doc/man1/openssl-enc.pod.in

   1 =pod
   2 {- OpenSSL::safe::output_do_not_edit_headers(); -}
   3
   4 =head1 NAME
   5
   6 openssl-enc - symmetric cipher routines
   7
   8 =head1 SYNOPSIS
   9
  10 B<openssl> B<enc>|I<cipher>
  11 [B<-I<cipher>>]
  12 [B<-help>]
  13 [B<-list>]
  14 [B<-ciphers>]
  15 [B<-in> I<filename>]
  16 [B<-out> I<filename>]
  17 [B<-pass> I<arg>]
  18 [B<-e>]
  19 [B<-d>]
  20 [B<-a>]
  21 [B<-base64>]
  22 [B<-A>]
  23 [B<-k> I<password>]
  24 [B<-kfile> I<filename>]
  25 [B<-K> I<key>]
  26 [B<-iv> I<IV>]
  27 [B<-S> I<salt>]
  28 [B<-salt>]
  29 [B<-nosalt>]
  30 [B<-z>]
  31 [B<-md> I<digest>]
  32 [B<-iter> I<count>]
  33 [B<-pbkdf2>]
  34 [B<-p>]
  35 [B<-P>]
  36 [B<-bufsize> I<number>]
  37 [B<-nopad>]
  38 [B<-v>]
  39 [B<-debug>]
  40 [B<-none>]
  41 {- $OpenSSL::safe::opt_engine_synopsis -}{- $OpenSSL::safe::opt_r_synopsis -}
  42 {- $OpenSSL::safe::opt_provider_synopsis -}
  43
  44 =for openssl ifdef z engine ciphers
  45
  46 B<openssl> I<cipher> [B<...>]
  47
  48 =head1 DESCRIPTION
  49
  50 The symmetric cipher commands allow data to be encrypted or decrypted
  51 using various block and stream ciphers using keys based on passwords
  52 or explicitly provided. Base64 encoding or decoding can also be performed
  53 either by itself or in addition to the encryption or decryption.
  54
  55 =head1 OPTIONS
  56
  57 =over 4
  58
  59 =item B<-help>
  60
  61 Print out a usage message.
  62
  63 =item B<-list>
  64
  65 List all supported ciphers.
  66
  67 =item B<-ciphers>
  68
  69 Alias of -list to display all supported ciphers.
  70
  71 =item B<-in> I<filename>
  72
  73 The input filename, standard input by default.
  74
  75 =item B<-out> I<filename>
  76
  77 The output filename, standard output by default.
  78
  79 =item B<-pass> I<arg>
  80
  81 The password source. For more information about the format of I<arg>
  82 see L<openssl-passphrase-options(1)>.
  83
  84 =item B<-e>
  85
  86 Encrypt the input data: this is the default.
  87
  88 =item B<-d>
  89
  90 Decrypt the input data.
  91
  92 =item B<-a>
  93
  94 Base64 process the data. This means that if encryption is taking place
  95 the data is base64 encoded after encryption. If decryption is set then
  96 the input data is base64 decoded before being decrypted.
  97
  98 =item B<-base64>
  99
 100 Same as B<-a>
 101
 102 =item B<-A>
 103
 104 If the B<-a> option is set then base64 process the data on one line.
 105
 106 =item B<-k> I<password>
 107
 108 The password to derive the key from. This is for compatibility with previous
 109 versions of OpenSSL. Superseded by the B<-pass> argument.
 110
 111 =item B<-kfile> I<filename>
 112
 113 Read the password to derive the key from the first line of I<filename>.
 114 This is for compatibility with previous versions of OpenSSL. Superseded by
 115 the B<-pass> argument.
 116
 117 =item B<-md> I<digest>
 118
 119 Use the specified digest to create the key from the passphrase.
 120 The default algorithm is sha-256.
 121
 122 =item B<-iter> I<count>
 123
 124 Use a given number of iterations on the password in deriving the encryption key.
 125 High values increase the time required to brute-force the resulting file.
 126 This option enables the use of PBKDF2 algorithm to derive the key.
 127
 128 =item B<-pbkdf2>
 129
 130 Use PBKDF2 algorithm with default iteration count unless otherwise specified.
 131
 132 =item B<-nosalt>
 133
 134 Don't use a salt in the key derivation routines. This option B<SHOULD NOT> be
 135 used except for test purposes or compatibility with ancient versions of
 136 OpenSSL.
 137
 138 =item B<-salt>
 139
 140 Use salt (randomly generated or provide with B<-S> option) when
 141 encrypting, this is the default.
