 (debugging)g Ft(configure)p Fu(.)150 3940 y Ft(--help)192
19113 b Fu(Prin)m(t)30 b(a)h(summary)e(of)i(the)f(options)h(to)g
19114 Ft(configure)p Fu(,)d(and)i(exit.)150 4123 y Ft(--quiet)150
19115 4232 y(--silent)150 4342 y(-q)384 b Fu(Do)31 b(not)g(prin)m(t)f
19116 (messages)h(sa)m(ying)g(whic)m(h)g(c)m(hec)m(ks)g(are)g(b)s(eing)f
19117 (made.)150 4525 y Ft(--srcdir=)p Fj(dir)630 4634 y Fu(Lo)s(ok)i(for)g
19118 (the)g(Bash)g(source)h(co)s(de)f(in)g(directory)g Fr(dir)p
19119 Fu(.)45 b(Usually)33 b Ft(configure)c Fu(can)j(deter-)630
19120 4744 y(mine)e(that)h(directory)g(automatically)-8 b(.)150
19121 4927 y Ft(--version)630 5036 y Fu(Prin)m(t)29 b(the)h(v)m(ersion)g(of)g
19122 (Auto)s(conf)f(used)g(to)h(generate)h(the)f Ft(configure)d
19123 Fu(script,)j(and)f(exit.)275 5230 y Ft(configure)34 b
19124 Fu(also)k(accepts)g(some)g(other,)h(not)e(widely)g(used,)h(b)s
19125 (oilerplate)g(options.)61 b(`)p Ft(configure)150 5340
19126 y(--help)p Fu(')29 b(prin)m(ts)h(the)g(complete)i(list.)p
19127 eop end
19128 %%Page: 155 161
19129 TeXDict begin 155 160 bop 150 -116 a Fu(Chapter)30 b(10:)41
19130 b(Installing)31 b(Bash)2356 b(155)150 299 y Fs(10.8)68
19131 b(Optional)46 b(F)-11 b(eatures)150 458 y Fu(The)29 b(Bash)h
19132 Ft(configure)d Fu(has)j(a)g(n)m(um)m(b)s(er)f(of)h Ft(--enable-)p
19133 Fj(feature)25 b Fu(options,)30 b(where)g Fr(feature)35
19134 b Fu(indicates)150 568 y(an)e(optional)i(part)e(of)h(Bash.)50
19135 b(There)33 b(are)g(also)i(sev)m(eral)g Ft(--with-)p Fj(package)29
19136 b Fu(options,)35 b(where)e Fr(pac)m(k)-5 b(age)150 677
19137 y Fu(is)32 b(something)h(lik)m(e)h(`)p Ft(bash-malloc)p
19138 Fu(')c(or)i(`)p Ft(purify)p Fu('.)45 b(T)-8 b(o)33 b(turn)e(o\013)i
19139 (the)f(default)h(use)f(of)g(a)h(pac)m(k)-5 b(age,)35
19140 b(use)150 787 y Ft(--without-)p Fj(package)p Fu(.)46
19141 b(T)-8 b(o)34 b(con\014gure)g(Bash)g(without)f(a)i(feature)f(that)g(is)
19142 g(enabled)g(b)m(y)f(default,)i(use)150 897 y Ft(--disable-)p
19143 Fj(feature)p Fu(.)275 1033 y(Here)28 b(is)g(a)h(complete)g(list)g(of)f
19144 (the)h Ft(--enable-)c Fu(and)j Ft(--with-)e Fu(options)i(that)h(the)f
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19146 y Ft(--with-afs)630 1415 y Fu(De\014ne)j(if)f(y)m(ou)h(are)f(using)g
19147 (the)h(Andrew)e(File)j(System)e(from)g(T)-8 b(ransarc.)150
19148 1577 y Ft(--with-bash-malloc)630 1686 y Fu(Use)34 b(the)g(Bash)h(v)m
19149 (ersion)f(of)g Ft(malloc)e Fu(in)i(the)g(directory)h
19150 Ft(lib/malloc)p Fu(.)48 b(This)34 b(is)g(not)g(the)630
19151 1796 y(same)e Ft(malloc)e Fu(that)j(app)s(ears)e(in)g
19152 Fm(gnu)h Fu(lib)s(c,)g(but)f(an)h(older)f(v)m(ersion)i(originally)g
19153 (deriv)m(ed)630 1905 y(from)f(the)h(4.2)g Fm(bsd)f Ft(malloc)p
19154 Fu(.)45 b(This)31 b Ft(malloc)g Fu(is)i(v)m(ery)f(fast,)i(but)e(w)m
19155 (astes)h(some)g(space)g(on)630 2015 y(eac)m(h)j(allo)s(cation.)58
19156 b(This)34 b(option)i(is)f(enabled)g(b)m(y)g(default.)56
19157 b(The)34 b Ft(NOTES)g Fu(\014le)h(con)m(tains)i(a)630
19158 2125 y(list)29 b(of)f(systems)f(for)h(whic)m(h)g(this)g(should)e(b)s(e)
19159 i(turned)e(o\013,)j(and)f Ft(configure)d Fu(disables)j(this)630
19160 2234 y(option)j(automatically)i(for)d(a)h(n)m(um)m(b)s(er)e(of)i
19161 (systems.)150 2396 y Ft(--with-curses)630 2505 y Fu(Use)h(the)h(curses)
19162 e(library)h(instead)g(of)h(the)f(termcap)g(library)-8
19163 b(.)46 b(This)32 b(should)f(b)s(e)g(supplied)630 2615
19164 y(if)f(y)m(our)h(system)f(has)g(an)h(inadequate)g(or)f(incomplete)i
19165 (termcap)e(database.)150 2777 y Ft(--with-gnu-malloc)630
19166 2886 y Fu(A)g(synon)m(ym)g(for)g Ft(--with-bash-malloc)p
19167 Fu(.)150 3048 y Ft(--with-installed-readlin)o(e[=)p Fj(P)o(REFI)o(X)p
19168 Ft(])630 3157 y Fu(De\014ne)c(this)f(to)h(mak)m(e)h(Bash)f(link)f(with)
19169 g(a)h(lo)s(cally-installed)i(v)m(ersion)e(of)g(Readline)g(rather)630
19170 3267 y(than)f(the)h(v)m(ersion)g(in)f Ft(lib/readline)p
19171 Fu(.)36 b(This)25 b(w)m(orks)g(only)h(with)f(Readline)h(5.0)h(and)e
19172 (later)630 3376 y(v)m(ersions.)46 b(If)32 b Fr(PREFIX)41
19173 b Fu(is)32 b Ft(yes)f Fu(or)i(not)f(supplied,)f Ft(configure)f
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19175 b(v)-5 b(ariables)29 b Ft(includedir)24 b Fu(and)j Ft(libdir)p
19176 Fu(,)g(whic)m(h)g(are)h(sub)s(directories)f(of)g Ft(prefix)f
19177 Fu(b)m(y)630 3596 y(default,)44 b(to)d(\014nd)f(the)h(installed)g(v)m
19178 (ersion)h(of)f(Readline)g(if)g(it)g(is)g(not)g(in)g(the)g(standard)630
19179 3705 y(system)35 b(include)f(and)g(library)g(directories.)54
19180 b(If)34 b Fr(PREFIX)43 b Fu(is)35 b Ft(no)p Fu(,)g(Bash)f(links)h(with)
19181 f(the)630 3815 y(v)m(ersion)42 b(in)e Ft(lib/readline)p
19182 Fu(.)70 b(If)40 b Fr(PREFIX)51 b Fu(is)41 b(set)g(to)h(an)m(y)g(other)f
19183 (v)-5 b(alue,)44 b Ft(configure)630 3924 y Fu(treats)27
19184 b(it)g(as)f(a)h(directory)g(pathname)f(and)f(lo)s(oks)i(for)f(the)g
19185 (installed)h(v)m(ersion)g(of)f(Readline)630 4034 y(in)34
19186 b(sub)s(directories)f(of)h(that)h(directory)g(\(include)f(\014les)g(in)
