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1 This is Info file history.info, produced by Makeinfo-1.55 from the
2 input file hist.texinfo.
3
4 This document describes the GNU History library, a programming tool
5 that provides a consistent user interface for recalling lines of
6 previously typed input.
7
8 Copyright (C) 1988, 1991 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
9
10 Permission is granted to make and distribute verbatim copies of this
11 manual provided the copyright notice and this permission notice pare
12 preserved on all copies.
13
14 Permission is granted to copy and distribute modified versions of
15 this manual under the conditions for verbatim copying, provided that
16 the entire resulting derived work is distributed under the terms of a
17 permission notice identical to this one.
18
19 Permission is granted to copy and distribute translations of this
20 manual into another language, under the above conditions for modified
21 versions, except that this permission notice may be stated in a
22 translation approved by the Foundation.
23
24 \1f
25 File: history.info, Node: Top, Next: Using History Interactively, Prev: (DIR), Up: (DIR)
26
27 GNU History Library
28 *******************
29
30 This document describes the GNU History library, a programming tool
31 that provides a consistent user interface for recalling lines of
32 previously typed input.
33
34 * Menu:
35
36 * Using History Interactively:: GNU History User's Manual.
37 * Programming with GNU History:: GNU History Programmer's Manual.
38 * Concept Index:: Index of concepts described in this manual.
39 * Function and Variable Index:: Index of externally visible functions
40 and variables.
41
42 \1f
43 File: history.info, Node: Using History Interactively, Next: Programming with GNU History, Prev: Top, Up: Top
44
45 Using History Interactively
46 ***************************
47
48 This chapter describes how to use the GNU History Library
49 interactively, from a user's standpoint. It should be considered a
50 user's guide. For information on using the GNU History Library in your
51 own programs, *note Programming with GNU History::..
52
53 * Menu:
54
55 * History Interaction:: What it feels like using History as a user.
56
57 \1f
58 File: history.info, Node: History Interaction, Up: Using History Interactively
59
60 History Interaction
61 ===================
62
63 The History library provides a history expansion feature that is
64 similar to the history expansion provided by `csh'. The following text
65 describes the syntax used to manipulate the history information.
66
67 History expansion takes place in two parts. The first is to
68 determine which line from the previous history should be used during
69 substitution. The second is to select portions of that line for
70 inclusion into the current one. The line selected from the previous
71 history is called the "event", and the portions of that line that are
72 acted upon are called "words". The line is broken into words in the
73 same fashion that Bash does, so that several English (or Unix) words
74 surrounded by quotes are considered as one word.
75
76 * Menu:
77
78 * Event Designators:: How to specify which history line to use.
79 * Word Designators:: Specifying which words are of interest.
80 * Modifiers:: Modifying the results of substitution.
81
82 \1f
83 File: history.info, Node: Event Designators, Next: Word Designators, Up: History Interaction
84
85 Event Designators
86 -----------------
87
88 An event designator is a reference to a command line entry in the
89 history list.
90
91 `!'
92 Start a history substitution, except when followed by a space, tab,
93 the end of the line, = or (.
94
95 `!!'
96 Refer to the previous command. This is a synonym for `!-1'.
97
98 `!n'
99 Refer to command line N.
100
101 `!-n'
102 Refer to the command N lines back.
103
104 `!string'
105 Refer to the most recent command starting with STRING.
106
107 `!?string'[`?']
108 Refer to the most recent command containing STRING.
109
110 `!#'
111 The entire command line typed so far.
112
113 `^string1^string2^'
114 Quick Substitution. Repeat the last command, replacing STRING1
115 with STRING2. Equivalent to `!!:s/string1/string2/'.
116
117 \1f
118 File: history.info, Node: Word Designators, Next: Modifiers, Prev: Event Designators, Up: History Interaction
119
120 Word Designators
121 ----------------
122
123 A : separates the event specification from the word designator. It
124 can be omitted if the word designator begins with a ^, $, * or %.
125 Words are numbered from the beginning of the line, with the first word
126 being denoted by a 0 (zero).
