[thirdparty/bash.git] / doc / bash.ps

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-.25 H .396(ogin shell, or as a non-interacti).15 F .695 -.15(ve s)-.25
H .395(hell with the).15 F F1(\255\255login)2.895 E F0 .395(option, it)
2.895 F 1.333(\214rst reads and e)108 556.8 R -.15(xe)-.15 G 1.333
(cutes commands from the \214le).15 F F2(/etc/pr)3.833 E(o\214le)-.45 E
F0 3.834(,i)C 3.834(ft)-3.834 G 1.334(hat \214le e)-3.834 F 3.834
(xists. After)-.15 F 1.334(reading that \214le, it)3.834 F .249
(looks for)108 568.8 R F2(~/.bash_pr)2.749 E(o\214le)-.45 E F0(,)A F2
(~/.bash_lo)2.749 E(gin)-.1 E F0 2.749(,a)C(nd)-2.749 E F2(~/.pr)2.749 E
(o\214le)-.45 E F0 2.749(,i)C 2.749(nt)-2.749 G .249(hat order)-2.749 F
2.748(,a)-.4 G .248(nd reads and e)-2.748 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .248
(cutes commands from).15 F .796(the \214rst one that e)108 580.8 R .796
(xists and is readable.)-.15 F(The)5.796 E F1(\255\255nopr)3.296 E
(o\214le)-.18 E F0 .797(option may be used when the shell is started to)
3.296 F(inhibit this beha)108 592.8 Q(vior)-.2 E(.)-.55 E
(When a login shell e)108 609.6 Q(xits,)-.15 E F1(bash)2.5 E F0
(reads and e)2.5 E -.15(xe)-.15 G(cutes commands from the \214le).15 E
F2(~/.bash_lo)2.5 E(gout)-.1 E F0 2.5(,i)C 2.5(fi)-2.5 G 2.5(te)-2.5 G
(xists.)-2.65 E 1.698(When an interacti)108 626.4 R 1.998 -.15(ve s)-.25
H 1.698(hell that is not a login shell is started,).15 F F1(bash)4.197 E
F0 1.697(reads and e)4.197 F -.15(xe)-.15 G 1.697(cutes commands from)
.15 F F2(~/.bashr)108 638.4 Q(c)-.37 E F0 2.535(,i)C 2.535(ft)-2.535 G
.035(hat \214le e)-2.535 F 2.535(xists. This)-.15 F .036
(may be inhibited by using the)2.535 F F1<adad6e6f72>2.536 E(c)-.18 E F0
2.536(option. The)2.536 F F1<adad72>2.536 E(c\214le)-.18 E F2(\214le)
2.536 E F0 .036(option will)2.536 F(force)108 650.4 Q F1(bash)2.5 E F0
(to read and e)2.5 E -.15(xe)-.15 G(cute commands from).15 E F2(\214le)
2.5 E F0(instead of)2.5 E F2(~/.bashr)2.5 E(c)-.37 E F0(.)A(When)108
667.2 Q F1(bash)5.306 E F0 2.806(is started non-interacti)5.306 F -.15
(ve)-.25 G(ly).15 E 5.306(,t)-.65 G 5.306(or)-5.306 G 2.806
(un a shell script, for e)-5.306 F 2.805(xample, it looks for the v)-.15
F(ariable)-.25 E F3 -.27(BA)108 679.2 S(SH_ENV).27 E F0 1.01(in the en)
3.26 F 1.01(vironment, e)-.4 F 1.01(xpands its v)-.15 F 1.01
(alue if it appears there, and uses the e)-.25 F 1.011(xpanded v)-.15 F
1.011(alue as the)-.25 F(name of a \214le to read and e)108 691.2 Q -.15
(xe)-.15 G(cute.).15 E F1(Bash)5 E F0(beha)2.5 E -.15(ve)-.2 G 2.5(sa)
.15 G 2.5(si)-2.5 G 2.5(ft)-2.5 G(he follo)-2.5 E(wing command were e)
-.25 E -.15(xe)-.15 G(cuted:).15 E/F5 10/Courier@0 SF
(if [ \255n "$BASH_ENV" ]; then . "$BASH_ENV"; fi)144 709.2 Q F0 -.2(bu)
108 727.2 S 2.5(tt).2 G(he v)-2.5 E(alue of the)-.25 E F3 -.666(PA)2.5 G
(TH)-.189 E F0 -.25(va)2.25 G
(riable is not used to search for the \214le name.).25 E(GNU Bash-3.2)72
768 Q(2008 April 5)148.455 E(2)203.445 E 0 Cg EP
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/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 389.54(SH\(1\) B).35 F(ASH\(1\))
-.35 E(If)108 84 Q/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(bash)3.417 E F0 .917(is in)
3.417 F -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G 3.417(dw).1 G .917(ith the name)-3.417
F F1(sh)3.417 E F0 3.417(,i)C 3.417(tt)-3.417 G .917
(ries to mimic the startup beha)-3.417 F .917(vior of historical v)-.2 F
.917(ersions of)-.15 F F1(sh)3.417 E F0(as)3.417 E .145
(closely as possible, while conforming to the POSIX standard as well.)
108 96 R .145(When in)5.145 F -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G 2.645(da).1 G
2.645(sa)-2.645 G 2.645(ni)-2.645 G(nteracti)-2.645 E .445 -.15(ve l)
-.25 H(ogin).15 E 1.264(shell, or a non-interacti)108 108 R 1.564 -.15
(ve s)-.25 H 1.264(hell with the).15 F F1(\255\255login)3.764 E F0 1.264
(option, it \214rst attempts to read and e)3.764 F -.15(xe)-.15 G 1.263
(cute commands).15 F(from)108 120 Q/F2 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(/etc/pr)
4.142 E(o\214le)-.45 E F0(and)3.172 E F2(~/.pr)2.992 E(o\214le)-.45 E F0
2.992(,i).18 G 2.992(nt)-2.992 G .492(hat order)-2.992 F 5.492(.T)-.55 G
(he)-5.492 E F1(\255\255nopr)2.992 E(o\214le)-.18 E F0 .493
(option may be used to inhibit this beha)2.993 F(vior)-.2 E(.)-.55 E
.418(When in)108 132 R -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G 2.918(da).1 G 2.918(sa)
-2.918 G 2.918(ni)-2.918 G(nteracti)-2.918 E .718 -.15(ve s)-.25 H .418
(hell with the name).15 F F1(sh)2.918 E F0(,)A F1(bash)2.918 E F0 .418
(looks for the v)2.918 F(ariable)-.25 E/F3 9/Times-Bold@0 SF(ENV)2.918 E
/F4 9/Times-Roman@0 SF(,)A F0 -.15(ex)2.667 G .417(pands its v).15 F
(alue)-.25 E .171(if it is de\214ned, and uses the e)108 144 R .171
(xpanded v)-.15 F .171(alue as the name of a \214le to read and e)-.25 F
-.15(xe)-.15 G 2.671(cute. Since).15 F 2.671(as)2.671 G .171(hell in)
-2.671 F -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G(d).1 E(as)108 156 Q F1(sh)3.081 E F0
.581(does not attempt to read and e)3.081 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .581
(cute commands from an).15 F 3.08(yo)-.15 G .58
(ther startup \214les, the)-3.08 F F1<adad72>3.08 E(c\214le)-.18 E F0
.58(option has)3.08 F .182(no ef)108 168 R 2.682(fect. A)-.25 F
(non-interacti)2.682 E .482 -.15(ve s)-.25 H .182(hell in).15 F -.2(vo)
-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G 2.682(dw).1 G .182(ith the name)-2.682 F F1(sh)2.682 E
F0 .182(does not attempt to read an)2.682 F 2.683(yo)-.15 G .183
(ther startup \214les.)-2.683 F(When in)108 180 Q -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2
G 2.5(da).1 G(s)-2.5 E F1(sh)2.5 E F0(,)A F1(bash)2.5 E F0(enters)2.5 E
F2(posix)3.75 E F0(mode after the startup \214les are read.)3.03 E(When)
108 196.8 Q F1(bash)2.727 E F0 .226(is started in)2.727 F F2(posix)3.976
E F0 .226(mode, as with the)3.256 F F1(\255\255posix)2.726 E F0 .226
(command line option, it follo)2.726 F .226(ws the POSIX stan-)-.25 F
.341(dard for startup \214les.)108 208.8 R .341(In this mode, interacti)
5.341 F .641 -.15(ve s)-.25 H .341(hells e).15 F .341(xpand the)-.15 F
F3(ENV)2.841 E F0 -.25(va)2.591 G .342(riable and commands are read and)
.25 F -.15(exe)108 220.8 S(cuted from the \214le whose name is the e).15
E(xpanded v)-.15 E 2.5(alue. No)-.25 F(other startup \214les are read.)
2.5 E F1(Bash)108 237.6 Q F0 .644(attempts to determine when it is bein\
g run with its standard input connected to a a netw)3.144 F .643
(ork connec-)-.1 F .229(tion, as if by the remote shell daemon, usually)
108 249.6 R F2 -.1(rs)2.729 G(hd).1 E F0 2.729(,o)C 2.73(rt)-2.729 G .23
(he secure shell daemon)-2.73 F F2(sshd)2.73 E F0 5.23(.I)C(f)-5.23 E F1
(bash)2.73 E F0 .23(determines it)2.73 F .741(is being run in this f)108
261.6 R .741(ashion, it reads and e)-.1 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .741
(cutes commands from).15 F F2(~/.bashr)3.241 E(c)-.37 E F0 3.241(,i)C
3.241(ft)-3.241 G .741(hat \214le e)-3.241 F .741(xists and is read-)
-.15 F 2.97(able. It)108 273.6 R .47(will not do this if in)2.97 F -.2
(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G 2.97(da).1 G(s)-2.97 E F1(sh)2.97 E F0 5.47(.T)C
(he)-5.47 E F1<adad6e6f72>2.97 E(c)-.18 E F0 .47
(option may be used to inhibit this beha)2.97 F(vior)-.2 E 2.97(,a)-.4 G
.47(nd the)-2.97 F F1<adad72>108 285.6 Q(c\214le)-.18 E F0 .886
(option may be used to force another \214le to be read, b)3.387 F(ut)-.2
E F2 -.1(rs)3.386 G(hd).1 E F0 .886(does not generally in)3.386 F -.2
(vo)-.4 G 1.086 -.1(ke t).2 H .886(he shell).1 F
(with those options or allo)108 297.6 Q 2.5(wt)-.25 G
(hem to be speci\214ed.)-2.5 E 1.207
(If the shell is started with the ef)108 314.4 R(fecti)-.25 E 1.507 -.15
(ve u)-.25 H 1.208
(ser \(group\) id not equal to the real user \(group\) id, and the).15 F
F1<ad70>3.708 E F0 .536(option is not supplied, no startup \214les are \
read, shell functions are not inherited from the en)108 326.4 R .535
(vironment, the)-.4 F F3(SHELLOPTS)108 338.4 Q F0 -.25(va)2.459 G .21
(riable, if it appears in the en).25 F .21
(vironment, is ignored, and the ef)-.4 F(fecti)-.25 E .51 -.15(ve u)-.25
H .21(ser id is set to the real).15 F .261(user id.)108 350.4 R .261
(If the)5.261 F F1<ad70>2.761 E F0 .261(option is supplied at in)2.761 F
-.2(vo)-.4 G .261(cation, the startup beha).2 F .261
(vior is the same, b)-.2 F .261(ut the ef)-.2 F(fecti)-.25 E .561 -.15
(ve u)-.25 H .261(ser id).15 F(is not reset.)108 362.4 Q/F5 10.95
/Times-Bold@0 SF(DEFINITIONS)72 379.2 Q F0(The follo)108 391.2 Q
(wing de\214nitions are used throughout the rest of this document.)-.25
E F1(blank)108 403.2 Q F0 2.5(As)11.54 G(pace or tab)-2.5 E(.)-.4 E F1
-.1(wo)108 415.2 S(rd).1 E F0 2.5(As)13.88 G
(equence of characters considered as a single unit by the shell.)-2.5 E
(Also kno)5 E(wn as a)-.25 E F1(tok)2.5 E(en)-.1 E F0(.)A F1(name)108
427.2 Q F0(A)12.67 E F2(wor)3.005 E(d)-.37 E F0 .165
(consisting only of alphanumeric characters and underscores, and be)
3.435 F .166(ginning with an alpha-)-.15 F
(betic character or an underscore.)144 439.2 Q(Also referred to as an)5
E F1(identi\214er)2.5 E F0(.)A F1(metacharacter)108 451.2 Q F0 2.5(Ac)
144 463.2 S(haracter that, when unquoted, separates w)-2.5 E 2.5
(ords. One)-.1 F(of the follo)2.5 E(wing:)-.25 E F1 5(|&;\(\)<>s)144
475.2 S 2.5(pace tab)-5 F(contr)108 487.2 Q(ol operator)-.18 E F0(A)144
499.2 Q F2(tok)2.5 E(en)-.1 E F0(that performs a control function.)2.5 E
(It is one of the follo)5 E(wing symbols:)-.25 E/F6 10/Symbol SF<efef>
144 511.2 Q F1 5(&&)5 G 5(&;;)-5 G 5(;\(\)|<)-5 G(newline>)-5 E F5
(RESER)72 528 Q(VED W)-.602 E(ORDS)-.11 E F2 .307(Reserved wor)108 540 R
(ds)-.37 E F0 .307(are w)2.807 F .307(ords that ha)-.1 F .607 -.15
(ve a s)-.2 H .306(pecial meaning to the shell.).15 F .306(The follo)
5.306 F .306(wing w)-.25 F .306(ords are recognized as)-.1 F(reserv)108
552 Q .227(ed when unquoted and either the \214rst w)-.15 F .227
(ord of a simple command \(see)-.1 F F3 .227(SHELL GRAMMAR)2.727 F F0
(belo)2.477 E .227(w\) or)-.25 F(the third w)108 564 Q(ord of a)-.1 E F1
(case)2.5 E F0(or)2.5 E F1 -.25(fo)2.5 G(r).25 E F0(command:)2.5 E F1
11.916(!c)144 580.8 S 9.416(ase do done elif else esac \214 f)-11.916 F
9.415(or function if in select then until)-.25 F 7.5
(while { } time [[ ]])144 592.8 R F5(SHELL GRAMMAR)72 609.6 Q F1
(Simple Commands)87 621.6 Q F0(A)108 633.6 Q F2 .388(simple command)
2.888 F F0 .388(is a sequence of optional v)2.888 F .389
(ariable assignments follo)-.25 F .389(wed by)-.25 F F1(blank)2.889 E F0
.389(-separated w)B .389(ords and)-.1 F .816
(redirections, and terminated by a)108 645.6 R F2(contr)3.316 E .815
(ol oper)-.45 F(ator)-.15 E F0 5.815(.T)C .815(he \214rst w)-5.815 F
.815(ord speci\214es the command to be e)-.1 F -.15(xe)-.15 G(cuted,).15
E(and is passed as ar)108 657.6 Q(gument zero.)-.18 E(The remaining w)5
E(ords are passed as ar)-.1 E(guments to the in)-.18 E -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1
(ke).2 G 2.5(dc).1 G(ommand.)-2.5 E .175(The return v)108 674.4 R .175
(alue of a)-.25 F F2 .175(simple command)2.675 F F0 .175(is its e)2.675
F .175(xit status, or 128+)-.15 F F2(n)A F0 .176
(if the command is terminated by signal)3.508 F F2(n)2.676 E F0(.).24 E
F1(Pipelines)87 691.2 Q F0(A)108 703.2 Q F2(pipeline)2.92 E F0 .42
(is a sequence of one or more commands separated by the character)2.92 F
F1(|)2.919 E F0 5.419(.T)C .419(he format for a pipeline)-5.419 F(is:)
108 715.2 Q(GNU Bash-3.2)72 768 Q(2008 April 5)148.455 E(3)203.445 E 0
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/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 389.54(SH\(1\) B).35 F(ASH\(1\))
-.35 E([)144 84 Q/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(time)A F0([)2.5 E F1<ad70>A F0
(]] [ ! ])A/F2 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(command)2.5 E F0([)2.5 E F1(|)2.5 E
F2(command2)2.5 E F0(... ])2.5 E .243(The standard output of)108 100.8 R
F2(command)2.943 E F0 .244
(is connected via a pipe to the standard input of)3.513 F F2(command2)
2.744 E F0 5.244(.T).02 G .244(his connec-)-5.244 F
(tion is performed before an)108 112.8 Q 2.5(yr)-.15 G
(edirections speci\214ed by the command \(see)-2.5 E/F3 9/Times-Bold@0
SF(REDIRECTION)2.5 E F0(belo)2.25 E(w\).)-.25 E .48
(The return status of a pipeline is the e)108 129.6 R .48
(xit status of the last command, unless the)-.15 F F1(pipefail)2.98 E F0
.48(option is enabled.)2.98 F(If)108 141.6 Q F1(pipefail)2.686 E F0 .186
(is enabled, the pipeline')2.686 F 2.686(sr)-.55 G .186
(eturn status is the v)-2.686 F .187
(alue of the last \(rightmost\) command to e)-.25 F .187(xit with a)-.15
F .611(non-zero status, or zero if all commands e)108 153.6 R .611
(xit successfully)-.15 F 5.611(.I)-.65 G 3.111(ft)-5.611 G .61
(he reserv)-3.111 F .61(ed w)-.15 F(ord)-.1 E F1(!)3.11 E F0 .61
(precedes a pipeline, the)5.61 F -.15(ex)108 165.6 S .55
(it status of that pipeline is the logical ne).15 F -.05(ga)-.15 G .55
(tion of the e).05 F .55(xit status as described abo)-.15 F -.15(ve)-.15
G 5.55(.T).15 G .55(he shell w)-5.55 F .55(aits for)-.1 F
(all commands in the pipeline to terminate before returning a v)108
177.6 Q(alue.)-.25 E .299(If the)108 194.4 R F1(time)2.799 E F0(reserv)
2.799 E .299(ed w)-.15 F .299(ord precedes a pipeline, the elapsed as w\
ell as user and system time consumed by its)-.1 F -.15(exe)108 206.4 S
.139(cution are reported when the pipeline terminates.).15 F(The)5.139 E
F1<ad70>2.639 E F0 .14(option changes the output format to that spec-)
2.639 F .78(i\214ed by POSIX.)108 218.4 R(The)5.78 E F3(TIMEFORMA)3.279
E(T)-.855 E F0 -.25(va)3.029 G .779
(riable may be set to a format string that speci\214es ho).25 F 3.279
(wt)-.25 G .779(he timing)-3.279 F
(information should be displayed; see the description of)108 230.4 Q F3
(TIMEFORMA)2.5 E(T)-.855 E F0(under)2.25 E F1(Shell V)2.5 E(ariables)
-.92 E F0(belo)2.5 E -.65(w.)-.25 G(Each command in a pipeline is e)108
247.2 Q -.15(xe)-.15 G
(cuted as a separate process \(i.e., in a subshell\).).15 E F1(Lists)87
264 Q F0(A)108 276 Q F2(list)2.6 E F0 .1(is a sequence of one or more p\
ipelines separated by one of the operators)2.6 F F1(;)2.601 E F0(,)A F1
(&)2.601 E F0(,)A F1(&&)2.601 E F0 2.601(,o)C(r)-2.601 E/F4 10/Symbol SF
<efef>2.601 E F0 2.601(,a)C .101(nd option-)-2.601 F
(ally terminated by one of)108 288 Q F1(;)2.5 E F0(,)A F1(&)2.5 E F0 2.5
(,o)C(r)-2.5 E F1(<newline>)2.5 E F0(.)A .657(Of these list operators,)
108 304.8 R F1(&&)3.156 E F0(and)3.156 E F4<efef>3.156 E F0(ha)3.156 E
.956 -.15(ve e)-.2 H .656(qual precedence, follo).15 F .656(wed by)-.25
F F1(;)3.156 E F0(and)3.156 E F1(&)3.156 E F0 3.156(,w)C .656(hich ha)
-3.156 F .956 -.15(ve e)-.2 H .656(qual prece-).15 F(dence.)108 316.8 Q
2.5(As)108 333.6 S(equence of one or more ne)-2.5 E
(wlines may appear in a)-.25 E F2(list)2.5 E F0
(instead of a semicolon to delimit commands.)2.5 E .029
(If a command is terminated by the control operator)108 350.4 R F1(&)
2.529 E F0 2.529(,t)C .029(he shell e)-2.529 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .029
(cutes the command in the).15 F F2(bac)2.529 E(kgr)-.2 E(ound)-.45 E F0
(in)2.529 E 2.876(as)108 362.4 S 2.876(ubshell. The)-2.876 F .376
(shell does not w)2.876 F .375
(ait for the command to \214nish, and the return status is 0.)-.1 F .375
(Commands sepa-)5.375 F .848(rated by a)108 374.4 R F1(;)3.348 E F0 .848
(are e)3.348 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .848(cuted sequentially; the shell w).15 F
.849(aits for each command to terminate in turn.)-.1 F .849(The return)
5.849 F(status is the e)108 386.4 Q(xit status of the last command e)
-.15 E -.15(xe)-.15 G(cuted.).15 E .632(AND and OR lists are sequences \
of one of more pipelines separated by the)108 403.2 R F1(&&)3.132 E F0
(and)3.132 E F4<efef>3.132 E F0 .632(control operators,)3.132 F
(respecti)108 415.2 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G(ly).15 E 5(.A)-.65 G
(ND and OR lists are e)-5 E -.15(xe)-.15 G(cuted with left associati).15
E(vity)-.25 E 5(.A)-.65 G 2.5(nA)-5 G(ND list has the form)-2.5 E F2
(command1)144 432 Q F1(&&)2.5 E F2(command2)2.5 E(command2)108.2 448.8 Q
F0(is e)2.52 E -.15(xe)-.15 G(cuted if, and only if,).15 E F2(command1)
2.7 E F0(returns an e)2.5 E(xit status of zero.)-.15 E
(An OR list has the form)108 465.6 Q F2(command1)144 482.4 Q F4<efef>2.5
E F2(command2)2.5 E(command2)108.2 504 Q F0 .728(is e)3.248 F -.15(xe)
-.15 G .729(cuted if and only if).15 F F2(command1)3.429 E F0 .729
(returns a non-zero e)3.229 F .729(xit status.)-.15 F .729
(The return status of AND)5.729 F(and OR lists is the e)108 516 Q
(xit status of the last command e)-.15 E -.15(xe)-.15 G
(cuted in the list.).15 E F1(Compound Commands)87 532.8 Q F0(A)108 544.8
Q F2(compound command)2.5 E F0(is one of the follo)2.5 E(wing:)-.25 E
(\()108 561.6 Q F2(list)A F0(\))A F2(list)17.11 E F0 .011(is e)2.512 F
-.15(xe)-.15 G .011(cuted in a subshell en).15 F .011(vironment \(see)
-.4 F F3 .011(COMMAND EXECUTION ENVIR)2.511 F(ONMENT)-.27 E F0(belo)
2.261 E(w\).)-.25 E -1.11(Va)144 573.6 S 1.063(riable assignments and b)
1.11 F 1.064(uiltin commands that af)-.2 F 1.064(fect the shell')-.25 F
3.564(se)-.55 G -.4(nv)-3.564 G 1.064(ironment do not remain in).4 F(ef)
144 585.6 Q(fect after the command completes.)-.25 E
(The return status is the e)5 E(xit status of)-.15 E F2(list)2.5 E F0(.)
A({)108 602.4 Q F2(list)2.5 E F0 2.5(;})C F2(list)3.89 E F0 .402
(is simply e)2.902 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .401(cuted in the current shell en)
.15 F(vironment.)-.4 E F2(list)5.401 E F0 .401
(must be terminated with a ne)2.901 F .401(wline or)-.25 F 3.214
(semicolon. This)144 614.4 R .714(is kno)3.214 F .714(wn as a)-.25 F F2
(gr)3.215 E .715(oup command)-.45 F F0 5.715(.T)C .715
(he return status is the e)-5.715 F .715(xit status of)-.15 F F2(list)
3.215 E F0 5.715(.N)C(ote)-5.715 E .22(that unlik)144 626.4 R 2.72(et)
-.1 G .22(he metacharacters)-2.72 F F1(\()2.72 E F0(and)2.72 E F1(\))
2.72 E F0(,)A F1({)2.72 E F0(and)2.72 E F1(})2.719 E F0(are)2.719 E F2
-.37(re)2.719 G .219(served wor).37 F(ds)-.37 E F0 .219
(and must occur where a reserv)2.719 F(ed)-.15 E -.1(wo)144 638.4 S .256
(rd is permitted to be recognized.).1 F .256(Since the)5.256 F 2.756(yd)
-.15 G 2.756(on)-2.756 G .257(ot cause a w)-2.756 F .257(ord break, the)
-.1 F 2.757(ym)-.15 G .257(ust be separated)-2.757 F(from)144 650.4 Q F2
(list)2.5 E F0(by whitespace or another shell metacharacter)2.5 E(.)-.55
E(\(\()108 667.2 Q F2 -.2(ex)C(pr).2 E(ession)-.37 E F0(\)\))A(The)144
679.2 Q F2 -.2(ex)2.552 G(pr).2 E(ession)-.37 E F0 .052(is e)2.552 F
-.25(va)-.25 G .051(luated according to the rules described belo).25 F
2.551(wu)-.25 G(nder)-2.551 E F3 .051(ARITHMETIC EV)2.551 F(ALU)-1.215 E
(A-)-.54 E(TION)144 691.2 Q/F5 9/Times-Roman@0 SF(.)A F0 .411(If the v)
4.91 F .411(alue of the e)-.25 F .411(xpression is non-zero, the return\
 status is 0; otherwise the return status)-.15 F(is 1.)144 703.2 Q
(This is e)5 E(xactly equi)-.15 E -.25(va)-.25 G(lent to).25 E F1(let ")
2.5 E F2 -.2(ex)C(pr).2 E(ession)-.37 E F1(")A F0(.)A(GNU Bash-3.2)72
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/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 389.54(SH\(1\) B).35 F(ASH\(1\))
-.35 E/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 SF([[)108 84 Q/F2 10/Times-Italic@0 SF -.2(ex)
2.5 G(pr).2 E(ession)-.37 E F1(]])2.5 E F0 1.3
(Return a status of 0 or 1 depending on the e)144 96 R -.25(va)-.25 G
1.299(luation of the conditional e).25 F(xpression)-.15 E F2 -.2(ex)
3.799 G(pr).2 E(ession)-.37 E F0(.)A 2.273
(Expressions are composed of the primaries described belo)144 108 R
4.774(wu)-.25 G(nder)-4.774 E/F3 9/Times-Bold@0 SF(CONDITION)4.774 E
2.274(AL EXPRES-)-.18 F(SIONS)144 120 Q/F4 9/Times-Roman@0 SF(.)A F0 -.8
(Wo)5.633 G 1.133(rd splitting and pathname e).8 F 1.133
(xpansion are not performed on the w)-.15 F 1.133(ords between the)-.1 F
F1([[)3.632 E F0(and)144 132 Q F1(]])2.963 E F0 2.963(;t)C .463(ilde e)
-2.963 F .464(xpansion, parameter and v)-.15 F .464(ariable e)-.25 F
.464(xpansion, arithmetic e)-.15 F .464(xpansion, command substi-)-.15 F
1.081(tution, process substitution, and quote remo)144 144 R -.25(va)
-.15 G 3.581(la).25 G 1.081(re performed.)-3.581 F 1.081
(Conditional operators such as)6.081 F F1<ad66>3.58 E F0
(must be unquoted to be recognized as primaries.)144 156 Q .502
(When the)144 174 R F1(==)3.002 E F0(and)3.002 E F1(!=)3.002 E F0 .502(\
operators are used, the string to the right of the operator is consider\
ed a pat-)3.002 F 1.225
(tern and matched according to the rules described belo)144 186 R 3.724
(wu)-.25 G(nder)-3.724 E F1 -.1(Pa)3.724 G(tter).1 E 3.724(nM)-.15 G
(atching)-3.724 E F0 6.224(.I)C 3.724(ft)-6.224 G 1.224(he shell)-3.724
F(option)144 198 Q F1(nocasematch)3.404 E F0 .904
(is enabled, the match is performed without re)3.404 F -.05(ga)-.15 G
.905(rd to the case of alphabetic).05 F 2.752(characters. The)144 210 R
.251(return v)2.752 F .251(alue is 0 if the string matches \()-.25 F F1
(==)A F0 2.751(\)o)C 2.751(rd)-2.751 G .251(oes not match \()-2.751 F F1
(!=)A F0 2.751(\)t)C .251(he pattern, and)-2.751 F 2.5(1o)144 222 S 2.5
(therwise. An)-2.5 F 2.5(yp)-.15 G(art of the pattern may be quoted to \
force it to be matched as a string.)-2.5 E .243
(An additional binary operator)144 240 R(,)-.4 E F1(=~)2.743 E F0 2.743
(,i)C 2.743(sa)-2.743 G -.25(va)-2.943 G .243
(ilable, with the same precedence as).25 F F1(==)2.743 E F0(and)2.743 E
F1(!=)2.743 E F0 5.243(.W)C .243(hen it is)-5.243 F 1.953
(used, the string to the right of the operator is considered an e)144
252 R 1.953(xtended re)-.15 F 1.953(gular e)-.15 F 1.953(xpression and)
-.15 F .207(matched accordingly \(as in)144 264 R F2 -.37(re)2.707 G -.1
(ge)-.03 G(x)-.1 E F0 2.707(\(3\)\). The)B .207(return v)2.707 F .207
(alue is 0 if the string matches the pattern, and 1)-.25 F 3.346
(otherwise. If)144 276 R .846(the re)3.346 F .846(gular e)-.15 F .845
(xpression is syntactically incorrect, the conditional e)-.15 F
(xpression')-.15 E 3.345(sr)-.55 G(eturn)-3.345 E -.25(va)144 288 S .666
(lue is 2.).25 F .667(If the shell option)5.667 F F1(nocasematch)3.167 E
F0 .667(is enabled, the match is performed without re)3.167 F -.05(ga)
-.15 G .667(rd to).05 F .379(the case of alphabetic characters.)144 300
R(An)5.379 E 2.879(yp)-.15 G .378
(art of the pattern may be quoted to force it to be matched)-2.879 F
.265(as a string.)144 312 R .265
(Substrings matched by parenthesized sube)5.265 F .265
(xpressions within the re)-.15 F .265(gular e)-.15 F .265(xpression are)
-.15 F(sa)144 324 Q -.15(ve)-.2 G 3.118(di).15 G 3.118(nt)-3.118 G .618
(he array v)-3.118 F(ariable)-.25 E F1 -.3(BA)3.117 G(SH_REMA).3 E(TCH)
-.95 E F0 5.617(.T)C .617(he element of)-5.617 F F1 -.3(BA)3.117 G
(SH_REMA).3 E(TCH)-.95 E F0 .617(with inde)3.117 F(x)-.15 E 6.882(0i)144
336 S 6.882(st)-6.882 G 4.382
(he portion of the string matching the entire re)-6.882 F 4.382(gular e)
-.15 F 6.882(xpression. The)-.15 F 4.383(element of)6.883 F F1 -.3(BA)
144 348 S(SH_REMA).3 E(TCH)-.95 E F0 2.088(with inde)4.588 F(x)-.15 E F2
(n)4.588 E F0 2.088(is the portion of the string matching the)4.588 F F2
(n)4.587 E F0 2.087(th parenthesized)B(sube)144 360 Q(xpression.)-.15 E
.785(Expressions may be combined using the follo)144 378 R .786
(wing operators, listed in decreasing order of prece-)-.25 F(dence:)144
390 Q F1(\()144 408 Q F2 -.2(ex)2.5 G(pr).2 E(ession)-.37 E F1(\))2.5 E
F0 .523(Returns the v)180 420 R .522(alue of)-.25 F F2 -.2(ex)3.022 G
(pr).2 E(ession)-.37 E F0 5.522(.T)C .522(his may be used to o)-5.522 F
-.15(ve)-.15 G .522(rride the normal precedence of).15 F(operators.)180
432 Q F1(!)144 444 Q F2 -.2(ex)2.5 G(pr).2 E(ession)-.37 E F0 -.35(Tr)
180 456 S(ue if).35 E F2 -.2(ex)2.5 G(pr).2 E(ession)-.37 E F0(is f)2.74
E(alse.)-.1 E F2 -.2(ex)144 468 S(pr).2 E(ession1)-.37 E F1(&&)2.5 E F2
-.2(ex)2.5 G(pr).2 E(ession2)-.37 E F0 -.35(Tr)180 480 S(ue if both).35
E F2 -.2(ex)2.5 G(pr).2 E(ession1)-.37 E F0(and)2.5 E F2 -.2(ex)2.5 G
(pr).2 E(ession2)-.37 E F0(are true.)2.52 E F2 -.2(ex)144 492 S(pr).2 E
(ession1)-.37 E/F5 10/Symbol SF<efef>2.5 E F2 -.2(ex)2.5 G(pr).2 E
(ession2)-.37 E F0 -.35(Tr)180 504 S(ue if either).35 E F2 -.2(ex)2.5 G
(pr).2 E(ession1)-.37 E F0(or)2.5 E F2 -.2(ex)2.5 G(pr).2 E(ession2)-.37
E F0(is true.)2.52 E(The)144 520.8 Q F1(&&)3.298 E F0(and)3.298 E F5
<efef>3.298 E F0 .798(operators do not e)3.298 F -.25(va)-.25 G(luate)
.25 E F2 -.2(ex)3.298 G(pr).2 E(ession2)-.37 E F0 .798(if the v)3.298 F
.798(alue of)-.25 F F2 -.2(ex)3.298 G(pr).2 E(ession1)-.37 E F0 .799
(is suf)3.298 F .799(\214cient to)-.25 F(determine the return v)144
532.8 Q(alue of the entire conditional e)-.25 E(xpression.)-.15 E F1
-.25(fo)108 549.6 S(r).25 E F2(name)2.5 E F0([)2.5 E F1(in)2.5 E F2(wor)
2.5 E(d)-.37 E F0 2.5(];)2.5 G F1(do)A F2(list)2.5 E F0(;)2.5 E F1(done)
2.5 E F0 .424(The list of w)144 561.6 R .424(ords follo)-.1 F(wing)-.25
E F1(in)2.924 E F0 .423(is e)2.924 F .423
(xpanded, generating a list of items.)-.15 F .423(The v)5.423 F(ariable)
-.25 E F2(name)2.923 E F0 .423(is set to)2.923 F .653
(each element of this list in turn, and)144 573.6 R F2(list)3.153 E F0
.653(is e)3.153 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .653(cuted each time.).15 F .653
(If the)5.653 F F1(in)3.153 E F2(wor)3.153 E(d)-.37 E F0 .653
(is omitted, the)3.153 F F1 -.25(fo)3.153 G(r).25 E F0 .649(command e)
144 585.6 R -.15(xe)-.15 G(cutes).15 E F2(list)3.149 E F0 .648
(once for each positional parameter that is set \(see)3.148 F F3 -.666
(PA)3.148 G(RAMETERS).666 E F0(belo)2.898 E(w\).)-.25 E .153
(The return status is the e)144 597.6 R .153
(xit status of the last command that e)-.15 F -.15(xe)-.15 G 2.654
(cutes. If).15 F .154(the e)2.654 F .154(xpansion of the items)-.15 F
(follo)144 609.6 Q(wing)-.25 E F1(in)2.5 E F0
(results in an empty list, no commands are e)2.5 E -.15(xe)-.15 G
(cuted, and the return status is 0.).15 E F1 -.25(fo)108 626.4 S(r).25 E
F0(\(\()2.5 E F2 -.2(ex)2.5 G(pr1).2 E F0(;)2.5 E F2 -.2(ex)2.5 G(pr2).2
E F0(;)2.5 E F2 -.2(ex)2.5 G(pr3).2 E F0(\)\) ;)2.5 E F1(do)2.5 E F2
(list)2.5 E F0(;)2.5 E F1(done)2.5 E F0 1.236(First, the arithmetic e)
144 638.4 R(xpression)-.15 E F2 -.2(ex)3.736 G(pr1).2 E F0 1.235(is e)
3.736 F -.25(va)-.25 G 1.235
(luated according to the rules described belo).25 F 3.735(wu)-.25 G
(nder)-3.735 E F3 .561(ARITHMETIC EV)144 650.4 R(ALU)-1.215 E -.855(AT)
-.54 G(ION).855 E F4(.)A F0 .561(The arithmetic e)5.061 F(xpression)-.15
E F2 -.2(ex)3.061 G(pr2).2 E F0 .562(is then e)3.062 F -.25(va)-.25 G
.562(luated repeatedly until).25 F .592(it e)144 662.4 R -.25(va)-.25 G
.592(luates to zero.).25 F .592(Each time)5.592 F F2 -.2(ex)3.092 G(pr2)
.2 E F0 -.25(eva)3.092 G .592(luates to a non-zero v).25 F(alue,)-.25 E
F2(list)3.092 E F0 .591(is e)3.092 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .591
(cuted and the arith-).15 F .228(metic e)144 674.4 R(xpression)-.15 E F2
-.2(ex)2.728 G(pr3).2 E F0 .229(is e)2.728 F -.25(va)-.25 G 2.729
(luated. If).25 F(an)2.729 E 2.729(ye)-.15 G .229
(xpression is omitted, it beha)-2.879 F -.15(ve)-.2 G 2.729(sa).15 G
2.729(si)-2.729 G 2.729(fi)-2.729 G 2.729(te)-2.729 G -.25(va)-2.979 G
.229(luates to 1.).25 F .228(The return v)144 686.4 R .228
(alue is the e)-.25 F .228(xit status of the last command in)-.15 F F2
(list)2.728 E F0 .227(that is e)2.728 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .227(cuted, or f)
.15 F .227(alse if an)-.1 F 2.727(yo)-.15 G 2.727(ft)-2.727 G(he)-2.727
E -.15(ex)144 698.4 S(pressions is in).15 E -.25(va)-.4 G(lid.).25 E
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/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 389.54(SH\(1\) B).35 F(ASH\(1\))
-.35 E/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(select)108 84 Q/F2 10/Times-Italic@0 SF
(name)2.5 E F0([)2.5 E F1(in)2.5 E F2(wor)2.5 E(d)-.37 E F0 2.5(];)2.5 G
F1(do)A F2(list)2.5 E F0(;)2.5 E F1(done)2.5 E F0 .432(The list of w)144
96 R .432(ords follo)-.1 F(wing)-.25 E F1(in)2.932 E F0 .432(is e)2.932
F .432(xpanded, generating a list of items.)-.15 F .433(The set of e)
5.433 F .433(xpanded w)-.15 F(ords)-.1 E .843
(is printed on the standard error)144 108 R 3.342(,e)-.4 G .842
(ach preceded by a number)-3.342 F 5.842(.I)-.55 G 3.342(ft)-5.842 G(he)
-3.342 E F1(in)3.342 E F2(wor)3.342 E(d)-.37 E F0 .842
(is omitted, the posi-)3.342 F .064(tional parameters are printed \(see)
144 120 R/F3 9/Times-Bold@0 SF -.666(PA)2.564 G(RAMETERS).666 E F0(belo)
2.314 E 2.564(w\). The)-.25 F F1(PS3)2.564 E F0 .064
(prompt is then displayed and a)2.564 F .214
(line read from the standard input.)144 132 R .213
(If the line consists of a number corresponding to one of the dis-)5.214
F 1.537(played w)144 144 R 1.537(ords, then the v)-.1 F 1.537(alue of)
-.25 F F2(name)4.397 E F0 1.537(is set to that w)4.217 F 4.037(ord. If)
-.1 F 1.538(the line is empty)4.038 F 4.038(,t)-.65 G 1.538(he w)-4.038
F 1.538(ords and)-.1 F .066(prompt are displayed ag)144 156 R 2.566
(ain. If)-.05 F .065(EOF is read, the command completes.)2.566 F(An)
5.065 E 2.565(yo)-.15 G .065(ther v)-2.565 F .065(alue read causes)-.25
F F2(name)144 168 Q F0 .759(to be set to null.)3.439 F .759
(The line read is sa)5.759 F -.15(ve)-.2 G 3.26(di).15 G 3.26(nt)-3.26 G
.76(he v)-3.26 F(ariable)-.25 E F1(REPL)3.26 E(Y)-.92 E F0 5.76(.T)C(he)
-5.76 E F2(list)3.35 E F0 .76(is e)3.94 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .76
(cuted after).15 F .072(each selection until a)144 180 R F1(br)2.571 E
(eak)-.18 E F0 .071(command is e)2.571 F -.15(xe)-.15 G 2.571
(cuted. The).15 F -.15(ex)2.571 G .071(it status of).15 F F1(select)
2.571 E F0 .071(is the e)2.571 F .071(xit status of the)-.15 F
(last command e)144 192 Q -.15(xe)-.15 G(cuted in).15 E F2(list)2.5 E F0
2.5(,o).68 G 2.5(rz)-2.5 G(ero if no commands were e)-2.5 E -.15(xe)-.15
G(cuted.).15 E F1(case)108 208.8 Q F2(wor)2.5 E(d)-.37 E F1(in)2.5 E F0
2.5([[)2.5 G(\(])-2.5 E F2(pattern)2.5 E F0([)2.5 E F1(|)2.5 E F2
(pattern)2.5 E F0 2.5(].)2.5 G(.. \))-2.5 E F2(list)2.5 E F0(;; ] ...)
2.5 E F1(esac)2.5 E F0(A)144 220.8 Q F1(case)3.264 E F0 .764
(command \214rst e)3.264 F(xpands)-.15 E F2(wor)3.264 E(d)-.37 E F0
3.264(,a)C .764(nd tries to match it ag)-3.264 F .764(ainst each)-.05 F
F2(pattern)3.264 E F0 .765(in turn, using the)3.264 F .596
(same matching rules as for pathname e)144 232.8 R .595(xpansion \(see)
-.15 F F1 -.1(Pa)3.095 G .595(thname Expansion).1 F F0(belo)3.095 E
3.095(w\). The)-.25 F F2(wor)3.095 E(d)-.37 E F0(is)3.095 E -.15(ex)144
244.8 S 1.092(panded using tilde e).15 F 1.092
(xpansion, parameter and v)-.15 F 1.092(ariable e)-.25 F 1.092
(xpansion, arithmetic substitution, com-)-.15 F 1.268
(mand substitution, process substitution and quote remo)144 256.8 R -.25
(va)-.15 G 3.768(l. Each).25 F F2(pattern)3.768 E F0 -.15(ex)3.768 G
1.268(amined is e).15 F(xpanded)-.15 E .353(using tilde e)144 268.8 R
.353(xpansion, parameter and v)-.15 F .353(ariable e)-.25 F .353
(xpansion, arithmetic substitution, command substi-)-.15 F 1.517
(tution, and process substitution.)144 280.8 R 1.517
(If the shell option)6.517 F F1(nocasematch)4.016 E F0 1.516
(is enabled, the match is per)4.016 F(-)-.2 E 1.346(formed without re)
144 292.8 R -.05(ga)-.15 G 1.346
(rd to the case of alphabetic characters.).05 F 1.347
(When a match is found, the corre-)6.347 F(sponding)144 304.8 Q F2(list)
3.58 E F0 1.08(is e)3.58 F -.15(xe)-.15 G 3.58(cuted. After).15 F 1.079
(the \214rst match, no subsequent matches are attempted.)3.579 F 1.079
(The e)6.079 F(xit)-.15 E .006(status is zero if no pattern matches.)144
316.8 R .006(Otherwise, it is the e)5.006 F .006
(xit status of the last command e)-.15 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .007(cuted in)
.15 F F2(list)144 328.8 Q F0(.)A F1(if)108 345.6 Q F2(list)2.5 E F0(;)A
F1(then)2.5 E F2(list;)2.5 E F0([)2.5 E F1(elif)2.5 E F2(list)2.5 E F0
(;)A F1(then)2.5 E F2(list)2.5 E F0 2.5(;].)C(.. [)-2.5 E F1(else)2.5 E
F2(list)2.5 E F0 2.5(;])C F1<8c>A F0(The)144 357.6 Q F1(if)2.978 E F2
(list)3.068 E F0 .478(is e)3.658 F -.15(xe)-.15 G 2.978(cuted. If).15 F
.478(its e)2.978 F .478(xit status is zero, the)-.15 F F1(then)2.978 E
F2(list)2.978 E F0 .478(is e)2.978 F -.15(xe)-.15 G 2.978
(cuted. Otherwise,).15 F(each)2.978 E F1(elif)2.977 E F2(list)2.977 E F0
1.087(is e)144 369.6 R -.15(xe)-.15 G 1.087(cuted in turn, and if its e)
.15 F 1.087(xit status is zero, the corresponding)-.15 F F1(then)3.587 E
F2(list)3.587 E F0 1.088(is e)3.588 F -.15(xe)-.15 G 1.088
(cuted and the).15 F .104(command completes.)144 381.6 R .103
(Otherwise, the)5.104 F F1(else)2.603 E F2(list)2.603 E F0 .103(is e)
2.603 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .103(cuted, if present.).15 F .103(The e)5.103 F
.103(xit status is the e)-.15 F .103(xit sta-)-.15 F
(tus of the last command e)144 393.6 Q -.15(xe)-.15 G
(cuted, or zero if no condition tested true.).15 E F1(while)108 410.4 Q
F2(list)2.5 E F0(;)A F1(do)2.5 E F2(list)2.5 E F0(;)A F1(done)2.5 E
(until)108 422.4 Q F2(list)2.5 E F0(;)A F1(do)2.5 E F2(list)2.5 E F0(;)A
F1(done)2.5 E F0(The)144 434.4 Q F1(while)3.103 E F0 .603
(command continuously e)3.103 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .603(cutes the).15 F F1
(do)3.103 E F2(list)3.103 E F0 .603(as long as the last command in)3.103
F F2(list)3.104 E F0(returns)3.104 E .471(an e)144 446.4 R .471
(xit status of zero.)-.15 F(The)5.471 E F1(until)2.971 E F0 .471
(command is identical to the)2.971 F F1(while)2.97 E F0 .47(command, e)
2.97 F .47(xcept that the test)-.15 F .095(is ne)144 458.4 R -.05(ga)
-.15 G .095(ted; the).05 F F1(do)2.595 E F2(list)2.685 E F0 .095(is e)
3.275 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .095(cuted as long as the last command in).15 F
F2(list)2.685 E F0 .096(returns a non-zero e)3.276 F .096(xit status.)
-.15 F 1.307(The e)144 470.4 R 1.307(xit status of the)-.15 F F1(while)
3.807 E F0(and)3.807 E F1(until)3.807 E F0 1.307(commands is the e)3.807
F 1.306(xit status of the last)-.15 F F1(do)3.806 E F2(list)3.806 E F0
(command)3.806 E -.15(exe)144 482.4 S(cuted, or zero if none w).15 E
(as e)-.1 E -.15(xe)-.15 G(cuted.).15 E F1(Shell Function De\214nitions)
87 499.2 Q F0 2.697(As)108 511.2 S .198
(hell function is an object that is called lik)-2.697 F 2.698(eas)-.1 G
.198(imple command and e)-2.698 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .198
(cutes a compound command with).15 F 2.5(an)108 523.2 S .5 -.25(ew s)
-2.5 H(et of positional parameters.).25 E
(Shell functions are declared as follo)5 E(ws:)-.25 E([)108 540 Q F1
(function)2.5 E F0(])2.5 E F2(name)2.5 E F0(\(\))2.5 E F2
(compound\255command)2.5 E F0([)2.5 E F2 -.37(re)C(dir).37 E(ection)-.37
E F0(])A 1.403(This de\214nes a function named)144 552 R F2(name)3.902 E
F0 6.402(.T)C 1.402(he reserv)-6.402 F 1.402(ed w)-.15 F(ord)-.1 E F1
(function)3.902 E F0 1.402(is optional.)3.902 F 1.402(If the)6.402 F F1
(function)3.902 E F0(reserv)144 564 Q .162(ed w)-.15 F .162
(ord is supplied, the parentheses are optional.)-.1 F(The)5.162 E F2
(body)2.662 E F0 .162(of the function is the compound)2.662 F(command)
144 576 Q F2(compound\255command)2.784 E F0(\(see)3.354 E F1 .084
(Compound Commands)2.584 F F0(abo)2.584 E -.15(ve)-.15 G 2.584(\). That)
.15 F .084(command is usually a)2.584 F F2(list)144 588 Q F0 .044
(of commands between { and }, b)2.544 F .044(ut may be an)-.2 F 2.544
(yc)-.15 G .044(ommand listed under)-2.544 F F1 .044(Compound Commands)
2.544 F F0(abo)144 600 Q -.15(ve)-.15 G(.).15 E F2(compound\255command)
6.671 E F0 1.671(is e)4.171 F -.15(xe)-.15 G 1.671(cuted whene).15 F
-.15(ve)-.25 G(r).15 E F2(name)4.171 E F0 1.671
(is speci\214ed as the name of a simple)4.171 F 3.008(command. An)144
612 R 3.009(yr)-.15 G .509(edirections \(see)-3.009 F F3(REDIRECTION)
3.009 E F0(belo)2.759 E .509
(w\) speci\214ed when a function is de\214ned are)-.25 F .581
(performed when the function is e)144 624 R -.15(xe)-.15 G 3.081
(cuted. The).15 F -.15(ex)3.081 G .58
(it status of a function de\214nition is zero unless a).15 F .177(synta\
x error occurs or a readonly function with the same name already e)144
636 R 2.678(xists. When)-.15 F -.15(exe)2.678 G .178(cuted, the).15 F
-.15(ex)144 648 S .64(it status of a function is the e).15 F .64
(xit status of the last command e)-.15 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .64
(cuted in the body).15 F 5.64(.\()-.65 G(See)-5.64 E F3(FUNC-)3.14 E
(TIONS)144 660 Q F0(belo)2.25 E -.65(w.)-.25 G(\)).65 E/F4 10.95
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688.8 R 1.282 -.15(ve s)-.25 H .982(hell, or an interacti).15 F 1.282
-.15(ve s)-.25 H .982(hell in which the).15 F F1(interacti)3.482 E -.1
(ve)-.1 G(_comments).1 E F0 .982(option to the)3.482 F F1(shopt)3.482 E
F0 -.2(bu)108 700.8 S .952(iltin is enabled \(see).2 F F3 .952(SHELL B)
3.452 F(UIL)-.09 E .952(TIN COMMANDS)-.828 F F0(belo)3.202 E .952
(w\), a w)-.25 F .952(ord be)-.1 F .952(ginning with)-.15 F F1(#)3.451 E
F0 .951(causes that w)3.451 F(ord)-.1 E .604
(and all remaining characters on that line to be ignored.)108 712.8 R
.605(An interacti)5.605 F .905 -.15(ve s)-.25 H .605(hell without the)
.15 F F1(interacti)3.105 E -.1(ve)-.1 G(_com-).1 E(ments)108 724.8 Q F0
1.337(option enabled does not allo)3.837 F 3.837(wc)-.25 G 3.836
(omments. The)-3.837 F F1(interacti)3.836 E -.1(ve)-.1 G(_comments).1 E
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/Times-Italic@0 SF(Quoting)108 112.8 Q F0 .477(is used to remo)2.977 F
.777 -.15(ve t)-.15 H .477
(he special meaning of certain characters or w).15 F .477
(ords to the shell.)-.1 F .478(Quoting can be)5.478 F .185
(used to disable special treatment for special characters, to pre)108
124.8 R -.15(ve)-.25 G .185(nt reserv).15 F .184(ed w)-.15 F .184
(ords from being recognized as)-.1 F(such, and to pre)108 136.8 Q -.15
(ve)-.25 G(nt parameter e).15 E(xpansion.)-.15 E .288(Each of the)108
153.6 R F2(metac)2.788 E(har)-.15 E(acter)-.15 E(s)-.1 E F0 .288
(listed abo)2.788 F .588 -.15(ve u)-.15 H(nder).15 E/F3 9/Times-Bold@0
SF(DEFINITIONS)2.788 E F0 .288
(has special meaning to the shell and must be)2.538 F
(quoted if it is to represent itself.)108 165.6 Q 1.345
(When the command history e)108 182.4 R 1.344(xpansion f)-.15 F 1.344
(acilities are being used \(see)-.1 F F3(HIST)3.844 E(OR)-.162 E 3.594
(YE)-.315 G(XP)-3.594 E(ANSION)-.666 E F0(belo)3.594 E 1.344(w\), the)
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(,u)-.4 G(sually)-2.5 E/F4 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(!)2.5 E F0 2.5(,m)C
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(xpansion.)-.15 E(There are three quoting mechanisms: the)108 211.2 Q F2
(escape c)2.5 E(har)-.15 E(acter)-.15 E F0 2.5(,s).73 G
(ingle quotes, and double quotes.)-2.5 E 2.974(An)108 228 S .474
(on-quoted backslash \()-2.974 F F4(\\)A F0 2.974(\)i)C 2.974(st)-2.974
G(he)-2.974 E F2 .474(escape c)2.974 F(har)-.15 E(acter)-.15 E F0 5.474
(.I).73 G 2.974(tp)-5.474 G(reserv)-2.974 E .474(es the literal v)-.15 F
.474(alue of the ne)-.25 F .475(xt character that)-.15 F(follo)108 240 Q
1.554(ws, with the e)-.25 F 1.553(xception of <ne)-.15 F 4.053
(wline>. If)-.25 F(a)4.053 E F4(\\)4.053 E F0(<ne)A 1.553
(wline> pair appears, and the backslash is not itself)-.25 F 1.122
(quoted, the)108 252 R F4(\\)3.622 E F0(<ne)A 1.122
(wline> is treated as a line continuation \(that is, it is remo)-.25 F
-.15(ve)-.15 G 3.622(df).15 G 1.123(rom the input stream and)-3.622 F
(ef)108 264 Q(fecti)-.25 E -.15(ve)-.25 G(ly ignored\).).15 E .295
(Enclosing characters in single quotes preserv)108 280.8 R .295
(es the literal v)-.15 F .295(alue of each character within the quotes.)
-.25 F 2.795(As)5.295 G(in-)-2.795 E
(gle quote may not occur between single quotes, e)108 292.8 Q -.15(ve)
-.25 G 2.5(nw).15 G(hen preceded by a backslash.)-2.5 E .033
(Enclosing characters in double quotes preserv)108 309.6 R .034
(es the literal v)-.15 F .034
(alue of all characters within the quotes, with the)-.25 F -.15(ex)108
321.6 S .828(ception of).15 F F4($)3.328 E F0(,)A F4<92>3.328 E F0(,)A
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(xpansion is enabled,)-.15 F F4(!)3.328 E F0 5.828(.T)C .828
(he characters)-5.828 F F4($)3.328 E F0(and)3.328 E F4<92>3.328 E F0
.827(retain their special)3.328 F .074(meaning within double quotes.)108
333.6 R .074(The backslash retains its special meaning only when follo)
5.074 F .075(wed by one of the)-.25 F(follo)108 345.6 Q .205
(wing characters:)-.25 F F4($)2.705 E F0(,)A F4<92>2.705 E F0(,)A F4(")
3.538 E F0(,).833 E F4(\\)2.705 E F0 2.705(,o)C(r)-2.705 E F4(<newline>)
2.705 E F0 5.205(.A)C .204
(double quote may be quoted within double quotes by pre-)-2.5 F .081
(ceding it with a backslash.)108 357.6 R .082(If enabled, history e)
5.082 F .082(xpansion will be performed unless an)-.15 F F4(!)2.582 E F0
.082(appearing in double)5.082 F(quotes is escaped using a backslash.)
108 369.6 Q(The backslash preceding the)5 E F4(!)2.5 E F0(is not remo)5
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F0(and)2.5 E F4(@)2.5 E F0(ha)2.5 E .3 -.15(ve s)-.2 H
(pecial meaning when in double quotes \(see).15 E F3 -.666(PA)2.5 G
(RAMETERS).666 E F0(belo)2.25 E(w\).)-.25 E -.8(Wo)108 403.2 S .212
(rds of the form).8 F F4($)2.712 E F0<08>A F2(string)A F0 2.712<0861>C
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.211(ith backslash-escaped char)-2.711 F(-)-.2 E .604
(acters replaced as speci\214ed by the ANSI C standard.)108 415.2 R .605
(Backslash escape sequences, if present, are decoded)5.605 F(as follo)
108 427.2 Q(ws:)-.25 E F4(\\a)144 439.2 Q F0(alert \(bell\))28.22 E F4
(\\b)144 451.2 Q F0(backspace)27.66 E F4(\\e)144 463.2 Q F0
(an escape character)28.78 E F4(\\f)144 475.2 Q F0(form feed)29.89 E F4
(\\n)144 487.2 Q F0(ne)27.66 E 2.5(wl)-.25 G(ine)-2.5 E F4(\\r)144 499.2
Q F0(carriage return)28.78 E F4(\\t)144 511.2 Q F0(horizontal tab)29.89
E F4(\\v)144 523.2 Q F0 -.15(ve)28.22 G(rtical tab).15 E F4(\\\\)144
535.2 Q F0(backslash)30.44 E F4<5c08>144 547.2 Q F0(single quote)30.44 E
F4(\\)144 559.2 Q F2(nnn)A F0(the eight-bit character whose v)18.22 E
(alue is the octal v)-.25 E(alue)-.25 E F2(nnn)2.5 E F0
(\(one to three digits\))2.5 E F4(\\x)144 571.2 Q F2(HH)A F0
(the eight-bit character whose v)13.78 E(alue is the he)-.25 E
(xadecimal v)-.15 E(alue)-.25 E F2(HH)2.5 E F0(\(one or tw)2.5 E 2.5(oh)
-.1 G .3 -.15(ex d)-2.5 H(igits\)).15 E F4(\\c)144 583.2 Q F2(x)A F0 2.5
(ac)24.34 G(ontrol-)-2.5 E F2(x)A F0(character)2.5 E(The e)108 600 Q(xp\
anded result is single-quoted, as if the dollar sign had not been prese\
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(ouble-quoted string preceded by a dollar sign \()-2.986 F F4($)A F0
2.986(\)w)C .485(ill cause the string to be translated according to the)
-2.986 F .117(current locale.)108 628.8 R .117(If the current locale is)
5.117 F F4(C)2.617 E F0(or)2.617 E F4(POSIX)2.617 E F0 2.617(,t)C .118
(he dollar sign is ignored.)-2.617 F .118
(If the string is translated and)5.118 F
(replaced, the replacement is double-quoted.)108 640.8 Q F1 -.81(PA)72
657.6 S(RAMETERS).81 E F0(A)108 669.6 Q F2(par)4.593 E(ameter)-.15 E F0
.843(is an entity that stores v)4.073 F 3.343(alues. It)-.25 F .843
(can be a)3.343 F F2(name)3.342 E F0 3.342(,an).18 G(umber)-3.342 E
3.342(,o)-.4 G 3.342(ro)-3.342 G .842(ne of the special characters)
-3.342 F .822(listed belo)108 681.6 R 3.323(wu)-.25 G(nder)-3.323 E F4
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.369(and zero or more)2.869 F F2(attrib)2.869 E(utes)-.2 E F0 5.369(.A)C
(ttrib)-5.369 E .369(utes are assigned using the)-.2 F F4(declar)2.868 E
(e)-.18 E F0 -.2(bu)2.868 G .368(iltin command \(see).2 F F4(declar)
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2.754(Ap)108 722.4 S .254(arameter is set if it has been assigned a v)
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(alid v)-.25 F 2.755(alue. Once)-.25 F 2.755(av)2.755 G .255
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/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 389.54(SH\(1\) B).35 F(ASH\(1\))
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SF(SHELL B)2.5 E(UIL)-.09 E(TIN COMMANDS)-.828 E F0(belo)2.25 E(w\).)
-.25 E(A)108 100.8 Q/F3 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(variable)2.79 E F0
(may be assigned to by a statement of the form)2.68 E F3(name)144 117.6
Q F0(=[)A F3(value)A F0(])A(If)108 134.4 Q F3(value)3.023 E F0 .233
(is not gi)2.913 F -.15(ve)-.25 G .233(n, the v).15 F .232
(ariable is assigned the null string.)-.25 F(All)5.232 E F3(values)3.022
E F0(under)3.002 E .232(go tilde e)-.18 F .232(xpansion, parameter)-.15
F .515(and v)108 146.4 R .515(ariable e)-.25 F .515
(xpansion, command substitution, arithmetic e)-.15 F .515
(xpansion, and quote remo)-.15 F -.25(va)-.15 G 3.015(l\().25 G(see)
-3.015 E F2(EXP)3.015 E(ANSION)-.666 E F0(belo)108 158.4 Q 2.699
(w\). If)-.25 F .199(the v)2.699 F .199(ariable has its)-.25 F F1
(integer)2.698 E F0(attrib)2.698 E .198(ute set, then)-.2 F F3(value)
2.988 E F0 .198(is e)2.878 F -.25(va)-.25 G .198
(luated as an arithmetic e).25 F .198(xpression e)-.15 F -.15(ve)-.25 G
(n).15 E .901(if the $\(\(...\)\) e)108 170.4 R .901
(xpansion is not used \(see)-.15 F F1 .901(Arithmetic Expansion)3.401 F
F0(belo)3.401 E 3.402(w\). W)-.25 F .902
(ord splitting is not performed,)-.8 F 1.179(with the e)108 182.4 R
1.179(xception of)-.15 F F1("$@")3.679 E F0 1.179(as e)3.679 F 1.179
(xplained belo)-.15 F 3.679(wu)-.25 G(nder)-3.679 E F1 1.178(Special P)
3.678 F(arameters)-.1 E F0 6.178(.P)C 1.178(athname e)-6.328 F 1.178
(xpansion is not)-.15 F 3.648(performed. Assignment)108 194.4 R 1.148
(statements may also appear as ar)3.648 F 1.149(guments to the)-.18 F F1
(alias)3.649 E F0(,)A F1(declar)3.649 E(e)-.18 E F0(,)A F1(typeset)3.649
E F0(,)A F1(export)3.649 E F0(,)A F1 -.18(re)108 206.4 S(adonly).18 E F0
2.5(,a)C(nd)-2.5 E F1(local)2.5 E F0 -.2(bu)2.5 G(iltin commands.).2 E
.377(In the conte)108 223.2 R .377
(xt where an assignment statement is assigning a v)-.15 F .376
(alue to a shell v)-.25 F .376(ariable or array inde)-.25 F .376
(x, the +=)-.15 F .257
(operator can be used to append to or add to the v)108 235.2 R(ariable')
-.25 E 2.757(sp)-.55 G(re)-2.757 E .257(vious v)-.25 F 2.757(alue. When)
-.25 F .257(+= is applied to a v)2.757 F(ariable)-.25 E .373
(for which the inte)108 247.2 R .373(ger attrib)-.15 F .372
(ute has been set,)-.2 F F3(value)2.872 E F0 .372(is e)2.872 F -.25(va)
-.25 G .372(luated as an arithmetic e).25 F .372
(xpression and added to the)-.15 F -.25(va)108 259.2 S(riable').25 E
2.888(sc)-.55 G .388(urrent v)-2.888 F .388(alue, which is also e)-.25 F
-.25(va)-.25 G 2.889(luated. When).25 F .389
(+= is applied to an array v)2.889 F .389(ariable using compound)-.25 F
.186(assignment \(see)108 271.2 R F1(Arrays)2.686 E F0(belo)2.686 E .186
(w\), the v)-.25 F(ariable')-.25 E 2.685(sv)-.55 G .185
(alue is not unset \(as it is when using =\), and ne)-2.935 F 2.685(wv)
-.25 G .185(alues are)-2.935 F .32(appended to the array be)108 283.2 R
.32(ginning at one greater than the array')-.15 F 2.82(sm)-.55 G .32
(aximum inde)-2.82 F 2.82(x. When)-.15 F .32(applied to a string-)2.82 F
-.25(va)108 295.2 S(lued v).25 E(ariable,)-.25 E F3(value)2.5 E F0(is e)
2.5 E(xpanded and appended to the v)-.15 E(ariable')-.25 E 2.5(sv)-.55 G
(alue.)-2.75 E F1 -.2(Po)87 312 S(sitional P).2 E(arameters)-.1 E F0(A)
108 324 Q F3 .706(positional par)4.456 F(ameter)-.15 E F0 .706(is a par\
ameter denoted by one or more digits, other than the single digit 0.)
3.936 F(Posi-)5.705 E .444
(tional parameters are assigned from the shell')108 336 R 2.944(sa)-.55
G -.18(rg)-2.944 G .444(uments when it is in).18 F -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke)
.2 G .445(d, and may be reassigned using).1 F(the)108 348 Q F1(set)3.334
E F0 -.2(bu)3.334 G .834(iltin command.).2 F .833(Positional parameters\
 may not be assigned to with assignment statements.)5.834 F(The)5.833 E
.334(positional parameters are temporarily replaced when a shell functi\
on is e)108 360 R -.15(xe)-.15 G .334(cuted \(see).15 F F2(FUNCTIONS)
2.834 E F0(belo)2.584 E(w\).)-.25 E 1.404(When a positional parameter c\
onsisting of more than a single digit is e)108 376.8 R 1.403
(xpanded, it must be enclosed in)-.15 F(braces \(see)108 388.8 Q F2(EXP)
2.5 E(ANSION)-.666 E F0(belo)2.25 E(w\).)-.25 E F1(Special P)87 405.6 Q
(arameters)-.1 E F0 1.674(The shell treats se)108 417.6 R -.15(ve)-.25 G
1.674(ral parameters specially).15 F 6.675(.T)-.65 G 1.675
(hese parameters may only be referenced; assignment to)-6.675 F
(them is not allo)108 429.6 Q(wed.)-.25 E F1(*)108 441.6 Q F0 .606
(Expands to the positional parameters, starting from one.)31 F .605
(When the e)5.605 F .605(xpansion occurs within dou-)-.15 F .083
(ble quotes, it e)144 453.6 R .084(xpands to a single w)-.15 F .084
(ord with the v)-.1 F .084
(alue of each parameter separated by the \214rst char)-.25 F(-)-.2 E
.004(acter of the)144 465.6 R F2(IFS)2.503 E F0 .003(special v)2.253 F
2.503(ariable. That)-.25 F .003(is, ")2.503 F F1($*)A F0 2.503("i)C
2.503(se)-2.503 G(qui)-2.503 E -.25(va)-.25 G .003(lent to ").25 F F1
($1)A F3(c)A F1($2)A F3(c)A F1(...)A F0 .003(", where)B F3(c)2.703 E F0
.003(is the \214rst char)2.813 F(-)-.2 E .768(acter of the v)144 477.6 R
.768(alue of the)-.25 F F2(IFS)3.268 E F0 -.25(va)3.018 G 3.268
(riable. If).25 F F2(IFS)3.268 E F0 .769
(is unset, the parameters are separated by spaces.)3.018 F(If)5.769 E F2
(IFS)144 489.6 Q F0(is null, the parameters are joined without interv)
2.25 E(ening separators.)-.15 E F1(@)108 501.6 Q F0 .606
(Expands to the positional parameters, starting from one.)26.7 F .605
(When the e)5.605 F .605(xpansion occurs within dou-)-.15 F .113
(ble quotes, each parameter e)144 513.6 R .113(xpands to a separate w)
-.15 F 2.614(ord. That)-.1 F .114(is, ")2.614 F F1($@)A F0 2.614("i)C
2.614(se)-2.614 G(qui)-2.614 E -.25(va)-.25 G .114(lent to ").25 F F1
($1)A F0 2.614("")C F1($2)-2.614 E F0 2.614(".)C(..)-2.614 E .135
(If the double-quoted e)144 525.6 R .135(xpansion occurs within a w)-.15
F .135(ord, the e)-.1 F .134
(xpansion of the \214rst parameter is joined)-.15 F .15(with the be)144
537.6 R .15(ginning part of the original w)-.15 F .151(ord, and the e)
-.1 F .151(xpansion of the last parameter is joined with)-.15 F .338
(the last part of the original w)144 549.6 R 2.838(ord. When)-.1 F .337
(there are no positional parameters, ")2.838 F F1($@)A F0 2.837("a)C(nd)
-2.837 E F1($@)2.837 E F0 -.15(ex)2.837 G(pand).15 E
(to nothing \(i.e., the)144 561.6 Q 2.5(ya)-.15 G(re remo)-2.5 E -.15
(ve)-.15 G(d\).).15 E F1(#)108 573.6 Q F0
(Expands to the number of positional parameters in decimal.)31 E F1(?)
