[thirdparty/pdns.git] / pdns / iputils.hh

/*
 * This file is part of PowerDNS or dnsdist.
 * Copyright -- PowerDNS.COM B.V. and its contributors
 *
 * This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify
 * it under the terms of version 2 of the GNU General Public License as
 * published by the Free Software Foundation.
 *
 * In addition, for the avoidance of any doubt, permission is granted to
 * link this program with OpenSSL and to (re)distribute the binaries
 * produced as the result of such linking.
 *
 * This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
 * but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
 * MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the
 * GNU General Public License for more details.
 *
 * You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
 * along with this program; if not, write to the Free Software
 * Foundation, Inc., 51 Franklin Street, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA 02110-1301 USA.
 */
#ifndef PDNS_IPUTILSHH
#define PDNS_IPUTILSHH

#include <string>
#include <sys/socket.h>
#include <netinet/in.h>
#include <arpa/inet.h>
#include <iostream>
#include <stdio.h>
#include <functional>
#include <bitset>
#include "pdnsexception.hh"
#include "misc.hh"
#include <sys/socket.h>
#include <netdb.h>
#include <sstream>
#include <boost/tuple/tuple.hpp>
#include <boost/tuple/tuple_comparison.hpp>

#include "namespaces.hh"

#ifdef __APPLE__
#include <libkern/OSByteOrder.h>

#define htobe16(x) OSSwapHostToBigInt16(x)
#define htole16(x) OSSwapHostToLittleInt16(x)
#define be16toh(x) OSSwapBigToHostInt16(x)
#define le16toh(x) OSSwapLittleToHostInt16(x)

#define htobe32(x) OSSwapHostToBigInt32(x)
#define htole32(x) OSSwapHostToLittleInt32(x)
#define be32toh(x) OSSwapBigToHostInt32(x)
#define le32toh(x) OSSwapLittleToHostInt32(x)

#define htobe64(x) OSSwapHostToBigInt64(x)
#define htole64(x) OSSwapHostToLittleInt64(x)
#define be64toh(x) OSSwapBigToHostInt64(x)
#define le64toh(x) OSSwapLittleToHostInt64(x)
#endif

#ifdef __sun

#define htobe16(x) BE_16(x)
#define htole16(x) LE_16(x)
#define be16toh(x) BE_IN16(&(x))
#define le16toh(x) LE_IN16(&(x))

#define htobe32(x) BE_32(x)
#define htole32(x) LE_32(x)
#define be32toh(x) BE_IN32(&(x))
#define le32toh(x) LE_IN32(&(x))

#define htobe64(x) BE_64(x)
#define htole64(x) LE_64(x)
#define be64toh(x) BE_IN64(&(x))
#define le64toh(x) LE_IN64(&(x))

#endif

#ifdef __FreeBSD__
#include <sys/endian.h>
#endif

#if defined(__NetBSD__) && defined(IP_PKTINFO) && !defined(IP_SENDSRCADDR)
// The IP_PKTINFO option in NetBSD was incompatible with Linux until a
// change that also introduced IP_SENDSRCADDR for FreeBSD compatibility.
#undef IP_PKTINFO
#endif

union ComboAddress {
  struct sockaddr_in sin4;
  struct sockaddr_in6 sin6;
  // struct sockaddr_in6 is *not* defined as containing two uint64_t for the
  // address , but we like to read or write it like that.
  // Force alignment by adding an uint64_t in the union. This makes sure
  // the start of the struct and s6_addr gets aligned.
  // This works because of the spot of s6_addr in struct sockaddr_in6.
  // Needed for strict alignment architectures like sparc64.
  uint64_t	force_align;

  bool operator==(const ComboAddress& rhs) const
  {
    if(boost::tie(sin4.sin_family, sin4.sin_port) != boost::tie(rhs.sin4.sin_family, rhs.sin4.sin_port))
      return false;
    if(sin4.sin_family == AF_INET)
      return sin4.sin_addr.s_addr == rhs.sin4.sin_addr.s_addr;
    else
      return memcmp(&sin6.sin6_addr.s6_addr, &rhs.sin6.sin6_addr.s6_addr, sizeof(sin6.sin6_addr.s6_addr))==0;
  }

  bool operator!=(const ComboAddress& rhs) const
  {
    return(!operator==(rhs));
  }

