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1 | .\" Copyright (C) 1994, 1995 by Daniel Quinlan (quinlan@yggdrasil.com) |
2 | .\" with networking additions from Alan Cox (A.Cox@swansea.ac.uk) | |
3 | .\" and scsi additions from Michael Neuffer (neuffer@mail.uni-mainz.de) | |
4 | .\" and sysctl additions from Andries Brouwer (aeb@cwi.nl) | |
5 | .\" and System V IPC (as well as various other) additions from | |
305a0578 | 6 | .\" Michael Kerrisk <mtk-manpages@gmx.net> |
fea681da MK |
7 | .\" |
8 | .\" This is free documentation; you can redistribute it and/or | |
9 | .\" modify it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as | |
10 | .\" published by the Free Software Foundation; either version 2 of | |
11 | .\" the License, or (at your option) any later version. | |
12 | .\" | |
13 | .\" The GNU General Public License's references to "object code" | |
14 | .\" and "executables" are to be interpreted as the output of any | |
15 | .\" document formatting or typesetting system, including | |
16 | .\" intermediate and printed output. | |
17 | .\" | |
18 | .\" This manual is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, | |
19 | .\" but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of | |
20 | .\" MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the | |
21 | .\" GNU General Public License for more details. | |
22 | .\" | |
23 | .\" You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public | |
24 | .\" License along with this manual; if not, write to the Free | |
25 | .\" Software Foundation, Inc., 59 Temple Place, Suite 330, Boston, MA 02111, | |
26 | .\" USA. | |
27 | .\" | |
28 | .\" Modified 1995-05-17 by faith@cs.unc.edu | |
29 | .\" Minor changes by aeb and Marty Leisner (leisner@sdsp.mc.xerox.com). | |
30 | .\" Modified 1996-04-13, 1996-07-22 by aeb@cwi.nl | |
31 | .\" Modified 2001-12-16 by rwhron@earthlink.net | |
32 | .\" Modified 2002-07-13 by jbelton@shaw.ca | |
33 | .\" Modified 2002-07-22, 2003-05-27, 2004-04-06, 2004-05-25 | |
305a0578 | 34 | .\" by Michael Kerrisk <mtk-manpages@gmx.net> |
5d6d14a0 MK |
35 | .\" 2004-11-17, mtk -- updated notes on /proc/loadavg |
36 | .\" 2004-12-01, mtk, rtsig-max and rtsig-nr went away in 2.6.8 | |
568105c6 MK |
37 | .\" 2004-12-14, mtk, updated 'statm', and fixed error in order of list |
38 | .\" 2005-05-12, mtk, updated 'stat' | |
6d64ca9c | 39 | .\" 2005-07-13, mtk, added /proc/sys/fs/mqueue/* |
fea681da | 40 | .\" |
c3c6c1f6 | 41 | .TH PROC 5 2005-05-12 "" "Linux Programmer's Manual" |
fea681da MK |
42 | .SH NAME |
43 | proc \- process information pseudo-filesystem | |
44 | ||
45 | .SH DESCRIPTION | |
46 | The | |
47 | .I proc | |
48 | filesystem is a pseudo-filesystem which is used as an interface to | |
49 | kernel data structures. It is commonly mounted at | |
50 | .IR /proc . | |
51 | Most of it is read-only, but some files allow kernel variables to be | |
52 | changed. | |
53 | .LP | |
54 | The following outline gives a quick tour through the /proc hierarchy. | |
55 | .PD 1 | |
56 | .TP | |
57 | .I /proc/[number] | |
58 | There is a numerical subdirectory for each running process; the | |
59 | subdirectory is named by the process ID. | |
60 | Each such subdirectory contains the following | |
61 | pseudo-files and directories. | |
62 | .TP | |
63 | .I /proc/[number]/cmdline | |
64 | This holds the complete command line for the process, unless the whole | |
65 | process has been swapped out or the process is a zombie. In | |
66 | either of these latter cases, there is nothing in this file: i.e. a | |
67 | read on this file will return 0 characters. | |
68 | The command line arguments appear in this file as a set of | |
69 | null-separated strings, with a further null byte after the last string. | |
70 | .TP | |
71 | .I /proc/[number]/cwd | |
72 | This is a link to the current working directory of the process. To find | |
73 | out | |
74 | the cwd of process 20, for instance, you can do this: | |
75 | ||
76 | .br | |
77 | .nf | |
78 | .ft CW | |
79 | cd /proc/20/cwd; /bin/pwd | |
80 | .fi | |
81 | .ft | |
82 | ||
83 | Note that the pwd command is often a shell builtin, and might | |
4d9b6984 | 84 | not work properly. In bash, you may use pwd \-P. |
fea681da MK |
85 | .TP |
86 | .I /proc/[number]/environ | |
87 | This file contains the environment for the process. | |
88 | The entries are separated by null characters, | |
89 | and there may be a null character at the end. | |
90 | Thus, to print out the environment of process 1, you would do: | |
91 | ||
92 | .br | |
93 | .nf | |
94 | .ft CW | |
95 | (cat /proc/1/environ; echo) | tr "\\000" "\\n" | |
96 | .fi | |
97 | .ft P | |
98 | ||
99 | (For a reason why one should want to do this, see | |
100 | .BR lilo (8).) | |
101 | .TP | |
102 | .I /proc/[number]/exe | |
103 | Under Linux 2.2 and later, this file is a symbolic link | |
104 | containing the actual path name of the executed command. | |
4d9b6984 | 105 | This symbolic link can be dereferenced normally; attempting to open |
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106 | it will open the executable. You can even type |
107 | .I /proc/[number]/exe | |
6931a324 MK |
108 | to run another copy of the same executable as is being run by |
109 | process [number]. | |
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110 | |
111 | Under Linux 2.0 and earlier | |
112 | .I /proc/[number]/exe | |
113 | is a pointer to the binary which was executed, | |
114 | and appears as a symbolic link. A | |
115 | .BR readlink (2) | |
116 | call on this file under Linux 2.0 returns a string in the format: | |
117 | ||
118 | [device]:inode | |
119 | ||
120 | For example, [0301]:1502 would be inode 1502 on device major 03 (IDE, | |
121 | MFM, etc. drives) minor 01 (first partition on the first drive). | |
122 | ||
123 | .BR find (1) | |
4d9b6984 | 124 | with the \-inum option can be used to locate the file. |
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125 | .TP |
126 | .I /proc/[number]/fd | |
127 | This is a subdirectory containing one entry for each file which the | |
128 | process has open, named by its file descriptor, and which is a | |
129 | symbolic link to the actual file. Thus, 0 is | |
130 | standard input, 1 standard output, 2 standard error, etc. | |
131 | ||
132 | Programs that will take a filename, but will not take the standard | |
133 | input, and which write to a file, but will not send their output to | |
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134 | standard output, can be effectively foiled this way, assuming that \-i |
135 | is the flag designating an input file and \-o is the flag designating | |
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136 | an output file: |
137 | .br | |
138 | .nf | |
139 | ||
2bc2f479 | 140 | \f(CWfoobar \-i /proc/self/fd/0 \-o /proc/self/fd/1 ...\fR |
fea681da MK |
141 | |
142 | .fi | |
143 | .br | |
144 | and you have a working filter. | |
145 | .\" The following is not true in my tests (MTK): | |
146 | .\" Note that this will not work for | |
147 | .\" programs that seek on their files, as the files in the fd directory | |
148 | .\" are not seekable. | |
149 | ||
150 | /proc/self/fd/N is approximately the same as /dev/fd/N in some UNIX | |
151 | and UNIX-like systems. Most Linux MAKEDEV scripts symbolically link | |
152 | /dev/fd to /proc/self/fd, in fact. | |
153 | .TP | |
154 | .I /proc/[number]/maps | |
155 | A file containing the currently mapped memory regions and their access | |
156 | permissions. | |
157 | ||
158 | The format is: | |
159 | ||
160 | .nf | |
161 | .ft CW | |
162 | .in 8n | |
163 | address perms offset dev inode pathname | |
164 | 08048000-08056000 r-xp 00000000 03:0c 64593 /usr/sbin/gpm | |
165 | 08056000-08058000 rw-p 0000d000 03:0c 64593 /usr/sbin/gpm | |
166 | 08058000-0805b000 rwxp 00000000 00:00 0 | |
167 | 40000000-40013000 r-xp 00000000 03:0c 4165 /lib/ld-2.2.4.so | |
168 | 40013000-40015000 rw-p 00012000 03:0c 4165 /lib/ld-2.2.4.so | |
169 | 4001f000-40135000 r-xp 00000000 03:0c 45494 /lib/libc-2.2.4.so | |
170 | 40135000-4013e000 rw-p 00115000 03:0c 45494 /lib/libc-2.2.4.so | |
171 | 4013e000-40142000 rw-p 00000000 00:00 0 | |
172 | bffff000-c0000000 rwxp 00000000 00:00 0 | |
173 | .ft | |
174 | .fi | |
175 | .in | |
176 | ||
177 | where address is the address space in the process that it occupies, | |
178 | perms is a set of permissions: | |
179 | ||
180 | .nf | |
181 | .in +5 | |
182 | r = read | |
183 | w = write | |
184 | x = execute | |
185 | s = shared | |
186 | p = private (copy on write) | |
187 | .fi | |
188 | .in | |
189 | ||
190 | offset is the offset into the file/whatever, dev is the device | |