108 585.6 Q F0(Expands to the e)31 E(xit status of the most recently e)
-.15 E -.15(xe)-.15 G(cuted fore).15 E(ground pipeline.)-.15 E F1<ad>108
597.6 Q F0 .881
(Expands to the current option \215ags as speci\214ed upon in)30.3 F -.2
(vo)-.4 G .881(cation, by the).2 F F1(set)3.382 E F0 -.2(bu)3.382 G .882
(iltin command, or).2 F(those set by the shell itself \(such as the)144
609.6 Q F1<ad69>2.5 E F0(option\).)2.5 E F1($)108 621.6 Q F0 .214
(Expands to the process ID of the shell.)31 F .214
(In a \(\) subshell, it e)5.214 F .214
(xpands to the process ID of the current)-.15 F
(shell, not the subshell.)144 633.6 Q F1(!)108 645.6 Q F0
(Expands to the process ID of the most recently e)32.67 E -.15(xe)-.15 G
(cuted background \(asynchronous\) command.).15 E F1(0)108 657.6 Q F0
1.691(Expands to the name of the shell or shell script.)31 F 1.692
(This is set at shell initialization.)6.692 F(If)6.692 E F1(bash)4.192 E
F0(is)4.192 E(in)144 669.6 Q -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G 3.078(dw).1 G .578
(ith a \214le of commands,)-3.078 F F1($0)3.078 E F0 .578
(is set to the name of that \214le.)3.078 F(If)5.577 E F1(bash)3.077 E
F0 .577(is started with the)3.077 F F1<ad63>3.077 E F0 .368
(option, then)144 681.6 R F1($0)2.869 E F0 .369
(is set to the \214rst ar)2.869 F .369(gument after the string to be e)
-.18 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .369(cuted, if one is present.).15 F(Other)5.369 E
(-)-.2 E(wise, it is set to the \214le name used to in)144 693.6 Q -.2
(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G F1(bash)2.6 E F0 2.5(,a)C 2.5(sg)-2.5 G -2.15 -.25
(iv e)-2.5 H 2.5(nb).25 G 2.5(ya)-2.5 G -.18(rg)-2.5 G(ument zero.).18 E
F1(_)108 705.6 Q F0 .055
(At shell startup, set to the absolute pathname used to in)31 F -.2(vo)
-.4 G .255 -.1(ke t).2 H .054(he shell or shell script being e).1 F -.15
(xe)-.15 G(cuted).15 E .691(as passed in the en)144 717.6 R .691
(vironment or ar)-.4 F .691(gument list.)-.18 F(Subsequently)5.691 E
3.191(,e)-.65 G .692(xpands to the last ar)-3.341 F .692(gument to the)
-.18 F(pre)144 729.6 Q .571(vious command, after e)-.25 F 3.071
(xpansion. Also)-.15 F .571(set to the full pathname used to in)3.071 F
-.2(vo)-.4 G .77 -.1(ke e).2 H .57(ach command).1 F(GNU Bash-3.2)72 768
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/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 389.54(SH\(1\) B).35 F(ASH\(1\))
-.35 E -.15(exe)144 84 S 1.6(cuted and placed in the en).15 F 1.6
(vironment e)-.4 F 1.6(xported to that command.)-.15 F 1.6
(When checking mail, this)6.6 F
(parameter holds the name of the mail \214le currently being check)144
96 Q(ed.)-.1 E/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(Shell V)87 112.8 Q(ariables)-.92 E
F0(The follo)108 124.8 Q(wing v)-.25 E(ariables are set by the shell:)
-.25 E F1 -.3(BA)108 141.6 S(SH).3 E F0
(Expands to the full \214le name used to in)9.07 E -.2(vo)-.4 G .2 -.1
(ke t).2 H(his instance of).1 E F1(bash)2.5 E F0(.)A F1 -.3(BA)108 153.6
S(SHPID).3 E F0 .361(Expands to the process id of the current)144 165.6
R F1(bash)2.861 E F0 2.861(process. This)2.861 F(dif)2.86 E .36
(fers from)-.25 F F1($$)2.86 E F0 .36(under certain circum-)2.86 F
(stances, such as subshells that do not require)144 177.6 Q F1(bash)2.5
E F0(to be re-initialized.)2.5 E F1 -.3(BA)108 189.6 S(SH_ARGC).3 E F0
.934(An array v)144 201.6 R .934(ariable whose v)-.25 F .934
(alues are the number of parameters in each frame of the current)-.25 F
F1(bash)3.435 E F0 -.15(exe)144 213.6 S .535(cution call stack.).15 F
.535(The number of parameters to the current subroutine \(shell functio\
n or script)5.535 F -.15(exe)144 225.6 S .141(cuted with).15 F F1(.)
2.641 E F0(or)2.641 E F1(sour)2.641 E(ce)-.18 E F0 2.641(\)i)C 2.641(sa)
-2.641 G 2.641(tt)-2.641 G .142(he top of the stack.)-2.641 F .142
(When a subroutine is e)5.142 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .142
(cuted, the number of).15 F 1.525(parameters passed is pushed onto)144
237.6 R F1 -.3(BA)4.024 G(SH_ARGC).3 E F0 6.524(.T)C 1.524
(he shell sets)-6.524 F F1 -.3(BA)4.024 G(SH_ARGC).3 E F0 1.524
(only when in)4.024 F -.15(ex)144 249.6 S(tended deb).15 E
(ugging mode \(see the description of the)-.2 E F1(extdeb)2.5 E(ug)-.2 E
F0(option to the)2.5 E F1(shopt)2.5 E F0 -.2(bu)2.5 G(iltin belo).2 E
(w\))-.25 E F1 -.3(BA)108 261.6 S(SH_ARGV).3 E F0 .979(An array v)144
273.6 R .979(ariable containing all of the parameters in the current)
-.25 F F1(bash)3.48 E F0 -.15(exe)3.48 G .98(cution call stack.).15 F
(The)5.98 E .275(\214nal parameter of the last subroutine call is at th\
e top of the stack; the \214rst parameter of the initial)144 285.6 R
1.424(call is at the bottom.)144 297.6 R 1.424(When a subroutine is e)
6.424 F -.15(xe)-.15 G 1.424
(cuted, the parameters supplied are pushed onto).15 F F1 -.3(BA)144
309.6 S(SH_ARGV).3 E F0 6.091(.T)C 1.091(he shell sets)-6.091 F F1 -.3
(BA)3.591 G(SH_ARGV).3 E F0 1.091(only when in e)3.591 F 1.091
(xtended deb)-.15 F 1.09(ugging mode \(see the)-.2 F(description of the)
144 321.6 Q F1(extdeb)2.5 E(ug)-.2 E F0(option to the)2.5 E F1(shopt)2.5
E F0 -.2(bu)2.5 G(iltin belo).2 E(w\))-.25 E F1 -.3(BA)108 333.6 S
(SH_COMMAND).3 E F0 1.242(The command currently being e)144 345.6 R -.15
(xe)-.15 G 1.243(cuted or about to be e).15 F -.15(xe)-.15 G 1.243
(cuted, unless the shell is e).15 F -.15(xe)-.15 G 1.243(cuting a).15 F
(command as the result of a trap, in which case it is the command e)144
357.6 Q -.15(xe)-.15 G(cuting at the time of the trap.).15 E F1 -.3(BA)
108 369.6 S(SH_EXECUTION_STRING).3 E F0(The command ar)144 381.6 Q
(gument to the)-.18 E F1<ad63>2.5 E F0(in)2.5 E -.2(vo)-.4 G
(cation option.).2 E F1 -.3(BA)108 393.6 S(SH_LINENO).3 E F0 .034
(An array v)144 405.6 R .034(ariable whose members are the line numbers\
 in source \214les corresponding to each mem-)-.25 F 2.944(ber of)144
417.6 R F1(FUNCN)5.444 E(AME)-.2 E F0(.)A F1(${B)7.944 E(ASH_LINENO[)-.3
E/F2 10/Times-Italic@0 SF($i)A F1(]})A F0 2.944
(is the line number in the source \214le where)5.444 F F1(${FUNCN)144
429.6 Q(AME[)-.2 E F2($i)A F1(]})A F0 -.1(wa)3.312 G 3.311(sc).1 G .811
(alled \(or)-3.311 F F1(${B)3.311 E(ASH_LINENO[)-.3 E F2($i-1)A F1(]})A
F0 .811(if referenced within another shell)3.311 F 4.512
(function\). The)144 441.6 R 2.012(corresponding source \214le name is)
4.512 F F1(${B)4.512 E(ASH_SOURCE[)-.3 E F2($i)A F1 4.512(]}. Use)B
2.012(LINENO to)4.512 F(obtain the curr)144 453.6 Q(ent line number)-.18
E(.)-1 E -.3(BA)108 465.6 S(SH_REMA).3 E(TCH)-.95 E F0 .006(An array v)
144 477.6 R .006(ariable whose members are assigned by the)-.25 F F1(=~)
2.506 E F0 .005(binary operator to the)2.506 F F1([[)2.505 E F0 .005
(conditional com-)2.505 F 2.506(mand. The)144 489.6 R .007
(element with inde)2.506 F 2.507(x0i)-.15 G 2.507(st)-2.507 G .007
(he portion of the string matching the entire re)-2.507 F .007(gular e)
-.15 F(xpression.)-.15 E .998(The element with inde)144 501.6 R(x)-.15 E
F2(n)3.498 E F0 .997(is the portion of the string matching the)3.498 F
F2(n)3.497 E F0 .997(th parenthesized sube)B(xpres-)-.15 E 2.5
(sion. This)144 513.6 R -.25(va)2.5 G(riable is read-only).25 E(.)-.65 E
F1 -.3(BA)108 525.6 S(SH_SOURCE).3 E F0 .889(An array v)144 537.6 R .889
(ariable whose members are the source \214lenames corresponding to the \
elements in the)-.25 F F1(FUNCN)144 549.6 Q(AME)-.2 E F0(array v)2.5 E
(ariable.)-.25 E F1 -.3(BA)108 561.6 S(SH_SUBSHELL).3 E F0 .402
(Incremented by one each time a subshell or subshell en)144 573.6 R .401
(vironment is spa)-.4 F 2.901(wned. The)-.15 F .401(initial v)2.901 F
.401(alue is)-.25 F(0.)144 585.6 Q F1 -.3(BA)108 597.6 S(SH_VERSINFO).3
E F0 2.644(Ar)144 609.6 S .144(eadonly array v)-2.644 F .144
(ariable whose members hold v)-.25 F .144
(ersion information for this instance of)-.15 F F1(bash)2.645 E F0 5.145
(.T)C(he)-5.145 E -.25(va)144 621.6 S
(lues assigned to the array members are as follo).25 E(ws:)-.25 E F1 -.3
(BA)144 639.6 S(SH_VERSINFO[).3 E F0(0)A F1(])A F0(The major v)24.74 E
(ersion number \(the)-.15 E F2 -.37(re)2.5 G(lease).37 E F0(\).)A F1 -.3
(BA)144 651.6 S(SH_VERSINFO[).3 E F0(1)A F1(])A F0(The minor v)24.74 E
(ersion number \(the)-.15 E F2(ver)2.5 E(sion)-.1 E F0(\).)A F1 -.3(BA)
144 663.6 S(SH_VERSINFO[).3 E F0(2)A F1(])A F0(The patch le)24.74 E -.15
(ve)-.25 G(l.).15 E F1 -.3(BA)144 675.6 S(SH_VERSINFO[).3 E F0(3)A F1(])
A F0(The b)24.74 E(uild v)-.2 E(ersion.)-.15 E F1 -.3(BA)144 687.6 S
(SH_VERSINFO[).3 E F0(4)A F1(])A F0(The release status \(e.g.,)24.74 E
F2(beta1)2.5 E F0(\).)A F1 -.3(BA)144 699.6 S(SH_VERSINFO[).3 E F0(5)A
F1(])A F0(The v)24.74 E(alue of)-.25 E F1(MA)2.5 E(CHTYPE)-.55 E F0(.)A
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/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 389.54(SH\(1\) B).35 F(ASH\(1\))
-.35 E/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 SF -.3(BA)108 84 S(SH_VERSION).3 E F0
(Expands to a string describing the v)144 96 Q
(ersion of this instance of)-.15 E F1(bash)2.5 E F0(.)A F1(COMP_CW)108
112.8 Q(ORD)-.1 E F0 .397(An inde)144 124.8 R 2.897(xi)-.15 G(nto)-2.897
E F1(${COMP_W)2.896 E(ORDS})-.1 E F0 .396(of the w)2.896 F .396
(ord containing the current cursor position.)-.1 F .396(This v)5.396 F
(ari-)-.25 E 1.18(able is a)144 136.8 R -.25(va)-.2 G 1.181
(ilable only in shell functions in).25 F -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G 3.681
(db).1 G 3.681(yt)-3.681 G 1.181(he programmable completion f)-3.681 F
1.181(acilities \(see)-.1 F F1(Pr)144 148.8 Q(ogrammable Completion)-.18
E F0(belo)2.5 E(w\).)-.25 E F1(COMP_KEY)108 165.6 Q F0(The k)144 177.6 Q
.3 -.15(ey \()-.1 H(or \214nal k).15 E .3 -.15(ey o)-.1 H 2.5(fak).15 G
.3 -.15(ey s)-2.6 H(equence\) used to in).15 E -.2(vo)-.4 G .2 -.1(ke t)
.2 H(he current completion function.).1 E F1(COMP_LINE)108 194.4 Q F0
1.208(The current command line.)144 206.4 R 1.208(This v)6.208 F 1.208
(ariable is a)-.25 F -.25(va)-.2 G 1.208
(ilable only in shell functions and e).25 F 1.207(xternal com-)-.15 F
2.848(mands in)144 218.4 R -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G 5.349(db).1 G 5.349
(yt)-5.349 G 2.849(he programmable completion f)-5.349 F 2.849
(acilities \(see)-.1 F F1(Pr)5.349 E 2.849(ogrammable Completion)-.18 F
F0(belo)144 230.4 Q(w\).)-.25 E F1(COMP_POINT)108 247.2 Q F0 .667
(The inde)144 259.2 R 3.167(xo)-.15 G 3.167(ft)-3.167 G .666
(he current cursor position relati)-3.167 F .966 -.15(ve t)-.25 H 3.166
(ot).15 G .666(he be)-3.166 F .666(ginning of the current command.)-.15
F .666(If the)5.666 F .534
(current cursor position is at the end of the current command, the v)144
271.2 R .535(alue of this v)-.25 F .535(ariable is equal to)-.25 F F1
(${#COMP_LINE})144 283.2 Q F0 7.006(.T)C 2.006(his v)-7.006 F 2.006
(ariable is a)-.25 F -.25(va)-.2 G 2.005
(ilable only in shell functions and e).25 F 2.005(xternal commands)-.15
F(in)144 295.2 Q -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G 2.5(db).1 G 2.5(yt)-2.5 G
(he programmable completion f)-2.5 E(acilities \(see)-.1 E F1(Pr)2.5 E
(ogrammable Completion)-.18 E F0(belo)2.5 E(w\).)-.25 E F1(COMP_TYPE)108
312 Q F0 .041(Set to an inte)144 324 R .041(ger v)-.15 F .041(alue corr\
esponding to the type of completion attempted that caused a completion)
-.25 F .338(function to be called:)144 336 R/F2 10/Times-Italic@0 SF -.5
(TA)2.837 G(B).5 E F0 2.837(,f)C .337(or normal completion,)-2.837 F F2
(?)2.837 E F0 2.837(,f)C .337(or listing completions after successi)
-2.837 F .637 -.15(ve t)-.25 H(abs,).15 E F2(!)144 348 Q F0 4.091(,f)C
1.591(or listing alternati)-4.091 F -.15(ve)-.25 G 4.092(so).15 G 4.092
(np)-4.092 G 1.592(artial w)-4.092 F 1.592(ord completion,)-.1 F F2(@)
4.092 E F0 4.092(,t)C 4.092(ol)-4.092 G 1.592(ist completions if the w)
-4.092 F 1.592(ord is not)-.1 F 1.553(unmodi\214ed, or)144 360 R F2(%)
4.053 E F0 4.052(,f)C 1.552(or menu completion.)-4.052 F 1.552(This v)
6.552 F 1.552(ariable is a)-.25 F -.25(va)-.2 G 1.552
(ilable only in shell functions and).25 F -.15(ex)144 372 S 2.928
(ternal commands in).15 F -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G 5.429(db).1 G 5.429
(yt)-5.429 G 2.929(he programmable completion f)-5.429 F 2.929
(acilities \(see)-.1 F F1(Pr)5.429 E(ogrammable)-.18 E(Completion)144
384 Q F0(belo)2.5 E(w\).)-.25 E F1(COMP_W)108 400.8 Q(ORDBREAKS)-.1 E F0
1.284(The set of characters that the Readline library treats as w)144
412.8 R 1.283(ord separators when performing w)-.1 F(ord)-.1 E 3.125
(completion. If)144 424.8 R/F3 9/Times-Bold@0 SF(COMP_W)3.125 E
(ORDBREAKS)-.09 E F0 .626(is unset, it loses its special properties, e)
2.875 F -.15(ve)-.25 G 3.126(ni).15 G 3.126(fi)-3.126 G 3.126(ti)-3.126
G 3.126(ss)-3.126 G(ubse-)-3.126 E(quently reset.)144 436.8 Q F1(COMP_W)
108 453.6 Q(ORDS)-.1 E F0 .654(An array v)144 465.6 R .654
(ariable \(see)-.25 F F1(Arrays)3.154 E F0(belo)3.154 E .654
(w\) consisting of the indi)-.25 F .653(vidual w)-.25 F .653
(ords in the current command)-.1 F 3.566(line. The)144 477.6 R -.1(wo)
3.566 G 1.067
(rds are split on shell metacharacters as the shell parser w).1 F 1.067
(ould separate them.)-.1 F(This)6.067 E -.25(va)144 489.6 S .004
(riable is a).25 F -.25(va)-.2 G .004(ilable only in shell functions in)
.25 F -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G 2.504(db).1 G 2.504(yt)-2.504 G .004
(he programmable completion f)-2.504 F .003(acilities \(see)-.1 F F1(Pr)
144 501.6 Q(ogrammable Completion)-.18 E F0(belo)2.5 E(w\).)-.25 E F1
(DIRST)108 518.4 Q -.55(AC)-.9 G(K).55 E F0 2.26(An array v)144 530.4 R
2.26(ariable \(see)-.25 F F1(Arrays)4.76 E F0(belo)4.76 E 2.26
(w\) containing the current contents of the directory stack.)-.25 F
1.095(Directories appear in the stack in the order the)144 542.4 R 3.594
(ya)-.15 G 1.094(re displayed by the)-3.594 F F1(dirs)3.594 E F0 -.2(bu)
3.594 G 3.594(iltin. Assigning).2 F(to)3.594 E 1.431
(members of this array v)144 554.4 R 1.432
(ariable may be used to modify directories already in the stack, b)-.25
F 1.432(ut the)-.2 F F1(pushd)144 566.4 Q F0(and)2.746 E F1(popd)2.746 E
F0 -.2(bu)2.746 G .246(iltins must be used to add and remo).2 F .546
-.15(ve d)-.15 H 2.746(irectories. Assignment).15 F .246(to this v)2.746
F(ariable)-.25 E .35(will not change the current directory)144 578.4 R
5.35(.I)-.65 G(f)-5.35 E F3(DIRST)2.85 E -.495(AC)-.81 G(K).495 E F0 .35
(is unset, it loses its special properties, e)2.6 F -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.851
(ni).15 G(f)-2.851 E(it is subsequently reset.)144 590.4 Q F1(EUID)108
607.2 Q F0 1.104(Expands to the ef)11 F(fecti)-.25 E 1.403 -.15(ve u)
-.25 H 1.103(ser ID of the current user).15 F 3.603(,i)-.4 G 1.103
(nitialized at shell startup.)-3.603 F 1.103(This v)6.103 F 1.103
(ariable is)-.25 F(readonly)144 619.2 Q(.)-.65 E F1(FUNCN)108 636 Q(AME)
-.2 E F0 .478(An array v)144 648 R .479
(ariable containing the names of all shell functions currently in the e)
-.25 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .479(cution call stack.).15 F .277
(The element with inde)144 660 R 2.777(x0i)-.15 G 2.777(st)-2.777 G .276
(he name of an)-2.777 F 2.776(yc)-.15 G(urrently-e)-2.776 E -.15(xe)-.15
G .276(cuting shell function.).15 F .276(The bottom-most)5.276 F .25
(element is)144 672 R/F4 10/Courier@0 SF("main")2.75 E F0 5.25(.T)C .25
(his v)-5.25 F .25(ariable e)-.25 F .25
(xists only when a shell function is e)-.15 F -.15(xe)-.15 G 2.75
(cuting. Assignments).15 F(to)2.75 E F3(FUNCN)144 684 Q(AME)-.18 E F0
(ha)2.635 E .685 -.15(ve n)-.2 H 2.885(oe).15 G -.25(ff)-2.885 G .385
(ect and return an error status.).25 F(If)5.385 E F3(FUNCN)2.885 E(AME)
-.18 E F0 .384(is unset, it loses its special)2.634 F(properties, e)144
696 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.5(ni).15 G 2.5(fi)-2.5 G 2.5(ti)-2.5 G 2.5(ss)
-2.5 G(ubsequently reset.)-2.5 E(GNU Bash-3.2)72 768 Q(2008 April 5)
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/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 389.54(SH\(1\) B).35 F(ASH\(1\))
-.35 E/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(GR)108 84 Q(OUPS)-.3 E F0 1.228(An array v)
144 96 R 1.228(ariable containing the list of groups of which the curre\
nt user is a member)-.25 F 6.229(.A)-.55 G(ssign-)-6.229 E .597
(ments to)144 108 R/F2 9/Times-Bold@0 SF(GR)3.097 E(OUPS)-.27 E F0(ha)
2.847 E .897 -.15(ve n)-.2 H 3.097(oe).15 G -.25(ff)-3.097 G .597
(ect and return an error status.).25 F(If)5.597 E F2(GR)3.097 E(OUPS)
-.27 E F0 .597(is unset, it loses its spe-)2.847 F(cial properties, e)
144 120 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.5(ni).15 G 2.5(fi)-2.5 G 2.5(ti)-2.5 G 2.5
(ss)-2.5 G(ubsequently reset.)-2.5 E F1(HISTCMD)108 136.8 Q F0 .355
(The history number)144 148.8 R 2.855(,o)-.4 G 2.855(ri)-2.855 G(nde)
-2.855 E 2.856(xi)-.15 G 2.856(nt)-2.856 G .356
(he history list, of the current command.)-2.856 F(If)5.356 E F2
(HISTCMD)2.856 E F0 .356(is unset, it)2.606 F
(loses its special properties, e)144 160.8 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.5(ni).15 G
2.5(fi)-2.5 G 2.5(ti)-2.5 G 2.5(ss)-2.5 G(ubsequently reset.)-2.5 E F1
(HOSTN)108 177.6 Q(AME)-.2 E F0
(Automatically set to the name of the current host.)144 189.6 Q F1
(HOSTTYPE)108 206.4 Q F0 .223(Automatically set to a string that unique\
ly describes the type of machine on which)144 218.4 R F1(bash)2.722 E F0
.222(is e)2.722 F -.15(xe)-.15 G(cut-).15 E 2.5(ing. The)144 230.4 R
(def)2.5 E(ault is system-dependent.)-.1 E F1(LINENO)108 247.2 Q F0
1.408(Each time this parameter is referenced, the shell substitutes a d\
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 number \(starting with 1\) within a script or function.)144 271.2 R
.078(When not in a script or)5.078 F .306(function, the v)144 283.2 R
.306(alue substituted is not guaranteed to be meaningful.)-.25 F(If)
5.307 E F2(LINENO)2.807 E F0 .307(is unset, it loses its)2.557 F
(special properties, e)144 295.2 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.5(ni).15 G 2.5(fi)
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312 Q(CHTYPE)-.55 E F0 .898(Automatically set to a string that fully de\
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3.398 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .898(cuting, in).15 F(the standard GNU)144 336 Q
/F3 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(cpu-company-system)2.5 E F0 2.5(format. The)2.5
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(The pre)144 364.8 Q(vious w)-.25 E(orking directory as set by the)-.1 E
F1(cd)2.5 E F0(command.)2.5 E F1(OPT)108 381.6 Q(ARG)-.9 E F0 1.626
(The v)144 393.6 R 1.627(alue of the last option ar)-.25 F 1.627
(gument processed by the)-.18 F F1(getopts)4.127 E F0 -.2(bu)4.127 G
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(Incremented by one each time an instance of)144 172.8 Q F1(bash)2.5 E
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(Expands to the user ID of the current user)17.67 E 2.5(,i)-.4 G
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(If this parameter is set when)144 247.2 R F1(bash)3.005 E F0 .505(is e)
3.005 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .506(cuting a shell script, its v).15 F .506
(alue is interpreted as a \214lename)-.25 F .355
(containing commands to initialize the shell, as in)144 259.2 R F3
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(Automatically set upon receipt of a SIGWINCH.)144 367.2 Q F1(COMPREPL)
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(The maximum number of lines contained in the history \214le.)144 96 R
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.157(olon-separated list of patterns used to decide which command lines\
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F1(HOME)108 336 Q F0 1.27
(The home directory of the current user; the def)144 348 R 1.27(ault ar)
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(Contains the name of a \214le in the same format as)144 384 R F3
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(The list of possible hostname completions may be changed while)5.551 F
1.059(the shell is running; the ne)144 408 R 1.059
(xt time hostname completion is attempted after the v)-.15 F 1.058
(alue is changed,)-.25 F F1(bash)144 420 Q F0 .715
(adds the contents of the ne)3.215 F 3.215<778c>-.25 G .715(le to the e)
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432 Q F0 2.236(attempts to read)4.736 F F3(/etc/hosts)6.401 E F0 2.235
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F2(EOF)2.5 E F0(signi\214es the end of input to the shell.)2.25 E F1
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E F1(LANG)108 576 Q F0 1.24(Used to determine the locale cate)7.11 F
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(gory not speci\214cally selected with a v)-.15 F(ariable)-.25 E
(starting with)144 588 Q F1(LC_)2.5 E F0(.)A F1(LC_ALL)108 600 Q F0 .764
(This v)144 612 R .764(ariable o)-.25 F -.15(ve)-.15 G .764
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(ariable determines the interpretation of characters and the beha)-.25 F
1.935(vior of character classes)-.2 F(within pathname e)144 708 Q
(xpansion and pattern matching.)-.15 E(GNU Bash-3.2)72 768 Q
(2008 April 5)148.455 E(13)198.445 E 0 Cg EP
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/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 389.54(SH\(1\) B).35 F(ASH\(1\))
-.35 E/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(LC_MESSA)108 84 Q(GES)-.55 E F0(This v)144
96 Q(ariable determines the locale used to translate double-quoted stri\
ngs preceded by a)-.25 E F1($)2.5 E F0(.)A F1(LC_NUMERIC)108 108 Q F0
(This v)144 120 Q(ariable determines the locale cate)-.25 E
(gory used for number formatting.)-.15 E F1(LINES)108 132 Q F0 1.218
(Used by the)5.99 F F1(select)3.718 E F0 -.2(bu)3.718 G 1.219(iltin com\
mand to determine the column length for printing selection lists.).2 F
(Automatically set upon receipt of a SIGWINCH.)144 144 Q F1(MAIL)108 156
Q F0 .188(If this parameter is set to a \214le name and the)8.78 F/F2 9
/Times-Bold@0 SF(MAILP)2.687 E -.855(AT)-.666 G(H).855 E F0 -.25(va)
2.437 G .187(riable is not set,).25 F F1(bash)2.687 E F0 .187
(informs the user)2.687 F(of the arri)144 168 Q -.25(va)-.25 G 2.5(lo)
.25 G 2.5(fm)-2.5 G(ail in the speci\214ed \214le.)-2.5 E F1(MAILCHECK)
108 180 Q F0 .098(Speci\214es ho)144 192 R 2.598(wo)-.25 G .098
(ften \(in seconds\))-2.598 F F1(bash)2.598 E F0 .098(checks for mail.)
2.598 F .098(The def)5.098 F .098(ault is 60 seconds.)-.1 F .099
(When it is time)5.099 F .224(to check for mail, the shell does so befo\
re displaying the primary prompt.)144 204 R .223(If this v)5.223 F .223
(ariable is unset,)-.25 F .066(or set to a v)144 216 R .066(alue that i\
s not a number greater than or equal to zero, the shell disables mail c\
hecking.)-.25 F F1(MAILP)108 228 Q -.95(AT)-.74 G(H).95 E F0 2.815(Ac)
144 240 S .314(olon-separated list of \214le names to be check)-2.815 F
.314(ed for mail.)-.1 F .314(The message to be printed when mail)5.314 F
(arri)144 252 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G 3.42(si).15 G 3.42(nap)-3.42 G .92(artic\
ular \214le may be speci\214ed by separating the \214le name from the m\
essage with a)-3.42 F 2.808(`?'. When)144 264 R .308(used in the te)
2.808 F .308(xt of the message,)-.15 F F1($_)2.808 E F0 -.15(ex)2.808 G
.308(pands to the name of the current mail\214le.).15 F(Exam-)5.307 E
(ple:)144 276 Q F1(MAILP)144 288 Q -.95(AT)-.74 G(H).95 E F0(=\010/v)A
(ar/mail/bfox?"Y)-.25 E(ou ha)-1.1 E .3 -.15(ve m)-.2 H
(ail":~/shell\255mail?"$_ has mail!"\010).15 E F1(Bash)144 300 Q F0 .388
(supplies a def)2.888 F .388(ault v)-.1 F .388(alue for this v)-.25 F
.388(ariable, b)-.25 F .389
(ut the location of the user mail \214les that it uses is)-.2 F
(system dependent \(e.g., /v)144 312 Q(ar/mail/)-.25 E F1($USER)A F0
(\).)A F1(OPTERR)108 324 Q F0 .39(If set to the v)144 336 R .39(alue 1,)
-.25 F F1(bash)2.89 E F0 .389(displays error messages generated by the)
2.889 F F1(getopts)2.889 E F0 -.2(bu)2.889 G .389(iltin command \(see).2
F F2 .359(SHELL B)144 348 R(UIL)-.09 E .359(TIN COMMANDS)-.828 F F0
(belo)2.609 E(w\).)-.25 E F2(OPTERR)5.359 E F0 .36
(is initialized to 1 each time the shell is in)2.609 F -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1
(ke).2 G(d).1 E(or a shell script is e)144 360 Q -.15(xe)-.15 G(cuted.)
.15 E F1 -.74(PA)108 372 S(TH)-.21 E F0 .588
(The search path for commands.)9.91 F .587
(It is a colon-separated list of directories in which the shell looks)
5.588 F .471(for commands \(see)144 384 R F2 .471(COMMAND EXECUTION)
2.971 F F0(belo)2.722 E 2.972(w\). A)-.25 F .472
(zero-length \(null\) directory name in the)2.972 F -.25(va)144 396 S
.345(lue of).25 F F1 -.74(PA)2.845 G(TH)-.21 E F0 .345
(indicates the current directory)2.845 F 5.345(.A)-.65 G .344
(null directory name may appear as tw)-2.5 F 2.844(oa)-.1 G(djacent)
-2.844 E .867(colons, or as an initial or trailing colon.)144 408 R .868
(The def)5.868 F .868(ault path is system-dependent, and is set by the)
-.1 F 26.329(administrator who installs)144 420 R F1(bash)28.829 E F0
31.329(.A)C 26.328(common v)-2.501 F 26.328(alue is)-.25 F/F3 10
/Courier@0 SF(/usr/gnu/bin:/usr/local/bin:/usr/ucb:/bin:/usr/bin)144 432
Q F0(.)A F1(POSIXL)108 444 Q(Y_CORRECT)-.92 E F0 .471(If this v)144 456
R .471(ariable is in the en)-.25 F .471(vironment when)-.4 F F1(bash)
2.971 E F0 .471(starts, the shell enters)2.971 F/F4 10/Times-Italic@0 SF
.472(posix mode)2.972 F F0 .472(before reading)2.972 F .011
(the startup \214les, as if the)144 468 R F1(\255\255posix)2.511 E F0
(in)2.511 E -.2(vo)-.4 G .011(cation option had been supplied.).2 F .011
(If it is set while the shell is)5.011 F(running,)144 480 Q F1(bash)2.5
E F0(enables)2.5 E F4(posix mode)2.5 E F0 2.5(,a)C 2.5(si)-2.5 G 2.5(ft)
-2.5 G(he command)-2.5 E F3(set -o posix)2.5 E F0(had been e)2.5 E -.15
(xe)-.15 G(cuted.).15 E F1(PR)108 492 Q(OMPT_COMMAND)-.3 E F0
(If set, the v)144 504 Q(alue is e)-.25 E -.15(xe)-.15 G
(cuted as a command prior to issuing each primary prompt.).15 E F1(PS1)
108 516 Q F0 .064(The v)19.33 F .065(alue of this parameter is e)-.25 F
.065(xpanded \(see)-.15 F F2(PR)2.565 E(OMPTING)-.27 E F0(belo)2.315 E
.065(w\) and used as the primary prompt)-.25 F 2.5(string. The)144 528 R
(def)2.5 E(ault v)-.1 E(alue is `)-.25 E(`)-.74 E F1(\\s\255\\v\\$)A F0
-.74('')2.5 G(.).74 E F1(PS2)108 540 Q F0 .005(The v)19.33 F .005
(alue of this parameter is e)-.25 F .005(xpanded as with)-.15 F F1(PS1)
2.505 E F0 .004(and used as the secondary prompt string.)2.505 F(The)
5.004 E(def)144 552 Q(ault is `)-.1 E(`)-.74 E F1(>)A F0 -.74('')2.5 G
(.).74 E F1(PS3)108 564 Q F0 1.115(The v)19.33 F 1.115
(alue of this parameter is used as the prompt for the)-.25 F F1(select)
3.615 E F0 1.116(command \(see)3.616 F F2 1.116(SHELL GRAM-)3.616 F(MAR)
144 576 Q F0(abo)2.25 E -.15(ve)-.15 G(\).).15 E F1(PS4)108 588 Q F0
1.099(The v)19.33 F 1.099(alue of this parameter is e)-.25 F 1.099
(xpanded as with)-.15 F F1(PS1)3.599 E F0 1.099(and the v)3.599 F 1.098
(alue is printed before each com-)-.25 F(mand)144 600 Q F1(bash)3.725 E
F0 1.225(displays during an e)3.725 F -.15(xe)-.15 G 1.225
(cution trace.).15 F 1.226(The \214rst character of)6.225 F F2(PS4)3.726
E F0 1.226(is replicated multiple)3.476 F(times, as necessary)144 612 Q
2.5(,t)-.65 G 2.5(oi)-2.5 G(ndicate multiple le)-2.5 E -.15(ve)-.25 G
(ls of indirection.).15 E(The def)5 E(ault is `)-.1 E(`)-.74 E F1(+)A F0
-.74('')2.5 G(.).74 E F1(SHELL)108 624 Q F0 .664
(The full pathname to the shell is k)144 636 R .664(ept in this en)-.1 F
.664(vironment v)-.4 F 3.164(ariable. If)-.25 F .663
(it is not set when the shell)3.164 F(starts,)144 648 Q F1(bash)2.5 E F0
(assigns to it the full pathname of the current user')2.5 E 2.5(sl)-.55
G(ogin shell.)-2.5 E F1(TIMEFORMA)108 660 Q(T)-.95 E F0 .826(The v)144
672 R .826
(alue of this parameter is used as a format string specifying ho)-.25 F
3.327(wt)-.25 G .827(he timing information for)-3.327 F .649
(pipelines pre\214x)144 684 R .649(ed with the)-.15 F F1(time)3.149 E F0
(reserv)3.149 E .649(ed w)-.15 F .648(ord should be displayed.)-.1 F
(The)5.648 E F1(%)3.148 E F0 .648(character introduces)3.148 F .711
(an escape sequence that is e)144 696 R .711(xpanded to a time v)-.15 F
.712(alue or other information.)-.25 F .712(The escape sequences)5.712 F
(and their meanings are as follo)144 708 Q
(ws; the braces denote optional portions.)-.25 E(GNU Bash-3.2)72 768 Q
(2008 April 5)148.455 E(14)198.445 E 0 Cg EP
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/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 389.54(SH\(1\) B).35 F(ASH\(1\))
-.35 E/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(%%)144 84 Q F0 2.5(Al)30 G(iteral)-2.5 E F1
(%)2.5 E F0(.)A F1(%[)144 96 Q/F2 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(p)A F1(][l]R)A F0
(The elapsed time in seconds.)11.68 E F1(%[)144 108 Q F2(p)A F1(][l]U)A
F0(The number of CPU seconds spent in user mode.)11.68 E F1(%[)144 120 Q
F2(p)A F1(][l]S)A F0(The number of CPU seconds spent in system mode.)
13.34 E F1(%P)144 132 Q F0
(The CPU percentage, computed as \(%U + %S\) / %R.)33.89 E .87
(The optional)144 148.8 R F2(p)3.37 E F0 .87(is a digit specifying the)
3.37 F F2(pr)3.37 E(ecision)-.37 E F0 3.37(,t)C .87
(he number of fractional digits after a decimal)-3.37 F 2.525(point. A)
144 160.8 R -.25(va)2.525 G .025
(lue of 0 causes no decimal point or fraction to be output.).25 F .026
(At most three places after the)5.025 F .538
(decimal point may be speci\214ed; v)144 172.8 R .538(alues of)-.25 F F2
(p)3.038 E F0 .537(greater than 3 are changed to 3.)3.037 F(If)5.537 E
F2(p)3.037 E F0 .537(is not speci\214ed,)3.037 F(the v)144 184.8 Q
(alue 3 is used.)-.25 E .667(The optional)144 201.6 R F1(l)3.167 E F0
.668(speci\214es a longer format, including minutes, of the form)3.168 F
F2(MM)3.168 E F0(m)A F2(SS)A F0(.)A F2(FF)A F0 3.168(s. The)B -.25(va)
3.168 G(lue).25 E(of)144 213.6 Q F2(p)2.5 E F0
(determines whether or not the fraction is included.)2.5 E .001
(If this v)144 230.4 R .001(ariable is not set,)-.25 F F1(bash)2.501 E
F0 .001(acts as if it had the v)2.501 F(alue)-.25 E F1($\010\\nr)2.5 E
(eal\\t%3lR\\nuser\\t%3lU\\nsys%3lS\010)-.18 E F0(.)A .494(If the v)144
242.4 R .494(alue is null, no timing information is displayed.)-.25 F
2.994(At)5.494 G .494(railing ne)-2.994 F .494
(wline is added when the for)-.25 F(-)-.2 E(mat string is displayed.)144
254.4 Q F1(TMOUT)108 271.2 Q F0 .718(If set to a v)144 283.2 R .717
(alue greater than zero,)-.25 F F1(TMOUT)3.217 E F0 .717
(is treated as the def)3.217 F .717(ault timeout for the)-.1 F F1 -.18
(re)3.217 G(ad).18 E F0 -.2(bu)3.217 G(iltin.).2 E(The)144 295.2 Q F1
(select)2.542 E F0 .042(command terminates if input does not arri)2.542
F .342 -.15(ve a)-.25 H(fter).15 E F1(TMOUT)2.542 E F0 .042
(seconds when input is com-)2.542 F .886(ing from a terminal.)144 307.2
R .886(In an interacti)5.886 F 1.185 -.15(ve s)-.25 H .885(hell, the v)
.15 F .885(alue is interpreted as the number of seconds to)-.25 F -.1
(wa)144 319.2 S .546(it for input after issuing the primary prompt.).1 F
F1(Bash)5.546 E F0 .546(terminates after w)3.046 F .546
(aiting for that number of)-.1 F(seconds if input does not arri)144
331.2 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G(.).15 E F1(TMPDIR)108 348 Q F0 .274(If set,)144
360 R F1(Bash)2.774 E F0 .274(uses its v)2.774 F .274
(alue as the name of a directory in which)-.25 F F1(Bash)2.773 E F0 .273
(creates temporary \214les for the)2.773 F(shell')144 372 Q 2.5(su)-.55
G(se.)-2.5 E F1(auto_r)108 388.8 Q(esume)-.18 E F0 .53(This v)144 400.8
R .53(ariable controls ho)-.25 F 3.03(wt)-.25 G .531
(he shell interacts with the user and job control.)-3.03 F .531
(If this v)5.531 F .531(ariable is set,)-.25 F .539(single w)144 412.8 R
.538(ord simple commands without redirections are treated as candidates\
 for resumption of an)-.1 F -.15(ex)144 424.8 S .366(isting stopped job)
.15 F 5.366(.T)-.4 G .366(here is no ambiguity allo)-5.366 F .366
(wed; if there is more than one job be)-.25 F .367(ginning with)-.15 F
1.125(the string typed, the job most recently accessed is selected.)144
436.8 R(The)6.125 E F2(name)3.985 E F0 1.124(of a stopped job, in this)
3.805 F(conte)144 448.8 Q 1.132
(xt, is the command line used to start it.)-.15 F 1.133(If set to the v)
6.133 F(alue)-.25 E F2 -.2(ex)3.633 G(act).2 E F0 3.633(,t).68 G 1.133
(he string supplied must)-3.633 F .625
(match the name of a stopped job e)144 460.8 R .624(xactly; if set to)
-.15 F F2(substring)3.124 E F0 3.124(,t).22 G .624
(he string supplied needs to match a)-3.124 F .884
(substring of the name of a stopped job)144 472.8 R 5.884(.T)-.4 G(he)
-5.884 E F2(substring)3.724 E F0 -.25(va)3.604 G .885(lue pro).25 F .885
(vides functionality analogous to)-.15 F(the)144 484.8 Q F1(%?)3.334 E
F0 .834(job identi\214er \(see)5.834 F/F3 9/Times-Bold@0 SF .834
(JOB CONTR)3.334 F(OL)-.27 E F0(belo)3.084 E 3.334(w\). If)-.25 F .834
(set to an)3.334 F 3.334(yo)-.15 G .834(ther v)-3.334 F .833
(alue, the supplied string)-.25 F .315
(must be a pre\214x of a stopped job')144 496.8 R 2.816(sn)-.55 G .316
(ame; this pro)-2.816 F .316(vides functionality analogous to the)-.15 F
F1(%)2.816 E F2(string)A F0(job)2.816 E(identi\214er)144 508.8 Q(.)-.55
E F1(histchars)108 525.6 Q F0 2.07(The tw)144 537.6 R 4.57(oo)-.1 G 4.57
(rt)-4.57 G 2.07(hree characters which control history e)-4.57 F 2.07
(xpansion and tok)-.15 F 2.07(enization \(see)-.1 F F3(HIST)4.569 E(OR)
-.162 E(Y)-.315 E(EXP)144 549.6 Q(ANSION)-.666 E F0(belo)3.465 E 3.715
(w\). The)-.25 F 1.215(\214rst character is the)3.715 F F2 1.216
(history e)3.715 F(xpansion)-.2 E F0(character)3.716 E 3.716(,t)-.4 G
1.216(he character which)-3.716 F .798(signals the start of a history e)
144 561.6 R .798(xpansion, normally `)-.15 F F1(!)A F0 3.298('. The)B
.798(second character is the)3.298 F F2(quic)3.298 E 3.298(ks)-.2 G
(ubstitu-)-3.298 E(tion)144 573.6 Q F0(character)2.739 E 2.739(,w)-.4 G
.239(hich is used as shorthand for re-running the pre)-2.739 F .24
(vious command entered, substitut-)-.25 F .576
(ing one string for another in the command.)144 585.6 R .575(The def)
5.575 F .575(ault is `)-.1 F F1(^)A F0 3.075('. The)B .575
(optional third character is the)3.075 F .223(character which indicates\
 that the remainder of the line is a comment when found as the \214rst \
char)144 597.6 R(-)-.2 E 1.294(acter of a w)144 609.6 R 1.294
(ord, normally `)-.1 F F1(#)A F0 3.794('. The)B 1.293
(history comment character causes history substitution to be)3.794 F
.379(skipped for the remaining w)144 621.6 R .379(ords on the line.)-.1
F .38(It does not necessarily cause the shell parser to treat)5.379 F
(the rest of the line as a comment.)144 633.6 Q F1(Arrays)87 650.4 Q
(Bash)108 662.4 Q F0(pro)2.958 E .458(vides one-dimensional array v)-.15
F 2.958(ariables. An)-.25 F 2.958(yv)-.15 G .458
(ariable may be used as an array; the)-3.208 F F1(declar)2.958 E(e)-.18
E F0 -.2(bu)2.958 G(iltin).2 E .96(will e)108 674.4 R .96
(xplicitly declare an array)-.15 F 5.96(.T)-.65 G .961
(here is no maximum limit on the size of an array)-5.96 F 3.461(,n)-.65
G .961(or an)-3.461 F 3.461(yr)-.15 G(equirement)-3.461 E
(that members be inde)108 686.4 Q -.15(xe)-.15 G 2.5(do).15 G 2.5(ra)
-2.5 G(ssigned contiguously)-2.5 E 5(.A)-.65 G(rrays are inde)-5 E -.15
(xe)-.15 G 2.5(du).15 G(sing inte)-2.5 E(gers and are zero-based.)-.15 E
1.302(An array is created automatically if an)108 703.2 R 3.801(yv)-.15
G 1.301(ariable is assigned to using the syntax)-4.051 F F2(name)3.801 E
F0([)A F2(subscript)A F0(]=)A F2(value)A F0(.)A(The)108 715.2 Q F2
(subscript)3.181 E F0 .341(is treated as an arithmetic e)3.521 F .342
(xpression that must e)-.15 F -.25(va)-.25 G .342
(luate to a number greater than or equal to).25 F 4.077(zero. T)108
727.2 R 4.077(oe)-.8 G 1.577(xplicitly declare an array)-4.227 F 4.077
(,u)-.65 G(se)-4.077 E F1(declar)4.077 E 4.077<65ad>-.18 G(a)-4.077 E F2
(name)4.077 E F0(\(see)4.077 E F3 1.577(SHELL B)4.077 F(UIL)-.09 E 1.576
(TIN COMMANDS)-.828 F F0(belo)3.826 E(w\).)-.25 E(GNU Bash-3.2)72 768 Q
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/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 389.54(SH\(1\) B).35 F(ASH\(1\))
-.35 E/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(declar)108 84 Q 3.375<65ad>-.18 G(a)-3.375
E/F2 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(name)3.375 E F1([)A F2(subscript)A F1(])A F0
.875(is also accepted; the)3.375 F F2(subscript)3.375 E F0 .875
(is ignored.)3.375 F(Attrib)5.875 E .876(utes may be speci\214ed for an)
-.2 F(array v)108 96 Q(ariable using the)-.25 E F1(declar)2.5 E(e)-.18 E
F0(and)2.5 E F1 -.18(re)2.5 G(adonly).18 E F0 -.2(bu)2.5 G 2.5
(iltins. Each).2 F(attrib)2.5 E(ute applies to all members of an array)
-.2 E(.)-.65 E 1.647
(Arrays are assigned to using compound assignments of the form)108 112.8
R F2(name)4.147 E F0(=)A F1(\()A F0 -.25(va)C(lue).25 E F2(1)A F0 1.647
(... v)4.147 F(alue)-.25 E F2(n)A F1(\))A F0 4.147(,w)C 1.647(here each)
-4.147 F F2(value)108 124.8 Q F0 .65(is of the form [)3.15 F F2
(subscript)A F0(]=)A F2(string)A F0 5.65(.O)C(nly)-5.65 E F2(string)3.15
E F0 .65(is required.)3.15 F .65(If the optional brack)5.65 F .65
(ets and subscript are)-.1 F .277(supplied, that inde)108 136.8 R 2.777
(xi)-.15 G 2.777(sa)-2.777 G .277(ssigned to; otherwise the inde)-2.777
F 2.777(xo)-.15 G 2.777(ft)-2.777 G .276
(he element assigned is the last inde)-2.777 F 2.776(xa)-.15 G .276
(ssigned to)-2.776 F 1.393(by the statement plus one.)108 148.8 R(Inde)
6.393 E 1.393(xing starts at zero.)-.15 F 1.394
(This syntax is also accepted by the)6.394 F F1(declar)3.894 E(e)-.18 E
F0 -.2(bu)3.894 G(iltin.).2 E(Indi)108 160.8 Q
(vidual array elements may be assigned to using the)-.25 E F2(name)2.5 E
F0([)A F2(subscript)A F0(]=)A F2(value)A F0(syntax introduced abo)2.5 E
-.15(ve)-.15 G(.).15 E(An)108 177.6 Q 3.576(ye)-.15 G 1.076
(lement of an array may be referenced using ${)-3.576 F F2(name)A F0([)A
F2(subscript)A F0 3.575(]}. The)B 1.075(braces are required to a)3.575 F
-.2(vo)-.2 G(id).2 E 1.541(con\215icts with pathname e)108 189.6 R 4.041
(xpansion. If)-.15 F F2(subscript)4.041 E F0(is)4.041 E F1(@)4.041 E F0
(or)4.041 E F1(*)4.041 E F0 4.041(,t)C 1.541(he w)-4.041 F 1.541(ord e)
-.1 F 1.541(xpands to all members of)-.15 F F2(name)4.042 E F0(.)A 1.057
(These subscripts dif)108 201.6 R 1.057(fer only when the w)-.25 F 1.057
(ord appears within double quotes.)-.1 F 1.056(If the w)6.056 F 1.056
(ord is double-quoted,)-.1 F(${)108 213.6 Q F2(name)A F0 .52([*]} e)B
.52(xpands to a single w)-.15 F .52(ord with the v)-.1 F .521
(alue of each array member separated by the \214rst character)-.25 F
1.375(of the)108 225.6 R/F3 9/Times-Bold@0 SF(IFS)3.875 E F0 1.375
(special v)3.625 F 1.375(ariable, and ${)-.25 F F2(name)A F0 1.375
([@]} e)B 1.375(xpands each element of)-.15 F F2(name)3.875 E F0 1.374
(to a separate w)3.875 F 3.874(ord. When)-.1 F 2.027
(there are no array members, ${)108 237.6 R F2(name)A F0 2.028([@]} e)B
2.028(xpands to nothing.)-.15 F 2.028(If the double-quoted e)7.028 F
2.028(xpansion occurs)-.15 F .759(within a w)108 249.6 R .759
(ord, the e)-.1 F .759
(xpansion of the \214rst parameter is joined with the be)-.15 F .759
(ginning part of the original w)-.15 F(ord,)-.1 E .515(and the e)108
261.6 R .516(xpansion of the last parameter is joined with the last par\
t of the original w)-.15 F 3.016(ord. This)-.1 F .516(is analogous)3.016
F .228(to the e)108 273.6 R .228(xpansion of the special parameters)-.15
F F1(*)2.728 E F0(and)2.728 E F1(@)2.728 E F0(\(see)2.728 E F1 .228
(Special P)2.728 F(arameters)-.1 E F0(abo)2.727 E -.15(ve)-.15 G 2.727
(\). ${#).15 F F2(name)A F0([)A F2(subscript)A F0(]})A -.15(ex)108 285.6
S .886(pands to the length of ${).15 F F2(name)A F0([)A F2(subscript)A
F0 3.386(]}. If)B F2(subscript)3.386 E F0(is)3.386 E F1(*)3.386 E F0(or)
3.386 E F1(@)3.386 E F0 3.386(,t)C .886(he e)-3.386 F .886
(xpansion is the number of ele-)-.15 F .734(ments in the array)108 297.6
R 5.734(.R)-.65 G .733(eferencing an array v)-5.734 F .733
(ariable without a subscript is equi)-.25 F -.25(va)-.25 G .733
(lent to referencing element).25 F(zero.)108 309.6 Q(The)108 326.4 Q F1
(unset)2.766 E F0 -.2(bu)2.766 G .267(iltin is used to destro).2 F 2.767
(ya)-.1 G(rrays.)-2.767 E F1(unset)5.267 E F2(name)2.767 E F0([)A F2
(subscript)A F0 2.767(]d)C(estro)-2.767 E .267
(ys the array element at inde)-.1 F(x)-.15 E F2(sub-)2.767 E(script)108
338.4 Q F0 6.38(.C)C 1.38(are must be tak)-6.38 F 1.38(en to a)-.1 F -.2
(vo)-.2 G 1.38(id unw).2 F 1.38(anted side ef)-.1 F 1.38
(fects caused by \214lename generation.)-.25 F F1(unset)6.38 E F2(name)
3.88 E F0(,)A(where)108 350.4 Q F2(name)2.5 E F0(is an array)2.5 E 2.5
(,o)-.65 G(r)-2.5 E F1(unset)2.5 E F2(name)2.5 E F0([)A F2(subscript)A
F0(], where)A F2(subscript)2.5 E F0(is)2.5 E F1(*)2.5 E F0(or)2.5 E F1
(@)2.5 E F0 2.5(,r)C(emo)-2.5 E -.15(ve)-.15 G 2.5(st).15 G
(he entire array)-2.5 E(.)-.65 E(The)108 367.2 Q F1(declar)3.67 E(e)-.18
E F0(,)A F1(local)3.67 E F0 3.67(,a)C(nd)-3.67 E F1 -.18(re)3.67 G
(adonly).18 E F0 -.2(bu)3.67 G 1.17(iltins each accept a).2 F F1<ad61>
3.671 E F0 1.171(option to specify an array)3.671 F 6.171(.T)-.65 G(he)
-6.171 E F1 -.18(re)3.671 G(ad).18 E F0 -.2(bu)3.671 G(iltin).2 E .441
(accepts a)108 379.2 R F1<ad61>2.941 E F0 .441
(option to assign a list of w)2.941 F .441
(ords read from the standard input to an array)-.1 F 5.441(.T)-.65 G(he)
-5.441 E F1(set)2.941 E F0(and)2.941 E F1(declar)2.94 E(e)-.18 E F0 -.2
(bu)108 391.2 S(iltins display array v).2 E(alues in a w)-.25 E
(ay that allo)-.1 E(ws them to be reused as assignments.)-.25 E/F4 10.95
/Times-Bold@0 SF(EXP)72 408 Q(ANSION)-.81 E F0 .76(Expansion is perform\
ed on the command line after it has been split into w)108 420 R 3.26
(ords. There)-.1 F .76(are se)3.26 F -.15(ve)-.25 G 3.26(nk).15 G .76
(inds of)-3.26 F -.15(ex)108 432 S .37(pansion performed:).15 F F2(br)
2.869 E .369(ace e)-.15 F(xpansion)-.2 E F0(,).24 E F2 .369(tilde e)
2.869 F(xpansion)-.2 E F0(,).24 E F2(par)2.869 E .369
(ameter and variable e)-.15 F(xpansion)-.2 E F0(,).24 E F2 .369
(command sub-)2.869 F(stitution)108 444 Q F0(,).24 E F2(arithmetic e)2.5
E(xpansion)-.2 E F0(,).24 E F2(wor)2.5 E 2.5(ds)-.37 G(plitting)-2.5 E
F0 2.5(,a).22 G(nd)-2.5 E F2(pathname e)2.5 E(xpansion)-.2 E F0(.).24 E
.47(The order of e)108 460.8 R .471(xpansions is: brace e)-.15 F .471
(xpansion, tilde e)-.15 F .471(xpansion, parameter)-.15 F 2.971(,v)-.4 G
.471(ariable and arithmetic e)-3.221 F(xpansion)-.15 E
(and command substitution \(done in a left-to-right f)108 472.8 Q
(ashion\), w)-.1 E(ord splitting, and pathname e)-.1 E(xpansion.)-.15 E
(On systems that can support it, there is an additional e)108 489.6 Q
(xpansion a)-.15 E -.25(va)-.2 G(ilable:).25 E F2(pr)2.5 E
(ocess substitution)-.45 E F0(.)A 1.487(Only brace e)108 506.4 R 1.487
(xpansion, w)-.15 F 1.487(ord splitting, and pathname e)-.1 F 1.487
(xpansion can change the number of w)-.15 F 1.486(ords of the)-.1 F -.15
(ex)108 518.4 S 1.164(pansion; other e).15 F 1.164(xpansions e)-.15 F
1.164(xpand a single w)-.15 F 1.165(ord to a single w)-.1 F 3.665
(ord. The)-.1 F 1.165(only e)3.665 F 1.165(xceptions to this are the)
-.15 F -.15(ex)108 530.4 S(pansions of ").15 E F1($@)A F0 2.5("a)C(nd ")
-2.5 E F1(${)A F2(name)A F1([@]})A F0 2.5("a)C 2.5(se)-2.5 G
(xplained abo)-2.65 E .3 -.15(ve \()-.15 H(see).15 E F3 -.666(PA)2.5 G
(RAMETERS).666 E/F5 9/Times-Roman@0 SF(\).)A F1(Brace Expansion)87 547.2
Q F2(Br)108.58 559.2 Q .606(ace e)-.15 F(xpansion)-.2 E F0 .606
(is a mechanism by which arbitrary strings may be generated.)3.346 F
.606(This mechanism is similar)5.606 F(to)108 571.2 Q F2 .415
(pathname e)2.915 F(xpansion)-.2 E F0 2.915(,b)C .415
(ut the \214lenames generated need not e)-3.115 F 2.915(xist. P)-.15 F
.415(atterns to be brace e)-.15 F .415(xpanded tak)-.15 F 2.915(et)-.1 G
(he)-2.915 E .152(form of an optional)108 583.2 R F2(pr)2.652 E(eamble)
-.37 E F0 2.651(,f).18 G(ollo)-2.651 E .151
(wed by either a series of comma-separated strings or a sequence e)-.25
F(xpres-)-.15 E .563(sion between a pair of braces, follo)108 595.2 R
.563(wed by an optional)-.25 F F2(postscript)3.063 E F0 5.563(.T).68 G
.563(he preamble is pre\214x)-5.563 F .563(ed to each string)-.15 F .659
(contained within the braces, and the postscript is then appended to ea\
ch resulting string, e)108 607.2 R .658(xpanding left to)-.15 F(right.)
108 619.2 Q .718(Brace e)108 636 R .719(xpansions may be nested.)-.15 F
.719(The results of each e)5.719 F .719
(xpanded string are not sorted; left to right order is)-.15 F(preserv)
108 648 Q 2.5(ed. F)-.15 F(or e)-.15 E(xample, a)-.15 E F1({)A F0(d,c,b)
A F1(})A F0 2.5(ee)C(xpands into `ade ace abe'.)-2.65 E 3.134(As)108
664.8 S .634(equence e)-3.134 F .634(xpression tak)-.15 F .634
(es the form)-.1 F F1({)3.134 E F2(x)A F1(..)A F2(y)A F1(})A F0 3.134
(,w)C(here)-3.134 E F2(x)3.134 E F0(and)3.134 E F2(y)3.133 E F0 .633
(are either inte)3.133 F .633(gers or single characters.)-.15 F(When)
5.633 E(inte)108 676.8 Q .401(gers are supplied, the e)-.15 F .401
(xpression e)-.15 F .401(xpands to each number between)-.15 F F2(x)2.901
E F0(and)2.902 E F2(y)2.902 E F0 2.902(,i)C(nclusi)-2.902 E -.15(ve)-.25
G 5.402(.W).15 G .402(hen characters)-5.402 F .688(are supplied, the e)
108 688.8 R .688(xpression e)-.15 F .688(xpands to each character le)
-.15 F .688(xicographically between)-.15 F F2(x)3.188 E F0(and)3.188 E
F2(y)3.188 E F0 3.187(,i)C(nclusi)-3.187 E -.15(ve)-.25 G 5.687(.N).15 G
(ote)-5.687 E(that both)108 700.8 Q F2(x)2.5 E F0(and)2.5 E F2(y)2.5 E
F0(must be of the same type.)2.5 E .581(Brace e)108 717.6 R .581
(xpansion is performed before an)-.15 F 3.081(yo)-.15 G .581(ther e)
-3.081 F .581(xpansions, and an)-.15 F 3.082(yc)-.15 G .582
(haracters special to other e)-3.082 F(xpansions)-.15 E 1.209
(are preserv)108 729.6 R 1.209(ed in the result.)-.15 F 1.209
(It is strictly te)6.209 F(xtual.)-.15 E F1(Bash)6.209 E F0 1.209
(does not apply an)3.709 F 3.709(ys)-.15 G 1.208
(yntactic interpretation to the)-3.709 F(GNU Bash-3.2)72 768 Q
(2008 April 5)148.455 E(16)198.445 E 0 Cg EP
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/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 389.54(SH\(1\) B).35 F(ASH\(1\))
-.35 E(conte)108 84 Q(xt of the e)-.15 E(xpansion or the te)-.15 E
(xt between the braces.)-.15 E 3.632(Ac)108 100.8 S 1.132
(orrectly-formed brace e)-3.632 F 1.132(xpansion must contain unquoted \
opening and closing braces, and at least one)-.15 F 3.441
(unquoted comma or a v)108 112.8 R 3.441(alid sequence e)-.25 F 5.941
(xpression. An)-.15 F 5.941(yi)-.15 G 3.441(ncorrectly formed brace e)
-5.941 F 3.44(xpansion is left)-.15 F 2.755(unchanged. A)108 124.8 R/F1
10/Times-Bold@0 SF({)2.755 E F0(or)2.755 E F1(,)2.755 E F0 .255
(may be quoted with a backslash to pre)2.755 F -.15(ve)-.25 G .255
(nt its being considered part of a brace e).15 F(xpres-)-.15 E 2.911
(sion. T)108 136.8 R 2.911(oa)-.8 G -.2(vo)-3.111 G .411
(id con\215icts with parameter e).2 F .411(xpansion, the string)-.15 F
F1(${)2.911 E F0 .41(is not considered eligible for brace e)2.911 F
(xpan-)-.15 E(sion.)108 148.8 Q 1.476(This construct is typically used \
as shorthand when the common pre\214x of the strings to be generated is)
108 165.6 R(longer than in the abo)108 177.6 Q .3 -.15(ve ex)-.15 H
(ample:).15 E(mkdir /usr/local/src/bash/{old,ne)144 194.4 Q -.65(w,)-.25
G(dist,b).65 E(ugs})-.2 E(or)108 206.4 Q(cho)144 218.4 Q
(wn root /usr/{ucb/{e)-.25 E(x,edit},lib/{e)-.15 E(x?.?*,ho)-.15 E(w_e)
-.25 E(x}})-.15 E .618(Brace e)108 235.2 R .618
(xpansion introduces a slight incompatibility with historical v)-.15 F
.618(ersions of)-.15 F F1(sh)3.118 E F0(.)A F1(sh)5.618 E F0 .618
(does not treat open-)3.118 F .247
(ing or closing braces specially when the)108 247.2 R 2.747(ya)-.15 G
.247(ppear as part of a w)-2.747 F .248(ord, and preserv)-.1 F .248
(es them in the output.)-.15 F F1(Bash)5.248 E F0(remo)108 259.2 Q -.15
(ve)-.15 G 3.53(sb).15 G 1.03(races from w)-3.53 F 1.03
(ords as a consequence of brace e)-.1 F 3.53(xpansion. F)-.15 F 1.03
(or e)-.15 F 1.03(xample, a w)-.15 F 1.03(ord entered to)-.1 F F1(sh)
3.53 E F0(as)3.53 E/F2 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(\214le{1,2})108 271.2 Q F0
.514(appears identically in the output.)3.014 F .515(The same w)5.515 F
.515(ord is output as)-.1 F F2 .515(\214le1 \214le2)4.925 F F0 .515
(after e)3.035 F .515(xpansion by)-.15 F F1(bash)3.015 E F0(.)A .437
(If strict compatibility with)108 283.2 R F1(sh)2.936 E F0 .436
(is desired, start)2.936 F F1(bash)2.936 E F0 .436(with the)2.936 F F1
(+B)2.936 E F0 .436(option or disable brace e)2.936 F .436
(xpansion with the)-.15 F F1(+B)108 295.2 Q F0(option to the)2.5 E F1
(set)2.5 E F0(command \(see)2.5 E/F3 9/Times-Bold@0 SF(SHELL B)2.5 E
(UIL)-.09 E(TIN COMMANDS)-.828 E F0(belo)2.25 E(w\).)-.25 E F1 -.18(Ti)
87 312 S(lde Expansion).18 E F0 1.086(If a w)108 324 R 1.086(ord be)-.1
F 1.086(gins with an unquoted tilde character \(`)-.15 F F1(~)A F0 1.087
('\), all of the characters preceding the \214rst unquoted)B .185(slash\
 \(or all characters, if there is no unquoted slash\) are considered a)
108 336 R F2(tilde-pr)2.685 E(e\214x)-.37 E F0 5.185(.I)C 2.685(fn)
-5.185 G .185(one of the characters)-2.685 F .725(in the tilde-pre\214x\
 are quoted, the characters in the tilde-pre\214x follo)108 348 R .726
(wing the tilde are treated as a possible)-.25 F F2(lo)108 360 Q .523
(gin name)-.1 F F0 5.523(.I)C 3.023(ft)-5.523 G .523
(his login name is the null string, the tilde is replaced with the v)
-3.023 F .522(alue of the shell parameter)-.25 F F3(HOME)108 372 Q/F4 9
/Times-Roman@0 SF(.)A F0(If)4.786 E F3(HOME)2.786 E F0 .287
(is unset, the home directory of the user e)2.536 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .287
(cuting the shell is substituted instead.).15 F(Other)5.287 E(-)-.2 E(w\
ise, the tilde-pre\214x is replaced with the home directory associated \
with the speci\214ed login name.)108 384 Q .093
(If the tilde-pre\214x is a `~+', the v)108 400.8 R .092
(alue of the shell v)-.25 F(ariable)-.25 E F3(PWD)2.592 E F0 .092
(replaces the tilde-pre\214x.)2.342 F .092(If the tilde-pre\214x is)
5.092 F 3.403(a`)108 412.8 S .903(~\255', the v)-3.403 F .903
(alue of the shell v)-.25 F(ariable)-.25 E F3(OLDPWD)3.404 E F4(,)A F0
.904(if it is set, is substituted.)3.154 F .904(If the characters follo)
5.904 F .904(wing the)-.25 F 1.642
(tilde in the tilde-pre\214x consist of a number)108 424.8 R F2(N)4.142
E F0 4.142(,o)C 1.642(ptionally pre\214x)-4.142 F 1.641
(ed by a `+' or a `\255', the tilde-pre\214x is)-.15 F 1.437(replaced w\
ith the corresponding element from the directory stack, as it w)108
436.8 R 1.438(ould be displayed by the)-.1 F F1(dirs)3.938 E F0 -.2(bu)
108 448.8 S .455(iltin in).2 F -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G 2.955(dw).1 G
.455(ith the tilde-pre\214x as an ar)-2.955 F 2.954(gument. If)-.18 F
.454(the characters follo)2.954 F .454
(wing the tilde in the tilde-pre\214x)-.25 F
(consist of a number without a leading `+' or `\255', `+' is assumed.)
108 460.8 Q(If the login name is in)108 477.6 Q -.25(va)-.4 G
(lid, or the tilde e).25 E(xpansion f)-.15 E(ails, the w)-.1 E
(ord is unchanged.)-.1 E .166(Each v)108 494.4 R .167
(ariable assignment is check)-.25 F .167(ed for unquoted tilde-pre\214x)
-.1 F .167(es immediately follo)-.15 F .167(wing a)-.25 F F1(:)2.667 E
F0 .167(or the \214rst)2.667 F F1(=)2.667 E F0 5.167(.I)C(n)-5.167 E
.282(these cases, tilde e)108 506.4 R .282(xpansion is also performed.)
-.15 F(Consequently)5.282 E 2.782(,o)-.65 G .282
(ne may use \214le names with tildes in assign-)-2.782 F(ments to)108
518.4 Q F3 -.666(PA)2.5 G(TH)-.189 E F4(,)A F3(MAILP)2.25 E -.855(AT)
-.666 G(H).855 E F4(,)A F0(and)2.25 E F3(CDP)2.5 E -.855(AT)-.666 G(H)
.855 E F4(,)A F0(and the shell assigns the e)2.25 E(xpanded v)-.15 E
(alue.)-.25 E F1 -.1(Pa)87 535.2 S(rameter Expansion).1 E F0 1.605
(The `)108 547.2 R F1($)A F0 4.105('c)C 1.605
(haracter introduces parameter e)-4.105 F 1.606
(xpansion, command substitution, or arithmetic e)-.15 F 4.106
(xpansion. The)-.15 F .407(parameter name or symbol to be e)108 559.2 R
.407(xpanded may be enclosed in braces, which are optional b)-.15 F .406
(ut serv)-.2 F 2.906(et)-.15 G 2.906(op)-2.906 G(ro-)-2.906 E .032
(tect the v)108 571.2 R .032(ariable to be e)-.25 F .032
(xpanded from characters immediately follo)-.15 F .033
(wing it which could be interpreted as part)-.25 F(of the name.)108
583.2 Q 1.19
(When braces are used, the matching ending brace is the \214rst `)108
600 R F1(})A F0 3.689('n)C 1.189(ot escaped by a backslash or within a)
-3.689 F 2.15(quoted string, and not within an embedded arithmetic e)108
612 R 2.15(xpansion, command substitution, or parameter)-.15 F -.15(ex)
108 624 S(pansion.).15 E(${)108 640.8 Q F2(par)A(ameter)-.15 E F0(})A
1.205(The v)144 652.8 R 1.205(alue of)-.25 F F2(par)3.705 E(ameter)-.15
E F0 1.204(is substituted.)3.705 F 1.204(The braces are required when)
6.204 F F2(par)4.954 E(ameter)-.15 E F0 1.204(is a positional)4.434 F
.264(parameter with more than one digit, or when)144 664.8 R F2(par)
4.014 E(ameter)-.15 E F0 .264(is follo)3.494 F .264
(wed by a character which is not to)-.25 F
(be interpreted as part of its name.)144 676.8 Q 1.509
(If the \214rst character of)108 693.6 R F2(par)4.009 E(ameter)-.15 E F0
1.509(is an e)4.009 F 1.509(xclamation point, a le)-.15 F -.15(ve)-.25 G
4.009(lo).15 G 4.008(fv)-4.009 G 1.508
(ariable indirection is introduced.)-4.258 F F1(Bash)108 705.6 Q F0 .106
(uses the v)2.606 F .106(alue of the v)-.25 F .106
(ariable formed from the rest of)-.25 F F2(par)2.606 E(ameter)-.15 E F0
.106(as the name of the v)2.606 F .106(ariable; this v)-.25 F(ari-)-.25
E .352(able is then e)108 717.6 R .352(xpanded and that v)-.15 F .351
(alue is used in the rest of the substitution, rather than the v)-.25 F
.351(alue of)-.25 F F2(par)2.851 E(ame-)-.15 E(ter)108 729.6 Q F0 2.519
(itself. This)2.519 F .019(is kno)2.519 F .019(wn as)-.25 F F2(indir)
2.519 E .019(ect e)-.37 F(xpansion)-.2 E F0 5.019(.T)C .019(he e)-5.019
F .02(xceptions to this are the e)-.15 F .02(xpansions of ${!)-.15 F F2
(pr)A(e\214x)-.37 E F0 .02(*} and)B(GNU Bash-3.2)72 768 Q(2008 April 5)
148.455 E(17)198.445 E 0 Cg EP
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/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 389.54(SH\(1\) B).35 F(ASH\(1\))
-.35 E(${)108 84 Q/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(!)A/F2 10/Times-Italic@0 SF
(name)A F0([)A F2(@)A F0 .763(]} described belo)B 4.563 -.65(w. T)-.25 H
.763(he e).65 F .763(xclamation point must immediately follo)-.15 F
3.263(wt)-.25 G .763(he left brace in order to)-3.263 F
(introduce indirection.)108 96 Q .334(In each of the cases belo)108
112.8 R -.65(w,)-.25 G F2(wor)3.484 E(d)-.37 E F0 .334
(is subject to tilde e)2.834 F .334(xpansion, parameter e)-.15 F .334
(xpansion, command substitution,)-.15 F 1.418(and arithmetic e)108 124.8
R 3.918(xpansion. When)-.15 F 1.418(not performing substring e)3.918 F
(xpansion,)-.15 E F1(bash)3.918 E F0 1.418
(tests for a parameter that is)3.918 F(unset or null; omitting the colo\
n results in a test only for a parameter that is unset.)108 136.8 Q(${)
108 153.6 Q F2(par)A(ameter)-.15 E F1<3aad>A F2(wor)A(d)-.37 E F0(})A F1
.722(Use Default V)144 165.6 R(alues)-.92 E F0 5.722(.I)C(f)-5.722 E F2
(par)4.472 E(ameter)-.15 E F0 .723(is unset or null, the e)3.952 F .723
(xpansion of)-.15 F F2(wor)3.563 E(d)-.37 E F0 .723(is substituted.)
