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c401b33c JS |
1 | git-filter-branch(1) |
2 | ==================== | |
3 | ||
4 | NAME | |
5 | ---- | |
6 | git-filter-branch - Rewrite branches | |
7 | ||
8 | SYNOPSIS | |
9 | -------- | |
10 | [verse] | |
b1889c36 | 11 | 'git filter-branch' [--env-filter <command>] [--tree-filter <command>] |
c401b33c JS |
12 | [--index-filter <command>] [--parent-filter <command>] |
13 | [--msg-filter <command>] [--commit-filter <command>] | |
14 | [--tag-name-filter <command>] [--subdirectory-filter <directory>] | |
e3679ab4 | 15 | [--prune-empty] |
5433235d | 16 | [--original <namespace>] [-d <directory>] [-f | --force] |
8afa4210 | 17 | [--] [<rev-list options>...] |
c401b33c JS |
18 | |
19 | DESCRIPTION | |
20 | ----------- | |
2de9b711 | 21 | Lets you rewrite Git revision history by rewriting the branches mentioned |
08203668 | 22 | in the <rev-list options>, applying custom filters on each revision. |
c401b33c JS |
23 | Those filters can modify each tree (e.g. removing a file or running |
24 | a perl rewrite on all files) or information about each commit. | |
25 | Otherwise, all information (including original commit times or merge | |
26 | information) will be preserved. | |
27 | ||
08203668 | 28 | The command will only rewrite the _positive_ refs mentioned in the |
bf7c9021 | 29 | command line (e.g. if you pass 'a..b', only 'b' will be rewritten). |
08203668 JS |
30 | If you specify no filters, the commits will be recommitted without any |
31 | changes, which would normally have no effect. Nevertheless, this may be | |
2de9b711 | 32 | useful in the future for compensating for some Git bugs or such, |
08203668 | 33 | therefore such a usage is permitted. |
c401b33c | 34 | |
831e61f8 JH |
35 | *NOTE*: This command honors `.git/info/grafts` file and refs in |
36 | the `refs/replace/` namespace. | |
0dc310e8 PC |
37 | If you have any grafts or replacement refs defined, running this command |
38 | will make them permanent. | |
c6d8f763 | 39 | |
73616fd3 | 40 | *WARNING*! The rewritten history will have different object names for all |
c401b33c JS |
41 | the objects and will not converge with the original branch. You will not |
42 | be able to easily push and distribute the rewritten branch on top of the | |
43 | original branch. Please do not use this command if you do not know the | |
44 | full implications, and avoid using it anyway, if a simple single commit | |
97c33c65 TR |
45 | would suffice to fix your problem. (See the "RECOVERING FROM UPSTREAM |
46 | REBASE" section in linkgit:git-rebase[1] for further information about | |
47 | rewriting published history.) | |
c401b33c | 48 | |
dfd05e38 JS |
49 | Always verify that the rewritten version is correct: The original refs, |
50 | if different from the rewritten ones, will be stored in the namespace | |
51 | 'refs/original/'. | |
c401b33c | 52 | |
bf7c9021 | 53 | Note that since this operation is very I/O expensive, it might |
08203668 JS |
54 | be a good idea to redirect the temporary directory off-disk with the |
55 | '-d' option, e.g. on tmpfs. Reportedly the speedup is very noticeable. | |
c401b33c JS |
56 | |
57 | ||
58 | Filters | |
59 | ~~~~~~~ | |
60 | ||
61 | The filters are applied in the order as listed below. The <command> | |
bf7c9021 RW |
62 | argument is always evaluated in the shell context using the 'eval' command |
63 | (with the notable exception of the commit filter, for technical reasons). | |
c401b33c JS |
64 | Prior to that, the $GIT_COMMIT environment variable will be set to contain |
65 | the id of the commit being rewritten. Also, GIT_AUTHOR_NAME, | |
66 | GIT_AUTHOR_EMAIL, GIT_AUTHOR_DATE, GIT_COMMITTER_NAME, GIT_COMMITTER_EMAIL, | |
bee3eb07 TAK |
67 | and GIT_COMMITTER_DATE are taken from the current commit and exported to |
68 | the environment, in order to affect the author and committer identities of | |
69 | the replacement commit created by linkgit:git-commit-tree[1] after the | |
70 | filters have run. | |
71 | ||
bf7c9021 RW |
72 | If any evaluation of <command> returns a non-zero exit status, the whole |
