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1 | SPECIFYING REVISIONS |
2 | -------------------- | |
3 | ||
61e508d9 | 4 | A revision parameter '<rev>' typically, but not necessarily, names a |
d5fa1f1a | 5 | commit object. It uses what is called an 'extended SHA-1' |
5a8f3117 | 6 | syntax. Here are various ways to spell object names. The |
b62c7697 | 7 | ones listed near the end of this list name trees and |
5a8f3117 MG |
8 | blobs contained in a commit. |
9 | ||
61e508d9 | 10 | '<sha1>', e.g. 'dae86e1950b1277e545cee180551750029cfe735', 'dae86e':: |
d5fa1f1a | 11 | The full SHA-1 object name (40-byte hexadecimal string), or |
b62c7697 | 12 | a leading substring that is unique within the repository. |
5a8f3117 | 13 | E.g. dae86e1950b1277e545cee180551750029cfe735 and dae86e both |
b62c7697 | 14 | name the same commit object if there is no other object in |
5a8f3117 MG |
15 | your repository whose object name starts with dae86e. |
16 | ||
61e508d9 | 17 | '<describeOutput>', e.g. 'v1.7.4.2-679-g3bee7fb':: |
b62c7697 | 18 | Output from `git describe`; i.e. a closest tag, optionally |
5a8f3117 | 19 | followed by a dash and a number of commits, followed by a dash, a |
83456b13 | 20 | 'g', and an abbreviated object name. |
5a8f3117 | 21 | |
61e508d9 MG |
22 | '<refname>', e.g. 'master', 'heads/master', 'refs/heads/master':: |
23 | A symbolic ref name. E.g. 'master' typically means the commit | |
83456b13 MG |
24 | object referenced by 'refs/heads/master'. If you |
25 | happen to have both 'heads/master' and 'tags/master', you can | |
2de9b711 | 26 | explicitly say 'heads/master' to tell Git which one you mean. |
89ce391b | 27 | When ambiguous, a '<refname>' is disambiguated by taking the |
5a8f3117 MG |
28 | first match in the following rules: |
29 | ||
89ce391b | 30 | . If '$GIT_DIR/<refname>' exists, that is what you mean (this is usually |
83456b13 MG |
31 | useful only for 'HEAD', 'FETCH_HEAD', 'ORIG_HEAD', 'MERGE_HEAD' |
32 | and 'CHERRY_PICK_HEAD'); | |
5a8f3117 | 33 | |
89ce391b | 34 | . otherwise, 'refs/<refname>' if it exists; |
5a8f3117 | 35 | |
b62c7697 | 36 | . otherwise, 'refs/tags/<refname>' if it exists; |
5a8f3117 | 37 | |
89ce391b | 38 | . otherwise, 'refs/heads/<refname>' if it exists; |
5a8f3117 | 39 | |
89ce391b | 40 | . otherwise, 'refs/remotes/<refname>' if it exists; |
5a8f3117 | 41 | |
89ce391b | 42 | . otherwise, 'refs/remotes/<refname>/HEAD' if it exists. |
5a8f3117 | 43 | + |
b62c7697 MG |
44 | 'HEAD' names the commit on which you based the changes in the working tree. |
45 | 'FETCH_HEAD' records the branch which you fetched from a remote repository | |
83456b13 | 46 | with your last `git fetch` invocation. |
b62c7697 | 47 | 'ORIG_HEAD' is created by commands that move your 'HEAD' in a drastic |
83456b13 | 48 | way, to record the position of the 'HEAD' before their operation, so that |
b62c7697 MG |
49 | you can easily change the tip of the branch back to the state before you ran |
50 | them. | |
51 | 'MERGE_HEAD' records the commit(s) which you are merging into your branch | |
83456b13 | 52 | when you run `git merge`. |
b62c7697 | 53 | 'CHERRY_PICK_HEAD' records the commit which you are cherry-picking |
83456b13 | 54 | when you run `git cherry-pick`. |
5a8f3117 | 55 | + |
83456b13 MG |
56 | Note that any of the 'refs/*' cases above may come either from |
57 | the '$GIT_DIR/refs' directory or from the '$GIT_DIR/packed-refs' file. | |
e1c3bf49 | 58 | While the ref name encoding is unspecified, UTF-8 is preferred as |
1452bd64 | 59 | some output processing may assume ref names in UTF-8. |
5a8f3117 | 60 | |
61e508d9 MG |
61 | '<refname>@\{<date>\}', e.g. 'master@\{yesterday\}', 'HEAD@\{5 minutes ago\}':: |
62 | A ref followed by the suffix '@' with a date specification | |
5a8f3117 MG |
63 | enclosed in a brace |
