resolved: when a server response with REFUSED, try a different one

[thirdparty/systemd.git] / src / resolve / resolved-dns-transaction.c

/***
  This file is part of systemd.

  Copyright 2014 Lennart Poettering

  systemd is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it
  under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
  the Free Software Foundation; either version 2.1 of the License, or
  (at your option) any later version.

  systemd is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but
  WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
  MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU
  Lesser General Public License for more details.

  You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
  along with systemd; If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
***/

#include <sd-messages.h>

#include "af-list.h"
#include "alloc-util.h"
#include "dns-domain.h"
#include "errno-list.h"
#include "fd-util.h"
#include "random-util.h"
#include "resolved-dns-cache.h"
#include "resolved-dns-transaction.h"
#include "resolved-llmnr.h"
#include "string-table.h"

#define TRANSACTIONS_MAX 4096

static void dns_transaction_reset_answer(DnsTransaction *t) {
        assert(t);

        t->received = dns_packet_unref(t->received);
        t->answer = dns_answer_unref(t->answer);
        t->answer_rcode = 0;
        t->answer_dnssec_result = _DNSSEC_RESULT_INVALID;
        t->answer_source = _DNS_TRANSACTION_SOURCE_INVALID;
        t->answer_authenticated = false;
        t->answer_nsec_ttl = (uint32_t) -1;
        t->answer_errno = 0;
}

static void dns_transaction_flush_dnssec_transactions(DnsTransaction *t) {
        DnsTransaction *z;

        assert(t);

        while ((z = set_steal_first(t->dnssec_transactions))) {
                set_remove(z->notify_transactions, t);
                set_remove(z->notify_transactions_done, t);
                dns_transaction_gc(z);
        }
}

static void dns_transaction_close_connection(DnsTransaction *t) {
        assert(t);

        if (t->stream) {
                /* Let's detach the stream from our transaction, in case something else keeps a reference to it. */
                t->stream->complete = NULL;
                t->stream->on_packet = NULL;
                t->stream->transaction = NULL;
                t->stream = dns_stream_unref(t->stream);
        }

        t->dns_udp_event_source = sd_event_source_unref(t->dns_udp_event_source);
        t->dns_udp_fd = safe_close(t->dns_udp_fd);
}

static void dns_transaction_stop_timeout(DnsTransaction *t) {
        assert(t);

        t->timeout_event_source = sd_event_source_unref(t->timeout_event_source);
}

DnsTransaction* dns_transaction_free(DnsTransaction *t) {
        DnsQueryCandidate *c;
        DnsZoneItem *i;
        DnsTransaction *z;

        if (!t)
                return NULL;

        log_debug("Freeing transaction %" PRIu16 ".", t->id);

        dns_transaction_close_connection(t);
        dns_transaction_stop_timeout(t);

        dns_packet_unref(t->sent);
        dns_transaction_reset_answer(t);

        dns_server_unref(t->server);

        if (t->scope) {
                hashmap_remove_value(t->scope->transactions_by_key, t->key, t);
                LIST_REMOVE(transactions_by_scope, t->scope->transactions, t);

                if (t->id != 0)
                        hashmap_remove(t->scope->manager->dns_transactions, UINT_TO_PTR(t->id));
        }

        while ((c = set_steal_first(t->notify_query_candidates)))
                set_remove(c->transactions, t);
        set_free(t->notify_query_candidates);

        while ((c = set_steal_first(t->notify_query_candidates_done)))
                set_remove(c->transactions, t);
        set_free(t->notify_query_candidates_done);

        while ((i = set_steal_first(t->notify_zone_items)))
                i->probe_transaction = NULL;
        set_free(t->notify_zone_items);

        while ((i = set_steal_first(t->notify_zone_items_done)))
                i->probe_transaction = NULL;
        set_free(t->notify_zone_items_done);

        while ((z = set_steal_first(t->notify_transactions)))
                set_remove(z->dnssec_transactions, t);
        set_free(t->notify_transactions);

        while ((z = set_steal_first(t->notify_transactions_done)))
                set_remove(z->dnssec_transactions, t);
        set_free(t->notify_transactions_done);

        dns_transaction_flush_dnssec_transactions(t);
        set_free(t->dnssec_transactions);

        dns_answer_unref(t->validated_keys);
        dns_resource_key_unref(t->key);

        return mfree(t);
}

DEFINE_TRIVIAL_CLEANUP_FUNC(DnsTransaction*, dns_transaction_free);

bool dns_transaction_gc(DnsTransaction *t) {
        assert(t);

        if (t->block_gc > 0)
                return true;

        if (set_isempty(t->notify_query_candidates) &&
            set_isempty(t->notify_query_candidates_done) &&
            set_isempty(t->notify_zone_items) &&
            set_isempty(t->notify_zone_items_done) &&
            set_isempty(t->notify_transactions) &&
            set_isempty(t->notify_transactions_done)) {
                dns_transaction_free(t);
                return false;
        }

        return true;
}

static uint16_t pick_new_id(Manager *m) {
        uint16_t new_id;

        /* Find a fresh, unused transaction id. Note that this loop is bounded because there's a limit on the number of
         * transactions, and it's much lower than the space of IDs. */

        assert_cc(TRANSACTIONS_MAX < 0xFFFF);

        do
                random_bytes(&new_id, sizeof(new_id));
        while (new_id == 0 ||
               hashmap_get(m->dns_transactions, UINT_TO_PTR(new_id)));

        return new_id;
}

int dns_transaction_new(DnsTransaction **ret, DnsScope *s, DnsResourceKey *key) {
        _cleanup_(dns_transaction_freep) DnsTransaction *t = NULL;
        int r;

        assert(ret);
        assert(s);
        assert(key);

        /* Don't allow looking up invalid or pseudo RRs */
        if (!dns_type_is_valid_query(key->type))
                return -EINVAL;
        if (dns_type_is_obsolete(key->type))
                return -EOPNOTSUPP;

        /* We only support the IN class */
        if (key->class != DNS_CLASS_IN && key->class != DNS_CLASS_ANY)
                return -EOPNOTSUPP;

        if (hashmap_size(s->manager->dns_transactions) >= TRANSACTIONS_MAX)
                return -EBUSY;

        r = hashmap_ensure_allocated(&s->manager->dns_transactions, NULL);
        if (r < 0)
                return r;

        r = hashmap_ensure_allocated(&s->transactions_by_key, &dns_resource_key_hash_ops);
        if (r < 0)
                return r;

        t = new0(DnsTransaction, 1);
        if (!t)
                return -ENOMEM;

        t->dns_udp_fd = -1;
        t->answer_source = _DNS_TRANSACTION_SOURCE_INVALID;
        t->answer_dnssec_result = _DNSSEC_RESULT_INVALID;
        t->answer_nsec_ttl = (uint32_t) -1;
        t->key = dns_resource_key_ref(key);
        t->current_feature_level = _DNS_SERVER_FEATURE_LEVEL_INVALID;
        t->clamp_feature_level = _DNS_SERVER_FEATURE_LEVEL_INVALID;

        t->id = pick_new_id(s->manager);

        r = hashmap_put(s->manager->dns_transactions, UINT_TO_PTR(t->id), t);
        if (r < 0) {
                t->id = 0;
                return r;
        }

        r = hashmap_replace(s->transactions_by_key, t->key, t);
        if (r < 0) {
                hashmap_remove(s->manager->dns_transactions, UINT_TO_PTR(t->id));
                return r;
        }

        LIST_PREPEND(transactions_by_scope, s->transactions, t);
        t->scope = s;

        s->manager->n_transactions_total++;

        if (ret)
                *ret = t;

        t = NULL;

        return 0;
}

static void dns_transaction_shuffle_id(DnsTransaction *t) {
        uint16_t new_id;
        assert(t);

        /* Pick a new ID for this transaction. */

        new_id = pick_new_id(t->scope->manager);
        assert_se(hashmap_remove_and_put(t->scope->manager->dns_transactions, UINT_TO_PTR(t->id), UINT_TO_PTR(new_id), t) >= 0);

        log_debug("Transaction %" PRIu16 " is now %" PRIu16 ".", t->id, new_id);
        t->id = new_id;

        /* Make sure we generate a new packet with the new ID */
        t->sent = dns_packet_unref(t->sent);
}

static void dns_transaction_tentative(DnsTransaction *t, DnsPacket *p) {
        _cleanup_free_ char *pretty = NULL;
        char key_str[DNS_RESOURCE_KEY_STRING_MAX];
        DnsZoneItem *z;

        assert(t);
        assert(p);

        if (manager_our_packet(t->scope->manager, p) != 0)
                return;

        (void) in_addr_to_string(p->family, &p->sender, &pretty);

        log_debug("Transaction %" PRIu16 " for <%s> on scope %s on %s/%s got tentative packet from %s.",
                  t->id,
                  dns_resource_key_to_string(t->key, key_str, sizeof key_str),
                  dns_protocol_to_string(t->scope->protocol),
                  t->scope->link ? t->scope->link->name : "*",
                  af_to_name_short(t->scope->family),
                  strnull(pretty));

        /* RFC 4795, Section 4.1 says that the peer with the
         * lexicographically smaller IP address loses */
        if (memcmp(&p->sender, &p->destination, FAMILY_ADDRESS_SIZE(p->family)) >= 0) {
                log_debug("Peer has lexicographically larger IP address and thus lost in the conflict.");
                return;
        }

        log_debug("We have the lexicographically larger IP address and thus lost in the conflict.");

        t->block_gc++;

        while ((z = set_first(t->notify_zone_items))) {
                /* First, make sure the zone item drops the reference
                 * to us */
                dns_zone_item_probe_stop(z);

                /* Secondly, report this as conflict, so that we might
                 * look for a different hostname */
                dns_zone_item_conflict(z);
        }
        t->block_gc--;

        dns_transaction_gc(t);
}

void dns_transaction_complete(DnsTransaction *t, DnsTransactionState state) {
        DnsQueryCandidate *c;
        DnsZoneItem *z;
        DnsTransaction *d;
        const char *st;
        char key_str[DNS_RESOURCE_KEY_STRING_MAX];

        assert(t);
        assert(!DNS_TRANSACTION_IS_LIVE(state));

        if (state == DNS_TRANSACTION_DNSSEC_FAILED) {
                dns_resource_key_to_string(t->key, key_str, sizeof key_str);

                log_struct(LOG_NOTICE,
                           LOG_MESSAGE_ID(SD_MESSAGE_DNSSEC_FAILURE),
                           LOG_MESSAGE("DNSSEC validation failed for question %s: %s", key_str, dnssec_result_to_string(t->answer_dnssec_result)),
                           "DNS_TRANSACTION=%" PRIu16, t->id,
                           "DNS_QUESTION=%s", key_str,
                           "DNSSEC_RESULT=%s", dnssec_result_to_string(t->answer_dnssec_result),
                           "DNS_SERVER=%s", dns_server_string(t->server),
                           "DNS_SERVER_FEATURE_LEVEL=%s", dns_server_feature_level_to_string(t->server->possible_feature_level),
                           NULL);
        }

        /* Note that this call might invalidate the query. Callers
         * should hence not attempt to access the query or transaction
         * after calling this function. */

        if (state == DNS_TRANSACTION_ERRNO)
                st = errno_to_name(t->answer_errno);
        else
                st = dns_transaction_state_to_string(state);

        log_debug("Transaction %" PRIu16 " for <%s> on scope %s on %s/%s now complete with <%s> from %s (%s).",
                  t->id,
                  dns_resource_key_to_string(t->key, key_str, sizeof key_str),
                  dns_protocol_to_string(t->scope->protocol),
                  t->scope->link ? t->scope->link->name : "*",
                  af_to_name_short(t->scope->family),
                  st,
                  t->answer_source < 0 ? "none" : dns_transaction_source_to_string(t->answer_source),
                  t->answer_authenticated ? "authenticated" : "unsigned");

        t->state = state;

        dns_transaction_close_connection(t);
        dns_transaction_stop_timeout(t);

        /* Notify all queries that are interested, but make sure the
         * transaction isn't freed while we are still looking at it */
        t->block_gc++;

        SET_FOREACH_MOVE(c, t->notify_query_candidates_done, t->notify_query_candidates)
                dns_query_candidate_notify(c);
        SWAP_TWO(t->notify_query_candidates, t->notify_query_candidates_done);

        SET_FOREACH_MOVE(z, t->notify_zone_items_done, t->notify_zone_items)
                dns_zone_item_notify(z);
        SWAP_TWO(t->notify_zone_items, t->notify_zone_items_done);

        SET_FOREACH_MOVE(d, t->notify_transactions_done, t->notify_transactions)
                dns_transaction_notify(d, t);
        SWAP_TWO(t->notify_transactions, t->notify_transactions_done);

        t->block_gc--;
        dns_transaction_gc(t);
}

static int dns_transaction_pick_server(DnsTransaction *t) {
        DnsServer *server;

        assert(t);
        assert(t->scope->protocol == DNS_PROTOCOL_DNS);

        /* Pick a DNS server and a feature level for it. */

        server = dns_scope_get_dns_server(t->scope);
        if (!server)
                return -ESRCH;

