man/systemd.journal-fields.xml

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   2 <!DOCTYPE refentry PUBLIC "-//OASIS//DTD DocBook XML V4.5//EN"
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   4 <!-- SPDX-License-Identifier: LGPL-2.1+ -->
   5
   6 <refentry id="systemd.journal-fields">
   7
   8   <refentryinfo>
   9     <title>systemd.journal-fields</title>
  10     <productname>systemd</productname>
  11   </refentryinfo>
  12
  13   <refmeta>
  14     <refentrytitle>systemd.journal-fields</refentrytitle>
  15     <manvolnum>7</manvolnum>
  16   </refmeta>
  17
  18   <refnamediv>
  19     <refname>systemd.journal-fields</refname>
  20     <refpurpose>Special journal fields</refpurpose>
  21   </refnamediv>
  22
  23   <refsect1>
  24     <title>Description</title>
  25
  26     <para>Entries in the journal (as written by
  27     <citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd-journald.service</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>)
  28     resemble a UNIX process environment block in syntax but with fields that may include binary data.
  29     Primarily, fields are formatted UTF-8 text strings, and binary encoding is used only where formatting as
  30     UTF-8 text strings makes little sense. New fields may freely be defined by applications, but a few fields
  31     have special meanings. All fields with special meanings are optional. In some cases, fields may appear
  32     more than once per entry.</para>
  33   </refsect1>
  34
  35   <refsect1>
  36     <title>User Journal Fields</title>
  37
  38     <para>User fields are fields that are directly passed from clients
  39     and stored in the journal.</para>
  40
  41     <variablelist class='journal-directives'>
  42       <varlistentry>
  43         <term><varname>MESSAGE=</varname></term>
  44         <listitem>
  45           <para>The human-readable message string for this entry. This
  46           is supposed to be the primary text shown to the user. It is
  47           usually not translated (but might be in some cases), and is
  48           not supposed to be parsed for metadata.</para>
  49         </listitem>
  50       </varlistentry>
  51
  52       <varlistentry>
  53         <term><varname>MESSAGE_ID=</varname></term>
  54         <listitem>
  55           <para>A 128-bit message identifier ID for recognizing certain message types, if this is desirable. This
  56           should contain a 128-bit ID formatted as a lower-case hexadecimal string, without any separating dashes or
  57           suchlike. This is recommended to be a UUID-compatible ID, but this is not enforced, and formatted
  58           differently. Developers can generate a new ID for this purpose with <command>systemd-id128 new</command>.
  59           </para>
  60         </listitem>
  61       </varlistentry>
  62
  63       <varlistentry>
  64         <term><varname>PRIORITY=</varname></term>
  65         <listitem>
  66           <para>A priority value between 0 (<literal>emerg</literal>)
  67           and 7 (<literal>debug</literal>) formatted as a decimal
  68           string. This field is compatible with syslog's priority
  69           concept.</para>
  70         </listitem>
  71       </varlistentry>
  72
  73       <varlistentry>
  74         <term><varname>CODE_FILE=</varname></term>
  75         <term><varname>CODE_LINE=</varname></term>
  76         <term><varname>CODE_FUNC=</varname></term>
  77         <listitem>
  78           <para>The code location generating this message, if known.