127
128 `0 (zero)'
129 The `0'th word. For many applications, this is the command word.
130
131 `n'
132 The Nth word.
133
134 `^'
135 The first argument; that is, word 1.
136
137 `$'
138 The last argument.
139
140 `%'
141 The word matched by the most recent `?string?' search.
142
143 `x-y'
144 A range of words; `-Y' abbreviates `0-Y'.
145
146 `*'
147 All of the words, except the `0'th. This is a synonym for `1-$'.
148 It is not an error to use * if there is just one word in the event;
149 the empty string is returned in that case.
150
151 `x*'
152 Abbreviates `x-$'
153
154 `x-'
155 Abbreviates `x-$' like `x*', but omits the last word.
156
157 \1f
158 File: history.info, Node: Modifiers, Prev: Word Designators, Up: History Interaction
159
160 Modifiers
161 ---------
162
163 After the optional word designator, you can add a sequence of one or
164 more of the following modifiers, each preceded by a :.
165
166 `h'
167 Remove a trailing pathname component, leaving only the head.
168
169 `r'
170 Remove a trailing suffix of the form `.'SUFFIX, leaving the
171 basename.
172
173 `e'
174 Remove all but the trailing suffix.
175
176 `t'
177 Remove all leading pathname components, leaving the tail.
178
179 `p'
180 Print the new command but do not execute it.
181
182 `s/old/new/'
183 Substitute NEW for the first occurrence of OLD in the event line.
184 Any delimiter may be used in place of /. The delimiter may be
185 quoted in OLD and NEW with a single backslash. If & appears in
186 NEW, it is replaced by OLD. A single backslash will quote the &.
187 The final delimiter is optional if it is the last character on the
188 input line.
189
190 `&'
191 Repeat the previous substitution.
192
193 `g'
194 Cause changes to be applied over the entire event line. Used in
195 conjunction with `s', as in `gs/old/new/', or with `&'.
196
197 \1f
198 File: history.info, Node: Programming with GNU History, Next: Concept Index, Prev: Using History Interactively, Up: Top
199
200 Programming with GNU History
201 ****************************
202
203 This chapter describes how to interface programs that you write with
204 the GNU History Library. It should be considered a technical guide.
205 For information on the interactive use of GNU History, *note Using
206 History Interactively::..
207
208 * Menu:
209
210 * Introduction to History:: What is the GNU History library for?
211 * History Storage:: How information is stored.
212 * History Functions:: Functions that you can use.
213 * History Variables:: Variables that control behaviour.
214 * History Programming Example:: Example of using the GNU History Library.
215
216 \1f
217 File: history.info, Node: Introduction to History, Next: History Storage, Up: Programming with GNU History
218
219 Introduction to History
220 =======================
221
222 Many programs read input from the user a line at a time. The GNU
223 History library is able to keep track of those lines, associate
224 arbitrary data with each line, and utilize information from previous
225 lines in composing new ones.
226
227 The programmer using the History library has available functions for
228 remembering lines on a history list, associating arbitrary data with a
229 line, removing lines from the list, searching through the list for a
230 line containing an arbitrary text string, and referencing any line in
231 the list directly. In addition, a history "expansion" function is
232 available which provides for a consistent user interface across
233 different programs.
234
235 The user using programs written with the History library has the
236 benefit of a consistent user interface with a set of well-known
237 commands for manipulating the text of previous lines and using that text
238 in new commands. The basic history manipulation commands are similar to
239 the history substitution provided by `csh'.
240
241 If the programmer desires, he can use the Readline library, which
242 includes some history manipulation by default, and has the added
243 advantage of command line editing.
