to the device properties.
CHS (Cylinder-Head-Sector) addressing is deprecated and not used by default.
-Please, do not follow old articles and recommendations with "fdisk -S <n> -H
+Please, do not follow old articles and recommendations with "fdisk \-S <n> \-H
<n>" advices for SSD or 4K-sector devices.
Note that
Specify the compatibility mode, 'dos' or 'nondos'. The default is non-DOS
mode. For backward compatibility, it is possible to use the option without
the \fImode\fR argument -- then the default is used. Note that the optional
-\fImode\fR argument cannot be separated from the \fB-c\fR option by a space,
-the correct form is for example '-c=dos'.
+\fImode\fR argument cannot be separated from the \fB\-c\fR option by a space,
+the correct form is for example '\-c=dos'.
.TP
\fB\-h\fR, \fB\-\-help\fR
Display a help text and exit.
to get a list of all supported columns.
The default list of columns may be extended if \fIlist\fP is
-specified in the format \fI+list\fP (e.g., \fB-o +UUID\fP).
+specified in the format \fI+list\fP (e.g., \fB\-o +UUID\fP).
.TP
\fB\-s\fR, \fB\-\-getsz\fR
Print the size in 512-byte sectors of each given block device. This option is DEPRECATED
When listing partition tables, show sizes in 'sectors' or in 'cylinders'. The
default is to show sizes in sectors. For backward compatibility, it is possible
to use the option without the \fIunit\fR argument -- then the default is used.
-Note that the optional \fIunit\fR argument cannot be separated from the \fB-u\fR
-option by a space, the correct form is for example '-u=cylinders'.
+Note that the optional \fIunit\fR argument cannot be separated from the \fB\-u\fR
+option by a space, the correct form is for example '\-u=cylinders'.
.TP
\fB\-C\fR, \fB\-\-cylinders\fR \fInumber\fR
or by +/-<size>{K,B,M,G,...} notation.
If the size is prefixed by '+' then it is interpreted as relative to the
-partition first sector. If the size is prefixed by '-' then it is interpreted
+partition first sector. If the size is prefixed by '\-' then it is interpreted
as relative to the high limit (last available sector for the partition).
In the case the size is specified in bytes than the number may be followed by
.B Note that all this is deprecated. You don't have to care about things like
.B geometry and cylinders on modern operating systems. If you really want
.B DOS-compatible partitioning then you have to enable DOS mode and cylinder
-.B units by using the '-c=dos -u=cylinders' fdisk command-line options.
+.B units by using the '\-c=dos \-u=cylinders' fdisk command-line options.
The DOS 6.x FORMAT command looks for some information in the first sector of
the data area of the partition, and treats this information as more reliable
.B sfdisk
uses BLKRRPART (reread partition table) ioctl to make sure that the device is
-not used by system or another tools (see also --no-reread). It's possible that
+not used by system or another tools (see also \-\-no-reread). It's possible that
this feature or another sfdisk activity races with \fBudevd\fR. The recommended way
how to avoid possible collisions is to use exclusive flock for the whole-disk
device to serialize device access. The exclusive lock will cause udevd to skip
.TP
.BR \-A , " \-\-activate \fIdevice " [ \fIpartition-number...]
Switch on the bootable flag for the specified partitions and switch off the
-bootable flag on all unspecified partitions. The special placeholder '-'
+bootable flag on all unspecified partitions. The special placeholder '\-'
may be used instead of the partition numbers to switch off the bootable flag
on all partitions.
(the original sdc1 will become sdc2).
.RS
.sp
-.B "echo '+100M,' | sfdisk --move-data /dev/sdc -N 1"
+.B "echo '+100M,' | sfdisk \-\-move-data /dev/sdc \-N 1"
.br
-.B "echo '2048,' | sfdisk /dev/sdc --append
+.B "echo '2048,' | sfdisk /dev/sdc \-\-append
.br
-.B sfdisk /dev/sdc --reorder
+.B sfdisk /dev/sdc \-\-reorder
.sp
.RE
to get a list of all supported columns.
.sp
The default list of columns may be extended if \fIlist\fP is
-specified in the format \fI+list\fP (e.g., \fB-o +UUID\fP).
+specified in the format \fI+list\fP (e.g., \fB\-o +UUID\fP).
.TP
.BR \-q , " \-\-quiet"
Suppress extra info messages.
.TP
.BR \-u , " \-\-unit S"
Deprecated option. Only the sector unit is supported. This option is not
-supported when using the --show-size command.
+supported when using the \-\-show-size command.
.TP
.BR \-X , " \-\-label " \fItype
Specify the disk label type (e.g., \fBdos\fR, \fBgpt\fR, ...). If this option
This option allows to edit for example a hybrid/protective MBR on devices with GPT.
.TP
-.BR -w , " \-\-wipe "\fIwhen
+.BR \-w , " \-\-wipe "\fIwhen
Wipe filesystem, RAID and partition-table signatures from the device, in order
to avoid possible collisions. The argument \fIwhen\fR can be \fBauto\fR,
\fBnever\fR or \fBalways\fR. When this option is not given, the default is
command.
.TP
-.BR -W , " \-\-wipe-partitions "\fIwhen
+.BR \-W , " \-\-wipe-partitions "\fIwhen
Wipe filesystem, RAID and partition-table signatures from a newly created
partitions, in order to avoid possible collisions. The argument \fIwhen\fR can
be \fBauto\fR, \fBnever\fR or \fBalways\fR. When this option is not given, the
Fields are separated by whitespace, comma or semicolon possibly
followed by whitespace; initial and trailing whitespace is ignored.
Numbers can be octal, decimal or hexadecimal; decimal is the default.
-When a field is absent, empty or specified as '-' a default value is
-used. But when the \fB-N\fR option (change a single partition) is
+When a field is absent, empty or specified as '\-' a default value is
+used. But when the \fB\-N\fR option (change a single partition) is
given, the default for each field is its previous value.
.sp
The default value of
For example:
.RS
.sp
-.B "sfdisk --dump /dev/sda > sda.dump"
+.B "sfdisk \-\-dump /dev/sda > sda.dump"
.sp
.RE
This can later be restored by:
For example:
.RS
.sp
-.B "sfdisk --backup /dev/sda"
+.B "sfdisk \-\-backup /dev/sda"
.sp
.RE
The GPT header can later be restored by:
These shell command-line options are ignored to avoid nologin error.
.IP "\fB\-h\fR, \fB\-\-help\fR"
Display help text and exit.
-.IP "\fB-V\fR, \fB\-\-version\fR"
+.IP "\fB\-V\fR, \fB\-\-version\fR"
Display version information and exit.
