]> git.ipfire.org Git - thirdparty/systemd.git/blobdiff - src/shared/btrfs-util.c
tree-wide: use -EBADF for fd initialization
[thirdparty/systemd.git] / src / shared / btrfs-util.c
index 3ed14dc0f70a82d4187c5ceea7b4ab135262ae38..0a4bd48b880ffc65c2b9e05a213f3701ace14b11 100644 (file)
@@ -1,42 +1,36 @@
-/*-*- Mode: C; c-basic-offset: 8; indent-tabs-mode: nil -*-*/
-
-/***
-  This file is part of systemd.
-
-  Copyright 2014 Lennart Poettering
-
-  systemd is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it
-  under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
-  the Free Software Foundation; either version 2.1 of the License, or
-  (at your option) any later version.
-
-  systemd is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but
-  WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
-  MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU
-  Lesser General Public License for more details.
-
-  You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
-  along with systemd; If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
-***/
-
+/* SPDX-License-Identifier: LGPL-2.1-or-later */
+
+#include <errno.h>
+#include <fcntl.h>
+#include <inttypes.h>
+#include <linux/btrfs_tree.h>
+#include <linux/fs.h>
+#include <linux/loop.h>
+#include <linux/magic.h>
+#include <stddef.h>
+#include <stdio.h>
 #include <stdlib.h>
-#include <sys/vfs.h>
-#include <sys/stat.h>
+#include <sys/ioctl.h>
+#include <sys/sysmacros.h>
+#include <unistd.h>
 
-#ifdef HAVE_LINUX_BTRFS_H
-#include <linux/btrfs.h>
-#endif
-
-#include "missing.h"
-#include "util.h"
-#include "path-util.h"
-#include "macro.h"
+#include "alloc-util.h"
+#include "blockdev-util.h"
+#include "btrfs-util.h"
+#include "chattr-util.h"
 #include "copy.h"
-#include "selinux-util.h"
-#include "smack-util.h"
+#include "fd-util.h"
 #include "fileio.h"
-#include "btrfs-ctree.h"
-#include "btrfs-util.h"
+#include "fs-util.h"
+#include "io-util.h"
+#include "macro.h"
+#include "path-util.h"
+#include "rm-rf.h"
+#include "smack-util.h"
+#include "sparse-endian.h"
+#include "stat-util.h"
+#include "string-util.h"
+#include "time-util.h"
 
 /* WARNING: Be careful with file system ioctls! When we get an fd, we
  * need to make sure it either refers to only a regular file or
@@ -57,23 +51,6 @@ static int validate_subvolume_name(const char *name) {
         return 0;
 }
 
-static int open_parent(const char *path, int flags) {
-        _cleanup_free_ char *parent = NULL;
-        int r, fd;
-
-        assert(path);
-
-        r = path_get_parent(path, &parent);
-        if (r < 0)
-                return r;
-
-        fd = open(parent, flags);
-        if (fd < 0)
-                return -errno;
-
-        return fd;
-}
-
 static int extract_subvolume_name(const char *path, const char **subvolume) {
         const char *fn;
         int r;
@@ -91,18 +68,7 @@ static int extract_subvolume_name(const char *path, const char **subvolume) {
         return 0;
 }
 
-int btrfs_is_filesystem(int fd) {
-        struct statfs sfs;
-
-        assert(fd >= 0);
-
-        if (fstatfs(fd, &sfs) < 0)
-                return -errno;
-
-        return F_TYPE_EQUAL(sfs.f_type, BTRFS_SUPER_MAGIC);
-}
-
-int btrfs_is_subvol(int fd) {
+int btrfs_is_subvol_fd(int fd) {
         struct stat st;
 
         assert(fd >= 0);
@@ -112,52 +78,87 @@ int btrfs_is_subvol(int fd) {
         if (fstat(fd, &st) < 0)
                 return -errno;
 
-        if (!S_ISDIR(st.st_mode) || st.st_ino != 256)
+        if (!btrfs_might_be_subvol(&st))
                 return 0;
 
-        return btrfs_is_filesystem(fd);
+        return fd_is_fs_type(fd, BTRFS_SUPER_MAGIC);
 }
 
-int btrfs_subvol_make(const char *path) {
+int btrfs_is_subvol(const char *path) {
+        _cleanup_close_ int fd = -EBADF;
+
+        assert(path);
+
+        fd = open(path, O_RDONLY|O_NOCTTY|O_CLOEXEC|O_DIRECTORY);
+        if (fd < 0)
+                return -errno;
+
+        return btrfs_is_subvol_fd(fd);
+}
+
+int btrfs_subvol_make_fd(int fd, const char *subvolume) {
         struct btrfs_ioctl_vol_args args = {};
-        _cleanup_close_ int fd = -1;
-        const char *subvolume;
+        _cleanup_close_ int real_fd = -EBADF;
         int r;
 
-        assert(path);
+        assert(subvolume);
 
-        r = extract_subvolume_name(path, &subvolume);
+        r = validate_subvolume_name(subvolume);
         if (r < 0)
                 return r;
 
-        fd = open_parent(path, O_RDONLY|O_NOCTTY|O_CLOEXEC|O_DIRECTORY);
+        /* If an O_PATH fd was specified, let's convert here to a proper one, as btrfs ioctl's can't deal
+         * with O_PATH. */
+        fd = fd_reopen_condition(fd, O_RDONLY|O_CLOEXEC|O_DIRECTORY, O_PATH|O_DIRECTORY, &real_fd);
         if (fd < 0)
                 return fd;
 
         strncpy(args.name, subvolume, sizeof(args.name)-1);
 
-        if (ioctl(fd, BTRFS_IOC_SUBVOL_CREATE, &args) < 0)
-                return -errno;
-
-        return 0;
+        return RET_NERRNO(ioctl(fd, BTRFS_IOC_SUBVOL_CREATE, &args));
 }
 
-int btrfs_subvol_make_label(const char *path) {
+int btrfs_subvol_make(const char *path) {
+        _cleanup_close_ int fd = -EBADF;
+        const char *subvolume;
         int r;
 
         assert(path);
 
-        r = mac_selinux_create_file_prepare(path, S_IFDIR);
+        r = extract_subvolume_name(path, &subvolume);
         if (r < 0)
                 return r;
 
+        fd = open_parent(path, O_CLOEXEC, 0);
+        if (fd < 0)
+                return fd;
+
+        return btrfs_subvol_make_fd(fd, subvolume);
+}
+
+int btrfs_subvol_make_fallback(const char *path, mode_t mode) {
+        mode_t old, combined;
+        int r;
+
+        assert(path);
+
+        /* Let's work like mkdir(), i.e. take the specified mode, and mask it with the current umask. */
+        old = umask(~mode);
+        combined = old | ~mode;
+        if (combined != ~mode)
+                umask(combined);
         r = btrfs_subvol_make(path);
-        mac_selinux_create_file_clear();
+        umask(old);
 
-        if (r < 0)
+        if (r >= 0)
+                return 1; /* subvol worked */
+        if (r != -ENOTTY)
                 return r;
 
-        return mac_smack_fix(path, false, false);
+        if (mkdir(path, mode) < 0)
+                return -errno;
+
+        return 0; /* plain directory */
 }
 
 int btrfs_subvol_set_read_only_fd(int fd, bool b) {
@@ -169,28 +170,21 @@ int btrfs_subvol_set_read_only_fd(int fd, bool b) {
         if (fstat(fd, &st) < 0)
                 return -errno;
 
-        if (!S_ISDIR(st.st_mode) || st.st_ino != 256)
+        if (!btrfs_might_be_subvol(&st))
                 return -EINVAL;
 
         if (ioctl(fd, BTRFS_IOC_SUBVOL_GETFLAGS, &flags) < 0)
                 return -errno;
 
-        if (b)
-                nflags = flags | BTRFS_SUBVOL_RDONLY;
-        else
-                nflags = flags & ~BTRFS_SUBVOL_RDONLY;
-
+        nflags = UPDATE_FLAG(flags, BTRFS_SUBVOL_RDONLY, b);
         if (flags == nflags)
                 return 0;
 
-        if (ioctl(fd, BTRFS_IOC_SUBVOL_SETFLAGS, &nflags) < 0)
-                return -errno;
-
-        return 0;
+        return RET_NERRNO(ioctl(fd, BTRFS_IOC_SUBVOL_SETFLAGS, &nflags));
 }
 
 int btrfs_subvol_set_read_only(const char *path, bool b) {
-        _cleanup_close_ int fd = -1;
+        _cleanup_close_ int fd = -EBADF;
 
         fd = open(path, O_RDONLY|O_NOCTTY|O_CLOEXEC|O_DIRECTORY);
         if (fd < 0)
@@ -208,7 +202,7 @@ int btrfs_subvol_get_read_only_fd(int fd) {
         if (fstat(fd, &st) < 0)
                 return -errno;
 
-        if (!S_ISDIR(st.st_mode) || st.st_ino != 256)
+        if (!btrfs_might_be_subvol(&st))
                 return -EINVAL;
 
         if (ioctl(fd, BTRFS_IOC_SUBVOL_GETFLAGS, &flags) < 0)
@@ -218,26 +212,18 @@ int btrfs_subvol_get_read_only_fd(int fd) {
 }
 
 int btrfs_reflink(int infd, int outfd) {
-        struct stat st;
         int r;
 
         assert(infd >= 0);
         assert(outfd >= 0);
 
-        /* Make sure we invoke the ioctl on a regular file, so that no
-         * device driver accidentally gets it. */
-
-        if (fstat(outfd, &st) < 0)
-                return -errno;
-
-        if (!S_ISREG(st.st_mode))
-                return -EINVAL;
+        /* Make sure we invoke the ioctl on a regular file, so that no device driver accidentally gets it. */
 
-        r = ioctl(outfd, BTRFS_IOC_CLONE, infd);
+        r = fd_verify_regular(outfd);
         if (r < 0)
-                return -errno;
+                return r;
 
