1 /* as.c - GAS main program.
2 Copyright (C) 1987-2025 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
4 This file is part of GAS, the GNU Assembler.
6 GAS is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify
7 it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
8 the Free Software Foundation; either version 3, or (at your option)
11 GAS is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but WITHOUT
12 ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of MERCHANTABILITY
13 or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU General Public
14 License for more details.
16 You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
17 along with GAS; see the file COPYING. If not, write to the Free
18 Software Foundation, 51 Franklin Street - Fifth Floor, Boston, MA
21 /* Main program for AS; a 32-bit assembler of GNU.
22 Understands command arguments.
23 Has a few routines that don't fit in other modules because they
29 Since no-one else says they will support them in future: I
30 don't support them now. */
34 /* Disable code to set FAKE_LABEL_NAME in obj-multi.h, to avoid circular
36 #define INITIALIZING_EMULS
40 #include "output-file.h"
43 #include "dwarf2dbg.h"
44 #include "dw2gencfi.h"
57 /* Perform any cgen specific initialisation for gas. */
58 extern void gas_cgen_begin (void);
61 /* We build a list of defsyms as we read the options, and then define
62 them after we have initialized everything. */
65 struct defsym_list
*next
;
71 /* True if a listing is wanted. */
74 /* Type of debugging to generate. */
75 enum debug_info_type debug_type
= DEBUG_UNSPECIFIED
;
76 int use_gnu_debug_info_extensions
= 0;
78 #ifndef MD_DEBUG_FORMAT_SELECTOR
79 #define MD_DEBUG_FORMAT_SELECTOR NULL
81 static enum debug_info_type (*md_debug_format_selector
) (int *) = MD_DEBUG_FORMAT_SELECTOR
;
83 /* Maximum level of macro nesting. */
84 int max_macro_nest
= 100;
89 /* The default obstack chunk size. If we set this to zero, the
90 obstack code will use whatever will fit in a 4096 byte block. */
93 /* To monitor memory allocation more effectively, make this non-zero.
94 Then the chunk sizes for gas and bfd will be reduced. */
97 /* Enable verbose mode. */
100 /* Which version of DWARF CIE to produce. This default value of -1
101 indicates that this value has not been set yet, a default value is
102 provided in dwarf2_init. A different value can also be supplied by the
103 command line flag --gdwarf-cie-version, or by a target in
104 MD_AFTER_PARSE_ARGS. */
105 int flag_dwarf_cie_version
= -1;
107 /* The maximum level of DWARF DEBUG information we should manufacture.
108 This defaults to 3 unless overridden by a command line option. */
109 unsigned int dwarf_level
= 3;
111 #if defined OBJ_ELF || defined OBJ_MAYBE_ELF
112 int flag_use_elf_stt_common
= DEFAULT_GENERATE_ELF_STT_COMMON
;
113 bool flag_generate_build_notes
= DEFAULT_GENERATE_BUILD_NOTES
;
122 /* Name of listing file. */
123 static char *listing_filename
= NULL
;
125 static struct defsym_list
*defsyms
;
127 static long start_time
;
130 #ifdef USE_EMULATIONS
131 #define EMULATION_ENVIRON "AS_EMULATION"
133 static struct emulation
*const emulations
[] = { EMULATIONS
};
134 static const int n_emulations
= sizeof (emulations
) / sizeof (emulations
[0]);
137 select_emulation_mode (int argc
, char **argv
)
141 const char *em
= NULL
;
143 for (i
= 1; i
< argc
; i
++)
144 if (startswith (argv
[i
], "--em"))
150 p
= strchr (argv
[i
], '=');
157 as_fatal (_("missing emulation mode name"));
162 em
= getenv (EMULATION_ENVIRON
);
164 em
= DEFAULT_EMULATION
;
168 for (i
= 0; i
< n_emulations
; i
++)
169 if (!strcmp (emulations
[i
]->name
, em
))
171 if (i
== n_emulations
)
172 as_fatal (_("unrecognized emulation name `%s'"), em
);
173 this_emulation
= emulations
[i
];
176 this_emulation
= emulations
[0];
178 this_emulation
->init ();
182 common_emul_init (void)
184 this_format
= this_emulation
->format
;
186 if (this_emulation
->leading_underscore
== 2)
187 this_emulation
->leading_underscore
= this_format
->dfl_leading_underscore
;
189 if (this_emulation
->default_endian
!= 2)
190 target_big_endian
= this_emulation
->default_endian
;
192 if (this_emulation
->fake_label_name
== 0)
194 if (this_emulation
->leading_underscore
)
195 this_emulation
->fake_label_name
= FAKE_LABEL_NAME
;
197 /* What other parameters should we test? */
198 this_emulation
->fake_label_name
= "." FAKE_LABEL_NAME
;
204 print_version_id (void)
212 fprintf (stderr
, _("GNU assembler version %s (%s) using BFD version %s\n"),
213 VERSION
, TARGET_ALIAS
, BFD_VERSION_STRING
);
216 #ifdef DEFAULT_FLAG_COMPRESS_DEBUG
217 enum compressed_debug_section_type flag_compress_debug
218 = DEFAULT_COMPRESSED_DEBUG_ALGORITHM
;
219 #define DEFAULT_COMPRESSED_DEBUG_ALGORITHM_HELP \
220 DEFAULT_COMPRESSED_DEBUG_ALGORITHM
222 #define DEFAULT_COMPRESSED_DEBUG_ALGORITHM_HELP COMPRESS_DEBUG_NONE
226 show_usage (FILE * stream
)
228 fprintf (stream
, _("Usage: %s [option...] [asmfile...]\n"), myname
);
230 fprintf (stream
, _("\
232 -a[sub-option...] turn on listings\n\
233 Sub-options [default hls]:\n\
234 c omit false conditionals\n\
235 d omit debugging directives\n\
236 g include general info\n\
237 h include high-level source\n\
238 i include ginsn and synthesized CFI info\n\
239 l include assembly\n\
240 m include macro expansions\n\
241 n omit forms processing\n\
243 =FILE list to FILE (must be last sub-option)\n"));
245 fprintf (stream
, _("\
246 --alternate initially turn on alternate macro syntax\n"));
247 fprintf (stream
, _("\
248 --compress-debug-sections[={none|zlib|zlib-gnu|zlib-gabi|zstd}]\n\
249 compress DWARF debug sections\n")),
250 fprintf (stream
, _("\
252 bfd_get_compression_algorithm_name
253 (DEFAULT_COMPRESSED_DEBUG_ALGORITHM_HELP
));
255 fprintf (stream
, _("\
256 --nocompress-debug-sections\n\
257 don't compress DWARF debug sections\n"));
258 fprintf (stream
, _("\
259 -D produce assembler debugging messages\n"));
260 fprintf (stream
, _("\
