src/basic/virt.c

   1 /* SPDX-License-Identifier: LGPL-2.1+ */
   2 /***
   3   Copyright 2011 Lennart Poettering
   4 ***/
   5
   6 #if defined(__i386__) || defined(__x86_64__)
   7 #include <cpuid.h>
   8 #endif
   9 #include <errno.h>
  10 #include <stdint.h>
  11 #include <stdlib.h>
  12 #include <string.h>
  13 #include <unistd.h>
  14
  15 #include "alloc-util.h"
  16 #include "dirent-util.h"
  17 #include "env-util.h"
  18 #include "fd-util.h"
  19 #include "fileio.h"
  20 #include "macro.h"
  21 #include "process-util.h"
  22 #include "stat-util.h"
  23 #include "string-table.h"
  24 #include "string-util.h"
  25 #include "virt.h"
  26
  27 static int detect_vm_cpuid(void) {
  28
  29         /* CPUID is an x86 specific interface. */
  30 #if defined(__i386__) || defined(__x86_64__)
  31
  32         static const struct {
  33                 const char *cpuid;
  34                 int id;
  35         } cpuid_vendor_table[] = {
  36                 { "XenVMMXenVMM", VIRTUALIZATION_XEN       },
  37                 { "KVMKVMKVM",    VIRTUALIZATION_KVM       },
  38                 { "TCGTCGTCGTCG", VIRTUALIZATION_QEMU      },
  39                 /* http://kb.vmware.com/selfservice/microsites/search.do?language=en_US&cmd=displayKC&externalId=1009458 */
  40                 { "VMwareVMware", VIRTUALIZATION_VMWARE    },
  41                 /* https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/virtualization/hyper-v-on-windows/reference/tlfs */
  42                 { "Microsoft Hv", VIRTUALIZATION_MICROSOFT },
  43                 /* https://wiki.freebsd.org/bhyve */
  44                 { "bhyve bhyve ", VIRTUALIZATION_BHYVE     },
  45                 { "QNXQVMBSQG",   VIRTUALIZATION_QNX       },
  46         };
  47
  48         uint32_t eax, ebx, ecx, edx;
  49         bool hypervisor;
  50
  51         /* http://lwn.net/Articles/301888/ */
  52
  53         /* First detect whether there is a hypervisor */
  54         if (__get_cpuid(1, &eax, &ebx, &ecx, &edx) == 0)
  55                 return VIRTUALIZATION_NONE;
  56
  57         hypervisor = ecx & 0x80000000U;
  58
  59         if (hypervisor) {
  60                 union {
  61                         uint32_t sig32[3];
  62                         char text[13];
  63                 } sig = {};
  64                 unsigned j;
  65
  66                 /* There is a hypervisor, see what it is */
  67                 __cpuid(0x40000000U, eax, ebx, ecx, edx);
  68
  69                 sig.sig32[0] = ebx;
  70                 sig.sig32[1] = ecx;
  71                 sig.sig32[2] = edx;
  72
  73                 log_debug("Virtualization found, CPUID=%s", sig.text);
  74
  75                 for (j = 0; j < ELEMENTSOF(cpuid_vendor_table); j ++)
  76                         if (streq(sig.text, cpuid_vendor_table[j].cpuid))
  77                                 return cpuid_vendor_table[j].id;
  78
  79                 return VIRTUALIZATION_VM_OTHER;
  80         }
  81 #endif
  82         log_debug("No virtualization found in CPUID");
  83
  84         return VIRTUALIZATION_NONE;
  85 }
  86
  87 static int detect_vm_device_tree(void) {
  88 #if defined(__arm__) || defined(__aarch64__) || defined(__powerpc__) || defined(__powerpc64__)
  89         _cleanup_free_ char *hvtype = NULL;
  90         int r;
  91
  92         r = read_one_line_file("/proc/device-tree/hypervisor/compatible", &hvtype);
  93         if (r == -ENOENT) {
  94                 _cleanup_closedir_ DIR *dir = NULL;
  95                 struct dirent *dent;
  96
  97                 dir = opendir("/proc/device-tree");
  98                 if (!dir) {
  99                         if (errno == ENOENT) {
 100                                 log_debug_errno(errno, "/proc/device-tree: %m");
 101                                 return VIRTUALIZATION_NONE;
 102                         }
 103                         return -errno;
 104                 }
 105
 106                 FOREACH_DIRENT(dent, dir, return -errno)
 107                         if (strstr(dent->d_name, "fw-cfg")) {
 108                                 log_debug("Virtualization QEMU: \"fw-cfg\" present in /proc/device-tree/%s", dent->d_name);
 109                                 return VIRTUALIZATION_QEMU;