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19189 4305 y Ft(--with-purify)630 4415 y Fu(De\014ne)23 b(this)g(to)h(use)f
19190 (the)g(Purify)f(memory)h(allo)s(cation)i(c)m(hec)m(k)m(er)g(from)e
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19192 4686 y Fu(This)e(pro)s(duces)f(a)i(shell)g(with)f(minimal)h(features,)h
19193 (close)g(to)f(the)g(historical)h(Bourne)e(shell.)275
19194 4849 y(There)k(are)i(sev)m(eral)g Ft(--enable-)d Fu(options)i(that)h
19195 (alter)g(ho)m(w)f(Bash)g(is)g(compiled)h(and)e(link)m(ed,)i(rather)150
19196 4958 y(than)h(c)m(hanging)h(run-time)f(features.)150
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19418 TeXDict begin 160 165 bop 3614 -116 a Fu(160)150 299
19419 y Fp(App)t(endix)52 b(A)81 b(Rep)t(orting)53 b(Bugs)150
19420 533 y Fu(Please)33 b(rep)s(ort)e(all)h(bugs)f(y)m(ou)h(\014nd)e(in)i
19421 (Bash.)44 b(But)32 b(\014rst,)g(y)m(ou)g(should)e(mak)m(e)j(sure)e
19422 (that)h(it)g(really)h(is)f(a)150 643 y(bug,)d(and)g(that)h(it)g(app)s
19423 (ears)f(in)g(the)h(latest)h(v)m(ersion)f(of)g(Bash.)40
19424 b(The)29 b(latest)j(v)m(ersion)e(of)f(Bash)h(is)f(alw)m(a)m(ys)150
19425 752 y(a)m(v)-5 b(ailable)33 b(for)d(FTP)g(from)g Ft
19426 (ftp://ftp.gnu.org/pub/gn)o(u/ba)o(sh/)o Fu(.)275 887
19427 y(Once)41 b(y)m(ou)g(ha)m(v)m(e)h(determined)f(that)h(a)f(bug)g
19428 (actually)h(exists,)j(use)c(the)g Ft(bashbug)e Fu(command)i(to)150
19429 996 y(submit)25 b(a)h(bug)g(rep)s(ort.)38 b(If)26 b(y)m(ou)g(ha)m(v)m
19430 (e)h(a)f(\014x,)h(y)m(ou)f(are)g(encouraged)h(to)f(mail)h(that)f(as)g
19431 (w)m(ell!)40 b(Suggestions)150 1106 y(and)j(`philosophical')i(bug)e
19432 (rep)s(orts)f(ma)m(y)j(b)s(e)e(mailed)h(to)g Ft(bug-bash@gnu)11
19433 b(.)g(org)39 b Fu(or)k(p)s(osted)g(to)i(the)150 1215
19434 y(Usenet)31 b(newsgroup)e Ft(gnu.bash.bug)p Fu(.)275
19435 1350 y(All)i(bug)e(rep)s(orts)h(should)f(include:)225
19436 1484 y Fq(\017)60 b Fu(The)30 b(v)m(ersion)h(n)m(um)m(b)s(er)e(of)h
19437 (Bash.)225 1619 y Fq(\017)60 b Fu(The)30 b(hardw)m(are)g(and)g(op)s
19438 (erating)g(system.)225 1753 y Fq(\017)60 b Fu(The)30
19439 b(compiler)h(used)e(to)i(compile)h(Bash.)225 1888 y Fq(\017)60
19440 b Fu(A)30 b(description)h(of)f(the)h(bug)f(b)s(eha)m(viour.)225
19441 2022 y Fq(\017)60 b Fu(A)30 b(short)h(script)f(or)g(`recip)s(e')h(whic)
19442 m(h)f(exercises)i(the)e(bug)g(and)g(ma)m(y)h(b)s(e)f(used)f(to)i(repro)
19443 s(duce)e(it.)150 2182 y Ft(bashbug)d Fu(inserts)i(the)h(\014rst)f
19444 (three)g(items)h(automatically)i(in)m(to)f(the)e(template)i(it)f(pro)m
19445 (vides)f(for)g(\014ling)h(a)150 2291 y(bug)h(rep)s(ort.)275
19446 2426 y(Please)h(send)f(all)h(rep)s(orts)f(concerning)g(this)h(man)m
19447 (ual)f(to)h Ft(bug-bash@gnu.org)p Fu(.)p eop end
19448 %%Page: 161 167
19449 TeXDict begin 161 166 bop 3614 -116 a Fu(161)150 141
19450 y Fp(App)t(endix)58 b(B)81 b(Ma)9 b(jor)54 b(Di\013erences)d(F)-13
19451 b(rom)54 b(The)g(Bourne)1088 299 y(Shell)150 530 y Fu(Bash)26
19452 b(implemen)m(ts)h(essen)m(tially)g(the)g(same)f(grammar,)h(parameter)f
19453 (and)g(v)-5 b(ariable)27 b(expansion,)g(redirec-)150
19454 640 y(tion,)i(and)e(quoting)g(as)h(the)g(Bourne)f(Shell.)40
19455 b(Bash)27 b(uses)g(the)h Fm(posix)f Fu(standard)f(as)i(the)g(sp)s
19456 (eci\014cation)g(of)150 749 y(ho)m(w)34 b(these)h(features)g(are)g(to)g
19457 (b)s(e)f(implemen)m(ted.)53 b(There)34 b(are)h(some)g(di\013erences)g
19458 (b)s(et)m(w)m(een)g(the)g(tradi-)150 859 y(tional)e(Bourne)e(shell)h
19459 (and)f(Bash;)i(this)f(section)g(quic)m(kly)h(details)g(the)e
19460 (di\013erences)h(of)g(signi\014cance.)46 b(A)150 969
19461 y(n)m(um)m(b)s(er)24 b(of)h(these)h(di\013erences)f(are)h(explained)f
19462 (in)g(greater)h(depth)f(in)g(previous)f(sections.)40
19463 b(This)25 b(section)150 1078 y(uses)33 b(the)i(v)m(ersion)f(of)g
19464 Ft(sh)f Fu(included)g(in)h(SVR4.2)h(\(the)f(last)h(v)m(ersion)f(of)g
19465 (the)g(historical)i(Bourne)d(shell\))150 1188 y(as)e(the)f(baseline)h
19466 (reference.)225 1322 y Fq(\017)60 b Fu(Bash)32 b(is)h
19467 Fm(posix)p Fu(-conforman)m(t,)g(ev)m(en)g(where)f(the)g
19468 Fm(posix)g Fu(sp)s(eci\014cation)h(di\013ers)f(from)g(traditional)330
19469 1431 y Ft(sh)e Fu(b)s(eha)m(vior)g(\(see)i(Section)f(6.11)h([Bash)e
19470 (POSIX)g(Mo)s(de],)h(page)g(101\).)225 1565 y Fq(\017)60
19471 b Fu(Bash)26 b(has)g(m)m(ulti-c)m(haracter)i(in)m(v)m(o)s(cation)g
19472 (options)f(\(see)f(Section)h(6.1)g([In)m(v)m(oking)g(Bash],)h(page)e
19473 (86\).)225 1699 y Fq(\017)60 b Fu(Bash)40 b(has)f(command-line)h
19474 (editing)g(\(see)h(Chapter)e(8)h([Command)f(Line)g(Editing],)k(page)d
19475 (111\))330 1809 y(and)30 b(the)g Ft(bind)g Fu(builtin.)225
19476 1943 y Fq(\017)60 b Fu(Bash)46 b(pro)m(vides)g(a)g(programmable)g(w)m
19477 (ord)f(completion)i(mec)m(hanism)f(\(see)h(Section)g(8.6)g([Pro-)330
19478 2052 y(grammable)39 b(Completion],)i(page)e(137\),)i(and)d(builtin)g
19479 (commands)f Ft(complete)p Fu(,)h Ft(compgen)p Fu(,)h(and)330
19480 2162 y Ft(compopt)p Fu(,)29 b(to)i(manipulate)g(it.)225
19481 2296 y Fq(\017)60 b Fu(Bash)26 b(has)f(command)h(history)f(\(see)i