-        return 0;
+        return RET_NERRNO(ioctl(outfd, BTRFS_IOC_CLONE, infd));
 }
 
 int btrfs_clone_range(int infd, uint64_t in_offset, int outfd, uint64_t out_offset, uint64_t sz) {
@@ -247,35 +233,32 @@ int btrfs_clone_range(int infd, uint64_t in_offset, int outfd, uint64_t out_offs
                 .src_length = sz,
                 .dest_offset = out_offset,
         };
-        struct stat st;
         int r;
 
         assert(infd >= 0);
         assert(outfd >= 0);
-        assert(sz > 0);
-
-        if (fstat(outfd, &st) < 0)
-                return -errno;
 
-        if (!S_ISREG(st.st_mode))
-                return -EINVAL;
-
-        r = ioctl(outfd, BTRFS_IOC_CLONE_RANGE, &args);
+        r = fd_verify_regular(outfd);
         if (r < 0)
-                return -errno;
+                return r;
 
-        return 0;
+        return RET_NERRNO(ioctl(outfd, BTRFS_IOC_CLONE_RANGE, &args));
 }
 
 int btrfs_get_block_device_fd(int fd, dev_t *dev) {
         struct btrfs_ioctl_fs_info_args fsi = {};
+        _cleanup_close_ int regfd = -EBADF;
         uint64_t id;
         int r;
 
         assert(fd >= 0);
         assert(dev);
 
-        r = btrfs_is_filesystem(fd);
+        fd = fd_reopen_condition(fd, O_RDONLY|O_CLOEXEC|O_NONBLOCK|O_NOCTTY, O_PATH, &regfd);
+        if (fd < 0)
+                return fd;
+
+        r = fd_is_fs_type(fd, BTRFS_SUPER_MAGIC);
         if (r < 0)
                 return r;
         if (!r)
@@ -285,8 +268,10 @@ int btrfs_get_block_device_fd(int fd, dev_t *dev) {
                 return -errno;
 
         /* We won't do this for btrfs RAID */
-        if (fsi.num_devices != 1)
+        if (fsi.num_devices != 1) {
+                *dev = 0;
                 return 0;
+        }
 
         for (id = 1; id <= fsi.max_id; id++) {
                 struct btrfs_ioctl_dev_info_args di = {
@@ -301,11 +286,20 @@ int btrfs_get_block_device_fd(int fd, dev_t *dev) {
                         return -errno;
                 }
 
+                /* For the root fs — when no initrd is involved — btrfs returns /dev/root on any kernels from
+                 * the past few years. That sucks, as we have no API to determine the actual root then. let's
+                 * return an recognizable error for this case, so that the caller can maybe print a nice
+                 * message about this.
+                 *
+                 * https://bugzilla.kernel.org/show_bug.cgi?id=89721 */
+                if (path_equal((char*) di.path, "/dev/root"))
+                        return -EUCLEAN;
+
                 if (stat((char*) di.path, &st) < 0)
                         return -errno;
 
                 if (!S_ISBLK(st.st_mode))
-                        return -ENODEV;
+                        return -ENOTBLK;
 
                 if (major(st.st_rdev) == 0)
                         return -ENODEV;
@@ -318,7 +312,7 @@ int btrfs_get_block_device_fd(int fd, dev_t *dev) {
 }
 
 int btrfs_get_block_device(const char *path, dev_t *dev) {
-        _cleanup_close_ int fd = -1;
+        _cleanup_close_ int fd = -EBADF;
 
         assert(path);
         assert(dev);
@@ -339,7 +333,7 @@ int btrfs_subvol_get_id_fd(int fd, uint64_t *ret) {
         assert(fd >= 0);
         assert(ret);
 
-        r = btrfs_is_filesystem(fd);
+        r = fd_is_fs_type(fd, BTRFS_SUPER_MAGIC);
         if (r < 0)
                 return r;
         if (!r)
@@ -352,6 +346,19 @@ int btrfs_subvol_get_id_fd(int fd, uint64_t *ret) {
         return 0;
 }
 
+int btrfs_subvol_get_id(int fd, const char *subvol, uint64_t *ret) {
+        _cleanup_close_ int subvol_fd = -EBADF;
+
+        assert(fd >= 0);
+        assert(ret);
+
+        subvol_fd = openat(fd, subvol, O_RDONLY|O_CLOEXEC|O_NOCTTY|O_NOFOLLOW);
+        if (subvol_fd < 0)
+                return -errno;
+
+        return btrfs_subvol_get_id_fd(subvol_fd, ret);
+}
+
 static bool btrfs_ioctl_search_args_inc(struct btrfs_ioctl_search_args *args) {
         assert(args);
 
@@ -360,18 +367,18 @@ static bool btrfs_ioctl_search_args_inc(struct btrfs_ioctl_search_args *args) {
          * comparing. This call increases the counter by one, dealing
          * with the overflow between the overflows */
 
-        if (args->key.min_offset < (uint64_t) -1) {
+        if (args->key.min_offset < UINT64_MAX) {
                 args->key.min_offset++;
                 return true;
         }
 
-        if (args->key.min_type < (uint8_t) -1) {
+        if (args->key.min_type < UINT8_MAX) {
                 args->key.min_type++;
                 args->key.min_offset = 0;
                 return true;
         }
 
-        if (args->key.min_objectid < (uint64_t) -1) {
+        if (args->key.min_objectid < UINT64_MAX) {
                 args->key.min_objectid++;
                 args->key.min_offset = 0;
                 args->key.min_type = 0;
@@ -391,26 +398,21 @@ static void btrfs_ioctl_search_args_set(struct btrfs_ioctl_search_args *args, co
 }
 
 static int btrfs_ioctl_search_args_compare(const struct btrfs_ioctl_search_args *args) {
+        int r;
+
         assert(args);
 
         /* Compare min and max */
 
-        if (args->key.min_objectid < args->key.max_objectid)
-                return -1;
-        if (args->key.min_objectid > args->key.max_objectid)
-                return 1;
-
-        if (args->key.min_type < args->key.max_type)
-                return -1;
-        if (args->key.min_type > args->key.max_type)
-                return 1;
+        r = CMP(args->key.min_objectid, args->key.max_objectid);
+        if (r != 0)
+                return r;
 
-        if (args->key.min_offset < args->key.max_offset)
-                return -1;
-        if (args->key.min_offset > args->key.max_offset)
-                return 1;
+        r = CMP(args->key.min_type, args->key.max_type);
+        if (r != 0)
+                return r;
 
-        return 0;
+        return CMP(args->key.min_offset, args->key.max_offset);
 }
 
 #define FOREACH_BTRFS_IOCTL_SEARCH_HEADER(i, sh, args)                  \
@@ -423,7 +425,7 @@ static int btrfs_ioctl_search_args_compare(const struct btrfs_ioctl_search_args
 #define BTRFS_IOCTL_SEARCH_HEADER_BODY(sh)                              \
         ((void*) ((uint8_t*) sh + sizeof(struct btrfs_ioctl_search_header)))
 
-int btrfs_subvol_get_info_fd(int fd, BtrfsSubvolInfo *ret) {
+int btrfs_subvol_get_info_fd(int fd, uint64_t subvol_id, BtrfsSubvolInfo *ret) {
         struct btrfs_ioctl_search_args args = {
                 /* Tree of tree roots */
                 .key.tree_id = BTRFS_ROOT_TREE_OBJECTID,
@@ -433,23 +435,30 @@ int btrfs_subvol_get_info_fd(int fd, BtrfsSubvolInfo *ret) {
                 .key.max_type = BTRFS_ROOT_ITEM_KEY,
 
                 .key.min_offset = 0,
-                .key.max_offset = (uint64_t) -1,
+                .key.max_offset = UINT64_MAX,
 
                 /* No restrictions on the other components */
                 .key.min_transid = 0,
-                .key.max_transid = (uint64_t) -1,
+                .key.max_transid = UINT64_MAX,
         };
 
-        uint64_t subvol_id;
         bool found = false;
         int r;
 
         assert(fd >= 0);
         assert(ret);
 
-        r = btrfs_subvol_get_id_fd(fd, &subvol_id);
-        if (r < 0)
-                return r;
+        if (subvol_id == 0) {
+                r = btrfs_subvol_get_id_fd(fd, &subvol_id);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return r;
+        } else {
+                r = fd_is_fs_type(fd, BTRFS_SUPER_MAGIC);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return r;
+                if (!r)
+                        return -ENOTTY;
+        }
 
         args.key.min_objectid = args.key.max_objectid = subvol_id;
 
@@ -486,7 +495,7 @@ int btrfs_subvol_get_info_fd(int fd, BtrfsSubvolInfo *ret) {
                                 (usec_t) le32toh(ri->otime.nsec) / NSEC_PER_USEC;
 
                         ret->subvol_id = subvol_id;
-                        ret->read_only = !!(le64toh(ri->flags) & BTRFS_ROOT_SUBVOL_RDONLY);
+                        ret->read_only = le64toh(ri->flags) & BTRFS_ROOT_SUBVOL_RDONLY;
 
                         assert_cc(sizeof(ri->uuid) == sizeof(ret->uuid));
                         memcpy(&ret->uuid, ri->uuid, sizeof(ret->uuid));
@@ -502,13 +511,10 @@ int btrfs_subvol_get_info_fd(int fd, BtrfsSubvolInfo *ret) {
         }
 
 finish:
-        if (!found)
-                return -ENODATA;
-
-        return 0;
+        return found ? 0 : -ENODATA;
 }
 
-int btrfs_subvol_get_quota_fd(int fd, BtrfsQuotaInfo *ret) {
+int btrfs_qgroup_get_quota_fd(int fd, uint64_t qgroupid, BtrfsQuotaInfo *ret) {
 
         struct btrfs_ioctl_search_args args = {
                 /* Tree of quota items */
@@ -524,29 +530,40 @@ int btrfs_subvol_get_quota_fd(int fd, BtrfsQuotaInfo *ret) {
 