3.993 F(Other)5.723 E(-)-.2 E(wise, the v)144 177.6 Q(alue of)-.25 E F2
(par)3.75 E(ameter)-.15 E F0(is substituted.)3.23 E(${)108 189.6 Q F2
(par)A(ameter)-.15 E F1(:=)A F2(wor)A(d)-.37 E F0(})A F1 2.005
(Assign Default V)144 201.6 R(alues)-.92 E F0 7.005(.I)C(f)-7.005 E F2
(par)5.755 E(ameter)-.15 E F0 2.005(is unset or null, the e)5.235 F
2.004(xpansion of)-.15 F F2(wor)4.844 E(d)-.37 E F0 2.004
(is assigned to)5.274 F F2(par)144 213.6 Q(ameter)-.15 E F0 5.278(.T).73
G .278(he v)-5.278 F .278(alue of)-.25 F F2(par)4.028 E(ameter)-.15 E F0
.278(is then substituted.)3.508 F .279
(Positional parameters and special param-)5.278 F
(eters may not be assigned to in this w)144 225.6 Q(ay)-.1 E(.)-.65 E
(${)108 237.6 Q F2(par)A(ameter)-.15 E F1(:?)A F2(wor)A(d)-.37 E F0(})A
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(d)-.37 E F0 .535(\(or a mes-)3.035 F .661(sage to that ef)144 261.6 R
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 written to the standard error and the shell, if it is not)3.931 F
(interacti)144 273.6 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.5(,e).15 G 2.5(xits. Otherwise,)
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(wor)A(d)-.37 E F0(})A F1 .745(Use Alter)144 297.6 R .745(nate V)-.15 F
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(xpan-)-.15 E(sion of)144 309.6 Q F2(wor)2.84 E(d)-.37 E F0
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(Substring Expansion.)144 345.6 R F0 .796(Expands to up to)5.796 F F2
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E F0 .797(starting at the character)3.296 F .229(speci\214ed by)144
357.6 R F2(of)2.729 E(fset)-.18 E F0 5.229(.I)C(f)-5.229 E F2(length)
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Q F2(par)A(ameter)-.15 E F0([)A F2(of)A(fset)-.18 E F0 2.611(]}. A)B(ne)
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(f)-2.61 E .92(the speci\214ed array)144 441.6 R 5.92(.N)-.65 G .92
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(inde)3.141 E .64(xing is zero-based unless the)-.15 F .299
(positional parameters are used, in which case the inde)144 465.6 R .299
(xing starts at 1 by def)-.15 F 2.799(ault. If)-.1 F F2(of)2.799 E(fset)
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477.6 Q F1($0)2.5 E F0(is pre\214x)2.5 E(ed to the list.)-.15 E(${)108
494.4 Q F1(!)A F2(pr)A(e\214x)-.37 E F1(*)A F0(})A(${)108 506.4 Q F1(!)A
F2(pr)A(e\214x)-.37 E F1(@)A F0(})A .42(Expands to the names of v)144
518.4 R .42(ariables whose names be)-.25 F .42(gin with)-.15 F F2(pr)
2.92 E(e\214x)-.37 E F0 2.92(,s)C .42(eparated by the \214rst character)
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2.598(ariable. When)-.25 F F2(@)2.598 E F0 .099(is used and the e)2.598
F .099(xpansion appears within double quotes, each)-.15 F -.25(va)144
542.4 S(riable name e).25 E(xpands to a separate w)-.15 E(ord.)-.1 E(${)
108 559.2 Q F1(!)A F2(name)A F0([)A F2(@)A F0(]})A(${)108 571.2 Q F1(!)A
F2(name)A F0([)A F2(*)A F0(]})A(If)144 583.2 Q F2(name)2.922 E F0 .421
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(xpands to the list of array indices \(k)-.15 F -.15(ey)-.1 G .421
(s\) assigned in).15 F F2(name)2.921 E F0 5.421(.I)C(f)-5.421 E F2(name)
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E -.25(va)144 648 S 1.748
(lue substituted is the number of positional parameters.).25 F(If)6.749
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(he v)-2.5 E(alue substituted is the number of elements in the array)
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F2(par)145.25 724.8 Q(ameter)-.15 E F0 .607
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2.674(lo).25 G .174(peration is applied to each posi-)-2.674 F .655
(tional parameter in turn, and the e)144 96 R .654
(xpansion is the resultant list.)-.15 F(If)5.654 E F2(par)4.404 E
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148.8 Q F2(par)A(ameter)-.15 E F1(%%)A F2(wor)A(d)-.37 E F0(})A(The)144
160.8 Q F2(wor)2.619 E(d)-.37 E F0 .119(is e)2.619 F .119
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144 184.8 S 1.153(panded v).15 F 1.153(alue of)-.25 F F2(par)4.902 E
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('' c)D .79(ase\) deleted.).74 F(If)5.79 E F2(par)4.54 E(ameter)-.15 E
F0(is)4.02 E F1(@)3.29 E F0(or)3.29 E F1(*)3.29 E F0 3.29(,t)C .79
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1.758(tion is applied to each positional parameter in turn, and the e)
144 208.8 R 1.758(xpansion is the resultant list.)-.15 F(If)6.758 E F2
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144 273.6 S 1.451(panded and the longest match of).15 F F2(pattern)3.951
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(xpansion is the resultant list.)-.15 F(If)5.64 E F2(par)4.39 E(ameter)
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F1(@)3.14 E F0(or)3.14 E F1(*)3.14 E F0 3.14(,t)C(he)-3.14 E 1.446(subs\
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the e)144 357.6 R 1.446(xpansion is the)-.15 F(resultant list.)144 369.6
Q F1(Command Substitution)87 386.4 Q F2 1.697(Command substitution)108
398.4 R F0(allo)4.197 E 1.697
(ws the output of a command to replace the command name.)-.25 F 1.698
(There are tw)6.698 F(o)-.1 E(forms:)108 410.4 Q F1($\()144 432 Q F2
(command)A F1(\))1.666 E F0(or)108 444 Q F1<92>144 456 Q F2(command)A F1
<92>A(Bash)108 472.8 Q F0 .02(performs the e)2.52 F .02(xpansion by e)
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(dard output of the command, with an)108 484.8 R 3.268(yt)-.15 G .768
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F .768(wlines are not deleted, b)-.25 F(ut)-.2 E(the)108 496.8 Q 3.219
(ym)-.15 G .719(ay be remo)-3.219 F -.15(ve)-.15 G 3.219(dd).15 G .719
(uring w)-3.219 F .719(ord splitting.)-.1 F .719
(The command substitution)5.719 F F1($\(cat)3.219 E F2(\214le)3.219 E F1
(\))A F0 .718(can be replaced by the)3.219 F(equi)108 508.8 Q -.25(va)
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F1(\))A F0(.)A 1.724(When the old-style backquote form of substitution \
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(Command substitutions may be nested.)108 578.4 R 2.494 -.8(To n)5.894 H
.894(est when using the backquoted form, escape the inner back-).8 F
(quotes with backslashes.)108 590.4 Q .422
(If the substitution appears within double quotes, w)108 607.2 R .422
(ord splitting and pathname e)-.1 F .423(xpansion are not performed)-.15
F(on the results.)108 619.2 Q F1(Arithmetic Expansion)87 636 Q F0 1.035
(Arithmetic e)108 648 R 1.035(xpansion allo)-.15 F 1.035(ws the e)-.25 F
-.25(va)-.25 G 1.034(luation of an arithmetic e).25 F 1.034
(xpression and the substitution of the result.)-.15 F
(The format for arithmetic e)108 660 Q(xpansion is:)-.15 E F1($\(\()144
676.8 Q F2 -.2(ex)C(pr).2 E(ession)-.37 E F1(\)\))A F0(The)108 693.6 Q
F2 -.2(ex)2.665 G(pr).2 E(ession)-.37 E F0 .165
(is treated as if it were within double quotes, b)2.905 F .166
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(go parameter e)-.18 F 1.074(xpansion, string e)-.15 F 1.074
(xpansion, command)-.15 F(substitution, and quote remo)108 717.6 Q -.25
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E F0(is in)2.74 E -.25(va)-.4 G(lid,).25 E/F4 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(bash)
2.5 E F0(prints a message indicating f)2.5 E
(ailure and no substitution occurs.)-.1 E F4(Pr)87 112.8 Q
(ocess Substitution)-.18 E F3(Pr)108 124.8 Q .971(ocess substitution)
-.45 F F0 .971(is supported on systems that support named pipes \()3.471
F F3(FIFOs)A F0 3.47(\)o)C 3.47(rt)-3.47 G(he)-3.47 E F4(/de)3.47 E
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R .021(It tak)5.021 F .021(es the form of)-.1 F F4(<\()2.521 E F3(list)A
F4(\)).833 E F0(or)2.521 E F4(>\()2.521 E F3(list)A F4(\)).833 E F0
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R F3(FIFO)2.559 E F0 .058(or some \214le in)2.559 F F4(/de)2.558 E(v/fd)
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2.63 E F4(>\()2.63 E F3(list)A F4(\)).833 E F0 .13
(form is used, writing to the \214le will pro)2.63 F .131
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2.5 E F3(list)A F4(\)).833 E F0
(form is used, the \214le passed as an ar)2.5 E
(gument should be read to obtain the output of)-.18 E F3(list)2.5 E F0
(.)A .897(When a)108 189.6 R -.25(va)-.2 G .896(ilable, process substit\
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(ariable e)-.25 F(xpansion,)-.15 E
(command substitution, and arithmetic e)108 201.6 Q(xpansion.)-.15 E F4
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(The shell scans the results of parameter e)108 230.4 R 1.143
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(xpansion that)-.15 F(did not occur within double quotes for)108 242.4 Q
F3(wor)2.5 E 2.5(ds)-.37 G(plitting)-2.5 E F0(.).22 E .063
(The shell treats each character of)108 259.2 R F1(IFS)2.563 E F0 .063
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(IFS)4.288 E F0 1.788(is unset, or its v)4.038 F 1.789(alue is e)-.25 F
(xactly)-.15 E F4(<space><tab><newline>)4.289 E F0 4.289(,t)C 1.789
(he def)-4.289 F 1.789(ault, then)-.1 F .022(sequences of)108 283.2 R F4
(<space>)2.522 E F0(,)A F4(<tab>)2.522 E F0 2.521(,a)C(nd)-2.521 E F4
(<newline>)2.521 E F0 .021(at the be)2.521 F .021
(ginning and end of the results of the pre)-.15 F .021(vious e)-.25 F
(xpan-)-.15 E .585(sions are ignored, and an)108 295.2 R 3.086(ys)-.15 G
.586(equence of)-3.086 F F1(IFS)3.086 E F0 .586
(characters not at the be)2.836 F .586(ginning or end serv)-.15 F .586
(es to delimit w)-.15 F(ords.)-.1 E(If)108 307.2 Q F1(IFS)3.617 E F0
1.117(has a v)3.367 F 1.117(alue other than the def)-.25 F 1.117
(ault, then sequences of the whitespace characters)-.1 F F4(space)3.617
E F0(and)3.617 E F4(tab)3.617 E F0(are)3.617 E .315(ignored at the be)
108 319.2 R .315(ginning and end of the w)-.15 F .315
(ord, as long as the whitespace character is in the v)-.1 F .315
(alue of)-.25 F F1(IFS)2.815 E F0(\(an)2.566 E F1(IFS)108 331.2 Q F0
1.054(whitespace character\).)3.304 F(An)6.054 E 3.554(yc)-.15 G 1.054
(haracter in)-3.554 F F1(IFS)3.554 E F0 1.053(that is not)3.303 F F1
(IFS)3.553 E F0 1.053(whitespace, along with an)3.303 F 3.553(ya)-.15 G
(djacent)-3.553 E F1(IFS)3.553 E F0 .331
(whitespace characters, delimits a \214eld.)108 343.2 R 2.831(As)5.331 G
.332(equence of)-2.831 F F1(IFS)2.832 E F0 .332
(whitespace characters is also treated as a delim-)2.582 F(iter)108
355.2 Q 5(.I)-.55 G 2.5(ft)-5 G(he v)-2.5 E(alue of)-.25 E F1(IFS)2.5 E
F0(is null, no w)2.25 E(ord splitting occurs.)-.1 E 1.879
(Explicit null ar)108 372 R 1.879(guments \()-.18 F F4 .833("").833 G F0
(or)3.545 E F4 .833<0808>5.211 G F0 4.378(\)a)C 1.878(re retained.)
-4.378 F 1.878(Unquoted implicit null ar)6.878 F 1.878
(guments, resulting from the)-.18 F -.15(ex)108 384 S .176
(pansion of parameters that ha).15 F .476 -.15(ve n)-.2 H 2.676(ov).15 G
.176(alues, are remo)-2.926 F -.15(ve)-.15 G 2.676(d. If).15 F 2.677(ap)
2.677 G .177(arameter with no v)-2.677 F .177(alue is e)-.25 F .177
(xpanded within)-.15 F(double quotes, a null ar)108 396 Q
(gument results and is retained.)-.18 E(Note that if no e)108 412.8 Q
(xpansion occurs, no splitting is performed.)-.15 E F4 -.1(Pa)87 429.6 S
(thname Expansion).1 E F0 .371(After w)108 441.6 R .371
(ord splitting, unless the)-.1 F F4<ad66>2.871 E F0 .371
(option has been set,)2.871 F F4(bash)2.871 E F0 .37(scans each w)2.87 F
.37(ord for the characters)-.1 F F4(*)2.87 E F0(,)A F4(?)2.87 E F0 2.87
(,a)C(nd)-2.87 E F4([)2.87 E F0(.)A .677
(If one of these characters appears, then the w)108 453.6 R .677
(ord is re)-.1 F -.05(ga)-.15 G .677(rded as a).05 F F3(pattern)3.177 E
F0 3.177(,a).24 G .678(nd replaced with an alphabeti-)-3.177 F 1.457
(cally sorted list of \214le names matching the pattern.)108 465.6 R
1.456(If no matching \214le names are found, and the shell)6.457 F
(option)108 477.6 Q F4(nullglob)3.265 E F0 .765(is disabled, the w)3.265
F .765(ord is left unchanged.)-.1 F .765(If the)5.765 F F4(nullglob)
3.265 E F0 .765(option is set, and no matches are)3.265 F .306
(found, the w)108 489.6 R .306(ord is remo)-.1 F -.15(ve)-.15 G 2.806
(d. If).15 F(the)2.805 E F4(failglob)2.805 E F0 .305
(shell option is set, and no matches are found, an error message)2.805 F
.928(is printed and the command is not e)108 501.6 R -.15(xe)-.15 G
3.428(cuted. If).15 F .928(the shell option)3.428 F F4(nocaseglob)3.428
E F0 .929(is enabled, the match is per)3.429 F(-)-.2 E .033
(formed without re)108 513.6 R -.05(ga)-.15 G .033
(rd to the case of alphabetic characters.).05 F .032
(When a pattern is used for pathname e)5.032 F(xpansion,)-.15 E .104
(the character)108 525.6 R F4 -.63(``)2.604 G -.55(.').63 G(')-.08 E F0
.104(at the start of a name or immediately follo)5.104 F .105
(wing a slash must be matched e)-.25 F(xplicitly)-.15 E 2.605(,u)-.65 G
(nless)-2.605 E .888(the shell option)108 537.6 R F4(dotglob)3.388 E F0
.888(is set.)3.388 F .887
(When matching a pathname, the slash character must al)5.888 F -.1(wa)
-.1 G .887(ys be matched).1 F -.15(ex)108 549.6 S(plicitly).15 E 6.165
(.I)-.65 G 3.665(no)-6.165 G 1.165(ther cases, the)-3.665 F F4 -.63(``)
3.665 G -.55(.').63 G(')-.08 E F0 1.166
(character is not treated specially)6.165 F 6.166(.S)-.65 G 1.166
(ee the description of)-6.166 F F4(shopt)3.666 E F0(belo)3.666 E(w)-.25
E(under)108 561.6 Q F1 .478(SHELL B)2.978 F(UIL)-.09 E .478
(TIN COMMANDS)-.828 F F0 .477(for a description of the)2.728 F F4
(nocaseglob)2.977 E F0(,)A F4(nullglob)2.977 E F0(,)A F4(failglob)2.977
E F0 2.977(,a)C(nd)-2.977 E F4(dotglob)2.977 E F0(shell options.)108
573.6 Q(The)108 590.4 Q F1(GLOBIGNORE)2.63 E F0 .13(shell v)2.38 F .131
(ariable may be used to restrict the set of \214le names matching a)-.25
F F3(pattern)2.631 E F0 5.131(.I).24 G(f)-5.131 E F1(GLO-)2.631 E
(BIGNORE)108 602.4 Q F0 2.015(is set, each matching \214le name that al\
so matches one of the patterns in)4.265 F F1(GLOBIGNORE)4.515 E F0(is)
4.264 E(remo)108 614.4 Q -.15(ve)-.15 G 2.503(df).15 G .003
(rom the list of matches.)-2.503 F .003(The \214le names)5.003 F F4 -.63
(``)2.503 G -.55(.').63 G(')-.08 E F0(and)5.003 E F4 -.63(``)2.503 G(..)
.63 E -.63('')-.55 G F0 .004(are al)5.633 F -.1(wa)-.1 G .004
(ys ignored when).1 F F1(GLOBIGNORE)2.504 E F0(is)2.254 E .046
(set and not null.)108 626.4 R(Ho)5.046 E(we)-.25 E -.15(ve)-.25 G .846
-.4(r, s).15 H(etting).4 E F1(GLOBIGNORE)2.546 E F0 .046
(to a non-null v)2.296 F .045(alue has the ef)-.25 F .045
(fect of enabling the)-.25 F F4(dotglob)2.545 E F0 .613
(shell option, so all other \214le names be)108 638.4 R .614
(ginning with a)-.15 F F4 -.63(``)3.114 G -.55(.').63 G(')-.08 E F0 .614
(will match.)5.614 F 2.214 -.8(To g)5.614 H .614(et the old beha).8 F
.614(vior of ignoring)-.2 F .457(\214le names be)108 650.4 R .457
(ginning with a)-.15 F F4 -.63(``)2.957 G -.55(.').63 G(')-.08 E F0
2.957(,m)C(ak)-2.957 E(e)-.1 E F4 -.63(``)2.957 G(.*').63 E(')-.63 E F0
.457(one of the patterns in)5.457 F F1(GLOBIGNORE)2.957 E F2(.)A F0(The)
4.957 E F4(dotglob)2.956 E F0 .456(option is)2.956 F(disabled when)108
662.4 Q F1(GLOBIGNORE)2.5 E F0(is unset.)2.25 E F4 -.1(Pa)108 679.2 S
(tter).1 E 2.5(nM)-.15 G(atching)-2.5 E F0(An)108 696 Q 3.138(yc)-.15 G
.638(haracter that appears in a pattern, other than the special pattern\
 characters described belo)-3.138 F 1.938 -.65(w, m)-.25 H(atches).65 E
3.62(itself. The)108 708 R 1.12
(NUL character may not occur in a pattern.)3.62 F 3.62(Ab)6.12 G 1.12
(ackslash escapes the follo)-3.62 F 1.12(wing character; the)-.25 F .576
(escaping backslash is discarded when matching.)108 720 R .576
(The special pattern characters must be quoted if the)5.576 F 3.076(ya)
-.15 G(re)-3.076 E(GNU Bash-3.2)72 768 Q(2008 April 5)148.455 E(20)
198.445 E 0 Cg EP
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/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 389.54(SH\(1\) B).35 F(ASH\(1\))
-.35 E(to be matched literally)108 84 Q(.)-.65 E
(The special pattern characters ha)108 100.8 Q .3 -.15(ve t)-.2 H
(he follo).15 E(wing meanings:)-.25 E/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(*)108 117.6
Q F0(Matches an)31 E 2.5(ys)-.15 G(tring, including the null string.)
-2.5 E F1(?)108 129.6 Q F0(Matches an)31 E 2.5(ys)-.15 G
(ingle character)-2.5 E(.)-.55 E F1([...])108 141.6 Q F0 .257
(Matches an)21.84 F 2.757(yo)-.15 G .257(ne of the enclosed characters.)
-2.757 F 2.757(Ap)5.257 G .257(air of characters separated by a h)-2.757
F .256(yphen denotes a)-.05 F/F2 10/Times-Italic@0 SF -.15(ra)144 153.6
S(ng).15 E 3.289(ee)-.1 G(xpr)-3.489 E(ession)-.37 E F0 3.289(;a)C 1.089
-.15(ny c)-3.289 H .789(haracter that sorts between those tw).15 F 3.289
(oc)-.1 G .789(haracters, inclusi)-3.289 F -.15(ve)-.25 G 3.29(,u).15 G
.79(sing the cur)-3.29 F(-)-.2 E .35(rent locale')144 165.6 R 2.85(sc)
-.55 G .35(ollating sequence and character set, is matched.)-2.85 F .349
(If the \214rst character follo)5.349 F .349(wing the)-.25 F F1([)2.849
E F0 .563(is a)144 177.6 R F1(!)3.063 E F0 .563(or a)5.563 F F1(^)3.063
E F0 .564(then an)3.063 F 3.064(yc)-.15 G .564
(haracter not enclosed is matched.)-3.064 F .564
(The sorting order of characters in range)5.564 F -.15(ex)144 189.6 S
1.102(pressions is determined by the current locale and the v).15 F
1.102(alue of the)-.25 F F1(LC_COLLA)3.602 E(TE)-.95 E F0 1.102(shell v)
3.602 F(ari-)-.25 E .088(able, if set.)144 201.6 R(A)5.088 E F1<ad>2.588
E F0 .088(may be matched by including it as the \214rst or last charact\
er in the set.)2.588 F(A)5.089 E F1(])2.589 E F0 .089(may be)2.589 F
(matched by including it as the \214rst character in the set.)144 213.6
Q -.4(Wi)144 231.6 S(thin).4 E F1([)2.915 E F0(and)2.915 E F1(])2.915 E
F0(,)A F2 -.15(ch)2.915 G(ar).15 E .415(acter classes)-.15 F F0 .415
(can be speci\214ed using the syntax)2.915 F F1([:)2.915 E F2(class)A F1
(:])A F0 2.914(,w)C(here)-2.914 E F2(class)2.914 E F0 .414(is one of)
2.914 F(the follo)144 243.6 Q
(wing classes de\214ned in the POSIX standard:)-.25 E F1 5.421
(alnum alpha ascii blank cntrl digit graph lo)144 255.6 R 5.421
(wer print punct space upper w)-.1 F(ord)-.1 E(xdigit)144 267.6 Q F0
2.519(Ac)144 279.6 S .019(haracter class matches an)-2.519 F 2.519(yc)
-.15 G .019(haracter belonging to that class.)-2.519 F(The)5.018 E F1
-.1(wo)2.518 G(rd).1 E F0 .018(character class matches)2.518 F
(letters, digits, and the character _.)144 291.6 Q -.4(Wi)144 309.6 S
(thin).4 E F1([)3.546 E F0(and)3.546 E F1(])3.546 E F0 3.546(,a)C(n)
-3.546 E F2 1.046(equivalence class)3.546 F F0 1.046
(can be speci\214ed using the syntax)3.546 F F1([=)3.547 E F2(c)A F1(=])
A F0 3.547(,w)C 1.047(hich matches all)-3.547 F(characters with the sam\
e collation weight \(as de\214ned by the current locale\) as the charac\
ter)144 321.6 Q F2(c)2.5 E F0(.)A -.4(Wi)144 339.6 S(thin).4 E F1([)2.5
E F0(and)2.5 E F1(])2.5 E F0 2.5(,t)C(he syntax)-2.5 E F1([.)2.5 E F2
(symbol)A F1(.])A F0(matches the collating symbol)2.5 E F2(symbol)2.5 E
F0(.)A .705(If the)108 356.4 R F1(extglob)3.205 E F0 .705
(shell option is enabled using the)3.205 F F1(shopt)3.205 E F0 -.2(bu)
3.205 G .704(iltin, se).2 F -.15(ve)-.25 G .704(ral e).15 F .704
(xtended pattern matching operators)-.15 F .255(are recognized.)108
368.4 R .255(In the follo)5.255 F .255(wing description, a)-.25 F F2
(pattern-list)2.755 E F0 .255
(is a list of one or more patterns separated by a)2.755 F F1(|)2.756 E
F0(.)A(Composite patterns may be formed using one or more of the follo)
108 380.4 Q(wing sub-patterns:)-.25 E F1(?\()144 404.4 Q F2
(pattern-list).833 E F1(\)).833 E F0
(Matches zero or one occurrence of the gi)180 416.4 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.5
(np).15 G(atterns)-2.5 E F1(*\()144 428.4 Q F2(pattern-list).833 E F1
(\)).833 E F0(Matches zero or more occurrences of the gi)180 440.4 Q
-.15(ve)-.25 G 2.5(np).15 G(atterns)-2.5 E F1(+\()144 452.4 Q F2
(pattern-list).833 E F1(\)).833 E F0
(Matches one or more occurrences of the gi)180 464.4 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G
2.5(np).15 G(atterns)-2.5 E F1(@\()144 476.4 Q F2(pattern-list).833 E F1
(\)).833 E F0(Matches one of the gi)180 488.4 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.5(np)
.15 G(atterns)-2.5 E F1(!\()144 500.4 Q F2(pattern-list).833 E F1(\))
.833 E F0(Matches an)180 512.4 Q(ything e)-.15 E(xcept one of the gi)
-.15 E -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.5(np).15 G(atterns)-2.5 E F1(Quote Remo)87 529.2
Q -.1(va)-.1 G(l).1 E F0 1.113(After the preceding e)108 541.2 R 1.113
(xpansions, all unquoted occurrences of the characters)-.15 F F1(\\)
3.613 E F0(,)A F1<08>3.612 E F0 3.612(,a)C(nd)-3.612 E F1(")4.445 E F0
1.112(that did not result)4.445 F(from one of the abo)108 553.2 Q .3
-.15(ve ex)-.15 H(pansions are remo).15 E -.15(ve)-.15 G(d.).15 E/F3
10.95/Times-Bold@0 SF(REDIRECTION)72 570 Q F0 .545
(Before a command is e)108 582 R -.15(xe)-.15 G .545
(cuted, its input and output may be).15 F F2 -.37(re)3.045 G(dir).37 E
(ected)-.37 E F0 .545(using a special notation interpreted)3.815 F .617
(by the shell.)108 594 R .617(Redirection may also be used to open and \
close \214les for the current shell e)5.617 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .616
(cution en).15 F(viron-)-.4 E 3.274(ment. The)108 606 R(follo)3.274 E
.774(wing redirection operators may precede or appear an)-.25 F .774
(ywhere within a)-.15 F F2 .775(simple command)3.615 F F0(or)4.045 E
(may follo)108 618 Q 2.5(wa)-.25 G F2(command)A F0 5(.R).77 G
(edirections are processed in the order the)-5 E 2.5(ya)-.15 G(ppear)
-2.5 E 2.5(,f)-.4 G(rom left to right.)-2.5 E .284(In the follo)108
634.8 R .283(wing descriptions, if the \214le descriptor number is omit\
ted, and the \214rst character of the redirect-)-.25 F .512
(ion operator is)108 646.8 R F1(<)3.012 E F0 3.012(,t)C .512
(he redirection refers to the standard input \(\214le descriptor 0\).)
-3.012 F .512(If the \214rst character of the)5.512 F
(redirection operator is)108 658.8 Q F1(>)2.5 E F0 2.5(,t)C
(he redirection refers to the standard output \(\214le descriptor 1\).)
-2.5 E .825(The w)108 675.6 R .825(ord follo)-.1 F .824
(wing the redirection operator in the follo)-.25 F .824
(wing descriptions, unless otherwise noted, is sub-)-.25 F .772
(jected to brace e)108 687.6 R .773(xpansion, tilde e)-.15 F .773
(xpansion, parameter e)-.15 F .773
(xpansion, command substitution, arithmetic e)-.15 F(xpan-)-.15 E .844
(sion, quote remo)108 699.6 R -.25(va)-.15 G .843(l, pathname e).25 F
.843(xpansion, and w)-.15 F .843(ord splitting.)-.1 F .843(If it e)5.843
F .843(xpands to more than one w)-.15 F(ord,)-.1 E F1(bash)3.343 E F0
(reports an error)108 711.6 Q(.)-.55 E
(Note that the order of redirections is signi\214cant.)108 728.4 Q -.15
(Fo)5 G 2.5(re).15 G(xample, the command)-2.65 E(GNU Bash-3.2)72 768 Q
(2008 April 5)148.455 E(21)198.445 E 0 Cg EP
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/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 389.54(SH\(1\) B).35 F(ASH\(1\))
-.35 E(ls)144 84 Q/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(>)2.5 E F0(dirlist 2)2.5 E F1
(>&)A F0(1)A
(directs both standard output and standard error to the \214le)108 100.8
Q/F2 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(dirlist)2.5 E F0 2.5(,w).68 G
(hile the command)-2.5 E(ls 2)144 117.6 Q F1(>&)A F0(1)A F1(>)2.5 E F0
(dirlist)2.5 E .387(directs only the standard output to \214le)108 134.4
R F2(dirlist)2.887 E F0 2.887(,b).68 G .388(ecause the standard error w)
-2.887 F .388(as duplicated as standard output)-.1 F
(before the standard output w)108 146.4 Q(as redirected to)-.1 E F2
(dirlist)2.5 E F0(.).68 E F1(Bash)108 163.2 Q F0 .599(handles se)3.099 F
-.15(ve)-.25 G .599(ral \214lenames specially when the).15 F 3.099(ya)
-.15 G .598(re used in redirections, as described in the follo)-3.099 F
(wing)-.25 E(table:)108 175.2 Q F1(/de)144 192 Q(v/fd/)-.15 E F2(fd)A F0
(If)180 204 Q F2(fd)2.5 E F0(is a v)2.5 E(alid inte)-.25 E(ger)-.15 E
2.5<2c8c>-.4 G(le descriptor)-2.5 E F2(fd)2.5 E F0(is duplicated.)2.5 E
F1(/de)144 216 Q(v/stdin)-.15 E F0(File descriptor 0 is duplicated.)180
228 Q F1(/de)144 240 Q(v/stdout)-.15 E F0
(File descriptor 1 is duplicated.)180 252 Q F1(/de)144 264 Q(v/stderr)
-.15 E F0(File descriptor 2 is duplicated.)180 276 Q F1(/de)144 288 Q
(v/tcp/)-.15 E F2(host)A F1(/)A F2(port)A F0(If)180 300 Q F2(host)2.996
E F0 .496(is a v)2.996 F .496(alid hostname or Internet address, and)
-.25 F F2(port)2.997 E F0 .497(is an inte)2.997 F .497
(ger port number or ser)-.15 F(-)-.2 E(vice name,)180 312 Q F1(bash)2.5
E F0(attempts to open a TCP connection to the corresponding sock)2.5 E
(et.)-.1 E F1(/de)144 324 Q(v/udp/)-.15 E F2(host)A F1(/)A F2(port)A F0
(If)180 336 Q F2(host)2.997 E F0 .497(is a v)2.997 F .497
(alid hostname or Internet address, and)-.25 F F2(port)2.996 E F0 .496
(is an inte)2.996 F .496(ger port number or ser)-.15 F(-)-.2 E
(vice name,)180 348 Q F1(bash)2.5 E F0
(attempts to open a UDP connection to the corresponding sock)2.5 E(et.)
-.1 E 2.5(Af)108 364.8 S
(ailure to open or create a \214le causes the redirection to f)-2.6 E
(ail.)-.1 E .946(Redirections using \214le descriptors greater than 9 s\
hould be used with care, as the)108 381.6 R 3.447(ym)-.15 G .947
(ay con\215ict with \214le)-3.447 F
(descriptors the shell uses internally)108 393.6 Q(.)-.65 E F1(Redir)87
410.4 Q(ecting Input)-.18 E F0 .391
(Redirection of input causes the \214le whose name results from the e)
108 422.4 R .391(xpansion of)-.15 F F2(wor)3.231 E(d)-.37 E F0 .391
(to be opened for read-)3.661 F(ing on \214le descriptor)108 434.4 Q F2
(n)2.5 E F0 2.5(,o).24 G 2.5(rt)-2.5 G
(he standard input \(\214le descriptor 0\) if)-2.5 E F2(n)2.86 E F0
(is not speci\214ed.)2.74 E
(The general format for redirecting input is:)108 451.2 Q([)144 468 Q F2
(n)A F0(])A F1(<)A F2(wor)A(d)-.37 E F1(Redir)87 484.8 Q(ecting Output)
-.18 E F0 .174
(Redirection of output causes the \214le whose name results from the e)
108 496.8 R .175(xpansion of)-.15 F F2(wor)3.015 E(d)-.37 E F0 .175
(to be opened for writ-)3.445 F .825(ing on \214le descriptor)108 508.8
R F2(n)3.325 E F0 3.325(,o).24 G 3.325(rt)-3.325 G .824
(he standard output \(\214le descriptor 1\) if)-3.325 F F2(n)3.684 E F0
.824(is not speci\214ed.)3.564 F .824(If the \214le does not)5.824 F
-.15(ex)108 520.8 S(ist it is created; if it does e).15 E
(xist it is truncated to zero size.)-.15 E
(The general format for redirecting output is:)108 537.6 Q([)144 554.4 Q
F2(n)A F0(])A F1(>)A F2(wor)A(d)-.37 E F0 .154
(If the redirection operator is)108 571.2 R F1(>)2.654 E F0 2.654(,a)C
.154(nd the)-2.654 F F1(noclob)2.654 E(ber)-.1 E F0 .154(option to the)
2.654 F F1(set)2.655 E F0 -.2(bu)2.655 G .155
(iltin has been enabled, the redirection).2 F .658(will f)108 583.2 R
.658(ail if the \214le whose name results from the e)-.1 F .658
(xpansion of)-.15 F F2(wor)3.158 E(d)-.37 E F0 -.15(ex)3.158 G .657
(ists and is a re).15 F .657(gular \214le.)-.15 F .657(If the redi-)
5.657 F .408(rection operator is)108 595.2 R F1(>|)2.909 E F0 2.909(,o)C
2.909(rt)-2.909 G .409(he redirection operator is)-2.909 F F1(>)2.909 E
F0 .409(and the)2.909 F F1(noclob)2.909 E(ber)-.1 E F0 .409
(option to the)2.909 F F1(set)2.909 E F0 -.2(bu)2.909 G .409
(iltin command).2 F(is not enabled, the redirection is attempted e)108
607.2 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.5(ni).15 G 2.5(ft)-2.5 G(he \214le named by)
-2.5 E F2(wor)2.5 E(d)-.37 E F0 -.15(ex)2.5 G(ists.).15 E F1 -.25(Ap)87
624 S(pending Redir).25 E(ected Output)-.18 E F0 .642
(Redirection of output in this f)108 636 R .642
(ashion causes the \214le whose name results from the e)-.1 F .641
(xpansion of)-.15 F F2(wor)3.481 E(d)-.37 E F0 .641(to be)3.911 F .473
(opened for appending on \214le descriptor)108 648 R F2(n)2.973 E F0
2.974(,o).24 G 2.974(rt)-2.974 G .474
(he standard output \(\214le descriptor 1\) if)-2.974 F F2(n)3.334 E F0
.474(is not speci\214ed.)3.214 F(If)5.474 E(the \214le does not e)108
660 Q(xist it is created.)-.15 E
(The general format for appending output is:)108 676.8 Q([)144 693.6 Q
F2(n)A F0(])A F1(>>)A F2(wor)A(d)-.37 E F0(GNU Bash-3.2)72 768 Q
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/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 389.54(SH\(1\) B).35 F(ASH\(1\))
-.35 E/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(Redir)87 84 Q
(ecting Standard Output and Standard Err)-.18 E(or)-.18 E(Bash)108 96 Q
F0(allo)3.142 E .642(ws both the standard output \(\214le descriptor 1\
\) and the standard error output \(\214le descriptor 2\) to)-.25 F
(be redirected to the \214le whose name is the e)108 108 Q(xpansion of)
-.15 E/F2 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(wor)2.84 E(d)-.37 E F0
(with this construct.)3.27 E(There are tw)108 124.8 Q 2.5(of)-.1 G
(ormats for redirecting standard output and standard error:)-2.5 E F1
(&>)144 141.6 Q F2(wor)A(d)-.37 E F0(and)108 153.6 Q F1(>&)144 165.6 Q
F2(wor)A(d)-.37 E F0(Of the tw)108 182.4 Q 2.5(of)-.1 G
(orms, the \214rst is preferred.)-2.5 E(This is semantically equi)5 E
-.25(va)-.25 G(lent to).25 E F1(>)144 199.2 Q F2(wor)A(d)-.37 E F0(2)2.5
E F1(>&)A F0(1)A F1(Her)87 216 Q 2.5(eD)-.18 G(ocuments)-2.5 E F0 .33(T\
his type of redirection instructs the shell to read input from the curr\
ent source until a line containing only)108 228 R F2(wor)108.34 240 Q(d)
-.37 E F0 .684(\(with no trailing blanks\) is seen.)3.954 F .684
(All of the lines read up to that point are then used as the standard)
5.684 F(input for a command.)108 252 Q(The format of here-documents is:)
108 268.8 Q F1(<<)144 285.6 Q F0([)A F1<ad>A F0(])A F2(wor)A(d)-.37 E
(her)164 297.6 Q(e-document)-.37 E(delimiter)144 309.6 Q F0 .127
(No parameter e)108 326.4 R .127
(xpansion, command substitution, arithmetic e)-.15 F .127
(xpansion, or pathname e)-.15 F .128(xpansion is performed)-.15 F(on)108
338.4 Q F2(wor)3.275 E(d)-.37 E F0 5.775(.I).77 G 3.275(fa)-5.775 G
1.075 -.15(ny c)-3.275 H .774(haracters in).15 F F2(wor)3.614 E(d)-.37 E
F0 .774(are quoted, the)4.044 F F2(delimiter)3.624 E F0 .774
(is the result of quote remo)4.004 F -.25(va)-.15 G 3.274(lo).25 G(n)
-3.274 E F2(wor)3.274 E(d)-.37 E F0 3.274(,a).77 G(nd)-3.274 E .904
(the lines in the here-document are not e)108 350.4 R 3.405(xpanded. If)
-.15 F F2(wor)3.405 E(d)-.37 E F0 .905
(is unquoted, all lines of the here-document are)3.405 F .695
(subjected to parameter e)108 362.4 R .695
(xpansion, command substitution, and arithmetic e)-.15 F 3.194
(xpansion. In)-.15 F .694(the latter case, the)3.194 F
(character sequence)108 374.4 Q F1(\\<newline>)2.5 E F0(is ignored, and)
2.5 E F1(\\)2.5 E F0(must be used to quote the characters)2.5 E F1(\\)
2.5 E F0(,)A F1($)2.5 E F0 2.5(,a)C(nd)-2.5 E F1<92>2.5 E F0(.)A .601
(If the redirection operator is)108 391.2 R F1(<<\255)3.101 E F0 3.101
(,t)C .601(hen all leading tab characters are stripped from input lines\
 and the line)-3.101 F(containing)108 403.2 Q F2(delimiter)2.5 E F0 5
(.T).73 G(his allo)-5 E
(ws here-documents within shell scripts to be indented in a natural f)
-.25 E(ashion.)-.1 E F1(Her)87 420 Q 2.5(eS)-.18 G(trings)-2.5 E F0 2.5
(Av)108 432 S(ariant of here documents, the format is:)-2.75 E F1(<<<)
144 448.8 Q F2(wor)A(d)-.37 E F0(The)108 465.6 Q F2(wor)2.5 E(d)-.37 E
F0(is e)2.5 E
(xpanded and supplied to the command on its standard input.)-.15 E F1
(Duplicating File Descriptors)87 482.4 Q F0(The redirection operator)108
494.4 Q([)144 511.2 Q F2(n)A F0(])A F1(<&)A F2(wor)A(d)-.37 E F0 .127
(is used to duplicate input \214le descriptors.)108 528 R(If)5.127 E F2
(wor)2.967 E(d)-.37 E F0 -.15(ex)3.397 G .126
(pands to one or more digits, the \214le descriptor denoted).15 F(by)108
540 Q F2(n)3.317 E F0 .457(is made to be a cop)3.197 F 2.957(yo)-.1 G
2.957(ft)-2.957 G .457(hat \214le descriptor)-2.957 F 5.457(.I)-.55 G
2.957(ft)-5.457 G .457(he digits in)-2.957 F F2(wor)3.298 E(d)-.37 E F0
.458(do not specify a \214le descriptor open)3.728 F .15
(for input, a redirection error occurs.)108 552 R(If)5.15 E F2(wor)2.99
E(d)-.37 E F0 -.25(eva)3.42 G .15(luates to).25 F F1<ad>2.65 E F0 2.649
<2c8c>C .149(le descriptor)-2.649 F F2(n)3.009 E F0 .149(is closed.)
2.889 F(If)5.149 E F2(n)3.009 E F0 .149(is not speci\214ed,)2.889 F
(the standard input \(\214le descriptor 0\) is used.)108 564 Q
(The operator)108 580.8 Q([)144 597.6 Q F2(n)A F0(])A F1(>&)A F2(wor)A
(d)-.37 E F0 .443
(is used similarly to duplicate output \214le descriptors.)108 614.4 R
(If)5.443 E F2(n)3.304 E F0 .444
(is not speci\214ed, the standard output \(\214le descrip-)3.184 F 1.358
(tor 1\) is used.)108 626.4 R 1.358(If the digits in)6.358 F F2(wor)
4.198 E(d)-.37 E F0 1.357(do not specify a \214le descriptor open for o\
utput, a redirection error)4.628 F 2.596(occurs. As)108 638.4 R 2.596
(as)2.596 G .096(pecial case, if)-2.596 F F2(n)2.596 E F0 .096
(is omitted, and)2.596 F F2(wor)2.596 E(d)-.37 E F0 .096(does not e)
2.596 F .096(xpand to one or more digits, the standard out-)-.15 F
(put and standard error are redirected as described pre)108 650.4 Q
(viously)-.25 E(.)-.65 E F1(Mo)87 667.2 Q(ving File Descriptors)-.1 E F0
(The redirection operator)108 679.2 Q([)144 696 Q F2(n)A F0(])A F1(<&)A
F2(digit)A F1<ad>A F0(mo)108 712.8 Q -.15(ve)-.15 G 3.036(st).15 G .536
(he \214le descriptor)-3.036 F F2(digit)3.036 E F0 .536
(to \214le descriptor)3.036 F F2(n)3.036 E F0 3.036(,o).24 G 3.036(rt)
-3.036 G .535(he standard input \(\214le descriptor 0\) if)-3.036 F F2
(n)3.035 E F0 .535(is not speci-)3.035 F(\214ed.)108 724.8 Q F2(digit)5
E F0(is closed after being duplicated to)2.5 E F2(n)2.5 E F0(.)A
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/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 389.54(SH\(1\) B).35 F(ASH\(1\))
-.35 E(Similarly)108 84 Q 2.5(,t)-.65 G(he redirection operator)-2.5 E
([)144 100.8 Q/F1 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(n)A F0(])A/F2 10/Times-Bold@0 SF
(>&)A F1(digit)A F2<ad>A F0(mo)108 117.6 Q -.15(ve)-.15 G 2.785(st).15 G
.285(he \214le descriptor)-2.785 F F1(digit)2.785 E F0 .285
(to \214le descriptor)2.785 F F1(n)2.785 E F0 2.785(,o).24 G 2.785(rt)
-2.785 G .286(he standard output \(\214le descriptor 1\) if)-2.785 F F1
(n)2.786 E F0 .286(is not speci-)2.786 F(\214ed.)108 129.6 Q F2
(Opening File Descriptors f)87 146.4 Q(or Reading and Writing)-.25 E F0
(The redirection operator)108 158.4 Q([)144 175.2 Q F1(n)A F0(])A F2(<>)
A F1(wor)A(d)-.37 E F0 1.349(causes the \214le whose name is the e)108
192 R 1.349(xpansion of)-.15 F F1(wor)4.189 E(d)-.37 E F0 1.349
(to be opened for both reading and writing on \214le)4.619 F(descriptor)
108 204 Q F1(n)2.5 E F0 2.5(,o).24 G 2.5(ro)-2.5 G 2.5<6e8c>-2.5 G
(le descriptor 0 if)-2.5 E F1(n)2.86 E F0(is not speci\214ed.)2.74 E
(If the \214le does not e)5 E(xist, it is created.)-.15 E/F3 10.95
/Times-Bold@0 SF(ALIASES)72 220.8 Q F1(Aliases)108 232.8 Q F0(allo)3.173
E 3.173(was)-.25 G .674(tring to be substituted for a w)-3.173 F .674
(ord when it is used as the \214rst w)-.1 F .674
(ord of a simple command.)-.1 F .394(The shell maintains a list of alia\
ses that may be set and unset with the)108 244.8 R F2(alias)2.893 E F0
(and)2.893 E F2(unalias)2.893 E F0 -.2(bu)2.893 G .393(iltin commands).2
F(\(see)108 256.8 Q/F4 9/Times-Bold@0 SF 1.979(SHELL B)4.479 F(UIL)-.09
E 1.979(TIN COMMANDS)-.828 F F0(belo)4.229 E 4.48(w\). The)-.25 F 1.98
(\214rst w)4.48 F 1.98(ord of each simple command, if unquoted, is)-.1 F
(check)108 268.8 Q .473(ed to see if it has an alias.)-.1 F .473
(If so, that w)5.473 F .472(ord is replaced by the te)-.1 F .472
(xt of the alias.)-.15 F .472(The characters)5.472 F F2(/)2.972 E F0(,)A
F2($)2.972 E F0(,)A F2<92>2.972 E F0(,)A(and)108 280.8 Q F2(=)3.611 E F0
1.111(and an)3.611 F 3.611(yo)-.15 G 3.611(ft)-3.611 G 1.111(he shell)
-3.611 F F1(metac)3.612 E(har)-.15 E(acter)-.15 E(s)-.1 E F0 1.112
(or quoting characters listed abo)3.612 F 1.412 -.15(ve m)-.15 H 1.112
(ay not appear in an alias).15 F 3.62(name. The)108 292.8 R 1.12
(replacement te)3.62 F 1.119(xt may contain an)-.15 F 3.619(yv)-.15 G
1.119(alid shell input, including shell metacharacters.)-3.869 F 1.119
(The \214rst)6.119 F -.1(wo)108 304.8 S .513(rd of the replacement te).1
F .513(xt is tested for aliases, b)-.15 F .513(ut a w)-.2 F .514
(ord that is identical to an alias being e)-.1 F .514(xpanded is)-.15 F
.296(not e)108 316.8 R .296(xpanded a second time.)-.15 F .296
(This means that one may alias)5.296 F F2(ls)2.796 E F0(to)2.796 E F2
.296(ls \255F)2.796 F F0 2.796(,f)C .295(or instance, and)-2.796 F F2
(bash)2.795 E F0 .295(does not try)2.795 F .542(to recursi)108 328.8 R
-.15(ve)-.25 G .542(ly e).15 F .542(xpand the replacement te)-.15 F
3.042(xt. If)-.15 F .543(the last character of the alias v)3.042 F .543
(alue is a)-.25 F F1(blank)3.043 E F0 3.043(,t).67 G .543(hen the ne)
-3.043 F(xt)-.15 E(command w)108 340.8 Q(ord follo)-.1 E
(wing the alias is also check)-.25 E(ed for alias e)-.1 E(xpansion.)-.15
E(Aliases are created and listed with the)108 357.6 Q F2(alias)2.5 E F0
(command, and remo)2.5 E -.15(ve)-.15 G 2.5(dw).15 G(ith the)-2.5 E F2
(unalias)2.5 E F0(command.)2.5 E .284
(There is no mechanism for using ar)108 374.4 R .284
(guments in the replacement te)-.18 F 2.784(xt. If)-.15 F(ar)2.784 E
.284(guments are needed, a shell func-)-.18 F(tion should be used \(see)
108 386.4 Q F4(FUNCTIONS)2.5 E F0(belo)2.25 E(w\).)-.25 E 1.22
(Aliases are not e)108 403.2 R 1.22
(xpanded when the shell is not interacti)-.15 F -.15(ve)-.25 G 3.72(,u)
.15 G 1.22(nless the)-3.72 F F2(expand_aliases)3.72 E F0 1.22
(shell option is set)3.72 F(using)108 415.2 Q F2(shopt)2.5 E F0
(\(see the description of)2.5 E F2(shopt)2.5 E F0(under)2.5 E F4
(SHELL B)2.5 E(UIL)-.09 E(TIN COMMANDS)-.828 E F0(belo)2.25 E(w\).)-.25
E .436
(The rules concerning the de\214nition and use of aliases are some)108
432 R .435(what confusing.)-.25 F F2(Bash)5.435 E F0(al)2.935 E -.1(wa)
-.1 G .435(ys reads at least).1 F .337
(one complete line of input before e)108 444 R -.15(xe)-.15 G .338
(cuting an).15 F 2.838(yo)-.15 G 2.838(ft)-2.838 G .338
(he commands on that line.)-2.838 F .338(Aliases are e)5.338 F .338
(xpanded when)-.15 F 3.404(ac)108 456 S .904
(ommand is read, not when it is e)-3.404 F -.15(xe)-.15 G 3.404
(cuted. Therefore,).15 F .904
(an alias de\214nition appearing on the same line as)3.404 F 1.161
(another command does not tak)108 468 R 3.662(ee)-.1 G -.25(ff)-3.662 G
1.162(ect until the ne).25 F 1.162(xt line of input is read.)-.15 F
1.162(The commands follo)6.162 F 1.162(wing the)-.25 F .277
(alias de\214nition on that line are not af)108 480 R .277
(fected by the ne)-.25 F 2.777(wa)-.25 G 2.777(lias. This)-2.777 F(beha)
2.777 E .277(vior is also an issue when functions)-.2 F .698(are e)108
492 R -.15(xe)-.15 G 3.198(cuted. Aliases).15 F .698(are e)3.198 F .699
(xpanded when a function de\214nition is read, not when the function is\
 e)-.15 F -.15(xe)-.15 G(cuted,).15 E .495
(because a function de\214nition is itself a compound command.)108 504 R
.494(As a consequence, aliases de\214ned in a func-)5.494 F .084
(tion are not a)108 516 R -.25(va)-.2 G .084
(ilable until after that function is e).25 F -.15(xe)-.15 G 2.584
(cuted. T).15 F 2.584(ob)-.8 G 2.584(es)-2.584 G .084(afe, al)-2.584 F
-.1(wa)-.1 G .085(ys put alias de\214nitions on a sepa-).1 F
(rate line, and do not use)108 528 Q F2(alias)2.5 E F0
(in compound commands.)2.5 E -.15(Fo)108 544.8 S 2.5(ra).15 G(lmost e)
-2.5 E -.15(ve)-.25 G
(ry purpose, aliases are superseded by shell functions.).15 E F3
(FUNCTIONS)72 561.6 Q F0 3.468(As)108 573.6 S .968
(hell function, de\214ned as described abo)-3.468 F 1.267 -.15(ve u)-.15
H(nder).15 E F4 .967(SHELL GRAMMAR)3.467 F/F5 9/Times-Roman@0 SF(,)A F0
.967(stores a series of commands for)3.217 F 1.001(later e)108 585.6 R
-.15(xe)-.15 G 3.501(cution. When).15 F 1.002(the name of a shell funct\
ion is used as a simple command name, the list of com-)3.501 F .316
(mands associated with that function name is e)108 597.6 R -.15(xe)-.15
G 2.816(cuted. Functions).15 F .316(are e)2.816 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .315
(cuted in the conte).15 F .315(xt of the current)-.15 F .035
(shell; no ne)108 609.6 R 2.535(wp)-.25 G .036
(rocess is created to interpret them \(contrast this with the e)-2.535 F
-.15(xe)-.15 G .036(cution of a shell script\).).15 F .036(When a)5.036
F .64(function is e)108 621.6 R -.15(xe)-.15 G .64(cuted, the ar).15 F
.639
(guments to the function become the positional parameters during its e)
-.18 F -.15(xe)-.15 G(cution.).15 E .532(The special parameter)108 633.6
R F2(#)3.032 E F0 .532(is updated to re\215ect the change.)3.032 F .533
(Special parameter 0 is unchanged.)5.532 F .533(The \214rst ele-)5.533 F
1.018(ment of the)108 645.6 R F4(FUNCN)3.518 E(AME)-.18 E F0 -.25(va)
3.268 G 1.017
(riable is set to the name of the function while the function is e).25 F
-.15(xe)-.15 G 3.517(cuting. All).15 F 1.285
(other aspects of the shell e)108 657.6 R -.15(xe)-.15 G 1.285
(cution en).15 F 1.285
(vironment are identical between a function and its caller with the)-.4
F -.15(ex)108 669.6 S 2.03(ception that the).15 F F4(DEB)4.53 E(UG)-.09
E F0(and)4.28 E F2(RETURN)4.53 E F0 2.029
(traps \(see the description of the)4.53 F F2(trap)4.529 E F0 -.2(bu)
4.529 G 2.029(iltin under).2 F F4(SHELL)4.529 E -.09(BU)108 681.6 S(IL)
.09 E .478(TIN COMMANDS)-.828 F F0(belo)2.728 E .479
(w\) are not inherited unless the function has been gi)-.25 F -.15(ve)
-.25 G 2.979(nt).15 G(he)-2.979 E F2(trace)2.979 E F0(attrib)2.979 E
.479(ute \(see)-.2 F .421(the description of the)108 693.6 R F4(declar)
2.92 E(e)-.162 E F0 -.2(bu)2.67 G .42(iltin belo).2 F .42(w\) or the)
-.25 F F2 .42(\255o functrace)2.92 F F0 .42
(shell option has been enabled with the)2.92 F F2(set)2.92 E F0 -.2(bu)
108 705.6 S(iltin \(in which case all functions inherit the).2 E F2(DEB)
2.5 E(UG)-.1 E F0(and)2.5 E F2(RETURN)2.5 E F0(traps\).)2.5 E -1.11(Va)
108 722.4 S .655(riables local to the function may be declared with the)
1.11 F F2(local)3.155 E F0 -.2(bu)3.156 G .656(iltin command.).2 F
(Ordinarily)5.656 E 3.156(,v)-.65 G .656(ariables and)-3.406 F
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/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 389.54(SH\(1\) B).35 F(ASH\(1\))
-.35 E(their v)108 84 Q
(alues are shared between the function and its caller)-.25 E(.)-.55 E
.044(If the b)108 100.8 R .043(uiltin command)-.2 F/F1 10/Times-Bold@0
SF -.18(re)2.543 G(tur).18 E(n)-.15 E F0 .043(is e)2.543 F -.15(xe)-.15
G .043(cuted in a function, the function completes and e).15 F -.15(xe)
-.15 G .043(cution resumes with).15 F 1.011(the ne)108 112.8 R 1.011
(xt command after the function call.)-.15 F(An)6.011 E 3.511(yc)-.15 G
1.011(ommand associated with the)-3.511 F F1(RETURN)3.512 E F0 1.012
(trap is e)3.512 F -.15(xe)-.15 G(cuted).15 E .214(before e)108 124.8 R
-.15(xe)-.15 G .214(cution resumes.).15 F .213
(When a function completes, the v)5.214 F .213
(alues of the positional parameters and the spe-)-.25 F(cial parameter)
108 136.8 Q F1(#)2.5 E F0(are restored to the v)2.5 E(alues the)-.25 E
2.5(yh)-.15 G(ad prior to the function')-2.5 E 2.5(se)-.55 G -.15(xe)
-2.65 G(cution.).15 E 1.358
(Function names and de\214nitions may be listed with the)108 153.6 R F1
<ad66>3.858 E F0 1.358(option to the)3.858 F F1(declar)3.858 E(e)-.18 E
F0(or)3.859 E F1(typeset)3.859 E F0 -.2(bu)3.859 G 1.359(iltin com-).2 F
3.39(mands. The)108 165.6 R F1<ad46>3.39 E F0 .89(option to)3.39 F F1
(declar)3.39 E(e)-.18 E F0(or)3.39 E F1(typeset)3.39 E F0 .89
(will list the function names only \(and optionally the source)3.39 F
.326(\214le and line number)108 177.6 R 2.826(,i)-.4 G 2.826(ft)-2.826 G
(he)-2.826 E F1(extdeb)2.826 E(ug)-.2 E F0 .326
(shell option is enabled\).)2.826 F .327(Functions may be e)5.327 F .327
(xported so that subshells)-.15 F 1.298(automatically ha)108 189.6 R
1.598 -.15(ve t)-.2 H 1.298(hem de\214ned with the).15 F F1<ad66>3.798 E
F0 1.298(option to the)3.798 F F1(export)3.797 E F0 -.2(bu)3.797 G 3.797
(iltin. A).2 F 1.297(function de\214nition may be)3.797 F .16
(deleted using the)108 201.6 R F1<ad66>2.66 E F0 .16(option to the)2.66
F F1(unset)2.66 E F0 -.2(bu)2.66 G 2.661(iltin. Note).2 F .161
(that shell functions and v)2.661 F .161(ariables with the same name)
-.25 F 1.325(may result in multiple identically-named entries in the en)
108 213.6 R 1.325(vironment passed to the shell')-.4 F 3.825(sc)-.55 G
3.825(hildren. Care)-3.825 F(should be tak)108 225.6 Q
(en in cases where this may cause a problem.)-.1 E
(Functions may be recursi)108 242.4 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G 5(.N).15 G 2.5(ol)
-5 G(imit is imposed on the number of recursi)-2.5 E .3 -.15(ve c)-.25 H
(alls.).15 E/F2 10.95/Times-Bold@0 SF(ARITHMETIC EV)72 259.2 Q(ALU)
-1.478 E -1.04(AT)-.657 G(ION)1.04 E F0 2.297(The shell allo)108 271.2 R
2.297(ws arithmetic e)-.25 F 2.297(xpressions to be e)-.15 F -.25(va)
-.25 G 2.297(luated, under certain circumstances \(see the).25 F F1(let)
4.798 E F0(and)4.798 E F1(declar)108 283.2 Q(e)-.18 E F0 -.2(bu)2.706 G
.206(iltin commands and).2 F F1 .206(Arithmetic Expansion)2.706 F F0
2.705(\). Ev)B .205(aluation is done in \214x)-.25 F .205(ed-width inte)
-.15 F .205(gers with no)-.15 F .428(check for o)108 295.2 R -.15(ve)
-.15 G(r\215o).15 E 1.728 -.65(w, t)-.25 H .428(hough di).65 F .428
(vision by 0 is trapped and \215agged as an error)-.25 F 5.429(.T)-.55 G
.429(he operators and their prece-)-5.429 F 1.92(dence, associati)108
307.2 R(vity)-.25 E 4.42(,a)-.65 G 1.92(nd v)-4.42 F 1.92
(alues are the same as in the C language.)-.25 F 1.919(The follo)6.919 F
1.919(wing list of operators is)-.25 F(grouped into le)108 319.2 Q -.15
(ve)-.25 G(ls of equal-precedence operators.).15 E(The le)5 E -.15(ve)
-.25 G(ls are listed in order of decreasing precedence.).15 E/F3 10
/Times-Italic@0 SF(id)108 336 Q F1(++)A F3(id)2.5 E F1<adad>A F0 -.25
(va)144 348 S(riable post-increment and post-decrement).25 E F1(++)108
360 Q F3(id)A F1<adad>2.5 E F3(id)A F0 -.25(va)144 372 S
(riable pre-increment and pre-decrement).25 E F1 2.5<ad2b>108 384 S F0
(unary minus and plus)19.6 E F1 2.5(!~)108 396 S F0
(logical and bitwise ne)24.34 E -.05(ga)-.15 G(tion).05 E F1(**)108 408
Q F0 -.15(ex)26 G(ponentiation).15 E F1 2.5(*/%)108 420 S F0
(multiplication, di)10.72 E(vision, remainder)-.25 E F1 2.5<2bad>108 432
S F0(addition, subtraction)19.6 E F1(<< >>)108 444 Q F0
(left and right bitwise shifts)10.7 E F1(<= >= < >)108 456 Q F0
(comparison)144 468 Q F1(== !=)108 480 Q F0(equality and inequality)
13.07 E F1(&)108 492 Q F0(bitwise AND)27.67 E F1(^)108 504 Q F0
(bitwise e)32.67 E(xclusi)-.15 E .3 -.15(ve O)-.25 H(R).15 E F1(|)108
516 Q F0(bitwise OR)33.8 E F1(&&)108 528 Q F0(logical AND)19.34 E F1(||)
108 540 Q F0(logical OR)31.6 E F3 -.2(ex)108 552 S(pr).2 E F1(?)A F3 -.2
(ex)C(pr).2 E F1(:)A F3 -.2(ex)C(pr).2 E F0(conditional operator)144 564
Q F1 2.5(=*)108 576 S 2.5(=/)-2.5 G 2.5(=%)-2.5 G 2.5(=+)-2.5 G 2.5
<3dad>-2.5 G 2.5(=<)-2.5 G(<= >>= &= ^= |=)-2.5 E F0(assignment)144 588
Q F3 -.2(ex)108 600 S(pr1).2 E F1(,)2.5 E F3 -.2(ex)2.5 G(pr2).2 E F0
(comma)144 612 Q .68(Shell v)108 628.8 R .68(ariables are allo)-.25 F
.68(wed as operands; parameter e)-.25 F .68
(xpansion is performed before the e)-.15 F .68(xpression is e)-.15 F
-.25(va)-.25 G(lu-).25 E 3.508(ated. W)108 640.8 R 1.008(ithin an e)-.4
F 1.008(xpression, shell v)-.15 F 1.007
(ariables may also be referenced by name without using the parameter)
-.25 F -.15(ex)108 652.8 S 1.04(pansion syntax.).15 F 3.54(As)6.04 G
1.04(hell v)-3.54 F 1.04(ariable that is null or unset e)-.25 F -.25(va)
-.25 G 1.041(luates to 0 when referenced by name without).25 F 1.467
(using the parameter e)108 664.8 R 1.467(xpansion syntax.)-.15 F 1.467
(The v)6.467 F 1.467(alue of a v)-.25 F 1.467(ariable is e)-.25 F -.25
(va)-.25 G 1.466(luated as an arithmetic e).25 F(xpression)-.15 E 1.389
(when it is referenced, or when a v)108 676.8 R 1.389
(ariable which has been gi)-.25 F -.15(ve)-.25 G 3.89(nt).15 G(he)-3.89
E F3(inte)3.89 E -.1(ge)-.4 G(r).1 E F0(attrib)3.89 E 1.39(ute using)-.2
F F1(declar)3.89 E 3.89(e-)-.18 G(i)-3.89 E F0(is)3.89 E .344
(assigned a v)108 688.8 R 2.844(alue. A)-.25 F .343(null v)2.843 F .343
(alue e)-.25 F -.25(va)-.25 G .343(luates to 0.).25 F 2.843(As)5.343 G
.343(hell v)-2.843 F .343(ariable need not ha)-.25 F .643 -.15(ve i)-.2
H .343(ts inte).15 F .343(ger attrib)-.15 F .343(ute turned on)-.2 F
(to be used in an e)108 700.8 Q(xpression.)-.15 E 1.406
(Constants with a leading 0 are interpreted as octal numbers.)108 717.6
R 3.906(Al)6.406 G 1.407(eading 0x or 0X denotes he)-3.906 F(xadecimal.)
-.15 E 3.461(Otherwise, numbers tak)108 729.6 R 5.961(et)-.1 G 3.461
(he form [)-5.961 F F3(base#)A F0 3.461(]n, where)B F3(base)5.961 E F0
3.46(is a decimal number between 2 and 64)5.961 F(GNU Bash-3.2)72 768 Q
(2008 April 5)148.455 E(25)198.445 E 0 Cg EP
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/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 389.54(SH\(1\) B).35 F(ASH\(1\))
-.35 E .533(representing the arithmetic base, and)108 84 R/F1 10
/Times-Italic@0 SF(n)3.033 E F0 .533(is a number in that base.)3.033 F
(If)5.534 E F1(base#)3.034 E F0 .534(is omitted, then base 10 is used.)
3.034 F .916(The digits greater than 9 are represented by the lo)108 96
R .915(wercase letters, the uppercase letters, @, and _, in that)-.25 F
(order)108 108 Q 5.67(.I)-.55 G(f)-5.67 E F1(base)3.17 E F0 .67
(is less than or equal to 36, lo)3.17 F .671
(wercase and uppercase letters may be used interchangeably to)-.25 F
(represent numbers between 10 and 35.)108 120 Q .235(Operators are e)108
136.8 R -.25(va)-.25 G .235(luated in order of precedence.).25 F(Sub-e)
5.234 E .234(xpressions in parentheses are e)-.15 F -.25(va)-.25 G .234
(luated \214rst and may).25 F -.15(ove)108 148.8 S
(rride the precedence rules abo).15 E -.15(ve)-.15 G(.).15 E/F2 10.95
/Times-Bold@0 SF(CONDITION)72 165.6 Q(AL EXPRESSIONS)-.219 E F0 .255
(Conditional e)108 177.6 R .255(xpressions are used by the)-.15 F/F3 10
/Times-Bold@0 SF([[)2.755 E F0 .255(compound command and the)2.755 F F3
(test)2.755 E F0(and)2.755 E F3([)2.756 E F0 -.2(bu)2.756 G .256
(iltin commands to test).2 F .77(\214le attrib)108 189.6 R .77
(utes and perform string and arithmetic comparisons.)-.2 F .77
(Expressions are formed from the follo)5.77 F(wing)-.25 E 1.04
(unary or binary primaries.)108 201.6 R 1.04(If an)6.04 F(y)-.15 E F1
(\214le)3.54 E F0(ar)3.54 E 1.041
(gument to one of the primaries is of the form)-.18 F F1(/de)3.541 E
(v/fd/n)-.15 E F0 3.541(,t)C 1.041(hen \214le)-3.541 F(descriptor)108
213.6 Q F1(n)3.789 E F0 1.289(is check)3.789 F 3.789(ed. If)-.1 F(the)
3.789 E F1(\214le)3.789 E F0(ar)3.789 E 1.289
(gument to one of the primaries is one of)-.18 F F1(/de)3.789 E(v/stdin)
-.15 E F0(,)A F1(/de)3.788 E(v/stdout)-.15 E F0 3.788(,o)C(r)-3.788 E F1
(/de)108 225.6 Q(v/stderr)-.15 E F0 2.5<2c8c>C
(le descriptor 0, 1, or 2, respecti)-2.5 E -.15(ve)-.25 G(ly).15 E 2.5
(,i)-.65 G 2.5(sc)-2.5 G(heck)-2.5 E(ed.)-.1 E .721
(Unless otherwise speci\214ed, primaries that operate on \214les follo)
108 242.4 R 3.221(ws)-.25 G .722(ymbolic links and operate on the tar)
-3.221 F(get)-.18 E(of the link, rather than the link itself.)108 254.4
Q F3<ad61>108 278.4 Q F1(\214le)2.5 E F0 -.35(Tr)10.58 G(ue if).35 E F1
(\214le)2.5 E F0 -.15(ex)2.5 G(ists.).15 E F3<ad62>108 290.4 Q F1
(\214le)2.5 E F0 -.35(Tr)10.02 G(ue if).35 E F1(\214le)2.5 E F0 -.15(ex)
2.5 G(ists and is a block special \214le.).15 E F3<ad63>108 302.4 Q F1
(\214le)2.5 E F0 -.35(Tr)11.14 G(ue if).35 E F1(\214le)2.5 E F0 -.15(ex)
2.5 G(ists and is a character special \214le.).15 E F3<ad64>108 314.4 Q
F1(\214le)2.5 E F0 -.35(Tr)10.02 G(ue if).35 E F1(\214le)2.5 E F0 -.15
(ex)2.5 G(ists and is a directory).15 E(.)-.65 E F3<ad65>108 326.4 Q F1
(\214le)2.5 E F0 -.35(Tr)11.14 G(ue if).35 E F1(\214le)2.5 E F0 -.15(ex)
2.5 G(ists.).15 E F3<ad66>108 338.4 Q F1(\214le)2.5 E F0 -.35(Tr)12.25 G
(ue if).35 E F1(\214le)2.5 E F0 -.15(ex)2.5 G(ists and is a re).15 E
(gular \214le.)-.15 E F3<ad67>108 350.4 Q F1(\214le)2.5 E F0 -.35(Tr)
10.58 G(ue if).35 E F1(\214le)2.5 E F0 -.15(ex)2.5 G
(ists and is set-group-id.).15 E F3<ad68>108 362.4 Q F1(\214le)2.5 E F0
-.35(Tr)10.02 G(ue if).35 E F1(\214le)2.5 E F0 -.15(ex)2.5 G
(ists and is a symbolic link.).15 E F3<ad6b>108 374.4 Q F1(\214le)2.5 E
F0 -.35(Tr)10.02 G(ue if).35 E F1(\214le)2.5 E F0 -.15(ex)2.5 G
(ists and its `).15 E(`stick)-.74 E(y')-.15 E 2.5('b)-.74 G(it is set.)