.SH NOTES
.B nologin
better security as user does not share terminal with the original
session. This allow to avoid TIOCSTI ioctl terminal injection and another
security attacks against terminal file descriptors. The all session is also
-possible to move to background (e.g., "runuser --pty -u username -- command &").
+possible to move to background (e.g., "runuser \-\-pty \-u username \-\- command &").
If the pseudo-terminal is enabled then runuser command works
as a proxy between the sessions (copy stdin and stdout).
.sp
This feature is mostly designed for interactive sessions. If the standard input
-is not a terminal, but for example pipe (e.g., echo "date" | runuser --pty -u user)
+is not a terminal, but for example pipe (e.g., echo "date" | runuser \-\-pty \-u user)
than ECHO flag for the pseudo-terminal is disabled to avoid messy output.
.TP
.BR \-m , " \-p" , " \-\-preserve\-environment"
bogus entries, and reintegrated using:
.PP
.RS
-.B utmpdump -r < ascii_file > wtmp
+.B utmpdump \-r < ascii_file > wtmp
.RE
.PP
But be warned,
.PP
.B It is recommended to use
.BR lsblk (8)
-.B command to get information about block devices, or lsblk --fs to get an overview of filesystems, or
+.B command to get information about block devices, or lsblk \-\-fs to get an overview of filesystems, or
.BR findmnt (8)
.B to search in already mounted filesystems.
.PP
For security reasons
.B blkid
silently ignores all devices where the probing result is ambivalent (multiple
-colliding filesystems are detected). The low-level probing mode (\fB-p\fR)
+colliding filesystems are detected). The low-level probing mode (\fB\-p\fR)
provides more information and extra return code in this case.
It's recommended to use
.BR wipefs (8)
.TP
\fB\-L\fR, \fB\-\-label\fR \fIlabel\fR
Look up the device that uses this filesystem \fIlabel\fR; this is equal to
-.BR "--list-one --output device --match-token LABEL=\fIlabel\fR" .
+.BR "\-\-list-one \-\-output device \-\-match-token LABEL=\fIlabel\fR" .
This lookup method is able to reliably use /dev/disk/by-label
udev symlinks (dependent on a setting in /etc/blkid.conf). Avoid using the
symlinks directly; it is not reliable to use the symlinks without verification.
Unfortunately, the original
.BR blkid (8)
-from e2fsprogs uses the \fB-L\fR option as a
-synonym for \fB-o list\fR. For better portability, use \fB-l -o device
--t LABEL=\fIlabel\fR and \fB-o list\fR in your scripts rather than the \fB-L\fR option.
+from e2fsprogs uses the \fB\-L\fR option as a
+synonym for \fB\-o list\fR. For better portability, use \fB\-l \-o device
+\-t LABEL=\fIlabel\fR and \fB\-o list\fR in your scripts rather than the \fB\-L\fR option.
.TP
\fB\-n\fR, \fB\-\-match\-types\fR \fIlist\fR
Restrict the probing functions to the specified (comma-separated) \fIlist\fR of
The list items may be prefixed with "no" to specify the types which should be ignored.
For example:
.sp
- blkid --probe --match-types vfat,ext3,ext4 /dev/sda1
+ blkid \-\-probe \-\-match-types vfat,ext3,ext4 /dev/sda1
.sp
probes for vfat, ext3 and ext4 filesystems, and
.sp
- blkid --probe --match-types nominix /dev/sda1
+ blkid \-\-probe \-\-match-types nominix /dev/sda1
.sp
probes for all supported formats except minix filesystems.
This option is only useful together with \fB\-\-probe\fR.
.TP
\fB\-o\fR, \fB\-\-output\fR \fIformat\fR
Use the specified output format. Note that the order of variables and
-devices is not fixed. See also option \fB-s\fR. The
+devices is not fixed. See also option \fB\-s\fR. The
.I format
parameter may be:
.RS
Supported usage types are: filesystem, raid, crypto and other. The list items may be
prefixed with "no" to specify the usage types which should be ignored. For example:
.sp
- blkid --probe --usages filesystem,other /dev/sda1
+ blkid \-\-probe \-\-usages filesystem,other /dev/sda1
.sp
probes for all filesystem and other (e.g., swap) formats, and
.sp
- blkid --probe --usages noraid /dev/sda1
+ blkid \-\-probe \-\-usages noraid /dev/sda1
.sp
probes for all supported formats except RAIDs.
This option is only useful together with \fB\-\-probe\fR.
.TP
.BR \-v , " \-\-verbose"
Print summary after hardlinking. The option may be specified more than once. In
-this case (e.g., \fB-vv\fR) it prints every hardlinked file and bytes saved.
+this case (e.g., \fB\-vv\fR) it prints every hardlinked file and bytes saved.
.TP
.BR \-x , " \-\-exclude " \fIregex\fR
Exclude files and directories matching pattern from hardlinking.
".in.", as well as any names beginning with "." followed by exactly 6
other characters. That prior behavior can be achieved by specifying
.br
--x '^(\\.in\\.|\\.[^.]{6}$)'
+\-x '^(\\.in\\.|\\.[^.]{6}$)'
.SH AVAILABILITY
The hardlink command is part of the util-linux package and is available from
https://www.kernel.org/pub/linux/utils/util-linux/.
.SH SYNOPSIS
.B kill
.RB [ \- \fIsignal\fR| \-s
-.IR signal | \fB-p\fP ]
+.IR signal | \fB\-p\fP ]
.RB [ \-q
.IR value ]
.RB [ \-a ]
.B 0
All processes in the current process group are signaled.
.TP
-.B -1
+.B \-1
All processes with a PID larger than 1 are signaled.
.TP
-.BI - n
+.BI \- n
where
.I n
is larger than 1. All processes in process group
.I n
-are signaled. When an argument of the form '-n' is given, and it is meant to
+are signaled. When an argument of the form '\-n' is given, and it is meant to
denote a process group, either a signal must be specified first, or the
-argument must be preceded by a '--' option, otherwise it will be taken as the
+argument must be preceded by a '\-\-' option, otherwise it will be taken as the
signal to send.
.RE
.TP
Example. Send signals QUIT, TERM and KILL in sequence and wait for 1000
milliseconds between the signals
.br
-kill --verbose --timeout 1000 TERM --timeout 1000 KILL --signal QUIT 12345
+kill \-\-verbose \-\-timeout 1000 TERM \-\-timeout 1000 KILL \-\-signal QUIT 12345
.SH NOTES
Although it is possible to specify the TID (thread ID, see
.BR gettid (2))
.SH EXAMPLE
.RS
.nf
-sort -d /etc/passwd -o /tmp/look.dict
-look -t: root:foobar /tmp/look.dict
+sort \-d /etc/passwd \-o /tmp/look.dict
+look \-t: root:foobar /tmp/look.dict
.nf
.RE
.SH ENVIRONMENT
.PP
The command prints all block devices (except RAM disks) in a tree-like format
by default. Use
-.B "lsblk --help"
+.B "lsblk \-\-help"
to get a list of all available columns.