 142
 143 =item B<-S> I<salt>
 144
 145 The actual salt to use: this must be represented as a string of hex digits.
 146
 147 =item B<-K> I<key>
 148
 149 The actual key to use: this must be represented as a string comprised only
 150 of hex digits. If only the key is specified, the IV must additionally specified
 151 using the B<-iv> option. When both a key and a password are specified, the
 152 key given with the B<-K> option will be used and the IV generated from the
 153 password will be taken. It does not make much sense to specify both key
 154 and password.
 155
 156 =item B<-iv> I<IV>
 157
 158 The actual IV to use: this must be represented as a string comprised only
 159 of hex digits. When only the key is specified using the B<-K> option, the
 160 IV must explicitly be defined. When a password is being specified using
 161 one of the other options, the IV is generated from this password.
 162
 163 =item B<-p>
 164
 165 Print out the key and IV used.
 166
 167 =item B<-P>
 168
 169 Print out the key and IV used then immediately exit: don't do any encryption
 170 or decryption.
 171
 172 =item B<-bufsize> I<number>
 173
 174 Set the buffer size for I/O.
 175
 176 =item B<-nopad>
 177
 178 Disable standard block padding.
 179
 180 =item B<-v>
 181
 182 Verbose print; display some statistics about I/O and buffer sizes.
 183
 184 =item B<-debug>
 185
 186 Debug the BIOs used for I/O.
 187
 188 =item B<-z>
 189
 190 Compress or decompress encrypted data using zlib after encryption or before
 191 decryption. This option exists only if OpenSSL was compiled with the zlib
 192 or zlib-dynamic option.
 193
 194 =item B<-none>
 195
 196 Use NULL cipher (no encryption or decryption of input).
 197
 198 {- $OpenSSL::safe::opt_r_item -}
 199
 200 {- $OpenSSL::safe::opt_provider_item -}
 201
 202 {- $OpenSSL::safe::opt_engine_item -}
 203
 204 =back
 205
 206 =head1 NOTES
 207
 208 The program can be called either as C<openssl I<cipher>> or
 209 C<openssl enc -I<cipher>>. The first form doesn't work with
 210 engine-provided ciphers, because this form is processed before the
 211 configuration file is read and any ENGINEs loaded.
 212 Use the L<openssl-list(1)> command to get a list of supported ciphers.
 213
 214 Engines which provide entirely new encryption algorithms (such as the ccgost
 215 engine which provides gost89 algorithm) should be configured in the
 216 configuration file. Engines specified on the command line using B<-engine>
 217 option can only be used for hardware-assisted implementations of
 218 ciphers which are supported by the OpenSSL core or another engine specified
 219 in the configuration file.
 220
 221 When the enc command lists supported ciphers, ciphers provided by engines,
 222 specified in the configuration files are listed too.
 223
 224 A password will be prompted for to derive the key and IV if necessary.
 225
 226 The B<-salt> option should B<ALWAYS> be used if the key is being derived
 227 from a password unless you want compatibility with previous versions of
 228 OpenSSL.
 229
 230 Without the B<-salt> option it is possible to perform efficient dictionary
 231 attacks on the password and to attack stream cipher encrypted data. The reason
 232 for this is that without the salt the same password always generates the same
 233 encryption key. When the salt is being used the first eight bytes of the
 234 encrypted data are reserved for the salt: it is generated at random when
 235 encrypting a file and read from the encrypted file when it is decrypted.
 236
 237 Some of the ciphers do not have large keys and others have security
 238 implications if not used correctly. A beginner is advised to just use
 239 a strong block cipher, such as AES, in CBC mode.
 240
 241 All the block ciphers normally use PKCS#5 padding, also known as standard
 242 block padding. This allows a rudimentary integrity or password check to
 243 be performed. However, since the chance of random data passing the test
 244 is better than 1 in 256 it isn't a very good test.
 245
 246 If padding is disabled then the input data must be a multiple of the cipher
 247 block length.
 248
 249 All RC2 ciphers have the same key and effective key length.
 250
 251 Blowfish and RC5 algorithms use a 128 bit key.
 252
 253 =head1 SUPPORTED CIPHERS
 254
 255 Note that some of these ciphers can be disabled at compile time
 256 and some are available only if an appropriate engine is configured
 257 in the configuration file. The output when invoking this command
 258 with the B<-list> option (that is C<openssl enc -list>) is
 259 a list of ciphers, supported by your version of OpenSSL, including
 260 ones provided by configured engines.
 261
 262 This command does not support authenticated encryption modes
 263 like CCM and GCM, and will not support such modes in the future.