  bool operator<(const ComboAddress& rhs) const
  {
    if(sin4.sin_family == 0) {
      return false;
    } 
    if(boost::tie(sin4.sin_family, sin4.sin_port) < boost::tie(rhs.sin4.sin_family, rhs.sin4.sin_port))
      return true;
    if(boost::tie(sin4.sin_family, sin4.sin_port) > boost::tie(rhs.sin4.sin_family, rhs.sin4.sin_port))
      return false;
    
    if(sin4.sin_family == AF_INET)
      return sin4.sin_addr.s_addr < rhs.sin4.sin_addr.s_addr;
    else
      return memcmp(&sin6.sin6_addr.s6_addr, &rhs.sin6.sin6_addr.s6_addr, sizeof(sin6.sin6_addr.s6_addr)) < 0;
  }

  bool operator>(const ComboAddress& rhs) const
  {
    return rhs.operator<(*this);
  }

  struct addressOnlyHash
  {
    uint32_t operator()(const ComboAddress& ca) const 
    { 
      const unsigned char* start;
      int len;
      if(ca.sin4.sin_family == AF_INET) {
        start =(const unsigned char*)&ca.sin4.sin_addr.s_addr;
        len=4;
      }
      else {
        start =(const unsigned char*)&ca.sin6.sin6_addr.s6_addr;
        len=16;
      }
      return burtle(start, len, 0);
    }
  };

  struct addressOnlyLessThan: public std::binary_function<ComboAddress, ComboAddress, bool>
  {
    bool operator()(const ComboAddress& a, const ComboAddress& b) const
    {
      if(a.sin4.sin_family < b.sin4.sin_family)
        return true;
      if(a.sin4.sin_family > b.sin4.sin_family)
        return false;
      if(a.sin4.sin_family == AF_INET)
        return a.sin4.sin_addr.s_addr < b.sin4.sin_addr.s_addr;
      else
        return memcmp(&a.sin6.sin6_addr.s6_addr, &b.sin6.sin6_addr.s6_addr, sizeof(a.sin6.sin6_addr.s6_addr)) < 0;
    }
  };

  struct addressOnlyEqual: public std::binary_function<ComboAddress, ComboAddress, bool>
  {
    bool operator()(const ComboAddress& a, const ComboAddress& b) const
    {
      if(a.sin4.sin_family != b.sin4.sin_family)
        return false;
      if(a.sin4.sin_family == AF_INET)
        return a.sin4.sin_addr.s_addr == b.sin4.sin_addr.s_addr;
      else
        return !memcmp(&a.sin6.sin6_addr.s6_addr, &b.sin6.sin6_addr.s6_addr, sizeof(a.sin6.sin6_addr.s6_addr));
    }
  };


  socklen_t getSocklen() const
  {
    if(sin4.sin_family == AF_INET)
      return sizeof(sin4);
    else
      return sizeof(sin6);
  }
  
  ComboAddress() 
  {
    sin4.sin_family=AF_INET;
    sin4.sin_addr.s_addr=0;
    sin4.sin_port=0;
    sin6.sin6_scope_id = 0;
    sin6.sin6_flowinfo = 0;
  }

  ComboAddress(const struct sockaddr *sa, socklen_t salen) {
    setSockaddr(sa, salen);
  };

  ComboAddress(const struct sockaddr_in6 *sa) {
    setSockaddr((const struct sockaddr*)sa, sizeof(struct sockaddr_in6));
  };

  ComboAddress(const struct sockaddr_in *sa) {
    setSockaddr((const struct sockaddr*)sa, sizeof(struct sockaddr_in));
  };

  void setSockaddr(const struct sockaddr *sa, socklen_t salen) {
    if (salen > sizeof(struct sockaddr_in6)) throw PDNSException("ComboAddress can't handle other than sockaddr_in or sockaddr_in6");
    memcpy(this, sa, salen);
  }

  // 'port' sets a default value in case 'str' does not set a port
  explicit ComboAddress(const string& str, uint16_t port=0)
  {
    memset(&sin6, 0, sizeof(sin6));
    sin4.sin_family = AF_INET;
    sin4.sin_port = 0;
    if(makeIPv4sockaddr(str, &sin4)) {
      sin6.sin6_family = AF_INET6;
      if(makeIPv6sockaddr(str, &sin6) < 0)
        throw PDNSException("Unable to convert presentation address '"+ str +"'"); 
      