261 --dump-config display how the assembler is configured and then exit\n"));
262 fprintf (stream
, _("\
263 --debug-prefix-map OLD=NEW\n\
264 map OLD to NEW in debug information\n"));
265 fprintf (stream
, _("\
266 --defsym SYM=VAL define symbol SYM to given value\n"));
267 #ifdef USE_EMULATIONS
274 for (i
= 0; i
< n_emulations
- 1; i
++)
275 fprintf (stream
, "%s | ", emulations
[i
]->name
);
276 fprintf (stream
, "%s]\n", emulations
[i
]->name
);
278 def_em
= getenv (EMULATION_ENVIRON
);
280 def_em
= DEFAULT_EMULATION
;
281 fprintf (stream
, _("\
282 emulate output (default %s)\n"), def_em
);
285 #if defined OBJ_ELF || defined OBJ_MAYBE_ELF
286 fprintf (stream
, _("\
287 --execstack require executable stack for this object\n"));
288 fprintf (stream
, _("\
289 --noexecstack don't require executable stack for this object\n"));
290 fprintf (stream
, _("\
291 --size-check=[error|warning]\n\
292 ELF .size directive check (default --size-check=error)\n"));
293 fprintf (stream
, _("\
294 --elf-stt-common=[no|yes] "));
295 if (DEFAULT_GENERATE_ELF_STT_COMMON
)
296 fprintf (stream
, _("(default: yes)\n"));
298 fprintf (stream
, _("(default: no)\n"));
299 fprintf (stream
, _("\
300 generate ELF common symbols with STT_COMMON type\n"));
301 fprintf (stream
, _("\
302 --sectname-subst enable section name substitution sequences\n"));
304 fprintf (stream
, _("\
305 --generate-missing-build-notes=[no|yes] "));
306 #if DEFAULT_GENERATE_BUILD_NOTES
307 fprintf (stream
, _("(default: yes)\n"));
309 fprintf (stream
, _("(default: no)\n"));
311 fprintf (stream
, _("\
312 generate GNU Build notes if none are present in the input\n"));
313 fprintf (stream
, _("\
314 --gsframe generate SFrame stack trace information\n"));
315 # if defined (TARGET_USE_SCFI) && defined (TARGET_USE_GINSN)
316 fprintf (stream
, _("\
317 --scfi=experimental Synthesize DWARF CFI for hand-written asm\n\
318 (experimental support)\n"));
322 fprintf (stream
, _("\
323 -f skip whitespace and comment preprocessing\n"));
324 fprintf (stream
, _("\
325 -g, --gen-debug generate debugging information\n"));
326 fprintf (stream
, _("\
327 --gstabs generate STABS debugging information\n"));
328 fprintf (stream
, _("\
329 --gstabs+ generate STABS debug info with GNU extensions\n"));
330 fprintf (stream
, _("\
331 --gdwarf-<N> generate DWARF<N> debugging information. 2 <= <N> <= 5\n"));
332 fprintf (stream
, _("\
333 --gdwarf-cie-version=<N> generate version 1, 3 or 4 DWARF CIEs\n"));
334 fprintf (stream
, _("\
335 --gdwarf-sections generate per-function section names for DWARF line information\n"));
336 #if defined (TE_PE) && defined (O_secrel)
337 fprintf (stream
, _("\
338 --gcodeview generate CodeView debugging information\n"));
340 fprintf (stream
, _("\
341 --hash-size=<N> ignored\n"));
342 fprintf (stream
, _("\
343 --help show all assembler options\n"));
344 fprintf (stream
, _("\
345 --target-help show target specific options\n"));
346 fprintf (stream
, _("\
347 -I DIR add DIR to search list for .include directives\n"));
348 fprintf (stream
, _("\
349 -J don't warn about signed overflow\n"));
350 fprintf (stream
, _("\
351 -K warn when differences altered for long displacements\n"));
352 fprintf (stream
, _("\
353 -L, --keep-locals keep local symbols (e.g. starting with `L')\n"));
354 fprintf (stream
, _("\
355 -M, --mri assemble in MRI compatibility mode\n"));
356 fprintf (stream
, _("\
357 --MD FILE write dependency information in FILE (default none)\n"));
358 fprintf (stream
, _("\
359 --multibyte-handling=<method>\n\
360 what to do with multibyte characters encountered in the input\n"));
361 fprintf (stream
, _("\
363 fprintf (stream
, _("\
364 -no-pad-sections do not pad the end of sections to alignment boundaries\n"));
365 fprintf (stream
, _("\
366 -o OBJFILE name the object-file output OBJFILE (default a.out)\n"));
367 fprintf (stream
, _("\
368 -R fold data section into text section\n"));
369 fprintf (stream
, _("\
370 --reduce-memory-overheads ignored\n"));
371 fprintf (stream
, _("\
372 --statistics print various measured statistics from execution\n"));
373 fprintf (stream
, _("\
374 --strip-local-absolute strip local absolute symbols\n"));
375 fprintf (stream
, _("\
376 --traditional-format Use same format as native assembler when possible\n"));
377 fprintf (stream
, _("\
378 --version print assembler version number and exit\n"));
379 fprintf (stream
, _("\
380 -W, --no-warn suppress warnings\n"));
381 fprintf (stream
, _("\
382 --warn don't suppress warnings\n"));
383 fprintf (stream
, _("\
384 --fatal-warnings treat warnings as errors\n"));
385 fprintf (stream
, _("\
386 --no-info suppress information messages\n"));
387 fprintf (stream
, _("\
388 --info don't suppress information messages\n"));
390 fprintf (stream
, _("\
391 --itbl INSTTBL extend instruction set to include instructions\n\
392 matching the specifications defined in file INSTTBL\n"));
394 fprintf (stream
, _("\
396 fprintf (stream
, _("\
398 fprintf (stream
, _("\
399 -Z generate object file even after errors\n"));
400 fprintf (stream
, _("\
401 --listing-lhs-width set the width in words of the output data column of\n\
403 fprintf (stream
, _("\
404 --listing-lhs-width2 set the width in words of the continuation lines\n\
405 of the output data column; ignored if smaller than\n\
406 the width of the first line\n"));
407 fprintf (stream
, _("\
408 --listing-rhs-width set the max width in characters of the lines from\n\
409 the source file\n"));
410 fprintf (stream
, _("\
411 --listing-cont-lines set the maximum number of continuation lines used\n\
412 for the output data column of the listing\n"));
413 fprintf (stream
, _("\
414 @FILE read options from FILE\n"));
416 md_show_usage (stream
);
418 fputc ('\n', stream
);
420 if (REPORT_BUGS_TO
[0] && stream
== stdout
)
421 fprintf (stream
, _("Report bugs to %s\n"), REPORT_BUGS_TO
);
424 /* Since it is easy to do here we interpret the special arg "-"
425 to mean "use stdin" and we set that argv[] pointing to "".