 110                         }
 111
 112                 log_debug("No virtualization found in /proc/device-tree/*");
 113                 return VIRTUALIZATION_NONE;
 114         } else if (r < 0)
 115                 return r;
 116
 117         log_debug("Virtualization %s found in /proc/device-tree/hypervisor/compatible", hvtype);
 118         if (streq(hvtype, "linux,kvm"))
 119                 return VIRTUALIZATION_KVM;
 120         else if (strstr(hvtype, "xen"))
 121                 return VIRTUALIZATION_XEN;
 122         else
 123                 return VIRTUALIZATION_VM_OTHER;
 124 #else
 125         log_debug("This platform does not support /proc/device-tree");
 126         return VIRTUALIZATION_NONE;
 127 #endif
 128 }
 129
 130 static int detect_vm_dmi(void) {
 131 #if defined(__i386__) || defined(__x86_64__) || defined(__arm__) || defined(__aarch64__)
 132
 133         static const char *const dmi_vendors[] = {
 134                 "/sys/class/dmi/id/product_name", /* Test this before sys_vendor to detect KVM over QEMU */
 135                 "/sys/class/dmi/id/sys_vendor",
 136                 "/sys/class/dmi/id/board_vendor",
 137                 "/sys/class/dmi/id/bios_vendor"
 138         };
 139
 140         static const struct {
 141                 const char *vendor;
 142                 int id;
 143         } dmi_vendor_table[] = {
 144                 { "KVM",           VIRTUALIZATION_KVM       },
 145                 { "QEMU",          VIRTUALIZATION_QEMU      },
 146                 /* http://kb.vmware.com/selfservice/microsites/search.do?language=en_US&cmd=displayKC&externalId=1009458 */
 147                 { "VMware",        VIRTUALIZATION_VMWARE    },
 148                 { "VMW",           VIRTUALIZATION_VMWARE    },
 149                 { "innotek GmbH",  VIRTUALIZATION_ORACLE    },
 150                 { "Xen",           VIRTUALIZATION_XEN       },
 151                 { "Bochs",         VIRTUALIZATION_BOCHS     },
 152                 { "Parallels",     VIRTUALIZATION_PARALLELS },
 153                 /* https://wiki.freebsd.org/bhyve */
 154                 { "BHYVE",         VIRTUALIZATION_BHYVE     },
 155         };
 156         unsigned i;
 157         int r;
 158
 159         for (i = 0; i < ELEMENTSOF(dmi_vendors); i++) {
 160                 _cleanup_free_ char *s = NULL;
 161                 unsigned j;
 162
 163                 r = read_one_line_file(dmi_vendors[i], &s);
 164                 if (r < 0) {
 165                         if (r == -ENOENT)
 166                                 continue;
 167
 168                         return r;
 169                 }
 170
 171                 for (j = 0; j < ELEMENTSOF(dmi_vendor_table); j++)
 172                         if (startswith(s, dmi_vendor_table[j].vendor)) {
 173                                 log_debug("Virtualization %s found in DMI (%s)", s, dmi_vendors[i]);
 174                                 return dmi_vendor_table[j].id;
 175                         }
 176         }
 177 #endif
 178
 179         log_debug("No virtualization found in DMI");
 180
 181         return VIRTUALIZATION_NONE;
 182 }
 183
 184 static int detect_vm_xen(void) {
 185
 186         /* Check for Dom0 will be executed later in detect_vm_xen_dom0
 187            The presence of /proc/xen indicates some form of a Xen domain */
 188         if (access("/proc/xen", F_OK) < 0) {
 189                 log_debug("Virtualization XEN not found, /proc/xen does not exist");
 190                 return VIRTUALIZATION_NONE;
 191         }
 192
 193         log_debug("Virtualization XEN found (/proc/xen exists)");
 194         return VIRTUALIZATION_XEN;
 195 }
 196
 197 #define XENFEAT_dom0 11 /* xen/include/public/features.h */
 198 #define PATH_FEATURES "/sys/hypervisor/properties/features"
 199 /* Returns -errno, or 0 for domU, or 1 for dom0 */
 200 static int detect_vm_xen_dom0(void) {
 201         _cleanup_free_ char *domcap = NULL;
 202         char *cap, *i;
 203         int r;
 204
 205         r = read_one_line_file(PATH_FEATURES, &domcap);
 206         if (r < 0 && r != -ENOENT)
 207                 return r;
 208         if (r == 0) {
 209                 unsigned long features;
 210