64 | pair (e.g. '\{yesterday\}', '\{1 month 2 weeks 3 days 1 hour 1 | |
b62c7697 | 65 | second ago\}' or '\{1979-02-26 18:30:00\}') specifies the value |
5a8f3117 MG |
66 | of the ref at a prior point in time. This suffix may only be |
67 | used immediately following a ref name and the ref must have an | |
83456b13 | 68 | existing log ('$GIT_DIR/logs/<ref>'). Note that this looks up the state |
5a8f3117 | 69 | of your *local* ref at a given time; e.g., what was in your local |
83456b13 MG |
70 | 'master' branch last week. If you want to look at commits made during |
71 | certain times, see '--since' and '--until'. | |
5a8f3117 | 72 | |
61e508d9 MG |
73 | '<refname>@\{<n>\}', e.g. 'master@\{1\}':: |
74 | A ref followed by the suffix '@' with an ordinal specification | |
b62c7697 | 75 | enclosed in a brace pair (e.g. '\{1\}', '\{15\}') specifies |
5a8f3117 MG |
76 | the n-th prior value of that ref. For example 'master@\{1\}' |
77 | is the immediate prior value of 'master' while 'master@\{5\}' | |
78 | is the 5th prior value of 'master'. This suffix may only be used | |
79 | immediately following a ref name and the ref must have an existing | |
61e508d9 | 80 | log ('$GIT_DIR/logs/<refname>'). |
5a8f3117 | 81 | |
61e508d9 MG |
82 | '@\{<n>\}', e.g. '@\{1\}':: |
83 | You can use the '@' construct with an empty ref part to get at a | |
b62c7697 MG |
84 | reflog entry of the current branch. For example, if you are on |
85 | branch 'blabla' then '@\{1\}' means the same as 'blabla@\{1\}'. | |
5a8f3117 | 86 | |
61e508d9 | 87 | '@\{-<n>\}', e.g. '@\{-1\}':: |
b62c7697 | 88 | The construct '@\{-<n>\}' means the <n>th branch checked out |
5a8f3117 MG |
89 | before the current one. |
90 | ||
47e329ef KK |
91 | '<branchname>@\{upstream\}', e.g. 'master@\{upstream\}', '@\{u\}':: |
92 | The suffix '@\{upstream\}' to a branchname (short form '<branchname>@\{u\}') | |
93 | refers to the branch that the branch specified by branchname is set to build on | |
94 | top of. A missing branchname defaults to the current one. | |
5a8f3117 | 95 | |
61e508d9 MG |
96 | '<rev>{caret}', e.g. 'HEAD{caret}, v1.5.1{caret}0':: |
97 | A suffix '{caret}' to a revision parameter means the first parent of | |
5a8f3117 | 98 | that commit object. '{caret}<n>' means the <n>th parent (i.e. |
61e508d9 MG |
99 | '<rev>{caret}' |
100 | is equivalent to '<rev>{caret}1'). As a special rule, | |
101 | '<rev>{caret}0' means the commit itself and is used when '<rev>' is the | |
5a8f3117 MG |
102 | object name of a tag object that refers to a commit object. |
103 | ||
61e508d9 MG |
104 | '<rev>{tilde}<n>', e.g. 'master{tilde}3':: |
105 | A suffix '{tilde}<n>' to a revision parameter means the commit | |
70eb1307 | 106 | object that is the <n>th generation ancestor of the named |
b62c7697 | 107 | commit object, following only the first parents. I.e. '<rev>{tilde}3' is |
61e508d9 | 108 | equivalent to '<rev>{caret}{caret}{caret}' which is equivalent to |
b62c7697 | 109 | '<rev>{caret}1{caret}1{caret}1'. See below for an illustration of |
5a8f3117 MG |
110 | the usage of this form. |
111 | ||
61e508d9 MG |
112 | '<rev>{caret}\{<type>\}', e.g. 'v0.99.8{caret}\{commit\}':: |
113 | A suffix '{caret}' followed by an object type name enclosed in | |
114 | brace pair means the object | |
5a8f3117 MG |
115 | could be a tag, and dereference the tag recursively until an |
116 | object of that type is found or the object cannot be | |
61e508d9 | 117 | dereferenced anymore (in which case, barf). '<rev>{caret}0' |
b62c7697 | 118 | is a short-hand for '<rev>{caret}\{commit\}'. |
a6a3f2cc JH |
119 | + |
120 | 'rev{caret}\{object\}' can be used to make sure 'rev' names an | |
121 | object that exists, without requiring 'rev' to be a tag, and | |
122 | without dereferencing 'rev'; because a tag is already an object, | |