73 | operation will be aborted. | |
c401b33c JS |
74 | |
75 | A 'map' function is available that takes an "original sha1 id" argument | |
76 | and outputs a "rewritten sha1 id" if the commit has been already | |
32c37c12 JS |
77 | rewritten, and "original sha1 id" otherwise; the 'map' function can |
78 | return several ids on separate lines if your commit filter emitted | |
79 | multiple commits. | |
c401b33c JS |
80 | |
81 | ||
82 | OPTIONS | |
83 | ------- | |
84 | ||
85 | --env-filter <command>:: | |
bf7c9021 RW |
86 | This filter may be used if you only need to modify the environment |
87 | in which the commit will be performed. Specifically, you might | |
88 | want to rewrite the author/committer name/email/time environment | |
831a8b84 | 89 | variables (see linkgit:git-commit-tree[1] for details). Do not forget |
c401b33c JS |
90 | to re-export the variables. |
91 | ||
92 | --tree-filter <command>:: | |
93 | This is the filter for rewriting the tree and its contents. | |
94 | The argument is evaluated in shell with the working | |
95 | directory set to the root of the checked out tree. The new tree | |
96 | is then used as-is (new files are auto-added, disappeared files | |
97 | are auto-removed - neither .gitignore files nor any other ignore | |
73616fd3 | 98 | rules *HAVE ANY EFFECT*!). |
c401b33c JS |
99 | |
100 | --index-filter <command>:: | |
101 | This is the filter for rewriting the index. It is similar to the | |
102 | tree filter but does not check out the tree, which makes it much | |
6cf378f0 JK |
103 | faster. Frequently used with `git rm --cached |
104 | --ignore-unmatch ...`, see EXAMPLES below. For hairy | |
3bc427e0 | 105 | cases, see linkgit:git-update-index[1]. |
c401b33c JS |
106 | |
107 | --parent-filter <command>:: | |
108 | This is the filter for rewriting the commit's parent list. | |
109 | It will receive the parent string on stdin and shall output | |
110 | the new parent string on stdout. The parent string is in | |
483bc4f0 | 111 | the format described in linkgit:git-commit-tree[1]: empty for |
c401b33c JS |
112 | the initial commit, "-p parent" for a normal commit and |
113 | "-p parent1 -p parent2 -p parent3 ..." for a merge commit. | |
114 | ||
115 | --msg-filter <command>:: | |
116 | This is the filter for rewriting the commit messages. | |
117 | The argument is evaluated in the shell with the original | |
118 | commit message on standard input; its standard output is | |
119 | used as the new commit message. | |
120 | ||
121 | --commit-filter <command>:: | |
122 | This is the filter for performing the commit. | |
123 | If this filter is specified, it will be called instead of the | |
0b444cdb | 124 | 'git commit-tree' command, with arguments of the form |
0adda936 | 125 | "<TREE_ID> [(-p <PARENT_COMMIT_ID>)...]" and the log message on |
c401b33c JS |
126 | stdin. The commit id is expected on stdout. |
127 | + | |
128 | As a special extension, the commit filter may emit multiple | |
c5833f6e | 129 | commit ids; in that case, the rewritten children of the original commit will |
c401b33c | 130 | have all of them as parents. |
f95eef15 JS |
131 | + |
132 | You can use the 'map' convenience function in this filter, and other | |
133 | convenience functions, too. For example, calling 'skip_commit "$@"' | |
134 | will leave out the current commit (but not its changes! If you want | |
0b444cdb | 135 | that, use 'git rebase' instead). |
d3240d93 | 136 | + |
ca768288 TR |
137 | You can also use the `git_commit_non_empty_tree "$@"` instead of |
138 | `git commit-tree "$@"` if you don't wish to keep commits with a single parent | |
d3240d93 | 139 | and that makes no change to the tree. |
c401b33c JS |
140 | |
141 | --tag-name-filter <command>:: | |
142 | This is the filter for rewriting tag names. When passed, | |
143 | it will be called for every tag ref that points to a rewritten | |
144 | object (or to a tag object which points to a rewritten object). | |
145 | The original tag name is passed via standard input, and the new | |
146 | tag name is expected on standard output. | |
147 | + | |