191 | (major:minor), and inode is the inode on that device. 0 indicates | |
192 | that no inode is associated with the memory region, as the case would | |
193 | be with bss. | |
194 | ||
195 | Under Linux 2.0 there is no field giving pathname. | |
196 | .TP | |
197 | .I /proc/[number]/mem | |
198 | This file can be used to access the pages of a process's memory through | |
199 | .BR open (2), | |
200 | .BR read (2), | |
201 | and | |
202 | .BR fseek (3). | |
203 | .TP | |
204 | .I /proc/[number]/root | |
205 | Unix and Linux support the idea of a per-process root of the | |
206 | filesystem, set by the | |
207 | .BR chroot (2) | |
208 | system call. This file is a symbolic link that points to the process's | |
209 | root directory, and behaves as exe, fd/*, etc. do. | |
210 | .TP | |
211 | .I /proc/[number]/stat | |
212 | Status information about the process. This is used by | |
213 | .BR ps (1). | |
214 | It is defined in | |
215 | .IR /usr/src/linux/fs/proc/array.c "." | |
216 | ||
217 | The fields, in order, with their proper | |
218 | .BR scanf (3) | |
219 | format specifiers, are: | |
220 | .RS | |
221 | .TP | |
222 | \fIpid\fP %d | |
357cf3fe | 223 | The process ID. |
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224 | .TP |
225 | \fIcomm\fP %s | |
226 | The filename of the executable, in parentheses. This is visible | |
227 | whether or not the executable is swapped out. | |
228 | .TP | |
229 | \fIstate\fP %c | |
230 | One character from the string "RSDZTW" where R is running, S is | |
231 | sleeping in an interruptible wait, D is waiting in uninterruptible | |
232 | disk sleep, Z is zombie, T is traced or stopped (on a signal), | |
233 | and W is paging. | |
234 | .TP | |
235 | \fIppid\fP %d | |
236 | The PID of the parent. | |
237 | .TP | |
238 | \fIpgrp\fP %d | |
239 | The process group ID of the process. | |
240 | .TP | |
241 | \fIsession\fP %d | |
242 | The session ID of the process. | |
243 | .TP | |
244 | .\" tty_nr needs better explanation. | |
245 | \fItty_nr\fP %d | |
246 | The tty the process uses. | |
247 | .TP | |
248 | \fItpgid\fP %d | |
249 | .\" This field and following, up to and including wchan added 0.99.1 | |
250 | The process group ID of the process which currently owns the tty that | |
251 | the process is connected to. | |
252 | .TP | |
253 | \fIflags\fP %lu | |
254 | The kernel flags word of the process. For bit meanings, | |
255 | see the PF_* defines in | |
256 | .IR <linux/sched.h> . | |
257 | Details depend on the kernel version. | |
258 | .TP | |
259 | \fIminflt\fP %lu | |
260 | The number of minor faults the process has made which have not | |
261 | required loading a memory page from disk. | |
262 | .TP | |
263 | \fIcminflt\fP %lu | |
264 | The number of minor faults that the process's | |
265 | waited-for children have made. | |
266 | .TP | |
267 | \fImajflt\fP %lu | |
268 | The number of major faults the process has made which have | |
269 | required loading a memory page from disk. | |
270 | .TP | |
271 | \fIcmajflt\fP %lu | |
272 | The number of major faults that the process's | |
273 | waited-for children have made. | |
274 | .TP | |
275 | \fIutime\fP %lu | |
276 | The number of jiffies that this process has been scheduled in user | |
277 | mode. | |
278 | .TP | |
279 | \fIstime\fP %lu | |
280 | The number of jiffies that this process has been scheduled in kernel | |
281 | mode. | |
282 | .TP | |
283 | \fIcutime\fP %ld | |
284 | The number of jiffies that this process's | |
285 | waited-for children have been scheduled in user mode. (See also | |
286 | .BR times (2).) | |
287 | .TP | |
288 | \fIcstime\fP %ld | |
289 | The number of jiffies that this process's | |
290 | waited-for children have been scheduled in kernel mode. | |
291 | .TP | |
292 | \fIpriority\fP %ld | |
293 | The standard nice value, plus fifteen. The value is never negative in | |
294 | the kernel. | |
295 | .TP | |
296 | \fInice\fP %ld | |
8729177b | 297 | The nice value ranges from 19 (nicest) to \-19 (not nice to others). |
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298 | .TP |
299 | .\" .TP | |
300 | .\" \fIcounter\fP %ld | |
301 | .\" The current maximum size in jiffies of the process's next timeslice, | |
302 | .\" or what is currently left of its current timeslice, if it is the | |
303 | .\" currently running process. | |
304 | .\" .TP | |
305 | .\" \fItimeout\fP %u | |
306 | .\" The time in jiffies of the process's next timeout. | |
307 | \fI0\fP %ld | |
308 | This value is hard coded to 0 as a placeholder for a removed field. | |
309 | .TP | |
310 | \fIitrealvalue\fP %ld | |
311 | The time in jiffies before the next SIGALRM is sent to the process | |
312 | due to an interval timer. | |
313 | .TP | |
314 | \fIstarttime\fP %lu | |
315 | The time in jiffies the process started after system boot. | |
316 | .TP | |
317 | \fIvsize\fP %lu | |
318 | Virtual memory size in bytes. | |
319 | .TP | |
320 | \fIrss\fP %ld | |
321 | Resident Set Size: number of pages the process has in real memory, | |
322 | minus 3 for administrative purposes. This is just the pages which | |
323 | count towards text, data, or stack space. This does not include pages | |
324 | which have not been demand-loaded in, or which are swapped out. | |
325 | .TP | |
326 | \fIrlim\fP %lu | |
327 | Current limit in bytes on the rss of the process (usually | |
328 | 4294967295 on i386). | |
329 | .TP | |
330 | \fIstartcode\fP %lu | |
331 | The address above which program text can run. | |
332 | .TP | |
333 | \fIendcode\fP %lu | |
334 | The address below which program text can run. | |
335 | .TP | |
336 | \fIstartstack\fP %lu | |
337 | The address of the start of the stack. | |
338 | .TP | |
339 | \fIkstkesp\fP %lu | |
340 | The current value of esp (stack pointer), as found in the | |
341 | kernel stack page for the process. | |
342 | .TP | |
343 | \fIkstkeip\fP %lu | |
344 | The current EIP (instruction pointer). | |
345 | .TP | |
346 | \fIsignal\fP %lu | |
0c6085e0 | 347 | The bitmap of pending signals. |
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348 | .TP |
349 | \fIblocked\fP %lu | |
0c6085e0 | 350 | The bitmap of blocked signals. |
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351 | .TP |
352 | \fIsigignore\fP %lu | |
353 | The bitmap of ignored signals. | |
354 | .TP | |
355 | \fIsigcatch\fP %lu | |
0c6085e0 | 356 | The bitmap of caught signals. |
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357 | .TP |
358 | \fIwchan\fP %lu | |
359 | This is the "channel" in which the process is waiting. It is the | |
360 | address of a system call, and can be looked up in a namelist if you | |
361 | need a textual name. (If you have an up-to-date /etc/psdatabase, then | |
4d9b6984 | 362 | try \fIps \-l\fP to see the WCHAN field in action.) |
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363 | .TP |
364 | \fInswap\fP %lu | |
4d9b6984 | 365 | Number of pages swapped (not maintained). |
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366 | .TP |
367 | \fIcnswap\fP %lu | |
4d9b6984 | 368 | Cumulative \fInswap\fP for child processes (not maintained). |
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369 | .TP |
370 | \fIexit_signal\fP %d | |
371 | Signal to be sent to parent when we die. | |
372 | .TP | |
373 | \fIprocessor\fP %d | |
374 | CPU number last executed on. | |
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375 | .TP |
376 | \fIrt_priority\fP %lu (since kernel 2.5.19) | |
377 | Real-time scheduling priority (see | |
378 | .BR sched_setscheduler (2)). | |
379 | .TP | |
380 | \fIpolicy\fP %lu (since kernel 2.5.19) | |
381 | Scheduling policy (see | |
382 | .BR sched_setscheduler (2)). | |
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383 | .RE |
384 | .TP | |
385 | .I /proc/[number]/statm | |
386 | Provides information about memory status in pages. The columns are: | |
387 | size total program size | |
388 | resident resident set size | |
389 | share shared pages | |
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390 | text text (code) |
391 | lib library | |
392 | data data/stack | |
393 | dt dirty pages (unused in Linux 2.6) | |
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394 | .TP |
395 | .I /proc/[number]/status | |
396 | Provides much of the information in | |
397 | .I /proc/[number]/stat | |
398 | and | |
399 | .I /proc/[number]/statm | |
400 | in a format that's easier for humans to parse. | |
401 | .TP | |
402 | .I /proc/apm | |
403 | Advanced power management version and battery information | |
404 | when CONFIG_APM is defined at kernel compilation time. | |
405 | .TP | |