-2.5 E F3<ad70>108 386.4 Q F1(\214le)2.5 E F0 -.35(Tr)10.02 G(ue if).35
E F1(\214le)2.5 E F0 -.15(ex)2.5 G(ists and is a named pipe \(FIFO\).)
.15 E F3<ad72>108 398.4 Q F1(\214le)2.5 E F0 -.35(Tr)11.14 G(ue if).35 E
F1(\214le)2.5 E F0 -.15(ex)2.5 G(ists and is readable.).15 E F3<ad73>108
410.4 Q F1(\214le)2.5 E F0 -.35(Tr)11.69 G(ue if).35 E F1(\214le)2.5 E
F0 -.15(ex)2.5 G(ists and has a size greater than zero.).15 E F3<ad74>
108 422.4 Q F1(fd)2.5 E F0 -.35(Tr)16.69 G(ue if \214le descriptor).35 E
F1(fd)4.47 E F0(is open and refers to a terminal.)3.27 E F3<ad75>108
434.4 Q F1(\214le)2.5 E F0 -.35(Tr)10.02 G(ue if).35 E F1(\214le)2.5 E
F0 -.15(ex)2.5 G(ists and its set-user).15 E(-id bit is set.)-.2 E F3
<ad77>108 446.4 Q F1(\214le)2.5 E F0 -.35(Tr)8.36 G(ue if).35 E F1
(\214le)2.5 E F0 -.15(ex)2.5 G(ists and is writable.).15 E F3<ad78>108
458.4 Q F1(\214le)2.5 E F0 -.35(Tr)10.58 G(ue if).35 E F1(\214le)2.5 E
F0 -.15(ex)2.5 G(ists and is e).15 E -.15(xe)-.15 G(cutable.).15 E F3
<ad4f>108 470.4 Q F1(\214le)2.5 E F0 -.35(Tr)7.8 G(ue if).35 E F1
(\214le)2.5 E F0 -.15(ex)2.5 G(ists and is o).15 E(wned by the ef)-.25 E
(fecti)-.25 E .3 -.15(ve u)-.25 H(ser id.).15 E F3<ad47>108 482.4 Q F1
(\214le)2.5 E F0 -.35(Tr)7.8 G(ue if).35 E F1(\214le)2.5 E F0 -.15(ex)
2.5 G(ists and is o).15 E(wned by the ef)-.25 E(fecti)-.25 E .3 -.15
(ve g)-.25 H(roup id.).15 E F3<ad4c>108 494.4 Q F1(\214le)2.5 E F0 -.35
(Tr)8.91 G(ue if).35 E F1(\214le)2.5 E F0 -.15(ex)2.5 G
(ists and is a symbolic link.).15 E F3<ad53>108 506.4 Q F1(\214le)2.5 E
F0 -.35(Tr)10.02 G(ue if).35 E F1(\214le)2.5 E F0 -.15(ex)2.5 G
(ists and is a sock).15 E(et.)-.1 E F3<ad4e>108 518.4 Q F1(\214le)2.5 E
F0 -.35(Tr)8.36 G(ue if).35 E F1(\214le)2.5 E F0 -.15(ex)2.5 G
(ists and has been modi\214ed since it w).15 E(as last read.)-.1 E F1
(\214le1)108 530.4 Q F0<ad>2.5 E F3(nt)A F1(\214le2)2.5 E F0 -.35(Tr)144
542.4 S .039(ue if).35 F F1(\214le1)2.539 E F0 .039(is ne)2.539 F .039
(wer \(according to modi\214cation date\) than)-.25 F F1(\214le2)2.539 E
F0 2.539(,o)C 2.539(ri)-2.539 G(f)-2.539 E F1(\214le1)2.539 E F0 -.15
(ex)2.539 G .039(ists and).15 F F1(\214le2)2.539 E F0 .038(does not.)
2.538 F F1(\214le1)108 554.4 Q F0<ad>2.5 E F3(ot)A F1(\214le2)2.5 E F0
-.35(Tr)144 566.4 S(ue if).35 E F1(\214le1)2.5 E F0(is older than)2.5 E
F1(\214le2)2.5 E F0 2.5(,o)C 2.5(ri)-2.5 G(f)-2.5 E F1(\214le2)2.5 E F0
-.15(ex)2.5 G(ists and).15 E F1(\214le1)2.5 E F0(does not.)2.5 E F1
(\214le1)108 578.4 Q F3(\255ef)2.5 E F1(\214le2)2.5 E F0 -.35(Tr)144
590.4 S(ue if).35 E F1(\214le1)2.5 E F0(and)2.5 E F1(\214le2)2.5 E F0
(refer to the same de)2.5 E(vice and inode numbers.)-.25 E F3<ad6f>108
602.4 Q F1(optname)2.5 E F0 -.35(Tr)144 614.4 S 1.143
(ue if shell option).35 F F1(optname)3.873 E F0 1.143(is enabled.)3.823
F 1.144(See the list of options under the description of the)6.143 F F3
<ad6f>3.644 E F0(option to the)144 626.4 Q F3(set)2.5 E F0 -.2(bu)2.5 G
(iltin belo).2 E -.65(w.)-.25 G F3<ad7a>108 638.4 Q F1(string)2.5 E F0
-.35(Tr)144 650.4 S(ue if the length of).35 E F1(string)2.5 E F0
(is zero.)2.5 E F1(string)108 662.4 Q F3<ad6e>108 674.4 Q F1(string)2.5
E F0 -.35(Tr)144 686.4 S(ue if the length of).35 E F1(string)2.84 E F0
(is non-zero.)2.72 E F1(string1)108 703.2 Q F3(==)2.5 E F1(string2)2.5 E
F0 -.35(Tr)144 715.2 S(ue if the strings are equal.).35 E F3(=)5 E F0
(may be used in place of)2.5 E F3(==)2.5 E F0
(for strict POSIX compliance.)2.5 E(GNU Bash-3.2)72 768 Q(2008 April 5)
148.455 E(26)198.445 E 0 Cg EP
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/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 389.54(SH\(1\) B).35 F(ASH\(1\))
-.35 E/F1 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(string1)108 84 Q/F2 10/Times-Bold@0 SF
(!=)2.5 E F1(string2)2.5 E F0 -.35(Tr)144 96 S
(ue if the strings are not equal.).35 E F1(string1)108 112.8 Q F2(<)2.5
E F1(string2)2.5 E F0 -.35(Tr)144 124.8 S(ue if).35 E F1(string1)2.5 E
F0(sorts before)2.5 E F1(string2)2.5 E F0(le)2.5 E
(xicographically in the current locale.)-.15 E F1(string1)108 141.6 Q F2
(>)2.5 E F1(string2)2.5 E F0 -.35(Tr)144 153.6 S(ue if).35 E F1(string1)
2.5 E F0(sorts after)2.5 E F1(string2)2.5 E F0(le)2.5 E
(xicographically in the current locale.)-.15 E F1(ar)108.33 170.4 Q(g1)
-.37 E F2(OP)2.5 E F1(ar)2.5 E(g2)-.37 E/F3 9/Times-Bold@0 SF(OP)144
182.4 Q F0 .385(is one of)2.635 F F2(\255eq)2.885 E F0(,)A F2(\255ne)
2.885 E F0(,)A F2(\255lt)2.885 E F0(,)A F2(\255le)2.885 E F0(,)A F2
(\255gt)2.885 E F0 2.885(,o)C(r)-2.885 E F2(\255ge)2.885 E F0 5.385(.T)C
.385(hese arithmetic binary operators return true if)-5.385 F F1(ar)
2.884 E(g1)-.37 E F0 .845(is equal to, not equal to, less than, less th\
an or equal to, greater than, or greater than or equal to)144 194.4 R F1
(ar)144 206.4 Q(g2)-.37 E F0 2.5(,r)C(especti)-2.5 E -.15(ve)-.25 G(ly)
.15 E(.)-.65 E F1(Ar)6.01 E(g1)-.37 E F0(and)2.5 E F1(ar)2.83 E(g2)-.37
E F0(may be positi)2.52 E .3 -.15(ve o)-.25 H 2.5(rn).15 G -2.25 -.15
(eg a)-2.5 H(ti).15 E .3 -.15(ve i)-.25 H(nte).15 E(gers.)-.15 E/F4
10.95/Times-Bold@0 SF(SIMPLE COMMAND EXP)72 223.2 Q(ANSION)-.81 E F0
.614(When a simple command is e)108 235.2 R -.15(xe)-.15 G .614
(cuted, the shell performs the follo).15 F .613(wing e)-.25 F .613
(xpansions, assignments, and redi-)-.15 F(rections, from left to right.)
108 247.2 Q 26(1. The)108 264 R -.1(wo)4.348 G 1.848
(rds that the parser has mark).1 F 1.848(ed as v)-.1 F 1.849
(ariable assignments \(those preceding the command)-.25 F
(name\) and redirections are sa)144 276 Q -.15(ve)-.2 G 2.5(df).15 G
(or later processing.)-2.5 E 26(2. The)108 292.8 R -.1(wo)3.664 G 1.164
(rds that are not v).1 F 1.164
(ariable assignments or redirections are e)-.25 F 3.663(xpanded. If)-.15
F(an)3.663 E 3.663(yw)-.15 G 1.163(ords remain)-3.763 F .775(after e)144
304.8 R .775(xpansion, the \214rst w)-.15 F .775(ord is tak)-.1 F .775
(en to be the name of the command and the remaining w)-.1 F(ords)-.1 E
(are the ar)144 316.8 Q(guments.)-.18 E 26(3. Redirections)108 333.6 R
(are performed as described abo)2.5 E .3 -.15(ve u)-.15 H(nder).15 E F3
(REDIRECTION)2.5 E/F5 9/Times-Roman@0 SF(.)A F0 26(4. The)108 350.4 R
(te)3.217 E .717(xt after the)-.15 F F2(=)3.217 E F0 .717(in each v)
3.217 F .717(ariable assignment under)-.25 F .717(goes tilde e)-.18 F
.717(xpansion, parameter e)-.15 F(xpansion,)-.15 E .339
(command substitution, arithmetic e)144 362.4 R .339
(xpansion, and quote remo)-.15 F -.25(va)-.15 G 2.839(lb).25 G .339
(efore being assigned to the v)-2.839 F(ari-)-.25 E(able.)144 374.4 Q
.332(If no command name results, the v)108 391.2 R .332
(ariable assignments af)-.25 F .332(fect the current shell en)-.25 F
2.832(vironment. Otherwise,)-.4 F(the)2.832 E -.25(va)108 403.2 S .757
(riables are added to the en).25 F .757(vironment of the e)-.4 F -.15
(xe)-.15 G .757(cuted command and do not af).15 F .757
(fect the current shell en)-.25 F(vi-)-.4 E 3.177(ronment. If)108 415.2
R(an)3.177 E 3.177(yo)-.15 G 3.177(ft)-3.177 G .677
(he assignments attempts to assign a v)-3.177 F .677
(alue to a readonly v)-.25 F .676(ariable, an error occurs, and)-.25 F
(the command e)108 427.2 Q(xits with a non-zero status.)-.15 E .149
(If no command name results, redirections are performed, b)108 444 R
.149(ut do not af)-.2 F .15(fect the current shell en)-.25 F 2.65
(vironment. A)-.4 F(redirection error causes the command to e)108 456 Q
(xit with a non-zero status.)-.15 E 1.064
(If there is a command name left after e)108 472.8 R 1.064(xpansion, e)
-.15 F -.15(xe)-.15 G 1.064(cution proceeds as described belo).15 F
4.864 -.65(w. O)-.25 H 1.064(therwise, the).65 F .068(command e)108
484.8 R 2.568(xits. If)-.15 F .069(one of the e)2.568 F .069
(xpansions contained a command substitution, the e)-.15 F .069
(xit status of the command)-.15 F .467(is the e)108 496.8 R .466
(xit status of the last command substitution performed.)-.15 F .466
(If there were no command substitutions, the)5.466 F(command e)108 508.8
Q(xits with a status of zero.)-.15 E F4(COMMAND EXECUTION)72 525.6 Q F0
.546(After a command has been split into w)108 537.6 R .547
(ords, if it results in a simple command and an optional list of ar)-.1
F(gu-)-.18 E(ments, the follo)108 549.6 Q(wing actions are tak)-.25 E
(en.)-.1 E .379(If the command name contains no slashes, the shell atte\
mpts to locate it.)108 566.4 R .379(If there e)5.379 F .379
(xists a shell function by)-.15 F .246(that name, that function is in)
108 578.4 R -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G 2.746(da).1 G 2.746(sd)-2.746 G
.246(escribed abo)-2.746 F .546 -.15(ve i)-.15 H(n).15 E F3(FUNCTIONS)
2.746 E F5(.)A F0 .246(If the name does not match a func-)4.746 F
(tion, the shell searches for it in the list of shell b)108 590.4 Q 2.5
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(uiltin, and contains no slashes,)-.2 F F2(bash)2.809 E F0 .309
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2.969 F .72(If the)5.72 F(search is unsuccessful, the shell prints an e\
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1.089(If the search is successful, or if the command name contains one \
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(ve)-.25 G(n, if an).15 E -.65(y.)-.15 G 1.809(If this e)108 712.8 R
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(vironment that consists of the follo)-.4 F 2.634(wing. Unless)-.25 F
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(odi\214cations and additions speci\214ed by redirections to the com-)
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(xported for the command,)-.15 F(passed in the en)144 549.6 Q(vironment)
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(alues inherited from the shell')-.25 F 2.806(sp)-.55 G .306
(arent, and traps ignored)-2.806 F(by the shell are ignored)144 578.4 Q
2.5(Ac)108 595.2 S(ommand in)-2.5 E -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G 2.5(di).1 G
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1.486(ral w).15 F 1.485(ays to manipulate the en)-.1 F 3.985
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(cation, the shell scans its o).2 F(wn)-.25 E(en)108 136.8 Q .144(viron\
ment and creates a parameter for each name found, automatically marking\
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225.6 R .562(vironment for an)-.4 F(y)-.15 E F2 .562(simple command)
3.402 F F0 .563
(or function may be augmented temporarily by pre\214xing it with)3.833 F
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3.31 E F0 .81(option is set \(see the)3.31 F F3(set)3.31 E F0 -.2(bu)
3.31 G .81(iltin command belo).2 F .81(w\), then)-.25 F F2(all)3.64 E F0
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(EXIT ST)72 324 Q -1.04(AT)-.986 G(US)1.04 E F0 .15(The e)108 336 R .15
(xit status of an e)-.15 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .15(cuted command is the v).15
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F .647 -.15(ve 1)-.15 H(25).15 E(specially)108 360 Q 5.673(.E)-.65 G
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(uiltins and compound commands are also limited to this range. Under)-.2
F(certain circumstances, the shell will use special v)108 372 Q
(alues to indicate speci\214c f)-.25 E(ailure modes.)-.1 E -.15(Fo)108
388.8 S 3.373(rt).15 G .873(he shell')-3.373 F 3.373(sp)-.55 G .873
(urposes, a command which e)-3.373 F .873(xits with a zero e)-.15 F .873
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(ailure. When)-.1 F 2.549(ac)2.549 G .049(ommand terminates on a f)
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2.5 E F0(uses the v)2.5 E(alue of 128+)-.25 E F2(N)A F0(as the e)2.5 E
(xit status.)-.15 E .405
(If a command is not found, the child process created to e)108 429.6 R
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(If a command is)5.404 F(found b)108 441.6 Q(ut is not e)-.2 E -.15(xe)
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Q(ails because of an error during e)-.1 E
(xpansion or redirection, the e)-.15 E(xit status is greater than zero.)
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(uiltin commands return a status of 0 \()-.2 F F2(true)A F0 2.581(\)i)C
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(xit status of 2 to indicate incorrect usage.)-.15 E F3(Bash)108 504 Q
F0 .202(itself returns the e)2.702 F .202
(xit status of the last command e)-.15 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .201
(cuted, unless a syntax error occurs, in which case).15 F(it e)108 516 Q
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(exit)2.5 E F0 -.2(bu)2.5 G(iltin command belo).2 E -.65(w.)-.25 G F1
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F0 .662(is w)3.163 F .662(aiting for an asynchronous command)-.1 F .99
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tion of a signal for which a trap has been set will cause the).2 F F1
(wait)3.49 E F0 -.2(bu)3.49 G .99(iltin to).2 F
(return immediately with an e)108 120 Q
(xit status greater than 128, immediately after which the trap is e)-.15
E -.15(xe)-.15 G(cuted.).15 E/F2 10.95/Times-Bold@0 SF(JOB CONTR)72
136.8 Q(OL)-.329 E/F3 10/Times-Italic@0 SF -.25(Jo)108 148.8 S 4.568(bc)
.25 G(ontr)-4.568 E(ol)-.45 E F0 2.068(refers to the ability to selecti)
5.078 F -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.067(ly stop \().15 F F3(suspend)A F0 4.567(\)t)
C 2.067(he e)-4.567 F -.15(xe)-.15 G 2.067
(cution of processes and continue).15 F(\()108 160.8 Q F3 -.37(re)C
(sume).37 E F0 3.201(\)t)C .701(heir e)-3.201 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .702
(cution at a later point.).15 F 3.202(Au)5.702 G .702
(ser typically emplo)-3.202 F .702(ys this f)-.1 F .702
(acility via an interacti)-.1 F 1.002 -.15(ve i)-.25 H(nterf).15 E(ace)
-.1 E(supplied jointly by the system')108 172.8 Q 2.5(st)-.55 G
(erminal dri)-2.5 E -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.5(ra).15 G(nd)-2.5 E F1(bash)2.5 E
F0(.)A .785(The shell associates a)108 189.6 R F3(job)5.025 E F0 .785
(with each pipeline.)3.515 F .784(It k)5.785 F .784
(eeps a table of currently e)-.1 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .784
(cuting jobs, which may be).15 F .34(listed with the)108 201.6 R F1
(jobs)2.84 E F0 2.84(command. When)2.84 F F1(bash)2.84 E F0 .341
(starts a job asynchronously \(in the)2.84 F F3(bac)2.841 E(kgr)-.2 E
(ound)-.45 E F0 .341(\), it prints a line).77 F(that looks lik)108 213.6
Q(e:)-.1 E([1] 25647)144 230.4 Q .241(indicating that this job is job n\
umber 1 and that the process ID of the last process in the pipeline ass\
ociated)108 247.2 R .732(with this job is 25647.)108 259.2 R .733
(All of the processes in a single pipeline are members of the same job)
5.732 F(.)-.4 E F1(Bash)5.733 E F0(uses)3.233 E(the)108 271.2 Q F3(job)
4.24 E F0(abstraction as the basis for job control.)2.73 E 3.063 -.8
(To f)108 288 T 1.463(acilitate the implementation of the user interf).7
F 1.462(ace to job control, the operating system maintains the)-.1 F .87
(notion of a)108 300 R F3(curr)3.37 E .87(ent terminal pr)-.37 F .871
(ocess gr)-.45 F .871(oup ID)-.45 F F0 5.871(.M)C .871
(embers of this process group \(processes whose process)-5.871 F .023
(group ID is equal to the current terminal process group ID\) recei)108
312 R .323 -.15(ve k)-.25 H -.15(ey).05 G .023
(board-generated signals such as).15 F/F4 9/Times-Bold@0 SF(SIG-)2.522 E
(INT)108 324 Q/F5 9/Times-Roman@0 SF(.)A F0 1.346
(These processes are said to be in the)5.846 F F3(for)3.847 E -.4(eg)
-.37 G -.45(ro).4 G(und).45 E F0(.).77 E F3(Bac)6.927 E(kgr)-.2 E(ound)
-.45 E F0 1.347(processes are those whose process)4.617 F .146
(group ID dif)108 336 R .146(fers from the terminal')-.25 F .146
(s; such processes are immune to k)-.55 F -.15(ey)-.1 G .145
(board-generated signals.).15 F .145(Only fore-)5.145 F .041
(ground processes are allo)108 348 R .042
(wed to read from or write to the terminal.)-.25 F .042
(Background processes which attempt to)5.042 F 1.64
(read from \(write to\) the terminal are sent a)108 360 R F4 1.639
(SIGTTIN \(SIGTT)4.14 F(OU\))-.162 E F0 1.639
(signal by the terminal dri)3.889 F -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.439 -.4(r, w).15 H
(hich,).4 E(unless caught, suspends the process.)108 372 Q 1.087
(If the operating system on which)108 388.8 R F1(bash)3.587 E F0 1.088
(is running supports job control,)3.588 F F1(bash)3.588 E F0 1.088
(contains f)3.588 F 1.088(acilities to use it.)-.1 F -.8(Ty)108 400.8 S
.302(ping the).8 F F3(suspend)3.142 E F0 .302(character \(typically)
3.572 F F1(^Z)2.801 E F0 2.801(,C)C .301
(ontrol-Z\) while a process is running causes that process to be)-2.801
F 2.142(stopped and returns control to)108 412.8 R F1(bash)4.642 E F0
7.142(.T)C 2.142(yping the)-7.942 F F3 2.142(delayed suspend)4.992 F F0
2.143(character \(typically)5.413 F F1(^Y)4.643 E F0 4.643(,C)C
(ontrol-Y\))-4.643 E .021(causes the process to be stopped when it atte\
mpts to read input from the terminal, and control to be returned)108
424.8 R(to)108 436.8 Q F1(bash)3.392 E F0 5.892(.T)C .892
(he user may then manipulate the state of this job, using the)-5.892 F
F1(bg)3.392 E F0 .892(command to continue it in the)3.392 F .895
(background, the)108 448.8 R F1(fg)3.395 E F0 .895
(command to continue it in the fore)3.395 F .895(ground, or the)-.15 F
F1(kill)3.395 E F0 .894(command to kill it.)3.395 F(A)5.894 E F1(^Z)
3.394 E F0(tak)3.394 E(es)-.1 E(ef)108 460.8 Q .948(fect immediately)
-.25 F 3.448(,a)-.65 G .948(nd has the additional side ef)-3.448 F .948
(fect of causing pending output and typeahead to be dis-)-.25 F(carded.)
108 472.8 Q 1.098(There are a number of w)108 489.6 R 1.097
(ays to refer to a job in the shell.)-.1 F 1.097(The character)6.097 F
F1(%)3.597 E F0 1.097(introduces a job name.)3.597 F(Job)6.097 E(number)
108 501.6 Q F3(n)3.13 E F0 .27(may be referred to as)3.01 F F1(%n)2.77 E
F0 5.27(.A)C .27
(job may also be referred to using a pre\214x of the name used to start)
-2.5 F .277(it, or using a substring that appears in its command line.)
108 513.6 R -.15(Fo)5.277 G 2.777(re).15 G(xample,)-2.927 E F1(%ce)2.777
E F0 .277(refers to a stopped)2.777 F F1(ce)2.777 E F0(job)2.777 E 5.277
(.I)-.4 G 2.777(fa)-5.277 G .38(pre\214x matches more than one job,)108
525.6 R F1(bash)2.88 E F0 .38(reports an error)2.88 F 5.38(.U)-.55 G
(sing)-5.38 E F1(%?ce)2.88 E F0 2.88(,o)C 2.88(nt)-2.88 G .38
(he other hand, refers to an)-2.88 F 2.88(yj)-.15 G(ob)-2.88 E .623
(containing the string)108 537.6 R F1(ce)3.123 E F0 .622
(in its command line.)3.123 F .622
(If the substring matches more than one job,)5.622 F F1(bash)3.122 E F0
.622(reports an)3.122 F(error)108 549.6 Q 5.143(.T)-.55 G .143
(he symbols)-5.143 F F1(%%)2.643 E F0(and)2.643 E F1(%+)2.643 E F0 .143
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1.208(may be referenced using)3.938 F F1<25ad>108 573.6 Q F0 5.486(.I)C
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(utput pertaining to jobs \(e.g., the output of the)-2.986 F F1(jobs)
2.987 E F0 .487(command\), the current job is al)2.987 F -.1(wa)-.1 G
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(.A)C .15(single % \(with no accompan)-2.5 F .15
(ying job speci\214cation\) also refers to)-.15 F(the current job)108
597.6 Q(.)-.4 E .443
(Simply naming a job can be used to bring it into the fore)108 614.4 R
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(ringing)-2.944 E 1.473(job 1 from the background into the fore)108
626.4 R 3.973(ground. Similarly)-.15 F(,)-.65 E F1 -.63(``)3.972 G 1.472
(%1 &').63 F(')-.63 E F0 1.472(resumes job 1 in the background,)3.972 F
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(prompt before reporting changes in a job')108 667.2 R 2.658(ss)-.55 G
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(option to)2.657 F(the)108 679.2 Q F1(set)3.951 E F0 -.2(bu)3.951 G
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(reports such changes immediately)3.951 F 6.452(.A)-.65 G 1.752 -.15
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(exe)108 691.2 S(cuted for each child that e).15 E(xits.)-.15 E .033
(If an attempt to e)108 708 R(xit)-.15 E F1(bash)2.533 E F0 .033
(is made while jobs are stopped \(or)2.533 F 2.532(,i)-.4 G 2.532(ft)
-2.532 G(he)-2.532 E F1(checkjobs)2.532 E F0 .032
(shell option has been enabled)2.532 F 2.019(using the)108 720 R F1
(shopt)4.519 E F0 -.2(bu)4.519 G 2.019
(iltin, running\), the shell prints a w).2 F 2.02
(arning message, and, if the)-.1 F F1(checkjobs)4.52 E F0 2.02
(option is)4.52 F(GNU Bash-3.2)72 768 Q(2008 April 5)148.455 E(30)
198.445 E 0 Cg EP
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(command may then be used to inspect their status.)2.958 F .458(If a)
5.458 F .603(second attempt to e)108 96 R .604
(xit is made without an interv)-.15 F .604
(ening command, the shell does not print another w)-.15 F(arning,)-.1 E
(and an)108 108 Q 2.5(ys)-.15 G(topped jobs are terminated.)-2.5 E/F2
10.95/Times-Bold@0 SF(PR)72 124.8 Q(OMPTING)-.329 E F0 .645(When e)108
136.8 R -.15(xe)-.15 G .645(cuting interacti).15 F -.15(ve)-.25 G(ly).15
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/F3 9/Times-Bold@0 SF(PS1)3.145 E F0 .645
(when it is ready to read a command,)2.895 F 1.825
(and the secondary prompt)108 148.8 R F3(PS2)4.325 E F0 1.825
(when it needs more input to complete a command.)4.075 F F1(Bash)6.826 E
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184.8 Q F0(an ASCII bell character \(07\))28.22 E F1(\\d)144 196.8 Q F0
(the date in "W)27.66 E(eekday Month Date" format \(e.g., "T)-.8 E
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(\(3\) and the result is inserted into the prompt string; an)B(empty)180
232.8 Q F4(format)2.5 E F0
(results in a locale-speci\214c time representation.)2.5 E
(The braces are required)5 E F1(\\e)144 244.8 Q F0
(an ASCII escape character \(033\))28.78 E F1(\\h)144 256.8 Q F0
(the hostname up to the \214rst `.)27.66 E(')-.7 E F1(\\H)144 268.8 Q F0
(the hostname)25.44 E F1(\\j)144 280.8 Q F0
(the number of jobs currently managed by the shell)29.89 E F1(\\l)144
292.8 Q F0(the basename of the shell')30.44 E 2.5(st)-.55 G(erminal de)
-2.5 E(vice name)-.25 E F1(\\n)144 304.8 Q F0(ne)27.66 E(wline)-.25 E F1
(\\r)144 316.8 Q F0(carriage return)28.78 E F1(\\s)144 328.8 Q F0
(the name of the shell, the basename of)29.33 E F1($0)2.5 E F0
(\(the portion follo)2.5 E(wing the \214nal slash\))-.25 E F1(\\t)144
340.8 Q F0(the current time in 24-hour HH:MM:SS format)29.89 E F1(\\T)
144 352.8 Q F0(the current time in 12-hour HH:MM:SS format)26.55 E F1
(\\@)144 364.8 Q F0(the current time in 12-hour am/pm format)23.92 E F1
(\\A)144 376.8 Q F0(the current time in 24-hour HH:MM format)26 E F1
(\\u)144 388.8 Q F0(the username of the current user)27.66 E F1(\\v)144
400.8 Q F0(the v)28.22 E(ersion of)-.15 E F1(bash)2.5 E F0
(\(e.g., 2.00\))2.5 E F1(\\V)144 412.8 Q F0(the release of)26 E F1(bash)
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(abbre)2.5 E(viated with a tilde)-.25 E F1(\\W)144 436.8 Q F0
(the basename of the current w)23.22 E(orking directory)-.1 E 2.5(,w)
-.65 G(ith)-2.5 E F1($HOME)2.5 E F0(abbre)2.5 E(viated with a tilde)-.25
E F1(\\!)144 448.8 Q F0(the history number of this command)29.89 E F1
(\\#)144 460.8 Q F0(the command number of this command)28.22 E F1(\\$)
144 472.8 Q F0(if the ef)28.22 E(fecti)-.25 E .3 -.15(ve U)-.25 H
(ID is 0, a).15 E F1(#)2.5 E F0 2.5(,o)C(therwise a)-2.5 E F1($)2.5 E
(\\)144 484.8 Q F4(nnn)A F0
(the character corresponding to the octal number)18.22 E F4(nnn)2.5 E F1
(\\\\)144 496.8 Q F0 2.5(ab)30.44 G(ackslash)-2.5 E F1(\\[)144 508.8 Q
F0(be)29.89 E 1.257(gin a sequence of non-printing characters, which co\
uld be used to embed a terminal)-.15 F(control sequence into the prompt)
180 520.8 Q F1(\\])144 532.8 Q F0
(end a sequence of non-printing characters)29.89 E .119
(The command number and the history number are usually dif)108 549.6 R
.12(ferent: the history number of a command is its)-.25 F 1.585(positio\
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tory \214le \(see)108 561.6 R F3(HIST)4.084 E(OR)-.162 E(Y)-.315 E F0
(belo)108 573.6 Q .541(w\), while the command number is the position in\
 the sequence of commands e)-.25 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .541
(cuted during the cur).15 F(-)-.2 E .546(rent shell session.)108 585.6 R
.546(After the string is decoded, it is e)5.546 F .546
(xpanded via parameter e)-.15 F .546(xpansion, command substitu-)-.15 F
.351(tion, arithmetic e)108 597.6 R .352(xpansion, and quote remo)-.15 F
-.25(va)-.15 G .352(l, subject to the v).25 F .352(alue of the)-.25 F F1
(pr)2.852 E(omptv)-.18 E(ars)-.1 E F0 .352(shell option \(see the)2.852
F(description of the)108 609.6 Q F1(shopt)2.5 E F0(command under)2.5 E
F3(SHELL B)2.5 E(UIL)-.09 E(TIN COMMANDS)-.828 E F0(belo)2.25 E(w\).)
-.25 E F2(READLINE)72 626.4 Q F0 .151
(This is the library that handles reading input when using an interacti)
108 638.4 R .45 -.15(ve s)-.25 H .15(hell, unless the).15 F F1
(\255\255noediting)2.65 E F0(option)2.65 E .066(is gi)108 650.4 R -.15
(ve)-.25 G 2.566(na).15 G 2.566(ts)-2.566 G .066(hell in)-2.566 F -.2
(vo)-.4 G 2.566(cation. By).2 F(def)2.566 E .066
(ault, the line editing commands are similar to those of emacs.)-.1 F
2.567(Av)5.067 G(i-style)-2.567 E .566(line editing interf)108 662.4 R
.566(ace is also a)-.1 F -.25(va)-.2 G 3.065(ilable. T).25 F 3.065(ot)
-.8 G .565(urn of)-3.065 F 3.065(fl)-.25 G .565
(ine editing after the shell is running, use the)-3.065 F F1 .565
(+o emacs)3.065 F F0(or)108 674.4 Q F1(+o vi)2.5 E F0(options to the)2.5
E F1(set)2.5 E F0 -.2(bu)2.5 G(iltin \(see).2 E F3(SHELL B)2.5 E(UIL)
-.09 E(TIN COMMANDS)-.828 E F0(belo)2.25 E(w\).)-.25 E F1
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(In this section, the emacs-style notation is used to denote k)108 703.2
R -.15(ey)-.1 G(strok).15 E 3.068(es. Control)-.1 F -.1(ke)3.068 G .568
(ys are denoted by C\255)-.05 F F4 -.1(ke)C(y)-.2 E F0(,)A 1.153
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F4(meta)4.033 E F0 -.1(ke)3.913 G 1.153(ys are denoted by M\255)-.05 F
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/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 389.54(SH\(1\) B).35 F(ASH\(1\))
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(e\214x)-.37 E F0 5.6(.T)C .6(he combination M\255C\255)-5.6 F F1(x)A F0
.599(means ESC\255Control\255)3.099 F F1(x)A F0 3.099(,o)C 3.099(rp)
-3.099 G .599(ress the Escape k)-3.099 F .899 -.15(ey t)-.1 H .599
(hen hold).15 F(the Control k)108 96 Q .3 -.15(ey w)-.1 H
(hile pressing the).15 E F1(x)3.27 E F0 -.1(ke)3.03 G -.65(y.)-.05 G(\))
.65 E .619(Readline commands may be gi)108 112.8 R -.15(ve)-.25 G 3.119
(nn).15 G(umeric)-3.119 E F1(ar)3.119 E(guments)-.37 E F0 3.119(,w).27 G
.619(hich normally act as a repeat count.)-3.119 F(Sometimes,)5.62 E(ho)
108 124.8 Q(we)-.25 E -.15(ve)-.25 G 1.419 -.4(r, i).15 H 3.119(ti).4 G
3.119(st)-3.119 G .619(he sign of the ar)-3.119 F .619
(gument that is signi\214cant.)-.18 F -.15(Pa)5.619 G .619(ssing a ne)
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(ument to a command that).18 F 1.018(acts in the forw)108 136.8 R 1.018
(ard direction \(e.g.,)-.1 F/F2 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(kill\255line)3.518 E
F0 3.518(\)c)C 1.018(auses that command to act in a backw)-3.518 F 1.019
(ard direction.)-.1 F(Com-)6.019 E(mands whose beha)108 148.8 Q
(vior with ar)-.2 E(guments de)-.18 E(viates from this are noted belo)
-.25 E -.65(w.)-.25 G .812(When a command is described as)108 165.6 R F1
(killing)3.311 E F0(te)3.311 E .811(xt, the te)-.15 F .811
(xt deleted is sa)-.15 F -.15(ve)-.2 G 3.311(df).15 G .811
(or possible future retrie)-3.311 F -.25(va)-.25 G 3.311(l\().25 G F1
(yank-)-3.311 E(ing)108 177.6 Q F0 2.529(\). The)B .029(killed te)2.529
F .029(xt is sa)-.15 F -.15(ve)-.2 G 2.529(di).15 G 2.529(na)-2.529 G F1
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.029(ills cause the te).15 F .029(xt to be accumulated into one unit,)
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.567(Commands which do not kill te)5.567 F .567
(xt separate the chunks of te)-.15 F .567(xt on the kill)-.15 F(ring.)
108 201.6 Q F2(Readline Initialization)87 218.4 Q F0 .091(Readline is c\
ustomized by putting commands in an initialization \214le \(the)108
230.4 R F1(inputr)2.591 E(c)-.37 E F0 2.591(\214le\). The)2.591 F .092
(name of this \214le)2.591 F .197(is tak)108 242.4 R .196(en from the v)
-.1 F .196(alue of the)-.25 F/F3 9/Times-Bold@0 SF(INPUTRC)2.696 E F0
-.25(va)2.446 G 2.696(riable. If).25 F .196(that v)2.696 F .196
(ariable is unset, the def)-.25 F .196(ault is)-.1 F F1(~/.inputr)2.696
E(c)-.37 E F0 5.196(.W).31 G .196(hen a)-5.196 F 1.034(program which us\
es the readline library starts up, the initialization \214le is read, a\
nd the k)108 254.4 R 1.335 -.15(ey b)-.1 H 1.035(indings and).15 F -.25
(va)108 266.4 S 1.15(riables are set.).25 F 1.15(There are only a fe)
6.15 F 3.649(wb)-.25 G 1.149(asic constructs allo)-3.649 F 1.149
(wed in the readline initialization \214le.)-.25 F(Blank)6.149 E .736
(lines are ignored.)108 278.4 R .737(Lines be)5.737 F .737
(ginning with a)-.15 F F2(#)3.237 E F0 .737(are comments.)3.237 F .737
(Lines be)5.737 F .737(ginning with a)-.15 F F2($)3.237 E F0 .737
(indicate conditional)3.237 F 2.5(constructs. Other)108 290.4 R
(lines denote k)2.5 E .3 -.15(ey b)-.1 H(indings and v).15 E
(ariable settings.)-.25 E .987(The def)108 307.2 R .987(ault k)-.1 F
-.15(ey)-.1 G .987(-bindings may be changed with an).15 F F1(inputr)
3.497 E(c)-.37 E F0 3.487(\214le. Other)3.797 F .987
(programs that use this library may)3.487 F(add their o)108 319.2 Q
(wn commands and bindings.)-.25 E -.15(Fo)108 336 S 2.5(re).15 G
(xample, placing)-2.65 E(M\255Control\255u: uni)144 352.8 Q -.15(ve)-.25
G(rsal\255ar).15 E(gument)-.18 E(or)108 364.8 Q(C\255Meta\255u: uni)144
376.8 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G(rsal\255ar).15 E(gument)-.18 E(into the)108 388.8
Q F1(inputr)2.51 E(c)-.37 E F0 -.1(wo)2.81 G(uld mak).1 E 2.5(eM)-.1 G
(\255C\255u e)-2.5 E -.15(xe)-.15 G(cute the readline command).15 E F1
(univer)2.5 E(sal\255ar)-.1 E(gument)-.37 E F0(.).68 E 1.26(The follo)
108 405.6 R 1.261(wing symbolic character names are recognized:)-.25 F
F1 -.4(RU)3.761 G(BOUT).4 E F0(,)1.27 E F1(DEL)3.761 E F0(,).53 E F1
(ESC)3.761 E F0(,).72 E F1(LFD)3.761 E F0(,).28 E F1(NEWLINE)3.761 E F0
(,).73 E F1(RET)3.761 E F0(,)1.27 E F1(RETURN)108 417.6 Q F0(,)1.1 E F1
(SPC)2.5 E F0(,).72 E F1(SP)2.5 E -.3(AC)-.9 G(E).3 E F0 2.5(,a).73 G
(nd)-2.5 E F1 -.5(TA)2.5 G(B).5 E F0(.).27 E .209
(In addition to command names, readline allo)108 434.4 R .209(ws k)-.25
F -.15(ey)-.1 G 2.709(st).15 G 2.709(ob)-2.709 G 2.709(eb)-2.709 G .209
(ound to a string that is inserted when the k)-2.709 F .509 -.15(ey i)
-.1 H(s).15 E(pressed \(a)108 446.4 Q F1(macr)2.5 E(o)-.45 E F0(\).)A F2
(Readline K)87 463.2 Q(ey Bindings)-.25 E F0 .366
(The syntax for controlling k)108 475.2 R .666 -.15(ey b)-.1 H .366
(indings in the).15 F F1(inputr)2.876 E(c)-.37 E F0 .366
(\214le is simple.)3.176 F .366(All that is required is the name of the)
5.366 F .383(command or the te)108 487.2 R .383(xt of a macro and a k)
-.15 F .683 -.15(ey s)-.1 H .383
(equence to which it should be bound. The name may be speci-).15 F .853
(\214ed in one of tw)108 499.2 R 3.353(ow)-.1 G .853
(ays: as a symbolic k)-3.453 F 1.153 -.15(ey n)-.1 H .853
(ame, possibly with).15 F F1(Meta\255)3.353 E F0(or)3.353 E F1(Contr)
3.353 E(ol\255)-.45 E F0(pre\214x)3.353 E .853(es, or as a k)-.15 F -.15
(ey)-.1 G(sequence.)108 511.2 Q 1.542(When using the form)108 528 R F2
-.1(ke)4.042 G(yname).1 E F0(:)A F1(function\255name).833 E F0(or)4.042
E F1(macr)4.042 E(o)-.45 E F0(,)A F1 -.1(ke)4.042 G(yname)-.2 E F0 1.542
(is the name of a k)4.222 F 1.841 -.15(ey s)-.1 H 1.541(pelled out in)
.15 F 2.5(English. F)108 540 R(or e)-.15 E(xample:)-.15 E
(Control-u: uni)144 564 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G(rsal\255ar).15 E(gument)-.18 E
(Meta-Rubout: backw)144 576 Q(ard-kill-w)-.1 E(ord)-.1 E
(Control-o: "> output")144 588 Q .698(In the abo)108 604.8 R .998 -.15
(ve ex)-.15 H(ample,).15 E F1(C\255u)3.038 E F0 .698
(is bound to the function)3.448 F F2(uni)3.198 E -.1(ve)-.1 G
(rsal\255ar).1 E(gument)-.1 E F0(,)A F1(M\255DEL)3.878 E F0 .698
(is bound to the func-)3.728 F(tion)108 616.8 Q F2
(backward\255kill\255w)2.759 E(ord)-.1 E F0 2.759(,a)C(nd)-2.759 E F1
(C\255o)2.599 E F0 .258(is bound to run the macro e)2.939 F .258
(xpressed on the right hand side \(that is, to)-.15 F(insert the te)108
628.8 Q(xt)-.15 E/F4 10/Courier@0 SF 6(>o)2.5 G(utput)-6 E F0
(into the line\).)2.5 E .055(In the second form,)108 645.6 R F2("k)2.555
E(eyseq")-.1 E F0(:)A F1(function\255name).833 E F0(or)2.555 E F1(macr)
2.555 E(o)-.45 E F0(,)A F2 -.1(ke)2.555 G(yseq).1 E F0(dif)2.556 E .056
(fers from)-.25 F F2 -.1(ke)2.556 G(yname).1 E F0(abo)2.556 E .356 -.15
(ve i)-.15 H 2.556(nt).15 G .056(hat strings)-2.556 F 1.284
(denoting an entire k)108 657.6 R 1.584 -.15(ey s)-.1 H 1.284(equence m\
ay be speci\214ed by placing the sequence within double quotes.).15 F
(Some)6.284 E .385(GNU Emacs style k)108 669.6 R .685 -.15(ey e)-.1 H
.385(scapes can be used, as in the follo).15 F .385(wing e)-.25 F .386
(xample, b)-.15 F .386(ut the symbolic character names)-.2 F
(are not recognized.)108 681.6 Q("\\C\255u": uni)144 705.6 Q -.15(ve)
-.25 G(rsal\255ar).15 E(gument)-.18 E
("\\C\255x\\C\255r": re\255read\255init\255\214le)144 717.6 Q
("\\e[11~": "Function K)144 729.6 Q .3 -.15(ey 1)-.25 H(").15 E
(GNU Bash-3.2)72 768 Q(2008 April 5)148.455 E(32)198.445 E 0 Cg EP
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/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 389.54(SH\(1\) B).35 F(ASH\(1\))
-.35 E .315(In this e)108 84 R(xample,)-.15 E/F1 10/Times-Italic@0 SF
(C\255u)2.655 E F0 .315(is ag)3.065 F .315(ain bound to the function)
-.05 F/F2 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(uni)2.815 E -.1(ve)-.1 G(rsal\255ar).1 E
(gument)-.1 E F0(.)A F1 .315(C\255x C\255r)5.155 F F0 .314
(is bound to the func-)3.544 F(tion)108 96 Q F2 -.18(re)2.5 G<ad72>.18 E
(ead\255init\255\214le)-.18 E F0 2.5(,a)C(nd)-2.5 E F1(ESC [ 1 1 ~)3.01
E F0(is bound to insert the te)3.94 E(xt)-.15 E/F3 10/Courier@0 SF
(Function Key 1)2.5 E F0(.)A
(The full set of GNU Emacs style escape sequences is)108 112.8 Q F2
<5c43ad>144 124.8 Q F0(control pre\214x)20.3 E F2<5c4dad>144 136.8 Q F0
(meta pre\214x)18.08 E F2(\\e)144 148.8 Q F0(an escape character)28.78 E
F2(\\\\)144 160.8 Q F0(backslash)30.44 E F2(\\")144 172.8 Q F0
(literal ")27.67 E F2<5c08>144 184.8 Q F0(literal \010)30.44 E(In addit\
ion to the GNU Emacs style escape sequences, a second set of backslash \
escapes is a)108 201.6 Q -.25(va)-.2 G(ilable:).25 E F2(\\a)144 213.6 Q
F0(alert \(bell\))28.22 E F2(\\b)144 225.6 Q F0(backspace)27.66 E F2
(\\d)144 237.6 Q F0(delete)27.66 E F2(\\f)144 249.6 Q F0(form feed)29.89
E F2(\\n)144 261.6 Q F0(ne)27.66 E(wline)-.25 E F2(\\r)144 273.6 Q F0
(carriage return)28.78 E F2(\\t)144 285.6 Q F0(horizontal tab)29.89 E F2
(\\v)144 297.6 Q F0 -.15(ve)28.22 G(rtical tab).15 E F2(\\)144 309.6 Q
F1(nnn)A F0(the eight-bit character whose v)18.22 E(alue is the octal v)
-.25 E(alue)-.25 E F1(nnn)2.5 E F0(\(one to three digits\))2.5 E F2(\\x)
144 321.6 Q F1(HH)A F0(the eight-bit character whose v)13.78 E
(alue is the he)-.25 E(xadecimal v)-.15 E(alue)-.25 E F1(HH)2.5 E F0
(\(one or tw)2.5 E 2.5(oh)-.1 G .3 -.15(ex d)-2.5 H(igits\)).15 E 1.141
(When entering the te)108 338.4 R 1.141(xt of a macro, single or double\
 quotes must be used to indicate a macro de\214nition.)-.15 F .09
(Unquoted te)108 350.4 R .09(xt is assumed to be a function name.)-.15 F
.089(In the macro body)5.089 F 2.589(,t)-.65 G .089
(he backslash escapes described abo)-2.589 F -.15(ve)-.15 G(are e)108
362.4 Q 2.5(xpanded. Backslash)-.15 F(will quote an)2.5 E 2.5(yo)-.15 G
(ther character in the macro te)-2.5 E(xt, including " and \010.)-.15 E
F2(Bash)108 379.2 Q F0(allo)2.929 E .429(ws the current readline k)-.25
F .729 -.15(ey b)-.1 H .429
(indings to be displayed or modi\214ed with the).15 F F2(bind)2.93 E F0
-.2(bu)2.93 G .43(iltin command.).2 F .046
(The editing mode may be switched during interacti)108 391.2 R .346 -.15
(ve u)-.25 H .046(se by using the).15 F F2<ad6f>2.545 E F0 .045
(option to the)2.545 F F2(set)2.545 E F0 -.2(bu)2.545 G .045
(iltin command).2 F(\(see)108 403.2 Q/F4 9/Times-Bold@0 SF(SHELL B)2.5 E
(UIL)-.09 E(TIN COMMANDS)-.828 E F0(belo)2.25 E(w\).)-.25 E F2
(Readline V)87 420 Q(ariables)-.92 E F0 .043(Readline has v)108 432 R
.043(ariables that can be used to further customize its beha)-.25 F
(vior)-.2 E 5.043(.A)-.55 G -.25(va)-2.5 G .043
(riable may be set in the).25 F F1(inpu-)2.554 E(tr)108 444 Q(c)-.37 E
F0(\214le with a statement of the form)2.81 E F2(set)144 460.8 Q F1
(variable\255name value)2.5 E F0 .79(Except where noted, readline v)108
477.6 R .79(ariables can tak)-.25 F 3.29(et)-.1 G .79(he v)-3.29 F
(alues)-.25 E F2(On)3.29 E F0(or)3.29 E F2(Off)3.29 E F0 .79
(\(without re)3.29 F -.05(ga)-.15 G .79(rd to case\).).05 F(Unrecog-)
5.79 E .448(nized v)108 489.6 R .448(ariable names are ignored.)-.25 F
.448(When a v)5.448 F .448(ariable v)-.25 F .448
(alue is read, empty or null v)-.25 F .449(alues, "on" \(case-insensi-)
-.25 F(ti)108 501.6 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G .468(\), and "1" are equi).15 F
-.25(va)-.25 G .468(lent to).25 F F2(On)2.968 E F0 5.468(.A)C .468
(ll other v)-5.468 F .468(alues are equi)-.25 F -.25(va)-.25 G .468
(lent to).25 F F2(Off)2.968 E F0 5.468(.T)C .467(he v)-5.468 F .467
(ariables and their def)-.25 F(ault)-.1 E -.25(va)108 513.6 S(lues are:)
.25 E F2(bell\255style \(audible\))108 530.4 Q F0 .01
(Controls what happens when readline w)144 542.4 R .011
(ants to ring the terminal bell.)-.1 F .011(If set to)5.011 F F2(none)
2.511 E F0 2.511(,r)C .011(eadline ne)-2.511 F -.15(ve)-.25 G(r).15 E
.94(rings the bell.)144 554.4 R .94(If set to)5.94 F F2(visible)3.44 E
F0 3.44(,r)C .94(eadline uses a visible bell if one is a)-3.44 F -.25
(va)-.2 G 3.44(ilable. If).25 F .94(set to)3.44 F F2(audible)3.44 E F0
(,)A(readline attempts to ring the terminal')144 566.4 Q 2.5(sb)-.55 G
(ell.)-2.5 E F2(bind\255tty\255special\255chars \(On\))108 578.4 Q F0
.055(If set to)144 590.4 R F2(On)2.555 E F0 2.555(,r)C .056(eadline att\
empts to bind the control characters treated specially by the k)-2.555 F
(ernel')-.1 E 2.556(st)-.55 G(ermi-)-2.556 E(nal dri)144 602.4 Q -.15
(ve)-.25 G 2.5(rt).15 G 2.5(ot)-2.5 G(heir readline equi)-2.5 E -.25(va)
-.25 G(lents.).25 E F2(comment\255begin \(`)108 614.4 Q(`#')-.63 E('\))
-.63 E F0 .885(The string that is inserted when the readline)144 626.4 R
F2(insert\255comment)3.385 E F0 .884(command is e)3.384 F -.15(xe)-.15 G
3.384(cuted. This).15 F(com-)3.384 E(mand is bound to)144 638.4 Q F2
(M\255#)2.5 E F0(in emacs mode and to)2.5 E F2(#)2.5 E F0
(in vi command mode.)2.5 E F2(completion\255ignor)108 650.4 Q
(e\255case \(Off\))-.18 E F0(If set to)144 662.4 Q F2(On)2.5 E F0 2.5
(,r)C(eadline performs \214lename matching and completion in a case\255\
insensiti)-2.5 E .3 -.15(ve f)-.25 H(ashion.).05 E F2
(completion\255query\255items \(100\))108 674.4 Q F0 .529
(This determines when the user is queried about vie)144 686.4 R .53
(wing the number of possible completions gen-)-.25 F .561(erated by the)
144 698.4 R F2(possible\255completions)3.061 E F0 3.061(command. It)
3.061 F .561(may be set to an)3.061 F 3.06(yi)-.15 G(nte)-3.06 E .56
(ger v)-.15 F .56(alue greater than or)-.25 F .782(equal to zero.)144
710.4 R .783(If the number of possible completions is greater than or e\
qual to the v)5.782 F .783(alue of this)-.25 F -.25(va)144 722.4 S .237
(riable, the user is ask).25 F .237(ed whether or not he wishes to vie)
-.1 F 2.737(wt)-.25 G .237(hem; otherwise the)-2.737 F 2.737(ya)-.15 G
.237(re simply listed)-2.737 F(GNU Bash-3.2)72 768 Q(2008 April 5)
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/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 389.54(SH\(1\) B).35 F(ASH\(1\))
-.35 E(on the terminal.)144 84 Q/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(con)108 96 Q -.1
(ve)-.4 G(rt\255meta \(On\)).1 E F0 .612(If set to)144 108 R F1(On)3.112
E F0 3.112(,r)C .613(eadline will con)-3.112 F -.15(ve)-.4 G .613
(rt characters with the eighth bit set to an ASCII k).15 F .913 -.15
(ey s)-.1 H .613(equence by).15 F .541
(stripping the eighth bit and pre\214xing an escape character \(in ef)
144 120 R .541(fect, using escape as the)-.25 F/F2 10/Times-Italic@0 SF
.541(meta pr)3.041 F(e-)-.37 E<8c78>144 132 Q F0(\).)A F1
(disable\255completion \(Off\))108 144 Q F0 .038(If set to)144 156 R F1
(On)2.538 E F0 2.538(,r)C .038(eadline will inhibit w)-2.538 F .038
(ord completion.)-.1 F .038
(Completion characters will be inserted into the)5.038 F(line as if the)
144 168 Q 2.5(yh)-.15 G(ad been mapped to)-2.5 E F1(self-insert)2.5 E F0
(.)A F1(editing\255mode \(emacs\))108 180 Q F0 .253
(Controls whether readline be)144 192 R .253(gins with a set of k)-.15 F
.553 -.15(ey b)-.1 H .253(indings similar to).15 F F2(emacs)2.752 E F0
(or)2.752 E F2(vi)2.752 E F0(.)A F1(editing\255mode)5.252 E F0
(can be set to either)144 204 Q F1(emacs)2.5 E F0(or)2.5 E F1(vi)2.5 E
F0(.)A F1(enable\255k)108 216 Q(eypad \(Off\))-.1 E F0 .892(When set to)
144 228 R F1(On)3.393 E F0 3.393(,r)C .893
(eadline will try to enable the application k)-3.393 F -.15(ey)-.1 G
.893(pad when it is called.).15 F .893(Some sys-)5.893 F
(tems need this to enable the arro)144 240 Q 2.5(wk)-.25 G -.15(ey)-2.6
G(s.).15 E F1(expand\255tilde \(Off\))108 252 Q F0(If set to)144 264 Q
F1(on)2.5 E F0 2.5(,t)C(ilde e)-2.5 E
(xpansion is performed when readline attempts w)-.15 E(ord completion.)
-.1 E F1(history\255pr)108 276 Q(eser)-.18 E -.1(ve)-.1 G
(\255point \(Off\)).1 E F0 1.493(If set to)144 288 R F1(on)3.993 E F0
3.993(,t)C 1.493(he history code attempts to place point at the same lo\
cation on each history line)-3.993 F(retrie)144 300 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.5
(dw).15 G(ith)-2.5 E F1(pr)2.5 E -.15(ev)-.18 G(ious-history).15 E F0
(or)2.5 E F1(next-history)2.5 E F0(.)A F1(history\255size \(0\))108 312
Q F0 .462(Set the maximum number of history entries sa)144 324 R -.15
(ve)-.2 G 2.963(di).15 G 2.963(nt)-2.963 G .463(he history list.)-2.963
F .463(If set to zero, the number of)5.463 F
(entries in the history list is not limited.)144 336 Q F1
(horizontal\255scr)108 348 Q(oll\255mode \(Off\))-.18 E F0 .449
(When set to)144 360 R F1(On)2.949 E F0 2.949(,m)C(ak)-2.949 E .448
(es readline use a single line for display)-.1 F 2.948(,s)-.65 G .448
(crolling the input horizontally on a)-2.948 F 1.194(single screen line\
 when it becomes longer than the screen width rather than wrapping to a\
 ne)144 372 R(w)-.25 E(line.)144 384 Q F1(input\255meta \(Off\))108 396
Q F0 .228(If set to)144 408 R F1(On)2.728 E F0 2.728(,r)C .227(eadline \
will enable eight-bit input \(that is, it will not strip the high bit f\
rom the char)-2.728 F(-)-.2 E .956(acters it reads\), re)144 420 R -.05
(ga)-.15 G .956(rdless of what the terminal claims it can support.).05 F
.957(The name)5.956 F F1(meta\255\215ag)3.457 E F0 .957(is a)3.457 F
(synon)144 432 Q(ym for this v)-.15 E(ariable.)-.25 E F1(isear)108 444 Q
(ch\255terminators \(`)-.18 E(`C\255[C\255J')-.63 E('\))-.63 E F0 .439(\
The string of characters that should terminate an incremental search wi\
thout subsequently e)144 456 R -.15(xe)-.15 G(cut-).15 E .934
(ing the character as a command.)144 468 R .935(If this v)5.935 F .935
(ariable has not been gi)-.25 F -.15(ve)-.25 G 3.435(nav).15 G .935
(alue, the characters)-3.685 F F2(ESC)3.435 E F0(and)144 480 Q F2
(C\255J)2.5 E F0(will terminate an incremental search.)2.5 E F1 -.1(ke)
108 492 S(ymap \(emacs\)).1 E F0 2.021(Set the current readline k)144
504 R -.15(ey)-.1 G 4.521(map. The).15 F 2.021(set of v)4.521 F 2.021
(alid k)-.25 F -.15(ey)-.1 G 2.021(map names is).15 F F2 2.02
(emacs, emacs\255standar)4.52 F(d,)-.37 E .068
(emacs\255meta, emacs\255ctlx, vi, vi\255command)144 516 R F0 2.568(,a)C
(nd)-2.568 E F2(vi\255insert)2.568 E F0(.).68 E F2(vi)5.068 E F0 .068
(is equi)2.568 F -.25(va)-.25 G .068(lent to).25 F F2(vi\255command)
2.569 E F0(;)A F2(emacs)2.569 E F0 1.544(is equi)144 528 R -.25(va)-.25
G 1.544(lent to).25 F F2(emacs\255standar)4.044 E(d)-.37 E F0 6.544(.T)C
1.544(he def)-6.544 F 1.544(ault v)-.1 F 1.544(alue is)-.25 F F2(emacs)
4.044 E F0 4.044(;t).27 G 1.544(he v)-4.044 F 1.544(alue of)-.25 F F1
(editing\255mode)4.043 E F0(also)4.043 E(af)144 540 Q(fects the def)-.25
E(ault k)-.1 E -.15(ey)-.1 G(map.).15 E F1(mark\255dir)108 552 Q
(ectories \(On\))-.18 E F0(If set to)144 564 Q F1(On)2.5 E F0 2.5(,c)C
(ompleted directory names ha)-2.5 E .3 -.15(ve a s)-.2 H(lash appended.)
.15 E F1(mark\255modi\214ed\255lines \(Off\))108 576 Q F0(If set to)144
588 Q F1(On)2.5 E F0 2.5(,h)C(istory lines that ha)-2.5 E .3 -.15(ve b)
-.2 H(een modi\214ed are displayed with a preceding asterisk \().15 E F1
(*)A F0(\).)A F1(mark\255symlink)108 600 Q(ed\255dir)-.1 E
(ectories \(Off\))-.18 E F0 .175(If set to)144 612 R F1(On)2.675 E F0
2.675(,c)C .175
(ompleted names which are symbolic links to directories ha)-2.675 F .475
-.15(ve a s)-.2 H .175(lash appended \(sub-).15 F(ject to the v)144 624
Q(alue of)-.25 E F1(mark\255dir)2.5 E(ectories)-.18 E F0(\).)A F1
(match\255hidden\255\214les \(On\))108 636 Q F0 .193(This v)144 648 R
.193(ariable, when set to)-.25 F F1(On)2.693 E F0 2.693(,c)C .192
(auses readline to match \214les whose names be)-2.693 F .192
(gin with a `.)-.15 F 2.692('\()-.7 G(hidden)-2.692 E 1.023
(\214les\) when performing \214lename completion, unless the leading `.)
144 660 R 3.523('i)-.7 G 3.523(ss)-3.523 G 1.024
(upplied by the user in the)-3.523 F(\214lename to be completed.)144 672
Q F1(output\255meta \(Off\))108 684 Q F0 .507(If set to)144 696 R F1(On)
3.007 E F0 3.007(,r)C .507(eadline will display characters with the eig\
hth bit set directly rather than as a meta-)-3.007 F(pre\214x)144 708 Q
(ed escape sequence.)-.15 E(GNU Bash-3.2)72 768 Q(2008 April 5)148.455 E
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/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 389.54(SH\(1\) B).35 F(ASH\(1\))
-.35 E/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(page\255completions \(On\))108 84 Q F0 .808
(If set to)144 96 R F1(On)3.308 E F0 3.308(,r)C .808
(eadline uses an internal)-3.308 F/F2 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(mor)3.308 E
(e)-.37 E F0(-lik)A 3.308(ep)-.1 G .808
(ager to display a screenful of possible comple-)-3.308 F
(tions at a time.)144 108 Q F1
(print\255completions\255horizontally \(Off\))108 120 Q F0 1.319
(If set to)144 132 R F1(On)3.819 E F0 3.819(,r)C 1.318(eadline will dis\
play completions with matches sorted horizontally in alphabetical)-3.819
F(order)144 144 Q 2.5(,r)-.4 G(ather than do)-2.5 E(wn the screen.)-.25
E F1(sho)108 156 Q(w\255all\255if\255ambiguous \(Off\))-.1 E F0 .477
(This alters the def)144 168 R .477(ault beha)-.1 F .477
(vior of the completion functions.)-.2 F .478(If set to)5.478 F F1(on)
2.978 E F0 2.978(,w)C .478(ords which ha)-3.078 F .778 -.15(ve m)-.2 H
(ore).15 E 1.264(than one possible completion cause the matches to be l\
isted immediately instead of ringing the)144 180 R(bell.)144 192 Q F1
(sho)108 204 Q(w\255all\255if\255unmodi\214ed \(Off\))-.1 E F0 5.345
(This alters the def)144 216 R 5.345(ault beha)-.1 F 5.345
(vior of the completion functions in a f)-.2 F 5.346(ashion similar to)
-.1 F F1(sho)144 228 Q(w\255all\255if\255ambiguous)-.1 E F0 6.923(.I)C
4.423(fs)-6.923 G 1.923(et to)-4.423 F F1(on)4.423 E F0 4.423(,w)C 1.923
(ords which ha)-4.523 F 2.222 -.15(ve m)-.2 H 1.922
(ore than one possible completion).15 F 1.039(without an)144 240 R 3.539
(yp)-.15 G 1.039
(ossible partial completion \(the possible completions don')-3.539 F
3.539(ts)-.18 G 1.04(hare a common pre\214x\))-3.539 F(cause the matche\
s to be listed immediately instead of ringing the bell.)144 252 Q F1
(visible\255stats \(Off\))108 264 Q F0 .847(If set to)144 276 R F1(On)
3.346 E F0 3.346(,ac)C .846(haracter denoting a \214le')-3.346 F 3.346
(st)-.55 G .846(ype as reported by)-3.346 F F2(stat)3.346 E F0 .846
(\(2\) is appended to the \214lename)B
(when listing possible completions.)144 288 Q F1
(Readline Conditional Constructs)87 304.8 Q F0 .05
(Readline implements a f)108 316.8 R .05(acility similar in spirit to t\
he conditional compilation features of the C preprocessor)-.1 F .097
(which allo)108 328.8 R .097(ws k)-.25 F .396 -.15(ey b)-.1 H .096
(indings and v).15 F .096
(ariable settings to be performed as the result of tests.)-.25 F .096
(There are four parser)5.096 F(directi)108 340.8 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.5
(su).15 G(sed.)-2.5 E F1($if)108 357.6 Q F0(The)24.89 E F1($if)2.962 E
F0 .462(construct allo)2.962 F .463(ws bindings to be made based on the\
 editing mode, the terminal being used,)-.25 F .478
(or the application using readline.)144 369.6 R .477(The te)5.477 F .477
(xt of the test e)-.15 F .477
(xtends to the end of the line; no characters)-.15 F
(are required to isolate it.)144 381.6 Q F1(mode)144 398.4 Q F0(The)
12.67 E F1(mode=)3.711 E F0 1.211(form of the)3.711 F F1($if)3.711 E F0
(directi)3.711 E 1.511 -.15(ve i)-.25 H 3.711(su).15 G 1.211
(sed to test whether readline is in emacs or vi)-3.711 F 3.065
(mode. This)180 410.4 R .565(may be used in conjunction with the)3.065 F
F1 .565(set k)3.065 F(eymap)-.1 E F0 .565(command, for instance, to)
3.065 F .735(set bindings in the)180 422.4 R F2(emacs\255standar)3.235 E
(d)-.37 E F0(and)3.235 E F2(emacs\255ctlx)3.235 E F0 -.1(ke)3.235 G .735
(ymaps only if readline is starting)-.05 F(out in emacs mode.)180 434.4
Q F1(term)144 451.2 Q F0(The)15.46 E F1(term=)3.197 E F0 .696
(form may be used to include terminal-speci\214c k)3.197 F .996 -.15
(ey b)-.1 H .696(indings, perhaps to bind).15 F .654(the k)180 463.2 R
.954 -.15(ey s)-.1 H .654(equences output by the terminal').15 F 3.154
(sf)-.55 G .654(unction k)-3.154 F -.15(ey)-.1 G 3.154(s. The).15 F -.1
(wo)3.154 G .654(rd on the right side of).1 F(the)180 475.2 Q F1(=)3.232
E F0 .732(is tested ag)3.232 F .732(ainst the both full name of the ter\
minal and the portion of the terminal)-.05 F(name before the \214rst)180
487.2 Q F1<ad>2.5 E F0 5(.T)C(his allo)-5 E(ws)-.25 E F2(sun)2.84 E F0
(to match both)2.74 E F2(sun)2.84 E F0(and)2.74 E F2(sun\255cmd)2.5 E F0
2.5(,f).77 G(or instance.)-2.5 E F1(application)144 504 Q F0(The)180 516
Q F1(application)3.003 E F0 .503
(construct is used to include application-speci\214c settings.)3.003 F
.503(Each program)5.503 F .114(using the readline library sets the)180
528 R F2 .114(application name)2.614 F F0 2.614(,a)C .114
(nd an initialization \214le can test for a)-2.614 F .5(particular v)180
540 R 3(alue. This)-.25 F .501(could be used to bind k)3 F .801 -.15
(ey s)-.1 H .501(equences to functions useful for a spe-).15 F .397
(ci\214c program.)180 552 R -.15(Fo)5.397 G 2.896(ri).15 G .396
(nstance, the follo)-2.896 F .396(wing command adds a k)-.25 F .696 -.15
(ey s)-.1 H .396(equence that quotes the).15 F(current or pre)180 564 Q
(vious w)-.25 E(ord in Bash:)-.1 E F1($if)180 588 Q F0(Bash)2.5 E 2.5
(#Q)180 600 S(uote the current or pre)-2.5 E(vious w)-.25 E(ord)-.1 E
("\\C\255xq": "\\eb\\"\\ef\\"")180 612 Q F1($endif)180 624 Q($endif)108
640.8 Q F0(This command, as seen in the pre)9.33 E(vious e)-.25 E
(xample, terminates an)-.15 E F1($if)2.5 E F0(command.)2.5 E F1($else)
108 657.6 Q F0(Commands in this branch of the)15.45 E F1($if)2.5 E F0
(directi)2.5 E .3 -.15(ve a)-.25 H(re e).15 E -.15(xe)-.15 G
(cuted if the test f).15 E(ails.)-.1 E F1($include)108 674.4 Q F0 .356
(This directi)144 686.4 R .656 -.15(ve t)-.25 H(ak).15 E .356
(es a single \214lename as an ar)-.1 F .357
(gument and reads commands and bindings from that)-.18 F 2.5(\214le. F)
144 698.4 R(or e)-.15 E(xample, the follo)-.15 E(wing directi)-.25 E .3
-.15(ve w)-.25 H(ould read).05 E F2(/etc/inputr)2.5 E(c)-.37 E F0(:)A F1
($include)144 722.4 Q F2(/etc/inputr)5.833 E(c)-.37 E F0(GNU Bash-3.2)72
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/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 389.54(SH\(1\) B).35 F(ASH\(1\))
-.35 E/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(Sear)87 84 Q(ching)-.18 E F0 .835
(Readline pro)108 96 R .835
(vides commands for searching through the command history \(see)-.15 F
/F2 9/Times-Bold@0 SF(HIST)3.334 E(OR)-.162 E(Y)-.315 E F0(belo)3.084 E
.834(w\) for lines)-.25 F(containing a speci\214ed string.)108 108 Q
(There are tw)5 E 2.5(os)-.1 G(earch modes:)-2.5 E/F3 10/Times-Italic@0
SF(incr)2.51 E(emental)-.37 E F0(and)3.01 E F3(non-incr)2.5 E(emental)
-.37 E F0(.).51 E .697(Incremental searches be)108 124.8 R .697
(gin before the user has \214nished typing the search string.)-.15 F
.698(As each character of the)5.698 F .113
(search string is typed, readline displays the ne)108 136.8 R .112
(xt entry from the history matching the string typed so f)-.15 F(ar)-.1
E 5.112(.A)-.55 G(n)-5.112 E .542
(incremental search requires only as man)108 148.8 R 3.042(yc)-.15 G
.542(haracters as needed to \214nd the desired history entry)-3.042 F
5.542(.T)-.65 G .542(he char)-5.542 F(-)-.2 E .224
(acters present in the v)108 160.8 R .224(alue of the)-.25 F F1(isear)
2.724 E(ch-terminators)-.18 E F0 -.25(va)2.724 G .224
(riable are used to terminate an incremental search.).25 F .66
(If that v)108 172.8 R .66(ariable has not been assigned a v)-.25 F .66
(alue the Escape and Control-J characters will terminate an incre-)-.25
F .097(mental search.)108 184.8 R .096(Control-G will abort an incremen\
tal search and restore the original line.)5.097 F .096
(When the search is)5.096 F(terminated, the history entry containing th\
e search string becomes the current line.)108 196.8 Q 2.938 -.8(To \214)
108 213.6 T 1.339(nd other matching entries in the history list, type C\
ontrol-S or Control-R as appropriate.).8 F 1.339(This will)6.339 F .675
(search backw)108 225.6 R .675(ard or forw)-.1 F .675
(ard in the history for the ne)-.1 F .674
(xt entry matching the search string typed so f)-.15 F(ar)-.1 E 5.674
(.A)-.55 G -.15(ny)-5.674 G .174(other k)108 237.6 R .474 -.15(ey s)-.1
H .174
(equence bound to a readline command will terminate the search and e).15
F -.15(xe)-.15 G .175(cute that command.).15 F -.15(Fo)5.175 G(r).15 E
.541(instance, a)108 249.6 R F3(ne)3.041 E(wline)-.15 E F0 .541
(will terminate the search and accept the line, thereby e)3.041 F -.15
(xe)-.15 G .54(cuting the command from the).15 F(history list.)108 261.6
Q .653(Readline remembers the last incremental search string.)108 278.4
R .653(If tw)5.653 F 3.153(oC)-.1 G .653(ontrol-Rs are typed without an)
-3.153 F 3.153(yi)-.15 G(nterv)-3.153 E(en-)-.15 E
(ing characters de\214ning a ne)108 290.4 Q 2.5(ws)-.25 G
(earch string, an)-2.5 E 2.5(yr)-.15 G(emembered search string is used.)