  79           Contains the source filename, the line number and the
  80           function name.</para>
  81         </listitem>
  82       </varlistentry>
  83
  84       <varlistentry>
  85         <term><varname>ERRNO=</varname></term>
  86         <listitem>
  87           <para>The low-level Unix error number causing this entry, if
  88           any. Contains the numeric value of
  89           <citerefentry project='man-pages'><refentrytitle>errno</refentrytitle><manvolnum>3</manvolnum></citerefentry>
  90           formatted as a decimal string.</para>
  91         </listitem>
  92       </varlistentry>
  93
  94       <varlistentry>
  95         <term><varname>INVOCATION_ID=</varname></term>
  96         <term><varname>USER_INVOCATION_ID=</varname></term>
  97         <listitem>
  98           <para>A randomized, unique 128-bit ID identifying each runtime cycle of the unit. This is different from
  99           <varname>_SYSTEMD_INVOCATION_ID</varname> in that it is only used for messages coming from systemd code
 100           (e.g. logs from the system/user manager or from forked processes performing systemd-related setup).</para>
 101         </listitem>
 102       </varlistentry>
 103
 104       <varlistentry>
 105         <term><varname>SYSLOG_FACILITY=</varname></term>
 106         <term><varname>SYSLOG_IDENTIFIER=</varname></term>
 107         <term><varname>SYSLOG_PID=</varname></term>
 108         <term><varname>SYSLOG_TIMESTAMP=</varname></term>
 109         <listitem>
 110           <para>Syslog compatibility fields containing the facility (formatted as
 111           decimal string), the identifier string (i.e.  "tag"), the client PID, and
 112           the timestamp as specified in the original datagram. (Note that the tag is
 113           usually derived from glibc's
 114           <varname>program_invocation_short_name</varname> variable, see
 115           <citerefentry project='die-net'><refentrytitle>program_invocation_short_name</refentrytitle><manvolnum>3</manvolnum></citerefentry>.)</para>
 116           <para>Note that the journal service does not validate the values of any structured
 117           journal fields whose name is not prefixed with an underscore, and this includes any
 118           syslog related fields such as these. Hence, applications that supply a facility, PID,
 119           or log level are expected to do so properly formatted, i.e. as numeric integers formatted
 120           as decimal strings.</para>
 121         </listitem>
 122       </varlistentry>
 123
 124       <varlistentry>
 125         <term><varname>SYSLOG_RAW=</varname></term>
 126         <listitem>
 127           <para>The original contents of the syslog line as received in the syslog
 128           datagram. This field is only included if the <varname>MESSAGE=</varname>
 129           field was modified compared to the original payload or the timestamp could
 130           not be located properly and is not included in
 131           <varname>SYSLOG_TIMESTAMP=</varname>. Message truncation occurs when when
 132           the message contains leading or trailing whitespace (trailing and leading
 133           whitespace is stripped), or it contains an embedded
 134           <constant>NUL</constant> byte (the <constant>NUL</constant> byte and
 135           anything after it is not included). Thus, the original syslog line is
 136           either stored as <varname>SYSLOG_RAW=</varname> or it can be recreated
 137           based on the stored priority and facility, timestamp, identifier, and the
 138           message payload in <varname>MESSAGE=</varname>.
 139           </para>
 140         </listitem>
 141       </varlistentry>
 142
 143       <varlistentry>
 144         <term><varname>DOCUMENTATION=</varname></term>
 145         <listitem>
 146           <para>A documentation URL with further information about the topic of the log message. Tools such
 147           as <command>journalctl</command> will include a hyperlink to an URL specified this way in their
 148           output. Should be a <literal>http://</literal>, <literal>https://</literal>,
 149           <literal>file:/</literal>, <literal>man:</literal> or <literal>info:</literal> URL.</para>
 150         </listitem>
 151       </varlistentry>
 152
 153       <varlistentry>
 154         <term><varname>TID=</varname></term>
 155         <listitem>
 156           <para>The numeric thread ID (TID) the log message originates from.</para>
 157         </listitem>
 158       </varlistentry>
 159     </variablelist>
 160   </refsect1>
 161
 162   <refsect1>
 163     <title>Trusted Journal Fields</title>
 164
 165     <para>Fields prefixed with an underscore are trusted fields, i.e.