        /* If we changed the server invalidate the feature level clamping, as the new server might have completely
         * different properties. */
        if (server != t->server)
                t->clamp_feature_level = _DNS_SERVER_FEATURE_LEVEL_INVALID;

        t->current_feature_level = dns_server_possible_feature_level(server);

        /* Clamp the feature level if that is requested. */
        if (t->clamp_feature_level != _DNS_SERVER_FEATURE_LEVEL_INVALID &&
            t->current_feature_level > t->clamp_feature_level)
                t->current_feature_level = t->clamp_feature_level;

        log_debug("Using feature level %s for transaction %u.", dns_server_feature_level_to_string(t->current_feature_level), t->id);

        if (server == t->server)
                return 0;

        dns_server_unref(t->server);
        t->server = dns_server_ref(server);

        log_debug("Using DNS server %s for transaction %u.", dns_server_string(t->server), t->id);

        return 1;
}

static void dns_transaction_retry(DnsTransaction *t, bool next_server) {
        int r;

        assert(t);

        log_debug("Retrying transaction %" PRIu16 ".", t->id);

        /* Before we try again, switch to a new server. */
        if (next_server)
                dns_scope_next_dns_server(t->scope);

        r = dns_transaction_go(t);
        if (r < 0) {
                t->answer_errno = -r;
                dns_transaction_complete(t, DNS_TRANSACTION_ERRNO);
        }
}

static int dns_transaction_maybe_restart(DnsTransaction *t) {
        int r;

        assert(t);

        /* Returns > 0 if the transaction was restarted, 0 if not */

        if (!t->server)
                return 0;

        if (t->current_feature_level <= dns_server_possible_feature_level(t->server))
                return 0;

        /* The server's current feature level is lower than when we sent the original query. We learnt something from
           the response or possibly an auxiliary DNSSEC response that we didn't know before.  We take that as reason to
           restart the whole transaction. This is a good idea to deal with servers that respond rubbish if we include
           OPT RR or DO bit. One of these cases is documented here, for example:
           https://open.nlnetlabs.nl/pipermail/dnssec-trigger/2014-November/000376.html */

        log_debug("Server feature level is now lower than when we began our transaction. Restarting with new ID.");
        dns_transaction_shuffle_id(t);

        r = dns_transaction_go(t);
        if (r < 0)
                return r;

        return 1;
}

static int on_stream_complete(DnsStream *s, int error) {
        _cleanup_(dns_packet_unrefp) DnsPacket *p = NULL;
        DnsTransaction *t;

        assert(s);
        assert(s->transaction);

        /* Copy the data we care about out of the stream before we
         * destroy it. */
        t = s->transaction;
        p = dns_packet_ref(s->read_packet);

        dns_transaction_close_connection(t);

        if (ERRNO_IS_DISCONNECT(error)) {
                usec_t usec;

                if (t->scope->protocol == DNS_PROTOCOL_LLMNR) {
                        /* If the LLMNR/TCP connection failed, the host doesn't support LLMNR, and we cannot answer the
                         * question on this scope. */
                        dns_transaction_complete(t, DNS_TRANSACTION_NOT_FOUND);
                        return 0;
                }

                log_debug_errno(error, "Connection failure for DNS TCP stream: %m");
                assert_se(sd_event_now(t->scope->manager->event, clock_boottime_or_monotonic(), &usec) >= 0);
                dns_server_packet_lost(t->server, IPPROTO_TCP, t->current_feature_level, usec - t->start_usec);

                dns_transaction_retry(t, true);
                return 0;
        }
        if (error != 0) {
                t->answer_errno = error;
                dns_transaction_complete(t, DNS_TRANSACTION_ERRNO);
                return 0;
        }

        if (dns_packet_validate_reply(p) <= 0) {
                log_debug("Invalid TCP reply packet.");
                dns_transaction_complete(t, DNS_TRANSACTION_INVALID_REPLY);
                return 0;
        }

        dns_scope_check_conflicts(t->scope, p);

        t->block_gc++;
        dns_transaction_process_reply(t, p);
        t->block_gc--;

        /* If the response wasn't useful, then complete the transition
         * now. After all, we are the worst feature set now with TCP
         * sockets, and there's really no point in retrying. */
        if (t->state == DNS_TRANSACTION_PENDING)
                dns_transaction_complete(t, DNS_TRANSACTION_INVALID_REPLY);
        else
                dns_transaction_gc(t);

        return 0;
}

static int dns_transaction_open_tcp(DnsTransaction *t) {
        _cleanup_close_ int fd = -1;
        int r;

        assert(t);

        dns_transaction_close_connection(t);

        switch (t->scope->protocol) {

        case DNS_PROTOCOL_DNS:
                r = dns_transaction_pick_server(t);
                if (r < 0)
                        return r;

                if (!dns_server_dnssec_supported(t->server) && dns_type_is_dnssec(t->key->type))
                        return -EOPNOTSUPP;

                r = dns_server_adjust_opt(t->server, t->sent, t->current_feature_level);
                if (r < 0)
                        return r;

                fd = dns_scope_socket_tcp(t->scope, AF_UNSPEC, NULL, t->server, 53);
                break;

        case DNS_PROTOCOL_LLMNR:
                /* When we already received a reply to this (but it was truncated), send to its sender address */
                if (t->received)
                        fd = dns_scope_socket_tcp(t->scope, t->received->family, &t->received->sender, NULL, t->received->sender_port);
                else {
                        union in_addr_union address;
                        int family = AF_UNSPEC;

                        /* Otherwise, try to talk to the owner of a
                         * the IP address, in case this is a reverse
                         * PTR lookup */

                        r = dns_name_address(dns_resource_key_name(t->key), &family, &address);
                        if (r < 0)
                                return r;
                        if (r == 0)
                                return -EINVAL;
                        if (family != t->scope->family)
                                return -ESRCH;

                        fd = dns_scope_socket_tcp(t->scope, family, &address, NULL, LLMNR_PORT);
                }

                break;

        default:
                return -EAFNOSUPPORT;
        }

        if (fd < 0)
                return fd;

        r = dns_stream_new(t->scope->manager, &t->stream, t->scope->protocol, fd);
        if (r < 0)
                return r;
        fd = -1;

        r = dns_stream_write_packet(t->stream, t->sent);
        if (r < 0) {
                t->stream = dns_stream_unref(t->stream);
                return r;
        }

        t->stream->complete = on_stream_complete;
        t->stream->transaction = t;

        /* The interface index is difficult to determine if we are
         * connecting to the local host, hence fill this in right away
         * instead of determining it from the socket */
        t->stream->ifindex = dns_scope_ifindex(t->scope);

        dns_transaction_reset_answer(t);

        t->tried_stream = true;

        return 0;
}

static void dns_transaction_cache_answer(DnsTransaction *t) {
        assert(t);

        /* For mDNS we cache whenever we get the packet, rather than
         * in each transaction. */
        if (!IN_SET(t->scope->protocol, DNS_PROTOCOL_DNS, DNS_PROTOCOL_LLMNR))
                return;

        /* Caching disabled? */
        if (!t->scope->manager->enable_cache)
                return;

        /* We never cache if this packet is from the local host, under
         * the assumption that a locally running DNS server would
         * cache this anyway, and probably knows better when to flush
         * the cache then we could. */
        if (!DNS_PACKET_SHALL_CACHE(t->received))
                return;

        dns_cache_put(&t->scope->cache,
                      t->key,
                      t->answer_rcode,
                      t->answer,
                      t->answer_authenticated,
                      t->answer_nsec_ttl,
                      0,
                      t->received->family,
                      &t->received->sender);
}

static bool dns_transaction_dnssec_is_live(DnsTransaction *t) {
        DnsTransaction *dt;
        Iterator i;

        assert(t);

        SET_FOREACH(dt, t->dnssec_transactions, i)
                if (DNS_TRANSACTION_IS_LIVE(dt->state))
                        return true;

        return false;
}

static int dns_transaction_dnssec_ready(DnsTransaction *t) {
        DnsTransaction *dt;
        Iterator i;

        assert(t);

        /* Checks whether the auxiliary DNSSEC transactions of our transaction have completed, or are still
         * ongoing. Returns 0, if we aren't ready for the DNSSEC validation, positive if we are. */

        SET_FOREACH(dt, t->dnssec_transactions, i) {

                switch (dt->state) {

                case DNS_TRANSACTION_NULL:
                case DNS_TRANSACTION_PENDING:
                case DNS_TRANSACTION_VALIDATING:
                        /* Still ongoing */
                        return 0;

                case DNS_TRANSACTION_RCODE_FAILURE:
                        if (!IN_SET(dt->answer_rcode, DNS_RCODE_NXDOMAIN, DNS_RCODE_SERVFAIL)) {
                                log_debug("Auxiliary DNSSEC RR query failed with rcode=%s.", dns_rcode_to_string(dt->answer_rcode));
                                goto fail;
                        }

                        /* Fall-through: NXDOMAIN/SERVFAIL is good enough for us. This is because some DNS servers
                         * erronously return NXDOMAIN/SERVFAIL for empty non-terminals (Akamai...) or missing DS
                         * records (Facebook), and we need to handle that nicely, when asking for parent SOA or similar
                         * RRs to make unsigned proofs. */

                case DNS_TRANSACTION_SUCCESS:
                        /* All good. */
                        break;

                case DNS_TRANSACTION_DNSSEC_FAILED:
                        /* We handle DNSSEC failures different from other errors, as we care about the DNSSEC
                         * validationr result */

                        log_debug("Auxiliary DNSSEC RR query failed validation: %s", dnssec_result_to_string(dt->answer_dnssec_result));
                        t->answer_dnssec_result = dt->answer_dnssec_result; /* Copy error code over */
                        dns_transaction_complete(t, DNS_TRANSACTION_DNSSEC_FAILED);
                        return 0;


                default:
                        log_debug("Auxiliary DNSSEC RR query failed with %s", dns_transaction_state_to_string(dt->state));
                        goto fail;
                }
        }

        /* All is ready, we can go and validate */
        return 1;

fail:
        t->answer_dnssec_result = DNSSEC_FAILED_AUXILIARY;
        dns_transaction_complete(t, DNS_TRANSACTION_DNSSEC_FAILED);
        return 0;
}

static void dns_transaction_process_dnssec(DnsTransaction *t) {
        int r;

        assert(t);

        /* Are there ongoing DNSSEC transactions? If so, let's wait for them. */
        r = dns_transaction_dnssec_ready(t);
        if (r < 0)
                goto fail;
        if (r == 0) /* We aren't ready yet (or one of our auxiliary transactions failed, and we shouldn't validate now */
                return;

        /* See if we learnt things from the additional DNSSEC transactions, that we didn't know before, and better
         * restart the lookup immediately. */
        r = dns_transaction_maybe_restart(t);
        if (r < 0)
                goto fail;
        if (r > 0) /* Transaction got restarted... */
                return;

        /* All our auxiliary DNSSEC transactions are complete now. Try
         * to validate our RRset now. */
        r = dns_transaction_validate_dnssec(t);
        if (r == -EBADMSG) {
                dns_transaction_complete(t, DNS_TRANSACTION_INVALID_REPLY);
                return;
        }
        if (r < 0)
                goto fail;

        if (t->answer_dnssec_result == DNSSEC_INCOMPATIBLE_SERVER &&
            t->scope->dnssec_mode == DNSSEC_YES) {
                /*  We are not in automatic downgrade mode, and the
                 *  server is bad, refuse operation. */
                dns_transaction_complete(t, DNS_TRANSACTION_DNSSEC_FAILED);
                return;
        }

        if (!IN_SET(t->answer_dnssec_result,
                    _DNSSEC_RESULT_INVALID,        /* No DNSSEC validation enabled */
                    DNSSEC_VALIDATED,              /* Answer is signed and validated successfully */
                    DNSSEC_UNSIGNED,               /* Answer is right-fully unsigned */
                    DNSSEC_INCOMPATIBLE_SERVER)) { /* Server does not do DNSSEC (Yay, we are downgrade attack vulnerable!) */
                dns_transaction_complete(t, DNS_TRANSACTION_DNSSEC_FAILED);
                return;
        }

        if (t->answer_dnssec_result == DNSSEC_INCOMPATIBLE_SERVER)
                dns_server_warn_downgrade(t->server);

        dns_transaction_cache_answer(t);

        if (t->answer_rcode == DNS_RCODE_SUCCESS)
                dns_transaction_complete(t, DNS_TRANSACTION_SUCCESS);
        else
                dns_transaction_complete(t, DNS_TRANSACTION_RCODE_FAILURE);

        return;

fail:
        t->answer_errno = -r;
        dns_transaction_complete(t, DNS_TRANSACTION_ERRNO);
}

static int dns_transaction_has_positive_answer(DnsTransaction *t, DnsAnswerFlags *flags) {
        int r;

        assert(t);

