]> git.ipfire.org Git - thirdparty/git.git/blobdiff - refs/files-backend.c
avoid "write_in_full(fd, buf, len) != len" pattern
[thirdparty/git.git] / refs / files-backend.c
index 83ea080e013f90e95d1897258dd80b44ac9b5db6..924e8537f3e4a6cf3cd581f121c37688150531d0 100644 (file)
@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
 #include "../cache.h"
+#include "../config.h"
 #include "../refs.h"
 #include "refs-internal.h"
 #include "ref-cache.h"
@@ -43,15 +44,6 @@ struct packed_ref_cache {
         */
        unsigned int referrers;
 
-       /*
-        * Iff the packed-refs file associated with this instance is
-        * currently locked for writing, this points at the associated
-        * lock (which is owned by somebody else).  The referrer count
-        * is also incremented when the file is locked and decremented
-        * when it is unlocked.
-        */
-       struct lock_file *lock;
-
        /* The metadata from when this packed-refs cache was read */
        struct stat_validity validity;
 };
@@ -70,10 +62,13 @@ struct files_ref_store {
 
        struct ref_cache *loose;
        struct packed_ref_cache *packed;
-};
 
-/* Lock used for the main packed-refs file: */
-static struct lock_file packlock;
+       /*
+        * Lock used for the "packed-refs" file. Note that this (and
+        * thus the enclosing `files_ref_store`) must not be freed.
+        */
+       struct lock_file packed_refs_lock;
+};
 
 /*
  * Increment the reference count of *packed_refs.
@@ -104,8 +99,8 @@ static void clear_packed_ref_cache(struct files_ref_store *refs)
        if (refs->packed) {
                struct packed_ref_cache *packed_refs = refs->packed;
 
-               if (packed_refs->lock)
-                       die("internal error: packed-ref cache cleared while locked");
+               if (is_lock_file_locked(&refs->packed_refs_lock))
+                       die("BUG: packed-ref cache cleared while locked");
                refs->packed = NULL;
                release_packed_ref_cache(packed_refs);
        }
@@ -195,27 +190,15 @@ static const char PACKED_REFS_HEADER[] =
  * Return a pointer to the refname within the line (null-terminated),
  * or NULL if there was a problem.
  */
-static const char *parse_ref_line(struct strbuf *line, unsigned char *sha1)
+static const char *parse_ref_line(struct strbuf *line, struct object_id *oid)
 {
        const char *ref;
 
-       /*
-        * 42: the answer to everything.
-        *
-        * In this case, it happens to be the answer to
-        *  40 (length of sha1 hex representation)
-        *  +1 (space in between hex and name)
-        *  +1 (newline at the end of the line)
-        */
-       if (line->len <= 42)
-               return NULL;
-
-       if (get_sha1_hex(line->buf, sha1) < 0)
+       if (parse_oid_hex(line->buf, oid, &ref) < 0)
                return NULL;
-       if (!isspace(line->buf[40]))
+       if (!isspace(*ref++))
                return NULL;
 
-       ref = line->buf + 41;
        if (isspace(*ref))
                return NULL;
 
@@ -227,7 +210,9 @@ static const char *parse_ref_line(struct strbuf *line, unsigned char *sha1)
 }
 
 /*
- * Read f, which is a packed-refs file, into dir.
+ * Read from `packed_refs_file` into a newly-allocated
+ * `packed_ref_cache` and return it. The return value will already
+ * have its reference count incremented.
  *
  * A comment line of the form "# pack-refs with: " may contain zero or
  * more traits. We interpret the traits as follows:
@@ -253,14 +238,38 @@ static const char *parse_ref_line(struct strbuf *line, unsigned char *sha1)
  *      compatibility with older clients, but we do not require it
  *      (i.e., "peeled" is a no-op if "fully-peeled" is set).
  */
-static void read_packed_refs(FILE *f, struct ref_dir *dir)
+static struct packed_ref_cache *read_packed_refs(const char *packed_refs_file)
 {
+       FILE *f;
+       struct packed_ref_cache *packed_refs = xcalloc(1, sizeof(*packed_refs));
        struct ref_entry *last = NULL;
        struct strbuf line = STRBUF_INIT;
        enum { PEELED_NONE, PEELED_TAGS, PEELED_FULLY } peeled = PEELED_NONE;
+       struct ref_dir *dir;
+
+       acquire_packed_ref_cache(packed_refs);
+       packed_refs->cache = create_ref_cache(NULL, NULL);
+       packed_refs->cache->root->flag &= ~REF_INCOMPLETE;
+
+       f = fopen(packed_refs_file, "r");
+       if (!f) {
+               if (errno == ENOENT) {
+                       /*
+                        * This is OK; it just means that no
+                        * "packed-refs" file has been written yet,
+                        * which is equivalent to it being empty.
+                        */
+                       return packed_refs;
+               } else {
+                       die_errno("couldn't read %s", packed_refs_file);
+               }
+       }
 
+       stat_validity_update(&packed_refs->validity, fileno(f));
+
+       dir = get_ref_dir(packed_refs->cache->root);
        while (strbuf_getwholeline(&line, f, '\n') != EOF) {
-               unsigned char sha1[20];
+               struct object_id oid;
                const char *refname;
                const char *traits;
 
@@ -273,17 +282,17 @@ static void read_packed_refs(FILE *f, struct ref_dir *dir)
                        continue;
                }
 
-               refname = parse_ref_line(&line, sha1);
+               refname = parse_ref_line(&line, &oid);
                if (refname) {
                        int flag = REF_ISPACKED;
 
