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1 | \input texinfo @c -*- Texinfo -*- |
2 | @setfilename binutils.info | |
e016ec1f NC |
3 | @settitle @sc{gnu} Binary Utilities |
4 | @finalout | |
5 | @synindex ky cp | |
8c2bc687 | 6 | |
dff70155 | 7 | @c man begin INCLUDE |
c428fa83 | 8 | @include bfdver.texi |
dff70155 | 9 | @c man end |
252b5132 | 10 | |
0e9517a9 | 11 | @copying |
0285c67d | 12 | @c man begin COPYRIGHT |
2571583a | 13 | Copyright @copyright{} 1991-2017 Free Software Foundation, Inc. |
252b5132 | 14 | |
0285c67d | 15 | Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this document |
793c5807 | 16 | under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License, Version 1.3 |
0285c67d NC |
17 | or any later version published by the Free Software Foundation; |
18 | with no Invariant Sections, with no Front-Cover Texts, and with no | |
19 | Back-Cover Texts. A copy of the license is included in the | |
947ed062 | 20 | section entitled ``GNU Free Documentation License''. |
252b5132 | 21 | |
0285c67d | 22 | @c man end |
0e9517a9 | 23 | @end copying |
252b5132 | 24 | |
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25 | @dircategory Software development |
26 | @direntry | |
27 | * Binutils: (binutils). The GNU binary utilities. | |
28 | @end direntry | |
29 | ||
30 | @dircategory Individual utilities | |
31 | @direntry | |
32 | * addr2line: (binutils)addr2line. Convert addresses to file and line. | |
33 | * ar: (binutils)ar. Create, modify, and extract from archives. | |
34 | * c++filt: (binutils)c++filt. Filter to demangle encoded C++ symbols. | |
35 | * cxxfilt: (binutils)c++filt. MS-DOS name for c++filt. | |
36 | * dlltool: (binutils)dlltool. Create files needed to build and use DLLs. | |
37 | * nlmconv: (binutils)nlmconv. Converts object code into an NLM. | |
38 | * nm: (binutils)nm. List symbols from object files. | |
39 | * objcopy: (binutils)objcopy. Copy and translate object files. | |
40 | * objdump: (binutils)objdump. Display information from object files. | |
41 | * ranlib: (binutils)ranlib. Generate index to archive contents. | |
42 | * readelf: (binutils)readelf. Display the contents of ELF format files. | |
43 | * size: (binutils)size. List section sizes and total size. | |
44 | * strings: (binutils)strings. List printable strings from files. | |
45 | * strip: (binutils)strip. Discard symbols. | |
30fd33bb | 46 | * elfedit: (binutils)elfedit. Update the ELF header of ELF files. |
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47 | * windmc: (binutils)windmc. Generator for Windows message resources. |
48 | * windres: (binutils)windres. Manipulate Windows resources. | |
49 | @end direntry | |
50 | ||
252b5132 | 51 | @titlepage |
252b5132 | 52 | @title The @sc{gnu} Binary Utilities |
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53 | @ifset VERSION_PACKAGE |
54 | @subtitle @value{VERSION_PACKAGE} | |
55 | @end ifset | |
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56 | @subtitle Version @value{VERSION} |
57 | @sp 1 | |
36607f99 | 58 | @subtitle @value{UPDATED} |
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59 | @author Roland H. Pesch |
60 | @author Jeffrey M. Osier | |
61 | @author Cygnus Support | |
62 | @page | |
63 | ||
64 | @tex | |
65 | {\parskip=0pt \hfill Cygnus Support\par \hfill | |
e016ec1f | 66 | Texinfo \texinfoversion\par } |
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67 | @end tex |
68 | ||
69 | @vskip 0pt plus 1filll | |
e016ec1f | 70 | @insertcopying |
252b5132 | 71 | @end titlepage |
4ecceb71 | 72 | @contents |
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73 | |
74 | @node Top | |
75 | @top Introduction | |
76 | ||
77 | @cindex version | |
947ed062 | 78 | This brief manual contains documentation for the @sc{gnu} binary |
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79 | utilities |
80 | @ifset VERSION_PACKAGE | |
81 | @value{VERSION_PACKAGE} | |
82 | @end ifset | |
83 | version @value{VERSION}: | |
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84 | |
85 | @iftex | |
86 | @table @code | |
87 | @item ar | |
88 | Create, modify, and extract from archives | |
89 | ||
90 | @item nm | |
91 | List symbols from object files | |
92 | ||
93 | @item objcopy | |
94 | Copy and translate object files | |
95 | ||
96 | @item objdump | |
97 | Display information from object files | |
98 | ||
99 | @item ranlib | |
100 | Generate index to archive contents | |
101 | ||
102 | @item readelf | |
103 | Display the contents of ELF format files. | |
104 | ||
105 | @item size | |
106 | List file section sizes and total size | |
107 | ||
108 | @item strings | |
109 | List printable strings from files | |
110 | ||
111 | @item strip | |
112 | Discard symbols | |
113 | ||
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114 | @item elfedit |
115 | Update the ELF header of ELF files. | |
116 | ||
252b5132 | 117 | @item c++filt |
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118 | Demangle encoded C++ symbols (on MS-DOS, this program is named |
119 | @code{cxxfilt}) | |
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120 | |
121 | @item addr2line | |
122 | Convert addresses into file names and line numbers | |
123 | ||
124 | @item nlmconv | |
125 | Convert object code into a Netware Loadable Module | |
126 | ||
127 | @item windres | |
128 | Manipulate Windows resources | |
129 | ||
692ed3e7 | 130 | @item windmc |
a8685210 | 131 | Generator for Windows message resources |
692ed3e7 | 132 | |
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133 | @item dlltool |
134 | Create the files needed to build and use Dynamic Link Libraries | |
135 | @end table | |
136 | @end iftex | |
137 | ||
cf055d54 | 138 | This document is distributed under the terms of the GNU Free |
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139 | Documentation License version 1.3. A copy of the license is included |
140 | in the section entitled ``GNU Free Documentation License''. | |
cf055d54 | 141 | |
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142 | @menu |
143 | * ar:: Create, modify, and extract from archives | |
144 | * nm:: List symbols from object files | |
145 | * objcopy:: Copy and translate object files | |
146 | * objdump:: Display information from object files | |
147 | * ranlib:: Generate index to archive contents | |
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148 | * size:: List section sizes and total size |
149 | * strings:: List printable strings from files | |
150 | * strip:: Discard symbols | |
151 | * c++filt:: Filter to demangle encoded C++ symbols | |
9d51cc66 | 152 | * cxxfilt: c++filt. MS-DOS name for c++filt |
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153 | * addr2line:: Convert addresses to file and line |
154 | * nlmconv:: Converts object code into an NLM | |
692ed3e7 | 155 | * windmc:: Generator for Windows message resources |
7ca01ed9 | 156 | * windres:: Manipulate Windows resources |
252b5132 | 157 | * dlltool:: Create files needed to build and use DLLs |
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158 | * readelf:: Display the contents of ELF format files |
159 | * elfedit:: Update the ELF header of ELF files | |
07012eee | 160 | * Common Options:: Command-line options for all utilities |
fff279a7 | 161 | * Selecting the Target System:: How these utilities determine the target |
252b5132 | 162 | * Reporting Bugs:: Reporting Bugs |
cf055d54 | 163 | * GNU Free Documentation License:: GNU Free Documentation License |
fa0d8a3e | 164 | * Binutils Index:: Binutils Index |
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165 | @end menu |
166 | ||
167 | @node ar | |
168 | @chapter ar | |
169 | ||
170 | @kindex ar | |
171 | @cindex archives | |
172 | @cindex collections of files | |
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173 | |
174 | @c man title ar create, modify, and extract from archives | |
175 | ||
252b5132 | 176 | @smallexample |
8a1373cc | 177 | ar [-]@var{p}[@var{mod}] [@option{--plugin} @var{name}] [@option{--target} @var{bfdname}] [@var{relpos}] [@var{count}] @var{archive} [@var{member}@dots{}] |
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178 | ar -M [ <mri-script ] |
179 | @end smallexample | |
180 | ||
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181 | @c man begin DESCRIPTION ar |
182 | ||
c7c55b78 | 183 | The @sc{gnu} @command{ar} program creates, modifies, and extracts from |
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184 | archives. An @dfn{archive} is a single file holding a collection of |
185 | other files in a structure that makes it possible to retrieve | |
186 | the original individual files (called @dfn{members} of the archive). | |
187 | ||
188 | The original files' contents, mode (permissions), timestamp, owner, and | |
189 | group are preserved in the archive, and can be restored on | |
c1c0eb9e | 190 | extraction. |
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191 | |
192 | @cindex name length | |
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193 | @sc{gnu} @command{ar} can maintain archives whose members have names of any |
194 | length; however, depending on how @command{ar} is configured on your | |
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195 | system, a limit on member-name length may be imposed for compatibility |
196 | with archive formats maintained with other tools. If it exists, the | |
197 | limit is often 15 characters (typical of formats related to a.out) or 16 | |
198 | characters (typical of formats related to coff). | |
199 | ||
200 | @cindex libraries | |
c7c55b78 | 201 | @command{ar} is considered a binary utility because archives of this sort |
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202 | are most often used as @dfn{libraries} holding commonly needed |
203 | subroutines. | |
204 | ||
205 | @cindex symbol index | |
c7c55b78 | 206 | @command{ar} creates an index to the symbols defined in relocatable |
252b5132 | 207 | object modules in the archive when you specify the modifier @samp{s}. |
c7c55b78 | 208 | Once created, this index is updated in the archive whenever @command{ar} |
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209 | makes a change to its contents (save for the @samp{q} update operation). |
210 | An archive with such an index speeds up linking to the library, and | |
211 | allows routines in the library to call each other without regard to | |
212 | their placement in the archive. | |
213 | ||
214 | You may use @samp{nm -s} or @samp{nm --print-armap} to list this index | |
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215 | table. If an archive lacks the table, another form of @command{ar} called |
216 | @command{ranlib} can be used to add just the table. | |
252b5132 | 217 | |
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218 | @cindex thin archives |
219 | @sc{gnu} @command{ar} can optionally create a @emph{thin} archive, | |
220 | which contains a symbol index and references to the original copies | |
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221 | of the member files of the archive. This is useful for building |
222 | libraries for use within a local build tree, where the relocatable | |
223 | objects are expected to remain available, and copying the contents of | |
224 | each object would only waste time and space. | |
225 | ||
226 | An archive can either be @emph{thin} or it can be normal. It cannot | |
227 | be both at the same time. Once an archive is created its format | |
228 | cannot be changed without first deleting it and then creating a new | |
229 | archive in its place. | |
230 | ||
231 | Thin archives are also @emph{flattened}, so that adding one thin | |
232 | archive to another thin archive does not nest it, as would happen with | |
233 | a normal archive. Instead the elements of the first archive are added | |
234 | individually to the second archive. | |
235 | ||
a8da6403 | 236 | The paths to the elements of the archive are stored relative to the |
d8f187c1 | 237 | archive itself. |
a8da6403 | 238 | |
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239 | @cindex compatibility, @command{ar} |
240 | @cindex @command{ar} compatibility | |
241 | @sc{gnu} @command{ar} is designed to be compatible with two different | |
252b5132 | 242 | facilities. You can control its activity using command-line options, |
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243 | like the different varieties of @command{ar} on Unix systems; or, if you |
244 | specify the single command-line option @option{-M}, you can control it | |
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245 | with a script supplied via standard input, like the MRI ``librarian'' |
246 | program. | |
247 | ||
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248 | @c man end |
249 | ||
252b5132 | 250 | @menu |
c7c55b78 NC |
251 | * ar cmdline:: Controlling @command{ar} on the command line |
252 | * ar scripts:: Controlling @command{ar} with a script | |
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253 | @end menu |
254 | ||
255 | @page | |
256 | @node ar cmdline | |
947ed062 | 257 | @section Controlling @command{ar} on the Command Line |
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258 | |
259 | @smallexample | |
0285c67d | 260 | @c man begin SYNOPSIS ar |
8a1373cc | 261 | ar [@option{-X32_64}] [@option{-}]@var{p}[@var{mod}] [@option{--plugin} @var{name}] [@option{--target} @var{bfdname}] [@var{relpos}] [@var{count}] @var{archive} [@var{member}@dots{}] |
0285c67d | 262 | @c man end |
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263 | @end smallexample |
264 | ||
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265 | @cindex Unix compatibility, @command{ar} |
266 | When you use @command{ar} in the Unix style, @command{ar} insists on at least two | |
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267 | arguments to execute: one keyletter specifying the @emph{operation} |
268 | (optionally accompanied by other keyletters specifying | |
269 | @emph{modifiers}), and the archive name to act on. | |
270 | ||
271 | Most operations can also accept further @var{member} arguments, | |
272 | specifying particular files to operate on. | |
273 | ||
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274 | @c man begin OPTIONS ar |
275 | ||
c7c55b78 | 276 | @sc{gnu} @command{ar} allows you to mix the operation code @var{p} and modifier |
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277 | flags @var{mod} in any order, within the first command-line argument. |
278 | ||
279 | If you wish, you may begin the first command-line argument with a | |
280 | dash. | |
281 | ||
282 | @cindex operations on archive | |
283 | The @var{p} keyletter specifies what operation to execute; it may be | |
284 | any of the following, but you must specify only one of them: | |
285 | ||
c7c55b78 | 286 | @table @samp |
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287 | @item d |
288 | @cindex deleting from archive | |
289 | @emph{Delete} modules from the archive. Specify the names of modules to | |
290 | be deleted as @var{member}@dots{}; the archive is untouched if you | |
291 | specify no files to delete. | |
292 | ||
c7c55b78 | 293 | If you specify the @samp{v} modifier, @command{ar} lists each module |
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294 | as it is deleted. |
295 | ||
296 | @item m | |
297 | @cindex moving in archive | |
298 | Use this operation to @emph{move} members in an archive. | |
299 | ||
300 | The ordering of members in an archive can make a difference in how | |
301 | programs are linked using the library, if a symbol is defined in more | |
c1c0eb9e | 302 | than one member. |
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303 | |
304 | If no modifiers are used with @code{m}, any members you name in the | |
305 | @var{member} arguments are moved to the @emph{end} of the archive; | |
306 | you can use the @samp{a}, @samp{b}, or @samp{i} modifiers to move them to a | |
307 | specified place instead. | |
308 | ||
309 | @item p | |
310 | @cindex printing from archive | |
311 | @emph{Print} the specified members of the archive, to the standard | |
312 | output file. If the @samp{v} modifier is specified, show the member | |
313 | name before copying its contents to standard output. | |
314 | ||
315 | If you specify no @var{member} arguments, all the files in the archive are | |
316 | printed. | |
317 | ||
318 | @item q | |
319 | @cindex quick append to archive | |
320 | @emph{Quick append}; Historically, add the files @var{member}@dots{} to the end of | |
321 | @var{archive}, without checking for replacement. | |
322 | ||
323 | The modifiers @samp{a}, @samp{b}, and @samp{i} do @emph{not} affect this | |
324 | operation; new members are always placed at the end of the archive. | |
325 | ||
c7c55b78 | 326 | The modifier @samp{v} makes @command{ar} list each file as it is appended. |
252b5132 | 327 | |
ce0570c7 NC |
328 | Since the point of this operation is speed, implementations of |
329 | @command{ar} have the option of not updating the archive's symbol | |
330 | table if one exists. Too many different systems however assume that | |
331 | symbol tables are always up-to-date, so @sc{gnu} @command{ar} will | |
332 | rebuild the table even with a quick append. | |
333 | ||
5e080929 | 334 | Note - @sc{gnu} @command{ar} treats the command @samp{qs} as a |
ce0570c7 NC |
335 | synonym for @samp{r} - replacing already existing files in the |
336 | archive and appending new ones at the end. | |
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337 | |
338 | @item r | |
339 | @cindex replacement in archive | |
340 | Insert the files @var{member}@dots{} into @var{archive} (with | |
341 | @emph{replacement}). This operation differs from @samp{q} in that any | |
342 | previously existing members are deleted if their names match those being | |
343 | added. | |
344 | ||
c7c55b78 | 345 | If one of the files named in @var{member}@dots{} does not exist, @command{ar} |
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346 | displays an error message, and leaves undisturbed any existing members |
347 | of the archive matching that name. | |
348 | ||
349 | By default, new members are added at the end of the file; but you may | |
350 | use one of the modifiers @samp{a}, @samp{b}, or @samp{i} to request | |
351 | placement relative to some existing member. | |
352 | ||
353 | The modifier @samp{v} used with this operation elicits a line of | |
354 | output for each file inserted, along with one of the letters @samp{a} or | |
355 | @samp{r} to indicate whether the file was appended (no old member | |
356 | deleted) or replaced. | |
357 | ||
e58bcb8f NC |
358 | @item s |
359 | @cindex ranlib | |
360 | Add an index to the archive, or update it if it already exists. Note | |
361 | this command is an exception to the rule that there can only be one | |
362 | command letter, as it is possible to use it as either a command or a | |
363 | modifier. In either case it does the same thing. | |
364 | ||
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365 | @item t |
366 | @cindex contents of archive | |
367 | Display a @emph{table} listing the contents of @var{archive}, or those | |
368 | of the files listed in @var{member}@dots{} that are present in the | |
369 | archive. Normally only the member name is shown; if you also want to | |
370 | see the modes (permissions), timestamp, owner, group, and size, you can | |
371 | request that by also specifying the @samp{v} modifier. | |
372 | ||
373 | If you do not specify a @var{member}, all files in the archive | |
374 | are listed. | |
375 | ||
376 | @cindex repeated names in archive | |
377 | @cindex name duplication in archive | |
378 | If there is more than one file with the same name (say, @samp{fie}) in | |
379 | an archive (say @samp{b.a}), @samp{ar t b.a fie} lists only the | |
380 | first instance; to see them all, you must ask for a complete | |
381 | listing---in our example, @samp{ar t b.a}. | |
382 | @c WRS only; per Gumby, this is implementation-dependent, and in a more | |
383 | @c recent case in fact works the other way. | |
384 | ||
385 | @item x | |
386 | @cindex extract from archive | |
387 | @emph{Extract} members (named @var{member}) from the archive. You can | |
388 | use the @samp{v} modifier with this operation, to request that | |
c7c55b78 | 389 | @command{ar} list each name as it extracts it. |
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390 | |
391 | If you do not specify a @var{member}, all files in the archive | |
392 | are extracted. | |
393 | ||
a8da6403 | 394 | Files cannot be extracted from a thin archive. |
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395 | @end table |
396 | ||
397 | A number of modifiers (@var{mod}) may immediately follow the @var{p} | |
398 | keyletter, to specify variations on an operation's behavior: | |
399 | ||
c7c55b78 | 400 | @table @samp |
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401 | @item a |
402 | @cindex relative placement in archive | |
403 | Add new files @emph{after} an existing member of the | |
404 | archive. If you use the modifier @samp{a}, the name of an existing archive | |
405 | member must be present as the @var{relpos} argument, before the | |
406 | @var{archive} specification. | |
407 | ||
408 | @item b | |
409 | Add new files @emph{before} an existing member of the | |
410 | archive. If you use the modifier @samp{b}, the name of an existing archive | |
411 | member must be present as the @var{relpos} argument, before the | |
412 | @var{archive} specification. (same as @samp{i}). | |
413 | ||
414 | @item c | |
415 | @cindex creating archives | |
416 | @emph{Create} the archive. The specified @var{archive} is always | |
417 | created if it did not exist, when you request an update. But a warning is | |
418 | issued unless you specify in advance that you expect to create it, by | |
419 | using this modifier. | |
420 | ||
36e4dce6 CD |
421 | @item D |
422 | @cindex deterministic archives | |
9cb80f72 | 423 | @kindex --enable-deterministic-archives |
36e4dce6 CD |
424 | Operate in @emph{deterministic} mode. When adding files and the archive |
425 | index use zero for UIDs, GIDs, timestamps, and use consistent file modes | |
426 | for all files. When this option is used, if @command{ar} is used with | |
427 | identical options and identical input files, multiple runs will create | |
428 | identical output files regardless of the input files' owners, groups, | |
429 | file modes, or modification times. | |
430 | ||
9cb80f72 RM |
431 | If @file{binutils} was configured with |
432 | @option{--enable-deterministic-archives}, then this mode is on by default. | |
433 | It can be disabled with the @samp{U} modifier, below. | |
434 | ||
252b5132 | 435 | @item f |
c7c55b78 | 436 | Truncate names in the archive. @sc{gnu} @command{ar} will normally permit file |
252b5132 | 437 | names of any length. This will cause it to create archives which are |
c7c55b78 | 438 | not compatible with the native @command{ar} program on some systems. If |
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439 | this is a concern, the @samp{f} modifier may be used to truncate file |
440 | names when putting them in the archive. | |
441 | ||
442 | @item i | |
443 | Insert new files @emph{before} an existing member of the | |
444 | archive. If you use the modifier @samp{i}, the name of an existing archive | |
445 | member must be present as the @var{relpos} argument, before the | |
446 | @var{archive} specification. (same as @samp{b}). | |
447 | ||
448 | @item l | |
449 | This modifier is accepted but not used. | |
450 | @c whaffor ar l modifier??? presumably compat; with | |
c1c0eb9e | 451 | @c what???---doc@@cygnus.com, 25jan91 |
252b5132 | 452 | |
3de39064 ILT |
453 | @item N |
454 | Uses the @var{count} parameter. This is used if there are multiple | |
455 | entries in the archive with the same name. Extract or delete instance | |
456 | @var{count} of the given name from the archive. | |
457 | ||
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458 | @item o |
459 | @cindex dates in archive | |
460 | Preserve the @emph{original} dates of members when extracting them. If | |
461 | you do not specify this modifier, files extracted from the archive | |
462 | are stamped with the time of extraction. | |
463 | ||
3de39064 ILT |
464 | @item P |
465 | Use the full path name when matching names in the archive. @sc{gnu} | |
c7c55b78 | 466 | @command{ar} can not create an archive with a full path name (such archives |
3de39064 | 467 | are not POSIX complaint), but other archive creators can. This option |
c7c55b78 | 468 | will cause @sc{gnu} @command{ar} to match file names using a complete path |
3de39064 ILT |
469 | name, which can be convenient when extracting a single file from an |
470 | archive created by another tool. | |
471 | ||
252b5132 RH |
472 | @item s |
473 | @cindex writing archive index | |
474 | Write an object-file index into the archive, or update an existing one, | |
475 | even if no other change is made to the archive. You may use this modifier | |
476 | flag either with any operation, or alone. Running @samp{ar s} on an | |
477 | archive is equivalent to running @samp{ranlib} on it. | |
478 | ||
479 | @item S | |
480 | @cindex not writing archive index | |
481 | Do not generate an archive symbol table. This can speed up building a | |
482 | large library in several steps. The resulting archive can not be used | |
483 | with the linker. In order to build a symbol table, you must omit the | |
484 | @samp{S} modifier on the last execution of @samp{ar}, or you must run | |
485 | @samp{ranlib} on the archive. | |
486 | ||
a8da6403 NC |
487 | @item T |
488 | @cindex creating thin archive | |
489 | Make the specified @var{archive} a @emph{thin} archive. If it already | |
490 | exists and is a regular archive, the existing members must be present | |
491 | in the same directory as @var{archive}. | |
492 | ||
252b5132 RH |
493 | @item u |
494 | @cindex updating an archive | |
495 | Normally, @samp{ar r}@dots{} inserts all files | |
496 | listed into the archive. If you would like to insert @emph{only} those | |
497 | of the files you list that are newer than existing members of the same | |
498 | names, use this modifier. The @samp{u} modifier is allowed only for the | |
499 | operation @samp{r} (replace). In particular, the combination @samp{qu} is | |
500 | not allowed, since checking the timestamps would lose any speed | |
501 | advantage from the operation @samp{q}. | |
502 | ||
9cb80f72 RM |
503 | @item U |
504 | @cindex deterministic archives | |
505 | @kindex --enable-deterministic-archives | |
506 | Do @emph{not} operate in @emph{deterministic} mode. This is the inverse | |
507 | of the @samp{D} modifier, above: added files and the archive index will | |
508 | get their actual UID, GID, timestamp, and file mode values. | |
509 | ||
510 | This is the default unless @file{binutils} was configured with | |
511 | @option{--enable-deterministic-archives}. | |
512 | ||
252b5132 RH |
513 | @item v |
514 | This modifier requests the @emph{verbose} version of an operation. Many | |
515 | operations display additional information, such as filenames processed, | |
516 | when the modifier @samp{v} is appended. | |
517 | ||
518 | @item V | |
c7c55b78 | 519 | This modifier shows the version number of @command{ar}. |
252b5132 RH |
520 | @end table |
521 | ||
387dd777 DP |
522 | The @command{ar} program also supports some command line options which |
523 | are neither modifiers nor actions, but which do change its behaviour | |
524 | in specific ways: | |
525 | ||
526 | @table @samp | |
527 | @item --help | |
528 | Displays the list of command line options supported by @command{ar} | |
529 | and then exits. | |
530 | ||
531 | @item --version | |
532 | Displays the version information of @command{ar} and then exits. | |
533 | ||
534 | @item -X32_64 | |
c7c55b78 | 535 | @command{ar} ignores an initial option spelt @samp{-X32_64}, for |
6e800839 | 536 | compatibility with AIX. The behaviour produced by this option is the |
387dd777 DP |
537 | default for @sc{gnu} @command{ar}. @command{ar} does not support any |
538 | of the other @samp{-X} options; in particular, it does not support | |
539 | @option{-X32} which is the default for AIX @command{ar}. | |
6e800839 | 540 | |
387dd777 DP |
541 | @item --plugin @var{name} |
542 | @cindex plugins | |
543 | The optional command line switch @option{--plugin @var{name}} causes | |
ce3c775b | 544 | @command{ar} to load the plugin called @var{name} which adds support |
387dd777 DP |
545 | for more file formats, including object files with link-time |
546 | optimization information. | |
547 | ||
548 | This option is only available if the toolchain has been built with | |
549 | plugin support enabled. | |
550 | ||
551 | If @option{--plugin} is not provided, but plugin support has been | |
552 | enabled then @command{ar} iterates over the files in | |
553 | @file{$@{libdir@}/bfd-plugins} in alphabetic order and the first | |
554 | plugin that claims the object in question is used. | |
555 | ||
556 | Please note that this plugin search directory is @emph{not} the one | |
557 | used by @command{ld}'s @option{-plugin} option. In order to make | |
558 | @command{ar} use the linker plugin it must be copied into the | |
559 | @file{$@{libdir@}/bfd-plugins} directory. For GCC based compilations | |
560 | the linker plugin is called @file{liblto_plugin.so.0.0.0}. For Clang | |
561 | based compilations it is called @file{LLVMgold.so}. The GCC plugin | |
562 | is always backwards compatible with earlier versions, so it is | |
563 | sufficient to just copy the newest one. | |
564 | ||
565 | @item --target @var{target} | |
566 | The optional command line switch @option{--target @var{bfdname}} | |
8adf5d70 NC |
567 | specifies that the archive members are in an object code format |
568 | different from your system's default format. See | |
569 | @xref{Target Selection}, for more information. | |
387dd777 | 570 | @end table |
0285c67d NC |
571 | @c man end |
572 | ||
573 | @ignore | |
574 | @c man begin SEEALSO ar | |
575 | nm(1), ranlib(1), and the Info entries for @file{binutils}. | |
576 | @c man end | |
577 | @end ignore | |
578 | ||
252b5132 | 579 | @node ar scripts |
947ed062 | 580 | @section Controlling @command{ar} with a Script |
252b5132 RH |
581 | |
582 | @smallexample | |
583 | ar -M [ <@var{script} ] | |
584 | @end smallexample | |
585 | ||
c7c55b78 NC |
586 | @cindex MRI compatibility, @command{ar} |
587 | @cindex scripts, @command{ar} | |
588 | If you use the single command-line option @samp{-M} with @command{ar}, you | |
252b5132 | 589 | can control its operation with a rudimentary command language. This |
c7c55b78 NC |
590 | form of @command{ar} operates interactively if standard input is coming |
591 | directly from a terminal. During interactive use, @command{ar} prompts for | |
252b5132 RH |
592 | input (the prompt is @samp{AR >}), and continues executing even after |
593 | errors. If you redirect standard input to a script file, no prompts are | |
c7c55b78 | 594 | issued, and @command{ar} abandons execution (with a nonzero exit code) |
252b5132 RH |
595 | on any error. |
596 | ||
c7c55b78 | 597 | The @command{ar} command language is @emph{not} designed to be equivalent |
252b5132 RH |
598 | to the command-line options; in fact, it provides somewhat less control |
599 | over archives. The only purpose of the command language is to ease the | |
c7c55b78 | 600 | transition to @sc{gnu} @command{ar} for developers who already have scripts |
252b5132 RH |
601 | written for the MRI ``librarian'' program. |
602 | ||
c7c55b78 | 603 | The syntax for the @command{ar} command language is straightforward: |
252b5132 RH |
604 | @itemize @bullet |
605 | @item | |
606 | commands are recognized in upper or lower case; for example, @code{LIST} | |
607 | is the same as @code{list}. In the following descriptions, commands are | |
608 | shown in upper case for clarity. | |
609 | ||
610 | @item | |
611 | a single command may appear on each line; it is the first word on the | |
612 | line. | |
613 | ||
614 | @item | |
615 | empty lines are allowed, and have no effect. | |
616 | ||
617 | @item | |
618 | comments are allowed; text after either of the characters @samp{*} | |
619 | or @samp{;} is ignored. | |
620 | ||
621 | @item | |
c7c55b78 | 622 | Whenever you use a list of names as part of the argument to an @command{ar} |
252b5132 RH |
623 | command, you can separate the individual names with either commas or |
624 | blanks. Commas are shown in the explanations below, for clarity. | |
625 | ||
626 | @item | |
627 | @samp{+} is used as a line continuation character; if @samp{+} appears | |
628 | at the end of a line, the text on the following line is considered part | |
629 | of the current command. | |
630 | @end itemize | |
631 | ||
c7c55b78 NC |
632 | Here are the commands you can use in @command{ar} scripts, or when using |
633 | @command{ar} interactively. Three of them have special significance: | |
252b5132 RH |
634 | |
635 | @code{OPEN} or @code{CREATE} specify a @dfn{current archive}, which is | |
636 | a temporary file required for most of the other commands. | |
637 | ||
638 | @code{SAVE} commits the changes so far specified by the script. Prior | |