426 After we have munged argv[], the only things left are source file
427 name(s) and ""(s) denoting stdin. These file names are used
428 (perhaps more than once) later.
430 check for new machine-dep cmdline options in
431 md_parse_option definitions in config/tc-*.c. */
434 parse_args (int * pargc
, char *** pargv
)
440 /* Starting the short option string with '-' is for programs that
441 expect options and other ARGV-elements in any order and that care about
442 the ordering of the two. We describe each non-option ARGV-element
443 as if it were the argument of an option with character code 1. */
445 static const char std_shortopts
[] =
448 #ifndef WORKING_DOT_WORD
449 /* -K is not meaningful if .word is not being hacked. */
452 'L', 'M', 'R', 'W', 'Z', 'a', ':', ':', 'D', 'f', 'g', ':',':', 'I', ':',
453 'o', ':', 'v', 'w', 'X',
455 /* New option for extending instruction set (see also --itbl below). */
460 struct option
*longopts
;
461 /* Codes used for the long options with no short synonyms. */
464 OPTION_HELP
= OPTION_STD_BASE
,
470 OPTION_DEBUG_PREFIX_MAP
,
473 OPTION_LISTING_LHS_WIDTH
,
474 OPTION_LISTING_LHS_WIDTH2
, /* = STD_BASE + 10 */
475 OPTION_LISTING_RHS_WIDTH
,
476 OPTION_LISTING_CONT_LINES
,
485 OPTION_GDWARF_SECTIONS
, /* = STD_BASE + 20 */
486 OPTION_GDWARF_CIE_VERSION
,
488 OPTION_STRIP_LOCAL_ABSOLUTE
,
489 OPTION_EMIT_LOCAL_ABSOLUTE
,
490 OPTION_TRADITIONAL_FORMAT
,
496 OPTION_ELF_STT_COMMON
,
497 OPTION_ELF_BUILD_NOTES
, /* = STD_BASE + 30 */
498 OPTION_SECTNAME_SUBST
,
501 OPTION_HASH_TABLE_SIZE
,
502 OPTION_REDUCE_MEMORY_OVERHEADS
,
504 OPTION_COMPRESS_DEBUG
,
505 OPTION_NOCOMPRESS_DEBUG
,
506 OPTION_NO_PAD_SECTIONS
,
507 OPTION_MULTIBYTE_HANDLING
, /* = STD_BASE + 40 */
512 /* When you add options here, check that they do
513 not collide with OPTION_MD_BASE. See as.h. */
516 static const struct option std_longopts
[] =
518 /* Note: commas are placed at the start of the line rather than
519 the end of the preceding line so that it is simpler to
520 selectively add and remove lines from this list. */
521 {"alternate", no_argument
, NULL
, OPTION_ALTERNATE
}
522 /* The entry for "a" is here to prevent getopt_long_only() from
523 considering that -a is an abbreviation for --alternate. This is
524 necessary because -a=<FILE> is a valid switch but getopt would
525 normally reject it since --alternate does not take an argument. */
526 ,{"a", optional_argument
, NULL
, 'a'}
527 /* Handle -al=<FILE>. */
528 ,{"al", optional_argument
, NULL
, OPTION_AL
}
529 ,{"compress-debug-sections", optional_argument
, NULL
, OPTION_COMPRESS_DEBUG
}
530 ,{"nocompress-debug-sections", no_argument
, NULL
, OPTION_NOCOMPRESS_DEBUG
}
531 ,{"debug-prefix-map", required_argument
, NULL
, OPTION_DEBUG_PREFIX_MAP
}
532 ,{"defsym", required_argument
, NULL
, OPTION_DEFSYM
}
533 ,{"dump-config", no_argument
, NULL
, OPTION_DUMPCONFIG
}
534 ,{"emulation", required_argument
, NULL
, OPTION_EMULATION
}
535 #if defined OBJ_ELF || defined OBJ_MAYBE_ELF
536 ,{"execstack", no_argument
, NULL
, OPTION_EXECSTACK
}
537 ,{"noexecstack", no_argument
, NULL
, OPTION_NOEXECSTACK
}
538 ,{"size-check", required_argument
, NULL
, OPTION_SIZE_CHECK
}
539 ,{"elf-stt-common", required_argument
, NULL
, OPTION_ELF_STT_COMMON
}
540 ,{"sectname-subst", no_argument
, NULL
, OPTION_SECTNAME_SUBST
}
541 ,{"generate-missing-build-notes", required_argument
, NULL
, OPTION_ELF_BUILD_NOTES
}
542 ,{"gsframe", no_argument
, NULL
, OPTION_SFRAME
}
543 # if defined (TARGET_USE_SCFI) && defined (TARGET_USE_GINSN)
544 ,{"scfi", required_argument
, NULL
, OPTION_SCFI
}
546 #endif /* OBJ_ELF || OBJ_MAYBE_ELF. */
547 ,{"fatal-warnings", no_argument
, NULL
, OPTION_WARN_FATAL
}
548 ,{"gdwarf-2", no_argument
, NULL
, OPTION_GDWARF_2
}
549 ,{"gdwarf-3", no_argument
, NULL
, OPTION_GDWARF_3
}
550 ,{"gdwarf-4", no_argument
, NULL
, OPTION_GDWARF_4
}
551 ,{"gdwarf-5", no_argument
, NULL
, OPTION_GDWARF_5
}
552 /* GCC uses --gdwarf-2 but GAS used to to use --gdwarf2,
553 so we keep it here for backwards compatibility. */
554 ,{"gdwarf2", no_argument
, NULL
, OPTION_GDWARF_2