    }
    if(!sin4.sin_port) // 'str' overrides port!
      sin4.sin_port=htons(port);
  }

  bool isIPv6() const
  {
    return sin4.sin_family == AF_INET6;
  }
  bool isIPv4() const
  {
    return sin4.sin_family == AF_INET;
  }

  bool isMappedIPv4()  const
  {
    if(sin4.sin_family!=AF_INET6)
      return false;
    
    int n=0;
    const unsigned char*ptr = (unsigned char*) &sin6.sin6_addr.s6_addr;
    for(n=0; n < 10; ++n)
      if(ptr[n])
        return false;
    
    for(; n < 12; ++n)
      if(ptr[n]!=0xff)
        return false;
    
    return true;
  }
  
  ComboAddress mapToIPv4() const
  {
    if(!isMappedIPv4())
      throw PDNSException("ComboAddress can't map non-mapped IPv6 address back to IPv4");
    ComboAddress ret;
    ret.sin4.sin_family=AF_INET;
    ret.sin4.sin_port=sin4.sin_port;
    
    const unsigned char*ptr = (unsigned char*) &sin6.sin6_addr.s6_addr;
    ptr+=(sizeof(sin6.sin6_addr.s6_addr) - sizeof(ret.sin4.sin_addr.s_addr));
    memcpy(&ret.sin4.sin_addr.s_addr, ptr, sizeof(ret.sin4.sin_addr.s_addr));
    return ret;
  }

  string toString() const
  {
    char host[1024];
    int retval = 0;
    if(sin4.sin_family && !(retval = getnameinfo((struct sockaddr*) this, getSocklen(), host, sizeof(host),0, 0, NI_NUMERICHOST)))
      return host;
    else
      return "invalid "+string(gai_strerror(retval));
  }

  string toStringWithPort() const
  {
    if(sin4.sin_family==AF_INET)
      return toString() + ":" + std::to_string(ntohs(sin4.sin_port));
    else
      return "["+toString() + "]:" + std::to_string(ntohs(sin4.sin_port));
  }

  string toStringWithPortExcept(int port) const
  {
    if(ntohs(sin4.sin_port) == port)
      return toString();
    if(sin4.sin_family==AF_INET)
      return toString() + ":" + std::to_string(ntohs(sin4.sin_port));
    else
      return "["+toString() + "]:" + std::to_string(ntohs(sin4.sin_port));
  }

  string toLogString() const
  {
    return toStringWithPortExcept(53);
  }

  void truncate(unsigned int bits) noexcept;

  uint16_t getPort() const
  {
    return ntohs(sin4.sin_port);
  }

  ComboAddress setPort(uint16_t port) const
  {
    ComboAddress ret(*this);
    ret.sin4.sin_port=htons(port);
    return ret;
  }

  void reset()
  {
    memset(&sin4, 0, sizeof(sin4));
    memset(&sin6, 0, sizeof(sin6));
  }

};

/** This exception is thrown by the Netmask class and by extension by the NetmaskGroup class */
class NetmaskException: public PDNSException 
{
public:
  NetmaskException(const string &a) : PDNSException(a) {}
};

inline ComboAddress makeComboAddress(const string& str)
{
  ComboAddress address;
  address.sin4.sin_family=AF_INET;
  if(inet_pton(AF_INET, str.c_str(), &address.sin4.sin_addr) <= 0) {
    address.sin4.sin_family=AF_INET6;
    if(makeIPv6sockaddr(str, &address.sin6) < 0)
      throw NetmaskException("Unable to convert '"+str+"' to a netmask");        
  }
  return address;
}

inline ComboAddress makeComboAddressFromRaw(uint8_t version, const char* raw, size_t len)
{
  ComboAddress address;

  if (version == 4) {
    address.sin4.sin_family = AF_INET;
    if (len != sizeof(address.sin4.sin_addr)) throw NetmaskException("invalid raw address length");
    memcpy(&address.sin4.sin_addr, raw, sizeof(address.sin4.sin_addr));
  }
  else if (version == 6) {
    address.sin6.sin6_family = AF_INET6;
    if (len != sizeof(address.sin6.sin6_addr)) throw NetmaskException("invalid raw address length");
    memcpy(&address.sin6.sin6_addr, raw, sizeof(address.sin6.sin6_addr));
  }
  else throw NetmaskException("invalid address family");

  return address;
}

inline ComboAddress makeComboAddressFromRaw(uint8_t version, const string &str)
{
  return makeComboAddressFromRaw(version, str.c_str(), str.size());
}