639 | to @code{SAVE}, commands affect only the temporary copy of the current | |
640 | archive. | |
641 | ||
642 | @table @code | |
c1c0eb9e | 643 | @item ADDLIB @var{archive} |
252b5132 RH |
644 | @itemx ADDLIB @var{archive} (@var{module}, @var{module}, @dots{} @var{module}) |
645 | Add all the contents of @var{archive} (or, if specified, each named | |
646 | @var{module} from @var{archive}) to the current archive. | |
647 | ||
648 | Requires prior use of @code{OPEN} or @code{CREATE}. | |
649 | ||
650 | @item ADDMOD @var{member}, @var{member}, @dots{} @var{member} | |
651 | @c FIXME! w/Replacement?? If so, like "ar r @var{archive} @var{names}" | |
652 | @c else like "ar q..." | |
653 | Add each named @var{member} as a module in the current archive. | |
654 | ||
655 | Requires prior use of @code{OPEN} or @code{CREATE}. | |
656 | ||
657 | @item CLEAR | |
658 | Discard the contents of the current archive, canceling the effect of | |
659 | any operations since the last @code{SAVE}. May be executed (with no | |
660 | effect) even if no current archive is specified. | |
661 | ||
662 | @item CREATE @var{archive} | |
663 | Creates an archive, and makes it the current archive (required for many | |
664 | other commands). The new archive is created with a temporary name; it | |
665 | is not actually saved as @var{archive} until you use @code{SAVE}. | |
666 | You can overwrite existing archives; similarly, the contents of any | |
667 | existing file named @var{archive} will not be destroyed until @code{SAVE}. | |
668 | ||
669 | @item DELETE @var{module}, @var{module}, @dots{} @var{module} | |
670 | Delete each listed @var{module} from the current archive; equivalent to | |
671 | @samp{ar -d @var{archive} @var{module} @dots{} @var{module}}. | |
672 | ||
673 | Requires prior use of @code{OPEN} or @code{CREATE}. | |
674 | ||
675 | @item DIRECTORY @var{archive} (@var{module}, @dots{} @var{module}) | |
676 | @itemx DIRECTORY @var{archive} (@var{module}, @dots{} @var{module}) @var{outputfile} | |
677 | List each named @var{module} present in @var{archive}. The separate | |
678 | command @code{VERBOSE} specifies the form of the output: when verbose | |
679 | output is off, output is like that of @samp{ar -t @var{archive} | |
680 | @var{module}@dots{}}. When verbose output is on, the listing is like | |
681 | @samp{ar -tv @var{archive} @var{module}@dots{}}. | |
682 | ||
683 | Output normally goes to the standard output stream; however, if you | |
c7c55b78 | 684 | specify @var{outputfile} as a final argument, @command{ar} directs the |
252b5132 RH |
685 | output to that file. |
686 | ||
687 | @item END | |
c7c55b78 | 688 | Exit from @command{ar}, with a @code{0} exit code to indicate successful |
252b5132 RH |
689 | completion. This command does not save the output file; if you have |
690 | changed the current archive since the last @code{SAVE} command, those | |
691 | changes are lost. | |
692 | ||
693 | @item EXTRACT @var{module}, @var{module}, @dots{} @var{module} | |
694 | Extract each named @var{module} from the current archive, writing them | |
695 | into the current directory as separate files. Equivalent to @samp{ar -x | |
696 | @var{archive} @var{module}@dots{}}. | |
697 | ||
698 | Requires prior use of @code{OPEN} or @code{CREATE}. | |
699 | ||
700 | @ignore | |
701 | @c FIXME Tokens but no commands??? | |
702 | @item FULLDIR | |
703 | ||
704 | @item HELP | |
705 | @end ignore | |
706 | ||
707 | @item LIST | |
708 | Display full contents of the current archive, in ``verbose'' style | |
709 | regardless of the state of @code{VERBOSE}. The effect is like @samp{ar | |
c7c55b78 | 710 | tv @var{archive}}. (This single command is a @sc{gnu} @command{ar} |
252b5132 RH |
711 | enhancement, rather than present for MRI compatibility.) |
712 | ||
713 | Requires prior use of @code{OPEN} or @code{CREATE}. | |
714 | ||
715 | @item OPEN @var{archive} | |
716 | Opens an existing archive for use as the current archive (required for | |
717 | many other commands). Any changes as the result of subsequent commands | |
718 | will not actually affect @var{archive} until you next use @code{SAVE}. | |
719 | ||
720 | @item REPLACE @var{module}, @var{module}, @dots{} @var{module} | |
721 | In the current archive, replace each existing @var{module} (named in | |
722 | the @code{REPLACE} arguments) from files in the current working directory. | |
723 | To execute this command without errors, both the file, and the module in | |
c1c0eb9e | 724 | the current archive, must exist. |
252b5132 RH |
725 | |
726 | Requires prior use of @code{OPEN} or @code{CREATE}. | |
727 | ||
728 | @item VERBOSE | |
729 | Toggle an internal flag governing the output from @code{DIRECTORY}. | |
730 | When the flag is on, @code{DIRECTORY} output matches output from | |
731 | @samp{ar -tv }@dots{}. | |
732 | ||
733 | @item SAVE | |
734 | Commit your changes to the current archive, and actually save it as a | |
735 | file with the name specified in the last @code{CREATE} or @code{OPEN} | |
c1c0eb9e | 736 | command. |
252b5132 RH |
737 | |
738 | Requires prior use of @code{OPEN} or @code{CREATE}. | |
739 | ||
740 | @end table | |
741 | ||
742 | @iftex | |
743 | @node ld | |
744 | @chapter ld | |
745 | @cindex linker | |
746 | @kindex ld | |
c7c55b78 | 747 | The @sc{gnu} linker @command{ld} is now described in a separate manual. |
252b5132 RH |
748 | @xref{Top,, Overview,, Using LD: the @sc{gnu} linker}. |
749 | @end iftex | |
750 | ||
751 | @node nm | |
752 | @chapter nm | |
753 | @cindex symbols | |
754 | @kindex nm | |
755 | ||
0285c67d NC |
756 | @c man title nm list symbols from object files |
757 | ||
252b5132 | 758 | @smallexample |
0285c67d | 759 | @c man begin SYNOPSIS nm |
fa8f3997 NC |
760 | nm [@option{-A}|@option{-o}|@option{--print-file-name}] [@option{-a}|@option{--debug-syms}] |
761 | [@option{-B}|@option{--format=bsd}] [@option{-C}|@option{--demangle}[=@var{style}]] | |
762 | [@option{-D}|@option{--dynamic}] [@option{-f}@var{format}|@option{--format=}@var{format}] | |
763 | [@option{-g}|@option{--extern-only}] [@option{-h}|@option{--help}] | |
4a14e306 AK |
764 | [@option{-l}|@option{--line-numbers}] [@option{--inlines}] |
765 | [@option{-n}|@option{-v}|@option{--numeric-sort}] | |
fa8f3997 NC |
766 | [@option{-P}|@option{--portability}] [@option{-p}|@option{--no-sort}] |
767 | [@option{-r}|@option{--reverse-sort}] [@option{-S}|@option{--print-size}] | |
768 | [@option{-s}|@option{--print-armap}] [@option{-t} @var{radix}|@option{--radix=}@var{radix}] | |
769 | [@option{-u}|@option{--undefined-only}] [@option{-V}|@option{--version}] | |
770 | [@option{-X 32_64}] [@option{--defined-only}] [@option{--no-demangle}] | |
771 | [@option{--plugin} @var{name}] [@option{--size-sort}] [@option{--special-syms}] | |
df2c87b5 | 772 | [@option{--synthetic}] [@option{--with-symbol-versions}] [@option{--target=}@var{bfdname}] |
fa8f3997 | 773 | [@var{objfile}@dots{}] |
0285c67d | 774 | @c man end |
252b5132 RH |
775 | @end smallexample |
776 | ||
0285c67d | 777 | @c man begin DESCRIPTION nm |
c7c55b78 NC |
778 | @sc{gnu} @command{nm} lists the symbols from object files @var{objfile}@dots{}. |
779 | If no object files are listed as arguments, @command{nm} assumes the file | |
252b5132 RH |
780 | @file{a.out}. |
781 | ||
c7c55b78 | 782 | For each symbol, @command{nm} shows: |
252b5132 RH |
783 | |
784 | @itemize @bullet | |
785 | @item | |
786 | The symbol value, in the radix selected by options (see below), or | |
787 | hexadecimal by default. | |
788 | ||
789 | @item | |
790 | The symbol type. At least the following types are used; others are, as | |
791 | well, depending on the object file format. If lowercase, the symbol is | |
0ba0c2b3 NC |
792 | usually local; if uppercase, the symbol is global (external). There |
793 | are however a few lowercase symbols that are shown for special global | |
794 | symbols (@code{u}, @code{v} and @code{w}). | |
252b5132 RH |
795 | |
796 | @c Some more detail on exactly what these symbol types are used for | |
797 | @c would be nice. | |
798 | @table @code | |
799 | @item A | |
800 | The symbol's value is absolute, and will not be changed by further | |
801 | linking. | |
802 | ||
803 | @item B | |
a1039809 | 804 | @itemx b |
252b5132 RH |
805 | The symbol is in the uninitialized data section (known as BSS). |
806 | ||
807 | @item C | |
808 | The symbol is common. Common symbols are uninitialized data. When | |
809 | linking, multiple common symbols may appear with the same name. If the | |
810 | symbol is defined anywhere, the common symbols are treated as undefined | |
0285c67d NC |
811 | references. |
812 | @ifclear man | |
813 | For more details on common symbols, see the discussion of | |
252b5132 | 814 | --warn-common in @ref{Options,,Linker options,ld.info,The GNU linker}. |
0879a67a | 815 | @end ifclear |
252b5132 RH |
816 | |
817 | @item D | |
a1039809 | 818 | @itemx d |
252b5132 RH |
819 | The symbol is in the initialized data section. |
820 | ||
821 | @item G | |
a1039809 | 822 | @itemx g |
252b5132 RH |
823 | The symbol is in an initialized data section for small objects. Some |
824 | object file formats permit more efficient access to small data objects, | |
825 | such as a global int variable as opposed to a large global array. | |
826 | ||
a1039809 | 827 | @item i |
3e7a7d11 NC |
828 | For PE format files this indicates that the symbol is in a section |
829 | specific to the implementation of DLLs. For ELF format files this | |
830 | indicates that the symbol is an indirect function. This is a GNU | |
831 | extension to the standard set of ELF symbol types. It indicates a | |
832 | symbol which if referenced by a relocation does not evaluate to its | |
833 | address, but instead must be invoked at runtime. The runtime | |
834 | execution will then return the value to be used in the relocation. | |
a1039809 | 835 | |
021f8a30 NC |
836 | @item I |
837 | The symbol is an indirect reference to another symbol. | |
838 | ||
252b5132 RH |
839 | @item N |
840 | The symbol is a debugging symbol. | |
841 | ||
a1039809 NC |
842 | @item p |
843 | The symbols is in a stack unwind section. | |
844 | ||
252b5132 | 845 | @item R |
a1039809 | 846 | @itemx r |
252b5132 RH |
847 | The symbol is in a read only data section. |
848 | ||
849 | @item S | |
a1039809 | 850 | @itemx s |
252b5132 RH |
851 | The symbol is in an uninitialized data section for small objects. |
852 | ||
853 | @item T | |
a1039809 | 854 | @itemx t |
252b5132 RH |
855 | The symbol is in the text (code) section. |
856 | ||
857 | @item U | |
858 | The symbol is undefined. | |
859 | ||
3e7a7d11 NC |
860 | @item u |
861 | The symbol is a unique global symbol. This is a GNU extension to the | |
862 | standard set of ELF symbol bindings. For such a symbol the dynamic linker | |
863 | will make sure that in the entire process there is just one symbol with | |
864 | this name and type in use. | |
865 | ||
fad6fcbb | 866 | @item V |
a1039809 | 867 | @itemx v |
fad6fcbb NC |
868 | The symbol is a weak object. When a weak defined symbol is linked with |
869 | a normal defined symbol, the normal defined symbol is used with no error. | |
870 | When a weak undefined symbol is linked and the symbol is not defined, | |
a1039809 NC |
871 | the value of the weak symbol becomes zero with no error. On some |
872 | systems, uppercase indicates that a default value has been specified. | |
fad6fcbb | 873 | |
252b5132 | 874 | @item W |
a1039809 | 875 | @itemx w |
fad6fcbb NC |
876 | The symbol is a weak symbol that has not been specifically tagged as a |
877 | weak object symbol. When a weak defined symbol is linked with a normal | |
878 | defined symbol, the normal defined symbol is used with no error. | |
879 | When a weak undefined symbol is linked and the symbol is not defined, | |
c87db184 | 880 | the value of the symbol is determined in a system-specific manner without |
c1c0eb9e | 881 | error. On some systems, uppercase indicates that a default value has been |
977cdf5a NC |
882 | specified. |
883 | ||
252b5132 RH |
884 | @item - |
885 | The symbol is a stabs symbol in an a.out object file. In this case, the | |
886 | next values printed are the stabs other field, the stabs desc field, and | |
c7c55b78 | 887 | the stab type. Stabs symbols are used to hold debugging information. |
252b5132 RH |
888 | |
889 | @item ? | |
890 | The symbol type is unknown, or object file format specific. | |
891 | @end table | |
892 | ||
893 | @item | |
894 | The symbol name. | |
895 | @end itemize | |
896 | ||
0285c67d NC |
897 | @c man end |
898 | ||
899 | @c man begin OPTIONS nm | |
252b5132 RH |
900 | The long and short forms of options, shown here as alternatives, are |
901 | equivalent. | |
902 | ||
c7c55b78 | 903 | @table @env |
252b5132 RH |
904 | @item -A |
905 | @itemx -o | |
c1c0eb9e | 906 | @itemx --print-file-name |
252b5132 RH |
907 | @cindex input file name |
908 | @cindex file name | |
909 | @cindex source file name | |
f20a759a | 910 | Precede each symbol by the name of the input file (or archive member) |
252b5132 RH |
911 | in which it was found, rather than identifying the input file once only, |
912 | before all of its symbols. | |
913 | ||
914 | @item -a | |
c1c0eb9e | 915 | @itemx --debug-syms |
252b5132 RH |
916 | @cindex debugging symbols |
917 | Display all symbols, even debugger-only symbols; normally these are not | |
918 | listed. | |
919 | ||
920 | @item -B | |
c7c55b78 NC |
921 | @cindex @command{nm} format |
922 | @cindex @command{nm} compatibility | |
923 | The same as @option{--format=bsd} (for compatibility with the MIPS @command{nm}). | |
252b5132 RH |
924 | |
925 | @item -C | |
28c309a2 | 926 | @itemx --demangle[=@var{style}] |
252b5132 RH |
927 | @cindex demangling in nm |
928 | Decode (@dfn{demangle}) low-level symbol names into user-level names. | |
929 | Besides removing any initial underscore prepended by the system, this | |
28c309a2 | 930 | makes C++ function names readable. Different compilers have different |
c1c0eb9e RM |
931 | mangling styles. The optional demangling style argument can be used to |
932 | choose an appropriate demangling style for your compiler. @xref{c++filt}, | |
28c309a2 | 933 | for more information on demangling. |
252b5132 RH |
934 | |
935 | @item --no-demangle | |
936 | Do not demangle low-level symbol names. This is the default. | |
937 | ||
938 | @item -D | |
939 | @itemx --dynamic | |
940 | @cindex dynamic symbols | |
941 | Display the dynamic symbols rather than the normal symbols. This is | |
942 | only meaningful for dynamic objects, such as certain types of shared | |
943 | libraries. | |
944 | ||
945 | @item -f @var{format} | |
946 | @itemx --format=@var{format} | |
c7c55b78 NC |
947 | @cindex @command{nm} format |
948 | @cindex @command{nm} compatibility | |
252b5132 RH |
949 | Use the output format @var{format}, which can be @code{bsd}, |
950 | @code{sysv}, or @code{posix}. The default is @code{bsd}. | |
951 | Only the first character of @var{format} is significant; it can be | |
952 | either upper or lower case. | |
953 | ||
954 | @item -g | |
c1c0eb9e | 955 | @itemx --extern-only |
252b5132 RH |
956 | @cindex external symbols |
957 | Display only external symbols. | |
958 | ||
fa8f3997 NC |
959 | @item -h |
960 | @itemx --help | |
961 | Show a summary of the options to @command{nm} and exit. | |
ce3c775b | 962 | |
252b5132 RH |
963 | @item -l |
964 | @itemx --line-numbers | |
965 | @cindex symbol line numbers | |
966 | For each symbol, use debugging information to try to find a filename and | |
967 | line number. For a defined symbol, look for the line number of the | |
968 | address of the symbol. For an undefined symbol, look for the line | |
969 | number of a relocation entry which refers to the symbol. If line number | |
970 | information can be found, print it after the other symbol information. | |
971 | ||
4a14e306 AK |
972 | @item --inlines |
973 | @cindex objdump inlines | |
974 | When option @option{-l} is active, if the address belongs to a | |
975 | function that was inlined, then this option causes the source | |
976 | information for all enclosing scopes back to the first non-inlined | |
977 | function to be printed as well. For example, if @code{main} inlines | |
978 | @code{callee1} which inlines @code{callee2}, and address is from | |
979 | @code{callee2}, the source information for @code{callee1} and @code{main} | |
980 | will also be printed. | |
981 | ||
252b5132 RH |
982 | @item -n |
983 | @itemx -v | |
c1c0eb9e | 984 | @itemx --numeric-sort |
252b5132 | 985 | Sort symbols numerically by their addresses, rather than alphabetically |
c1c0eb9e | 986 | by their names. |
252b5132 RH |
987 | |
988 | @item -p | |
c1c0eb9e | 989 | @itemx --no-sort |
252b5132 RH |
990 | @cindex sorting symbols |
991 | Do not bother to sort the symbols in any order; print them in the order | |
992 | encountered. | |
993 | ||
994 | @item -P | |
995 | @itemx --portability | |
996 | Use the POSIX.2 standard output format instead of the default format. | |
997 | Equivalent to @samp{-f posix}. | |
998 | ||
fa8f3997 NC |
999 | @item -r |
1000 | @itemx --reverse-sort | |
1001 | Reverse the order of the sort (whether numeric or alphabetic); let the | |
1002 | last come first. | |
1003 | ||
72797995 L |
1004 | @item -S |
1005 | @itemx --print-size | |
1533edfb AM |
1006 | Print both value and size of defined symbols for the @code{bsd} output style. |
1007 | This option has no effect for object formats that do not record symbol | |
1008 | sizes, unless @samp{--size-sort} is also used in which case a | |
1009 | calculated size is displayed. | |
72797995 | 1010 | |
252b5132 RH |
1011 | @item -s |
1012 | @itemx --print-armap | |
1013 | @cindex symbol index, listing | |
1014 | When listing symbols from archive members, include the index: a mapping | |
c7c55b78 | 1015 | (stored in the archive by @command{ar} or @command{ranlib}) of which modules |
252b5132 RH |
1016 | contain definitions for which names. |
1017 | ||
fa8f3997 NC |
1018 | @item -t @var{radix} |
1019 | @itemx --radix=@var{radix} | |
1020 | Use @var{radix} as the radix for printing the symbol values. It must be | |
1021 | @samp{d} for decimal, @samp{o} for octal, or @samp{x} for hexadecimal. | |
1022 | ||
1023 | @item -u | |
1024 | @itemx --undefined-only | |
1025 | @cindex external symbols | |
1026 | @cindex undefined symbols | |
1027 | Display only undefined symbols (those external to each object file). | |
1028 | ||
1029 | @item -V | |
1030 | @itemx --version | |
1031 | Show the version number of @command{nm} and exit. | |
1032 | ||
1033 | @item -X | |
1034 | This option is ignored for compatibility with the AIX version of | |
1035 | @command{nm}. It takes one parameter which must be the string | |
1036 | @option{32_64}. The default mode of AIX @command{nm} corresponds | |
1037 | to @option{-X 32}, which is not supported by @sc{gnu} @command{nm}. | |
1038 | ||
1039 | @item --defined-only | |
1040 | @cindex external symbols | |
1041 | @cindex undefined symbols | |
1042 | Display only defined symbols for each object file. | |
1043 | ||
1044 | @item --plugin @var{name} | |
387dd777 | 1045 | @cindex plugins |
fa8f3997 NC |
1046 | Load the plugin called @var{name} to add support for extra target |
1047 | types. This option is only available if the toolchain has been built | |
1048 | with plugin support enabled. | |
252b5132 | 1049 | |
387dd777 DP |
1050 | If @option{--plugin} is not provided, but plugin support has been |
1051 | enabled then @command{nm} iterates over the files in | |
1052 | @file{$@{libdir@}/bfd-plugins} in alphabetic order and the first | |
1053 | plugin that claims the object in question is used. | |
1054 | ||
1055 | Please note that this plugin search directory is @emph{not} the one | |
1056 | used by @command{ld}'s @option{-plugin} option. In order to make | |
1057 | @command{nm} use the linker plugin it must be copied into the | |
1058 | @file{$@{libdir@}/bfd-plugins} directory. For GCC based compilations | |
1059 | the linker plugin is called @file{liblto_plugin.so.0.0.0}. For Clang | |
1060 | based compilations it is called @file{LLVMgold.so}. The GCC plugin | |
1061 | is always backwards compatible with earlier versions, so it is | |
1062 | sufficient to just copy the newest one. | |
1063 | ||
252b5132 | 1064 | @item --size-sort |
29f4fdc4 AB |
1065 | Sort symbols by size. For ELF objects symbol sizes are read from the |
1066 | ELF, for other object types the symbol sizes are computed as the | |
1067 | difference between the value of the symbol and the value of the symbol | |
1068 | with the next higher value. If the @code{bsd} output format is used | |
1069 | the size of the symbol is printed, rather than the value, and | |
1070 | @samp{-S} must be used in order both size and value to be printed. | |
252b5132 | 1071 | |
3c9458e9 NC |
1072 | @item --special-syms |
1073 | Display symbols which have a target-specific special meaning. These | |
1074 | symbols are usually used by the target for some special processing and | |
a575c958 NC |
1075 | are not normally helpful when included in the normal symbol lists. |
1076 | For example for ARM targets this option would skip the mapping symbols | |
1077 | used to mark transitions between ARM code, THUMB code and data. | |
3c9458e9 | 1078 | |
fa8f3997 NC |
1079 | @item --synthetic |
1080 | Include synthetic symbols in the output. These are special symbols | |
1081 | created by the linker for various purposes. They are not shown by | |
1082 | default since they are not part of the binary's original source code. | |
252b5132 | 1083 | |
df2c87b5 NC |
1084 | @item --with-symbol-versions |
1085 | Enables the display of symbol version information if any exists. The | |
1086 | version string is displayed as a suffix to the symbol name, preceeded by | |
1087 | an @@ character. For example @samp{foo@@VER_1}. If the version is | |
1088 | the default version to be used when resolving unversioned references | |
1089 | to the symbol then it is displayed as a suffix preceeded by two @@ | |
1090 | characters. For example @samp{foo@@@@VER_2}. | |
1091 | ||
252b5132 RH |
1092 | @item --target=@var{bfdname} |
1093 | @cindex object code format | |
1094 | Specify an object code format other than your system's default format. | |
1095 | @xref{Target Selection}, for more information. | |
1096 | ||
252b5132 RH |
1097 | @end table |
1098 | ||
0285c67d NC |
1099 | @c man end |
1100 | ||
1101 | @ignore | |
1102 | @c man begin SEEALSO nm | |
1103 | ar(1), objdump(1), ranlib(1), and the Info entries for @file{binutils}. | |
1104 | @c man end | |
1105 | @end ignore | |
1106 | ||
252b5132 RH |
1107 | @node objcopy |
1108 | @chapter objcopy | |
1109 | ||
0285c67d NC |
1110 | @c man title objcopy copy and translate object files |
1111 | ||
252b5132 | 1112 | @smallexample |
0285c67d | 1113 | @c man begin SYNOPSIS objcopy |
c7c55b78 NC |
1114 | objcopy [@option{-F} @var{bfdname}|@option{--target=}@var{bfdname}] |
1115 | [@option{-I} @var{bfdname}|@option{--input-target=}@var{bfdname}] | |
1116 | [@option{-O} @var{bfdname}|@option{--output-target=}@var{bfdname}] | |
1117 | [@option{-B} @var{bfdarch}|@option{--binary-architecture=}@var{bfdarch}] | |
2593f09a NC |
1118 | [@option{-S}|@option{--strip-all}] |
1119 | [@option{-g}|@option{--strip-debug}] | |
c7c55b78 NC |
1120 | [@option{-K} @var{symbolname}|@option{--keep-symbol=}@var{symbolname}] |
1121 | [@option{-N} @var{symbolname}|@option{--strip-symbol=}@var{symbolname}] | |
bcf32829 | 1122 | [@option{--strip-unneeded-symbol=}@var{symbolname}] |
c7c55b78 | 1123 | [@option{-G} @var{symbolname}|@option{--keep-global-symbol=}@var{symbolname}] |
d58c2e3a | 1124 | [@option{--localize-hidden}] |
c7c55b78 | 1125 | [@option{-L} @var{symbolname}|@option{--localize-symbol=}@var{symbolname}] |
7b4a0685 | 1126 | [@option{--globalize-symbol=}@var{symbolname}] |
c7c55b78 | 1127 | [@option{-W} @var{symbolname}|@option{--weaken-symbol=}@var{symbolname}] |
5fe11841 | 1128 | [@option{-w}|@option{--wildcard}] |
2593f09a NC |
1129 | [@option{-x}|@option{--discard-all}] |
1130 | [@option{-X}|@option{--discard-locals}] | |
c7c55b78 | 1131 | [@option{-b} @var{byte}|@option{--byte=}@var{byte}] |
b7dd81f7 NC |
1132 | [@option{-i} [@var{breadth}]|@option{--interleave}[=@var{breadth}]] |
1133 | [@option{--interleave-width=}@var{width}] | |
2e62b721 NC |
1134 | [@option{-j} @var{sectionpattern}|@option{--only-section=}@var{sectionpattern}] |
1135 | [@option{-R} @var{sectionpattern}|@option{--remove-section=}@var{sectionpattern}] | |
d3e5f6c8 | 1136 | [@option{--remove-relocations=}@var{sectionpattern}] |
c7c55b78 | 1137 | [@option{-p}|@option{--preserve-dates}] |
2e30cb57 | 1138 | [@option{-D}|@option{--enable-deterministic-archives}] |
955d0b3b | 1139 | [@option{-U}|@option{--disable-deterministic-archives}] |
c7c55b78 | 1140 | [@option{--debugging}] |
2593f09a NC |
1141 | [@option{--gap-fill=}@var{val}] |
1142 | [@option{--pad-to=}@var{address}] | |
1143 | [@option{--set-start=}@var{val}] | |
1144 | [@option{--adjust-start=}@var{incr}] | |
c7c55b78 | 1145 | [@option{--change-addresses=}@var{incr}] |
2e62b721 NC |
1146 | [@option{--change-section-address} @var{sectionpattern}@{=,+,-@}@var{val}] |
1147 | [@option{--change-section-lma} @var{sectionpattern}@{=,+,-@}@var{val}] | |
1148 | [@option{--change-section-vma} @var{sectionpattern}@{=,+,-@}@var{val}] | |
c7c55b78 | 1149 | [@option{--change-warnings}] [@option{--no-change-warnings}] |
2e62b721 | 1150 | [@option{--set-section-flags} @var{sectionpattern}=@var{flags}] |
c7c55b78 | 1151 | [@option{--add-section} @var{sectionname}=@var{filename}] |
bbad633b | 1152 | [@option{--dump-section} @var{sectionname}=@var{filename}] |
acf1419f | 1153 | [@option{--update-section} @var{sectionname}=@var{filename}] |
c7c55b78 | 1154 | [@option{--rename-section} @var{oldname}=@var{newname}[,@var{flags}]] |
0408dee6 | 1155 | [@option{--long-section-names} @{enable,disable,keep@}] |
2593f09a | 1156 | [@option{--change-leading-char}] [@option{--remove-leading-char}] |
9e48b4c6 | 1157 | [@option{--reverse-bytes=}@var{num}] |
2593f09a NC |
1158 | [@option{--srec-len=}@var{ival}] [@option{--srec-forceS3}] |
1159 | [@option{--redefine-sym} @var{old}=@var{new}] | |
1160 | [@option{--redefine-syms=}@var{filename}] | |
c7c55b78 NC |
1161 | [@option{--weaken}] |
1162 | [@option{--keep-symbols=}@var{filename}] | |
1163 | [@option{--strip-symbols=}@var{filename}] | |
bcf32829 | 1164 | [@option{--strip-unneeded-symbols=}@var{filename}] |
c7c55b78 NC |
1165 | [@option{--keep-global-symbols=}@var{filename}] |
1166 | [@option{--localize-symbols=}@var{filename}] | |
7b4a0685 | 1167 | [@option{--globalize-symbols=}@var{filename}] |
c7c55b78 | 1168 | [@option{--weaken-symbols=}@var{filename}] |
2b35fb28 | 1169 | [@option{--add-symbol} @var{name}=[@var{section}:]@var{value}[,@var{flags}] |
c51238bc DA |
1170 | [@option{--alt-machine-code=}@var{index}] |
1171 | [@option{--prefix-symbols=}@var{string}] | |
1172 | [@option{--prefix-sections=}@var{string}] | |
1173 | [@option{--prefix-alloc-sections=}@var{string}] | |
ed1653a7 | 1174 | [@option{--add-gnu-debuglink=}@var{path-to-file}] |
1637cd90 | 1175 | [@option{--keep-file-symbols}] |
ed1653a7 | 1176 | [@option{--only-keep-debug}] |
96109726 CC |
1177 | [@option{--strip-dwo}] |
1178 | [@option{--extract-dwo}] | |
d3e52d40 | 1179 | [@option{--extract-symbol}] |
4087920c MR |
1180 | [@option{--writable-text}] |
1181 | [@option{--readonly-text}] | |
1182 | [@option{--pure}] | |
1183 | [@option{--impure}] | |
92dd4511 L |
1184 | [@option{--file-alignment=}@var{num}] |
1185 | [@option{--heap=}@var{size}] | |
1186 | [@option{--image-base=}@var{address}] | |
1187 | [@option{--section-alignment=}@var{num}] | |
1188 | [@option{--stack=}@var{size}] | |
1189 | [@option{--subsystem=}@var{which}:@var{major}.@var{minor}] | |
4a114e3e L |
1190 | [@option{--compress-debug-sections}] |
1191 | [@option{--decompress-debug-sections}] | |
b8871f35 | 1192 | [@option{--elf-stt-common=@var{val}}] |
9ef920e9 | 1193 | [@option{--merge-notes}] |
1d15e434 | 1194 | [@option{--no-merge-notes}] |
c7c55b78 | 1195 | [@option{-v}|@option{--verbose}] |
c1c0eb9e | 1196 | [@option{-V}|@option{--version}] |
7c29036b | 1197 | [@option{--help}] [@option{--info}] |
252b5132 | 1198 | @var{infile} [@var{outfile}] |
0285c67d | 1199 | @c man end |
252b5132 RH |
1200 | @end smallexample |
1201 | ||
0285c67d | 1202 | @c man begin DESCRIPTION objcopy |
c7c55b78 NC |
1203 | The @sc{gnu} @command{objcopy} utility copies the contents of an object |
1204 | file to another. @command{objcopy} uses the @sc{gnu} @sc{bfd} Library to | |
252b5132 RH |
1205 | read and write the object files. It can write the destination object |
1206 | file in a format different from that of the source object file. The | |
c7c55b78 NC |
1207 | exact behavior of @command{objcopy} is controlled by command-line options. |
1208 | Note that @command{objcopy} should be able to copy a fully linked file | |
ccd13d18 L |
1209 | between any two formats. However, copying a relocatable object file |
1210 | between any two formats may not work as expected. | |
252b5132 | 1211 | |
c7c55b78 NC |
1212 | @command{objcopy} creates temporary files to do its translations and |
1213 | deletes them afterward. @command{objcopy} uses @sc{bfd} to do all its | |
252b5132 RH |
1214 | translation work; it has access to all the formats described in @sc{bfd} |
1215 | and thus is able to recognize most formats without being told | |
1216 | explicitly. @xref{BFD,,BFD,ld.info,Using LD}. | |
1217 | ||
c7c55b78 | 1218 | @command{objcopy} can be used to generate S-records by using an output |
252b5132 RH |
1219 | target of @samp{srec} (e.g., use @samp{-O srec}). |
1220 | ||
c7c55b78 NC |
1221 | @command{objcopy} can be used to generate a raw binary file by using an |
1222 | output target of @samp{binary} (e.g., use @option{-O binary}). When | |
1223 | @command{objcopy} generates a raw binary file, it will essentially produce | |
252b5132 RH |
1224 | a memory dump of the contents of the input object file. All symbols and |
1225 | relocation information will be discarded. The memory dump will start at | |
1226 | the load address of the lowest section copied into the output file. | |
1227 | ||
1228 | When generating an S-record or a raw binary file, it may be helpful to | |
c7c55b78 NC |
1229 | use @option{-S} to remove sections containing debugging information. In |
1230 | some cases @option{-R} will be useful to remove sections which contain | |
f20a759a | 1231 | information that is not needed by the binary file. |
252b5132 | 1232 | |
947ed062 NC |
1233 | Note---@command{objcopy} is not able to change the endianness of its input |
1234 | files. If the input format has an endianness (some formats do not), | |
c7c55b78 | 1235 | @command{objcopy} can only copy the inputs into file formats that have the |
947ed062 | 1236 | same endianness or which have no endianness (e.g., @samp{srec}). |
9e48b4c6 | 1237 | (However, see the @option{--reverse-bytes} option.) |
18356cf2 | 1238 | |
0285c67d NC |
1239 | @c man end |
1240 | ||
1241 | @c man begin OPTIONS objcopy | |
1242 | ||
c7c55b78 | 1243 | @table @env |
252b5132 RH |
1244 | @item @var{infile} |
1245 | @itemx @var{outfile} | |
f20a759a | 1246 | The input and output files, respectively. |
c7c55b78 | 1247 | If you do not specify @var{outfile}, @command{objcopy} creates a |
252b5132 RH |
1248 | temporary file and destructively renames the result with |
1249 | the name of @var{infile}. | |
1250 | ||
c7c55b78 | 1251 | @item -I @var{bfdname} |
252b5132 RH |
1252 | @itemx --input-target=@var{bfdname} |
1253 | Consider the source file's object format to be @var{bfdname}, rather than | |
1254 | attempting to deduce it. @xref{Target Selection}, for more information. | |
1255 | ||
1256 | @item -O @var{bfdname} | |
1257 | @itemx --output-target=@var{bfdname} | |
1258 | Write the output file using the object format @var{bfdname}. | |
1259 | @xref{Target Selection}, for more information. | |
1260 | ||
1261 | @item -F @var{bfdname} | |
1262 | @itemx --target=@var{bfdname} | |
1263 | Use @var{bfdname} as the object format for both the input and the output | |
1264 | file; i.e., simply transfer data from source to destination with no | |
1265 | translation. @xref{Target Selection}, for more information. | |
1266 | ||
43a0748c NC |
1267 | @item -B @var{bfdarch} |
1268 | @itemx --binary-architecture=@var{bfdarch} | |
8b31b6c4 NC |
1269 | Useful when transforming a architecture-less input file into an object file. |
1270 | In this case the output architecture can be set to @var{bfdarch}. This | |
1271 | option will be ignored if the input file has a known @var{bfdarch}. You | |
43a0748c NC |
1272 | can access this binary data inside a program by referencing the special |
1273 | symbols that are created by the conversion process. These symbols are | |
1274 | called _binary_@var{objfile}_start, _binary_@var{objfile}_end and | |
1275 | _binary_@var{objfile}_size. e.g. you can transform a picture file into | |
c1c0eb9e | 1276 | an object file and then access it in your code using these symbols. |
43a0748c | 1277 | |
2e62b721 NC |
1278 | @item -j @var{sectionpattern} |
1279 | @itemx --only-section=@var{sectionpattern} | |
1280 | Copy only the indicated sections from the input file to the output file. | |
