- Merge changes between 3.0.3RC1 and 3.0.4-BETA-3 into HEAD (silence

[thirdparty/dhcp.git] / server / dhcpd.8

.\"	dhcpd.8
.\"
.\" Copyright (c) 2004-2006 by Internet Systems Consortium, Inc. ("ISC")
.\" Copyright (c) 1996-2003 by Internet Software Consortium
.\"
.\" Permission to use, copy, modify, and distribute this software for any
.\" purpose with or without fee is hereby granted, provided that the above
.\" copyright notice and this permission notice appear in all copies.
.\"
.\" THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS" AND ISC DISCLAIMS ALL WARRANTIES
.\" WITH REGARD TO THIS SOFTWARE INCLUDING ALL IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF
.\" MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS.  IN NO EVENT SHALL ISC BE LIABLE FOR
.\" ANY SPECIAL, DIRECT, INDIRECT, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES OR ANY DAMAGES
.\" WHATSOEVER RESULTING FROM LOSS OF USE, DATA OR PROFITS, WHETHER IN AN
.\" ACTION OF CONTRACT, NEGLIGENCE OR OTHER TORTIOUS ACTION, ARISING OUT
.\" OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE USE OR PERFORMANCE OF THIS SOFTWARE.
.\"
.\"   Internet Systems Consortium, Inc.
.\"   950 Charter Street
.\"   Redwood City, CA 94063
.\"   <info@isc.org>
.\"   http://www.isc.org/
.\"
.\" This software has been written for Internet Systems Consortium
.\" by Ted Lemon in cooperation with Vixie Enterprises and Nominum, Inc.
.\" To learn more about Internet Systems Consortium, see
.\" ``http://www.isc.org/''.  To learn more about Vixie Enterprises,
.\" see ``http://www.vix.com''.   To learn more about Nominum, Inc., see
.\" ``http://www.nominum.com''.
.\"
.\" $Id: dhcpd.8,v 1.23 2006/02/24 23:16:31 dhankins Exp $
.\"
.TH dhcpd 8
.SH NAME
dhcpd - Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol Server
.SH SYNOPSIS
.B dhcpd
[
.B -p
.I port
]
[
.B -f
]
[
.B -d
]
[
.B -q
]
[
.B -t
|
.B -T
]
[
.B -cf
.I config-file
]
[
.B -lf
.I lease-file
]
[
.B -pf
.I pid-file
]
[
.B -tf
.I trace-output-file
]
[
.B -play
.I trace-playback-file
]
[
.I if0
[
.I ...ifN
]
]
.SH DESCRIPTION
The Internet Systems Consortium DHCP Server, dhcpd, implements the
Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP) and the Internet Bootstrap
Protocol (BOOTP).  DHCP allows hosts on a TCP/IP network to request
and be assigned IP addresses, and also to discover information about
the network to which they are attached.  BOOTP provides similar
functionality, with certain restrictions.
.SH CONTRIBUTIONS
.PP
This software is free software.  At various times its development has
been underwritten by various organizations, including the ISC and
Vixie Enterprises.  The development of 3.0 has been funded almost
entirely by Nominum, Inc.
.PP
At this point development is being shepherded by Ted Lemon, and hosted
by the ISC, but the future of this project depends on you.  If you
have features you want, please consider implementing them.
.SH OPERATION
.PP
The DHCP protocol allows a host which is unknown to the network
administrator to be automatically assigned a new IP address out of a
pool of IP addresses for its network.   In order for this to work, the
network administrator allocates address pools in each subnet and
enters them into the dhcpd.conf(5) file.
.PP
On startup, dhcpd reads the
.IR dhcpd.conf
file and stores a list of available addresses on each subnet in
memory.  When a client requests an address using the DHCP protocol,
dhcpd allocates an address for it.  Each client is assigned a lease,
which expires after an amount of time chosen by the administrator (by
default, one day).  Before leases expire, the clients to which leases
are assigned are expected to renew them in order to continue to use
the addresses.  Once a lease has expired, the client to which that
lease was assigned is no longer permitted to use the leased IP
address.