-2.5 E .567(Non-incremental searches read the entire search string befo\
re starting to search for matching history lines.)108 307.2 R(The searc\
h string may be typed by the user or be part of the contents of the cur\
rent line.)108 319.2 Q F1(Readline Command Names)87 336 Q F0 1.391
(The follo)108 348 R 1.391
(wing is a list of the names of the commands and the def)-.25 F 1.391
(ault k)-.1 F 1.691 -.15(ey s)-.1 H 1.391(equences to which the).15 F
3.892(ya)-.15 G(re)-3.892 E 2.622(bound. Command)108 360 R .122
(names without an accompan)2.622 F .122(ying k)-.15 F .421 -.15(ey s)-.1
H .121(equence are unbound by def).15 F 2.621(ault. In)-.1 F .121
(the follo)2.621 F(wing)-.25 E(descriptions,)108 372 Q F3(point)3.41 E
F0 .91(refers to the current cursor position, and)3.41 F F3(mark)3.411 E
F0 .911(refers to a cursor position sa)3.411 F -.15(ve)-.2 G 3.411(db)
.15 G 3.411(yt)-3.411 G(he)-3.411 E F1(set\255mark)108 384 Q F0 2.5
(command. The)2.5 F(te)2.5 E
(xt between the point and mark is referred to as the)-.15 E F3 -.37(re)
2.5 G(gion)-.03 E F0(.)A F1(Commands f)87 400.8 Q(or Mo)-.25 E(ving)-.1
E(beginning\255of\255line \(C\255a\))108 412.8 Q F0(Mo)144 424.8 Q .3
-.15(ve t)-.15 H 2.5(ot).15 G(he start of the current line.)-2.5 E F1
(end\255of\255line \(C\255e\))108 436.8 Q F0(Mo)144 448.8 Q .3 -.15
(ve t)-.15 H 2.5(ot).15 G(he end of the line.)-2.5 E F1 -.25(fo)108
460.8 S(rward\255char \(C\255f\)).25 E F0(Mo)144 472.8 Q .3 -.15(ve f)
-.15 H(orw).15 E(ard a character)-.1 E(.)-.55 E F1
(backward\255char \(C\255b\))108 484.8 Q F0(Mo)144 496.8 Q .3 -.15(ve b)
-.15 H(ack a character).15 E(.)-.55 E F1 -.25(fo)108 508.8 S(rward\255w)
.25 E(ord \(M\255f\))-.1 E F0(Mo)144 520.8 Q .823 -.15(ve f)-.15 H(orw)
.15 E .523(ard to the end of the ne)-.1 F .523(xt w)-.15 F 3.023(ord. W)
-.1 F .522(ords are composed of alphanumeric characters \(let-)-.8 F
(ters and digits\).)144 532.8 Q F1(backward\255w)108 544.8 Q
(ord \(M\255b\))-.1 E F0(Mo)144 556.8 Q 1.71 -.15(ve b)-.15 H 1.41
(ack to the start of the current or pre).15 F 1.41(vious w)-.25 F 3.91
(ord. W)-.1 F 1.41(ords are composed of alphanumeric)-.8 F
(characters \(letters and digits\).)144 568.8 Q F1(clear\255scr)108
580.8 Q(een \(C\255l\))-.18 E F0 .993(Clear the screen lea)144 592.8 R
.993(ving the current line at the top of the screen.)-.2 F -.4(Wi)5.993
G .993(th an ar).4 F .993(gument, refresh the)-.18 F
(current line without clearing the screen.)144 604.8 Q F1 -.18(re)108
616.8 S(draw\255curr).18 E(ent\255line)-.18 E F0
(Refresh the current line.)144 628.8 Q F1(Commands f)87 645.6 Q
(or Manipulating the History)-.25 E(accept\255line \(Newline, Retur)108
657.6 Q(n\))-.15 E F0 .158(Accept the line re)144 669.6 R -.05(ga)-.15 G
.158(rdless of where the cursor is.).05 F .158
(If this line is non-empty)5.158 F 2.659(,a)-.65 G .159
(dd it to the history list)-2.659 F .699(according to the state of the)
144 681.6 R F2(HISTCONTR)3.199 E(OL)-.27 E F0 -.25(va)2.949 G 3.199
(riable. If).25 F .699(the line is a modi\214ed history line, then)3.199
F(restore the history line to its original state.)144 693.6 Q F1(pr)108
705.6 Q -.15(ev)-.18 G(ious\255history \(C\255p\)).15 E F0
(Fetch the pre)144 717.6 Q(vious command from the history list, mo)-.25
E(ving back in the list.)-.15 E(GNU Bash-3.2)72 768 Q(2008 April 5)
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/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 389.54(SH\(1\) B).35 F(ASH\(1\))
-.35 E/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(next\255history \(C\255n\))108 84 Q F0
(Fetch the ne)144 96 Q(xt command from the history list, mo)-.15 E
(ving forw)-.15 E(ard in the list.)-.1 E F1
(beginning\255of\255history \(M\255<\))108 108 Q F0(Mo)144 120 Q .3 -.15
(ve t)-.15 H 2.5(ot).15 G(he \214rst line in the history)-2.5 E(.)-.65 E
F1(end\255of\255history \(M\255>\))108 132 Q F0(Mo)144 144 Q .3 -.15
(ve t)-.15 H 2.5(ot).15 G(he end of the input history)-2.5 E 2.5(,i)-.65
G(.e., the line currently being entered.)-2.5 E F1 -2.29 -.18(re v)108
156 T(erse\255sear).08 E(ch\255history \(C\255r\))-.18 E F0 1.47
(Search backw)144 168 R 1.471(ard starting at the current line and mo)
-.1 F 1.471(ving `up' through the history as necessary)-.15 F(.)-.65 E
(This is an incremental search.)144 180 Q F1 -.25(fo)108 192 S
(rward\255sear).25 E(ch\255history \(C\255s\))-.18 E F0 1.132
(Search forw)144 204 R 1.132(ard starting at the current line and mo)-.1
F 1.131(ving `do)-.15 F 1.131(wn' through the history as necessary)-.25
F(.)-.65 E(This is an incremental search.)144 216 Q F1(non\255incr)108
228 Q(emental\255r)-.18 E -2.3 -.15(ev e)-.18 H(rse\255sear).15 E
(ch\255history \(M\255p\))-.18 E F0 .164(Search backw)144 240 R .164(ar\
d through the history starting at the current line using a non-incremen\
tal search for)-.1 F 2.5(as)144 252 S(tring supplied by the user)-2.5 E
(.)-.55 E F1(non\255incr)108 264 Q(emental\255f)-.18 E(orward\255sear)
-.25 E(ch\255history \(M\255n\))-.18 E F0 1.354(Search forw)144 276 R
1.354(ard through the history using a non-incremental search for a stri\
ng supplied by the)-.1 F(user)144 288 Q(.)-.55 E F1(history\255sear)108
300 Q(ch\255f)-.18 E(orward)-.25 E F0 .248(Search forw)144 312 R .249(a\
rd through the history for the string of characters between the start o\
f the current line)-.1 F(and the point.)144 324 Q
(This is a non-incremental search.)5 E F1(history\255sear)108 336 Q
(ch\255backward)-.18 E F0 .951(Search backw)144 348 R .951(ard through \
the history for the string of characters between the start of the curre\
nt)-.1 F(line and the point.)144 360 Q
(This is a non-incremental search.)5 E F1(yank\255nth\255ar)108 372 Q
2.5(g\()-.1 G<4dad43ad7929>-2.5 E F0 .622(Insert the \214rst ar)144 384
R .622(gument to the pre)-.18 F .622
(vious command \(usually the second w)-.25 F .622(ord on the pre)-.1 F
.622(vious line\))-.25 F .795(at point.)144 396 R -.4(Wi)5.795 G .794
(th an ar).4 F(gument)-.18 E/F2 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(n)3.294 E F0 3.294
(,i).24 G .794(nsert the)-3.294 F F2(n)3.294 E F0 .794(th w)B .794
(ord from the pre)-.1 F .794(vious command \(the w)-.25 F .794
(ords in the)-.1 F(pre)144 408 Q .291(vious command be)-.25 F .291
(gin with w)-.15 F .291(ord 0\).)-.1 F 2.791(An)5.291 G -2.25 -.15(eg a)
-2.791 H(ti).15 E .591 -.15(ve a)-.25 H -.18(rg).15 G .291
(ument inserts the).18 F F2(n)2.791 E F0 .291(th w)B .292
(ord from the end of)-.1 F .282(the pre)144 420 R .282(vious command.)
-.25 F .282(Once the ar)5.282 F(gument)-.18 E F2(n)2.781 E F0 .281
(is computed, the ar)2.781 F .281(gument is e)-.18 F .281
(xtracted as if the "!)-.15 F F2(n)A F0(")A(history e)144 432 Q
(xpansion had been speci\214ed.)-.15 E F1(yank\255last\255ar)108 444 Q
2.5(g\()-.1 G -1.667(M\255. ,)-2.5 F -1.667(M\255_ \))2.5 F F0 1.307
(Insert the last ar)144 456 R 1.307(gument to the pre)-.18 F 1.307
(vious command \(the last w)-.25 F 1.308(ord of the pre)-.1 F 1.308
(vious history entry\).)-.25 F -.4(Wi)144 468 S .736(th an ar).4 F .736
(gument, beha)-.18 F 1.036 -.15(ve ex)-.2 H .736(actly lik).15 F(e)-.1 E
F1(yank\255nth\255ar)3.235 E(g)-.1 E F0 5.735(.S)C(uccessi)-5.735 E
1.035 -.15(ve c)-.25 H .735(alls to).15 F F1(yank\255last\255ar)3.235 E
(g)-.1 E F0(mo)3.235 E -.15(ve)-.15 G .728
(back through the history list, inserting the last ar)144 480 R .728
(gument of each line in turn.)-.18 F .729(The history e)5.728 F(xpan-)
-.15 E .14(sion f)144 492 R .14(acilities are used to e)-.1 F .14
(xtract the last ar)-.15 F .14(gument, as if the "!$" history e)-.18 F
.14(xpansion had been speci-)-.15 F(\214ed.)144 504 Q F1
(shell\255expand\255line \(M\255C\255e\))108 516 Q F0 .622
(Expand the line as the shell does.)144 528 R .622
(This performs alias and history e)5.622 F .623
(xpansion as well as all of the)-.15 F(shell w)144 540 Q(ord e)-.1 E 2.5
(xpansions. See)-.15 F/F3 9/Times-Bold@0 SF(HIST)2.5 E(OR)-.162 E 2.25
(YE)-.315 G(XP)-2.25 E(ANSION)-.666 E F0(belo)2.25 E 2.5(wf)-.25 G
(or a description of history e)-2.5 E(xpansion.)-.15 E F1
(history\255expand\255line \(M\255^\))108 552 Q F0 .939
(Perform history e)144 564 R .939(xpansion on the current line.)-.15 F
(See)5.939 E F3(HIST)3.439 E(OR)-.162 E 3.189(YE)-.315 G(XP)-3.189 E
(ANSION)-.666 E F0(belo)3.189 E 3.438(wf)-.25 G .938(or a descrip-)
-3.438 F(tion of history e)144 576 Q(xpansion.)-.15 E F1(magic\255space)
108 588 Q F0 1.626(Perform history e)144 600 R 1.626
(xpansion on the current line and insert a space.)-.15 F(See)6.627 E F3
(HIST)4.127 E(OR)-.162 E 3.877(YE)-.315 G(XP)-3.877 E(ANSION)-.666 E F0
(belo)144 612 Q 2.5(wf)-.25 G(or a description of history e)-2.5 E
(xpansion.)-.15 E F1(alias\255expand\255line)108 624 Q F0 .395
(Perform alias e)144 636 R .395(xpansion on the current line.)-.15 F
(See)5.395 E F3(ALIASES)2.895 E F0(abo)2.645 E .694 -.15(ve f)-.15 H
.394(or a description of alias e).15 F(xpan-)-.15 E(sion.)144 648 Q F1
(history\255and\255alias\255expand\255line)108 660 Q F0
(Perform history and alias e)144 672 Q(xpansion on the current line.)
-.15 E F1(insert\255last\255ar)108 684 Q(gument \(M\255.)-.1 E 2.5(,M)
.833 G -1.667(\255_ \))-2.5 F F0 2.5(As)144 696 S(ynon)-2.5 E(ym for)
-.15 E F1(yank\255last\255ar)2.5 E(g)-.1 E F0(.)A(GNU Bash-3.2)72 768 Q
(2008 April 5)148.455 E(37)198.445 E 0 Cg EP
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/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 389.54(SH\(1\) B).35 F(ASH\(1\))
-.35 E/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(operate\255and\255get\255next \(C\255o\))
108 84 Q F0 .947(Accept the current line for e)144 96 R -.15(xe)-.15 G
.948(cution and fetch the ne).15 F .948(xt line relati)-.15 F 1.248 -.15
(ve t)-.25 H 3.448(ot).15 G .948(he current line from the)-3.448 F
(history for editing.)144 108 Q(An)5 E 2.5(ya)-.15 G -.18(rg)-2.5 G
(ument is ignored.).18 E F1
(edit\255and\255execute\255command \(C\255xC\255e\))108 120 Q F0(In)144
132 Q -.2(vo)-.4 G 1.226 -.1(ke a).2 H 3.526(ne).1 G 1.026
(ditor on the current command line, and e)-3.526 F -.15(xe)-.15 G 1.026
(cute the result as shell commands.).15 F F1(Bash)6.026 E F0
(attempts to in)144 144 Q -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G/F2 9/Times-Bold@0 SF
($FCEDIT)2.6 E/F3 9/Times-Roman@0 SF(,)A F2($EDIT)2.25 E(OR)-.162 E F3
(,)A F0(and)2.25 E/F4 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(emacs)2.5 E F0(as the editor)
2.5 E 2.5(,i)-.4 G 2.5(nt)-2.5 G(hat order)-2.5 E(.)-.55 E F1
(Commands f)87 160.8 Q(or Changing T)-.25 E(ext)-.92 E
(delete\255char \(C\255d\))108 172.8 Q F0 .357
(Delete the character at point.)144 184.8 R .358(If point is at the be)
5.358 F .358(ginning of the line, there are no characters in the)-.15 F
(line, and the last character typed w)144 196.8 Q(as not bound to)-.1 E
F1(delete\255char)2.5 E F0 2.5(,t)C(hen return)-2.5 E F2(EOF)2.5 E F3(.)
A F1(backward\255delete\255char \(Rubout\))108 208.8 Q F0 .553
(Delete the character behind the cursor)144 220.8 R 5.553(.W)-.55 G .553
(hen gi)-5.553 F -.15(ve)-.25 G 3.053(nan).15 G .553(umeric ar)-3.053 F
.552(gument, sa)-.18 F .852 -.15(ve t)-.2 H .552(he deleted te).15 F
.552(xt on)-.15 F(the kill ring.)144 232.8 Q F1 -.25(fo)108 244.8 S
(rward\255backward\255delete\255char).25 E F0 .473
(Delete the character under the cursor)144 256.8 R 2.973(,u)-.4 G .474
(nless the cursor is at the end of the line, in which case the)-2.973 F
(character behind the cursor is deleted.)144 268.8 Q F1
(quoted\255insert \(C\255q, C\255v\))108 280.8 Q F0 .779(Add the ne)144
292.8 R .779(xt character typed to the line v)-.15 F 3.279
(erbatim. This)-.15 F .779(is ho)3.279 F 3.279(wt)-.25 G 3.279(oi)-3.279
G .779(nsert characters lik)-3.279 F(e)-.1 E F1(C\255q)3.278 E F0 3.278
(,f)C(or)-3.278 E -.15(ex)144 304.8 S(ample.).15 E F1
(tab\255insert \(C\255v T)108 316.8 Q(AB\))-.9 E F0
(Insert a tab character)144 328.8 Q(.)-.55 E F1
(self\255insert \(a, b, A, 1, !, ...\))108 340.8 Q F0
(Insert the character typed.)144 352.8 Q F1
(transpose\255chars \(C\255t\))108 364.8 Q F0 .321
(Drag the character before point forw)144 376.8 R .321(ard o)-.1 F -.15
(ve)-.15 G 2.821(rt).15 G .321(he character at point, mo)-2.821 F .322
(ving point forw)-.15 F .322(ard as well.)-.1 F 1.182
(If point is at the end of the line, then this transposes the tw)144
388.8 R 3.682(oc)-.1 G 1.182(haracters before point.)-3.682 F(Ne)6.182 E
-.05(ga)-.15 G(ti).05 E -.15(ve)-.25 G(ar)144 400.8 Q(guments ha)-.18 E
.3 -.15(ve n)-.2 H 2.5(oe).15 G -.25(ff)-2.5 G(ect.).25 E F1
(transpose\255w)108 412.8 Q(ords \(M\255t\))-.1 E F0 .023(Drag the w)144
424.8 R .023(ord before point past the w)-.1 F .023(ord after point, mo)
-.1 F .023(ving point o)-.15 F -.15(ve)-.15 G 2.524(rt).15 G .024(hat w)
-2.524 F .024(ord as well.)-.1 F .024(If point)5.024 F
(is at the end of the line, this transposes the last tw)144 436.8 Q 2.5
(ow)-.1 G(ords on the line.)-2.6 E F1(upcase\255w)108 448.8 Q
(ord \(M\255u\))-.1 E F0 1.699(Uppercase the current \(or follo)144
460.8 R 1.698(wing\) w)-.25 F 4.198(ord. W)-.1 F 1.698(ith a ne)-.4 F
-.05(ga)-.15 G(ti).05 E 1.998 -.15(ve a)-.25 H -.18(rg).15 G 1.698
(ument, uppercase the pre).18 F(vious)-.25 E -.1(wo)144 472.8 S(rd, b).1
E(ut do not mo)-.2 E .3 -.15(ve p)-.15 H(oint.).15 E F1(do)108 484.8 Q
(wncase\255w)-.1 E(ord \(M\255l\))-.1 E F0(Lo)144 496.8 Q 1.647
(wercase the current \(or follo)-.25 F 1.647(wing\) w)-.25 F 4.147
(ord. W)-.1 F 1.648(ith a ne)-.4 F -.05(ga)-.15 G(ti).05 E 1.948 -.15
(ve a)-.25 H -.18(rg).15 G 1.648(ument, lo).18 F 1.648(wercase the pre)
-.25 F(vious)-.25 E -.1(wo)144 508.8 S(rd, b).1 E(ut do not mo)-.2 E .3
-.15(ve p)-.15 H(oint.).15 E F1(capitalize\255w)108 520.8 Q
(ord \(M\255c\))-.1 E F0 1.975(Capitalize the current \(or follo)144
532.8 R 1.974(wing\) w)-.25 F 4.474(ord. W)-.1 F 1.974(ith a ne)-.4 F
-.05(ga)-.15 G(ti).05 E 2.274 -.15(ve a)-.25 H -.18(rg).15 G 1.974
(ument, capitalize the pre).18 F(vious)-.25 E -.1(wo)144 544.8 S(rd, b)
.1 E(ut do not mo)-.2 E .3 -.15(ve p)-.15 H(oint.).15 E F1 -.1(ove)108
556.8 S(rwrite\255mode).1 E F0 -.8(To)144 568.8 S .437(ggle o).8 F -.15
(ve)-.15 G .437(rwrite mode.).15 F -.4(Wi)5.437 G .437(th an e).4 F .437
(xplicit positi)-.15 F .738 -.15(ve n)-.25 H .438(umeric ar).15 F .438
(gument, switches to o)-.18 F -.15(ve)-.15 G .438(rwrite mode.).15 F -.4
(Wi)144 580.8 S .781(th an e).4 F .781(xplicit non-positi)-.15 F 1.081
-.15(ve n)-.25 H .781(umeric ar).15 F .781
(gument, switches to insert mode.)-.18 F .78(This command af)5.781 F
(fects)-.25 E(only)144 592.8 Q F1(emacs)4.394 E F0(mode;)4.394 E F1(vi)
4.394 E F0 1.894(mode does o)4.394 F -.15(ve)-.15 G 1.894(rwrite dif).15
F(ferently)-.25 E 6.894(.E)-.65 G 1.894(ach call to)-6.894 F F4 -.37(re)
4.395 G(adline\(\)).37 E F0 1.895(starts in insert)4.395 F 3.969
(mode. In)144 604.8 R -.15(ove)3.969 G 1.469
(rwrite mode, characters bound to).15 F F1(self\255insert)3.969 E F0
1.468(replace the te)3.969 F 1.468(xt at point rather than)-.15 F .957
(pushing the te)144 616.8 R .957(xt to the right.)-.15 F .958
(Characters bound to)5.957 F F1(backward\255delete\255char)3.458 E F0
.958(replace the character)3.458 F(before point with a space.)144 628.8
Q(By def)5 E(ault, this command is unbound.)-.1 E F1(Killing and Y)87
645.6 Q(anking)-.85 E(kill\255line \(C\255k\))108 657.6 Q F0
(Kill the te)144 669.6 Q(xt from point to the end of the line.)-.15 E F1
(backward\255kill\255line \(C\255x Rubout\))108 681.6 Q F0(Kill backw)
144 693.6 Q(ard to the be)-.1 E(ginning of the line.)-.15 E F1
(unix\255line\255discard \(C\255u\))108 705.6 Q F0(Kill backw)144 717.6
Q(ard from point to the be)-.1 E(ginning of the line.)-.15 E
(The killed te)5 E(xt is sa)-.15 E -.15(ve)-.2 G 2.5(do).15 G 2.5(nt)
-2.5 G(he kill-ring.)-2.5 E(GNU Bash-3.2)72 768 Q(2008 April 5)148.455 E
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/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 389.54(SH\(1\) B).35 F(ASH\(1\))
-.35 E/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(kill\255whole\255line)108 84 Q F0
(Kill all characters on the current line, no matter where point is.)144
96 Q F1(kill\255w)108 108 Q(ord \(M\255d\))-.1 E F0 .729
(Kill from point to the end of the current w)144 120 R .728
(ord, or if between w)-.1 F .728(ords, to the end of the ne)-.1 F .728
(xt w)-.15 F(ord.)-.1 E -.8(Wo)144 132 S
(rd boundaries are the same as those used by).8 E F1 -.25(fo)2.5 G
(rward\255w).25 E(ord)-.1 E F0(.)A F1(backward\255kill\255w)108 144 Q
(ord \(M\255Rubout\))-.1 E F0(Kill the w)144 156 Q(ord behind point.)-.1
E -.8(Wo)5 G(rd boundaries are the same as those used by).8 E F1
(backward\255w)2.5 E(ord)-.1 E F0(.)A F1(unix\255w)108 168 Q
(ord\255rubout \(C\255w\))-.1 E F0 .364(Kill the w)144 180 R .364
(ord behind point, using white space as a w)-.1 F .365(ord boundary)-.1
F 5.365(.T)-.65 G .365(he killed te)-5.365 F .365(xt is sa)-.15 F -.15
(ve)-.2 G 2.865(do).15 G 2.865(nt)-2.865 G(he)-2.865 E(kill-ring.)144
192 Q F1(unix\255\214lename\255rubout)108 204 Q F0 .167(Kill the w)144
216 R .166
(ord behind point, using white space and the slash character as the w)
-.1 F .166(ord boundaries.)-.1 F(The)5.166 E(killed te)144 228 Q
(xt is sa)-.15 E -.15(ve)-.2 G 2.5(do).15 G 2.5(nt)-2.5 G(he kill-ring.)
-2.5 E F1(delete\255horizontal\255space \(M\255\\\))108 240 Q F0
(Delete all spaces and tabs around point.)144 252 Q F1(kill\255r)108 264
Q(egion)-.18 E F0(Kill the te)144 276 Q(xt in the current re)-.15 E
(gion.)-.15 E F1(copy\255r)108 288 Q(egion\255as\255kill)-.18 E F0(Cop)
144 300 Q 2.5(yt)-.1 G(he te)-2.5 E(xt in the re)-.15 E
(gion to the kill b)-.15 E(uf)-.2 E(fer)-.25 E(.)-.55 E F1
(copy\255backward\255w)108 312 Q(ord)-.1 E F0(Cop)144 324 Q 4.8(yt)-.1 G
2.3(he w)-4.8 F 2.3(ord before point to the kill b)-.1 F(uf)-.2 E(fer)
-.25 E 7.301(.T)-.55 G 2.301(he w)-7.301 F 2.301
(ord boundaries are the same as)-.1 F F1(back-)4.801 E(ward\255w)144 336
Q(ord)-.1 E F0(.)A F1(copy\255f)108 348 Q(orward\255w)-.25 E(ord)-.1 E
F0(Cop)144 360 Q 4.508(yt)-.1 G 2.008(he w)-4.508 F 2.008(ord follo)-.1
F 2.008(wing point to the kill b)-.25 F(uf)-.2 E(fer)-.25 E 7.007(.T)
-.55 G 2.007(he w)-7.007 F 2.007(ord boundaries are the same as)-.1 F F1
-.25(fo)4.507 G -.37(r-).25 G(ward\255w)144 372 Q(ord)-.1 E F0(.)A F1
(yank \(C\255y\))108 384 Q F0 -1(Ya)144 396 S
(nk the top of the kill ring into the b)1 E(uf)-.2 E(fer at point.)-.25
E F1(yank\255pop \(M\255y\))108 408 Q F0
(Rotate the kill ring, and yank the ne)144 420 Q 2.5(wt)-.25 G 2.5
(op. Only)-2.5 F -.1(wo)2.5 G(rks follo).1 E(wing)-.25 E F1(yank)2.5 E
F0(or)2.5 E F1(yank\255pop)2.5 E F0(.)A F1(Numeric Ar)87 436.8 Q
(guments)-.1 E(digit\255ar)108 448.8 Q
(gument \(M\2550, M\2551, ..., M\255\255\))-.1 E F0 .641
(Add this digit to the ar)144 460.8 R .641
(gument already accumulating, or start a ne)-.18 F 3.141(wa)-.25 G -.18
(rg)-3.141 G 3.142(ument. M\255\255).18 F .642(starts a ne)3.142 F(g-)
-.15 E(ati)144 472.8 Q .3 -.15(ve a)-.25 H -.18(rg).15 G(ument.).18 E F1
(uni)108 484.8 Q -.1(ve)-.1 G(rsal\255ar).1 E(gument)-.1 E F0 .779
(This is another w)144 496.8 R .779(ay to specify an ar)-.1 F 3.279
(gument. If)-.18 F .779(this command is follo)3.279 F .778
(wed by one or more digits,)-.25 F 1.376
(optionally with a leading minus sign, those digits de\214ne the ar)144
508.8 R 3.876(gument. If)-.18 F 1.376(the command is fol-)3.876 F(lo)144
520.8 Q 1.17(wed by digits, e)-.25 F -.15(xe)-.15 G(cuting).15 E F1(uni)
3.67 E -.1(ve)-.1 G(rsal\255ar).1 E(gument)-.1 E F0(ag)3.67 E 1.17
(ain ends the numeric ar)-.05 F 1.17(gument, b)-.18 F 1.17(ut is other)
-.2 F(-)-.2 E .898(wise ignored.)144 532.8 R .898
(As a special case, if this command is immediately follo)5.898 F .898
(wed by a character that is)-.25 F .243
(neither a digit or minus sign, the ar)144 544.8 R .243
(gument count for the ne)-.18 F .243(xt command is multiplied by four)
-.15 F 5.242(.T)-.55 G(he)-5.242 E(ar)144 556.8 Q .378
(gument count is initially one, so e)-.18 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .378
(cuting this function the \214rst time mak).15 F .378(es the ar)-.1 F
.378(gument count)-.18 F(four)144 568.8 Q 2.5(,as)-.4 G(econd time mak)
-2.5 E(es the ar)-.1 E(gument count sixteen, and so on.)-.18 E F1
(Completing)87 585.6 Q(complete \(T)108 597.6 Q(AB\))-.9 E F0 1.137
(Attempt to perform completion on the te)144 609.6 R 1.137
(xt before point.)-.15 F F1(Bash)6.137 E F0 1.137
(attempts completion treating the)3.637 F(te)144 621.6 Q .532(xt as a v)
-.15 F .532(ariable \(if the te)-.25 F .532(xt be)-.15 F .533(gins with)
-.15 F F1($)3.033 E F0 .533(\), username \(if the te)B .533(xt be)-.15 F
.533(gins with)-.15 F F1(~)3.033 E F0 .533(\), hostname \(if the)B(te)
144 633.6 Q .702(xt be)-.15 F .702(gins with)-.15 F F1(@)3.202 E F0 .701
(\), or command \(including aliases and functions\) in turn.)B .701
(If none of these pro-)5.701 F
(duces a match, \214lename completion is attempted.)144 645.6 Q F1
(possible\255completions \(M\255?\))108 657.6 Q F0
(List the possible completions of the te)144 669.6 Q(xt before point.)
-.15 E F1(insert\255completions \(M\255*\))108 681.6 Q F0 .783
(Insert all completions of the te)144 693.6 R .783
(xt before point that w)-.15 F .783(ould ha)-.1 F 1.083 -.15(ve b)-.2 H
.783(een generated by).15 F F1(possible\255com-)3.283 E(pletions)144
705.6 Q F0(.)A(GNU Bash-3.2)72 768 Q(2008 April 5)148.455 E(39)198.445 E
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/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 389.54(SH\(1\) B).35 F(ASH\(1\))
-.35 E/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(menu\255complete)108 84 Q F0 .929
(Similar to)144 96 R F1(complete)3.429 E F0 3.429(,b)C .929
(ut replaces the w)-3.629 F .929
(ord to be completed with a single match from the list of)-.1 F 1.193
(possible completions.)144 108 R 1.193(Repeated e)6.193 F -.15(xe)-.15 G
1.193(cution of).15 F F1(menu\255complete)3.694 E F0 1.194
(steps through the list of possible)3.694 F .829
(completions, inserting each match in turn.)144 120 R .828
(At the end of the list of completions, the bell is rung)5.828 F .727
(\(subject to the setting of)144 132 R F1(bell\255style)3.227 E F0 3.227
(\)a)C .727(nd the original te)-3.227 F .727(xt is restored.)-.15 F .727
(An ar)5.727 F .727(gument of)-.18 F/F2 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(n)3.227 E
F0(mo)3.227 E -.15(ve)-.15 G(s).15 E F2(n)3.228 E F0 1.73
(positions forw)144 144 R 1.73(ard in the list of matches; a ne)-.1 F
-.05(ga)-.15 G(ti).05 E 2.03 -.15(ve a)-.25 H -.18(rg).15 G 1.73
(ument may be used to mo).18 F 2.03 -.15(ve b)-.15 H(ackw).15 E(ard)-.1
E(through the list.)144 156 Q(This command is intended to be bound to)5
E F1 -.9(TA)2.5 G(B).9 E F0 2.5(,b)C(ut is unbound by def)-2.7 E(ault.)
-.1 E F1(delete\255char\255or\255list)108 168 Q F0 .234
(Deletes the character under the cursor if not at the be)144 180 R .234
(ginning or end of the line \(lik)-.15 F(e)-.1 E F1(delete\255char)2.735
E F0(\).)A .425(If at the end of the line, beha)144 192 R -.15(ve)-.2 G
2.925(si).15 G .425(dentically to)-2.925 F F1(possible\255completions)
2.925 E F0 5.425(.T)C .425(his command is unbound)-5.425 F(by def)144
204 Q(ault.)-.1 E F1(complete\255\214lename \(M\255/\))108 216 Q F0
(Attempt \214lename completion on the te)144 228 Q(xt before point.)-.15
E F1(possible\255\214lename\255completions \(C\255x /\))108 240 Q F0
(List the possible completions of the te)144 252 Q
(xt before point, treating it as a \214lename.)-.15 E F1
(complete\255user)108 264 Q(name \(M\255~\))-.15 E F0
(Attempt completion on the te)144 276 Q
(xt before point, treating it as a username.)-.15 E F1(possible\255user)
108 288 Q(name\255completions \(C\255x ~\))-.15 E F0
(List the possible completions of the te)144 300 Q
(xt before point, treating it as a username.)-.15 E F1(complete\255v)108
312 Q(ariable \(M\255$\))-.1 E F0(Attempt completion on the te)144 324 Q
(xt before point, treating it as a shell v)-.15 E(ariable.)-.25 E F1
(possible\255v)108 336 Q(ariable\255completions \(C\255x $\))-.1 E F0
(List the possible completions of the te)144 348 Q
(xt before point, treating it as a shell v)-.15 E(ariable.)-.25 E F1
(complete\255hostname \(M\255@\))108 360 Q F0
(Attempt completion on the te)144 372 Q
(xt before point, treating it as a hostname.)-.15 E F1
(possible\255hostname\255completions \(C\255x @\))108 384 Q F0
(List the possible completions of the te)144 396 Q
(xt before point, treating it as a hostname.)-.15 E F1
(complete\255command \(M\255!\))108 408 Q F0 .58
(Attempt completion on the te)144 420 R .581
(xt before point, treating it as a command name.)-.15 F .581
(Command comple-)5.581 F .715(tion attempts to match the te)144 432 R
.715(xt ag)-.15 F .715(ainst aliases, reserv)-.05 F .715(ed w)-.15 F
.715(ords, shell functions, shell b)-.1 F .715(uiltins, and)-.2 F
(\214nally e)144 444 Q -.15(xe)-.15 G
(cutable \214lenames, in that order).15 E(.)-.55 E F1
(possible\255command\255completions \(C\255x !\))108 456 Q F0
(List the possible completions of the te)144 468 Q
(xt before point, treating it as a command name.)-.15 E F1
(dynamic\255complete\255history \(M\255T)108 480 Q(AB\))-.9 E F0 .424
(Attempt completion on the te)144 492 R .425
(xt before point, comparing the te)-.15 F .425(xt ag)-.15 F .425
(ainst lines from the history list)-.05 F
(for possible completion matches.)144 504 Q F1
(complete\255into\255braces \(M\255{\))108 516 Q F0 .4(Perform \214lena\
me completion and insert the list of possible completions enclosed with\
in braces so)144 528 R(the list is a)144 540 Q -.25(va)-.2 G
(ilable to the shell \(see).25 E F1(Brace Expansion)2.5 E F0(abo)2.5 E
-.15(ve)-.15 G(\).).15 E F1 -.25(Ke)87 556.8 S(yboard Macr).25 E(os)-.18
E(start\255kbd\255macr)108 568.8 Q 2.5(o\()-.18 G(C\255x \()-2.5 E(\))
.833 E F0(Be)144 580.8 Q(gin sa)-.15 E
(ving the characters typed into the current k)-.2 E -.15(ey)-.1 G
(board macro.).15 E F1(end\255kbd\255macr)108 592.8 Q 2.5(o\()-.18 G
(C\255x \))-2.5 E(\)).833 E F0(Stop sa)144 604.8 Q
(ving the characters typed into the current k)-.2 E -.15(ey)-.1 G
(board macro and store the de\214nition.).15 E F1
(call\255last\255kbd\255macr)108 616.8 Q 2.5(o\()-.18 G(C\255x e\))-2.5
E F0(Re-e)144 628.8 Q -.15(xe)-.15 G .999(cute the last k).15 F -.15(ey)
-.1 G .999(board macro de\214ned, by making the characters in the macro\
 appear as if).15 F(typed at the k)144 640.8 Q -.15(ey)-.1 G(board.).15
E F1(Miscellaneous)87 657.6 Q -.18(re)108 669.6 S<ad72>.18 E
(ead\255init\255\214le \(C\255x C\255r\))-.18 E F0 1.777
(Read in the contents of the)144 681.6 R F2(inputr)4.277 E(c)-.37 E F0
1.776(\214le, and incorporate an)4.276 F 4.276(yb)-.15 G 1.776
(indings or v)-4.276 F 1.776(ariable assignments)-.25 F(found there.)144
693.6 Q F1(abort \(C\255g\))108 705.6 Q F0 3.248
(Abort the current editing command and ring the terminal')144 717.6 R
5.749(sb)-.55 G 3.249(ell \(subject to the setting of)-5.749 F F1
(bell\255style)144 729.6 Q F0(\).)A(GNU Bash-3.2)72 768 Q(2008 April 5)
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/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 389.54(SH\(1\) B).35 F(ASH\(1\))
-.35 E/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(do\255upper)108 84 Q(case\255v)-.18 E
(ersion \(M\255a, M\255b, M\255)-.1 E/F2 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(x)A F1 2.5
(,.)C(..\))-2.5 E F0 1.756(If the meta\214ed character)144 96 R F2(x)
4.256 E F0 1.755(is lo)4.256 F 1.755
(wercase, run the command that is bound to the corresponding)-.25 F
(uppercase character)144 108 Q(.)-.55 E F1(pr)108 120 Q
(e\214x\255meta \(ESC\))-.18 E F0(Metafy the ne)144 132 Q
(xt character typed.)-.15 E/F3 9/Times-Bold@0 SF(ESC)5 E F1(f)2.25 E F0
(is equi)2.5 E -.25(va)-.25 G(lent to).25 E F1(Meta\255f)2.5 E F0(.)A F1
(undo \(C\255_, C\255x C\255u\))108 144 Q F0
(Incremental undo, separately remembered for each line.)144 156 Q F1
-2.29 -.18(re v)108 168 T(ert\255line \(M\255r\)).08 E F0 1.095
(Undo all changes made to this line.)144 180 R 1.095(This is lik)6.095 F
3.595(ee)-.1 G -.15(xe)-3.745 G 1.095(cuting the).15 F F1(undo)3.595 E
F0 1.095(command enough times to)3.595 F
(return the line to its initial state.)144 192 Q F1
(tilde\255expand \(M\255&\))108 204 Q F0(Perform tilde e)144 216 Q
(xpansion on the current w)-.15 E(ord.)-.1 E F1
(set\255mark \(C\255@, M\255<space>\))108 228 Q F0
(Set the mark to the point.)144 240 Q(If a numeric ar)5 E
(gument is supplied, the mark is set to that position.)-.18 E F1
(exchange\255point\255and\255mark \(C\255x C\255x\))108 252 Q F0(Sw)144
264 Q .283(ap the point with the mark.)-.1 F .283
(The current cursor position is set to the sa)5.283 F -.15(ve)-.2 G
2.782(dp).15 G .282(osition, and the old)-2.782 F(cursor position is sa)
144 276 Q -.15(ve)-.2 G 2.5(da).15 G 2.5(st)-2.5 G(he mark.)-2.5 E F1
(character\255sear)108 288 Q(ch \(C\255]\))-.18 E F0 3.035(Ac)144 300 S
.535(haracter is read and point is mo)-3.035 F -.15(ve)-.15 G 3.035(dt)
.15 G 3.035(ot)-3.035 G .535(he ne)-3.035 F .535
(xt occurrence of that character)-.15 F 5.536(.A)-.55 G(ne)-2.5 E -.05
(ga)-.15 G(ti).05 E .836 -.15(ve c)-.25 H(ount).15 E(searches for pre)
144 312 Q(vious occurrences.)-.25 E F1(character\255sear)108 324 Q
(ch\255backward \(M\255C\255]\))-.18 E F0 3.544(Ac)144 336 S 1.044
(haracter is read and point is mo)-3.544 F -.15(ve)-.15 G 3.544(dt).15 G
3.544(ot)-3.544 G 1.044(he pre)-3.544 F 1.044
(vious occurrence of that character)-.25 F 6.043(.A)-.55 G(ne)-2.5 E
-.05(ga)-.15 G(ti).05 E -.15(ve)-.25 G
(count searches for subsequent occurrences.)144 348 Q F1
(insert\255comment \(M\255#\))108 360 Q F0 -.4(Wi)144 372 S .48
(thout a numeric ar).4 F .48(gument, the v)-.18 F .481
(alue of the readline)-.25 F F1(comment\255begin)2.981 E F0 -.25(va)
2.981 G .481(riable is inserted at the).25 F(be)144 384 Q .098
(ginning of the current line.)-.15 F .098(If a numeric ar)5.098 F .097
(gument is supplied, this command acts as a toggle:)-.18 F(if)5.097 E
.321(the characters at the be)144 396 R .321
(ginning of the line do not match the v)-.15 F .321(alue of)-.25 F F1
(comment\255begin)2.821 E F0 2.822(,t)C .322(he v)-2.822 F .322(alue is)
-.25 F 1.014(inserted, otherwise the characters in)144 408 R F1
(comment-begin)3.514 E F0 1.014(are deleted from the be)3.514 F 1.013
(ginning of the line.)-.15 F 1.468
(In either case, the line is accepted as if a ne)144 420 R 1.468
(wline had been typed.)-.25 F 1.469(The def)6.469 F 1.469(ault v)-.1 F
1.469(alue of)-.25 F F1(com-)3.969 E(ment\255begin)144 432 Q F0 .84
(causes this command to mak)3.34 F 3.339(et)-.1 G .839
(he current line a shell comment.)-3.339 F .839(If a numeric ar)5.839 F
(gu-)-.18 E(ment causes the comment character to be remo)144 444 Q -.15
(ve)-.15 G(d, the line will be e).15 E -.15(xe)-.15 G
(cuted by the shell.).15 E F1(glob\255complete\255w)108 456 Q
(ord \(M\255g\))-.1 E F0 .791(The w)144 468 R .791
(ord before point is treated as a pattern for pathname e)-.1 F .792
(xpansion, with an asterisk implicitly)-.15 F 2.5(appended. This)144 480
R(pattern is used to generate a list of matching \214le names for possi\
ble completions.)2.5 E F1(glob\255expand\255w)108 492 Q
(ord \(C\255x *\))-.1 E F0 .372(The w)144 504 R .372
(ord before point is treated as a pattern for pathname e)-.1 F .371
(xpansion, and the list of matching \214le)-.15 F .516
(names is inserted, replacing the w)144 516 R 3.016(ord. If)-.1 F 3.016
(an)3.016 G .516(umeric ar)-3.016 F .516
(gument is supplied, an asterisk is appended)-.18 F(before pathname e)
144 528 Q(xpansion.)-.15 E F1(glob\255list\255expansions \(C\255x g\))
108 540 Q F0 .923(The list of e)144 552 R .923(xpansions that w)-.15 F
.923(ould ha)-.1 F 1.223 -.15(ve b)-.2 H .923(een generated by).15 F F1
(glob\255expand\255w)3.423 E(ord)-.1 E F0 .923(is displayed, and)3.423 F
.872(the line is redra)144 564 R 3.372(wn. If)-.15 F 3.372(an)3.372 G
.872(umeric ar)-3.372 F .872
(gument is supplied, an asterisk is appended before pathname)-.18 F -.15
(ex)144 576 S(pansion.).15 E F1(dump\255functions)108 588 Q F0 .627
(Print all of the functions and their k)144 600 R .927 -.15(ey b)-.1 H
.626(indings to the readline output stream.).15 F .626(If a numeric ar)
5.626 F(gu-)-.18 E
(ment is supplied, the output is formatted in such a w)144 612 Q
(ay that it can be made part of an)-.1 E F2(inputr)2.5 E(c)-.37 E F0
(\214le.)2.5 E F1(dump\255v)108 624 Q(ariables)-.1 E F0 1.799
(Print all of the settable readline v)144 636 R 1.799
(ariables and their v)-.25 F 1.8(alues to the readline output stream.)
-.25 F 1.8(If a)6.8 F .305(numeric ar)144 648 R .304
(gument is supplied, the output is formatted in such a w)-.18 F .304
(ay that it can be made part of an)-.1 F F2(inputr)144 660 Q(c)-.37 E F0
(\214le.)2.5 E F1(dump\255macr)108 672 Q(os)-.18 E F0 .592
(Print all of the readline k)144 684 R .892 -.15(ey s)-.1 H .592
(equences bound to macros and the strings the).15 F 3.093(yo)-.15 G
3.093(utput. If)-3.093 F 3.093(an)3.093 G(umeric)-3.093 E(ar)144 696 Q
.528(gument is supplied, the output is formatted in such a w)-.18 F .528
(ay that it can be made part of an)-.1 F F2(inputr)3.027 E(c)-.37 E F0
(\214le.)144 708 Q(GNU Bash-3.2)72 768 Q(2008 April 5)148.455 E(41)
198.445 E 0 Cg EP
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/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 389.54(SH\(1\) B).35 F(ASH\(1\))
-.35 E/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(display\255shell\255v)108 84 Q
(ersion \(C\255x C\255v\))-.1 E F0(Display v)144 96 Q
(ersion information about the current instance of)-.15 E F1(bash)2.5 E
F0(.)A F1(Pr)87 112.8 Q(ogrammable Completion)-.18 E F0 .146(When w)108
124.8 R .147(ord completion is attempted for an ar)-.1 F .147
(gument to a command for which a completion speci\214cation \(a)-.18 F
/F2 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(compspec)108 136.8 Q F0 3.829(\)h)C 1.329
(as been de\214ned using the)-3.829 F F1(complete)3.829 E F0 -.2(bu)
3.829 G 1.329(iltin \(see).2 F/F3 9/Times-Bold@0 SF 1.329(SHELL B)3.829
F(UIL)-.09 E 1.329(TIN COMMANDS)-.828 F F0(belo)3.579 E 1.328(w\), the)
-.25 F(programmable completion f)108 148.8 Q(acilities are in)-.1 E -.2
(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G(d.).1 E .333
(First, the command name is identi\214ed.)108 165.6 R .334
(If a compspec has been de\214ned for that command, the compspec is)
5.333 F .587
(used to generate the list of possible completions for the w)108 177.6 R
3.087(ord. If)-.1 F .587(the command w)3.087 F .586
(ord is a full pathname, a)-.1 F 1.18
(compspec for the full pathname is searched for \214rst.)108 189.6 R
1.181(If no compspec is found for the full pathname, an)6.181 F
(attempt is made to \214nd a compspec for the portion follo)108 201.6 Q
(wing the \214nal slash.)-.25 E .817(Once a compspec has been found, it\
 is used to generate the list of matching w)108 218.4 R 3.317(ords. If)
-.1 F 3.317(ac)3.317 G .817(ompspec is not)-3.317 F(found, the def)108
230.4 Q(ault)-.1 E F1(bash)2.5 E F0(completion as described abo)2.5 E .3
-.15(ve u)-.15 H(nder).15 E F1(Completing)2.5 E F0(is performed.)2.5 E
.463(First, the actions speci\214ed by the compspec are used.)108 247.2
R .464(Only matches which are pre\214x)5.464 F .464(ed by the w)-.15 F
.464(ord being)-.1 F .596(completed are returned.)108 259.2 R .596
(When the)5.596 F F1<ad66>3.096 E F0(or)3.095 E F1<ad64>3.095 E F0 .595
(option is used for \214lename or directory name completion, the)3.095 F
(shell v)108 271.2 Q(ariable)-.25 E F3(FIGNORE)2.5 E F0
(is used to \214lter the matches.)2.25 E(An)108 288 Q 2.585(yc)-.15 G
.085(ompletions speci\214ed by a \214lename e)-2.585 F .085
(xpansion pattern to the)-.15 F F1<ad47>2.585 E F0 .085
(option are generated ne)2.585 F 2.585(xt. The)-.15 F -.1(wo)2.585 G
(rds).1 E .844(generated by the pattern need not match the w)108 300 R
.844(ord being completed.)-.1 F(The)5.844 E F3(GLOBIGNORE)3.343 E F0
.843(shell v)3.093 F .843(ariable is)-.25 F
(not used to \214lter the matches, b)108 312 Q(ut the)-.2 E F3(FIGNORE)
2.5 E F0 -.25(va)2.25 G(riable is used.).25 E(Ne)108 328.8 Q .32
(xt, the string speci\214ed as the ar)-.15 F .32(gument to the)-.18 F F1
<ad57>2.82 E F0 .321(option is considered.)2.821 F .321
(The string is \214rst split using the)5.321 F .413(characters in the)
108 340.8 R F3(IFS)2.913 E F0 .412(special v)2.663 F .412
(ariable as delimiters.)-.25 F .412(Shell quoting is honored.)5.412 F
.412(Each w)5.412 F .412(ord is then e)-.1 F(xpanded)-.15 E .091
(using brace e)108 352.8 R .091(xpansion, tilde e)-.15 F .092
(xpansion, parameter and v)-.15 F .092(ariable e)-.25 F .092
(xpansion, command substitution, and arith-)-.15 F 1.397(metic e)108
364.8 R 1.396(xpansion, as described abo)-.15 F 1.696 -.15(ve u)-.15 H
(nder).15 E F3(EXP)3.896 E(ANSION)-.666 E/F4 9/Times-Roman@0 SF(.)A F0
1.396(The results are split using the rules described)5.896 F(abo)108
376.8 Q .509 -.15(ve u)-.15 H(nder).15 E F1 -.75(Wo)2.709 G .209
(rd Splitting).75 F F0 5.209(.T)C .209(he results of the e)-5.209 F .209
(xpansion are pre\214x-matched ag)-.15 F .21(ainst the w)-.05 F .21
(ord being com-)-.1 F(pleted, and the matching w)108 388.8 Q
(ords become the possible completions.)-.1 E 1.238
(After these matches ha)108 405.6 R 1.538 -.15(ve b)-.2 H 1.238
(een generated, an).15 F 3.738(ys)-.15 G 1.237
(hell function or command speci\214ed with the)-3.738 F F1<ad46>3.737 E
F0(and)3.737 E F1<ad43>3.737 E F0 3.375(options is in)108 417.6 R -.2
(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G 5.875(d. When).1 F 3.375
(the command or function is in)5.875 F -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G 3.375
(d, the).1 F F3(COMP_LINE)5.876 E F4(,)A F3(COMP_POINT)5.626 E F4(,)A F3
(COMP_KEY)108 429.6 Q F4(,)A F0(and)2.408 E F3(COMP_TYPE)2.658 E F0 -.25
(va)2.408 G .157(riables are assigned v).25 F .157
(alues as described abo)-.25 F .457 -.15(ve u)-.15 H(nder).15 E F1 .157
(Shell V)2.657 F(ariables)-.92 E F0 5.157(.I)C(f)-5.157 E 3.485(as)108
441.6 S .986(hell function is being in)-3.485 F -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G
.986(d, the).1 F F3(COMP_W)3.486 E(ORDS)-.09 E F0(and)3.236 E F3
(COMP_CW)3.486 E(ORD)-.09 E F0 -.25(va)3.236 G .986
(riables are also set.).25 F(When)5.986 E .609
(the function or command is in)108 453.6 R -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G .608
(d, the \214rst ar).1 F .608(gument is the name of the command whose ar)
-.18 F .608(guments are)-.18 F .073(being completed, the second ar)108
465.6 R .073(gument is the w)-.18 F .073
(ord being completed, and the third ar)-.1 F .073(gument is the w)-.18 F
.073(ord pre-)-.1 F .608(ceding the w)108 477.6 R .607
(ord being completed on the current command line.)-.1 F .607
(No \214ltering of the generated completions)5.607 F(ag)108 489.6 Q .093
(ainst the w)-.05 F .093(ord being completed is performed; the function\
 or command has complete freedom in generat-)-.1 F(ing the matches.)108
501.6 Q(An)108 518.4 Q 2.938(yf)-.15 G .437(unction speci\214ed with)
-2.938 F F1<ad46>2.937 E F0 .437(is in)2.937 F -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G
2.937<648c>.1 G 2.937(rst. The)-2.937 F .437(function may use an)2.937 F
2.937(yo)-.15 G 2.937(ft)-2.937 G .437(he shell f)-2.937 F .437
(acilities, including)-.1 F(the)108 530.4 Q F1(compgen)2.956 E F0 -.2
(bu)2.956 G .456(iltin described belo).2 F 1.756 -.65(w, t)-.25 H 2.956
(og).65 G .456(enerate the matches.)-2.956 F .457
(It must put the possible completions in the)5.456 F F3(COMPREPL)108
542.4 Q(Y)-.828 E F0(array v)2.25 E(ariable.)-.25 E(Ne)108 559.2 Q .081
(xt, an)-.15 F 2.581(yc)-.15 G .081(ommand speci\214ed with the)-2.581 F
F1<ad43>2.581 E F0 .081(option is in)2.581 F -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G
2.581(di).1 G 2.58(na)-2.581 G 2.58(ne)-2.58 G -.4(nv)-2.58 G .08
(ironment equi).4 F -.25(va)-.25 G .08(lent to command sub-).25 F 2.858
(stitution. It)108 571.2 R .359(should print a list of completions, one\
 per line, to the standard output.)2.858 F .359(Backslash may be used)
5.359 F(to escape a ne)108 583.2 Q(wline, if necessary)-.25 E(.)-.65 E
.377(After all of the possible completions are generated, an)108 600 R
2.877<798c>-.15 G .377(lter speci\214ed with the)-2.877 F F1<ad58>2.876
E F0 .376(option is applied to the)2.876 F 3.181(list. The)108 612 R
.681(\214lter is a pattern as used for pathname e)3.181 F .681
(xpansion; a)-.15 F F1(&)3.181 E F0 .682
(in the pattern is replaced with the te)3.182 F .682(xt of)-.15 F .523
(the w)108 624 R .523(ord being completed.)-.1 F 3.023(Al)5.523 G
(iteral)-3.023 E F1(&)3.023 E F0 .522
(may be escaped with a backslash; the backslash is remo)3.022 F -.15(ve)
-.15 G 3.022(db).15 G(efore)-3.022 E .849(attempting a match.)108 636 R
(An)5.849 E 3.349(yc)-.15 G .849
(ompletion that matches the pattern will be remo)-3.349 F -.15(ve)-.15 G
3.35(df).15 G .85(rom the list.)-3.35 F 3.35(Al)5.85 G(eading)-3.35 E F1
(!)3.35 E F0(ne)108 648 Q -.05(ga)-.15 G
(tes the pattern; in this case an).05 E 2.5(yc)-.15 G
(ompletion not matching the pattern will be remo)-2.5 E -.15(ve)-.15 G
(d.).15 E(Finally)108 664.8 Q 3.087(,a)-.65 G .887 -.15(ny p)-3.087 H
.587(re\214x and suf).15 F .587(\214x speci\214ed with the)-.25 F F1
<ad50>3.087 E F0(and)3.087 E F1<ad53>3.087 E F0 .587
(options are added to each member of the com-)3.087 F(pletion list, and\
 the result is returned to the readline completion code as the list of \
possible completions.)108 676.8 Q .246(If the pre)108 693.6 R .247
(viously-applied actions do not generate an)-.25 F 2.747(ym)-.15 G .247
(atches, and the)-2.747 F F1 .247(\255o dir)2.747 F(names)-.15 E F0 .247
(option w)2.747 F .247(as supplied to)-.1 F F1(complete)108 705.6 Q F0
(when the compspec w)2.5 E
(as de\214ned, directory name completion is attempted.)-.1 E 2.03
(If the)108 722.4 R F1 2.03(\255o plusdirs)4.53 F F0 2.03(option w)4.53
F 2.029(as supplied to)-.1 F F1(complete)4.529 E F0 2.029
(when the compspec w)4.529 F 2.029(as de\214ned, directory name)-.1 F
(GNU Bash-3.2)72 768 Q(2008 April 5)148.455 E(42)198.445 E 0 Cg EP
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/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 389.54(SH\(1\) B).35 F(ASH\(1\))
-.35 E(completion is attempted and an)108 84 Q 2.5(ym)-.15 G
(atches are added to the results of the other actions.)-2.5 E .559
(By def)108 100.8 R .559(ault, if a compspec is found, whate)-.1 F -.15
(ve)-.25 G 3.059(ri).15 G 3.059(tg)-3.059 G .56
(enerates is returned to the completion code as the full set)-3.059 F
.632(of possible completions.)108 112.8 R .632(The def)5.632 F(ault)-.1
E/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(bash)3.132 E F0 .631
(completions are not attempted, and the readline def)3.131 F .631
(ault of \214le-)-.1 F .558(name completion is disabled.)108 124.8 R
.558(If the)5.558 F F1 .559(\255o bashdefault)3.059 F F0 .559(option w)
3.059 F .559(as supplied to)-.1 F F1(complete)3.059 E F0 .559
(when the compspec)3.059 F -.1(wa)108 136.8 S 3.172(sd).1 G .672
(e\214ned, the)-3.172 F F1(bash)3.172 E F0(def)3.172 E .671
(ault completions are attempted if the compspec generates no matches.)
-.1 F .671(If the)5.671 F F1<ad6f>3.171 E(default)108 148.8 Q F0 1.207
(option w)3.706 F 1.207(as supplied to)-.1 F F1(complete)3.707 E F0
1.207(when the compspec w)3.707 F 1.207(as de\214ned, readline')-.1 F
3.707(sd)-.55 G(ef)-3.707 E 1.207(ault completion)-.1 F
(will be performed if the compspec \(and, if attempted, the def)108
160.8 Q(ault)-.1 E F1(bash)2.5 E F0(completions\) generate no matches.)
2.5 E .245(When a compspec indicates that directory name completion is \
desired, the programmable completion func-)108 177.6 R .632(tions force\
 readline to append a slash to completed names which are symbolic links\
 to directories, subject)108 189.6 R 2.762(to the v)108 201.6 R 2.762
(alue of the)-.25 F F1(mark\255dir)5.262 E(ectories)-.18 E F0 2.761
(readline v)5.262 F 2.761(ariable, re)-.25 F -.05(ga)-.15 G 2.761
(rdless of the setting of the).05 F F1(mark-sym-)5.261 E(link)108 213.6
Q(ed\255dir)-.1 E(ectories)-.18 E F0(readline v)2.5 E(ariable.)-.25 E/F2
10.95/Times-Bold@0 SF(HIST)72 230.4 Q(OR)-.197 E(Y)-.383 E F0 .371
(When the)108 242.4 R F1 .371(\255o history)2.871 F F0 .371
(option to the)2.871 F F1(set)2.872 E F0 -.2(bu)2.872 G .372
(iltin is enabled, the shell pro).2 F .372(vides access to the)-.15 F/F3
10/Times-Italic@0 SF .372(command history)2.872 F F0(,)A .032
(the list of commands pre)108 254.4 R .031(viously typed.)-.25 F .031
(The v)5.031 F .031(alue of the)-.25 F F1(HISTSIZE)2.531 E F0 -.25(va)
2.531 G .031(riable is used as the number of com-).25 F .429
(mands to sa)108 266.4 R .729 -.15(ve i)-.2 H 2.929(nah).15 G .429
(istory list.)-2.929 F .429(The te)5.429 F .429(xt of the last)-.15 F/F4
9/Times-Bold@0 SF(HISTSIZE)2.93 E F0 .43(commands \(def)2.68 F .43
(ault 500\) is sa)-.1 F -.15(ve)-.2 G 2.93(d. The).15 F(shell)2.93 E
.287(stores each command in the history list prior to parameter and v)
108 278.4 R .287(ariable e)-.25 F .287(xpansion \(see)-.15 F F4(EXP)
2.787 E(ANSION)-.666 E F0(abo)2.537 E -.15(ve)-.15 G(\)).15 E -.2(bu)108
290.4 S 4.065(ta).2 G 1.565(fter history e)-4.065 F 1.565
(xpansion is performed, subject to the v)-.15 F 1.565
(alues of the shell v)-.25 F(ariables)-.25 E F4(HISTIGNORE)4.065 E F0
(and)3.816 E F4(HISTCONTR)108 302.4 Q(OL)-.27 E/F5 9/Times-Roman@0 SF(.)