}
555 ,{"gdwarf-sections", no_argument
, NULL
, OPTION_GDWARF_SECTIONS
}
556 ,{"gdwarf-cie-version", required_argument
, NULL
, OPTION_GDWARF_CIE_VERSION
}
557 #if defined (TE_PE) && defined (O_secrel)
558 ,{"gcodeview", no_argument
, NULL
, OPTION_GCODEVIEW
}
560 ,{"gen-debug", no_argument
, NULL
, 'g'}
561 ,{"gstabs", no_argument
, NULL
, OPTION_GSTABS
}
562 ,{"gstabs+", no_argument
, NULL
, OPTION_GSTABS_PLUS
}
563 ,{"hash-size", required_argument
, NULL
, OPTION_HASH_TABLE_SIZE
}
564 ,{"help", no_argument
, NULL
, OPTION_HELP
}
566 /* New option for extending instruction set (see also -t above).
567 The "-t file" or "--itbl file" option extends the basic set of
568 valid instructions by reading "file", a text file containing a
569 list of instruction formats. The additional opcodes and their
570 formats are added to the built-in set of instructions, and
571 mnemonics for new registers may also be defined. */
572 ,{"itbl", required_argument
, NULL
, 't'}
574 /* getopt allows abbreviations, so we do this to stop it from
575 treating -k as an abbreviation for --keep-locals. Some
576 ports use -k to enable PIC assembly. */
577 ,{"keep-locals", no_argument
, NULL
, 'L'}
578 ,{"keep-locals", no_argument
, NULL
, 'L'}
580 ,{"listing-lhs-width", required_argument
, NULL
, OPTION_LISTING_LHS_WIDTH
}
581 ,{"listing-lhs-width2", required_argument
, NULL
, OPTION_LISTING_LHS_WIDTH2
}
582 ,{"listing-rhs-width", required_argument
, NULL
, OPTION_LISTING_RHS_WIDTH
}
583 ,{"listing-cont-lines", required_argument
, NULL
, OPTION_LISTING_CONT_LINES
}
585 ,{"MD", required_argument
, NULL
, OPTION_DEPFILE
}
586 ,{"mri", no_argument
, NULL
, 'M'}
587 ,{"nocpp", no_argument
, NULL
, OPTION_NOCPP
}
588 ,{"no-pad-sections", no_argument
, NULL
, OPTION_NO_PAD_SECTIONS
}
589 ,{"no-info", no_argument
, NULL
, OPTION_NOINFO
}
590 ,{"no-warn", no_argument
, NULL
, 'W'}
591 ,{"reduce-memory-overheads", no_argument
, NULL
, OPTION_REDUCE_MEMORY_OVERHEADS
}
592 ,{"statistics", no_argument
, NULL
, OPTION_STATISTICS
}
593 ,{"strip-local-absolute", no_argument
, NULL
, OPTION_STRIP_LOCAL_ABSOLUTE
}
594 ,{"emit-local-absolute", no_argument
, NULL
, OPTION_EMIT_LOCAL_ABSOLUTE
}
595 ,{"version", no_argument
, NULL
, OPTION_VERSION
}
596 ,{"verbose", no_argument
, NULL
, 'v'}
597 ,{"target-help", no_argument
, NULL
, OPTION_TARGET_HELP
}
598 ,{"traditional-format", no_argument
, NULL
, OPTION_TRADITIONAL_FORMAT
}
599 ,{"info", no_argument
, NULL
, OPTION_INFO
}
600 ,{"warn", no_argument
, NULL
, OPTION_WARN
}
601 ,{"multibyte-handling", required_argument
, NULL
, OPTION_MULTIBYTE_HANDLING
}
604 /* Construct the option lists from the standard list and the target
605 dependent list. Include space for an extra NULL option and
606 always NULL terminate. */
607 shortopts
= concat (std_shortopts
, md_shortopts
, (char *) NULL
);
608 longopts
= (struct option
*) xmalloc (sizeof (std_longopts
)
609 + md_longopts_size
+ sizeof (struct option
));
610 memcpy (longopts
, std_longopts
, sizeof (std_longopts
));
611 memcpy (((char *) longopts
) + sizeof (std_longopts
), md_longopts
, md_longopts_size
);
612 memset (((char *) longopts
) + sizeof (std_longopts
) + md_longopts_size
,
613 0, sizeof (struct option
));
615 /* Make a local copy of the old argv. */
619 /* Initialize a new argv that contains no options. */
620 new_argv
= notes_alloc (sizeof (char *) * (old_argc
+ 1));
621 new_argv
[0] = old_argv
[0];
623 new_argv
[new_argc
] = NULL
;
627 /* getopt_long_only is like getopt_long, but '-' as well as '--' can
628 indicate a long option. */
630 int optc
= getopt_long_only (old_argc
, old_argv
, shortopts
, longopts
,
639 /* md_parse_option should return 1 if it recognizes optc,
641 if (md_parse_option (optc
, optarg
) != 0)
643 /* `-v' isn't included in the general short_opts list, so check for
644 it explicitly here before deciding we've gotten a bad argument. */
652 else if (is_a_char (optc
))
653 as_bad (_("unrecognized option `-%c%s'"), optc
, optarg
? optarg
: "");
655 as_bad (_("unrecognized option `--%s=%s'"), longopts
[longind
].name
, optarg
);