406 | .I /proc/bus | |
407 | Contains subdirectories for installed busses. | |
408 | .TP | |
409 | .I /proc/bus/pccard | |
410 | Subdirectory for pcmcia devices when CONFIG_PCMCIA is set | |
411 | at kernel compilation time. | |
412 | .TP | |
413 | .I /proc/bus/pccard/drivers | |
414 | .TP | |
415 | .I /proc/bus/pci | |
416 | Contains various bus subdirectories and pseudo-files containing | |
417 | information about pci busses, installed devices, and device | |
418 | drivers. Some of these files are not ASCII. | |
419 | .TP | |
420 | .I /proc/bus/pci/devices | |
421 | Information about pci devices. They may be accessed through | |
422 | .BR lspci (8) | |
423 | and | |
424 | .BR setpci (8). | |
425 | .TP | |
426 | .I /proc/cmdline | |
427 | Arguments passed to the Linux kernel at boot time. Often done via | |
428 | a boot manager such as | |
429 | .BR lilo (1). | |
430 | .TP | |
431 | .I /proc/cpuinfo | |
432 | This is a collection of CPU and system architecture dependent items, | |
433 | for each supported architecture a different list. | |
434 | Two common entries are \fIprocessor\fP which gives CPU number and | |
435 | \fIbogomips\fP; a system constant that is calculated | |
436 | during kernel initialization. SMP machines have information for | |
437 | each CPU. | |
438 | .TP | |
439 | .I /proc/devices | |
440 | Text listing of major numbers and device groups. This can be used by | |
441 | MAKEDEV scripts for consistency with the kernel. | |
442 | .TP | |
443 | .IR /proc/diskstats " (since Linux 2.5.69)" | |
444 | This file contains disk I/O statistics for each disk device. | |
445 | See the kernel source file | |
446 | .I Documentation/iostats.txt | |
447 | for further information. | |
448 | .TP | |
449 | .I /proc/dma | |
450 | This is a list of the registered \fIISA\fP DMA (direct memory access) | |
451 | channels in use. | |
452 | .TP | |
453 | .I /proc/driver | |
454 | Empty subdirectory. | |
455 | .TP | |
456 | .I /proc/execdomains | |
457 | List of the execution domains (ABI personalities). | |
458 | .TP | |
459 | .I /proc/fb | |
460 | Frame buffer information when CONFIG_FB is defined during kernel | |
461 | compilation. | |
462 | .TP | |
463 | .I /proc/filesystems | |
464 | A text listing of the filesystems which were compiled into the kernel. | |
465 | Incidentally, this is used by | |
466 | .BR mount (1) | |
467 | to cycle through different filesystems when none is specified. | |
468 | .TP | |
469 | .I /proc/fs | |
470 | Empty subdirectory. | |
471 | .TP | |
472 | .I /proc/ide | |
473 | This directory | |
474 | exists on systems with the ide bus. There are directories for each | |
475 | ide channel and attached device. Files include: | |
476 | ||
477 | .nf | |
478 | cache buffer size in KB | |
479 | capacity number of sectors | |
480 | driver driver version | |
481 | geometry physical and logical geometry | |
9fdfa163 | 482 | identify in hexadecimal |
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483 | media media type |
484 | model manufacturer's model number | |
485 | settings drive settings | |
9fdfa163 MK |
486 | smart_thresholds in hexadecimal |
487 | smart_values in hexadecimal | |
fea681da MK |
488 | .fi |
489 | ||
490 | The | |
491 | .BR hdparm (8) | |
492 | utility provides access to this information in a friendly format. | |
493 | .TP | |
494 | .I /proc/interrupts | |
495 | This is used to record the number of interrupts per each IRQ on (at | |
9fdfa163 | 496 | least) the i386 architecture. Very easy to read formatting, done in |
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497 | ASCII. |
498 | .TP | |
499 | .I /proc/iomem | |
500 | I/O memory map in Linux 2.4. | |
501 | .TP | |
502 | .I /proc/ioports | |
503 | This is a list of currently registered Input-Output port regions that | |
504 | are in use. | |
505 | .TP | |
506 | .IR /proc/kallsyms " (since Linux 2.5.71)" | |
507 | This holds the kernel exported symbol definitions used by the | |
508 | .BR modules (X) | |
509 | tools to dynamically link and bind loadable modules. | |
510 | In Linux 2.5.47 and earlier, a similar file with slightly different syntax | |
511 | was named | |
512 | .IR ksyms . | |
513 | .TP | |
514 | .I /proc/kcore | |
515 | This file represents the physical memory of the system and is stored | |
516 | in the ELF core file format. With this pseudo-file, and an unstripped | |
517 | kernel (/usr/src/linux/vmlinux) binary, GDB can be used to | |
518 | examine the current state of any kernel data structures. | |
519 | ||
520 | The total length of the file is the size of physical memory (RAM) plus | |
521 | 4KB. | |
522 | .TP | |
523 | .I /proc/kmsg | |
524 | This file can be used instead of the | |
525 | .BR syslog (2) | |
526 | system call to read kernel messages. A process must have superuser | |
527 | privileges to read this file, and only one process should read this | |
528 | file. This file should not be read if a syslog process is running | |
529 | which uses the | |
530 | .BR syslog (2) | |
531 | system call facility to log kernel messages. | |
532 | ||
533 | Information in this file is retrieved with the | |
534 | .BR dmesg (8) | |
535 | program. | |
536 | .TP | |
537 | .IR /proc/ksyms " (Linux 1.1.23-2.5.47)" | |
538 | See | |
539 | .IR /proc/kallsyms . | |
540 | .TP | |
541 | .I /proc/loadavg | |
6b05dc38 MK |
542 | The first three fields in this file are load average figures |
543 | giving the number of jobs in the run queue (state R) | |
fea681da MK |
544 | or waiting for disk I/O (state D) averaged over 1, 5, and 15 minutes. |
545 | They are the same as the load average numbers given by | |
546 | .BR uptime (1) | |
547 | and other programs. | |
6b05dc38 MK |
548 | The fourth field consists of two numbers separated by a slash (/). |
549 | The first of these is the number of currently executing kernel | |
550 | scheduling entities (processes, threads); | |
551 | this will be less than or equal to the number of CPUs. | |
552 | The value after the slash is the number of kernel scheduling entities | |
553 | that currently exist on the system. | |
554 | The fifth field is the PID of the process that was most | |
555 | recently created on the system. | |
fea681da MK |
556 | .TP |
557 | .I /proc/locks | |
558 | This file shows current file locks | |
559 | .RB ( flock "(2) and " fcntl (2)) | |
560 | and leases | |
561 | .RB ( fcntl (2)). | |
562 | .TP | |
563 | .I /proc/malloc | |
564 | This file is only present if CONFIGDEBUGMALLOC was defined during | |
565 | compilation. | |
566 | .TP | |
567 | .I /proc/meminfo | |
568 | This is used by | |
569 | .BR free (1) | |
570 | to report the amount of free and used memory (both physical and swap) | |
571 | on the system as well as the shared memory and buffers used by the | |
572 | kernel. | |
573 | ||
574 | It is in the same format as | |
575 | .BR free (1), | |
576 | except in bytes rather than KB. | |
577 | .TP | |
578 | .I /proc/mounts | |
579 | This is a list of all the file systems currently mounted on the system. | |
580 | The format of this file is documented in | |
581 | .IR fstab (5). | |
582 | .TP | |
583 | .I /proc/modules | |
584 | A text list of the modules that have been loaded by the system. | |
585 | See also | |
586 | .BR lsmod (8). | |
587 | .TP | |
588 | .I /proc/mtrr | |
589 | Memory Type Range Registers. | |
590 | See | |
591 | .I /usr/src/linux/Documentation/mtrr.txt | |
592 | for details. | |
593 | .TP | |
594 | .I /proc/net | |
595 | various net pseudo-files, all of which give the status of some part of | |
596 | the networking layer. These files contain ASCII structures and are, | |
597 | therefore, readable with cat. However, the standard | |
598 | .BR netstat (8) | |
599 | suite provides much cleaner access to these files. | |
600 | .TP | |
601 | .I /proc/net/arp | |
602 | This holds an ASCII readable dump of the kernel ARP table used for | |
603 | address resolutions. It will show both dynamically learned and | |
604 | pre-programmed ARP entries. The format is: | |
605 | ||
606 | .nf | |
607 | .ft CW | |
608 | .in 8n | |
609 | IP address HW type Flags HW address Mask Device | |
610 | 192.168.0.50 0x1 0x2 00:50:BF:25:68:F3 * eth0 | |
611 | 192.168.0.250 0x1 0xc 00:00:00:00:00:00 * eth0 | |
612 | .ft | |
613 | .fi | |
614 | .in | |
615 | ||
616 | Here 'IP address' is the IPv4 address of the machine and the 'HW type' | |
331da7c3 MK |
617 | is the hardware type of the address from RFC\ 826. |
618 | The flags are the internal | |
fea681da MK |
619 | flags of the ARP structure (as defined in /usr/include/linux/if_arp.h) and |
620 | the 'HW address' is the data link layer mapping for that IP address if | |