 166     fields that are implicitly added by the journal and cannot be
 167     altered by client code.</para>
 168
 169     <variablelist class='journal-directives'>
 170       <varlistentry>
 171         <term><varname>_PID=</varname></term>
 172         <term><varname>_UID=</varname></term>
 173         <term><varname>_GID=</varname></term>
 174         <listitem>
 175           <para>The process, user, and group ID of the process the
 176           journal entry originates from formatted as a decimal
 177           string. Note that entries obtained via <literal>stdout</literal> or
 178           <literal>stderr</literal> of forked processes will contain credentials valid for a parent
 179           process (that initiated the connection to <command>systemd-journald</command>).</para>
 180         </listitem>
 181       </varlistentry>
 182
 183       <varlistentry>
 184         <term><varname>_COMM=</varname></term>
 185         <term><varname>_EXE=</varname></term>
 186         <term><varname>_CMDLINE=</varname></term>
 187         <listitem>
 188           <para>The name, the executable path, and the command line of
 189           the process the journal entry originates from.</para>
 190         </listitem>
 191       </varlistentry>
 192
 193       <varlistentry>
 194         <term><varname>_CAP_EFFECTIVE=</varname></term>
 195         <listitem>
 196           <para>The effective
 197           <citerefentry project='man-pages'><refentrytitle>capabilities</refentrytitle><manvolnum>7</manvolnum></citerefentry>
 198           of the process the journal entry originates from.</para>
 199         </listitem>
 200       </varlistentry>
 201
 202       <varlistentry>
 203         <term><varname>_AUDIT_SESSION=</varname></term>
 204         <term><varname>_AUDIT_LOGINUID=</varname></term>
 205         <listitem>
 206           <para>The session and login UID of the process the journal
 207           entry originates from, as maintained by the kernel audit
 208           subsystem.</para>
 209         </listitem>
 210       </varlistentry>
 211
 212       <varlistentry>
 213         <term><varname>_SYSTEMD_CGROUP=</varname></term>
 214         <term><varname>_SYSTEMD_SLICE=</varname></term>
 215         <term><varname>_SYSTEMD_UNIT=</varname></term>
 216         <term><varname>_SYSTEMD_USER_UNIT=</varname></term>
 217         <term><varname>_SYSTEMD_USER_SLICE=</varname></term>
 218         <term><varname>_SYSTEMD_SESSION=</varname></term>
 219         <term><varname>_SYSTEMD_OWNER_UID=</varname></term>
 220
 221         <listitem>
 222           <para>The control group path in the systemd hierarchy, the
 223           the systemd slice unit name, the systemd unit name, the
 224           unit name in the systemd user manager (if any), the systemd
 225           session ID (if any), and the owner UID of the systemd user
 226           unit or systemd session (if any) of the process the journal
 227           entry originates from.</para>
 228         </listitem>
 229       </varlistentry>
 230
 231       <varlistentry>
 232         <term><varname>_SELINUX_CONTEXT=</varname></term>
 233         <listitem>
 234           <para>The SELinux security context (label) of the process
 235           the journal entry originates from.</para>
 236         </listitem>
 237       </varlistentry>
 238
 239       <varlistentry>
 240         <term><varname>_SOURCE_REALTIME_TIMESTAMP=</varname></term>
 241         <listitem>
 242           <para>The earliest trusted timestamp of the message, if any
 243           is known that is different from the reception time of the
 244           journal. This is the time in microseconds since the epoch
 245           UTC, formatted as a decimal string.</para>
 246         </listitem>
 247       </varlistentry>
 248
 249       <varlistentry>
 250         <term><varname>_BOOT_ID=</varname></term>
 251         <listitem>
 252           <para>The kernel boot ID for the boot the message was
 253           generated in, formatted as a 128-bit hexadecimal
 254           string.</para>
 255         </listitem>
 256       </varlistentry>
 257
 258       <varlistentry>
 259         <term><varname>_MACHINE_ID=</varname></term>
 260         <listitem>
 261           <para>The machine ID of the originating host, as available
 262           in
 263           <citerefentry><refentrytitle>machine-id</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>.</para>
 264         </listitem>
 265       </varlistentry>
 266
 267       <varlistentry>
 268         <term><varname>_SYSTEMD_INVOCATION_ID=</varname></term>
 269         <listitem>
 270           <para>The invocation ID for the runtime cycle of the unit
 271           the message was generated in, as available to processes
 272           of the unit in <varname>$INVOCATION_ID</varname> (see
 273           <citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd.exec</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>).</para>
 274         </listitem>
 275       </varlistentry>
 276
 277       <varlistentry>
 278         <term><varname>_HOSTNAME=</varname></term>
 279         <listitem>
 280           <para>The name of the originating host.</para>
 281         </listitem>
 282       </varlistentry>
 283
 284       <varlistentry>
 285         <term><varname>_TRANSPORT=</varname></term>
 286         <listitem>
 287           <para>How the entry was received by the journal service.