                 /* No restrictions on the other components */
                 .key.min_transid = 0,
-                .key.max_transid = (uint64_t) -1,
+                .key.max_transid = UINT64_MAX,
         };
 
-        uint64_t subvol_id;
         bool found_info = false, found_limit = false;
         int r;
 
         assert(fd >= 0);
         assert(ret);
 
-        r = btrfs_subvol_get_id_fd(fd, &subvol_id);
-        if (r < 0)
-                return r;
+        if (qgroupid == 0) {
+                r = btrfs_subvol_get_id_fd(fd, &qgroupid);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return r;
+        } else {
+                r = fd_is_fs_type(fd, BTRFS_SUPER_MAGIC);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return r;
+                if (!r)
+                        return -ENOTTY;
+        }
 
-        args.key.min_offset = args.key.max_offset = subvol_id;
+        args.key.min_offset = args.key.max_offset = qgroupid;
 
         while (btrfs_ioctl_search_args_compare(&args) <= 0) {
                 const struct btrfs_ioctl_search_header *sh;
                 unsigned i;
 
                 args.key.nr_items = 256;
-                if (ioctl(fd, BTRFS_IOC_TREE_SEARCH, &args) < 0)
+                if (ioctl(fd, BTRFS_IOC_TREE_SEARCH, &args) < 0) {
+                        if (errno == ENOENT) /* quota tree is missing: quota disabled */
+                                break;
+
                         return -errno;
+                }
 
                 if (args.key.nr_items <= 0)
                         break;
@@ -558,7 +575,7 @@ int btrfs_subvol_get_quota_fd(int fd, BtrfsQuotaInfo *ret) {
 
                         if (sh->objectid != 0)
                                 continue;
-                        if (sh->offset != subvol_id)
+                        if (sh->offset != qgroupid)
                                 continue;
 
                         if (sh->type == BTRFS_QGROUP_INFO_KEY) {
@@ -572,13 +589,15 @@ int btrfs_subvol_get_quota_fd(int fd, BtrfsQuotaInfo *ret) {
                         } else if (sh->type == BTRFS_QGROUP_LIMIT_KEY) {
                                 const struct btrfs_qgroup_limit_item *qli = BTRFS_IOCTL_SEARCH_HEADER_BODY(sh);
 
-                                ret->referenced_max = le64toh(qli->max_rfer);
-                                ret->exclusive_max = le64toh(qli->max_excl);
+                                if (le64toh(qli->flags) & BTRFS_QGROUP_LIMIT_MAX_RFER)
+                                        ret->referenced_max = le64toh(qli->max_rfer);
+                                else
+                                        ret->referenced_max = UINT64_MAX;
 
-                                if (ret->referenced_max == 0)
-                                        ret->referenced_max = (uint64_t) -1;
-                                if (ret->exclusive_max == 0)
-                                        ret->exclusive_max = (uint64_t) -1;
+                                if (le64toh(qli->flags) & BTRFS_QGROUP_LIMIT_MAX_EXCL)
+                                        ret->exclusive_max = le64toh(qli->max_excl);
+                                else
+                                        ret->exclusive_max = UINT64_MAX;
 
                                 found_limit = true;
                         }
@@ -597,37 +616,135 @@ finish:
                 return -ENODATA;
 
         if (!found_info) {
-                ret->referenced = (uint64_t) -1;
-                ret->exclusive = (uint64_t) -1;
+                ret->referenced = UINT64_MAX;
+                ret->exclusive = UINT64_MAX;
         }
 
         if (!found_limit) {
-                ret->referenced_max = (uint64_t) -1;
-                ret->exclusive_max = (uint64_t) -1;
+                ret->referenced_max = UINT64_MAX;
+                ret->exclusive_max = UINT64_MAX;
         }
 
         return 0;
 }
 
-int btrfs_defrag_fd(int fd) {
-        struct stat st;
+int btrfs_qgroup_get_quota(const char *path, uint64_t qgroupid, BtrfsQuotaInfo *ret) {
+        _cleanup_close_ int fd = -EBADF;
+
+        fd = open(path, O_RDONLY|O_CLOEXEC|O_NOCTTY|O_NOFOLLOW);
+        if (fd < 0)
+                return -errno;
+
+        return btrfs_qgroup_get_quota_fd(fd, qgroupid, ret);
+}
+
+int btrfs_subvol_find_subtree_qgroup(int fd, uint64_t subvol_id, uint64_t *ret) {
+        uint64_t level, lowest = UINT64_MAX, lowest_qgroupid = 0;
+        _cleanup_free_ uint64_t *qgroups = NULL;
+        int r, n;
 
         assert(fd >= 0);
+        assert(ret);
 
-        if (fstat(fd, &st) < 0)
-                return -errno;
+        /* This finds the "subtree" qgroup for a specific
+         * subvolume. This only works for subvolumes that have been
+         * prepared with btrfs_subvol_auto_qgroup_fd() with
+         * insert_intermediary_qgroup=true (or equivalent). For others
+         * it will return the leaf qgroup instead. The two cases may
+         * be distinguished via the return value, which is 1 in case
+         * an appropriate "subtree" qgroup was found, and 0
+         * otherwise. */
+
+        if (subvol_id == 0) {
+                r = btrfs_subvol_get_id_fd(fd, &subvol_id);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return r;
+        }
 
-        if (!S_ISREG(st.st_mode))
+        r = btrfs_qgroupid_split(subvol_id, &level, NULL);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+        if (level != 0) /* Input must be a leaf qgroup */
                 return -EINVAL;
 
-        if (ioctl(fd, BTRFS_IOC_DEFRAG, NULL) < 0)
+        n = btrfs_qgroup_find_parents(fd, subvol_id, &qgroups);
+        if (n < 0)
+                return n;
+
+        for (int i = 0; i < n; i++) {
+                uint64_t id;
+
+                r = btrfs_qgroupid_split(qgroups[i], &level, &id);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return r;
+
+                if (id != subvol_id)
+                        continue;
+
+                if (lowest == UINT64_MAX || level < lowest) {
+                        lowest_qgroupid = qgroups[i];
+                        lowest = level;
+                }
+        }
+
+        if (lowest == UINT64_MAX) {
+                /* No suitable higher-level qgroup found, let's return
+                 * the leaf qgroup instead, and indicate that with the
+                 * return value. */
+
+                *ret = subvol_id;
+                return 0;
+        }
+
+        *ret = lowest_qgroupid;
+        return 1;
+}
+
+int btrfs_subvol_get_subtree_quota_fd(int fd, uint64_t subvol_id, BtrfsQuotaInfo *ret) {
+        uint64_t qgroupid;
+        int r;
+
+        assert(fd >= 0);
+        assert(ret);
+
+        /* This determines the quota data of the qgroup with the
+         * lowest level, that shares the id part with the specified
+         * subvolume. This is useful for determining the quota data
+         * for entire subvolume subtrees, as long as the subtrees have
+         * been set up with btrfs_qgroup_subvol_auto_fd() or in a
+         * compatible way */
+
+        r = btrfs_subvol_find_subtree_qgroup(fd, subvol_id, &qgroupid);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+
+        return btrfs_qgroup_get_quota_fd(fd, qgroupid, ret);
+}
+
+int btrfs_subvol_get_subtree_quota(const char *path, uint64_t subvol_id, BtrfsQuotaInfo *ret) {
+        _cleanup_close_ int fd = -EBADF;
+
+        fd = open(path, O_RDONLY|O_CLOEXEC|O_NOCTTY|O_NOFOLLOW);
+        if (fd < 0)
                 return -errno;
 
-        return 0;
+        return btrfs_subvol_get_subtree_quota_fd(fd, subvol_id, ret);
+}
+
+int btrfs_defrag_fd(int fd) {
+        int r;
+
+        assert(fd >= 0);
+
+        r = fd_verify_regular(fd);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+
+        return RET_NERRNO(ioctl(fd, BTRFS_IOC_DEFRAG, NULL));
 }
 
 int btrfs_defrag(const char *p) {
-        _cleanup_close_ int fd = -1;
+        _cleanup_close_ int fd = -EBADF;
 
         fd = open(p, O_RDWR|O_CLOEXEC|O_NOCTTY|O_NOFOLLOW);
         if (fd < 0)
@@ -644,20 +761,17 @@ int btrfs_quota_enable_fd(int fd, bool b) {
 
         assert(fd >= 0);
 
-        r = btrfs_is_filesystem(fd);
+        r = fd_is_fs_type(fd, BTRFS_SUPER_MAGIC);
         if (r < 0)
                 return r;
         if (!r)
                 return -ENOTTY;
 
-        if (ioctl(fd, BTRFS_IOC_QUOTA_CTL, &args) < 0)
-                return -errno;
-
-        return 0;
+        return RET_NERRNO(ioctl(fd, BTRFS_IOC_QUOTA_CTL, &args));
 }
 
 int btrfs_quota_enable(const char *path, bool b) {
-        _cleanup_close_ int fd = -1;
+        _cleanup_close_ int fd = -EBADF;
 
         fd = open(path, O_RDONLY|O_CLOEXEC|O_NOCTTY|O_NOFOLLOW);
         if (fd < 0)
@@ -666,143 +780,278 @@ int btrfs_quota_enable(const char *path, bool b) {
         return btrfs_quota_enable_fd(fd, b);
 }
 
-int btrfs_quota_limit_fd(int fd, uint64_t referenced_max) {
+int btrfs_qgroup_set_limit_fd(int fd, uint64_t qgroupid, uint64_t referenced_max) {
+
         struct btrfs_ioctl_qgroup_limit_args args = {
-                .lim.max_rfer =
-                        referenced_max == (uint64_t) -1 ? 0 :
-                        referenced_max == 0 ? 1 : referenced_max,
+                .lim.max_rfer = referenced_max,
                 .lim.flags = BTRFS_QGROUP_LIMIT_MAX_RFER,
         };
         int r;
 
         assert(fd >= 0);
 
