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1 | <?xml version="1.0"?> |
2 | <!--*-nxml-*--> | |
12b42c76 | 3 | <!DOCTYPE refentry PUBLIC "-//OASIS//DTD DocBook XML V4.2//EN" "http://www.oasis-open.org/docbook/xml/4.2/docbookx.dtd"> |
45ae1a05 LP |
4 | <!-- |
5 | This file is part of systemd. | |
6 | ||
7 | Copyright 2012 Lennart Poettering | |
8 | ||
9 | systemd is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it | |
10 | under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by | |
11 | the Free Software Foundation; either version 2.1 of the License, or | |
12 | (at your option) any later version. | |
13 | ||
14 | systemd is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but | |
15 | WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of | |
16 | MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU | |
17 | Lesser General Public License for more details. | |
18 | ||
19 | You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License | |
20 | along with systemd; If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>. | |
21 | ||
22 | This is based on crypttab(5) from Fedora's initscripts package, which in | |
23 | turn is based on Debian's version. | |
24 | ||
25 | The Red Hat version has been written by Miloslav Trmac <mitr@redhat.com>. | |
26 | ||
27 | --> | |
56ba3c78 | 28 | <refentry id="crypttab" conditional='HAVE_LIBCRYPTSETUP'> |
45ae1a05 | 29 | |
798d3a52 ZJS |
30 | <refentryinfo> |
31 | <title>crypttab</title> | |
32 | <productname>systemd</productname> | |
33 | ||
34 | <authorgroup> | |
35 | <author> | |
36 | <contrib>Documentation</contrib> | |
37 | <firstname>Miloslav</firstname> | |
38 | <surname>Trmac</surname> | |
39 | <email>mitr@redhat.com</email> | |
40 | </author> | |
41 | <author> | |
42 | <contrib>Documentation</contrib> | |
43 | <firstname>Lennart</firstname> | |
44 | <surname>Poettering</surname> | |
45 | <email>lennart@poettering.net</email> | |
46 | </author> | |
47 | </authorgroup> | |
48 | </refentryinfo> | |
49 | ||
50 | <refmeta> | |
51 | <refentrytitle>crypttab</refentrytitle> | |
52 | <manvolnum>5</manvolnum> | |
53 | </refmeta> | |
54 | ||
55 | <refnamediv> | |
56 | <refname>crypttab</refname> | |
57 | <refpurpose>Configuration for encrypted block devices</refpurpose> | |
58 | </refnamediv> | |
59 | ||
60 | <refsynopsisdiv> | |
61 | <para><filename>/etc/crypttab</filename></para> | |
62 | </refsynopsisdiv> | |
63 | ||
64 | <refsect1> | |
65 | <title>Description</title> | |
66 | ||
67 | <para>The <filename>/etc/crypttab</filename> file describes | |
68 | encrypted block devices that are set up during system boot.</para> | |
69 | ||
70 | <para>Empty lines and lines starting with the <literal>#</literal> | |
71 | character are ignored. Each of the remaining lines describes one | |
ed3657d5 | 72 | encrypted block device. Fields are delimited by white space.</para> |
b2a1a5c7 ZJS |
73 | |
74 | <para>Each line is in the form<programlisting><replaceable>name</replaceable> <replaceable>encrypted-device</replaceable> <replaceable>password</replaceable> <replaceable>options</replaceable></programlisting> | |
75 | The first two fields are mandatory, the remaining two are | |
798d3a52 ZJS |
76 | optional.</para> |
77 | ||
78 | <para>Setting up encrypted block devices using this file supports | |
79 | three encryption modes: LUKS, TrueCrypt and plain. See | |
3ba3a79d | 80 | <citerefentry project='die-net'><refentrytitle>cryptsetup</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry> |
798d3a52 ZJS |
81 | for more information about each mode. When no mode is specified in |
82 | the options field and the block device contains a LUKS signature, | |
83 | it is opened as a LUKS device; otherwise, it is assumed to be in | |
84 | raw dm-crypt (plain mode) format.</para> | |
85 | ||
86 | <para>The first field contains the name of the resulting encrypted | |
87 | block device; the device is set up within | |
88 | <filename>/dev/mapper/</filename>.</para> | |
89 | ||
90 | <para>The second field contains a path to the underlying block | |
91 | device or file, or a specification of a block device via | |
92 | <literal>UUID=</literal> followed by the UUID.</para> | |
93 | ||
94 | <para>The third field specifies the encryption password. If the | |
95 | field is not present or the password is set to | |
96 | <literal>none</literal> or <literal>-</literal>, the password has | |