.PP
In order to keep track of leases across system reboots and server
restarts, dhcpd keeps a list of leases it has assigned in the
dhcpd.leases(5) file.   Before dhcpd grants a lease to a host, it
records the lease in this file and makes sure that the contents of the
file are flushed to disk.   This ensures that even in the event of a
system crash, dhcpd will not forget about a lease that it has
assigned.   On startup, after reading the dhcpd.conf file, dhcpd
reads the dhcpd.leases file to refresh its memory about what leases
have been assigned.
.PP
New leases are appended to the end of the dhcpd.leases
file.   In order to prevent the file from becoming arbitrarily large,
from time to time dhcpd creates a new dhcpd.leases file from its
in-core lease database.  Once this file has been written to disk, the
old file is renamed
.IR dhcpd.leases~ ,
and the new file is renamed dhcpd.leases.   If the system crashes in
the middle of this process, whichever dhcpd.leases file remains will
contain all the lease information, so there is no need for a special
crash recovery process.
.PP
BOOTP support is also provided by this server.  Unlike DHCP, the BOOTP
protocol does not provide a protocol for recovering
dynamically-assigned addresses once they are no longer needed.   It is
still possible to dynamically assign addresses to BOOTP clients, but
some administrative process for reclaiming addresses is required.   By
default, leases are granted to BOOTP clients in perpetuity, although
the network administrator may set an earlier cutoff date or a shorter
lease length for BOOTP leases if that makes sense.
.PP
BOOTP clients may also be served in the old standard way, which is to
simply provide a declaration in the dhcpd.conf file for each
BOOTP client, permanently assigning an address to each client.
.PP
Whenever changes are made to the dhcpd.conf file, dhcpd must be
restarted.   To restart dhcpd, send a SIGTERM (signal 15) to the
process ID contained in
.IR RUNDIR/dhcpd.pid ,
and then re-invoke dhcpd.  Because the DHCP server database is not as
lightweight as a BOOTP database, dhcpd does not automatically restart
itself when it sees a change to the dhcpd.conf file.
.PP
Note: We get a lot of complaints about this.   We realize that it would
be nice if one could send a SIGHUP to the server and have it reload
the database.   This is not technically impossible, but it would
require a great deal of work, our resources are extremely limited, and
they can be better spent elsewhere.   So please don't complain about
this on the mailing list unless you're prepared to fund a project to
implement this feature, or prepared to do it yourself.
.SH COMMAND LINE
.PP
The names of the network interfaces on which dhcpd should listen for
broadcasts may be specified on the command line.  This should be done
on systems where dhcpd is unable to identify non-broadcast interfaces,
but should not be required on other systems.  If no interface names
are specified on the command line dhcpd will identify all network
interfaces which are up, eliminating non-broadcast interfaces if
possible, and listen for DHCP broadcasts on each interface.
.PP
If dhcpd should listen on a port other than the standard (port 67),
the
.B -p
flag may used.  It should be followed by the udp port number on which
dhcpd should listen.  This is mostly useful for debugging purposes.
.PP
To run dhcpd as a foreground process, rather than allowing it to run
as a daemon in the background, the
.B -f
flag should be specified.  This is useful when running dhcpd under a
debugger, or when running it out of inittab on System V systems.
.PP
To have dhcpd log to the standard error descriptor, specify the
.B -d
flag.  This can be useful for debugging, and also at sites where a
complete log of all dhcp activity must be kept but syslogd is not
reliable or otherwise cannot be used.   Normally, dhcpd will log all
output using the syslog(3) function with the log facility set to
LOG_DAEMON.
.PP
Dhcpd can be made to use an alternate configuration file with the
.B -cf
flag, an alternate lease file with the
.B -lf
flag, or an alternate pid file with the
.B -pf
flag.   Because of the importance of using the same lease database at
all times when running dhcpd in production, these options should be
used \fBonly\fR for testing lease files or database files in a
non-production environment.
.PP
When starting dhcpd up from a system startup script (e.g., /etc/rc),
it may not be desirable to print out the entire copyright message on
startup.   To avoid printing this message, the
.B -q
flag may be specified.
.PP
The DHCP server reads two files on startup: a configuration file, and
a lease database.   If the
.B -t
flag is specified, the server will simply test the configuration file
for correct syntax, but will not attempt to perform any network
operations.   This can be used to test the a new configuration file
automatically before installing it.
.PP
The
.B -T
flag can be used to test the lease database file in a similar way.