f91ea849 | 1281 | This option may be given more than once. Note that using this option |
2e62b721 NC |
1282 | inappropriately may make the output file unusable. Wildcard |
1283 | characters are accepted in @var{sectionpattern}. | |
f91ea849 | 1284 | |
e511c9b1 AB |
1285 | If the first character of @var{sectionpattern} is the exclamation |
1286 | point (!) then matching sections will not be copied, even if earlier | |
1287 | use of @option{--only-section} on the same command line would | |
1288 | otherwise copy it. For example: | |
1289 | ||
1290 | @smallexample | |
1291 | --only-section=.text.* --only-section=!.text.foo | |
1292 | @end smallexample | |
1293 | ||
1294 | will copy all sectinos maching '.text.*' but not the section | |
1295 | '.text.foo'. | |
1296 | ||
2e62b721 NC |
1297 | @item -R @var{sectionpattern} |
1298 | @itemx --remove-section=@var{sectionpattern} | |
1299 | Remove any section matching @var{sectionpattern} from the output file. | |
1300 | This option may be given more than once. Note that using this option | |
1301 | inappropriately may make the output file unusable. Wildcard | |
1302 | characters are accepted in @var{sectionpattern}. Using both the | |
1303 | @option{-j} and @option{-R} options together results in undefined | |
1304 | behaviour. | |
252b5132 | 1305 | |
e511c9b1 AB |
1306 | If the first character of @var{sectionpattern} is the exclamation |
1307 | point (!) then matching sections will not be removed even if an | |
1308 | earlier use of @option{--remove-section} on the same command line | |
1309 | would otherwise remove it. For example: | |
1310 | ||
1311 | @smallexample | |
1312 | --remove-section=.text.* --remove-section=!.text.foo | |
1313 | @end smallexample | |
1314 | ||
1315 | will remove all sections matching the pattern '.text.*', but will not | |
1316 | remove the section '.text.foo'. | |
1317 | ||
d3e5f6c8 AB |
1318 | @item --remove-relocations=@var{sectionpattern} |
1319 | Remove relocations from the output file for any section matching | |
1320 | @var{sectionpattern}. This option may be given more than once. Note | |
1321 | that using this option inappropriately may make the output file | |
1322 | unusable. Wildcard characters are accepted in @var{sectionpattern}. | |
1323 | For example: | |
1324 | ||
1325 | @smallexample | |
1326 | --remove-relocations=.text.* | |
1327 | @end smallexample | |
1328 | ||
1329 | will remove the relocations for all sections matching the patter | |
1330 | '.text.*'. | |
1331 | ||
1332 | If the first character of @var{sectionpattern} is the exclamation | |
1333 | point (!) then matching sections will not have their relocation | |
1334 | removed even if an earlier use of @option{--remove-relocations} on the | |
1335 | same command line would otherwise cause the relocations to be removed. | |
1336 | For example: | |
1337 | ||
1338 | @smallexample | |
1339 | --remove-relocations=.text.* --remove-relocations=!.text.foo | |
1340 | @end smallexample | |
1341 | ||
1342 | will remove all relocations for sections matching the pattern | |
1343 | '.text.*', but will not remove relocations for the section | |
1344 | '.text.foo'. | |
1345 | ||
252b5132 RH |
1346 | @item -S |
1347 | @itemx --strip-all | |
1348 | Do not copy relocation and symbol information from the source file. | |
1349 | ||
1350 | @item -g | |
1351 | @itemx --strip-debug | |
2593f09a | 1352 | Do not copy debugging symbols or sections from the source file. |
252b5132 RH |
1353 | |
1354 | @item --strip-unneeded | |
1355 | Strip all symbols that are not needed for relocation processing. | |
1356 | ||
1357 | @item -K @var{symbolname} | |
1358 | @itemx --keep-symbol=@var{symbolname} | |
e7f918ad NC |
1359 | When stripping symbols, keep symbol @var{symbolname} even if it would |
1360 | normally be stripped. This option may be given more than once. | |
252b5132 RH |
1361 | |
1362 | @item -N @var{symbolname} | |
1363 | @itemx --strip-symbol=@var{symbolname} | |
1364 | Do not copy symbol @var{symbolname} from the source file. This option | |
1365 | may be given more than once. | |
1366 | ||
bcf32829 JB |
1367 | @item --strip-unneeded-symbol=@var{symbolname} |
1368 | Do not copy symbol @var{symbolname} from the source file unless it is needed | |
1369 | by a relocation. This option may be given more than once. | |
1370 | ||
16b2b71c NC |
1371 | @item -G @var{symbolname} |
1372 | @itemx --keep-global-symbol=@var{symbolname} | |
1373 | Keep only symbol @var{symbolname} global. Make all other symbols local | |
1374 | to the file, so that they are not visible externally. This option may | |
1375 | be given more than once. | |
1376 | ||
d58c2e3a RS |
1377 | @item --localize-hidden |
1378 | In an ELF object, mark all symbols that have hidden or internal visibility | |
1379 | as local. This option applies on top of symbol-specific localization options | |
1380 | such as @option{-L}. | |
1381 | ||
252b5132 RH |
1382 | @item -L @var{symbolname} |
1383 | @itemx --localize-symbol=@var{symbolname} | |
f2629855 NC |
1384 | Convert a global or weak symbol called @var{symbolname} into a local |
1385 | symbol, so that it is not visible externally. This option may be | |
1386 | given more than once. Note - unique symbols are not converted. | |
252b5132 RH |
1387 | |
1388 | @item -W @var{symbolname} | |
1389 | @itemx --weaken-symbol=@var{symbolname} | |
1390 | Make symbol @var{symbolname} weak. This option may be given more than once. | |
1391 | ||
7b4a0685 NC |
1392 | @item --globalize-symbol=@var{symbolname} |
1393 | Give symbol @var{symbolname} global scoping so that it is visible | |
1394 | outside of the file in which it is defined. This option may be given | |
1395 | more than once. | |
1396 | ||
5fe11841 NC |
1397 | @item -w |
1398 | @itemx --wildcard | |
1399 | Permit regular expressions in @var{symbolname}s used in other command | |
1400 | line options. The question mark (?), asterisk (*), backslash (\) and | |
1401 | square brackets ([]) operators can be used anywhere in the symbol | |
1402 | name. If the first character of the symbol name is the exclamation | |
1403 | point (!) then the sense of the switch is reversed for that symbol. | |
1404 | For example: | |
1405 | ||
1406 | @smallexample | |
1407 | -w -W !foo -W fo* | |
1408 | @end smallexample | |
1409 | ||
1410 | would cause objcopy to weaken all symbols that start with ``fo'' | |
1411 | except for the symbol ``foo''. | |
1412 | ||
252b5132 RH |
1413 | @item -x |
1414 | @itemx --discard-all | |
1415 | Do not copy non-global symbols from the source file. | |
1416 | @c FIXME any reason to prefer "non-global" to "local" here? | |
1417 | ||
1418 | @item -X | |
1419 | @itemx --discard-locals | |
1420 | Do not copy compiler-generated local symbols. | |
1421 | (These usually start with @samp{L} or @samp{.}.) | |
1422 | ||
1423 | @item -b @var{byte} | |
1424 | @itemx --byte=@var{byte} | |
b7dd81f7 NC |
1425 | If interleaving has been enabled via the @option{--interleave} option |
1426 | then start the range of bytes to keep at the @var{byte}th byte. | |
1427 | @var{byte} can be in the range from 0 to @var{breadth}-1, where | |
1428 | @var{breadth} is the value given by the @option{--interleave} option. | |
1429 | ||
1430 | @item -i [@var{breadth}] | |
1431 | @itemx --interleave[=@var{breadth}] | |
1432 | Only copy a range out of every @var{breadth} bytes. (Header data is | |
1433 | not affected). Select which byte in the range begins the copy with | |
1434 | the @option{--byte} option. Select the width of the range with the | |
1435 | @option{--interleave-width} option. | |
1436 | ||
1437 | This option is useful for creating files to program @sc{rom}. It is | |
1438 | typically used with an @code{srec} output target. Note that | |
1439 | @command{objcopy} will complain if you do not specify the | |
1440 | @option{--byte} option as well. | |
1441 | ||
1442 | The default interleave breadth is 4, so with @option{--byte} set to 0, | |
1443 | @command{objcopy} would copy the first byte out of every four bytes | |
1444 | from the input to the output. | |
1445 | ||
1446 | @item --interleave-width=@var{width} | |
1447 | When used with the @option{--interleave} option, copy @var{width} | |
1448 | bytes at a time. The start of the range of bytes to be copied is set | |
1449 | by the @option{--byte} option, and the extent of the range is set with | |
1450 | the @option{--interleave} option. | |
1451 | ||
1452 | The default value for this option is 1. The value of @var{width} plus | |
1453 | the @var{byte} value set by the @option{--byte} option must not exceed | |
1454 | the interleave breadth set by the @option{--interleave} option. | |
1455 | ||
1456 | This option can be used to create images for two 16-bit flashes interleaved | |
1457 | in a 32-bit bus by passing @option{-b 0 -i 4 --interleave-width=2} | |
1458 | and @option{-b 2 -i 4 --interleave-width=2} to two @command{objcopy} | |
1459 | commands. If the input was '12345678' then the outputs would be | |
1460 | '1256' and '3478' respectively. | |
252b5132 RH |
1461 | |
1462 | @item -p | |
1463 | @itemx --preserve-dates | |
1464 | Set the access and modification dates of the output file to be the same | |
1465 | as those of the input file. | |
1466 | ||
2e30cb57 CC |
1467 | @item -D |
1468 | @itemx --enable-deterministic-archives | |
955d0b3b RM |
1469 | @cindex deterministic archives |
1470 | @kindex --enable-deterministic-archives | |
2e30cb57 CC |
1471 | Operate in @emph{deterministic} mode. When copying archive members |
1472 | and writing the archive index, use zero for UIDs, GIDs, timestamps, | |
1473 | and use consistent file modes for all files. | |
1474 | ||
955d0b3b RM |
1475 | If @file{binutils} was configured with |
1476 | @option{--enable-deterministic-archives}, then this mode is on by default. | |
1477 | It can be disabled with the @samp{-U} option, below. | |
1478 | ||
1479 | @item -U | |
1480 | @itemx --disable-deterministic-archives | |
1481 | @cindex deterministic archives | |
1482 | @kindex --enable-deterministic-archives | |
1483 | Do @emph{not} operate in @emph{deterministic} mode. This is the | |
1484 | inverse of the @option{-D} option, above: when copying archive members | |
1485 | and writing the archive index, use their actual UID, GID, timestamp, | |
1486 | and file mode values. | |
1487 | ||
1488 | This is the default unless @file{binutils} was configured with | |
1489 | @option{--enable-deterministic-archives}. | |
1490 | ||
252b5132 RH |
1491 | @item --debugging |
1492 | Convert debugging information, if possible. This is not the default | |
1493 | because only certain debugging formats are supported, and the | |
1494 | conversion process can be time consuming. | |
1495 | ||
1496 | @item --gap-fill @var{val} | |
1497 | Fill gaps between sections with @var{val}. This operation applies to | |
1498 | the @emph{load address} (LMA) of the sections. It is done by increasing | |
1499 | the size of the section with the lower address, and filling in the extra | |
1500 | space created with @var{val}. | |
1501 | ||
1502 | @item --pad-to @var{address} | |
1503 | Pad the output file up to the load address @var{address}. This is | |
1504 | done by increasing the size of the last section. The extra space is | |
c7c55b78 | 1505 | filled in with the value specified by @option{--gap-fill} (default zero). |
252b5132 RH |
1506 | |
1507 | @item --set-start @var{val} | |
f20a759a | 1508 | Set the start address of the new file to @var{val}. Not all object file |
252b5132 RH |
1509 | formats support setting the start address. |
1510 | ||
1511 | @item --change-start @var{incr} | |
1512 | @itemx --adjust-start @var{incr} | |
1513 | @cindex changing start address | |
1514 | Change the start address by adding @var{incr}. Not all object file | |
1515 | formats support setting the start address. | |
1516 | ||
1517 | @item --change-addresses @var{incr} | |
1518 | @itemx --adjust-vma @var{incr} | |
1519 | @cindex changing object addresses | |
1520 | Change the VMA and LMA addresses of all sections, as well as the start | |
1521 | address, by adding @var{incr}. Some object file formats do not permit | |
1522 | section addresses to be changed arbitrarily. Note that this does not | |
1523 | relocate the sections; if the program expects sections to be loaded at a | |
1524 | certain address, and this option is used to change the sections such | |
c1c0eb9e | 1525 | that they are loaded at a different address, the program may fail. |
252b5132 | 1526 | |
2e62b721 NC |
1527 | @item --change-section-address @var{sectionpattern}@{=,+,-@}@var{val} |
1528 | @itemx --adjust-section-vma @var{sectionpattern}@{=,+,-@}@var{val} | |
252b5132 | 1529 | @cindex changing section address |
2e62b721 NC |
1530 | Set or change both the VMA address and the LMA address of any section |
1531 | matching @var{sectionpattern}. If @samp{=} is used, the section | |
1532 | address is set to @var{val}. Otherwise, @var{val} is added to or | |
1533 | subtracted from the section address. See the comments under | |
1534 | @option{--change-addresses}, above. If @var{sectionpattern} does not | |
1535 | match any sections in the input file, a warning will be issued, unless | |
1536 | @option{--no-change-warnings} is used. | |
252b5132 | 1537 | |
2e62b721 | 1538 | @item --change-section-lma @var{sectionpattern}@{=,+,-@}@var{val} |
252b5132 | 1539 | @cindex changing section LMA |
2e62b721 NC |
1540 | Set or change the LMA address of any sections matching |
1541 | @var{sectionpattern}. The LMA address is the address where the | |
1542 | section will be loaded into memory at program load time. Normally | |
1543 | this is the same as the VMA address, which is the address of the | |
1544 | section at program run time, but on some systems, especially those | |
1545 | where a program is held in ROM, the two can be different. If @samp{=} | |
1546 | is used, the section address is set to @var{val}. Otherwise, | |
1547 | @var{val} is added to or subtracted from the section address. See the | |
1548 | comments under @option{--change-addresses}, above. If | |
1549 | @var{sectionpattern} does not match any sections in the input file, a | |
1550 | warning will be issued, unless @option{--no-change-warnings} is used. | |
1551 | ||
1552 | @item --change-section-vma @var{sectionpattern}@{=,+,-@}@var{val} | |
1553 | @cindex changing section VMA | |
1554 | Set or change the VMA address of any section matching | |
1555 | @var{sectionpattern}. The VMA address is the address where the | |
1556 | section will be located once the program has started executing. | |
1557 | Normally this is the same as the LMA address, which is the address | |
1558 | where the section will be loaded into memory, but on some systems, | |
252b5132 RH |
1559 | especially those where a program is held in ROM, the two can be |
1560 | different. If @samp{=} is used, the section address is set to | |
1561 | @var{val}. Otherwise, @var{val} is added to or subtracted from the | |
c7c55b78 | 1562 | section address. See the comments under @option{--change-addresses}, |
2e62b721 NC |
1563 | above. If @var{sectionpattern} does not match any sections in the |
1564 | input file, a warning will be issued, unless | |
c1c0eb9e | 1565 | @option{--no-change-warnings} is used. |
252b5132 RH |
1566 | |
1567 | @item --change-warnings | |
1568 | @itemx --adjust-warnings | |
c7c55b78 | 1569 | If @option{--change-section-address} or @option{--change-section-lma} or |
2e62b721 NC |
1570 | @option{--change-section-vma} is used, and the section pattern does not |
1571 | match any sections, issue a warning. This is the default. | |
252b5132 RH |
1572 | |
1573 | @item --no-change-warnings | |
1574 | @itemx --no-adjust-warnings | |
c7c55b78 NC |
1575 | Do not issue a warning if @option{--change-section-address} or |
1576 | @option{--adjust-section-lma} or @option{--adjust-section-vma} is used, even | |
2e62b721 NC |
1577 | if the section pattern does not match any sections. |
1578 | ||
1579 | @item --set-section-flags @var{sectionpattern}=@var{flags} | |
1580 | Set the flags for any sections matching @var{sectionpattern}. The | |
1581 | @var{flags} argument is a comma separated string of flag names. The | |
1582 | recognized names are @samp{alloc}, @samp{contents}, @samp{load}, | |
1583 | @samp{noload}, @samp{readonly}, @samp{code}, @samp{data}, @samp{rom}, | |
1584 | @samp{share}, and @samp{debug}. You can set the @samp{contents} flag | |
1585 | for a section which does not have contents, but it is not meaningful | |
1586 | to clear the @samp{contents} flag of a section which does have | |
1587 | contents--just remove the section instead. Not all flags are | |
1588 | meaningful for all object file formats. | |
252b5132 RH |
1589 | |
1590 | @item --add-section @var{sectionname}=@var{filename} | |
1591 | Add a new section named @var{sectionname} while copying the file. The | |
1592 | contents of the new section are taken from the file @var{filename}. The | |
1593 | size of the section will be the size of the file. This option only | |
1594 | works on file formats which can support sections with arbitrary names. | |
bbad633b NC |
1595 | Note - it may be necessary to use the @option{--set-section-flags} |
1596 | option to set the attributes of the newly created section. | |
1597 | ||
1598 | @item --dump-section @var{sectionname}=@var{filename} | |
1599 | Place the contents of section named @var{sectionname} into the file | |
1600 | @var{filename}, overwriting any contents that may have been there | |
1601 | previously. This option is the inverse of @option{--add-section}. | |
1602 | This option is similar to the @option{--only-section} option except | |
1603 | that it does not create a formatted file, it just dumps the contents | |
1604 | as raw binary data, without applying any relocations. The option can | |
1605 | be specified more than once. | |
252b5132 | 1606 | |
acf1419f AB |
1607 | @item --update-section @var{sectionname}=@var{filename} |
1608 | Replace the existing contents of a section named @var{sectionname} | |
1609 | with the contents of file @var{filename}. The size of the section | |
1610 | will be adjusted to the size of the file. The section flags for | |
1611 | @var{sectionname} will be unchanged. For ELF format files the section | |
1612 | to segment mapping will also remain unchanged, something which is not | |
1613 | possible using @option{--remove-section} followed by | |
1614 | @option{--add-section}. The option can be specified more than once. | |
1615 | ||
1616 | Note - it is possible to use @option{--rename-section} and | |
1617 | @option{--update-section} to both update and rename a section from one | |
1618 | command line. In this case, pass the original section name to | |
1619 | @option{--update-section}, and the original and new section names to | |
1620 | @option{--rename-section}. | |
1621 | ||
2b35fb28 RH |
1622 | @item --add-symbol @var{name}=[@var{section}:]@var{value}[,@var{flags}] |
1623 | Add a new symbol named @var{name} while copying the file. This option may be | |
1624 | specified multiple times. If the @var{section} is given, the symbol will be | |
1625 | associated with and relative to that section, otherwise it will be an ABS | |
1626 | symbol. Specifying an undefined section will result in a fatal error. There | |
1627 | is no check for the value, it will be taken as specified. Symbol flags can | |
1628 | be specified and not all flags will be meaningful for all object file | |
1629 | formats. By default, the symbol will be global. The special flag | |
1630 | 'before=@var{othersym}' will insert the new symbol in front of the specified | |
1631 | @var{othersym}, otherwise the symbol(s) will be added at the end of the | |
1632 | symbol table in the order they appear. | |
1633 | ||
594ef5db NC |
1634 | @item --rename-section @var{oldname}=@var{newname}[,@var{flags}] |
1635 | Rename a section from @var{oldname} to @var{newname}, optionally | |
1636 | changing the section's flags to @var{flags} in the process. This has | |
1637 | the advantage over usng a linker script to perform the rename in that | |
1638 | the output stays as an object file and does not become a linked | |
1639 | executable. | |
1640 | ||
1641 | This option is particularly helpful when the input format is binary, | |
1642 | since this will always create a section called .data. If for example, | |
1643 | you wanted instead to create a section called .rodata containing binary | |
1644 | data you could use the following command line to achieve it: | |
1645 | ||
1646 | @smallexample | |
1647 | objcopy -I binary -O <output_format> -B <architecture> \ | |
1648 | --rename-section .data=.rodata,alloc,load,readonly,data,contents \ | |
1649 | <input_binary_file> <output_object_file> | |
1650 | @end smallexample | |
1651 | ||
0408dee6 DK |
1652 | @item --long-section-names @{enable,disable,keep@} |
1653 | Controls the handling of long section names when processing @code{COFF} | |
1654 | and @code{PE-COFF} object formats. The default behaviour, @samp{keep}, | |
1655 | is to preserve long section names if any are present in the input file. | |
1656 | The @samp{enable} and @samp{disable} options forcibly enable or disable | |
1657 | the use of long section names in the output object; when @samp{disable} | |
1658 | is in effect, any long section names in the input object will be truncated. | |
1659 | The @samp{enable} option will only emit long section names if any are | |
1660 | present in the inputs; this is mostly the same as @samp{keep}, but it | |
b3364cb9 | 1661 | is left undefined whether the @samp{enable} option might force the |
0408dee6 DK |
1662 | creation of an empty string table in the output file. |
1663 | ||
252b5132 RH |
1664 | @item --change-leading-char |
1665 | Some object file formats use special characters at the start of | |
1666 | symbols. The most common such character is underscore, which compilers | |
c7c55b78 | 1667 | often add before every symbol. This option tells @command{objcopy} to |
252b5132 RH |
1668 | change the leading character of every symbol when it converts between |
1669 | object file formats. If the object file formats use the same leading | |
1670 | character, this option has no effect. Otherwise, it will add a | |
1671 | character, or remove a character, or change a character, as | |
1672 | appropriate. | |
1673 | ||
1674 | @item --remove-leading-char | |
1675 | If the first character of a global symbol is a special symbol leading | |
1676 | character used by the object file format, remove the character. The | |
1677 | most common symbol leading character is underscore. This option will | |
1678 | remove a leading underscore from all global symbols. This can be useful | |
1679 | if you want to link together objects of different file formats with | |
1680 | different conventions for symbol names. This is different from | |
c7c55b78 | 1681 | @option{--change-leading-char} because it always changes the symbol name |
252b5132 RH |
1682 | when appropriate, regardless of the object file format of the output |
1683 | file. | |
1684 | ||
9e48b4c6 NC |
1685 | @item --reverse-bytes=@var{num} |
1686 | Reverse the bytes in a section with output contents. A section length must | |
1687 | be evenly divisible by the value given in order for the swap to be able to | |
1688 | take place. Reversing takes place before the interleaving is performed. | |
1689 | ||
1690 | This option is used typically in generating ROM images for problematic | |
1691 | target systems. For example, on some target boards, the 32-bit words | |
1692 | fetched from 8-bit ROMs are re-assembled in little-endian byte order | |
1693 | regardless of the CPU byte order. Depending on the programming model, the | |
1694 | endianness of the ROM may need to be modified. | |
1695 | ||
1696 | Consider a simple file with a section containing the following eight | |
1697 | bytes: @code{12345678}. | |
1698 | ||
1699 | Using @samp{--reverse-bytes=2} for the above example, the bytes in the | |
1700 | output file would be ordered @code{21436587}. | |
1701 | ||
1702 | Using @samp{--reverse-bytes=4} for the above example, the bytes in the | |
1703 | output file would be ordered @code{43218765}. | |
1704 | ||
1705 | By using @samp{--reverse-bytes=2} for the above example, followed by | |
1706 | @samp{--reverse-bytes=4} on the output file, the bytes in the second | |
1707 | output file would be ordered @code{34127856}. | |
1708 | ||
420496c1 NC |
1709 | @item --srec-len=@var{ival} |
1710 | Meaningful only for srec output. Set the maximum length of the Srecords | |
1711 | being produced to @var{ival}. This length covers both address, data and | |
1712 | crc fields. | |
1713 | ||
1714 | @item --srec-forceS3 | |
c1c0eb9e | 1715 | Meaningful only for srec output. Avoid generation of S1/S2 records, |
420496c1 NC |
1716 | creating S3-only record format. |
1717 | ||
57938635 AM |
1718 | @item --redefine-sym @var{old}=@var{new} |
1719 | Change the name of a symbol @var{old}, to @var{new}. This can be useful | |
1720 | when one is trying link two things together for which you have no | |
1721 | source, and there are name collisions. | |
1722 | ||
92991082 JT |
1723 | @item --redefine-syms=@var{filename} |
1724 | Apply @option{--redefine-sym} to each symbol pair "@var{old} @var{new}" | |
1725 | listed in the file @var{filename}. @var{filename} is simply a flat file, | |
1726 | with one symbol pair per line. Line comments may be introduced by the hash | |
1727 | character. This option may be given more than once. | |
1728 | ||
252b5132 RH |
1729 | @item --weaken |
1730 | Change all global symbols in the file to be weak. This can be useful | |
1731 | when building an object which will be linked against other objects using | |
c7c55b78 | 1732 | the @option{-R} option to the linker. This option is only effective when |
252b5132 RH |
1733 | using an object file format which supports weak symbols. |
1734 | ||
16b2b71c | 1735 | @item --keep-symbols=@var{filename} |
c7c55b78 | 1736 | Apply @option{--keep-symbol} option to each symbol listed in the file |
16b2b71c NC |
1737 | @var{filename}. @var{filename} is simply a flat file, with one symbol |
1738 | name per line. Line comments may be introduced by the hash character. | |
1739 | This option may be given more than once. | |
1740 | ||
1741 | @item --strip-symbols=@var{filename} | |
c7c55b78 | 1742 | Apply @option{--strip-symbol} option to each symbol listed in the file |
16b2b71c NC |
1743 | @var{filename}. @var{filename} is simply a flat file, with one symbol |
1744 | name per line. Line comments may be introduced by the hash character. | |
1745 | This option may be given more than once. | |
1746 | ||
bcf32829 JB |
1747 | @item --strip-unneeded-symbols=@var{filename} |
1748 | Apply @option{--strip-unneeded-symbol} option to each symbol listed in | |
1749 | the file @var{filename}. @var{filename} is simply a flat file, with one | |
1750 | symbol name per line. Line comments may be introduced by the hash | |
1751 | character. This option may be given more than once. | |
1752 | ||
16b2b71c | 1753 | @item --keep-global-symbols=@var{filename} |
c7c55b78 | 1754 | Apply @option{--keep-global-symbol} option to each symbol listed in the |
16b2b71c NC |
1755 | file @var{filename}. @var{filename} is simply a flat file, with one |
1756 | symbol name per line. Line comments may be introduced by the hash | |
1757 | character. This option may be given more than once. | |
1758 | ||
1759 | @item --localize-symbols=@var{filename} | |
c7c55b78 | 1760 | Apply @option{--localize-symbol} option to each symbol listed in the file |
16b2b71c NC |
1761 | @var{filename}. @var{filename} is simply a flat file, with one symbol |
1762 | name per line. Line comments may be introduced by the hash character. | |
1763 | This option may be given more than once. | |
1764 | ||
7b4a0685 NC |
1765 | @item --globalize-symbols=@var{filename} |
1766 | Apply @option{--globalize-symbol} option to each symbol listed in the file | |
1767 | @var{filename}. @var{filename} is simply a flat file, with one symbol | |
1768 | name per line. Line comments may be introduced by the hash character. | |
1769 | This option may be given more than once. | |
1770 | ||
16b2b71c | 1771 | @item --weaken-symbols=@var{filename} |
c7c55b78 | 1772 | Apply @option{--weaken-symbol} option to each symbol listed in the file |
16b2b71c NC |
1773 | @var{filename}. @var{filename} is simply a flat file, with one symbol |
1774 | name per line. Line comments may be introduced by the hash character. | |
1775 | This option may be given more than once. | |
1776 | ||
1ae8b3d2 AO |
1777 | @item --alt-machine-code=@var{index} |
1778 | If the output architecture has alternate machine codes, use the | |
1779 | @var{index}th code instead of the default one. This is useful in case | |
c1c0eb9e | 1780 | a machine is assigned an official code and the tool-chain adopts the |
1ae8b3d2 | 1781 | new code, but other applications still depend on the original code |
f9d4ad2a NC |
1782 | being used. For ELF based architectures if the @var{index} |
1783 | alternative does not exist then the value is treated as an absolute | |
1784 | number to be stored in the e_machine field of the ELF header. | |
1ae8b3d2 | 1785 | |
4087920c MR |
1786 | @item --writable-text |
1787 | Mark the output text as writable. This option isn't meaningful for all | |
1788 | object file formats. | |
1789 | ||
1790 | @item --readonly-text | |
1791 | Make the output text write protected. This option isn't meaningful for all | |
1792 | object file formats. | |
1793 | ||
1794 | @item --pure | |
1795 | Mark the output file as demand paged. This option isn't meaningful for all | |
1796 | object file formats. | |
1797 | ||
1798 | @item --impure | |
1799 | Mark the output file as impure. This option isn't meaningful for all | |
1800 | object file formats. | |
1801 | ||
d7fb0dd2 NC |
1802 | @item --prefix-symbols=@var{string} |
1803 | Prefix all symbols in the output file with @var{string}. | |
1804 | ||
1805 | @item --prefix-sections=@var{string} | |
1806 | Prefix all section names in the output file with @var{string}. | |
1807 | ||
1808 | @item --prefix-alloc-sections=@var{string} | |
1809 | Prefix all the names of all allocated sections in the output file with | |
1810 | @var{string}. | |
1811 | ||
ed1653a7 | 1812 | @item --add-gnu-debuglink=@var{path-to-file} |
4fd77a3d NC |
1813 | Creates a .gnu_debuglink section which contains a reference to |
1814 | @var{path-to-file} and adds it to the output file. Note: the file at | |
1815 | @var{path-to-file} must exist. Part of the process of adding the | |
1816 | .gnu_debuglink section involves embedding a checksum of the contents | |
1817 | of the debug info file into the section. | |
1818 | ||
1819 | If the debug info file is built in one location but it is going to be | |
1820 | installed at a later time into a different location then do not use | |
1821 | the path to the installed location. The @option{--add-gnu-debuglink} | |
1822 | option will fail because the installed file does not exist yet. | |
1823 | Instead put the debug info file in the current directory and use the | |
1824 | @option{--add-gnu-debuglink} option without any directory components, | |
1825 | like this: | |
1826 | ||
1827 | @smallexample | |
1828 | objcopy --add-gnu-debuglink=foo.debug | |
1829 | @end smallexample | |
1830 | ||
1831 | At debug time the debugger will attempt to look for the separate debug | |
1832 | info file in a set of known locations. The exact set of these | |
1833 | locations varies depending upon the distribution being used, but it | |
1834 | typically includes: | |
1835 | ||
1836 | @table @code | |
1837 | ||
1838 | @item * The same directory as the executable. | |
1839 | ||
1840 | @item * A sub-directory of the directory containing the executable | |
1841 | called .debug | |
1842 | ||
1843 | @item * A global debug directory such as /usr/lib/debug. | |
1844 | @end table | |
1845 | ||
1846 | As long as the debug info file has been installed into one of these | |
1847 | locations before the debugger is run everything should work | |
1848 | correctly. | |
ed1653a7 | 1849 | |
1637cd90 JB |
1850 | @item --keep-file-symbols |
1851 | When stripping a file, perhaps with @option{--strip-debug} or | |
1852 | @option{--strip-unneeded}, retain any symbols specifying source file names, | |
1853 | which would otherwise get stripped. | |
1854 | ||
ed1653a7 | 1855 | @item --only-keep-debug |
36d3b955 MR |
1856 | Strip a file, removing contents of any sections that would not be |
1857 | stripped by @option{--strip-debug} and leaving the debugging sections | |
c1c0eb9e | 1858 | intact. In ELF files, this preserves all note sections in the output. |
ed1653a7 | 1859 | |
63b9bbb7 NC |
1860 | Note - the section headers of the stripped sections are preserved, |
1861 | including their sizes, but the contents of the section are discarded. | |
1862 | The section headers are preserved so that other tools can match up the | |
1863 | debuginfo file with the real executable, even if that executable has | |
1864 | been relocated to a different address space. | |
1865 | ||
ed1653a7 NC |
1866 | The intention is that this option will be used in conjunction with |
1867 | @option{--add-gnu-debuglink} to create a two part executable. One a | |
1868 | stripped binary which will occupy less space in RAM and in a | |