19482 (Section)f(9.1)h([Bash)f(History)h(F)-8 b(acilities],)30
19483 b(page)c(146\))i(and)d(the)330 2405 y Ft(history)k Fu(and)h
19484 Ft(fc)g Fu(builtins)g(to)h(manipulate)g(it.)42 b(The)30
19485 b(Bash)h(history)g(list)g(main)m(tains)g(timestamp)330
19486 2515 y(information)g(and)e(uses)h(the)h(v)-5 b(alue)31
19487 b(of)f(the)h Ft(HISTTIMEFORMAT)26 b Fu(v)-5 b(ariable)32
19488 b(to)f(displa)m(y)f(it.)225 2649 y Fq(\017)60 b Fu(Bash)48
19489 b(implemen)m(ts)h Ft(csh)p Fu(-lik)m(e)g(history)f(expansion)g(\(see)h
19490 (Section)g(9.3)h([History)f(In)m(teraction],)330 2759
19491 y(page)31 b(148\).)225 2892 y Fq(\017)60 b Fu(Bash)33
19492 b(has)g(one-dimensional)h(arra)m(y)f(v)-5 b(ariables)34
19493 b(\(see)g(Section)g(6.7)g([Arra)m(ys],)g(page)g(95\),)h(and)e(the)330
19494 3002 y(appropriate)39 b(v)-5 b(ariable)40 b(expansions)f(and)g
19495 (assignmen)m(t)h(syn)m(tax)g(to)g(use)f(them.)67 b(Sev)m(eral)40
19496 b(of)g(the)330 3112 y(Bash)32 b(builtins)f(tak)m(e)j(options)e(to)h
19497 (act)g(on)e(arra)m(ys.)46 b(Bash)32 b(pro)m(vides)g(a)g(n)m(um)m(b)s
19498 (er)f(of)h(built-in)f(arra)m(y)330 3221 y(v)-5 b(ariables.)225
19499 3355 y Fq(\017)60 b Fu(The)37 b Ft($'...)n(')g Fu(quoting)g(syn)m(tax,)
19500 j(whic)m(h)d(expands)f(ANSI-C)h(bac)m(kslash-escap)s(ed)h(c)m
19501 (haracters)g(in)330 3465 y(the)26 b(text)h(b)s(et)m(w)m(een)g(the)g
19502 (single)f(quotes,)i(is)e(supp)s(orted)f(\(see)i(Section)g(3.1.2.4)h
19503 ([ANSI-C)e(Quoting],)330 3574 y(page)31 b(6\).)225 3708
19504 y Fq(\017)60 b Fu(Bash)30 b(supp)s(orts)f(the)h Ft($"...)o(")f
19505 Fu(quoting)i(syn)m(tax)g(to)f(do)g(lo)s(cale-sp)s(eci\014c)i
19506 (translation)g(of)e(the)g(c)m(har-)330 3818 y(acters)g(b)s(et)m(w)m
19507 (een)f(the)f(double)g(quotes.)41 b(The)28 b Ft(-D)p Fu(,)h
19508 Ft(--dump-strings)p Fu(,)c(and)j Ft(--dump-po-strings)330
19509 3927 y Fu(in)m(v)m(o)s(cation)42 b(options)d(list)i(the)e(translatable)
19510 i(strings)f(found)e(in)h(a)h(script)g(\(see)g(Section)g(3.1.2.5)330
19511 4037 y([Lo)s(cale)32 b(T)-8 b(ranslation],)31 b(page)h(7\).)225
19512 4171 y Fq(\017)60 b Fu(Bash)44 b(implemen)m(ts)g(the)f
19513 Ft(!)h Fu(k)m(eyw)m(ord)g(to)g(negate)h(the)f(return)e(v)-5
19514 b(alue)44 b(of)g(a)g(pip)s(eline)f(\(see)h(Sec-)330 4281
19515 y(tion)33 b(3.2.3)i([Pip)s(elines],)f(page)g(8\).)49
19516 b(V)-8 b(ery)33 b(useful)f(when)g(an)h Ft(if)f Fu(statemen)m(t)j(needs)
19517 d(to)i(act)g(only)f(if)330 4390 y(a)k(test)h(fails.)60
19518 b(The)36 b(Bash)g(`)p Ft(-o)30 b(pipefail)p Fu(')35 b(option)i(to)h
19519 Ft(set)d Fu(will)i(cause)g(a)g(pip)s(eline)g(to)g(return)f(a)330
19520 4500 y(failure)31 b(status)f(if)h(an)m(y)f(command)g(fails.)225
19521 4634 y Fq(\017)60 b Fu(Bash)34 b(has)g(the)g Ft(time)f
19522 Fu(reserv)m(ed)h(w)m(ord)g(and)f(command)h(timing)h(\(see)g(Section)g
19523 (3.2.3)g([Pip)s(elines],)330 4743 y(page)g(8\).)52 b(The)33
19524 b(displa)m(y)i(of)f(the)g(timing)g(statistics)i(ma)m(y)f(b)s(e)e(con)m
19525 (trolled)j(with)e(the)g Ft(TIMEFORMAT)330 4853 y Fu(v)-5
19526 b(ariable.)225 4987 y Fq(\017)60 b Fu(Bash)28 b(implemen)m(ts)g(the)f
19527 Ft(for)j(\(\()g Fj(expr1)f Ft(;)h Fj(expr2)f Ft(;)h Fj(expr3)f
19528 Ft(\)\))e Fu(arithmetic)h(for)g(command,)g(sim-)330 5096
19529 y(ilar)j(to)g(the)g(C)f(language)h(\(see)h(Section)f(3.2.5.1)i([Lo)s
19530 (oping)d(Constructs],)h(page)g(10\).)225 5230 y Fq(\017)60
19531 b Fu(Bash)31 b(includes)f(the)g Ft(select)f Fu(comp)s(ound)g(command,)i
19532 (whic)m(h)f(allo)m(ws)i(the)f(generation)g(of)g(simple)330
19533 5340 y(men)m(us)f(\(see)h(Section)g(3.2.5.2)i([Conditional)e
19534 (Constructs],)g(page)g(11\).)p eop end
19535 %%Page: 162 168
19536 TeXDict begin 162 167 bop 150 -116 a Fu(App)s(endix)29
19537 b(B:)i(Ma)5 b(jor)31 b(Di\013erences)g(F)-8 b(rom)31
19538 b(The)f(Bourne)g(Shell)1258 b(162)225 299 y Fq(\017)60
19539 b Fu(Bash)40 b(includes)g(the)g Ft([[)g Fu(comp)s(ound)e(command,)43
19540 b(whic)m(h)c(mak)m(es)i(conditional)h(testing)f(part)f(of)330
19541 408 y(the)f(shell)g(grammar)g(\(see)h(Section)f(3.2.5.2)j([Conditional)
19542 d(Constructs],)i(page)f(11\),)i(including)330 518 y(optional)32
19543 b(regular)e(expression)g(matc)m(hing.)225 653 y Fq(\017)60
19544 b Fu(Bash)31 b(pro)m(vides)f(optional)h(case-insensitiv)m(e)i(matc)m
19545 (hing)f(for)e(the)g Ft(case)g Fu(and)f Ft([[)h Fu(constructs.)225
19546 789 y Fq(\017)60 b Fu(Bash)27 b(includes)g(brace)h(expansion)f(\(see)h
19547 (Section)g(3.5.1)i([Brace)e(Expansion],)g(page)g(23\))h(and)d(tilde)330
19548 898 y(expansion)k(\(see)i(Section)f(3.5.2)h([Tilde)f(Expansion],)f
19549 (page)h(24\).)225 1034 y Fq(\017)60 b Fu(Bash)24 b(implemen)m(ts)h
19550 (command)e(aliases)j(and)d(the)i Ft(alias)d Fu(and)i
19551 Ft(unalias)e Fu(builtins)h(\(see)i(Section)g(6.6)330
19552 1143 y([Aliases],)32 b(page)f(94\).)225 1279 y Fq(\017)60
19553 b Fu(Bash)32 b(pro)m(vides)g(shell)g(arithmetic,)i(the)e
19554 Ft(\(\()g Fu(comp)s(ound)e(command)i(\(see)h(Section)f(3.2.5.2)j([Con-)
19555 330 1388 y(ditional)d(Constructs],)e(page)i(11\),)g(and)e(arithmetic)i
19556 (expansion)e(\(see)i(Section)f(6.5)h([Shell)f(Arith-)330