A F0 .082
(On startup, the history is initialized from the \214le named by the v)
108 319.2 R(ariable)-.25 E F4(HISTFILE)2.582 E F0(\(def)2.332 E(ault)-.1
E F3(~/.bash_history)2.582 E F0(\).)A .315(The \214le named by the v)108
331.2 R .315(alue of)-.25 F F4(HISTFILE)2.815 E F0 .315
(is truncated, if necessary)2.565 F 2.815(,t)-.65 G 2.815(oc)-2.815 G
.315(ontain no more than the number of)-2.815 F .532
(lines speci\214ed by the v)108 343.2 R .532(alue of)-.25 F F4
(HISTFILESIZE)3.032 E F5(.)A F0 .532
(When the history \214le is read, lines be)5.032 F .532
(ginning with the his-)-.15 F 1.158(tory comment character follo)108
355.2 R 1.159(wed immediately by a digit are interpreted as timestamps \
for the preceding)-.25 F .053(history line.)108 367.2 R .053
(These timestamps are optionally displayed depending on the v)5.053 F
.052(alue of the)-.25 F F4(HISTTIMEFORMA)2.552 E(T)-.855 E F0 -.25(va)
108 379.2 S 4.386(riable. When).25 F 1.886(an interacti)4.386 F 2.187
-.15(ve s)-.25 H 1.887(hell e).15 F 1.887(xits, the last)-.15 F F4
($HISTSIZE)4.387 E F0 1.887(lines are copied from the history list to)
4.137 F F4($HISTFILE)108 391.2 Q F5(.)A F0 .056(If the)4.556 F F1
(histappend)2.556 E F0 .056
(shell option is enabled \(see the description of)2.556 F F1(shopt)2.556
E F0(under)2.556 E F4 .056(SHELL B)2.556 F(UIL)-.09 E(TIN)-.828 E
(COMMANDS)108 403.2 Q F0(belo)2.671 E .422(w\), the lines are appended \
to the history \214le, otherwise the history \214le is o)-.25 F -.15(ve)
-.15 G 2.922(rwritten. If).15 F F4(HISTFILE)108 415.2 Q F0 1.114(is uns\
et, or if the history \214le is unwritable, the history is not sa)3.364
F -.15(ve)-.2 G 3.614(d. If).15 F(the)3.614 E F5 -.225(va)3.613 G 1.113
(riable is set, time).225 F 1.251
(stamps are written to the history \214le, mark)108 427.2 R(ed)-.09 E F0
1.252(with the history comment character)3.502 F 3.752(,s)-.4 G 3.752
(ot)-3.752 G(he)-3.752 E 3.752(ym)-.15 G 1.252(ay be preserv)-3.752 F
(ed)-.15 E .105(across shell sessions.)108 439.2 R .105(This uses the h\
istory comment character to distinguish timestamps from other history)
5.105 F 2.604(lines. After)108 451.2 R(sa)2.604 E .104(ving the history)
-.2 F 2.604(,t)-.65 G .104
(he history \214le is truncated to contain no more than)-2.604 F F4
(HISTFILESIZE)2.605 E F0 2.605(lines. If)2.355 F F4(HISTFILESIZE)108
463.2 Q F0(is not set, no truncation is performed.)2.25 E 1.294(The b)
108 480 R 1.294(uiltin command)-.2 F F1(fc)3.794 E F0(\(see)3.794 E F4
1.293(SHELL B)3.794 F(UIL)-.09 E 1.293(TIN COMMANDS)-.828 F F0(belo)
3.543 E 1.293(w\) may be used to list or edit and re-)-.25 F -.15(exe)
108 492 S .673(cute a portion of the history list.).15 F(The)5.673 E F1
(history)3.173 E F0 -.2(bu)3.173 G .673
(iltin may be used to display or modify the history list).2 F .28
(and manipulate the history \214le.)108 504 R .279
(When using command-line editing, search commands are a)5.279 F -.25(va)
-.2 G .279(ilable in each).25 F(editing mode that pro)108 516 Q
(vide access to the history list.)-.15 E 1.485(The shell allo)108 532.8
R 1.485(ws control o)-.25 F -.15(ve)-.15 G 3.986(rw).15 G 1.486
(hich commands are sa)-3.986 F -.15(ve)-.2 G 3.986(do).15 G 3.986(nt)
-3.986 G 1.486(he history list.)-3.986 F(The)6.486 E F4(HISTCONTR)3.986
E(OL)-.27 E F0(and)3.736 E F4(HISTIGNORE)108 544.8 Q F0 -.25(va)2.708 G
.458(riables may be set to cause the shell to sa).25 F .757 -.15(ve o)
-.2 H .457(nly a subset of the commands entered.).15 F(The)5.457 E F1
(cmdhist)108 556.8 Q F0 .75
(shell option, if enabled, causes the shell to attempt to sa)3.25 F 1.05
-.15(ve e)-.2 H .75(ach line of a multi-line command in).15 F 1.077
(the same history entry)108 568.8 R 3.577(,a)-.65 G 1.077
(dding semicolons where necessary to preserv)-3.577 F 3.577(es)-.15 G
1.077(yntactic correctness.)-3.577 F(The)6.077 E F1(lithist)3.576 E F0
.373(shell option causes the shell to sa)108 580.8 R .674 -.15(ve t)-.2
H .374(he command with embedded ne).15 F .374
(wlines instead of semicolons.)-.25 F .374(See the)5.374 F .319
(description of the)108 592.8 R F1(shopt)2.819 E F0 -.2(bu)2.819 G .318
(iltin belo).2 F 2.818(wu)-.25 G(nder)-2.818 E F4 .318(SHELL B)2.818 F
(UIL)-.09 E .318(TIN COMMANDS)-.828 F F0 .318
(for information on setting and)2.568 F(unsetting shell options.)108
604.8 Q F2(HIST)72 621.6 Q(OR)-.197 E 2.738(YE)-.383 G(XP)-2.738 E
(ANSION)-.81 E F0 .61(The shell supports a history e)108 633.6 R .611
(xpansion feature that is similar to the history e)-.15 F .611
(xpansion in)-.15 F F1(csh.)3.111 E F0 .611(This section)5.611 F .871
(describes what syntax features are a)108 645.6 R -.25(va)-.2 G 3.371
(ilable. This).25 F .871(feature is enabled by def)3.371 F .87
(ault for interacti)-.1 F 1.17 -.15(ve s)-.25 H .87(hells, and).15 F
2.013(can be disabled using the)108 657.6 R F1(+H)4.514 E F0 2.014
(option to the)4.514 F F1(set)4.514 E F0 -.2(bu)4.514 G 2.014
(iltin command \(see).2 F F4 2.014(SHELL B)4.514 F(UIL)-.09 E 2.014
(TIN COMMANDS)-.828 F F0(belo)108 669.6 Q 2.5(w\). Non-interacti)-.25 F
.3 -.15(ve s)-.25 H(hells do not perform history e).15 E
(xpansion by def)-.15 E(ault.)-.1 E 1.306(History e)108 686.4 R 1.306
(xpansions introduce w)-.15 F 1.306(ords from the history list into the\
 input stream, making it easy to repeat)-.1 F .209
(commands, insert the ar)108 698.4 R .209(guments to a pre)-.18 F .21
(vious command into the current input line, or \214x errors in pre)-.25
F(vious)-.25 E(commands quickly)108 710.4 Q(.)-.65 E 1.164(History e)108
727.2 R 1.163(xpansion is performed immediately after a complete line i\
s read, before the shell breaks it into)-.15 F(GNU Bash-3.2)72 768 Q
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/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 389.54(SH\(1\) B).35 F(ASH\(1\))
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F 3.2(op)-.1 G 3.2(arts. The)-3.2 F .7
(\214rst is to determine which line from the history list to use during)
3.2 F 4.368(substitution. The)108 96 R 1.868(second is to select portio\
ns of that line for inclusion into the current one.)4.368 F 1.867
(The line)6.867 F .662(selected from the history is the)108 108 R/F1 10
/Times-Italic@0 SF -.15(ev)3.162 G(ent).15 E F0 3.162(,a)C .663
(nd the portions of that line that are acted upon are)-3.162 F F1(wor)
3.163 E(ds)-.37 E F0 5.663(.V)C(arious)-6.773 E F1(modi\214er)108 120 Q
(s)-.1 E F0 .227(are a)2.727 F -.25(va)-.2 G .227
(ilable to manipulate the selected w).25 F 2.727(ords. The)-.1 F .226
(line is brok)2.726 F .226(en into w)-.1 F .226(ords in the same f)-.1 F
(ashion)-.1 E .351(as when reading input, so that se)108 132 R -.15(ve)
-.25 G(ral).15 E F1(metac)2.852 E(har)-.15 E(acter)-.15 E F0 .352
(-separated w)B .352(ords surrounded by quotes are considered)-.1 F .625
(one w)108 144 R 3.125(ord. History)-.1 F -.15(ex)3.125 G .624
(pansions are introduced by the appearance of the history e).15 F .624
(xpansion character)-.15 F 3.124(,w)-.4 G(hich)-3.124 E(is)108 156 Q/F2
10/Times-Bold@0 SF(!)3.333 E F0(by def)3.333 E 2.5(ault. Only)-.1 F
(backslash \()2.5 E F2(\\).833 E F0 2.5(\)a).833 G
(nd single quotes can quote the history e)-2.5 E(xpansion character)-.15
E(.)-.55 E(Se)108 172.8 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G .03
(ral characters inhibit history e).15 F .03
(xpansion if found immediately follo)-.15 F .03(wing the history e)-.25
F .03(xpansion character)-.15 F(,)-.4 E -2.15 -.25(ev e)108 184.8 T
3.163(ni).25 G 3.163(fi)-3.163 G 3.162(ti)-3.163 G 3.162(su)-3.162 G
.662(nquoted: space, tab, ne)-3.162 F .662(wline, carriage return, and)
-.25 F F2(=)3.162 E F0 5.662(.I)C 3.162(ft)-5.662 G(he)-3.162 E F2
(extglob)3.162 E F0 .662(shell option is enabled,)3.162 F F2(\()3.162 E
F0(will also inhibit e)108 196.8 Q(xpansion.)-.15 E(Se)108 213.6 Q -.15
(ve)-.25 G .109(ral shell options settable with the).15 F F2(shopt)2.609
E F0 -.2(bu)2.609 G .11(iltin may be used to tailor the beha).2 F .11
(vior of history e)-.2 F(xpansion.)-.15 E 1.259(If the)108 225.6 R F2
(histv)3.759 E(erify)-.1 E F0 1.259
(shell option is enabled \(see the description of the)3.759 F F2(shopt)
3.759 E F0 -.2(bu)3.759 G 1.259(iltin\), and).2 F F2 -.18(re)3.758 G
(adline).18 E F0 1.258(is being)3.758 F 1.497(used, history substitutio\
ns are not immediately passed to the shell parser)108 237.6 R 6.498(.I)
-.55 G 1.498(nstead, the e)-6.498 F 1.498(xpanded line is)-.15 F 2.228
(reloaded into the)108 249.6 R F2 -.18(re)4.728 G(adline).18 E F0 2.228
(editing b)4.728 F(uf)-.2 E 2.228(fer for further modi\214cation.)-.25 F
(If)7.228 E F2 -.18(re)4.728 G(adline).18 E F0 2.228
(is being used, and the)4.728 F F2(histr)108 261.6 Q(eedit)-.18 E F0
1.202(shell option is enabled, a f)3.702 F 1.202
(ailed history substitution will be reloaded into the)-.1 F F2 -.18(re)
3.702 G(adline).18 E F0(editing)3.702 E -.2(bu)108 273.6 S -.25(ff).2 G
1.161(er for correction.).25 F(The)6.161 E F2<ad70>3.661 E F0 1.161
(option to the)3.661 F F2(history)3.661 E F0 -.2(bu)3.661 G 1.16
(iltin command may be used to see what a history).2 F -.15(ex)108 285.6
S .055(pansion will do before using it.).15 F(The)5.055 E F2<ad73>2.555
E F0 .055(option to the)2.555 F F2(history)2.556 E F0 -.2(bu)2.556 G
.056(iltin may be used to add commands to the).2 F
(end of the history list without actually e)108 297.6 Q -.15(xe)-.15 G
(cuting them, so that the).15 E 2.5(ya)-.15 G(re a)-2.5 E -.25(va)-.2 G
(ilable for subsequent recall.).25 E 2.2(The shell allo)108 314.4 R 2.2
(ws control of the v)-.25 F 2.2(arious characters used by the history e)
-.25 F 2.2(xpansion mechanism \(see the)-.15 F 1.146(description of)108
326.4 R F2(histchars)3.646 E F0(abo)3.646 E 1.446 -.15(ve u)-.15 H(nder)
.15 E F2 1.146(Shell V)3.646 F(ariables)-.92 E F0 3.646(\). The)B 1.147
(shell uses the history comment character to)3.646 F
(mark history timestamps when writing the history \214le.)108 338.4 Q F2
(Ev)87 355.2 Q(ent Designators)-.1 E F0(An e)108 367.2 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G
(nt designator is a reference to a command line entry in the history li\
st.).15 E F2(!)108 384 Q F0 1.608(Start a history substitution, e)32.67
F 1.608(xcept when follo)-.15 F 1.607(wed by a)-.25 F F2(blank)4.107 E
F0 4.107(,n)C -.25(ew)-4.107 G 1.607(line, carriage return, = or \().25
F(\(when the)144 396 Q F2(extglob)2.5 E F0
(shell option is enabled using the)2.5 E F2(shopt)2.5 E F0 -.2(bu)2.5 G
(iltin\).).2 E F2(!)108 408 Q F1(n)A F0(Refer to command line)27.67 E F1
(n)2.5 E F0(.).24 E F2<21ad>108 420 Q F1(n)A F0
(Refer to the current command line minus)21.97 E F1(n)2.5 E F0(.).24 E
F2(!!)108 432 Q F0(Refer to the pre)29.34 E(vious command.)-.25 E
(This is a synon)5 E(ym for `!\2551'.)-.15 E F2(!)108 444 Q F1(string)A
F0(Refer to the most recent command starting with)9.33 E F1(string)2.5 E
F0(.).22 E F2(!?)108 456 Q F1(string)A F2([?])A F0 1.022
(Refer to the most recent command containing)144 468 R F1(string)3.522 E
F0 6.022(.T).22 G 1.022(he trailing)-6.022 F F2(?)3.522 E F0 1.022
(may be omitted if)3.522 F F1(string)3.862 E F0(is)3.742 E(follo)144 480
Q(wed immediately by a ne)-.25 E(wline.)-.25 E/F3 12/Times-Bold@0 SF(^)
108 497 Q F1(string1)-5 I F3(^)5 I F1(string2)-5 I F3(^)5 I F0 2.63
(Quick substitution.)144 504 R 2.629(Repeat the last command, replacing)
7.629 F F1(string1)5.469 E F0(with)5.129 E F1(string2)5.129 E F0 7.629
(.E).02 G(qui)-7.629 E -.25(va)-.25 G 2.629(lent to).25 F -.74(``)144
516 S(!!:s/).74 E F1(string1)A F0(/)A F1(string2)A F0(/')A 2.5('\()-.74
G(see)-2.5 E F2(Modi\214ers)2.5 E F0(belo)2.5 E(w\).)-.25 E F2(!#)108
528 Q F0(The entire command line typed so f)27.67 E(ar)-.1 E(.)-.55 E F2
-.75(Wo)87 544.8 S(rd Designators).75 E F0 -.8(Wo)108 556.8 S 1.313
(rd designators are used to select desired w).8 F 1.314(ords from the e)
-.1 F -.15(ve)-.25 G 3.814(nt. A).15 F F2(:)3.814 E F0 1.314
(separates the e)3.814 F -.15(ve)-.25 G 1.314(nt speci\214cation).15 F
.53(from the w)108 568.8 R .529(ord designator)-.1 F 5.529(.I)-.55 G
3.029(tm)-5.529 G .529(ay be omitted if the w)-3.029 F .529
(ord designator be)-.1 F .529(gins with a)-.15 F F2(^)3.029 E F0(,)A F2
($)3.029 E F0(,)A F2(*)3.029 E F0(,)A F2<ad>3.029 E F0 3.029(,o)C(r)
-3.029 E F2(%)3.029 E F0 5.529(.W)C(ords)-6.329 E 1.3
(are numbered from the be)108 580.8 R 1.3
(ginning of the line, with the \214rst w)-.15 F 1.301
(ord being denoted by 0 \(zero\).)-.1 F -.8(Wo)6.301 G 1.301(rds are).8
F(inserted into the current line separated by single spaces.)108 592.8 Q
F2 2.5(0\()108 609.6 S(zer)-2.5 E(o\))-.18 E F0(The zeroth w)144 621.6 Q
2.5(ord. F)-.1 F(or the shell, this is the command w)-.15 E(ord.)-.1 E
F1(n)108.36 633.6 Q F0(The)30.64 E F1(n)2.5 E F0(th w)A(ord.)-.1 E F2(^)
108 645.6 Q F0(The \214rst ar)32.67 E 2.5(gument. That)-.18 F(is, w)2.5
E(ord 1.)-.1 E F2($)108 657.6 Q F0(The last ar)31 E(gument.)-.18 E F2(%)
108 669.6 Q F0(The w)26 E(ord matched by the most recent `?)-.1 E F1
(string)A F0(?' search.)A F1(x)108.77 681.6 Q F2<ad>A F1(y)A F0 2.5(Ar)
20.65 G(ange of w)-2.5 E(ords; `\255)-.1 E F1(y)A F0 2.5('a)C(bbre)-2.5
E(viates `0\255)-.25 E F1(y)A F0('.)A F2(*)108 693.6 Q F0 .316
(All of the w)31 F .316(ords b)-.1 F .316(ut the zeroth.)-.2 F .315
(This is a synon)5.315 F .315(ym for `)-.15 F F1(1\255$)A F0 2.815
('. It)B .315(is not an error to use)2.815 F F2(*)2.815 E F0 .315
(if there is)2.815 F(just one w)144 705.6 Q(ord in the e)-.1 E -.15(ve)
-.25 G(nt; the empty string is returned in that case.).15 E F2(x*)108
717.6 Q F0(Abbre)26 E(viates)-.25 E F1(x\255$)2.5 E F0(.)A(GNU Bash-3.2)
72 768 Q(2008 April 5)148.455 E(44)198.445 E 0 Cg EP
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/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 389.54(SH\(1\) B).35 F(ASH\(1\))
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/F2 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(x\255$)2.5 E F0(lik)2.5 E(e)-.1 E F1(x*)2.5 E
F0 2.5(,b)C(ut omits the last w)-2.7 E(ord.)-.1 E(If a w)108 100.8 Q
(ord designator is supplied without an e)-.1 E -.15(ve)-.25 G
(nt speci\214cation, the pre).15 E(vious command is used as the e)-.25 E
-.15(ve)-.25 G(nt.).15 E F1(Modi\214ers)87 117.6 Q F0 .183
(After the optional w)108 129.6 R .183(ord designator)-.1 F 2.683(,t)-.4
G .184(here may appear a sequence of one or more of the follo)-2.683 F
.184(wing modi\214ers,)-.25 F(each preceded by a `:'.)108 141.6 Q F1(h)
108 158.4 Q F0(Remo)30.44 E .3 -.15(ve a t)-.15 H
(railing \214le name component, lea).15 E(ving only the head.)-.2 E F1
(t)108 170.4 Q F0(Remo)32.67 E .3 -.15(ve a)-.15 H
(ll leading \214le name components, lea).15 E(ving the tail.)-.2 E F1(r)
108 182.4 Q F0(Remo)31.56 E .3 -.15(ve a t)-.15 H(railing suf).15 E
(\214x of the form)-.25 E F2(.xxx)2.5 E F0 2.5(,l)C(ea)-2.5 E
(ving the basename.)-.2 E F1(e)108 194.4 Q F0(Remo)31.56 E .3 -.15(ve a)
-.15 H(ll b).15 E(ut the trailing suf)-.2 E(\214x.)-.25 E F1(p)108 206.4
Q F0(Print the ne)30.44 E 2.5(wc)-.25 G(ommand b)-2.5 E(ut do not e)-.2
E -.15(xe)-.15 G(cute it.).15 E F1(q)108 218.4 Q F0
(Quote the substituted w)30.44 E(ords, escaping further substitutions.)
-.1 E F1(x)108 230.4 Q F0(Quote the substituted w)31 E(ords as with)-.1
E F1(q)2.5 E F0 2.5(,b)C(ut break into w)-2.7 E(ords at)-.1 E F1(blanks)
2.5 E F0(and ne)2.5 E(wlines.)-.25 E F1(s/)108 242.4 Q F2(old)A F1(/)A
F2(ne)A(w)-.15 E F1(/)A F0(Substitute)144 254.4 Q F2(ne)3.082 E(w)-.15 E
F0 .221(for the \214rst occurrence of)3.032 F F2(old)2.951 E F0 .221
(in the e)3.491 F -.15(ve)-.25 G .221(nt line.).15 F(An)5.221 E 2.721
(yd)-.15 G .221(elimiter can be used in place)-2.721 F .616(of /.)144
266.4 R .617
(The \214nal delimiter is optional if it is the last character of the e)
5.616 F -.15(ve)-.25 G .617(nt line.).15 F .617(The delimiter may)5.617
F .666(be quoted in)144 278.4 R F2(old)3.396 E F0(and)3.936 E F2(ne)
3.526 E(w)-.15 E F0 .666(with a single backslash.)3.476 F .666
(If & appears in)5.666 F F2(ne)3.166 E(w)-.15 E F0 3.166(,i).31 G 3.166
(ti)-3.166 G 3.166(sr)-3.166 G .666(eplaced by)-3.166 F F2(old)3.166 E
F0 5.666(.A).77 G .274(single backslash will quote the &.)144 290.4 R
(If)5.274 E F2(old)3.004 E F0 .274(is null, it is set to the last)3.544
F F2(old)3.005 E F0 .275(substituted, or)3.545 F 2.775(,i)-.4 G 2.775
(fn)-2.775 G 2.775(op)-2.775 G(re)-2.775 E(vi-)-.25 E
(ous history substitutions took place, the last)144 302.4 Q F2(string)
2.84 E F0(in a)2.72 E F1(!?)2.5 E F2(string)A F1([?])A F0(search.)5 E F1
(&)108 314.4 Q F0(Repeat the pre)27.67 E(vious substitution.)-.25 E F1
(g)108 326.4 Q F0 .398(Cause changes to be applied o)31 F -.15(ve)-.15 G
2.898(rt).15 G .398(he entire e)-2.898 F -.15(ve)-.25 G .398(nt line.)
.15 F .397(This is used in conjunction with `)5.398 F F1(:s)A F0 2.897
('\()C(e.g.,)-2.897 E(`)144 338.4 Q F1(:gs/)A F2(old)A F1(/)A F2(ne)A(w)
-.15 E F1(/)A F0 1.218('\) or `)B F1(:&)A F0 3.718('. If)B 1.218
(used with `)3.718 F F1(:s)A F0 1.218(', an)B 3.718(yd)-.15 G 1.219
(elimiter can be used in place of /, and the \214nal)-3.718 F .09
(delimiter is optional if it is the last character of the e)144 350.4 R
-.15(ve)-.25 G .089(nt line.).15 F(An)5.089 E F1(a)2.589 E F0 .089
(may be used as a synon)2.589 F .089(ym for)-.15 F F1(g)144 362.4 Q F0
(.)A F1(G)108 374.4 Q F0(Apply the follo)28.22 E(wing `)-.25 E F1(s)A F0
2.5('m)C(odi\214er once to each w)-2.5 E(ord in the e)-.1 E -.15(ve)-.25
G(nt line.).15 E/F3 10.95/Times-Bold@0 SF(SHELL B)72 391.2 Q(UIL)-.11 E
(TIN COMMANDS)-1.007 E F0 .062(Unless otherwise noted, each b)108 403.2
R .062(uiltin command documented in this section as accepting options p\
receded by)-.2 F F1<ad>108 415.2 Q F0(accepts)3.8 E F1<adad>3.8 E F0 1.3
(to signify the end of the options.)3.8 F -.15(Fo)6.3 G 3.8(re).15 G 1.3
(xample, the)-3.95 F F1(:)3.8 E F0(,)A F1(true)3.8 E F0(,)A F1(false)3.8
E F0 3.8(,a)C(nd)-3.8 E F1(test)3.8 E F0 -.2(bu)3.8 G 1.3(iltins do not)
.2 F(accept options.)108 427.2 Q F1(:)108 445.2 Q F0([)2.5 E F2(ar)A
(guments)-.37 E F0(])A .451(No ef)144 457.2 R .451
(fect; the command does nothing be)-.25 F .452(yond e)-.15 F(xpanding)
-.15 E F2(ar)3.282 E(guments)-.37 E F0 .452(and performing an)3.222 F
2.952(ys)-.15 G(peci\214ed)-2.952 E 2.5(redirections. A)144 469.2 R
(zero e)2.5 E(xit code is returned.)-.15 E F1(.)110.5 486 Q F2
(\214lename)6.666 E F0([)2.5 E F2(ar)A(guments)-.37 E F0(])A F1(sour)108
498 Q(ce)-.18 E F2(\214lename)2.5 E F0([)2.5 E F2(ar)A(guments)-.37 E F0
(])A 1.02(Read and e)144 510 R -.15(xe)-.15 G 1.02(cute commands from)
.15 F F2(\214lename)5.43 E F0 1.02(in the current shell en)3.7 F 1.02
(vironment and return the e)-.4 F(xit)-.15 E 1.68
(status of the last command e)144 522 R -.15(xe)-.15 G 1.68(cuted from)
.15 F F2(\214lename)4.18 E F0 6.68(.I).18 G(f)-6.68 E F2(\214lename)6.09
E F0 1.68(does not contain a slash, \214le)4.36 F .608(names in)144 534
R/F4 9/Times-Bold@0 SF -.666(PA)3.108 G(TH)-.189 E F0 .608
(are used to \214nd the directory containing)2.858 F F2(\214lename)3.108
E F0 5.608(.T).18 G .608(he \214le searched for in)-5.608 F F4 -.666(PA)
3.108 G(TH)-.189 E F0 .832(need not be e)144 546 R -.15(xe)-.15 G 3.332
(cutable. When).15 F F1(bash)3.332 E F0 .832(is not in)3.332 F F2 .832
(posix mode)3.332 F F0 3.332(,t)C .833
(he current directory is searched if no)-3.332 F .982
(\214le is found in)144 558 R F4 -.666(PA)3.481 G(TH)-.189 E/F5 9
/Times-Roman@0 SF(.)A F0 .981(If the)5.481 F F1(sour)3.481 E(cepath)-.18
E F0 .981(option to the)3.481 F F1(shopt)3.481 E F0 -.2(bu)3.481 G .981
(iltin command is turned of).2 F .981(f, the)-.25 F F4 -.666(PA)144 570
S(TH)-.189 E F0 .112(is not searched.)2.362 F .112(If an)5.112 F(y)-.15
E F2(ar)2.612 E(guments)-.37 E F0 .112(are supplied, the)2.612 F 2.612
(yb)-.15 G .112(ecome the positional parameters when)-2.612 F F2
(\214lename)144 582 Q F0 .342(is e)2.842 F -.15(xe)-.15 G 2.842
(cuted. Otherwise).15 F .342(the positional parameters are unchanged.)
2.842 F .341(The return status is the)5.341 F .716
(status of the last command e)144 594 R .716
(xited within the script \(0 if no commands are e)-.15 F -.15(xe)-.15 G
.716(cuted\), and f).15 F .716(alse if)-.1 F F2(\214lename)145.91 606 Q
F0(is not found or cannot be read.)2.68 E F1(alias)108 622.8 Q F0([)2.5
E F1<ad70>A F0 2.5(][)C F2(name)-2.5 E F0([=)A F2(value)A F0 2.5(].)C
(..])-2.5 E F1(Alias)144 634.8 Q F0 2.725(with no ar)5.225 F 2.724
(guments or with the)-.18 F F1<ad70>5.224 E F0 2.724
(option prints the list of aliases in the form)5.224 F F1(alias)5.224 E
F2(name)144 646.8 Q F0(=)A F2(value)A F0 .58(on standard output.)3.08 F
.58(When ar)5.58 F .58
(guments are supplied, an alias is de\214ned for each)-.18 F F2(name)
3.08 E F0(whose)144 658.8 Q F2(value)2.895 E F0 .395(is gi)2.895 F -.15
(ve)-.25 G 2.895(n. A).15 F .395(trailing space in)2.895 F F2(value)
5.395 E F0 .395(causes the ne)2.895 F .395(xt w)-.15 F .395
(ord to be check)-.1 F .395(ed for alias sub-)-.1 F .054
(stitution when the alias is e)144 670.8 R 2.554(xpanded. F)-.15 F .054
(or each)-.15 F F2(name)2.554 E F0 .054(in the ar)2.554 F .054
(gument list for which no)-.18 F F2(value)2.554 E F0 .054(is sup-)2.554
F 1.314(plied, the name and v)144 682.8 R 1.314
(alue of the alias is printed.)-.25 F F1(Alias)6.314 E F0 1.314
(returns true unless a)3.814 F F2(name)3.814 E F0 1.313(is gi)3.814 F
-.15(ve)-.25 G 3.813(nf).15 G(or)-3.813 E
(which no alias has been de\214ned.)144 694.8 Q(GNU Bash-3.2)72 768 Q
(2008 April 5)148.455 E(45)198.445 E 0 Cg EP
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/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 389.54(SH\(1\) B).35 F(ASH\(1\))
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SF(jobspec)A F0(...])2.5 E .744(Resume each suspended job)144 96 R F2
(jobspec)3.244 E F0 .745
(in the background, as if it had been started with)3.244 F F1(&)3.245 E
F0 5.745(.I)C(f)-5.745 E F2(job-)4.985 E(spec)144 108 Q F0 .672
(is not present, the shell')3.482 F 3.172(sn)-.55 G .672(otion of the)
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(bg)5.671 E F2(jobspec)4.911 E F0 .671(returns 0 unless run)3.481 F .418
(when job control is disabled or)144 120 R 2.919(,w)-.4 G .419
(hen run with job control enabled, an)-2.919 F 2.919(ys)-.15 G
(peci\214ed)-2.919 E F2(jobspec)2.919 E F0 -.1(wa)2.919 G 2.919(sn).1 G
(ot)-2.919 E(found or w)144 132 Q(as started without job control.)-.1 E
F1(bind)108 148.8 Q F0([)2.5 E F1<ad6d>A F2 -.1(ke)2.5 G(ymap)-.2 E F0
2.5(][)C F1(\255lpsvPSV)-2.5 E F0(])A F1(bind)108 160.8 Q F0([)2.5 E F1
<ad6d>A F2 -.1(ke)2.5 G(ymap)-.2 E F0 2.5(][)C F1<ad71>-2.5 E F2
(function)2.5 E F0 2.5(][)C F1<ad75>-2.5 E F2(function)2.5 E F0 2.5(][)C
F1<ad72>-2.5 E F2 -.1(ke)2.5 G(yseq)-.2 E F0(])A F1(bind)108 172.8 Q F0
([)2.5 E F1<ad6d>A F2 -.1(ke)2.5 G(ymap)-.2 E F0(])A F1<ad66>2.5 E F2
(\214lename)2.5 E F1(bind)108 184.8 Q F0([)2.5 E F1<ad6d>A F2 -.1(ke)2.5
G(ymap)-.2 E F0(])A F1<ad78>2.5 E F2 -.1(ke)2.5 G(yseq)-.2 E F0(:)A F2
(shell\255command)A F1(bind)108 196.8 Q F0([)2.5 E F1<ad6d>A F2 -.1(ke)
2.5 G(ymap)-.2 E F0(])A F2 -.1(ke)2.5 G(yseq)-.2 E F0(:)A F2
(function\255name)A F1(bind)108 208.8 Q F2 -.37(re)2.5 G
(adline\255command).37 E F0 .239(Display current)144 220.8 R F1 -.18(re)
2.739 G(adline).18 E F0 -.1(ke)2.739 G 2.739(ya)-.05 G .239
(nd function bindings, bind a k)-2.739 F .539 -.15(ey s)-.1 H .238
(equence to a).15 F F1 -.18(re)2.738 G(adline).18 E F0 .238(function or)
2.738 F .475(macro, or set a)144 232.8 R F1 -.18(re)2.975 G(adline).18 E
F0 -.25(va)2.975 G 2.975(riable. Each).25 F .476(non-option ar)2.976 F
.476(gument is a command as it w)-.18 F .476(ould appear in)-.1 F F2
(.inputr)144 244.8 Q(c)-.37 E F0 2.984(,b).31 G .484
(ut each binding or command must be passed as a separate ar)-3.184 F
.483(gument; e.g., '"\\C\255x\\C\255r":)-.18 F 2.5
(re\255read\255init\255\214le'. Options,)144 256.8 R(if supplied, ha)2.5
E .3 -.15(ve t)-.2 H(he follo).15 E(wing meanings:)-.25 E F1<ad6d>144
268.8 Q F2 -.1(ke)2.5 G(ymap)-.2 E F0(Use)180 280.8 Q F2 -.1(ke)5.158 G
(ymap)-.2 E F0 2.658(as the k)5.348 F -.15(ey)-.1 G 2.658(map to be af)
.15 F 2.659(fected by the subsequent bindings.)-.25 F(Acceptable)7.659 E
F2 -.1(ke)180 292.8 S(ymap)-.2 E F0 3.193(names are)5.883 F F2 3.193
(emacs, emacs\255standar)5.693 F 3.192
(d, emacs\255meta, emacs\255ctlx, vi, vi\255mo)-.37 F(ve)-.1 E(,)-.1 E
(vi\255command)180 304.8 Q F0 4.429(,a)C(nd)-4.429 E F2(vi\255insert)
4.429 E F0(.).68 E F2(vi)6.929 E F0 1.929(is equi)4.429 F -.25(va)-.25 G
1.929(lent to).25 F F2(vi\255command)4.429 E F0(;)A F2(emacs)4.429 E F0
1.929(is equi)4.429 F -.25(va)-.25 G 1.93(lent to).25 F F2
(emacs\255standar)180 316.8 Q(d)-.37 E F0(.)A F1<ad6c>144 328.8 Q F0
(List the names of all)27.52 E F1 -.18(re)2.5 G(adline).18 E F0
(functions.)2.5 E F1<ad70>144 340.8 Q F0(Display)24.74 E F1 -.18(re)2.5
G(adline).18 E F0(function names and bindings in such a w)2.5 E
(ay that the)-.1 E 2.5(yc)-.15 G(an be re-read.)-2.5 E F1<ad50>144 352.8
Q F0(List current)24.19 E F1 -.18(re)2.5 G(adline).18 E F0
(function names and bindings.)2.5 E F1<ad73>144 364.8 Q F0(Display)26.41
E F1 -.18(re)3.655 G(adline).18 E F0 -.1(ke)3.655 G 3.655(ys)-.05 G
1.155(equences bound to macros and the strings the)-3.655 F 3.655(yo)
-.15 G 1.155(utput in such a)-3.655 F -.1(wa)180 376.8 S 2.5(yt).1 G
(hat the)-2.5 E 2.5(yc)-.15 G(an be re-read.)-2.5 E F1<ad53>144 388.8 Q
F0(Display)24.74 E F1 -.18(re)2.5 G(adline).18 E F0 -.1(ke)2.5 G 2.5(ys)
-.05 G(equences bound to macros and the strings the)-2.5 E 2.5(yo)-.15 G
(utput.)-2.5 E F1<ad76>144 400.8 Q F0(Display)25.3 E F1 -.18(re)2.5 G
(adline).18 E F0 -.25(va)2.5 G(riable names and v).25 E
(alues in such a w)-.25 E(ay that the)-.1 E 2.5(yc)-.15 G
(an be re-read.)-2.5 E F1<ad56>144 412.8 Q F0(List current)23.08 E F1
-.18(re)2.5 G(adline).18 E F0 -.25(va)2.5 G(riable names and v).25 E
(alues.)-.25 E F1<ad66>144 424.8 Q F2(\214lename)2.5 E F0(Read k)180
436.8 Q .3 -.15(ey b)-.1 H(indings from).15 E F2(\214lename)2.5 E F0(.)A
F1<ad71>144 448.8 Q F2(function)2.5 E F0(Query about which k)180 460.8 Q
-.15(ey)-.1 G 2.5(si).15 G -1.9 -.4(nv o)-2.5 H .2 -.1(ke t).4 H
(he named).1 E F2(function)2.5 E F0(.)A F1<ad75>144 472.8 Q F2(function)
2.5 E F0(Unbind all k)180 484.8 Q -.15(ey)-.1 G 2.5(sb).15 G
(ound to the named)-2.5 E F2(function)2.5 E F0(.)A F1<ad72>144 496.8 Q
F2 -.1(ke)2.5 G(yseq)-.2 E F0(Remo)180 508.8 Q .3 -.15(ve a)-.15 H .3
-.15(ny c).15 H(urrent binding for).15 E F2 -.1(ke)2.5 G(yseq)-.2 E F0
(.)A F1<ad78>144 520.8 Q F2 -.1(ke)2.5 G(yseq)-.2 E F1(:)A F2
(shell\255command)A F0(Cause)180 532.8 Q F2(shell\255command)2.5 E F0
(to be e)2.5 E -.15(xe)-.15 G(cuted whene).15 E -.15(ve)-.25 G(r).15 E
F2 -.1(ke)2.5 G(yseq)-.2 E F0(is entered.)2.5 E(The return v)144 549.6 Q
(alue is 0 unless an unrecognized option is gi)-.25 E -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.5
(no).15 G 2.5(ra)-2.5 G 2.5(ne)-2.5 G(rror occurred.)-2.5 E F1(br)108
566.4 Q(eak)-.18 E F0([)2.5 E F2(n)A F0(])A .054(Exit from within a)144
578.4 R F1 -.25(fo)2.554 G(r).25 E F0(,)A F1(while)2.554 E F0(,)A F1
(until)2.555 E F0 2.555(,o)C(r)-2.555 E F1(select)2.555 E F0 2.555
(loop. If)2.555 F F2(n)2.555 E F0 .055(is speci\214ed, break)2.555 F F2
(n)2.555 E F0(le)2.555 E -.15(ve)-.25 G(ls.).15 E F2(n)5.415 E F0 .055
(must be)2.795 F/F3 10/Symbol SF<b3>2.555 E F0(1.)2.555 E(If)144 590.4 Q
F2(n)3.075 E F0 .215(is greater than the number of enclosing loops, all\
 enclosing loops are e)2.955 F 2.714(xited. The)-.15 F .214(return v)
2.714 F(alue)-.25 E(is 0 unless the shell is not e)144 602.4 Q -.15(xe)
-.15 G(cuting a loop when).15 E F1(br)2.5 E(eak)-.18 E F0(is e)2.5 E
-.15(xe)-.15 G(cuted.).15 E F1 -.2(bu)108 619.2 S(iltin).2 E F2
(shell\255b)2.5 E(uiltin)-.2 E F0([)2.5 E F2(ar)A(guments)-.37 E F0(])A
(Ex)144 631.2 Q .792(ecute the speci\214ed shell b)-.15 F .792
(uiltin, passing it)-.2 F F2(ar)3.293 E(guments)-.37 E F0 3.293(,a).27 G
.793(nd return its e)-3.293 F .793(xit status.)-.15 F .793
(This is useful)5.793 F .616
(when de\214ning a function whose name is the same as a shell b)144
643.2 R .615(uiltin, retaining the functionality of)-.2 F .57(the b)144
655.2 R .57(uiltin within the function.)-.2 F(The)5.57 E F1(cd)3.07 E F0
-.2(bu)3.07 G .57(iltin is commonly rede\214ned this w).2 F(ay)-.1 E
5.57(.T)-.65 G .57(he return status)-5.57 F(is f)144 667.2 Q(alse if)-.1
E F2(shell\255b)2.84 E(uiltin)-.2 E F0(is not a shell b)2.74 E
(uiltin command.)-.2 E F1(cd)108 684 Q F0([)2.5 E F1(\255L|-P)A F0 2.5
(][)C F2(dir)-2.5 E F0(])A .21(Change the current directory to)144 696 R
F2(dir)2.71 E F0 5.21(.T)C .21(he v)-5.21 F(ariable)-.25 E/F4 9
/Times-Bold@0 SF(HOME)2.71 E F0 .21(is the def)2.46 F(ault)-.1 E F2(dir)
2.71 E F0 5.21(.T).73 G .21(he v)-5.21 F(ariable)-.25 E F4(CDP)2.71 E
-.855(AT)-.666 G(H).855 E F0 .776
(de\214nes the search path for the directory containing)144 708 R F2
(dir)3.276 E F0 5.777(.A).73 G(lternati)-5.777 E 1.077 -.15(ve d)-.25 H
.777(irectory names in).15 F F4(CDP)3.277 E -.855(AT)-.666 G(H).855 E F0
2.328(are separated by a colon \(:\).)144 720 R 4.828(An)7.328 G 2.328
(ull directory name in)-4.828 F F4(CDP)4.828 E -.855(AT)-.666 G(H).855 E
F0 2.327(is the same as the current)4.578 F(GNU Bash-3.2)72 768 Q
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/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 389.54(SH\(1\) B).35 F(ASH\(1\))
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/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(.)A F0 -.74('')C 5.279(.I).74 G(f)-5.279 E/F2 10
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(gins with a slash \(/\), then)-.15 F/F3 9/Times-Bold@0 SF(CDP)2.78 E
-.855(AT)-.666 G(H).855 E F0 .28(is not used. The)2.53 F F1<ad50>2.78 E
F0 .28(option says to)2.78 F .506(use the ph)144 96 R .506
(ysical directory structure instead of follo)-.05 F .505
(wing symbolic links \(see also the)-.25 F F1<ad50>3.005 E F0 .505
(option to)3.005 F(the)144 108 Q F1(set)3.036 E F0 -.2(bu)3.036 G .537
(iltin command\); the).2 F F1<ad4c>3.037 E F0 .537
(option forces symbolic links to be follo)3.037 F 3.037(wed. An)-.25 F
(ar)3.037 E .537(gument of)-.18 F F1<ad>3.037 E F0 .586(is equi)144 120
R -.25(va)-.25 G .586(lent to).25 F F3($OLDPWD)3.086 E/F4 9
/Times-Roman@0 SF(.)A F0 .585(If a non-empty directory name from)5.086 F
F1(CDP)3.085 E -.95(AT)-.74 G(H).95 E F0 .585(is used, or if)3.085 F F1
<ad>3.085 E F0 .585(is the)3.085 F .67(\214rst ar)144 132 R .67(gument,\
 and the directory change is successful, the absolute pathname of the n\
e)-.18 F 3.17(ww)-.25 G(orking)-3.27 E .888
(directory is written to the standard output.)144 144 R .888
(The return v)5.888 F .887(alue is true if the directory w)-.25 F .887
(as success-)-.1 F(fully changed; f)144 156 Q(alse otherwise.)-.1 E F1
(caller)108 172.8 Q F0([)2.5 E F2 -.2(ex)C(pr).2 E F0(])A .253
(Returns the conte)144 184.8 R .254(xt of an)-.15 F 2.754(ya)-.15 G(cti)
-2.754 E .554 -.15(ve s)-.25 H .254
(ubroutine call \(a shell function or a script e).15 F -.15(xe)-.15 G
.254(cuted with the).15 F F1(.)2.754 E F0(or)2.754 E F1(sour)144 196.8 Q
(ce)-.18 E F0 -.2(bu)3.063 G 3.063(iltins. W).2 F(ithout)-.4 E F2 -.2
(ex)3.062 G(pr).2 E F0(,)A F1(caller)3.062 E F0 .562
(displays the line number and source \214lename of the current)3.062 F
.253(subroutine call.)144 208.8 R .253(If a non-ne)5.253 F -.05(ga)-.15
G(ti).05 E .553 -.15(ve i)-.25 H(nte).15 E .253(ger is supplied as)-.15
F F2 -.2(ex)2.753 G(pr).2 E F0(,)A F1(caller)2.753 E F0 .254
(displays the line number)2.754 F 2.754(,s)-.4 G(ub-)-2.754 E 1.327(rou\
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ent e)144 220.8 R -.15(xe)-.15 G 1.327(cution call stack.).15 F(This e)
144 232.8 Q(xtra information may be used, for e)-.15 E .001
(xample, to print a stack trace.)-.15 F .001(The current frame is frame)
5.001 F 3.02(0. The)144 244.8 R .52(return v)3.02 F .52
(alue is 0 unless the shell is not e)-.25 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .519
(cuting a subroutine call or).15 F F2 -.2(ex)3.019 G(pr).2 E F0 .519
(does not corre-)3.019 F(spond to a v)144 256.8 Q
(alid position in the call stack.)-.25 E F1(command)108 273.6 Q F0([)2.5
E F1(\255pVv)A F0(])A F2(command)2.5 E F0([)2.5 E F2(ar)A(g)-.37 E F0
(...])2.5 E(Run)144 285.6 Q F2(command)2.956 E F0(with)3.527 E F2(ar)
3.087 E(gs)-.37 E F0 .257
(suppressing the normal shell function lookup. Only b)3.027 F .257
(uiltin commands or)-.2 F .502(commands found in the)144 297.6 R F3
-.666(PA)3.002 G(TH)-.189 E F0 .502(are e)2.752 F -.15(xe)-.15 G 3.002
(cuted. If).15 F(the)3.002 E F1<ad70>3.002 E F0 .502(option is gi)3.002
F -.15(ve)-.25 G .501(n, the search for).15 F F2(command)3.201 E F0(is)
3.771 E .231(performed using a def)144 309.6 R .231(ault v)-.1 F .231
(alue for)-.25 F F1 -.74(PA)2.731 G(TH)-.21 E F0 .231
(that is guaranteed to \214nd all of the standard utilities.)2.731 F(If)
5.232 E .175(either the)144 321.6 R F1<ad56>2.675 E F0(or)2.675 E F1
<ad76>2.675 E F0 .175(option is supplied, a description of)2.675 F F2
(command)2.875 E F0 .174(is printed.)3.445 F(The)5.174 E F1<ad76>2.674 E
F0 .174(option causes)2.674 F 3.11(as)144 333.6 S .61(ingle w)-3.11 F
.61(ord indicating the command or \214le name used to in)-.1 F -.2(vo)
-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G F2(command)3.41 E F0 .61(to be displayed; the)3.88 F
F1<ad56>144 345.6 Q F0 .25(option produces a more v)2.75 F .25
(erbose description.)-.15 F .249(If the)5.25 F F1<ad56>2.749 E F0(or)
2.749 E F1<ad76>2.749 E F0 .249(option is supplied, the e)2.749 F .249
(xit status)-.15 F 1.004(is 0 if)144 357.6 R F2(command)3.704 E F0 -.1
(wa)4.274 G 3.504(sf).1 G 1.005(ound, and 1 if not.)-3.504 F 1.005
(If neither option is supplied and an error occurred or)6.005 F F2
(command)144.2 369.6 Q F0 1.599(cannot be found, the e)4.869 F 1.599
(xit status is 127.)-.15 F 1.599(Otherwise, the e)6.599 F 1.598
(xit status of the)-.15 F F1(command)4.098 E F0 -.2(bu)144 381.6 S
(iltin is the e).2 E(xit status of)-.15 E F2(command)2.5 E F0(.).77 E F1
(compgen)108 398.4 Q F0([)2.5 E F2(option)A F0 2.5(][)C F2(wor)-2.5 E(d)
-.37 E F0(])A .012(Generate possible completion matches for)144 410.4 R
F2(wor)2.513 E(d)-.37 E F0 .013(according to the)2.513 F F2(option)2.513
E F0 .013(s, which may be an)B 2.513(yo)-.15 G(ption)-2.513 E .982
(accepted by the)144 422.4 R F1(complete)3.482 E F0 -.2(bu)3.481 G .981
(iltin with the e).2 F .981(xception of)-.15 F F1<ad70>3.481 E F0(and)
3.481 E F1<ad72>3.481 E F0 3.481(,a)C .981(nd write the matches to the)
-3.481 F 1.415(standard output.)144 434.4 R 1.415(When using the)6.415 F
F1<ad46>3.915 E F0(or)3.915 E F1<ad43>3.915 E F0 1.415(options, the v)
3.915 F 1.415(arious shell v)-.25 F 1.415(ariables set by the pro-)-.25
F(grammable completion f)144 446.4 Q(acilities, while a)-.1 E -.25(va)
-.2 G(ilable, will not ha).25 E .3 -.15(ve u)-.2 H(seful v).15 E(alues.)
-.25 E .352(The matches will be generated in the same w)144 470.4 R .352
(ay as if the programmable completion code had gen-)-.1 F .02(erated th\
em directly from a completion speci\214cation with the same \215ags.)144
482.4 R(If)5.02 E F2(wor)2.52 E(d)-.37 E F0 .02(is speci\214ed, only)
2.52 F(those completions matching)144 494.4 Q F2(wor)2.5 E(d)-.37 E F0
(will be displayed.)2.5 E(The return v)144 518.4 Q
(alue is true unless an in)-.25 E -.25(va)-.4 G
(lid option is supplied, or no matches were generated.).25 E F1
(complete)108 535.2 Q F0([)3.265 E F1(\255abcdefgjksuv)A F0 3.265(][)C
F1<ad6f>-3.265 E F2(comp-option)3.265 E F0 3.265(][)C F1<ad41>-3.265 E
F2(action)3.265 E F0 3.265(][)C F1<ad47>-3.265 E F2(globpat)3.265 E F0
3.265(][)C F1<ad57>-3.265 E F2(wor)3.265 E(dlist)-.37 E F0 3.265(][)C F1
<ad46>-3.265 E F2(function)3.265 E F0 3.265(][)C F1<ad43>-3.265 E F2
(command)108 547.2 Q F0(])A([)144 559.2 Q F1<ad58>A F2(\214lterpat)2.5 E
F0 2.5(][)C F1<ad50>-2.5 E F2(pr)2.5 E(e\214x)-.37 E F0 2.5(][)C F1
<ad53>-2.5 E F2(suf)2.5 E<8c78>-.18 E F0(])A F2(name)2.5 E F0([)2.5 E F2
(name ...)A F0(])A F1(complete \255pr)108 571.2 Q F0([)2.5 E F2(name)A
F0(...])2.5 E .634(Specify ho)144 583.2 R 3.134(wa)-.25 G -.18(rg)-3.134
G .634(uments to each).18 F F2(name)3.134 E F0 .634
(should be completed.)3.134 F .633(If the)5.634 F F1<ad70>3.133 E F0
.633(option is supplied, or if no)3.133 F .139(options are supplied, e)
144 595.2 R .139(xisting completion speci\214cations are printed in a w)
-.15 F .14(ay that allo)-.1 F .14(ws them to be)-.25 F .31
(reused as input.)144 607.2 R(The)5.31 E F1<ad72>2.81 E F0 .31
(option remo)2.81 F -.15(ve)-.15 G 2.81(sac).15 G .31
(ompletion speci\214cation for each)-2.81 F F2(name)2.81 E F0 2.81(,o)C
1.11 -.4(r, i)-2.81 H 2.81(fn).4 G(o)-2.81 E F2(name)2.81 E F0(s)A
(are supplied, all completion speci\214cations.)144 619.2 Q 1.437
(The process of applying these completion speci\214cations when w)144
643.2 R 1.438(ord completion is attempted is)-.1 F(described abo)144
655.2 Q .3 -.15(ve u)-.15 H(nder).15 E F1(Pr)2.5 E
(ogrammable Completion)-.18 E F0(.)A .556
(Other options, if speci\214ed, ha)144 679.2 R .856 -.15(ve t)-.2 H .555
(he follo).15 F .555(wing meanings.)-.25 F .555(The ar)5.555 F .555
(guments to the)-.18 F F1<ad47>3.055 E F0(,)A F1<ad57>3.055 E F0 3.055
(,a)C(nd)-3.055 E F1<ad58>3.055 E F0 .722(options \(and, if necessary)
144 691.2 R 3.222(,t)-.65 G(he)-3.222 E F1<ad50>3.222 E F0(and)3.222 E
F1<ad53>3.222 E F0 .723
(options\) should be quoted to protect them from e)3.222 F(xpan-)-.15 E
(sion before the)144 703.2 Q F1(complete)2.5 E F0 -.2(bu)2.5 G
(iltin is in).2 E -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G(d.).1 E(GNU Bash-3.2)72 768 Q
(2008 April 5)148.455 E(47)198.445 E 0 Cg EP
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/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 389.54(SH\(1\) B).35 F(ASH\(1\))
-.35 E/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 SF<ad6f>144 84 Q/F2 10/Times-Italic@0 SF
(comp-option)2.5 E F0(The)184 96 Q F2(comp-option)2.791 E F0 .291
(controls se)2.791 F -.15(ve)-.25 G .291(ral aspects of the compspec')
.15 F 2.791(sb)-.55 G(eha)-2.791 E .291(vior be)-.2 F .291
(yond the simple)-.15 F(generation of completions.)184 108 Q F2
(comp-option)5 E F0(may be one of:)2.5 E F1(bashdefault)184 120 Q F0
.281(Perform the rest of the def)224 132 R(ault)-.1 E F1(bash)2.781 E F0
.281(completions if the compspec generates no)2.781 F(matches.)224 144 Q
F1(default)184 156 Q F0 2.876(Use readline')10 F 5.376(sd)-.55 G(ef)
-5.376 E 2.875(ault \214lename completion if the compspec generates no)
-.1 F(matches.)224 168 Q F1(dir)184 180 Q(names)-.15 E F0(Perform direc\
tory name completion if the compspec generates no matches.)224 192 Q F1
(\214lenames)184 204 Q F0 -.7(Te)224 216 S .137(ll readline that the co\
mpspec generates \214lenames, so it can perform an).7 F 2.637<798c>-.15
G(le-)-2.637 E .496(name\255speci\214c processing \(lik)224 228 R 2.996
(ea)-.1 G .496(dding a slash to directory names or suppress-)-2.996 F
(ing trailing spaces\).)224 240 Q
(Intended to be used with shell functions.)5 E F1(nospace)184 252 Q F0
-.7(Te)6.11 G .22(ll readline not to append a space \(the def).7 F .22
(ault\) to w)-.1 F .22(ords completed at the end)-.1 F(of the line.)224
264 Q F1(plusdirs)184 276 Q F0 1.985(After an)5.54 F 4.485(ym)-.15 G
1.985(atches de\214ned by the compspec are generated, directory name)
-4.485 F .583(completion is attempted and an)224 288 R 3.084(ym)-.15 G
.584(atches are added to the results of the other)-3.084 F(actions.)224
300 Q F1<ad41>144 312 Q F2(action)2.5 E F0(The)184 324 Q F2(action)2.5 E
F0(may be one of the follo)2.5 E
(wing to generate a list of possible completions:)-.25 E F1(alias)184
336 Q F0(Alias names.)20.55 E(May also be speci\214ed as)5 E F1<ad61>2.5
E F0(.)A F1(arrayv)184 348 Q(ar)-.1 E F0(Array v)224 360 Q
(ariable names.)-.25 E F1 4.7(binding Readline)184 372 R F0 -.1(ke)2.5 G
2.5(yb)-.05 G(inding names.)-2.5 E F1 -.2(bu)184 384 S(iltin).2 E F0
(Names of shell b)11.85 E(uiltin commands.)-.2 E
(May also be speci\214ed as)5 E F1<ad62>2.5 E F0(.)A F1(command)184 396
Q F0(Command names.)224 408 Q(May also be speci\214ed as)5 E F1<ad63>2.5
E F0(.)A F1(dir)184 420 Q(ectory)-.18 E F0(Directory names.)224 432 Q
(May also be speci\214ed as)5 E F1<ad64>2.5 E F0(.)A F1(disabled)184 444
Q F0(Names of disabled shell b)224 456 Q(uiltins.)-.2 E F1(enabled)184
468 Q F0(Names of enabled shell b)6.66 E(uiltins.)-.2 E F1(export)184
480 Q F0(Names of e)12.23 E(xported shell v)-.15 E 2.5(ariables. May)
-.25 F(also be speci\214ed as)2.5 E F1<ad65>2.5 E F0(.)A F1(\214le)184
492 Q F0(File names.)27.22 E(May also be speci\214ed as)5 E F1<ad66>2.5
E F0(.)A F1(function)184 504 Q F0(Names of shell functions.)224 516 Q F1
(gr)184 528 Q(oup)-.18 E F0(Group names.)14.62 E
(May also be speci\214ed as)5 E F1<ad67>2.5 E F0(.)A F1(helptopic)184
540 Q F0(Help topics as accepted by the)224 552 Q F1(help)2.5 E F0 -.2
(bu)2.5 G(iltin.).2 E F1(hostname)184 564 Q F0(Hostnames, as tak)224 576
Q(en from the \214le speci\214ed by the)-.1 E/F3 9/Times-Bold@0 SF
(HOSTFILE)2.5 E F0(shell v)2.25 E(ariable.)-.25 E F1(job)184 588 Q F0
(Job names, if job control is acti)26.11 E -.15(ve)-.25 G 5(.M).15 G
(ay also be speci\214ed as)-5 E F1<ad6a>2.5 E F0(.)A F1 -.1(ke)184 600 S
(yw).1 E(ord)-.1 E F0(Shell reserv)224 612 Q(ed w)-.15 E 2.5(ords. May)
-.1 F(also be speci\214ed as)2.5 E F1<ad6b>2.5 E F0(.)A F1(running)184
624 Q F0(Names of running jobs, if job control is acti)5.54 E -.15(ve)
-.25 G(.).15 E F1(ser)184 636 Q(vice)-.1 E F0(Service names.)10.67 E
(May also be speci\214ed as)5 E F1<ad73>2.5 E F0(.)A F1(setopt)184 648 Q
F0 -1.11(Va)14.45 G(lid ar)1.11 E(guments for the)-.18 E F1<ad6f>2.5 E
F0(option to the)2.5 E F1(set)2.5 E F0 -.2(bu)2.5 G(iltin.).2 E F1
(shopt)184 660 Q F0(Shell option names as accepted by the)16.66 E F1
(shopt)2.5 E F0 -.2(bu)2.5 G(iltin.).2 E F1(signal)184 672 Q F0
(Signal names.)14.99 E F1(stopped)184 684 Q F0
(Names of stopped jobs, if job control is acti)6.66 E -.15(ve)-.25 G(.)
.15 E F1(user)184 696 Q F0(User names.)21.67 E
(May also be speci\214ed as)5 E F1<ad75>2.5 E F0(.)A F1 -.1(va)184 708 S
(riable).1 E F0(Names of all shell v)5.1 E 2.5(ariables. May)-.25 F
(also be speci\214ed as)2.5 E F1<ad76>2.5 E F0(.)A(GNU Bash-3.2)72 768 Q
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/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 389.54(SH\(1\) B).35 F(ASH\(1\))
-.35 E/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 SF<ad47>144 84 Q/F2 10/Times-Italic@0 SF
(globpat)2.5 E F0 1.411(The \214lename e)184 96 R 1.411
(xpansion pattern)-.15 F F2(globpat)3.911 E F0 1.411(is e)3.911 F 1.411
(xpanded to generate the possible comple-)-.15 F(tions.)184 108 Q F1
<ad57>144 120 Q F2(wor)2.5 E(dlist)-.37 E F0(The)184 132 Q F2(wor)3.639
E(dlist)-.37 E F0 1.14(is split using the characters in the)3.639 F/F3 9
/Times-Bold@0 SF(IFS)3.64 E F0 1.14(special v)3.39 F 1.14
(ariable as delimiters, and)-.25 F 2.008(each resultant w)184 144 R
2.008(ord is e)-.1 F 4.508(xpanded. The)-.15 F 2.007
(possible completions are the members of the)4.508 F
(resultant list which match the w)184 156 Q(ord being completed.)-.1 E
F1<ad43>144 168 Q F2(command)2.5 E(command)184 180 Q F0 1.055(is e)3.555
F -.15(xe)-.15 G 1.055(cuted in a subshell en).15 F 1.056
(vironment, and its output is used as the possible)-.4 F(completions.)
184 192 Q F1<ad46>144 204 Q F2(function)2.5 E F0 1.181
(The shell function)184 216 R F2(function)3.681 E F0 1.181(is e)3.681 F
-.15(xe)-.15 G 1.181(cuted in the current shell en).15 F 3.68
(vironment. When)-.4 F 1.18(it \214n-)3.68 F .932
(ishes, the possible completions are retrie)184 228 R -.15(ve)-.25 G
3.432(df).15 G .932(rom the v)-3.432 F .932(alue of the)-.25 F F3
(COMPREPL)3.432 E(Y)-.828 E F0(array)3.182 E -.25(va)184 240 S(riable.)
.25 E F1<ad58>144 252 Q F2(\214lterpat)2.5 E(\214lterpat)184 264 Q F0
.733(is a pattern as used for \214lename e)3.234 F 3.233(xpansion. It)
-.15 F .733(is applied to the list of possible)3.233 F 1.596
(completions generated by the preceding options and ar)184 276 R 1.596
(guments, and each completion)-.18 F(matching)184 288 Q F2(\214lterpat)
3.205 E F0 .705(is remo)3.205 F -.15(ve)-.15 G 3.205(df).15 G .704
(rom the list.)-3.205 F 3.204(Al)5.704 G(eading)-3.204 E F1(!)3.204 E F0
(in)3.204 E F2(\214lterpat)3.204 E F0(ne)3.204 E -.05(ga)-.15 G .704
(tes the pattern;).05 F(in this case, an)184 300 Q 2.5(yc)-.15 G
(ompletion not matching)-2.5 E F2(\214lterpat)2.5 E F0(is remo)2.5 E
-.15(ve)-.15 G(d.).15 E F1<ad50>144 312 Q F2(pr)2.5 E(e\214x)-.37 E(pr)
184 324 Q(e\214x)-.37 E F0 .534(is added at the be)3.034 F .534
(ginning of each possible completion after all other options ha)-.15 F
-.15(ve)-.2 G(been applied.)184 336 Q F1<ad53>144 348 Q F2(suf)2.5 E
2.81(\214x suf)-.18 F<8c78>-.18 E F0
(is appended to each possible completion after all other options ha)2.5
E .3 -.15(ve b)-.2 H(een applied.).15 E .467(The return v)144 364.8 R
.467(alue is true unless an in)-.25 F -.25(va)-.4 G .466
(lid option is supplied, an option other than).25 F F1<ad70>2.966 E F0
(or)2.966 E F1<ad72>2.966 E F0 .466(is sup-)2.966 F 1.361
(plied without a)144 376.8 R F2(name)3.861 E F0(ar)3.861 E 1.361
(gument, an attempt is made to remo)-.18 F 1.662 -.15(ve a c)-.15 H
1.362(ompletion speci\214cation for a).15 F F2(name)144 388.8 Q F0
(for which no speci\214cation e)2.5 E
(xists, or an error occurs adding a completion speci\214cation.)-.15 E
F1(compopt)108 405.6 Q F0([)2.5 E F1<ad6f>A F2(option)2.5 E F0 2.5(][)C
F1(+o)-2.5 E F2(option)2.5 E F0 2.5(][)C F2(name)-2.5 E F0(])A .447
(Modify completion options for each)144 417.6 R F2(name)2.947 E F0 .447
(according to the)2.947 F F2(option)2.947 E F0 .447
(s, or for the currently-e)B -.15(xe)-.15 G(cution).15 E .725
(completion if no)144 429.6 R F2(name)3.225 E F0 3.225(sa)C .725
(re supplied.)-3.225 F .725(If no)5.725 F F2(option)3.225 E F0 3.225(sa)
C .725(re gi)-3.225 F -.15(ve)-.25 G .726
(n, display the completion options for).15 F(each)144 441.6 Q F2(name)
3.224 E F0 .724(or the current completion.)3.224 F .724(The possible v)
5.724 F .724(alues of)-.25 F F2(option)3.224 E F0 .724(are those v)3.224
F .723(alid for the)-.25 F F1(com-)3.223 E(plete)144 453.6 Q F0 -.2(bu)
2.5 G(iltin described abo).2 E -.15(ve)-.15 G(.).15 E .327(The return v)
108 470.4 R .327(alue is true unless an in)-.25 F -.25(va)-.4 G .327
(lid option is supplied, an attempt is made to modify the options for a)
.25 F F2(name)108 482.4 Q F0(for which no completion speci\214cation e)
2.5 E(xists, or an output error occurs.)-.15 E F1(continue)108 499.2 Q
F0([)2.5 E F2(n)A F0(])A 1.754(Resume the ne)144 511.2 R 1.754
(xt iteration of the enclosing)-.15 F F1 -.25(fo)4.254 G(r).25 E F0(,)A
F1(while)4.254 E F0(,)A F1(until)4.254 E F0 4.254(,o)C(r)-4.254 E F1
(select)4.254 E F0 4.253(loop. If)4.254 F F2(n)4.613 E F0 1.753
(is speci\214ed,)4.493 F 1.208(resume at the)144 523.2 R F2(n)3.709 E F0
1.209(th enclosing loop.)B F2(n)6.569 E F0 1.209(must be)3.949 F/F4 10
/Symbol SF<b3>3.709 E F0 3.709(1. If)3.709 F F2(n)4.069 E F0 1.209
(is greater than the number of enclosing)3.949 F .668
(loops, the last enclosing loop \(the `)144 535.2 R(`top-le)-.74 E -.15
(ve)-.25 G(l').15 E 3.168('l)-.74 G .668(oop\) is resumed.)-3.168 F .667
(The return v)5.667 F .667(alue is 0 unless the)-.25 F(shell is not e)
144 547.2 Q -.15(xe)-.15 G(cuting a loop when).15 E F1(continue)2.5 E F0
(is e)2.5 E -.15(xe)-.15 G(cuted.).15 E F1(declar)108 564 Q(e)-.18 E F0
([)2.5 E F1(\255afFirtx)A F0 2.5(][)C F1<ad70>-2.5 E F0 2.5(][)C F2
(name)-2.5 E F0([=)A F2(value)A F0 2.5(].)C(..])-2.5 E F1(typeset)108
576 Q F0([)2.5 E F1(\255afFirtx)A F0 2.5(][)C F1<ad70>-2.5 E F0 2.5(][)C
F2(name)-2.5 E F0([=)A F2(value)A F0 2.5(].)C(..])-2.5 E 1.264
(Declare v)144 588 R 1.264(ariables and/or gi)-.25 F 1.564 -.15(ve t)
-.25 H 1.264(hem attrib).15 F 3.765(utes. If)-.2 F(no)3.765 E F2(name)
3.765 E F0 3.765(sa)C 1.265(re gi)-3.765 F -.15(ve)-.25 G 3.765(nt).15 G
1.265(hen display the v)-3.765 F 1.265(alues of)-.25 F -.25(va)144 600 S
3.483(riables. The).25 F F1<ad70>3.483 E F0 .983
(option will display the attrib)3.483 F .983(utes and v)-.2 F .982
(alues of each)-.25 F F2(name)3.482 E F0 5.982(.W).18 G(hen)-5.982 E F1
<ad70>3.482 E F0 .982(is used)3.482 F(with)144 612 Q F2(name)3.579 E F0
(ar)3.579 E 1.079(guments, additional options are ignored.)-.18 F(When)
6.079 E F1<ad70>3.579 E F0 1.079(is supplied without)3.579 F F2(name)
3.58 E F0(ar)3.58 E(gu-)-.18 E .151(ments, it will display the attrib)
144 624 R .151(utes and v)-.2 F .151(alues of all v)-.25 F .15
(ariables ha)-.25 F .15(ving the attrib)-.2 F .15
(utes speci\214ed by the)-.2 F .046(additional options.)144 636 R .046
(If no other options are supplied with)5.046 F F1<ad70>2.547 E F0(,)A F1
(declar)2.547 E(e)-.18 E F0 .047(will display the attrib)2.547 F .047
(utes and)-.2 F -.25(va)144 648 S 1.363(lues of all shell v).25 F 3.863
(ariables. The)-.25 F F1<ad66>3.863 E F0 1.362
(option will restrict the display to shell functions.)3.863 F(The)6.362
E F1<ad46>3.862 E F0 2.422(option inhibits the display of function de\
\214nitions; only the function name and attrib)144 660 R 2.423(utes are)
-.2 F 2.664(printed. If)144 672 R(the)2.664 E F1(extdeb)2.664 E(ug)-.2 E
F0 .164(shell option is enabled using)2.664 F F1(shopt)2.664 E F0 2.664
(,t)C .163(he source \214le name and line number)-2.664 F 1.382
(where the function is de\214ned are displayed as well.)144 684 R(The)
6.382 E F1<ad46>3.882 E F0 1.382(option implies)3.882 F F1<ad66>3.882 E
F0 6.382(.T)C 1.382(he follo)-6.382 F(wing)-.25 E .794
(options can be used to restrict output to v)144 696 R .794
(ariables with the speci\214ed attrib)-.25 F .793(ute or to gi)-.2 F
1.093 -.15(ve v)-.25 H(ariables)-.1 E(attrib)144 708 Q(utes:)-.2 E
(GNU Bash-3.2)72 768 Q(2008 April 5)148.455 E(49)198.445 E 0 Cg EP
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/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 389.54(SH\(1\) B).35 F(ASH\(1\))
-.35 E/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 SF<ad61>144 84 Q F0(Each)25.3 E/F2 10
/Times-Italic@0 SF(name)2.5 E F0(is an array v)2.5 E(ariable \(see)-.25
E F1(Arrays)2.5 E F0(abo)2.5 E -.15(ve)-.15 G(\).).15 E F1<ad66>144 96 Q
F0(Use function names only)26.97 E(.)-.65 E F1<ad69>144 108 Q F0 .557
(The v)27.52 F .558(ariable is treated as an inte)-.25 F .558
(ger; arithmetic e)-.15 F -.25(va)-.25 G .558(luation \(see).25 F/F3 9
/Times-Bold@0 SF .558(ARITHMETIC EV)3.058 F(ALU)-1.215 E(A-)-.54 E
(TION \))180 120 Q F0(is performed when the v)2.25 E
(ariable is assigned a v)-.25 E(alue.)-.25 E F1<ad72>144 132 Q F0(Mak)
25.86 E(e)-.1 E F2(name)5.047 E F0 5.047(sr)C(eadonly)-5.047 E 7.547(.T)
-.65 G 2.546(hese names cannot then be assigned v)-7.547 F 2.546
(alues by subsequent)-.25 F(assignment statements or unset.)180 144 Q F1
<ad74>144 156 Q F0(Gi)26.97 E .729 -.15(ve e)-.25 H(ach).15 E F2(name)
2.929 E F0(the)2.929 E F2(tr)2.929 E(ace)-.15 E F0(attrib)2.929 E 2.929
(ute. T)-.2 F .429(raced functions inherit the)-.35 F F1(DEB)2.929 E(UG)
-.1 E F0(and)2.93 E F1(RETURN)2.93 E F0(traps from the calling shell.)
180 168 Q(The trace attrib)5 E(ute has no special meaning for v)-.2 E
(ariables.)-.25 E F1<ad78>144 180 Q F0(Mark)25.3 E F2(name)2.5 E F0 2.5
(sf)C(or e)-2.5 E(xport to subsequent commands via the en)-.15 E
(vironment.)-.4 E .121(Using `+' instead of `\255' turns of)144 196.8 R
2.621(ft)-.25 G .121(he attrib)-2.621 F .121(ute instead, with the e)-.2
F .12(xceptions that)-.15 F F1(+a)2.62 E F0 .12(may not be used)2.62 F
1.236(to destro)144 208.8 R 3.736(ya)-.1 G 3.737(na)-3.736 G 1.237
(rray v)-3.737 F 1.237(ariable and)-.25 F F1 1.237(+r will not r)3.737 F
(emo)-.18 E 1.437 -.1(ve t)-.1 H 1.237(he r).1 F 1.237(eadonly attrib)
-.18 F 3.737(ute. When)-.2 F 1.237(used in a)3.737 F .312(function, mak)
144 220.8 R .312(es each)-.1 F F2(name)2.812 E F1 .311
(local, as with the local)2.812 F F0 2.811(command. If)2.811 F 2.811(av)
2.811 G .311(ariable name is follo)-3.061 F .311(wed by)-.25 F(=)144
232.8 Q F2(value)A F0 3.238(,t)C .738(he v)-3.238 F .738(alue of the v)
-.25 F .738(ariable is set to)-.25 F F2(value)3.238 E F0 5.738(.T)C .738
(he return v)-5.738 F .739(alue is 0 unless an in)-.25 F -.25(va)-.4 G
.739(lid option is).25 F .603
(encountered, an attempt is made to de\214ne a function using)144 244.8
R/F4 10/Courier@0 SF .603(\255f foo=bar)3.103 F F0 3.103(,a)C 3.103(na)
-3.103 G .603(ttempt is made to)-3.103 F 1.242(assign a v)144 256.8 R
1.242(alue to a readonly v)-.25 F 1.242
(ariable, an attempt is made to assign a v)-.25 F 1.243
(alue to an array v)-.25 F(ariable)-.25 E 1.386
(without using the compound assignment syntax \(see)144 268.8 R F1
(Arrays)3.886 E F0(abo)3.886 E -.15(ve)-.15 G 1.386(\), one of the).15 F
F2(names)3.886 E F0 1.386(is not a)3.886 F -.25(va)144 280.8 S .171
(lid shell v).25 F .171(ariable name, an attempt is made to turn of)-.25
F 2.671(fr)-.25 G .171(eadonly status for a readonly v)-2.671 F .172
(ariable, an)-.25 F .96(attempt is made to turn of)144 292.8 R 3.46(fa)
-.25 G .96(rray status for an array v)-3.46 F .96
(ariable, or an attempt is made to display a)-.25 F(non-e)144 304.8 Q
(xistent function with)-.15 E F1<ad66>2.5 E F0(.)A F1(dirs [+)108 321.6
Q F2(n)A F1 2.5(][)C<ad>-2.5 E F2(n)A F1 2.5(][)C(\255cplv])-2.5 E F0
-.4(Wi)144 333.6 S .328
(thout options, displays the list of currently remembered directories.)
.4 F .329(The def)5.329 F .329(ault display is on a)-.1 F 1.238
(single line with directory names separated by spaces.)144 345.6 R 1.238
(Directories are added to the list with the)6.238 F F1(pushd)144 357.6 Q
F0(command; the)2.5 E F1(popd)2.5 E F0(command remo)2.5 E -.15(ve)-.15 G
2.5(se).15 G(ntries from the list.)-2.5 E F1(+)144 369.6 Q F2(n)A F0
1.564(Displays the)25.3 F F2(n)4.064 E F0 1.565
(th entry counting from the left of the list sho)B 1.565(wn by)-.25 F F1
(dirs)4.065 E F0 1.565(when in)4.065 F -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G(d).1 E
(without options, starting with zero.)180 381.6 Q F1<ad>144 393.6 Q F2
(n)A F0 1.194(Displays the)25.3 F F2(n)3.694 E F0 1.194
(th entry counting from the right of the list sho)B 1.194(wn by)-.25 F
F1(dirs)3.694 E F0 1.194(when in)3.694 F -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G(d).1 E
(without options, starting with zero.)180 405.6 Q F1<ad63>144 417.6 Q F0
(Clears the directory stack by deleting all of the entries.)25.86 E F1
<ad6c>144 429.6 Q F0 .324(Produces a longer listing; the def)27.52 F
.324(ault listing format uses a tilde to denote the home direc-)-.1 F
(tory)180 441.6 Q(.)-.65 E F1<ad70>144 453.6 Q F0
(Print the directory stack with one entry per line.)24.74 E F1<ad76>144
465.6 Q F0 .273(Print the directory stack with one entry per line, pre\
\214xing each entry with its inde)25.3 F 2.772(xi)-.15 G 2.772(nt)-2.772
G(he)-2.772 E(stack.)180 477.6 Q .257(The return v)144 494.4 R .258
(alue is 0 unless an in)-.25 F -.25(va)-.4 G .258
(lid option is supplied or).25 F F2(n)2.758 E F0(inde)2.758 E -.15(xe)
-.15 G 2.758(sb).15 G -.15(ey)-2.758 G .258(ond the end of the direc-)
.15 F(tory stack.)144 506.4 Q F1(diso)108 523.2 Q(wn)-.1 E F0([)2.5 E F1
(\255ar)A F0 2.5(][)C F1<ad68>-2.5 E F0 2.5(][)C F2(jobspec)-2.5 E F0
(...])2.5 E -.4(Wi)144 535.2 S .295(thout options, each).4 F F2(jobspec)
4.535 E F0 .295(is remo)3.105 F -.15(ve)-.15 G 2.795(df).15 G .295
(rom the table of acti)-2.795 F .595 -.15(ve j)-.25 H 2.795(obs. If).15
F F2(jobspec)4.535 E F0 .295(is not present,)3.105 F .243(and neither)
144 547.2 R F1 .243(\255a nor \255r is supplied, the shell')2.743 F
2.743(sn)-.37 G .243(otion of the)-2.743 F F2(curr)2.743 E .243(ent job)
-.37 F F1 .243(is used.)2.743 F .244(If the \255h option)5.243 F .334
(is gi)144 559.2 R -.1(ve)-.1 G .334(n, each).1 F F2(jobspec)4.574 E F0
.334(is not remo)3.144 F -.15(ve)-.15 G 2.834(df).15 G .334
(rom the table, b)-2.834 F .334(ut is mark)-.2 F .334(ed so that)-.1 F
F3(SIGHUP)2.834 E F0 .333(is not sent to)2.584 F 1.189
(the job if the shell recei)144 571.2 R -.15(ve)-.25 G 3.689(sa).15 G F3
(SIGHUP)A/F5 9/Times-Roman@0 SF(.)A F0 1.189(If no)5.689 F F2(jobspec)
5.429 E F0 1.189(is present, and neither the)3.999 F F1<ad61>3.689 E F0
1.19(nor the)3.69 F F1<ad72>3.69 E F0 1.57(option is supplied, the)144
583.2 R F2(curr)4.07 E 1.57(ent job)-.37 F F0 1.57(is used.)4.07 F 1.569
(If no)6.569 F F2(jobspec)5.809 E F0 1.569(is supplied, the)4.379 F F1
<ad61>4.069 E F0 1.569(option means to)4.069 F(remo)144 595.2 Q .903
-.15(ve o)-.15 H 3.103(rm).15 G .603(ark all jobs; the)-3.103 F F1<ad72>
3.103 E F0 .603(option without a)3.103 F F2(jobspec)4.843 E F0(ar)3.414
E .604(gument restricts operation to running)-.18 F 2.5(jobs. The)144
607.2 R(return v)2.5 E(alue is 0 unless a)-.25 E F2(jobspec)4.24 E F0
(does not specify a v)2.81 E(alid job)-.25 E(.)-.4 E F1(echo)108 624 Q
F0([)2.5 E F1(\255neE)A F0 2.5(][)C F2(ar)-2.5 E(g)-.37 E F0(...])2.5 E
.395(Output the)144 636 R F2(ar)2.895 E(g)-.37 E F0 .395
(s, separated by spaces, follo)B .395(wed by a ne)-.25 F 2.895
(wline. The)-.25 F .394(return status is al)2.895 F -.1(wa)-.1 G .394
(ys 0.).1 F(If)5.394 E F1<ad6e>2.894 E F0 .548
(is speci\214ed, the trailing ne)144 648 R .548(wline is suppressed.)