 264 This is due to having to begin streaming output (e.g., to standard output
 265 when B<-out> is not used) before the authentication tag could be validated.
 266 When this command is used in a pipeline, the receiving end will not be
 267 able to roll back upon authentication failure.  The AEAD modes currently in
 268 common use also suffer from catastrophic failure of confidentiality and/or
 269 integrity upon reuse of key/iv/nonce, and since B<openssl enc> places the
 270 entire burden of key/iv/nonce management upon the user, the risk of
 271 exposing AEAD modes is too great to allow.  These key/iv/nonce
 272 management issues also affect other modes currently exposed in this command,
 273 but the failure modes are less extreme in these cases, and the
 274 functionality cannot be removed with a stable release branch.
 275 For bulk encryption of data, whether using authenticated encryption
 276 modes or other modes, L<openssl-cms(1)> is recommended, as it provides a
 277 standard data format and performs the needed key/iv/nonce management.
 278
 279
 280  base64             Base 64
 281
 282  bf-cbc             Blowfish in CBC mode
 283  bf                 Alias for bf-cbc
 284  blowfish           Alias for bf-cbc
 285  bf-cfb             Blowfish in CFB mode
 286  bf-ecb             Blowfish in ECB mode
 287  bf-ofb             Blowfish in OFB mode
 288
 289  cast-cbc           CAST in CBC mode
 290  cast               Alias for cast-cbc
 291  cast5-cbc          CAST5 in CBC mode
 292  cast5-cfb          CAST5 in CFB mode
 293  cast5-ecb          CAST5 in ECB mode
 294  cast5-ofb          CAST5 in OFB mode
 295
 296  chacha20           ChaCha20 algorithm
 297
 298  des-cbc            DES in CBC mode
 299  des                Alias for des-cbc
 300  des-cfb            DES in CFB mode
 301  des-ofb            DES in OFB mode
 302  des-ecb            DES in ECB mode
 303
 304  des-ede-cbc        Two key triple DES EDE in CBC mode
 305  des-ede            Two key triple DES EDE in ECB mode
 306  des-ede-cfb        Two key triple DES EDE in CFB mode
 307  des-ede-ofb        Two key triple DES EDE in OFB mode
 308
 309  des-ede3-cbc       Three key triple DES EDE in CBC mode
 310  des-ede3           Three key triple DES EDE in ECB mode
 311  des3               Alias for des-ede3-cbc
 312  des-ede3-cfb       Three key triple DES EDE CFB mode
 313  des-ede3-ofb       Three key triple DES EDE in OFB mode
 314
 315  desx               DESX algorithm.
 316
 317  gost89             GOST 28147-89 in CFB mode (provided by ccgost engine)
 318  gost89-cnt         GOST 28147-89 in CNT mode (provided by ccgost engine)
 319
 320  idea-cbc           IDEA algorithm in CBC mode
 321  idea               same as idea-cbc
 322  idea-cfb           IDEA in CFB mode
 323  idea-ecb           IDEA in ECB mode
 324  idea-ofb           IDEA in OFB mode
 325
 326  rc2-cbc            128 bit RC2 in CBC mode
 327  rc2                Alias for rc2-cbc
 328  rc2-cfb            128 bit RC2 in CFB mode
 329  rc2-ecb            128 bit RC2 in ECB mode
 330  rc2-ofb            128 bit RC2 in OFB mode
 331  rc2-64-cbc         64 bit RC2 in CBC mode
 332  rc2-40-cbc         40 bit RC2 in CBC mode
 333
 334  rc4                128 bit RC4
 335  rc4-64             64 bit RC4
 336  rc4-40             40 bit RC4
 337
 338  rc5-cbc            RC5 cipher in CBC mode
 339  rc5                Alias for rc5-cbc
 340  rc5-cfb            RC5 cipher in CFB mode
 341  rc5-ecb            RC5 cipher in ECB mode
 342  rc5-ofb            RC5 cipher in OFB mode
 343
 344  seed-cbc           SEED cipher in CBC mode
 345  seed               Alias for seed-cbc
 346  seed-cfb           SEED cipher in CFB mode
 347  seed-ecb           SEED cipher in ECB mode
 348  seed-ofb           SEED cipher in OFB mode
 349