123 | it does not have to be dereferenced even once to get to an object. | |
5a8f3117 | 124 | |
61e508d9 MG |
125 | '<rev>{caret}\{\}', e.g. 'v0.99.8{caret}\{\}':: |
126 | A suffix '{caret}' followed by an empty brace pair | |
127 | means the object could be a tag, | |
5a8f3117 MG |
128 | and dereference the tag recursively until a non-tag object is |
129 | found. | |
130 | ||
61e508d9 MG |
131 | '<rev>{caret}\{/<text>\}', e.g. 'HEAD^{/fix nasty bug}':: |
132 | A suffix '{caret}' to a revision parameter, followed by a brace | |
133 | pair that contains a text led by a slash, | |
b62c7697 | 134 | is the same as the ':/fix nasty bug' syntax below except that |
32574b68 | 135 | it returns the youngest matching commit which is reachable from |
61e508d9 | 136 | the '<rev>' before '{caret}'. |
32574b68 | 137 | |
61e508d9 MG |
138 | ':/<text>', e.g. ':/fix nasty bug':: |
139 | A colon, followed by a slash, followed by a text, names | |
95ad6d2d | 140 | a commit whose commit message matches the specified regular expression. |
5a8f3117 MG |
141 | This name returns the youngest matching commit which is |
142 | reachable from any ref. If the commit message starts with a | |
b62c7697 MG |
143 | '!' you have to repeat that; the special sequence ':/!', |
144 | followed by something else than '!', is reserved for now. | |
95ad6d2d | 145 | The regular expression can match any part of the commit message. To |
83456b13 | 146 | match messages starting with a string, one can use e.g. ':/^foo'. |
5a8f3117 | 147 | |
61e508d9 MG |
148 | '<rev>:<path>', e.g. 'HEAD:README', ':README', 'master:./README':: |
149 | A suffix ':' followed by a path names the blob or tree | |
5a8f3117 MG |
150 | at the given path in the tree-ish object named by the part |
151 | before the colon. | |
61e508d9 | 152 | ':path' (with an empty part before the colon) |
5a8f3117 MG |
153 | is a special case of the syntax described next: content |
154 | recorded in the index at the given path. | |
b62c7697 MG |
155 | A path starting with './' or '../' is relative to the current working directory. |
156 | The given path will be converted to be relative to the working tree's root directory. | |
979f7929 | 157 | This is most useful to address a blob or tree from a commit or tree that has |
b62c7697 | 158 | the same tree structure as the working tree. |
5a8f3117 | 159 | |
61e508d9 MG |
160 | ':<n>:<path>', e.g. ':0:README', ':README':: |
161 | A colon, optionally followed by a stage number (0 to 3) and a | |
162 | colon, followed by a path, names a blob object in the | |
b62c7697 | 163 | index at the given path. A missing stage number (and the colon |
61e508d9 | 164 | that follows it) names a stage 0 entry. During a merge, stage |
5a8f3117 MG |
165 | 1 is the common ancestor, stage 2 is the target branch's version |
166 | (typically the current branch), and stage 3 is the version from | |
b62c7697 | 167 | the branch which is being merged. |
5a8f3117 MG |
168 | |
169 | Here is an illustration, by Jon Loeliger. Both commit nodes B | |
170 | and C are parents of commit node A. Parent commits are ordered | |
171 | left-to-right. | |
172 | ||
173 | ........................................ | |
174 | G H I J | |
175 | \ / \ / | |
176 | D E F | |
177 | \ | / \ | |
178 | \ | / | | |
179 | \|/ | | |
180 | B C | |
181 | \ / | |
182 | \ / | |
183 | A | |
184 | ........................................ | |
185 | ||
186 | A = = A^0 | |
187 | B = A^ = A^1 = A~1 | |
188 | C = A^2 = A^2 | |
189 | D = A^^ = A^1^1 = A~2 | |
190 | E = B^2 = A^^2 | |
191 | F = B^3 = A^^3 | |
192 | G = A^^^ = A^1^1^1 = A~3 | |
193 | H = D^2 = B^^2 = A^^^2 = A~2^2 | |
194 | I = F^ = B^3^ = A^^3^ | |
195 | J = F^2 = B^3^2 = A^^3^2 | |
196 | ||
197 | ||
198 | SPECIFYING RANGES | |
199 | ----------------- | |
200 | ||
83456b13 | 201 | History traversing commands such as `git log` operate on a set |