/** This class represents a netmask and can be queried to see if a certain
    IP address is matched by this mask */
class Netmask
{
public:
  Netmask()
  {
	d_network.sin4.sin_family=0; // disable this doing anything useful
	d_network.sin4.sin_port = 0; // this guarantees d_network compares identical
	d_mask=0;
	d_bits=0;
  }
  
  Netmask(const ComboAddress& network, uint8_t bits=0xff): d_network(network)
  {
    d_network.sin4.sin_port=0;
    if(bits > 128)
      bits = (network.sin4.sin_family == AF_INET) ? 32 : 128;
    
    d_bits = bits;
    if(d_bits<32)
      d_mask=~(0xFFFFFFFF>>d_bits);
    else
      d_mask=0xFFFFFFFF; // not actually used for IPv6
  }
  
  //! Constructor supplies the mask, which cannot be changed 
  Netmask(const string &mask) 
  {
    pair<string,string> split=splitField(mask,'/');
    d_network=makeComboAddress(split.first);
    
    if(!split.second.empty()) {
      d_bits = (uint8_t)pdns_stou(split.second);
      if(d_bits<32)
        d_mask=~(0xFFFFFFFF>>d_bits);
      else
        d_mask=0xFFFFFFFF;
    }
    else if(d_network.sin4.sin_family==AF_INET) {
      d_bits = 32;
      d_mask = 0xFFFFFFFF;
    }
    else {
      d_bits=128;
      d_mask=0;  // silence silly warning - d_mask is unused for IPv6
    }
  }

  bool match(const ComboAddress& ip) const
  {
    return match(&ip);
  }

  //! If this IP address in socket address matches
  bool match(const ComboAddress *ip) const
  {
    if(d_network.sin4.sin_family != ip->sin4.sin_family) {
      return false;
    }
    if(d_network.sin4.sin_family == AF_INET) {
      return match4(htonl((unsigned int)ip->sin4.sin_addr.s_addr));
    }
    if(d_network.sin6.sin6_family == AF_INET6) {
      uint8_t bytes=d_bits/8, n;
      const uint8_t *us=(const uint8_t*) &d_network.sin6.sin6_addr.s6_addr;
      const uint8_t *them=(const uint8_t*) &ip->sin6.sin6_addr.s6_addr;
      
      for(n=0; n < bytes; ++n) {
        if(us[n]!=them[n]) {
          return false;
        }
      }
      // still here, now match remaining bits
      uint8_t bits= d_bits % 8;
      uint8_t mask= (uint8_t) ~(0xFF>>bits);

      return((us[n] & mask) == (them[n] & mask));
    }
    return false;
  }

  //! If this ASCII IP address matches
  bool match(const string &ip) const
  {
    ComboAddress address=makeComboAddress(ip);
    return match(&address);
  }

  //! If this IP address in native format matches
  bool match4(uint32_t ip) const
  {
    return (ip & d_mask) == (ntohl(d_network.sin4.sin_addr.s_addr) & d_mask);
  }

  string toString() const
  {
    return d_network.toString()+"/"+std::to_string((unsigned int)d_bits);
  }

  string toStringNoMask() const
  {
    return d_network.toString();
  }
  const ComboAddress& getNetwork() const
  {
    return d_network;
  }
  const ComboAddress getMaskedNetwork() const
  {
    ComboAddress result(d_network);
    if(isIpv4()) {
      result.sin4.sin_addr.s_addr = htonl(ntohl(result.sin4.sin_addr.s_addr) & d_mask);
    }
    else if(isIpv6()) {
      size_t idx;
      uint8_t bytes=d_bits/8;
      uint8_t *us=(uint8_t*) &result.sin6.sin6_addr.s6_addr;
      uint8_t bits= d_bits % 8;
      uint8_t mask= (uint8_t) ~(0xFF>>bits);

      if (bytes < sizeof(result.sin6.sin6_addr.s6_addr)) {
        us[bytes] &= mask;
      }