621 | it is known. | |
622 | .TP | |
623 | .I /proc/net/dev | |
624 | The dev pseudo-file contains network device status information. This gives | |
625 | the number of received and sent packets, the number of errors and | |
626 | collisions | |
627 | and other basic statistics. These are used by the | |
628 | .BR ifconfig (8) | |
629 | program to report device status. The format is: | |
630 | ||
631 | .nf | |
632 | .ft CW | |
633 | .in 1n | |
634 | Inter-| Receive | Transmit | |
635 | face |bytes packets errs drop fifo frame compressed multicast|bytes packets errs drop fifo colls carrier compressed | |
636 | lo: 2776770 11307 0 0 0 0 0 0 2776770 11307 0 0 0 0 0 0 | |
637 | eth0: 1215645 2751 0 0 0 0 0 0 1782404 4324 0 0 0 427 0 0 | |
638 | ppp0: 1622270 5552 1 0 0 0 0 0 354130 5669 0 0 0 0 0 0 | |
639 | tap0: 7714 81 0 0 0 0 0 0 7714 81 0 0 0 0 0 0 | |
640 | .in | |
641 | .ft | |
642 | .fi | |
643 | .\" .TP | |
644 | .\" .I /proc/net/ipx | |
645 | .\" No information. | |
646 | .\" .TP | |
647 | .\" .I /proc/net/ipx_route | |
648 | .\" No information. | |
649 | .TP | |
650 | .I /proc/net/dev_mcast | |
651 | Defined in | |
652 | .IR /usr/src/linux/net/core/dev_mcast.c : | |
653 | .nf | |
654 | .in +5 | |
9fdfa163 | 655 | indx interface_name dmi_u dmi_g dmi_address |
fea681da MK |
656 | 2 eth0 1 0 01005e000001 |
657 | 3 eth1 1 0 01005e000001 | |
658 | 4 eth2 1 0 01005e000001 | |
659 | .in | |
660 | .fi | |
661 | .TP | |
662 | .I /proc/net/igmp | |
663 | Internet Group Management Protocol. Defined in | |
664 | .IR /usr/src/linux/net/core/igmp.c . | |
665 | .TP | |
666 | .I /proc/net/rarp | |
667 | This file uses the same format as the | |
668 | .I arp | |
669 | file and contains the current reverse mapping database used to provide | |
670 | .BR rarp (8) | |
671 | reverse address lookup services. If RARP is not configured into the | |
672 | kernel, | |
673 | this file will not be present. | |
674 | .TP | |
675 | .I /proc/net/raw | |
676 | Holds a dump of the RAW socket table. Much of the information is not of | |
677 | use | |
678 | apart from debugging. The 'sl' value is the kernel hash slot for the | |
679 | socket, | |
680 | the 'local address' is the local address and protocol number pair."St" is | |
681 | the internal status of the socket. The "tx_queue" and "rx_queue" are the | |
682 | outgoing and incoming data queue in terms of kernel memory usage. | |
683 | The "tr", "tm->when", and "rexmits" fields are not used by RAW. | |
fdc196f5 MK |
684 | The "uid" |
685 | field holds the effective UID of the creator of the socket. | |
fea681da MK |
686 | .\" .TP |
687 | .\" .I /proc/net/route | |
688 | .\" No information, but looks similar to | |
689 | .\" .BR route (8). | |
690 | .TP | |
691 | .I /proc/net/snmp | |
692 | This file holds the ASCII data needed for the IP, ICMP, TCP, and UDP | |
693 | management | |
694 | information bases for an snmp agent. | |
695 | .TP | |
696 | .I /proc/net/tcp | |
697 | Holds a dump of the TCP socket table. Much of the information is not | |
698 | of use apart from debugging. The "sl" value is the kernel hash slot | |
699 | for the socket, the "local address" is the local address and port number pair. | |
700 | The "remote address" is the remote address and port number pair | |
701 | (if connected). 'St' is the internal status of the socket. | |
702 | The 'tx_queue' and 'rx_queue' are the | |
703 | outgoing and incoming data queue in terms of kernel memory usage. | |
704 | The "tr", "tm->when", and "rexmits" fields hold internal information of | |
fdc196f5 MK |
705 | the kernel socket state and are only useful for debugging. |
706 | The "uid" | |
707 | field holds the effective UID of the creator of the socket. | |
fea681da MK |
708 | .TP |
709 | .I /proc/net/udp | |
710 | Holds a dump of the UDP socket table. Much of the information is not of | |
711 | use apart from debugging. The "sl" value is the kernel hash slot for the | |
712 | socket, the "local address" is the local address and port number pair. | |
713 | The "remote address" is the remote address and port number pair | |
714 | (if connected). "St" is the internal status of the socket. | |
715 | The "tx_queue" and "rx_queue" are the outgoing and incoming data queue | |
716 | in terms of kernel memory usage. The "tr", "tm->when", and "rexmits" fields | |
fdc196f5 MK |
717 | are not used by UDP. |
718 | The "uid" | |
719 | field holds the effective UID of the creator of the socket. | |
fea681da MK |
720 | The format is: |
721 | ||
722 | .nf | |
723 | .ft CW | |
724 | .in 1n | |
725 | sl local_address rem_address st tx_queue rx_queue tr rexmits tm->when uid | |
726 | 1: 01642C89:0201 0C642C89:03FF 01 00000000:00000001 01:000071BA 00000000 0 | |
727 | 1: 00000000:0801 00000000:0000 0A 00000000:00000000 00:00000000 6F000100 0 | |
728 | 1: 00000000:0201 00000000:0000 0A 00000000:00000000 00:00000000 00000000 0 | |
729 | .in | |
730 | .ft | |
731 | .fi | |
732 | .TP | |
733 | .I /proc/net/unix | |
734 | Lists the UNIX domain sockets present within the system and their | |
735 | status. The format is: | |
736 | .nf | |
737 | .sp .5 | |
738 | .ft CW | |
739 | Num RefCount Protocol Flags Type St Path | |
740 | 0: 00000002 00000000 00000000 0001 03 | |
741 | 1: 00000001 00000000 00010000 0001 01 /dev/printer | |
742 | .ft | |
743 | .sp .5 | |
744 | .fi | |
745 | ||
746 | Here 'Num' is the kernel table slot number, 'RefCount' is the number | |
747 | of users of the socket, 'Protocol' is currently always 0, 'Flags' | |
748 | represent the internal kernel flags holding the status of the | |
749 | socket. Currently, type is always '1' (Unix domain datagram sockets are | |
750 | not yet supported in the kernel). 'St' is the internal state of the | |
751 | socket and Path is the bound path (if any) of the socket. | |
752 | .TP | |
753 | .I /proc/partitions | |
754 | Contains major and minor numbers of each partition as well as number | |
755 | of blocks and partition name. | |
756 | .TP | |
757 | .I /proc/pci | |
758 | This is a listing of all PCI devices found during kernel initialization | |
759 | and their configuration. | |
760 | .TP | |
761 | .I /proc/scsi | |
762 | A directory with the scsi midlevel pseudo-file and various SCSI lowlevel | |
763 | driver | |
764 | directories, which contain a file for each SCSI host in this system, all | |
765 | of | |
766 | which give the status of some part of the SCSI IO subsystem. | |
767 | These files contain ASCII structures and are, therefore, readable with | |
768 | cat. | |
769 | ||
770 | You can also write to some of the files to reconfigure the subsystem or | |
771 | switch | |
772 | certain features on or off. | |
773 | .TP | |
774 | .I /proc/scsi/scsi | |
775 | This is a listing of all SCSI devices known to the kernel. The listing is | |
776 | similar to the one seen during bootup. | |
777 | scsi currently supports only the \fIadd-single-device\fP command which | |
778 | allows | |
779 | root to add a hotplugged device to the list of known devices. | |
780 | ||
781 | An | |
782 | .B echo 'scsi add-single-device 1 0 5 0' > /proc/scsi/scsi | |
783 | will cause | |
784 | host scsi1 to scan on SCSI channel 0 for a device on ID 5 LUN 0. If there | |
785 | is already a device known on this address or the address is invalid, an | |
786 | error will be returned. | |
787 | .TP | |
788 | .I /proc/scsi/[drivername] | |
789 | \fI[drivername]\fP can currently be NCR53c7xx, aha152x, aha1542, aha1740, | |
790 | aic7xxx, buslogic, eata_dma, eata_pio, fdomain, in2000, pas16, qlogic, | |
791 | scsi_debug, seagate, t128, u15-24f, ultrastore, or wd7000. | |
792 | These directories show up for all drivers that registered at least one | |
793 | SCSI | |
794 | HBA. Every directory contains one file per registered host. Every | |
795 | host-file is named after the number the host was assigned during | |
796 | initialization. | |
797 | ||
798 | Reading these files will usually show driver and host configuration, | |
799 | statistics etc. | |
800 | ||
801 | Writing to these files allows different things on different hosts. | |
802 | For example, with the \fIlatency\fP and \fInolatency\fP commands, | |
803 | root can switch on and off command latency measurement code in the | |
804 | eata_dma driver. With the \fIlockup\fP and \fIunlock\fP commands, | |
805 | root can control bus lockups simulated by the scsi_debug driver. | |
806 | .TP | |
807 | .I /proc/self | |
808 | This directory refers to the process accessing the /proc filesystem, | |
809 | and is identical to the /proc directory named by the process ID of the | |
810 | same process. | |
811 | .TP | |
812 | .I /proc/slabinfo | |