-.25 F .548(If the)5.548 F F1<ad65>3.048 E F0 .548(option is gi)3.048 F
-.15(ve)-.25 G .548(n, interpretation of the fol-).15 F(lo)144 660 Q
.053(wing backslash-escaped characters is enabled.)-.25 F(The)5.053 E F1
<ad45>2.553 E F0 .052(option disables the interpretation of these)2.552
F 1.502(escape characters, e)144 672 R -.15(ve)-.25 G 4.002(no).15 G
4.002(ns)-4.002 G 1.502(ystems where the)-4.002 F 4.002(ya)-.15 G 1.502
(re interpreted by def)-4.002 F 4.003(ault. The)-.1 F F1(xpg_echo)4.003
E F0(shell)4.003 E .009
(option may be used to dynamically determine whether or not)144 684 R F1
(echo)2.509 E F0 -.15(ex)2.509 G .009(pands these escape characters).15
F .659(by def)144 696 R(ault.)-.1 E F1(echo)5.659 E F0 .659
(does not interpret)3.159 F F1<adad>3.159 E F0 .659
(to mean the end of options.)3.159 F F1(echo)5.66 E F0 .66
(interprets the follo)3.16 F(wing)-.25 E(escape sequences:)144 708 Q
(GNU Bash-3.2)72 768 Q(2008 April 5)148.455 E(50)198.445 E 0 Cg EP
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/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 389.54(SH\(1\) B).35 F(ASH\(1\))
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(\\b)144 96 Q F0(backspace)27.66 E F1(\\c)144 108 Q F0
(suppress trailing ne)28.78 E(wline)-.25 E F1(\\e)144 120 Q F0
(an escape character)28.78 E F1(\\f)144 132 Q F0(form feed)29.89 E F1
(\\n)144 144 Q F0(ne)27.66 E 2.5(wl)-.25 G(ine)-2.5 E F1(\\r)144 156 Q
F0(carriage return)28.78 E F1(\\t)144 168 Q F0(horizontal tab)29.89 E F1
(\\v)144 180 Q F0 -.15(ve)28.22 G(rtical tab).15 E F1(\\\\)144 192 Q F0
(backslash)30.44 E F1(\\0)144 204 Q/F2 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(nnn)A F0
(the eight-bit character whose v)13.22 E(alue is the octal v)-.25 E
(alue)-.25 E F2(nnn)2.5 E F0(\(zero to three octal digits\))2.5 E F1
(\\x)144 216 Q F2(HH)A F0(the eight-bit character whose v)13.78 E
(alue is the he)-.25 E(xadecimal v)-.15 E(alue)-.25 E F2(HH)2.5 E F0
(\(one or tw)2.5 E 2.5(oh)-.1 G .3 -.15(ex d)-2.5 H(igits\)).15 E F1
(enable)108 232.8 Q F0([)2.5 E F1<ad61>A F0 2.5(][)C F1(\255dnps)-2.5 E
F0 2.5(][)C F1<ad66>-2.5 E F2(\214lename)2.5 E F0 2.5(][)C F2(name)-2.5
E F0(...])2.5 E .278(Enable and disable b)144 244.8 R .278
(uiltin shell commands.)-.2 F .278(Disabling a b)5.278 F .278
(uiltin allo)-.2 F .278(ws a disk command which has)-.25 F .833
(the same name as a shell b)144 256.8 R .834(uiltin to be e)-.2 F -.15
(xe)-.15 G .834(cuted without specifying a full pathname, e).15 F -.15
(ve)-.25 G 3.334(nt).15 G(hough)-3.334 E .99
(the shell normally searches for b)144 268.8 R .989
(uiltins before disk commands.)-.2 F(If)5.989 E F1<ad6e>3.489 E F0 .989
(is used, each)3.489 F F2(name)3.489 E F0 .989(is dis-)3.489 F 1.581
(abled; otherwise,)144 280.8 R F2(names)4.082 E F0 1.582(are enabled.)
4.082 F -.15(Fo)6.582 G 4.082(re).15 G 1.582(xample, to use the)-4.232 F
F1(test)4.082 E F0 1.582(binary found via the)4.082 F/F3 9/Times-Bold@0
SF -.666(PA)4.082 G(TH)-.189 E F0 .081(instead of the shell b)144 292.8
R .081(uiltin v)-.2 F .081(ersion, run)-.15 F/F4 10/Courier@0 SF .081
(enable -n test)2.581 F F0 5.081(.T)C(he)-5.081 E F1<ad66>2.58 E F0 .08
(option means to load the ne)2.58 F(w)-.25 E -.2(bu)144 304.8 S 1.524
(iltin command).2 F F2(name)4.384 E F0 1.524(from shared object)4.204 F
F2(\214lename)4.024 E F0 4.024(,o).18 G 4.024(ns)-4.024 G 1.524
(ystems that support dynamic loading.)-4.024 F(The)144 316.8 Q F1<ad64>
2.867 E F0 .367(option will delete a b)2.867 F .367(uiltin pre)-.2 F
.367(viously loaded with)-.25 F F1<ad66>2.866 E F0 5.366(.I)C 2.866(fn)
-5.366 G(o)-2.866 E F2(name)2.866 E F0(ar)2.866 E .366(guments are gi)
-.18 F -.15(ve)-.25 G .366(n, or).15 F .398(if the)144 328.8 R F1<ad70>
2.898 E F0 .399(option is supplied, a list of shell b)2.899 F .399
(uiltins is printed.)-.2 F -.4(Wi)5.399 G .399(th no other option ar).4
F .399(guments, the)-.18 F .099(list consists of all enabled shell b)144
340.8 R 2.598(uiltins. If)-.2 F F1<ad6e>2.598 E F0 .098
(is supplied, only disabled b)2.598 F .098(uiltins are printed.)-.2 F
(If)5.098 E F1<ad61>2.598 E F0 1.916
(is supplied, the list printed includes all b)144 352.8 R 1.916
(uiltins, with an indication of whether or not each is)-.2 F 2.879
(enabled. If)144 364.8 R F1<ad73>2.879 E F0 .379
(is supplied, the output is restricted to the POSIX)2.879 F F2(special)
2.879 E F0 -.2(bu)2.878 G 2.878(iltins. The).2 F .378(return v)2.878 F
(alue)-.25 E .994(is 0 unless a)144 376.8 R F2(name)3.854 E F0 .994
(is not a shell b)3.674 F .994(uiltin or there is an error loading a ne)
-.2 F 3.495(wb)-.25 G .995(uiltin from a shared)-3.695 F(object.)144
388.8 Q F1 -2.3 -.15(ev a)108 405.6 T(l).15 E F0([)2.5 E F2(ar)A(g)-.37
E F0(...])2.5 E(The)144 417.6 Q F2(ar)3.171 E(g)-.37 E F0 3.171(sa)C
.671(re read and concatenated together into a single command.)-3.171 F
.67(This command is then read)5.67 F .495(and e)144 429.6 R -.15(xe)-.15
G .495(cuted by the shell, and its e).15 F .495
(xit status is returned as the v)-.15 F .495(alue of)-.25 F F1 -2.3 -.15
(ev a)2.995 H(l).15 E F0 5.495(.I)C 2.995(ft)-5.495 G .495(here are no)
-2.995 F F2(ar)2.995 E(gs)-.37 E F0(,).27 E(or only null ar)144 441.6 Q
(guments,)-.18 E F1 -2.3 -.15(ev a)2.5 H(l).15 E F0(returns 0.)2.5 E F1
(exec)108 458.4 Q F0([)2.5 E F1(\255cl)A F0 2.5(][)C F1<ad61>-2.5 E F2
(name)2.5 E F0 2.5(][)C F2(command)-2.5 E F0([)2.5 E F2(ar)A(guments)
-.37 E F0(]])A(If)144 470.4 Q F2(command)3.006 E F0 .306
(is speci\214ed, it replaces the shell.)3.576 F .305(No ne)5.305 F 2.805
(wp)-.25 G .305(rocess is created.)-2.805 F(The)5.305 E F2(ar)3.135 E
(guments)-.37 E F0(become)3.075 E .176(the ar)144 482.4 R .176
(guments to)-.18 F F2(command)2.676 E F0 5.176(.I)C 2.676(ft)-5.176 G
(he)-2.676 E F1<ad6c>2.676 E F0 .176
(option is supplied, the shell places a dash at the be)2.676 F .177
(ginning of)-.15 F .5(the zeroth ar)144 494.4 R .5(gument passed to)-.18
F F2(command)3 E F0 5.499(.T).77 G .499(his is what)-5.499 F F2(lo)2.999
E(gin)-.1 E F0 .499(\(1\) does.).24 F(The)5.499 E F1<ad63>2.999 E F0
.499(option causes)2.999 F F2(com-)3.199 E(mand)144 506.4 Q F0 .638
(to be e)3.908 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .638(cuted with an empty en).15 F 3.138
(vironment. If)-.4 F F1<ad61>3.138 E F0 .638
(is supplied, the shell passes)3.138 F F2(name)3.499 E F0 .639(as the)
3.319 F 1.078(zeroth ar)144 518.4 R 1.077(gument to the e)-.18 F -.15
(xe)-.15 G 1.077(cuted command.).15 F(If)6.077 E F2(command)3.777 E F0
1.077(cannot be e)4.347 F -.15(xe)-.15 G 1.077(cuted for some reason, a)
.15 F(non-interacti)144 530.4 Q .617 -.15(ve s)-.25 H .317(hell e).15 F
.317(xits, unless the shell option)-.15 F F1(execfail)2.817 E F0 .318
(is enabled, in which case it returns f)2.817 F(ail-)-.1 E 2.505
(ure. An)144 542.4 R(interacti)2.505 E .305 -.15(ve s)-.25 H .005
(hell returns f).15 F .005(ailure if the \214le cannot be e)-.1 F -.15
(xe)-.15 G 2.505(cuted. If).15 F F2(command)2.705 E F0 .005
(is not speci\214ed,)3.275 F(an)144 554.4 Q 3.036(yr)-.15 G .536
(edirections tak)-3.036 F 3.036(ee)-.1 G -.25(ff)-3.036 G .536
(ect in the current shell, and the return status is 0.).25 F .536
(If there is a redirection)5.536 F(error)144 566.4 Q 2.5(,t)-.4 G
(he return status is 1.)-2.5 E F1(exit)108 583.2 Q F0([)2.5 E F2(n)A F0
6.29(]C)C .096(ause the shell to e)-6.29 F .096(xit with a status of)
-.15 F F2(n)2.596 E F0 5.096(.I)C(f)-5.096 E F2(n)2.955 E F0 .095
(is omitted, the e)2.835 F .095(xit status is that of the last command)
-.15 F -.15(exe)144 595.2 S 2.5(cuted. A).15 F(trap on)2.5 E F3(EXIT)2.5
E F0(is e)2.25 E -.15(xe)-.15 G(cuted before the shell terminates.).15 E
F1(export)108 612 Q F0([)2.5 E F1(\255fn)A F0 2.5(][).833 G F2(name)-2.5
E F0([=)A F2(wor)A(d)-.37 E F0(]] ...)A F1(export \255p)108 624 Q F0
.256(The supplied)144 636 R F2(names)3.117 E F0 .257(are mark)3.027 F
.257(ed for automatic e)-.1 F .257(xport to the en)-.15 F .257
(vironment of subsequently e)-.4 F -.15(xe)-.15 G(cuted).15 E 2.627
(commands. If)144 648 R(the)2.627 E F1<ad66>2.627 E F0 .127
(option is gi)2.627 F -.15(ve)-.25 G .127(n, the).15 F F2(names)2.987 E
F0 .127(refer to functions.)2.897 F .127(If no)5.127 F F2(names)2.987 E
F0 .127(are gi)2.897 F -.15(ve)-.25 G .126(n, or if the).15 F F1<ad70>
144 660 Q F0 .659(option is supplied, a list of all names that are e)
3.159 F .66(xported in this shell is printed.)-.15 F(The)5.66 E F1<ad6e>
3.16 E F0(option)3.16 E 1.587(causes the e)144 672 R 1.587
(xport property to be remo)-.15 F -.15(ve)-.15 G 4.086(df).15 G 1.586
(rom each)-4.086 F F2(name)4.086 E F0 6.586(.I)C 4.086(fav)-6.586 G
1.586(ariable name is follo)-4.336 F 1.586(wed by)-.25 F(=)144 684 Q F2
(wor)A(d)-.37 E F0 2.803(,t)C .303(he v)-2.803 F .303(alue of the v)-.25
F .304(ariable is set to)-.25 F F2(wor)2.804 E(d)-.37 E F0(.)A F1
(export)5.304 E F0 .304(returns an e)2.804 F .304
(xit status of 0 unless an in)-.15 F -.25(va)-.4 G(lid).25 E .294
(option is encountered, one of the)144 696 R F2(names)2.793 E F0 .293
(is not a v)2.793 F .293(alid shell v)-.25 F .293(ariable name, or)-.25
F F1<ad66>2.793 E F0 .293(is supplied with a)2.793 F F2(name)144.36 708
Q F0(that is not a function.)2.68 E(GNU Bash-3.2)72 768 Q(2008 April 5)
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/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 389.54(SH\(1\) B).35 F(ASH\(1\))
-.35 E/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(fc)108 84 Q F0([)2.5 E F1<ad65>A/F2 10
/Times-Italic@0 SF(ename)2.5 E F0 2.5(][)C F1(\255lnr)-2.5 E F0 2.5(][)C
F2<8c72>-2.5 E(st)-.1 E F0 2.5(][)C F2(last)-2.5 E F0(])A F1(fc \255s)
108 96 Q F0([)2.5 E F2(pat)A F0(=)A F2 -.37(re)C(p).37 E F0 2.5(][)C F2
(cmd)-2.5 E F0(])A .477(Fix Command.)144 108 R .478
(In the \214rst form, a range of commands from)5.477 F F2<8c72>4.888 E
(st)-.1 E F0(to)3.658 E F2(last)3.068 E F0 .478
(is selected from the his-)3.658 F .882(tory list.)144 120 R F2 -.45(Fi)
5.882 G -.1(rs).45 G(t).1 E F0(and)4.062 E F2(last)3.472 E F0 .882
(may be speci\214ed as a string \(to locate the last command be)4.062 F
.881(ginning with)-.15 F .797(that string\) or as a number \(an inde)144
132 R 3.297(xi)-.15 G .797(nto the history list, where a ne)-3.297 F
-.05(ga)-.15 G(ti).05 E 1.097 -.15(ve n)-.25 H .797(umber is used as an)
.15 F(of)144 144 Q .277(fset from the current command number\).)-.25 F
(If)5.277 E F2(last)2.867 E F0 .276
(is not speci\214ed it is set to the current command)3.457 F .092
(for listing \(so that)144 156 R/F3 10/Courier@0 SF .092
(fc \255l \25510)2.592 F F0 .092(prints the last 10 commands\) and to)
2.592 F F2<8c72>4.502 E(st)-.1 E F0 2.592(otherwise. If)3.272 F F2<8c72>
4.502 E(st)-.1 E F0 .093(is not)3.273 F
(speci\214ed it is set to the pre)144 168 Q
(vious command for editing and \25516 for listing.)-.25 E(The)144 192 Q
F1<ad6e>2.522 E F0 .022
(option suppresses the command numbers when listing.)2.522 F(The)5.022 E
F1<ad72>2.522 E F0 .022(option re)2.522 F -.15(ve)-.25 G .022
(rses the order of).15 F .438(the commands.)144 204 R .438(If the)5.438
F F1<ad6c>2.938 E F0 .438(option is gi)2.938 F -.15(ve)-.25 G .438
(n, the commands are listed on standard output.).15 F(Otherwise,)5.438 E
.335(the editor gi)144 216 R -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.835(nb).15 G(y)-2.835 E F2
(ename)3.025 E F0 .335(is in)3.015 F -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G 2.835(do)
.1 G 2.835(na\214)-2.835 G .335(le containing those commands.)-2.835 F
(If)5.334 E F2(ename)3.024 E F0 .334(is not gi)3.014 F -.15(ve)-.25 G
(n,).15 E .63(the v)144 228 R .63(alue of the)-.25 F/F4 9/Times-Bold@0
SF(FCEDIT)3.13 E F0 -.25(va)2.88 G .631(riable is used, and the v).25 F
.631(alue of)-.25 F F4(EDIT)3.131 E(OR)-.162 E F0(if)2.881 E F4(FCEDIT)
3.131 E F0 .631(is not set.)2.881 F .631(If nei-)5.631 F .951(ther v)144
240 R .951(ariable is set,)-.25 F F2(vi)5.117 E F0 .951(is used.)5.117 F
.95(When editing is complete, the edited commands are echoed and)5.951 F
-.15(exe)144 252 S(cuted.).15 E .039(In the second form,)144 276 R F2
(command)2.539 E F0 .039(is re-e)2.539 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .039
(cuted after each instance of).15 F F2(pat)2.54 E F0 .04(is replaced by)
2.54 F F2 -.37(re)2.54 G(p).37 E F0 5.04(.A)C(useful)-2.5 E .406
(alias to use with this is)144 288 R F3 .406(r='fc \255s')2.906 F F0
2.906(,s)C 2.906(ot)-2.906 G .406(hat typing)-2.906 F F3 6.406(rc)2.906
G(c)-6.406 E F0 .406(runs the last command be)2.906 F .406(ginning with)
-.15 F F3(cc)144 300 Q F0(and typing)2.5 E F3(r)2.5 E F0(re-e)2.5 E -.15
(xe)-.15 G(cutes the last command.).15 E .142
(If the \214rst form is used, the return v)144 324 R .142
(alue is 0 unless an in)-.25 F -.25(va)-.4 G .142
(lid option is encountered or).25 F F2<8c72>4.552 E(st)-.1 E F0(or)3.322
E F2(last)2.732 E F0 .455(specify history lines out of range.)144 336 R
.454(If the)5.454 F F1<ad65>2.954 E F0 .454
(option is supplied, the return v)2.954 F .454(alue is the v)-.25 F .454
(alue of the)-.25 F .787(last command e)144 348 R -.15(xe)-.15 G .787
(cuted or f).15 F .788
(ailure if an error occurs with the temporary \214le of commands.)-.1 F
.788(If the)5.788 F 1.136
(second form is used, the return status is that of the command re-e)144
360 R -.15(xe)-.15 G 1.135(cuted, unless).15 F F2(cmd)3.835 E F0 1.135
(does not)4.405 F(specify a v)144 372 Q
(alid history line, in which case)-.25 E F1(fc)2.5 E F0(returns f)2.5 E
(ailure.)-.1 E F1(fg)108 388.8 Q F0([)2.5 E F2(jobspec)A F0(])A(Resume)
144 400.8 Q F2(jobspec)5.653 E F0 1.413(in the fore)4.223 F 1.413
(ground, and mak)-.15 F 3.913(ei)-.1 G 3.913(tt)-3.913 G 1.413
(he current job)-3.913 F 6.413(.I)-.4 G(f)-6.413 E F2(jobspec)5.653 E F0
1.414(is not present, the)4.223 F(shell')144 412.8 Q 3.117(sn)-.55 G
.617(otion of the)-3.117 F F2(curr)3.117 E .617(ent job)-.37 F F0 .617
(is used.)3.117 F .617(The return v)5.617 F .616
(alue is that of the command placed into the)-.25 F(fore)144 424.8 Q
.362(ground, or f)-.15 F .362
(ailure if run when job control is disabled or)-.1 F 2.862(,w)-.4 G .363
(hen run with job control enabled, if)-2.862 F F2(jobspec)145.74 436.8 Q
F0 .004(does not specify a v)2.815 F .004(alid job or)-.25 F F2(jobspec)
4.244 E F0 .004(speci\214es a job that w)2.814 F .004
(as started without job control.)-.1 F F1(getopts)108 453.6 Q F2
(optstring name)2.5 E F0([)2.5 E F2(ar)A(gs)-.37 E F0(])A F1(getopts)144
465.6 Q F0 .793
(is used by shell procedures to parse positional parameters.)3.293 F F2
(optstring)6.023 E F0 .793(contains the option)3.513 F .15
(characters to be recognized; if a character is follo)144 477.6 R .149
(wed by a colon, the option is e)-.25 F .149(xpected to ha)-.15 F .449
-.15(ve a)-.2 H(n).15 E(ar)144 489.6 Q .578
(gument, which should be separated from it by white space.)-.18 F .579
(The colon and question mark char)5.579 F(-)-.2 E 1.665
(acters may not be used as option characters.)144 501.6 R 1.665
(Each time it is in)6.665 F -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G(d,).1 E F1(getopts)
4.165 E F0 1.665(places the ne)4.165 F(xt)-.15 E .796
(option in the shell v)144 513.6 R(ariable)-.25 E F2(name)3.296 E F0
3.296(,i).18 G(nitializing)-3.296 E F2(name)3.657 E F0 .797
(if it does not e)3.477 F .797(xist, and the inde)-.15 F 3.297(xo)-.15 G
3.297(ft)-3.297 G .797(he ne)-3.297 F(xt)-.15 E(ar)144 525.6 Q .085
(gument to be processed into the v)-.18 F(ariable)-.25 E F4(OPTIND)2.585
E/F5 9/Times-Roman@0 SF(.)A F4(OPTIND)4.585 E F0 .085
(is initialized to 1 each time the shell)2.335 F .845
(or a shell script is in)144 537.6 R -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G 3.345
(d. When).1 F .845(an option requires an ar)3.345 F(gument,)-.18 E F1
(getopts)3.346 E F0 .846(places that ar)3.346 F(gument)-.18 E .804
(into the v)144 549.6 R(ariable)-.25 E F4(OPT)3.304 E(ARG)-.81 E F5(.)A
F0 .803(The shell does not reset)5.304 F F4(OPTIND)3.303 E F0 .803
(automatically; it must be manually)3.053 F .293
(reset between multiple calls to)144 561.6 R F1(getopts)2.793 E F0 .293
(within the same shell in)2.793 F -.2(vo)-.4 G .293(cation if a ne).2 F
2.793(ws)-.25 G .294(et of parameters)-2.793 F(is to be used.)144 573.6
Q 2.044(When the end of options is encountered,)144 597.6 R F1(getopts)
4.543 E F0 -.15(ex)4.543 G 2.043(its with a return v).15 F 2.043
(alue greater than zero.)-.25 F F1(OPTIND)144 609.6 Q F0
(is set to the inde)2.5 E 2.5(xo)-.15 G 2.5(ft)-2.5 G
(he \214rst non-option ar)-2.5 E(gument, and)-.18 E F1(name)2.5 E F0
(is set to ?.)2.5 E F1(getopts)144 633.6 Q F0 2.392
(normally parses the positional parameters, b)4.892 F 2.392
(ut if more ar)-.2 F 2.393(guments are gi)-.18 F -.15(ve)-.25 G 4.893
(ni).15 G(n)-4.893 E F2(ar)4.893 E(gs)-.37 E F0(,).27 E F1(getopts)144
645.6 Q F0(parses those instead.)2.5 E F1(getopts)144 669.6 Q F0 1.166
(can report errors in tw)3.666 F 3.665(ow)-.1 G 3.665(ays. If)-3.765 F
1.165(the \214rst character of)3.665 F F2(optstring)3.895 E F0 1.165
(is a colon,)3.885 F F2(silent)4.005 E F0(error)4.345 E 1.263
(reporting is used.)144 681.6 R 1.263
(In normal operation diagnostic messages are printed when in)6.263 F
-.25(va)-.4 G 1.263(lid options or).25 F .394(missing option ar)144
693.6 R .394(guments are encountered.)-.18 F .394(If the v)5.394 F
(ariable)-.25 E F4(OPTERR)2.894 E F0 .394
(is set to 0, no error messages)2.644 F(will be displayed, e)144 705.6 Q
-.15(ve)-.25 G 2.5(ni).15 G 2.5(ft)-2.5 G(he \214rst character of)-2.5 E
F2(optstring)2.73 E F0(is not a colon.)2.72 E .666(If an in)144 729.6 R
-.25(va)-.4 G .666(lid option is seen,).25 F F1(getopts)3.166 E F0 .667
(places ? into)3.167 F F2(name)3.527 E F0 .667
(and, if not silent, prints an error message)3.347 F(GNU Bash-3.2)72 768
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/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 389.54(SH\(1\) B).35 F(ASH\(1\))
-.35 E .4(and unsets)144 84 R/F1 9/Times-Bold@0 SF(OPT)2.9 E(ARG)-.81 E
/F2 9/Times-Roman@0 SF(.)A F0(If)4.899 E/F3 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(getopts)
2.899 E F0 .399(is silent, the option character found is placed in)2.899
F F1(OPT)2.899 E(ARG)-.81 E F0 .399(and no)2.649 F
(diagnostic message is printed.)144 96 Q 1.241(If a required ar)144 120
R 1.241(gument is not found, and)-.18 F F3(getopts)3.741 E F0 1.241
(is not silent, a question mark \()3.741 F F3(?).833 E F0 3.742(\)i).833
G 3.742(sp)-3.742 G 1.242(laced in)-3.742 F/F4 10/Times-Italic@0 SF
(name)144 132 Q F0(,).18 E F1(OPT)2.735 E(ARG)-.81 E F0 .234
(is unset, and a diagnostic message is printed.)2.485 F(If)5.234 E F3
(getopts)2.734 E F0 .234(is silent, then a colon \()2.734 F F3(:).833 E
F0(\)).833 E(is placed in)144 144 Q F4(name)2.86 E F0(and)2.68 E F1(OPT)
2.5 E(ARG)-.81 E F0(is set to the option character found.)2.25 E F3
(getopts)144 168 Q F0 .902
(returns true if an option, speci\214ed or unspeci\214ed, is found.)
3.401 F .902(It returns f)5.902 F .902(alse if the end of)-.1 F
(options is encountered or an error occurs.)144 180 Q F3(hash)108 196.8
Q F0([)2.5 E F3(\255lr)A F0 2.5(][)C F3<ad70>-2.5 E F4(\214lename)2.5 E
F0 2.5(][)C F3(\255dt)-2.5 E F0 2.5(][)C F4(name)-2.5 E F0(])A -.15(Fo)
144 208.8 S 3.555(re).15 G(ach)-3.555 E F4(name)3.555 E F0 3.555(,t).18
G 1.054(he full \214le name of the command is determined by searching t\
he directories in)-3.555 F F3($P)144 220.8 Q -.95(AT)-.74 G(H).95 E F0
.349(and remembered.)2.849 F .349(If the)5.349 F F3<ad70>2.849 E F0 .349
(option is supplied, no path search is performed, and)2.849 F F4
(\214lename)4.76 E F0 .452
(is used as the full \214le name of the command.)144 232.8 R(The)5.452 E
F3<ad72>2.952 E F0 .452(option causes the shell to for)2.952 F .452
(get all remem-)-.18 F .592(bered locations.)144 244.8 R(The)5.592 E F3
<ad64>3.092 E F0 .593(option causes the shell to for)3.092 F .593
(get the remembered location of each)-.18 F F4(name)3.093 E F0(.)A .021
(If the)144 256.8 R F3<ad74>2.521 E F0 .021
(option is supplied, the full pathname to which each)2.521 F F4(name)
2.52 E F0 .02(corresponds is printed.)2.52 F .02(If multi-)5.02 F(ple)
144 268.8 Q F4(name)3.703 E F0(ar)3.703 E 1.203
(guments are supplied with)-.18 F F3<ad74>3.703 E F0 3.703(,t)C(he)
-3.703 E F4(name)3.703 E F0 1.204
(is printed before the hashed full pathname.)3.703 F(The)144 280.8 Q F3
<ad6c>3.216 E F0 .715(option causes output to be displayed in a format \
that may be reused as input.)3.216 F .715(If no ar)5.715 F(gu-)-.18 E
1.183(ments are gi)144 292.8 R -.15(ve)-.25 G 1.183(n, or if only).15 F
F3<ad6c>3.683 E F0 1.184
(is supplied, information about remembered commands is printed.)3.684 F
(The return status is true unless a)144 304.8 Q F4(name)2.86 E F0
(is not found or an in)2.68 E -.25(va)-.4 G(lid option is supplied.).25
E F3(help)108 321.6 Q F0([)2.5 E F3<ad73>A F0 2.5(][)C F4(pattern)-2.5 E
F0(])A .867(Display helpful information about b)144 333.6 R .867
(uiltin commands.)-.2 F(If)5.867 E F4(pattern)4.617 E F0 .866
(is speci\214ed,)3.607 F F3(help)3.366 E F0(gi)3.366 E -.15(ve)-.25 G
3.366(sd).15 G(etailed)-3.366 E .306(help on all commands matching)144
345.6 R F4(pattern)2.806 E F0 2.807(;o).24 G .307
(therwise help for all the b)-2.807 F .307
(uiltins and shell control struc-)-.2 F .596(tures is printed.)144 357.6
R(The)5.596 E F3<ad73>3.096 E F0 .596
(option restricts the information displayed to a short usage synopsis.)
3.096 F(The)5.596 E(return status is 0 unless no command matches)144
369.6 Q F4(pattern)2.5 E F0(.).24 E F3(history [)108 386.4 Q F4(n)A F3
(])A(history \255c)108 398.4 Q(history \255d)108 410.4 Q F4(of)2.5 E
(fset)-.18 E F3(history \255anrw)108 422.4 Q F0([)2.5 E F4(\214lename)A
F0(])A F3(history \255p)108 434.4 Q F4(ar)2.5 E(g)-.37 E F0([)2.5 E F4
(ar)A 2.5(g.)-.37 G(..)-2.5 E F0(])A F3(history \255s)108 446.4 Q F4(ar)
2.5 E(g)-.37 E F0([)2.5 E F4(ar)A 2.5(g.)-.37 G(..)-2.5 E F0(])A -.4(Wi)
144 458.4 S .752
(th no options, display the command history list with line numbers.).4 F
.752(Lines listed with a)5.752 F F3(*)3.252 E F0(ha)3.252 E -.15(ve)-.2
G 1.231(been modi\214ed.)144 470.4 R 1.231(An ar)6.231 F 1.231
(gument of)-.18 F F4(n)4.091 E F0 1.231(lists only the last)3.971 F F4
(n)4.091 E F0 3.73(lines. If)3.97 F 1.23(the shell v)3.73 F(ariable)-.25
E F3(HISTTIME-)3.73 E(FORMA)144 482.4 Q(T)-.95 E F0 .249
(is set and not null, it is used as a format string for)2.749 F F4
(strftime)2.75 E F0 .25(\(3\) to display the time stamp)B .379
(associated with each displayed history entry)144 494.4 R 5.379(.N)-.65
G 2.878(oi)-5.379 G(nterv)-2.878 E .378
(ening blank is printed between the format-)-.15 F .814
(ted time stamp and the history line.)144 506.4 R(If)5.814 E F4
(\214lename)3.314 E F0 .814
(is supplied, it is used as the name of the history)3.314 F
(\214le; if not, the v)144 518.4 Q(alue of)-.25 E F1(HISTFILE)2.5 E F0
(is used.)2.25 E(Options, if supplied, ha)5 E .3 -.15(ve t)-.2 H
(he follo).15 E(wing meanings:)-.25 E F3<ad63>144 530.4 Q F0
(Clear the history list by deleting all the entries.)25.86 E F3<ad64>144
542.4 Q F4(of)2.5 E(fset)-.18 E F0(Delete the history entry at position)
180 554.4 Q F4(of)2.5 E(fset)-.18 E F0(.)A F3<ad61>144 566.4 Q F0 .599
(Append the `)25.3 F(`ne)-.74 E(w')-.25 E 3.099('h)-.74 G .598
(istory lines \(history lines entered since the be)-3.099 F .598
(ginning of the current)-.15 F F3(bash)180 578.4 Q F0
(session\) to the history \214le.)2.5 E F3<ad6e>144 590.4 Q F0 .854(Rea\
d the history lines not already read from the history \214le into the c\
urrent history list.)24.74 F .773
(These are lines appended to the history \214le since the be)180 602.4 R
.772(ginning of the current)-.15 F F3(bash)3.272 E F0(ses-)3.272 E
(sion.)180 614.4 Q F3<ad72>144 626.4 Q F0(Read the contents of the hist\
ory \214le and use them as the current history)25.86 E(.)-.65 E F3<ad77>
144 638.4 Q F0(Write the current history to the history \214le, o)23.08
E -.15(ve)-.15 G(rwriting the history \214le').15 E 2.5(sc)-.55 G
(ontents.)-2.5 E F3<ad70>144 650.4 Q F0 .625
(Perform history substitution on the follo)24.74 F(wing)-.25 E F4(ar)
3.125 E(gs)-.37 E F0 .626(and display the result on the standard)3.125 F
2.975(output. Does)180 662.4 R .475
(not store the results in the history list.)2.975 F(Each)5.475 E F4(ar)
2.975 E(g)-.37 E F0 .475(must be quoted to disable)2.975 F
(normal history e)180 674.4 Q(xpansion.)-.15 E F3<ad73>144 686.4 Q F0
.362(Store the)26.41 F F4(ar)3.192 E(gs)-.37 E F0 .363
(in the history list as a single entry)3.132 F 5.363(.T)-.65 G .363
(he last command in the history list is)-5.363 F(remo)180 698.4 Q -.15
(ve)-.15 G 2.5(db).15 G(efore the)-2.5 E F4(ar)2.83 E(gs)-.37 E F0
(are added.)2.77 E .28(If the)144 715.2 R F3(HISTTIMEFORMA)2.78 E(T)-.95
E F0 .28
(is set, the time stamp information associated with each history entry)
2.78 F .539(is written to the history \214le, mark)144 727.2 R .539
(ed with the history comment character)-.1 F 5.54(.W)-.55 G .54
(hen the history \214le is)-5.54 F(GNU Bash-3.2)72 768 Q(2008 April 5)
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/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 389.54(SH\(1\) B).35 F(ASH\(1\))
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(ginning with the history comment character follo)-.15 F 1.778
(wed immediately by a digit are)-.25 F 1.424
(interpreted as timestamps for the pre)144 96 R 1.424
(vious history line.)-.25 F 1.424(The return v)6.424 F 1.424
(alue is 0 unless an in)-.25 F -.25(va)-.4 G(lid).25 E .499(option is e\
ncountered, an error occurs while reading or writing the history \214le\
, an in)144 108 R -.25(va)-.4 G(lid).25 E/F1 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(of)
2.999 E(fset)-.18 E F0(is)2.999 E(supplied as an ar)144 120 Q(gument to)
-.18 E/F2 10/Times-Bold@0 SF<ad64>2.5 E F0 2.5(,o)C 2.5(rt)-2.5 G
(he history e)-2.5 E(xpansion supplied as an ar)-.15 E(gument to)-.18 E
F2<ad70>2.5 E F0 -.1(fa)2.5 G(ils.).1 E F2(jobs)108 136.8 Q F0([)2.5 E
F2(\255lnprs)A F0 2.5(][)C F1(jobspec)A F0(... ])2.5 E F2(jobs \255x)108
148.8 Q F1(command)2.5 E F0([)2.5 E F1(ar)2.5 E(gs)-.37 E F0(... ])2.5 E
(The \214rst form lists the acti)144 160.8 Q .3 -.15(ve j)-.25 H 2.5
(obs. The).15 F(options ha)2.5 E .3 -.15(ve t)-.2 H(he follo).15 E
(wing meanings:)-.25 E F2<ad6c>144 172.8 Q F0
(List process IDs in addition to the normal information.)27.52 E F2
<ad70>144 184.8 Q F0(List only the process ID of the job')24.74 E 2.5
(sp)-.55 G(rocess group leader)-2.5 E(.)-.55 E F2<ad6e>144 196.8 Q F0
.193(Display information only about jobs that ha)24.74 F .494 -.15(ve c)
-.2 H .194(hanged status since the user w).15 F .194(as last noti-)-.1 F
(\214ed of their status.)180 208.8 Q F2<ad72>144 220.8 Q F0
(Restrict output to running jobs.)25.86 E F2<ad73>144 232.8 Q F0
(Restrict output to stopped jobs.)26.41 E(If)144 249.6 Q F1(jobspec)
4.554 E F0 .314(is gi)3.124 F -.15(ve)-.25 G .314
(n, output is restricted to information about that job).15 F 5.313(.T)
-.4 G .313(he return status is 0 unless)-5.313 F(an in)144 261.6 Q -.25
(va)-.4 G(lid option is encountered or an in).25 E -.25(va)-.4 G(lid).25
E F1(jobspec)4.24 E F0(is supplied.)2.81 E .394(If the)144 278.4 R F2
<ad78>2.894 E F0 .394(option is supplied,)2.894 F F2(jobs)2.894 E F0
.394(replaces an)2.894 F(y)-.15 E F1(jobspec)4.634 E F0 .394(found in)
3.204 F F1(command)3.094 E F0(or)3.664 E F1(ar)3.224 E(gs)-.37 E F0 .395
(with the corre-)3.164 F(sponding process group ID, and e)144 290.4 Q
-.15(xe)-.15 G(cutes).15 E F1(command)2.7 E F0(passing it)3.27 E F1(ar)
2.5 E(gs)-.37 E F0 2.5(,r).27 G(eturning its e)-2.5 E(xit status.)-.15 E
F2(kill)108 307.2 Q F0([)2.5 E F2<ad73>A F1(sigspec)2.5 E F0(|)2.5 E F2
<ad6e>2.5 E F1(signum)2.5 E F0(|)2.5 E F2<ad>2.5 E F1(sigspec)A F0 2.5
(][)C F1(pid)-2.5 E F0(|)2.5 E F1(jobspec)2.5 E F0 2.5(].)C(..)-2.5 E F2
(kill \255l)108 319.2 Q F0([)2.5 E F1(sigspec)A F0(|)2.5 E F1 -.2(ex)2.5
G(it_status).2 E F0(])A .12(Send the signal named by)144 331.2 R F1
(sigspec)2.96 E F0(or)2.93 E F1(signum)2.96 E F0 .119
(to the processes named by)2.939 F F1(pid)3.869 E F0(or)3.389 E F1
(jobspec)2.619 E F0(.).31 E F1(sigspec)5.459 E F0(is)2.929 E .318
(either a case-insensiti)144 343.2 R .618 -.15(ve s)-.25 H .318
(ignal name such as).15 F/F3 9/Times-Bold@0 SF(SIGKILL)2.818 E F0 .319
(\(with or without the)2.569 F F3(SIG)2.819 E F0 .319
(pre\214x\) or a signal)2.569 F(number;)144 355.2 Q F1(signum)4.189 E F0
1.349(is a signal number)4.169 F 6.349(.I)-.55 G(f)-6.349 E F1(sigspec)
4.189 E F0 1.349(is not present, then)4.159 F F3(SIGTERM)3.849 E F0
1.348(is assumed.)3.599 F(An)6.348 E(ar)144 367.2 Q .522(gument of)-.18
F F2<ad6c>3.023 E F0 .523(lists the signal names.)3.023 F .523(If an)
5.523 F 3.023(ya)-.15 G -.18(rg)-3.023 G .523(uments are supplied when)
.18 F F2<ad6c>3.023 E F0 .523(is gi)3.023 F -.15(ve)-.25 G .523
(n, the names).15 F .28(of the signals corresponding to the ar)144 379.2
R .28(guments are listed, and the return status is 0.)-.18 F(The)5.28 E
F1 -.2(ex)2.78 G(it_status).2 E F0(ar)144 391.2 Q .377(gument to)-.18 F
F2<ad6c>2.877 E F0 .378
(is a number specifying either a signal number or the e)2.877 F .378
(xit status of a process termi-)-.15 F .594(nated by a signal.)144 403.2
R F2(kill)5.593 E F0 .593(returns true if at least one signal w)3.093 F
.593(as successfully sent, or f)-.1 F .593(alse if an error)-.1 F
(occurs or an in)144 415.2 Q -.25(va)-.4 G(lid option is encountered.)
.25 E F2(let)108 432 Q F1(ar)2.5 E(g)-.37 E F0([)2.5 E F1(ar)A(g)-.37 E
F0(...])2.5 E(Each)144 444 Q F1(ar)3.964 E(g)-.37 E F0 1.134
(is an arithmetic e)3.854 F 1.134(xpression to be e)-.15 F -.25(va)-.25
G 1.135(luated \(see).25 F F3 1.135(ARITHMETIC EV)3.635 F(ALU)-1.215 E
-.855(AT)-.54 G(ION).855 E/F4 9/Times-Roman@0 SF(\).)A F0 1.135(If the)
5.635 F(last)144 456 Q F1(ar)2.83 E(g)-.37 E F0 -.25(eva)2.72 G
(luates to 0,).25 E F2(let)2.5 E F0(returns 1; 0 is returned otherwise.)
2.5 E F2(local)108 472.8 Q F0([)2.5 E F1(option)A F0 2.5(][)C F1(name)
-2.5 E F0([=)A F1(value)A F0 2.5(].)C(..])-2.5 E -.15(Fo)144 484.8 S
2.56(re).15 G .06(ach ar)-2.56 F .06(gument, a local v)-.18 F .06
(ariable named)-.25 F F1(name)2.92 E F0 .06(is created, and assigned)
2.74 F F1(value)2.56 E F0 5.06(.T).18 G(he)-5.06 E F1(option)2.56 E F0
.06(can be)2.56 F(an)144 496.8 Q 3.152(yo)-.15 G 3.152(ft)-3.152 G .652
(he options accepted by)-3.152 F F2(declar)3.152 E(e)-.18 E F0 5.652(.W)
C(hen)-5.652 E F2(local)3.152 E F0 .653
(is used within a function, it causes the v)3.152 F(ari-)-.25 E(able)144
508.8 Q F1(name)3.721 E F0 .861(to ha)3.541 F 1.161 -.15(ve a v)-.2 H
.861(isible scope restricted to that function and its children.).15 F
-.4(Wi)5.86 G .86(th no operands,).4 F F2(local)144 520.8 Q F0 1.164
(writes a list of local v)3.664 F 1.165
(ariables to the standard output.)-.25 F 1.165(It is an error to use)
6.165 F F2(local)3.665 E F0 1.165(when not)3.665 F .233
(within a function.)144 532.8 R .233(The return status is 0 unless)5.233
F F2(local)2.733 E F0 .233(is used outside a function, an in)2.733 F
-.25(va)-.4 G(lid).25 E F1(name)3.092 E F0(is)2.912 E(supplied, or)144
544.8 Q F1(name)2.5 E F0(is a readonly v)2.5 E(ariable.)-.25 E F2
(logout)108 561.6 Q F0(Exit a login shell.)9.33 E F2(popd)108 578.4 Q F0
<5bad>2.5 E F2(n)A F0 2.5(][)C(+)-2.5 E F1(n)A F0 2.5(][)C<ad>-2.5 E F1
(n)A F0(])A(Remo)144 590.4 Q -.15(ve)-.15 G 2.799(se).15 G .299
(ntries from the directory stack.)-2.799 F -.4(Wi)5.299 G .299(th no ar)
.4 F .299(guments, remo)-.18 F -.15(ve)-.15 G 2.799(st).15 G .3
(he top directory from the)-2.799 F 1.479(stack, and performs a)144
602.4 R F2(cd)3.979 E F0 1.479(to the ne)3.979 F 3.979(wt)-.25 G 1.479
(op directory)-3.979 F 6.479(.A)-.65 G -.18(rg)-6.479 G 1.478
(uments, if supplied, ha).18 F 1.778 -.15(ve t)-.2 H 1.478(he follo).15
F(wing)-.25 E(meanings:)144 614.4 Q F2<ad6e>144 626.4 Q F0 .551
(Suppresses the normal change of directory when remo)24.74 F .551
(ving directories from the stack, so)-.15 F
(that only the stack is manipulated.)180 638.4 Q F2(+)144 650.4 Q F1(n)A
F0(Remo)25.3 E -.15(ve)-.15 G 2.64(st).15 G(he)-2.64 E F1(n)2.64 E F0
.14(th entry counting from the left of the list sho)B .14(wn by)-.25 F
F2(dirs)2.64 E F0 2.64(,s)C .14(tarting with zero.)-2.64 F -.15(Fo)180
662.4 S 2.5(re).15 G(xample:)-2.65 E/F5 10/Courier@0 SF(popd +0)2.5 E F0
(remo)2.5 E -.15(ve)-.15 G 2.5(st).15 G(he \214rst directory)-2.5 E(,)
-.65 E F5(popd +1)2.5 E F0(the second.)2.5 E F2<ad>144 674.4 Q F1(n)A F0
(Remo)25.3 E -.15(ve)-.15 G 3.759(st).15 G(he)-3.759 E F1(n)3.759 E F0
1.259(th entry counting from the right of the list sho)B 1.26(wn by)-.25
F F2(dirs)3.76 E F0 3.76(,s)C 1.26(tarting with)-3.76 F 2.5(zero. F)180
686.4 R(or e)-.15 E(xample:)-.15 E F5(popd -0)2.5 E F0(remo)2.5 E -.15
(ve)-.15 G 2.5(st).15 G(he last directory)-2.5 E(,)-.65 E F5(popd -1)2.5
E F0(the ne)2.5 E(xt to last.)-.15 E .644(If the)144 703.2 R F2(popd)
3.144 E F0 .644(command is successful, a)3.144 F F2(dirs)3.143 E F0 .643
(is performed as well, and the return status is 0.)3.143 F F2(popd)5.643
E F0 .415(returns f)144 715.2 R .415(alse if an in)-.1 F -.25(va)-.4 G
.415(lid option is encountered, the directory stack is empty).25 F 2.916
(,an)-.65 G(on-e)-2.916 E .416(xistent direc-)-.15 F
(tory stack entry is speci\214ed, or the directory change f)144 727.2 Q
(ails.)-.1 E(GNU Bash-3.2)72 768 Q(2008 April 5)148.455 E(54)198.445 E 0
Cg EP
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/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 389.54(SH\(1\) B).35 F(ASH\(1\))
-.35 E/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(printf)108 84 Q F0([)2.5 E F1<ad76>A/F2 10
/Times-Italic@0 SF(var)2.5 E F0(])A F2(format)2.5 E F0([)2.5 E F2(ar)A
(guments)-.37 E F0(])A .372(Write the formatted)144 96 R F2(ar)2.872 E
(guments)-.37 E F0 .372(to the standard output under the control of the)
2.872 F F2(format)2.872 E F0 5.372(.T)C(he)-5.372 E F2(format)2.872 E F0
1.804(is a character string which contains three types of objects: plai\
n characters, which are simply)144 108 R .159
(copied to standard output, character escape sequences, which are con)
144 120 R -.15(ve)-.4 G .158(rted and copied to the stan-).15 F .499(da\
rd output, and format speci\214cations, each of which causes printing o\
f the ne)144 132 R .5(xt successi)-.15 F -.15(ve)-.25 G F2(ar)3.15 E
(gu-)-.37 E(ment)144 144 Q F0 5.424(.I)C 2.924(na)-5.424 G .424
(ddition to the standard)-2.924 F F2(printf)2.924 E F0 .424
(\(1\) formats,)B F1(%b)2.924 E F0(causes)2.923 E F1(printf)2.923 E F0
.423(to e)2.923 F .423(xpand backslash escape)-.15 F .976
(sequences in the corresponding)144 156 R F2(ar)3.476 E(gument)-.37 E F0
(\(e)3.476 E .976(xcept that)-.15 F F1(\\c)3.476 E F0 .976
(terminates output, backslashes in)3.476 F F1<5c08>3.477 E F0(,)A F1
(\\")3.477 E F0(,)A(and)144 168 Q F1(\\?)3.422 E F0 .922(are not remo)
3.422 F -.15(ve)-.15 G .922(d, and octal escapes be).15 F .922
(ginning with)-.15 F F1(\\0)3.422 E F0 .921
(may contain up to four digits\), and)3.422 F F1(%q)144 180 Q F0(causes)
3.63 E F1(printf)3.63 E F0 1.13(to output the corresponding)3.63 F F2
(ar)3.631 E(gument)-.37 E F0 1.131
(in a format that can be reused as shell)3.631 F(input.)144 192 Q(The)
144 216 Q F1<ad76>2.904 E F0 .404
(option causes the output to be assigned to the v)2.904 F(ariable)-.25 E
F2(var)2.904 E F0 .404(rather than being printed to the)2.904 F
(standard output.)144 228 Q(The)144 252 Q F2(format)3.423 E F0 .923
(is reused as necessary to consume all of the)3.423 F F2(ar)3.423 E
(guments)-.37 E F0 5.923(.I)C 3.423(ft)-5.923 G(he)-3.423 E F2(format)
3.423 E F0 .924(requires more)3.424 F F2(ar)144 264 Q(guments)-.37 E F0
.033(than are supplied, the e)2.534 F .033
(xtra format speci\214cations beha)-.15 F .333 -.15(ve a)-.2 H 2.533(si)
.15 G 2.533(faz)-2.533 G .033(ero v)-2.533 F .033(alue or null string,)
-.25 F(as appropriate, had been supplied.)144 276 Q(The return v)5 E
(alue is zero on success, non-zero on f)-.25 E(ailure.)-.1 E F1(pushd)
108 292.8 Q F0([)2.5 E F1<ad6e>A F0 2.5(][)C(+)-2.5 E F2(n)A F0 2.5(][)C
<ad>-2.5 E F2(n)A F0(])A F1(pushd)108 304.8 Q F0([)2.5 E F1<ad6e>A F0
2.5(][)C F2(dir)-2.5 E F0(])A .639(Adds a directory to the top of the d\
irectory stack, or rotates the stack, making the ne)144 316.8 R 3.14(wt)
-.25 G .64(op of the)-3.14 F 1.316(stack the current w)144 328.8 R 1.316
(orking directory)-.1 F 6.316(.W)-.65 G 1.315(ith no ar)-6.716 F 1.315
(guments, e)-.18 F 1.315(xchanges the top tw)-.15 F 3.815(od)-.1 G 1.315
(irectories and)-3.815 F .871
(returns 0, unless the directory stack is empty)144 340.8 R 5.871(.A)
-.65 G -.18(rg)-5.871 G .872(uments, if supplied, ha).18 F 1.172 -.15
(ve t)-.2 H .872(he follo).15 F .872(wing mean-)-.25 F(ings:)144 352.8 Q
F1<ad6e>144 364.8 Q F0 .902(Suppresses the normal change of directory w\
hen adding directories to the stack, so that)24.74 F
(only the stack is manipulated.)180 376.8 Q F1(+)144 388.8 Q F2(n)A F0
1.267(Rotates the stack so that the)25.3 F F2(n)3.767 E F0 1.268
(th directory \(counting from the left of the list sho)B 1.268(wn by)
-.25 F F1(dirs)180 400.8 Q F0 2.5(,s)C
(tarting with zero\) is at the top.)-2.5 E F1<ad>144 412.8 Q F2(n)A F0
.92(Rotates the stack so that the)25.3 F F2(n)3.42 E F0 .92
(th directory \(counting from the right of the list sho)B .92(wn by)-.25
F F1(dirs)180 424.8 Q F0 2.5(,s)C(tarting with zero\) is at the top.)
-2.5 E F2(dir)144.35 436.8 Q F0(Adds)23.98 E F2(dir)2.85 E F0
(to the directory stack at the top, making it the ne)3.23 E 2.5(wc)-.25
G(urrent w)-2.5 E(orking directory)-.1 E(.)-.65 E .488(If the)144 453.6
R F1(pushd)2.988 E F0 .488(command is successful, a)2.988 F F1(dirs)
2.988 E F0 .488(is performed as well.)2.988 F .489
(If the \214rst form is used,)5.488 F F1(pushd)2.989 E F0 1.04
(returns 0 unless the cd to)144 465.6 R F2(dir)3.89 E F0 -.1(fa)4.27 G
3.539(ils. W).1 F 1.039(ith the second form,)-.4 F F1(pushd)3.539 E F0
1.039(returns 0 unless the directory)3.539 F .846(stack is empty)144
477.6 R 3.346(,an)-.65 G(on-e)-3.346 E .847(xistent directory stack ele\
ment is speci\214ed, or the directory change to the)-.15 F
(speci\214ed ne)144 489.6 Q 2.5(wc)-.25 G(urrent directory f)-2.5 E
(ails.)-.1 E F1(pwd)108 506.4 Q F0([)2.5 E F1(\255LP)A F0(])A .845
(Print the absolute pathname of the current w)144 518.4 R .845
(orking directory)-.1 F 5.844(.T)-.65 G .844
(he pathname printed contains no)-5.844 F .181(symbolic links if the)144
530.4 R F1<ad50>2.681 E F0 .181(option is supplied or the)2.681 F F1
.181(\255o ph)2.681 F(ysical)-.15 E F0 .181(option to the)2.681 F F1
(set)2.681 E F0 -.2(bu)2.681 G .182(iltin command is).2 F 3.264
(enabled. If)144 542.4 R(the)3.264 E F1<ad4c>3.264 E F0 .763
(option is used, the pathname printed may contain symbolic links.)3.264
F .763(The return)5.763 F 1.36(status is 0 unless an error occurs while\
 reading the name of the current directory or an in)144 554.4 R -.25(va)
-.4 G(lid).25 E(option is supplied.)144 566.4 Q F1 -.18(re)108 583.2 S
(ad).18 E F0([)2.5 E F1(\255ers)A F0 2.5(][)C F1<ad61>-2.5 E F2(aname)
2.5 E F0 2.5(][)C F1<ad64>-2.5 E F2(delim)2.5 E F0 2.5(][)C<ad>-2.5 E F2
(te)2.5 E(xt)-.2 E F0 2.5(][)C F1<ad6e>-2.5 E F2(nc)2.5 E(har)-.15 E(s)
-.1 E F0 2.5(][)C F1<ad70>-2.5 E F2(pr)2.5 E(ompt)-.45 E F0 2.5(][)C F1
<ad74>-2.5 E F2(timeout)2.5 E F0 2.5(][)C F1<ad75>-2.5 E F2(fd)2.5 E F0
2.5(][)C F2(name)-2.5 E F0(...])2.5 E .516(One line is read from the st\
andard input, or from the \214le descriptor)144 595.2 R F2(fd)3.016 E F0
.516(supplied as an ar)3.016 F .516(gument to)-.18 F(the)144 607.2 Q F1
<ad75>2.538 E F0 .038(option, and the \214rst w)2.538 F .038
(ord is assigned to the \214rst)-.1 F F2(name)2.539 E F0 2.539(,t).18 G
.039(he second w)-2.539 F .039(ord to the second)-.1 F F2(name)2.539 E
F0(,).18 E .42(and so on, with lefto)144 619.2 R -.15(ve)-.15 G 2.92(rw)
.15 G .42(ords and their interv)-3.02 F .42
(ening separators assigned to the last)-.15 F F2(name)2.92 E F0 5.42(.I)
.18 G 2.92(ft)-5.42 G(here)-2.92 E .54(are fe)144 631.2 R .54(wer w)-.25
F .541(ords read from the input stream than names, the remaining names \
are assigned empty)-.1 F -.25(va)144 643.2 S 2.511(lues. The).25 F .011
(characters in)2.511 F/F3 9/Times-Bold@0 SF(IFS)2.511 E F0 .011
(are used to split the line into w)2.261 F 2.511(ords. The)-.1 F .011
(backslash character \()2.511 F F1(\\)A F0 2.51(\)m)C(ay)-2.51 E 1.89
(be used to remo)144 655.2 R 2.19 -.15(ve a)-.15 H 2.19 -.15(ny s).15 H
1.891(pecial meaning for the ne).15 F 1.891
(xt character read and for line continuation.)-.15 F
(Options, if supplied, ha)144 667.2 Q .3 -.15(ve t)-.2 H(he follo).15 E
(wing meanings:)-.25 E F1<ad61>144 679.2 Q F2(aname)2.5 E F0 1.05(The w)
180 691.2 R 1.049
(ords are assigned to sequential indices of the array v)-.1 F(ariable)
-.25 E F2(aname)3.549 E F0 3.549(,s).18 G 1.049(tarting at 0.)-3.549 F
F2(aname)180.33 703.2 Q F0(is unset before an)2.68 E 2.5(yn)-.15 G .5
-.25(ew va)-2.5 H(lues are assigned.).25 E(Other)5 E F2(name)2.5 E F0
(ar)2.5 E(guments are ignored.)-.18 E(GNU Bash-3.2)72 768 Q
(2008 April 5)148.455 E(55)198.445 E 0 Cg EP
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/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 389.54(SH\(1\) B).35 F(ASH\(1\))
-.35 E/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 SF<ad64>144 84 Q/F2 10/Times-Italic@0 SF
(delim)2.5 E F0(The \214rst character of)180 96 Q F2(delim)2.5 E F0
(is used to terminate the input line, rather than ne)2.5 E(wline.)-.25 E
F1<ad65>144 108 Q F0 .372
(If the standard input is coming from a terminal,)25.86 F F1 -.18(re)
2.873 G(adline).18 E F0(\(see)2.873 E/F3 9/Times-Bold@0 SF(READLINE)
2.873 E F0(abo)2.623 E -.15(ve)-.15 G 2.873(\)i).15 G 2.873(su)-2.873 G
(sed)-2.873 E(to obtain the line.)180 120 Q F1<ad69>144 132 Q F2(te)2.5
E(xt)-.2 E F0(If)10.78 E F1 -.18(re)2.716 G(adline).18 E F0 .216
(is being used to read the line,)2.716 F F2(te)2.716 E(xt)-.2 E F0 .216
(is placed into the editing b)2.716 F(uf)-.2 E .215(fer before edit-)
-.25 F(ing be)180 144 Q(gins.)-.15 E F1<ad6e>144 156 Q F2(nc)2.5 E(har)
-.15 E(s)-.1 E F1 -.18(re)180 168 S(ad).18 E F0 1.394
(returns after reading)3.894 F F2(nc)3.894 E(har)-.15 E(s)-.1 E F0 1.395
(characters rather than w)3.894 F 1.395(aiting for a complete line of)
-.1 F(input.)180 180 Q F1<ad70>144 192 Q F2(pr)2.5 E(ompt)-.45 E F0
(Display)180 204 Q F2(pr)3.661 E(ompt)-.45 E F0 1.161(on standard error)
3.661 F 3.661(,w)-.4 G 1.161(ithout a trailing ne)-3.661 F 1.161
(wline, before attempting to read)-.25 F(an)180 216 Q 2.5(yi)-.15 G 2.5
(nput. The)-2.5 F
(prompt is displayed only if input is coming from a terminal.)2.5 E F1
<ad72>144 228 Q F0 .543(Backslash does not act as an escape character)
25.86 F 5.543(.T)-.55 G .544(he backslash is considered to be part of)
-5.543 F(the line.)180 240 Q(In particular)5 E 2.5(,ab)-.4 G
(ackslash-ne)-2.5 E(wline pair may not be used as a line continuation.)
-.25 E F1<ad73>144 252 Q F0(Silent mode.)26.41 E
(If input is coming from a terminal, characters are not echoed.)5 E F1
<ad74>144 264 Q F2(timeout)2.5 E F0(Cause)180 276 Q F1 -.18(re)3.549 G
(ad).18 E F0 1.048(to time out and return f)3.549 F 1.048
(ailure if a complete line of input is not read within)-.1 F F2(timeout)
180 288 Q F0 2.92(seconds. This)2.92 F .42(option has no ef)2.92 F .42
(fect if)-.25 F F1 -.18(re)2.92 G(ad).18 E F0 .42
(is not reading input from the terminal)2.92 F(or a pipe.)180 300 Q F1
<ad75>144 312 Q F2(fd)2.5 E F0(Read input from \214le descriptor)14.46 E
F2(fd)2.5 E F0(.)A .192(If no)144 328.8 R F2(names)3.052 E F0 .192
(are supplied, the line read is assigned to the v)2.962 F(ariable)-.25 E
F3(REPL)2.691 E(Y)-.828 E/F4 9/Times-Roman@0 SF(.)A F0 .191
(The return code is zero,)4.691 F 1.217
(unless end-of-\214le is encountered,)144 340.8 R F1 -.18(re)3.717 G(ad)
.18 E F0 1.217(times out, or an in)3.717 F -.25(va)-.4 G 1.218
(lid \214le descriptor is supplied as the).25 F(ar)144 352.8 Q
(gument to)-.18 E F1<ad75>2.5 E F0(.)A F1 -.18(re)108 369.6 S(adonly).18
E F0([)2.5 E F1(\255apf)A F0 2.5(][)C F2(name)-2.5 E F0([=)A F2(wor)A(d)
-.37 E F0 2.5(].)C(..])-2.5 E .77(The gi)144 381.6 R -.15(ve)-.25 G(n)
.15 E F2(names)3.27 E F0 .77(are mark)3.27 F .77(ed readonly; the v)-.1
F .77(alues of these)-.25 F F2(names)3.63 E F0 .77
(may not be changed by subse-)3.54 F 1.096(quent assignment.)144 393.6 R
1.096(If the)6.096 F F1<ad66>3.596 E F0 1.097
(option is supplied, the functions corresponding to the)3.596 F F2
(names)3.597 E F0 1.097(are so)3.597 F(mark)144 405.6 Q 2.873(ed. The)
-.1 F F1<ad61>2.873 E F0 .373(option restricts the v)2.873 F .372
(ariables to arrays.)-.25 F .372(If no)5.372 F F2(name)3.232 E F0(ar)
3.052 E .372(guments are gi)-.18 F -.15(ve)-.25 G .372(n, or if the).15
F F1<ad70>144 417.6 Q F0 .796
(option is supplied, a list of all readonly names is printed.)3.296 F
(The)5.796 E F1<ad70>3.296 E F0 .796(option causes output to be)3.296 F
.828(displayed in a format that may be reused as input.)144 429.6 R .828
(If a v)5.828 F .828(ariable name is follo)-.25 F .827(wed by =)-.25 F
F2(wor)A(d)-.37 E F0 3.327(,t)C(he)-3.327 E -.25(va)144 441.6 S .404
(lue of the v).25 F .404(ariable is set to)-.25 F F2(wor)2.904 E(d)-.37
E F0 5.404(.T)C .405(he return status is 0 unless an in)-5.404 F -.25
(va)-.4 G .405(lid option is encountered,).25 F 1.07(one of the)144
453.6 R F2(names)3.929 E F0 1.069(is not a v)3.839 F 1.069(alid shell v)
-.25 F 1.069(ariable name, or)-.25 F F1<ad66>3.569 E F0 1.069
(is supplied with a)3.569 F F2(name)3.929 E F0 1.069(that is not a)3.749
F(function.)144 465.6 Q F1 -.18(re)108 482.4 S(tur).18 E(n)-.15 E F0([)
2.5 E F2(n)A F0(])A .586(Causes a function to e)144 494.4 R .587
(xit with the return v)-.15 F .587(alue speci\214ed by)-.25 F F2(n)3.087
E F0 5.587(.I).24 G(f)-5.587 E F2(n)3.447 E F0 .587
(is omitted, the return status is)3.327 F 1.335
(that of the last command e)144 506.4 R -.15(xe)-.15 G 1.335
(cuted in the function body).15 F 6.335(.I)-.65 G 3.835(fu)-6.335 G
1.335(sed outside a function, b)-3.835 F 1.335(ut during)-.2 F -.15(exe)
144 518.4 S .794(cution of a script by the).15 F F1(.)3.294 E F0(\()
5.794 E F1(sour)A(ce)-.18 E F0 3.294(\)c)C .794
(ommand, it causes the shell to stop e)-3.294 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .795
(cuting that script).15 F .246(and return either)144 530.4 R F2(n)3.106
E F0 .246(or the e)2.986 F .246(xit status of the last command e)-.15 F
-.15(xe)-.15 G .246(cuted within the script as the e).15 F .245
(xit sta-)-.15 F .081(tus of the script.)144 542.4 R .082
(If used outside a function and not during e)5.082 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .082
(cution of a script by).15 F F1(.)2.582 E F0 2.582(,t).833 G .082
(he return sta-)-2.582 F 2.306(tus is f)144 554.4 R 4.806(alse. An)-.1 F
4.806(yc)-.15 G 2.305(ommand associated with the)-4.806 F F1(RETURN)
4.805 E F0 2.305(trap is e)4.805 F -.15(xe)-.15 G 2.305(cuted before e)
.15 F -.15(xe)-.15 G(cution).15 E(resumes after the function or script.)
144 566.4 Q F1(set)108 583.2 Q F0([)2.5 E F1
(\255\255abefhkmnptuvxBCEHPT)A F0 2.5(][)C F1<ad6f>-2.5 E F2(option)2.5
E F0 2.5(][)C F2(ar)-2.5 E(g)-.37 E F0(...])2.5 E F1(set)108 595.2 Q F0
([)2.5 E F1(+abefhkmnptuvxBCEHPT)A F0 2.5(][)C F1(+o)-2.5 E F2(option)
2.5 E F0 2.5(][)C F2(ar)-2.5 E(g)-.37 E F0(...])2.5 E -.4(Wi)144 607.2 S
.835(thout options, the name and v).4 F .835(alue of each shell v)-.25 F
.836(ariable are displayed in a format that can be)-.25 F .784
(reused as input for setting or resetting the currently-set v)144 619.2
R 3.284(ariables. Read-only)-.25 F -.25(va)3.284 G .783
(riables cannot be).25 F 2.946(reset. In)144 631.2 R F2 .447(posix mode)
2.946 F F0 2.947(,o)C .447(nly shell v)-2.947 F .447
(ariables are listed.)-.25 F .447
(The output is sorted according to the current)5.447 F 3.531
(locale. When)144 643.2 R 1.031(options are speci\214ed, the)3.531 F
3.531(ys)-.15 G 1.031(et or unset shell attrib)-3.531 F 3.53(utes. An)
-.2 F 3.53(ya)-.15 G -.18(rg)-3.53 G 1.03(uments remaining).18 F .202
(after the options are processed are treated as v)144 655.2 R .202
(alues for the positional parameters and are assigned,)-.25 F(in order)
144 667.2 Q 2.5(,t)-.4 G(o)-2.5 E F1($1)2.5 E F0(,)A F1($2)2.5 E F0(,)A
F1 2.5(... $)2.5 F F2(n)A F0 5(.O)C(ptions, if speci\214ed, ha)-5 E .3
-.15(ve t)-.2 H(he follo).15 E(wing meanings:)-.25 E F1<ad61>144 679.2 Q
F0 .54(Automatically mark v)29.3 F .539
(ariables and functions which are modi\214ed or created for e)-.25 F
.539(xport to)-.15 F(the en)184 691.2 Q
(vironment of subsequent commands.)-.4 E F1<ad62>144 703.2 Q F0 .131
(Report the status of terminated background jobs immediately)28.74 F
2.632(,r)-.65 G .132(ather than before the ne)-2.632 F(xt)-.15 E
(primary prompt.)184 715.2 Q(This is ef)5 E(fecti)-.25 E .3 -.15(ve o)
-.25 H(nly when job control is enabled.).15 E(GNU Bash-3.2)72 768 Q
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/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 389.54(SH\(1\) B).35 F(ASH\(1\))
-.35 E/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 SF<ad65>144 84 Q F0 1.694
(Exit immediately if a)29.86 F/F2 10/Times-Italic@0 SF 1.693
(simple command)4.193 F F0(\(see)4.193 E/F3 9/Times-Bold@0 SF 1.693
(SHELL GRAMMAR)4.193 F F0(abo)3.943 E -.15(ve)-.15 G 4.193(\)e).15 G
1.693(xits with a)-4.343 F .011(non-zero status.)184 96 R .011
(The shell does not e)5.011 F .011(xit if the command that f)-.15 F .012
(ails is part of the command)-.1 F .719(list immediately follo)184 108 R
.719(wing a)-.25 F F1(while)3.219 E F0(or)3.219 E F1(until)3.219 E F0
-.1(ke)3.219 G(yw)-.05 E .719(ord, part of the test in an)-.1 F F1(if)
3.218 E F0(statement,)3.218 E .378(part of a command e)184 120 R -.15
(xe)-.15 G .379(cuted in a).15 F F1(&&)2.879 E F0(or)2.879 E/F4 10
/Symbol SF<efef>2.879 E F0 .379(list, an)2.879 F 2.879(yc)-.15 G .379
(ommand in a pipeline b)-2.879 F .379(ut the last,)-.2 F .578
(or if the command')184 132 R 3.078(sr)-.55 G .578(eturn v)-3.078 F .578
(alue is being in)-.25 F -.15(ve)-.4 G .578(rted via).15 F F1(!)3.078 E
F0 5.578(.F)C .577(ailing simple commands that)-5.728 F .402(are part o\
f shell functions or command lists enclosed in braces or parentheses sa\
tisfying)184 144 R .841(the abo)184 156 R 1.141 -.15(ve c)-.15 H .841
(onditions do not cause the shell to e).15 F 3.341(xit. A)-.15 F .84
(trap on)3.34 F F1(ERR)3.34 E F0 3.34(,i)C 3.34(fs)-3.34 G .84(et, is e)
-3.34 F -.15(xe)-.15 G(cuted).15 E(before the shell e)184 168 Q(xits.)