244
245 \1f
246 File: history.info, Node: History Storage, Next: History Functions, Prev: Introduction to History, Up: Programming with GNU History
247
248 History Storage
249 ===============
250
251 The history list is an array of history entries. A history entry is
252 declared as follows:
253
254 typedef struct _hist_entry {
255 char *line;
256 char *data;
257 } HIST_ENTRY;
258
259 The history list itself might therefore be declared as
260
261 HIST_ENTRY **the_history_list;
262
263 The state of the History library is encapsulated into a single
264 structure:
265
266 /* A structure used to pass the current state of the history stuff around. */
267 typedef struct _hist_state {
268 HIST_ENTRY **entries; /* Pointer to the entries themselves. */
269 int offset; /* The location pointer within this array. */
270 int length; /* Number of elements within this array. */
271 int size; /* Number of slots allocated to this array. */
272 int flags;
273 } HISTORY_STATE;
274
275 If the flags member includes `HS_STIFLED', the history has been
276 stifled.
277
278 \1f
279 File: history.info, Node: History Functions, Next: History Variables, Prev: History Storage, Up: Programming with GNU History
280
281 History Functions
282 =================
283
284 This section describes the calling sequence for the various functions
285 present in GNU History.
286
287 * Menu:
288
289 * Initializing History and State Management:: Functions to call when you
290 want to use history in a
291 program.
292 * History List Management:: Functions used to manage the list
293 of history entries.
294 * Information About the History List:: Functions returning information about
295 the history list.
296 * Moving Around the History List:: Functions used to change the position
297 in the history list.
298 * Searching the History List:: Functions to search the history list
299 for entries containing a string.
300 * Managing the History File:: Functions that read and write a file
301 containing the history list.
302 * History Expansion:: Functions to perform csh-like history
303 expansion.
304
305 \1f
306 File: history.info, Node: Initializing History and State Management, Next: History List Management, Up: History Functions
307
308 Initializing History and State Management
309 -----------------------------------------
310
311 This section describes functions used to initialize and manage the
312 state of the History library when you want to use the history functions
313 in your program.
314
315 - Function: void using_history ()
316 Begin a session in which the history functions might be used. This
317 initializes the interactive variables.
318
319 - Function: HISTORY_STATE * history_get_history_state ()
320 Return a structure describing the current state of the input
321 history.
322
323 - Function: void history_set_history_state (HISTORY_STATE *state)
324 Set the state of the history list according to STATE.
325
326 \1f
327 File: history.info, Node: History List Management, Next: Information About the History List, Prev: Initializing History and State Management, Up: History Functions
328
329 History List Management
330 -----------------------
331
332 These functions manage individual entries on the history list, or set
333 parameters managing the list itself.
334
335 - Function: void add_history (char *string)
336 Place STRING at the end of the history list. The associated data
337 field (if any) is set to `NULL'.
338
339 - Function: HIST_ENTRY * remove_history (int which)
340 Remove history entry at offset WHICH from the history. The
341 removed element is returned so you can free the line, data, and
342 containing structure.
343
344 - Function: HIST_ENTRY * replace_history_entry (int which, char *line,
345 char *data)
346 Make the history entry at offset WHICH have LINE and DATA. This
347 returns the old entry so you can dispose of the data. In the case
348 of an invalid WHICH, a `NULL' pointer is returned.
349
350 - Function: void stifle_history (int max)
351 Stifle the history list, remembering only the last MAX entries.
352
353 - Function: int unstifle_history ()
354 Stop stifling the history. This returns the previous amount the
355 history was stifled. The value is positive if the history was
356 stifled, negative if it wasn't.
357
358 - Function: int history_is_stifled ()
359 Returns non-zero if the history is stifled, zero if it is not.
360
361 \1f
362 File: history.info, Node: Information About the History List, Next: Moving Around the History List, Prev: History List Management, Up: History Functions
363
364 Information About the History List
365 ----------------------------------
366
367 These functions return information about the entire history list or
368 individual list entries.
369
370 - Function: HIST_ENTRY ** history_list ()
371 Return a `NULL' terminated array of `HIST_ENTRY' which is the
372 current input history. Element 0 of this list is the beginning of
373 time. If there is no history, return `NULL'.
374
375 - Function: int where_history ()
376 Returns the offset of the current history element.
377
378 - Function: HIST_ENTRY * current_history ()
379 Return the history entry at the current position, as determined by
380 `where_history ()'. If there is no entry there, return a `NULL'
381 pointer.