      for(idx = bytes + 1; idx < sizeof(result.sin6.sin6_addr.s6_addr); ++idx) {
        us[idx] = 0;
      }
    }
    return result;
  }
  uint8_t getBits() const
  {
    return d_bits;
  }
  bool isIpv6() const 
  {
    return d_network.sin6.sin6_family == AF_INET6;
  }
  bool isIpv4() const
  {
    return d_network.sin4.sin_family == AF_INET;
  }

  bool operator<(const Netmask& rhs) const 
  {
    if (empty() && !rhs.empty())
      return false;

    if (!empty() && rhs.empty())
      return true;

    if (d_bits > rhs.d_bits)
      return true;
    if (d_bits < rhs.d_bits)
      return false;

    return d_network < rhs.d_network;
  }

  bool operator>(const Netmask& rhs) const
  {
    return rhs.operator<(*this);
  }

  bool operator==(const Netmask& rhs) const 
  {
    return tie(d_network, d_bits) == tie(rhs.d_network, rhs.d_bits);
  }

  bool empty() const 
  {
    return d_network.sin4.sin_family==0;
  }

private:
  ComboAddress d_network;
  uint32_t d_mask;
  uint8_t d_bits;
};

/** Per-bit binary tree map implementation with <Netmask,T> pair.
 *
 * This is an binary tree implementation for storing attributes for IPv4 and IPv6 prefixes.
 * The most simple use case is simple NetmaskTree<bool> used by NetmaskGroup, which only
 * wants to know if given IP address is matched in the prefixes stored.
 *
 * This element is useful for anything that needs to *STORE* prefixes, and *MATCH* IP addresses
 * to a *LIST* of *PREFIXES*. Not the other way round.
 *
 * You can store IPv4 and IPv6 addresses to same tree, separate payload storage is kept per AFI.
 *
 * To erase something copy values to new tree sans the value you want to erase.
 *
 * Use swap if you need to move the tree to another NetmaskTree instance, it is WAY faster
 * than using copy ctor or assignment operator, since it moves the nodes and tree root to
 * new home instead of actually recreating the tree.
 *
 * Please see NetmaskGroup for example of simple use case. Other usecases can be found
 * from GeoIPBackend and Sortlist, and from dnsdist.
 */
template <typename T>
class NetmaskTree {
public:
  typedef Netmask key_type;
  typedef T value_type;
  typedef std::pair<key_type,value_type> node_type;
  typedef size_t size_type;

private:
  /** Single node in tree, internal use only.
    */
  class TreeNode : boost::noncopyable {
  public:
     explicit TreeNode(int bits) noexcept : parent(NULL),d_bits(bits) {
     }

     //<! Makes a left node with one more bit than parent
     TreeNode* make_left() {
       if (!left) {
         left = unique_ptr<TreeNode>(new TreeNode(d_bits+1));
         left->parent = this;
       }
       return left.get();
     }

     //<! Makes a right node with one more bit than parent
     TreeNode* make_right() {
       if (!right) {
         right = unique_ptr<TreeNode>(new TreeNode(d_bits+1));
         right->parent = this;
       }
       return right.get();
     }

     unique_ptr<TreeNode> left;
     unique_ptr<TreeNode> right;
     TreeNode* parent;

     unique_ptr<node_type> node4; //<! IPv4 value-pair
     unique_ptr<node_type> node6; //<! IPv6 value-pair

     int d_bits; //<! How many bits have been used so far
  };

public:
  NetmaskTree() noexcept : NetmaskTree(false) {
  }

  NetmaskTree(bool cleanup) noexcept : d_cleanup_tree(cleanup) {
  }

  NetmaskTree(const NetmaskTree& rhs): d_cleanup_tree(rhs.d_cleanup_tree) {
    // it is easier to copy the nodes than tree.
    // also acts as handy compactor
    for(auto const& node: rhs._nodes)
      insert(node->first).second = node->second;
  }