 211                 /* Here, we need to use sscanf() instead of safe_atoul()
 212                  * as the string lacks the leading "0x". */
 213                 r = sscanf(domcap, "%lx", &features);
 214                 if (r == 1) {
 215                         r = !!(features & (1U << XENFEAT_dom0));
 216                         log_debug("Virtualization XEN, found %s with value %08lx, "
 217                                   "XENFEAT_dom0 (indicating the 'hardware domain') is%s set.",
 218                                   PATH_FEATURES, features, r ? "" : " not");
 219                         return r;
 220                 }
 221                 log_debug("Virtualization XEN, found %s, unhandled content '%s'",
 222                           PATH_FEATURES, domcap);
 223         }
 224
 225         r = read_one_line_file("/proc/xen/capabilities", &domcap);
 226         if (r == -ENOENT) {
 227                 log_debug("Virtualization XEN because /proc/xen/capabilities does not exist");
 228                 return 0;
 229         }
 230         if (r < 0)
 231                 return r;
 232
 233         i = domcap;
 234         while ((cap = strsep(&i, ",")))
 235                 if (streq(cap, "control_d"))
 236                         break;
 237         if (!cap) {
 238                 log_debug("Virtualization XEN DomU found (/proc/xen/capabilites)");
 239                 return 0;
 240         }
 241
 242         log_debug("Virtualization XEN Dom0 ignored (/proc/xen/capabilities)");
 243         return 1;
 244 }
 245
 246 static int detect_vm_hypervisor(void) {
 247         _cleanup_free_ char *hvtype = NULL;
 248         int r;
 249
 250         r = read_one_line_file("/sys/hypervisor/type", &hvtype);
 251         if (r == -ENOENT)
 252                 return VIRTUALIZATION_NONE;
 253         if (r < 0)
 254                 return r;
 255
 256         log_debug("Virtualization %s found in /sys/hypervisor/type", hvtype);
 257
 258         if (streq(hvtype, "xen"))
 259                 return VIRTUALIZATION_XEN;
 260         else
 261                 return VIRTUALIZATION_VM_OTHER;
 262 }
 263
 264 static int detect_vm_uml(void) {
 265         _cleanup_free_ char *cpuinfo_contents = NULL;
 266         int r;
 267
 268         /* Detect User-Mode Linux by reading /proc/cpuinfo */
 269         r = read_full_file("/proc/cpuinfo", &cpuinfo_contents, NULL);
 270         if (r == -ENOENT) {
 271                 log_debug("/proc/cpuinfo not found, assuming no UML virtualization.");
 272                 return VIRTUALIZATION_NONE;
 273         }
 274         if (r < 0)
 275                 return r;
 276
 277         if (strstr(cpuinfo_contents, "\nvendor_id\t: User Mode Linux\n")) {
 278                 log_debug("UML virtualization found in /proc/cpuinfo");
 279                 return VIRTUALIZATION_UML;
 280         }
 281
 282         log_debug("UML virtualization not found in /proc/cpuinfo.");
 283         return VIRTUALIZATION_NONE;
 284 }
 285
 286 static int detect_vm_zvm(void) {
 287
 288 #if defined(__s390__)
 289         _cleanup_free_ char *t = NULL;
 290         int r;
 291
 292         r = get_proc_field("/proc/sysinfo", "VM00 Control Program", WHITESPACE, &t);
 293         if (r == -ENOENT)
 294                 return VIRTUALIZATION_NONE;
 295         if (r < 0)
 296                 return r;
 297
 298         log_debug("Virtualization %s found in /proc/sysinfo", t);
 299         if (streq(t, "z/VM"))
 300                 return VIRTUALIZATION_ZVM;
 301         else
 302                 return VIRTUALIZATION_KVM;
 303 #else
 304         log_debug("This platform does not support /proc/sysinfo");
 305         return VIRTUALIZATION_NONE;
 306 #endif
 307 }
 308
 309 /* Returns a short identifier for the various VM implementations */
 310 int detect_vm(void) {
 311         static thread_local int cached_found = _VIRTUALIZATION_INVALID;
 312         bool other = false;
 313         int r, dmi;
 314
 315         if (cached_found >= 0)
 316                 return cached_found;
 317
 318         /* We have to use the correct order here:
 319          *
 320          * → First, try to detect Oracle Virtualbox, even if it uses KVM, as well as Xen even if it cloaks as Microsoft
 321          *   Hyper-V.