19557 1498 y(metic],)h(page)f(93\).)225 1633 y Fq(\017)60 b
19558 Fu(V)-8 b(ariables)31 b(presen)m(t)e(in)g(the)g(shell's)h(initial)g(en)
19559 m(vironmen)m(t)g(are)g(automatically)i(exp)s(orted)d(to)h(c)m(hild)330
19560 1743 y(pro)s(cesses.)38 b(The)23 b(Bourne)g(shell)g(do)s(es)g(not)g
19561 (normally)g(do)g(this)g(unless)g(the)g(v)-5 b(ariables)24
19562 b(are)f(explicitly)330 1852 y(mark)m(ed)30 b(using)g(the)h
19563 Ft(export)e Fu(command.)225 1988 y Fq(\017)60 b Fu(Bash)26
19564 b(supp)s(orts)d(the)j(`)p Ft(+=)p Fu(')f(assignmen)m(t)i(op)s(erator,)g
19565 (whic)m(h)e(app)s(ends)f(to)i(the)g(v)-5 b(alue)26 b(of)f(the)h(v)-5
19566 b(ariable)330 2097 y(named)30 b(on)g(the)h(left)g(hand)e(side.)225
19567 2233 y Fq(\017)60 b Fu(Bash)36 b(includes)g(the)g Fm(posix)f
19568 Fu(pattern)h(remo)m(v)-5 b(al)37 b(`)p Ft(\045)p Fu(',)h(`)p
19569 Ft(#)p Fu(',)g(`)p Ft(\045\045)p Fu(')e(and)f(`)p Ft(##)p
19570 Fu(')h(expansions)g(to)g(remo)m(v)m(e)330 2342 y(leading)f(or)f
19571 (trailing)h(substrings)e(from)g(v)-5 b(ariable)35 b(v)-5
19572 b(alues)35 b(\(see)g(Section)g(3.5.3)g([Shell)g(P)m(arameter)330
19573 2452 y(Expansion],)30 b(page)h(25\).)225 2587 y Fq(\017)60
19574 b Fu(The)46 b(expansion)g Ft(${#xx})p Fu(,)j(whic)m(h)d(returns)f(the)i
19575 (length)f(of)h Ft(${xx})p Fu(,)i(is)e(supp)s(orted)d(\(see)j(Sec-)330
19576 2697 y(tion)31 b(3.5.3)h([Shell)f(P)m(arameter)g(Expansion],)f(page)i
19577 (25\).)225 2832 y Fq(\017)60 b Fu(The)30 b(expansion)g
19578 Ft(${var:)p Fr(o\013set)r Ft([:)p Fr(length)p Ft(]})p
19579 Fu(,)g(whic)m(h)g(expands)g(to)h(the)g(substring)e(of)i
19580 Ft(var)p Fu('s)e(v)-5 b(alue)330 2942 y(of)43 b(length)g
19581 Fr(length)p Fu(,)k(b)s(eginning)42 b(at)i Fr(o\013set)p
19582 Fu(,)j(is)c(presen)m(t)g(\(see)g(Section)h(3.5.3)h([Shell)e(P)m
19583 (arameter)330 3051 y(Expansion],)30 b(page)h(25\).)225
19584 3187 y Fq(\017)60 b Fu(The)21 b(expansion)f Ft(${var/[/])p
19585 Fr(pattern)p Ft([/)p Fr(replacemen)m(t)r Ft(]})p Fu(,)i(whic)m(h)e
19586 (matc)m(hes)j Fr(pattern)e Fu(and)f(replaces)330 3296
19587 y(it)29 b(with)e Fr(replacemen)m(t)32 b Fu(in)c(the)g(v)-5
19588 b(alue)29 b(of)f Ft(var)p Fu(,)g(is)g(a)m(v)-5 b(ailable)31
19589 b(\(see)e(Section)f(3.5.3)i([Shell)f(P)m(arameter)330
19590 3406 y(Expansion],)h(page)h(25\).)225 3541 y Fq(\017)60
19591 b Fu(The)33 b(expansion)g Ft(${!)p Fj(prefix)p Ft(*})d
19592 Fu(expansion,)k(whic)m(h)e(expands)h(to)h(the)f(names)g(of)g(all)h
19593 (shell)f(v)-5 b(ari-)330 3651 y(ables)36 b(whose)g(names)g(b)s(egin)g
19594 (with)g Fr(pre\014x)p Fu(,)g(is)g(a)m(v)-5 b(ailable)39
19595 b(\(see)e(Section)g(3.5.3)g([Shell)g(P)m(arameter)330
19596 3761 y(Expansion],)30 b(page)h(25\).)225 3896 y Fq(\017)60
19597 b Fu(Bash)22 b(has)f Fr(indirect)j Fu(v)-5 b(ariable)22
19598 b(expansion)g(using)f Ft(${!word})e Fu(\(see)k(Section)f(3.5.3)i
19599 ([Shell)e(P)m(arameter)330 4006 y(Expansion],)30 b(page)h(25\).)225
19600 4141 y Fq(\017)60 b Fu(Bash)31 b(can)f(expand)g(p)s(ositional)h
19601 (parameters)g(b)s(ey)m(ond)e Ft($9)h Fu(using)g Ft(${)p
19602 Fj(num)p Ft(})p Fu(.)225 4276 y Fq(\017)60 b Fu(The)27
19603 b Fm(posix)g Ft($\(\))g Fu(form)g(of)h(command)g(substitution)f(is)h
19604 (implemen)m(ted)g(\(see)h(Section)f(3.5.4)i([Com-)330
19605 4386 y(mand)38 b(Substitution],)k(page)e(31\),)j(and)38
19606 b(preferred)g(to)i(the)g(Bourne)f(shell's)h Ft(``)e Fu(\(whic)m(h)i(is)
19607 f(also)330 4495 y(implemen)m(ted)31 b(for)f(bac)m(kw)m(ards)h
19608 (compatibilit)m(y\).)225 4631 y Fq(\017)60 b Fu(Bash)31
19609 b(has)f(pro)s(cess)g(substitution)g(\(see)h(Section)g(3.5.6)h([Pro)s
19610 (cess)f(Substitution],)f(page)h(32\).)225 4766 y Fq(\017)60
19611 b Fu(Bash)55 b(automatically)j(assigns)e(v)-5 b(ariables)55
19612 b(that)h(pro)m(vide)f(information)h(ab)s(out)f(the)g(curren)m(t)330
19613 4876 y(user)40 b(\()p Ft(UID)p Fu(,)i Ft(EUID)p Fu(,)g(and)e
19614 Ft(GROUPS)p Fu(\),)h(the)g(curren)m(t)f(host)g(\()p Ft(HOSTTYPE)p
19615 Fu(,)h Ft(OSTYPE)p Fu(,)h Ft(MACHTYPE)p Fu(,)f(and)330
19616 4985 y Ft(HOSTNAME)p Fu(\),)55 b(and)c(the)g(instance)h(of)g(Bash)f
19617 (that)h(is)f(running)f(\()p Ft(BASH)p Fu(,)56 b Ft(BASH_VERSION)p
19618 Fu(,)e(and)330 5095 y Ft(BASH_VERSINFO)p Fu(\).)37 b(See)31
19619 b(Section)g(5.2)h([Bash)e(V)-8 b(ariables],)33 b(page)e(73,)g(for)f
19620 (details.)225 5230 y Fq(\017)60 b Fu(The)44 b Ft(IFS)f
19621 Fu(v)-5 b(ariable)45 b(is)f(used)f(to)i(split)f(only)g(the)g(results)g
19622 (of)h(expansion,)i(not)d(all)h(w)m(ords)f(\(see)330 5340
19623 y(Section)29 b(3.5.7)h([W)-8 b(ord)29 b(Splitting],)h(page)f(32\).)41
19624 b(This)28 b(closes)h(a)g(longstanding)g(shell)f(securit)m(y)h(hole.)p
19625 eop end
19626 %%Page: 163 169
19627 TeXDict begin 163 168 bop 150 -116 a Fu(App)s(endix)29
19628 b(B:)i(Ma)5 b(jor)31 b(Di\013erences)g(F)-8 b(rom)31
19629 b(The)f(Bourne)g(Shell)1258 b(163)225 299 y Fq(\017)60
19630 b Fu(The)36 b(\014lename)h(expansion)f(brac)m(k)m(et)i(expression)f(co)
19631 s(de)f(uses)g(`)p Ft(!)p Fu(')h(and)f(`)p Ft(^)p Fu(')h(to)g(negate)h