 288           Valid transports are:
 289           </para>
 290           <variablelist>
 291             <varlistentry>
 292               <term>
 293                 <option>audit</option>
 294               </term>
 295               <listitem>
 296                 <para>for those read from the kernel audit subsystem
 297                 </para>
 298               </listitem>
 299             </varlistentry>
 300
 301             <varlistentry>
 302               <term>
 303                 <option>driver</option>
 304               </term>
 305               <listitem>
 306                 <para>for internally generated messages
 307                 </para>
 308               </listitem>
 309             </varlistentry>
 310
 311             <varlistentry>
 312               <term>
 313                 <option>syslog</option>
 314               </term>
 315               <listitem>
 316                 <para>for those received via the local syslog socket
 317                 with the syslog protocol
 318                 </para>
 319               </listitem>
 320             </varlistentry>
 321
 322             <varlistentry>
 323               <term>
 324                 <option>journal</option>
 325               </term>
 326               <listitem>
 327                 <para>for those received via the native journal
 328                 protocol
 329                 </para>
 330               </listitem>
 331             </varlistentry>
 332
 333             <varlistentry>
 334               <term>
 335                 <option>stdout</option>
 336               </term>
 337               <listitem>
 338                 <para>for those read from a service's standard output
 339                 or error output
 340                 </para>
 341               </listitem>
 342             </varlistentry>
 343
 344             <varlistentry>
 345               <term>
 346                 <option>kernel</option>
 347               </term>
 348               <listitem>
 349                 <para>for those read from the kernel
 350                 </para>
 351               </listitem>
 352             </varlistentry>
 353           </variablelist>
 354         </listitem>
 355       </varlistentry>
 356       <varlistentry>
 357         <term><varname>_STREAM_ID=</varname></term>
 358         <listitem>
 359           <para>Only applies to <literal>_TRANSPORT=stdout</literal> records: specifies a randomized 128bit ID assigned
 360           to the stream connection when it was first created. This ID is useful to reconstruct individual log streams
 361           from the log records: all log records carrying the same stream ID originate from the same stream.</para>
 362         </listitem>
 363       </varlistentry>
 364       <varlistentry>
 365         <term><varname>_LINE_BREAK=</varname></term>
 366         <listitem>
 367           <para>Only applies to <literal>_TRANSPORT=stdout</literal> records: indicates that the log message
 368           in the standard output/error stream was not terminated with a normal newline character
 369           (<literal>\n</literal>, i.e. ASCII 10). Specifically, when set this field is one of
 370           <option>nul</option> (in case the line was terminated by a NUL byte), <option>line-max</option> (in
 371           case the maximum log line length was reached, as configured with <varname>LineMax=</varname> in
 372           <citerefentry><refentrytitle>journald.conf</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>),
 373           <option>eof</option> (if this was the last log record of a stream and the stream ended without a
 374           final newline character), or <option>pid-change</option> (if the process which generated the log
 375           output changed in the middle of a line). Note that this record is not generated when a normal
 376           newline character was used for marking the log line end.</para>
 377         </listitem>
 378       </varlistentry>
 379       <varlistentry>
 380         <term><varname>_NAMESPACE=</varname></term>
 381
 382         <listitem><para>If this file was written by a <command>systemd-journald</command> instance managing a
 383         journal namespace that is not the default, this field contains the namespace identifier. See
 384         <citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd-journald.service</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>
 385         for details about journal namespaces.</para>
 386         </listitem>
 387       </varlistentry>
 388     </variablelist>
 389   </refsect1>
 390
 391   <refsect1>