-        r = btrfs_is_filesystem(fd);
-        if (r < 0)
-                return r;
-        if (!r)
-                return -ENOTTY;
+        if (qgroupid == 0) {
+                r = btrfs_subvol_get_id_fd(fd, &qgroupid);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return r;
+        } else {
+                r = fd_is_fs_type(fd, BTRFS_SUPER_MAGIC);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return r;
+                if (!r)
+                        return -ENOTTY;
+        }
 
-        if (ioctl(fd, BTRFS_IOC_QGROUP_LIMIT, &args) < 0)
-                return -errno;
+        args.qgroupid = qgroupid;
+
+        for (unsigned c = 0;; c++) {
+                if (ioctl(fd, BTRFS_IOC_QGROUP_LIMIT, &args) < 0) {
+
+                        if (errno == EBUSY && c < 10) {
+                                (void) btrfs_quota_scan_wait(fd);
+                                continue;
+                        }
+
+                        return -errno;
+                }
+
+                break;
+        }
 
         return 0;
 }
 
-int btrfs_quota_limit(const char *path, uint64_t referenced_max) {
-        _cleanup_close_ int fd = -1;
+int btrfs_qgroup_set_limit(const char *path, uint64_t qgroupid, uint64_t referenced_max) {
+        _cleanup_close_ int fd = -EBADF;
 
         fd = open(path, O_RDONLY|O_CLOEXEC|O_NOCTTY|O_NOFOLLOW);
         if (fd < 0)
                 return -errno;
 
-        return btrfs_quota_limit_fd(fd, referenced_max);
+        return btrfs_qgroup_set_limit_fd(fd, qgroupid, referenced_max);
 }
 
-int btrfs_resize_loopback_fd(int fd, uint64_t new_size, bool grow_only) {
-        struct btrfs_ioctl_vol_args args = {};
-        _cleanup_free_ char *p = NULL, *loop = NULL, *backing = NULL;
-        _cleanup_close_ int loop_fd = -1, backing_fd = -1;
-        struct stat st;
-        dev_t dev = 0;
+int btrfs_subvol_set_subtree_quota_limit_fd(int fd, uint64_t subvol_id, uint64_t referenced_max) {
+        uint64_t qgroupid;
         int r;
 
-        /* btrfs cannot handle file systems < 16M, hence use this as minimum */
-        if (new_size < 16*1024*1024)
-                new_size = 16*1024*1024;
+        assert(fd >= 0);
 
-        r = btrfs_get_block_device_fd(fd, &dev);
+        r = btrfs_subvol_find_subtree_qgroup(fd, subvol_id, &qgroupid);
         if (r < 0)
                 return r;
-        if (r == 0)
-                return -ENODEV;
 
-        if (asprintf(&p, "/sys/dev/block/%u:%u/loop/backing_file", major(dev), minor(dev)) < 0)
-                return -ENOMEM;
-        r = read_one_line_file(p, &backing);
-        if (r == -ENOENT)
-                return -ENODEV;
-        if (r < 0)
-                return r;
-        if (isempty(backing) || !path_is_absolute(backing))
-                return -ENODEV;
+        return btrfs_qgroup_set_limit_fd(fd, qgroupid, referenced_max);
+}
 
-        backing_fd = open(backing, O_RDWR|O_CLOEXEC|O_NOCTTY);
-        if (backing_fd < 0)
-                return -errno;
+int btrfs_subvol_set_subtree_quota_limit(const char *path, uint64_t subvol_id, uint64_t referenced_max) {
+        _cleanup_close_ int fd = -EBADF;
 
-        if (fstat(backing_fd, &st) < 0)
+        fd = open(path, O_RDONLY|O_CLOEXEC|O_NOCTTY|O_NOFOLLOW);
+        if (fd < 0)
                 return -errno;
-        if (!S_ISREG(st.st_mode))
-                return -ENODEV;
-
-        if (new_size == (uint64_t) st.st_size)
-                return 0;
 
-        if (grow_only && new_size < (uint64_t) st.st_size)
-                return -EINVAL;
+        return btrfs_subvol_set_subtree_quota_limit_fd(fd, subvol_id, referenced_max);
+}
 
-        if (asprintf(&loop, "/dev/block/%u:%u", major(dev), minor(dev)) < 0)
-                return -ENOMEM;
-        loop_fd = open(loop, O_RDWR|O_CLOEXEC|O_NOCTTY);
-        if (loop_fd < 0)
-                return -errno;
+int btrfs_qgroupid_make(uint64_t level, uint64_t id, uint64_t *ret) {
+        assert(ret);
 
-        if (snprintf(args.name, sizeof(args.name), "%" PRIu64, new_size) >= (int) sizeof(args.name))
+        if (level >= (UINT64_C(1) << (64 - BTRFS_QGROUP_LEVEL_SHIFT)))
                 return -EINVAL;
 
-        if (new_size < (uint64_t) st.st_size) {
-                /* Decrease size: first decrease btrfs size, then shorten loopback */
-                if (ioctl(fd, BTRFS_IOC_RESIZE, &args) < 0)
-                        return -errno;
-        }
+        if (id >= (UINT64_C(1) << BTRFS_QGROUP_LEVEL_SHIFT))
+                return -EINVAL;
 
-        if (ftruncate(backing_fd, new_size) < 0)
-                return -errno;
+        *ret = (level << BTRFS_QGROUP_LEVEL_SHIFT) | id;
+        return 0;
+}
 
-        if (ioctl(loop_fd, LOOP_SET_CAPACITY, 0) < 0)
-                return -errno;
+int btrfs_qgroupid_split(uint64_t qgroupid, uint64_t *level, uint64_t *id) {
+        assert(level || id);
 
-        if (new_size > (uint64_t) st.st_size) {
-                /* Increase size: first enlarge loopback, then increase btrfs size */
-                if (ioctl(fd, BTRFS_IOC_RESIZE, &args) < 0)
-                        return -errno;
-        }
+        if (level)
+                *level = qgroupid >> BTRFS_QGROUP_LEVEL_SHIFT;
 
-        /* Make sure the free disk space is correctly updated for both file systems */
-        (void) fsync(fd);
-        (void) fsync(backing_fd);
+        if (id)
+                *id = qgroupid & ((UINT64_C(1) << BTRFS_QGROUP_LEVEL_SHIFT) - 1);
 
-        return 1;
+        return 0;
 }
 
-int btrfs_resize_loopback(const char *p, uint64_t new_size, bool grow_only) {
-        _cleanup_close_ int fd = -1;
+static int qgroup_create_or_destroy(int fd, bool b, uint64_t qgroupid) {
 
-        fd = open(p, O_RDONLY|O_NOCTTY|O_CLOEXEC);
-        if (fd < 0)
-                return -errno;
+        struct btrfs_ioctl_qgroup_create_args args = {
+                .create = b,
+                .qgroupid = qgroupid,
+        };
+        int r;
 
-        return btrfs_resize_loopback_fd(fd, new_size, grow_only);
-}
+        r = fd_is_fs_type(fd, BTRFS_SUPER_MAGIC);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+        if (r == 0)
+                return -ENOTTY;
 
-static int subvol_remove_children(int fd, const char *subvolume, uint64_t subvol_id, bool recursive) {
-        struct btrfs_ioctl_search_args args = {
-                .key.tree_id = BTRFS_ROOT_TREE_OBJECTID,
+        for (unsigned c = 0;; c++) {
+                if (ioctl(fd, BTRFS_IOC_QGROUP_CREATE, &args) < 0) {
 
