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1 | .\" Copyright (c) 2002 Andries Brouwer <aeb@cwi.nl> |
2 | .\" | |
93015253 | 3 | .\" %%%LICENSE_START(VERBATIM) |
fea681da MK |
4 | .\" Permission is granted to make and distribute verbatim copies of this |
5 | .\" manual provided the copyright notice and this permission notice are | |
6 | .\" preserved on all copies. | |
7 | .\" | |
8 | .\" Permission is granted to copy and distribute modified versions of this | |
9 | .\" manual under the conditions for verbatim copying, provided that the | |
10 | .\" entire resulting derived work is distributed under the terms of a | |
11 | .\" permission notice identical to this one. | |
988db661 | 12 | .\" |
fea681da MK |
13 | .\" Since the Linux kernel and libraries are constantly changing, this |
14 | .\" manual page may be incorrect or out-of-date. The author(s) assume no | |
15 | .\" responsibility for errors or omissions, or for damages resulting from | |
16 | .\" the use of the information contained herein. The author(s) may not | |
17 | .\" have taken the same level of care in the production of this manual, | |
18 | .\" which is licensed free of charge, as they might when working | |
19 | .\" professionally. | |
988db661 | 20 | .\" |
fea681da MK |
21 | .\" Formatted or processed versions of this manual, if unaccompanied by |
22 | .\" the source, must acknowledge the copyright and authors of this work. | |
4b72fb64 | 23 | .\" %%%LICENSE_END |
fea681da | 24 | .\" |
5722c835 | 25 | .TH INTRO 1 2015-07-23 "Linux" "Linux User's Manual" |
fea681da | 26 | .SH NAME |
f68512e9 | 27 | intro \- introduction to user commands |
fea681da | 28 | .SH DESCRIPTION |
f45a07b6 MK |
29 | Section 1 of the manual describes user commands and tools, |
30 | for example, file manipulation tools, shells, compilers, | |
31 | web browsers, file and image viewers and editors, and so on. | |
f45a07b6 | 32 | .SH NOTES |
008f1ecc MK |
33 | Linux is a flavor of UNIX, and as a first approximation |
34 | all user commands under UNIX work precisely the same under | |
35 | Linux (and FreeBSD and lots of other UNIX-like systems). | |
fea681da | 36 | .LP |
eb9a0b2f | 37 | Under Linux, there are GUIs (graphical user interfaces), where you |
fea681da | 38 | can point and click and drag, and hopefully get work done without |
ca7b3c18 | 39 | first reading lots of documentation. |
008f1ecc | 40 | The traditional UNIX environment |
fea681da | 41 | is a CLI (command line interface), where you type commands to |
ca7b3c18 MK |
42 | tell the computer what to do. |
43 | That is faster and more powerful, | |
fea681da MK |
44 | but requires finding out what the commands are. |
45 | Below a bare minimum, to get started. | |
73d8cece | 46 | .SS Login |
6732bb8b | 47 | In order to start working, you probably first have to open a session by |
33ce7fd6 | 48 | giving your username and password. |
fea681da | 49 | The program |
6732bb8b | 50 | .BR login (1) |
fea681da MK |
51 | now starts a |
52 | .I shell | |
53 | (command interpreter) for you. | |
54 | In case of a graphical login, you get a screen with menus or icons | |
ca7b3c18 MK |
55 | and a mouse click will start a shell in a window. |
56 | See also | |
fea681da | 57 | .BR xterm (1). |
73d8cece | 58 | .SS The shell |
fea681da MK |
59 | One types commands to the |
60 | .IR shell , | |
ca7b3c18 MK |