                        if (check_refname_format(refname, REFNAME_ALLOW_ONELEVEL)) {
                                if (!refname_is_safe(refname))
                                        die("packed refname is dangerous: %s", refname);
-                               hashclr(sha1);
+                               oidclr(&oid);
                                flag |= REF_BAD_NAME | REF_ISBROKEN;
                        }
-                       last = create_ref_entry(refname, sha1, flag, 0);
+                       last = create_ref_entry(refname, &oid, flag);
                        if (peeled == PEELED_FULLY ||
                            (peeled == PEELED_TAGS && starts_with(refname, "refs/tags/")))
                                last->flag |= REF_KNOWS_PEELED;
@@ -294,8 +303,8 @@ static void read_packed_refs(FILE *f, struct ref_dir *dir)
                    line.buf[0] == '^' &&
                    line.len == PEELED_LINE_LENGTH &&
                    line.buf[PEELED_LINE_LENGTH - 1] == '\n' &&
-                   !get_sha1_hex(line.buf + 1, sha1)) {
-                       hashcpy(last->u.value.peeled.hash, sha1);
+                   !get_oid_hex(line.buf + 1, &oid)) {
+                       oidcpy(&last->u.value.peeled, &oid);
                        /*
                         * Regardless of what the file header said,
                         * we definitely know the value of *this*
@@ -305,7 +314,10 @@ static void read_packed_refs(FILE *f, struct ref_dir *dir)
                }
        }
 
+       fclose(f);
        strbuf_release(&line);
+
+       return packed_refs;
 }
 
 static const char *files_packed_refs_path(struct files_ref_store *refs)
@@ -358,32 +370,36 @@ static void files_ref_path(struct files_ref_store *refs,
        }
 }
 
+/*
+ * Check that the packed refs cache (if any) still reflects the
+ * contents of the file. If not, clear the cache.
+ */
+static void validate_packed_ref_cache(struct files_ref_store *refs)
+{
+       if (refs->packed &&
+           !stat_validity_check(&refs->packed->validity,
+                                files_packed_refs_path(refs)))
+               clear_packed_ref_cache(refs);
+}
+
 /*
  * Get the packed_ref_cache for the specified files_ref_store,
- * creating it if necessary.
+ * creating and populating it if it hasn't been read before or if the
+ * file has been changed (according to its `validity` field) since it
+ * was last read. On the other hand, if we hold the lock, then assume
+ * that the file hasn't been changed out from under us, so skip the
+ * extra `stat()` call in `stat_validity_check()`.
  */
 static struct packed_ref_cache *get_packed_ref_cache(struct files_ref_store *refs)
 {
        const char *packed_refs_file = files_packed_refs_path(refs);
 
-       if (refs->packed &&
-           !stat_validity_check(&refs->packed->validity, packed_refs_file))
-               clear_packed_ref_cache(refs);
+       if (!is_lock_file_locked(&refs->packed_refs_lock))
+               validate_packed_ref_cache(refs);
+
+       if (!refs->packed)
+               refs->packed = read_packed_refs(packed_refs_file);
 
-       if (!refs->packed) {
-               FILE *f;
-
-               refs->packed = xcalloc(1, sizeof(*refs->packed));
-               acquire_packed_ref_cache(refs->packed);
-               refs->packed->cache = create_ref_cache(&refs->base, NULL);
-               refs->packed->cache->root->flag &= ~REF_INCOMPLETE;
-               f = fopen(packed_refs_file, "r");
-               if (f) {
-                       stat_validity_update(&refs->packed->validity, fileno(f));
-                       read_packed_refs(f, get_ref_dir(refs->packed->cache->root));
-                       fclose(f);
-               }
-       }
        return refs->packed;
 }
 
@@ -404,14 +420,18 @@ static struct ref_dir *get_packed_refs(struct files_ref_store *refs)
  * commit_packed_refs().
  */
 static void add_packed_ref(struct files_ref_store *refs,
-                          const char *refname, const unsigned char *sha1)
+                          const char *refname, const struct object_id *oid)
 {
        struct packed_ref_cache *packed_ref_cache = get_packed_ref_cache(refs);
 
-       if (!packed_ref_cache->lock)
-               die("internal error: packed refs not locked");
+       if (!is_lock_file_locked(&refs->packed_refs_lock))
+               die("BUG: packed refs not locked");
+
+       if (check_refname_format(refname, REFNAME_ALLOW_ONELEVEL))
+               die("Reference has invalid format: '%s'", refname);
+
        add_ref_entry(get_packed_ref_dir(packed_ref_cache),
-                     create_ref_entry(refname, sha1, REF_ISPACKED, 1));
+                     create_ref_entry(refname, oid, REF_ISPACKED));
 }
 
 /*
@@ -444,7 +464,7 @@ static void loose_fill_ref_dir(struct ref_store *ref_store,
        strbuf_add(&refname, dirname, dirnamelen);
 
        while ((de = readdir(d)) != NULL) {
-               unsigned char sha1[20];
+               struct object_id oid;
                struct stat st;
                int flag;
 
@@ -465,10 +485,10 @@ static void loose_fill_ref_dir(struct ref_store *ref_store,
                        if (!refs_resolve_ref_unsafe(&refs->base,
                                                     refname.buf,
                                                     RESOLVE_REF_READING,
-                                                    sha1, &flag)) {
-                               hashclr(sha1);
+                                                    oid.hash, &flag)) {
+                               oidclr(&oid);
                                flag |= REF_ISBROKEN;
-                       } else if (is_null_sha1(sha1)) {
+                       } else if (is_null_oid(&oid)) {
                                /*
                                 * It is so astronomically unlikely
                                 * that NULL_SHA1 is the SHA-1 of an
@@ -484,11 +504,11 @@ static void loose_fill_ref_dir(struct ref_store *ref_store,
                                                 REFNAME_ALLOW_ONELEVEL)) {
                                if (!refname_is_safe(refname.buf))
                                        die("loose refname is dangerous: %s", refname.buf);
-                               hashclr(sha1);
+                               oidclr(&oid);
                                flag |= REF_BAD_NAME | REF_ISBROKEN;
                        }
                        add_entry_to_dir(dir,
-                                        create_ref_entry(refname.buf, sha1, flag, 0));
+                                        create_ref_entry(refname.buf, &oid, flag));
                }
                strbuf_setlen(&refname, dirnamelen);
                strbuf_setlen(&path, path_baselen);
@@ -1069,15 +1089,12 @@ static struct ref_iterator *files_ref_iterator_begin(
        struct ref_iterator *loose_iter, *packed_iter;
        struct files_ref_iterator *iter;
        struct ref_iterator *ref_iterator;
+       unsigned int required_flags = REF_STORE_READ;
 