.PP
The default output, as well as the default output from options like
Print information about the discarding capabilities (TRIM, UNMAP) for each device.
.TP
.BR \-d , " \-\-nodeps"
-Do not print holder devices or slaves. For example, \fBlsblk --nodeps /dev/sda\fR prints
+Do not print holder devices or slaves. For example, \fBlsblk \-\-nodeps /dev/sda\fR prints
information about the sda device only.
.TP
.BR \-E , " \-\-dedup " \fIcolumn\fP
.TP
.BR \-f , " \-\-fs"
Output info about filesystems. This option is equivalent to
-.BR -o\ NAME,FSTYPE,LABEL,UUID,FSAVAIL,FSUSE%,MOUNTPOINT .
+.BR \-o\ NAME,FSTYPE,LABEL,UUID,FSAVAIL,FSUSE%,MOUNTPOINT .
The authoritative information about filesystems and raids is provided by the
.BR blkid (8)
command.
.TP
.BR \-m , " \-\-perms"
Output info about device owner, group and mode. This option is equivalent to
-.BR -o\ NAME,SIZE,OWNER,GROUP,MODE .
+.BR \-o\ NAME,SIZE,OWNER,GROUP,MODE .
.TP
.BR \-n , " \-\-noheadings"
Do not print a header line.
The default is to use tree for the column 'NAME' (see also \fB\-\-tree\fR).
The default list of columns may be extended if \fIlist\fP is
-specified in the format \fI+list\fP (e.g., \fBlsblk -o +UUID\fP).
+specified in the format \fI+list\fP (e.g., \fBlsblk \-o +UUID\fP).
.TP
.BR \-O , " \-\-output\-all "
Output all available columns.
.BR \-t , " \-\-topology"
Output info about block-device topology.
This option is equivalent to
-.BR -o\ NAME,ALIGNMENT,MIN-IO,OPT-IO,PHY-SEC,LOG-SEC,ROTA,SCHED,RQ-SIZE,RA,WSAME .
+.BR \-o\ NAME,ALIGNMENT,MIN-IO,OPT-IO,PHY-SEC,LOG-SEC,ROTA,SCHED,RQ-SIZE,RA,WSAME .
.TP
.BR \-V , " \-\-version"
Display version information and exit.
lists information about all the currently held file locks in a Linux system.
.sp
Note that lslocks also lists OFD (Open File Description) locks, these locks are
-not associated with any process (PID is -1). OFD locks are associated with the
+not associated with any process (PID is \-1). OFD locks are associated with the
open file description on which they are acquired. This lock type is available
since Linux 3.15, see \fBfcntl\fR(2) for more details.
.TP
.BR \-o , " \-\-output " \fIlist\fP
Specify which output columns to print. Use
-.B "--help"
+.B \-\-help
to get a list of all supported columns.
The default list of columns may be extended if \fIlist\fP is
-specified in the format \fI+list\fP (e.g., \fBlslocks -o +BLOCKER\fP).
+specified in the format \fI+list\fP (e.g., \fBlslocks \-o +BLOCKER\fP).
.TP
.B \-\-output\-all
Output all available columns.
.IP "COMMAND"
The command name of the process holding the lock.
.IP "PID"
-The process ID of the process which holds the lock or -1 for OFDLCK.
+The process ID of the process which holds the lock or \-1 for OFDLCK.
.IP "TYPE"
The type of lock; can be FLOCK (created with \fBflock\fR(2)), POSIX
(created with \fBfcntl\fR(2) and \fBlockf\fR(3)) or OFDLCK (created with fcntl(2).
.RS
.PP
.nf
-sh -c 'stty -icanon min 1; "$0" "$@"; stty icanon' rename -i from to files
+sh \-c 'stty \-icanon min 1; "$0" "$@"; stty icanon' rename \-i from to files
.fi
.PP
.RE
.TP
.BR \-S , " \-\-socket-activation "
Do not create a socket but instead expect it to be provided by the calling
-process. This implies \fB--no-fork\fR and \fB--no-pid\fR. This option is
+process. This implies \fB\-\-no-fork\fR and \fB\-\-no-pid\fR. This option is
intended to be used only with \fBsystemd\fR(1). It needs to be enabled with
a configure option.
.TP
.PP
.RS
.nf
-uuidd -p /tmp/uuidd.pid -s /tmp/uuidd.socket
-uuidd -d -r -n 42 -s /tmp/uuidd.socket
-uuidd -d -k -s /tmp/uuidd.socket
+uuidd \-p /tmp/uuidd.pid \-s /tmp/uuidd.socket
+uuidd \-d \-r \-n 42 \-s /tmp/uuidd.socket
+uuidd \-d \-k \-s /tmp/uuidd.socket
.nf
.RE
.SH AUTHOR
For example,
.RS
.sp
-.B "whereis -bm ls tr -m gcc"
+.B "whereis \-bm ls tr \-m gcc"
.sp
.RE
searches for "ls" and "tr" binaries and man pages, and for "gcc" man pages only.
subsequent \fIname\fP patterns. For example,
.RS
.sp
-.B "whereis -m ls -M /usr/share/man/man1 -f cal"
+.B "whereis \-m ls \-M /usr/share/man/man1 \-f cal"
.sp
.RE
searches for "ls" man pages in all default paths, but for "cal" in
command (since v2.31) lists all the offset where a magic strings have been
detected.
-When option \fB-a\fR is used, all magic strings that are visible for libblkid are
+When option \fB\-a\fR is used, all magic strings that are visible for libblkid are
erased. In this case the
.B wipefs
scans the device again after each modification (erase) until no magic string is found.
Specify which output columns to print. Use \-\-help to
get a list of all supported columns.
.TP
-.BR -n , " \-\-no\-act"
+.BR \-n , " \-\-no\-act"
Causes everything to be done except for the write() call.
.TP
.BR \-o , " \-\-offset " \fIoffset\fP
Specify the location (in bytes) of the signature which should be erased from the
device. The \fIoffset\fR number may include a "0x" prefix; then the number will be
-interpreted as a hex value. It is possible to specify multiple \fB-o\fR options.
+interpreted as a hex value. It is possible to specify multiple \fB\-o\fR options.
.sp
The \fIoffset\fR argument may be followed by the multiplicative
suffixes KiB (=1024), MiB (=1024*1024), and so on for GiB, TiB, PiB, EiB, ZiB and YiB
can be prefixed with 'no' to specify the types on which no action should be
taken. For more details see mount(8).