148 | The original tags are not deleted, but can be overwritten; | |
5876b8ee | 149 | use "--tag-name-filter cat" to simply update the tags. In this |
c401b33c JS |
150 | case, be very careful and make sure you have the old tags |
151 | backed up in case the conversion has run afoul. | |
152 | + | |
1bf6551e BC |
153 | Nearly proper rewriting of tag objects is supported. If the tag has |
154 | a message attached, a new tag object will be created with the same message, | |
155 | author, and timestamp. If the tag has a signature attached, the | |
156 | signature will be stripped. It is by definition impossible to preserve | |
157 | signatures. The reason this is "nearly" proper, is because ideally if | |
158 | the tag did not change (points to the same object, has the same name, etc.) | |
159 | it should retain any signature. That is not the case, signatures will always | |
160 | be removed, buyer beware. There is also no support for changing the | |
161 | author or timestamp (or the tag message for that matter). Tags which point | |
162 | to other tags will be rewritten to point to the underlying commit. | |
c401b33c JS |
163 | |
164 | --subdirectory-filter <directory>:: | |
73616fd3 JS |
165 | Only look at the history which touches the given subdirectory. |
166 | The result will contain that directory (and only that) as its | |
7ec344d8 | 167 | project root. Implies <<Remap_to_ancestor>>. |
c401b33c | 168 | |
d3240d93 PH |
169 | --prune-empty:: |
170 | Some kind of filters will generate empty commits, that left the tree | |
171 | untouched. This switch allow git-filter-branch to ignore such | |
172 | commits. Though, this switch only applies for commits that have one | |
173 | and only one parent, it will hence keep merges points. Also, this | |
174 | option is not compatible with the use of '--commit-filter'. Though you | |
175 | just need to use the function 'git_commit_non_empty_tree "$@"' instead | |
ca768288 | 176 | of the `git commit-tree "$@"` idiom in your commit filter to make that |
d3240d93 PH |
177 | happen. |
178 | ||
5433235d GB |
179 | --original <namespace>:: |
180 | Use this option to set the namespace where the original commits | |
181 | will be stored. The default value is 'refs/original'. | |
182 | ||
c401b33c JS |
183 | -d <directory>:: |
184 | Use this option to set the path to the temporary directory used for | |
185 | rewriting. When applying a tree filter, the command needs to | |
bf7c9021 | 186 | temporarily check out the tree to some directory, which may consume |
c401b33c JS |
187 | considerable space in case of large projects. By default it |
188 | does this in the '.git-rewrite/' directory but you can override | |
189 | that choice by this parameter. | |
190 | ||
3240240f SB |
191 | -f:: |
192 | --force:: | |
0b444cdb | 193 | 'git filter-branch' refuses to start with an existing temporary |
dfd05e38 JS |
194 | directory or when there are already refs starting with |
195 | 'refs/original/', unless forced. | |
196 | ||
f448e24e | 197 | <rev-list options>...:: |
0b444cdb | 198 | Arguments for 'git rev-list'. All positive refs included by |
8afa4210 TR |
199 | these options are rewritten. You may also specify options |
200 | such as '--all', but you must use '--' to separate them from | |
7ec344d8 CH |
201 | the 'git filter-branch' options. Implies <<Remap_to_ancestor>>. |
202 | ||
203 | ||
204 | [[Remap_to_ancestor]] | |
205 | Remap to ancestor | |
206 | ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ | |
207 | ||
208 | By using linkgit:rev-list[1] arguments, e.g., path limiters, you can limit the | |
209 | set of revisions which get rewritten. However, positive refs on the command | |
210 | line are distinguished: we don't let them be excluded by such limiters. For | |
211 | this purpose, they are instead rewritten to point at the nearest ancestor that | |
212 | was not excluded. | |
c401b33c JS |
213 | |
214 | ||
215 | Examples | |
216 | -------- | |
217 | ||
218 | Suppose you want to remove a file (containing confidential information | |
219 | or copyright violation) from all commits: | |
220 | ||