657 as_bad (_("unrecognized option `--%s'"), longopts
[longind
].name
);
663 case 1: /* File name. */
664 if (!strcmp (optarg
, "-"))
665 optarg
= (char *) "";
666 new_argv
[new_argc
++] = optarg
;
667 new_argv
[new_argc
] = NULL
;
670 case OPTION_TARGET_HELP
:
671 md_show_usage (stdout
);
681 case OPTION_NO_PAD_SECTIONS
:
682 do_not_pad_sections_to_alignment
= 1;
685 case OPTION_STATISTICS
:
686 flag_print_statistics
= 1;
689 case OPTION_STRIP_LOCAL_ABSOLUTE
:
690 flag_strip_local_absolute
= 1;
693 case OPTION_EMIT_LOCAL_ABSOLUTE
:
694 flag_strip_local_absolute
= -1;
697 case OPTION_TRADITIONAL_FORMAT
:
698 flag_traditional_format
= 1;
701 case OPTION_MULTIBYTE_HANDLING
:
702 if (strcmp (optarg
, "allow") == 0)
703 multibyte_handling
= multibyte_allow
;
704 else if (strcmp (optarg
, "warn") == 0)
705 multibyte_handling
= multibyte_warn
;
706 else if (strcmp (optarg
, "warn-sym-only") == 0)
707 multibyte_handling
= multibyte_warn_syms
;
708 else if (strcmp (optarg
, "warn_sym_only") == 0)
709 multibyte_handling
= multibyte_warn_syms
;
711 as_fatal (_("unexpected argument to --multibyte-input-option: '%s'"), optarg
);
715 /* This output is intended to follow the GNU standards document. */
716 printf (_("GNU assembler %s\n"), BFD_VERSION_STRING
);
717 printf (_("Copyright (C) 2025 Free Software Foundation, Inc.\n"));
719 This program is free software; you may redistribute it under the terms of\n\
720 the GNU General Public License version 3 or later.\n\
721 This program has absolutely no warranty.\n"));
722 #ifdef TARGET_WITH_CPU
723 printf (_("This assembler was configured for a target of `%s' "
724 "and default,\ncpu type `%s'.\n"),
725 TARGET_ALIAS
, TARGET_WITH_CPU
);
727 printf (_("This assembler was configured for a target of `%s'.\n"),
732 case OPTION_EMULATION
:
733 #ifdef USE_EMULATIONS
734 if (strcmp (optarg
, this_emulation
->name
))
735 as_fatal (_("multiple emulation names specified"));
737 as_fatal (_("emulations not handled in this configuration"));
741 case OPTION_DUMPCONFIG
:
742 fprintf (stderr
, _("alias = %s\n"), TARGET_ALIAS
);
743 fprintf (stderr
, _("canonical = %s\n"), TARGET_CANONICAL
);
744 fprintf (stderr
, _("cpu-type = %s\n"), TARGET_CPU
);
745 #ifdef TARGET_OBJ_FORMAT
746 fprintf (stderr
, _("format = %s\n"), TARGET_OBJ_FORMAT
);
749 fprintf (stderr
, _("bfd-target = %s\n"), TARGET_FORMAT
);
753 case OPTION_COMPRESS_DEBUG
:
756 #if defined OBJ_ELF || defined OBJ_MAYBE_ELF
757 flag_compress_debug
= bfd_get_compression_algorithm (optarg
);
759 if (flag_compress_debug
== COMPRESS_DEBUG_ZSTD
)
760 as_fatal (_ ("--compress-debug-sections=zstd: gas is not "
761 "built with zstd support"));
763 if (flag_compress_debug
== COMPRESS_UNKNOWN
)
764 as_fatal (_("Invalid --compress-debug-sections option: `%s'"),
767 as_fatal (_("--compress-debug-sections=%s is unsupported"),
772 flag_compress_debug
= DEFAULT_COMPRESSED_DEBUG_ALGORITHM
;
775 case OPTION_NOCOMPRESS_DEBUG
:
776 flag_compress_debug
= COMPRESS_DEBUG_NONE
;
779 case OPTION_DEBUG_PREFIX_MAP
:
780 add_debug_prefix_map (optarg
);
787 struct defsym_list
*n
;
789 for (s
= optarg
; *s
!= '\0' && *s
!= '='; s
++)
792 as_fatal (_("bad defsym; format is --defsym name=value"));
794 i
= bfd_scan_vma (s
, (const char **) NULL
, 0);
795 n
= XNEW (struct defsym_list
);
806 /* optarg is the name of the file containing the instruction
807 formats, opcodes, register names, etc. */
810 as_warn (_("no file name following -t option"));
814 /* Parse the file and add the new instructions to our internal
815 table. If multiple instruction tables are specified, the
816 information from this table gets appended onto the existing
818 if (itbl_parse (optarg
) != 0)
819 as_fatal (_("failed to read instruction table %s\n"),
826 start_dependencies (optarg
);
830 /* Some backends, eg Alpha and Mips, use the -g switch for their
831 own purposes. So we check here for an explicit -g and allow
832 the backend to decide if it wants to process it. */
833 if ( old_argv
[optind
- 1][1] == 'g'
834 && md_parse_option (optc
, optarg
))
837 /* We end up here for any -gsomething-not-already-a-long-option.