        /* Checks whether the answer is positive, i.e. either a direct
         * answer to the question, or a CNAME/DNAME for it */

        r = dns_answer_match_key(t->answer, t->key, flags);
        if (r != 0)
                return r;

        r = dns_answer_find_cname_or_dname(t->answer, t->key, NULL, flags);
        if (r != 0)
                return r;

        return false;
}

static int dns_transaction_fix_rcode(DnsTransaction *t) {
        int r;

        assert(t);

        /* Fix up the RCODE to SUCCESS if we get at least one matching RR in a response. Note that this contradicts the
         * DNS RFCs a bit. Specifically, RFC 6604 Section 3 clarifies that the RCODE shall say something about a
         * CNAME/DNAME chain element coming after the last chain element contained in the message, and not the first
         * one included. However, it also indicates that not all DNS servers implement this correctly. Moreover, when
         * using DNSSEC we usually only can prove the first element of a CNAME/DNAME chain anyway, hence let's settle
         * on always processing the RCODE as referring to the immediate look-up we do, i.e. the first element of a
         * CNAME/DNAME chain. This way, we uniformly handle CNAME/DNAME chains, regardless if the DNS server
         * incorrectly implements RCODE, whether DNSSEC is in use, or whether the DNS server only supplied us with an
         * incomplete CNAME/DNAME chain.
         *
         * Or in other words: if we get at least one positive reply in a message we patch NXDOMAIN to become SUCCESS,
         * and then rely on the CNAME chasing logic to figure out that there's actually a CNAME error with a new
         * lookup. */

        if (t->answer_rcode != DNS_RCODE_NXDOMAIN)
                return 0;

        r = dns_transaction_has_positive_answer(t, NULL);
        if (r <= 0)
                return r;

        t->answer_rcode = DNS_RCODE_SUCCESS;
        return 0;
}

void dns_transaction_process_reply(DnsTransaction *t, DnsPacket *p) {
        usec_t ts;
        int r;

        assert(t);
        assert(p);
        assert(t->scope);
        assert(t->scope->manager);

        if (t->state != DNS_TRANSACTION_PENDING)
                return;

        /* Note that this call might invalidate the query. Callers
         * should hence not attempt to access the query or transaction
         * after calling this function. */

        log_debug("Processing incoming packet on transaction %" PRIu16".", t->id);

        switch (t->scope->protocol) {

        case DNS_PROTOCOL_LLMNR:
                /* For LLMNR we will not accept any packets from other interfaces */

                if (p->ifindex != dns_scope_ifindex(t->scope))
                        return;

                if (p->family != t->scope->family)
                        return;

                /* Tentative packets are not full responses but still
                 * useful for identifying uniqueness conflicts during
                 * probing. */
                if (DNS_PACKET_LLMNR_T(p)) {
                        dns_transaction_tentative(t, p);
                        return;
                }

                break;

        case DNS_PROTOCOL_MDNS:
                /* For mDNS we will not accept any packets from other interfaces */

                if (p->ifindex != dns_scope_ifindex(t->scope))
                        return;

                if (p->family != t->scope->family)
                        return;

                break;

        case DNS_PROTOCOL_DNS:
                /* Note that we do not need to verify the
                 * addresses/port numbers of incoming traffic, as we
                 * invoked connect() on our UDP socket in which case
                 * the kernel already does the needed verification for
                 * us. */
                break;

        default:
                assert_not_reached("Invalid DNS protocol.");
        }

        if (t->received != p) {
                dns_packet_unref(t->received);
                t->received = dns_packet_ref(p);
        }

        t->answer_source = DNS_TRANSACTION_NETWORK;

        if (p->ipproto == IPPROTO_TCP) {
                if (DNS_PACKET_TC(p)) {
                        /* Truncated via TCP? Somebody must be fucking with us */
                        dns_transaction_complete(t, DNS_TRANSACTION_INVALID_REPLY);
                        return;
                }

                if (DNS_PACKET_ID(p) != t->id) {
                        /* Not the reply to our query? Somebody must be fucking with us */
                        dns_transaction_complete(t, DNS_TRANSACTION_INVALID_REPLY);
                        return;
                }
        }

        assert_se(sd_event_now(t->scope->manager->event, clock_boottime_or_monotonic(), &ts) >= 0);

        switch (t->scope->protocol) {

        case DNS_PROTOCOL_DNS:
                assert(t->server);

                if (IN_SET(DNS_PACKET_RCODE(p), DNS_RCODE_FORMERR, DNS_RCODE_SERVFAIL, DNS_RCODE_NOTIMP)) {

                        /* Request failed, immediately try again with reduced features */

                        if (t->current_feature_level <= DNS_SERVER_FEATURE_LEVEL_WORST) {
                                /* This was already at the lowest possible feature level? If so, we can't downgrade
                                 * this transaction anymore, hence let's process the response, and accept the rcode. */
                                log_debug("Server returned error: %s", dns_rcode_to_string(DNS_PACKET_RCODE(p)));
                                break;
                        }

                        /* Reduce this feature level by one and try again. */
                        t->clamp_feature_level = t->current_feature_level - 1;

                        log_debug("Server returned error %s, retrying transaction with reduced feature level %s.",
                                  dns_rcode_to_string(DNS_PACKET_RCODE(p)),
                                  dns_server_feature_level_to_string(t->clamp_feature_level));

                        dns_transaction_retry(t, false /* use the same server */);
                        return;
                }

                if (DNS_PACKET_RCODE(p) == DNS_RCODE_REFUSED) {
                        /* This server refused our request? If so, try again, use a different server */
                        log_debug("Server returned REFUSED, switching servers, and retrying.");
                        dns_transaction_retry(t, true /* pick a new server */);
                        return;
                }

                if (DNS_PACKET_TC(p))
                        dns_server_packet_truncated(t->server, t->current_feature_level);

                break;

        case DNS_PROTOCOL_LLMNR:
        case DNS_PROTOCOL_MDNS:
                dns_scope_packet_received(t->scope, ts - t->start_usec);
                break;

        default:
                assert_not_reached("Invalid DNS protocol.");
        }

        if (DNS_PACKET_TC(p)) {

                /* Truncated packets for mDNS are not allowed. Give up immediately. */
                if (t->scope->protocol == DNS_PROTOCOL_MDNS) {
                        dns_transaction_complete(t, DNS_TRANSACTION_INVALID_REPLY);
                        return;
                }

                log_debug("Reply truncated, retrying via TCP.");

                /* Response was truncated, let's try again with good old TCP */
                r = dns_transaction_open_tcp(t);
                if (r == -ESRCH) {
                        /* No servers found? Damn! */
                        dns_transaction_complete(t, DNS_TRANSACTION_NO_SERVERS);
                        return;
                }
                if (r == -EOPNOTSUPP) {
                        /* Tried to ask for DNSSEC RRs, on a server that doesn't do DNSSEC  */
                        dns_transaction_complete(t, DNS_TRANSACTION_RR_TYPE_UNSUPPORTED);
                        return;
                }
                if (r < 0) {
                        /* On LLMNR, if we cannot connect to the host,
                         * we immediately give up */
                        if (t->scope->protocol != DNS_PROTOCOL_DNS)
                                goto fail;

                        /* On DNS, couldn't send? Try immediately again, with a new server */
                        dns_transaction_retry(t, true);
                }

                return;
        }

        /* After the superficial checks, actually parse the message. */
        r = dns_packet_extract(p);
        if (r < 0) {
                dns_transaction_complete(t, DNS_TRANSACTION_INVALID_REPLY);
                return;
        }

        if (t->server) {
                /* Report that we successfully received a valid packet with a good rcode after we initially got a bad
                 * rcode and subsequently downgraded the protocol */

                if (IN_SET(DNS_PACKET_RCODE(p), DNS_RCODE_SUCCESS, DNS_RCODE_NXDOMAIN) &&
                    t->clamp_feature_level != _DNS_SERVER_FEATURE_LEVEL_INVALID)
                        dns_server_packet_rcode_downgrade(t->server, t->clamp_feature_level);

                /* Report that the OPT RR was missing */
                if (!p->opt)
                        dns_server_packet_bad_opt(t->server, t->current_feature_level);

                /* Report that we successfully received a packet */
                dns_server_packet_received(t->server, p->ipproto, t->current_feature_level, ts - t->start_usec, p->size);
        }

        /* See if we know things we didn't know before that indicate we better restart the lookup immediately. */
        r = dns_transaction_maybe_restart(t);
        if (r < 0)
                goto fail;
        if (r > 0) /* Transaction got restarted... */
                return;

        if (IN_SET(t->scope->protocol, DNS_PROTOCOL_DNS, DNS_PROTOCOL_LLMNR)) {

                /* Only consider responses with equivalent query section to the request */
                r = dns_packet_is_reply_for(p, t->key);
                if (r < 0)
                        goto fail;
                if (r == 0) {
                        dns_transaction_complete(t, DNS_TRANSACTION_INVALID_REPLY);
                        return;
                }

                /* Install the answer as answer to the transaction */
                dns_answer_unref(t->answer);
                t->answer = dns_answer_ref(p->answer);
                t->answer_rcode = DNS_PACKET_RCODE(p);
                t->answer_dnssec_result = _DNSSEC_RESULT_INVALID;
                t->answer_authenticated = false;

                r = dns_transaction_fix_rcode(t);
                if (r < 0)
                        goto fail;

                /* Block GC while starting requests for additional DNSSEC RRs */
                t->block_gc++;
                r = dns_transaction_request_dnssec_keys(t);
                t->block_gc--;

                /* Maybe the transaction is ready for GC'ing now? If so, free it and return. */
                if (!dns_transaction_gc(t))
                        return;

                /* Requesting additional keys might have resulted in
                 * this transaction to fail, since the auxiliary
                 * request failed for some reason. If so, we are not
                 * in pending state anymore, and we should exit
                 * quickly. */
                if (t->state != DNS_TRANSACTION_PENDING)
                        return;
                if (r < 0)
                        goto fail;
                if (r > 0) {
                        /* There are DNSSEC transactions pending now. Update the state accordingly. */
                        t->state = DNS_TRANSACTION_VALIDATING;
                        dns_transaction_close_connection(t);
                        dns_transaction_stop_timeout(t);
                        return;
                }
        }

        dns_transaction_process_dnssec(t);
        return;

fail:
        t->answer_errno = -r;
        dns_transaction_complete(t, DNS_TRANSACTION_ERRNO);
}

static int on_dns_packet(sd_event_source *s, int fd, uint32_t revents, void *userdata) {
        _cleanup_(dns_packet_unrefp) DnsPacket *p = NULL;
        DnsTransaction *t = userdata;
        int r;

        assert(t);
        assert(t->scope);

        r = manager_recv(t->scope->manager, fd, DNS_PROTOCOL_DNS, &p);
        if (ERRNO_IS_DISCONNECT(-r)) {
                usec_t usec;

                /* UDP connection failure get reported via ICMP and then are possible delivered to us on the next
                 * recvmsg(). Treat this like a lost packet. */

                log_debug_errno(r, "Connection failure for DNS UDP packet: %m");
                assert_se(sd_event_now(t->scope->manager->event, clock_boottime_or_monotonic(), &usec) >= 0);
                dns_server_packet_lost(t->server, IPPROTO_UDP, t->current_feature_level, usec - t->start_usec);

                dns_transaction_retry(t, true);
                return 0;
        }
        if (r < 0) {
                dns_transaction_complete(t, DNS_TRANSACTION_ERRNO);
                t->answer_errno = -r;
                return 0;
        }

        r = dns_packet_validate_reply(p);
        if (r < 0) {
                log_debug_errno(r, "Received invalid DNS packet as response, ignoring: %m");
                return 0;
        }
        if (r == 0) {
                log_debug("Received inappropriate DNS packet as response, ignoring.");
                return 0;
        }

        if (DNS_PACKET_ID(p) != t->id) {
                log_debug("Received packet with incorrect transaction ID, ignoring.");
                return 0;
        }

        dns_transaction_process_reply(t, p);
        return 0;
}

static int dns_transaction_emit_udp(DnsTransaction *t) {
        int r;

        assert(t);

        if (t->scope->protocol == DNS_PROTOCOL_DNS) {

                r = dns_transaction_pick_server(t);
                if (r < 0)
                        return r;

                if (t->current_feature_level < DNS_SERVER_FEATURE_LEVEL_UDP)
                        return -EAGAIN;

                if (!dns_server_dnssec_supported(t->server) && dns_type_is_dnssec(t->key->type))
                        return -EOPNOTSUPP;

                if (r > 0 || t->dns_udp_fd < 0) { /* Server changed, or no connection yet. */
                        int fd;

                        dns_transaction_close_connection(t);

                        fd = dns_scope_socket_udp(t->scope, t->server, 53);
                        if (fd < 0)
                                return fd;

                        r = sd_event_add_io(t->scope->manager->event, &t->dns_udp_event_source, fd, EPOLLIN, on_dns_packet, t);
                        if (r < 0) {
                                safe_close(fd);
                                return r;
                        }