-                .key.min_objectid = BTRFS_FIRST_FREE_OBJECTID,
+                        /* On old kernels if quota is not enabled, we get EINVAL. On newer kernels we get
+                         * ENOTCONN. Let's always convert this to ENOTCONN to make this recognizable
+                         * everywhere the same way. */
+
+                        if (IN_SET(errno, EINVAL, ENOTCONN))
+                                return -ENOTCONN;
+
+                        if (errno == EBUSY && c < 10) {
+                                (void) btrfs_quota_scan_wait(fd);
+                                continue;
+                        }
+
+                        return -errno;
+                }
+
+                break;
+        }
+
+        return 0;
+}
+
+int btrfs_qgroup_create(int fd, uint64_t qgroupid) {
+        return qgroup_create_or_destroy(fd, true, qgroupid);
+}
+
+int btrfs_qgroup_destroy(int fd, uint64_t qgroupid) {
+        return qgroup_create_or_destroy(fd, false, qgroupid);
+}
+
+int btrfs_qgroup_destroy_recursive(int fd, uint64_t qgroupid) {
+        _cleanup_free_ uint64_t *qgroups = NULL;
+        uint64_t subvol_id;
+        int n, r;
+
+        /* Destroys the specified qgroup, but unassigns it from all
+         * its parents first. Also, it recursively destroys all
+         * qgroups it is assigned to that have the same id part of the
+         * qgroupid as the specified group. */
+
+        r = btrfs_qgroupid_split(qgroupid, NULL, &subvol_id);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+
+        n = btrfs_qgroup_find_parents(fd, qgroupid, &qgroups);
+        if (n < 0)
+                return n;
+
+        for (int i = 0; i < n; i++) {
+                uint64_t id;
+
+                r = btrfs_qgroupid_split(qgroups[i], NULL, &id);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return r;
+
+                r = btrfs_qgroup_unassign(fd, qgroupid, qgroups[i]);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return r;
+
+                if (id != subvol_id)
+                        continue;
+
+                /* The parent qgroupid shares the same id part with
+                 * us? If so, destroy it too. */
+
+                (void) btrfs_qgroup_destroy_recursive(fd, qgroups[i]);
+        }
+
+        return btrfs_qgroup_destroy(fd, qgroupid);
+}
+
+int btrfs_quota_scan_start(int fd) {
+        struct btrfs_ioctl_quota_rescan_args args = {};
+
+        assert(fd >= 0);
+
+        return RET_NERRNO(ioctl(fd, BTRFS_IOC_QUOTA_RESCAN, &args));
+}
+
+int btrfs_quota_scan_wait(int fd) {
+        assert(fd >= 0);
+
+        return RET_NERRNO(ioctl(fd, BTRFS_IOC_QUOTA_RESCAN_WAIT));
+}
+
+int btrfs_quota_scan_ongoing(int fd) {
+        struct btrfs_ioctl_quota_rescan_args args = {};
+
+        assert(fd >= 0);
+
+        if (ioctl(fd, BTRFS_IOC_QUOTA_RESCAN_STATUS, &args) < 0)
+                return -errno;
+
+        return !!args.flags;
+}
+
+static int qgroup_assign_or_unassign(int fd, bool b, uint64_t child, uint64_t parent) {
+        struct btrfs_ioctl_qgroup_assign_args args = {
+                .assign = b,
+                .src = child,
+                .dst = parent,
+        };
+        int r;
+
+        r = fd_is_fs_type(fd, BTRFS_SUPER_MAGIC);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+        if (r == 0)
+                return -ENOTTY;
+
+        for (unsigned c = 0;; c++) {
+                r = ioctl(fd, BTRFS_IOC_QGROUP_ASSIGN, &args);
+                if (r < 0) {
+                        if (errno == EBUSY && c < 10) {
+                                (void) btrfs_quota_scan_wait(fd);
+                                continue;
+                        }
+
+                        return -errno;
+                }
+
+                if (r == 0)
+                        return 0;
+
+                /* If the return value is > 0, we need to request a rescan */
+
+                (void) btrfs_quota_scan_start(fd);
+                return 1;
+        }
+}
+
+int btrfs_qgroup_assign(int fd, uint64_t child, uint64_t parent) {
+        return qgroup_assign_or_unassign(fd, true, child, parent);
+}
+
+int btrfs_qgroup_unassign(int fd, uint64_t child, uint64_t parent) {
+        return qgroup_assign_or_unassign(fd, false, child, parent);
+}
+
+static int subvol_remove_children(int fd, const char *subvolume, uint64_t subvol_id, BtrfsRemoveFlags flags) {
+        struct btrfs_ioctl_search_args args = {
+                .key.tree_id = BTRFS_ROOT_TREE_OBJECTID,
+
+                .key.min_objectid = BTRFS_FIRST_FREE_OBJECTID,
                 .key.max_objectid = BTRFS_LAST_FREE_OBJECTID,
 
                 .key.min_type = BTRFS_ROOT_BACKREF_KEY,
                 .key.max_type = BTRFS_ROOT_BACKREF_KEY,
 
                 .key.min_transid = 0,
-                .key.max_transid = (uint64_t) -1,
+                .key.max_transid = UINT64_MAX,
         };
 
         struct btrfs_ioctl_vol_args vol_args = {};
-        _cleanup_close_ int subvol_fd = -1;
+        _cleanup_close_ int subvol_fd = -EBADF;
         struct stat st;
+        bool made_writable = false;
         int r;
 
         assert(fd >= 0);
@@ -814,26 +1063,41 @@ static int subvol_remove_children(int fd, const char *subvolume, uint64_t subvol
         if (!S_ISDIR(st.st_mode))
                 return -EINVAL;
 
-        /* First, try to remove the subvolume. If it happens to be
-         * already empty, this will just work. */
-        strncpy(vol_args.name, subvolume, sizeof(vol_args.name)-1);
-        if (ioctl(fd, BTRFS_IOC_SNAP_DESTROY, &vol_args) >= 0)
-                return 0;
-        if (!recursive || errno != ENOTEMPTY)
-                return -errno;
-
-        /* OK, the subvolume is not empty, let's look for child
-         * subvolumes, and remove them, first */
-        subvol_fd = openat(fd, subvolume, O_RDONLY|O_NOCTTY|O_CLOEXEC|O_DIRECTORY);
+        subvol_fd = openat(fd, subvolume, O_RDONLY|O_NOCTTY|O_CLOEXEC|O_DIRECTORY|O_NOFOLLOW);
         if (subvol_fd < 0)
                 return -errno;
 
+        /* Let's check if this is actually a subvolume. Note that this is mostly redundant, as BTRFS_IOC_SNAP_DESTROY
+         * would fail anyway if it is not. However, it's a good thing to check this ahead of time so that we can return
+         * ENOTTY unconditionally in this case. This is different from the ioctl() which will return EPERM/EACCES if we
+         * don't have the privileges to remove subvolumes, regardless if the specified directory is actually a
+         * subvolume or not. In order to make it easy for callers to cover the "this is not a btrfs subvolume" case
+         * let's prefer ENOTTY over EPERM/EACCES though. */
+        r = btrfs_is_subvol_fd(subvol_fd);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+        if (r == 0) /* Not a btrfs subvolume */
+                return -ENOTTY;
+
         if (subvol_id == 0) {
                 r = btrfs_subvol_get_id_fd(subvol_fd, &subvol_id);
                 if (r < 0)
                         return r;
         }
 
+        /* First, try to remove the subvolume. If it happens to be
+         * already empty, this will just work. */
+        strncpy(vol_args.name, subvolume, sizeof(vol_args.name)-1);
+        if (ioctl(fd, BTRFS_IOC_SNAP_DESTROY, &vol_args) >= 0) {
+                (void) btrfs_qgroup_destroy_recursive(fd, subvol_id); /* for the leaf subvolumes, the qgroup id is identical to the subvol id */
+                return 0;
+        }
+        if (!(flags & BTRFS_REMOVE_RECURSIVE) || errno != ENOTEMPTY)
+                return -errno;
+
+        /* OK, the subvolume is not empty, let's look for child
+         * subvolumes, and remove them, first */
+
         args.key.min_offset = args.key.max_offset = subvol_id;
 
         while (btrfs_ioctl_search_args_compare(&args) <= 0) {
@@ -850,7 +1114,6 @@ static int subvol_remove_children(int fd, const char *subvolume, uint64_t subvol
                 FOREACH_BTRFS_IOCTL_SEARCH_HEADER(i, sh, args) {
                         _cleanup_free_ char *p = NULL;
                         const struct btrfs_root_ref *ref;
-                        struct btrfs_ioctl_ino_lookup_args ino_args;
 
                         btrfs_ioctl_search_args_set(&args, sh);
 
@@ -865,29 +1128,38 @@ static int subvol_remove_children(int fd, const char *subvolume, uint64_t subvol
                         if (!p)
                                 return -ENOMEM;
 
-                        zero(ino_args);
-                        ino_args.treeid = subvol_id;
-                        ino_args.objectid = htole64(ref->dirid);
+                        struct btrfs_ioctl_ino_lookup_args ino_args = {
+                                .treeid = subvol_id,
+                                .objectid = htole64(ref->dirid),
+                        };
 
                         if (ioctl(fd, BTRFS_IOC_INO_LOOKUP, &ino_args) < 0)
                                 return -errno;
 
+                        if (!made_writable) {
+                                r = btrfs_subvol_set_read_only_fd(subvol_fd, false);
+                                if (r < 0)
+                                        return r;
+
+                                made_writable = true;
+                        }
+
                         if (isempty(ino_args.name))
                                 /* Subvolume is in the top-level
                                  * directory of the subvolume. */
-                                r = subvol_remove_children(subvol_fd, p, sh->objectid, recursive);
+                                r = subvol_remove_children(subvol_fd, p, sh->objectid, flags);
                         else {
-                                _cleanup_close_ int child_fd = -1;
+                                _cleanup_close_ int child_fd = -EBADF;
 
                                 /* Subvolume is somewhere further down,
                                  * hence we need to open the
                                  * containing directory first */
 
-                                child_fd = openat(subvol_fd, ino_args.name, O_RDONLY|O_NOCTTY|O_CLOEXEC|O_DIRECTORY);
+                                child_fd = openat(subvol_fd, ino_args.name, O_RDONLY|O_NOCTTY|O_CLOEXEC|O_DIRECTORY|O_NOFOLLOW);
                                 if (child_fd < 0)
                                         return -errno;
 
-                                r = subvol_remove_children(child_fd, p, sh->objectid, recursive);
+                                r = subvol_remove_children(child_fd, p, sh->objectid, flags);
                         }
                         if (r < 0)
                                 return r;
@@ -903,11 +1175,12 @@ static int subvol_remove_children(int fd, const char *subvolume, uint64_t subvol
         if (ioctl(fd, BTRFS_IOC_SNAP_DESTROY, &vol_args) < 0)
                 return -errno;
 
+        (void) btrfs_qgroup_destroy_recursive(fd, subvol_id);
         return 0;
 }
 
-int btrfs_subvol_remove(const char *path, bool recursive) {
-        _cleanup_close_ int fd = -1;
+int btrfs_subvol_remove(const char *path, BtrfsRemoveFlags flags) {
+        _cleanup_close_ int fd = -EBADF;
         const char *subvolume;
         int r;
 
@@ -917,18 +1190,212 @@ int btrfs_subvol_remove(const char *path, bool recursive) {
         if (r < 0)
                 return r;
 
-        fd = open_parent(path, O_RDONLY|O_NOCTTY|O_CLOEXEC|O_DIRECTORY);
+        fd = open_parent(path, O_CLOEXEC, 0);
         if (fd < 0)
                 return fd;
 
-        return subvol_remove_children(fd, subvolume, 0, recursive);
+        return subvol_remove_children(fd, subvolume, 0, flags);
 }
 