838 give some useful feedback on not (yet) supported -gdwarfxxx
839 versions/sections/options. */
840 if (startswith (old_argv
[optind
- 1], "-gdwarf"))
841 as_fatal (_("unknown DWARF option %s\n"), old_argv
[optind
- 1]);
842 else if (old_argv
[optind
- 1][1] == 'g' && optarg
!= NULL
)
843 as_fatal (_("unknown option `%s'"), old_argv
[optind
- 1]);
845 if (md_debug_format_selector
)
846 debug_type
= md_debug_format_selector (& use_gnu_debug_info_extensions
);
849 debug_type
= DEBUG_DWARF2
;
853 debug_type
= DEBUG_STABS
;
856 case OPTION_GSTABS_PLUS
:
857 use_gnu_debug_info_extensions
= 1;
860 debug_type
= DEBUG_STABS
;
863 case OPTION_GDWARF_2
:
864 debug_type
= DEBUG_DWARF2
;
868 case OPTION_GDWARF_3
:
869 debug_type
= DEBUG_DWARF2
;
873 case OPTION_GDWARF_4
:
874 debug_type
= DEBUG_DWARF2
;
878 case OPTION_GDWARF_5
:
879 debug_type
= DEBUG_DWARF2
;
883 case OPTION_GDWARF_SECTIONS
:
884 flag_dwarf_sections
= true;
887 #if defined (TE_PE) && defined (O_secrel)
888 case OPTION_GCODEVIEW
:
889 debug_type
= DEBUG_CODEVIEW
;
893 case OPTION_GDWARF_CIE_VERSION
:
894 flag_dwarf_cie_version
= atoi (optarg
);
895 /* The available CIE versions are 1 (DWARF 2), 3 (DWARF 3), and 4
897 if (flag_dwarf_cie_version
< 1
898 || flag_dwarf_cie_version
== 2
899 || flag_dwarf_cie_version
> 4)
900 as_fatal (_("Invalid --gdwarf-cie-version `%s'"), optarg
);
901 switch (flag_dwarf_cie_version
)
919 flag_signed_overflow_ok
= 1;
922 #ifndef WORKING_DOT_WORD
924 flag_warn_displacement
= 1;
928 flag_keep_locals
= 1;
932 case OPTION_LISTING_LHS_WIDTH
:
933 listing_lhs_width
= atoi (optarg
);
934 if (listing_lhs_width_second
< listing_lhs_width
)
935 listing_lhs_width_second
= listing_lhs_width
;
937 case OPTION_LISTING_LHS_WIDTH2
:
939 unsigned int tmp
= atoi (optarg
);
941 if (tmp
> listing_lhs_width
)
942 listing_lhs_width_second
= tmp
;
945 case OPTION_LISTING_RHS_WIDTH
:
946 listing_rhs_width
= atoi (optarg
);
948 case OPTION_LISTING_CONT_LINES
:
949 listing_lhs_cont_lines
= atoi (optarg
);
951 #endif /* NO_LISTING */
961 flag_readonly_data_in_text
= 1;
965 flag_no_warnings
= 1;
969 flag_no_warnings
= 0;
970 flag_fatal_warnings
= 0;
973 case OPTION_WARN_FATAL
:
974 flag_no_warnings
= 0;
975 flag_fatal_warnings
= 1;
979 flag_no_information
= true;
983 flag_no_information
= false;
986 #if defined OBJ_ELF || defined OBJ_MAYBE_ELF
987 case OPTION_EXECSTACK
:
989 flag_noexecstack
= 0;
992 case OPTION_NOEXECSTACK
:
993 flag_noexecstack
= 1;
997 # if defined (TARGET_USE_SCFI) && defined (TARGET_USE_GINSN)
999 if (optarg
&& strcasecmp (optarg
, "experimental") == 0)
1000 flag_synth_cfi
= SYNTH_CFI_EXPERIMENTAL
;
1002 as_fatal (_("Invalid --scfi= option: `%s'; suggested option: experimental"),
1007 case OPTION_SIZE_CHECK
:
1008 if (strcasecmp (optarg
, "error") == 0)
1009 flag_allow_nonconst_size
= false;
1010 else if (strcasecmp (optarg
, "warning") == 0)
1011 flag_allow_nonconst_size
= true;
1013 as_fatal (_("Invalid --size-check= option: `%s'"), optarg
);
1016 case OPTION_ELF_STT_COMMON
:
1017 if (strcasecmp (optarg
, "no") == 0)
1018 flag_use_elf_stt_common
= 0;
1019 else if (strcasecmp (optarg
, "yes") == 0)
1020 flag_use_elf_stt_common
= 1;
1022 as_fatal (_("Invalid --elf-stt-common= option: `%s'"),
1026 case OPTION_SECTNAME_SUBST
:
1027 flag_sectname_subst
= 1;
1030 case OPTION_ELF_BUILD_NOTES
:
1031 if (strcasecmp (optarg
, "no") == 0)
1032 flag_generate_build_notes
= false;
1033 else if (strcasecmp (optarg
, "yes") == 0)
1034 flag_generate_build_notes
= true;
1036 as_fatal (_("Invalid --generate-missing-build-notes option: `%s'"),
1041 flag_gen_sframe
= 1;
1044 #endif /* OBJ_ELF */
1047 flag_always_generate_output
= 1;
1051 listing
|= LISTING_LISTING
;
1053 listing_filename
= notes_strdup (optarg
);
1056 case OPTION_ALTERNATE
:
1057 optarg
= old_argv
[optind
- 1];
1058 while (* optarg
== '-')
1061 if (strcmp (optarg
, "alternate") == 0)
1063 flag_macro_alternate
= 1;
1072 if (optarg
!= old_argv
[optind
] && optarg
[-1] == '=')
1075 if (md_parse_option (optc
, optarg
) != 0)
1083 listing
|= LISTING_NOCOND
;
1086 listing
|= LISTING_NODEBUG
;
1089 listing
|= LISTING_GENERAL
;
1092 listing
|= LISTING_HLL
;
1095 listing
|= LISTING_GINSN_SCFI
;
1098 listing
|= LISTING_LISTING
;
1101 listing
|= LISTING_MACEXP
;
1104 listing
|= LISTING_NOFORM
;
1107 listing
|= LISTING_SYMBOLS
;
1110 listing_filename
= notes_strdup (optarg
+ 1);
1111 optarg
+= strlen (listing_filename
);
1114 as_fatal (_("invalid listing option `%c'"), *optarg
);
1121 listing
= LISTING_DEFAULT
;
1125 /* DEBUG is implemented: it debugs different
1126 things from other people's assemblers. */
1131 flag_no_comments
= 1;