221 | ------------------------------------------------------- | |
dfd05e38 | 222 | git filter-branch --tree-filter 'rm filename' HEAD |
c401b33c JS |
223 | ------------------------------------------------------- |
224 | ||
e4d594c6 JL |
225 | However, if the file is absent from the tree of some commit, |
226 | a simple `rm filename` will fail for that tree and commit. | |
227 | Thus you may instead want to use `rm -f filename` as the script. | |
228 | ||
6cf378f0 | 229 | Using `--index-filter` with 'git rm' yields a significantly faster |
3bc427e0 TR |
230 | version. Like with using `rm filename`, `git rm --cached filename` |
231 | will fail if the file is absent from the tree of a commit. If you | |
232 | want to "completely forget" a file, it does not matter when it entered | |
6cf378f0 | 233 | history, so we also add `--ignore-unmatch`: |
c401b33c | 234 | |
dfd05e38 | 235 | -------------------------------------------------------------------------- |
3bc427e0 | 236 | git filter-branch --index-filter 'git rm --cached --ignore-unmatch filename' HEAD |
dfd05e38 | 237 | -------------------------------------------------------------------------- |
c401b33c | 238 | |
8ef44519 | 239 | Now, you will get the rewritten history saved in HEAD. |
c401b33c | 240 | |
8afa4210 TR |
241 | To rewrite the repository to look as if `foodir/` had been its project |
242 | root, and discard all other history: | |
243 | ||
244 | ------------------------------------------------------- | |
245 | git filter-branch --subdirectory-filter foodir -- --all | |
246 | ------------------------------------------------------- | |
247 | ||
248 | Thus you can, e.g., turn a library subdirectory into a repository of | |
6cf378f0 JK |
249 | its own. Note the `--` that separates 'filter-branch' options from |
250 | revision options, and the `--all` to rewrite all branches and tags. | |
8afa4210 | 251 | |
32c37c12 JS |
252 | To set a commit (which typically is at the tip of another |
253 | history) to be the parent of the current initial commit, in | |
254 | order to paste the other history behind the current history: | |
c401b33c | 255 | |
dfd05e38 JS |
256 | ------------------------------------------------------------------- |
257 | git filter-branch --parent-filter 'sed "s/^\$/-p <graft-id>/"' HEAD | |
258 | ------------------------------------------------------------------- | |
c401b33c | 259 | |
08203668 JS |
260 | (if the parent string is empty - which happens when we are dealing with |
261 | the initial commit - add graftcommit as a parent). Note that this assumes | |
c401b33c JS |
262 | history with a single root (that is, no merge without common ancestors |
263 | happened). If this is not the case, use: | |
264 | ||
dfd05e38 | 265 | -------------------------------------------------------------------------- |
c401b33c | 266 | git filter-branch --parent-filter \ |
41e86a37 | 267 | 'test $GIT_COMMIT = <commit-id> && echo "-p <graft-id>" || cat' HEAD |
dfd05e38 | 268 | -------------------------------------------------------------------------- |
c401b33c | 269 | |
32c37c12 JS |
270 | or even simpler: |
271 | ||
272 | ----------------------------------------------- | |
273 | echo "$commit-id $graft-id" >> .git/info/grafts | |
dfd05e38 | 274 | git filter-branch $graft-id..HEAD |
32c37c12 JS |
275 | ----------------------------------------------- |
276 | ||
c401b33c JS |
277 | To remove commits authored by "Darl McBribe" from the history: |
278 | ||
279 | ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ | |
280 | git filter-branch --commit-filter ' | |
281 | if [ "$GIT_AUTHOR_NAME" = "Darl McBribe" ]; | |
282 | then | |
f95eef15 | 283 | skip_commit "$@"; |
c401b33c JS |
284 | else |
285 | git commit-tree "$@"; | |
dfd05e38 | 286 | fi' HEAD |
c401b33c JS |
287 | ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ |
288 | ||
8451c565 | 289 | The function 'skip_commit' is defined as follows: |
f95eef15 JS |
290 | |
291 | -------------------------- | |
292 | skip_commit() | |
293 | { | |
294 | shift; | |
295 | while [ -n "$1" ]; | |
296 | do | |
297 | shift; | |
298 | map "$1"; | |