  NetmaskTree& operator=(const NetmaskTree& rhs) {
    clear();
    // see above.
    for(auto const& node: rhs._nodes)
      insert(node->first).second = node->second;
    d_cleanup_tree = rhs.d_cleanup_tree;
    return *this;
  }

  const typename std::set<node_type*>::const_iterator begin() const { return _nodes.begin(); }
  const typename std::set<node_type*>::const_iterator end() const { return _nodes.end(); }

  typename std::set<node_type*>::iterator begin() { return _nodes.begin(); }
  typename std::set<node_type*>::iterator end() { return _nodes.end(); }

  node_type& insert(const string &mask) {
    return insert(key_type(mask));
  }

  //<! Creates new value-pair in tree and returns it.
  node_type& insert(const key_type& key) {
    // lazily initialize tree on first insert.
    if (!root) root = unique_ptr<TreeNode>(new TreeNode(0));
    TreeNode* node = root.get();
    node_type* value = nullptr;

    if (key.getNetwork().sin4.sin_family == AF_INET) {
      std::bitset<32> addr(be32toh(key.getNetwork().sin4.sin_addr.s_addr));
      int bits = 0;
      // we turn left on 0 and right on 1
      while(bits < key.getBits()) {
        uint8_t val = addr[31-bits];
        if (val)
          node = node->make_right();
        else
          node = node->make_left();
        bits++;
      }
      // only create node if not yet assigned
      if (!node->node4) {
        node->node4 = unique_ptr<node_type>(new node_type());
        _nodes.insert(node->node4.get());
      }
      value = node->node4.get();
    } else {
      uint64_t* addr = (uint64_t*)key.getNetwork().sin6.sin6_addr.s6_addr;
      std::bitset<64> addr_low(be64toh(addr[1]));
      std::bitset<64> addr_high(be64toh(addr[0]));
      int bits = 0;
      while(bits < key.getBits()) {
        uint8_t val;
        // we use high address until we are
        if (bits < 64) val = addr_high[63-bits];
        // past 64 bits, and start using low address
        else val = addr_low[127-bits];

        // we turn left on 0 and right on 1
        if (val)
          node = node->make_right();
        else
          node = node->make_left();
        bits++;
      }
      // only create node if not yet assigned
      if (!node->node6) {
        node->node6 = unique_ptr<node_type>(new node_type());
        _nodes.insert(node->node6.get());
      }
      value = node->node6.get();
    }
    // assign key
    value->first = key;
    return *value;
  }

  //<! Creates or updates value
  void insert_or_assign(const key_type& mask, const value_type& value) {
    insert(mask).second = value;
  }

  void insert_or_assign(const string& mask, const value_type& value) {
    insert(key_type(mask)).second = value;
  }

  //<! check if given key is present in TreeMap
  bool has_key(const key_type& key) const {
    const node_type *ptr = lookup(key);
    return ptr && ptr->first == key;
  }

  //<! Returns "best match" for key_type, which might not be value
  const node_type* lookup(const key_type& value) const {
    return lookup(value.getNetwork(), value.getBits());
  }

  //<! Perform best match lookup for value, using at most max_bits
  const node_type* lookup(const ComboAddress& value, int max_bits = 128) const {
    if (!root) return nullptr;

    TreeNode *node = root.get();
    node_type *ret = nullptr;

    // exact same thing as above, except
    if (value.sin4.sin_family == AF_INET) {
      max_bits = std::max(0,std::min(max_bits,32));
      std::bitset<32> addr(be32toh(value.sin4.sin_addr.s_addr));
      int bits = 0;

      while(bits < max_bits) {
        // ...we keep track of last non-empty node
        if (node->node4) ret = node->node4.get();
        uint8_t val = addr[31-bits];
        // ...and we don't create left/right hand
        if (val) {
          if (node->right) node = node->right.get();
          // ..and we break when road ends
          else break;
        } else {
          if (node->left) node = node->left.get();
          else break;
        }
        bits++;
      }
      // needed if we did not find one in loop
      if (node->node4) ret = node->node4.get();
    } else {
      uint64_t* addr = (uint64_t*)value.sin6.sin6_addr.s6_addr;
      max_bits = std::max(0,std::min(max_bits,128));
      std::bitset<64> addr_low(be64toh(addr[1]));
      std::bitset<64> addr_high(be64toh(addr[0]));
      int bits = 0;
      while(bits < max_bits) {
        if (node->node6) ret = node->node6.get();
        uint8_t val;
        if (bits < 64) val = addr_high[63-bits];
        else val = addr_low[127-bits];
        if (val) {
          if (node->right) node = node->right.get();
          else break;
        } else {
          if (node->left) node = node->left.get();
          else break;
        }
        bits++;
      }
      if (node->node6) ret = node->node6.get();
    }