-       if (ref_paranoia < 0)
-               ref_paranoia = git_env_bool("GIT_REF_PARANOIA", 0);
-       if (ref_paranoia)
-               flags |= DO_FOR_EACH_INCLUDE_BROKEN;
+       if (!(flags & DO_FOR_EACH_INCLUDE_BROKEN))
+               required_flags |= REF_STORE_ODB;
 
-       refs = files_downcast(ref_store,
-                             REF_STORE_READ | (ref_paranoia ? 0 : REF_STORE_ODB),
-                             "ref_iterator_begin");
+       refs = files_downcast(ref_store, required_flags, "ref_iterator_begin");
 
        iter = xcalloc(1, sizeof(*iter));
        ref_iterator = &iter->base;
@@ -1302,17 +1319,21 @@ static int lock_packed_refs(struct files_ref_store *refs, int flags)
        }
 
        if (hold_lock_file_for_update_timeout(
-                           &packlock, files_packed_refs_path(refs),
+                           &refs->packed_refs_lock, files_packed_refs_path(refs),
                            flags, timeout_value) < 0)
                return -1;
+
        /*
-        * Get the current packed-refs while holding the lock.  If the
-        * packed-refs file has been modified since we last read it,
-        * this will automatically invalidate the cache and re-read
-        * the packed-refs file.
+        * Now that we hold the `packed-refs` lock, make sure that our
+        * cache matches the current version of the file. Normally
+        * `get_packed_ref_cache()` does that for us, but that
+        * function assumes that when the file is locked, any existing
+        * cache is still valid. We've just locked the file, but it
+        * might have changed the moment *before* we locked it.
         */
+       validate_packed_ref_cache(refs);
+
        packed_ref_cache = get_packed_ref_cache(refs);
-       packed_ref_cache->lock = &packlock;
        /* Increment the reference count to prevent it from being freed: */
        acquire_packed_ref_cache(packed_ref_cache);
        return 0;
@@ -1335,10 +1356,10 @@ static int commit_packed_refs(struct files_ref_store *refs)
 
        files_assert_main_repository(refs, "commit_packed_refs");
 
-       if (!packed_ref_cache->lock)
-               die("internal error: packed-refs not locked");
+       if (!is_lock_file_locked(&refs->packed_refs_lock))
+               die("BUG: packed-refs not locked");
 
-       out = fdopen_lock_file(packed_ref_cache->lock, "w");
+       out = fdopen_lock_file(&refs->packed_refs_lock, "w");
        if (!out)
                die_errno("unable to fdopen packed-refs descriptor");
 
@@ -1356,11 +1377,10 @@ static int commit_packed_refs(struct files_ref_store *refs)
        if (ok != ITER_DONE)
                die("error while iterating over references");
 
-       if (commit_lock_file(packed_ref_cache->lock)) {
+       if (commit_lock_file(&refs->packed_refs_lock)) {
                save_errno = errno;
                error = -1;
        }
-       packed_ref_cache->lock = NULL;
        release_packed_ref_cache(packed_ref_cache);
        errno = save_errno;
        return error;
@@ -1378,10 +1398,9 @@ static void rollback_packed_refs(struct files_ref_store *refs)
 
        files_assert_main_repository(refs, "rollback_packed_refs");
 
-       if (!packed_ref_cache->lock)
-               die("internal error: packed-refs not locked");
-       rollback_lock_file(packed_ref_cache->lock);
-       packed_ref_cache->lock = NULL;
+       if (!is_lock_file_locked(&refs->packed_refs_lock))
+               die("BUG: packed-refs not locked");
+       rollback_lock_file(&refs->packed_refs_lock);
        release_packed_ref_cache(packed_ref_cache);
        clear_packed_ref_cache(refs);
 }
@@ -1476,6 +1495,32 @@ static void prune_refs(struct files_ref_store *refs, struct ref_to_prune *r)
        }
 }
 
+/*
+ * Return true if the specified reference should be packed.
+ */
+static int should_pack_ref(const char *refname,
+                          const struct object_id *oid, unsigned int ref_flags,
+                          unsigned int pack_flags)
+{
+       /* Do not pack per-worktree refs: */
+       if (ref_type(refname) != REF_TYPE_NORMAL)
+               return 0;
+
+       /* Do not pack non-tags unless PACK_REFS_ALL is set: */
+       if (!(pack_flags & PACK_REFS_ALL) && !starts_with(refname, "refs/tags/"))
+               return 0;
+
+       /* Do not pack symbolic refs: */
+       if (ref_flags & REF_ISSYMREF)
+               return 0;
+
+       /* Do not pack broken refs: */
+       if (!ref_resolves_to_object(refname, oid, ref_flags))
+               return 0;
+
+       return 1;
+}
+
 static int files_pack_refs(struct ref_store *ref_store, unsigned int flags)
 {
        struct files_ref_store *refs =
@@ -1497,21 +1542,9 @@ static int files_pack_refs(struct ref_store *ref_store, unsigned int flags)
                 * pruned, also add it to refs_to_prune.
                 */
                struct ref_entry *packed_entry;
-               int is_tag_ref = starts_with(iter->refname, "refs/tags/");
-
-               /* Do not pack per-worktree refs: */
-               if (ref_type(iter->refname) != REF_TYPE_NORMAL)
-                       continue;
-
-               /* ALWAYS pack tags */
-               if (!(flags & PACK_REFS_ALL) && !is_tag_ref)
-                       continue;
-
-               /* Do not pack symbolic or broken refs: */
-               if (iter->flags & REF_ISSYMREF)
-                       continue;
 