.TP
-.BR -V , " \-\-version"
+.BR \-V , " \-\-version"
Display version information and exit.
.SH EXAMPLES
.TP
.B wipefs /dev/sda*
Prints information about sda and all partitions on sda.
.TP
-.B wipefs --all --backup /dev/sdb
+.B wipefs \-\-all \-\-backup /dev/sdb
Erases all signatures from the device /dev/sdb and creates a signature backup
file ~/wipefs-sdb-<offset>.bak for each signature.
.TP
.B SCHED_IDLE
(Linux-specific, supported since 2.6.23). The priority argument has to be set to zero.
.TP
-.BR -d ,\ --deadline
+.BR \-d ,\ \-\-deadline
Set scheduling policy to
.B SCHED_DEADLINE
(Linux-specific, supported since 3.14). The priority argument has to be set to zero.
.SH OPTIONS
.TP
-.BR -a ,\ --all-tasks
+.BR \-a ,\ \-\-all-tasks
Set or retrieve the scheduling attributes of all the tasks (threads) for a
given PID.
.TP
-.BR -m ,\ --max
+.BR \-m ,\ \-\-max
Show minimum and maximum valid priorities, then exit.
.TP
-.BR -p ,\ --pid
+.BR \-p ,\ \-\-pid
Operate on an existing PID and do not launch a new task.
.TP
-.BR -v ,\ --verbose
+.BR \-v ,\ \-\-verbose
Show status information.
.TP
-.BR -V ,\ --version
+.BR \-V ,\ \-\-version
Display version information and exit.
.TP
-.BR -h ,\ --help
+.BR \-h ,\ \-\-help
Display help text and exit.
.SH USAGE
.TP
.SH EXAMPLES
.LP
.TP 7
-# \fBionice\fP -c 3 -p 89
+# \fBionice\fP \-c 3 \-p 89
.TP 7
Sets process with PID 89 as an idle I/O process.
.TP 7
-# \fBionice\fP -c 2 -n 0 bash
+# \fBionice\fP \-c 2 \-n 0 bash
.TP 7
Runs 'bash' as a best-effort program with highest priority.
.TP 7
-# \fBionice\fP -p 89 91
+# \fBionice\fP \-p 89 91
.TP 7
Prints the class and priority of the processes with PID 89 and 91.
.SH NOTES
output of the \fBlsmem\fP command. <first> is the number of the first memory block
and <last> is the number of the last memory block in the memory
range. Alternatively a single block can be specified. \fIBLOCKRANGE\fP requires
-the \fB--blocks\fP option.
+the \fB\-\-blocks\fP option.
.
.IP "\(hy" 2
Specify \fIZONE\fP as the name of a memory zone, as shown in the output of the
-\fBlsmem -o +ZONES\fP command. The output shows one or more valid memory zones
+\fBlsmem \-o +ZONES\fP command. The output shows one or more valid memory zones
for each memory range. If multiple zones are shown, then the memory range
currently belongs to the first zone. By default, chmem will set memory online
to the zone Movable, if this is among the valid zones. This default can be
-changed by specifying the \fB--zone\fP option with another valid zone.
+changed by specifying the \fB\-\-zone\fP option with another valid zone.
For memory ballooning, it is recommended to select the zone Movable for memory
online and offline, if possible. Memory in this zone is much more likely to be
able to be offlined again, but it cannot be used for arbitrary kernel
.TP
.BR \-b ", " \-\-blocks
Use a \fIBLOCKRANGE\fP parameter instead of \fIRANGE\fP or \fISIZE\fP for the
-\fB--enable\fP and \fB--disable\fP options.
+\fB\-\-enable\fP and \fB\-\-disable\fP options.
.TP
.BR \-d ", " \-\-disable
Set the specified \fIRANGE\fP, \fISIZE\fP, or \fIBLOCKRANGE\fP of memory offline.
partial success
.SH EXAMPLES
.TP
-.B chmem --enable 1024
+.B chmem \-\-enable 1024
This command requests 1024 MiB of memory to be set online.
.TP
-.B chmem -e 2g
+.B chmem \-e 2g
This command requests 2 GiB of memory to be set online.
.TP
-.B chmem --disable 0x00000000e4000000-0x00000000f3ffffff
+.B chmem \-\-disable 0x00000000e4000000-0x00000000f3ffffff
This command requests the memory range starting with 0x00000000e4000000
and ending with 0x00000000f3ffffff to be set offline.
.TP
-.B chmem -b -d 10
+.B chmem \-b \-d 10
This command requests the memory block number 10 to be set offline.
.SH SEE ALSO
.BR lsmem (1)
Display help text and exit.
.SH EXAMPLES
.TP
-shell1> flock /tmp -c cat
+shell1> flock /tmp \-c cat
.TQ
-shell2> flock -w .007 /tmp -c echo; /bin/echo $?
+shell2> flock \-w .007 /tmp \-c echo; /bin/echo $?
Set exclusive lock to directory /tmp and the second command will fail.
.TP
-shell1> flock -s /tmp -c cat
+shell1> flock \-s /tmp \-c cat
.TQ
-shell2> flock -s -w .007 /tmp -c echo; /bin/echo $?
+shell2> flock \-s \-w .007 /tmp \-c echo; /bin/echo $?
Set shared lock to directory /tmp and the second command will not fail.
Notice that attempting to get exclusive lock with second command would fail.
.TP
-shell> flock -x local-lock-file echo 'a b c'
+shell> flock \-x local-lock-file echo 'a b c'
Grab the exclusive lock "local-lock-file" before running echo with 'a b c'.
.TP
(
.TQ
- flock -n 9 || exit 1
+ flock \-n 9 || exit 1
.TQ
# ... commands executed under lock ...
.TQ
.I <
requires that the file already exists but only read permission is required.
.TP
-[ "${FLOCKER}" != "$0" ] && exec env FLOCKER="$0" flock -en "$0" "$0" "$@" || :
+[ "${FLOCKER}" != "$0" ] && exec env FLOCKER="$0" flock \-en "$0" "$0" "$@" || :
This is useful boilerplate code for shell scripts. Put it at the top of the
shell script you want to lock and it'll automatically lock itself on the first
run. If the env var $FLOCKER is not set to the shell script that is being run,
use default options: rw, suid, dev, exec, auto, nouser, and async.
.TP
.B noauto
-do not mount when "mount -a" is given (e.g., at boot time)
+do not mount when "mount \-a" is given (e.g., at boot time)
.TP
.B user
allow a user to mount
Running
.B fstrim
frequently, or even using
-.BR "mount -o discard" ,
+.BR "mount \-o discard" ,
might negatively affect the lifetime of poor-quality SSD devices. For most
desktop and server systems a sufficient trimming frequency is once a week.