                        (void) sd_event_source_set_description(t->dns_udp_event_source, "dns-transaction-udp");
                        t->dns_udp_fd = fd;
                }

                r = dns_server_adjust_opt(t->server, t->sent, t->current_feature_level);
                if (r < 0)
                        return r;
        } else
                dns_transaction_close_connection(t);

        r = dns_scope_emit_udp(t->scope, t->dns_udp_fd, t->sent);
        if (r < 0)
                return r;

        dns_transaction_reset_answer(t);

        return 0;
}

static int on_transaction_timeout(sd_event_source *s, usec_t usec, void *userdata) {
        DnsTransaction *t = userdata;

        assert(s);
        assert(t);

        if (!t->initial_jitter_scheduled || t->initial_jitter_elapsed) {
                /* Timeout reached? Increase the timeout for the server used */
                switch (t->scope->protocol) {

                case DNS_PROTOCOL_DNS:
                        assert(t->server);
                        dns_server_packet_lost(t->server, t->stream ? IPPROTO_TCP : IPPROTO_UDP, t->current_feature_level, usec - t->start_usec);
                        break;

                case DNS_PROTOCOL_LLMNR:
                case DNS_PROTOCOL_MDNS:
                        dns_scope_packet_lost(t->scope, usec - t->start_usec);
                        break;

                default:
                        assert_not_reached("Invalid DNS protocol.");
                }

                if (t->initial_jitter_scheduled)
                        t->initial_jitter_elapsed = true;
        }

        log_debug("Timeout reached on transaction %" PRIu16 ".", t->id);

        dns_transaction_retry(t, true);
        return 0;
}

static usec_t transaction_get_resend_timeout(DnsTransaction *t) {
        assert(t);
        assert(t->scope);

        switch (t->scope->protocol) {

        case DNS_PROTOCOL_DNS:
                assert(t->server);
                return t->server->resend_timeout;

        case DNS_PROTOCOL_MDNS:
                assert(t->n_attempts > 0);
                return (1 << (t->n_attempts - 1)) * USEC_PER_SEC;

        case DNS_PROTOCOL_LLMNR:
                return t->scope->resend_timeout;

        default:
                assert_not_reached("Invalid DNS protocol.");
        }
}

static int dns_transaction_prepare(DnsTransaction *t, usec_t ts) {
        int r;

        assert(t);

        dns_transaction_stop_timeout(t);

        r = dns_scope_network_good(t->scope);
        if (r < 0)
                return r;
        if (r == 0) {
                dns_transaction_complete(t, DNS_TRANSACTION_NETWORK_DOWN);
                return 0;
        }

        if (t->n_attempts >= TRANSACTION_ATTEMPTS_MAX(t->scope->protocol)) {
                dns_transaction_complete(t, DNS_TRANSACTION_ATTEMPTS_MAX_REACHED);
                return 0;
        }

        if (t->scope->protocol == DNS_PROTOCOL_LLMNR && t->tried_stream) {
                /* If we already tried via a stream, then we don't
                 * retry on LLMNR. See RFC 4795, Section 2.7. */
                dns_transaction_complete(t, DNS_TRANSACTION_ATTEMPTS_MAX_REACHED);
                return 0;
        }

        t->n_attempts++;
        t->start_usec = ts;

        dns_transaction_reset_answer(t);
        dns_transaction_flush_dnssec_transactions(t);

        /* Check the trust anchor. Do so only on classic DNS, since DNSSEC does not apply otherwise. */
        if (t->scope->protocol == DNS_PROTOCOL_DNS) {
                r = dns_trust_anchor_lookup_positive(&t->scope->manager->trust_anchor, t->key, &t->answer);
                if (r < 0)
                        return r;
                if (r > 0) {
                        t->answer_rcode = DNS_RCODE_SUCCESS;
                        t->answer_source = DNS_TRANSACTION_TRUST_ANCHOR;
                        t->answer_authenticated = true;
                        dns_transaction_complete(t, DNS_TRANSACTION_SUCCESS);
                        return 0;
                }

                if (dns_name_is_root(dns_resource_key_name(t->key)) &&
                    t->key->type == DNS_TYPE_DS) {

                        /* Hmm, this is a request for the root DS? A
                         * DS RR doesn't exist in the root zone, and
                         * if our trust anchor didn't know it either,
                         * this means we cannot do any DNSSEC logic
                         * anymore. */

                        if (t->scope->dnssec_mode == DNSSEC_ALLOW_DOWNGRADE) {
                                /* We are in downgrade mode. In this
                                 * case, synthesize an unsigned empty
                                 * response, so that the any lookup
                                 * depending on this one can continue
                                 * assuming there was no DS, and hence
                                 * the root zone was unsigned. */

                                t->answer_rcode = DNS_RCODE_SUCCESS;
                                t->answer_source = DNS_TRANSACTION_TRUST_ANCHOR;
                                t->answer_authenticated = false;
                                dns_transaction_complete(t, DNS_TRANSACTION_SUCCESS);
                        } else
                                /* If we are not in downgrade mode,
                                 * then fail the lookup, because we
                                 * cannot reasonably answer it. There
                                 * might be DS RRs, but we don't know
                                 * them, and the DNS server won't tell
                                 * them to us (and even if it would,
                                 * we couldn't validate and trust them. */
                                dns_transaction_complete(t, DNS_TRANSACTION_NO_TRUST_ANCHOR);

                        return 0;
                }
        }

        /* Check the zone, but only if this transaction is not used
         * for probing or verifying a zone item. */
        if (set_isempty(t->notify_zone_items)) {

                r = dns_zone_lookup(&t->scope->zone, t->key, dns_scope_ifindex(t->scope), &t->answer, NULL, NULL);
                if (r < 0)
                        return r;
                if (r > 0) {
                        t->answer_rcode = DNS_RCODE_SUCCESS;
                        t->answer_source = DNS_TRANSACTION_ZONE;
                        t->answer_authenticated = true;
                        dns_transaction_complete(t, DNS_TRANSACTION_SUCCESS);
                        return 0;
                }
        }

        /* Check the cache, but only if this transaction is not used
         * for probing or verifying a zone item. */
        if (set_isempty(t->notify_zone_items)) {

                /* Before trying the cache, let's make sure we figured out a
                 * server to use. Should this cause a change of server this
                 * might flush the cache. */
                dns_scope_get_dns_server(t->scope);

                /* Let's then prune all outdated entries */
                dns_cache_prune(&t->scope->cache);

                r = dns_cache_lookup(&t->scope->cache, t->key, t->clamp_ttl, &t->answer_rcode, &t->answer, &t->answer_authenticated);
                if (r < 0)
                        return r;
                if (r > 0) {
                        t->answer_source = DNS_TRANSACTION_CACHE;
                        if (t->answer_rcode == DNS_RCODE_SUCCESS)
                                dns_transaction_complete(t, DNS_TRANSACTION_SUCCESS);
                        else
                                dns_transaction_complete(t, DNS_TRANSACTION_RCODE_FAILURE);
                        return 0;
                }
        }

        return 1;
}

static int dns_transaction_make_packet_mdns(DnsTransaction *t) {

        _cleanup_(dns_packet_unrefp) DnsPacket *p = NULL;
        bool add_known_answers = false;
        DnsTransaction *other;
        unsigned qdcount;
        usec_t ts;
        int r;

        assert(t);
        assert(t->scope->protocol == DNS_PROTOCOL_MDNS);

        /* Discard any previously prepared packet, so we can start over and coalesce again */
        t->sent = dns_packet_unref(t->sent);

        r = dns_packet_new_query(&p, t->scope->protocol, 0, false);
        if (r < 0)
                return r;

        r = dns_packet_append_key(p, t->key, NULL);
        if (r < 0)
                return r;

        qdcount = 1;

        if (dns_key_is_shared(t->key))
                add_known_answers = true;

        /*
         * For mDNS, we want to coalesce as many open queries in pending transactions into one single
         * query packet on the wire as possible. To achieve that, we iterate through all pending transactions
         * in our current scope, and see whether their timing contraints allow them to be sent.
         */

        assert_se(sd_event_now(t->scope->manager->event, clock_boottime_or_monotonic(), &ts) >= 0);

        LIST_FOREACH(transactions_by_scope, other, t->scope->transactions) {

                /* Skip ourselves */
                if (other == t)
                        continue;

                if (other->state != DNS_TRANSACTION_PENDING)
                        continue;

                if (other->next_attempt_after > ts)
                        continue;

                if (qdcount >= UINT16_MAX)
                        break;

                r = dns_packet_append_key(p, other->key, NULL);

                /*
                 * If we can't stuff more questions into the packet, just give up.
                 * One of the 'other' transactions will fire later and take care of the rest.
                 */
                if (r == -EMSGSIZE)
                        break;

                if (r < 0)
                        return r;

                r = dns_transaction_prepare(other, ts);
                if (r <= 0)
                        continue;

                ts += transaction_get_resend_timeout(other);

                r = sd_event_add_time(
                                other->scope->manager->event,
                                &other->timeout_event_source,
                                clock_boottime_or_monotonic(),
                                ts, 0,
                                on_transaction_timeout, other);
                if (r < 0)
                        return r;

                (void) sd_event_source_set_description(t->timeout_event_source, "dns-transaction-timeout");

                other->state = DNS_TRANSACTION_PENDING;
                other->next_attempt_after = ts;

                qdcount++;

                if (dns_key_is_shared(other->key))
                        add_known_answers = true;
        }

        DNS_PACKET_HEADER(p)->qdcount = htobe16(qdcount);

        /* Append known answer section if we're asking for any shared record */
        if (add_known_answers) {
                r = dns_cache_export_shared_to_packet(&t->scope->cache, p);
                if (r < 0)
                        return r;
        }

        t->sent = p;
        p = NULL;

        return 0;
}

static int dns_transaction_make_packet(DnsTransaction *t) {
        _cleanup_(dns_packet_unrefp) DnsPacket *p = NULL;
        int r;

        assert(t);

        if (t->scope->protocol == DNS_PROTOCOL_MDNS)
                return dns_transaction_make_packet_mdns(t);

        if (t->sent)
                return 0;

        r = dns_packet_new_query(&p, t->scope->protocol, 0, t->scope->dnssec_mode != DNSSEC_NO);
        if (r < 0)
                return r;

        r = dns_packet_append_key(p, t->key, NULL);
        if (r < 0)
                return r;

        DNS_PACKET_HEADER(p)->qdcount = htobe16(1);
        DNS_PACKET_HEADER(p)->id = t->id;

        t->sent = p;
        p = NULL;

        return 0;
}

int dns_transaction_go(DnsTransaction *t) {
        usec_t ts;
        int r;
        char key_str[DNS_RESOURCE_KEY_STRING_MAX];

        assert(t);

        /* Returns > 0 if the transaction is now pending, returns 0 if could be processed immediately and has finished
         * now. */

        assert_se(sd_event_now(t->scope->manager->event, clock_boottime_or_monotonic(), &ts) >= 0);

        r = dns_transaction_prepare(t, ts);
        if (r <= 0)
                return r;

        log_debug("Transaction %" PRIu16 " for <%s> scope %s on %s/%s.",
                  t->id,
                  dns_resource_key_to_string(t->key, key_str, sizeof key_str),
                  dns_protocol_to_string(t->scope->protocol),
                  t->scope->link ? t->scope->link->name : "*",
                  af_to_name_short(t->scope->family));

        if (!t->initial_jitter_scheduled &&
            (t->scope->protocol == DNS_PROTOCOL_LLMNR ||
             t->scope->protocol == DNS_PROTOCOL_MDNS)) {
                usec_t jitter, accuracy;

                /* RFC 4795 Section 2.7 suggests all queries should be
                 * delayed by a random time from 0 to JITTER_INTERVAL. */

                t->initial_jitter_scheduled = true;

                random_bytes(&jitter, sizeof(jitter));

                switch (t->scope->protocol) {

                case DNS_PROTOCOL_LLMNR:
                        jitter %= LLMNR_JITTER_INTERVAL_USEC;
                        accuracy = LLMNR_JITTER_INTERVAL_USEC;
                        break;

                case DNS_PROTOCOL_MDNS:
                        jitter %= MDNS_JITTER_RANGE_USEC;
                        jitter += MDNS_JITTER_MIN_USEC;
                        accuracy = MDNS_JITTER_RANGE_USEC;
                        break;
                default:
                        assert_not_reached("bad protocol");
                }

                r = sd_event_add_time(
                                t->scope->manager->event,
                                &t->timeout_event_source,
                                clock_boottime_or_monotonic(),
                                ts + jitter, accuracy,
                                on_transaction_timeout, t);
                if (r < 0)
                        return r;

                (void) sd_event_source_set_description(t->timeout_event_source, "dns-transaction-timeout");

                t->n_attempts = 0;
                t->next_attempt_after = ts;
                t->state = DNS_TRANSACTION_PENDING;

                log_debug("Delaying %s transaction for " USEC_FMT "us.", dns_protocol_to_string(t->scope->protocol), jitter);
                return 0;
        }

        /* Otherwise, we need to ask the network */
        r = dns_transaction_make_packet(t);
        if (r < 0)
                return r;

        if (t->scope->protocol == DNS_PROTOCOL_LLMNR &&
            (dns_name_endswith(dns_resource_key_name(t->key), "in-addr.arpa") > 0 ||
             dns_name_endswith(dns_resource_key_name(t->key), "ip6.arpa") > 0)) {