    // this can be nullptr.
    return ret;
  }

  void cleanup_tree(TreeNode* node)
  {
    // only cleanup this node if it has no children and node4 and node6 are both empty
    if (!(node->left || node->right || node->node6 || node->node4)) {
      // get parent node ptr
      TreeNode* parent = node->parent;
      // delete this node
      if (parent) {
	if (parent->left.get() == node)
	  parent->left.reset();
	else
	  parent->right.reset();
	// now recurse up to the parent
	cleanup_tree(parent);
      }
    }
  }

  //<! Removes key from TreeMap. This does not clean up the tree.
  void erase(const key_type& key) {
    TreeNode *node = root.get();

    // no tree, no value
    if ( node == nullptr ) return;

    // exact same thing as above, except
    if (key.getNetwork().sin4.sin_family == AF_INET) {
      std::bitset<32> addr(be32toh(key.getNetwork().sin4.sin_addr.s_addr));
      int bits = 0;
      while(node && bits < key.getBits()) {
        uint8_t val = addr[31-bits];
        if (val) {
          node = node->right.get();
        } else {
          node = node->left.get();
        }
        bits++;
      }
      if (node) {
        _nodes.erase(node->node4.get());
        node->node4.reset();

        if (d_cleanup_tree)
          cleanup_tree(node);
      }
    } else {
      uint64_t* addr = (uint64_t*)key.getNetwork().sin6.sin6_addr.s6_addr;
      std::bitset<64> addr_low(be64toh(addr[1]));
      std::bitset<64> addr_high(be64toh(addr[0]));
      int bits = 0;
      while(node && bits < key.getBits()) {
        uint8_t val;
        if (bits < 64) val = addr_high[63-bits];
        else val = addr_low[127-bits];
        if (val) {
          node = node->right.get();
        } else {
          node = node->left.get();
        }
        bits++;
      }
      if (node) {
        _nodes.erase(node->node6.get());
        node->node6.reset();

        if (d_cleanup_tree)
          cleanup_tree(node);
      }
    }
  }

  void erase(const string& key) {
    erase(key_type(key));
  }

  //<! checks whether the container is empty.
  bool empty() const {
    return _nodes.empty();
  }

  //<! returns the number of elements
  size_type size() const {
    return _nodes.size();
  }

  //<! See if given ComboAddress matches any prefix
  bool match(const ComboAddress& value) const {
    return (lookup(value) != nullptr);
  }

  bool match(const std::string& value) const {
    return match(ComboAddress(value));
  }

  //<! Clean out the tree
  void clear() {
    _nodes.clear();
    root.reset(nullptr);
  }

  //<! swaps the contents, rhs is left with nullptr.
  void swap(NetmaskTree& rhs) {
    root.swap(rhs.root);
    _nodes.swap(rhs._nodes);
  }

private:
  unique_ptr<TreeNode> root; //<! Root of our tree
  std::set<node_type*> _nodes; //<! Container for actual values
  bool d_cleanup_tree; //<! Whether or not to cleanup the tree on erase
};

/** This class represents a group of supplemental Netmask classes. An IP address matchs
    if it is matched by zero or more of the Netmask classes within.
*/
class NetmaskGroup
{
public:
  //! By default, initialise the tree to cleanup
  NetmaskGroup() noexcept : NetmaskGroup(true) {
  }

  //! This allows control over whether to cleanup or not
  NetmaskGroup(bool cleanup) noexcept : tree(cleanup) {
  }

  //! If this IP address is matched by any of the classes within

  bool match(const ComboAddress *ip) const
  {
    const auto &ret = tree.lookup(*ip);
    if(ret) return ret->second;
    return false;
  }

  bool match(const ComboAddress& ip) const
  {
    return match(&ip);
  }

  bool lookup(const ComboAddress* ip, Netmask* nmp) const
  {
    const auto &ret = tree.lookup(*ip);
    if (ret) {
      if (nmp != nullptr)
        *nmp = ret->first;

      return ret->second;
    }
    return false;
  }

  bool lookup(const ComboAddress& ip, Netmask* nmp) const
  {
    return lookup(&ip, nmp);
  }