1135 { /* Include file directory. */
1136 char *temp
= notes_strdup (optarg
);
1138 add_include_dir (temp
);
1143 out_file_name
= notes_strdup (optarg
);
1150 /* -X means treat warnings as errors. */
1153 case OPTION_REDUCE_MEMORY_OVERHEADS
:
1156 case OPTION_HASH_TABLE_SIZE
:
1167 #ifdef md_after_parse_args
1168 md_after_parse_args ();
1172 /* Pre-define a symbol with its name derived from TMPL (wrapping in
1173 GAS(...)), to value VAL. */
1176 predefine_symbol (const char *tmpl
, valueT val
)
1178 char *name
= xasprintf ("GAS(%s)", tmpl
);
1181 /* Also put the symbol in the symbol table, if requested. */
1182 if (flag_strip_local_absolute
< 0)
1183 s
= symbol_new (name
, absolute_section
, &zero_address_frag
, val
);
1185 s
= symbol_create (name
, absolute_section
, &zero_address_frag
, val
);
1186 S_CLEAR_EXTERNAL (s
);
1187 symbol_table_insert (s
);
1193 dump_statistics (void)
1195 long run_time
= get_run_time () - start_time
;
1197 fprintf (stderr
, _("%s: total time in assembly: %ld.%06ld\n"),
1198 myname
, run_time
/ 1000000, run_time
% 1000000);
1200 subsegs_print_statistics (stderr
);
1201 write_print_statistics (stderr
);
1202 symbol_print_statistics (stderr
);
1203 read_print_statistics (stderr
);
1205 #ifdef tc_print_statistics
1206 tc_print_statistics (stderr
);
1209 #ifdef obj_print_statistics
1210 obj_print_statistics (stderr
);
1214 /* Here to attempt 1 pass over each input file.
1215 We scan argv[*] looking for filenames or exactly "" which is
1216 shorthand for stdin. Any argv that is NULL is not a file-name.
1217 We set need_pass_2 TRUE if, after this, we still have unresolved
1218 expressions of the form (unknown value)+-(unknown value).
1220 Note the un*x semantics: there is only 1 logical input file, but it
1221 may be a catenation of many 'physical' input files. */
1224 perform_an_assembly_pass (int argc
, char ** argv
)
1231 subseg_set (text_section
, 0);
1234 predefine_symbol ("version", BFD_VERSION
);
1235 if (strstr (BFD_VERSION_STRING
, "." XSTRING (BFD_VERSION_DATE
)) != NULL
)
1236 predefine_symbol ("date", BFD_VERSION_DATE
);
1238 /* This may add symbol table entries, which requires having an open BFD,
1239 and sections already created. */
1256 { /* Is it a file-name argument? */
1258 /* argv->"" if stdin desired, else->filename. */
1259 read_a_source_file (*argv
);
1261 argv
++; /* Completed that argv. */
1264 read_a_source_file ("");
1270 _obstack_free (¬es
, NULL
);
1273 /* Early initialisation, before gas prints messages. */
1276 gas_early_init (int *argcp
, char ***argvp
)
1278 start_time
= get_run_time ();
1281 #ifdef HAVE_LC_MESSAGES
1282 setlocale (LC_MESSAGES
, "");
1284 setlocale (LC_CTYPE
, "");
1285 bindtextdomain (PACKAGE
, LOCALEDIR
);
1286 textdomain (PACKAGE
);
1291 #ifndef OBJ_DEFAULT_OUTPUT_FILE_NAME
1292 #define OBJ_DEFAULT_OUTPUT_FILE_NAME "a.out"
1295 out_file_name
= OBJ_DEFAULT_OUTPUT_FILE_NAME
;
1298 if (bfd_init () != BFD_INIT_MAGIC
)
1299 as_fatal (_("libbfd ABI mismatch"));
1301 obstack_begin (¬es
, chunksize
);
1302 xatexit (free_notes
);
1305 xmalloc_set_program_name (myname
);
1306 bfd_set_error_program_name (myname
);
1308 expandargv (argcp
, argvp
);
1310 init_include_dir ();
1312 #ifdef HOST_SPECIAL_INIT
1313 HOST_SPECIAL_INIT (*argcp
, *argvp
);
1316 #ifdef USE_EMULATIONS
1317 select_emulation_mode (*argcp
, *argvp
);
1321 /* Tack on format specific section data and create a proper section
1322 symbol for one of the standard bfd sections. */
1325 bfd_std_section_init (const char *name
)
1327 asection
*sec
= bfd_make_section_old_way (stdoutput
, name
);
1328 gas_assert (BFD_SEND (stdoutput
, _new_section_hook
, (stdoutput
, sec
)));
1329 subseg_new (name
, 0);
1332 /* The bulk of gas initialisation. This is after args are parsed. */
1341 input_scrub_begin ();
1349 local_symbol_make (".gasversion.", absolute_section
,
1350 &predefined_address_frag
, BFD_VERSION
/ 10000UL);
1352 /* Note: Put new initialisation calls that don't depend on stdoutput
1353 being open above this point. stdoutput must be open for anything
1354 that might use stdoutput objalloc memory, eg. calling bfd_alloc
1355 or creating global symbols (via bfd_make_empty_symbol). */
1356 xatexit (output_file_close
);
1357 output_file_create (out_file_name
);
1358 gas_assert (stdoutput
!= 0);
1360 /* Must be called before output_file_close. xexit calls the xatexit
1361 list in reverse order. */
1362 if (flag_print_statistics
)
1363 xatexit (dump_statistics
);
1367 #ifdef tc_init_after_args
1368 tc_init_after_args ();
1373 /* Now that we have fully initialized, and have created the output
1374 file, define any symbols requested by --defsym command line