5a8f3117 MG |
202 | of commits, not just a single commit. To these commands, |
203 | specifying a single revision with the notation described in the | |
204 | previous section means the set of commits reachable from that | |
205 | commit, following the commit ancestry chain. | |
206 | ||
83456b13 MG |
207 | To exclude commits reachable from a commit, a prefix '{caret}' |
208 | notation is used. E.g. '{caret}r1 r2' means commits reachable | |
209 | from 'r2' but exclude the ones reachable from 'r1'. | |
5a8f3117 MG |
210 | |
211 | This set operation appears so often that there is a shorthand | |
83456b13 | 212 | for it. When you have two commits 'r1' and 'r2' (named according |
5a8f3117 MG |
213 | to the syntax explained in SPECIFYING REVISIONS above), you can ask |
214 | for commits that are reachable from r2 excluding those that are reachable | |
83456b13 | 215 | from r1 by '{caret}r1 r2' and it can be written as 'r1..r2'. |
5a8f3117 | 216 | |
83456b13 MG |
217 | A similar notation 'r1\...r2' is called symmetric difference |
218 | of 'r1' and 'r2' and is defined as | |
219 | 'r1 r2 --not $(git merge-base --all r1 r2)'. | |
5a8f3117 | 220 | It is the set of commits that are reachable from either one of |
83456b13 | 221 | 'r1' or 'r2' but not from both. |
5a8f3117 | 222 | |
003c84f6 JH |
223 | In these two shorthands, you can omit one end and let it default to HEAD. |
224 | For example, 'origin..' is a shorthand for 'origin..HEAD' and asks "What | |
225 | did I do since I forked from the origin branch?" Similarly, '..origin' | |
226 | is a shorthand for 'HEAD..origin' and asks "What did the origin do since | |
227 | I forked from them?" Note that '..' would mean 'HEAD..HEAD' which is an | |
228 | empty range that is both reachable and unreachable from HEAD. | |
229 | ||
5a8f3117 | 230 | Two other shorthands for naming a set that is formed by a commit |
83456b13 MG |
231 | and its parent commits exist. The 'r1{caret}@' notation means all |
232 | parents of 'r1'. 'r1{caret}!' includes commit 'r1' but excludes | |
5a8f3117 MG |
233 | all of its parents. |
234 | ||
ca5ee2d1 JH |
235 | To summarize: |
236 | ||
237 | '<rev>':: | |
238 | Include commits that are reachable from (i.e. ancestors of) | |
239 | <rev>. | |
240 | ||
241 | '{caret}<rev>':: | |
242 | Exclude commits that are reachable from (i.e. ancestors of) | |
243 | <rev>. | |
244 | ||
245 | '<rev1>..<rev2>':: | |
246 | Include commits that are reachable from <rev2> but exclude | |
3a4dc486 RR |
247 | those that are reachable from <rev1>. When either <rev1> or |
248 | <rev2> is omitted, it defaults to 'HEAD'. | |
ca5ee2d1 JH |
249 | |
250 | '<rev1>\...<rev2>':: | |
251 | Include commits that are reachable from either <rev1> or | |
3a4dc486 RR |
252 | <rev2> but exclude those that are reachable from both. When |
253 | either <rev1> or <rev2> is omitted, it defaults to 'HEAD'. | |
ca5ee2d1 JH |
254 | |
255 | '<rev>{caret}@', e.g. 'HEAD{caret}@':: | |
256 | A suffix '{caret}' followed by an at sign is the same as listing | |
257 | all parents of '<rev>' (meaning, include anything reachable from | |
258 | its parents, but not the commit itself). | |
259 | ||
260 | '<rev>{caret}!', e.g. 'HEAD{caret}!':: | |
261 | A suffix '{caret}' followed by an exclamation mark is the same | |
262 | as giving commit '<rev>' and then all its parents prefixed with | |
263 | '{caret}' to exclude them (and their ancestors). | |
264 | ||
5a8f3117 MG |
265 | Here are a handful of examples: |
266 | ||
267 | D G H D | |
268 | D F G H I J D F | |
269 | ^G D H D | |
270 | ^D B E I J F B | |
ca5ee2d1 | 271 | B..C C |
5a8f3117 MG |
272 | B...C G H D E B C |
273 | ^D B C E I J F B C | |
ca5ee2d1 | 274 | C I J F C |
5a8f3117 | 275 | C^@ I J F |
ca5ee2d1 | 276 | C^! C |
5a8f3117 | 277 | F^! D G H D F |