                /* RFC 4795, Section 2.4. says reverse lookups shall
                 * always be made via TCP on LLMNR */
                r = dns_transaction_open_tcp(t);
        } else {
                /* Try via UDP, and if that fails due to large size or lack of
                 * support try via TCP */
                r = dns_transaction_emit_udp(t);
                if (r == -EMSGSIZE)
                        log_debug("Sending query via TCP since it is too large.");
                if (r == -EAGAIN)
                        log_debug("Sending query via TCP since server doesn't support UDP.");
                if (r == -EMSGSIZE || r == -EAGAIN)
                        r = dns_transaction_open_tcp(t);
        }

        if (r == -ESRCH) {
                /* No servers to send this to? */
                dns_transaction_complete(t, DNS_TRANSACTION_NO_SERVERS);
                return 0;
        }
        if (r == -EOPNOTSUPP) {
                /* Tried to ask for DNSSEC RRs, on a server that doesn't do DNSSEC  */
                dns_transaction_complete(t, DNS_TRANSACTION_RR_TYPE_UNSUPPORTED);
                return 0;
        }
        if (t->scope->protocol == DNS_PROTOCOL_LLMNR && ERRNO_IS_DISCONNECT(-r)) {
                /* On LLMNR, if we cannot connect to a host via TCP when doing reverse lookups. This means we cannot
                 * answer this request with this protocol. */
                dns_transaction_complete(t, DNS_TRANSACTION_NOT_FOUND);
                return 0;
        }
        if (r < 0) {
                if (t->scope->protocol != DNS_PROTOCOL_DNS)
                        return r;

                /* Couldn't send? Try immediately again, with a new server */
                dns_scope_next_dns_server(t->scope);

                return dns_transaction_go(t);
        }

        ts += transaction_get_resend_timeout(t);

        r = sd_event_add_time(
                        t->scope->manager->event,
                        &t->timeout_event_source,
                        clock_boottime_or_monotonic(),
                        ts, 0,
                        on_transaction_timeout, t);
        if (r < 0)
                return r;

        (void) sd_event_source_set_description(t->timeout_event_source, "dns-transaction-timeout");

        t->state = DNS_TRANSACTION_PENDING;
        t->next_attempt_after = ts;

        return 1;
}

static int dns_transaction_find_cyclic(DnsTransaction *t, DnsTransaction *aux) {
        DnsTransaction *n;
        Iterator i;
        int r;

        assert(t);
        assert(aux);

        /* Try to find cyclic dependencies between transaction objects */

        if (t == aux)
                return 1;

        SET_FOREACH(n, aux->dnssec_transactions, i) {
                r = dns_transaction_find_cyclic(t, n);
                if (r != 0)
                        return r;
        }

        return 0;
}

static int dns_transaction_add_dnssec_transaction(DnsTransaction *t, DnsResourceKey *key, DnsTransaction **ret) {
        DnsTransaction *aux;
        int r;

        assert(t);
        assert(ret);
        assert(key);

        aux = dns_scope_find_transaction(t->scope, key, true);
        if (!aux) {
                r = dns_transaction_new(&aux, t->scope, key);
                if (r < 0)
                        return r;
        } else {
                if (set_contains(t->dnssec_transactions, aux)) {
                        *ret = aux;
                        return 0;
                }

                r = dns_transaction_find_cyclic(t, aux);
                if (r < 0)
                        return r;
                if (r > 0) {
                        char s[DNS_RESOURCE_KEY_STRING_MAX], saux[DNS_RESOURCE_KEY_STRING_MAX];

                        log_debug("Potential cyclic dependency, refusing to add transaction %" PRIu16 " (%s) as dependency for %" PRIu16 " (%s).",
                                  aux->id,
                                  dns_resource_key_to_string(t->key, s, sizeof s),
                                  t->id,
                                  dns_resource_key_to_string(aux->key, saux, sizeof saux));

                        return -ELOOP;
                }
        }

        r = set_ensure_allocated(&t->dnssec_transactions, NULL);
        if (r < 0)
                goto gc;

        r = set_ensure_allocated(&aux->notify_transactions, NULL);
        if (r < 0)
                goto gc;

        r = set_ensure_allocated(&aux->notify_transactions_done, NULL);
        if (r < 0)
                goto gc;

        r = set_put(t->dnssec_transactions, aux);
        if (r < 0)
                goto gc;

        r = set_put(aux->notify_transactions, t);
        if (r < 0) {
                (void) set_remove(t->dnssec_transactions, aux);
                goto gc;
        }

        *ret = aux;
        return 1;

gc:
        dns_transaction_gc(aux);
        return r;
}

static int dns_transaction_request_dnssec_rr(DnsTransaction *t, DnsResourceKey *key) {
        _cleanup_(dns_answer_unrefp) DnsAnswer *a = NULL;
        DnsTransaction *aux;
        int r;

        assert(t);
        assert(key);

        /* Try to get the data from the trust anchor */
        r = dns_trust_anchor_lookup_positive(&t->scope->manager->trust_anchor, key, &a);
        if (r < 0)
                return r;
        if (r > 0) {
                r = dns_answer_extend(&t->validated_keys, a);
                if (r < 0)
                        return r;

                return 0;
        }

        /* This didn't work, ask for it via the network/cache then. */
        r = dns_transaction_add_dnssec_transaction(t, key, &aux);
        if (r == -ELOOP) /* This would result in a cyclic dependency */
                return 0;
        if (r < 0)
                return r;

        if (aux->state == DNS_TRANSACTION_NULL) {
                r = dns_transaction_go(aux);
                if (r < 0)
                        return r;
        }

        return 1;
}

static int dns_transaction_negative_trust_anchor_lookup(DnsTransaction *t, const char *name) {
        int r;

        assert(t);

        /* Check whether the specified name is in the NTA
         * database, either in the global one, or the link-local
         * one. */

        r = dns_trust_anchor_lookup_negative(&t->scope->manager->trust_anchor, name);
        if (r != 0)
                return r;

        if (!t->scope->link)
                return 0;

        return set_contains(t->scope->link->dnssec_negative_trust_anchors, name);
}

static int dns_transaction_has_unsigned_negative_answer(DnsTransaction *t) {
        int r;

        assert(t);

        /* Checks whether the answer is negative, and lacks NSEC/NSEC3
         * RRs to prove it */

        r = dns_transaction_has_positive_answer(t, NULL);
        if (r < 0)
                return r;
        if (r > 0)
                return false;

        /* Is this key explicitly listed as a negative trust anchor?
         * If so, it's nothing we need to care about */
        r = dns_transaction_negative_trust_anchor_lookup(t, dns_resource_key_name(t->key));
        if (r < 0)
                return r;
        if (r > 0)
                return false;

        /* The answer does not contain any RRs that match to the
         * question. If so, let's see if there are any NSEC/NSEC3 RRs
         * included. If not, the answer is unsigned. */

        r = dns_answer_contains_nsec_or_nsec3(t->answer);
        if (r < 0)
                return r;
        if (r > 0)
                return false;

        return true;
}

static int dns_transaction_is_primary_response(DnsTransaction *t, DnsResourceRecord *rr) {
        int r;

        assert(t);
        assert(rr);

        /* Check if the specified RR is the "primary" response,
         * i.e. either matches the question precisely or is a
         * CNAME/DNAME for it. */

        r = dns_resource_key_match_rr(t->key, rr, NULL);
        if (r != 0)
                return r;

        return dns_resource_key_match_cname_or_dname(t->key, rr->key, NULL);
}

static bool dns_transaction_dnssec_supported(DnsTransaction *t) {
        assert(t);

        /* Checks whether our transaction's DNS server is assumed to be compatible with DNSSEC. Returns false as soon
         * as we changed our mind about a server, and now believe it is incompatible with DNSSEC. */

        if (t->scope->protocol != DNS_PROTOCOL_DNS)
                return false;

        /* If we have picked no server, then we are working from the cache or some other source, and DNSSEC might well
         * be supported, hence return true. */
        if (!t->server)
                return true;

        /* Note that we do not check the feature level actually used for the transaction but instead the feature level
         * the server is known to support currently, as the transaction feature level might be lower than what the
         * server actually supports, since we might have downgraded this transaction's feature level because we got a
         * SERVFAIL earlier and wanted to check whether downgrading fixes it. */

        return dns_server_dnssec_supported(t->server);
}

static bool dns_transaction_dnssec_supported_full(DnsTransaction *t) {
        DnsTransaction *dt;
        Iterator i;

        assert(t);

        /* Checks whether our transaction our any of the auxiliary transactions couldn't do DNSSEC. */

        if (!dns_transaction_dnssec_supported(t))
                return false;

        SET_FOREACH(dt, t->dnssec_transactions, i)
                if (!dns_transaction_dnssec_supported(dt))
                        return false;

        return true;
}

int dns_transaction_request_dnssec_keys(DnsTransaction *t) {
        DnsResourceRecord *rr;

        int r;

        assert(t);

        /*
         * Retrieve all auxiliary RRs for the answer we got, so that
         * we can verify signatures or prove that RRs are rightfully
         * unsigned. Specifically:
         *
         * - For RRSIG we get the matching DNSKEY
         * - For DNSKEY we get the matching DS
         * - For unsigned SOA/NS we get the matching DS
         * - For unsigned CNAME/DNAME/DS we get the parent SOA RR
         * - For other unsigned RRs we get the matching SOA RR
         * - For SOA/NS queries with no matching response RR, and no NSEC/NSEC3, the DS RR
         * - For DS queries with no matching response RRs, and no NSEC/NSEC3, the parent's SOA RR
         * - For other queries with no matching response RRs, and no NSEC/NSEC3, the SOA RR
         */

        if (t->scope->dnssec_mode == DNSSEC_NO)
                return 0;
        if (t->answer_source != DNS_TRANSACTION_NETWORK)
                return 0; /* We only need to validate stuff from the network */
        if (!dns_transaction_dnssec_supported(t))
                return 0; /* If we can't do DNSSEC anyway there's no point in geting the auxiliary RRs */

        DNS_ANSWER_FOREACH(rr, t->answer) {

                if (dns_type_is_pseudo(rr->key->type))
                        continue;

                /* If this RR is in the negative trust anchor, we don't need to validate it. */
                r = dns_transaction_negative_trust_anchor_lookup(t, dns_resource_key_name(rr->key));
                if (r < 0)
                        return r;
                if (r > 0)
                        continue;

                switch (rr->key->type) {

                case DNS_TYPE_RRSIG: {
                        /* For each RRSIG we request the matching DNSKEY */
                        _cleanup_(dns_resource_key_unrefp) DnsResourceKey *dnskey = NULL;

                        /* If this RRSIG is about a DNSKEY RR and the
                         * signer is the same as the owner, then we
                         * already have the DNSKEY, and we don't have
                         * to look for more. */
                        if (rr->rrsig.type_covered == DNS_TYPE_DNSKEY) {
                                r = dns_name_equal(rr->rrsig.signer, dns_resource_key_name(rr->key));
                                if (r < 0)
                                        return r;
                                if (r > 0)
                                        continue;
                        }

                        /* If the signer is not a parent of our
                         * original query, then this is about an
                         * auxiliary RRset, but not anything we asked
                         * for. In this case we aren't interested,
                         * because we don't want to request additional
                         * RRs for stuff we didn't really ask for, and
                         * also to avoid request loops, where
                         * additional RRs from one transaction result
                         * in another transaction whose additonal RRs
                         * point back to the original transaction, and
                         * we deadlock. */
                        r = dns_name_endswith(dns_resource_key_name(t->key), rr->rrsig.signer);
                        if (r < 0)
                                return r;
                        if (r == 0)
                                continue;

                        dnskey = dns_resource_key_new(rr->key->class, DNS_TYPE_DNSKEY, rr->rrsig.signer);
                        if (!dnskey)
                                return -ENOMEM;

                        log_debug("Requesting DNSKEY to validate transaction %" PRIu16" (%s, RRSIG with key tag: %" PRIu16 ").",
                                  t->id, dns_resource_key_name(rr->key), rr->rrsig.key_tag);
                        r = dns_transaction_request_dnssec_rr(t, dnskey);
                        if (r < 0)
                                return r;
                        break;
                }

                case DNS_TYPE_DNSKEY: {
                        /* For each DNSKEY we request the matching DS */
                        _cleanup_(dns_resource_key_unrefp) DnsResourceKey *ds = NULL;

                        /* If the DNSKEY we are looking at is not for
                         * zone we are interested in, nor any of its
                         * parents, we aren't interested, and don't
                         * request it. After all, we don't want to end
                         * up in request loops, and want to keep
                         * additional traffic down. */

                        r = dns_name_endswith(dns_resource_key_name(t->key), dns_resource_key_name(rr->key));
                        if (r < 0)
                                return r;
                        if (r == 0)
                                continue;

                        ds = dns_resource_key_new(rr->key->class, DNS_TYPE_DS, dns_resource_key_name(rr->key));
                        if (!ds)
                                return -ENOMEM;