97 | to be manually entered during system boot. Otherwise, the field is | |
037a3ded | 98 | interpreted as an absolute path to a file containing the encryption |
798d3a52 ZJS |
99 | password. For swap encryption, <filename>/dev/urandom</filename> |
100 | or the hardware device <filename>/dev/hw_random</filename> can be | |
101 | used as the password file; using <filename>/dev/random</filename> | |
102 | may prevent boot completion if the system does not have enough | |
103 | entropy to generate a truly random encryption key.</para> | |
104 | ||
105 | <para>The fourth field, if present, is a comma-delimited list of | |
106 | options. The following options are recognized:</para> | |
107 | ||
108 | <variablelist class='fstab-options'> | |
109 | ||
798d3a52 ZJS |
110 | <varlistentry> |
111 | <term><option>cipher=</option></term> | |
112 | ||
113 | <listitem><para>Specifies the cipher to use. See | |
3ba3a79d | 114 | <citerefentry project='die-net'><refentrytitle>cryptsetup</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry> |
798d3a52 ZJS |
115 | for possible values and the default value of this option. A |
116 | cipher with unpredictable IV values, such as | |
117 | <literal>aes-cbc-essiv:sha256</literal>, is | |
118 | recommended.</para></listitem> | |
119 | </varlistentry> | |
120 | ||
ed3657d5 ZJS |
121 | <varlistentry> |
122 | <term><option>discard</option></term> | |
123 | ||
124 | <listitem><para>Allow discard requests to be passed through the encrypted block | |
125 | device. This improves performance on SSD storage but has security implications. | |
126 | </para></listitem> | |
127 | </varlistentry> | |
128 | ||
798d3a52 ZJS |
129 | <varlistentry> |
130 | <term><option>hash=</option></term> | |
131 | ||
132 | <listitem><para>Specifies the hash to use for password | |
133 | hashing. See | |
3ba3a79d | 134 | <citerefentry project='die-net'><refentrytitle>cryptsetup</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry> |
798d3a52 ZJS |
135 | for possible values and the default value of this |
136 | option.</para></listitem> | |
137 | </varlistentry> | |
138 | ||
139 | <varlistentry> | |
140 | <term><option>header=</option></term> | |
141 | ||
142 | <listitem><para>Use a detached (separated) metadata device or | |
143 | file where the LUKS header is stored. This option is only | |
144 | relevant for LUKS devices. See | |
3ba3a79d | 145 | <citerefentry project='die-net'><refentrytitle>cryptsetup</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry> |
798d3a52 ZJS |
146 | for possible values and the default value of this |
147 | option.</para></listitem> | |
148 | </varlistentry> | |
149 | ||
150 | <varlistentry> | |
151 | <term><option>keyfile-offset=</option></term> | |
152 | ||
153 | <listitem><para>Specifies the number of bytes to skip at the | |
154 | start of the key file. See | |
3ba3a79d | 155 | <citerefentry project='die-net'><refentrytitle>cryptsetup</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry> |
798d3a52 ZJS |
156 | for possible values and the default value of this |
157 | option.</para></listitem> | |
158 | </varlistentry> | |
159 | ||
160 | <varlistentry> | |
161 | <term><option>keyfile-size=</option></term> | |
162 | ||
163 | <listitem><para>Specifies the maximum number of bytes to read | |
164 | from the key file. See | |
3ba3a79d | 165 | <citerefentry project='die-net'><refentrytitle>cryptsetup</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry> |
798d3a52 ZJS |
166 | for possible values and the default value of this option. This |
167 | option is ignored in plain encryption mode, as the key file | |
168 | size is then given by the key size.</para></listitem> | |
169 | </varlistentry> | |
170 | ||
171 | <varlistentry> | |
172 | <term><option>key-slot=</option></term> | |
173 | ||
174 | <listitem><para>Specifies the key slot to compare the | |
175 | passphrase or key against. If the key slot does not match the | |
176 | given passphrase or key, but another would, the setup of the | |
177 | device will fail regardless. This option implies | |
178 | <option>luks</option>. See | |
3ba3a79d | 179 | <citerefentry project='die-net'><refentrytitle>cryptsetup</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry> |
798d3a52 ZJS |
180 | for possible values. The default is to try all key slots in |
181 | sequential order.</para></listitem> | |