-int btrfs_subvol_remove_fd(int fd, const char *subvolume, bool recursive) {
-        return subvol_remove_children(fd, subvolume, 0, recursive);
+int btrfs_subvol_remove_fd(int fd, const char *subvolume, BtrfsRemoveFlags flags) {
+        return subvol_remove_children(fd, subvolume, 0, flags);
+}
+
+int btrfs_qgroup_copy_limits(int fd, uint64_t old_qgroupid, uint64_t new_qgroupid) {
+
+        struct btrfs_ioctl_search_args args = {
+                /* Tree of quota items */
+                .key.tree_id = BTRFS_QUOTA_TREE_OBJECTID,
+
+                /* The object ID is always 0 */
+                .key.min_objectid = 0,
+                .key.max_objectid = 0,
+
+                /* Look precisely for the quota items */
+                .key.min_type = BTRFS_QGROUP_LIMIT_KEY,
+                .key.max_type = BTRFS_QGROUP_LIMIT_KEY,
+
+                /* For our qgroup */
+                .key.min_offset = old_qgroupid,
+                .key.max_offset = old_qgroupid,
+
+                /* No restrictions on the other components */
+                .key.min_transid = 0,
+                .key.max_transid = UINT64_MAX,
+        };
+
+        int r;
+
+        r = fd_is_fs_type(fd, BTRFS_SUPER_MAGIC);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+        if (!r)
+                return -ENOTTY;
+
+        while (btrfs_ioctl_search_args_compare(&args) <= 0) {
+                const struct btrfs_ioctl_search_header *sh;
+                unsigned i;
+
+                args.key.nr_items = 256;
+                if (ioctl(fd, BTRFS_IOC_TREE_SEARCH, &args) < 0) {
+                        if (errno == ENOENT) /* quota tree missing: quota is not enabled, hence nothing to copy */
+                                break;
+
+                        return -errno;
+                }
+
+                if (args.key.nr_items <= 0)
+                        break;
+
+                FOREACH_BTRFS_IOCTL_SEARCH_HEADER(i, sh, args) {
+                        const struct btrfs_qgroup_limit_item *qli = BTRFS_IOCTL_SEARCH_HEADER_BODY(sh);
+                        struct btrfs_ioctl_qgroup_limit_args qargs;
+                        unsigned c;
+
+                        /* Make sure we start the next search at least from this entry */
+                        btrfs_ioctl_search_args_set(&args, sh);
+
+                        if (sh->objectid != 0)
+                                continue;
+                        if (sh->type != BTRFS_QGROUP_LIMIT_KEY)
+                                continue;
+                        if (sh->offset != old_qgroupid)
+                                continue;
+
+                        /* We found the entry, now copy things over. */
+
+                        qargs = (struct btrfs_ioctl_qgroup_limit_args) {
+                                .qgroupid = new_qgroupid,
+
+                                .lim.max_rfer = le64toh(qli->max_rfer),
+                                .lim.max_excl = le64toh(qli->max_excl),
+                                .lim.rsv_rfer = le64toh(qli->rsv_rfer),
+                                .lim.rsv_excl = le64toh(qli->rsv_excl),
+
+                                .lim.flags = le64toh(qli->flags) & (BTRFS_QGROUP_LIMIT_MAX_RFER|
+                                                                    BTRFS_QGROUP_LIMIT_MAX_EXCL|
+                                                                    BTRFS_QGROUP_LIMIT_RSV_RFER|
+                                                                    BTRFS_QGROUP_LIMIT_RSV_EXCL),
+                        };
+
+                        for (c = 0;; c++) {
+                                if (ioctl(fd, BTRFS_IOC_QGROUP_LIMIT, &qargs) < 0) {
+                                        if (errno == EBUSY && c < 10) {
+                                                (void) btrfs_quota_scan_wait(fd);
+                                                continue;
+                                        }
+                                        return -errno;
+                                }
+
+                                break;
+                        }
+
+                        return 1;
+                }
+
+                /* Increase search key by one, to read the next item, if we can. */
+                if (!btrfs_ioctl_search_args_inc(&args))
+                        break;
+        }
+
+        return 0;
+}
+
+static int copy_quota_hierarchy(int fd, uint64_t old_subvol_id, uint64_t new_subvol_id) {
+        _cleanup_free_ uint64_t *old_qgroups = NULL, *old_parent_qgroups = NULL;
+        bool copy_from_parent = false, insert_intermediary_qgroup = false;
+        int n_old_qgroups, n_old_parent_qgroups, r;
+        uint64_t old_parent_id;
+
+        assert(fd >= 0);
+
+        /* Copies a reduced form of quota information from the old to
+         * the new subvolume. */
+
+        n_old_qgroups = btrfs_qgroup_find_parents(fd, old_subvol_id, &old_qgroups);
+        if (n_old_qgroups <= 0) /* Nothing to copy */
+                return n_old_qgroups;
+
+        r = btrfs_subvol_get_parent(fd, old_subvol_id, &old_parent_id);
+        if (r == -ENXIO)
+                /* We have no parent, hence nothing to copy. */
+                n_old_parent_qgroups = 0;
+        else if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+        else {
+                n_old_parent_qgroups = btrfs_qgroup_find_parents(fd, old_parent_id, &old_parent_qgroups);
+                if (n_old_parent_qgroups < 0)
+                        return n_old_parent_qgroups;
+        }
+
+        for (int i = 0; i < n_old_qgroups; i++) {
+                uint64_t id;
+
+                r = btrfs_qgroupid_split(old_qgroups[i], NULL, &id);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return r;
+
+                if (id == old_subvol_id) {
+                        /* The old subvolume was member of a qgroup
+                         * that had the same id, but a different level
+                         * as it self. Let's set up something similar
+                         * in the destination. */
+                        insert_intermediary_qgroup = true;
+                        break;
+                }
+
+                for (int j = 0; j < n_old_parent_qgroups; j++)
+                        if (old_parent_qgroups[j] == old_qgroups[i])
+                                /* The old subvolume shared a common
+                                 * parent qgroup with its parent
+                                 * subvolume. Let's set up something
+                                 * similar in the destination. */
+                                copy_from_parent = true;
+        }
+
+        if (!insert_intermediary_qgroup && !copy_from_parent)
+                return 0;
+
+        return btrfs_subvol_auto_qgroup_fd(fd, new_subvol_id, insert_intermediary_qgroup);
+}
+
+static int copy_subtree_quota_limits(int fd, uint64_t old_subvol, uint64_t new_subvol) {
+        uint64_t old_subtree_qgroup, new_subtree_qgroup;
+        bool changed;
+        int r;
+
+        /* First copy the leaf limits */
+        r = btrfs_qgroup_copy_limits(fd, old_subvol, new_subvol);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+        changed = r > 0;
+
+        /* Then, try to copy the subtree limits, if there are any. */
+        r = btrfs_subvol_find_subtree_qgroup(fd, old_subvol, &old_subtree_qgroup);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+        if (r == 0)
+                return changed;
+
+        r = btrfs_subvol_find_subtree_qgroup(fd, new_subvol, &new_subtree_qgroup);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+        if (r == 0)
+                return changed;
+
+        r = btrfs_qgroup_copy_limits(fd, old_subtree_qgroup, new_subtree_qgroup);
+        if (r != 0)
+                return r;
+
+        return changed;
 }
 
-static int subvol_snapshot_children(int old_fd, int new_fd, const char *subvolume, uint64_t subvol_id, BtrfsSnapshotFlags flags) {
+static int subvol_snapshot_children(
+                int old_fd,
+                int new_fd,
+                const char *subvolume,
+                uint64_t old_subvol_id,
+                BtrfsSnapshotFlags flags) {
 
         struct btrfs_ioctl_search_args args = {
                 .key.tree_id = BTRFS_ROOT_TREE_OBJECTID,
@@ -940,36 +1407,52 @@ static int subvol_snapshot_children(int old_fd, int new_fd, const char *subvolum
                 .key.max_type = BTRFS_ROOT_BACKREF_KEY,
 
                 .key.min_transid = 0,
-                .key.max_transid = (uint64_t) -1,
+                .key.max_transid = UINT64_MAX,
         };
 
         struct btrfs_ioctl_vol_args_v2 vol_args = {
                 .flags = flags & BTRFS_SNAPSHOT_READ_ONLY ? BTRFS_SUBVOL_RDONLY : 0,
                 .fd = old_fd,
         };
+        _cleanup_close_ int subvolume_fd = -EBADF;
+        uint64_t new_subvol_id;
         int r;
-        _cleanup_close_ int subvolume_fd = -1;
 
         assert(old_fd >= 0);
         assert(new_fd >= 0);
         assert(subvolume);
 
         strncpy(vol_args.name, subvolume, sizeof(vol_args.name)-1);
-        vol_args.fd = old_fd;
 
         if (ioctl(new_fd, BTRFS_IOC_SNAP_CREATE_V2, &vol_args) < 0)
                 return -errno;
 
-        if (!(flags & BTRFS_SNAPSHOT_RECURSIVE))
+        if (!(flags & BTRFS_SNAPSHOT_RECURSIVE) &&
+            !(flags & BTRFS_SNAPSHOT_QUOTA))
                 return 0;
 
-        if (subvol_id == 0) {
-                r = btrfs_subvol_get_id_fd(old_fd, &subvol_id);
+        if (old_subvol_id == 0) {
+                r = btrfs_subvol_get_id_fd(old_fd, &old_subvol_id);
                 if (r < 0)
                         return r;
         }
 
-        args.key.min_offset = args.key.max_offset = subvol_id;
+        r = btrfs_subvol_get_id(new_fd, vol_args.name, &new_subvol_id);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+
+        if (flags & BTRFS_SNAPSHOT_QUOTA)
+                (void) copy_quota_hierarchy(new_fd, old_subvol_id, new_subvol_id);
+
+        if (!(flags & BTRFS_SNAPSHOT_RECURSIVE)) {
+
+                if (flags & BTRFS_SNAPSHOT_QUOTA)
+                        (void) copy_subtree_quota_limits(new_fd, old_subvol_id, new_subvol_id);
+
+                return 0;
+        }
+
+        args.key.min_offset = args.key.max_offset = old_subvol_id;
 
         while (btrfs_ioctl_search_args_compare(&args) <= 0) {
                 const struct btrfs_ioctl_search_header *sh;
@@ -984,48 +1467,50 @@ static int subvol_snapshot_children(int old_fd, int new_fd, const char *subvolum
 