                        log_debug("Requesting DS to validate transaction %" PRIu16" (%s, DNSKEY with key tag: %" PRIu16 ").",
                                  t->id, dns_resource_key_name(rr->key), dnssec_keytag(rr, false));
                        r = dns_transaction_request_dnssec_rr(t, ds);
                        if (r < 0)
                                return r;

                        break;
                }

                case DNS_TYPE_SOA:
                case DNS_TYPE_NS: {
                        _cleanup_(dns_resource_key_unrefp) DnsResourceKey *ds = NULL;

                        /* For an unsigned SOA or NS, try to acquire
                         * the matching DS RR, as we are at a zone cut
                         * then, and whether a DS exists tells us
                         * whether the zone is signed. Do so only if
                         * this RR matches our original question,
                         * however. */

                        r = dns_resource_key_match_rr(t->key, rr, NULL);
                        if (r < 0)
                                return r;
                        if (r == 0)
                                continue;

                        r = dnssec_has_rrsig(t->answer, rr->key);
                        if (r < 0)
                                return r;
                        if (r > 0)
                                continue;

                        ds = dns_resource_key_new(rr->key->class, DNS_TYPE_DS, dns_resource_key_name(rr->key));
                        if (!ds)
                                return -ENOMEM;

                        log_debug("Requesting DS to validate transaction %" PRIu16 " (%s, unsigned SOA/NS RRset).",
                                  t->id, dns_resource_key_name(rr->key));
                        r = dns_transaction_request_dnssec_rr(t, ds);
                        if (r < 0)
                                return r;

                        break;
                }

                case DNS_TYPE_DS:
                case DNS_TYPE_CNAME:
                case DNS_TYPE_DNAME: {
                        _cleanup_(dns_resource_key_unrefp) DnsResourceKey *soa = NULL;
                        const char *name;

                        /* CNAMEs and DNAMEs cannot be located at a
                         * zone apex, hence ask for the parent SOA for
                         * unsigned CNAME/DNAME RRs, maybe that's the
                         * apex. But do all that only if this is
                         * actually a response to our original
                         * question.
                         *
                         * Similar for DS RRs, which are signed when
                         * the parent SOA is signed. */

                        r = dns_transaction_is_primary_response(t, rr);
                        if (r < 0)
                                return r;
                        if (r == 0)
                                continue;

                        r = dnssec_has_rrsig(t->answer, rr->key);
                        if (r < 0)
                                return r;
                        if (r > 0)
                                continue;

                        r = dns_answer_has_dname_for_cname(t->answer, rr);
                        if (r < 0)
                                return r;
                        if (r > 0)
                                continue;

                        name = dns_resource_key_name(rr->key);
                        r = dns_name_parent(&name);
                        if (r < 0)
                                return r;
                        if (r == 0)
                                continue;

                        soa = dns_resource_key_new(rr->key->class, DNS_TYPE_SOA, name);
                        if (!soa)
                                return -ENOMEM;

                        log_debug("Requesting parent SOA to validate transaction %" PRIu16 " (%s, unsigned CNAME/DNAME/DS RRset).",
                                  t->id, dns_resource_key_name(rr->key));
                        r = dns_transaction_request_dnssec_rr(t, soa);
                        if (r < 0)
                                return r;

                        break;
                }

                default: {
                        _cleanup_(dns_resource_key_unrefp) DnsResourceKey *soa = NULL;

                        /* For other unsigned RRsets (including
                         * NSEC/NSEC3!), look for proof the zone is
                         * unsigned, by requesting the SOA RR of the
                         * zone. However, do so only if they are
                         * directly relevant to our original
                         * question. */

                        r = dns_transaction_is_primary_response(t, rr);
                        if (r < 0)
                                return r;
                        if (r == 0)
                                continue;

                        r = dnssec_has_rrsig(t->answer, rr->key);
                        if (r < 0)
                                return r;
                        if (r > 0)
                                continue;

                        soa = dns_resource_key_new(rr->key->class, DNS_TYPE_SOA, dns_resource_key_name(rr->key));
                        if (!soa)
                                return -ENOMEM;

                        log_debug("Requesting SOA to validate transaction %" PRIu16 " (%s, unsigned non-SOA/NS RRset <%s>).",
                                  t->id, dns_resource_key_name(rr->key), dns_resource_record_to_string(rr));
                        r = dns_transaction_request_dnssec_rr(t, soa);
                        if (r < 0)
                                return r;
                        break;
                }}
        }

        /* Above, we requested everything necessary to validate what
         * we got. Now, let's request what we need to validate what we
         * didn't get... */

        r = dns_transaction_has_unsigned_negative_answer(t);
        if (r < 0)
                return r;
        if (r > 0) {
                const char *name;
                uint16_t type = 0;

                name = dns_resource_key_name(t->key);

                /* If this was a SOA or NS request, then check if there's a DS RR for the same domain. Note that this
                 * could also be used as indication that we are not at a zone apex, but in real world setups there are
                 * too many broken DNS servers (Hello, incapdns.net!) where non-terminal zones return NXDOMAIN even
                 * though they have further children. If this was a DS request, then it's signed when the parent zone
                 * is signed, hence ask the parent SOA in that case. If this was any other RR then ask for the SOA RR,
                 * to see if that is signed. */

                if (t->key->type == DNS_TYPE_DS) {
                        r = dns_name_parent(&name);
                        if (r > 0) {
                                type = DNS_TYPE_SOA;
                                log_debug("Requesting parent SOA to validate transaction %" PRIu16 " (%s, unsigned empty DS response).",
                                          t->id, dns_resource_key_name(t->key));
                        } else
                                name = NULL;

                } else if (IN_SET(t->key->type, DNS_TYPE_SOA, DNS_TYPE_NS)) {

                        type = DNS_TYPE_DS;
                        log_debug("Requesting DS to validate transaction %" PRIu16 " (%s, unsigned empty SOA/NS response).",
                                  t->id, dns_resource_key_name(t->key));

                } else {
                        type = DNS_TYPE_SOA;
                        log_debug("Requesting SOA to validate transaction %" PRIu16 " (%s, unsigned empty non-SOA/NS/DS response).",
                                  t->id, dns_resource_key_name(t->key));
                }

                if (name) {
                        _cleanup_(dns_resource_key_unrefp) DnsResourceKey *soa = NULL;

                        soa = dns_resource_key_new(t->key->class, type, name);
                        if (!soa)
                                return -ENOMEM;

                        r = dns_transaction_request_dnssec_rr(t, soa);
                        if (r < 0)
                                return r;
                }
        }

        return dns_transaction_dnssec_is_live(t);
}

void dns_transaction_notify(DnsTransaction *t, DnsTransaction *source) {
        assert(t);
        assert(source);

        /* Invoked whenever any of our auxiliary DNSSEC transactions completed its work. If the state is still PENDING,
           we are still in the loop that adds further DNSSEC transactions, hence don't check if we are ready yet. If
           the state is VALIDATING however, we should check if we are complete now. */

        if (t->state == DNS_TRANSACTION_VALIDATING)
                dns_transaction_process_dnssec(t);
}

static int dns_transaction_validate_dnskey_by_ds(DnsTransaction *t) {
        DnsResourceRecord *rr;
        int ifindex, r;

        assert(t);

        /* Add all DNSKEY RRs from the answer that are validated by DS
         * RRs from the list of validated keys to the list of
         * validated keys. */

        DNS_ANSWER_FOREACH_IFINDEX(rr, ifindex, t->answer) {

                r = dnssec_verify_dnskey_by_ds_search(rr, t->validated_keys);
                if (r < 0)
                        return r;
                if (r == 0)
                        continue;

                /* If so, the DNSKEY is validated too. */
                r = dns_answer_add_extend(&t->validated_keys, rr, ifindex, DNS_ANSWER_AUTHENTICATED);
                if (r < 0)
                        return r;
        }

        return 0;
}

static int dns_transaction_requires_rrsig(DnsTransaction *t, DnsResourceRecord *rr) {
        int r;

        assert(t);
        assert(rr);

        /* Checks if the RR we are looking for must be signed with an
         * RRSIG. This is used for positive responses. */

        if (t->scope->dnssec_mode == DNSSEC_NO)
                return false;

        if (dns_type_is_pseudo(rr->key->type))
                return -EINVAL;

        r = dns_transaction_negative_trust_anchor_lookup(t, dns_resource_key_name(rr->key));
        if (r < 0)
                return r;
        if (r > 0)
                return false;

        switch (rr->key->type) {

        case DNS_TYPE_RRSIG:
                /* RRSIGs are the signatures themselves, they need no signing. */
                return false;

        case DNS_TYPE_SOA:
        case DNS_TYPE_NS: {
                DnsTransaction *dt;
                Iterator i;

                /* For SOA or NS RRs we look for a matching DS transaction */

                SET_FOREACH(dt, t->dnssec_transactions, i) {

                        if (dt->key->class != rr->key->class)
                                continue;
                        if (dt->key->type != DNS_TYPE_DS)
                                continue;

                        r = dns_name_equal(dns_resource_key_name(dt->key), dns_resource_key_name(rr->key));
                        if (r < 0)
                                return r;
                        if (r == 0)
                                continue;

                        /* We found a DS transactions for the SOA/NS
                         * RRs we are looking at. If it discovered signed DS
                         * RRs, then we need to be signed, too. */

                        if (!dt->answer_authenticated)
                                return false;

                        return dns_answer_match_key(dt->answer, dt->key, NULL);
                }

                /* We found nothing that proves this is safe to leave
                 * this unauthenticated, hence ask inist on
                 * authentication. */
                return true;
        }

        case DNS_TYPE_DS:
        case DNS_TYPE_CNAME:
        case DNS_TYPE_DNAME: {
                const char *parent = NULL;
                DnsTransaction *dt;
                Iterator i;

                /*
                 * CNAME/DNAME RRs cannot be located at a zone apex, hence look directly for the parent SOA.
                 *
                 * DS RRs are signed if the parent is signed, hence also look at the parent SOA
                 */

                SET_FOREACH(dt, t->dnssec_transactions, i) {

                        if (dt->key->class != rr->key->class)
                                continue;
                        if (dt->key->type != DNS_TYPE_SOA)
                                continue;

                        if (!parent) {
                                parent = dns_resource_key_name(rr->key);
                                r = dns_name_parent(&parent);
                                if (r < 0)
                                        return r;
                                if (r == 0) {
                                        if (rr->key->type == DNS_TYPE_DS)
                                                return true;

                                        /* A CNAME/DNAME without a parent? That's sooo weird. */
                                        log_debug("Transaction %" PRIu16 " claims CNAME/DNAME at root. Refusing.", t->id);
                                        return -EBADMSG;
                                }
                        }

                        r = dns_name_equal(dns_resource_key_name(dt->key), parent);
                        if (r < 0)
                                return r;
                        if (r == 0)
                                continue;

                        return t->answer_authenticated;
                }

                return true;
        }

        default: {
                DnsTransaction *dt;
                Iterator i;

                /* Any other kind of RR (including DNSKEY/NSEC/NSEC3). Let's see if our SOA lookup was authenticated */

                SET_FOREACH(dt, t->dnssec_transactions, i) {

                        if (dt->key->class != rr->key->class)
                                continue;
                        if (dt->key->type != DNS_TYPE_SOA)
                                continue;

                        r = dns_name_equal(dns_resource_key_name(dt->key), dns_resource_key_name(rr->key));
                        if (r < 0)
                                return r;
                        if (r == 0)
                                continue;

                        /* We found the transaction that was supposed to find
                         * the SOA RR for us. It was successful, but found no
                         * RR for us. This means we are not at a zone cut. In
                         * this case, we require authentication if the SOA
                         * lookup was authenticated too. */
                        return t->answer_authenticated;
                }

                return true;
        }}
}

static int dns_transaction_in_private_tld(DnsTransaction *t, const DnsResourceKey *key) {
        DnsTransaction *dt;
        const char *tld;
        Iterator i;
        int r;

        /* If DNSSEC downgrade mode is on, checks whether the
         * specified RR is one level below a TLD we have proven not to
         * exist. In such a case we assume that this is a private
         * domain, and permit it.
         *
         * This detects cases like the Fritz!Box router networks. Each
         * Fritz!Box router serves a private "fritz.box" zone, in the
         * non-existing TLD "box". Requests for the "fritz.box" domain
         * are served by the router itself, while requests for the
         * "box" domain will result in NXDOMAIN.
         *
         * Note that this logic is unable to detect cases where a
         * router serves a private DNS zone directly under
         * non-existing TLD. In such a case we cannot detect whether
         * the TLD is supposed to exist or not, as all requests we
         * make for it will be answered by the router's zone, and not
         * by the root zone. */

        assert(t);

        if (t->scope->dnssec_mode != DNSSEC_ALLOW_DOWNGRADE)
                return false; /* In strict DNSSEC mode what doesn't exist, doesn't exist */

        tld = dns_resource_key_name(key);
        r = dns_name_parent(&tld);
        if (r < 0)
                return r;
        if (r == 0)
                return false; /* Already the root domain */

        if (!dns_name_is_single_label(tld))
                return false;