813 | Information about kernel caches. The columns are: | |
814 | .nf | |
815 | cache-name | |
816 | num-active-objs | |
817 | total-objs | |
818 | object-size | |
819 | num-active-slabs | |
820 | total-slabs | |
821 | num-pages-per-slab | |
822 | .fi | |
823 | See | |
824 | .BR slabinfo (5) | |
825 | for details. | |
826 | .TP | |
827 | .I /proc/stat | |
828 | kernel/system statistics. Varies with architecture. Common | |
829 | entries include: | |
830 | .RS | |
831 | .TP | |
832 | \fIcpu 3357 0 4313 1362393\fP | |
bfbfcd18 MK |
833 | The amount of time, measured in units of |
834 | USER_HZ (1/100ths of a second on most architecures), | |
835 | that the system spent in user mode, | |
836 | user mode with low priority (nice), system mode, and the | |
837 | idle task, respectively. | |
838 | .\" FIXME: Actually, the following does not seem to be quite | |
839 | .\" right (at least in 2.6.12): | |
840 | The last value should be USER_HZ times the | |
fea681da | 841 | second entry in the uptime pseudo-file. |
bfbfcd18 MK |
842 | .sp |
843 | In Linux 2.6 this line includes three additional columns: | |
844 | .I iowait | |
845 | \- time waiting for I/O to complete (since 2.5.41); | |
846 | .I irq | |
847 | \- time servicing interrupts (since 2.6.0-test4); | |
848 | .I softirq | |
849 | \- time servicing softirqs (since 2.6.0-test4). | |
850 | .\" FIXME 2.6.11 adds a further column "steal" (see fs/proc/proc_misc.c) | |
851 | .\" this is not yet described... | |
fea681da MK |
852 | .TP |
853 | \fIpage 5741 1808\fP | |
854 | The number of pages the system paged in and the number that were paged | |
855 | out (from disk). | |
856 | .TP | |
857 | \fIswap 1 0\fP | |
858 | The number of swap pages that have been brought in and out. | |
859 | .TP | |
bfbfcd18 | 860 | .\" FIXME -- the following is not the full picture for 2.6: |
fea681da | 861 | \fIintr 1462898\fP |
bfbfcd18 MK |
862 | This line shows counts of interrupts serviced since boot time, |
863 | for each of the possible system interrupts. | |
864 | The first column is the total of all interrupts serviced; | |
865 | each subsequent column is the total for a particular interrupt. | |
fea681da MK |
866 | .TP |
867 | \fIdisk_io: (2,0):(31,30,5764,1,2) (3,0):\fP... | |
868 | (major,minor):(noinfo, read_io_ops, blks_read, write_io_ops, blks_written) | |
bfbfcd18 MK |
869 | .br |
870 | (Linux 2.4 only) | |
fea681da MK |
871 | .TP |
872 | \fIctxt 115315\fP | |
873 | The number of context switches that the system underwent. | |
874 | .TP | |
875 | \fIbtime 769041601\fP | |
876 | boot time, in seconds since the epoch (January 1, 1970). | |
877 | .TP | |
878 | \fIprocesses 86031\fP | |
879 | Number of forks since boot. | |
bfbfcd18 MK |
880 | .TP |
881 | \fIprocs_running 6\fP | |
882 | Number of processes in runnable state. | |
883 | (Linux 2.5.45 onwards.) | |
884 | .TP | |
885 | \fIprocs_blocked 2\fP | |
886 | Number of processes blocked waiting for I/O to complete. | |
887 | (Linux 2.5.45 onwards.) | |
fea681da MK |
888 | .RE |
889 | .TP | |
890 | .I /proc/swaps | |
891 | Swap areas in use. See also | |
892 | .BR swapon (8). | |
893 | .TP | |
894 | .I /proc/sys | |
895 | This directory (present since 1.3.57) contains a number of files | |
896 | and subdirectories corresponding to kernel variables. | |
897 | These variables can be read and sometimes modified using | |
898 | the \fIproc\fP file system, and the | |
899 | .BR sysctl (2) | |
900 | system call. Presently, there are subdirectories | |
901 | .IR abi ", " debug ", " dev ", " fs ", " kernel ", " net ", " proc ", " | |
902 | .IR rxrpc ", " sunrpc " and " vm | |
903 | that each contain more files and subdirectories. | |
904 | .TP | |
905 | .I /proc/sys/abi | |
906 | This directory may contain files with application binary information. | |
907 | On some systems, it is not present. | |
908 | .TP | |
909 | .I /proc/sys/debug | |
910 | This directory may be empty. | |
911 | .TP | |
912 | .I /proc/sys/dev | |
bfbfcd18 | 913 | This directory contains device specific information (eg dev/cdrom/info). |
fea681da MK |
914 | On |
915 | some systems, it may be empty. | |
916 | .TP | |
917 | .I /proc/sys/fs | |
6d64ca9c MK |
918 | This contains the subdirectories |
919 | .IR binfmt_misc " and " mqueue , | |
fea681da MK |
920 | and files |
921 | .IR dentry-state ", " dir-notify-enable ", " dquot-nr ", " file-max ", " | |
922 | .IR file-nr ", " inode-max ", " inode-nr ", " inode-state ", " | |
43da96f2 MK |
923 | .IR lease-break-time ", " leases-enable ", " |
924 | .IR overflowgid ", " overflowuid ", " | |
925 | .IR suid_dumpable ", " | |
926 | .IR super-max ", and " super-nr . | |
fea681da MK |
927 | .TP |
928 | .I /proc/sys/fs/binfmt_misc | |
929 | Documentation for files in this directory can in the kernel sources in | |
930 | .IR Documentation/binfmt_misc.txt . | |
931 | .TP | |
932 | .I /proc/sys/fs/dentry-state | |
933 | This file contains six numbers, | |
934 | .IR nr_dentry ", " nr_unused ", " age_limit " (age in seconds), " | |
935 | want_pages | |
936 | (pages requested by system) and two dummy values. | |
937 | nr_dentry seems to be 0 all the time. | |
938 | nr_unused seems to be the number of unused dentries. | |
939 | age_limit is the age in seconds after which dcache entries | |
940 | can be reclaimed when memory is short and want_pages is | |
f59a3f19 | 941 | non-zero when the kernel has called shrink_dcache_pages() and the |
fea681da MK |
942 | dcache isn't pruned yet. |
943 | .TP | |
944 | .I /proc/sys/fs/dir-notify-enable | |
945 | This file can be used to disable or enable the | |
946 | .I dnotify | |
947 | interface described in | |
948 | .BR fcntl (2) | |
949 | on a system-wide basis. | |
950 | A value of 0 in this file disables the interface, | |
951 | and a value of 1 enables it. | |
952 | .TP | |
953 | .I /proc/sys/fs/dquot-max | |
954 | This file shows the maximum number of cached disk quota entries. | |
955 | On some (2.4) systems, it is not present. | |
956 | If the number of free cached disk quota entries is very low and | |
957 | you have some awesome number of simultaneous system users, | |
958 | you might want to raise the limit. | |
959 | .TP | |
960 | .I /proc/sys/fs/dquot-nr | |
961 | This file shows the number of allocated disk quota | |
962 | entries and the number of free disk quota entries. | |
963 | .TP | |
964 | .I /proc/sys/fs/file-max | |
965 | This file defines | |
966 | a system-wide limit on the number of open files for all processes. | |
967 | (See also | |
968 | .BR setrlimit (2), | |
969 | which can be used by a process to set the per-process limit, | |
970 | .BR RLIMIT_NOFILE , | |
971 | on the number of files it may open.) | |
972 | If you get lots | |
973 | of error messages about running out of file handles, | |
974 | try increasing this value: | |
975 | .br | |
976 | ||
977 | .br | |
978 | .nf | |
979 | .ft CW | |
980 | echo 100000 > /proc/sys/fs/file-max | |
981 | .fi | |
982 | .ft | |
983 | ||
984 | The kernel constant | |
985 | .I NR_OPEN | |
986 | imposes an upper limit on the value that may be placed in | |
987 | .IR file-max . | |
988 | ||
989 | If you increase | |
990 | .IR /proc/sys/fs/file-max "," | |
991 | be sure to increase | |
992 | .I /proc/sys/fs/inode-max | |
993 | to 3-4 times the new | |
994 | value of | |
995 | .IR /proc/sys/fs/file-max "," | |
996 | or you will run out of inodes. | |
997 | .TP | |
998 | .I /proc/sys/fs/file-nr | |
999 | This (read-only) file | |
1000 | gives the number of files presently opened. | |
1001 | It contains three numbers: The number of allocated | |
1002 | file handles, the number of free file handles and the maximum | |
1003 | number of file handles. The kernel allocates file handles dynamically, | |
1004 | but it | |
1005 | doesn't free them again. If the number of allocated files is close to the | |
1006 | ||
1007 | maximum, you should consider increasing the maximum. | |
1008 | When the number of free file handles is | |
1009 | large, you've encountered a peak in your usage of file | |
1010 | handles and you probably don't need to increase the maximum. | |
1011 | .TP | |
1012 | .I /proc/sys/fs/inode-max | |
1013 | This file contains the maximum number of in-memory inodes. | |
1014 | On some (2.4) systems, it may not be | |
1015 | present. This value should be 3-4 times larger | |
1016 | than the value in file-max, since stdin, stdout and network sockets also | |
1017 | need an inode to handle them. When you regularly run | |
1018 | out of inodes, you need to increase this value. | |
1019 | .TP | |
1020 | .I /proc/sys/fs/inode-nr | |
1021 | This file contains the first two values from inode-state. | |