19632 (the)f(set)g(of)330 408 y(c)m(haracters)32 b(b)s(et)m(w)m(een)f(the)f
19633 (brac)m(k)m(ets.)43 b(The)29 b(Bourne)i(shell)f(uses)g(only)h(`)p
19634 Ft(!)p Fu('.)225 536 y Fq(\017)60 b Fu(Bash)38 b(implemen)m(ts)g(the)g
19635 (full)g(set)g(of)g Fm(posix)f Fu(\014lename)h(expansion)g(op)s
19636 (erators,)i(including)d Fr(c)m(har-)330 646 y(acter)i(classes)p
19637 Fu(,)j Fr(equiv)-5 b(alence)39 b(classes)p Fu(,)j(and)37
19638 b Fr(collating)k(sym)m(b)s(ols)g Fu(\(see)e(Section)g(3.5.8)h
19639 ([Filename)330 756 y(Expansion],)30 b(page)h(33\).)225
19640 883 y Fq(\017)60 b Fu(Bash)35 b(implemen)m(ts)g(extended)g(pattern)g
19641 (matc)m(hing)h(features)f(when)f(the)h Ft(extglob)d Fu(shell)j(option)
19642 330 993 y(is)30 b(enabled)h(\(see)g(Section)g(3.5.8.1)i([P)m(attern)f
19643 (Matc)m(hing],)g(page)f(33\).)225 1121 y Fq(\017)60 b
19644 Fu(It)22 b(is)g(p)s(ossible)g(to)h(ha)m(v)m(e)g(a)f(v)-5
19645 b(ariable)23 b(and)f(a)g(function)g(with)g(the)g(same)g(name;)j
19646 Ft(sh)d Fu(do)s(es)g(not)g(separate)330 1230 y(the)31
19647 b(t)m(w)m(o)g(name)g(spaces.)225 1358 y Fq(\017)60 b
19648 Fu(Bash)30 b(functions)e(are)i(p)s(ermitted)f(to)h(ha)m(v)m(e)h(lo)s
19649 (cal)g(v)-5 b(ariables)30 b(using)f(the)g Ft(local)f
19650 Fu(builtin,)i(and)e(th)m(us)330 1468 y(useful)i(recursiv)m(e)g
19651 (functions)g(ma)m(y)h(b)s(e)f(written)g(\(see)i(Section)f(4.2)g([Bash)g
19652 (Builtins],)g(page)h(51\).)225 1596 y Fq(\017)60 b Fu(V)-8
19653 b(ariable)25 b(assignmen)m(ts)g(preceding)e(commands)h(a\013ect)h(only)
19654 f(that)g(command,)h(ev)m(en)f(builtins)g(and)330 1705
19655 y(functions)36 b(\(see)h(Section)g(3.7.4)h([En)m(vironmen)m(t],)h(page)
19656 e(41\).)60 b(In)35 b Ft(sh)p Fu(,)j(all)f(v)-5 b(ariable)37
19657 b(assignmen)m(ts)330 1815 y(preceding)30 b(commands)g(are)h(global)h
19658 (unless)d(the)i(command)f(is)h(executed)g(from)f(the)g(\014le)h
19659 (system.)225 1943 y Fq(\017)60 b Fu(Bash)44 b(p)s(erforms)e(\014lename)
19660 i(expansion)f(on)h(\014lenames)g(sp)s(eci\014ed)f(as)h(op)s(erands)e
19661 (to)j(input)e(and)330 2052 y(output)30 b(redirection)h(op)s(erators)g
19662 (\(see)g(Section)g(3.6)h([Redirections],)g(page)f(35\).)225
19663 2180 y Fq(\017)60 b Fu(Bash)29 b(con)m(tains)h(the)f(`)p
19664 Ft(<>)p Fu(')f(redirection)i(op)s(erator,)f(allo)m(wing)i(a)e(\014le)g
19665 (to)g(b)s(e)f(op)s(ened)g(for)h(b)s(oth)f(read-)330 2290
19666 y(ing)35 b(and)f(writing,)i(and)e(the)h(`)p Ft(&>)p Fu(')g(redirection)
19667 g(op)s(erator,)h(for)f(directing)g(standard)f(output)h(and)330
19668 2399 y(standard)30 b(error)g(to)h(the)f(same)h(\014le)f(\(see)i
19669 (Section)f(3.6)g([Redirections],)h(page)g(35\).)225 2527
19670 y Fq(\017)60 b Fu(Bash)21 b(includes)f(the)h(`)p Ft(<<<)p
19671 Fu(')g(redirection)g(op)s(erator,)i(allo)m(wing)g(a)e(string)f(to)i(b)s
19672 (e)e(used)g(as)h(the)g(standard)330 2637 y(input)29 b(to)j(a)e
19673 (command.)225 2765 y Fq(\017)60 b Fu(Bash)32 b(implemen)m(ts)f(the)h(`)
19674 p Ft([n]<&)p Fj(word)p Fu(')d(and)i(`)p Ft([n]>&)p Fj(word)p
19675 Fu(')e(redirection)j(op)s(erators,)g(whic)m(h)f(mo)m(v)m(e)330
19676 2874 y(one)g(\014le)f(descriptor)g(to)h(another.)225
19677 3002 y Fq(\017)60 b Fu(Bash)25 b(treats)h(a)f(n)m(um)m(b)s(er)e(of)i
19678 (\014lenames)g(sp)s(ecially)g(when)f(they)h(are)g(used)f(in)g
19679 (redirection)i(op)s(erators)330 3112 y(\(see)31 b(Section)h(3.6)f
19680 ([Redirections],)h(page)f(35\).)225 3240 y Fq(\017)60
19681 b Fu(Bash)33 b(can)f(op)s(en)g(net)m(w)m(ork)i(connections)f(to)h
19682 (arbitrary)e(mac)m(hines)h(and)f(services)h(with)f(the)h(redi-)330
19683 3349 y(rection)e(op)s(erators)g(\(see)g(Section)g(3.6)h
19684 ([Redirections],)g(page)f(35\).)225 3477 y Fq(\017)60
19685 b Fu(The)29 b Ft(noclobber)e Fu(option)j(is)g(a)m(v)-5
19686 b(ailable)32 b(to)e(a)m(v)m(oid)h(o)m(v)m(erwriting)g(existing)g
19687 (\014les)e(with)h(output)f(redi-)330 3587 y(rection)39
19688 b(\(see)h(Section)f(4.3.1)h([The)e(Set)h(Builtin],)i(page)e(62\).)66
19689 b(The)38 b(`)p Ft(>|)p Fu(')h(redirection)g(op)s(erator)330
19690 3696 y(ma)m(y)31 b(b)s(e)f(used)f(to)i(o)m(v)m(erride)h
19691 Ft(noclobber)p Fu(.)225 3824 y Fq(\017)60 b Fu(The)34
19692 b(Bash)g Ft(cd)g Fu(and)f Ft(pwd)g Fu(builtins)h(\(see)h(Section)g(4.1)
19693 g([Bourne)g(Shell)f(Builtins],)h(page)g(44\))h(eac)m(h)330
19694 3934 y(tak)m(e)c Ft(-L)e Fu(and)f Ft(-P)h Fu(options)h(to)g(switc)m(h)g
19695 (b)s(et)m(w)m(een)g(logical)i(and)c(ph)m(ysical)i(mo)s(des.)225
19696 4061 y Fq(\017)60 b Fu(Bash)25 b(allo)m(ws)h(a)g(function)e(to)i(o)m(v)
19697 m(erride)g(a)g(builtin)e(with)h(the)g(same)g(name,)i(and)d(pro)m(vides)
19698 h(access)h(to)330 4171 y(that)34 b(builtin's)f(functionalit)m(y)h
19699 (within)f(the)g(function)g(via)h(the)f Ft(builtin)f Fu(and)g
19700 Ft(command)g Fu(builtins)330 4281 y(\(see)f(Section)h(4.2)f([Bash)g
19701 (Builtins],)g(page)g(51\).)225 4408 y Fq(\017)60 b Fu(The)35
19702 b Ft(command)e Fu(builtin)i(allo)m(ws)i(selectiv)m(e)h(disabling)e(of)f
19703 (functions)g(when)g(command)g(lo)s(okup)g(is)330 4518