382
383 - Function: HIST_ENTRY * history_get (int offset)
384 Return the history entry at position OFFSET, starting from
385 `history_base'. If there is no entry there, or if OFFSET is
386 greater than the history length, return a `NULL' pointer.
387
388 - Function: int history_total_bytes ()
389 Return the number of bytes that the primary history entries are
390 using. This function returns the sum of the lengths of all the
391 lines in the history.
392
393 \1f
394 File: history.info, Node: Moving Around the History List, Next: Searching the History List, Prev: Information About the History List, Up: History Functions
395
396 Moving Around the History List
397 ------------------------------
398
399 These functions allow the current index into the history list to be
400 set or changed.
401
402 - Function: int history_set_pos (int pos)
403 Set the position in the history list to POS, an absolute index
404 into the list.
405
406 - Function: HIST_ENTRY * previous_history ()
407 Back up the current history offset to the previous history entry,
408 and return a pointer to that entry. If there is no previous
409 entry, return a `NULL' pointer.
410
411 - Function: HIST_ENTRY * next_history ()
412 Move the current history offset forward to the next history entry,
413 and return the a pointer to that entry. If there is no next
414 entry, return a `NULL' pointer.
415
416 \1f
417 File: history.info, Node: Searching the History List, Next: Managing the History File, Prev: Moving Around the History List, Up: History Functions
418
419 Searching the History List
420 --------------------------
421
422 These functions allow searching of the history list for entries
423 containing a specific string. Searching may be performed both forward
424 and backward from the current history position. The search may be
425 "anchored", meaning that the string must match at the beginning of the
426 history entry.
427
428 - Function: int history_search (char *string, int direction)
429 Search the history for STRING, starting at the current history
430 offset. If DIRECTION < 0, then the search is through previous
431 entries, else through subsequent. If STRING is found, then the
432 current history index is set to that history entry, and the value
433 returned is the offset in the line of the entry where STRING was
434 found. Otherwise, nothing is changed, and a -1 is returned.
435
436 - Function: int history_search_prefix (char *string, int direction)
437 Search the history for STRING, starting at the current history
438 offset. The search is anchored: matching lines must begin with
439 STRING. If DIRECTION < 0, then the search is through previous
440 entries, else through subsequent. If STRING is found, then the
441 current history index is set to that entry, and the return value
442 is 0. Otherwise, nothing is changed, and a -1 is returned.
443
444 - Function: int history_search_pos (char *string, int direction, int
445 pos)
446 Search for STRING in the history list, starting at POS, an
447 absolute index into the list. If DIRECTION is negative, the search
448 proceeds backward from POS, otherwise forward. Returns the
449 absolute index of the history element where STRING was found, or
450 -1 otherwise.
451
452 \1f
453 File: history.info, Node: Managing the History File, Next: History Expansion, Prev: Searching the History List, Up: History Functions
454
455 Managing the History File
456 -------------------------
457
458 The History library can read the history from and write it to a file.
459 This section documents the functions for managing a history file.
460
461 - Function: int read_history (char *filename)
462 Add the contents of FILENAME to the history list, a line at a
463 time. If FILENAME is `NULL', then read from `~/.history'.
464 Returns 0 if successful, or errno if not.
465
466 - Function: int read_history_range (char *filename, int from, int to)
467 Read a range of lines from FILENAME, adding them to the history
468 list. Start reading at line FROM and end at TO. If FROM is zero,
469 start at the beginning. If TO is less than FROM, then read until
470 the end of the file. If FILENAME is `NULL', then read from
471 `~/.history'. Returns 0 if successful, or `errno' if not.
472
473 - Function: int write_history (char *filename)
474 Write the current history to FILENAME, overwriting FILENAME if
475 necessary. If FILENAME is `NULL', then write the history list to
476 `~/.history'. Values returned are as in `read_history ()'.
477
478 - Function: int append_history (int nelements, char *filename)
479 Append the last NELEMENTS of the history list to FILENAME.
480
481 - Function: int history_truncate_file (char *filename, int nlines)
482 Truncate the history file FILENAME, leaving only the last NLINES
483 lines.