-               if (!ref_resolves_to_object(iter->refname, iter->oid, iter->flags))
+               if (!should_pack_ref(iter->refname, iter->oid, iter->flags,
+                                    flags))
                        continue;
 
                /*
@@ -1526,8 +1559,8 @@ static int files_pack_refs(struct ref_store *ref_store, unsigned int flags)
                        packed_entry->flag = REF_ISPACKED;
                        oidcpy(&packed_entry->u.value.oid, iter->oid);
                } else {
-                       packed_entry = create_ref_entry(iter->refname, iter->oid->hash,
-                                                       REF_ISPACKED, 0);
+                       packed_entry = create_ref_entry(iter->refname, iter->oid,
+                                                       REF_ISPACKED);
                        add_ref_entry(packed_refs, packed_entry);
                }
                oidclr(&packed_entry->u.value.peeled);
@@ -1607,7 +1640,7 @@ static int repack_without_refs(struct files_ref_store *refs,
        return ret;
 }
 
-static int files_delete_refs(struct ref_store *ref_store,
+static int files_delete_refs(struct ref_store *ref_store, const char *msg,
                             struct string_list *refnames, unsigned int flags)
 {
        struct files_ref_store *refs =
@@ -1639,7 +1672,7 @@ static int files_delete_refs(struct ref_store *ref_store,
        for (i = 0; i < refnames->nr; i++) {
                const char *refname = refnames->items[i].string;
 
-               if (refs_delete_ref(&refs->base, NULL, refname, NULL, flags))
+               if (refs_delete_ref(&refs->base, msg, refname, NULL, flags))
                        result |= error(_("could not remove reference %s"), refname);
        }
 
@@ -1709,10 +1742,10 @@ static int rename_tmp_log(struct files_ref_store *refs, const char *newrefname)
 }
 
 static int write_ref_to_lockfile(struct ref_lock *lock,
-                                const unsigned char *sha1, struct strbuf *err);
+                                const struct object_id *oid, struct strbuf *err);
 static int commit_ref_update(struct files_ref_store *refs,
                             struct ref_lock *lock,
-                            const unsigned char *sha1, const char *logmsg,
+                            const struct object_id *oid, const char *logmsg,
                             struct strbuf *err);
 
 static int files_rename_ref(struct ref_store *ref_store,
@@ -1721,7 +1754,7 @@ static int files_rename_ref(struct ref_store *ref_store,
 {
        struct files_ref_store *refs =
                files_downcast(ref_store, REF_STORE_WRITE, "rename_ref");
-       unsigned char sha1[20], orig_sha1[20];
+       struct object_id oid, orig_oid;
        int flag = 0, logmoved = 0;
        struct ref_lock *lock;
        struct stat loginfo;
@@ -1743,7 +1776,7 @@ static int files_rename_ref(struct ref_store *ref_store,
 
        if (!refs_resolve_ref_unsafe(&refs->base, oldrefname,
                                     RESOLVE_REF_READING | RESOLVE_REF_NO_RECURSE,
-                               orig_sha1, &flag)) {
+                               orig_oid.hash, &flag)) {
                ret = error("refname %s not found", oldrefname);
                goto out;
        }
@@ -1765,21 +1798,21 @@ static int files_rename_ref(struct ref_store *ref_store,
        }
 
        if (refs_delete_ref(&refs->base, logmsg, oldrefname,
-                           orig_sha1, REF_NODEREF)) {
+                           orig_oid.hash, REF_NODEREF)) {
                error("unable to delete old %s", oldrefname);
                goto rollback;
        }
 
        /*
-        * Since we are doing a shallow lookup, sha1 is not the
-        * correct value to pass to delete_ref as old_sha1. But that
-        * doesn't matter, because an old_sha1 check wouldn't add to
+        * Since we are doing a shallow lookup, oid is not the
+        * correct value to pass to delete_ref as old_oid. But that
+        * doesn't matter, because an old_oid check wouldn't add to
         * the safety anyway; we want to delete the reference whatever
         * its current value.
         */
        if (!refs_read_ref_full(&refs->base, newrefname,
                                RESOLVE_REF_READING | RESOLVE_REF_NO_RECURSE,
-                               sha1, NULL) &&
+                               oid.hash, NULL) &&
            refs_delete_ref(&refs->base, NULL, newrefname,
                            NULL, REF_NODEREF)) {
                if (errno == EISDIR) {
@@ -1812,10 +1845,10 @@ static int files_rename_ref(struct ref_store *ref_store,
                strbuf_release(&err);
                goto rollback;
        }
-       hashcpy(lock->old_oid.hash, orig_sha1);
+       oidcpy(&lock->old_oid, &orig_oid);
 
-       if (write_ref_to_lockfile(lock, orig_sha1, &err) ||
-           commit_ref_update(refs, lock, orig_sha1, logmsg, &err)) {
+       if (write_ref_to_lockfile(lock, &orig_oid, &err) ||
+           commit_ref_update(refs, lock, &orig_oid, logmsg, &err)) {
                error("unable to write current sha1 into %s: %s", newrefname, err.buf);
                strbuf_release(&err);
                goto rollback;
@@ -1835,8 +1868,8 @@ static int files_rename_ref(struct ref_store *ref_store,
 
        flag = log_all_ref_updates;
        log_all_ref_updates = LOG_REFS_NONE;
-       if (write_ref_to_lockfile(lock, orig_sha1, &err) ||
-           commit_ref_update(refs, lock, orig_sha1, NULL, &err)) {
+       if (write_ref_to_lockfile(lock, &orig_oid, &err) ||
+           commit_ref_update(refs, lock, &orig_oid, NULL, &err)) {
                error("unable to write current sha1 into %s: %s", oldrefname, err.buf);
                strbuf_release(&err);
        }
@@ -1986,8 +2019,8 @@ static int files_create_reflog(struct ref_store *ref_store,
        return 0;
 }
 