19704 y(p)s(erformed)29 b(\(see)i(Section)g(4.2)h([Bash)f(Builtins],)g(page)g
19705 (51\).)225 4646 y Fq(\017)60 b Fu(Individual)23 b(builtins)g(ma)m(y)i
19706 (b)s(e)e(enabled)h(or)g(disabled)g(using)f(the)h Ft(enable)f
19707 Fu(builtin)g(\(see)i(Section)g(4.2)330 4756 y([Bash)31
19708 b(Builtins],)g(page)g(51\).)225 4883 y Fq(\017)60 b Fu(The)26
19709 b(Bash)h Ft(exec)e Fu(builtin)h(tak)m(es)i(additional)f(options)g(that)
19710 g(allo)m(w)h(users)d(to)j(con)m(trol)g(the)e(con)m(ten)m(ts)330
19711 4993 y(of)35 b(the)f(en)m(vironmen)m(t)h(passed)f(to)h(the)g(executed)g
19712 (command,)h(and)d(what)i(the)f(zeroth)h(argumen)m(t)330
19713 5103 y(to)c(the)g(command)f(is)g(to)h(b)s(e)f(\(see)h(Section)h(4.1)f
19714 ([Bourne)f(Shell)h(Builtins],)g(page)g(44\).)225 5230
19715 y Fq(\017)60 b Fu(Shell)29 b(functions)g(ma)m(y)h(b)s(e)f(exp)s(orted)g
19716 (to)h(c)m(hildren)f(via)h(the)g(en)m(vironmen)m(t)g(using)f
19717 Ft(export)f(-f)h Fu(\(see)330 5340 y(Section)i(3.3)h([Shell)e(F)-8
19718 b(unctions],)32 b(page)f(18\).)p eop end
19719 %%Page: 164 170
19720 TeXDict begin 164 169 bop 150 -116 a Fu(App)s(endix)29
19721 b(B:)i(Ma)5 b(jor)31 b(Di\013erences)g(F)-8 b(rom)31
19722 b(The)f(Bourne)g(Shell)1258 b(164)225 299 y Fq(\017)60
19723 b Fu(The)40 b(Bash)h Ft(export)p Fu(,)h Ft(readonly)p
19724 Fu(,)f(and)g Ft(declare)d Fu(builtins)j(can)g(tak)m(e)h(a)f
19725 Ft(-f)f Fu(option)i(to)f(act)h(on)330 408 y(shell)30
19726 b(functions,)f(a)h Ft(-p)f Fu(option)g(to)i(displa)m(y)e(v)-5
19727 b(ariables)30 b(with)f(v)-5 b(arious)30 b(attributes)g(set)g(in)f(a)h
19728 (format)330 518 y(that)g(can)g(b)s(e)f(used)g(as)g(shell)h(input,)f(a)h
19729 Ft(-n)f Fu(option)h(to)g(remo)m(v)m(e)h(v)-5 b(arious)30
19730 b(v)-5 b(ariable)30 b(attributes,)h(and)330 628 y(`)p
19731 Ft(name=value)p Fu(')d(argumen)m(ts)j(to)g(set)g(v)-5
19732 b(ariable)31 b(attributes)g(and)f(v)-5 b(alues)30 b(sim)m(ultaneously)
19733 -8 b(.)225 765 y Fq(\017)60 b Fu(The)42 b(Bash)h Ft(hash)f
19734 Fu(builtin)g(allo)m(ws)j(a)e(name)g(to)g(b)s(e)f(asso)s(ciated)j(with)d
19735 (an)h(arbitrary)f(\014lename,)330 874 y(ev)m(en)30 b(when)e(that)h
19736 (\014lename)g(cannot)h(b)s(e)e(found)g(b)m(y)h(searc)m(hing)g(the)g
19737 Ft($PATH)p Fu(,)g(using)f(`)p Ft(hash)h(-p)p Fu(')g(\(see)330
19738 984 y(Section)i(4.1)h([Bourne)e(Shell)g(Builtins],)h(page)h(44\).)225
19739 1121 y Fq(\017)60 b Fu(Bash)27 b(includes)f(a)i Ft(help)d
19740 Fu(builtin)i(for)f(quic)m(k)h(reference)h(to)f(shell)g(facilities)i
19741 (\(see)f(Section)g(4.2)g([Bash)330 1230 y(Builtins],)j(page)g(51\).)225
19742 1367 y Fq(\017)60 b Fu(The)42 b Ft(printf)g Fu(builtin)g(is)h(a)m(v)-5
19743 b(ailable)45 b(to)f(displa)m(y)f(formatted)g(output)g(\(see)h(Section)g
19744 (4.2)g([Bash)330 1477 y(Builtins],)31 b(page)g(51\).)225
19745 1614 y Fq(\017)60 b Fu(The)26 b(Bash)h Ft(read)f Fu(builtin)g(\(see)i
19746 (Section)g(4.2)g([Bash)f(Builtins],)h(page)g(51\))g(will)f(read)g(a)g
19747 (line)g(ending)330 1724 y(in)i(`)p Ft(\\)p Fu(')h(with)f(the)g
19748 Ft(-r)g Fu(option,)i(and)d(will)i(use)f(the)h Ft(REPLY)e
19749 Fu(v)-5 b(ariable)30 b(as)g(a)f(default)h(if)f(no)h(non-option)330
19750 1833 y(argumen)m(ts)h(are)h(supplied.)42 b(The)30 b(Bash)i
19751 Ft(read)e Fu(builtin)g(also)j(accepts)f(a)g(prompt)e(string)h(with)g
19752 (the)330 1943 y Ft(-p)c Fu(option)h(and)f(will)g(use)h(Readline)g(to)g
19753 (obtain)g(the)g(line)f(when)g(giv)m(en)h(the)g Ft(-e)f
19754 Fu(option.)40 b(The)27 b Ft(read)330 2052 y Fu(builtin)h(also)i(has)e
19755 (additional)i(options)f(to)g(con)m(trol)h(input:)39 b(the)29
19756 b Ft(-s)f Fu(option)h(will)g(turn)e(o\013)j(ec)m(hoing)330
19757 2162 y(of)f(input)f(c)m(haracters)j(as)e(they)g(are)h(read,)f(the)g
19758 Ft(-t)g Fu(option)g(will)h(allo)m(w)g Ft(read)e Fu(to)i(time)g(out)f
19759 (if)g(input)330 2271 y(do)s(es)i(not)h(arriv)m(e)g(within)f(a)h(sp)s
19760 (eci\014ed)f(n)m(um)m(b)s(er)f(of)i(seconds,)g(the)f
19761 Ft(-n)g Fu(option)h(will)g(allo)m(w)h(reading)330 2381
19762 y(only)38 b(a)g(sp)s(eci\014ed)f(n)m(um)m(b)s(er)f(of)i(c)m(haracters)h
19763 (rather)e(than)g(a)h(full)g(line,)i(and)d(the)h Ft(-d)f
19764 Fu(option)h(will)330 2491 y(read)30 b(un)m(til)h(a)g(particular)f(c)m
19765 (haracter)i(rather)f(than)f(newline.)225 2628 y Fq(\017)60
19766 b Fu(The)33 b Ft(return)e Fu(builtin)i(ma)m(y)g(b)s(e)g(used)f(to)i(ab)
19767 s(ort)f(execution)h(of)f(scripts)g(executed)h(with)f(the)g
19768 Ft(.)g Fu(or)330 2737 y Ft(source)c Fu(builtins)g(\(see)j(Section)f
19769 (4.1)g([Bourne)g(Shell)f(Builtins],)h(page)g(44\).)225
19770 2874 y Fq(\017)60 b Fu(Bash)43 b(includes)g(the)g Ft(shopt)f
19771 Fu(builtin,)k(for)d(\014ner)f(con)m(trol)j(of)e(shell)h(optional)g
19772 (capabilities)h(\(see)330 2984 y(Section)c(4.3.2)g([The)f(Shopt)f
19773 (Builtin],)k(page)d(66\),)k(and)39 b(allo)m(ws)i(these)f(options)h(to)f
19774 (b)s(e)f(set)i(and)330 3093 y(unset)30 b(at)h(shell)g(in)m(v)m(o)s
19775 (cation)h(\(see)f(Section)h(6.1)f([In)m(v)m(oking)g(Bash],)g(page)h
19776 (86\).)225 3230 y Fq(\017)60 b Fu(Bash)45 b(has)f(m)m(uc)m(h)g(more)h