484
485 \1f
486 File: history.info, Node: History Expansion, Prev: Managing the History File, Up: History Functions
487
488 History Expansion
489 -----------------
490
491 These functions implement `csh'-like history expansion.
492
493 - Function: int history_expand (char *string, char **output)
494 Expand STRING, placing the result into OUTPUT, a pointer to a
495 string (*note History Interaction::.). Returns:
496 `0'
497 If no expansions took place (or, if the only change in the
498 text was the de-slashifying of the history expansion
499 character);
500
501 `1'
502 if expansions did take place;
503
504 `-1'
505 if there was an error in expansion;
506
507 `2'
508 if the returned line should only be displayed, but not
509 executed, as with the `:p' modifier (*note Modifiers::.).
510
511 If an error ocurred in expansion, then OUTPUT contains a
512 descriptive error message.
513
514 - Function: char * history_arg_extract (int first, int last, char
515 *string)
516 Extract a string segment consisting of the FIRST through LAST
517 arguments present in STRING. Arguments are broken up as in Bash.
518
519 - Function: char * get_history_event (char *string, int *cindex, int
520 qchar)
521 Returns the text of the history event beginning at STRING +
522 *CINDEX. *CINDEX is modified to point to after the event
523 specifier. At function entry, CINDEX points to the index into
524 STRING where the history event specification begins. QCHAR is a
525 character that is allowed to end the event specification in
526 addition to the "normal" terminating characters.
527
528 - Function: char ** history_tokenize (char *string)
529 Return an array of tokens parsed out of STRING, much as the shell
530 might. The tokens are split on white space and on the characters
531 `()<>;&|$', and shell quoting conventions are obeyed.
532
533 \1f
534 File: history.info, Node: History Variables, Next: History Programming Example, Prev: History Functions, Up: Programming with GNU History
535
536 History Variables
537 =================
538
539 This section describes the externally visible variables exported by
540 the GNU History Library.
541
542 - Variable: int history_base
543 The logical offset of the first entry in the history list.
544
545 - Variable: int history_length
546 The number of entries currently stored in the history list.
547
548 - Variable: int max_input_history
549 The maximum number of history entries. This must be changed using
550 `stifle_history ()'.
551
552 - Variable: char history_expansion_char
553 The character that starts a history event. The default is `!'.
554
555 - Variable: char history_subst_char
556 The character that invokes word substitution if found at the start
557 of a line. The default is `^'.
558
559 - Variable: char history_comment_char
560 During tokenization, if this character is seen as the first
561 character of a word, then it and all subsequent characters up to a
562 newline are ignored, suppressing history expansion for the
563 remainder of the line. This is disabled by default.
564
565 - Variable: char * history_no_expand_chars
566 The list of characters which inhibit history expansion if found
567 immediately following HISTORY_EXPANSION_CHAR. The default is
568 whitespace and `='.