61 | the command interpreter. |
62 | It is not built-in, but is just a program | |
63 | and you can change your shell. | |
64 | Everybody has her own favorite one. | |
fea681da MK |
65 | The standard one is called |
66 | .IR sh . | |
67 | See also | |
68 | .BR ash (1), | |
69 | .BR bash (1), | |
6732bb8b | 70 | .BR chsh (1), |
fea681da | 71 | .BR csh (1), |
6732bb8b SA |
72 | .BR dash (1), |
73 | .BR ksh (1), | |
74 | .BR zsh (1). | |
75 | .LP | |
76 | A session might go like: | |
fea681da | 77 | .LP |
fea681da MK |
78 | .RS |
79 | .nf | |
d1f129d4 SA |
80 | .RB "knuth login: " aeb |
81 | .RB "Password: " ******** | |
144685a7 | 82 | .RB "$ " date |
fea681da | 83 | Tue Aug 6 23:50:44 CEST 2002 |
144685a7 | 84 | .RB "$ " cal |
fea681da | 85 | August 2002 |
988db661 | 86 | Su Mo Tu We Th Fr Sa |
fea681da MK |
87 | 1 2 3 |
88 | 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 | |
89 | 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 | |
90 | 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 | |
91 | 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 | |
92 | ||
144685a7 | 93 | .RB "$ " ls |
fea681da | 94 | bin tel |
144685a7 | 95 | .RB "$ " "ls \-l" |
fea681da | 96 | total 2 |
94e9d9fe MK |
97 | drwxrwxr\-x 2 aeb 1024 Aug 6 23:51 bin |
98 | \-rw\-rw\-r\-\- 1 aeb 37 Aug 6 23:52 tel | |
144685a7 | 99 | .RB "$ " "cat tel" |
94e9d9fe MK |
100 | maja 0501\-1136285 |
101 | peter 0136\-7399214 | |
144685a7 SA |
102 | .RB "$ " "cp tel tel2" |
103 | .RB "$ " "ls \-l" | |
fea681da | 104 | total 3 |
94e9d9fe MK |
105 | drwxr\-xr\-x 2 aeb 1024 Aug 6 23:51 bin |
106 | \-rw\-r\-\-r\-\- 1 aeb 37 Aug 6 23:52 tel | |
107 | \-rw\-r\-\-r\-\- 1 aeb 37 Aug 6 23:53 tel2 | |
144685a7 SA |
108 | .RB "$ " "mv tel tel1" |
109 | .RB "$ " "ls \-l" | |
fea681da | 110 | total 3 |
94e9d9fe MK |
111 | drwxr\-xr\-x 2 aeb 1024 Aug 6 23:51 bin |
112 | \-rw\-r\-\-r\-\- 1 aeb 37 Aug 6 23:52 tel1 | |
113 | \-rw\-r\-\-r\-\- 1 aeb 37 Aug 6 23:53 tel2 | |
144685a7 SA |
114 | .RB "$ " "diff tel1 tel2" |
115 | .RB "$ " "rm tel1" | |
116 | .RB "$ " "grep maja tel2" | |
94e9d9fe | 117 | maja 0501\-1136285 |
144685a7 | 118 | $ |
fea681da MK |
119 | .fi |
120 | .RE | |
6732bb8b | 121 | .LP |
1eae1168 SA |
122 | Here typing Control-D ended the session. |
123 | .LP | |
fea681da | 124 | The |
144685a7 | 125 | .B $ |
5503c85e | 126 | here was the command prompt\(emit is the shell's way of indicating |
ca7b3c18 MK |
127 | that it is ready for the next command. |
128 | The prompt can be customized | |
18701562 | 129 | in lots of ways, and one might include stuff like username, |
410f3d22 | 130 | machine name, current directory, time, and so on. |
fea681da MK |
131 | An assignment PS1="What next, master? " |
132 | would change the prompt as indicated. | |
133 | .LP | |
134 | We see that there are commands | |
135 | .I date | |
136 | (that gives date and time), and | |
137 | .I cal | |
138 | (that gives a calendar). | |
139 | .LP | |
140 | The command | |
141 | .I ls | |
5503c85e | 142 | lists the contents of the current directory\(emit tells you what |
ca7b3c18 | 143 | files you have. |
80d26cef MK |
144 | With a |
145 | .I \-l | |
146 | option it gives a long listing, | |
fea681da MK |
147 | that includes the owner and size and date of the file, and the |
148 | permissions people have for reading and/or changing the file. | |