 322          *
 323          * → Second, try to detect from CPUID, this will report KVM for whatever software is used even if info in DMI is
 324          *   overwritten.
 325          *
 326          * → Third, try to detect from DMI. */
 327
 328         dmi = detect_vm_dmi();
 329         if (IN_SET(dmi, VIRTUALIZATION_ORACLE, VIRTUALIZATION_XEN)) {
 330                 r = dmi;
 331                 goto finish;
 332         }
 333
 334         r = detect_vm_cpuid();
 335         if (r < 0)
 336                 return r;
 337         if (r == VIRTUALIZATION_VM_OTHER)
 338                 other = true;
 339         else if (r != VIRTUALIZATION_NONE)
 340                 goto finish;
 341
 342         /* Now, let's get back to DMI */
 343         if (dmi < 0)
 344                 return dmi;
 345         if (dmi == VIRTUALIZATION_VM_OTHER)
 346                 other = true;
 347         else if (dmi != VIRTUALIZATION_NONE) {
 348                 r = dmi;
 349                 goto finish;
 350         }
 351
 352         /* x86 xen will most likely be detected by cpuid. If not (most likely
 353          * because we're not an x86 guest), then we should try the /proc/xen
 354          * directory next. If that's not found, then we check for the high-level
 355          * hypervisor sysfs file.
 356          */
 357
 358         r = detect_vm_xen();
 359         if (r < 0)
 360                 return r;
 361         if (r == VIRTUALIZATION_VM_OTHER)
 362                 other = true;
 363         else if (r != VIRTUALIZATION_NONE)
 364                 goto finish;
 365
 366         r = detect_vm_hypervisor();
 367         if (r < 0)
 368                 return r;
 369         if (r == VIRTUALIZATION_VM_OTHER)
 370                 other = true;
 371         else if (r != VIRTUALIZATION_NONE)
 372                 goto finish;
 373
 374         r = detect_vm_device_tree();
 375         if (r < 0)
 376                 return r;
 377         if (r == VIRTUALIZATION_VM_OTHER)
 378                 other = true;
 379         else if (r != VIRTUALIZATION_NONE)
 380                 goto finish;
 381
 382         r = detect_vm_uml();
 383         if (r < 0)
 384                 return r;
 385         if (r == VIRTUALIZATION_VM_OTHER)
 386                 other = true;
 387         else if (r != VIRTUALIZATION_NONE)
 388                 goto finish;
 389
 390         r = detect_vm_zvm();
 391         if (r < 0)
 392                 return r;
 393
 394 finish:
 395         /* x86 xen Dom0 is detected as XEN in hypervisor and maybe others.