-static int log_ref_write_fd(int fd, const unsigned char *old_sha1,
-                           const unsigned char *new_sha1,
+static int log_ref_write_fd(int fd, const struct object_id *old_oid,
+                           const struct object_id *new_oid,
                            const char *committer, const char *msg)
 {
        int msglen, written;
@@ -1998,8 +2031,8 @@ static int log_ref_write_fd(int fd, const unsigned char *old_sha1,
        maxlen = strlen(committer) + msglen + 100;
        logrec = xmalloc(maxlen);
        len = xsnprintf(logrec, maxlen, "%s %s %s\n",
-                       sha1_to_hex(old_sha1),
-                       sha1_to_hex(new_sha1),
+                       oid_to_hex(old_oid),
+                       oid_to_hex(new_oid),
                        committer);
        if (msglen)
                len += copy_reflog_msg(logrec + len - 1, msg) - 1;
@@ -2013,8 +2046,8 @@ static int log_ref_write_fd(int fd, const unsigned char *old_sha1,
 }
 
 static int files_log_ref_write(struct files_ref_store *refs,
-                              const char *refname, const unsigned char *old_sha1,
-                              const unsigned char *new_sha1, const char *msg,
+                              const char *refname, const struct object_id *old_oid,
+                              const struct object_id *new_oid, const char *msg,
                               int flags, struct strbuf *err)
 {
        int logfd, result;
@@ -2031,7 +2064,7 @@ static int files_log_ref_write(struct files_ref_store *refs,
 
        if (logfd < 0)
                return 0;
-       result = log_ref_write_fd(logfd, old_sha1, new_sha1,
+       result = log_ref_write_fd(logfd, old_oid, new_oid,
                                  git_committer_info(0), msg);
        if (result) {
                struct strbuf sb = STRBUF_INIT;
@@ -2063,30 +2096,30 @@ static int files_log_ref_write(struct files_ref_store *refs,
  * return -1.
  */
 static int write_ref_to_lockfile(struct ref_lock *lock,
-                                const unsigned char *sha1, struct strbuf *err)
+                                const struct object_id *oid, struct strbuf *err)
 {
        static char term = '\n';
        struct object *o;
        int fd;
 
-       o = parse_object(sha1);
+       o = parse_object(oid);
        if (!o) {
                strbuf_addf(err,
                            "trying to write ref '%s' with nonexistent object %s",
-                           lock->ref_name, sha1_to_hex(sha1));
+                           lock->ref_name, oid_to_hex(oid));
                unlock_ref(lock);
                return -1;
        }
        if (o->type != OBJ_COMMIT && is_branch(lock->ref_name)) {
                strbuf_addf(err,
                            "trying to write non-commit object %s to branch '%s'",
-                           sha1_to_hex(sha1), lock->ref_name);
+                           oid_to_hex(oid), lock->ref_name);
                unlock_ref(lock);
                return -1;
        }
        fd = get_lock_file_fd(lock->lk);
-       if (write_in_full(fd, sha1_to_hex(sha1), 40) != 40 ||
-           write_in_full(fd, &term, 1) != 1 ||
+       if (write_in_full(fd, oid_to_hex(oid), GIT_SHA1_HEXSZ) < 0 ||
+           write_in_full(fd, &term, 1) < 0 ||
            close_ref(lock) < 0) {
                strbuf_addf(err,
                            "couldn't write '%s'", get_lock_file_path(lock->lk));
@@ -2103,14 +2136,14 @@ static int write_ref_to_lockfile(struct ref_lock *lock,
  */
 static int commit_ref_update(struct files_ref_store *refs,
                             struct ref_lock *lock,
-                            const unsigned char *sha1, const char *logmsg,
+                            const struct object_id *oid, const char *logmsg,
                             struct strbuf *err)
 {
        files_assert_main_repository(refs, "commit_ref_update");
 
        clear_loose_ref_cache(refs);
        if (files_log_ref_write(refs, lock->ref_name,
-                               lock->old_oid.hash, sha1,
+                               &lock->old_oid, oid,
                                logmsg, 0, err)) {
                char *old_msg = strbuf_detach(err, NULL);
                strbuf_addf(err, "cannot update the ref '%s': %s",
@@ -2133,18 +2166,18 @@ static int commit_ref_update(struct files_ref_store *refs,
                 * check with HEAD only which should cover 99% of all usage
                 * scenarios (even 100% of the default ones).
                 */
-               unsigned char head_sha1[20];
+               struct object_id head_oid;
                int head_flag;
                const char *head_ref;
 
                head_ref = refs_resolve_ref_unsafe(&refs->base, "HEAD",
                                                   RESOLVE_REF_READING,
-                                                  head_sha1, &head_flag);
+                                                  head_oid.hash, &head_flag);
                if (head_ref && (head_flag & REF_ISSYMREF) &&
                    !strcmp(head_ref, lock->ref_name)) {
                        struct strbuf log_err = STRBUF_INIT;
                        if (files_log_ref_write(refs, "HEAD",
-                                               lock->old_oid.hash, sha1,
+                                               &lock->old_oid, oid,
                                                logmsg, 0, &log_err)) {
                                error("%s", log_err.buf);
                                strbuf_release(&log_err);
@@ -2182,12 +2215,12 @@ static void update_symref_reflog(struct files_ref_store *refs,
                                 const char *target, const char *logmsg)
 {
        struct strbuf err = STRBUF_INIT;
-       unsigned char new_sha1[20];
+       struct object_id new_oid;
        if (logmsg &&
            !refs_read_ref_full(&refs->base, target,
-                               RESOLVE_REF_READING, new_sha1, NULL) &&
-           files_log_ref_write(refs, refname, lock->old_oid.hash,
-                               new_sha1, logmsg, 0, &err)) {
+                               RESOLVE_REF_READING, new_oid.hash, NULL) &&
+           files_log_ref_write(refs, refname, &lock->old_oid,
+                               &new_oid, logmsg, 0, &err)) {
                error("%s", err.buf);
                strbuf_release(&err);
        }
@@ -2240,50 +2273,6 @@ static int files_create_symref(struct ref_store *ref_store,
        return ret;
 }
 