1376 while (defsyms
!= NULL
)
1379 struct defsym_list
*next
;
1381 sym
= symbol_new (defsyms
->name
, absolute_section
,
1382 &zero_address_frag
, defsyms
->value
);
1383 /* Make symbols defined on the command line volatile, so that they
1384 can be redefined inside a source file. This makes this assembler's
1385 behaviour compatible with earlier versions, but it may not be
1386 completely intuitive. */
1387 S_SET_VOLATILE (sym
);
1388 symbol_table_insert (sym
);
1389 next
= defsyms
->next
;
1395 /* Create the standard sections, and those the assembler uses
1397 text_section
= subseg_new (TEXT_SECTION_NAME
, 0);
1398 data_section
= subseg_new (DATA_SECTION_NAME
, 0);
1399 bss_section
= subseg_new (BSS_SECTION_NAME
, 0);
1400 /* @@ FIXME -- we're setting the RELOC flag so that sections are assumed
1401 to have relocs, otherwise we don't find out in time. */
1402 flagword applicable
= bfd_applicable_section_flags (stdoutput
);
1403 bfd_set_section_flags (text_section
,
1404 applicable
& (SEC_ALLOC
| SEC_LOAD
| SEC_RELOC
1405 | SEC_CODE
| SEC_READONLY
));
1406 bfd_set_section_flags (data_section
,
1407 applicable
& (SEC_ALLOC
| SEC_LOAD
| SEC_RELOC
1409 bfd_set_section_flags (bss_section
, applicable
& SEC_ALLOC
);
1410 seg_info (bss_section
)->bss
= 1;
1412 bfd_std_section_init (BFD_ABS_SECTION_NAME
);
1413 bfd_std_section_init (BFD_UND_SECTION_NAME
);
1414 reg_section
= subseg_new ("*GAS `reg' section*", 0);
1415 expr_section
= subseg_new ("*GAS `expr' section*", 0);
1419 main (int argc
, char ** argv
)
1422 char ** argv_orig
= argv
;
1426 gas_early_init (&argc
, &argv
);
1428 /* Call parse_args before gas_init so that switches like
1429 --hash-size can be honored. */
1430 parse_args (&argc
, &argv
);
1432 if (argc
> 1 && stat (out_file_name
, &sob
) == 0)
1436 for (i
= 1; i
< argc
; ++i
)
1440 /* Check that the input file and output file are different. */
1441 if (stat (argv
[i
], &sib
) == 0
1442 && sib
.st_ino
== sob
.st_ino
1443 /* POSIX emulating systems may support stat() but if the
1444 underlying file system does not support a file serial number
1445 of some kind then they will return 0 for the inode. So
1446 two files with an inode of 0 may not actually be the same.
1447 On real POSIX systems no ordinary file will ever have an
1450 /* Different files may have the same inode number if they
1451 reside on different devices, so check the st_dev field as
1453 && sib
.st_dev
== sob
.st_dev
1454 /* PR 25572: Only check regular files. Devices, sockets and so
1455 on might actually work as both input and output. Plus there
1456 is a use case for using /dev/null as both input and output
1457 when checking for command line option support in a script:
1458 as --foo /dev/null -o /dev/null; if $? then ... */
1459 && S_ISREG (sib
.st_mode
))
1461 const char *saved_out_file_name
= out_file_name
;
1463 /* Don't let as_fatal remove the output file! */
1464 out_file_name
= NULL
;
1465 as_fatal (_("The input '%s' and output '%s' files are the same"),
1466 argv
[i
], saved_out_file_name
);
1474 perform_an_assembly_pass (argc
, argv
);
1476 cond_finish_check (-1);
1482 #if defined OBJ_ELF || defined OBJ_MAYBE_ELF
1483 if ((flag_execstack
|| flag_noexecstack
)
1484 && OUTPUT_FLAVOR
== bfd_target_elf_flavour
)
1488 gnustack
= subseg_new (".note.GNU-stack", 0);
1489 bfd_set_section_flags (gnustack
,
1490 SEC_READONLY
| (flag_execstack
? SEC_CODE
: 0));
1497 /* If we've been collecting dwarf2 .debug_line info, either for
1498 assembly debugging or on behalf of the compiler, emit it now. */
1501 /* If we constructed dwarf2 .eh_frame info, either via .cfi
1502 directives from the user or by the backend, emit it now. */
1506 if (seen_at_least_1_file ())
1508 int n_warns
, n_errs
;
1512 write_object_file ();
1514 n_warns
= had_warnings ();
1515 n_errs
= had_errors ();
1518 ngettext ("%d warning", "%d warnings", n_warns
), n_warns
);
1520 ngettext ("%d error", "%d errors", n_errs
), n_errs
);
1521 if (flag_fatal_warnings
&& n_warns
!= 0)
1524 as_bad (_("%s, treating warnings as errors"), warn_msg
);
1530 else if (flag_always_generate_output
)
1532 /* The -Z flag indicates that an object file should be generated,
1533 regardless of warnings and errors. */
1535 fprintf (stderr
, _("%s, %s, generating bad object file\n"),
1543 listing_print (listing_filename
, argv_orig
);
1548 /* Use xexit instead of return, because under VMS environments they
1549 may not place the same interpretation on the value given. */
1550 if (had_errors () != 0)
1551 xexit (EXIT_FAILURE
);
1553 /* Only generate dependency file if assembler was successful. */
1554 print_dependencies ();
1556 xexit (EXIT_SUCCESS
);