 350  sm4-cbc            SM4 cipher in CBC mode
 351  sm4                Alias for sm4-cbc
 352  sm4-cfb            SM4 cipher in CFB mode
 353  sm4-ctr            SM4 cipher in CTR mode
 354  sm4-ecb            SM4 cipher in ECB mode
 355  sm4-ofb            SM4 cipher in OFB mode
 356
 357  aes-[128|192|256]-cbc  128/192/256 bit AES in CBC mode
 358  aes[128|192|256]       Alias for aes-[128|192|256]-cbc
 359  aes-[128|192|256]-cfb  128/192/256 bit AES in 128 bit CFB mode
 360  aes-[128|192|256]-cfb1 128/192/256 bit AES in 1 bit CFB mode
 361  aes-[128|192|256]-cfb8 128/192/256 bit AES in 8 bit CFB mode
 362  aes-[128|192|256]-ctr  128/192/256 bit AES in CTR mode
 363  aes-[128|192|256]-ecb  128/192/256 bit AES in ECB mode
 364  aes-[128|192|256]-ofb  128/192/256 bit AES in OFB mode
 365
 366  aria-[128|192|256]-cbc  128/192/256 bit ARIA in CBC mode
 367  aria[128|192|256]       Alias for aria-[128|192|256]-cbc
 368  aria-[128|192|256]-cfb  128/192/256 bit ARIA in 128 bit CFB mode
 369  aria-[128|192|256]-cfb1 128/192/256 bit ARIA in 1 bit CFB mode
 370  aria-[128|192|256]-cfb8 128/192/256 bit ARIA in 8 bit CFB mode
 371  aria-[128|192|256]-ctr  128/192/256 bit ARIA in CTR mode
 372  aria-[128|192|256]-ecb  128/192/256 bit ARIA in ECB mode
 373  aria-[128|192|256]-ofb  128/192/256 bit ARIA in OFB mode
 374
 375  camellia-[128|192|256]-cbc  128/192/256 bit Camellia in CBC mode
 376  camellia[128|192|256]       Alias for camellia-[128|192|256]-cbc
 377  camellia-[128|192|256]-cfb  128/192/256 bit Camellia in 128 bit CFB mode
 378  camellia-[128|192|256]-cfb1 128/192/256 bit Camellia in 1 bit CFB mode
 379  camellia-[128|192|256]-cfb8 128/192/256 bit Camellia in 8 bit CFB mode
 380  camellia-[128|192|256]-ctr  128/192/256 bit Camellia in CTR mode
 381  camellia-[128|192|256]-ecb  128/192/256 bit Camellia in ECB mode
 382  camellia-[128|192|256]-ofb  128/192/256 bit Camellia in OFB mode
 383
 384 =head1 EXAMPLES
 385
 386 Just base64 encode a binary file:
 387
 388  openssl base64 -in file.bin -out file.b64
 389
 390 Decode the same file
 391
 392  openssl base64 -d -in file.b64 -out file.bin
 393
 394 Encrypt a file using AES-128 using a prompted password
 395 and PBKDF2 key derivation:
 396
 397  openssl enc -aes128 -pbkdf2 -in file.txt -out file.aes128
 398
 399 Decrypt a file using a supplied password:
 400
 401  openssl enc -aes128 -pbkdf2 -d -in file.aes128 -out file.txt \
 402     -pass pass:<password>
 403
 404 Encrypt a file then base64 encode it (so it can be sent via mail for example)
 405 using AES-256 in CTR mode and PBKDF2 key derivation:
 406
 407  openssl enc -aes-256-ctr -pbkdf2 -a -in file.txt -out file.aes256
 408
 409 Base64 decode a file then decrypt it using a password supplied in a file:
 410
 411  openssl enc -aes-256-ctr -pbkdf2 -d -a -in file.aes256 -out file.txt \
 412     -pass file:<passfile>
 413
 414 =head1 BUGS
 415
 416 The B<-A> option when used with large files doesn't work properly.
 417
 418 The B<openssl enc> command only supports a fixed number of algorithms with
 419 certain parameters. So if, for example, you want to use RC2 with a
 420 76 bit key or RC4 with an 84 bit key you can't use this program.
 421
 422 =head1 HISTORY
 423
 424 The default digest was changed from MD5 to SHA256 in OpenSSL 1.1.0.
 425
 426 The B<-list> option was added in OpenSSL 1.1.1e.
 427
 428 The B<-ciphers> and B<-engine> options were deprecated in OpenSSL 3.0.
 429
 430 =head1 COPYRIGHT
 431
 432 Copyright 2000-2020 The OpenSSL Project Authors. All Rights Reserved.
 433
 434 Licensed under the Apache License 2.0 (the "License").  You may not use
 435 this file except in compliance with the License.  You can obtain a copy
 436 in the file LICENSE in the source distribution or at
 437 L<https://www.openssl.org/source/license.html>.
 438
 439 =cut