-int set_worktree_head_symref(const char *gitdir, const char *target, const char *logmsg)
-{
-       /*
-        * FIXME: this obviously will not work well for future refs
-        * backends. This function needs to die.
-        */
-       struct files_ref_store *refs =
-               files_downcast(get_main_ref_store(),
-                              REF_STORE_WRITE,
-                              "set_head_symref");
-
-       static struct lock_file head_lock;
-       struct ref_lock *lock;
-       struct strbuf head_path = STRBUF_INIT;
-       const char *head_rel;
-       int ret;
-
-       strbuf_addf(&head_path, "%s/HEAD", absolute_path(gitdir));
-       if (hold_lock_file_for_update(&head_lock, head_path.buf,
-                                     LOCK_NO_DEREF) < 0) {
-               struct strbuf err = STRBUF_INIT;
-               unable_to_lock_message(head_path.buf, errno, &err);
-               error("%s", err.buf);
-               strbuf_release(&err);
-               strbuf_release(&head_path);
-               return -1;
-       }
-
-       /* head_rel will be "HEAD" for the main tree, "worktrees/wt/HEAD" for
-          linked trees */
-       head_rel = remove_leading_path(head_path.buf,
-                                      absolute_path(get_git_common_dir()));
-       /* to make use of create_symref_locked(), initialize ref_lock */
-       lock = xcalloc(1, sizeof(struct ref_lock));
-       lock->lk = &head_lock;
-       lock->ref_name = xstrdup(head_rel);
-
-       ret = create_symref_locked(refs, lock, head_rel, target, logmsg);
-
-       unlock_ref(lock); /* will free lock */
-       strbuf_release(&head_path);
-       return ret;
-}
-
 static int files_reflog_exists(struct ref_store *ref_store,
                               const char *refname)
 {
@@ -2317,7 +2306,7 @@ static int show_one_reflog_ent(struct strbuf *sb, each_reflog_ent_fn fn, void *c
 {
        struct object_id ooid, noid;
        char *email_end, *message;
-       unsigned long timestamp;
+       timestamp_t timestamp;
        int tz;
        const char *p = sb->buf;
 
@@ -2327,7 +2316,7 @@ static int show_one_reflog_ent(struct strbuf *sb, each_reflog_ent_fn fn, void *c
            parse_oid_hex(p, &noid, &p) || *p++ != ' ' ||
            !(email_end = strchr(p, '>')) ||
            email_end[1] != ' ' ||
-           !(timestamp = strtoul(email_end + 2, &message, 10)) ||
+           !(timestamp = parse_timestamp(email_end + 2, &message, 10)) ||
            !message || message[0] != ' ' ||
            (message[1] != '+' && message[1] != '-') ||
            !isdigit(message[2]) || !isdigit(message[3]) ||
@@ -2577,23 +2566,6 @@ static struct ref_iterator *files_reflog_iterator_begin(struct ref_store *ref_st
        return ref_iterator;
 }
 
-static int ref_update_reject_duplicates(struct string_list *refnames,
-                                       struct strbuf *err)
-{
-       int i, n = refnames->nr;
-
-       assert(err);
-
-       for (i = 1; i < n; i++)
-               if (!strcmp(refnames->items[i - 1].string, refnames->items[i].string)) {
-                       strbuf_addf(err,
-                                   "multiple updates for ref '%s' not allowed.",
-                                   refnames->items[i].string);
-                       return 1;
-               }
-       return 0;
-}
-
 /*
  * If update is a direct update of head_ref (the reference pointed to
  * by HEAD), then add an extra REF_LOG_ONLY update for HEAD.
@@ -2633,7 +2605,7 @@ static int split_head_update(struct ref_update *update,
        new_update = ref_transaction_add_update(
                        transaction, "HEAD",
                        update->flags | REF_LOG_ONLY | REF_NODEREF,
-                       update->new_sha1, update->old_sha1,
+                       update->new_oid.hash, update->old_oid.hash,
                        update->msg);
 
        item->util = new_update;
@@ -2690,7 +2662,7 @@ static int split_symref_update(struct files_ref_store *refs,
 
        new_update = ref_transaction_add_update(
                        transaction, referent, new_flags,
-                       update->new_sha1, update->old_sha1,
+                       update->new_oid.hash, update->old_oid.hash,
                        update->msg);
 
        new_update->parent_update = update;
@@ -2729,10 +2701,10 @@ static int check_old_oid(struct ref_update *update, struct object_id *oid,
                         struct strbuf *err)
 {
        if (!(update->flags & REF_HAVE_OLD) ||
-                  !hashcmp(oid->hash, update->old_sha1))
+                  !oidcmp(oid, &update->old_oid))
                return 0;
 
-       if (is_null_sha1(update->old_sha1))
+       if (is_null_oid(&update->old_oid))
                strbuf_addf(err, "cannot lock ref '%s': "
                            "reference already exists",
                            original_update_refname(update));
@@ -2740,13 +2712,13 @@ static int check_old_oid(struct ref_update *update, struct object_id *oid,
                strbuf_addf(err, "cannot lock ref '%s': "
                            "reference is missing but expected %s",
                            original_update_refname(update),
-                           sha1_to_hex(update->old_sha1));
+                           oid_to_hex(&update->old_oid));
        else
                strbuf_addf(err, "cannot lock ref '%s': "
                            "is at %s but expected %s",
                            original_update_refname(update),
                            oid_to_hex(oid),
-                           sha1_to_hex(update->old_sha1));
+                           oid_to_hex(&update->old_oid));
 
        return -1;
 }
@@ -2773,13 +2745,13 @@ static int lock_ref_for_update(struct files_ref_store *refs,
 {
        struct strbuf referent = STRBUF_INIT;
        int mustexist = (update->flags & REF_HAVE_OLD) &&
-               !is_null_sha1(update->old_sha1);
+               !is_null_oid(&update->old_oid);
        int ret;
        struct ref_lock *lock;
 
        files_assert_main_repository(refs, "lock_ref_for_update");
 