 396          * In order to detect the Dom0 as not virtualization we need to
 397          * double-check it */
 398         if (r == VIRTUALIZATION_XEN) {
 399                 int dom0;
 400
 401                 dom0 = detect_vm_xen_dom0();
 402                 if (dom0 < 0)
 403                         return dom0;
 404                 if (dom0 > 0)
 405                         r = VIRTUALIZATION_NONE;
 406         } else if (r == VIRTUALIZATION_NONE && other)
 407                 r = VIRTUALIZATION_VM_OTHER;
 408
 409         cached_found = r;
 410         log_debug("Found VM virtualization %s", virtualization_to_string(r));
 411         return r;
 412 }
 413
 414 int detect_container(void) {
 415
 416         static const struct {
 417                 const char *value;
 418                 int id;
 419         } value_table[] = {
 420                 { "lxc",            VIRTUALIZATION_LXC            },
 421                 { "lxc-libvirt",    VIRTUALIZATION_LXC_LIBVIRT    },
 422                 { "systemd-nspawn", VIRTUALIZATION_SYSTEMD_NSPAWN },
 423                 { "docker",         VIRTUALIZATION_DOCKER         },
 424                 { "rkt",            VIRTUALIZATION_RKT            },
 425         };
 426
 427         static thread_local int cached_found = _VIRTUALIZATION_INVALID;
 428         _cleanup_free_ char *m = NULL;
 429         const char *e = NULL;
 430         unsigned j;
 431         int r;
 432
 433         if (cached_found >= 0)
 434                 return cached_found;
 435
 436         /* /proc/vz exists in container and outside of the container, /proc/bc only outside of the container. */
 437         if (access("/proc/vz", F_OK) >= 0 &&
 438             access("/proc/bc", F_OK) < 0) {
 439                 r = VIRTUALIZATION_OPENVZ;
 440                 goto finish;
 441         }
 442
 443         if (getpid_cached() == 1) {
 444                 /* If we are PID 1 we can just check our own environment variable, and that's authoritative. */
 445
 446                 e = getenv("container");
 447                 if (isempty(e)) {
 448                         r = VIRTUALIZATION_NONE;
 449                         goto finish;
 450                 }
 451
 452                 goto translate_name;
 453         }
 454
 455         /* Otherwise, PID 1 might have dropped this information into a file in /run. This is better than accessing
 456          * /proc/1/environ, since we don't need CAP_SYS_PTRACE for that. */
 457         r = read_one_line_file("/run/systemd/container", &m);
 458         if (r >= 0) {
 459                 e = m;
 460                 goto translate_name;
 461         }
 462         if (r != -ENOENT)
 463                 return log_debug_errno(r, "Failed to read /run/systemd/container: %m");
 464
 465         /* Fallback for cases where PID 1 was not systemd (for example, cases where init=/bin/sh is used. */
 466         r = getenv_for_pid(1, "container", &m);
 467         if (r > 0) {
 468                 e = m;
 469                 goto translate_name;
 470         }
 471         if (r < 0) /* This only works if we have CAP_SYS_PTRACE, hence let's better ignore failures here */
 472                 log_debug_errno(r, "Failed to read $container of PID 1, ignoring: %m");
 473
 474         /* Interestingly /proc/1/sched actually shows the host's PID for what we see as PID 1. Hence, if the PID shown
 475          * there is not 1, we know we are in a PID namespace. and hence a container. */
 476         r = read_one_line_file("/proc/1/sched", &m);
 477         if (r >= 0) {
 478                 const char *t;
 479
 480                 t = strrchr(m, '(');
 481                 if (!t)
 482                         return -EIO;
 483
 484                 if (!startswith(t, "(1,")) {
 485                         r = VIRTUALIZATION_CONTAINER_OTHER;
 486                         goto finish;
 487                 }
 488         } else if (r != -ENOENT)
 489                 return r;
 490
 491         /* If that didn't work, give up, assume no container manager. */
 492         r = VIRTUALIZATION_NONE;
 493         goto finish;
 494
 495 translate_name:
 496         for (j = 0; j < ELEMENTSOF(value_table); j++)
 497                 if (streq(e, value_table[j].value)) {
 498                         r = value_table[j].id;
 499                         goto finish;
 500                 }
 501
 502         r = VIRTUALIZATION_CONTAINER_OTHER;
 503
 504 finish:
 505         log_debug("Found container virtualization %s.", virtualization_to_string(r));
 506         cached_found = r;