1022 | .TP | |
1023 | .I /proc/sys/fs/inode-state | |
1024 | This file | |
1025 | contains seven numbers: nr_inodes, nr_free_inodes, preshrink and four | |
1026 | dummy | |
1027 | values. | |
1028 | nr_inodes is the number of inodes the system has | |
1029 | allocated. This can be slightly more than inode-max because | |
1030 | Linux allocates them one pageful at a time. | |
1031 | nr_free_inodes represents the number of free inodes. | |
f59a3f19 | 1032 | preshrink is non-zero when the nr_inodes > inode-max and the |
fea681da MK |
1033 | system needs to prune the inode list instead of allocating |
1034 | more. | |
1035 | .TP | |
1036 | .I /proc/sys/fs/lease-break-time | |
1037 | This file | |
1038 | specifies the grace period that the kernel grants to a process | |
1039 | holding a file lease | |
1040 | .RB ( fcntl (2)) | |
1041 | after it has sent a signal to that process notifying it | |
1042 | that another process is waiting to open the file. | |
1043 | If the lease holder does not remove or downgrade the lease within | |
1044 | this grace period, the kernel forcibly breaks the lease. | |
1045 | .TP | |
1046 | .I /proc/sys/fs/leases-enable | |
1047 | This file can be used to enable or disable file leases | |
1048 | .RB ( fcntl (2)) | |
1049 | on a system-wide basis. | |
1050 | If this file contains the value 0, leases are disabled. | |
1051 | A non-zero value enables leases. | |
6d64ca9c MK |
1052 | .TP |
1053 | .IR /proc/sys/fs/mqueue " (since Linux 2.6.6)" | |
1054 | This directory contains files | |
1055 | .IR msg_max ", " msgsize_max ", and " queues_max , | |
1056 | controlling the resources used by POSIX message queues. | |
1057 | .TP | |
1058 | .I /proc/sys/fs/mqueue/msg_max | |
1059 | This file can be used to view and change the ceiling value for the | |
1060 | maximum number of messages in a queue. | |
1061 | This value acts as a ceiling on the | |
1062 | .I attr.mq_maxmsg | |
1063 | argument given to | |
1064 | .BR mq_open (3). | |
1065 | The default and minimum value for | |
1066 | .I msg_max | |
7b253462 MK |
1067 | is 10; the upper limit is HARD_MAX: |
1068 | .IR "(131072\ /\ sizeof(void\ *))" | |
6d64ca9c | 1069 | (32768 on Linux/86). |
7b253462 MK |
1070 | This limit is ignored for privileged processes |
1071 | .RB ( CAP_SYS_RESOURCE ), | |
1072 | but the HARD_MAX ceiling is nevertheless imposed. | |
6d64ca9c MK |
1073 | .TP |
1074 | .I /proc/sys/fs/mqueue/msgsize_max | |
1075 | This file can be used to view and change the ceiling on the | |
1076 | maximum message size. | |
1077 | This value acts as a ceiling on the | |
1078 | .I attr.mq_msgsize | |
1079 | argument given to | |
1080 | .BR mq_open (3). | |
1081 | The default and minimum value for | |
1082 | .I msgsize_max | |
1083 | is 8192 bytes; the upper limit is INT_MAX | |
1084 | (2147483647 on Linux/86). | |
7b253462 MK |
1085 | This limit is ignored for privileged processes |
1086 | .RB ( CAP_SYS_RESOURCE ). | |
6d64ca9c MK |
1087 | .TP |
1088 | .I /proc/sys/fs/mqueue/queues_max | |
1089 | This file can be used to view and change the system-wide limit on the | |
1090 | number of message queues that can be created. | |
7b253462 MK |
1091 | Only privileged processes |
1092 | .RB ( CAP_SYS_RESOURCE ) | |
1093 | can create new message queues once this limit has been reached. | |
6d64ca9c MK |
1094 | The default value for |
1095 | .I queues_max | |
1096 | is 256; it can be changed to any value in the range 0 to INT_MAX. | |
1097 | .TP | |
1098 | .IR /proc/sys/fs/overflowgid " and " /proc/sys/fs/overflowuid | |
1099 | These files | |
1100 | allow you to change the value of the fixed UID and GID. | |
1101 | The default is 65534. | |
1102 | Some filesystems only support 16-bit UIDs and GIDs, although in Linux | |
1103 | UIDs and GIDs are 32 bits. When one of these filesystems is mounted | |
1104 | with writes enabled, any UID or GID that would exceed 65535 is translated | |
1105 | to the overflow value before being written to disk. | |
1106 | .TP | |
43da96f2 MK |
1107 | .IR /proc/sys/fs/suid_dumpable " (since Linux 2.6.13)" |
1108 | .\" The following is based on text from Documentation/sysctl/kernel.txt | |
f1162930 MK |
1109 | The value in this file determines whether core dump files are |
1110 | produced for set-user-ID or otherwise protected/tainted binaries. | |
1111 | Three different integer values can be specified: | |
43da96f2 MK |
1112 | .sp |
1113 | \fI0\ (default)\fP | |
1114 | This provides the traditional (pre-Linux 2.6.13) behaviour. | |
f1162930 MK |
1115 | A core dump will not be produced for a process which has |
1116 | changed credentials (by calling | |
1117 | .BR seteuid (2), | |
1118 | .BR setgid (2), | |
1119 | or similar, or by executing a set-user-ID or set-group-ID program) | |
1120 | or whose binary does not have read permission enabled. | |
43da96f2 | 1121 | .sp |
f1162930 | 1122 | \fI1\ ("debug")\fP |
43da96f2 | 1123 | All processes dump core when possible. |
f1162930 MK |
1124 | The core dump is owned by the file system user ID of the dumping process |
1125 | and no security is applied. | |
43da96f2 MK |
1126 | This is intended for system debugging situations only. |
1127 | Ptrace is unchecked. | |
1128 | .sp | |
f1162930 MK |
1129 | \fI2\ ("suidsafe")\fP |
1130 | Any binary which normally would not be dumped (see "0" above) | |
1131 | is dumped readable by root only. | |
1132 | This allows the user to remove the core dump file but not to read it. | |
43da96f2 MK |
1133 | For security reasons core dumps in this mode will not overwrite one |
1134 | another or other files. | |
1135 | This mode is appropriate when adminstrators are | |
1136 | attempting to debug problems in a normal environment. | |
fea681da MK |
1137 | .TP |
1138 | .I /proc/sys/fs/super-max | |
1139 | This file | |
1140 | controls the maximum number of superblocks, and | |
1141 | thus the maximum number of mounted filesystems the kernel | |
1142 | can have. You only need to increase super-max if you need to | |
1143 | mount more filesystems than the current value in super-max | |
1144 | allows you to. | |
1145 | .TP | |
1146 | .I /proc/sys/fs/super-nr | |
1147 | This file | |
1148 | contains the number of filesystems currently mounted. | |
1149 | .TP | |
1150 | .I /proc/sys/kernel | |
1151 | This directory contains files | |
1152 | .IR acct ", " cad_pid ", " cap-bound ", " | |
1153 | .IR core_pattern ", " core_uses_pid ", " | |
1154 | .IR ctrl-alt-del ", " dentry-state ", " domainname ", " | |
1155 | .IR hotplug ", " hostname ", " | |
1156 | .IR htab-reclaim " (PowerPC only), " | |
1157 | .IR java-appletviewer " (binfmt_java, obsolete), " | |
1158 | .IR java-interpreter " (binfmt_java, obsolete), " l2cr " (PowerPC only), " | |
1159 | .IR modprobe ", " msgmax ", " msgmnb ", " | |
1160 | .IR msgmni ", " osrelease ", " ostype ", " overflowgid ", " overflowuid , | |
1161 | .IR panic ", " panic_on_oops ", " pid_max ", " | |
1162 | .IR powersave-nap " (PowerPC only), " printk ", " pty ", " random ", " | |
1163 | .IR real-root-dev ", " reboot-cmd " (SPARC only), " rtsig-max ", " | |
1164 | .IR rtsig-nr ", " sem ", " sg-big-buff ", " | |
1165 | .IR shmall ", " shmmax ", " shmmni ", " sysrq ", " tainted ", " threads-max , | |
43da96f2 | 1166 | .IR version ", and " zero-paged " (PowerPC only)." |
fea681da MK |
1167 | .TP |
1168 | .I /proc/sys/kernel/acct | |
1169 | This file | |
1170 | contains three numbers: highwater, lowwater and frequency. | |
1171 | If BSD-style process accounting is enabled these values control | |
1172 | its behaviour. If free space on filesystem where the log lives | |
1173 | goes below lowwater percent accounting suspends. If free space gets | |
1174 | above highwater percent accounting resumes. Frequency determines | |
1175 | how often the kernel checks the amount of free space (value is in | |
1176 | seconds). Default values are 4, 2 and 30. | |
1177 | That is, suspend accounting if <= 2% of space is free; resume it | |
1178 | if >= 4% of space is free; consider information about amount of free space | |
1179 | valid for 30 seconds. | |
1180 | .TP | |
1181 | .I /proc/sys/kernel/cap-bound | |
1182 | This file holds the value of the kernel | |
1183 | .IR "capability bounding set" | |
1184 | (expressed as a signed decimal number). | |
1185 | This set is ANDed against the capabilities permitted to a process | |
1186 | during exec. | |
1187 | .TP | |
1188 | .I /proc/sys/kernel/core_pattern | |
1189 | This file | |
1190 | (new in Linux 2.5) provides finer control over the form of | |
1191 | a core filename than the obsolete | |
1192 | .IR /proc/sys/kernel/core_uses_pid | |
1193 | file described below. | |