-       if ((update->flags & REF_HAVE_NEW) && is_null_sha1(update->new_sha1))
+       if ((update->flags & REF_HAVE_NEW) && is_null_oid(&update->new_oid))
                update->flags |= REF_DELETING;
 
        if (head_ref) {
@@ -2861,12 +2833,12 @@ static int lock_ref_for_update(struct files_ref_store *refs,
            !(update->flags & REF_DELETING) &&
            !(update->flags & REF_LOG_ONLY)) {
                if (!(update->type & REF_ISSYMREF) &&
-                   !hashcmp(lock->old_oid.hash, update->new_sha1)) {
+                   !oidcmp(&lock->old_oid, &update->new_oid)) {
                        /*
                         * The reference already has the desired
                         * value, so we don't need to write it.
                         */
-               } else if (write_ref_to_lockfile(lock, update->new_sha1,
+               } else if (write_ref_to_lockfile(lock, &update->new_oid,
                                                 err)) {
                        char *write_err = strbuf_detach(err, NULL);
 
@@ -2899,31 +2871,45 @@ static int lock_ref_for_update(struct files_ref_store *refs,
        return 0;
 }
 
-static int files_transaction_commit(struct ref_store *ref_store,
-                                   struct ref_transaction *transaction,
-                                   struct strbuf *err)
+/*
+ * Unlock any references in `transaction` that are still locked, and
+ * mark the transaction closed.
+ */
+static void files_transaction_cleanup(struct ref_transaction *transaction)
+{
+       size_t i;
+
+       for (i = 0; i < transaction->nr; i++) {
+               struct ref_update *update = transaction->updates[i];
+               struct ref_lock *lock = update->backend_data;
+
+               if (lock) {
+                       unlock_ref(lock);
+                       update->backend_data = NULL;
+               }
+       }
+
+       transaction->state = REF_TRANSACTION_CLOSED;
+}
+
+static int files_transaction_prepare(struct ref_store *ref_store,
+                                    struct ref_transaction *transaction,
+                                    struct strbuf *err)
 {
        struct files_ref_store *refs =
                files_downcast(ref_store, REF_STORE_WRITE,
-                              "ref_transaction_commit");
-       int ret = 0, i;
-       struct string_list refs_to_delete = STRING_LIST_INIT_NODUP;
-       struct string_list_item *ref_to_delete;
+                              "ref_transaction_prepare");
+       size_t i;
+       int ret = 0;
        struct string_list affected_refnames = STRING_LIST_INIT_NODUP;
        char *head_ref = NULL;
        int head_type;
        struct object_id head_oid;
-       struct strbuf sb = STRBUF_INIT;
 
        assert(err);
 
-       if (transaction->state != REF_TRANSACTION_OPEN)
-               die("BUG: commit called for transaction that is not open");
-
-       if (!transaction->nr) {
-               transaction->state = REF_TRANSACTION_CLOSED;
-               return 0;
-       }
+       if (!transaction->nr)
+               goto cleanup;
 
        /*
         * Fail if a refname appears more than once in the
@@ -2973,8 +2959,7 @@ static int files_transaction_commit(struct ref_store *ref_store,
                                       head_oid.hash, &head_type);
 
        if (head_ref && !(head_type & REF_ISSYMREF)) {
-               free(head_ref);
-               head_ref = NULL;
+               FREE_AND_NULL(head_ref);
        }
 
        /*
@@ -2982,6 +2967,8 @@ static int files_transaction_commit(struct ref_store *ref_store,
         * that new values are valid, and write new values to the
         * lockfiles, ready to be activated. Only keep one lockfile
         * open at a time to avoid running out of file descriptors.
+        * Note that lock_ref_for_update() might append more updates
+        * to the transaction.
         */
        for (i = 0; i < transaction->nr; i++) {
                struct ref_update *update = transaction->updates[i];
@@ -2989,7 +2976,38 @@ static int files_transaction_commit(struct ref_store *ref_store,
                ret = lock_ref_for_update(refs, update, transaction,
                                          head_ref, &affected_refnames, err);
                if (ret)
-                       goto cleanup;
+                       break;
+       }
+
+cleanup:
+       free(head_ref);
+       string_list_clear(&affected_refnames, 0);
+
+       if (ret)
+               files_transaction_cleanup(transaction);
+       else
+               transaction->state = REF_TRANSACTION_PREPARED;
+
+       return ret;
+}
+
+static int files_transaction_finish(struct ref_store *ref_store,
+                                   struct ref_transaction *transaction,
+                                   struct strbuf *err)
+{
+       struct files_ref_store *refs =
+               files_downcast(ref_store, 0, "ref_transaction_finish");
+       size_t i;
+       int ret = 0;
+       struct string_list refs_to_delete = STRING_LIST_INIT_NODUP;
+       struct string_list_item *ref_to_delete;
+       struct strbuf sb = STRBUF_INIT;
+
+       assert(err);
+
+       if (!transaction->nr) {
+               transaction->state = REF_TRANSACTION_CLOSED;
+               return 0;
        }
 
        /* Perform updates first so live commits remain referenced */
@@ -3001,8 +3019,8 @@ static int files_transaction_commit(struct ref_store *ref_store,
                    update->flags & REF_LOG_ONLY) {
                        if (files_log_ref_write(refs,
                                                lock->ref_name,
-                                               lock->old_oid.hash,
-                                               update->new_sha1,
+                                               &lock->old_oid,
+                                               &update->new_oid,
                                                update->msg, update->flags,
                                                err)) {
                                char *old_msg = strbuf_detach(err, NULL);
@@ -3069,15 +3087,10 @@ static int files_transaction_commit(struct ref_store *ref_store,
        clear_loose_ref_cache(refs);
 
 cleanup:
-       strbuf_release(&sb);
-       transaction->state = REF_TRANSACTION_CLOSED;
+       files_transaction_cleanup(transaction);
 
        for (i = 0; i < transaction->nr; i++) {
                struct ref_update *update = transaction->updates[i];
-               struct ref_lock *lock = update->backend_data;
-
-               if (lock)
-                       unlock_ref(lock);
 
                if (update->flags & REF_DELETED_LOOSE) {
                        /*
@@ -3091,13 +3104,19 @@ cleanup:
                }
        }
 