 392     <title>Kernel Journal Fields</title>
 393
 394     <para>Kernel fields are fields that are used by messages
 395     originating in the kernel and stored in the journal.</para>
 396
 397     <variablelist class='journal-directives'>
 398       <varlistentry>
 399         <term><varname>_KERNEL_DEVICE=</varname></term>
 400         <listitem>
 401           <para>The kernel device name. If the entry is associated to
 402           a block device, the major and minor of the device node,
 403           separated by <literal>:</literal> and prefixed by
 404           <literal>b</literal>. Similar for character devices but
 405           prefixed by <literal>c</literal>. For network devices, this
 406           is the interface index prefixed by <literal>n</literal>. For
 407           all other devices, this is the subsystem name prefixed by
 408           <literal>+</literal>, followed by <literal>:</literal>,
 409           followed by the kernel device name.</para>
 410         </listitem>
 411       </varlistentry>
 412       <varlistentry>
 413         <term><varname>_KERNEL_SUBSYSTEM=</varname></term>
 414         <listitem>
 415           <para>The kernel subsystem name.</para>
 416         </listitem>
 417       </varlistentry>
 418       <varlistentry>
 419         <term><varname>_UDEV_SYSNAME=</varname></term>
 420         <listitem>
 421           <para>The kernel device name as it shows up in the device
 422           tree below <filename>/sys</filename>.</para>
 423         </listitem>
 424       </varlistentry>
 425       <varlistentry>
 426         <term><varname>_UDEV_DEVNODE=</varname></term>
 427         <listitem>
 428           <para>The device node path of this device in
 429           <filename>/dev</filename>.</para>
 430         </listitem>
 431       </varlistentry>
 432       <varlistentry>
 433         <term><varname>_UDEV_DEVLINK=</varname></term>
 434         <listitem>
 435           <para>Additional symlink names pointing to the device node
 436           in <filename>/dev</filename>. This field is frequently set
 437           more than once per entry.</para>
 438         </listitem>
 439       </varlistentry>
 440     </variablelist>
 441   </refsect1>
 442
 443   <refsect1>
 444     <title>Fields to log on behalf of a different program</title>
 445
 446     <para>Fields in this section are used by programs to specify that
 447     they are logging on behalf of another program or unit.
 448     </para>
 449
 450     <para>Fields used by the <command>systemd-coredump</command>
 451     coredump kernel helper:
 452     </para>
 453
 454     <variablelist class='journal-directives'>
 455       <varlistentry>
 456         <term><varname>COREDUMP_UNIT=</varname></term>
 457         <term><varname>COREDUMP_USER_UNIT=</varname></term>
 458         <listitem>
 459           <para>Used to annotate messages containing coredumps from
 460           system and session units. See
 461           <citerefentry><refentrytitle>coredumpctl</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>.
 462           </para>
 463         </listitem>
 464       </varlistentry>
 465     </variablelist>
 466
 467     <para>Privileged programs (currently UID 0) may attach
 468     <varname>OBJECT_PID=</varname> to a message. This will instruct
 469     <command>systemd-journald</command> to attach additional fields on
 470     behalf of the caller:</para>
 471
 472     <variablelist class='journal-directives'>
 473       <varlistentry>
 474         <term><varname>OBJECT_PID=<replaceable>PID</replaceable></varname></term>
 475         <listitem>
 476           <para>PID of the program that this message pertains to.
 477           </para>
 478         </listitem>
 479       </varlistentry>
 480
 481       <varlistentry>
 482         <term><varname>OBJECT_UID=</varname></term>
 483         <term><varname>OBJECT_GID=</varname></term>
 484         <term><varname>OBJECT_COMM=</varname></term>
 485         <term><varname>OBJECT_EXE=</varname></term>
 486         <term><varname>OBJECT_CMDLINE=</varname></term>
 487         <term><varname>OBJECT_AUDIT_SESSION=</varname></term>
 488         <term><varname>OBJECT_AUDIT_LOGINUID=</varname></term>
 489         <term><varname>OBJECT_SYSTEMD_CGROUP=</varname></term>
 490         <term><varname>OBJECT_SYSTEMD_SESSION=</varname></term>
 491         <term><varname>OBJECT_SYSTEMD_OWNER_UID=</varname></term>
 492         <term><varname>OBJECT_SYSTEMD_UNIT=</varname></term>
 493         <term><varname>OBJECT_SYSTEMD_USER_UNIT=</varname></term>
 494         <listitem>
 495           <para>These are additional fields added automatically by