182 | </varlistentry> | |
183 | ||
184 | <varlistentry> | |
185 | <term><option>luks</option></term> | |
186 | ||
187 | <listitem><para>Force LUKS mode. When this mode is used, the | |
188 | following options are ignored since they are provided by the | |
189 | LUKS header on the device: <option>cipher=</option>, | |
190 | <option>hash=</option>, | |
191 | <option>size=</option>.</para></listitem> | |
192 | </varlistentry> | |
193 | ||
b001ad61 ZJS |
194 | <varlistentry> |
195 | <term><option>_netdev</option></term> | |
196 | ||
197 | <listitem><para>Marks this cryptsetup device as requiring network. It will be | |
198 | started after the network is available, similarly to | |
199 | <citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd.mount</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry> | |
200 | units marked with <option>_netdev</option>. The service unit to set up this device | |
a0dd2097 | 201 | will be ordered between <filename>remote-fs-pre.target</filename> and |
b001ad61 ZJS |
202 | <filename>remote-cryptsetup.target</filename>, instead of |
203 | <filename>cryptsetup-pre.target</filename> and | |
288c2616 ZJS |
204 | <filename>cryptsetup.target</filename>.</para> |
205 | ||
206 | <para>Hint: if this device is used for a mount point that is specified in | |
207 | <citerefentry project='man-pages'><refentrytitle>fstab</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>, | |
208 | the <option>_netdev</option> option should also be used for the mount | |
209 | point. Otherwise, a dependency loop might be created where the mount point | |
210 | will be pulled in by <filename>local-fs.target</filename>, while the | |
211 | service to configure the network is usually only started <emphasis>after</emphasis> | |
212 | the local file system has been mounted.</para> | |
213 | </listitem> | |
b001ad61 ZJS |
214 | </varlistentry> |
215 | ||
798d3a52 ZJS |
216 | <varlistentry> |
217 | <term><option>noauto</option></term> | |
218 | ||
219 | <listitem><para>This device will not be automatically unlocked | |
220 | on boot.</para></listitem> | |
221 | </varlistentry> | |
222 | ||
223 | <varlistentry> | |
224 | <term><option>nofail</option></term> | |
225 | ||
226 | <listitem><para>The system will not wait for the device to | |
227 | show up and be unlocked at boot, and not fail the boot if it | |
228 | does not show up.</para></listitem> | |
229 | </varlistentry> | |
230 | ||
ed3657d5 ZJS |
231 | <varlistentry> |
232 | <term><option>offset=</option></term> | |
233 | ||
234 | <listitem><para>Start offset in the backend device, in 512-byte sectors. This | |
235 | option is only relevant for plain devices.</para></listitem> | |
236 | </varlistentry> | |
237 | ||
798d3a52 ZJS |
238 | <varlistentry> |
239 | <term><option>plain</option></term> | |
240 | ||
241 | <listitem><para>Force plain encryption mode.</para></listitem> | |
242 | </varlistentry> | |
243 | ||
244 | <varlistentry> | |
245 | <term><option>read-only</option></term><term><option>readonly</option></term> | |
246 | ||
247 | <listitem><para>Set up the encrypted block device in read-only | |
248 | mode.</para></listitem> | |
249 | </varlistentry> | |
250 | ||
ed3657d5 ZJS |
251 | <varlistentry> |
252 | <term><option>skip=</option></term> | |
253 | ||
254 | <listitem><para>How many 512-byte sectors of the encrypted data to skip at the | |
255 | beginning. This is different from the <option>offset=</option> option with respect | |
256 | to the sector numbers used in initialization vector (IV) calculation. Using | |
257 | <option>offset=</option> will shift the IV calculation by the same negative | |
258 | amount. Hence, if <option>offset=<replaceable>n</replaceable></option> is given, | |
259 | sector <replaceable>n</replaceable> will get a sector number of 0 for the IV | |
260 | calculation. Using <option>skip=</option> causes sector | |
261 | <replaceable>n</replaceable> to also be the first sector of the mapped device, but | |
262 | with its number for IV generation being <replaceable>n</replaceable>.</para> | |
263 | ||
264 | <para>This option is only relevant for plain devices.</para> | |
265 | </listitem> | |
266 | </varlistentry> | |
267 | ||
798d3a52 ZJS |
268 | <varlistentry> |
269 | <term><option>size=</option></term> | |
270 | ||
271 | <listitem><para>Specifies the key size in bits. See | |