149 | For example, the file "tel" here is 37 bytes long, owned by aeb | |
150 | and the owner can read and write it, others can only read it. | |
151 | Owner and permissions can be changed by the commands | |
152 | .I chown | |
153 | and | |
154 | .IR chmod . | |
155 | .LP | |
156 | The command | |
157 | .I cat | |
158 | will show the contents of a file. | |
159 | (The name is from "concatenate and print": all files given as | |
6732bb8b SA |
160 | parameters are concatenated and sent to "standard output" |
161 | (see | |
162 | .BR stdout (3)), | |
163 | here | |
fea681da MK |
164 | the terminal screen.) |
165 | .LP | |
166 | The command | |
167 | .I cp | |
168 | (from "copy") will copy a file. | |
6732bb8b SA |
169 | .LP |
170 | The command | |
fea681da | 171 | .I mv |
6732bb8b | 172 | (from "move"), on the other hand, only renames it. |
fea681da MK |
173 | .LP |
174 | The command | |
175 | .I diff | |
176 | lists the differences between two files. | |
177 | Here there was no output because there were no differences. | |
178 | .LP | |
179 | The command | |
180 | .I rm | |
181 | (from "remove") deletes the file, and be careful! it is gone. | |
ca7b3c18 MK |
182 | No wastepaper basket or anything. |
183 | Deleted means lost. | |
fea681da MK |
184 | .LP |
185 | The command | |
186 | .I grep | |
187 | (from "g/re/p") finds occurrences of a string in one or more files. | |
188 | Here it finds Maja's telephone number. | |
73d8cece | 189 | .SS Pathnames and the current directory |
fea681da MK |
190 | Files live in a large tree, the file hierarchy. |
191 | Each has a | |
2d7195b8 | 192 | .I "pathname" |
af2908c3 SA |
193 | describing the path from the root of the tree (which is called |
194 | .IR / ) | |
ca7b3c18 | 195 | to the file. |
af2908c3 SA |
196 | For example, such a full pathname might be |
197 | .IR /home/aeb/tel . | |
2d7195b8 | 198 | Always using full pathnames would be inconvenient, and the name |
33a0ccb2 MK |
199 | of a file in the current directory may be abbreviated by giving |
200 | only the last component. | |
af2908c3 SA |
201 | That is why |
202 | .I /home/aeb/tel | |
203 | can be abbreviated | |
458abbe6 | 204 | to |
af2908c3 SA |
205 | .I tel |
206 | when the current directory is | |
207 | .IR /home/aeb . | |
fea681da MK |
208 | .LP |
209 | The command | |
210 | .I pwd | |
211 | prints the current directory. | |
212 | .LP | |
213 | The command | |
214 | .I cd | |
215 | changes the current directory. | |
6732bb8b SA |
216 | .LP |
217 | Try alternatively | |
218 | .I cd | |
219 | and | |
220 | .I pwd | |
221 | commands and explore | |
222 | .I cd | |
223 | usage: "cd", "cd .", "cd ..", "cd /" and "cd ~". | |
73d8cece | 224 | .SS Directories |
fea681da MK |
225 | The command |
226 | .I mkdir | |
227 | makes a new directory. | |
228 | .LP | |
229 | The command | |
230 | .I rmdir | |
231 | removes a directory if it is empty, and complains otherwise. | |
232 | .LP | |
233 | The command | |
234 | .I find | |
235 | (with a rather baroque syntax) will find files with given name | |
20523df7 MK |
236 | or other properties. |
237 | For example, "find . \-name tel" would find | |
af2908c3 SA |
238 | the file |
239 | .I tel | |
240 | starting in the present directory (which is called | |
241 | .IR . ). | |
4d9b6984 | 242 | And "find / \-name tel" would do the same, but starting at the root |