+       strbuf_release(&sb);
        string_list_clear(&refs_to_delete, 0);
-       free(head_ref);
-       string_list_clear(&affected_refnames, 0);
-
        return ret;
 }
 
+static int files_transaction_abort(struct ref_store *ref_store,
+                                  struct ref_transaction *transaction,
+                                  struct strbuf *err)
+{
+       files_transaction_cleanup(transaction);
+       return 0;
+}
+
 static int ref_present(const char *refname,
                       const struct object_id *oid, int flags, void *cb_data)
 {
@@ -3113,7 +3132,8 @@ static int files_initial_transaction_commit(struct ref_store *ref_store,
        struct files_ref_store *refs =
                files_downcast(ref_store, REF_STORE_WRITE,
                               "initial_ref_transaction_commit");
-       int ret = 0, i;
+       size_t i;
+       int ret = 0;
        struct string_list affected_refnames = STRING_LIST_INIT_NODUP;
 
        assert(err);
@@ -3151,7 +3171,7 @@ static int files_initial_transaction_commit(struct ref_store *ref_store,
                struct ref_update *update = transaction->updates[i];
 
                if ((update->flags & REF_HAVE_OLD) &&
-                   !is_null_sha1(update->old_sha1))
+                   !is_null_oid(&update->old_oid))
                        die("BUG: initial ref transaction with old_sha1 set");
                if (refs_verify_refname_available(&refs->base, update->refname,
                                                  &affected_refnames, NULL,
@@ -3172,8 +3192,9 @@ static int files_initial_transaction_commit(struct ref_store *ref_store,
                struct ref_update *update = transaction->updates[i];
 
                if ((update->flags & REF_HAVE_NEW) &&
-                   !is_null_sha1(update->new_sha1))
-                       add_packed_ref(refs, update->refname, update->new_sha1);
+                   !is_null_oid(&update->new_oid))
+                       add_packed_ref(refs, update->refname,
+                                      &update->new_oid);
        }
 
        if (commit_packed_refs(refs)) {
@@ -3198,7 +3219,7 @@ struct expire_reflog_cb {
 };
 
 static int expire_reflog_ent(struct object_id *ooid, struct object_id *noid,
-                            const char *email, unsigned long timestamp, int tz,
+                            const char *email, timestamp_t timestamp, int tz,
                             const char *message, void *cb_data)
 {
        struct expire_reflog_cb *cb = cb_data;
@@ -3207,7 +3228,7 @@ static int expire_reflog_ent(struct object_id *ooid, struct object_id *noid,
        if (cb->flags & EXPIRE_REFLOGS_REWRITE)
                ooid = &cb->last_kept_oid;
 
-       if ((*cb->should_prune_fn)(ooid->hash, noid->hash, email, timestamp, tz,
+       if ((*cb->should_prune_fn)(ooid, noid, email, timestamp, tz,
                                   message, policy_cb)) {
                if (!cb->newlog)
                        printf("would prune %s", message);
@@ -3215,7 +3236,7 @@ static int expire_reflog_ent(struct object_id *ooid, struct object_id *noid,
                        printf("prune %s", message);
        } else {
                if (cb->newlog) {
-                       fprintf(cb->newlog, "%s %s %s %lu %+05d\t%s",
+                       fprintf(cb->newlog, "%s %s %s %"PRItime" %+05d\t%s",
                                oid_to_hex(ooid), oid_to_hex(noid),
                                email, timestamp, tz, message);
                        oidcpy(&cb->last_kept_oid, noid);
@@ -3244,6 +3265,7 @@ static int files_reflog_expire(struct ref_store *ref_store,
        int status = 0;
        int type;
        struct strbuf err = STRBUF_INIT;
+       struct object_id oid;
 
        memset(&cb, 0, sizeof(cb));
        cb.flags = flags;
@@ -3293,7 +3315,9 @@ static int files_reflog_expire(struct ref_store *ref_store,
                }
        }
 
-       (*prepare_fn)(refname, sha1, cb.policy_cb);
+       hashcpy(oid.hash, sha1);
+
+       (*prepare_fn)(refname, &oid, cb.policy_cb);
        refs_for_each_reflog_ent(ref_store, refname, expire_reflog_ent, &cb);
        (*cleanup_fn)(cb.policy_cb);
 
@@ -3314,8 +3338,8 @@ static int files_reflog_expire(struct ref_store *ref_store,
                                        strerror(errno));
                } else if (update &&
                           (write_in_full(get_lock_file_fd(lock->lk),
-                               oid_to_hex(&cb.last_kept_oid), GIT_SHA1_HEXSZ) != GIT_SHA1_HEXSZ ||
-                           write_str_in_full(get_lock_file_fd(lock->lk), "\n") != 1 ||
+                               oid_to_hex(&cb.last_kept_oid), GIT_SHA1_HEXSZ) < 0 ||
+                           write_str_in_full(get_lock_file_fd(lock->lk), "\n") < 0 ||
                            close_ref(lock) < 0)) {
                        status |= error("couldn't write %s",
                                        get_lock_file_path(lock->lk));
@@ -3363,7 +3387,9 @@ struct ref_storage_be refs_be_files = {
        "files",
        files_ref_store_create,
        files_init_db,
-       files_transaction_commit,
+       files_transaction_prepare,
+       files_transaction_finish,
+       files_transaction_abort,
        files_initial_transaction_commit,
 
        files_pack_refs,