3ba3a79d | 272 | <citerefentry project='die-net'><refentrytitle>cryptsetup</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry> |
798d3a52 ZJS |
273 | for possible values and the default value of this |
274 | option.</para></listitem> | |
275 | </varlistentry> | |
276 | ||
277 | <varlistentry> | |
278 | <term><option>swap</option></term> | |
279 | ||
280 | <listitem><para>The encrypted block device will be used as a | |
281 | swap device, and will be formatted accordingly after setting | |
282 | up the encrypted block device, with | |
283 | <citerefentry project='man-pages'><refentrytitle>mkswap</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>. | |
284 | This option implies <option>plain</option>.</para> | |
285 | ||
286 | <para>WARNING: Using the <option>swap</option> option will | |
287 | destroy the contents of the named partition during every boot, | |
288 | so make sure the underlying block device is specified | |
289 | correctly.</para></listitem> | |
290 | </varlistentry> | |
291 | ||
292 | <varlistentry> | |
293 | <term><option>tcrypt</option></term> | |
294 | ||
295 | <listitem><para>Use TrueCrypt encryption mode. When this mode | |
296 | is used, the following options are ignored since they are | |
297 | provided by the TrueCrypt header on the device or do not | |
298 | apply: | |
299 | <option>cipher=</option>, | |
300 | <option>hash=</option>, | |
301 | <option>keyfile-offset=</option>, | |
302 | <option>keyfile-size=</option>, | |
303 | <option>size=</option>.</para> | |
304 | ||
305 | <para>When this mode is used, the passphrase is read from the | |
306 | key file given in the third field. Only the first line of this | |
307 | file is read, excluding the new line character.</para> | |
308 | ||
309 | <para>Note that the TrueCrypt format uses both passphrase and | |
310 | key files to derive a password for the volume. Therefore, the | |
311 | passphrase and all key files need to be provided. Use | |
312 | <option>tcrypt-keyfile=</option> to provide the absolute path | |
313 | to all key files. When using an empty passphrase in | |
314 | combination with one or more key files, use | |
315 | <literal>/dev/null</literal> as the password file in the third | |
316 | field.</para></listitem> | |
317 | </varlistentry> | |
318 | ||
319 | <varlistentry> | |
320 | <term><option>tcrypt-hidden</option></term> | |
321 | ||
322 | <listitem><para>Use the hidden TrueCrypt volume. This option | |
323 | implies <option>tcrypt</option>.</para> | |
324 | ||
325 | <para>This will map the hidden volume that is inside of the | |
326 | volume provided in the second field. Please note that there is | |
327 | no protection for the hidden volume if the outer volume is | |
328 | mounted instead. See | |
3ba3a79d | 329 | <citerefentry project='die-net'><refentrytitle>cryptsetup</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry> |
798d3a52 ZJS |
330 | for more information on this limitation.</para></listitem> |
331 | </varlistentry> | |
332 | ||
333 | <varlistentry> | |
334 | <term><option>tcrypt-keyfile=</option></term> | |
335 | ||
336 | <listitem><para>Specifies the absolute path to a key file to | |
337 | use for a TrueCrypt volume. This implies | |
338 | <option>tcrypt</option> and can be used more than once to | |
339 | provide several key files.</para> | |
340 | ||
341 | <para>See the entry for <option>tcrypt</option> on the | |
342 | behavior of the passphrase and key files when using TrueCrypt | |
343 | encryption mode.</para></listitem> | |
344 | </varlistentry> | |
345 | ||
346 | <varlistentry> | |
347 | <term><option>tcrypt-system</option></term> | |
348 | ||
349 | <listitem><para>Use TrueCrypt in system encryption mode. This | |
350 | option implies <option>tcrypt</option>.</para></listitem> | |
351 | </varlistentry> | |
352 | ||
52028838 GH |
353 | <varlistentry> |
354 | <term><option>tcrypt-veracrypt</option></term> | |
355 | ||
356 | <listitem><para>Check for a VeraCrypt volume. VeraCrypt is a fork of | |
357 | TrueCrypt that is mostly compatible, but uses different, stronger key | |
358 | derivation algorithms that cannot be detected without this flag. | |
359 | Enabling this option could substantially slow down unlocking, because | |
360 | VeraCrypt's key derivation takes much longer than TrueCrypt's. This | |
361 | option implies <option>tcrypt</option>.</para></listitem> | |