.PP
The \fB-tf\fR and \fB-play\fR options allow you to specify a file into
which the entire startup state of the server and all the transactions
it processes are either logged or played back from.  This can be
useful in submitting bug reports - if you are getting a core dump
every so often, you can start the server with the \fB-tf\fR option and
then, when the server dumps core, the trace file will contain all the
transactions that led up to it dumping core, so that the problem can
be easily debugged with \fB-play\fR.
.PP
The \fB-play\fR option must be specified with an alternate lease file,
using the \fB-lf\fR switch, so that the DHCP server doesn't wipe out
your existing lease file with its test data.  The DHCP server will
refuse to operate in playback mode unless you specify an alternate
lease file.
.SH CONFIGURATION
The syntax of the dhcpd.conf(5) file is discussed separately.   This
section should be used as an overview of the configuration process,
and the dhcpd.conf(5) documentation should be consulted for detailed
reference information.
.PP
.SH Subnets
dhcpd needs to know the subnet numbers and netmasks of all subnets for
which it will be providing service.   In addition, in order to
dynamically allocate addresses, it must be assigned one or more ranges
of addresses on each subnet which it can in turn assign to client
hosts as they boot.   Thus, a very simple configuration providing DHCP
support might look like this:
.nf
.sp 1
	subnet 239.252.197.0 netmask 255.255.255.0 {
	  range 239.252.197.10 239.252.197.250;
	}
.fi
.PP
Multiple address ranges may be specified like this:
.nf
.sp 1
	subnet 239.252.197.0 netmask 255.255.255.0 {
	  range 239.252.197.10 239.252.197.107;
	  range 239.252.197.113 239.252.197.250;
	}
.fi
.PP
If a subnet will only be provided with BOOTP service and no dynamic
address assignment, the range clause can be left out entirely, but the
subnet statement must appear.
.PP
.SH Lease Lengths
DHCP leases can be assigned almost any length from zero seconds to
infinity.   What lease length makes sense for any given subnet, or for
any given installation, will vary depending on the kinds of hosts
being served.
.PP
For example, in an office environment where systems are added from
time to time and removed from time to time, but move relatively
infrequently, it might make sense to allow lease times of a month of
more.   In a final test environment on a manufacturing floor, it may
make more sense to assign a maximum lease length of 30 minutes -
enough time to go through a simple test procedure on a network
appliance before packaging it up for delivery.
.PP
It is possible to specify two lease lengths: the default length that
will be assigned if a client doesn't ask for any particular lease
length, and a maximum lease length.   These are specified as clauses
to the subnet command:
.nf
.sp 1
	subnet 239.252.197.0 netmask 255.255.255.0 {
	  range 239.252.197.10 239.252.197.107;
	  default-lease-time 600;
	  max-lease-time 7200;
	}
.fi
.PP
This particular subnet declaration specifies a default lease time of
600 seconds (ten minutes), and a maximum lease time of 7200 seconds
(two hours).   Other common values would be 86400 (one day), 604800
(one week) and 2592000 (30 days).
.PP
Each subnet need not have the same lease\(emin the case of an office
environment and a manufacturing environment served by the same DHCP
server, it might make sense to have widely disparate values for
default and maximum lease times on each subnet.
.SH BOOTP Support
Each BOOTP client must be explicitly declared in the dhcpd.conf
file.   A very basic client declaration will specify the client
network interface's hardware address and the IP address to assign to
that client.   If the client needs to be able to load a boot file from
the server, that file's name must be specified.   A simple bootp
client declaration might look like this:
.nf
.sp 1
	host haagen {
	  hardware ethernet 08:00:2b:4c:59:23;
	  fixed-address 239.252.197.9;
	  filename "/tftpboot/haagen.boot";
	}
.fi
.SH Options
DHCP (and also BOOTP with Vendor Extensions) provide a mechanism
whereby the server can provide the client with information about how
to configure its network interface (e.g., subnet mask), and also how
the client can access various network services (e.g., DNS, IP routers,
and so on).