Note that not all
the discard ranges to fit raid stripe geometry, non-trim capable devices in a
LVM setup, etc. These reductions would not be reflected in fstrim_range.len
(the
-.B --length
+.B \-\-length
option).
.TP
.B \-\-quiet
some filesystem discards have succeeded, some failed
.PP
The command
-.B fstrim --all
+.B fstrim \-\-all
returns 0 (all succeeded), 32 (all failed) or 64 (some failed, some succeeded).
.SH AUTHOR
.BR ipcs (1).
.SH OPTIONS
.TP
-\fB-a\fR, \fB\-\-all\fR [\fBshm\fR] [\fBmsg\fR] [\fBsem\fR]
+\fB\-a\fR, \fB\-\-all\fR [\fBshm\fR] [\fBmsg\fR] [\fBsem\fR]
Remove all resources. When an option argument is provided, the removal is
performed only for the specified resource types. \fIWarning!\fR Do not use
.B \-a
.BR \-e , " \-\-evenparity"
Set the parity of the serial line to even.
.TP
-.BR -i , " --iflag " [ \- ] \fIvalue\fR...
+.BR \-i , " \-\-iflag " [ \- ] \fIvalue\fR...
Set the specified bits in the c_iflag word of the serial line.
The given \fIvalue\fP may be a number or a symbolic name.
If \fIvalue\fP is prefixed by a minus sign, the specified bits are cleared
.B losetup
[\fIloopdev\fP]
.sp
-.B losetup -l
+.B losetup \-l
.RB [ \-a ]
.sp
-.B losetup -j
+.B losetup \-j
.I file
.RB [ \-o
.IR offset ]
\fIloopdev\fP argument is given, the status of the corresponding loop
device is shown. If no option is given, all loop devices are shown.
.sp
-Note that the old output format (i.e., \fBlosetup -a\fR) with comma-delimited
-strings is deprecated in favour of the \fB--list\fR output format.
+Note that the old output format (i.e., \fBlosetup \-a\fR) with comma-delimited
+strings is deprecated in favour of the \fB\-\-list\fR output format.
.sp
It's possible to create more independent loop devices for the same backing
file.
.BR \-a , " \-\-all"
Show the status of all loop devices. Note that not all information is accessible
for non-root users. See also \fB\-\-list\fR. The old output format (as printed
-without \fB--list)\fR is deprecated.
+without \fB\-\-list)\fR is deprecated.
.TP
.BR \-d , " \-\-detach " \fIloopdev\fR...
Detach the file or device associated with the specified loop device(s). Note
Verbose mode.
.TP
.BR \-l , " \-\-list"
-If a loop device or the \fB-a\fR option is specified, print the default columns
+If a loop device or the \fB\-a\fR option is specified, print the default columns
for either the specified loop device or all loop devices; the default is to
print info about all devices. See also \fB\-\-output\fP, \fB\-\-noheadings\fP,
\fB\-\-raw\fP, and \fB\-\-json\fP.
.nf
.IP
# dd if=/dev/zero of=~/file.img bs=1024k count=10
-# losetup --find --show ~/file.img
+# losetup \-\-find \-\-show ~/file.img
/dev/loop0
-# mkfs -t ext2 /dev/loop0
+# mkfs \-t ext2 /dev/loop0
# mount /dev/loop0 /mnt
...
# umount /dev/loop0
-# losetup --detach /dev/loop0
+# losetup \-\-detach /dev/loop0
.fi
.SH ENVIRONMENT
.IP LOOPDEV_DEBUG=all
.SH OPTIONS
.TP
.BR \-a , " \-\-all"
-Include lines for online and offline CPUs in the output (default for \fB-e\fR).
-This option may only be specified together with option \fB-e\fR or \fB-p\fR.
+Include lines for online and offline CPUs in the output (default for \fB\-e\fR).
+This option may only be specified together with option \fB\-e\fR or \fB\-p\fR.
.TP
.BR \-B , " \-\-bytes"
Print the sizes in bytes rather than in a human-readable format.
.TP
.BR \-b , " \-\-online"
-Limit the output to online CPUs (default for \fB-p\fR).
-This option may only be specified together with option \fB-e\fR or \fB-p\fR.
+Limit the output to online CPUs (default for \fB\-p\fR).
+This option may only be specified together with option \fB\-e\fR or \fB\-p\fR.
.TP
.BR \-C , " \-\-caches" [=\fIlist\fP]
Display details about CPU caches. For details about available information see \fB\-\-help\fR
When specifying the \fIlist\fP argument, the string of option, equal sign (=), and
\fIlist\fP must not contain any blanks or other whitespace.
-Examples: '\fB-C=NAME,ONE-SIZE\fP' or '\fB--caches=NAME,ONE-SIZE\fP'.
+Examples: '\fB\-C=NAME,ONE-SIZE\fP' or '\fB\-\-caches=NAME,ONE-SIZE\fP'.
.TP
.BR \-c , " \-\-offline"
Limit the output to offline CPUs.
-This option may only be specified together with option \fB-e\fR or \fB-p\fR.
+This option may only be specified together with option \fB\-e\fR or \fB\-p\fR.
.TP
.BR \-e , " \-\-extended" [=\fIlist\fP]
Display the CPU information in human-readable format.
When specifying the \fIlist\fP argument, the string of option, equal sign (=), and
\fIlist\fP must not contain any blanks or other whitespace.
-Examples: '\fB-e=cpu,node\fP' or '\fB--extended=cpu,node\fP'.
+Examples: '\fB\-e=cpu,node\fP' or '\fB\-\-extended=cpu,node\fP'.
.TP
.BR \-h , " \-\-help"
Display help text and exit.
When specifying the \fIlist\fP argument, the string of option, equal sign (=), and
\fIlist\fP must not contain any blanks or other whitespace.
-Examples: '\fB-p=cpu,node\fP' or '\fB--parse=cpu,node\fP'.
+Examples: '\fB\-p=cpu,node\fP' or '\fB\-\-parse=cpu,node\fP'.
.TP
.BR \-s , " \-\-sysroot " \fIdirectory\fP
Gather CPU data for a Linux instance other than the instance from which the
strongly recommended to use filesystem or partition identifiers like UUID or
LABEL.
-The command \fBlsblk --fs\fR provides an overview of filesystems, LABELs and UUIDs
-on available block devices. The command \fBblkid -p <device>\fR provides details about
+The command \fBlsblk \-\-fs\fR provides an overview of filesystems, LABELs and UUIDs
+on available block devices. The command \fBblkid \-p <device>\fR provides details about
a filesystem on the specified device.