1194 | The name for a core file is controlled by defining a template in | |
1195 | .IR /proc/sys/kernel/core_pattern . | |
1196 | The template can contain % specifiers which are substituted | |
1197 | by the following values when a core file is created: | |
1198 | .nf | |
1199 | ||
1200 | %% A single % character | |
1201 | %p PID of dumped process | |
1202 | %u real UID of dumped process | |
1203 | %g real GID of dumped process | |
1204 | %s number of signal causing dump | |
1205 | %t time of dump (secs since 0:00h, 1 Jan 1970) | |
1206 | %h hostname (same as the 'nodename' | |
1207 | returned by \fBuname\fP(2)) | |
1208 | %e executable filename | |
1209 | ||
1210 | .fi | |
1211 | A single % at the end of the template is dropped from the | |
1212 | core filename, as is the combination of a % followed by any | |
1213 | character other than those listed above. | |
1214 | All other characters in the template become a literal | |
1215 | part of the core filename. | |
1216 | The maximum size of the resulting core filename is 64 bytes. | |
1217 | The default value in this file is "core". | |
1218 | For backward compatibility, if | |
1219 | .I /proc/sys/kernel/core_pattern | |
1220 | does not include "%p" and | |
1221 | .I /proc/sys/kernel/core_uses_pid | |
1222 | is non-zero, then .PID will be appended to the core filename. | |
1223 | .TP | |
1224 | .I /proc/sys/kernel/core_uses_pid | |
1225 | This file | |
1226 | can be used control the naming of a core dump file on Linux 2.4. | |
1227 | If this file contains the value 0, then a core dump file is simply named | |
1228 | .IR core . | |
1229 | If this file contains a non-zero value, then the core dump file includes | |
1230 | the process ID in a name of the form | |
1231 | .IR core.PID . | |
1232 | .TP | |
1233 | .I /proc/sys/kernel/ctrl-alt-del | |
1234 | This file | |
1235 | controls the handling of Ctrl-Alt-Del from the keyboard. | |
1236 | When the value in this file is 0, Ctrl-Alt-Del is trapped and | |
1237 | sent to the | |
1238 | .BR init (1) | |
1239 | program to handle a graceful restart. | |
1240 | When the value is > 0, Linux's reaction to a Vulcan | |
1241 | Nerve Pinch (tm) will be an immediate reboot, without even | |
1242 | syncing its dirty buffers. | |
1243 | Note: when a program (like dosemu) has the keyboard in 'raw' | |
1244 | mode, the ctrl-alt-del is intercepted by the program before it | |
1245 | ever reaches the kernel tty layer, and it's up to the program | |
1246 | to decide what to do with it. | |
1247 | .TP | |
1248 | .I /proc/sys/kernel/hotplug | |
1249 | This file | |
1250 | contains the path for the hotplug policy agent. | |
1251 | The default value in this file "/sbin/hotplug". | |
1252 | .TP | |
1253 | .IR /proc/sys/kernel/domainname " and " /proc/sys/kernel/hostname | |
1254 | can be used to set the NIS/YP domainname and the | |
1255 | hostname of your box in exactly the same way as the commands | |
1256 | domainname and hostname, i.e.: | |
1257 | .br | |
1258 | ||
1259 | .br | |
1260 | # echo "darkstar" > /proc/sys/kernel/hostname | |
1261 | .br | |
1262 | # echo "mydomain" > /proc/sys/kernel/domainname | |
1263 | .br | |
1264 | ||
1265 | .br | |
1266 | has the same effect as | |
1267 | .br | |
1268 | ||
1269 | .br | |
1270 | # hostname "darkstar" | |
1271 | .br | |
1272 | # domainname "mydomain" | |
1273 | .br | |
1274 | ||
1275 | .br | |
1276 | Note, however, that the classic darkstar.frop.org has the | |
1277 | hostname "darkstar" and DNS (Internet Domain Name Server) | |
1278 | domainname "frop.org", not to be confused with the NIS (Network | |
1279 | Information Service) or YP (Yellow Pages) domainname. These two | |
1280 | domain names are in general different. For a detailed discussion | |
1281 | see the | |
1282 | .BR hostname (1) | |
1283 | man page. | |
1284 | .TP | |
1285 | .I /proc/sys/kernel/htab-reclaim | |
1286 | (PowerPC only) If this file is set to a non-zero value, | |
1287 | the PowerPC htab | |
1288 | (see kernel file Documentation/powerpc/ppc_htab.txt) is pruned | |
1289 | each time the system hits the idle loop. | |
1290 | .TP | |
1291 | .I /proc/sys/kernel/l2cr | |
1292 | (PowerPC only) This file | |
1293 | contains a flag that controls the L2 cache of G3 processor | |
f59a3f19 | 1294 | boards. If 0, the cache is disabled. Enabled if non-zero. |
fea681da MK |
1295 | .TP |
1296 | .I /proc/sys/kernel/modprobe | |
1297 | This file | |
1298 | is described by the kernel source file Documentation/kmod.txt. | |
1299 | .TP | |
1300 | .I /proc/sys/kernel/msgmax | |
1301 | This file defines | |
1302 | a system-wide limit specifying the maximum number of bytes in | |
1303 | a single message written on a System V message queue. | |
1304 | .TP | |
1305 | .I /proc/sys/kernel/msgmni | |
1306 | This file defines the system-wide limit on the number of | |
1307 | message queue identifiers. | |
1308 | (This file is only present in Linux 2.4 onwards.) | |
1309 | .TP | |
1310 | .I /proc/sys/kernel/msgmnb | |
568105c6 | 1311 | This file defines a system-wide parameter used to initialise the |
fea681da | 1312 | .I msg_qbytes |
568105c6 | 1313 | setting for subsequently created message queues. |
fea681da MK |
1314 | The |
1315 | .I msg_qbytes | |
1316 | setting specifies the maximum number of bytes that may be written to the | |
1317 | message queue. | |
1318 | .TP | |
1319 | .IR /proc/sys/kernel/ostype " and " /proc/sys/kernel/osrelease | |
1320 | These files | |
1321 | give substrings of | |
1322 | .IR /proc/version . | |
1323 | .TP | |
1324 | .IR /proc/sys/kernel/overflowgid " and " /proc/sys/kernel/overflowuid | |
1325 | These files duplicate the files | |
1326 | .I /proc/sys/fs/overflowgid | |
1327 | and | |
1328 | .IR /proc/sys/fs/overflowuid . | |
1329 | .TP | |
1330 | .I /proc/sys/kernel/panic | |
1331 | gives read/write access to the kernel variable | |
1332 | .IR panic_timeout . | |
f59a3f19 | 1333 | If this is zero, the kernel will loop on a panic; if non-zero |
fea681da MK |
1334 | it indicates that the kernel should autoreboot after this number |
1335 | of seconds. When you use the | |
1336 | software watchdog device driver, the recommended setting is 60. | |
1337 | .TP | |
1338 | .I /proc/sys/kernel/panic_on_oops | |
1339 | This file (new in Linux 2.5) controls the kernel's behaviour when an oops | |
1340 | or | |
1341 | BUG is encountered. If this file contains 0, then the system | |
1342 | tries to continue operation. If it contains 1, then the system | |
1343 | delays a few seconds (to give klogd time to record the oops output) | |
1344 | and then panics. | |
1345 | If the | |
1346 | .I /proc/sys/kernel/panic | |
1347 | file is also non-zero then the machine will be rebooted. | |
1348 | .TP | |
1349 | .I /proc/sys/kernel/pid_max | |
1350 | This file | |
1351 | (new in Linux 2.5) | |
1352 | specifies the value at which PIDs wrap around | |
1353 | (i.e., the value in this file is one greater than the maximum PID). | |
1354 | The default value for this file, 32768, | |
1355 | results in the same range of PIDs as on earlier kernels. | |
1356 | The value in this file can be set to any value up to 2^22 | |
1357 | (PID_MAX_LIMIT, approximately 4 million). | |
1358 | .TP | |
1359 | .IR /proc/sys/kernel/powersave-nap " (PowerPC only)" | |
1360 | This file | |
1361 | contains a flag. If set, Linux-PPC will use the 'nap' mode of | |
1362 | powersaving, | |
1363 | otherwise the 'doze' mode will be used. | |
1364 | .TP | |
1365 | .I /proc/sys/kernel/printk | |
1366 | The four values in this file | |
1367 | are console_loglevel, default_message_loglevel, minimum_console_level and | |
1368 | default_console_loglevel. | |
1369 | These values influence printk() behavior when printing or | |
1370 | logging error messages. See | |
1371 | .BR syslog (2) | |
1372 | for more info on the different loglevels. | |
1373 | Messages with a higher priority than | |
1374 | console_loglevel will be printed to the console. | |
1375 | Messages without an explicit priority | |
1376 | will be printed with priority default_message_level. | |
1377 | minimum_console_loglevel is the minimum (highest) value to which | |
1378 | console_loglevel can be set. | |
1379 | default_console_loglevel is the default value for console_loglevel. | |
1380 | .TP | |
1381 | .IR /proc/sys/kernel/pty " (since Linux 2.6.4)" | |
1382 | This directory | |
1383 | contains two files relating to the number of Unix 98 | |
1384 | pseudo-terminals (see | |
1385 | .BR pts (4)) | |
1386 | on the system. | |
1387 | .TP | |
1388 | .I /proc/sys/kernel/pty/max | |
1389 | This file defines the maximum number of pseudo-terminals. | |