1869 | distribution and the second a debugging information file which is only | |
1870 | needed if debugging abilities are required. The suggested procedure | |
1871 | to create these files is as follows: | |
1872 | ||
b96fec5e DK |
1873 | @enumerate |
1874 | @item Link the executable as normal. Assuming that is is called | |
1875 | @code{foo} then... | |
1876 | @item Run @code{objcopy --only-keep-debug foo foo.dbg} to | |
1877 | create a file containing the debugging info. | |
1878 | @item Run @code{objcopy --strip-debug foo} to create a | |
1879 | stripped executable. | |
1880 | @item Run @code{objcopy --add-gnu-debuglink=foo.dbg foo} | |
1881 | to add a link to the debugging info into the stripped executable. | |
1882 | @end enumerate | |
1883 | ||
1884 | Note---the choice of @code{.dbg} as an extension for the debug info | |
1885 | file is arbitrary. Also the @code{--only-keep-debug} step is | |
1886 | optional. You could instead do this: | |
1887 | ||
1888 | @enumerate | |
1889 | @item Link the executable as normal. | |
1890 | @item Copy @code{foo} to @code{foo.full} | |
1891 | @item Run @code{objcopy --strip-debug foo} | |
1892 | @item Run @code{objcopy --add-gnu-debuglink=foo.full foo} | |
1893 | @end enumerate | |
1894 | ||
1895 | i.e., the file pointed to by the @option{--add-gnu-debuglink} can be the | |
1896 | full executable. It does not have to be a file created by the | |
1897 | @option{--only-keep-debug} switch. | |
1898 | ||
1899 | Note---this switch is only intended for use on fully linked files. It | |
1900 | does not make sense to use it on object files where the debugging | |
1901 | information may be incomplete. Besides the gnu_debuglink feature | |
1902 | currently only supports the presence of one filename containing | |
1903 | debugging information, not multiple filenames on a one-per-object-file | |
1904 | basis. | |
1905 | ||
96109726 CC |
1906 | @item --strip-dwo |
1907 | Remove the contents of all DWARF .dwo sections, leaving the | |
1908 | remaining debugging sections and all symbols intact. | |
1909 | This option is intended for use by the compiler as part of | |
1910 | the @option{-gsplit-dwarf} option, which splits debug information | |
1911 | between the .o file and a separate .dwo file. The compiler | |
1912 | generates all debug information in the same file, then uses | |
1913 | the @option{--extract-dwo} option to copy the .dwo sections to | |
1914 | the .dwo file, then the @option{--strip-dwo} option to remove | |
1915 | those sections from the original .o file. | |
1916 | ||
1917 | @item --extract-dwo | |
1918 | Extract the contents of all DWARF .dwo sections. See the | |
1919 | @option{--strip-dwo} option for more information. | |
1920 | ||
92dd4511 L |
1921 | @item --file-alignment @var{num} |
1922 | Specify the file alignment. Sections in the file will always begin at | |
1923 | file offsets which are multiples of this number. This defaults to | |
1924 | 512. | |
1925 | [This option is specific to PE targets.] | |
1926 | ||
1927 | @item --heap @var{reserve} | |
1928 | @itemx --heap @var{reserve},@var{commit} | |
1929 | Specify the number of bytes of memory to reserve (and optionally commit) | |
1930 | to be used as heap for this program. | |
1931 | [This option is specific to PE targets.] | |
1932 | ||
1933 | @item --image-base @var{value} | |
1934 | Use @var{value} as the base address of your program or dll. This is | |
1935 | the lowest memory location that will be used when your program or dll | |
1936 | is loaded. To reduce the need to relocate and improve performance of | |
1937 | your dlls, each should have a unique base address and not overlap any | |
1938 | other dlls. The default is 0x400000 for executables, and 0x10000000 | |
1939 | for dlls. | |
1940 | [This option is specific to PE targets.] | |
1941 | ||
1942 | @item --section-alignment @var{num} | |
1943 | Sets the section alignment. Sections in memory will always begin at | |
1944 | addresses which are a multiple of this number. Defaults to 0x1000. | |
1945 | [This option is specific to PE targets.] | |
1946 | ||
1947 | @item --stack @var{reserve} | |
1948 | @itemx --stack @var{reserve},@var{commit} | |
1949 | Specify the number of bytes of memory to reserve (and optionally commit) | |
1950 | to be used as stack for this program. | |
1951 | [This option is specific to PE targets.] | |
1952 | ||
1953 | @item --subsystem @var{which} | |
1954 | @itemx --subsystem @var{which}:@var{major} | |
1955 | @itemx --subsystem @var{which}:@var{major}.@var{minor} | |
1956 | Specifies the subsystem under which your program will execute. The | |
1957 | legal values for @var{which} are @code{native}, @code{windows}, | |
1958 | @code{console}, @code{posix}, @code{efi-app}, @code{efi-bsd}, | |
d9118602 | 1959 | @code{efi-rtd}, @code{sal-rtd}, and @code{xbox}. You may optionally set |
92dd4511 L |
1960 | the subsystem version also. Numeric values are also accepted for |
1961 | @var{which}. | |
1962 | [This option is specific to PE targets.] | |
1963 | ||
d3e52d40 RS |
1964 | @item --extract-symbol |
1965 | Keep the file's section flags and symbols but remove all section data. | |
1966 | Specifically, the option: | |
1967 | ||
1968 | @itemize | |
d3e52d40 RS |
1969 | @item removes the contents of all sections; |
1970 | @item sets the size of every section to zero; and | |
1971 | @item sets the file's start address to zero. | |
1972 | @end itemize | |
c1c0eb9e | 1973 | |
d3e52d40 RS |
1974 | This option is used to build a @file{.sym} file for a VxWorks kernel. |
1975 | It can also be a useful way of reducing the size of a @option{--just-symbols} | |
1976 | linker input file. | |
1977 | ||
4a114e3e | 1978 | @item --compress-debug-sections |
19a7fe52 L |
1979 | Compress DWARF debug sections using zlib with SHF_COMPRESSED from the |
1980 | ELF ABI. Note - if compression would actually make a section | |
1981 | @emph{larger}, then it is not compressed. | |
4a114e3e | 1982 | |
151411f8 L |
1983 | @item --compress-debug-sections=none |
1984 | @itemx --compress-debug-sections=zlib | |
1985 | @itemx --compress-debug-sections=zlib-gnu | |
1986 | @itemx --compress-debug-sections=zlib-gabi | |
1987 | For ELF files, these options control how DWARF debug sections are | |
1988 | compressed. @option{--compress-debug-sections=none} is equivalent | |
96d491cf | 1989 | to @option{--decompress-debug-sections}. |
151411f8 | 1990 | @option{--compress-debug-sections=zlib} and |
19a7fe52 | 1991 | @option{--compress-debug-sections=zlib-gabi} are equivalent to |
151411f8 | 1992 | @option{--compress-debug-sections}. |
19a7fe52 L |
1993 | @option{--compress-debug-sections=zlib-gnu} compresses DWARF debug |
1994 | sections using zlib. The debug sections are renamed to begin with | |
1995 | @samp{.zdebug} instead of @samp{.debug}. Note - if compression would | |
1996 | actually make a section @emph{larger}, then it is not compressed nor | |
1997 | renamed. | |
151411f8 | 1998 | |
4a114e3e | 1999 | @item --decompress-debug-sections |
273a4985 JT |
2000 | Decompress DWARF debug sections using zlib. The original section |
2001 | names of the compressed sections are restored. | |
4a114e3e | 2002 | |
b8871f35 L |
2003 | @item --elf-stt-common=yes |
2004 | @itemx --elf-stt-common=no | |
2005 | For ELF files, these options control whether common symbols should be | |
2006 | converted to the @code{STT_COMMON} or @code{STT_OBJECT} type. | |
2007 | @option{--elf-stt-common=yes} converts common symbol type to | |
2008 | @code{STT_COMMON}. @option{--elf-stt-common=no} converts common symbol | |
2009 | type to @code{STT_OBJECT}. | |
2010 | ||
9ef920e9 | 2011 | @item --merge-notes |
1d15e434 NC |
2012 | @itemx --no-merge-notes |
2013 | For ELF files, attempt (or do not attempt) to reduce the size of any | |
2014 | SHT_NOTE type sections by removing duplicate notes. | |
9ef920e9 | 2015 | |
252b5132 RH |
2016 | @item -V |
2017 | @itemx --version | |
c7c55b78 | 2018 | Show the version number of @command{objcopy}. |
252b5132 RH |
2019 | |
2020 | @item -v | |
2021 | @itemx --verbose | |
2022 | Verbose output: list all object files modified. In the case of | |
2023 | archives, @samp{objcopy -V} lists all members of the archive. | |
2024 | ||
2025 | @item --help | |
c7c55b78 | 2026 | Show a summary of the options to @command{objcopy}. |
7c29036b NC |
2027 | |
2028 | @item --info | |
2029 | Display a list showing all architectures and object formats available. | |
252b5132 RH |
2030 | @end table |
2031 | ||
0285c67d NC |
2032 | @c man end |
2033 | ||
2034 | @ignore | |
2035 | @c man begin SEEALSO objcopy | |
2036 | ld(1), objdump(1), and the Info entries for @file{binutils}. | |
2037 | @c man end | |
2038 | @end ignore | |
2039 | ||
252b5132 RH |
2040 | @node objdump |
2041 | @chapter objdump | |
2042 | ||
2043 | @cindex object file information | |
2044 | @kindex objdump | |
2045 | ||
0285c67d NC |
2046 | @c man title objdump display information from object files. |
2047 | ||
252b5132 | 2048 | @smallexample |
0285c67d | 2049 | @c man begin SYNOPSIS objdump |
c7c55b78 NC |
2050 | objdump [@option{-a}|@option{--archive-headers}] |
2051 | [@option{-b} @var{bfdname}|@option{--target=@var{bfdname}}] | |
2052 | [@option{-C}|@option{--demangle}[=@var{style}] ] | |
2053 | [@option{-d}|@option{--disassemble}] | |
2054 | [@option{-D}|@option{--disassemble-all}] | |
2055 | [@option{-z}|@option{--disassemble-zeroes}] | |
2056 | [@option{-EB}|@option{-EL}|@option{--endian=}@{big | little @}] | |
2057 | [@option{-f}|@option{--file-headers}] | |
98ec6e72 | 2058 | [@option{-F}|@option{--file-offsets}] |
c7c55b78 NC |
2059 | [@option{--file-start-context}] |
2060 | [@option{-g}|@option{--debugging}] | |
51cdc6e0 | 2061 | [@option{-e}|@option{--debugging-tags}] |
c7c55b78 NC |
2062 | [@option{-h}|@option{--section-headers}|@option{--headers}] |
2063 | [@option{-i}|@option{--info}] | |
2064 | [@option{-j} @var{section}|@option{--section=}@var{section}] | |
2065 | [@option{-l}|@option{--line-numbers}] | |
2066 | [@option{-S}|@option{--source}] | |
2067 | [@option{-m} @var{machine}|@option{--architecture=}@var{machine}] | |
2068 | [@option{-M} @var{options}|@option{--disassembler-options=}@var{options}] | |
2069 | [@option{-p}|@option{--private-headers}] | |
6abcee90 | 2070 | [@option{-P} @var{options}|@option{--private=}@var{options}] |
c7c55b78 NC |
2071 | [@option{-r}|@option{--reloc}] |
2072 | [@option{-R}|@option{--dynamic-reloc}] | |
2073 | [@option{-s}|@option{--full-contents}] | |
dda8d76d NC |
2074 | [@option{-W[lLiaprmfFsoRtUuTgAckK]}| |
2075 | @option{--dwarf}[=rawline,=decodedline,=info,=abbrev,=pubnames,=aranges,=macro,=frames,=frames-interp,=str,=loc,=Ranges,=pubtypes,=trace_info,=trace_abbrev,=trace_aranges,=gdb_index,=addr,=cu_index,=links,=follow-links] | |
c7c55b78 NC |
2076 | [@option{-G}|@option{--stabs}] |
2077 | [@option{-t}|@option{--syms}] | |
2078 | [@option{-T}|@option{--dynamic-syms}] | |
2079 | [@option{-x}|@option{--all-headers}] | |
2080 | [@option{-w}|@option{--wide}] | |
2081 | [@option{--start-address=}@var{address}] | |
2082 | [@option{--stop-address=}@var{address}] | |
2083 | [@option{--prefix-addresses}] | |
2084 | [@option{--[no-]show-raw-insn}] | |
2085 | [@option{--adjust-vma=}@var{offset}] | |
b2a40aa5 TG |
2086 | [@option{--dwarf-depth=@var{n}}] |
2087 | [@option{--dwarf-start=@var{n}}] | |
3c9458e9 | 2088 | [@option{--special-syms}] |
0dafdf3f L |
2089 | [@option{--prefix=}@var{prefix}] |
2090 | [@option{--prefix-strip=}@var{level}] | |
3dcb3fcb | 2091 | [@option{--insn-width=}@var{width}] |
c7c55b78 NC |
2092 | [@option{-V}|@option{--version}] |
2093 | [@option{-H}|@option{--help}] | |
252b5132 | 2094 | @var{objfile}@dots{} |
0285c67d | 2095 | @c man end |
252b5132 RH |
2096 | @end smallexample |
2097 | ||
0285c67d NC |
2098 | @c man begin DESCRIPTION objdump |
2099 | ||
c7c55b78 | 2100 | @command{objdump} displays information about one or more object files. |
252b5132 RH |
2101 | The options control what particular information to display. This |
2102 | information is mostly useful to programmers who are working on the | |
2103 | compilation tools, as opposed to programmers who just want their | |
2104 | program to compile and work. | |
2105 | ||
2106 | @var{objfile}@dots{} are the object files to be examined. When you | |
c7c55b78 | 2107 | specify archives, @command{objdump} shows information on each of the member |
252b5132 RH |
2108 | object files. |
2109 | ||
0285c67d NC |
2110 | @c man end |
2111 | ||
2112 | @c man begin OPTIONS objdump | |
2113 | ||
252b5132 | 2114 | The long and short forms of options, shown here as alternatives, are |
1dada9c5 | 2115 | equivalent. At least one option from the list |
6abcee90 | 2116 | @option{-a,-d,-D,-e,-f,-g,-G,-h,-H,-p,-P,-r,-R,-s,-S,-t,-T,-V,-x} must be given. |
252b5132 | 2117 | |
c7c55b78 | 2118 | @table @env |
252b5132 RH |
2119 | @item -a |
2120 | @itemx --archive-header | |
2121 | @cindex archive headers | |
2122 | If any of the @var{objfile} files are archives, display the archive | |
2123 | header information (in a format similar to @samp{ls -l}). Besides the | |
2124 | information you could list with @samp{ar tv}, @samp{objdump -a} shows | |
2125 | the object file format of each archive member. | |
2126 | ||
2127 | @item --adjust-vma=@var{offset} | |
2128 | @cindex section addresses in objdump | |
2129 | @cindex VMA in objdump | |
2130 | When dumping information, first add @var{offset} to all the section | |
2131 | addresses. This is useful if the section addresses do not correspond to | |
2132 | the symbol table, which can happen when putting sections at particular | |
2133 | addresses when using a format which can not represent section addresses, | |
2134 | such as a.out. | |
2135 | ||
2136 | @item -b @var{bfdname} | |
2137 | @itemx --target=@var{bfdname} | |
2138 | @cindex object code format | |
2139 | Specify that the object-code format for the object files is | |
2140 | @var{bfdname}. This option may not be necessary; @var{objdump} can | |
2141 | automatically recognize many formats. | |
2142 | ||
2143 | For example, | |
2144 | @example | |
2145 | objdump -b oasys -m vax -h fu.o | |
2146 | @end example | |
2147 | @noindent | |
c7c55b78 NC |
2148 | displays summary information from the section headers (@option{-h}) of |
2149 | @file{fu.o}, which is explicitly identified (@option{-m}) as a VAX object | |
252b5132 | 2150 | file in the format produced by Oasys compilers. You can list the |
c7c55b78 | 2151 | formats available with the @option{-i} option. |
252b5132 RH |
2152 | @xref{Target Selection}, for more information. |
2153 | ||
2154 | @item -C | |
28c309a2 | 2155 | @itemx --demangle[=@var{style}] |
252b5132 RH |
2156 | @cindex demangling in objdump |
2157 | Decode (@dfn{demangle}) low-level symbol names into user-level names. | |
2158 | Besides removing any initial underscore prepended by the system, this | |
28c309a2 | 2159 | makes C++ function names readable. Different compilers have different |
c1c0eb9e RM |
2160 | mangling styles. The optional demangling style argument can be used to |
2161 | choose an appropriate demangling style for your compiler. @xref{c++filt}, | |
28c309a2 | 2162 | for more information on demangling. |
252b5132 | 2163 | |
947ed062 NC |
2164 | @item -g |
2165 | @itemx --debugging | |
b922d590 NC |
2166 | Display debugging information. This attempts to parse STABS and IEEE |
2167 | debugging format information stored in the file and print it out using | |
2168 | a C like syntax. If neither of these formats are found this option | |
2169 | falls back on the @option{-W} option to print any DWARF information in | |
2170 | the file. | |
252b5132 | 2171 | |
51cdc6e0 NC |
2172 | @item -e |
2173 | @itemx --debugging-tags | |
2174 | Like @option{-g}, but the information is generated in a format compatible | |
2175 | with ctags tool. | |
2176 | ||
252b5132 RH |
2177 | @item -d |
2178 | @itemx --disassemble | |
2179 | @cindex disassembling object code | |
2180 | @cindex machine instructions | |
2181 | Display the assembler mnemonics for the machine instructions from | |
2182 | @var{objfile}. This option only disassembles those sections which are | |
2183 | expected to contain instructions. | |
2184 | ||
2185 | @item -D | |
2186 | @itemx --disassemble-all | |
c7c55b78 | 2187 | Like @option{-d}, but disassemble the contents of all sections, not just |
252b5132 RH |
2188 | those expected to contain instructions. |
2189 | ||
bdc4de1b NC |
2190 | This option also has a subtle effect on the disassembly of |
2191 | instructions in code sections. When option @option{-d} is in effect | |
2192 | objdump will assume that any symbols present in a code section occur | |
2193 | on the boundary between instructions and it will refuse to disassemble | |
2194 | across such a boundary. When option @option{-D} is in effect however | |
2195 | this assumption is supressed. This means that it is possible for the | |
2196 | output of @option{-d} and @option{-D} to differ if, for example, data | |
2197 | is stored in code sections. | |
2198 | ||
0313a2b8 NC |
2199 | If the target is an ARM architecture this switch also has the effect |
2200 | of forcing the disassembler to decode pieces of data found in code | |
2201 | sections as if they were instructions. | |
2202 | ||
252b5132 RH |
2203 | @item --prefix-addresses |
2204 | When disassembling, print the complete address on each line. This is | |
2205 | the older disassembly format. | |
2206 | ||
252b5132 RH |
2207 | @item -EB |
2208 | @itemx -EL | |
2209 | @itemx --endian=@{big|little@} | |
2210 | @cindex endianness | |
2211 | @cindex disassembly endianness | |
2212 | Specify the endianness of the object files. This only affects | |
2213 | disassembly. This can be useful when disassembling a file format which | |
2214 | does not describe endianness information, such as S-records. | |
2215 | ||
2216 | @item -f | |
947ed062 | 2217 | @itemx --file-headers |
252b5132 RH |
2218 | @cindex object file header |
2219 | Display summary information from the overall header of | |
2220 | each of the @var{objfile} files. | |
2221 | ||
98ec6e72 NC |
2222 | @item -F |
2223 | @itemx --file-offsets | |
2224 | @cindex object file offsets | |
2225 | When disassembling sections, whenever a symbol is displayed, also | |
2226 | display the file offset of the region of data that is about to be | |
2227 | dumped. If zeroes are being skipped, then when disassembly resumes, | |
2228 | tell the user how many zeroes were skipped and the file offset of the | |
32760852 NC |
2229 | location from where the disassembly resumes. When dumping sections, |
2230 | display the file offset of the location from where the dump starts. | |
98ec6e72 | 2231 | |
f1563258 TW |
2232 | @item --file-start-context |
2233 | @cindex source code context | |
2234 | Specify that when displaying interlisted source code/disassembly | |
c7c55b78 | 2235 | (assumes @option{-S}) from a file that has not yet been displayed, extend the |
f1563258 TW |
2236 | context to the start of the file. |
2237 | ||
252b5132 | 2238 | @item -h |
947ed062 NC |
2239 | @itemx --section-headers |
2240 | @itemx --headers | |
252b5132 RH |
2241 | @cindex section headers |
2242 | Display summary information from the section headers of the | |
2243 | object file. | |
2244 | ||
2245 | File segments may be relocated to nonstandard addresses, for example by | |
c7c55b78 NC |
2246 | using the @option{-Ttext}, @option{-Tdata}, or @option{-Tbss} options to |
2247 | @command{ld}. However, some object file formats, such as a.out, do not | |
252b5132 | 2248 | store the starting address of the file segments. In those situations, |
c7c55b78 | 2249 | although @command{ld} relocates the sections correctly, using @samp{objdump |
252b5132 RH |
2250 | -h} to list the file section headers cannot show the correct addresses. |
2251 | Instead, it shows the usual addresses, which are implicit for the | |
2252 | target. | |
2253 | ||
91f68a68 MG |
2254 | Note, in some cases it is possible for a section to have both the |
2255 | READONLY and the NOREAD attributes set. In such cases the NOREAD | |
2256 | attribute takes precedence, but @command{objdump} will report both | |
2257 | since the exact setting of the flag bits might be important. | |
2258 | ||
947ed062 NC |
2259 | @item -H |
2260 | @itemx --help | |
c7c55b78 | 2261 | Print a summary of the options to @command{objdump} and exit. |
252b5132 RH |
2262 | |
2263 | @item -i | |
2264 | @itemx --info | |
2265 | @cindex architectures available | |
2266 | @cindex object formats available | |
2267 | Display a list showing all architectures and object formats available | |
c7c55b78 | 2268 | for specification with @option{-b} or @option{-m}. |
252b5132 RH |
2269 | |
2270 | @item -j @var{name} | |
2271 | @itemx --section=@var{name} | |
2272 | @cindex section information | |
2273 | Display information only for section @var{name}. | |
2274 | ||
2275 | @item -l | |
2276 | @itemx --line-numbers | |
2277 | @cindex source filenames for object files | |
2278 | Label the display (using debugging information) with the filename and | |
2279 | source line numbers corresponding to the object code or relocs shown. | |
c7c55b78 | 2280 | Only useful with @option{-d}, @option{-D}, or @option{-r}. |
252b5132 RH |
2281 | |
2282 | @item -m @var{machine} | |
2283 | @itemx --architecture=@var{machine} | |
2284 | @cindex architecture | |
2285 | @cindex disassembly architecture | |
2286 | Specify the architecture to use when disassembling object files. This | |
2287 | can be useful when disassembling object files which do not describe | |
2288 | architecture information, such as S-records. You can list the available | |
c7c55b78 | 2289 | architectures with the @option{-i} option. |
252b5132 | 2290 | |
0313a2b8 NC |
2291 | If the target is an ARM architecture then this switch has an |
2292 | additional effect. It restricts the disassembly to only those | |
2293 | instructions supported by the architecture specified by @var{machine}. | |
2294 | If it is necessary to use this switch because the input file does not | |
2295 | contain any architecture information, but it is also desired to | |
2296 | disassemble all the instructions use @option{-marm}. | |
2297 | ||
dd92f639 NC |
2298 | @item -M @var{options} |
2299 | @itemx --disassembler-options=@var{options} | |
2300 | Pass target specific information to the disassembler. Only supported on | |
31e0f3cd NC |
2301 | some targets. If it is necessary to specify more than one |
2302 | disassembler option then multiple @option{-M} options can be used or | |
2303 | can be placed together into a comma separated list. | |
dd92f639 | 2304 | |
7982a1dd NC |
2305 | For ARC, @option{dsp} controls the printing of DSP instructions, |
2306 | @option{spfp} selects the printing of FPX single precision FP | |
2307 | instructions, @option{dpfp} selects the printing of FPX double | |
2308 | precision FP instructions, @option{quarkse_em} selects the printing of | |
2309 | special QuarkSE-EM instructions, @option{fpuda} selects the printing | |
2310 | of double precision assist instructions, @option{fpus} selects the | |
2311 | printing of FPU single precision FP instructions, while @option{fpud} | |
2312 | selects the printing of FPU souble precision FP instructions. | |
fdddd290 | 2313 | Additionally, one can choose to have all the immediates printed in |
2314 | hexadecimal using @option{hex}. By default, the short immediates are | |
2315 | printed using the decimal representation, while the long immediate | |
2316 | values are printed as hexadecimal. | |
37fd5ef3 | 2317 | |
10045478 AK |
2318 | @option{cpu=...} allows to enforce a particular ISA when disassembling |
2319 | instructions, overriding the @option{-m} value or whatever is in the ELF file. | |
2320 | This might be useful to select ARC EM or HS ISA, because architecture is same | |
2321 | for those and disassembler relies on private ELF header data to decide if code | |
2322 | is for EM or HS. This option might be specified multiple times - only the | |
2323 | latest value will be used. Valid values are same as for the assembler | |
2324 | @option{-mcpu=...} option. | |
2325 | ||
dd92f639 NC |
2326 | If the target is an ARM architecture then this switch can be used to |
2327 | select which register name set is used during disassembler. Specifying | |
9c092ace | 2328 | @option{-M reg-names-std} (the default) will select the register names as |
58efb6c0 NC |
2329 | used in ARM's instruction set documentation, but with register 13 called |
2330 | 'sp', register 14 called 'lr' and register 15 called 'pc'. Specifying | |
c7c55b78 NC |
2331 | @option{-M reg-names-apcs} will select the name set used by the ARM |
2332 | Procedure Call Standard, whilst specifying @option{-M reg-names-raw} will | |
58efb6c0 NC |
2333 | just use @samp{r} followed by the register number. |
2334 | ||
2335 | There are also two variants on the APCS register naming scheme enabled | |
c7c55b78 NC |
2336 | by @option{-M reg-names-atpcs} and @option{-M reg-names-special-atpcs} which |
2337 | use the ARM/Thumb Procedure Call Standard naming conventions. (Either | |
947ed062 | 2338 | with the normal register names or the special register names). |
dd92f639 | 2339 | |
8f915f68 | 2340 | This option can also be used for ARM architectures to force the |
c36774d6 | 2341 | disassembler to interpret all instructions as Thumb instructions by |
c7c55b78 | 2342 | using the switch @option{--disassembler-options=force-thumb}. This can be |
8f915f68 NC |
2343 | useful when attempting to disassemble thumb code produced by other |
2344 | compilers. | |
2345 | ||
e396998b AM |
2346 | For the x86, some of the options duplicate functions of the @option{-m} |
2347 | switch, but allow finer grained control. Multiple selections from the | |
2348 | following may be specified as a comma separated string. | |
c4416f30 NC |
2349 | @table @code |
2350 | @item x86-64 | |
2351 | @itemx i386 | |
2352 | @itemx i8086 | |
2353 | Select disassembly for the given architecture. | |
2354 | ||
2355 | @item intel | |
2356 | @itemx att | |
2357 | Select between intel syntax mode and AT&T syntax mode. | |
2358 | ||
5db04b09 L |
2359 | @item amd64 |
2360 | @itemx intel64 | |
2361 | Select between AMD64 ISA and Intel64 ISA. | |
2362 | ||
c4416f30 NC |
2363 | @item intel-mnemonic |
2364 | @itemx att-mnemonic | |
2365 | Select between intel mnemonic mode and AT&T mnemonic mode. | |
2366 | Note: @code{intel-mnemonic} implies @code{intel} and | |
2367 | @code{att-mnemonic} implies @code{att}. | |
2368 | ||
2369 | @item addr64 | |
2370 | @itemx addr32 | |
2371 | @itemx addr16 | |
2372 | @itemx data32 | |
2373 | @itemx data16 | |
2374 | Specify the default address size and operand size. These four options | |
2375 | will be overridden if @code{x86-64}, @code{i386} or @code{i8086} | |
2376 | appear later in the option string. | |
2377 | ||
2378 | @item suffix | |
2379 | When in AT&T mode, instructs the disassembler to print a mnemonic | |
2380 | suffix even when the suffix could be inferred by the operands. | |
2381 | @end table | |
e396998b | 2382 | |
52be03fd AM |
2383 | For PowerPC, the @option{-M} argument @option{raw} selects |
2384 | disasssembly of hardware insns rather than aliases. For example, you | |
2385 | will see @code{rlwinm} rather than @code{clrlwi}, and @code{addi} | |
2386 | rather than @code{li}. All of the @option{-m} arguments for | |
2387 | @command{gas} that select a CPU are supported. These are: | |
2388 | @option{403}, @option{405}, @option{440}, @option{464}, @option{476}, | |
2389 | @option{601}, @option{603}, @option{604}, @option{620}, @option{7400}, | |
2390 | @option{7410}, @option{7450}, @option{7455}, @option{750cl}, | |
2391 | @option{821}, @option{850}, @option{860}, @option{a2}, @option{booke}, | |
2392 | @option{booke32}, @option{cell}, @option{com}, @option{e200z4}, | |
2393 | @option{e300}, @option{e500}, @option{e500mc}, @option{e500mc64}, | |
2394 | @option{e500x2}, @option{e5500}, @option{e6500}, @option{efs}, | |
2395 | @option{power4}, @option{power5}, @option{power6}, @option{power7}, | |
2396 | @option{power8}, @option{power9}, @option{ppc}, @option{ppc32}, | |
2397 | @option{ppc64}, @option{ppc64bridge}, @option{ppcps}, @option{pwr}, | |
2398 | @option{pwr2}, @option{pwr4}, @option{pwr5}, @option{pwr5x}, | |
2399 | @option{pwr6}, @option{pwr7}, @option{pwr8}, @option{pwr9}, | |
2400 | @option{pwrx}, @option{titan}, and @option{vle}. | |
2401 | @option{32} and @option{64} modify the default or a prior CPU | |
2402 | selection, disabling and enabling 64-bit insns respectively. In | |
2403 | addition, @option{altivec}, @option{any}, @option{htm}, @option{vsx}, | |
2404 | and @option{spe} add capabilities to a previous @emph{or later} CPU | |
2405 | selection. @option{any} will disassemble any opcode known to | |
2406 | binutils, but in cases where an opcode has two different meanings or | |
2407 | different arguments, you may not see the disassembly you expect. | |
2408 | If you disassemble without giving a CPU selection, a default will be | |
2409 | chosen from information gleaned by BFD from the object files headers, | |
2410 | but the result again may not be as you expect. | |
802a735e | 2411 | |
b45619c0 | 2412 | For MIPS, this option controls the printing of instruction mnemonic |
e39893d7 FF |
2413 | names and register names in disassembled instructions. Multiple |
2414 | selections from the following may be specified as a comma separated | |
2415 | string, and invalid options are ignored: | |
640c0ccd CD |
2416 | |
2417 | @table @code | |
e39893d7 | 2418 | @item no-aliases |
b45619c0 NC |
2419 | Print the 'raw' instruction mnemonic instead of some pseudo |
2420 | instruction mnemonic. I.e., print 'daddu' or 'or' instead of 'move', | |
e39893d7 FF |
2421 | 'sll' instead of 'nop', etc. |
2422 | ||
a9f58168 CF |
2423 | @item msa |
2424 | Disassemble MSA instructions. | |
2425 | ||
b015e599 AP |
2426 | @item virt |
2427 | Disassemble the virtualization ASE instructions. | |
2428 | ||
7d64c587 AB |
2429 | @item xpa |
2430 | Disassemble the eXtended Physical Address (XPA) ASE instructions. | |
2431 | ||
640c0ccd CD |
2432 | @item gpr-names=@var{ABI} |
2433 | Print GPR (general-purpose register) names as appropriate | |
2434 | for the specified ABI. By default, GPR names are selected according to | |
2435 | the ABI of the binary being disassembled. | |
2436 | ||
2437 | @item fpr-names=@var{ABI} | |
2438 | Print FPR (floating-point register) names as | |
2439 | appropriate for the specified ABI. By default, FPR numbers are printed | |
2440 | rather than names. | |
2441 | ||
2442 | @item cp0-names=@var{ARCH} | |
2443 | Print CP0 (system control coprocessor; coprocessor 0) register names | |
2444 | as appropriate for the CPU or architecture specified by | |
2445 | @var{ARCH}. By default, CP0 register names are selected according to | |
2446 | the architecture and CPU of the binary being disassembled. | |
2447 | ||
af7ee8bf CD |
2448 | @item hwr-names=@var{ARCH} |
2449 | Print HWR (hardware register, used by the @code{rdhwr} instruction) names | |
2450 | as appropriate for the CPU or architecture specified by | |
2451 | @var{ARCH}. By default, HWR names are selected according to | |
2452 | the architecture and CPU of the binary being disassembled. | |
2453 | ||
640c0ccd CD |
2454 | @item reg-names=@var{ABI} |
2455 | Print GPR and FPR names as appropriate for the selected ABI. | |
2456 | ||
2457 | @item reg-names=@var{ARCH} | |
af7ee8bf CD |
2458 | Print CPU-specific register names (CP0 register and HWR names) |
2459 | as appropriate for the selected CPU or architecture. | |
640c0ccd CD |
2460 | @end table |
2461 | ||
2462 | For any of the options listed above, @var{ABI} or | |
2463 | @var{ARCH} may be specified as @samp{numeric} to have numbers printed | |
2464 | rather than names, for the selected types of registers. | |
2465 | You can list the available values of @var{ABI} and @var{ARCH} using | |
2466 | the @option{--help} option. | |
2467 | ||
ec72cfe5 NC |
2468 | For VAX, you can specify function entry addresses with @option{-M |
2469 | entry:0xf00ba}. You can use this multiple times to properly | |
2470 | disassemble VAX binary files that don't contain symbol tables (like | |
2471 | ROM dumps). In these cases, the function entry mask would otherwise | |
b45619c0 | 2472 | be decoded as VAX instructions, which would probably lead the rest |
ec72cfe5 NC |
2473 | of the function being wrongly disassembled. |
2474 | ||
252b5132 RH |
2475 | @item -p |
2476 | @itemx --private-headers | |
2477 | Print information that is specific to the object file format. The exact | |
2478 | information printed depends upon the object file format. For some | |
2479 | object file formats, no additional information is printed. | |
2480 | ||
6abcee90 TG |
2481 | @item -P @var{options} |
2482 | @itemx --private=@var{options} | |
2483 | Print information that is specific to the object file format. The | |
2484 | argument @var{options} is a comma separated list that depends on the | |
2485 | format (the lists of options is displayed with the help). | |
2486 | ||
c4416f30 NC |
2487 | For XCOFF, the available options are: |
2488 | @table @code | |
2489 | @item header | |
2490 | @item aout | |
2491 | @item sections | |
2492 | @item syms | |
2493 | @item relocs | |
2494 | @item lineno, | |