                 FOREACH_BTRFS_IOCTL_SEARCH_HEADER(i, sh, args) {
                         _cleanup_free_ char *p = NULL, *c = NULL, *np = NULL;
-                        struct btrfs_ioctl_ino_lookup_args ino_args;
                         const struct btrfs_root_ref *ref;
-                        _cleanup_close_ int old_child_fd = -1, new_child_fd = -1;
+                        _cleanup_close_ int old_child_fd = -EBADF, new_child_fd = -EBADF;
 
                         btrfs_ioctl_search_args_set(&args, sh);
 
                         if (sh->type != BTRFS_ROOT_BACKREF_KEY)
                                 continue;
-                        if (sh->offset != subvol_id)
+
+                        /* Avoid finding the source subvolume a second
+                         * time */
+                        if (sh->offset != old_subvol_id)
                                 continue;
 
-                        ref = BTRFS_IOCTL_SEARCH_HEADER_BODY(sh);
+                        /* Avoid running into loops if the new
+                         * subvolume is below the old one. */
+                        if (sh->objectid == new_subvol_id)
+                                continue;
 
+                        ref = BTRFS_IOCTL_SEARCH_HEADER_BODY(sh);
                         p = strndup((char*) ref + sizeof(struct btrfs_root_ref), le64toh(ref->name_len));
                         if (!p)
                                 return -ENOMEM;
 
-                        zero(ino_args);
-                        ino_args.treeid = subvol_id;
-                        ino_args.objectid = htole64(ref->dirid);
+                        struct btrfs_ioctl_ino_lookup_args ino_args = {
+                                .treeid = old_subvol_id,
+                                .objectid = htole64(ref->dirid),
+                        };
 
                         if (ioctl(old_fd, BTRFS_IOC_INO_LOOKUP, &ino_args) < 0)
                                 return -errno;
 
-                        /* The kernel returns an empty name if the
-                         * subvolume is in the top-level directory,
-                         * and otherwise appends a slash, so that we
-                         * can just concatenate easily here, without
-                         * adding a slash. */
-                        c = strappend(ino_args.name, p);
+                        c = path_join(ino_args.name, p);
                         if (!c)
                                 return -ENOMEM;
 
-                        old_child_fd = openat(old_fd, c, O_RDONLY|O_NOCTTY|O_CLOEXEC|O_DIRECTORY);
+                        old_child_fd = openat(old_fd, c, O_RDONLY|O_NOCTTY|O_CLOEXEC|O_DIRECTORY|O_NOFOLLOW);
                         if (old_child_fd < 0)
                                 return -errno;
 
-                        np = strjoin(subvolume, "/", ino_args.name, NULL);
+                        np = path_join(subvolume, ino_args.name);
                         if (!np)
                                 return -ENOMEM;
 
-                        new_child_fd = openat(new_fd, np, O_RDONLY|O_NOCTTY|O_CLOEXEC|O_DIRECTORY);
+                        new_child_fd = openat(new_fd, np, O_RDONLY|O_NOCTTY|O_CLOEXEC|O_DIRECTORY|O_NOFOLLOW);
                         if (new_child_fd < 0)
                                 return -errno;
 
@@ -1036,7 +1521,7 @@ static int subvol_snapshot_children(int old_fd, int new_fd, const char *subvolum
                                  * into place. */
 
                                 if (subvolume_fd < 0) {
-                                        subvolume_fd = openat(new_fd, subvolume, O_RDONLY|O_NOCTTY|O_CLOEXEC|O_DIRECTORY);
+                                        subvolume_fd = openat(new_fd, subvolume, O_RDONLY|O_NOCTTY|O_CLOEXEC|O_DIRECTORY|O_NOFOLLOW);
                                         if (subvolume_fd < 0)
                                                 return -errno;
                                 }
@@ -1047,7 +1532,7 @@ static int subvol_snapshot_children(int old_fd, int new_fd, const char *subvolum
                         }
 
                         /* When btrfs clones the subvolumes, child
-                         * subvolumes appear as directories. Remove
+                         * subvolumes appear as empty directories. Remove
                          * them, so that we can create a new snapshot
                          * in their place */
                         if (unlinkat(new_child_fd, p, AT_REMOVEDIR) < 0) {
@@ -1079,58 +1564,104 @@ static int subvol_snapshot_children(int old_fd, int new_fd, const char *subvolum
                         break;
         }
 
+        if (flags & BTRFS_SNAPSHOT_QUOTA)
+                (void) copy_subtree_quota_limits(new_fd, old_subvol_id, new_subvol_id);
+
         return 0;
 }
 
-int btrfs_subvol_snapshot_fd(int old_fd, const char *new_path, BtrfsSnapshotFlags flags) {
-        _cleanup_close_ int new_fd = -1;
+int btrfs_subvol_snapshot_fd_full(
+                int old_fd,
+                const char *new_path,
+                BtrfsSnapshotFlags flags,
+                copy_progress_path_t progress_path,
+                copy_progress_bytes_t progress_bytes,
+                void *userdata) {
+
+        _cleanup_close_ int new_fd = -EBADF;
         const char *subvolume;
         int r;
 
         assert(old_fd >= 0);
         assert(new_path);
 
-        r = btrfs_is_subvol(old_fd);
+        r = btrfs_is_subvol_fd(old_fd);
         if (r < 0)
                 return r;
         if (r == 0) {
+                bool plain_directory = false;
+
+                /* If the source isn't a proper subvolume, fail unless fallback is requested */
                 if (!(flags & BTRFS_SNAPSHOT_FALLBACK_COPY))
                         return -EISDIR;
 
                 r = btrfs_subvol_make(new_path);
-                if (r < 0)
-                        return r;
+                if (ERRNO_IS_NOT_SUPPORTED(r) && (flags & BTRFS_SNAPSHOT_FALLBACK_DIRECTORY)) {
+                        /* If the destination doesn't support subvolumes, then use a plain directory, if that's requested. */
+                        if (mkdir(new_path, 0755) < 0)
+                                return -errno;
 
-                r = copy_directory_fd(old_fd, new_path, true);
-                if (r < 0) {
-                        btrfs_subvol_remove(new_path, false);
+                        plain_directory = true;
+                } else if (r < 0)
                         return r;
-                }
+
+                r = copy_directory_fd_full(
+                                old_fd, new_path,
+                                COPY_MERGE_EMPTY|
+                                COPY_REFLINK|
+                                COPY_SAME_MOUNT|
+                                COPY_HARDLINKS|
+                                COPY_ALL_XATTRS|
+                                (FLAGS_SET(flags, BTRFS_SNAPSHOT_SIGINT) ? COPY_SIGINT : 0)|
+                                (FLAGS_SET(flags, BTRFS_SNAPSHOT_SIGTERM) ? COPY_SIGTERM : 0),
+                                progress_path,
+                                progress_bytes,
+                                userdata);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        goto fallback_fail;
 
                 if (flags & BTRFS_SNAPSHOT_READ_ONLY) {
-                        r = btrfs_subvol_set_read_only(new_path, true);
-                        if (r < 0) {
-                                btrfs_subvol_remove(new_path, false);
-                                return r;
+
+                        if (plain_directory) {
+                                /* Plain directories have no recursive read-only flag, but something pretty close to
+                                 * it: the IMMUTABLE bit. Let's use this here, if this is requested. */
+
+                                if (flags & BTRFS_SNAPSHOT_FALLBACK_IMMUTABLE)
+                                        (void) chattr_path(new_path, FS_IMMUTABLE_FL, FS_IMMUTABLE_FL, NULL);
+                        } else {
+                                r = btrfs_subvol_set_read_only(new_path, true);
+                                if (r < 0)
+                                        goto fallback_fail;
                         }
                 }
 
                 return 0;
+
+        fallback_fail:
+                (void) rm_rf(new_path, REMOVE_ROOT|REMOVE_PHYSICAL|REMOVE_SUBVOLUME);
+                return r;
         }
 
         r = extract_subvolume_name(new_path, &subvolume);
         if (r < 0)
                 return r;
 
-        new_fd = open_parent(new_path, O_RDONLY|O_NOCTTY|O_CLOEXEC|O_DIRECTORY);
+        new_fd = open_parent(new_path, O_CLOEXEC, 0);
         if (new_fd < 0)
                 return new_fd;
 
         return subvol_snapshot_children(old_fd, new_fd, subvolume, 0, flags);
 }
 
-int btrfs_subvol_snapshot(const char *old_path, const char *new_path, BtrfsSnapshotFlags flags) {
-        _cleanup_close_ int old_fd = -1;
+int btrfs_subvol_snapshot_full(
+                const char *old_path,
+                const char *new_path,
+                BtrfsSnapshotFlags flags,
+                copy_progress_path_t progress_path,
+                copy_progress_bytes_t progress_bytes,
+                void *userdata) {
+
+        _cleanup_close_ int old_fd = -EBADF;
 
         assert(old_path);
         assert(new_path);
@@ -1139,5 +1670,317 @@ int btrfs_subvol_snapshot(const char *old_path, const char *new_path, BtrfsSnaps
         if (old_fd < 0)
                 return -errno;
 