20523df7 MK |
243 | of the tree. |
244 | Large searches on a multi-GB disk will be time-consuming, | |
fea681da MK |
245 | and it may be better to use |
246 | .BR locate (1). | |
73d8cece | 247 | .SS Disks and filesystems |
fea681da MK |
248 | The command |
249 | .I mount | |
9ee4a2b6 MK |
250 | will attach the filesystem found on some disk (or floppy, or CDROM or so) |
251 | to the big filesystem hierarchy. | |
20523df7 | 252 | And |
fea681da MK |
253 | .I umount |
254 | detaches it again. | |
255 | The command | |
256 | .I df | |
257 | will tell you how much of your disk is still free. | |
73d8cece | 258 | .SS Processes |
008f1ecc | 259 | On a UNIX system many user and system processes run simultaneously. |
fea681da MK |
260 | The one you are talking to runs in the |
261 | .IR foreground , | |
262 | the others in the | |
263 | .IR background . | |
264 | The command | |
265 | .I ps | |
266 | will show you which processes are active and what numbers these | |
267 | processes have. | |
268 | The command | |
269 | .I kill | |
20523df7 MK |
270 | allows you to get rid of them. |
271 | Without option this is a friendly | |
272 | request: please go away. | |
273 | And "kill \-9" followed by the number | |
fea681da MK |
274 | of the process is an immediate kill. |
275 | Foreground processes can often be killed by typing Control-C. | |
73d8cece | 276 | .SS Getting information |
fea681da MK |
277 | There are thousands of commands, each with many options. |
278 | Traditionally commands are documented on | |
279 | .IR "man pages" , | |
280 | (like this one), so that the command "man kill" will document | |
281 | the use of the command "kill" (and "man man" document the command "man"). | |
282 | The program | |
283 | .I man | |
284 | sends the text through some | |
285 | .IR pager , | |
286 | usually | |
287 | .IR less . | |
288 | Hit the space bar to get the next page, hit q to quit. | |
289 | .LP | |
9fdfa163 | 290 | In documentation it is customary to refer to man pages |
fea681da MK |
291 | by giving the name and section number, as in |
292 | .BR man (1). | |
293 | Man pages are terse, and allow you to find quickly some forgotten | |
20523df7 MK |
294 | detail. |
295 | For newcomers an introductory text with more examples | |
fea681da MK |
296 | and explanations is useful. |
297 | .LP | |
20523df7 MK |
298 | A lot of GNU/FSF software is provided with info files. |
299 | Type "info info" | |
4ca1679e SA |
300 | for an introduction on the use of the program |
301 | .IR info . | |
fea681da | 302 | .LP |
20523df7 MK |
303 | Special topics are often treated in HOWTOs. |
304 | Look in | |
fea681da MK |
305 | .I /usr/share/doc/howto/en |
306 | and use a browser if you find HTML files there. | |
307 | .\" | |
308 | .\" Actual examples? Separate section for each of cat, cp, ...? | |
309 | .\" gzip, bzip2, tar, rpm | |
47297adb | 310 | .SH SEE ALSO |
ab946020 | 311 | .BR ash (1), |
b35813db SA |
312 | .BR bash (1), |
313 | .BR chsh (1), | |
ab946020 | 314 | .BR csh (1), |
6732bb8b SA |
315 | .BR dash (1), |
316 | .BR ksh (1), | |
ab946020 | 317 | .BR locate (1), |
b35813db SA |
318 | .BR login (1), |
319 | .BR man (1), | |
320 | .BR xterm (1), | |
1eae1168 | 321 | .BR zsh (1), |
b35813db | 322 | .BR wait (2), |
6732bb8b | 323 | .BR stdout (3), |
b35813db | 324 | .BR man-pages (7), |
1eae1168 | 325 | .BR standards (7) |