.PP
These options can be specified on a per-subnet basis, and, for BOOTP
clients, also on a per-client basis.   In the event that a BOOTP
client declaration specifies options that are also specified in its
subnet declaration, the options specified in the client declaration
take precedence.   A reasonably complete DHCP configuration might
look something like this:
.nf
.sp 1
	subnet 239.252.197.0 netmask 255.255.255.0 {
	  range 239.252.197.10 239.252.197.250;
	  default-lease-time 600 max-lease-time 7200;
	  option subnet-mask 255.255.255.0;
	  option broadcast-address 239.252.197.255;
	  option routers 239.252.197.1;
	  option domain-name-servers 239.252.197.2, 239.252.197.3;
	  option domain-name "isc.org";
	}
.fi
.PP
A bootp host on that subnet that needs to be in a different domain and
use a different name server might be declared as follows:
.nf
.sp 1
	host haagen {
	  hardware ethernet 08:00:2b:4c:59:23;
	  fixed-address 239.252.197.9;
	  filename "/tftpboot/haagen.boot";
	  option domain-name-servers 192.5.5.1;
	  option domain-name "vix.com";
	}
.fi
.PP
A more complete description of the dhcpd.conf file syntax is provided
in dhcpd.conf(5).
.SH OMAPI
The DHCP server provides the capability to modify some of its
configuration while it is running, without stopping it, modifying its
database files, and restarting it.  This capability is currently
provided using OMAPI - an API for manipulating remote objects.  OMAPI
clients connect to the server using TCP/IP, authenticate, and can then
examine the server's current status and make changes to it.
.PP
Rather than implementing the underlying OMAPI protocol directly, user
programs should use the dhcpctl API or OMAPI itself.   Dhcpctl is a
wrapper that handles some of the housekeeping chores that OMAPI does
not do automatically.   Dhcpctl and OMAPI are documented in \fBdhcpctl(3)\fR
and \fBomapi(3)\fR.
.PP
OMAPI exports objects, which can then be examined and modified.   The
DHCP server exports the following objects: lease, host,
failover-state and group.   Each object has a number of methods that
are provided: lookup, create, and destroy.   In addition, it is
possible to look at attributes that are stored on objects, and in some
cases to modify those attributes.
.SH THE LEASE OBJECT
Leases can't currently be created or destroyed, but they can be looked
up to examine and modify their state.
.PP
Leases have the following attributes:
.PP
.B state \fIinteger\fR lookup, examine
.RS 0.5i
.nf
1 = free
2 = active
3 = expired
4 = released
5 = abandoned
6 = reset
7 = backup
8 = reserved
9 = bootp
.fi
.RE
.PP
.B ip-address \fIdata\fR lookup, examine
.RS 0.5i
The IP address of the lease.
.RE
.PP
.B dhcp-client-identifier \fIdata\fR lookup, examine, update
.RS 0.5i
The
client identifier that the client used when it acquired the lease.
Not all clients send client identifiers, so this may be empty.
.RE
.PP
.B client-hostname \fIdata\fR examine, update
.RS 0.5i
The value the client sent in the host-name option.
.RE
.PP
.B host \fIhandle\fR examine
.RS 0.5i
the host declaration associated with this lease, if any.
.RE
.PP
.B subnet \fIhandle\fR examine
.RS 0.5i
the subnet object associated with this lease (the subnet object is not
currently supported).
.RE
.PP
.B pool \fIhandle\fR examine
.RS 0.5i
the pool object associted with this lease (the pool object is not
currently supported).
.RE
.PP
.B billing-class \fIhandle\fR examine
.RS 0.5i
the handle to the class to which this lease is currently billed, if
any (the class object is not currently supported).
.RE
.PP
.B hardware-address \fIdata\fR examine, update
.RS 0.5i
the hardware address (chaddr) field sent by the client when it
acquired its lease.
.RE
.PP
.B hardware-type \fIinteger\fR examine, update
.RS 0.5i
the type of the network interface that the client reported when it
acquired its lease.
.RE
.PP
.B ends \fItime\fR examine
.RS 0.5i
the time when the lease's current state ends, as understood by the
client.
.RE
.PP
.B tstp \fItime\fR examine
.RS 0.5i
the time when the lease's current state ends, as understood by the
server.
.RE
.B tsfp \fItime\fR examine
.RS 0.5i
the adjusted time when the lease's current state ends, as understood by
the failover peer (if there is no failover peer, this value is
undefined).  Generally this value is only adjusted for expired, released,
or reset leases while the server is operating in partner-down state, and
otherwise is simply the value supplied by the peer.