Don't forget that there is no guarantee that UUIDs and labels are really
.RS
.br
-.B mount -o bind,ro foo foo
+.B mount \-o bind,ro foo foo
.RE
This feature is not supported by the Linux kernel; it is implemented in userspace
It's also possible to change nosuid, nodev, noexec, noatime, nodiratime and
relatime VFS entry flags by "remount,bind" operation. The another (for example
filesystem specific flags) are silently ignored. It's impossible to change mount
-options recursively (for example with \fB-o rbind,ro\fR).
+options recursively (for example with \fB\-o rbind,ro\fR).
.BR mount (8)
since v2.31 ignores the \fBbind\fR flag from
.I /etc/fstab
on
.B remount operation
-(if "-o remount" specified on command line). This is necessary to fully control
+(if "\-o remount" specified on command line). This is necessary to fully control
mount options on remount by command line. In the previous versions the bind
flag has been always applied and it was impossible to re-define mount options
without interaction with the bind semantic. This
together with the
.B \-f
flag for already canonicalized absolute paths. The option is designed for mount
-helpers which call \fBmount -i\fR. It is strongly recommended to not use this
+helpers which call \fBmount \-i\fR. It is strongly recommended to not use this
command-line option for normal mount operations.
.sp
Note that \fBmount\fR(8) does not pass this option to the
currently supported depend on the running kernel. See
.I /proc/filesystems
and
-.I /lib/modules/$(uname -r)/kernel/fs
+.I /lib/modules/$(uname \-r)/kernel/fs
for a complete list of the filesystems. The most common are ext2, ext3, ext4,
xfs, btrfs, vfat, sysfs, proc, nfs and cifs.
.sp
which match a specified filter (\fB\-O\fR and \fB\-t\fR). For example:
.sp
.in +4
-.B "mount \-\-all \-o remount,ro -t vfat"
+.B "mount \-\-all \-o remount,ro \-t vfat"
.in
.sp
remounts all already mounted vfat filesystems in read-only mode. The each of the
potentially causing data corruption. For this reason, this
option also mounts the filesystem readonly.
-To maintain backward compatibility, '-o nfs' is also accepted,
+To maintain backward compatibility, '\-o nfs' is also accepted,
defaulting to
.BR stale_rw .
.TP
uid=forget can be specified independently of (or usually in
addition to) uid=<user> and results in UDF
not storing uids to the media. In fact the recorded uid
-is the 32-bit overflow uid -1 as defined by the UDF standard.
+is the 32-bit overflow uid \-1 as defined by the UDF standard.
The value is given as either <user> which is a valid user name or the corresponding
decimal user id, or the special string "forget".
.TP
gid=forget can be specified independently of (or usually in
addition to) gid=<group> and results in UDF
not storing gids to the media. In fact the recorded gid
-is the 32-bit overflow gid -1 as defined by the UDF standard.
+is the 32-bit overflow gid \-1 as defined by the UDF standard.
The value is given as either <group> which is a valid group name or the corresponding
decimal group id, or the special string "forget".
.TP
.B mksquashfs /etc /tmp/etc.squashfs
.B dd if=/dev/zero of=/tmp/etc.hash bs=1M count=10
.B veritysetup format /tmp/etc.squashfs /tmp/etc.hash
-.B mount -o verity.hashdevice=/tmp/etc.hash,verity.roothash=<hash> /tmp/etc.squashfs /mnt
+.B mount \-o verity.hashdevice=/tmp/etc.hash,verity.roothash=<hash> /tmp/etc.squashfs /mnt
.fi
.RE
.sp
ifconfig lo 127.0.0.1 up # for portmap
# configure Ethernet or such
portmap # for lockd (implicitly started by mount)
-mount -o ro 10.0.0.1:/my_root /mnt
+mount \-o ro 10.0.0.1:/my_root /mnt
killall portmap # portmap keeps old root busy
cd /mnt
pivot_root . old_root
-exec chroot . sh -c 'umount /old_root; exec /sbin/init' \\
+exec chroot . sh \-c 'umount /old_root; exec /sbin/init' \\
<dev/console >dev/console 2>&1
.fi
.SH "SEE ALSO"
by a colon (:), in order to modify the existing values. If no \fIlimits\fR are
given, \fBprlimit\fP will display the current values. If one of the values
is not given, then the existing one will be used. To specify the unlimited or
-infinity limit (RLIM_INFINITY), the -1 or 'unlimited' string can be passed.
+infinity limit (RLIM_INFINITY), the \-1 or 'unlimited' string can be passed.
Because of the nature of limits, the soft limit must be lower or equal to the
high limit (also called the ceiling). To see all available resource limits,
.SH EXAMPLES
.IP "\fBprlimit \-\-pid 13134\fP"
Display limit values for all current resources.
-.IP "\fBprlimit \-\-pid 13134 \--rss --nofile=1024:4095\fP"
+.IP "\fBprlimit \-\-pid 13134 \-\-rss \-\-nofile=1024:4095\fP"
Display the limits of the RSS, and set the soft and hard limits for the number
of open files to 1024 and 4095, respectively.
-.IP "\fBprlimit \-\-pid 13134 --nproc=512:\fP"
+.IP "\fBprlimit \-\-pid 13134 \-\-nproc=512:\fP"
Modify only the soft limit for the number of processes.
-.IP "\fBprlimit \-\-pid $$ --nproc=unlimited\fP"
+.IP "\fBprlimit \-\-pid $$ \-\-nproc=unlimited\fP"
Set for the current process both the soft and ceiling values for the number of
processes to unlimited.
-.IP "\fBprlimit --cpu=10 sort -u hugefile\fP"
+.IP "\fBprlimit \-\-cpu=10 sort \-u hugefile\fP"
Set both the soft and hard CPU time limit to ten seconds and run 'sort'.
.SH "SEE ALSO"
.SH EXAMPLES
Browse the profiling buffer ordering by clock ticks:
.nf
- readprofile | sort -nr | less
+ readprofile | sort \-nr | less
.fi
Print the 20 most loaded procedures:
.nf
- readprofile | sort -nr +2 | head -20
+ readprofile | sort \-nr +2 | head \-20
.fi
Print only filesystem profile:
.fi
Look at all the kernel information, with ram addresses:
.nf
- readprofile -av | less
+ readprofile \-av | less
.fi
Browse a `frozen' profile buffer for a non current kernel:
.nf
- readprofile -p ~/profile.freeze -m /zImage.map.gz
+ readprofile \-p ~/profile.freeze \-m /zImage.map.gz
.fi
Request profiling at 2kHz per CPU, and reset the profiling buffer:
.nf
- sudo readprofile -M 20
+ sudo readprofile \-M 20
.fi
.SH BUGS
.LP
The following command would change the priority of the processes with
PIDs 987 and 32, plus all processes owned by the users daemon and root:
.TP
-.B " renice" +1 987 -u daemon root -p 32
+.B " renice" +1 987 \-u daemon root \-p 32
.SH NOTES
Users other than the superuser may only alter the priority of processes they
own. Furthermore, an unprivileged user can only
.B setarch
modifies execution domains and process personality flags.