-.15 E F1<ad66>144 180 Q F0(Disable pathname e)30.97 E(xpansion.)-.15 E
F1<ad68>144 192 Q F0 2.238(Remember the location of commands as the)
28.74 F 4.738(ya)-.15 G 2.239(re look)-4.738 F 2.239(ed up for e)-.1 F
-.15(xe)-.15 G 4.739(cution. This).15 F(is)4.739 E(enabled by def)184
204 Q(ault.)-.1 E F1<ad6b>144 216 Q F0 .514(All ar)28.74 F .514
(guments in the form of assignment statements are placed in the en)-.18
F .513(vironment for a)-.4 F
(command, not just those that precede the command name.)184 228 Q F1
<ad6d>144 240 Q F0 .148(Monitor mode.)25.97 F .148
(Job control is enabled.)5.148 F .149(This option is on by def)5.148 F
.149(ault for interacti)-.1 F .449 -.15(ve s)-.25 H(hells).15 E .637
(on systems that support it \(see)184 252 R F3 .636(JOB CONTR)3.136 F
(OL)-.27 E F0(abo)2.886 E -.15(ve)-.15 G 3.136(\). Background).15 F .636
(processes run in a)3.136 F .641
(separate process group and a line containing their e)184 264 R .642
(xit status is printed upon their com-)-.15 F(pletion.)184 276 Q F1
<ad6e>144 288 Q F0 .653(Read commands b)28.74 F .653(ut do not e)-.2 F
-.15(xe)-.15 G .653(cute them.).15 F .652
(This may be used to check a shell script for)5.653 F(syntax errors.)184
300 Q(This is ignored by interacti)5 E .3 -.15(ve s)-.25 H(hells.).15 E
F1<ad6f>144 312 Q F2(option\255name)2.5 E F0(The)184 324 Q F2
(option\255name)2.5 E F0(can be one of the follo)2.5 E(wing:)-.25 E F1
(allexport)184 336 Q F0(Same as)224 348 Q F1<ad61>2.5 E F0(.)A F1
(braceexpand)184 360 Q F0(Same as)224 372 Q F1<ad42>2.5 E F0(.)A F1
(emacs)184 384 Q F0 .089(Use an emacs-style command line editing interf)
13.9 F 2.589(ace. This)-.1 F .089(is enabled by def)2.589 F(ault)-.1 E
.95(when the shell is interacti)224 396 R -.15(ve)-.25 G 3.45(,u).15 G
.95(nless the shell is started with the)-3.45 F F1(\255\255noediting)
3.45 E F0(option.)224 408 Q F1(errtrace)184 420 Q F0(Same as)5.03 E F1
<ad45>2.5 E F0(.)A F1(functrace)184 432 Q F0(Same as)224 444 Q F1<ad54>
2.5 E F0(.)A F1(err)184 456 Q(exit)-.18 E F0(Same as)11.31 E F1<ad65>2.5
E F0(.)A F1(hashall)184 468 Q F0(Same as)9.43 E F1<ad68>2.5 E F0(.)A F1
(histexpand)184 480 Q F0(Same as)224 492 Q F1<ad48>2.5 E F0(.)A F1
(history)184 504 Q F0 .586(Enable command history)10 F 3.087(,a)-.65 G
3.087(sd)-3.087 G .587(escribed abo)-3.087 F .887 -.15(ve u)-.15 H(nder)
.15 E F3(HIST)3.087 E(OR)-.162 E(Y)-.315 E/F5 9/Times-Roman@0 SF(.)A F0
.587(This option is)5.087 F(on by def)224 516 Q(ault in interacti)-.1 E
.3 -.15(ve s)-.25 H(hells.).15 E F1(ignor)184 528 Q(eeof)-.18 E F0 1.657
(The ef)224 540 R 1.657(fect is as if the shell command)-.25 F/F6 10
/Courier@0 SF(IGNOREEOF=10)4.156 E F0 1.656(had been e)4.156 F -.15(xe)
-.15 G(cuted).15 E(\(see)224 552 Q F1(Shell V)2.5 E(ariables)-.92 E F0
(abo)2.5 E -.15(ve)-.15 G(\).).15 E F1 -.1(ke)184 564 S(yw).1 E(ord)-.1
E F0(Same as)224 576 Q F1<ad6b>2.5 E F0(.)A F1(monitor)184 588 Q F0
(Same as)5.56 E F1<ad6d>2.5 E F0(.)A F1(noclob)184 600 Q(ber)-.1 E F0
(Same as)224 612 Q F1<ad43>2.5 E F0(.)A F1(noexec)184 624 Q F0(Same as)
11.12 E F1<ad6e>2.5 E F0(.)A F1(noglob)184 636 Q F0(Same as)11.1 E F1
<ad66>2.5 E F0(.)A F1(nolog)5 E F0(Currently ignored.)2.5 E F1(notify)
184 648 Q F0(Same as)15 E F1<ad62>2.5 E F0(.)A F1(nounset)184 660 Q F0
(Same as)6.66 E F1<ad75>2.5 E F0(.)A F1(onecmd)184 672 Q F0(Same as)6.67
E F1<ad74>2.5 E F0(.)A F1(ph)184 684 Q(ysical)-.15 E F0(Same as)5.14 E
F1<ad50>2.5 E F0(.)A F1(pipefail)184 696 Q F0 1.029
(If set, the return v)7.77 F 1.029(alue of a pipeline is the v)-.25 F
1.03(alue of the last \(rightmost\) com-)-.25 F 1.137(mand to e)224 708
R 1.136
(xit with a non-zero status, or zero if all commands in the pipeline)
-.15 F -.15(ex)224 720 S(it successfully).15 E 5(.T)-.65 G
(his option is disabled by def)-5 E(ault.)-.1 E(GNU Bash-3.2)72 768 Q
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/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 389.54(SH\(1\) B).35 F(ASH\(1\))
-.35 E/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(posix)184 84 Q F0 2.09(Change the beha)
17.77 F 2.091(vior of)-.2 F F1(bash)4.591 E F0 2.091(where the def)4.591
F 2.091(ault operation dif)-.1 F 2.091(fers from the)-.25 F
(POSIX standard to match the standard \()224 96 Q/F2 10/Times-Italic@0
SF(posix mode)A F0(\).)A F1(pri)184 108 Q(vileged)-.1 E F0(Same as)224
120 Q F1<ad70>2.5 E F0(.)A F1 -.1(ve)184 132 S(rbose).1 E F0(Same as)
7.33 E F1<ad76>2.5 E F0(.)A F1(vi)184 144 Q F0
(Use a vi-style command line editing interf)32.22 E(ace.)-.1 E F1
(xtrace)184 156 Q F0(Same as)13.35 E F1<ad78>2.5 E F0(.)A(If)184 174 Q
F1<ad6f>3.053 E F0 .553(is supplied with no)3.053 F F2(option\255name)
3.053 E F0 3.053(,t)C .553(he v)-3.053 F .552
(alues of the current options are printed.)-.25 F(If)5.552 E F1(+o)184
186 Q F0 1.071(is supplied with no)3.571 F F2(option\255name)3.571 E F0
3.571(,as)C 1.071(eries of)-3.571 F F1(set)3.572 E F0 1.072
(commands to recreate the current)3.572 F
(option settings is displayed on the standard output.)184 198 Q F1<ad70>
144 210 Q F0 -.45(Tu)28.74 G 1.072(rn on).45 F F2(privile)4.822 E -.1
(ge)-.4 G(d).1 E F0 3.572(mode. In)4.342 F 1.072(this mode, the)3.572 F
/F3 9/Times-Bold@0 SF($ENV)3.572 E F0(and)3.322 E F3($B)3.572 E(ASH_ENV)
-.27 E F0 1.071(\214les are not pro-)3.322 F 1.705
(cessed, shell functions are not inherited from the en)184 222 R 1.705
(vironment, and the)-.4 F F3(SHELLOPTS)4.206 E F0 -.25(va)184 234 S .019
(riable, if it appears in the en).25 F .019(vironment, is ignored.)-.4 F
.018(If the shell is started with the ef)5.019 F(fec-)-.25 E(ti)184 246
Q 1.158 -.15(ve u)-.25 H .859
(ser \(group\) id not equal to the real user \(group\) id, and the).15 F
F1<ad70>3.359 E F0 .859(option is not sup-)3.359 F .294
(plied, these actions are tak)184 258 R .293(en and the ef)-.1 F(fecti)
-.25 E .593 -.15(ve u)-.25 H .293(ser id is set to the real user id.).15
F .293(If the)5.293 F F1<ad70>2.793 E F0 1.195
(option is supplied at startup, the ef)184 270 R(fecti)-.25 E 1.495 -.15
(ve u)-.25 H 1.195(ser id is not reset.).15 F -.45(Tu)6.196 G 1.196
(rning this option of).45 F(f)-.25 E(causes the ef)184 282 Q(fecti)-.25
E .3 -.15(ve u)-.25 H
(ser and group ids to be set to the real user and group ids.).15 E F1
<ad74>144 294 Q F0(Exit after reading and e)30.97 E -.15(xe)-.15 G
(cuting one command.).15 E F1<ad75>144 306 Q F0 -.35(Tr)28.74 G .445
(eat unset v).35 F .444
(ariables as an error when performing parameter e)-.25 F 2.944
(xpansion. If)-.15 F -.15(ex)2.944 G .444(pansion is).15 F .519
(attempted on an unset v)184 318 R .519
(ariable, the shell prints an error message, and, if not interacti)-.25
F -.15(ve)-.25 G(,).15 E -.15(ex)184 330 S(its with a non-zero status.)
.15 E F1<ad76>144 342 Q F0(Print shell input lines as the)29.3 E 2.5(ya)
-.15 G(re read.)-2.5 E F1<ad78>144 354 Q F0 .315(After e)29.3 F .315
(xpanding each)-.15 F F2 .315(simple command)2.815 F F0(,)A F1 -.25(fo)
2.815 G(r).25 E F0(command,)2.815 E F1(case)2.815 E F0(command,)2.815 E
F1(select)2.815 E F0(command,)2.815 E 1.235(or arithmetic)184 366 R F1
-.25(fo)3.736 G(r).25 E F0 1.236(command, display the e)3.736 F 1.236
(xpanded v)-.15 F 1.236(alue of)-.25 F F3(PS4)3.736 E/F4 9/Times-Roman@0
SF(,)A F0(follo)3.486 E 1.236(wed by the com-)-.25 F(mand and its e)184
378 Q(xpanded ar)-.15 E(guments or associated w)-.18 E(ord list.)-.1 E
F1<ad42>144 390 Q F0 2.579(The shell performs brace e)27.63 F 2.578
(xpansion \(see)-.15 F F1 2.578(Brace Expansion)5.078 F F0(abo)5.078 E
-.15(ve)-.15 G 5.078(\). This).15 F 2.578(is on by)5.078 F(def)184 402 Q
(ault.)-.1 E F1<ad43>144 414 Q F0 .213(If set,)27.08 F F1(bash)2.713 E
F0 .213(does not o)2.713 F -.15(ve)-.15 G .214(rwrite an e).15 F .214
(xisting \214le with the)-.15 F F1(>)2.714 E F0(,)A F1(>&)2.714 E F0
2.714(,a)C(nd)-2.714 E F1(<>)2.714 E F0 .214(redirection opera-)2.714 F
3.054(tors. This)184 426 R .553(may be o)3.053 F -.15(ve)-.15 G .553
(rridden when creating output \214les by using the redirection opera-)
.15 F(tor)184 438 Q F1(>|)2.5 E F0(instead of)2.5 E F1(>)2.5 E F0(.)A F1
<ad45>144 450 Q F0 .103(If set, an)27.63 F 2.603(yt)-.15 G .103(rap on)
-2.603 F F1(ERR)2.603 E F0 .104
(is inherited by shell functions, command substitutions, and com-)2.603
F .839(mands e)184 462 R -.15(xe)-.15 G .839(cuted in a subshell en).15
F 3.339(vironment. The)-.4 F F1(ERR)3.338 E F0 .838
(trap is normally not inherited in)3.338 F(such cases.)184 474 Q F1
<ad48>144 486 Q F0(Enable)26.52 E F1(!)3.031 E F0 .531
(style history substitution.)5.531 F .531(This option is on by def)5.531
F .532(ault when the shell is inter)-.1 F(-)-.2 E(acti)184 498 Q -.15
(ve)-.25 G(.).15 E F1<ad50>144 510 Q F0 1.165
(If set, the shell does not follo)28.19 F 3.664(ws)-.25 G 1.164
(ymbolic links when e)-3.664 F -.15(xe)-.15 G 1.164
(cuting commands such as).15 F F1(cd)3.664 E F0 2.821
(that change the current w)184 522 R 2.822(orking directory)-.1 F 7.822
(.I)-.65 G 5.322(tu)-7.822 G 2.822(ses the ph)-5.322 F 2.822
(ysical directory structure)-.05 F 2.686(instead. By)184 534 R(def)2.686
E(ault,)-.1 E F1(bash)2.686 E F0(follo)2.686 E .186
(ws the logical chain of directories when performing com-)-.25 F
(mands which change the current directory)184 546 Q(.)-.65 E F1<ad54>144
558 Q F0 .89(If set, an)27.63 F 3.39(yt)-.15 G .89(raps on)-3.39 F F1
(DEB)3.39 E(UG)-.1 E F0(and)3.39 E F1(RETURN)3.39 E F0 .89
(are inherited by shell functions, command)3.39 F 1.932
(substitutions, and commands e)184 570 R -.15(xe)-.15 G 1.932
(cuted in a subshell en).15 F 4.432(vironment. The)-.4 F F1(DEB)4.432 E
(UG)-.1 E F0(and)4.432 E F1(RETURN)184 582 Q F0
(traps are normally not inherited in such cases.)2.5 E F1<adad>144 594 Q
F0 .4(If no ar)28.6 F .401(guments follo)-.18 F 2.901(wt)-.25 G .401
(his option, then the positional parameters are unset.)-2.901 F
(Otherwise,)5.401 E(the positional parameters are set to the)184 606 Q
F2(ar)2.5 E(g)-.37 E F0(s, e)A -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.5(ni).15 G 2.5(fs)-2.5 G
(ome of them be)-2.5 E(gin with a)-.15 E F1<ad>2.5 E F0(.)A F1<ad>144
618 Q F0 1.945(Signal the end of options, cause all remaining)34.3 F F2
(ar)4.444 E(g)-.37 E F0 4.444(st)C 4.444(ob)-4.444 G 4.444(ea)-4.444 G
1.944(ssigned to the positional)-4.444 F 3.445(parameters. The)184 630 R
F1<ad78>3.445 E F0(and)3.445 E F1<ad76>3.445 E F0 .945
(options are turned of)3.445 F 3.445(f. If)-.25 F .946(there are no)
3.445 F F2(ar)3.446 E(g)-.37 E F0 .946(s, the positional)B
(parameters remain unchanged.)184 642 Q .425(The options are of)144
658.8 R 2.925(fb)-.25 G 2.925(yd)-2.925 G(ef)-2.925 E .425
(ault unless otherwise noted.)-.1 F .425
(Using + rather than \255 causes these options)5.425 F .177
(to be turned of)144 670.8 R 2.677(f. The)-.25 F .178
(options can also be speci\214ed as ar)2.678 F .178(guments to an in)
-.18 F -.2(vo)-.4 G .178(cation of the shell.).2 F(The)5.178 E .066
(current set of options may be found in)144 682.8 R F1<24ad>2.566 E F0
5.066(.T)C .066(he return status is al)-5.066 F -.1(wa)-.1 G .066
(ys true unless an in).1 F -.25(va)-.4 G .066(lid option).25 F
(is encountered.)144 694.8 Q(GNU Bash-3.2)72 768 Q(2008 April 5)148.455
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/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 389.54(SH\(1\) B).35 F(ASH\(1\))
-.35 E/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(shift)108 84 Q F0([)2.5 E/F2 10
/Times-Italic@0 SF(n)A F0(])A .428(The positional parameters from)144 96
R F2(n)2.928 E F0 .429(+1 ... are renamed to)B F1 .429($1 ....)2.929 F
F0 -.15(Pa)5.429 G .429(rameters represented by the num-).15 F(bers)144
108 Q F1($#)2.583 E F0(do)2.583 E .083(wn to)-.25 F F1($#)2.583 E F0<ad>
A F2(n)A F0 .083(+1 are unset.)B F2(n)5.443 E F0 .083(must be a non-ne)
2.823 F -.05(ga)-.15 G(ti).05 E .382 -.15(ve n)-.25 H .082
(umber less than or equal to).15 F F1($#)2.582 E F0 5.082(.I)C(f)-5.082
E F2(n)2.942 E F0 .06(is 0, no parameters are changed.)144 120 R(If)5.06
E F2(n)2.92 E F0 .06(is not gi)2.8 F -.15(ve)-.25 G .06
(n, it is assumed to be 1.).15 F(If)5.06 E F2(n)2.92 E F0 .06
(is greater than)2.8 F F1($#)2.56 E F0 2.56(,t)C(he)-2.56 E .144
(positional parameters are not changed.)144 132 R .144
(The return status is greater than zero if)5.144 F F2(n)3.003 E F0 .143
(is greater than)2.883 F F1($#)2.643 E F0
(or less than zero; otherwise 0.)144 144 Q F1(shopt)108 160.8 Q F0([)2.5
E F1(\255pqsu)A F0 2.5(][)C F1<ad6f>-2.5 E F0 2.5(][)C F2(optname)-2.5 E
F0(...])2.5 E -.8(To)144 172.8 S .222(ggle the v).8 F .222(alues of v)
-.25 F .222(ariables controlling optional shell beha)-.25 F(vior)-.2 E
5.222(.W)-.55 G .222(ith no options, or with the)-5.622 F F1<ad70>2.722
E F0 .721(option, a list of all settable options is displayed, with an \
indication of whether or not each is set.)144 184.8 R(The)144 196.8 Q F1
<ad70>2.827 E F0 .327(option causes output to be displayed in a form th\
at may be reused as input.)2.827 F .328(Other options)5.328 F(ha)144
208.8 Q .3 -.15(ve t)-.2 H(he follo).15 E(wing meanings:)-.25 E F1<ad73>
144 220.8 Q F0(Enable \(set\) each)26.41 E F2(optname)2.5 E F0(.)A F1
<ad75>144 232.8 Q F0(Disable \(unset\) each)24.74 E F2(optname)2.5 E F0
(.)A F1<ad71>144 244.8 Q F0 .003(Suppresses normal output \(quiet mode\
\); the return status indicates whether the)24.74 F F2(optname)2.503 E
F0(is)2.503 E .255(set or unset.)180 256.8 R .255(If multiple)5.255 F F2
(optname)2.755 E F0(ar)2.755 E .256(guments are gi)-.18 F -.15(ve)-.25 G
2.756(nw).15 G(ith)-2.756 E F1<ad71>2.756 E F0 2.756(,t)C .256
(he return status is zero if)-2.756 F(all)180 268.8 Q F2(optnames)2.5 E
F0(are enabled; non-zero otherwise.)2.5 E F1<ad6f>144 280.8 Q F0
(Restricts the v)25.3 E(alues of)-.25 E F2(optname)2.5 E F0
(to be those de\214ned for the)2.5 E F1<ad6f>2.5 E F0(option to the)2.5
E F1(set)2.5 E F0 -.2(bu)2.5 G(iltin.).2 E .128(If either)144 297.6 R F1
<ad73>2.628 E F0(or)2.628 E F1<ad75>2.628 E F0 .127(is used with no)
2.627 F F2(optname)2.627 E F0(ar)2.627 E .127
(guments, the display is limited to those options which)-.18 F 1.023
(are set or unset, respecti)144 309.6 R -.15(ve)-.25 G(ly).15 E 6.023
(.U)-.65 G 1.024(nless otherwise noted, the)-6.023 F F1(shopt)3.524 E F0
1.024(options are disabled \(unset\) by)3.524 F(def)144 321.6 Q(ault.)
-.1 E 1.544(The return status when listing options is zero if all)144
338.4 R F2(optnames)4.044 E F0 1.544(are enabled, non-zero otherwise.)
4.044 F .696
(When setting or unsetting options, the return status is zero unless an)
144 350.4 R F2(optname)3.196 E F0 .696(is not a v)3.196 F .696
(alid shell)-.25 F(option.)144 362.4 Q(The list of)144 379.2 Q F1(shopt)
2.5 E F0(options is:)2.5 E F1(autocd)144 397.2 Q F0 .2
(If set, a command name that is the name of a directory is e)11.11 F
-.15(xe)-.15 G .199(cuted as if it were the ar).15 F(gu-)-.18 E
(ment to the)184 409.2 Q F1(cd)2.5 E F0 2.5(command. This)2.5 F
(option is only used by interacti)2.5 E .3 -.15(ve s)-.25 H(hells.).15 E
F1(cdable_v)144 421.2 Q(ars)-.1 E F0 .155(If set, an ar)184 433.2 R .155
(gument to the)-.18 F F1(cd)2.655 E F0 -.2(bu)2.655 G .156
(iltin command that is not a directory is assumed to be the).2 F
(name of a v)184 445.2 Q(ariable whose v)-.25 E
(alue is the directory to change to.)-.25 E F1(cdspell)144 457.2 Q F0
1.055
(If set, minor errors in the spelling of a directory component in a)
10.55 F F1(cd)3.555 E F0 1.055(command will be)3.555 F 3.987
(corrected. The)184 469.2 R 1.487(errors check)3.987 F 1.487
(ed for are transposed characters, a missing character)-.1 F 3.988(,a)
-.4 G(nd)-3.988 E .552(one character too man)184 481.2 R 4.352 -.65
(y. I)-.15 H 3.052(fac).65 G .552
(orrection is found, the corrected \214le name is printed, and)-3.052 F
(the command proceeds.)184 493.2 Q
(This option is only used by interacti)5 E .3 -.15(ve s)-.25 H(hells.)
.15 E F1(checkhash)144 505.2 Q F0 2.079(If set,)184 517.2 R F1(bash)
4.579 E F0 2.079(checks that a command found in the hash table e)4.579 F
2.08(xists before trying to)-.15 F -.15(exe)184 529.2 S(cute it.).15 E
(If a hashed command no longer e)5 E
(xists, a normal path search is performed.)-.15 E F1(checkjobs)144 541.2
Q F0 .449(If set,)184 553.2 R F1(bash)2.949 E F0 .449
(lists the status of an)2.949 F 2.949(ys)-.15 G .448
(topped and running jobs before e)-2.949 F .448(xiting an interacti)-.15
F -.15(ve)-.25 G 3.438(shell. If)184 565.2 R(an)3.438 E 3.438(yj)-.15 G
.938(obs are running, this causes the e)-3.438 F .938
(xit to be deferred until a second e)-.15 F .939(xit is)-.15 F 1.456
(attempted without an interv)184 577.2 R 1.456(ening command \(see)-.15
F F1 1.456(JOB CONTR)3.956 F(OL)-.3 E F0(abo)3.956 E -.15(ve)-.15 G
3.956(\). The).15 F(shell)3.956 E(al)184 589.2 Q -.1(wa)-.1 G
(ys postpones e).1 E(xiting if an)-.15 E 2.5(yj)-.15 G(obs are stopped.)
-2.5 E F1(checkwinsize)144 601.2 Q F0 .796(If set,)184 613.2 R F1(bash)
3.296 E F0 .796(checks the windo)3.296 F 3.296(ws)-.25 G .797
(ize after each command and, if necessary)-3.296 F 3.297(,u)-.65 G .797
(pdates the)-3.297 F -.25(va)184 625.2 S(lues of).25 E/F3 9/Times-Bold@0
SF(LINES)2.5 E F0(and)2.25 E F3(COLUMNS)2.5 E/F4 9/Times-Roman@0 SF(.)A
F1(cmdhist)144 637.2 Q F0 1.202(If set,)6.11 F F1(bash)3.702 E F0 1.202
(attempts to sa)3.702 F 1.502 -.15(ve a)-.2 H 1.202
(ll lines of a multiple-line command in the same history).15 F(entry)184
649.2 Q 5(.T)-.65 G(his allo)-5 E
(ws easy re-editing of multi-line commands.)-.25 E F1(compat31)144 661.2
Q F0 .419(If set,)184 673.2 R F1(bash)2.919 E F0 .419(changes its beha)
2.919 F .419(vior to that of v)-.2 F .42
(ersion 3.1 with respect to quoted ar)-.15 F(guments)-.18 E
(to the conditional command')184 685.2 Q 2.5(s=)-.55 G 2.5(~o)-2.5 G
(perator)-2.5 E(.)-.55 E F1(dotglob)144 697.2 Q F0 .165(If set,)7.77 F
F1(bash)2.665 E F0 .165(includes \214lenames be)2.665 F .165
(ginning with a `.)-.15 F 2.665('i)-.7 G 2.665(nt)-2.665 G .165
(he results of pathname e)-2.665 F(xpansion.)-.15 E F1(execfail)144
709.2 Q F0 1.386(If set, a non-interacti)7.79 F 1.686 -.15(ve s)-.25 H
1.386(hell will not e).15 F 1.386(xit if it cannot e)-.15 F -.15(xe)-.15
G 1.387(cute the \214le speci\214ed as an).15 F(ar)184 721.2 Q
(gument to the)-.18 E F1(exec)2.5 E F0 -.2(bu)2.5 G(iltin command.).2 E
(An interacti)5 E .3 -.15(ve s)-.25 H(hell does not e).15 E(xit if)-.15
E F1(exec)2.5 E F0 -.1(fa)2.5 G(ils.).1 E(GNU Bash-3.2)72 768 Q
(2008 April 5)148.455 E(59)198.445 E 0 Cg EP
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/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 389.54(SH\(1\) B).35 F(ASH\(1\))
-.35 E/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(expand_aliases)144 84 Q F0 .717
(If set, aliases are e)184 96 R .717(xpanded as described abo)-.15 F
1.017 -.15(ve u)-.15 H(nder).15 E/F2 9/Times-Bold@0 SF(ALIASES)3.217 E
/F3 9/Times-Roman@0 SF(.)A F0 .716(This option is enabled)5.217 F
(by def)184 108 Q(ault for interacti)-.1 E .3 -.15(ve s)-.25 H(hells.)
.15 E F1(extdeb)144 120 Q(ug)-.2 E F0(If set, beha)184 132 Q
(vior intended for use by deb)-.2 E(uggers is enabled:)-.2 E F1(1.)184
144 Q F0(The)28.5 E F1<ad46>4.25 E F0 1.75(option to the)4.25 F F1
(declar)4.251 E(e)-.18 E F0 -.2(bu)4.251 G 1.751
(iltin displays the source \214le name and line).2 F
(number corresponding to each function name supplied as an ar)220 156 Q
(gument.)-.18 E F1(2.)184 168 Q F0 1.667(If the command run by the)28.5
F F1(DEB)4.167 E(UG)-.1 E F0 1.667(trap returns a non-zero v)4.167 F
1.667(alue, the ne)-.25 F(xt)-.15 E(command is skipped and not e)220 180
Q -.15(xe)-.15 G(cuted.).15 E F1(3.)184 192 Q F0 .84
(If the command run by the)28.5 F F1(DEB)3.34 E(UG)-.1 E F0 .841
(trap returns a v)3.341 F .841(alue of 2, and the shell is)-.25 F -.15
(exe)220 204 S .488
(cuting in a subroutine \(a shell function or a shell script e).15 F
-.15(xe)-.15 G .488(cuted by the).15 F F1(.)2.988 E F0(or)2.988 E F1
(sour)220 216 Q(ce)-.18 E F0 -.2(bu)2.5 G(iltins\), a call to).2 E F1
-.18(re)2.5 G(tur).18 E(n)-.15 E F0(is simulated.)2.5 E F1 26(4. B)184
228 R(ASH_ARGC)-.3 E F0(and)3.775 E F1 -.3(BA)3.775 G(SH_ARGV).3 E F0
1.276(are updated as described in their descrip-)3.775 F(tions abo)220
240 Q -.15(ve)-.15 G(.).15 E F1(5.)184 252 Q F0 1.359
(Function tracing is enabled:)28.5 F 1.359
(command substitution, shell functions, and sub-)6.359 F(shells in)220
264 Q -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G 2.5(dw).1 G(ith)-2.5 E F1(\()2.5 E/F4 10
/Times-Italic@0 SF(command)2.5 E F1(\))2.5 E F0(inherit the)2.5 E F1
(DEB)2.5 E(UG)-.1 E F0(and)2.5 E F1(RETURN)2.5 E F0(traps.)2.5 E F1(6.)
184 276 Q F0 .804(Error tracing is enabled:)28.5 F .805
(command substitution, shell functions, and subshells)5.804 F(in)220 288
Q -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G 2.5(dw).1 G(ith)-2.5 E F1(\()2.5 E F4
(command)2.5 E F1(\))2.5 E F0(inherit the)2.5 E F1(ERR)2.5 E(OR)-.3 E F0
(trap.)2.5 E F1(extglob)144 300 Q F0 .4(If set, the e)8.89 F .4
(xtended pattern matching features described abo)-.15 F .7 -.15(ve u)
-.15 H(nder).15 E F1 -.1(Pa)2.9 G .4(thname Expan-).1 F(sion)184 312 Q
F0(are enabled.)2.5 E F1(extquote)144 324 Q F0 2.473(If set,)184 336 R
F1($)4.973 E F0<08>A F4(string)A F0 4.973<0861>C(nd)-4.973 E F1($)4.973
E F0(")A F4(string)A F0 4.973("q)C 2.473(uoting is performed within)
-4.973 F F1(${)4.973 E F4(par)A(ameter)-.15 E F1(})A F0 -.15(ex)4.973 G
(pansions).15 E(enclosed in double quotes.)184 348 Q
(This option is enabled by def)5 E(ault.)-.1 E F1(failglob)144 360 Q F0
1.425(If set, patterns which f)7.77 F 1.425
(ail to match \214lenames during pathname e)-.1 F 1.424
(xpansion result in an)-.15 F -.15(ex)184 372 S(pansion error).15 E(.)
-.55 E F1 -.25(fo)144 384 S -.18(rc).25 G(e_\214gnor).18 E(e)-.18 E F0
.585(If set, the suf)184 396 R<8c78>-.25 E .585(es speci\214ed by the)
-.15 F F1(FIGNORE)3.085 E F0 .585(shell v)3.085 F .585(ariable cause w)
-.25 F .585(ords to be ignored)-.1 F .32(when performing w)184 408 R .32
(ord completion e)-.1 F -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.82(ni).15 G 2.82(ft)-2.82 G .32
(he ignored w)-2.82 F .32(ords are the only possible com-)-.1 F 3.329
(pletions. See)184 420 R F2 .829(SHELL V)3.329 F(ARIABLES)-1.215 E F0
(abo)3.079 E 1.129 -.15(ve f)-.15 H .83(or a description of).15 F F1
(FIGNORE)3.33 E F0 5.83(.T)C .83(his option)-5.83 F(is enabled by def)
184 432 Q(ault.)-.1 E F1(gnu_errfmt)144 444 Q F0(If set, shell error me\
ssages are written in the standard GNU error message format.)184 456 Q
F1(histappend)144 468 Q F0 .384
(If set, the history list is appended to the \214le named by the v)184
480 R .383(alue of the)-.25 F F1(HISTFILE)2.883 E F0 -.25(va)2.883 G
(ri-).25 E(able when the shell e)184 492 Q(xits, rather than o)-.15 E
-.15(ve)-.15 G(rwriting the \214le.).15 E F1(histr)144 504 Q(eedit)-.18
E F0 .575(If set, and)184 516 R F1 -.18(re)3.075 G(adline).18 E F0 .575
(is being used, a user is gi)3.075 F -.15(ve)-.25 G 3.075(nt).15 G .576
(he opportunity to re-edit a f)-3.075 F .576(ailed his-)-.1 F
(tory substitution.)184 528 Q F1(histv)144 540 Q(erify)-.1 E F0 .403
(If set, and)184 552 R F1 -.18(re)2.903 G(adline).18 E F0 .403
(is being used, the results of history substitution are not immediately)
2.903 F .661(passed to the shell parser)184 564 R 5.661(.I)-.55 G .662
(nstead, the resulting line is loaded into the)-5.661 F F1 -.18(re)3.162
G(adline).18 E F0(editing)3.162 E -.2(bu)184 576 S -.25(ff).2 G(er).25 E
2.5(,a)-.4 G(llo)-2.5 E(wing further modi\214cation.)-.25 E F1
(hostcomplete)144 588 Q F0 1.182(If set, and)184 600 R F1 -.18(re)3.682
G(adline).18 E F0 1.182(is being used,)3.682 F F1(bash)3.682 E F0 1.181
(will attempt to perform hostname completion)3.681 F 1.38(when a w)184
612 R 1.38(ord containing a)-.1 F F1(@)3.881 E F0 1.381
(is being completed \(see)3.881 F F1(Completing)3.881 E F0(under)3.881 E
F2(READLINE)3.881 E F0(abo)184 624 Q -.15(ve)-.15 G 2.5(\). This).15 F
(is enabled by def)2.5 E(ault.)-.1 E F1(huponexit)144 636 Q F0(If set,)
184 648 Q F1(bash)2.5 E F0(will send)2.5 E F2(SIGHUP)2.5 E F0
(to all jobs when an interacti)2.25 E .3 -.15(ve l)-.25 H(ogin shell e)
.15 E(xits.)-.15 E F1(interacti)144 660 Q -.1(ve)-.1 G(_comments).1 E F0
.33(If set, allo)184 672 R 2.83(waw)-.25 G .33(ord be)-2.93 F .33
(ginning with)-.15 F F1(#)2.83 E F0 .33(to cause that w)2.83 F .33
(ord and all remaining characters on)-.1 F .967
(that line to be ignored in an interacti)184 684 R 1.267 -.15(ve s)-.25
H .967(hell \(see).15 F F2(COMMENTS)3.467 E F0(abo)3.217 E -.15(ve)-.15
G 3.467(\). This).15 F .968(option is)3.468 F(enabled by def)184 696 Q
(ault.)-.1 E F1(lithist)144 708 Q F0 .655(If set, and the)15.55 F F1
(cmdhist)3.155 E F0 .654(option is enabled, multi-line commands are sa)
3.154 F -.15(ve)-.2 G 3.154(dt).15 G 3.154(ot)-3.154 G .654(he history)
-3.154 F(with embedded ne)184 720 Q
(wlines rather than using semicolon separators where possible.)-.25 E
(GNU Bash-3.2)72 768 Q(2008 April 5)148.455 E(60)198.445 E 0 Cg EP
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/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 389.54(SH\(1\) B).35 F(ASH\(1\))
-.35 E/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(login_shell)144 84 Q F0 .486
(The shell sets this option if it is started as a login shell \(see)184
96 R/F2 9/Times-Bold@0 SF(INV)2.987 E(OCA)-.405 E(TION)-.855 E F0(abo)
2.737 E -.15(ve)-.15 G 2.987(\). The).15 F -.25(va)184 108 S
(lue may not be changed.).25 E F1(mailwar)144 120 Q(n)-.15 E F0 .815
(If set, and a \214le that)184 132 R F1(bash)3.315 E F0 .814
(is checking for mail has been accessed since the last time it)3.315 F
-.1(wa)184 144 S 2.5(sc).1 G(heck)-2.5 E(ed, the message `)-.1 E
(`The mail in)-.74 E/F3 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(mail\214le)2.5 E F0
(has been read')2.5 E 2.5('i)-.74 G 2.5(sd)-2.5 G(isplayed.)-2.5 E F1
(no_empty_cmd_completion)144 156 Q F0 .145(If set, and)184 168 R F1 -.18
(re)2.645 G(adline).18 E F0 .145(is being used,)2.645 F F1(bash)2.646 E
F0 .146(will not attempt to search the)2.646 F F1 -.74(PA)2.646 G(TH)
-.21 E F0 .146(for possible)2.646 F
(completions when completion is attempted on an empty line.)184 180 Q F1
(nocaseglob)144 192 Q F0 .437(If set,)184 204 R F1(bash)2.937 E F0 .436
(matches \214lenames in a case\255insensiti)2.937 F .736 -.15(ve f)-.25
H .436(ashion when performing pathname).05 F -.15(ex)184 216 S
(pansion \(see).15 E F1 -.1(Pa)2.5 G(thname Expansion).1 E F0(abo)2.5 E
-.15(ve)-.15 G(\).).15 E F1(nocasematch)144 228 Q F0 1.193(If set,)184
240 R F1(bash)3.693 E F0 1.194(matches patterns in a case\255insensiti)
3.693 F 1.494 -.15(ve f)-.25 H 1.194(ashion when performing matching).05
F(while e)184 252 Q -.15(xe)-.15 G(cuting).15 E F1(case)2.5 E F0(or)2.5
E F1([[)2.5 E F0(conditional commands.)2.5 E F1(nullglob)144 264 Q F0
.855(If set,)184 276 R F1(bash)3.355 E F0(allo)3.355 E .855
(ws patterns which match no \214les \(see)-.25 F F1 -.1(Pa)3.354 G .854
(thname Expansion).1 F F0(abo)3.354 E -.15(ve)-.15 G 3.354(\)t).15 G(o)
-3.354 E -.15(ex)184 288 S(pand to a null string, rather than themselv)
.15 E(es.)-.15 E F1(pr)144 300 Q(ogcomp)-.18 E F0 .676
(If set, the programmable completion f)184 312 R .677(acilities \(see)
-.1 F F1(Pr)3.177 E .677(ogrammable Completion)-.18 F F0(abo)3.177 E
-.15(ve)-.15 G(\)).15 E(are enabled.)184 324 Q
(This option is enabled by def)5 E(ault.)-.1 E F1(pr)144 336 Q(omptv)
-.18 E(ars)-.1 E F0 1.448(If set, prompt strings under)184 348 R 1.448
(go parameter e)-.18 F 1.447(xpansion, command substitution, arithmetic)
-.15 F -.15(ex)184 360 S .17(pansion, and quote remo).15 F -.25(va)-.15
G 2.67(la).25 G .17(fter being e)-2.67 F .17(xpanded as described in)
-.15 F F2(PR)2.671 E(OMPTING)-.27 E F0(abo)2.421 E -.15(ve)-.15 G(.).15
E(This option is enabled by def)184 372 Q(ault.)-.1 E F1 -.18(re)144 384
S(stricted_shell).18 E F0 1.069
(The shell sets this option if it is started in restricted mode \(see)
184 396 R F2 1.069(RESTRICTED SHELL)3.569 F F0(belo)184 408 Q 4.178
(w\). The)-.25 F -.25(va)4.178 G 1.678(lue may not be changed.).25 F
1.678(This is not reset when the startup \214les are)6.678 F -.15(exe)
184 420 S(cuted, allo).15 E(wing the startup \214les to disco)-.25 E
-.15(ve)-.15 G 2.5(rw).15 G(hether or not a shell is restricted.)-2.5 E
F1(shift_v)144 432 Q(erbose)-.1 E F0 .502(If set, the)184 444 R F1
(shift)3.002 E F0 -.2(bu)3.002 G .501
(iltin prints an error message when the shift count e).2 F .501
(xceeds the number)-.15 F(of positional parameters.)184 456 Q F1(sour)
144 468 Q(cepath)-.18 E F0 .77(If set, the)184 480 R F1(sour)3.27 E(ce)
-.18 E F0(\()3.27 E F1(.)A F0 3.27(\)b)C .77(uiltin uses the v)-3.47 F
.771(alue of)-.25 F F2 -.666(PA)3.271 G(TH)-.189 E F0 .771
(to \214nd the directory containing the)3.021 F
(\214le supplied as an ar)184 492 Q 2.5(gument. This)-.18 F
(option is enabled by def)2.5 E(ault.)-.1 E F1(xpg_echo)144 504 Q F0
(If set, the)184 516 Q F1(echo)2.5 E F0 -.2(bu)2.5 G(iltin e).2 E
(xpands backslash-escape sequences by def)-.15 E(ault.)-.1 E F1(suspend)
108 528 Q F0([)2.5 E F1<ad66>A F0(])A .493(Suspend the e)144 540 R -.15
(xe)-.15 G .493(cution of this shell until it recei).15 F -.15(ve)-.25 G
2.992(sa).15 G F2(SIGCONT)A F0 2.992(signal. The)2.742 F F1<ad66>2.992 E
F0 .492(option says not to)2.992 F .758
(complain if this is a login shell; just suspend an)144 552 R(yw)-.15 E
(ay)-.1 E 5.758(.T)-.65 G .759
(he return status is 0 unless the shell is a)-5.758 F(login shell and)
144 564 Q F1<ad66>2.5 E F0
(is not supplied, or if job control is not enabled.)2.5 E F1(test)108
576 Q F3 -.2(ex)2.5 G(pr).2 E F1([)108 588 Q F3 -.2(ex)2.5 G(pr).2 E F1
(])2.5 E F0 1.15(Return a status of 0 or 1 depending on the e)6.77 F
-.25(va)-.25 G 1.15(luation of the conditional e).25 F(xpression)-.15 E
F3 -.2(ex)3.65 G(pr).2 E F0 6.15(.E).73 G(ach)-6.15 E 1.187
(operator and operand must be a separate ar)144 600 R 3.688
(gument. Expressions)-.18 F 1.188(are composed of the primaries)3.688 F
1.89(described abo)144 612 R 2.19 -.15(ve u)-.15 H(nder).15 E F2
(CONDITION)4.39 E 1.89(AL EXPRESSIONS)-.18 F/F4 9/Times-Roman@0 SF(.)A
F1(test)6.39 E F0 1.889(does not accept an)4.389 F 4.389(yo)-.15 G 1.889
(ptions, nor)-4.389 F(does it accept and ignore an ar)144 624 Q
(gument of)-.18 E F1<adad>2.5 E F0(as signifying the end of options.)2.5
E .785(Expressions may be combined using the follo)144 642 R .786
(wing operators, listed in decreasing order of prece-)-.25 F 2.5
(dence. The)144 654 R -.25(eva)2.5 G
(luation depends on the number of ar).25 E(guments; see belo)-.18 E -.65
(w.)-.25 G F1(!)144 666 Q F3 -.2(ex)2.5 G(pr).2 E F0 -.35(Tr)12.6 G
(ue if).35 E F3 -.2(ex)2.5 G(pr).2 E F0(is f)3.23 E(alse.)-.1 E F1(\()
144 678 Q F3 -.2(ex)2.5 G(pr).2 E F1(\))2.5 E F0 .26(Returns the v)6.77
F .26(alue of)-.25 F F3 -.2(ex)2.76 G(pr).2 E F0 5.26(.T)C .26
(his may be used to o)-5.26 F -.15(ve)-.15 G .26
(rride the normal precedence of opera-).15 F(tors.)180 690 Q F3 -.2(ex)
144 702 S(pr1).2 E F0<ad>2.5 E F1(a)A F3 -.2(ex)2.5 G(pr2).2 E F0 -.35
(Tr)180 714 S(ue if both).35 E F3 -.2(ex)2.5 G(pr1).2 E F0(and)2.5 E F3
-.2(ex)2.5 G(pr2).2 E F0(are true.)2.52 E(GNU Bash-3.2)72 768 Q
(2008 April 5)148.455 E(61)198.445 E 0 Cg EP
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/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 389.54(SH\(1\) B).35 F(ASH\(1\))
-.35 E/F1 10/Times-Italic@0 SF -.2(ex)144 84 S(pr1).2 E F0<ad>2.5 E/F2
10/Times-Bold@0 SF(o)A F1 -.2(ex)2.5 G(pr2).2 E F0 -.35(Tr)180 96 S
(ue if either).35 E F1 -.2(ex)2.5 G(pr1).2 E F0(or)2.5 E F1 -.2(ex)2.5 G
(pr2).2 E F0(is true.)2.52 E F2(test)144 112.8 Q F0(and)2.5 E F2([)2.5 E
F0 -.25(eva)2.5 G(luate conditional e).25 E
(xpressions using a set of rules based on the number of ar)-.15 E
(guments.)-.18 E 2.5(0a)144 130.8 S -.18(rg)-2.5 G(uments).18 E(The e)
180 142.8 Q(xpression is f)-.15 E(alse.)-.1 E 2.5(1a)144 154.8 S -.18
(rg)-2.5 G(ument).18 E(The e)180 166.8 Q
(xpression is true if and only if the ar)-.15 E(gument is not null.)-.18
E 2.5(2a)144 178.8 S -.18(rg)-2.5 G(uments).18 E .37(If the \214rst ar)
180 190.8 R .37(gument is)-.18 F F2(!)2.87 E F0 2.87(,t)C .37(he e)-2.87
F .37(xpression is true if and only if the second ar)-.15 F .37
(gument is null.)-.18 F .38(If the \214rst ar)180 202.8 R .38
(gument is one of the unary conditional operators listed abo)-.18 F .679
-.15(ve u)-.15 H(nder).15 E/F3 9/Times-Bold@0 SF(CONDI-)2.879 E(TION)180
214.8 Q .552(AL EXPRESSIONS)-.18 F/F4 9/Times-Roman@0 SF(,)A F0 .552
(the e)2.802 F .552(xpression is true if the unary test is true.)-.15 F
.552(If the \214rst ar)5.552 F(gu-)-.18 E(ment is not a v)180 226.8 Q
(alid unary conditional operator)-.25 E 2.5(,t)-.4 G(he e)-2.5 E
(xpression is f)-.15 E(alse.)-.1 E 2.5(3a)144 238.8 S -.18(rg)-2.5 G
(uments).18 E .024(If the second ar)180 250.8 R .023
(gument is one of the binary conditional operators listed abo)-.18 F
.323 -.15(ve u)-.15 H(nder).15 E F3(CON-)2.523 E(DITION)180 262.8 Q
1.477(AL EXPRESSIONS)-.18 F F4(,)A F0 1.477(the result of the e)3.727 F
1.477(xpression is the result of the binary test)-.15 F .513
(using the \214rst and third ar)180 274.8 R .513(guments as operands.)
-.18 F(The)5.513 E F2<ad61>3.013 E F0(and)3.013 E F2<ad6f>3.013 E F0
.512(operators are considered)3.013 F .972
(binary operators when there are three ar)180 286.8 R 3.472(guments. If)
-.18 F .972(the \214rst ar)3.472 F .972(gument is)-.18 F F2(!)3.472 E F0
3.472(,t)C .972(he v)-3.472 F .972(alue is)-.25 F .884(the ne)180 298.8
R -.05(ga)-.15 G .884(tion of the tw).05 F(o-ar)-.1 E .884
(gument test using the second and third ar)-.18 F 3.383(guments. If)-.18
F .883(the \214rst)3.383 F(ar)180 310.8 Q .874(gument is e)-.18 F
(xactly)-.15 E F2(\()3.374 E F0 .875(and the third ar)3.374 F .875
(gument is e)-.18 F(xactly)-.15 E F2(\))3.375 E F0 3.375(,t)C .875
(he result is the one-ar)-3.375 F(gument)-.18 E(test of the second ar)
180 322.8 Q 2.5(gument. Otherwise,)-.18 F(the e)2.5 E(xpression is f)
-.15 E(alse.)-.1 E 2.5(4a)144 334.8 S -.18(rg)-2.5 G(uments).18 E .385
(If the \214rst ar)180 346.8 R .385(gument is)-.18 F F2(!)2.885 E F0
2.885(,t)C .385(he result is the ne)-2.885 F -.05(ga)-.15 G .384
(tion of the three-ar).05 F .384(gument e)-.18 F .384(xpression com-)
-.15 F 1.647(posed of the remaining ar)180 358.8 R 4.147
(guments. Otherwise,)-.18 F 1.647(the e)4.147 F 1.648
(xpression is parsed and e)-.15 F -.25(va)-.25 G(luated).25 E
(according to precedence using the rules listed abo)180 370.8 Q -.15(ve)
-.15 G(.).15 E 2.5(5o)144 382.8 S 2.5(rm)-2.5 G(ore ar)-2.5 E(guments)
-.18 E 1.635(The e)180 394.8 R 1.635(xpression is parsed and e)-.15 F
-.25(va)-.25 G 1.635
(luated according to precedence using the rules listed).25 F(abo)180
406.8 Q -.15(ve)-.15 G(.).15 E F2(times)108 423.6 Q F0 1.229(Print the \
accumulated user and system times for the shell and for processes run f\
rom the shell.)13.23 F(The return status is 0.)144 435.6 Q F2(trap)108
452.4 Q F0([)2.5 E F2(\255lp)A F0 2.5(][)C([)-2.5 E F1(ar)A(g)-.37 E F0
(])A F1(sigspec)2.5 E F0(...])2.5 E .703(The command)144 464.4 R F1(ar)
3.533 E(g)-.37 E F0 .703(is to be read and e)3.423 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .702
(cuted when the shell recei).15 F -.15(ve)-.25 G 3.202(ss).15 G
(ignal\(s\))-3.202 E F1(sigspec)3.202 E F0 5.702(.I).31 G(f)-5.702 E F1
(ar)3.532 E(g)-.37 E F0(is)3.422 E .608(absent \(and there is a single)
144 476.4 R F1(sigspec)3.108 E F0 3.108(\)o)C(r)-3.108 E F2<ad>3.108 E
F0 3.108(,e)C .608
(ach speci\214ed signal is reset to its original disposition)-3.108 F
.659(\(the v)144 488.4 R .659(alue it had upon entrance to the shell\).)
-.25 F(If)5.658 E F1(ar)3.488 E(g)-.37 E F0 .658
(is the null string the signal speci\214ed by each)3.378 F F1(sigspec)
144.34 500.4 Q F0 .58(is ignored by the shell and by the commands it in)
3.39 F -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G 3.081(s. If).1 F F1(ar)3.411 E(g)-.37 E
F0 .581(is not present and)3.301 F F2<ad70>3.081 E F0(has)3.081 E 1.215
(been supplied, then the trap commands associated with each)144 512.4 R
F1(sigspec)4.054 E F0 1.214(are displayed.)4.024 F 1.214(If no ar)6.214
F(gu-)-.18 E .86(ments are supplied or if only)144 524.4 R F2<ad70>3.36
E F0 .86(is gi)3.36 F -.15(ve)-.25 G(n,).15 E F2(trap)3.36 E F0 .86
(prints the list of commands associated with each)3.36 F 2.83
(signal. The)144 536.4 R F2<ad6c>2.83 E F0 .33(option causes the shell \
to print a list of signal names and their corresponding num-)2.83 F 4.31
(bers. Each)144 548.4 R F1(sigspec)4.65 E F0 1.811
(is either a signal name de\214ned in <)4.62 F F1(signal.h)A F0 1.811
(>, or a signal number)B 6.811(.S)-.55 G(ignal)-6.811 E .745
(names are case insensiti)144 560.4 R 1.045 -.15(ve a)-.25 H .745
(nd the SIG pre\214x is optional.).15 F .745(If a)5.745 F F1(sigspec)
3.585 E F0(is)3.555 E F3(EXIT)3.245 E F0 .745(\(0\) the command)2.995 F
F1(ar)144.33 572.4 Q(g)-.37 E F0 1.629(is e)4.349 F -.15(xe)-.15 G 1.629
(cuted on e).15 F 1.63(xit from the shell.)-.15 F 1.63(If a)6.63 F F1
(sigspec)4.47 E F0(is)4.44 E F3(DEB)4.13 E(UG)-.09 E F4(,)A F0 1.63
(the command)3.88 F F1(ar)4.46 E(g)-.37 E F0 1.63(is e)4.35 F -.15(xe)
-.15 G(cuted).15 E 1.207(before e)144 584.4 R -.15(ve)-.25 G(ry).15 E F1
1.207(simple command)3.707 F F0(,)A F1(for)3.707 E F0(command,)3.706 E
F1(case)3.706 E F0(command,)3.706 E F1(select)3.706 E F0 1.206
(command, e)3.706 F -.15(ve)-.25 G 1.206(ry arithmetic).15 F F1(for)144
596.4 Q F0 .412(command, and before the \214rst command e)2.912 F -.15
(xe)-.15 G .412(cutes in a shell function \(see).15 F F3 .413
(SHELL GRAMMAR)2.912 F F0(abo)144 608.4 Q -.15(ve)-.15 G 2.666
(\). Refer).15 F .166(to the description of the)2.666 F F2(extdeb)2.666
E(ug)-.2 E F0 .166(option to the)2.666 F F2(shopt)2.666 E F0 -.2(bu)
2.666 G .166(iltin for details of its ef).2 F(fect)-.25 E .508(on the)
144 620.4 R F2(DEB)3.008 E(UG)-.1 E F0 3.008(trap. If)3.008 F(a)3.008 E
F1(sigspec)3.348 E F0(is)3.318 E F3(ERR)3.008 E F4(,)A F0 .508
(the command)2.758 F F1(ar)3.338 E(g)-.37 E F0 .509(is e)3.228 F -.15
(xe)-.15 G .509(cuted whene).15 F -.15(ve)-.25 G 3.009(ras).15 G .509
(imple com-)-3.009 F 2.506(mand has a non\255zero e)144 632.4 R 2.506
(xit status, subject to the follo)-.15 F 2.506(wing conditions.)-.25 F
(The)7.506 E F3(ERR)5.006 E F0 2.506(trap is not)4.756 F -.15(exe)144
644.4 S .105(cuted if the f).15 F .105
(ailed command is part of the command list immediately follo)-.1 F .105
(wing a)-.25 F F2(while)2.605 E F0(or)2.605 E F2(until)2.605 E F0 -.1
(ke)144 656.4 S(yw)-.05 E .549(ord, part of the test in an)-.1 F F1(if)
3.059 E F0 .549(statement, part of a command e)5.009 F -.15(xe)-.15 G
.549(cuted in a).15 F F2(&&)3.049 E F0(or)3.049 E/F5 10/Symbol SF<efef>
3.049 E F0 .549(list, or if)3.049 F .577(the command')144 668.4 R 3.077
(sr)-.55 G .577(eturn v)-3.077 F .577(alue is being in)-.25 F -.15(ve)
-.4 G .577(rted via).15 F F2(!)3.077 E F0 5.578(.T)C .578
(hese are the same conditions obe)-5.578 F .578(yed by the)-.15 F F2
(err)144 680.4 Q(exit)-.18 E F0 3.031(option. If)3.031 F(a)3.031 E F1
(sigspec)3.371 E F0(is)3.341 E F3(RETURN)3.031 E F4(,)A F0 .531
(the command)2.781 F F1(ar)3.361 E(g)-.37 E F0 .531(is e)3.251 F -.15
(xe)-.15 G .53(cuted each time a shell function).15 F .316
(or a script e)144 692.4 R -.15(xe)-.15 G .317(cuted with the).15 F F2
(.)2.817 E F0(or)2.817 E F2(sour)2.817 E(ce)-.18 E F0 -.2(bu)2.817 G
.317(iltins \214nishes e).2 F -.15(xe)-.15 G 2.817(cuting. Signals).15 F
.317(ignored upon entry to)2.817 F .787
(the shell cannot be trapped or reset.)144 704.4 R -.35(Tr)5.787 G .787
(apped signals that are not being ignored are reset to their).35 F 1.1
(original v)144 716.4 R 1.1
(alues in a child process when it is created.)-.25 F 1.1
(The return status is f)6.1 F 1.1(alse if an)-.1 F(y)-.15 E F1(sigspec)
3.94 E F0(is)3.91 E(in)144 728.4 Q -.25(va)-.4 G(lid; otherwise).25 E F2
(trap)2.5 E F0(returns true.)2.5 E(GNU Bash-3.2)72 768 Q(2008 April 5)
148.455 E(62)198.445 E 0 Cg EP
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/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 389.54(SH\(1\) B).35 F(ASH\(1\))
-.35 E/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(type)108 84 Q F0([)2.5 E F1(\255aftpP)A F0
(])A/F2 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(name)2.5 E F0([)2.5 E F2(name)A F0(...])2.5
E -.4(Wi)144 96 S .174(th no options, indicate ho).4 F 2.674(we)-.25 G
(ach)-2.674 E F2(name)3.034 E F0 -.1(wo)2.854 G .173
(uld be interpreted if used as a command name.).1 F .173(If the)5.173 F
F1<ad74>144 108 Q F0 .842(option is used,)3.342 F F1(type)3.342 E F0
.843(prints a string which is one of)3.343 F F2(alias)3.343 E F0(,).27 E
F2 -.1(ke)3.343 G(ywor)-.2 E(d)-.37 E F0(,).77 E F2(function)3.343 E F0
(,).24 E F2 -.2(bu)3.343 G(iltin).2 E F0 3.343(,o).24 G(r)-3.343 E F2
(\214le)5.253 E F0(if)3.523 E F2(name)144.36 120 Q F0 .087
(is an alias, shell reserv)2.767 F .087(ed w)-.15 F .087
(ord, function, b)-.1 F .086(uiltin, or disk \214le, respecti)-.2 F -.15
(ve)-.25 G(ly).15 E 5.086(.I)-.65 G 2.586(ft)-5.086 G(he)-2.586 E F2
(name)2.946 E F0 .086(is not)2.766 F .118
(found, then nothing is printed, and an e)144 132 R .118
(xit status of f)-.15 F .118(alse is returned.)-.1 F .119(If the)5.119 F
F1<ad70>2.619 E F0 .119(option is used,)2.619 F F1(type)2.619 E F0 .855
(either returns the name of the disk \214le that w)144 144 R .855
(ould be e)-.1 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .855(cuted if).15 F F2(name)3.715 E F0
.855(were speci\214ed as a com-)3.535 F .64(mand name, or nothing if)144
156 R/F3 10/Courier@0 SF .64(type -t name)3.14 F F0 -.1(wo)3.14 G .641
(uld not return).1 F F2(\214le)3.141 E F0 5.641(.T).18 G(he)-5.641 E F1
<ad50>3.141 E F0 .641(option forces a)3.141 F/F4 9/Times-Bold@0 SF -.666
(PA)3.141 G(TH)-.189 E F0 .113(search for each)144 168 R F2(name)2.613 E
F0 2.613(,e)C -.15(ve)-2.863 G 2.613(ni).15 G(f)-2.613 E F3 .113
(type -t name)2.613 F F0 -.1(wo)2.613 G .113(uld not return).1 F F2
(\214le)2.613 E F0 5.113(.I).18 G 2.613(fa)-5.113 G .112
(command is hashed,)-.001 F F1<ad70>2.612 E F0(and)144 180 Q F1<ad50>
2.944 E F0 .444(print the hashed v)2.944 F .444
(alue, not necessarily the \214le that appears \214rst in)-.25 F F4
-.666(PA)2.945 G(TH)-.189 E/F5 9/Times-Roman@0 SF(.)A F0 .445(If the)
4.945 F F1<ad61>2.945 E F0(option)2.945 E .265(is used,)144 192 R F1
(type)2.765 E F0 .265(prints all of the places that contain an e)2.765 F
-.15(xe)-.15 G .265(cutable named).15 F F2(name)2.765 E F0 5.265(.T).18
G .265(his includes aliases)-5.265 F .426
(and functions, if and only if the)144 204 R F1<ad70>2.926 E F0 .426
(option is not also used.)2.926 F .427
(The table of hashed commands is not)5.426 F .549(consulted when using)
144 216 R F1<ad61>3.049 E F0 5.549(.T)C(he)-5.549 E F1<ad66>3.049 E F0
.548(option suppresses shell function lookup, as with the)3.049 F F1
(command)3.048 E F0 -.2(bu)144 228 S(iltin.).2 E F1(type)5 E F0
(returns true if an)2.5 E 2.5(yo)-.15 G 2.5(ft)-2.5 G(he ar)-2.5 E
(guments are found, f)-.18 E(alse if none are found.)-.1 E F1(ulimit)108
244.8 Q F0([)2.5 E F1(\255HST)A(abcde\214lmnpqrstuvx)-.92 E F0([)2.5 E
F2(limit)A F0(]])A(Pro)144 256.8 Q .243(vides control o)-.15 F -.15(ve)
-.15 G 2.743(rt).15 G .243(he resources a)-2.743 F -.25(va)-.2 G .244
(ilable to the shell and to processes started by it, on systems).25 F
.944(that allo)144 268.8 R 3.444(ws)-.25 G .944(uch control.)-3.444 F
(The)5.944 E F1<ad48>3.444 E F0(and)3.444 E F1<ad53>3.444 E F0 .943
(options specify that the hard or soft limit is set for the)3.444 F(gi)
144 280.8 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.708(nr).15 G 2.708(esource. A)-2.708 F .208
(hard limit cannot be increased by a non-root user once it is set; a so\
ft limit may)2.708 F .426(be increased up to the v)144 292.8 R .426
(alue of the hard limit.)-.25 F .425(If neither)5.426 F F1<ad48>2.925 E
F0(nor)2.925 E F1<ad53>2.925 E F0 .425
(is speci\214ed, both the soft and)2.925 F .139(hard limits are set.)144
304.8 R .139(The v)5.139 F .139(alue of)-.25 F F2(limit)2.729 E F0 .139
(can be a number in the unit speci\214ed for the resource or one)3.319 F
.742(of the special v)144 316.8 R(alues)-.25 E F1(hard)3.242 E F0(,)A F1
(soft)3.241 E F0 3.241(,o)C(r)-3.241 E F1(unlimited)3.241 E F0 3.241(,w)
C .741(hich stand for the current hard limit, the current)-3.241 F .78
(soft limit, and no limit, respecti)144 328.8 R -.15(ve)-.25 G(ly).15 E
5.78(.I)-.65 G(f)-5.78 E F2(limit)3.37 E F0 .78
(is omitted, the current v)3.96 F .78(alue of the soft limit of the)-.25
F .499(resource is printed, unless the)144 340.8 R F1<ad48>2.999 E F0
.499(option is gi)2.999 F -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.999(n. When).15 F .498
(more than one resource is speci\214ed, the)2.999 F
(limit name and unit are printed before the v)144 352.8 Q 2.5
(alue. Other)-.25 F(options are interpreted as follo)2.5 E(ws:)-.25 E F1
<ad61>144 364.8 Q F0(All current limits are reported)25.3 E F1<ad62>144
376.8 Q F0(The maximum sock)24.74 E(et b)-.1 E(uf)-.2 E(fer size)-.25 E
F1<ad63>144 388.8 Q F0(The maximum size of core \214les created)25.86 E
F1<ad64>144 400.8 Q F0(The maximum size of a process')24.74 E 2.5(sd)
-.55 G(ata se)-2.5 E(gment)-.15 E F1<ad65>144 412.8 Q F0
(The maximum scheduling priority \("nice"\))25.86 E F1<ad66>144 424.8 Q
F0(The maximum size of \214les written by the shell and its children)
26.97 E F1<ad69>144 436.8 Q F0(The maximum number of pending signals)
27.52 E F1<ad6c>144 448.8 Q F0(The maximum size that may be lock)27.52 E
(ed into memory)-.1 E F1<ad6d>144 460.8 Q F0
(The maximum resident set size)21.97 E F1<ad6e>144 472.8 Q F0 .791(The \
maximum number of open \214le descriptors \(most systems do not allo)
24.74 F 3.291(wt)-.25 G .791(his v)-3.291 F .791(alue to)-.25 F
(be set\))180 484.8 Q F1<ad70>144 496.8 Q F0
(The pipe size in 512-byte blocks \(this may not be set\))24.74 E F1
<ad71>144 508.8 Q F0
(The maximum number of bytes in POSIX message queues)24.74 E F1<ad72>144
520.8 Q F0(The maximum real-time scheduling priority)25.86 E F1<ad73>144
532.8 Q F0(The maximum stack size)26.41 E F1<ad74>144 544.8 Q F0
(The maximum amount of cpu time in seconds)26.97 E F1<ad75>144 556.8 Q
F0(The maximum number of processes a)24.74 E -.25(va)-.2 G
(ilable to a single user).25 E F1<ad76>144 568.8 Q F0
(The maximum amount of virtual memory a)25.3 E -.25(va)-.2 G
(ilable to the shell).25 E F1<ad78>144 580.8 Q F0
(The maximum number of \214le locks)25.3 E F1<ad54>144 592.8 Q F0
(The maximum number of threads)23.63 E(If)144 609.6 Q F2(limit)2.933 E
F0 .343(is gi)3.523 F -.15(ve)-.25 G .343(n, it is the ne).15 F 2.843
(wv)-.25 G .343(alue of the speci\214ed resource \(the)-3.093 F F1<ad61>
2.843 E F0 .343(option is display only\).)2.843 F .343(If no)5.343 F
.175(option is gi)144 621.6 R -.15(ve)-.25 G .175(n, then).15 F F1<ad66>
2.675 E F0 .175(is assumed.)2.675 F -1.11(Va)5.175 G .175
(lues are in 1024-byte increments, e)1.11 F .176(xcept for)-.15 F F1
<ad74>2.676 E F0 2.676(,w)C .176(hich is in)-2.676 F(seconds,)144 633.6
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3.787(ues. The)144 645.6 R 1.287(return status is 0 unless an in)3.787 F
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657.6 Q 2.5(wl)-.25 G(imit.)-2.5 E F1(umask)108 674.4 Q F0([)2.5 E F1
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(The user \214le-creation mask is set to)144 686.4 R F2(mode)2.7 E F0
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710.4 Q F2(mode)3.263 E F0 .382(is omitted, the current v)3.063 F .382
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660 Q F1(Bash Refer)108 672 Q(ence Manual)-.37 E F0 2.5(,B)C(rian F)-2.5
E(ox and Chet Rame)-.15 E(y)-.15 E F1(The Gnu Readline Libr)108 684 Q
(ary)-.15 E F0 2.5(,B)C(rian F)-2.5 E(ox and Chet Rame)-.15 E(y)-.15 E
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(ox and Chet Rame)-.15 E(y)-.15 E(GNU Bash-3.2)72 768 Q(2008 April 5)
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E F0(The personal initialization \214le, e)144 208.8 Q -.15(xe)-.15 G
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(xe)-.15 G(cuted when a login shell e).15 E(xits)-.15 E F1(~/.inputr)
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1.3 -.65(y, C)-.15 H(ase W).65 E(estern Reserv)-.8 E 2.5(eU)-.15 G(ni)
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(Suggestions and `philosophical' b)5.595 F .595(ug reports may)-.2 F
(be mailed to)108 444 Q F1 -.2(bu)2.5 G(g-bash@gnu.or).2 E(g)-.37 E F0
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108 477.6 Q(ersion number of)-.15 E F3(bash)2.5 E F0(The hardw)108 489.6
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Q 2.5(Ad)108 513.6 S(escription of the b)-2.5 E(ug beha)-.2 E(viour)-.2
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(inserts the \214rst three items automatically into the template it pro)
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559.2 Q(ug reports concerning this manual page should be directed to)-.2
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(GS).11 E F0(It')108 588 Q 2.5(st)-.55 G(oo big and too slo)-2.5 E -.65
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(Shell b)108 650.4 Q
(uiltin commands and functions are not stoppable/restartable.)-.2 E
1.315(Compound commands and command sequences of the form `a ; b ; c' a\
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(process suspension is attempted.)108 679.2 R .389
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(mand in the sequence.)108 691.2 R .192(It suf)5.192 F .192(\214ces to \
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(command substitution are not parsed until substitution is attempted.)
3.456 F .955(This will)5.955 F(GNU Bash-3.2)72 768 Q(2008 April 5)
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/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 389.54(SH\(1\) B).35 F(ASH\(1\))
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(delay error reporting until some time after the command is entered.)108
84 R -.15(Fo)5.567 G 3.067(re).15 G .568(xample, unmatched parentheses,)
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(Array v)108 112.8 Q(ariables may not \(yet\) be e)-.25 E(xported.)-.15
E(GNU Bash-3.2)72 768 Q(2008 April 5)148.455 E(66)198.445 E 0 Cg EP
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