-        return btrfs_subvol_snapshot_fd(old_fd, new_path, flags);
+        return btrfs_subvol_snapshot_fd_full(old_fd, new_path, flags, progress_path, progress_bytes, userdata);
+}
+
+int btrfs_qgroup_find_parents(int fd, uint64_t qgroupid, uint64_t **ret) {
+
+        struct btrfs_ioctl_search_args args = {
+                /* Tree of quota items */
+                .key.tree_id = BTRFS_QUOTA_TREE_OBJECTID,
+
+                /* Look precisely for the quota relation items */
+                .key.min_type = BTRFS_QGROUP_RELATION_KEY,
+                .key.max_type = BTRFS_QGROUP_RELATION_KEY,
+
+                /* No restrictions on the other components */
+                .key.min_offset = 0,
+                .key.max_offset = UINT64_MAX,
+
+                .key.min_transid = 0,
+                .key.max_transid = UINT64_MAX,
+        };
+
+        _cleanup_free_ uint64_t *items = NULL;
+        size_t n_items = 0;
+        int r;
+
+        assert(fd >= 0);
+        assert(ret);
+
+        if (qgroupid == 0) {
+                r = btrfs_subvol_get_id_fd(fd, &qgroupid);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return r;
+        } else {
+                r = fd_is_fs_type(fd, BTRFS_SUPER_MAGIC);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return r;
+                if (!r)
+                        return -ENOTTY;
+        }
+
+        args.key.min_objectid = args.key.max_objectid = qgroupid;
+
+        while (btrfs_ioctl_search_args_compare(&args) <= 0) {
+                const struct btrfs_ioctl_search_header *sh;
+                unsigned i;
+
+                args.key.nr_items = 256;
+                if (ioctl(fd, BTRFS_IOC_TREE_SEARCH, &args) < 0) {
+                        if (errno == ENOENT) /* quota tree missing: quota is disabled */
+                                break;
+
+                        return -errno;
+                }
+
+                if (args.key.nr_items <= 0)
+                        break;
+
+                FOREACH_BTRFS_IOCTL_SEARCH_HEADER(i, sh, args) {
+
+                        /* Make sure we start the next search at least from this entry */
+                        btrfs_ioctl_search_args_set(&args, sh);
+
+                        if (sh->type != BTRFS_QGROUP_RELATION_KEY)
+                                continue;
+                        if (sh->offset < sh->objectid)
+                                continue;
+                        if (sh->objectid != qgroupid)
+                                continue;
+
+                        if (!GREEDY_REALLOC(items, n_items+1))
+                                return -ENOMEM;
+
+                        items[n_items++] = sh->offset;
+                }
+
+                /* Increase search key by one, to read the next item, if we can. */
+                if (!btrfs_ioctl_search_args_inc(&args))
+                        break;
+        }
+
+        if (n_items <= 0) {
+                *ret = NULL;
+                return 0;
+        }
+
+        *ret = TAKE_PTR(items);
+
+        return (int) n_items;
+}
+
+int btrfs_subvol_auto_qgroup_fd(int fd, uint64_t subvol_id, bool insert_intermediary_qgroup) {
+        _cleanup_free_ uint64_t *qgroups = NULL;
+        _cleanup_close_ int real_fd = -EBADF;
+        uint64_t parent_subvol;
+        bool changed = false;
+        int n = 0, r;
+
+        assert(fd >= 0);
+
+        /*
+         * Sets up the specified subvolume's qgroup automatically in
+         * one of two ways:
+         *
+         * If insert_intermediary_qgroup is false, the subvolume's
+         * leaf qgroup will be assigned to the same parent qgroups as
+         * the subvolume's parent subvolume.
+         *
+         * If insert_intermediary_qgroup is true a new intermediary
+         * higher-level qgroup is created, with a higher level number,
+         * but reusing the id of the subvolume. The level number is
+         * picked as one smaller than the lowest level qgroup the
+         * parent subvolume is a member of. If the parent subvolume's
+         * leaf qgroup is assigned to no higher-level qgroup a new
+         * qgroup of level 255 is created instead. Either way, the new
+         * qgroup is then assigned to the parent's higher-level
+         * qgroup, and the subvolume itself is assigned to it.
+         *
+         * If the subvolume is already assigned to a higher level
+         * qgroup, no operation is executed.
+         *
+         * Effectively this means: regardless if
+         * insert_intermediary_qgroup is true or not, after this
+         * function is invoked the subvolume will be accounted within
+         * the same qgroups as the parent. However, if it is true, it
+         * will also get its own higher-level qgroup, which may in
+         * turn be used by subvolumes created beneath this subvolume
+         * later on.
+         *
+         * This hence defines a simple default qgroup setup for
+         * subvolumes, as long as this function is invoked on each
+         * created subvolume: each subvolume is always accounting
+         * together with its immediate parents. Optionally, if
+         * insert_intermediary_qgroup is true, it will also get a
+         * qgroup that then includes all its own child subvolumes.
+         */
+
+        /* Turn this into a proper fd, if it is currently O_PATH */
+        fd = fd_reopen_condition(fd, O_RDONLY|O_CLOEXEC, O_PATH, &real_fd);
+        if (fd < 0)
+                return fd;
+
+        if (subvol_id == 0) {
+                r = btrfs_is_subvol_fd(fd);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return r;
+                if (!r)
+                        return -ENOTTY;
+
+                r = btrfs_subvol_get_id_fd(fd, &subvol_id);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return r;
+        }
+
+        n = btrfs_qgroup_find_parents(fd, subvol_id, &qgroups);
+        if (n < 0)
+                return n;
+        if (n > 0) /* already parent qgroups set up, let's bail */
+                return 0;
+
+        qgroups = mfree(qgroups);
+
+        r = btrfs_subvol_get_parent(fd, subvol_id, &parent_subvol);
+        if (r == -ENXIO)
+                /* No parent, hence no qgroup memberships */
+                n = 0;
+        else if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+        else {
+                n = btrfs_qgroup_find_parents(fd, parent_subvol, &qgroups);
+                if (n < 0)
+                        return n;
+        }
+
+        if (insert_intermediary_qgroup) {
+                uint64_t lowest = 256, new_qgroupid;
+                bool created = false;
+
+                /* Determine the lowest qgroup that the parent
+                 * subvolume is assigned to. */
+
+                for (int i = 0; i < n; i++) {
+                        uint64_t level;
+
+                        r = btrfs_qgroupid_split(qgroups[i], &level, NULL);
+                        if (r < 0)
+                                return r;
+
+                        if (level < lowest)
+                                lowest = level;
+                }
+
+                if (lowest <= 1) /* There are no levels left we could use insert an intermediary qgroup at */
+                        return -EBUSY;
+
+                r = btrfs_qgroupid_make(lowest - 1, subvol_id, &new_qgroupid);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return r;
+
+                /* Create the new intermediary group, unless it already exists */
+                r = btrfs_qgroup_create(fd, new_qgroupid);
+                if (r < 0 && r != -EEXIST)
+                        return r;
+                if (r >= 0)
+                        changed = created = true;
+
+                for (int i = 0; i < n; i++) {
+                        r = btrfs_qgroup_assign(fd, new_qgroupid, qgroups[i]);
+                        if (r < 0 && r != -EEXIST) {
+                                if (created)
+                                        (void) btrfs_qgroup_destroy_recursive(fd, new_qgroupid);
+
+                                return r;
+                        }
+                        if (r >= 0)
+                                changed = true;
+                }
+
+                r = btrfs_qgroup_assign(fd, subvol_id, new_qgroupid);
+                if (r < 0 && r != -EEXIST) {
+                        if (created)
+                                (void) btrfs_qgroup_destroy_recursive(fd, new_qgroupid);
+                        return r;
+                }
+                if (r >= 0)
+                        changed = true;
+
+        } else {
+                int i;
+
+                /* Assign our subvolume to all the same qgroups as the parent */
+
+                for (i = 0; i < n; i++) {
+                        r = btrfs_qgroup_assign(fd, subvol_id, qgroups[i]);
+                        if (r < 0 && r != -EEXIST)
+                                return r;
+                        if (r >= 0)
+                                changed = true;
+                }
+        }
+
+        return changed;
+}
+
+int btrfs_subvol_auto_qgroup(const char *path, uint64_t subvol_id, bool create_intermediary_qgroup) {
+        _cleanup_close_ int fd = -EBADF;
+
+        fd = open(path, O_RDONLY|O_NOCTTY|O_CLOEXEC|O_DIRECTORY);
+        if (fd < 0)
+                return -errno;
+
+        return btrfs_subvol_auto_qgroup_fd(fd, subvol_id, create_intermediary_qgroup);
+}
+
+int btrfs_subvol_get_parent(int fd, uint64_t subvol_id, uint64_t *ret) {
+
+        struct btrfs_ioctl_search_args args = {
+                /* Tree of tree roots */
+                .key.tree_id = BTRFS_ROOT_TREE_OBJECTID,
+
+                /* Look precisely for the subvolume items */
+                .key.min_type = BTRFS_ROOT_BACKREF_KEY,
+                .key.max_type = BTRFS_ROOT_BACKREF_KEY,
+
+                /* No restrictions on the other components */
+                .key.min_offset = 0,
+                .key.max_offset = UINT64_MAX,
+
+                .key.min_transid = 0,
+                .key.max_transid = UINT64_MAX,
+        };
+        int r;
+
+        assert(fd >= 0);
+        assert(ret);
+
+        if (subvol_id == 0) {
+                r = btrfs_subvol_get_id_fd(fd, &subvol_id);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return r;
+        } else {
+                r = fd_is_fs_type(fd, BTRFS_SUPER_MAGIC);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return r;
+                if (!r)
+                        return -ENOTTY;
+        }
+
+        args.key.min_objectid = args.key.max_objectid = subvol_id;
+
+        while (btrfs_ioctl_search_args_compare(&args) <= 0) {
+                const struct btrfs_ioctl_search_header *sh;
+                unsigned i;
+
+                args.key.nr_items = 256;
+                if (ioctl(fd, BTRFS_IOC_TREE_SEARCH, &args) < 0)
+                        return negative_errno();
+
+                if (args.key.nr_items <= 0)
+                        break;
+
+                FOREACH_BTRFS_IOCTL_SEARCH_HEADER(i, sh, args) {
+
+                        if (sh->type != BTRFS_ROOT_BACKREF_KEY)
+                                continue;
+                        if (sh->objectid != subvol_id)
+                                continue;
+
+                        *ret = sh->offset;
+                        return 0;
+                }
+        }
+
+        return -ENXIO;
 }