.RE
.B atsfp \fItime\fR examine
.RS 0.5i
the actual tsfp value sent from the peer.  This value is forgotten when a
lease binding state change is made, to facillitate retransmission logic.
.RE
.PP
.B cltt \fItime\fR examine
.RS 0.5i
The time of the last transaction with the client on this lease.
.RE
.SH THE HOST OBJECT
Hosts can be created, destroyed, looked up, examined and modified.
If a host declaration is created or deleted using OMAPI, that
information will be recorded in the dhcpd.leases file.   It is
permissible to delete host declarations that are declared in the
dhcpd.conf file.
.PP
Hosts have the following attributes:
.PP
.B name \fIdata\fR lookup, examine, modify
.RS 0.5i
the name of the host declaration.   This name must be unique among all
host declarations.
.RE
.PP
.B group \fIhandle\fR examine, modify
.RS 0.5i
the named group associated with the host declaration, if there is one.
.RE
.PP
.B hardware-address \fIdata\fR lookup, examine, modify
.RS 0.5i
the link-layer address that will be used to match the client, if any.
Only valid if hardware-type is also present.
.RE
.PP
.B hardware-type \fIinteger\fR lookup, examine, modify
.RS 0.5i
the type of the network interface that will be used to match the
client, if any.   Only valid if hardware-address is also present.
.RE
.PP
.B dhcp-client-identifier \fIdata\fR lookup, examine, modify
.RS 0.5i
the dhcp-client-identifier option that will be used to match the
client, if any.
.RE
.PP
.B ip-address \fIdata\fR examine, modify
.RS 0.5i
a fixed IP address which is reserved for a DHCP client that matches
this host declaration.   The IP address will only be assigned to the
client if it is valid for the network segment to which the client is
connected.
.RE
.PP
.B statements \fIdata\fR modify
.RS 0.5i
a list of statements in the format of the dhcpd.conf file that will be
executed whenever a message from the client is being processed.
.RE
.PP
.B known \fIinteger\fR examine, modify
.RS 0.5i
if nonzero, indicates that a client matching this host declaration
will be treated as \fIknown\fR in pool permit lists.   If zero, the
client will not be treated as known.
.RE
.SH THE GROUP OBJECT
Named groups can be created, destroyed, looked up, examined and
modified.  If a group declaration is created or deleted using OMAPI,
that information will be recorded in the dhcpd.leases file.  It is
permissible to delete group declarations that are declared in the
dhcpd.conf file.
.PP
Named groups currently can only be associated with
hosts - this allows one set of statements to be efficiently attached
to more than one host declaration.   
.PP
Groups have the following attributes:
.PP
.B name \fIdata\fR
.RS 0.5i
the name of the group.  All groups that are created using OMAPI must
have names, and the names must be unique among all groups.
.RE
.PP
.B statements \fIdata\fR
.RS 0.5i
a list of statements in the format of the dhcpd.conf file that will be
executed whenever a message from a client whose host declaration
references this group is processed.
.RE
.SH THE CONTROL OBJECT
The control object allows you to shut the server down.   If the server
is doing failover with another peer, it will make a clean transition
into the shutdown state and notify its peer, so that the peer can go
into partner down, and then record the "recover" state in the lease
file so that when the server is restarted, it will automatically
resynchronize with its peer.
.PP
On shutdown the server will also attempt to cleanly shut down all
OMAPI connections.  If these connections do not go down cleanly after
five seconds, they are shut down pre-emptively.  It can take as much
as 25 seconds from the beginning of the shutdown process to the time
that the server actually exits.
.PP
To shut the server down, open its control object and set the state
attribute to 2.
.SH THE FAILOVER-STATE OBJECT
The failover-state object is the object that tracks the state of the
failover protocol as it is being managed for a given failover peer.
The failover object has the following attributes (please see
.B dhcpd.conf (5)
for explanations about what these attributes mean):
.PP
.B name \fIdata\fR examine
.RS 0.5i
Indicates the name of the failover peer relationship, as described in
the server's \fBdhcpd.conf\fR file.
.RE
.PP
.B partner-address \fIdata\fR examine
.RS 0.5i
Indicates the failover partner's IP address.
.RE
.PP
.B local-address \fIdata\fR examine
.RS 0.5i
Indicates the IP address that is being used by the DHCP server for
this failover pair.