1390 | .TP | |
1391 | .I /proc/sys/kernel/pty/nr | |
1392 | This read-only file | |
1393 | indicates how many pseudo-terminals are currently in use. | |
1394 | .TP | |
1395 | .\" FIXME say more about random | |
1396 | .I /proc/sys/kernel/random | |
1397 | This directory | |
1398 | contains various parameters controlling the operation of the file | |
1399 | .IR /dev/random . | |
1400 | .TP | |
1401 | .I /proc/sys/kernel/real-root-dev | |
1402 | This file | |
1403 | is documented in the kernel source file Documentation/initrd.txt. | |
1404 | .TP | |
1405 | .IR /proc/sys/kernel/reboot-cmd " (Sparc only) " | |
1406 | This file seems to be a way to give an argument to the SPARC | |
1407 | ROM/Flash boot loader. Maybe to tell it what to do after | |
1408 | rebooting? | |
1409 | .TP | |
1410 | .I /proc/sys/kernel/rtsig-max | |
70556c17 MK |
1411 | (Only in kernels up to and including 2.6.7; see |
1412 | .BR setrlimit (2)) | |
fea681da MK |
1413 | This file can be used to tune the maximum number |
1414 | of POSIX realtime (queued) signals that can be outstanding | |
1415 | in the system. | |
1416 | .TP | |
1417 | .I /proc/sys/kernel/rtsig-nr | |
70556c17 | 1418 | (Only in kernels up to and including 2.6.7.) |
fea681da MK |
1419 | This file shows the number POSIX realtime signals currently queued. |
1420 | .TP | |
1421 | .IR /proc/sys/kernel/sem " (since Linux 2.4)" | |
1422 | This file contains 4 numbers defining limits for System V IPC semaphores. | |
1423 | These fields are, in order: | |
1424 | .RS | |
1425 | .IP SEMMSL 8 | |
1426 | The maximum semaphores per semaphore set. | |
1427 | .IP SEMMNS 8 | |
1428 | A system-wide limit on the number of semaphores in all semaphore sets. | |
1429 | .IP SEMOPM 8 | |
1430 | The maximum number of operations that may be specified in a | |
1431 | .BR semop (2) | |
1432 | call. | |
1433 | .IP SEMMNI 8 | |
1434 | A system-wide limit on the maximum number of semaphore identifiers. | |
1435 | .RE | |
1436 | .TP | |
1437 | .I /proc/sys/kernel/sg-big-buff | |
1438 | This file | |
1439 | shows the size of the generic SCSI device (sg) buffer. | |
1440 | You can't tune it just yet, but you could change it on | |
1441 | compile time by editing include/scsi/sg.h and changing | |
1442 | the value of SG_BIG_BUFF. However, there shouldn't be any reason to | |
1443 | change | |
1444 | this value. | |
1445 | .TP | |
1446 | .I /proc/sys/kernel/shmall | |
1447 | This file | |
1448 | contains the system-wide limit on the total number of pages of | |
1449 | System V shared memory. | |
1450 | .TP | |
1451 | .I /proc/sys/kernel/shmmax | |
1452 | This file | |
1453 | can be used to query and set the run time limit | |
1454 | on the maximum (System V IPC) shared memory segment size that can be | |
1455 | created. | |
1456 | Shared memory segments up to 1Gb are now supported in the | |
1457 | kernel. This value defaults to SHMMAX. | |
1458 | .TP | |
1459 | .I /proc/sys/kernel/shmmni | |
1460 | (available in Linux 2.4 and onwards) | |
1461 | This file | |
1462 | specifies the system-wide maximum number of System V shared memory | |
1463 | segments that can be created. | |
1464 | .TP | |
1465 | .I /proc/sys/kernel/version | |
1466 | contains a string like: | |
1467 | .br | |
1468 | ||
1469 | .br | |
1470 | #5 Wed Feb 25 21:49:24 MET 1998.TP | |
1471 | .br | |
1472 | ||
1473 | .br | |
1474 | The '#5' means that | |
1475 | this is the fifth kernel built from this source base and the | |
1476 | date behind it indicates the time the kernel was built. | |
1477 | .TP | |
1478 | .IR /proc/sys/kernel/zero-paged " (PowerPC only) " | |
1479 | This file | |
1480 | contains a flag. When enabled (non-zero), Linux-PPC will pre-zero pages in | |
1481 | the idle loop, possibly speeding up get_free_pages. | |
1482 | .TP | |
1483 | .I /proc/sys/net | |
1484 | This directory contains networking stuff. | |
81c6dd6c MK |
1485 | Explanations for some of the files under this directory can be found in |
1486 | .BR tcp (7) | |
1487 | and | |
1488 | .BR ip (7). | |
fea681da MK |
1489 | .TP |
1490 | .I /proc/sys/proc | |
1491 | This directory may be empty. | |
1492 | .TP | |
1493 | .I /proc/sys/sunrpc | |
1494 | This directory supports Sun remote procedure call for network file system | |
1495 | (NFS). On some systems, it is not present. | |
1496 | .TP | |
1497 | .I /proc/sys/vm | |
1498 | This directory contains files for memory management tuning, buffer and | |
1499 | cache | |
1500 | management. | |
1501 | .TP | |
1502 | .I /proc/sys/vm/overcommit_memory | |
1503 | This file contains the kernel virtual memory accounting mode. Values are: | |
1504 | .br | |
1505 | 0: heuristic overcommit (this is the default) | |
1506 | .br | |
1507 | 1: always overcommit, never check | |
1508 | .br | |
1509 | 2: always check, never overcommit | |
1510 | .br | |
1511 | In mode 0, calls of | |
1512 | .BR mmap (2) | |
1513 | with MAP_NORESERVE set are not checked, and the default check is very weak, | |
1514 | leading to the risk of getting a process "OOM-killed". | |
f59a3f19 | 1515 | Under Linux 2.4 any non-zero value implies mode 1. |
fea681da MK |
1516 | In mode 2 (available since Linux 2.6), the total virtual address space |
1517 | on the system is limited to (SS + RAM*(r/100)), | |
1518 | where SS is the size of the swap space, and RAM | |
1519 | is the size of the physical memory, and r is the contents of the file | |
1520 | .IR /proc/sys/vm/overcommit_ratio . | |
1521 | .TP | |
1522 | .I /proc/sys/vm/overcommit_ratio | |
1523 | See the description of | |
1524 | .IR /proc/sys/vm/overcommit_memory . | |
1525 | .TP | |
1526 | .I /proc/sysvipc | |
1527 | Subdirectory containing the pseudo-files | |
1528 | .IR msg ", " sem " and " shm "." | |
1529 | These files list the System V Interprocess Communication (IPC) objects | |
1530 | (respectively: message queues, semaphores, and shared memory) | |
1531 | that currently exist on the system, | |
1532 | providing similar information to that available via | |
1533 | .BR ipcs (1). | |
1534 | These files have headers and are formatted (one IPC object per line) | |
1535 | for easy understanding. | |
1536 | .BR ipc (5) | |
1537 | provides further background on the information shown by these files. | |
1538 | .TP | |
1539 | .I /proc/tty | |
9fdfa163 | 1540 | Subdirectory containing the pseudo-files and subdirectories for |
fea681da MK |
1541 | tty drivers and line disciplines. |
1542 | .TP | |
1543 | .I /proc/uptime | |
1544 | This file contains two numbers: the uptime of the system (seconds), | |
1545 | and the amount of time spent in idle process (seconds). | |
1546 | .TP | |
1547 | .I /proc/version | |
1548 | This string identifies the kernel version that is currently running. | |
1549 | It includes the contents of /proc/sys/ostype, /proc/sys/osrelease and | |
1550 | /proc/sys/version. For example: | |
1551 | .nf | |
1552 | .in -2 | |
1553 | .ft CW | |
1554 | Linux version 1.0.9 (quinlan@phaze) #1 Sat May 14 01:51:54 EDT 1994 | |
1555 | .ft | |
1556 | .in +2 | |
1557 | .fi | |
1558 | .TP | |
1559 | .IR /proc/vmstat " (since Linux 2.6)" | |
1560 | This file displays various virtual memory statistics. | |
1561 | ||
1562 | .RE | |
1563 | .RE | |
1564 | .SH "SEE ALSO" | |
1565 | .BR cat (1), | |
1566 | .BR find (1), | |
1567 | .BR free (1), | |
1568 | .BR mount (1), | |
1569 | .BR ps (1), | |
1570 | .BR tr (1), | |
1571 | .BR uptime (1), | |
1572 | .BR chroot (2), | |
1573 | .BR mmap (2), | |
1574 | .BR readlink (2), | |
1575 | .BR syslog (2), | |
1576 | .BR slabinfo (5), | |
1577 | .BR hier (7), | |
1578 | .BR arp (8), | |
1579 | .BR dmesg (8), | |
1580 | .BR hdparm (8), | |
1581 | .BR ifconfig (8), | |
1582 | .BR init (8), | |
1583 | .BR lsmod (8), | |
1584 | .BR lspci (8), | |
1585 | .BR netstat (8), | |
1586 | .BR procinfo (8), | |
1587 | .BR route (8) | |
1588 | .br | |
1589 | .I /usr/src/linux/Documentation/filesystems/proc.txt | |
1590 | .SH CAVEATS | |
1591 | Note that many strings (i.e., the environment and command line) are in | |
1592 | the internal format, with sub-fields terminated by NUL bytes, so you | |
4d9b6984 | 1593 | may find that things are more readable if you use \fIod \-c\fP or \fItr |
fea681da MK |
1594 | "\\000" "\\n"\fP to read them. |
1595 | Alternatively, \fIecho `cat <file>`\fP works well. | |
1596 | ||
1597 | This manual page is incomplete, possibly inaccurate, and is the kind | |
1598 | of thing that needs to be updated very often. | |
1599 | .SH ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS | |
1600 | The material on /proc/sys/fs and /proc/sys/kernel is closely based on | |
1601 | kernel source documentation files written by Rik van Riel. |