2495 | @item loader | |
2496 | @item except | |
2497 | @item typchk | |
2498 | @item traceback | |
2499 | @item toc | |
2500 | @item ldinfo | |
2501 | @end table | |
2502 | ||
2503 | Not all object formats support this option. In particular the ELF | |
2504 | format does not use it. | |
6abcee90 | 2505 | |
252b5132 RH |
2506 | @item -r |
2507 | @itemx --reloc | |
2508 | @cindex relocation entries, in object file | |
c7c55b78 NC |
2509 | Print the relocation entries of the file. If used with @option{-d} or |
2510 | @option{-D}, the relocations are printed interspersed with the | |
252b5132 RH |
2511 | disassembly. |
2512 | ||
2513 | @item -R | |
2514 | @itemx --dynamic-reloc | |
2515 | @cindex dynamic relocation entries, in object file | |
2516 | Print the dynamic relocation entries of the file. This is only | |
2517 | meaningful for dynamic objects, such as certain types of shared | |
840b96a7 AM |
2518 | libraries. As for @option{-r}, if used with @option{-d} or |
2519 | @option{-D}, the relocations are printed interspersed with the | |
2520 | disassembly. | |
252b5132 RH |
2521 | |
2522 | @item -s | |
2523 | @itemx --full-contents | |
2524 | @cindex sections, full contents | |
2525 | @cindex object file sections | |
155e0d23 NC |
2526 | Display the full contents of any sections requested. By default all |
2527 | non-empty sections are displayed. | |
252b5132 RH |
2528 | |
2529 | @item -S | |
2530 | @itemx --source | |
2531 | @cindex source disassembly | |
2532 | @cindex disassembly, with source | |
2533 | Display source code intermixed with disassembly, if possible. Implies | |
c7c55b78 | 2534 | @option{-d}. |
252b5132 | 2535 | |
0dafdf3f L |
2536 | @item --prefix=@var{prefix} |
2537 | @cindex Add prefix to absolute paths | |
2538 | Specify @var{prefix} to add to the absolute paths when used with | |
b3364cb9 | 2539 | @option{-S}. |
0dafdf3f L |
2540 | |
2541 | @item --prefix-strip=@var{level} | |
2542 | @cindex Strip absolute paths | |
2543 | Indicate how many initial directory names to strip off the hardwired | |
2544 | absolute paths. It has no effect without @option{--prefix=}@var{prefix}. | |
2545 | ||
252b5132 RH |
2546 | @item --show-raw-insn |
2547 | When disassembling instructions, print the instruction in hex as well as | |
2548 | in symbolic form. This is the default except when | |
c7c55b78 | 2549 | @option{--prefix-addresses} is used. |
252b5132 RH |
2550 | |
2551 | @item --no-show-raw-insn | |
2552 | When disassembling instructions, do not print the instruction bytes. | |
c7c55b78 | 2553 | This is the default when @option{--prefix-addresses} is used. |
252b5132 | 2554 | |
3dcb3fcb | 2555 | @item --insn-width=@var{width} |
b3364cb9 | 2556 | @cindex Instruction width |
3dcb3fcb L |
2557 | Display @var{width} bytes on a single line when disassembling |
2558 | instructions. | |
2559 | ||
dda8d76d NC |
2560 | @item -W[lLiaprmfFsoRtUuTgAckK] |
2561 | @itemx --dwarf[=rawline,=decodedline,=info,=abbrev,=pubnames,=aranges,=macro,=frames,=frames-interp,=str,=loc,=Ranges,=pubtypes,=trace_info,=trace_abbrev,=trace_aranges,=gdb_index,=addr,=cu_index,=links,=follow-links] | |
2562 | @include debug.options.texi | |
fd2f0033 | 2563 | |
4723351a CC |
2564 | @item --dwarf-check |
2565 | Enable additional checks for consistency of Dwarf information. | |
2566 | ||
1dada9c5 | 2567 | @item -G |
947ed062 | 2568 | @itemx --stabs |
252b5132 RH |
2569 | @cindex stab |
2570 | @cindex .stab | |
2571 | @cindex debug symbols | |
2572 | @cindex ELF object file format | |
2573 | Display the full contents of any sections requested. Display the | |
2574 | contents of the .stab and .stab.index and .stab.excl sections from an | |
2575 | ELF file. This is only useful on systems (such as Solaris 2.0) in which | |
2576 | @code{.stab} debugging symbol-table entries are carried in an ELF | |
2577 | section. In most other file formats, debugging symbol-table entries are | |
c7c55b78 | 2578 | interleaved with linkage symbols, and are visible in the @option{--syms} |
0285c67d | 2579 | output. |
252b5132 RH |
2580 | |
2581 | @item --start-address=@var{address} | |
2582 | @cindex start-address | |
2583 | Start displaying data at the specified address. This affects the output | |
c7c55b78 | 2584 | of the @option{-d}, @option{-r} and @option{-s} options. |
252b5132 RH |
2585 | |
2586 | @item --stop-address=@var{address} | |
2587 | @cindex stop-address | |
2588 | Stop displaying data at the specified address. This affects the output | |
c7c55b78 | 2589 | of the @option{-d}, @option{-r} and @option{-s} options. |
252b5132 RH |
2590 | |
2591 | @item -t | |
2592 | @itemx --syms | |
2593 | @cindex symbol table entries, printing | |
2594 | Print the symbol table entries of the file. | |
a1039809 NC |
2595 | This is similar to the information provided by the @samp{nm} program, |
2596 | although the display format is different. The format of the output | |
2597 | depends upon the format of the file being dumped, but there are two main | |
2598 | types. One looks like this: | |
2599 | ||
2600 | @smallexample | |
2601 | [ 4](sec 3)(fl 0x00)(ty 0)(scl 3) (nx 1) 0x00000000 .bss | |
2602 | [ 6](sec 1)(fl 0x00)(ty 0)(scl 2) (nx 0) 0x00000000 fred | |
2603 | @end smallexample | |
2604 | ||
2605 | where the number inside the square brackets is the number of the entry | |
2606 | in the symbol table, the @var{sec} number is the section number, the | |
2607 | @var{fl} value are the symbol's flag bits, the @var{ty} number is the | |
2608 | symbol's type, the @var{scl} number is the symbol's storage class and | |
2609 | the @var{nx} value is the number of auxilary entries associated with | |
2610 | the symbol. The last two fields are the symbol's value and its name. | |
2611 | ||
2612 | The other common output format, usually seen with ELF based files, | |
2613 | looks like this: | |
2614 | ||
2615 | @smallexample | |
2616 | 00000000 l d .bss 00000000 .bss | |
2617 | 00000000 g .text 00000000 fred | |
2618 | @end smallexample | |
2619 | ||
2620 | Here the first number is the symbol's value (sometimes refered to as | |
2621 | its address). The next field is actually a set of characters and | |
2622 | spaces indicating the flag bits that are set on the symbol. These | |
af3e16d9 NC |
2623 | characters are described below. Next is the section with which the |
2624 | symbol is associated or @emph{*ABS*} if the section is absolute (ie | |
2625 | not connected with any section), or @emph{*UND*} if the section is | |
2626 | referenced in the file being dumped, but not defined there. | |
2627 | ||
2628 | After the section name comes another field, a number, which for common | |
2629 | symbols is the alignment and for other symbol is the size. Finally | |
2630 | the symbol's name is displayed. | |
a1039809 NC |
2631 | |
2632 | The flag characters are divided into 7 groups as follows: | |
2633 | @table @code | |
2634 | @item l | |
2635 | @itemx g | |
3e7a7d11 | 2636 | @itemx u |
a1039809 | 2637 | @itemx ! |
3e7a7d11 NC |
2638 | The symbol is a local (l), global (g), unique global (u), neither |
2639 | global nor local (a space) or both global and local (!). A | |
928a4139 | 2640 | symbol can be neither local or global for a variety of reasons, e.g., |
a1039809 | 2641 | because it is used for debugging, but it is probably an indication of |
3e7a7d11 NC |
2642 | a bug if it is ever both local and global. Unique global symbols are |
2643 | a GNU extension to the standard set of ELF symbol bindings. For such | |
2644 | a symbol the dynamic linker will make sure that in the entire process | |
2645 | there is just one symbol with this name and type in use. | |
a1039809 NC |
2646 | |
2647 | @item w | |
2648 | The symbol is weak (w) or strong (a space). | |
2649 | ||
2650 | @item C | |
2651 | The symbol denotes a constructor (C) or an ordinary symbol (a space). | |
2652 | ||
2653 | @item W | |
2654 | The symbol is a warning (W) or a normal symbol (a space). A warning | |
2655 | symbol's name is a message to be displayed if the symbol following the | |
2656 | warning symbol is ever referenced. | |
2657 | ||
2658 | @item I | |
171191ba NC |
2659 | @item i |
2660 | The symbol is an indirect reference to another symbol (I), a function | |
2661 | to be evaluated during reloc processing (i) or a normal symbol (a | |
2662 | space). | |
a1039809 NC |
2663 | |
2664 | @item d | |
2665 | @itemx D | |
2666 | The symbol is a debugging symbol (d) or a dynamic symbol (D) or a | |
2667 | normal symbol (a space). | |
2668 | ||
2669 | @item F | |
2670 | @item f | |
2671 | @item O | |
af3e16d9 | 2672 | The symbol is the name of a function (F) or a file (f) or an object |
a1039809 NC |
2673 | (O) or just a normal symbol (a space). |
2674 | @end table | |
252b5132 RH |
2675 | |
2676 | @item -T | |
2677 | @itemx --dynamic-syms | |
2678 | @cindex dynamic symbol table entries, printing | |
2679 | Print the dynamic symbol table entries of the file. This is only | |
2680 | meaningful for dynamic objects, such as certain types of shared | |
2681 | libraries. This is similar to the information provided by the @samp{nm} | |
c7c55b78 | 2682 | program when given the @option{-D} (@option{--dynamic}) option. |
252b5132 | 2683 | |
df2c87b5 NC |
2684 | The output format is similar to that produced by the @option{--syms} |
2685 | option, except that an extra field is inserted before the symbol's | |
2686 | name, giving the version information associated with the symbol. | |
2f7d9953 NC |
2687 | If the version is the default version to be used when resolving |
2688 | unversioned references to the symbol then it's displayed as is, | |
2689 | otherwise it's put into parentheses. | |
df2c87b5 | 2690 | |
3c9458e9 NC |
2691 | @item --special-syms |
2692 | When displaying symbols include those which the target considers to be | |
2693 | special in some way and which would not normally be of interest to the | |
2694 | user. | |
2695 | ||
947ed062 NC |
2696 | @item -V |
2697 | @itemx --version | |
c7c55b78 | 2698 | Print the version number of @command{objdump} and exit. |
252b5132 RH |
2699 | |
2700 | @item -x | |
947ed062 | 2701 | @itemx --all-headers |
252b5132 RH |
2702 | @cindex all header information, object file |
2703 | @cindex header information, all | |
2704 | Display all available header information, including the symbol table and | |
c7c55b78 | 2705 | relocation entries. Using @option{-x} is equivalent to specifying all of |
04c34128 | 2706 | @option{-a -f -h -p -r -t}. |
252b5132 RH |
2707 | |
2708 | @item -w | |
2709 | @itemx --wide | |
2710 | @cindex wide output, printing | |
2711 | Format some lines for output devices that have more than 80 columns. | |
31104126 | 2712 | Also do not truncate symbol names when they are displayed. |
aefbdd67 BE |
2713 | |
2714 | @item -z | |
2c0c15f9 | 2715 | @itemx --disassemble-zeroes |
aefbdd67 BE |
2716 | Normally the disassembly output will skip blocks of zeroes. This |
2717 | option directs the disassembler to disassemble those blocks, just like | |
2718 | any other data. | |
252b5132 RH |
2719 | @end table |
2720 | ||
0285c67d NC |
2721 | @c man end |
2722 | ||
2723 | @ignore | |
2724 | @c man begin SEEALSO objdump | |
2725 | nm(1), readelf(1), and the Info entries for @file{binutils}. | |
2726 | @c man end | |
2727 | @end ignore | |
2728 | ||
252b5132 RH |
2729 | @node ranlib |
2730 | @chapter ranlib | |
2731 | ||
2732 | @kindex ranlib | |
2733 | @cindex archive contents | |
2734 | @cindex symbol index | |
2735 | ||
0285c67d NC |
2736 | @c man title ranlib generate index to archive. |
2737 | ||
252b5132 | 2738 | @smallexample |
0285c67d | 2739 | @c man begin SYNOPSIS ranlib |
36e32b27 | 2740 | ranlib [@option{--plugin} @var{name}] [@option{-DhHvVt}] @var{archive} |
0285c67d | 2741 | @c man end |
252b5132 RH |
2742 | @end smallexample |
2743 | ||
0285c67d NC |
2744 | @c man begin DESCRIPTION ranlib |
2745 | ||
c7c55b78 | 2746 | @command{ranlib} generates an index to the contents of an archive and |
252b5132 | 2747 | stores it in the archive. The index lists each symbol defined by a |
c1c0eb9e | 2748 | member of an archive that is a relocatable object file. |
252b5132 RH |
2749 | |
2750 | You may use @samp{nm -s} or @samp{nm --print-armap} to list this index. | |
2751 | ||
2752 | An archive with such an index speeds up linking to the library and | |
2753 | allows routines in the library to call each other without regard to | |
2754 | their placement in the archive. | |
2755 | ||
c7c55b78 NC |
2756 | The @sc{gnu} @command{ranlib} program is another form of @sc{gnu} @command{ar}; running |
2757 | @command{ranlib} is completely equivalent to executing @samp{ar -s}. | |
252b5132 RH |
2758 | @xref{ar}. |
2759 | ||
0285c67d NC |
2760 | @c man end |
2761 | ||
2762 | @c man begin OPTIONS ranlib | |
2763 | ||
c7c55b78 | 2764 | @table @env |
b3364cb9 RM |
2765 | @item -h |
2766 | @itemx -H | |
2767 | @itemx --help | |
2768 | Show usage information for @command{ranlib}. | |
2769 | ||
252b5132 RH |
2770 | @item -v |
2771 | @itemx -V | |
f20a759a | 2772 | @itemx --version |
c7c55b78 | 2773 | Show the version number of @command{ranlib}. |
b14f9da0 | 2774 | |
b3364cb9 RM |
2775 | @item -D |
2776 | @cindex deterministic archives | |
9cb80f72 | 2777 | @kindex --enable-deterministic-archives |
b3364cb9 RM |
2778 | Operate in @emph{deterministic} mode. The symbol map archive member's |
2779 | header will show zero for the UID, GID, and timestamp. When this | |
2780 | option is used, multiple runs will produce identical output files. | |
2781 | ||
e956b7d3 NC |
2782 | If @file{binutils} was configured with |
2783 | @option{--enable-deterministic-archives}, then this mode is on by | |
2784 | default. It can be disabled with the @samp{-U} option, described | |
2785 | below. | |
9cb80f72 | 2786 | |
b14f9da0 NC |
2787 | @item -t |
2788 | Update the timestamp of the symbol map of an archive. | |
9cb80f72 RM |
2789 | |
2790 | @item -U | |
2791 | @cindex deterministic archives | |
2792 | @kindex --enable-deterministic-archives | |
2793 | Do @emph{not} operate in @emph{deterministic} mode. This is the | |
2794 | inverse of the @samp{-D} option, above: the archive index will get | |
2795 | actual UID, GID, timestamp, and file mode values. | |
2796 | ||
e956b7d3 NC |
2797 | If @file{binutils} was configured @emph{without} |
2798 | @option{--enable-deterministic-archives}, then this mode is on by | |
2799 | default. | |
2800 | ||
252b5132 RH |
2801 | @end table |
2802 | ||
0285c67d NC |
2803 | @c man end |
2804 | ||
2805 | @ignore | |
2806 | @c man begin SEEALSO ranlib | |
2807 | ar(1), nm(1), and the Info entries for @file{binutils}. | |
2808 | @c man end | |
2809 | @end ignore | |
2810 | ||
252b5132 RH |
2811 | @node size |
2812 | @chapter size | |
2813 | ||
2814 | @kindex size | |
2815 | @cindex section sizes | |
2816 | ||
0285c67d NC |
2817 | @c man title size list section sizes and total size. |
2818 | ||
252b5132 | 2819 | @smallexample |
0285c67d | 2820 | @c man begin SYNOPSIS size |
c7c55b78 | 2821 | size [@option{-A}|@option{-B}|@option{--format=}@var{compatibility}] |
15c82623 NC |
2822 | [@option{--help}] |
2823 | [@option{-d}|@option{-o}|@option{-x}|@option{--radix=}@var{number}] | |
29422971 | 2824 | [@option{--common}] |
15c82623 | 2825 | [@option{-t}|@option{--totals}] |
c1c0eb9e | 2826 | [@option{--target=}@var{bfdname}] [@option{-V}|@option{--version}] |
c7c55b78 | 2827 | [@var{objfile}@dots{}] |
0285c67d | 2828 | @c man end |
252b5132 RH |
2829 | @end smallexample |
2830 | ||
0285c67d NC |
2831 | @c man begin DESCRIPTION size |
2832 | ||
c7c55b78 | 2833 | The @sc{gnu} @command{size} utility lists the section sizes---and the total |
252b5132 RH |
2834 | size---for each of the object or archive files @var{objfile} in its |
2835 | argument list. By default, one line of output is generated for each | |
2836 | object file or each module in an archive. | |
2837 | ||
2838 | @var{objfile}@dots{} are the object files to be examined. | |
2839 | If none are specified, the file @code{a.out} will be used. | |
2840 | ||
0285c67d NC |
2841 | @c man end |
2842 | ||
2843 | @c man begin OPTIONS size | |
2844 | ||
252b5132 RH |
2845 | The command line options have the following meanings: |
2846 | ||
c7c55b78 | 2847 | @table @env |
252b5132 RH |
2848 | @item -A |
2849 | @itemx -B | |
2850 | @itemx --format=@var{compatibility} | |
c7c55b78 | 2851 | @cindex @command{size} display format |
252b5132 | 2852 | Using one of these options, you can choose whether the output from @sc{gnu} |
c7c55b78 NC |
2853 | @command{size} resembles output from System V @command{size} (using @option{-A}, |
2854 | or @option{--format=sysv}), or Berkeley @command{size} (using @option{-B}, or | |
2855 | @option{--format=berkeley}). The default is the one-line format similar to | |
c1c0eb9e | 2856 | Berkeley's. |
252b5132 RH |
2857 | @c Bonus for doc-source readers: you can also say --format=strange (or |
2858 | @c anything else that starts with 's') for sysv, and --format=boring (or | |
2859 | @c anything else that starts with 'b') for Berkeley. | |
2860 | ||
2861 | Here is an example of the Berkeley (default) format of output from | |
c1c0eb9e | 2862 | @command{size}: |
252b5132 | 2863 | @smallexample |
f20a759a | 2864 | $ size --format=Berkeley ranlib size |
252b5132 RH |
2865 | text data bss dec hex filename |
2866 | 294880 81920 11592 388392 5ed28 ranlib | |
2867 | 294880 81920 11888 388688 5ee50 size | |
2868 | @end smallexample | |
2869 | ||
2870 | @noindent | |
2871 | This is the same data, but displayed closer to System V conventions: | |
2872 | ||
2873 | @smallexample | |
f20a759a | 2874 | $ size --format=SysV ranlib size |
252b5132 RH |
2875 | ranlib : |
2876 | section size addr | |
c1c0eb9e RM |
2877 | .text 294880 8192 |
2878 | .data 81920 303104 | |
2879 | .bss 11592 385024 | |
2880 | Total 388392 | |
252b5132 RH |
2881 | |
2882 | ||
2883 | size : | |
2884 | section size addr | |
c1c0eb9e RM |
2885 | .text 294880 8192 |
2886 | .data 81920 303104 | |
2887 | .bss 11888 385024 | |
2888 | Total 388688 | |
252b5132 RH |
2889 | @end smallexample |
2890 | ||
2891 | @item --help | |
2892 | Show a summary of acceptable arguments and options. | |
2893 | ||
2894 | @item -d | |
2895 | @itemx -o | |
2896 | @itemx -x | |
2897 | @itemx --radix=@var{number} | |
c7c55b78 | 2898 | @cindex @command{size} number format |
252b5132 RH |
2899 | @cindex radix for section sizes |
2900 | Using one of these options, you can control whether the size of each | |
c7c55b78 NC |
2901 | section is given in decimal (@option{-d}, or @option{--radix=10}); octal |
2902 | (@option{-o}, or @option{--radix=8}); or hexadecimal (@option{-x}, or | |
2903 | @option{--radix=16}). In @option{--radix=@var{number}}, only the three | |
252b5132 | 2904 | values (8, 10, 16) are supported. The total size is always given in two |
c7c55b78 NC |
2905 | radices; decimal and hexadecimal for @option{-d} or @option{-x} output, or |
2906 | octal and hexadecimal if you're using @option{-o}. | |
252b5132 | 2907 | |
29422971 AM |
2908 | @item --common |
2909 | Print total size of common symbols in each file. When using Berkeley | |
2910 | format these are included in the bss size. | |
2911 | ||
15c82623 NC |
2912 | @item -t |
2913 | @itemx --totals | |
2914 | Show totals of all objects listed (Berkeley format listing mode only). | |
2915 | ||
252b5132 RH |
2916 | @item --target=@var{bfdname} |
2917 | @cindex object code format | |
2918 | Specify that the object-code format for @var{objfile} is | |
c7c55b78 | 2919 | @var{bfdname}. This option may not be necessary; @command{size} can |
252b5132 RH |
2920 | automatically recognize many formats. |
2921 | @xref{Target Selection}, for more information. | |
2922 | ||
2923 | @item -V | |
2924 | @itemx --version | |
c7c55b78 | 2925 | Display the version number of @command{size}. |
252b5132 RH |
2926 | @end table |
2927 | ||
0285c67d NC |
2928 | @c man end |
2929 | ||
2930 | @ignore | |
2931 | @c man begin SEEALSO size | |
2932 | ar(1), objdump(1), readelf(1), and the Info entries for @file{binutils}. | |
2933 | @c man end | |
2934 | @end ignore | |
2935 | ||
252b5132 RH |
2936 | @node strings |
2937 | @chapter strings | |
2938 | @kindex strings | |
2939 | @cindex listings strings | |
2940 | @cindex printing strings | |
2941 | @cindex strings, printing | |
2942 | ||
0285c67d NC |
2943 | @c man title strings print the strings of printable characters in files. |
2944 | ||
252b5132 | 2945 | @smallexample |
0285c67d | 2946 | @c man begin SYNOPSIS strings |
ffbe5983 | 2947 | strings [@option{-afovV}] [@option{-}@var{min-len}] |
d132876a NC |
2948 | [@option{-n} @var{min-len}] [@option{--bytes=}@var{min-len}] |
2949 | [@option{-t} @var{radix}] [@option{--radix=}@var{radix}] | |
2950 | [@option{-e} @var{encoding}] [@option{--encoding=}@var{encoding}] | |
2951 | [@option{-}] [@option{--all}] [@option{--print-file-name}] | |
3bf31ec9 | 2952 | [@option{-T} @var{bfdname}] [@option{--target=}@var{bfdname}] |
334ac421 | 2953 | [@option{-w}] [@option{--include-all-whitespace}] |
55edd97b | 2954 | [@option{-s}] [@option{--output-separator}@var{sep_string}] |
c7c55b78 | 2955 | [@option{--help}] [@option{--version}] @var{file}@dots{} |
0285c67d | 2956 | @c man end |
252b5132 RH |
2957 | @end smallexample |
2958 | ||
0285c67d NC |
2959 | @c man begin DESCRIPTION strings |
2960 | ||
7fac9594 NC |
2961 | For each @var{file} given, @sc{gnu} @command{strings} prints the |
2962 | printable character sequences that are at least 4 characters long (or | |
2963 | the number given with the options below) and are followed by an | |
2964 | unprintable character. | |
252b5132 | 2965 | |
7fac9594 NC |
2966 | Depending upon how the strings program was configured it will default |
2967 | to either displaying all the printable sequences that it can find in | |
2968 | each file, or only those sequences that are in loadable, initialized | |
2969 | data sections. If the file type in unrecognizable, or if strings is | |
2970 | reading from stdin then it will always display all of the printable | |
2971 | sequences that it can find. | |
2972 | ||
2973 | For backwards compatibility any file that occurs after a command line | |
2974 | option of just @option{-} will also be scanned in full, regardless of | |
2975 | the presence of any @option{-d} option. | |
2976 | ||
2977 | @command{strings} is mainly useful for determining the contents of | |
2978 | non-text files. | |
252b5132 | 2979 | |
0285c67d NC |
2980 | @c man end |
2981 | ||
2982 | @c man begin OPTIONS strings | |
2983 | ||
c7c55b78 | 2984 | @table @env |
252b5132 RH |
2985 | @item -a |
2986 | @itemx --all | |
2987 | @itemx - | |
7fac9594 NC |
2988 | Scan the whole file, regardless of what sections it contains or |
2989 | whether those sections are loaded or initialized. Normally this is | |
2990 | the default behaviour, but strings can be configured so that the | |
2991 | @option{-d} is the default instead. | |
2992 | ||
2993 | The @option{-} option is position dependent and forces strings to | |
2994 | perform full scans of any file that is mentioned after the @option{-} | |
2995 | on the command line, even if the @option{-d} option has been | |
2996 | specified. | |
2997 | ||
2998 | @item -d | |
2999 | @itemx --data | |
3000 | Only print strings from initialized, loaded data sections in the | |
3001 | file. This may reduce the amount of garbage in the output, but it | |
3002 | also exposes the strings program to any security flaws that may be | |
3003 | present in the BFD library used to scan and load sections. Strings | |
3004 | can be configured so that this option is the default behaviour. In | |
3005 | such cases the @option{-a} option can be used to avoid using the BFD | |
3006 | library and instead just print all of the strings found in the file. | |
252b5132 RH |
3007 | |
3008 | @item -f | |
3009 | @itemx --print-file-name | |
3010 | Print the name of the file before each string. | |
3011 | ||
3012 | @item --help | |
3013 | Print a summary of the program usage on the standard output and exit. | |
3014 | ||
3015 | @item -@var{min-len} | |
3016 | @itemx -n @var{min-len} | |
3017 | @itemx --bytes=@var{min-len} | |
3018 | Print sequences of characters that are at least @var{min-len} characters | |
3019 | long, instead of the default 4. | |
3020 | ||
3021 | @item -o | |
c7c55b78 | 3022 | Like @samp{-t o}. Some other versions of @command{strings} have @option{-o} |
252b5132 RH |
3023 | act like @samp{-t d} instead. Since we can not be compatible with both |
3024 | ways, we simply chose one. | |
3025 | ||
3026 | @item -t @var{radix} | |
3027 | @itemx --radix=@var{radix} | |
3028 | Print the offset within the file before each string. The single | |
3029 | character argument specifies the radix of the offset---@samp{o} for | |
3030 | octal, @samp{x} for hexadecimal, or @samp{d} for decimal. | |
3031 | ||
d132876a NC |
3032 | @item -e @var{encoding} |
3033 | @itemx --encoding=@var{encoding} | |
3034 | Select the character encoding of the strings that are to be found. | |
8745eafa NC |
3035 | Possible values for @var{encoding} are: @samp{s} = single-7-bit-byte |
3036 | characters (ASCII, ISO 8859, etc., default), @samp{S} = | |
3037 | single-8-bit-byte characters, @samp{b} = 16-bit bigendian, @samp{l} = | |
3038 | 16-bit littleendian, @samp{B} = 32-bit bigendian, @samp{L} = 32-bit | |
830bf75c NC |
3039 | littleendian. Useful for finding wide character strings. (@samp{l} |
3040 | and @samp{b} apply to, for example, Unicode UTF-16/UCS-2 encodings). | |
d132876a | 3041 | |
3bf31ec9 NC |
3042 | @item -T @var{bfdname} |
3043 | @itemx --target=@var{bfdname} | |
252b5132 RH |
3044 | @cindex object code format |
3045 | Specify an object code format other than your system's default format. | |
3046 | @xref{Target Selection}, for more information. | |
3047 | ||
3048 | @item -v | |
ffbe5983 | 3049 | @itemx -V |
252b5132 RH |
3050 | @itemx --version |
3051 | Print the program version number on the standard output and exit. | |
334ac421 EA |
3052 | |
3053 | @item -w | |
3054 | @itemx --include-all-whitespace | |
3055 | By default tab and space characters are included in the strings that | |
3056 | are displayed, but other whitespace characters, such a newlines and | |
3057 | carriage returns, are not. The @option{-w} option changes this so | |
3058 | that all whitespace characters are considered to be part of a string. | |
55edd97b EA |
3059 | |
3060 | @item -s | |
3061 | @itemx --output-separator | |
3062 | By default, output strings are delimited by a new-line. This option | |
3063 | allows you to supply any string to be used as the output record | |
3064 | separator. Useful with --include-all-whitespace where strings | |
3065 | may contain new-lines internally. | |
252b5132 RH |
3066 | @end table |
3067 | ||
0285c67d NC |
3068 | @c man end |
3069 | ||
3070 | @ignore | |
3071 | @c man begin SEEALSO strings | |
3072 | ar(1), nm(1), objdump(1), ranlib(1), readelf(1) | |
3073 | and the Info entries for @file{binutils}. | |
3074 | @c man end | |
3075 | @end ignore | |
3076 | ||
252b5132 RH |
3077 | @node strip |
3078 | @chapter strip | |
3079 | ||
3080 | @kindex strip | |
3081 | @cindex removing symbols | |
3082 | @cindex discarding symbols | |
3083 | @cindex symbols, discarding | |
3084 | ||
0285c67d NC |
3085 | @c man title strip Discard symbols from object files. |
3086 | ||
252b5132 | 3087 | @smallexample |
0285c67d | 3088 | @c man begin SYNOPSIS strip |
2593f09a NC |
3089 | strip [@option{-F} @var{bfdname} |@option{--target=}@var{bfdname}] |
3090 | [@option{-I} @var{bfdname} |@option{--input-target=}@var{bfdname}] | |
3091 | [@option{-O} @var{bfdname} |@option{--output-target=}@var{bfdname}] | |
3092 | [@option{-s}|@option{--strip-all}] | |
3093 | [@option{-S}|@option{-g}|@option{-d}|@option{--strip-debug}] | |
96109726 | 3094 | [@option{--strip-dwo}] |
1d15e434 NC |
3095 | [@option{-K} @var{symbolname}|@option{--keep-symbol=}@var{symbolname}] |
3096 | [@option{-M}|@option{--merge-notes}][@option{--no-merge-notes}] | |
2593f09a | 3097 | [@option{-N} @var{symbolname} |@option{--strip-symbol=}@var{symbolname}] |
5fe11841 | 3098 | [@option{-w}|@option{--wildcard}] |
2593f09a NC |
3099 | [@option{-x}|@option{--discard-all}] [@option{-X} |@option{--discard-locals}] |
3100 | [@option{-R} @var{sectionname} |@option{--remove-section=}@var{sectionname}] | |
d3e5f6c8 | 3101 | [@option{--remove-relocations=}@var{sectionpattern}] |
2593f09a | 3102 | [@option{-o} @var{file}] [@option{-p}|@option{--preserve-dates}] |
2e30cb57 | 3103 | [@option{-D}|@option{--enable-deterministic-archives}] |
955d0b3b | 3104 | [@option{-U}|@option{--disable-deterministic-archives}] |
1637cd90 | 3105 | [@option{--keep-file-symbols}] |
ed1653a7 | 3106 | [@option{--only-keep-debug}] |
7c29036b NC |
3107 | [@option{-v} |@option{--verbose}] [@option{-V}|@option{--version}] |
3108 | [@option{--help}] [@option{--info}] | |
252b5132 | 3109 | @var{objfile}@dots{} |
0285c67d | 3110 | @c man end |
252b5132 RH |
3111 | @end smallexample |
3112 | ||
0285c67d NC |
3113 | @c man begin DESCRIPTION strip |
3114 | ||
c7c55b78 | 3115 | @sc{gnu} @command{strip} discards all symbols from object files |
252b5132 RH |
3116 | @var{objfile}. The list of object files may include archives. |
3117 | At least one object file must be given. | |
3118 | ||
c7c55b78 | 3119 | @command{strip} modifies the files named in its argument, |
252b5132 RH |
3120 | rather than writing modified copies under different names. |
3121 | ||
0285c67d NC |
3122 | @c man end |
3123 | ||
3124 | @c man begin OPTIONS strip | |
3125 | ||
c7c55b78 | 3126 | @table @env |
252b5132 RH |
3127 | @item -F @var{bfdname} |
3128 | @itemx --target=@var{bfdname} | |
3129 | Treat the original @var{objfile} as a file with the object | |
3130 | code format @var{bfdname}, and rewrite it in the same format. | |
3131 | @xref{Target Selection}, for more information. | |
3132 | ||
3133 | @item --help | |
c7c55b78 | 3134 | Show a summary of the options to @command{strip} and exit. |
252b5132 | 3135 | |
7c29036b NC |
3136 | @item --info |
3137 | Display a list showing all architectures and object formats available. | |
3138 | ||
947ed062 | 3139 | @item -I @var{bfdname} |
252b5132 RH |
3140 | @itemx --input-target=@var{bfdname} |
3141 | Treat the original @var{objfile} as a file with the object | |
3142 | code format @var{bfdname}. | |
3143 | @xref{Target Selection}, for more information. | |
3144 | ||
3145 | @item -O @var{bfdname} | |
3146 | @itemx --output-target=@var{bfdname} | |
3147 | Replace @var{objfile} with a file in the output format @var{bfdname}. | |
3148 | @xref{Target Selection}, for more information. | |
3149 | ||
3150 | @item -R @var{sectionname} | |
3151 | @itemx --remove-section=@var{sectionname} | |
805b1c8b AS |
3152 | Remove any section named @var{sectionname} from the output file, in |
3153 | addition to whatever sections would otherwise be removed. This | |
252b5132 | 3154 | option may be given more than once. Note that using this option |
2e62b721 NC |
3155 | inappropriately may make the output file unusable. The wildcard |
3156 | character @samp{*} may be given at the end of @var{sectionname}. If | |
3157 | so, then any section starting with @var{sectionname} will be removed. | |
252b5132 | 3158 | |
e511c9b1 AB |
3159 | If the first character of @var{sectionpattern} is the exclamation |
3160 | point (!) then matching sections will not be removed even if an | |
3161 | earlier use of @option{--remove-section} on the same command line | |
3162 | would otherwise remove it. For example: | |
3163 | ||
3164 | @smallexample | |
3165 | --remove-section=.text.* --remove-section=!.text.foo | |
3166 | @end smallexample | |
3167 | ||
3168 | will remove all sections matching the pattern '.text.*', but will not | |
3169 | remove the section '.text.foo'. | |
3170 | ||
d3e5f6c8 AB |
3171 | @item --remove-relocations=@var{sectionpattern} |
3172 | Remove relocations from the output file for any section matching | |
3173 | @var{sectionpattern}. This option may be given more than once. Note | |
3174 | that using this option inappropriately may make the output file | |
3175 | unusable. Wildcard characters are accepted in @var{sectionpattern}. | |
3176 | For example: | |
3177 | ||
3178 | @smallexample | |
3179 | --remove-relocations=.text.* | |
3180 | @end smallexample | |
3181 | ||
3182 | will remove the relocations for all sections matching the patter | |
3183 | '.text.*'. | |
3184 | ||
3185 | If the first character of @var{sectionpattern} is the exclamation | |
3186 | point (!) then matching sections will not have their relocation | |
3187 | removed even if an earlier use of @option{--remove-relocations} on the | |
3188 | same command line would otherwise cause the relocations to be removed. | |
3189 | For example: | |
3190 | ||
3191 | @smallexample | |
3192 | --remove-relocations=.text.* --remove-relocations=!.text.foo | |
3193 | @end smallexample | |
3194 | ||
3195 | will remove all relocations for sections matching the pattern | |
3196 | '.text.*', but will not remove relocations for the section | |
3197 | '.text.foo'. | |
3198 | ||
252b5132 RH |
3199 | @item -s |
3200 | @itemx --strip-all | |
3201 | Remove all symbols. | |
3202 | ||
3203 | @item -g | |
3204 | @itemx -S | |
15c82623 | 3205 | @itemx -d |
252b5132 RH |
3206 | @itemx --strip-debug |
3207 | Remove debugging symbols only. | |
96109726 CC |