19777 (optional)h(b)s(eha)m(vior)e(con)m(trollable)j(with)e(the)f
19778 Ft(set)g Fu(builtin)g(\(see)h(Sec-)330 3340 y(tion)31
19779 b(4.3.1)h([The)e(Set)h(Builtin],)g(page)g(62\).)225 3477
19780 y Fq(\017)60 b Fu(The)31 b(`)p Ft(-x)p Fu(')g(\()p Ft(xtrace)p
19781 Fu(\))g(option)h(displa)m(ys)f(commands)h(other)f(than)h(simple)f
19782 (commands)g(when)g(p)s(er-)330 3587 y(forming)f(an)g(execution)i(trace)
19783 f(\(see)h(Section)f(4.3.1)h([The)e(Set)h(Builtin],)g(page)g(62\).)225
19784 3724 y Fq(\017)60 b Fu(The)28 b Ft(test)g Fu(builtin)h(\(see)h(Section)
19785 f(4.1)h([Bourne)f(Shell)g(Builtins],)h(page)g(44\))g(is)f(sligh)m(tly)h
19786 (di\013eren)m(t,)330 3833 y(as)23 b(it)g(implemen)m(ts)f(the)h
19787 Fm(posix)f Fu(algorithm,)j(whic)m(h)d(sp)s(eci\014es)g(the)h(b)s(eha)m
19788 (vior)f(based)g(on)h(the)f(n)m(um)m(b)s(er)330 3943 y(of)31
19789 b(argumen)m(ts.)225 4080 y Fq(\017)60 b Fu(Bash)31 b(includes)g(the)h
19790 Ft(caller)d Fu(builtin,)j(whic)m(h)f(displa)m(ys)g(the)g(con)m(text)i
19791 (of)f(an)m(y)g(activ)m(e)h(subroutine)330 4189 y(call)28
19792 b(\(a)f(shell)f(function)h(or)f(a)h(script)f(executed)h(with)f(the)h
19793 Ft(.)f Fu(or)g Ft(source)f Fu(builtins\).)39 b(This)26
19794 b(supp)s(orts)330 4299 y(the)31 b(bash)e(debugger.)225
19795 4436 y Fq(\017)60 b Fu(The)42 b Ft(trap)f Fu(builtin)h(\(see)i(Section)
19796 f(4.1)h([Bourne)e(Shell)g(Builtins],)47 b(page)c(44\))h(allo)m(ws)g(a)e
19797 Ft(DEBUG)330 4545 y Fu(pseudo-signal)c(sp)s(eci\014cation,)i(similar)e
19798 (to)g Ft(EXIT)p Fu(.)62 b(Commands)36 b(sp)s(eci\014ed)h(with)g(a)h
19799 Ft(DEBUG)e Fu(trap)330 4655 y(are)k(executed)g(b)s(efore)f(ev)m(ery)h
19800 (simple)f(command,)j Ft(for)c Fu(command,)k Ft(case)c
19801 Fu(command,)k Ft(select)330 4765 y Fu(command,)35 b(ev)m(ery)g
19802 (arithmetic)g Ft(for)e Fu(command,)i(and)f(b)s(efore)g(the)g(\014rst)f
19803 (command)h(executes)h(in)330 4874 y(a)29 b(shell)g(function.)40
19804 b(The)28 b Ft(DEBUG)g Fu(trap)g(is)h(not)g(inherited)f(b)m(y)h(shell)g
19805 (functions)f(unless)g(the)h(function)330 4984 y(has)35
19806 b(b)s(een)g(giv)m(en)i(the)f Ft(trace)e Fu(attribute)i(or)g(the)g
19807 Ft(functrace)d Fu(option)j(has)f(b)s(een)g(enabled)g(using)330
19808 5093 y(the)28 b Ft(shopt)e Fu(builtin.)39 b(The)27 b
19809 Ft(extdebug)f Fu(shell)i(option)g(has)f(additional)h(e\013ects)h(on)f
19810 (the)g Ft(DEBUG)e Fu(trap.)330 5230 y(The)21 b Ft(trap)e
19811 Fu(builtin)i(\(see)h(Section)g(4.1)g([Bourne)f(Shell)g(Builtins],)j
19812 (page)e(44\))g(allo)m(ws)g(an)f Ft(ERR)f Fu(pseudo-)330
19813 5340 y(signal)30 b(sp)s(eci\014cation,)h(similar)f(to)g
19814 Ft(EXIT)f Fu(and)g Ft(DEBUG)p Fu(.)39 b(Commands)28 b(sp)s(eci\014ed)h
19815 (with)g(an)g Ft(ERR)g Fu(trap)p eop end
19816 %%Page: 165 171
19817 TeXDict begin 165 170 bop 150 -116 a Fu(App)s(endix)29
19818 b(B:)i(Ma)5 b(jor)31 b(Di\013erences)g(F)-8 b(rom)31
19819 b(The)f(Bourne)g(Shell)1258 b(165)330 299 y(are)40 b(executed)g(after)g
19820 (a)f(simple)h(command)f(fails,)j(with)d(a)h(few)f(exceptions.)68
19821 b(The)39 b Ft(ERR)g Fu(trap)g(is)330 408 y(not)g(inherited)f(b)m(y)h
19822 (shell)g(functions)f(unless)g(the)h Ft(-o)29 b(errtrace)37
19823 b Fu(option)i(to)g(the)g Ft(set)f Fu(builtin)g(is)330
19824 518 y(enabled.)330 650 y(The)g Ft(trap)g Fu(builtin)h(\(see)g(Section)h
19825 (4.1)g([Bourne)f(Shell)g(Builtins],)i(page)f(44\))g(allo)m(ws)g(a)g
19826 Ft(RETURN)330 759 y Fu(pseudo-signal)35 b(sp)s(eci\014cation,)j
19827 (similar)d(to)h Ft(EXIT)e Fu(and)g Ft(DEBUG)p Fu(.)54
19828 b(Commands)34 b(sp)s(eci\014ed)g(with)h(an)330 869 y
19829 Ft(RETURN)k Fu(trap)i(are)g(executed)h(b)s(efore)e(execution)i(resumes)
19830 e(after)h(a)g(shell)g(function)g(or)g(a)g(shell)330 978
19831 y(script)36 b(executed)g(with)g Ft(.)f Fu(or)h Ft(source)e
19832 Fu(returns.)56 b(The)35 b Ft(RETURN)f Fu(trap)i(is)g(not)g(inherited)f
19833 (b)m(y)h(shell)330 1088 y(functions)k(unless)h(the)g(function)f(has)h
19834 (b)s(een)f(giv)m(en)i(the)f Ft(trace)e Fu(attribute)j(or)e(the)h
19835 Ft(functrace)330 1198 y Fu(option)31 b(has)f(b)s(een)g(enabled)g(using)
19836 g(the)g Ft(shopt)f Fu(builtin.)225 1329 y Fq(\017)60
19837 b Fu(The)30 b(Bash)g Ft(type)f Fu(builtin)h(is)g(more)g(extensiv)m(e)i
19838 (and)d(giv)m(es)j(more)e(information)h(ab)s(out)f(the)g(names)330
19839 1439 y(it)h(\014nds)e(\(see)i(Section)g(4.2)h([Bash)e(Builtins],)i
19840 (page)f(51\).)225 1570 y Fq(\017)60 b Fu(The)27 b(Bash)h
19841 Ft(umask)e Fu(builtin)h(p)s(ermits)g(a)h Ft(-p)f Fu(option)h(to)h
19842 (cause)f(the)g(output)f(to)h(b)s(e)f(displa)m(y)m(ed)h(in)g(the)330
19843 1680 y(form)i(of)h(a)g Ft(umask)f Fu(command)g(that)i(ma)m(y)f(b)s(e)f
19844 (reused)g(as)h(input)f(\(see)i(Section)f(4.1)h([Bourne)f(Shell)330
19845 1789 y(Builtins],)g(page)g(44\).)225 1921 y Fq(\017)60
19846 b Fu(Bash)34 b(implemen)m(ts)h(a)g Ft(csh)p Fu(-lik)m(e)g(directory)f
19847 (stac)m(k,)j(and)d(pro)m(vides)g(the)g Ft(pushd)p Fu(,)g
19848 Ft(popd)p Fu(,)g(and)g Ft(dirs)330 2030 y Fu(builtins)g(to)i
19849 (manipulate)f(it)h(\(see)f(Section)h(6.8)g([The)f(Directory)h(Stac)m