299 | shift; | |
300 | done; | |
301 | } | |
302 | -------------------------- | |
303 | ||
c401b33c JS |
304 | The shift magic first throws away the tree id and then the -p |
305 | parameters. Note that this handles merges properly! In case Darl | |
306 | committed a merge between P1 and P2, it will be propagated properly | |
307 | and all children of the merge will become merge commits with P1,P2 | |
308 | as their parents instead of the merge commit. | |
309 | ||
8093ae88 AS |
310 | *NOTE* the changes introduced by the commits, and which are not reverted |
311 | by subsequent commits, will still be in the rewritten branch. If you want | |
312 | to throw out _changes_ together with the commits, you should use the | |
313 | interactive mode of 'git rebase'. | |
314 | ||
a1748890 | 315 | You can rewrite the commit log messages using `--msg-filter`. For |
0b444cdb | 316 | example, 'git svn-id' strings in a repository created by 'git svn' can |
ed10d9aa MV |
317 | be removed this way: |
318 | ||
319 | ------------------------------------------------------- | |
a1748890 | 320 | git filter-branch --msg-filter ' |
ed10d9aa MV |
321 | sed -e "/^git-svn-id:/d" |
322 | ' | |
323 | ------------------------------------------------------- | |
f95eef15 | 324 | |
b8f42332 JS |
325 | If you need to add 'Acked-by' lines to, say, the last 10 commits (none |
326 | of which is a merge), use this command: | |
327 | ||
328 | -------------------------------------------------------- | |
329 | git filter-branch --msg-filter ' | |
330 | cat && | |
331 | echo "Acked-by: Bugs Bunny <bunny@bugzilla.org>" | |
332 | ' HEAD~10..HEAD | |
333 | -------------------------------------------------------- | |
334 | ||
21b6e4f2 TAK |
335 | The `--env-filter` option can be used to modify committer and/or author |
336 | identity. For example, if you found out that your commits have the wrong | |
337 | identity due to a misconfigured user.email, you can make a correction, | |
338 | before publishing the project, like this: | |
339 | ||
340 | -------------------------------------------------------- | |
341 | git filter-branch --env-filter ' | |
342 | if test "$GIT_AUTHOR_EMAIL" = "root@localhost" | |
343 | then | |
344 | GIT_AUTHOR_EMAIL=john@example.com | |
345 | export GIT_AUTHOR_EMAIL | |
346 | fi | |
347 | if test "$GIT_COMMITTER_EMAIL" = "root@localhost" | |
348 | then | |
349 | GIT_COMMITTER_EMAIL=john@example.com | |
350 | export GIT_COMMITTER_EMAIL | |
351 | fi | |
352 | ' -- --all | |
353 | -------------------------------------------------------- | |
354 | ||
8093ae88 AS |
355 | To restrict rewriting to only part of the history, specify a revision |
356 | range in addition to the new branch name. The new branch name will | |
357 | point to the top-most revision that a 'git rev-list' of this range | |
358 | will print. | |
08203668 | 359 | |
c401b33c JS |
360 | Consider this history: |
361 | ||
362 | ------------------ | |
363 | D--E--F--G--H | |
364 | / / | |
365 | A--B-----C | |
366 | ------------------ | |
367 | ||
368 | To rewrite only commits D,E,F,G,H, but leave A, B and C alone, use: | |
369 | ||
370 | -------------------------------- | |
dfd05e38 | 371 | git filter-branch ... C..H |
c401b33c JS |
372 | -------------------------------- |
373 | ||
374 | To rewrite commits E,F,G,H, use one of these: | |
375 | ||
376 | ---------------------------------------- | |
dfd05e38 JS |
377 | git filter-branch ... C..H --not D |
378 | git filter-branch ... D..H --not C | |
c401b33c JS |
379 | ---------------------------------------- |
380 | ||
381 | To move the whole tree into a subdirectory, or remove it from there: | |
382 | ||
383 | --------------------------------------------------------------- | |
384 | git filter-branch --index-filter \ | |
d2d66f15 | 385 | 'git ls-files -s | sed "s-\t\"*-&newsubdir/-" | |
c401b33c JS |
386 | GIT_INDEX_FILE=$GIT_INDEX_FILE.new \ |
387 | git update-index --index-info && | |
6cb0186a | 388 | mv "$GIT_INDEX_FILE.new" "$GIT_INDEX_FILE"' HEAD |
c401b33c JS |
389 | --------------------------------------------------------------- |
390 | ||