3208 | |
3209 | @item --strip-dwo | |
3210 | Remove the contents of all DWARF .dwo sections, leaving the | |
3211 | remaining debugging sections and all symbols intact. | |
3212 | See the description of this option in the @command{objcopy} section | |
3213 | for more information. | |
252b5132 RH |
3214 | |
3215 | @item --strip-unneeded | |
3216 | Remove all symbols that are not needed for relocation processing. | |
3217 | ||
3218 | @item -K @var{symbolname} | |
3219 | @itemx --keep-symbol=@var{symbolname} | |
e7f918ad NC |
3220 | When stripping symbols, keep symbol @var{symbolname} even if it would |
3221 | normally be stripped. This option may be given more than once. | |
252b5132 | 3222 | |
1d15e434 NC |
3223 | @item -M |
3224 | @itemx --merge-notes | |
3225 | @itemx --no-merge-notes | |
3226 | For ELF files, attempt (or do not attempt) to reduce the size of any | |
3227 | SHT_NOTE type sections by removing duplicate notes. The default is to | |
3228 | attempt this reduction. | |
3229 | ||
252b5132 RH |
3230 | @item -N @var{symbolname} |
3231 | @itemx --strip-symbol=@var{symbolname} | |
3232 | Remove symbol @var{symbolname} from the source file. This option may be | |
3233 | given more than once, and may be combined with strip options other than | |
c7c55b78 | 3234 | @option{-K}. |
252b5132 RH |
3235 | |
3236 | @item -o @var{file} | |
3237 | Put the stripped output in @var{file}, rather than replacing the | |
3238 | existing file. When this argument is used, only one @var{objfile} | |
3239 | argument may be specified. | |
3240 | ||
3241 | @item -p | |
3242 | @itemx --preserve-dates | |
3243 | Preserve the access and modification dates of the file. | |
3244 | ||
2e30cb57 CC |
3245 | @item -D |
3246 | @itemx --enable-deterministic-archives | |
955d0b3b RM |
3247 | @cindex deterministic archives |
3248 | @kindex --enable-deterministic-archives | |
2e30cb57 CC |
3249 | Operate in @emph{deterministic} mode. When copying archive members |
3250 | and writing the archive index, use zero for UIDs, GIDs, timestamps, | |
3251 | and use consistent file modes for all files. | |
3252 | ||
955d0b3b RM |
3253 | If @file{binutils} was configured with |
3254 | @option{--enable-deterministic-archives}, then this mode is on by default. | |
3255 | It can be disabled with the @samp{-U} option, below. | |
3256 | ||
3257 | @item -U | |
3258 | @itemx --disable-deterministic-archives | |
3259 | @cindex deterministic archives | |
3260 | @kindex --enable-deterministic-archives | |
3261 | Do @emph{not} operate in @emph{deterministic} mode. This is the | |
3262 | inverse of the @option{-D} option, above: when copying archive members | |
3263 | and writing the archive index, use their actual UID, GID, timestamp, | |
3264 | and file mode values. | |
3265 | ||
3266 | This is the default unless @file{binutils} was configured with | |
3267 | @option{--enable-deterministic-archives}. | |
3268 | ||
5fe11841 NC |
3269 | @item -w |
3270 | @itemx --wildcard | |
3271 | Permit regular expressions in @var{symbolname}s used in other command | |
3272 | line options. The question mark (?), asterisk (*), backslash (\) and | |
3273 | square brackets ([]) operators can be used anywhere in the symbol | |
3274 | name. If the first character of the symbol name is the exclamation | |
3275 | point (!) then the sense of the switch is reversed for that symbol. | |
3276 | For example: | |
3277 | ||
3278 | @smallexample | |
3279 | -w -K !foo -K fo* | |
3280 | @end smallexample | |
3281 | ||
3282 | would cause strip to only keep symbols that start with the letters | |
3283 | ``fo'', but to discard the symbol ``foo''. | |
3284 | ||
252b5132 RH |
3285 | @item -x |
3286 | @itemx --discard-all | |
3287 | Remove non-global symbols. | |
3288 | ||
3289 | @item -X | |
3290 | @itemx --discard-locals | |
3291 | Remove compiler-generated local symbols. | |
3292 | (These usually start with @samp{L} or @samp{.}.) | |
3293 | ||
1637cd90 JB |
3294 | @item --keep-file-symbols |
3295 | When stripping a file, perhaps with @option{--strip-debug} or | |
3296 | @option{--strip-unneeded}, retain any symbols specifying source file names, | |
3297 | which would otherwise get stripped. | |
3298 | ||
ed1653a7 | 3299 | @item --only-keep-debug |
63b9bbb7 | 3300 | Strip a file, emptying the contents of any sections that would not be |
c1c0eb9e | 3301 | stripped by @option{--strip-debug} and leaving the debugging sections |
63b9bbb7 NC |
3302 | intact. In ELF files, this preserves all the note sections in the |
3303 | output as well. | |
3304 | ||
3305 | Note - the section headers of the stripped sections are preserved, | |
3306 | including their sizes, but the contents of the section are discarded. | |
3307 | The section headers are preserved so that other tools can match up the | |
3308 | debuginfo file with the real executable, even if that executable has | |
3309 | been relocated to a different address space. | |
ed1653a7 NC |
3310 | |
3311 | The intention is that this option will be used in conjunction with | |
3312 | @option{--add-gnu-debuglink} to create a two part executable. One a | |
3313 | stripped binary which will occupy less space in RAM and in a | |
3314 | distribution and the second a debugging information file which is only | |
3315 | needed if debugging abilities are required. The suggested procedure | |
3316 | to create these files is as follows: | |
3317 | ||
3318 | @enumerate | |
3319 | @item Link the executable as normal. Assuming that is is called | |
3320 | @code{foo} then... | |
3321 | @item Run @code{objcopy --only-keep-debug foo foo.dbg} to | |
3322 | create a file containing the debugging info. | |
3323 | @item Run @code{objcopy --strip-debug foo} to create a | |
3324 | stripped executable. | |
3325 | @item Run @code{objcopy --add-gnu-debuglink=foo.dbg foo} | |
3326 | to add a link to the debugging info into the stripped executable. | |
3327 | @end enumerate | |
3328 | ||
928a4139 | 3329 | Note---the choice of @code{.dbg} as an extension for the debug info |
ed1653a7 NC |
3330 | file is arbitrary. Also the @code{--only-keep-debug} step is |
3331 | optional. You could instead do this: | |
3332 | ||
3333 | @enumerate | |
3334 | @item Link the executable as normal. | |
928a4139 | 3335 | @item Copy @code{foo} to @code{foo.full} |
ed1653a7 NC |
3336 | @item Run @code{strip --strip-debug foo} |
3337 | @item Run @code{objcopy --add-gnu-debuglink=foo.full foo} | |
3338 | @end enumerate | |
3339 | ||
928a4139 | 3340 | i.e., the file pointed to by the @option{--add-gnu-debuglink} can be the |
ed1653a7 NC |
3341 | full executable. It does not have to be a file created by the |
3342 | @option{--only-keep-debug} switch. | |
3343 | ||
928a4139 | 3344 | Note---this switch is only intended for use on fully linked files. It |
91bb255c NC |
3345 | does not make sense to use it on object files where the debugging |
3346 | information may be incomplete. Besides the gnu_debuglink feature | |
3347 | currently only supports the presence of one filename containing | |
3348 | debugging information, not multiple filenames on a one-per-object-file | |
3349 | basis. | |
3350 | ||
252b5132 RH |
3351 | @item -V |
3352 | @itemx --version | |
c7c55b78 | 3353 | Show the version number for @command{strip}. |
252b5132 RH |
3354 | |
3355 | @item -v | |
3356 | @itemx --verbose | |
3357 | Verbose output: list all object files modified. In the case of | |
3358 | archives, @samp{strip -v} lists all members of the archive. | |
3359 | @end table | |
3360 | ||
0285c67d NC |
3361 | @c man end |
3362 | ||
3363 | @ignore | |
3364 | @c man begin SEEALSO strip | |
3365 | the Info entries for @file{binutils}. | |
3366 | @c man end | |
3367 | @end ignore | |
3368 | ||
7ca01ed9 | 3369 | @node c++filt, addr2line, strip, Top |
252b5132 RH |
3370 | @chapter c++filt |
3371 | ||
3372 | @kindex c++filt | |
3373 | @cindex demangling C++ symbols | |
3374 | ||
0285c67d NC |
3375 | @c man title cxxfilt Demangle C++ and Java symbols. |
3376 | ||
252b5132 | 3377 | @smallexample |
0285c67d | 3378 | @c man begin SYNOPSIS cxxfilt |
ae9ab7c0 NC |
3379 | c++filt [@option{-_}|@option{--strip-underscore}] |
3380 | [@option{-n}|@option{--no-strip-underscore}] | |
4e48c9dd | 3381 | [@option{-p}|@option{--no-params}] |
ec948987 | 3382 | [@option{-t}|@option{--types}] |
cbf1f5df | 3383 | [@option{-i}|@option{--no-verbose}] |
c7c55b78 NC |
3384 | [@option{-s} @var{format}|@option{--format=}@var{format}] |
3385 | [@option{--help}] [@option{--version}] [@var{symbol}@dots{}] | |
0285c67d | 3386 | @c man end |
252b5132 RH |
3387 | @end smallexample |
3388 | ||
0285c67d NC |
3389 | @c man begin DESCRIPTION cxxfilt |
3390 | ||
9d51cc66 | 3391 | @kindex cxxfilt |
ec948987 NC |
3392 | The C++ and Java languages provide function overloading, which means |
3393 | that you can write many functions with the same name, providing that | |
3394 | each function takes parameters of different types. In order to be | |
3395 | able to distinguish these similarly named functions C++ and Java | |
3396 | encode them into a low-level assembler name which uniquely identifies | |
3397 | each different version. This process is known as @dfn{mangling}. The | |
3398 | @command{c++filt} | |
c1c0eb9e | 3399 | @footnote{MS-DOS does not allow @kbd{+} characters in file names, so on |
195a97ce | 3400 | MS-DOS this program is named @command{CXXFILT}.} |
9d51cc66 | 3401 | program does the inverse mapping: it decodes (@dfn{demangles}) low-level |
ec948987 | 3402 | names into user-level names so that they can be read. |
252b5132 RH |
3403 | |
3404 | Every alphanumeric word (consisting of letters, digits, underscores, | |
cbf1f5df NC |
3405 | dollars, or periods) seen in the input is a potential mangled name. |
3406 | If the name decodes into a C++ name, the C++ name replaces the | |
ec948987 NC |
3407 | low-level name in the output, otherwise the original word is output. |
3408 | In this way you can pass an entire assembler source file, containing | |
3409 | mangled names, through @command{c++filt} and see the same source file | |
3410 | containing demangled names. | |
252b5132 | 3411 | |
ec948987 NC |
3412 | You can also use @command{c++filt} to decipher individual symbols by |
3413 | passing them on the command line: | |
252b5132 RH |
3414 | |
3415 | @example | |
3416 | c++filt @var{symbol} | |
3417 | @end example | |
3418 | ||
c7c55b78 | 3419 | If no @var{symbol} arguments are given, @command{c++filt} reads symbol |
ec948987 NC |
3420 | names from the standard input instead. All the results are printed on |
3421 | the standard output. The difference between reading names from the | |
3422 | command line versus reading names from the standard input is that | |
3423 | command line arguments are expected to be just mangled names and no | |
b45619c0 | 3424 | checking is performed to separate them from surrounding text. Thus |
ec948987 NC |
3425 | for example: |
3426 | ||
3427 | @smallexample | |
3428 | c++filt -n _Z1fv | |
3429 | @end smallexample | |
3430 | ||
3431 | will work and demangle the name to ``f()'' whereas: | |
3432 | ||
3433 | @smallexample | |
3434 | c++filt -n _Z1fv, | |
3435 | @end smallexample | |
3436 | ||
3437 | will not work. (Note the extra comma at the end of the mangled | |
3438 | name which makes it invalid). This command however will work: | |
3439 | ||
3440 | @smallexample | |
3441 | echo _Z1fv, | c++filt -n | |
3442 | @end smallexample | |
3443 | ||
928a4139 | 3444 | and will display ``f(),'', i.e., the demangled name followed by a |
ec948987 NC |
3445 | trailing comma. This behaviour is because when the names are read |
3446 | from the standard input it is expected that they might be part of an | |
3447 | assembler source file where there might be extra, extraneous | |
928a4139 | 3448 | characters trailing after a mangled name. For example: |
ec948987 NC |
3449 | |
3450 | @smallexample | |
3451 | .type _Z1fv, @@function | |
3452 | @end smallexample | |
252b5132 | 3453 | |
0285c67d NC |
3454 | @c man end |
3455 | ||
3456 | @c man begin OPTIONS cxxfilt | |
3457 | ||
c7c55b78 | 3458 | @table @env |
252b5132 | 3459 | @item -_ |
ae9ab7c0 | 3460 | @itemx --strip-underscore |
252b5132 RH |
3461 | On some systems, both the C and C++ compilers put an underscore in front |
3462 | of every name. For example, the C name @code{foo} gets the low-level | |
3463 | name @code{_foo}. This option removes the initial underscore. Whether | |
c7c55b78 | 3464 | @command{c++filt} removes the underscore by default is target dependent. |
252b5132 | 3465 | |
252b5132 | 3466 | @item -n |
ae9ab7c0 | 3467 | @itemx --no-strip-underscore |
252b5132 RH |
3468 | Do not remove the initial underscore. |
3469 | ||
4e48c9dd ILT |
3470 | @item -p |
3471 | @itemx --no-params | |
3472 | When demangling the name of a function, do not display the types of | |
3473 | the function's parameters. | |
3474 | ||
cbf1f5df | 3475 | @item -t |
ec948987 NC |
3476 | @itemx --types |
3477 | Attempt to demangle types as well as function names. This is disabled | |
3478 | by default since mangled types are normally only used internally in | |
928a4139 | 3479 | the compiler, and they can be confused with non-mangled names. For example, |
ec948987 NC |
3480 | a function called ``a'' treated as a mangled type name would be |
3481 | demangled to ``signed char''. | |
cbf1f5df NC |
3482 | |
3483 | @item -i | |
3484 | @itemx --no-verbose | |
3485 | Do not include implementation details (if any) in the demangled | |
3486 | output. | |
3487 | ||
252b5132 RH |
3488 | @item -s @var{format} |
3489 | @itemx --format=@var{format} | |
947ed062 NC |
3490 | @command{c++filt} can decode various methods of mangling, used by |
3491 | different compilers. The argument to this option selects which | |
252b5132 RH |
3492 | method it uses: |
3493 | ||
3494 | @table @code | |
947ed062 NC |
3495 | @item auto |
3496 | Automatic selection based on executable (the default method) | |
252b5132 | 3497 | @item gnu |
947ed062 | 3498 | the one used by the @sc{gnu} C++ compiler (g++) |
252b5132 | 3499 | @item lucid |
947ed062 | 3500 | the one used by the Lucid compiler (lcc) |
252b5132 RH |
3501 | @item arm |
3502 | the one specified by the C++ Annotated Reference Manual | |
3503 | @item hp | |
947ed062 | 3504 | the one used by the HP compiler (aCC) |
252b5132 RH |
3505 | @item edg |
3506 | the one used by the EDG compiler | |
b5e2a4f3 | 3507 | @item gnu-v3 |
947ed062 NC |
3508 | the one used by the @sc{gnu} C++ compiler (g++) with the V3 ABI. |
3509 | @item java | |
3510 | the one used by the @sc{gnu} Java compiler (gcj) | |
3511 | @item gnat | |
3512 | the one used by the @sc{gnu} Ada compiler (GNAT). | |
252b5132 RH |
3513 | @end table |
3514 | ||
3515 | @item --help | |
c7c55b78 | 3516 | Print a summary of the options to @command{c++filt} and exit. |
252b5132 RH |
3517 | |
3518 | @item --version | |
c7c55b78 | 3519 | Print the version number of @command{c++filt} and exit. |
252b5132 RH |
3520 | @end table |
3521 | ||
0285c67d NC |
3522 | @c man end |
3523 | ||
3524 | @ignore | |
3525 | @c man begin SEEALSO cxxfilt | |
3526 | the Info entries for @file{binutils}. | |
3527 | @c man end | |
3528 | @end ignore | |
3529 | ||
252b5132 | 3530 | @quotation |
c7c55b78 | 3531 | @emph{Warning:} @command{c++filt} is a new utility, and the details of its |
252b5132 | 3532 | user interface are subject to change in future releases. In particular, |
b45619c0 | 3533 | a command-line option may be required in the future to decode a name |
c1c0eb9e | 3534 | passed as an argument on the command line; in other words, |
252b5132 RH |
3535 | |
3536 | @example | |
3537 | c++filt @var{symbol} | |
3538 | @end example | |
3539 | ||
3540 | @noindent | |
3541 | may in a future release become | |
3542 | ||
3543 | @example | |
3544 | c++filt @var{option} @var{symbol} | |
3545 | @end example | |
3546 | @end quotation | |
3547 | ||
3548 | @node addr2line | |
3549 | @chapter addr2line | |
3550 | ||
3551 | @kindex addr2line | |
3552 | @cindex address to file name and line number | |
3553 | ||
0285c67d NC |
3554 | @c man title addr2line convert addresses into file names and line numbers. |
3555 | ||
252b5132 | 3556 | @smallexample |
0285c67d | 3557 | @c man begin SYNOPSIS addr2line |
be6f6493 TG |
3558 | addr2line [@option{-a}|@option{--addresses}] |
3559 | [@option{-b} @var{bfdname}|@option{--target=}@var{bfdname}] | |
bf44dd74 | 3560 | [@option{-C}|@option{--demangle}[=@var{style}]] |
c7c55b78 NC |
3561 | [@option{-e} @var{filename}|@option{--exe=}@var{filename}] |
3562 | [@option{-f}|@option{--functions}] [@option{-s}|@option{--basename}] | |
0c552dc1 | 3563 | [@option{-i}|@option{--inlines}] |
68cdf72f | 3564 | [@option{-p}|@option{--pretty-print}] |
c5f8c388 | 3565 | [@option{-j}|@option{--section=}@var{name}] |
c7c55b78 NC |
3566 | [@option{-H}|@option{--help}] [@option{-V}|@option{--version}] |
3567 | [addr addr @dots{}] | |
0285c67d | 3568 | @c man end |
252b5132 RH |
3569 | @end smallexample |
3570 | ||
0285c67d NC |
3571 | @c man begin DESCRIPTION addr2line |
3572 | ||
c5f8c388 EB |
3573 | @command{addr2line} translates addresses into file names and line numbers. |
3574 | Given an address in an executable or an offset in a section of a relocatable | |
3575 | object, it uses the debugging information to figure out which file name and | |
3576 | line number are associated with it. | |
252b5132 | 3577 | |
c5f8c388 EB |
3578 | The executable or relocatable object to use is specified with the @option{-e} |
3579 | option. The default is the file @file{a.out}. The section in the relocatable | |
3580 | object to use is specified with the @option{-j} option. | |
252b5132 | 3581 | |
c7c55b78 | 3582 | @command{addr2line} has two modes of operation. |
252b5132 RH |
3583 | |
3584 | In the first, hexadecimal addresses are specified on the command line, | |
c7c55b78 | 3585 | and @command{addr2line} displays the file name and line number for each |
252b5132 RH |
3586 | address. |
3587 | ||
c7c55b78 | 3588 | In the second, @command{addr2line} reads hexadecimal addresses from |
252b5132 | 3589 | standard input, and prints the file name and line number for each |
c7c55b78 | 3590 | address on standard output. In this mode, @command{addr2line} may be used |
252b5132 RH |
3591 | in a pipe to convert dynamically chosen addresses. |
3592 | ||
8d112f9e TG |
3593 | The format of the output is @samp{FILENAME:LINENO}. By default |
3594 | each input address generates one line of output. | |
9cf03b7e | 3595 | |
8d112f9e TG |
3596 | Two options can generate additional lines before each |
3597 | @samp{FILENAME:LINENO} line (in that order). | |
3598 | ||
3599 | If the @option{-a} option is used then a line with the input address | |
3600 | is displayed. | |
3601 | ||
3602 | If the @option{-f} option is used, then a line with the | |
3603 | @samp{FUNCTIONNAME} is displayed. This is the name of the function | |
3604 | containing the address. | |
3605 | ||
3606 | One option can generate additional lines after the | |
3607 | @samp{FILENAME:LINENO} line. | |
9cf03b7e NC |
3608 | |
3609 | If the @option{-i} option is used and the code at the given address is | |
8d112f9e TG |
3610 | present there because of inlining by the compiler then additional |
3611 | lines are displayed afterwards. One or two extra lines (if the | |
3612 | @option{-f} option is used) are displayed for each inlined function. | |
3613 | ||
3614 | Alternatively if the @option{-p} option is used then each input | |
3615 | address generates a single, long, output line containing the address, | |
3616 | the function name, the file name and the line number. If the | |
3617 | @option{-i} option has also been used then any inlined functions will | |
3618 | be displayed in the same manner, but on separate lines, and prefixed | |
3619 | by the text @samp{(inlined by)}. | |
252b5132 RH |
3620 | |
3621 | If the file name or function name can not be determined, | |
c7c55b78 NC |
3622 | @command{addr2line} will print two question marks in their place. If the |
3623 | line number can not be determined, @command{addr2line} will print 0. | |
252b5132 | 3624 | |
0285c67d NC |
3625 | @c man end |
3626 | ||
3627 | @c man begin OPTIONS addr2line | |
3628 | ||
252b5132 RH |
3629 | The long and short forms of options, shown here as alternatives, are |
3630 | equivalent. | |
3631 | ||
c7c55b78 | 3632 | @table @env |
be6f6493 TG |
3633 | @item -a |
3634 | @itemx --addresses | |
9cf03b7e | 3635 | Display the address before the function name, file and line number |
be6f6493 TG |
3636 | information. The address is printed with a @samp{0x} prefix to easily |
3637 | identify it. | |
3638 | ||
252b5132 RH |
3639 | @item -b @var{bfdname} |
3640 | @itemx --target=@var{bfdname} | |
3641 | @cindex object code format | |
3642 | Specify that the object-code format for the object files is | |
3643 | @var{bfdname}. | |
3644 | ||
3645 | @item -C | |
28c309a2 | 3646 | @itemx --demangle[=@var{style}] |
252b5132 RH |
3647 | @cindex demangling in objdump |
3648 | Decode (@dfn{demangle}) low-level symbol names into user-level names. | |
3649 | Besides removing any initial underscore prepended by the system, this | |
28c309a2 | 3650 | makes C++ function names readable. Different compilers have different |
c1c0eb9e RM |
3651 | mangling styles. The optional demangling style argument can be used to |
3652 | choose an appropriate demangling style for your compiler. @xref{c++filt}, | |
28c309a2 | 3653 | for more information on demangling. |
252b5132 RH |
3654 | |
3655 | @item -e @var{filename} | |
3656 | @itemx --exe=@var{filename} | |
3657 | Specify the name of the executable for which addresses should be | |
3658 | translated. The default file is @file{a.out}. | |
3659 | ||
3660 | @item -f | |
3661 | @itemx --functions | |
3662 | Display function names as well as file and line number information. | |
3663 | ||
3664 | @item -s | |
3665 | @itemx --basenames | |
3666 | Display only the base of each file name. | |
0c552dc1 FF |
3667 | |
3668 | @item -i | |
3669 | @itemx --inlines | |
3670 | If the address belongs to a function that was inlined, the source | |
3671 | information for all enclosing scopes back to the first non-inlined | |
3672 | function will also be printed. For example, if @code{main} inlines | |
3673 | @code{callee1} which inlines @code{callee2}, and address is from | |
3674 | @code{callee2}, the source information for @code{callee1} and @code{main} | |
3675 | will also be printed. | |
c5f8c388 EB |
3676 | |
3677 | @item -j | |
3678 | @itemx --section | |
3679 | Read offsets relative to the specified section instead of absolute addresses. | |
68cdf72f TG |
3680 | |
3681 | @item -p | |
3682 | @itemx --pretty-print | |
3683 | Make the output more human friendly: each location are printed on one line. | |
3684 | If option @option{-i} is specified, lines for all enclosing scopes are | |
3685 | prefixed with @samp{(inlined by)}. | |
e107c42f | 3686 | @end table |
252b5132 | 3687 | |
0285c67d NC |
3688 | @c man end |
3689 | ||
3690 | @ignore | |
3691 | @c man begin SEEALSO addr2line | |
3692 | Info entries for @file{binutils}. | |
3693 | @c man end | |
3694 | @end ignore | |
3695 | ||
252b5132 RH |
3696 | @node nlmconv |
3697 | @chapter nlmconv | |
3698 | ||
c7c55b78 | 3699 | @command{nlmconv} converts a relocatable object file into a NetWare |
252b5132 RH |
3700 | Loadable Module. |
3701 | ||
3702 | @ignore | |
c7c55b78 | 3703 | @command{nlmconv} currently works with @samp{i386} object |
252b5132 RH |
3704 | files in @code{coff}, @sc{elf}, or @code{a.out} format, and @sc{SPARC} |
3705 | object files in @sc{elf}, or @code{a.out} format@footnote{ | |
c7c55b78 | 3706 | @command{nlmconv} should work with any @samp{i386} or @sc{sparc} object |
252b5132 RH |
3707 | format in the Binary File Descriptor library. It has only been tested |
3708 | with the above formats.}. | |
3709 | @end ignore | |
3710 | ||
3711 | @quotation | |
c7c55b78 | 3712 | @emph{Warning:} @command{nlmconv} is not always built as part of the binary |
252b5132 RH |
3713 | utilities, since it is only useful for NLM targets. |
3714 | @end quotation | |
3715 | ||
0285c67d NC |
3716 | @c man title nlmconv converts object code into an NLM. |
3717 | ||
252b5132 | 3718 | @smallexample |
0285c67d | 3719 | @c man begin SYNOPSIS nlmconv |
c7c55b78 NC |
3720 | nlmconv [@option{-I} @var{bfdname}|@option{--input-target=}@var{bfdname}] |
3721 | [@option{-O} @var{bfdname}|@option{--output-target=}@var{bfdname}] | |
3722 | [@option{-T} @var{headerfile}|@option{--header-file=}@var{headerfile}] | |
3723 | [@option{-d}|@option{--debug}] [@option{-l} @var{linker}|@option{--linker=}@var{linker}] | |
3724 | [@option{-h}|@option{--help}] [@option{-V}|@option{--version}] | |
252b5132 | 3725 | @var{infile} @var{outfile} |
0285c67d | 3726 | @c man end |
252b5132 RH |
3727 | @end smallexample |
3728 | ||
0285c67d NC |
3729 | @c man begin DESCRIPTION nlmconv |
3730 | ||
c7c55b78 | 3731 | @command{nlmconv} converts the relocatable @samp{i386} object file |
252b5132 RH |
3732 | @var{infile} into the NetWare Loadable Module @var{outfile}, optionally |
3733 | reading @var{headerfile} for NLM header information. For instructions | |
3734 | on writing the NLM command file language used in header files, see the | |
3735 | @samp{linkers} section, @samp{NLMLINK} in particular, of the @cite{NLM | |
3736 | Development and Tools Overview}, which is part of the NLM Software | |
3737 | Developer's Kit (``NLM SDK''), available from Novell, Inc. | |
c7c55b78 | 3738 | @command{nlmconv} uses the @sc{gnu} Binary File Descriptor library to read |
0285c67d NC |
3739 | @var{infile}; |
3740 | @ifclear man | |
3741 | see @ref{BFD,,BFD,ld.info,Using LD}, for more information. | |
3742 | @end ifclear | |
252b5132 | 3743 | |
c7c55b78 | 3744 | @command{nlmconv} can perform a link step. In other words, you can list |
252b5132 RH |
3745 | more than one object file for input if you list them in the definitions |
3746 | file (rather than simply specifying one input file on the command line). | |
c7c55b78 | 3747 | In this case, @command{nlmconv} calls the linker for you. |
252b5132 | 3748 | |
0285c67d NC |
3749 | @c man end |
3750 | ||
3751 | @c man begin OPTIONS nlmconv | |
3752 | ||
c7c55b78 | 3753 | @table @env |
252b5132 RH |
3754 | @item -I @var{bfdname} |
3755 | @itemx --input-target=@var{bfdname} | |
c7c55b78 | 3756 | Object format of the input file. @command{nlmconv} can usually determine |
252b5132 RH |
3757 | the format of a given file (so no default is necessary). |
3758 | @xref{Target Selection}, for more information. | |
3759 | ||
3760 | @item -O @var{bfdname} | |
3761 | @itemx --output-target=@var{bfdname} | |
c7c55b78 | 3762 | Object format of the output file. @command{nlmconv} infers the output |
252b5132 RH |
3763 | format based on the input format, e.g. for a @samp{i386} input file the |
3764 | output format is @samp{nlm32-i386}. | |
3765 | @xref{Target Selection}, for more information. | |
3766 | ||
3767 | @item -T @var{headerfile} | |
3768 | @itemx --header-file=@var{headerfile} | |
3769 | Reads @var{headerfile} for NLM header information. For instructions on | |
3770 | writing the NLM command file language used in header files, see@ see the | |
3771 | @samp{linkers} section, of the @cite{NLM Development and Tools | |
3772 | Overview}, which is part of the NLM Software Developer's Kit, available | |
3773 | from Novell, Inc. | |
3774 | ||
3775 | @item -d | |
3776 | @itemx --debug | |
c7c55b78 | 3777 | Displays (on standard error) the linker command line used by @command{nlmconv}. |
252b5132 RH |
3778 | |
3779 | @item -l @var{linker} | |
3780 | @itemx --linker=@var{linker} | |
3781 | Use @var{linker} for any linking. @var{linker} can be an absolute or a | |
3782 | relative pathname. | |
3783 | ||
3784 | @item -h | |
3785 | @itemx --help | |
3786 | Prints a usage summary. | |
3787 | ||
3788 | @item -V | |
3789 | @itemx --version | |
c7c55b78 | 3790 | Prints the version number for @command{nlmconv}. |
252b5132 RH |
3791 | @end table |
3792 | ||
0285c67d NC |
3793 | @c man end |
3794 | ||
3795 | @ignore | |
3796 | @c man begin SEEALSO nlmconv | |
3797 | the Info entries for @file{binutils}. | |
692ed3e7 NC |
3798 | @c man end |
3799 | @end ignore | |
3800 | ||
3801 | @node windmc | |
3802 | @chapter windmc | |
3803 | ||
3804 | @command{windmc} may be used to generator Windows message resources. | |
3805 | ||
3806 | @quotation | |
3807 | @emph{Warning:} @command{windmc} is not always built as part of the binary | |
3808 | utilities, since it is only useful for Windows targets. | |
3809 | @end quotation | |
3810 | ||
3811 | @c man title windmc generates Windows message resources. | |
3812 | ||
3813 | @smallexample | |
826fec2f | 3814 | @c man begin SYNOPSIS windmc |
692ed3e7 NC |
3815 | windmc [options] input-file |
3816 | @c man end | |
3817 | @end smallexample | |
3818 | ||
3819 | @c man begin DESCRIPTION windmc | |
3820 | ||
3821 | @command{windmc} reads message definitions from an input file (.mc) and | |
3822 | translate them into a set of output files. The output files may be of | |
3823 | four kinds: | |
3824 | ||
3825 | @table @code | |
3826 | @item h | |
3827 | A C header file containing the message definitions. | |
3828 | ||
3829 | @item rc | |
3830 | A resource file compilable by the @command{windres} tool. | |
3831 | ||
3832 | @item bin | |
3833 | One or more binary files containing the resource data for a specific | |
3834 | message language. | |
3835 | ||
3836 | @item dbg | |
3837 | A C include file that maps message id's to their symbolic name. | |
3838 | @end table | |
3839 | ||
3840 | The exact description of these different formats is available in | |
3841 | documentation from Microsoft. | |
3842 | ||
3843 | When @command{windmc} converts from the @code{mc} format to the @code{bin} | |
3844 | format, @code{rc}, @code{h}, and optional @code{dbg} it is acting like the | |
3845 | Windows Message Compiler. | |
3846 | ||
3847 | @c man end | |
3848 | ||
3849 | @c man begin OPTIONS windmc | |
3850 | ||
3851 | @table @env | |
3852 | @item -a | |
3853 | @itemx --ascii_in | |
826fec2f | 3854 | Specifies that the input file specified is ASCII. This is the default |
692ed3e7 NC |
3855 | behaviour. |
3856 | ||
3857 | @item -A | |
3858 | @itemx --ascii_out | |
826fec2f | 3859 | Specifies that messages in the output @code{bin} files should be in ASCII |
692ed3e7 NC |
3860 | format. |
3861 | ||
3862 | @item -b | |
3863 | @itemx --binprefix | |
3864 | Specifies that @code{bin} filenames should have to be prefixed by the | |
3865 | basename of the source file. | |
3866 | ||
3867 | @item -c | |
3868 | @itemx --customflag | |
3869 | Sets the customer bit in all message id's. | |
3870 | ||
3871 | @item -C @var{codepage} | |
3872 | @itemx --codepage_in @var{codepage} | |
3873 | Sets the default codepage to be used to convert input file to UTF16. The | |
3874 | default is ocdepage 1252. | |
3875 | ||
3876 | @item -d | |
3877 | @itemx --decimal_values | |
3878 | Outputs the constants in the header file in decimal. Default is using | |
3879 | hexadecimal output. | |
3880 | ||
3881 | @item -e @var{ext} | |
3882 | @itemx --extension @var{ext} | |
3883 | The extension for the header file. The default is .h extension. | |
3884 | ||
3885 | @item -F @var{target} | |
3886 | @itemx --target @var{target} | |
3887 | Specify the BFD format to use for a bin file as output. This | |
3888 | is a BFD target name; you can use the @option{--help} option to see a list | |
3889 | of supported targets. Normally @command{windmc} will use the default | |
3890 | format, which is the first one listed by the @option{--help} option. | |
3891 | @ifclear man | |
3892 | @ref{Target Selection}. | |
3893 | @end ifclear | |
3894 | ||
3895 | @item -h @var{path} | |
3896 | @itemx --headerdir @var{path} | |
3897 | The target directory of the generated header file. The default is the | |
3898 | current directory. | |
3899 | ||
3900 | @item -H | |
3901 | @itemx --help | |
3902 | Displays a list of command line options and then exits. | |
3903 | ||
3904 | @item -m @var{characters} | |
3905 | @itemx --maxlength @var{characters} | |
3906 | Instructs @command{windmc} to generate a warning if the length | |
3907 | of any message exceeds the number specified. | |
3908 | ||
3909 | @item -n | |
3910 | @itemx --nullterminate | |
3911 | Terminate message text in @code{bin} files by zero. By default they are | |
3912 | terminated by CR/LF. | |
3913 | ||
3914 | @item -o | |
3915 | @itemx --hresult_use | |
3916 | Not yet implemented. Instructs @code{windmc} to generate an OLE2 header | |
3917 | file, using HRESULT definitions. Status codes are used if the flag is not | |
3918 | specified. | |
3919 | ||
3920 | @item -O @var{codepage} | |
3921 | @itemx --codepage_out @var{codepage} | |
3922 | Sets the default codepage to be used to output text files. The default | |
3923 | is ocdepage 1252. | |
3924 | ||
3925 | @item -r @var{path} | |
3926 | @itemx --rcdir @var{path} | |
3927 | The target directory for the generated @code{rc} script and the generated | |
3928 | @code{bin} files that the resource compiler script includes. The default | |
3929 | is the current directory. | |
3930 | ||
3931 | @item -u | |
3932 | @itemx --unicode_in | |
3933 | Specifies that the input file is UTF16. | |
3934 | ||
3935 | @item -U | |
3936 | @itemx --unicode_out | |