.PP
-The execution domains currently only affects the output of \fBuname -m\fR.
+The execution domains currently only affects the output of \fBuname \-m\fR.
For example, on an AMD64 system, running \fBsetarch i386 \fIprogram\fR
will cause \fIprogram\fR to see i686 instead of x86_64 as the machine type.
It also allows to set various personality options.
.BR \-h , " \-\-help"
Display help text and exit.
.SH EXAMPLES
-setarch --addr-no-randomize mytestprog
+setarch \-\-addr-no-randomize mytestprog
.br
-setarch ppc32 rpmbuild --target=ppc --rebuild foo.src.rpm
+setarch ppc32 rpmbuild \-\-target=ppc \-\-rebuild foo.src.rpm
.br
-setarch ppc32 -v -vL3 rpmbuild --target=ppc --rebuild bar.src.rpm
+setarch ppc32 \-v \-vL3 rpmbuild \-\-target=ppc \-\-rebuild bar.src.rpm
.br
-setarch ppc32 --32bit rpmbuild --target=ppc --rebuild foo.src.rpm
+setarch ppc32 \-\-32bit rpmbuild \-\-target=ppc \-\-rebuild foo.src.rpm
.SH AUTHOR
.MT sopwith@redhat.com
Elliot Lee
.BR "\-\-pdeathsig keep" | clear | <signal>
Keep, clear or set the parent death signal. Some LSMs, most notably SELinux and
AppArmor, clear the signal when the process' credentials change. Using
-\fB--pdeathsig keep\fR will restore the parent death signal after changing
+\fB\-\-pdeathsig keep\fR will restore the parent death signal after changing
credentials to remedy that situation.
.TP
.BI \-\-selinux\-label " label"
If you're looking for behaviour similar to
.BR su (1)/ runuser "(1), or " sudo (8)
(without the
-.B -g
+.B \-g
option), try something like:
.sp
.B " setpriv \-\-reuid=1000 \-\-regid=1000 \-\-init\-groups"
.RS
.RS
.sp
-.B "swapon -o pri=1,discard=pages,nofail /dev/sda2"
+.B "swapon \-o pri=1,discard=pages,nofail /dev/sda2"
.sp
.RE
The \fIopts\fP string is evaluated last and overrides all other
to the option field of
.I /etc/fstab
for use with
-.BR "swapon -a" .
+.BR "swapon \-a" .
When no priority is defined, it defaults to \-1.
.TP
.BR \-s , " \-\-summary"
specifies the IRQ to use for the parallel port in question. If this is set
to something non-zero, \-t and \-c have no effect. If your port does not use
interrupts, this option will make printing stop. The command
-.B tunelp -i 0
+.B tunelp \-i 0
restores non-interrupt driven (polling) action, and your printer should work
again. If your parallel port does support interrupts, interrupt-driven
printing should be somewhat faster and efficient, and will probably be
A system reboot would be expected in near future if you're going to use this
option for network filesystem or local filesystem with submounts. The
-recommended use-case for \fBumount -l\fR is to prevent hangs on shutdown due to
+recommended use-case for \fBumount \-l\fR is to prevent hangs on shutdown due to
an unreachable network share where a normal umount will hang due to a downed
server or a network partition. Remounts of the share will not be possible.
In this case the device is initialized with "autoclear" flag (see
.BR losetup (8)
output for more details), otherwise it's necessary to use the option \fB \-\-detach\-loop\fR
-or call \fBlosetup -d <device>\fR. The autoclear feature is supported since Linux 2.6.25.
+or call \fBlosetup \-d <device>\fR. The autoclear feature is supported since Linux 2.6.25.
.SH EXTERNAL HELPERS
The syntax of external unmount helpers is:
.PP
.B mount namespace
Mounting and unmounting filesystems will not affect the rest of the system,
except for filesystems which are explicitly marked as
-shared (with \fBmount --make-shared\fP; see \fI/proc/self/mountinfo\fP or
-\fBfindmnt -o+PROPAGATION\fP for the \fBshared\fP flags).
+shared (with \fBmount \-\-make-shared\fP; see \fI/proc/self/mountinfo\fP or
+\fBfindmnt \-o+PROPAGATION\fP for the \fBshared\fP flags).
For further details, see
.BR mount_namespaces (7)
and the discussion of the
Unshare the mount namespace. If \fIfile\fP is specified, then a persistent
namespace is created by a bind mount.
Note that \fIfile\fP has to be located on a filesystem with the propagation
-flag set to \fBprivate\fP. Use the command \fBfindmnt -o+PROPAGATION\fP
+flag set to \fBprivate\fP. Use the command \fBfindmnt \-o+PROPAGATION\fP
when not sure about the current setting. See also the examples below.
.TP
.BR \-n , " \-\-net" [ =\fIfile ]
.TP
.BR \-p , " \-\-pid" [ =\fIfile ]
Unshare the PID namespace. If \fIfile\fP is specified then persistent
-namespace is created by a bind mount. See also the \fB--fork\fP and
-\fB--mount-proc\fP options.
+namespace is created by a bind mount. See also the \fB\-\-fork\fP and
+\fB\-\-mount-proc\fP options.
.TP
.BR \-u , " \-\-uts" [ =\fIfile ]
Unshare the UTS namespace. If \fIfile\fP is specified, then a persistent
running it directly. This is useful when creating a new PID namespace.
.TP
.B \-\-keep\-caps
-When the \fB--user\fP option is given, ensure that capabilities granted
+When the \fB\-\-user\fP option is given, ensure that capabilities granted
in the user namespace are preserved in the child process.
.TP
.BR \-\-kill\-child [ =\fIsigname ]
When \fBunshare\fR terminates, have \fIsigname\fP be sent to the forked child process.
-Combined with \fB--pid\fR this allows for an easy and reliable killing of the entire
+Combined with \fB\-\-pid\fR this allows for an easy and reliable killing of the entire
process tree below \fBunshare\fR.
If not given, \fIsigname\fP defaults to \fBSIGKILL\fR.
-This option implies \fB--fork\fR.
+This option implies \fB\-\-fork\fR.
.TP
.BR \-\-mount\-proc [ =\fImountpoint ]
Just before running the program, mount the proc filesystem at \fImountpoint\fP
namespaces (such as configuring interfaces in the network namespace or mounting filesystems in
the mount namespace) even when run unprivileged. As a mere convenience feature, it does not support
more sophisticated use cases, such as mapping multiple ranges of UIDs and GIDs.