391 | ||
d0268de6 TR |
392 | |
393 | Checklist for Shrinking a Repository | |
394 | ------------------------------------ | |
395 | ||
615b8f1a | 396 | git-filter-branch can be used to get rid of a subset of files, |
6cf378f0 JK |
397 | usually with some combination of `--index-filter` and |
398 | `--subdirectory-filter`. People expect the resulting repository to | |
d0268de6 | 399 | be smaller than the original, but you need a few more steps to |
2de9b711 | 400 | actually make it smaller, because Git tries hard not to lose your |
d0268de6 TR |
401 | objects until you tell it to. First make sure that: |
402 | ||
403 | * You really removed all variants of a filename, if a blob was moved | |
6cf378f0 JK |
404 | over its lifetime. `git log --name-only --follow --all -- filename` |
405 | can help you find renames. | |
d0268de6 | 406 | |
6cf378f0 JK |
407 | * You really filtered all refs: use `--tag-name-filter cat -- --all` |
408 | when calling git-filter-branch. | |
d0268de6 TR |
409 | |
410 | Then there are two ways to get a smaller repository. A safer way is | |
411 | to clone, that keeps your original intact. | |
412 | ||
6cf378f0 | 413 | * Clone it with `git clone file:///path/to/repo`. The clone |
d0268de6 TR |
414 | will not have the removed objects. See linkgit:git-clone[1]. (Note |
415 | that cloning with a plain path just hardlinks everything!) | |
416 | ||
417 | If you really don't want to clone it, for whatever reasons, check the | |
418 | following points instead (in this order). This is a very destructive | |
419 | approach, so *make a backup* or go back to cloning it. You have been | |
420 | warned. | |
421 | ||
422 | * Remove the original refs backed up by git-filter-branch: say `git | |
6cf378f0 | 423 | for-each-ref --format="%(refname)" refs/original/ | xargs -n 1 git |
d0268de6 TR |
424 | update-ref -d`. |
425 | ||
6cf378f0 | 426 | * Expire all reflogs with `git reflog expire --expire=now --all`. |
d0268de6 | 427 | |
6cf378f0 | 428 | * Garbage collect all unreferenced objects with `git gc --prune=now` |
d0268de6 | 429 | (or if your git-gc is not new enough to support arguments to |
6cf378f0 | 430 | `--prune`, use `git repack -ad; git prune` instead). |
d0268de6 | 431 | |
615b8f1a RT |
432 | Notes |
433 | ----- | |
434 | ||
435 | git-filter-branch allows you to make complex shell-scripted rewrites | |
436 | of your Git history, but you probably don't need this flexibility if | |
437 | you're simply _removing unwanted data_ like large files or passwords. | |
438 | For those operations you may want to consider | |
2df85669 | 439 | http://rtyley.github.io/bfg-repo-cleaner/[The BFG Repo-Cleaner], |
615b8f1a RT |
440 | a JVM-based alternative to git-filter-branch, typically at least |
441 | 10-50x faster for those use-cases, and with quite different | |
442 | characteristics: | |
443 | ||
444 | * Any particular version of a file is cleaned exactly _once_. The BFG, | |
445 | unlike git-filter-branch, does not give you the opportunity to | |
446 | handle a file differently based on where or when it was committed | |
447 | within your history. This constraint gives the core performance | |
448 | benefit of The BFG, and is well-suited to the task of cleansing bad | |
449 | data - you don't care _where_ the bad data is, you just want it | |
450 | _gone_. | |
451 | ||
452 | * By default The BFG takes full advantage of multi-core machines, | |
453 | cleansing commit file-trees in parallel. git-filter-branch cleans | |
f745acb0 TA |
454 | commits sequentially (i.e. in a single-threaded manner), though it |
455 | _is_ possible to write filters that include their own parallelism, | |
615b8f1a RT |
456 | in the scripts executed against each commit. |
457 | ||
2df85669 | 458 | * The http://rtyley.github.io/bfg-repo-cleaner/#examples[command options] |
615b8f1a RT |
459 | are much more restrictive than git-filter branch, and dedicated just |
460 | to the tasks of removing unwanted data- e.g: | |
461 | `--strip-blobs-bigger-than 1M`. | |
462 | ||
c401b33c JS |
463 | GIT |
464 | --- | |
9e1f0a85 | 465 | Part of the linkgit:git[1] suite |