  //! Add this string to the list of possible matches
  void addMask(const string &ip, bool positive=true)
  {
    if(!ip.empty() && ip[0] == '!') {
      addMask(Netmask(ip.substr(1)), false);
    } else {
      addMask(Netmask(ip), positive);
    }
  }

  //! Add this Netmask to the list of possible matches
  void addMask(const Netmask& nm, bool positive=true)
  {
    tree.insert(nm).second=positive;
  }

  //! Delete this Netmask from the list of possible matches
  void deleteMask(const Netmask& nm)
  {
    tree.erase(nm);
  }

  void deleteMask(const std::string& ip)
  {
    if (!ip.empty())
      deleteMask(Netmask(ip));
  }

  void clear()
  {
    tree.clear();
  }

  bool empty() const
  {
    return tree.empty();
  }

  size_t size() const
  {
    return tree.size();
  }

  string toString() const
  {
    ostringstream str;
    for(auto iter = tree.begin(); iter != tree.end(); ++iter) {
      if(iter != tree.begin())
        str <<", ";
      if(!((*iter)->second))
        str<<"!";
      str<<(*iter)->first.toString();
    }
    return str.str();
  }

  void toStringVector(vector<string>* vec) const
  {
    for(auto iter = tree.begin(); iter != tree.end(); ++iter) {
      vec->push_back(((*iter)->second ? "" : "!") + (*iter)->first.toString());
    }
  }

  void toMasks(const string &ips)
  {
    vector<string> parts;
    stringtok(parts, ips, ", \t");

    for (vector<string>::const_iterator iter = parts.begin(); iter != parts.end(); ++iter)
      addMask(*iter);
  }

private:
  NetmaskTree<bool> tree;
};


struct SComboAddress
{
  SComboAddress(const ComboAddress& orig) : ca(orig) {}
  ComboAddress ca;
  bool operator<(const SComboAddress& rhs) const
  {
    return ComboAddress::addressOnlyLessThan()(ca, rhs.ca);
  }
  operator const ComboAddress&()
  {
    return ca;
  }
};

class NetworkError : public runtime_error
{
public:
  NetworkError(const string& why="Network Error") : runtime_error(why.c_str())
  {}
  NetworkError(const char *why="Network Error") : runtime_error(why)
  {}
};

int SSocket(int family, int type, int flags);
int SConnect(int sockfd, const ComboAddress& remote);
/* tries to connect to remote for a maximum of timeout seconds.
   sockfd should be set to non-blocking beforehand.
   returns 0 on success (the socket is writable), throw a
   runtime_error otherwise */
int SConnectWithTimeout(int sockfd, const ComboAddress& remote, int timeout);
int SBind(int sockfd, const ComboAddress& local);
int SAccept(int sockfd, ComboAddress& remote);
int SListen(int sockfd, int limit);
int SSetsockopt(int sockfd, int level, int opname, int value);

#if defined(IP_PKTINFO)
  #define GEN_IP_PKTINFO IP_PKTINFO
#elif defined(IP_RECVDSTADDR)
  #define GEN_IP_PKTINFO IP_RECVDSTADDR 
#endif

bool IsAnyAddress(const ComboAddress& addr);
bool HarvestDestinationAddress(const struct msghdr* msgh, ComboAddress* destination);
bool HarvestTimestamp(struct msghdr* msgh, struct timeval* tv);
void fillMSGHdr(struct msghdr* msgh, struct iovec* iov, char* cbuf, size_t cbufsize, char* data, size_t datalen, ComboAddress* addr);
ssize_t sendfromto(int sock, const char* data, size_t len, int flags, const ComboAddress& from, const ComboAddress& to);
size_t sendMsgWithTimeout(int fd, const char* buffer, size_t len, int idleTimeout, const ComboAddress* dest, const ComboAddress* local, unsigned int localItf, int totalTimeout, int flags);
bool sendSizeAndMsgWithTimeout(int sock, uint16_t bufferLen, const char* buffer, int idleTimeout, const ComboAddress* dest, const ComboAddress* local, unsigned int localItf, int totalTimeout, int flags);
/* requires a non-blocking, connected TCP socket */
bool isTCPSocketUsable(int sock);

extern template class NetmaskTree<bool>;

#endif