        SET_FOREACH(dt, t->dnssec_transactions, i) {

                if (dt->key->class != key->class)
                        continue;

                r = dns_name_equal(dns_resource_key_name(dt->key), tld);
                if (r < 0)
                        return r;
                if (r == 0)
                        continue;

                /* We found an auxiliary lookup we did for the TLD. If
                 * that returned with NXDOMAIN, we know the TLD didn't
                 * exist, and hence this might be a private zone. */

                return dt->answer_rcode == DNS_RCODE_NXDOMAIN;
        }

        return false;
}

static int dns_transaction_requires_nsec(DnsTransaction *t) {
        char key_str[DNS_RESOURCE_KEY_STRING_MAX];
        DnsTransaction *dt;
        const char *name;
        uint16_t type = 0;
        Iterator i;
        int r;

        assert(t);

        /* Checks if we need to insist on NSEC/NSEC3 RRs for proving
         * this negative reply */

        if (t->scope->dnssec_mode == DNSSEC_NO)
                return false;

        if (dns_type_is_pseudo(t->key->type))
                return -EINVAL;

        r = dns_transaction_negative_trust_anchor_lookup(t, dns_resource_key_name(t->key));
        if (r < 0)
                return r;
        if (r > 0)
                return false;

        r = dns_transaction_in_private_tld(t, t->key);
        if (r < 0)
                return r;
        if (r > 0) {
                /* The lookup is from a TLD that is proven not to
                 * exist, and we are in downgrade mode, hence ignore
                 * that fact that we didn't get any NSEC RRs.*/

                log_info("Detected a negative query %s in a private DNS zone, permitting unsigned response.",
                         dns_resource_key_to_string(t->key, key_str, sizeof key_str));
                return false;
        }

        name = dns_resource_key_name(t->key);

        if (t->key->type == DNS_TYPE_DS) {

                /* We got a negative reply for this DS lookup? DS RRs are signed when their parent zone is signed,
                 * hence check the parent SOA in this case. */

                r = dns_name_parent(&name);
                if (r < 0)
                        return r;
                if (r == 0)
                        return true;

                type = DNS_TYPE_SOA;

        } else if (IN_SET(t->key->type, DNS_TYPE_SOA, DNS_TYPE_NS))
                /* We got a negative reply for this SOA/NS lookup? If so, check if there's a DS RR for this */
                type = DNS_TYPE_DS;
        else
                /* For all other negative replies, check for the SOA lookup */
                type = DNS_TYPE_SOA;

        /* For all other RRs we check the SOA on the same level to see
         * if it's signed. */

        SET_FOREACH(dt, t->dnssec_transactions, i) {

                if (dt->key->class != t->key->class)
                        continue;
                if (dt->key->type != type)
                        continue;

                r = dns_name_equal(dns_resource_key_name(dt->key), name);
                if (r < 0)
                        return r;
                if (r == 0)
                        continue;

                return dt->answer_authenticated;
        }

        /* If in doubt, require NSEC/NSEC3 */
        return true;
}

static int dns_transaction_dnskey_authenticated(DnsTransaction *t, DnsResourceRecord *rr) {
        DnsResourceRecord *rrsig;
        bool found = false;
        int r;

        /* Checks whether any of the DNSKEYs used for the RRSIGs for
         * the specified RRset is authenticated (i.e. has a matching
         * DS RR). */

        r = dns_transaction_negative_trust_anchor_lookup(t, dns_resource_key_name(rr->key));
        if (r < 0)
                return r;
        if (r > 0)
                return false;

        DNS_ANSWER_FOREACH(rrsig, t->answer) {
                DnsTransaction *dt;
                Iterator i;

                r = dnssec_key_match_rrsig(rr->key, rrsig);
                if (r < 0)
                        return r;
                if (r == 0)
                        continue;

                SET_FOREACH(dt, t->dnssec_transactions, i) {

                        if (dt->key->class != rr->key->class)
                                continue;

                        if (dt->key->type == DNS_TYPE_DNSKEY) {

                                r = dns_name_equal(dns_resource_key_name(dt->key), rrsig->rrsig.signer);
                                if (r < 0)
                                        return r;
                                if (r == 0)
                                        continue;

                                /* OK, we found an auxiliary DNSKEY
                                 * lookup. If that lookup is
                                 * authenticated, report this. */

                                if (dt->answer_authenticated)
                                        return true;

                                found = true;

                        } else if (dt->key->type == DNS_TYPE_DS) {

                                r = dns_name_equal(dns_resource_key_name(dt->key), rrsig->rrsig.signer);
                                if (r < 0)
                                        return r;
                                if (r == 0)
                                        continue;

                                /* OK, we found an auxiliary DS
                                 * lookup. If that lookup is
                                 * authenticated and non-zero, we
                                 * won! */

                                if (!dt->answer_authenticated)
                                        return false;

                                return dns_answer_match_key(dt->answer, dt->key, NULL);
                        }
                }
        }

        return found ? false : -ENXIO;
}

static int dns_transaction_known_signed(DnsTransaction *t, DnsResourceRecord *rr) {
        assert(t);
        assert(rr);

        /* We know that the root domain is signed, hence if it appears
         * not to be signed, there's a problem with the DNS server */

        return rr->key->class == DNS_CLASS_IN &&
                dns_name_is_root(dns_resource_key_name(rr->key));
}

static int dns_transaction_check_revoked_trust_anchors(DnsTransaction *t) {
        DnsResourceRecord *rr;
        int r;

        assert(t);

        /* Maybe warn the user that we encountered a revoked DNSKEY
         * for a key from our trust anchor. Note that we don't care
         * whether the DNSKEY can be authenticated or not. It's
         * sufficient if it is self-signed. */

        DNS_ANSWER_FOREACH(rr, t->answer) {
                r = dns_trust_anchor_check_revoked(&t->scope->manager->trust_anchor, rr, t->answer);
                if (r < 0)
                        return r;
        }

        return 0;
}

static int dns_transaction_invalidate_revoked_keys(DnsTransaction *t) {
        bool changed;
        int r;

        assert(t);

        /* Removes all DNSKEY/DS objects from t->validated_keys that
         * our trust anchors database considers revoked. */

        do {
                DnsResourceRecord *rr;

                changed = false;

                DNS_ANSWER_FOREACH(rr, t->validated_keys) {
                        r = dns_trust_anchor_is_revoked(&t->scope->manager->trust_anchor, rr);
                        if (r < 0)
                                return r;
                        if (r > 0) {
                                r = dns_answer_remove_by_rr(&t->validated_keys, rr);
                                if (r < 0)
                                        return r;

                                assert(r > 0);
                                changed = true;
                                break;
                        }
                }
        } while (changed);

        return 0;
}

static int dns_transaction_copy_validated(DnsTransaction *t) {
        DnsTransaction *dt;
        Iterator i;
        int r;

        assert(t);

        /* Copy all validated RRs from the auxiliary DNSSEC transactions into our set of validated RRs */

        SET_FOREACH(dt, t->dnssec_transactions, i) {

                if (DNS_TRANSACTION_IS_LIVE(dt->state))
                        continue;

                if (!dt->answer_authenticated)
                        continue;

                r = dns_answer_extend(&t->validated_keys, dt->answer);
                if (r < 0)
                        return r;
        }

        return 0;
}

typedef enum {
        DNSSEC_PHASE_DNSKEY,   /* Phase #1, only validate DNSKEYs */
        DNSSEC_PHASE_NSEC,     /* Phase #2, only validate NSEC+NSEC3 */
        DNSSEC_PHASE_ALL,      /* Phase #3, validate everything else */
} Phase;

static int dnssec_validate_records(
                DnsTransaction *t,
                Phase phase,
                bool *have_nsec,
                DnsAnswer **validated) {

        DnsResourceRecord *rr;
        int r;

        /* Returns negative on error, 0 if validation failed, 1 to restart validation, 2 when finished. */

        DNS_ANSWER_FOREACH(rr, t->answer) {
                DnsResourceRecord *rrsig = NULL;
                DnssecResult result;

                switch (rr->key->type) {
                case DNS_TYPE_RRSIG:
                        continue;

                case DNS_TYPE_DNSKEY:
                        /* We validate DNSKEYs only in the DNSKEY and ALL phases */
                        if (phase == DNSSEC_PHASE_NSEC)
                                continue;
                        break;

                case DNS_TYPE_NSEC:
                case DNS_TYPE_NSEC3:
                        *have_nsec = true;

                        /* We validate NSEC/NSEC3 only in the NSEC and ALL phases */
                        if (phase == DNSSEC_PHASE_DNSKEY)
                                continue;
                        break;

                default:
                        /* We validate all other RRs only in the ALL phases */
                        if (phase != DNSSEC_PHASE_ALL)
                                continue;
                }

                r = dnssec_verify_rrset_search(t->answer, rr->key, t->validated_keys, USEC_INFINITY, &result, &rrsig);
                if (r < 0)
                        return r;

                log_debug("Looking at %s: %s", strna(dns_resource_record_to_string(rr)), dnssec_result_to_string(result));

                if (result == DNSSEC_VALIDATED) {

                        if (rr->key->type == DNS_TYPE_DNSKEY) {
                                /* If we just validated a DNSKEY RRset, then let's add these keys to
                                 * the set of validated keys for this transaction. */

                                r = dns_answer_copy_by_key(&t->validated_keys, t->answer, rr->key, DNS_ANSWER_AUTHENTICATED);
                                if (r < 0)
                                        return r;

                                /* Some of the DNSKEYs we just added might already have been revoked,
                                 * remove them again in that case. */
                                r = dns_transaction_invalidate_revoked_keys(t);
                                if (r < 0)
                                        return r;
                        }

                        /* Add the validated RRset to the new list of validated
                         * RRsets, and remove it from the unvalidated RRsets.
                         * We mark the RRset as authenticated and cacheable. */
                        r = dns_answer_move_by_key(validated, &t->answer, rr->key, DNS_ANSWER_AUTHENTICATED|DNS_ANSWER_CACHEABLE);
                        if (r < 0)
                                return r;

                        manager_dnssec_verdict(t->scope->manager, DNSSEC_SECURE, rr->key);

                        /* Exit the loop, we dropped something from the answer, start from the beginning */
                        return 1;
                }

                /* If we haven't read all DNSKEYs yet a negative result of the validation is irrelevant, as
                 * there might be more DNSKEYs coming. Similar, if we haven't read all NSEC/NSEC3 RRs yet,
                 * we cannot do positive wildcard proofs yet, as those require the NSEC/NSEC3 RRs. */
                if (phase != DNSSEC_PHASE_ALL)
                        continue;

                if (result == DNSSEC_VALIDATED_WILDCARD) {
                        bool authenticated = false;
                        const char *source;

                        /* This RRset validated, but as a wildcard. This means we need
                         * to prove via NSEC/NSEC3 that no matching non-wildcard RR exists.*/

                        /* First step, determine the source of synthesis */
                        r = dns_resource_record_source(rrsig, &source);
                        if (r < 0)
                                return r;

                        r = dnssec_test_positive_wildcard(*validated,
                                                          dns_resource_key_name(rr->key),
                                                          source,
                                                          rrsig->rrsig.signer,
                                                          &authenticated);

                        /* Unless the NSEC proof showed that the key really doesn't exist something is off. */
                        if (r == 0)
                                result = DNSSEC_INVALID;
                        else {
                                r = dns_answer_move_by_key(validated, &t->answer, rr->key,
                                                           authenticated ? (DNS_ANSWER_AUTHENTICATED|DNS_ANSWER_CACHEABLE) : 0);
                                if (r < 0)
                                        return r;

                                manager_dnssec_verdict(t->scope->manager, authenticated ? DNSSEC_SECURE : DNSSEC_INSECURE, rr->key);

                                /* Exit the loop, we dropped something from the answer, start from the beginning */
                                return 1;
                        }
                }

                if (result == DNSSEC_NO_SIGNATURE) {
                        r = dns_transaction_requires_rrsig(t, rr);
                        if (r < 0)
                                return r;
                        if (r == 0) {
                                /* Data does not require signing. In that case, just copy it over,
                                 * but remember that this is by no means authenticated.*/
                                r = dns_answer_move_by_key(validated, &t->answer, rr->key, 0);
                                if (r < 0)
                                        return r;

                                manager_dnssec_verdict(t->scope->manager, DNSSEC_INSECURE, rr->key);
                                return 1;
                        }

                        r = dns_transaction_known_signed(t, rr);
                        if (r < 0)
                                return r;
                        if (r > 0) {
                                /* This is an RR we know has to be signed. If it isn't this means
                                 * the server is not attaching RRSIGs, hence complain. */

                                dns_server_packet_rrsig_missing(t->server, t->current_feature_level);

                                if (t->scope->dnssec_mode == DNSSEC_ALLOW_DOWNGRADE) {

                                        /* Downgrading is OK? If so, just consider the information unsigned */

                                        r = dns_answer_move_by_key(validated, &t->answer, rr->key, 0);
                                        if (r < 0)
                                                return r;