 507         return r;
 508 }
 509
 510 int detect_virtualization(void) {
 511         int r;
 512
 513         r = detect_container();
 514         if (r == 0)
 515                 r = detect_vm();
 516
 517         return r;
 518 }
 519
 520 static int userns_has_mapping(const char *name) {
 521         _cleanup_fclose_ FILE *f = NULL;
 522         _cleanup_free_ char *buf = NULL;
 523         size_t n_allocated = 0;
 524         ssize_t n;
 525         uint32_t a, b, c;
 526         int r;
 527
 528         f = fopen(name, "re");
 529         if (!f) {
 530                 log_debug_errno(errno, "Failed to open %s: %m", name);
 531                 return errno == ENOENT ? false : -errno;
 532         }
 533
 534         n = getline(&buf, &n_allocated, f);
 535         if (n < 0) {
 536                 if (feof(f)) {
 537                         log_debug("%s is empty, we're in an uninitialized user namespace", name);
 538                         return true;
 539                 }
 540
 541                 return log_debug_errno(errno, "Failed to read %s: %m", name);
 542         }
 543
 544         r = sscanf(buf, "%"PRIu32" %"PRIu32" %"PRIu32, &a, &b, &c);
 545         if (r < 3)
 546                 return log_debug_errno(errno, "Failed to parse %s: %m", name);
 547
 548         if (a == 0 && b == 0 && c == UINT32_MAX) {
 549                 /* The kernel calls mappings_overlap() and does not allow overlaps */
 550                 log_debug("%s has a full 1:1 mapping", name);
 551                 return false;
 552         }
 553
 554         /* Anything else implies that we are in a user namespace */
 555         log_debug("Mapping found in %s, we're in a user namespace", name);
 556         return true;
 557 }
 558
 559 int running_in_userns(void) {
 560         _cleanup_free_ char *line = NULL;
 561         int r;
 562
 563         r = userns_has_mapping("/proc/self/uid_map");
 564         if (r != 0)
 565                 return r;
 566
 567         r = userns_has_mapping("/proc/self/gid_map");
 568         if (r != 0)
 569                 return r;
 570
 571         /* "setgroups" file was added in kernel v3.18-rc6-15-g9cc46516dd. It is also
 572          * possible to compile a kernel without CONFIG_USER_NS, in which case "setgroups"
 573          * also does not exist. We cannot distinguish those two cases, so assume that
 574          * we're running on a stripped-down recent kernel, rather than on an old one,
 575          * and if the file is not found, return false.
 576          */
 577         r = read_one_line_file("/proc/self/setgroups", &line);
 578         if (r < 0) {
 579                 log_debug_errno(r, "/proc/self/setgroups: %m");
 580                 return r == -ENOENT ? false : r;
 581         }
 582
 583         truncate_nl(line);
 584         r = streq(line, "deny");
 585         /* See user_namespaces(7) for a description of this "setgroups" contents. */
 586         log_debug("/proc/self/setgroups contains \"%s\", %s user namespace", line, r ? "in" : "not in");
 587         return r;
 588 }
 589
 590 int running_in_chroot(void) {
 591         int r;
 592
 593         if (getenv_bool("SYSTEMD_IGNORE_CHROOT") > 0)
 594                 return 0;
 595
 596         r = files_same("/proc/1/root", "/", 0);
 597         if (r < 0)
 598                 return r;
 599
 600         return r == 0;
 601 }
 602
 603 static const char *const virtualization_table[_VIRTUALIZATION_MAX] = {
 604         [VIRTUALIZATION_NONE] = "none",
 605         [VIRTUALIZATION_KVM] = "kvm",
 606         [VIRTUALIZATION_QEMU] = "qemu",
 607         [VIRTUALIZATION_BOCHS] = "bochs",
 608         [VIRTUALIZATION_XEN] = "xen",
 609         [VIRTUALIZATION_UML] = "uml",
 610         [VIRTUALIZATION_VMWARE] = "vmware",
 611         [VIRTUALIZATION_ORACLE] = "oracle",
 612         [VIRTUALIZATION_MICROSOFT] = "microsoft",
 613         [VIRTUALIZATION_ZVM] = "zvm",
 614         [VIRTUALIZATION_PARALLELS] = "parallels",
 615         [VIRTUALIZATION_BHYVE] = "bhyve",
 616         [VIRTUALIZATION_QNX] = "qnx",
 617         [VIRTUALIZATION_VM_OTHER] = "vm-other",
 618
 619         [VIRTUALIZATION_SYSTEMD_NSPAWN] = "systemd-nspawn",
 620         [VIRTUALIZATION_LXC_LIBVIRT] = "lxc-libvirt",
 621         [VIRTUALIZATION_LXC] = "lxc",
 622         [VIRTUALIZATION_OPENVZ] = "openvz",
 623         [VIRTUALIZATION_DOCKER] = "docker",
 624         [VIRTUALIZATION_RKT] = "rkt",
 625         [VIRTUALIZATION_CONTAINER_OTHER] = "container-other",
 626 };
 627
 628 DEFINE_STRING_TABLE_LOOKUP(virtualization, int);