3937 | Specifies that messages in the output @code{bin} file should be in UTF16 | |
3938 | format. This is the default behaviour. | |
3939 | ||
3940 | @item -v | |
3941 | @item --verbose | |
bd37ed49 | 3942 | Enable verbose mode. |
692ed3e7 NC |
3943 | |
3944 | @item -V | |
3945 | @item --version | |
bd37ed49 | 3946 | Prints the version number for @command{windmc}. |
692ed3e7 NC |
3947 | |
3948 | @item -x @var{path} | |
3949 | @itemx --xdgb @var{path} | |
3950 | The path of the @code{dbg} C include file that maps message id's to the | |
3951 | symbolic name. No such file is generated without specifying the switch. | |
3952 | @end table | |
3953 | ||
3954 | @c man end | |
3955 | ||
3956 | @ignore | |
3957 | @c man begin SEEALSO windmc | |
3958 | the Info entries for @file{binutils}. | |
0285c67d NC |
3959 | @c man end |
3960 | @end ignore | |
3961 | ||
252b5132 RH |
3962 | @node windres |
3963 | @chapter windres | |
3964 | ||
c7c55b78 | 3965 | @command{windres} may be used to manipulate Windows resources. |
252b5132 RH |
3966 | |
3967 | @quotation | |
c7c55b78 | 3968 | @emph{Warning:} @command{windres} is not always built as part of the binary |
252b5132 RH |
3969 | utilities, since it is only useful for Windows targets. |
3970 | @end quotation | |
3971 | ||
0285c67d NC |
3972 | @c man title windres manipulate Windows resources. |
3973 | ||
252b5132 | 3974 | @smallexample |
0285c67d | 3975 | @c man begin SYNOPSIS windres |
252b5132 | 3976 | windres [options] [input-file] [output-file] |
0285c67d | 3977 | @c man end |
252b5132 RH |
3978 | @end smallexample |
3979 | ||
0285c67d NC |
3980 | @c man begin DESCRIPTION windres |
3981 | ||
c7c55b78 | 3982 | @command{windres} reads resources from an input file and copies them into |
252b5132 RH |
3983 | an output file. Either file may be in one of three formats: |
3984 | ||
3985 | @table @code | |
3986 | @item rc | |
3987 | A text format read by the Resource Compiler. | |
3988 | ||
3989 | @item res | |
3990 | A binary format generated by the Resource Compiler. | |
3991 | ||
3992 | @item coff | |
3993 | A COFF object or executable. | |
3994 | @end table | |
3995 | ||
3996 | The exact description of these different formats is available in | |
3997 | documentation from Microsoft. | |
3998 | ||
c7c55b78 | 3999 | When @command{windres} converts from the @code{rc} format to the @code{res} |
252b5132 | 4000 | format, it is acting like the Windows Resource Compiler. When |
c7c55b78 | 4001 | @command{windres} converts from the @code{res} format to the @code{coff} |
252b5132 RH |
4002 | format, it is acting like the Windows @code{CVTRES} program. |
4003 | ||
c7c55b78 | 4004 | When @command{windres} generates an @code{rc} file, the output is similar |
252b5132 RH |
4005 | but not identical to the format expected for the input. When an input |
4006 | @code{rc} file refers to an external filename, an output @code{rc} file | |
4007 | will instead include the file contents. | |
4008 | ||
c7c55b78 | 4009 | If the input or output format is not specified, @command{windres} will |
252b5132 RH |
4010 | guess based on the file name, or, for the input file, the file contents. |
4011 | A file with an extension of @file{.rc} will be treated as an @code{rc} | |
4012 | file, a file with an extension of @file{.res} will be treated as a | |
4013 | @code{res} file, and a file with an extension of @file{.o} or | |
4014 | @file{.exe} will be treated as a @code{coff} file. | |
4015 | ||
c7c55b78 | 4016 | If no output file is specified, @command{windres} will print the resources |
252b5132 RH |
4017 | in @code{rc} format to standard output. |
4018 | ||
c7c55b78 | 4019 | The normal use is for you to write an @code{rc} file, use @command{windres} |
252b5132 RH |
4020 | to convert it to a COFF object file, and then link the COFF file into |
4021 | your application. This will make the resources described in the | |
4022 | @code{rc} file available to Windows. | |
4023 | ||
0285c67d NC |
4024 | @c man end |
4025 | ||
4026 | @c man begin OPTIONS windres | |
4027 | ||
c7c55b78 | 4028 | @table @env |
252b5132 RH |
4029 | @item -i @var{filename} |
4030 | @itemx --input @var{filename} | |
4031 | The name of the input file. If this option is not used, then | |
c7c55b78 NC |
4032 | @command{windres} will use the first non-option argument as the input file |
4033 | name. If there are no non-option arguments, then @command{windres} will | |
4034 | read from standard input. @command{windres} can not read a COFF file from | |
edbedb71 | 4035 | standard input. |
252b5132 RH |
4036 | |
4037 | @item -o @var{filename} | |
4038 | @itemx --output @var{filename} | |
4039 | The name of the output file. If this option is not used, then | |
c7c55b78 | 4040 | @command{windres} will use the first non-option argument, after any used |
252b5132 | 4041 | for the input file name, as the output file name. If there is no |
c7c55b78 | 4042 | non-option argument, then @command{windres} will write to standard output. |
edbedb71 | 4043 | @command{windres} can not write a COFF file to standard output. Note, |
b45619c0 | 4044 | for compatibility with @command{rc} the option @option{-fo} is also |
edbedb71 | 4045 | accepted, but its use is not recommended. |
252b5132 | 4046 | |
85eb5110 | 4047 | @item -J @var{format} |
252b5132 RH |
4048 | @itemx --input-format @var{format} |
4049 | The input format to read. @var{format} may be @samp{res}, @samp{rc}, or | |
c7c55b78 | 4050 | @samp{coff}. If no input format is specified, @command{windres} will |
252b5132 RH |
4051 | guess, as described above. |
4052 | ||
4053 | @item -O @var{format} | |
4054 | @itemx --output-format @var{format} | |
4055 | The output format to generate. @var{format} may be @samp{res}, | |
4056 | @samp{rc}, or @samp{coff}. If no output format is specified, | |
c7c55b78 | 4057 | @command{windres} will guess, as described above. |
252b5132 RH |
4058 | |
4059 | @item -F @var{target} | |
4060 | @itemx --target @var{target} | |
4061 | Specify the BFD format to use for a COFF file as input or output. This | |
c7c55b78 NC |
4062 | is a BFD target name; you can use the @option{--help} option to see a list |
4063 | of supported targets. Normally @command{windres} will use the default | |
4064 | format, which is the first one listed by the @option{--help} option. | |
4065 | @ifclear man | |
252b5132 | 4066 | @ref{Target Selection}. |
c7c55b78 | 4067 | @end ifclear |
252b5132 RH |
4068 | |
4069 | @item --preprocessor @var{program} | |
c7c55b78 | 4070 | When @command{windres} reads an @code{rc} file, it runs it through the C |
252b5132 RH |
4071 | preprocessor first. This option may be used to specify the preprocessor |
4072 | to use, including any leading arguments. The default preprocessor | |
4073 | argument is @code{gcc -E -xc-header -DRC_INVOKED}. | |
4074 | ||
ec25acb3 NC |
4075 | @item --preprocessor-arg @var{option} |
4076 | When @command{windres} reads an @code{rc} file, it runs it through | |
4077 | the C preprocessor first. This option may be used to specify additional | |
4078 | text to be passed to preprocessor on its command line. | |
4079 | This option can be used multiple times to add multiple options to the | |
4080 | preprocessor command line. | |
4081 | ||
85eb5110 NC |
4082 | @item -I @var{directory} |
4083 | @itemx --include-dir @var{directory} | |
252b5132 | 4084 | Specify an include directory to use when reading an @code{rc} file. |
c7c55b78 NC |
4085 | @command{windres} will pass this to the preprocessor as an @option{-I} |
4086 | option. @command{windres} will also search this directory when looking for | |
85eb5110 | 4087 | files named in the @code{rc} file. If the argument passed to this command |
c1c0eb9e | 4088 | matches any of the supported @var{formats} (as described in the @option{-J} |
85eb5110 NC |
4089 | option), it will issue a deprecation warning, and behave just like the |
4090 | @option{-J} option. New programs should not use this behaviour. If a | |
4091 | directory happens to match a @var{format}, simple prefix it with @samp{./} | |
4092 | to disable the backward compatibility. | |
252b5132 | 4093 | |
751d21b5 | 4094 | @item -D @var{target} |
ad0481cd | 4095 | @itemx --define @var{sym}[=@var{val}] |
c7c55b78 | 4096 | Specify a @option{-D} option to pass to the preprocessor when reading an |
252b5132 RH |
4097 | @code{rc} file. |
4098 | ||
29b058f1 NC |
4099 | @item -U @var{target} |
4100 | @itemx --undefine @var{sym} | |
4101 | Specify a @option{-U} option to pass to the preprocessor when reading an | |
4102 | @code{rc} file. | |
4103 | ||
3126d709 CF |
4104 | @item -r |
4105 | Ignored for compatibility with rc. | |
4106 | ||
751d21b5 DD |
4107 | @item -v |
4108 | Enable verbose mode. This tells you what the preprocessor is if you | |
4109 | didn't specify one. | |
4110 | ||
30ff741f NC |
4111 | @item -c @var{val} |
4112 | @item --codepage @var{val} | |
4113 | Specify the default codepage to use when reading an @code{rc} file. | |
4114 | @var{val} should be a hexadecimal prefixed by @samp{0x} or decimal | |
4115 | codepage code. The valid range is from zero up to 0xffff, but the | |
4116 | validity of the codepage is host and configuration dependent. | |
4117 | ||
3077f5d8 | 4118 | @item -l @var{val} |
252b5132 RH |
4119 | @item --language @var{val} |
4120 | Specify the default language to use when reading an @code{rc} file. | |
4121 | @var{val} should be a hexadecimal language code. The low eight bits are | |
4122 | the language, and the high eight bits are the sublanguage. | |
4123 | ||
5a298d2d NC |
4124 | @item --use-temp-file |
4125 | Use a temporary file to instead of using popen to read the output of | |
c1c0eb9e RM |
4126 | the preprocessor. Use this option if the popen implementation is buggy |
4127 | on the host (eg., certain non-English language versions of Windows 95 and | |
5a298d2d NC |
4128 | Windows 98 are known to have buggy popen where the output will instead |
4129 | go the console). | |
4130 | ||
4131 | @item --no-use-temp-file | |
4132 | Use popen, not a temporary file, to read the output of the preprocessor. | |
4133 | This is the default behaviour. | |
4134 | ||
3077f5d8 | 4135 | @item -h |
252b5132 RH |
4136 | @item --help |
4137 | Prints a usage summary. | |
4138 | ||
3077f5d8 | 4139 | @item -V |
252b5132 | 4140 | @item --version |
c7c55b78 | 4141 | Prints the version number for @command{windres}. |
252b5132 RH |
4142 | |
4143 | @item --yydebug | |
c7c55b78 | 4144 | If @command{windres} is compiled with @code{YYDEBUG} defined as @code{1}, |
252b5132 RH |
4145 | this will turn on parser debugging. |
4146 | @end table | |
4147 | ||
0285c67d NC |
4148 | @c man end |
4149 | ||
4150 | @ignore | |
4151 | @c man begin SEEALSO windres | |
4152 | the Info entries for @file{binutils}. | |
4153 | @c man end | |
4154 | @end ignore | |
252b5132 RH |
4155 | |
4156 | @node dlltool | |
2aa9814e | 4157 | @chapter dlltool |
252b5132 RH |
4158 | @cindex DLL |
4159 | @kindex dlltool | |
4160 | ||
2aa9814e BE |
4161 | @command{dlltool} is used to create the files needed to create dynamic |
4162 | link libraries (DLLs) on systems which understand PE format image | |
4163 | files such as Windows. A DLL contains an export table which contains | |
4164 | information that the runtime loader needs to resolve references from a | |
4165 | referencing program. | |
4166 | ||
4167 | The export table is generated by this program by reading in a | |
4168 | @file{.def} file or scanning the @file{.a} and @file{.o} files which | |
4169 | will be in the DLL. A @file{.o} file can contain information in | |
4170 | special @samp{.drectve} sections with export information. | |
252b5132 RH |
4171 | |
4172 | @quotation | |
2aa9814e BE |
4173 | @emph{Note:} @command{dlltool} is not always built as part of the |
4174 | binary utilities, since it is only useful for those targets which | |
4175 | support DLLs. | |
252b5132 RH |
4176 | @end quotation |
4177 | ||
0285c67d NC |
4178 | @c man title dlltool Create files needed to build and use DLLs. |
4179 | ||
252b5132 | 4180 | @smallexample |
0285c67d | 4181 | @c man begin SYNOPSIS dlltool |
c7c55b78 NC |
4182 | dlltool [@option{-d}|@option{--input-def} @var{def-file-name}] |
4183 | [@option{-b}|@option{--base-file} @var{base-file-name}] | |
4184 | [@option{-e}|@option{--output-exp} @var{exports-file-name}] | |
4185 | [@option{-z}|@option{--output-def} @var{def-file-name}] | |
c1c0eb9e | 4186 | [@option{-l}|@option{--output-lib} @var{library-file-name}] |
10e636d2 | 4187 | [@option{-y}|@option{--output-delaylib} @var{library-file-name}] |
c7c55b78 NC |
4188 | [@option{--export-all-symbols}] [@option{--no-export-all-symbols}] |
4189 | [@option{--exclude-symbols} @var{list}] | |
4190 | [@option{--no-default-excludes}] | |
4191 | [@option{-S}|@option{--as} @var{path-to-assembler}] [@option{-f}|@option{--as-flags} @var{options}] | |
4192 | [@option{-D}|@option{--dllname} @var{name}] [@option{-m}|@option{--machine} @var{machine}] | |
14288fdc DS |
4193 | [@option{-a}|@option{--add-indirect}] |
4194 | [@option{-U}|@option{--add-underscore}] [@option{--add-stdcall-underscore}] | |
4195 | [@option{-k}|@option{--kill-at}] [@option{-A}|@option{--add-stdcall-alias}] | |
607dea97 | 4196 | [@option{-p}|@option{--ext-prefix-alias} @var{prefix}] |
d4732f7c | 4197 | [@option{-x}|@option{--no-idata4}] [@option{-c}|@option{--no-idata5}] |
e77b97d4 | 4198 | [@option{--use-nul-prefixed-import-tables}] |
71c57c16 NC |
4199 | [@option{-I}|@option{--identify} @var{library-file-name}] [@option{--identify-strict}] |
4200 | [@option{-i}|@option{--interwork}] | |
f9346411 | 4201 | [@option{-n}|@option{--nodelete}] [@option{-t}|@option{--temp-prefix} @var{prefix}] |
c1c0eb9e | 4202 | [@option{-v}|@option{--verbose}] |
c7c55b78 | 4203 | [@option{-h}|@option{--help}] [@option{-V}|@option{--version}] |
36d21de5 | 4204 | [@option{--no-leading-underscore}] [@option{--leading-underscore}] |
252b5132 | 4205 | [object-file @dots{}] |
0285c67d | 4206 | @c man end |
252b5132 RH |
4207 | @end smallexample |
4208 | ||
0285c67d NC |
4209 | @c man begin DESCRIPTION dlltool |
4210 | ||
c7c55b78 NC |
4211 | @command{dlltool} reads its inputs, which can come from the @option{-d} and |
4212 | @option{-b} options as well as object files specified on the command | |
4213 | line. It then processes these inputs and if the @option{-e} option has | |
4214 | been specified it creates a exports file. If the @option{-l} option | |
4215 | has been specified it creates a library file and if the @option{-z} option | |
c1c0eb9e RM |
4216 | has been specified it creates a def file. Any or all of the @option{-e}, |
4217 | @option{-l} and @option{-z} options can be present in one invocation of | |
c7c55b78 | 4218 | dlltool. |
252b5132 RH |
4219 | |
4220 | When creating a DLL, along with the source for the DLL, it is necessary | |
c7c55b78 | 4221 | to have three other files. @command{dlltool} can help with the creation of |
252b5132 RH |
4222 | these files. |
4223 | ||
2aa9814e | 4224 | The first file is a @file{.def} file which specifies which functions are |
252b5132 | 4225 | exported from the DLL, which functions the DLL imports, and so on. This |
c7c55b78 NC |
4226 | is a text file and can be created by hand, or @command{dlltool} can be used |
4227 | to create it using the @option{-z} option. In this case @command{dlltool} | |
252b5132 RH |
4228 | will scan the object files specified on its command line looking for |
4229 | those functions which have been specially marked as being exported and | |
2aa9814e | 4230 | put entries for them in the @file{.def} file it creates. |
252b5132 RH |
4231 | |
4232 | In order to mark a function as being exported from a DLL, it needs to | |
c7c55b78 | 4233 | have an @option{-export:<name_of_function>} entry in the @samp{.drectve} |
252b5132 RH |
4234 | section of the object file. This can be done in C by using the |
4235 | asm() operator: | |
4236 | ||
4237 | @smallexample | |
c1c0eb9e | 4238 | asm (".section .drectve"); |
252b5132 RH |
4239 | asm (".ascii \"-export:my_func\""); |
4240 | ||
4241 | int my_func (void) @{ @dots{} @} | |
4242 | @end smallexample | |
4243 | ||
4244 | The second file needed for DLL creation is an exports file. This file | |
4245 | is linked with the object files that make up the body of the DLL and it | |
4246 | handles the interface between the DLL and the outside world. This is a | |
c7c55b78 | 4247 | binary file and it can be created by giving the @option{-e} option to |
c1c0eb9e | 4248 | @command{dlltool} when it is creating or reading in a @file{.def} file. |
252b5132 RH |
4249 | |
4250 | The third file needed for DLL creation is the library file that programs | |
d4732f7c CW |
4251 | will link with in order to access the functions in the DLL (an `import |
4252 | library'). This file can be created by giving the @option{-l} option to | |
4253 | dlltool when it is creating or reading in a @file{.def} file. | |
252b5132 | 4254 | |
10e636d2 DK |
4255 | If the @option{-y} option is specified, dlltool generates a delay-import |
4256 | library that can be used instead of the normal import library to allow | |
4257 | a program to link to the dll only as soon as an imported function is | |
4258 | called for the first time. The resulting executable will need to be | |
4259 | linked to the static delayimp library containing __delayLoadHelper2(), | |
4260 | which in turn will import LoadLibraryA and GetProcAddress from kernel32. | |
4261 | ||
c7c55b78 | 4262 | @command{dlltool} builds the library file by hand, but it builds the |
252b5132 | 4263 | exports file by creating temporary files containing assembler statements |
c7c55b78 | 4264 | and then assembling these. The @option{-S} command line option can be |
252b5132 | 4265 | used to specify the path to the assembler that dlltool will use, |
c7c55b78 NC |
4266 | and the @option{-f} option can be used to pass specific flags to that |
4267 | assembler. The @option{-n} can be used to prevent dlltool from deleting | |
4268 | these temporary assembler files when it is done, and if @option{-n} is | |
252b5132 RH |
4269 | specified twice then this will prevent dlltool from deleting the |
4270 | temporary object files it used to build the library. | |
4271 | ||
4272 | Here is an example of creating a DLL from a source file @samp{dll.c} and | |
4273 | also creating a program (from an object file called @samp{program.o}) | |
4274 | that uses that DLL: | |
4275 | ||
4276 | @smallexample | |
4277 | gcc -c dll.c | |
4278 | dlltool -e exports.o -l dll.lib dll.o | |
4279 | gcc dll.o exports.o -o dll.dll | |
4280 | gcc program.o dll.lib -o program | |
4281 | @end smallexample | |
4282 | ||
d4732f7c CW |
4283 | |
4284 | @command{dlltool} may also be used to query an existing import library | |
b3364cb9 | 4285 | to determine the name of the DLL to which it is associated. See the |
d4732f7c | 4286 | description of the @option{-I} or @option{--identify} option. |
b3364cb9 | 4287 | |
0285c67d NC |
4288 | @c man end |
4289 | ||
4290 | @c man begin OPTIONS dlltool | |
4291 | ||
252b5132 RH |
4292 | The command line options have the following meanings: |
4293 | ||
c7c55b78 | 4294 | @table @env |
252b5132 RH |
4295 | |
4296 | @item -d @var{filename} | |
4297 | @itemx --input-def @var{filename} | |
4298 | @cindex input .def file | |
2aa9814e | 4299 | Specifies the name of a @file{.def} file to be read in and processed. |
252b5132 RH |
4300 | |
4301 | @item -b @var{filename} | |
4302 | @itemx --base-file @var{filename} | |
4303 | @cindex base files | |
4304 | Specifies the name of a base file to be read in and processed. The | |
4305 | contents of this file will be added to the relocation section in the | |
4306 | exports file generated by dlltool. | |
4307 | ||
4308 | @item -e @var{filename} | |
4309 | @itemx --output-exp @var{filename} | |
4310 | Specifies the name of the export file to be created by dlltool. | |
4311 | ||
4312 | @item -z @var{filename} | |
4313 | @itemx --output-def @var{filename} | |
2aa9814e | 4314 | Specifies the name of the @file{.def} file to be created by dlltool. |
252b5132 RH |
4315 | |
4316 | @item -l @var{filename} | |
4317 | @itemx --output-lib @var{filename} | |
4318 | Specifies the name of the library file to be created by dlltool. | |
4319 | ||
10e636d2 DK |
4320 | @item -y @var{filename} |
4321 | @itemx --output-delaylib @var{filename} | |
4322 | Specifies the name of the delay-import library file to be created by dlltool. | |
4323 | ||
252b5132 RH |
4324 | @item --export-all-symbols |
4325 | Treat all global and weak defined symbols found in the input object | |
4326 | files as symbols to be exported. There is a small list of symbols which | |
c7c55b78 | 4327 | are not exported by default; see the @option{--no-default-excludes} |
252b5132 | 4328 | option. You may add to the list of symbols to not export by using the |
c7c55b78 | 4329 | @option{--exclude-symbols} option. |
252b5132 RH |
4330 | |
4331 | @item --no-export-all-symbols | |
2aa9814e | 4332 | Only export symbols explicitly listed in an input @file{.def} file or in |
252b5132 RH |
4333 | @samp{.drectve} sections in the input object files. This is the default |
4334 | behaviour. The @samp{.drectve} sections are created by @samp{dllexport} | |
4335 | attributes in the source code. | |
4336 | ||
4337 | @item --exclude-symbols @var{list} | |
4338 | Do not export the symbols in @var{list}. This is a list of symbol names | |
4339 | separated by comma or colon characters. The symbol names should not | |
4340 | contain a leading underscore. This is only meaningful when | |
c7c55b78 | 4341 | @option{--export-all-symbols} is used. |
252b5132 RH |
4342 | |
4343 | @item --no-default-excludes | |
c7c55b78 | 4344 | When @option{--export-all-symbols} is used, it will by default avoid |
252b5132 RH |
4345 | exporting certain special symbols. The current list of symbols to avoid |
4346 | exporting is @samp{DllMain@@12}, @samp{DllEntryPoint@@0}, | |
c7c55b78 | 4347 | @samp{impure_ptr}. You may use the @option{--no-default-excludes} option |
252b5132 | 4348 | to go ahead and export these special symbols. This is only meaningful |
c7c55b78 | 4349 | when @option{--export-all-symbols} is used. |
252b5132 RH |
4350 | |
4351 | @item -S @var{path} | |
4352 | @itemx --as @var{path} | |
4353 | Specifies the path, including the filename, of the assembler to be used | |
4354 | to create the exports file. | |
4355 | ||
6364e0b4 NC |
4356 | @item -f @var{options} |
4357 | @itemx --as-flags @var{options} | |
4358 | Specifies any specific command line options to be passed to the | |
252b5132 | 4359 | assembler when building the exports file. This option will work even if |
c7c55b78 | 4360 | the @option{-S} option is not used. This option only takes one argument, |
252b5132 RH |
4361 | and if it occurs more than once on the command line, then later |
4362 | occurrences will override earlier occurrences. So if it is necessary to | |
6364e0b4 | 4363 | pass multiple options to the assembler they should be enclosed in |
252b5132 RH |
4364 | double quotes. |
4365 | ||
4366 | @item -D @var{name} | |
4367 | @itemx --dll-name @var{name} | |
2aa9814e BE |
4368 | Specifies the name to be stored in the @file{.def} file as the name of |
4369 | the DLL when the @option{-e} option is used. If this option is not | |
4370 | present, then the filename given to the @option{-e} option will be | |
4371 | used as the name of the DLL. | |
252b5132 RH |
4372 | |
4373 | @item -m @var{machine} | |
4374 | @itemx -machine @var{machine} | |
4375 | Specifies the type of machine for which the library file should be | |
c7c55b78 | 4376 | built. @command{dlltool} has a built in default type, depending upon how |
252b5132 RH |
4377 | it was created, but this option can be used to override that. This is |
4378 | normally only useful when creating DLLs for an ARM processor, when the | |
c36774d6 | 4379 | contents of the DLL are actually encode using Thumb instructions. |
252b5132 RH |
4380 | |
4381 | @item -a | |
4382 | @itemx --add-indirect | |
c7c55b78 | 4383 | Specifies that when @command{dlltool} is creating the exports file it |
252b5132 RH |
4384 | should add a section which allows the exported functions to be |
4385 | referenced without using the import library. Whatever the hell that | |
c1c0eb9e | 4386 | means! |
252b5132 RH |
4387 | |
4388 | @item -U | |
4389 | @itemx --add-underscore | |
c7c55b78 | 4390 | Specifies that when @command{dlltool} is creating the exports file it |
c1c0eb9e | 4391 | should prepend an underscore to the names of @emph{all} exported symbols. |
14288fdc | 4392 | |
36d21de5 KT |
4393 | @item --no-leading-underscore |
4394 | @item --leading-underscore | |
4395 | Specifies whether standard symbol should be forced to be prefixed, or | |
4396 | not. | |
4397 | ||
14288fdc DS |
4398 | @item --add-stdcall-underscore |
4399 | Specifies that when @command{dlltool} is creating the exports file it | |
4400 | should prepend an underscore to the names of exported @emph{stdcall} | |
4401 | functions. Variable names and non-stdcall function names are not modified. | |
4402 | This option is useful when creating GNU-compatible import libs for third | |
4403 | party DLLs that were built with MS-Windows tools. | |
252b5132 RH |
4404 | |
4405 | @item -k | |
4406 | @itemx --kill-at | |
c1724c7f DK |
4407 | Specifies that @samp{@@<number>} suffixes should be omitted from the names |
4408 | of stdcall functions that will be imported from the DLL. This is | |
4409 | useful when creating an import library for a DLL which exports stdcall | |
4410 | functions but without the usual @samp{@@<number>} symbol name suffix. | |
4411 | ||
4412 | This does not change the naming of symbols provided by the import library | |
4413 | to programs linked against it, but only the entries in the import table | |
4414 | (ie the .idata section). | |
252b5132 RH |
4415 | |
4416 | @item -A | |
4417 | @itemx --add-stdcall-alias | |
c7c55b78 | 4418 | Specifies that when @command{dlltool} is creating the exports file it |
252b5132 RH |
4419 | should add aliases for stdcall symbols without @samp{@@ <number>} |
4420 | in addition to the symbols with @samp{@@ <number>}. | |
4421 | ||
607dea97 NC |
4422 | @item -p |
4423 | @itemx --ext-prefix-alias @var{prefix} | |
4424 | Causes @command{dlltool} to create external aliases for all DLL | |
4425 | imports with the specified prefix. The aliases are created for both | |
4426 | external and import symbols with no leading underscore. | |
4427 | ||
252b5132 RH |
4428 | @item -x |
4429 | @itemx --no-idata4 | |
c7c55b78 NC |
4430 | Specifies that when @command{dlltool} is creating the exports and library |
4431 | files it should omit the @code{.idata4} section. This is for compatibility | |
252b5132 RH |
4432 | with certain operating systems. |
4433 | ||
e77b97d4 KT |
4434 | @item --use-nul-prefixed-import-tables |
4435 | Specifies that when @command{dlltool} is creating the exports and library | |
4436 | files it should prefix the @code{.idata4} and @code{.idata5} by zero an | |
4437 | element. This emulates old gnu import library generation of | |
4438 | @code{dlltool}. By default this option is turned off. | |
4439 | ||
252b5132 RH |
4440 | @item -c |
4441 | @itemx --no-idata5 | |
c7c55b78 NC |
4442 | Specifies that when @command{dlltool} is creating the exports and library |
4443 | files it should omit the @code{.idata5} section. This is for compatibility | |
252b5132 RH |
4444 | with certain operating systems. |
4445 | ||
d4732f7c CW |
4446 | @item -I @var{filename} |
4447 | @itemx --identify @var{filename} | |
4448 | Specifies that @command{dlltool} should inspect the import library | |
71c57c16 NC |
4449 | indicated by @var{filename} and report, on @code{stdout}, the name(s) |
4450 | of the associated DLL(s). This can be performed in addition to any | |
4451 | other operations indicated by the other options and arguments. | |
4452 | @command{dlltool} fails if the import library does not exist or is not | |
4453 | actually an import library. See also @option{--identify-strict}. | |
4454 | ||
4455 | @item --identify-strict | |
4456 | Modifies the behavior of the @option{--identify} option, such | |
4457 | that an error is reported if @var{filename} is associated with | |
4458 | more than one DLL. | |
d4732f7c | 4459 | |
252b5132 RH |
4460 | @item -i |
4461 | @itemx --interwork | |
c7c55b78 | 4462 | Specifies that @command{dlltool} should mark the objects in the library |
252b5132 | 4463 | file and exports file that it produces as supporting interworking |
c36774d6 | 4464 | between ARM and Thumb code. |
252b5132 RH |
4465 | |
4466 | @item -n | |
4467 | @itemx --nodelete | |
c7c55b78 | 4468 | Makes @command{dlltool} preserve the temporary assembler files it used to |
252b5132 RH |
4469 | create the exports file. If this option is repeated then dlltool will |
4470 | also preserve the temporary object files it uses to create the library | |
f9346411 DS |
4471 | file. |
4472 | ||
4473 | @item -t @var{prefix} | |
4474 | @itemx --temp-prefix @var{prefix} | |
4475 | Makes @command{dlltool} use @var{prefix} when constructing the names of | |
4476 | temporary assembler and object files. By default, the temp file prefix | |
c1c0eb9e | 4477 | is generated from the pid. |
252b5132 RH |
4478 | |
4479 | @item -v | |
4480 | @itemx --verbose | |
4481 | Make dlltool describe what it is doing. | |
4482 | ||
4483 | @item -h | |
4484 | @itemx --help | |
4485 | Displays a list of command line options and then exits. | |
4486 | ||
4487 | @item -V | |
4488 | @itemx --version | |
4489 | Displays dlltool's version number and then exits. | |
4490 | ||
4491 | @end table | |
4492 | ||
0285c67d NC |
4493 | @c man end |
4494 | ||
2aa9814e BE |
4495 | @menu |
4496 | * def file format:: The format of the dlltool @file{.def} file | |
4497 | @end menu | |
4498 | ||
4499 | @node def file format | |
4500 | @section The format of the @command{dlltool} @file{.def} file | |
4501 | ||
4502 | A @file{.def} file contains any number of the following commands: | |
4503 | ||
4504 | @table @asis | |
4505 | ||
4506 | @item @code{NAME} @var{name} @code{[ ,} @var{base} @code{]} | |
4507 | The result is going to be named @var{name}@code{.exe}. | |
4508 | ||
4509 | @item @code{LIBRARY} @var{name} @code{[ ,} @var{base} @code{]} | |
4510 | The result is going to be named @var{name}@code{.dll}. | |
5b3d386e KT |
4511 | Note: If you want to use LIBRARY as name then you need to quote. Otherwise |
4512 | this will fail due a necessary hack for libtool (see PR binutils/13710 for more | |
4513 | details). | |
2aa9814e | 4514 | |
bf201fdd | 4515 | @item @code{EXPORTS ( ( (} @var{name1} @code{[ = } @var{name2} @code{] ) | ( } @var{name1} @code{=} @var{module-name} @code{.} @var{external-name} @code{) ) [ == } @var{its_name} @code{]} |
2aa9814e BE |
4516 | @item @code{[} @var{integer} @code{] [ NONAME ] [ CONSTANT ] [ DATA ] [ PRIVATE ] ) *} |
4517 | Declares @var{name1} as an exported symbol from the DLL, with optional | |
4518 | ordinal number @var{integer}, or declares @var{name1} as an alias | |
bf201fdd KT |
4519 | (forward) of the function @var{external-name} in the DLL. |
4520 | If @var{its_name} is specified, this name is used as string in export table. | |
2aa9814e | 4521 | @var{module-name}. |
5b3d386e KT |
4522 | Note: The @code{EXPORTS} has to be the last command in .def file, as keywords |
4523 | are treated - beside @code{LIBRARY} - as simple name-identifiers. | |
4524 | If you want to use LIBRARY as name then you need to quote it. | |
2aa9814e | 4525 | |
bf201fdd | 4526 | @item @code{IMPORTS ( (} @var{internal-name} @code{=} @var{module-name} @code{.} @var{integer} @code{) | [} @var{internal-name} @code{= ]} @var{module-name} @code{.} @var{external-name} @code{) [ == ) @var{its_name} @code{]} *} |
2aa9814e BE |
4527 | Declares that @var{external-name} or the exported function whose |
4528 | ordinal number is @var{integer} is to be imported from the file | |
4529 | @var{module-name}. If @var{internal-name} is specified then this is | |
4530 | the name that the imported function will be referred to in the body of | |
4531 | the DLL. | |
bf201fdd | 4532 | If @var{its_name} is specified, this name is used as string in import table. |
5b3d386e KT |
4533 | Note: The @code{IMPORTS} has to be the last command in .def file, as keywords |
4534 | are treated - beside @code{LIBRARY} - as simple name-identifiers. | |
4535 | If you want to use LIBRARY as name then you need to quote it. | |
2aa9814e BE |
4536 | |
4537 | @item @code{DESCRIPTION} @var{string} | |
4538 | Puts @var{string} into the output @file{.exp} file in the | |
4539 | @code{.rdata} section. | |
4540 | ||
4541 | @item @code{STACKSIZE} @var{number-reserve} @code{[, } @var{number-commit} @code{]} | |
4542 | @item @code{HEAPSIZE} @var{number-reserve} @code{[, } @var{number-commit} @code{]} | |
4543 | Generates @code{--stack} or @code{--heap} | |
4544 | @var{number-reserve},@var{number-commit} in the output @code{.drectve} | |
4545 | section. The linker will see this and act upon it. | |
4546 | ||
4547 | @item @code{CODE} @var{attr} @code{+} | |
4548 | @item @code{DATA} @var{attr} @code{+} | |
4549 | @item @code{SECTIONS (} @var{section-name} @var{attr}@code{ + ) *} | |
4550 | Generates @code{--attr} @var{section-name} @var{attr} in the output | |
4551 | @code{.drectve} section, where @var{attr} is one of @code{READ}, | |