569
570 \1f
571 File: history.info, Node: History Programming Example, Prev: History Variables, Up: Programming with GNU History
572
573 History Programming Example
574 ===========================
575
576 The following program demonstrates simple use of the GNU History
577 Library.
578
579 main ()
580 {
581 char line[1024], *t;
582 int len, done = 0;
583
584 line[0] = 0;
585
586 using_history ();
587 while (!done)
588 {
589 printf ("history$ ");
590 fflush (stdout);
591 t = fgets (line, sizeof (line) - 1, stdin);
592 if (t && *t)
593 {
594 len = strlen (t);
595 if (t[len - 1] == '\n')
596 t[len - 1] = '\0';
597 }
598
599 if (!t)
600 strcpy (line, "quit");
601
602 if (line[0])
603 {
604 char *expansion;
605 int result;
606
607 result = history_expand (line, &expansion);
608 if (result)
609 fprintf (stderr, "%s\n", expansion);
610
611 if (result < 0 || result == 2)
612 {
613 free (expansion);
614 continue;
615 }
616
617 add_history (expansion);
618 strncpy (line, expansion, sizeof (line) - 1);
619 free (expansion);
620 }
621
622 if (strcmp (line, "quit") == 0)
623 done = 1;
624 else if (strcmp (line, "save") == 0)
625 write_history ("history_file");
626 else if (strcmp (line, "read") == 0)
627 read_history ("history_file");
628 else if (strcmp (line, "list") == 0)
629 {
630 register HIST_ENTRY **the_list;
631 register int i;
632
633 the_list = history_list ();
634 if (the_list)
635 for (i = 0; the_list[i]; i++)
636 printf ("%d: %s\n", i + history_base, the_list[i]->line);
637 }
638 else if (strncmp (line, "delete", 6) == 0)
639 {
640 int which;
641 if ((sscanf (line + 6, "%d", &which)) == 1)
642 {
643 HIST_ENTRY *entry = remove_history (which);
644 if (!entry)
645 fprintf (stderr, "No such entry %d\n", which);
646 else
647 {
648 free (entry->line);
649 free (entry);
650 }
651 }
652 else
653 {
654 fprintf (stderr, "non-numeric arg given to `delete'\n");
655 }
656 }
657 }
658 }
659
660 \1f
661 File: history.info, Node: Concept Index, Next: Function and Variable Index, Prev: Programming with GNU History, Up: Top
662
663 Concept Index
664 *************
665
666 * Menu:
667
668 * anchored search: Searching the History List.
669 * event designators: Event Designators.
670 * expansion: History Interaction.
671 * history events: Event Designators.
672 * History Searching: Searching the History List.
673
674 \1f
675 File: history.info, Node: Function and Variable Index, Prev: Concept Index, Up: Top
676
677 Function and Variable Index
678 ***************************
679
680 * Menu:
681
682 * add_history: History List Management.
683 * append_history: Managing the History File.
684 * current_history: Information About the History List.
685 * get_history_event: History Expansion.
686 * history_arg_extract: History Expansion.
687 * history_base: History Variables.
688 * history_comment_char: History Variables.
689 * history_expand: History Expansion.
690 * history_expansion_char: History Variables.
691 * history_get: Information About the History List.
692 * history_get_history_state: Initializing History and State Management.
693 * history_is_stifled: History List Management.
694 * history_length: History Variables.
695 * history_list: Information About the History List.
696 * history_no_expand_chars: History Variables.
697 * history_search: Searching the History List.
698 * history_search_pos: Searching the History List.
699 * history_search_prefix: Searching the History List.
700 * history_set_history_state: Initializing History and State Management.
701 * history_set_pos: Moving Around the History List.
702 * history_subst_char: History Variables.
703 * history_tokenize: History Expansion.
704 * history_total_bytes: Information About the History List.
705 * history_truncate_file: Managing the History File.
706 * max_input_history: History Variables.
707 * next_history: Moving Around the History List.
708 * previous_history: Moving Around the History List.
709 * read_history: Managing the History File.
710 * read_history_range: Managing the History File.
711 * remove_history: History List Management.
712 * replace_history_entry: History List Management.
713 * stifle_history: History List Management.
714 * unstifle_history: History List Management.
715 * using_history: Initializing History and State Management.
716 * where_history: Information About the History List.
717 * write_history: Managing the History File.
718
719
720 \1f
721 Tag Table:
722 Node: Top\7f975
723 Node: Using History Interactively\7f1569
724 Node: History Interaction\7f2077
725 Node: Event Designators\7f3122
726 Node: Word Designators\7f3952
727 Node: Modifiers\7f4936
728 Node: Programming with GNU History\7f6065
729 Node: Introduction to History\7f6791
730 Node: History Storage\7f8112
731 Node: History Functions\7f9205
732 Node: Initializing History and State Management\7f10176
733 Node: History List Management\7f10968
734 Node: Information About the History List\7f12396
735 Node: Moving Around the History List\7f13702
736 Node: Searching the History List\7f14587
737 Node: Managing the History File\7f16419
738 Node: History Expansion\7f17925
739 Node: History Variables\7f19769
740 Node: History Programming Example\7f21138
741 Node: Concept Index\7f23742
742 Node: Function and Variable Index\7f24223
743 \1f
744 End Tag Table