362 | </varlistentry> | |
363 | ||
798d3a52 ZJS |
364 | <varlistentry> |
365 | <term><option>timeout=</option></term> | |
366 | ||
367 | <listitem><para>Specifies the timeout for querying for a | |
368 | password. If no unit is specified, seconds is used. Supported | |
369 | units are s, ms, us, min, h, d. A timeout of 0 waits | |
370 | indefinitely (which is the default).</para></listitem> | |
371 | </varlistentry> | |
372 | ||
798d3a52 ZJS |
373 | <varlistentry> |
374 | <term><option>tmp</option></term> | |
375 | ||
376 | <listitem><para>The encrypted block device will be prepared | |
377 | for using it as <filename>/tmp</filename>; it will be | |
378 | formatted using | |
379 | <citerefentry project='man-pages'><refentrytitle>mke2fs</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>. | |
380 | This option implies <option>plain</option>.</para> | |
381 | ||
382 | <para>WARNING: Using the <option>tmp</option> option will | |
383 | destroy the contents of the named partition during every boot, | |
384 | so make sure the underlying block device is specified | |
385 | correctly.</para></listitem> | |
386 | </varlistentry> | |
387 | ||
388 | <varlistentry> | |
389 | <term><option>tries=</option></term> | |
390 | ||
391 | <listitem><para>Specifies the maximum number of times the user | |
392 | is queried for a password. The default is 3. If set to 0, the | |
393 | user is queried for a password indefinitely.</para></listitem> | |
394 | </varlistentry> | |
395 | ||
396 | <varlistentry> | |
397 | <term><option>verify</option></term> | |
398 | ||
399 | <listitem><para> If the encryption password is read from | |
400 | console, it has to be entered twice to prevent | |
401 | typos.</para></listitem> | |
402 | </varlistentry> | |
403 | ||
ed3657d5 ZJS |
404 | <varlistentry> |
405 | <term><option>x-systemd.device-timeout=</option></term> | |
406 | ||
407 | <listitem><para>Specifies how long systemd should wait for a device to show up | |
408 | before giving up on the entry. The argument is a time in seconds or explicitly | |
409 | specified units of | |
410 | <literal>s</literal>, | |
411 | <literal>min</literal>, | |
412 | <literal>h</literal>, | |
413 | <literal>ms</literal>. | |
414 | </para></listitem> | |
415 | </varlistentry> | |
416 | ||
798d3a52 ZJS |
417 | </variablelist> |
418 | ||
419 | <para>At early boot and when the system manager configuration is | |
420 | reloaded, this file is translated into native systemd units by | |
421 | <citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd-cryptsetup-generator</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>.</para> | |
422 | </refsect1> | |
423 | ||
424 | <refsect1> | |
425 | <title>Example</title> | |
426 | <example> | |
427 | <title>/etc/crypttab example</title> | |
428 | <para>Set up four encrypted block devices. One using LUKS for | |
429 | normal storage, another one for usage as a swap device and two | |
430 | TrueCrypt volumes.</para> | |
431 | ||
432 | <programlisting>luks UUID=2505567a-9e27-4efe-a4d5-15ad146c258b | |
433 | swap /dev/sda7 /dev/urandom swap | |
8cf3ca80 | 434 | truecrypt /dev/sda2 /etc/container_password tcrypt |
798d3a52 ZJS |
435 | hidden /mnt/tc_hidden /dev/null tcrypt-hidden,tcrypt-keyfile=/etc/keyfile</programlisting> |
436 | </example> | |
437 | </refsect1> | |
438 | ||
439 | <refsect1> | |
440 | <title>See Also</title> | |
441 | <para> | |
442 | <citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>, | |
443 | <citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd-cryptsetup@.service</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>, | |
444 | <citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd-cryptsetup-generator</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>, | |
288c2616 | 445 | <citerefentry project='man-pages'><refentrytitle>fstab</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>, |
3ba3a79d | 446 | <citerefentry project='die-net'><refentrytitle>cryptsetup</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>, |
798d3a52 ZJS |
447 | <citerefentry project='man-pages'><refentrytitle>mkswap</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>, |
448 | <citerefentry project='man-pages'><refentrytitle>mke2fs</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry> | |
449 | </para> | |
450 | </refsect1> | |
45ae1a05 LP |
451 | |
452 | </refentry> |