4552 | @code{WRITE}, @code{EXECUTE} or @code{SHARED}. The linker will see | |
4553 | this and act upon it. | |
4554 | ||
4555 | @end table | |
4556 | ||
0285c67d NC |
4557 | @ignore |
4558 | @c man begin SEEALSO dlltool | |
2aa9814e | 4559 | The Info pages for @file{binutils}. |
0285c67d NC |
4560 | @c man end |
4561 | @end ignore | |
4562 | ||
252b5132 RH |
4563 | @node readelf |
4564 | @chapter readelf | |
4565 | ||
4566 | @cindex ELF file information | |
4567 | @kindex readelf | |
4568 | ||
0285c67d NC |
4569 | @c man title readelf Displays information about ELF files. |
4570 | ||
252b5132 | 4571 | @smallexample |
0285c67d | 4572 | @c man begin SYNOPSIS readelf |
c1c0eb9e | 4573 | readelf [@option{-a}|@option{--all}] |
c7c55b78 NC |
4574 | [@option{-h}|@option{--file-header}] |
4575 | [@option{-l}|@option{--program-headers}|@option{--segments}] | |
4576 | [@option{-S}|@option{--section-headers}|@option{--sections}] | |
81fc812e | 4577 | [@option{-g}|@option{--section-groups}] |
5477e8a0 | 4578 | [@option{-t}|@option{--section-details}] |
c7c55b78 NC |
4579 | [@option{-e}|@option{--headers}] |
4580 | [@option{-s}|@option{--syms}|@option{--symbols}] | |
2c610e4b | 4581 | [@option{--dyn-syms}] |
c7c55b78 NC |
4582 | [@option{-n}|@option{--notes}] |
4583 | [@option{-r}|@option{--relocs}] | |
4584 | [@option{-u}|@option{--unwind}] | |
4585 | [@option{-d}|@option{--dynamic}] | |
4586 | [@option{-V}|@option{--version-info}] | |
947ed062 | 4587 | [@option{-A}|@option{--arch-specific}] |
c7c55b78 | 4588 | [@option{-D}|@option{--use-dynamic}] |
aef1f6d0 | 4589 | [@option{-x} <number or name>|@option{--hex-dump=}<number or name>] |
09c11c86 | 4590 | [@option{-p} <number or name>|@option{--string-dump=}<number or name>] |
cf13d699 | 4591 | [@option{-R} <number or name>|@option{--relocated-dump=}<number or name>] |
0e602686 | 4592 | [@option{-z}|@option{--decompress}] |
4145f1d5 | 4593 | [@option{-c}|@option{--archive-index}] |
dda8d76d NC |
4594 | [@option{-w[lLiaprmfFsoRtUuTgAckK]}| |
4595 | @option{--debug-dump}[=rawline,=decodedline,=info,=abbrev,=pubnames,=aranges,=macro,=frames,=frames-interp,=str,=loc,=Ranges,=pubtypes,=trace_info,=trace_abbrev,=trace_aranges,=gdb_index,=addr,=cu_index,=links,=follow-links]] | |
fd2f0033 TT |
4596 | [@option{--dwarf-depth=@var{n}}] |
4597 | [@option{--dwarf-start=@var{n}}] | |
ed22650e | 4598 | [@option{-I}|@option{--histogram}] |
c7c55b78 | 4599 | [@option{-v}|@option{--version}] |
d974e256 | 4600 | [@option{-W}|@option{--wide}] |
c7c55b78 | 4601 | [@option{-H}|@option{--help}] |
252b5132 | 4602 | @var{elffile}@dots{} |
0285c67d | 4603 | @c man end |
252b5132 RH |
4604 | @end smallexample |
4605 | ||
0285c67d NC |
4606 | @c man begin DESCRIPTION readelf |
4607 | ||
c7c55b78 | 4608 | @command{readelf} displays information about one or more ELF format object |
252b5132 RH |
4609 | files. The options control what particular information to display. |
4610 | ||
fb52b2f4 NC |
4611 | @var{elffile}@dots{} are the object files to be examined. 32-bit and |
4612 | 64-bit ELF files are supported, as are archives containing ELF files. | |
252b5132 | 4613 | |
9eb20dd8 NC |
4614 | This program performs a similar function to @command{objdump} but it |
4615 | goes into more detail and it exists independently of the @sc{bfd} | |
4616 | library, so if there is a bug in @sc{bfd} then readelf will not be | |
4617 | affected. | |
4618 | ||
0285c67d NC |
4619 | @c man end |
4620 | ||
4621 | @c man begin OPTIONS readelf | |
4622 | ||
252b5132 RH |
4623 | The long and short forms of options, shown here as alternatives, are |
4624 | equivalent. At least one option besides @samp{-v} or @samp{-H} must be | |
c1c0eb9e | 4625 | given. |
252b5132 | 4626 | |
c7c55b78 | 4627 | @table @env |
252b5132 RH |
4628 | @item -a |
4629 | @itemx --all | |
d95ef3ab | 4630 | Equivalent to specifying @option{--file-header}, |
c7c55b78 | 4631 | @option{--program-headers}, @option{--sections}, @option{--symbols}, |
ee357486 NC |
4632 | @option{--relocs}, @option{--dynamic}, @option{--notes}, |
4633 | @option{--version-info}, @option{--arch-specific}, @option{--unwind}, | |
4634 | @option{--section-groups} and @option{--histogram}. | |
4635 | ||
4636 | Note - this option does not enable @option{--use-dynamic} itself, so | |
4637 | if that option is not present on the command line then dynamic symbols | |
4638 | and dynamic relocs will not be displayed. | |
252b5132 RH |
4639 | |
4640 | @item -h | |
4641 | @itemx --file-header | |
4642 | @cindex ELF file header information | |
4643 | Displays the information contained in the ELF header at the start of the | |
4644 | file. | |
4645 | ||
4646 | @item -l | |
4647 | @itemx --program-headers | |
4648 | @itemx --segments | |
4649 | @cindex ELF program header information | |
4650 | @cindex ELF segment information | |
4651 | Displays the information contained in the file's segment headers, if it | |
4652 | has any. | |
4653 | ||
4654 | @item -S | |
4655 | @itemx --sections | |
4656 | @itemx --section-headers | |
4657 | @cindex ELF section information | |
4658 | Displays the information contained in the file's section headers, if it | |
4659 | has any. | |
4660 | ||
81fc812e L |
4661 | @item -g |
4662 | @itemx --section-groups | |
4663 | @cindex ELF section group information | |
4664 | Displays the information contained in the file's section groups, if it | |
4665 | has any. | |
4666 | ||
5477e8a0 L |
4667 | @item -t |
4668 | @itemx --section-details | |
4669 | @cindex ELF section information | |
4670 | Displays the detailed section information. Implies @option{-S}. | |
81fc812e | 4671 | |
252b5132 RH |
4672 | @item -s |
4673 | @itemx --symbols | |
4674 | @itemx --syms | |
4675 | @cindex ELF symbol table information | |
4676 | Displays the entries in symbol table section of the file, if it has one. | |
df2c87b5 NC |
4677 | If a symbol has version information associated with it then this is |
4678 | displayed as well. The version string is displayed as a suffix to the | |
4679 | symbol name, preceeded by an @@ character. For example | |
4680 | @samp{foo@@VER_1}. If the version is the default version to be used | |
4681 | when resolving unversioned references to the symbol then it is | |
4682 | displayed as a suffix preceeded by two @@ characters. For example | |
4683 | @samp{foo@@@@VER_2}. | |
252b5132 | 4684 | |
2c610e4b L |
4685 | @item --dyn-syms |
4686 | @cindex ELF dynamic symbol table information | |
4687 | Displays the entries in dynamic symbol table section of the file, if it | |
df2c87b5 NC |
4688 | has one. The output format is the same as the format used by the |
4689 | @option{--syms} option. | |
2c610e4b | 4690 | |
252b5132 RH |
4691 | @item -e |
4692 | @itemx --headers | |
c7c55b78 | 4693 | Display all the headers in the file. Equivalent to @option{-h -l -S}. |
252b5132 | 4694 | |
779fe533 NC |
4695 | @item -n |
4696 | @itemx --notes | |
1ec5cd37 NC |
4697 | @cindex ELF notes |
4698 | Displays the contents of the NOTE segments and/or sections, if any. | |
779fe533 | 4699 | |
252b5132 RH |
4700 | @item -r |
4701 | @itemx --relocs | |
4702 | @cindex ELF reloc information | |
f5e21966 NC |
4703 | Displays the contents of the file's relocation section, if it has one. |
4704 | ||
4705 | @item -u | |
4706 | @itemx --unwind | |
4707 | @cindex unwind information | |
4708 | Displays the contents of the file's unwind section, if it has one. Only | |
ba7f2642 TS |
4709 | the unwind sections for IA64 ELF files, as well as ARM unwind tables |
4710 | (@code{.ARM.exidx} / @code{.ARM.extab}) are currently supported. | |
252b5132 RH |
4711 | |
4712 | @item -d | |
4713 | @itemx --dynamic | |
4714 | @cindex ELF dynamic section information | |
4715 | Displays the contents of the file's dynamic section, if it has one. | |
4716 | ||
4717 | @item -V | |
4718 | @itemx --version-info | |
a8685210 | 4719 | @cindex ELF version sections information |
252b5132 RH |
4720 | Displays the contents of the version sections in the file, it they |
4721 | exist. | |
4722 | ||
947ed062 NC |
4723 | @item -A |
4724 | @itemx --arch-specific | |
4725 | Displays architecture-specific information in the file, if there | |
4726 | is any. | |
4727 | ||
252b5132 RH |
4728 | @item -D |
4729 | @itemx --use-dynamic | |
c7c55b78 | 4730 | When displaying symbols, this option makes @command{readelf} use the |
2c610e4b L |
4731 | symbol hash tables in the file's dynamic section, rather than the |
4732 | symbol table sections. | |
252b5132 | 4733 | |
ee357486 NC |
4734 | When displaying relocations, this option makes @command{readelf} |
4735 | display the dynamic relocations rather than the static relocations. | |
4736 | ||
aef1f6d0 DJ |
4737 | @item -x <number or name> |
4738 | @itemx --hex-dump=<number or name> | |
cf13d699 | 4739 | Displays the contents of the indicated section as a hexadecimal bytes. |
aef1f6d0 DJ |
4740 | A number identifies a particular section by index in the section table; |
4741 | any other string identifies all sections with that name in the object file. | |
252b5132 | 4742 | |
cf13d699 NC |
4743 | @item -R <number or name> |
4744 | @itemx --relocated-dump=<number or name> | |
4745 | Displays the contents of the indicated section as a hexadecimal | |
4746 | bytes. A number identifies a particular section by index in the | |
4747 | section table; any other string identifies all sections with that name | |
4748 | in the object file. The contents of the section will be relocated | |
4749 | before they are displayed. | |
4750 | ||
09c11c86 NC |
4751 | @item -p <number or name> |
4752 | @itemx --string-dump=<number or name> | |
4753 | Displays the contents of the indicated section as printable strings. | |
4754 | A number identifies a particular section by index in the section table; | |
4755 | any other string identifies all sections with that name in the object file. | |
4756 | ||
0e602686 NC |
4757 | @item -z |
4758 | @itemx --decompress | |
4759 | Requests that the section(s) being dumped by @option{x}, @option{R} or | |
4760 | @option{p} options are decompressed before being displayed. If the | |
4761 | section(s) are not compressed then they are displayed as is. | |
4762 | ||
4145f1d5 NC |
4763 | @item -c |
4764 | @itemx --archive-index | |
4765 | @cindex Archive file symbol index information | |
a8685210 | 4766 | Displays the file symbol index information contained in the header part |
4145f1d5 NC |
4767 | of binary archives. Performs the same function as the @option{t} |
4768 | command to @command{ar}, but without using the BFD library. @xref{ar}. | |
4769 | ||
dda8d76d NC |
4770 | @item -w[lLiaprmfFsoRtUuTgAckK] |
4771 | @itemx --debug-dump[=rawline,=decodedline,=info,=abbrev,=pubnames,=aranges,=macro,=frames,=frames-interp,=str,=loc,=Ranges,=pubtypes,=trace_info,=trace_abbrev,=trace_aranges,=gdb_index,=addr,=cu_index,=links,=follow-links] | |
4772 | @include debug.options.texi | |
fd2f0033 | 4773 | |
947ed062 NC |
4774 | @item -I |
4775 | @itemx --histogram | |
252b5132 RH |
4776 | Display a histogram of bucket list lengths when displaying the contents |
4777 | of the symbol tables. | |
4778 | ||
4779 | @item -v | |
4780 | @itemx --version | |
4781 | Display the version number of readelf. | |
4782 | ||
d974e256 JJ |
4783 | @item -W |
4784 | @itemx --wide | |
4785 | Don't break output lines to fit into 80 columns. By default | |
4786 | @command{readelf} breaks section header and segment listing lines for | |
4787 | 64-bit ELF files, so that they fit into 80 columns. This option causes | |
4788 | @command{readelf} to print each section header resp. each segment one a | |
4789 | single line, which is far more readable on terminals wider than 80 columns. | |
4790 | ||
252b5132 RH |
4791 | @item -H |
4792 | @itemx --help | |
c7c55b78 | 4793 | Display the command line options understood by @command{readelf}. |
252b5132 RH |
4794 | |
4795 | @end table | |
4796 | ||
0285c67d NC |
4797 | @c man end |
4798 | ||
4799 | @ignore | |
4800 | @c man begin SEEALSO readelf | |
4801 | objdump(1), and the Info entries for @file{binutils}. | |
4802 | @c man end | |
4803 | @end ignore | |
252b5132 | 4804 | |
30fd33bb L |
4805 | @node elfedit |
4806 | @chapter elfedit | |
4807 | ||
4808 | @cindex Update ELF header | |
4809 | @kindex elfedit | |
4810 | ||
4811 | @c man title elfedit Update the ELF header of ELF files. | |
4812 | ||
4813 | @smallexample | |
4814 | @c man begin SYNOPSIS elfedit | |
4815 | elfedit [@option{--input-mach=}@var{machine}] | |
dd35de74 | 4816 | [@option{--input-type=}@var{type}] |
08ebfb8c | 4817 | [@option{--input-osabi=}@var{osabi}] |
c7a795f8 | 4818 | @option{--output-mach=}@var{machine} |
dd35de74 | 4819 | @option{--output-type=}@var{type} |
08ebfb8c | 4820 | @option{--output-osabi=}@var{osabi} |
30fd33bb L |
4821 | [@option{-v}|@option{--version}] |
4822 | [@option{-h}|@option{--help}] | |
4823 | @var{elffile}@dots{} | |
4824 | @c man end | |
4825 | @end smallexample | |
4826 | ||
4827 | @c man begin DESCRIPTION elfedit | |
4828 | ||
dd35de74 L |
4829 | @command{elfedit} updates the ELF header of ELF files which have |
4830 | the matching ELF machine and file types. The options control how and | |
4831 | which fields in the ELF header should be updated. | |
30fd33bb L |
4832 | |
4833 | @var{elffile}@dots{} are the ELF files to be updated. 32-bit and | |
4834 | 64-bit ELF files are supported, as are archives containing ELF files. | |
4835 | @c man end | |
4836 | ||
4837 | @c man begin OPTIONS elfedit | |
4838 | ||
4839 | The long and short forms of options, shown here as alternatives, are | |
d0514c49 L |
4840 | equivalent. At least one of the @option{--output-mach}, |
4841 | @option{--output-type} and @option{--output-osabi} options must be given. | |
30fd33bb L |
4842 | |
4843 | @table @env | |
4844 | ||
574b25e8 | 4845 | @item --input-mach=@var{machine} |
dd35de74 L |
4846 | Set the matching input ELF machine type to @var{machine}. If |
4847 | @option{--input-mach} isn't specified, it will match any ELF | |
4848 | machine types. | |
30fd33bb | 4849 | |
6c14750f L |
4850 | The supported ELF machine types are, @var{i386}, @var{IAMCU}, @var{L1OM}, |
4851 | @var{K1OM} and @var{x86-64}. | |
30fd33bb | 4852 | |
574b25e8 | 4853 | @item --output-mach=@var{machine} |
30fd33bb L |
4854 | Change the ELF machine type in the ELF header to @var{machine}. The |
4855 | supported ELF machine types are the same as @option{--input-mach}. | |
4856 | ||
574b25e8 | 4857 | @item --input-type=@var{type} |
dd35de74 L |
4858 | Set the matching input ELF file type to @var{type}. If |
4859 | @option{--input-type} isn't specified, it will match any ELF file types. | |
4860 | ||
4861 | The supported ELF file types are, @var{rel}, @var{exec} and @var{dyn}. | |
4862 | ||
574b25e8 | 4863 | @item --output-type=@var{type} |
dd35de74 L |
4864 | Change the ELF file type in the ELF header to @var{type}. The |
4865 | supported ELF types are the same as @option{--input-type}. | |
4866 | ||
574b25e8 | 4867 | @item --input-osabi=@var{osabi} |
08ebfb8c | 4868 | Set the matching input ELF file OSABI to @var{osabi}. If |
d0514c49 L |
4869 | @option{--input-osabi} isn't specified, it will match any ELF OSABIs. |
4870 | ||
4871 | The supported ELF OSABIs are, @var{none}, @var{HPUX}, @var{NetBSD}, | |
9c55345c TS |
4872 | @var{GNU}, @var{Linux} (alias for @var{GNU}), |
4873 | @var{Solaris}, @var{AIX}, @var{Irix}, | |
d0514c49 L |
4874 | @var{FreeBSD}, @var{TRU64}, @var{Modesto}, @var{OpenBSD}, @var{OpenVMS}, |
4875 | @var{NSK}, @var{AROS} and @var{FenixOS}. | |
4876 | ||
574b25e8 | 4877 | @item --output-osabi=@var{osabi} |
08ebfb8c | 4878 | Change the ELF OSABI in the ELF header to @var{osabi}. The |
d0514c49 L |
4879 | supported ELF OSABI are the same as @option{--input-osabi}. |
4880 | ||
30fd33bb L |
4881 | @item -v |
4882 | @itemx --version | |
4883 | Display the version number of @command{elfedit}. | |
4884 | ||
4885 | @item -h | |
4886 | @itemx --help | |
4887 | Display the command line options understood by @command{elfedit}. | |
4888 | ||
4889 | @end table | |
4890 | ||
4891 | @c man end | |
4892 | ||
4893 | @ignore | |
4894 | @c man begin SEEALSO elfedit | |
4895 | readelf(1), and the Info entries for @file{binutils}. | |
4896 | @c man end | |
4897 | @end ignore | |
4898 | ||
07012eee MM |
4899 | @node Common Options |
4900 | @chapter Common Options | |
4901 | ||
4902 | The following command-line options are supported by all of the | |
4903 | programs described in this manual. | |
4904 | ||
dff70155 | 4905 | @c man begin OPTIONS |
07012eee | 4906 | @table @env |
38fc1cb1 | 4907 | @include at-file.texi |
dff70155 | 4908 | @c man end |
07012eee MM |
4909 | |
4910 | @item --help | |
4911 | Display the command-line options supported by the program. | |
4912 | ||
4913 | @item --version | |
4914 | Display the version number of the program. | |
4915 | ||
dff70155 | 4916 | @c man begin OPTIONS |
07012eee | 4917 | @end table |
dff70155 | 4918 | @c man end |
07012eee | 4919 | |
fff279a7 | 4920 | @node Selecting the Target System |
947ed062 | 4921 | @chapter Selecting the Target System |
252b5132 | 4922 | |
947ed062 | 4923 | You can specify two aspects of the target system to the @sc{gnu} |
252b5132 RH |
4924 | binary file utilities, each in several ways: |
4925 | ||
4926 | @itemize @bullet | |
4927 | @item | |
4928 | the target | |
4929 | ||
4930 | @item | |
4931 | the architecture | |
252b5132 RH |
4932 | @end itemize |
4933 | ||
4934 | In the following summaries, the lists of ways to specify values are in | |
4935 | order of decreasing precedence. The ways listed first override those | |
4936 | listed later. | |
4937 | ||
4938 | The commands to list valid values only list the values for which the | |
4939 | programs you are running were configured. If they were configured with | |
c7c55b78 | 4940 | @option{--enable-targets=all}, the commands list most of the available |
252b5132 RH |
4941 | values, but a few are left out; not all targets can be configured in at |
4942 | once because some of them can only be configured @dfn{native} (on hosts | |
4943 | with the same type as the target system). | |
4944 | ||
4945 | @menu | |
c1c0eb9e RM |
4946 | * Target Selection:: |
4947 | * Architecture Selection:: | |
252b5132 RH |
4948 | @end menu |
4949 | ||
4950 | @node Target Selection | |
4951 | @section Target Selection | |
4952 | ||
4953 | A @dfn{target} is an object file format. A given target may be | |
4954 | supported for multiple architectures (@pxref{Architecture Selection}). | |
4955 | A target selection may also have variations for different operating | |
4956 | systems or architectures. | |
4957 | ||
4958 | The command to list valid target values is @samp{objdump -i} | |
4959 | (the first column of output contains the relevant information). | |
4960 | ||
4961 | Some sample values are: @samp{a.out-hp300bsd}, @samp{ecoff-littlemips}, | |
4962 | @samp{a.out-sunos-big}. | |
4963 | ||
4964 | You can also specify a target using a configuration triplet. This is | |
f20a759a ILT |
4965 | the same sort of name that is passed to @file{configure} to specify a |
4966 | target. When you use a configuration triplet as an argument, it must be | |
4967 | fully canonicalized. You can see the canonical version of a triplet by | |
252b5132 RH |
4968 | running the shell script @file{config.sub} which is included with the |
4969 | sources. | |
4970 | ||
4971 | Some sample configuration triplets are: @samp{m68k-hp-bsd}, | |
4972 | @samp{mips-dec-ultrix}, @samp{sparc-sun-sunos}. | |
4973 | ||
c7c55b78 | 4974 | @subheading @command{objdump} Target |
252b5132 RH |
4975 | |
4976 | Ways to specify: | |
4977 | ||
4978 | @enumerate | |
4979 | @item | |
c7c55b78 | 4980 | command line option: @option{-b} or @option{--target} |
252b5132 RH |
4981 | |
4982 | @item | |
4983 | environment variable @code{GNUTARGET} | |
4984 | ||
4985 | @item | |
4986 | deduced from the input file | |
4987 | @end enumerate | |
4988 | ||
c7c55b78 | 4989 | @subheading @command{objcopy} and @command{strip} Input Target |
252b5132 RH |
4990 | |
4991 | Ways to specify: | |
4992 | ||
4993 | @enumerate | |
4994 | @item | |
c7c55b78 | 4995 | command line options: @option{-I} or @option{--input-target}, or @option{-F} or @option{--target} |
252b5132 RH |
4996 | |
4997 | @item | |
4998 | environment variable @code{GNUTARGET} | |
4999 | ||
5000 | @item | |
5001 | deduced from the input file | |
5002 | @end enumerate | |
5003 | ||
c7c55b78 | 5004 | @subheading @command{objcopy} and @command{strip} Output Target |
252b5132 RH |
5005 | |
5006 | Ways to specify: | |
5007 | ||
5008 | @enumerate | |
5009 | @item | |
c7c55b78 | 5010 | command line options: @option{-O} or @option{--output-target}, or @option{-F} or @option{--target} |
252b5132 RH |
5011 | |
5012 | @item | |
c7c55b78 | 5013 | the input target (see ``@command{objcopy} and @command{strip} Input Target'' above) |
252b5132 RH |
5014 | |
5015 | @item | |
5016 | environment variable @code{GNUTARGET} | |
5017 | ||
5018 | @item | |
5019 | deduced from the input file | |
5020 | @end enumerate | |
5021 | ||
c7c55b78 | 5022 | @subheading @command{nm}, @command{size}, and @command{strings} Target |
252b5132 RH |
5023 | |
5024 | Ways to specify: | |
5025 | ||
5026 | @enumerate | |
5027 | @item | |
c7c55b78 | 5028 | command line option: @option{--target} |
252b5132 RH |
5029 | |
5030 | @item | |
5031 | environment variable @code{GNUTARGET} | |
5032 | ||
5033 | @item | |
5034 | deduced from the input file | |
5035 | @end enumerate | |
5036 | ||
252b5132 | 5037 | @node Architecture Selection |
947ed062 | 5038 | @section Architecture Selection |
252b5132 RH |
5039 | |
5040 | An @dfn{architecture} is a type of @sc{cpu} on which an object file is | |
5041 | to run. Its name may contain a colon, separating the name of the | |
5042 | processor family from the name of the particular @sc{cpu}. | |
5043 | ||
5044 | The command to list valid architecture values is @samp{objdump -i} (the | |
5045 | second column contains the relevant information). | |
5046 | ||
5047 | Sample values: @samp{m68k:68020}, @samp{mips:3000}, @samp{sparc}. | |
5048 | ||
c7c55b78 | 5049 | @subheading @command{objdump} Architecture |
252b5132 RH |
5050 | |
5051 | Ways to specify: | |
5052 | ||
5053 | @enumerate | |
5054 | @item | |
c7c55b78 | 5055 | command line option: @option{-m} or @option{--architecture} |
252b5132 RH |
5056 | |
5057 | @item | |
5058 | deduced from the input file | |
5059 | @end enumerate | |
5060 | ||
c7c55b78 | 5061 | @subheading @command{objcopy}, @command{nm}, @command{size}, @command{strings} Architecture |
252b5132 RH |
5062 | |
5063 | Ways to specify: | |
5064 | ||
5065 | @enumerate | |
5066 | @item | |
5067 | deduced from the input file | |
5068 | @end enumerate | |
5069 | ||
252b5132 RH |
5070 | @node Reporting Bugs |
5071 | @chapter Reporting Bugs | |
5072 | @cindex bugs | |
5073 | @cindex reporting bugs | |
5074 | ||
5075 | Your bug reports play an essential role in making the binary utilities | |
5076 | reliable. | |
5077 | ||
5078 | Reporting a bug may help you by bringing a solution to your problem, or | |
5079 | it may not. But in any case the principal function of a bug report is | |
5080 | to help the entire community by making the next version of the binary | |
5081 | utilities work better. Bug reports are your contribution to their | |
5082 | maintenance. | |
5083 | ||
5084 | In order for a bug report to serve its purpose, you must include the | |
5085 | information that enables us to fix the bug. | |
5086 | ||
5087 | @menu | |
5088 | * Bug Criteria:: Have you found a bug? | |
5089 | * Bug Reporting:: How to report bugs | |
5090 | @end menu | |
5091 | ||
5092 | @node Bug Criteria | |
947ed062 | 5093 | @section Have You Found a Bug? |
252b5132 RH |
5094 | @cindex bug criteria |
5095 | ||
5096 | If you are not sure whether you have found a bug, here are some guidelines: | |
5097 | ||
5098 | @itemize @bullet | |
5099 | @cindex fatal signal | |
5100 | @cindex crash | |
5101 | @item | |
5102 | If a binary utility gets a fatal signal, for any input whatever, that is | |
5103 | a bug. Reliable utilities never crash. | |
5104 | ||
5105 | @cindex error on valid input | |
5106 | @item | |
5107 | If a binary utility produces an error message for valid input, that is a | |
5108 | bug. | |
5109 | ||
5110 | @item | |
5111 | If you are an experienced user of binary utilities, your suggestions for | |
5112 | improvement are welcome in any case. | |
5113 | @end itemize | |
5114 | ||
5115 | @node Bug Reporting | |
947ed062 | 5116 | @section How to Report Bugs |
252b5132 RH |
5117 | @cindex bug reports |
5118 | @cindex bugs, reporting | |
5119 | ||
5120 | A number of companies and individuals offer support for @sc{gnu} | |
5121 | products. If you obtained the binary utilities from a support | |
5122 | organization, we recommend you contact that organization first. | |
5123 | ||
5124 | You can find contact information for many support companies and | |
5125 | individuals in the file @file{etc/SERVICE} in the @sc{gnu} Emacs | |
5126 | distribution. | |
5127 | ||
ad22bfe8 | 5128 | @ifset BUGURL |
252b5132 | 5129 | In any event, we also recommend that you send bug reports for the binary |
ad22bfe8 JM |
5130 | utilities to @value{BUGURL}. |
5131 | @end ifset | |
252b5132 RH |
5132 | |
5133 | The fundamental principle of reporting bugs usefully is this: | |
5134 | @strong{report all the facts}. If you are not sure whether to state a | |
5135 | fact or leave it out, state it! | |
5136 | ||
5137 | Often people omit facts because they think they know what causes the | |
5138 | problem and assume that some details do not matter. Thus, you might | |
5139 | assume that the name of a file you use in an example does not matter. | |
5140 | Well, probably it does not, but one cannot be sure. Perhaps the bug is | |
5141 | a stray memory reference which happens to fetch from the location where | |
5142 | that pathname is stored in memory; perhaps, if the pathname were | |
5143 | different, the contents of that location would fool the utility into | |
5144 | doing the right thing despite the bug. Play it safe and give a | |
5145 | specific, complete example. That is the easiest thing for you to do, | |
5146 | and the most helpful. | |
5147 | ||
5148 | Keep in mind that the purpose of a bug report is to enable us to fix the bug if | |
5149 | it is new to us. Therefore, always write your bug reports on the assumption | |
5150 | that the bug has not been reported previously. | |
5151 | ||
5152 | Sometimes people give a few sketchy facts and ask, ``Does this ring a | |
947ed062 NC |
5153 | bell?'' This cannot help us fix a bug, so it is basically useless. We |
5154 | respond by asking for enough details to enable us to investigate. | |
5155 | You might as well expedite matters by sending them to begin with. | |
252b5132 RH |
5156 | |
5157 | To enable us to fix the bug, you should include all these things: | |
5158 | ||
5159 | @itemize @bullet | |
5160 | @item | |
5161 | The version of the utility. Each utility announces it if you start it | |
c7c55b78 | 5162 | with the @option{--version} argument. |
252b5132 RH |
5163 | |
5164 | Without this, we will not know whether there is any point in looking for | |
5165 | the bug in the current version of the binary utilities. | |
5166 | ||
5167 | @item | |
5168 | Any patches you may have applied to the source, including any patches | |
5169 | made to the @code{BFD} library. | |
5170 | ||
5171 | @item | |
5172 | The type of machine you are using, and the operating system name and | |
5173 | version number. | |
5174 | ||
5175 | @item | |
5176 | What compiler (and its version) was used to compile the utilities---e.g. | |
5177 | ``@code{gcc-2.7}''. | |
5178 | ||
5179 | @item | |
5180 | The command arguments you gave the utility to observe the bug. To | |
5181 | guarantee you will not omit something important, list them all. A copy | |
5182 | of the Makefile (or the output from make) is sufficient. | |
5183 | ||
5184 | If we were to try to guess the arguments, we would probably guess wrong | |
5185 | and then we might not encounter the bug. | |
5186 | ||
5187 | @item | |
5188 | A complete input file, or set of input files, that will reproduce the | |
5189 | bug. If the utility is reading an object file or files, then it is | |
ad22bfe8 | 5190 | generally most helpful to send the actual object files. |
252b5132 RH |
5191 | |
5192 | If the source files were produced exclusively using @sc{gnu} programs | |
c7c55b78 | 5193 | (e.g., @command{gcc}, @command{gas}, and/or the @sc{gnu} @command{ld}), then it |
252b5132 | 5194 | may be OK to send the source files rather than the object files. In |
c7c55b78 | 5195 | this case, be sure to say exactly what version of @command{gcc}, or |
252b5132 | 5196 | whatever, was used to produce the object files. Also say how |
c7c55b78 | 5197 | @command{gcc}, or whatever, was configured. |
252b5132 RH |
5198 | |
5199 | @item | |
5200 | A description of what behavior you observe that you believe is | |
5201 | incorrect. For example, ``It gets a fatal signal.'' | |
5202 | ||
5203 | Of course, if the bug is that the utility gets a fatal signal, then we | |
5204 | will certainly notice it. But if the bug is incorrect output, we might | |
5205 | not notice unless it is glaringly wrong. You might as well not give us | |
5206 | a chance to make a mistake. | |
5207 | ||
5208 | Even if the problem you experience is a fatal signal, you should still | |
f20a759a | 5209 | say so explicitly. Suppose something strange is going on, such as your |
b45619c0 | 5210 | copy of the utility is out of sync, or you have encountered a bug in |
252b5132 RH |
5211 | the C library on your system. (This has happened!) Your copy might |
5212 | crash and ours would not. If you told us to expect a crash, then when | |
5213 | ours fails to crash, we would know that the bug was not happening for | |
5214 | us. If you had not told us to expect a crash, then we would not be able | |
5215 | to draw any conclusion from our observations. | |
5216 | ||
5217 | @item | |
5218 | If you wish to suggest changes to the source, send us context diffs, as | |
c7c55b78 | 5219 | generated by @command{diff} with the @option{-u}, @option{-c}, or @option{-p} |
252b5132 | 5220 | option. Always send diffs from the old file to the new file. If you |
c7c55b78 | 5221 | wish to discuss something in the @command{ld} source, refer to it by |
f20a759a | 5222 | context, not by line number. |
252b5132 RH |
5223 | |
5224 | The line numbers in our development sources will not match those in your | |
5225 | sources. Your line numbers would convey no useful information to us. | |
5226 | @end itemize | |
5227 | ||
5228 | Here are some things that are not necessary: | |
5229 | ||
5230 | @itemize @bullet | |
5231 | @item | |
5232 | A description of the envelope of the bug. | |
5233 | ||
5234 | Often people who encounter a bug spend a lot of time investigating | |
5235 | which changes to the input file will make the bug go away and which | |
5236 | changes will not affect it. | |
5237 | ||
5238 | This is often time consuming and not very useful, because the way we | |
5239 | will find the bug is by running a single example under the debugger | |
5240 | with breakpoints, not by pure deduction from a series of examples. | |
5241 | We recommend that you save your time for something else. | |
5242 | ||
5243 | Of course, if you can find a simpler example to report @emph{instead} | |
5244 | of the original one, that is a convenience for us. Errors in the | |
5245 | output will be easier to spot, running under the debugger will take | |
5246 | less time, and so on. | |
5247 | ||
5248 | However, simplification is not vital; if you do not want to do this, | |
5249 | report the bug anyway and send us the entire test case you used. | |
5250 | ||
5251 | @item | |
5252 | A patch for the bug. | |
5253 | ||
5254 | A patch for the bug does help us if it is a good one. But do not omit | |
5255 | the necessary information, such as the test case, on the assumption that | |
5256 | a patch is all we need. We might see problems with your patch and decide | |
5257 | to fix the problem another way, or we might not understand it at all. | |
5258 | ||
5259 | Sometimes with programs as complicated as the binary utilities it is | |
5260 | very hard to construct an example that will make the program follow a | |
5261 | certain path through the code. If you do not send us the example, we | |
5262 | will not be able to construct one, so we will not be able to verify that | |
5263 | the bug is fixed. | |
5264 | ||
5265 | And if we cannot understand what bug you are trying to fix, or why your | |
5266 | patch should be an improvement, we will not install it. A test case will | |
5267 | help us to understand. | |
5268 | ||
5269 | @item | |
5270 | A guess about what the bug is or what it depends on. | |
5271 | ||
5272 | Such guesses are usually wrong. Even we cannot guess right about such | |
5273 | things without first using the debugger to find the facts. | |
5274 | @end itemize | |
5275 | ||
fff279a7 NC |
5276 | @node GNU Free Documentation License |
5277 | @appendix GNU Free Documentation License | |
b3364cb9 | 5278 | |
947ed062 | 5279 | @include fdl.texi |
cf055d54 | 5280 | |
fa0d8a3e NC |
5281 | @node Binutils Index |
5282 | @unnumbered Binutils Index | |
252b5132 RH |
5283 | |
5284 | @printindex cp | |
5285 | ||
252b5132 | 5286 | @bye |