-This option implies \fB--setgroups=deny\fR and \fB--user\fR.
+This option implies \fB\-\-setgroups=deny\fR and \fB\-\-user\fR.
.TP
.BR \-c , " \-\-map\-current\-user"
Run the program only after the current effective user and group IDs have been mapped to
the same UID and GID in the newly created user namespace. This option implies
-\fB--setgroups=deny\fR and \fB--user\fR.
+\fB\-\-setgroups=deny\fR and \fB\-\-user\fR.
.TP
.BR "\-\-propagation private" | shared | slave | unchanged
Recursively set the mount propagation flag in the new mount namespace. The default
and sysfs is as close to a bind mount as possible.
.SH EXAMPLES
.TP
-.B # unshare --fork --pid --mount-proc readlink /proc/self
+.B # unshare \-\-fork \-\-pid \-\-mount-proc readlink /proc/self
.TQ
1
.br
Establish a PID namespace, ensure we're PID 1 in it against a newly mounted
procfs instance.
.TP
-.B $ unshare --map-root-user --user sh -c whoami
+.B $ unshare \-\-map-root-user \-\-user sh \-c whoami
.TQ
root
.br
.TP
.B # touch /root/uts-ns
.TQ
-.B # unshare --uts=/root/uts-ns hostname FOO
+.B # unshare \-\-uts=/root/uts-ns hostname FOO
.TQ
-.B # nsenter --uts=/root/uts-ns hostname
+.B # nsenter \-\-uts=/root/uts-ns hostname
.TQ
FOO
.TQ
is then entered with \fBnsenter\fR. The namespace is destroyed by unmounting
the bind reference.
.TP
-.B # mount --bind /root/namespaces /root/namespaces
+.B # mount \-\-bind /root/namespaces /root/namespaces
.TQ
-.B # mount --make-private /root/namespaces
+.B # mount \-\-make-private /root/namespaces
.TQ
.B # touch /root/namespaces/mnt
.TQ
-.B # unshare --mount=/root/namespaces/mnt
+.B # unshare \-\-mount=/root/namespaces/mnt
.br
Establish a persistent mount namespace referenced by the bind mount
/root/namespaces/mnt. This example shows a portable solution, because it
makes sure that the bind mount is created on a shared filesystem.
.TP
-.B # unshare -pf --kill-child -- bash -c "(sleep 999 &) && sleep 1000" &
+.B # unshare \-pf \-\-kill-child \-\- bash \-c "(sleep 999 &) && sleep 1000" &
.TQ
.B # pid=$!
.TQ
.TP
\fB\-f\fR, \fB\-\-flush\fR
Flush output after each write. This is nice for telecooperation: one person
-does `mkfifo foo; script -f foo', and another can supervise real-time what is
+does `mkfifo foo; script \-f foo', and another can supervise real-time what is
being done using `cat foo'. Note that flush has an impact on performance, it's
possible to use SIGUSR1 to flush logs on demand.
.TP
.na
.RS
.nf
-if test -t 0 ; then
+if test \-t 0 ; then
script
exit
fi
This is the default mode (required by backward compatibility).
.TP
.B rows are filled before columns
-This mode is enabled by option \fB-x, \-\-fillrows\fP
+This mode is enabled by option \fB\-x, \-\-fillrows\fP
.TP
.B table
Determine the number of columns the input contains and create a table. This
-mode is enabled by option \fB-t, \-\-table\fP and columns formatting is
+mode is enabled by option \fB\-t, \-\-table\fP and columns formatting is
possible to modify by \fB\-\-table-*\fP options. Use this mode if not sure.
.PP
Input is taken from \fIfile\fR, or otherwise from standard input. Empty lines
\fB\-\-table\-columns\fP is required and the option \fB\-\-table\-name\fP is recommended.
.IP "\fB\-c, \-\-output\-width\fP \fIwidth\fP"
Output is formatted to a width specified as number of characters. The original
-name of this option is --columns; this name is deprecated since v2.30. Note that input
+name of this option is \-\-columns; this name is deprecated since v2.30. Note that input
longer than \fIwidth\fP is not truncated by default.
.IP "\fB\-d, \-\-table\-noheadings\fP"
Do not print header. This option allows to use logical column names on command line, but keep the header hidden when print the table.
Specify columns where is possible to use multi-line cell for long text when
necessary.
.IP "\fB\-H, \-\-table-hide\fP \fIcolumns\fP"
-Don't print specified columns. The special placeholder '-' may be used to
-hide all unnamed columns (see --table-columns).
+Don't print specified columns. The special placeholder '\-' may be used to
+hide all unnamed columns (see \-\-table-columns).
.IP "\fB\-O, \-\-table-order\fP \fIcolumns\fP"
Specify columns order on output.
.IP "\fB\-n, \-\-table-name\fP \fIname\fP"
.SH EXAMPLES
Print fstab with header line and align number to the right:
.EX
-\fBsed 's/#.*//' /etc/fstab | column --table --table-columns SOURCE,TARGET,TYPE,OPTIONS,PASS,FREQ --table-right PASS,FREQ\fR
+\fBsed 's/#.*//' /etc/fstab | column \-\-table \-\-table-columns SOURCE,TARGET,TYPE,OPTIONS,PASS,FREQ \-\-table-right PASS,FREQ\fR
.EE
.PP
Print fstab and hide unnamed columns:
.EX
-\fBsed 's/#.*//' /etc/fstab | column --table --table-columns SOURCE,TARGET,TYPE --table-hide -\fR
+\fBsed 's/#.*//' /etc/fstab | column \-\-table \-\-table-columns SOURCE,TARGET,TYPE \-\-table-hide \-\fR
.EE
.PP
.PP
Print a tree:
.EX
-\fBecho -e '1 0 A\\n2 1 AA\\n3 1 AB\\n4 2 AAA\\n5 2 AAB' | column --tree-id 1 --tree-parent 2 --tree 3\fR
+\fBecho \-e '1 0 A\\n2 1 AA\\n3 1 AB\\n4 2 AAA\\n5 2 AAB' | column \-\-tree-id 1 \-\-tree-parent 2 \-\-tree 3\fR
1 0 A
2 1 |-AA
4 2 | |-AAA
option to be non-greedy, for example:
.PP
.EX
-\fBprintf "a:b:c\\n1::3\\n" | column -t -s ':'\fR
+\fBprintf "a:b:c\\n1::3\\n" | column \-t \-s ':'\fR
.EE
.PP
Old output:
.br
Modified by Geoff Peck, UCB to add underlining, single spacing
.br
-Modified by John Foderaro, UCB to add -c and MORE environment variable
+Modified by John Foderaro, UCB to add \-c and MORE environment variable
.SH HISTORY
The
.B more