                                        manager_dnssec_verdict(t->scope->manager, DNSSEC_INSECURE, rr->key);
                                        return 1;
                                }

                                /* Otherwise, fail */
                                t->answer_dnssec_result = DNSSEC_INCOMPATIBLE_SERVER;
                                return 0;
                        }

                        r = dns_transaction_in_private_tld(t, rr->key);
                        if (r < 0)
                                return r;
                        if (r > 0) {
                                char s[DNS_RESOURCE_KEY_STRING_MAX];

                                /* The data is from a TLD that is proven not to exist, and we are in downgrade
                                 * mode, hence ignore the fact that this was not signed. */

                                log_info("Detected RRset %s is in a private DNS zone, permitting unsigned RRs.",
                                         dns_resource_key_to_string(rr->key, s, sizeof s));

                                r = dns_answer_move_by_key(validated, &t->answer, rr->key, 0);
                                if (r < 0)
                                        return r;

                                manager_dnssec_verdict(t->scope->manager, DNSSEC_INSECURE, rr->key);
                                return 1;
                        }
                }

                if (IN_SET(result,
                           DNSSEC_MISSING_KEY,
                           DNSSEC_SIGNATURE_EXPIRED,
                           DNSSEC_UNSUPPORTED_ALGORITHM)) {

                        r = dns_transaction_dnskey_authenticated(t, rr);
                        if (r < 0 && r != -ENXIO)
                                return r;
                        if (r == 0) {
                                /* The DNSKEY transaction was not authenticated, this means there's
                                 * no DS for this, which means it's OK if no keys are found for this signature. */

                                r = dns_answer_move_by_key(validated, &t->answer, rr->key, 0);
                                if (r < 0)
                                        return r;

                                manager_dnssec_verdict(t->scope->manager, DNSSEC_INSECURE, rr->key);
                                return 1;
                        }
                }

                r = dns_transaction_is_primary_response(t, rr);
                if (r < 0)
                        return r;
                if (r > 0) {
                        /* Look for a matching DNAME for this CNAME */
                        r = dns_answer_has_dname_for_cname(t->answer, rr);
                        if (r < 0)
                                return r;
                        if (r == 0) {
                                /* Also look among the stuff we already validated */
                                r = dns_answer_has_dname_for_cname(*validated, rr);
                                if (r < 0)
                                        return r;
                        }

                        if (r == 0) {
                                if (IN_SET(result,
                                           DNSSEC_INVALID,
                                           DNSSEC_SIGNATURE_EXPIRED,
                                           DNSSEC_NO_SIGNATURE))
                                        manager_dnssec_verdict(t->scope->manager, DNSSEC_BOGUS, rr->key);
                                else /* DNSSEC_MISSING_KEY or DNSSEC_UNSUPPORTED_ALGORITHM */
                                        manager_dnssec_verdict(t->scope->manager, DNSSEC_INDETERMINATE, rr->key);

                                /* This is a primary response to our question, and it failed validation.
                                 * That's fatal. */
                                t->answer_dnssec_result = result;
                                return 0;
                        }

                        /* This is a primary response, but we do have a DNAME RR
                         * in the RR that can replay this CNAME, hence rely on
                         * that, and we can remove the CNAME in favour of it. */
                }

                /* This is just some auxiliary data. Just remove the RRset and continue. */
                r = dns_answer_remove_by_key(&t->answer, rr->key);
                if (r < 0)
                        return r;

                /* We dropped something from the answer, start from the beginning. */
                return 1;
        }

        return 2; /* Finito. */
}

int dns_transaction_validate_dnssec(DnsTransaction *t) {
        _cleanup_(dns_answer_unrefp) DnsAnswer *validated = NULL;
        Phase phase;
        DnsAnswerFlags flags;
        int r;
        char key_str[DNS_RESOURCE_KEY_STRING_MAX];

        assert(t);

        /* We have now collected all DS and DNSKEY RRs in
         * t->validated_keys, let's see which RRs we can now
         * authenticate with that. */

        if (t->scope->dnssec_mode == DNSSEC_NO)
                return 0;

        /* Already validated */
        if (t->answer_dnssec_result != _DNSSEC_RESULT_INVALID)
                return 0;

        /* Our own stuff needs no validation */
        if (IN_SET(t->answer_source, DNS_TRANSACTION_ZONE, DNS_TRANSACTION_TRUST_ANCHOR)) {
                t->answer_dnssec_result = DNSSEC_VALIDATED;
                t->answer_authenticated = true;
                return 0;
        }

        /* Cached stuff is not affected by validation. */
        if (t->answer_source != DNS_TRANSACTION_NETWORK)
                return 0;

        if (!dns_transaction_dnssec_supported_full(t)) {
                /* The server does not support DNSSEC, or doesn't augment responses with RRSIGs. */
                t->answer_dnssec_result = DNSSEC_INCOMPATIBLE_SERVER;
                log_debug("Not validating response for %" PRIu16 ", used server feature level does not support DNSSEC.", t->id);
                return 0;
        }

        log_debug("Validating response from transaction %" PRIu16 " (%s).",
                  t->id,
                  dns_resource_key_to_string(t->key, key_str, sizeof key_str));

        /* First, see if this response contains any revoked trust
         * anchors we care about */
        r = dns_transaction_check_revoked_trust_anchors(t);
        if (r < 0)
                return r;

        /* Third, copy all RRs we acquired successfully from auxiliary RRs over. */
        r = dns_transaction_copy_validated(t);
        if (r < 0)
                return r;

        /* Second, see if there are DNSKEYs we already know a
         * validated DS for. */
        r = dns_transaction_validate_dnskey_by_ds(t);
        if (r < 0)
                return r;

        /* Fourth, remove all DNSKEY and DS RRs again that our trust
         * anchor says are revoked. After all we might have marked
         * some keys revoked above, but they might still be lingering
         * in our validated_keys list. */
        r = dns_transaction_invalidate_revoked_keys(t);
        if (r < 0)
                return r;

        phase = DNSSEC_PHASE_DNSKEY;
        for (;;) {
                bool have_nsec = false;

                r = dnssec_validate_records(t, phase, &have_nsec, &validated);
                if (r <= 0)
                        return r;

                /* Try again as long as we managed to achieve something */
                if (r == 1)
                        continue;

                if (phase == DNSSEC_PHASE_DNSKEY && have_nsec) {
                        /* OK, we processed all DNSKEYs, and there are NSEC/NSEC3 RRs, look at those now. */
                        phase = DNSSEC_PHASE_NSEC;
                        continue;
                }

                if (phase != DNSSEC_PHASE_ALL) {
                        /* OK, we processed all DNSKEYs and NSEC/NSEC3 RRs, look at all the rest now.
                         * Note that in this third phase we start to remove RRs we couldn't validate. */
                        phase = DNSSEC_PHASE_ALL;
                        continue;
                }

                /* We're done */
                break;
        }

        dns_answer_unref(t->answer);
        t->answer = validated;
        validated = NULL;

        /* At this point the answer only contains validated
         * RRsets. Now, let's see if it actually answers the question
         * we asked. If so, great! If it doesn't, then see if
         * NSEC/NSEC3 can prove this. */
        r = dns_transaction_has_positive_answer(t, &flags);
        if (r > 0) {
                /* Yes, it answers the question! */

                if (flags & DNS_ANSWER_AUTHENTICATED) {
                        /* The answer is fully authenticated, yay. */
                        t->answer_dnssec_result = DNSSEC_VALIDATED;
                        t->answer_rcode = DNS_RCODE_SUCCESS;
                        t->answer_authenticated = true;
                } else {
                        /* The answer is not fully authenticated. */
                        t->answer_dnssec_result = DNSSEC_UNSIGNED;
                        t->answer_authenticated = false;
                }

        } else if (r == 0) {
                DnssecNsecResult nr;
                bool authenticated = false;

                /* Bummer! Let's check NSEC/NSEC3 */
                r = dnssec_nsec_test(t->answer, t->key, &nr, &authenticated, &t->answer_nsec_ttl);
                if (r < 0)
                        return r;

                switch (nr) {

                case DNSSEC_NSEC_NXDOMAIN:
                        /* NSEC proves the domain doesn't exist. Very good. */
                        log_debug("Proved NXDOMAIN via NSEC/NSEC3 for transaction %u (%s)", t->id, key_str);
                        t->answer_dnssec_result = DNSSEC_VALIDATED;
                        t->answer_rcode = DNS_RCODE_NXDOMAIN;
                        t->answer_authenticated = authenticated;

                        manager_dnssec_verdict(t->scope->manager, authenticated ? DNSSEC_SECURE : DNSSEC_INSECURE, t->key);
                        break;

                case DNSSEC_NSEC_NODATA:
                        /* NSEC proves that there's no data here, very good. */
                        log_debug("Proved NODATA via NSEC/NSEC3 for transaction %u (%s)", t->id, key_str);
                        t->answer_dnssec_result = DNSSEC_VALIDATED;
                        t->answer_rcode = DNS_RCODE_SUCCESS;
                        t->answer_authenticated = authenticated;

                        manager_dnssec_verdict(t->scope->manager, authenticated ? DNSSEC_SECURE : DNSSEC_INSECURE, t->key);
                        break;

                case DNSSEC_NSEC_OPTOUT:
                        /* NSEC3 says the data might not be signed */
                        log_debug("Data is NSEC3 opt-out via NSEC/NSEC3 for transaction %u (%s)", t->id, key_str);
                        t->answer_dnssec_result = DNSSEC_UNSIGNED;
                        t->answer_authenticated = false;

                        manager_dnssec_verdict(t->scope->manager, DNSSEC_INSECURE, t->key);
                        break;

                case DNSSEC_NSEC_NO_RR:
                        /* No NSEC data? Bummer! */

                        r = dns_transaction_requires_nsec(t);
                        if (r < 0)
                                return r;
                        if (r > 0) {
                                t->answer_dnssec_result = DNSSEC_NO_SIGNATURE;
                                manager_dnssec_verdict(t->scope->manager, DNSSEC_BOGUS, t->key);
                        } else {
                                t->answer_dnssec_result = DNSSEC_UNSIGNED;
                                t->answer_authenticated = false;
                                manager_dnssec_verdict(t->scope->manager, DNSSEC_INSECURE, t->key);
                        }

                        break;

                case DNSSEC_NSEC_UNSUPPORTED_ALGORITHM:
                        /* We don't know the NSEC3 algorithm used? */
                        t->answer_dnssec_result = DNSSEC_UNSUPPORTED_ALGORITHM;
                        manager_dnssec_verdict(t->scope->manager, DNSSEC_INDETERMINATE, t->key);
                        break;

                case DNSSEC_NSEC_FOUND:
                case DNSSEC_NSEC_CNAME:
                        /* NSEC says it needs to be there, but we couldn't find it? Bummer! */
                        t->answer_dnssec_result = DNSSEC_NSEC_MISMATCH;
                        manager_dnssec_verdict(t->scope->manager, DNSSEC_BOGUS, t->key);
                        break;

                default:
                        assert_not_reached("Unexpected NSEC result.");
                }
        }

        return 1;
}

static const char* const dns_transaction_state_table[_DNS_TRANSACTION_STATE_MAX] = {
        [DNS_TRANSACTION_NULL] = "null",
        [DNS_TRANSACTION_PENDING] = "pending",
        [DNS_TRANSACTION_VALIDATING] = "validating",
        [DNS_TRANSACTION_RCODE_FAILURE] = "rcode-failure",
        [DNS_TRANSACTION_SUCCESS] = "success",
        [DNS_TRANSACTION_NO_SERVERS] = "no-servers",
        [DNS_TRANSACTION_TIMEOUT] = "timeout",
        [DNS_TRANSACTION_ATTEMPTS_MAX_REACHED] = "attempts-max-reached",
        [DNS_TRANSACTION_INVALID_REPLY] = "invalid-reply",
        [DNS_TRANSACTION_ERRNO] = "errno",
        [DNS_TRANSACTION_ABORTED] = "aborted",
        [DNS_TRANSACTION_DNSSEC_FAILED] = "dnssec-failed",
        [DNS_TRANSACTION_NO_TRUST_ANCHOR] = "no-trust-anchor",
        [DNS_TRANSACTION_RR_TYPE_UNSUPPORTED] = "rr-type-unsupported",
        [DNS_TRANSACTION_NETWORK_DOWN] = "network-down",
        [DNS_TRANSACTION_NOT_FOUND] = "not-found",
};
DEFINE_STRING_TABLE_LOOKUP(dns_transaction_state, DnsTransactionState);

static const char* const dns_transaction_source_table[_DNS_TRANSACTION_SOURCE_MAX] = {
        [DNS_TRANSACTION_NETWORK] = "network",
        [DNS_TRANSACTION_CACHE] = "cache",
        [DNS_TRANSACTION_ZONE] = "zone",
        [DNS_TRANSACTION_TRUST_ANCHOR] = "trust-anchor",
};
DEFINE_STRING_TABLE_LOOKUP(dns_transaction_source, DnsTransactionSource);