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19851 (directory)g(stac)m(k)g(visible)g(as)g(the)f(v)-5 b(alue)31
19852 b(of)g(the)f Ft(DIRSTACK)f Fu(shell)h(v)-5 b(ariable.)225
19853 2272 y Fq(\017)60 b Fu(Bash)28 b(in)m(terprets)h(sp)s(ecial)g(bac)m
19854 (kslash-escap)s(ed)g(c)m(haracters)g(in)f(the)h(prompt)e(strings)h
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19856 ([Con)m(trolling)f(the)g(Prompt],)f(page)h(98\).)225
19857 2513 y Fq(\017)60 b Fu(The)46 b(Bash)h(restricted)g(mo)s(de)f(is)h
19858 (more)f(useful)g(\(see)h(Section)h(6.10)g([The)e(Restricted)i(Shell],)
19859 330 2622 y(page)31 b(100\);)h(the)f(SVR4.2)g(shell)g(restricted)g(mo)s
19860 (de)f(is)g(to)s(o)h(limited.)225 2754 y Fq(\017)60 b
19861 Fu(The)30 b Ft(disown)f Fu(builtin)h(can)h(remo)m(v)m(e)h(a)f(job)f
19862 (from)g(the)h(in)m(ternal)g(shell)g(job)f(table)i(\(see)f(Section)h
19863 (7.2)330 2863 y([Job)e(Con)m(trol)h(Builtins],)g(page)g(108\))g(or)g
19864 (suppress)d(the)i(sending)g(of)g Ft(SIGHUP)e Fu(to)j(a)g(job)f(when)f
19865 (the)330 2973 y(shell)i(exits)g(as)f(the)h(result)f(of)h(a)f
19866 Ft(SIGHUP)p Fu(.)225 3104 y Fq(\017)60 b Fu(Bash)31 b(includes)f(a)g(n)
19867 m(um)m(b)s(er)f(of)i(features)g(to)g(supp)s(ort)d(a)j(separate)g
19868 (debugger)f(for)h(shell)f(scripts.)225 3236 y Fq(\017)60
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19870 (builtins)e(\()p Ft(mldmode)e Fu(and)i Ft(priv)p Fu(\))f(not)i(presen)m
19871 (t)f(in)330 3346 y(Bash.)225 3477 y Fq(\017)60 b Fu(Bash)31
19872 b(do)s(es)f(not)g(ha)m(v)m(e)i(the)e Ft(stop)g Fu(or)g
19873 Ft(newgrp)f Fu(builtins.)225 3609 y Fq(\017)60 b Fu(Bash)31
19874 b(do)s(es)f(not)g(use)g(the)h Ft(SHACCT)d Fu(v)-5 b(ariable)32
19875 b(or)e(p)s(erform)f(shell)i(accoun)m(ting.)225 3740 y
19876 Fq(\017)60 b Fu(The)30 b(SVR4.2)h Ft(sh)f Fu(uses)g(a)g
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19878 Ft(TMOUT)p Fu(.)150 3894 y(More)h(features)g(unique)e(to)i(Bash)g(ma)m
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19881 b(Di\013erences)e(F)-11 b(rom)44 b(The)h(SVR4.2)g(Shell)150
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19886 b(do)s(es)f(not)h(fork)f(a)h(subshell)e(when)h(redirecting)h(in)m(to)h
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19889 Fu(statemen)m(t.)225 4770 y Fq(\017)60 b Fu(Bash)29 b(do)s(es)f(not)h
19890 (allo)m(w)h(un)m(balanced)f(quotes.)41 b(The)28 b(SVR4.2)h(shell)g
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19893 b(This)27 b(can)h(b)s(e)g(the)g(cause)g(of)g(some)h(hard-)330
19894 4989 y(to-\014nd)h(errors.)225 5121 y Fq(\017)60 b Fu(The)45
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19901 %%Page: 166 172
19902 TeXDict begin 166 171 bop 150 -116 a Fu(App)s(endix)29
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19913 Fu(,)f Ft(SIGALRM)p Fu(,)f(or)j Ft(SIGCHLD)p Fu(.)225
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19917 b(to)330 897 y(b)s(e)30 b(unset.)225 1031 y Fq(\017)60
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19919 (undo)s(cumen)m(ted)e(equiv)-5 b(alen)m(t)31 b(of)g(`)p
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19934 (con)m(trol\).)p eop end
19935 %%Page: 167 173
19936 TeXDict begin 167 172 bop 3614 -116 a Fu(167)150 299
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19948 1450 y(useful)29 b(do)s(cumen)m(t)h Fr(free)36 b Fu(in)29
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20111 %%Page: 169 175
20112 TeXDict begin 169 174 bop 150 -116 a Fu(App)s(endix)29
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20204 %%Page: 170 176
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20286 %%Page: 171 177
20287 TeXDict begin 171 176 bop 150 -116 a Fu(App)s(endix)29
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20374 %%Page: 172 178
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20461 (an)m(y)g(righ)m(ts)f(to)i(use)e(it.)p eop end
20462 %%Page: 173 179
20463 TeXDict begin 173 178 bop 150 -116 a Fu(App)s(endix)29
20464 b(C:)h(GNU)h(F)-8 b(ree)31 b(Do)s(cumen)m(tation)i(License)1560
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20529 %%Page: 174 180
20530 TeXDict begin 174 179 bop 150 -116 a Fu(App)s(endix)29
20531 b(C:)h(GNU)h(F)-8 b(ree)31 b(Do)s(cumen)m(tation)i(License)1560
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20567 %%Page: 175 181
20568 TeXDict begin 175 180 bop 3614 -116 a Fu(175)150 299
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20725 %%Page: 176 182
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21017 eop end
21018 %%Page: 178 184
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21494 eop end
21495 %%Page: 181 187
21496 TeXDict begin 181 186 bop 150 -116 a Fu(App)s(endix)29
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21617 %%Page: 182 188
21618 TeXDict begin 182 187 bop 150 -116 a Fu(App)s(endix)29
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21786 eop end
21787 %%Page: 183 189
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21913 %%Trailer
21914
21915 userdict /end-hook known{end-hook}if
21916 %%EOF