 496           <command>systemd-journald</command>. Their meaning is the
 497           same as
 498           <varname>_UID=</varname>,
 499           <varname>_GID=</varname>,
 500           <varname>_COMM=</varname>,
 501           <varname>_EXE=</varname>,
 502           <varname>_CMDLINE=</varname>,
 503           <varname>_AUDIT_SESSION=</varname>,
 504           <varname>_AUDIT_LOGINUID=</varname>,
 505           <varname>_SYSTEMD_CGROUP=</varname>,
 506           <varname>_SYSTEMD_SESSION=</varname>,
 507           <varname>_SYSTEMD_UNIT=</varname>,
 508           <varname>_SYSTEMD_USER_UNIT=</varname>, and
 509           <varname>_SYSTEMD_OWNER_UID=</varname>
 510           as described above, except that the process identified by
 511           <replaceable>PID</replaceable> is described, instead of the
 512           process which logged the message.</para>
 513         </listitem>
 514       </varlistentry>
 515     </variablelist>
 516
 517   </refsect1>
 518
 519   <refsect1>
 520     <title>Address Fields</title>
 521
 522     <para>During serialization into external formats, such as the
 523     <ulink
 524     url="https://www.freedesktop.org/wiki/Software/systemd/export">Journal
 525     Export Format</ulink> or the <ulink
 526     url="https://www.freedesktop.org/wiki/Software/systemd/json">Journal
 527     JSON Format</ulink>, the addresses of journal entries are
 528     serialized into fields prefixed with double underscores. Note that
 529     these are not proper fields when stored in the journal but for
 530     addressing metadata of entries. They cannot be written as part of
 531     structured log entries via calls such as
 532     <citerefentry><refentrytitle>sd_journal_send</refentrytitle><manvolnum>3</manvolnum></citerefentry>.
 533     They may also not be used as matches for
 534     <citerefentry><refentrytitle>sd_journal_add_match</refentrytitle><manvolnum>3</manvolnum></citerefentry>.
 535     </para>
 536
 537     <variablelist class='journal-directives'>
 538       <varlistentry>
 539         <term><varname>__CURSOR=</varname></term>
 540         <listitem>
 541           <para>The cursor for the entry. A cursor is an opaque text
 542           string that uniquely describes the position of an entry in
 543           the journal and is portable across machines, platforms and
 544           journal files.
 545           </para>
 546         </listitem>
 547       </varlistentry>
 548
 549       <varlistentry>
 550         <term><varname>__REALTIME_TIMESTAMP=</varname></term>
 551         <listitem>
 552           <para>The wallclock time
 553           (<constant>CLOCK_REALTIME</constant>) at the point in time
 554           the entry was received by the journal, in microseconds since
 555           the epoch UTC, formatted as a decimal string. This has
 556           different properties from
 557           <literal>_SOURCE_REALTIME_TIMESTAMP=</literal>, as it is
 558           usually a bit later but more likely to be monotonic.
 559           </para>
 560         </listitem>
 561       </varlistentry>
 562
 563       <varlistentry>
 564         <term><varname>__MONOTONIC_TIMESTAMP=</varname></term>
 565         <listitem>
 566           <para>The monotonic time
 567           (<constant>CLOCK_MONOTONIC</constant>) at the point in time
 568           the entry was received by the journal in microseconds,
 569           formatted as a decimal string. To be useful as an address
 570           for the entry, this should be combined with the boot ID in
 571           <literal>_BOOT_ID=</literal>.
 572           </para>
 573         </listitem>
 574       </varlistentry>
 575     </variablelist>
 576   </refsect1>
 577
 578   <refsect1>
 579       <title>See Also</title>
 580       <para>
 581         <citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>,
 582         <citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd-journald.service</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>,
 583         <citerefentry><refentrytitle>journalctl</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>,
 584         <citerefentry><refentrytitle>journald.conf</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>,
 585         <citerefentry><refentrytitle>sd-journal</refentrytitle><manvolnum>3</manvolnum></citerefentry>,
 586         <citerefentry><refentrytitle>coredumpctl</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>,
 587         <citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd.directives</refentrytitle><manvolnum>7</manvolnum></citerefentry>
 588       </para>
 589   </refsect1>
 590
 591 </refentry>