.RE
.PP
.B partner-port \fIdata\fR examine
.RS 0.5i
Indicates the TCP port on which the failover partner is listening for
failover protocol connections.
.RE
.PP
.B local-port \fIdata\fR examine
.RS 0.5i
Indicates the TCP port on which the DHCP server is listening for
failover protocol connections for this failover pair.
.RE
.PP
.B max-outstanding-updates \fIinteger\fR examine
.RS 0.5i
Indicates the number of updates that can be outstanding and
unacknowledged at any given time, in this failover relationship.
.RE
.PP
.B mclt \fIinteger\fR examine
.RS 0.5i
Indicates the maximum client lead time in this failover relationship.
.RE
.PP
.B load-balance-max-secs \fIinteger\fR examine
.RS 0.5i
Indicates the maximum value for the secs field in a client request
before load balancing is bypassed.
.RE
.PP
.B load-balance-hba \fIdata\fR examine
.RS 0.5i
Indicates the load balancing hash bucket array for this failover
relationship.
.RE
.PP
.B local-state \fIinteger\fR examine, modify
.RS 0.5i
Indicates the present state of the DHCP server in this failover
relationship.   Possible values for state are:
.RE
.RS 1i
.PP
.nf
1  - partner down
2  - normal
3  - communications interrupted
4  - resolution interrupted
5  - potential conflict
6  - recover
7  - recover done
8  - shutdown
9  - paused
10 - startup
11 - recover wait
.fi
.RE
.PP
.RS 0.5i
In general it is not a good idea to make changes to this state.
However, in the case that the failover partner is known to be down, it
can be useful to set the DHCP server's failover state to partner
down.   At this point the DHCP server will take over service of the
failover partner's leases as soon as possible, and will give out
normal leases, not leases that are restricted by MCLT.   If you do put
the DHCP server into the partner-down when the other DHCP server is
not in the partner-down state, but is not reachable, IP address
assignment conflicts are possible, even likely.   Once a server has
been put into partner-down mode, its failover partner must not be
brought back online until communication is possible between the two
servers.
.RE
.PP
.B partner-state \fIinteger\fR examine
.RS 0.5i
Indicates the present state of the failover partner.
.RE
.PP
.B local-stos \fIinteger\fR examine
.RS 0.5i
Indicates the time at which the DHCP server entered its present state
in this failover relationship.
.RE
.PP
.B partner-stos \fIinteger\fR examine
.RS 0.5i
Indicates the time at which the failover partner entered its present state.
.RE
.PP
.B hierarchy \fIinteger\fR examine
.RS 0.5i
Indicates whether the DHCP server is primary (0) or secondary (1) in
this failover relationship.
.RE
.PP
.B last-packet-sent \fIinteger\fR examine
.RS 0.5i
Indicates the time at which the most recent failover packet was sent
by this DHCP server to its failover partner.
.RE
.PP
.B last-timestamp-received \fIinteger\fR examine
.RS 0.5i
Indicates the timestamp that was on the failover message most recently
received from the failover partner.
.RE
.PP
.B skew \fIinteger\fR examine
.RS 0.5i
Indicates the skew between the failover partner's clock and this DHCP
server's clock
.RE
.PP
.B max-response-delay \fIinteger\fR examine
.RS 0.5i
Indicates the time in seconds after which, if no message is received
from the failover partner, the partner is assumed to be out of
communication.
.RE
.PP
.B cur-unacked-updates \fIinteger\fR examine
.RS 0.5i
Indicates the number of update messages that have been received from
the failover partner but not yet processed.
.RE
.SH FILES
.B ETCDIR/dhcpd.conf, DBDIR/dhcpd.leases, RUNDIR/dhcpd.pid,
.B DBDIR/dhcpd.leases~.
.SH SEE ALSO
dhclient(8), dhcrelay(8), dhcpd.conf(5), dhcpd.leases(5)
.SH AUTHOR
.B dhcpd(8)
was originally written by Ted Lemon under a contract with Vixie Labs.
Funding for this project was provided by Internet Systems
Consortium.   Version 3 of the DHCP server was funded by Nominum, Inc.
Information about Internet Systems Consortium is available at
.B http://www.isc.org/\fR.
Information about Nominum can be found at \fBhttp://www.nominum.com/\fR.