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1 /*
2 * linux/lib/vsprintf.c
3 *
4 * Copyright (C) 1991, 1992 Linus Torvalds
5 */
6
7 /* vsprintf.c -- Lars Wirzenius & Linus Torvalds. */
8 /*
9 * Wirzenius wrote this portably, Torvalds fucked it up :-)
10 *
11 * from hush: simple_itoa() was lifted from boa-0.93.15
12 */
13
14 #include <stdarg.h>
15 #include <linux/types.h>
16 #include <linux/string.h>
17 #include <linux/ctype.h>
18 #include <errno.h>
19
20 #include <common.h>
21 #if !defined (CONFIG_PANIC_HANG)
22 #include <command.h>
23 #endif
24
25 #include <div64.h>
26 # define NUM_TYPE long long
27 #define noinline __attribute__((noinline))
28
29 /* some reluctance to put this into a new limits.h, so it is here */
30 #define INT_MAX ((int)(~0U>>1))
31
32 const char hex_asc[] = "0123456789abcdef";
33 #define hex_asc_lo(x) hex_asc[((x) & 0x0f)]
34 #define hex_asc_hi(x) hex_asc[((x) & 0xf0) >> 4]
35
36 static inline char *pack_hex_byte(char *buf, u8 byte)
37 {
38 *buf++ = hex_asc_hi(byte);
39 *buf++ = hex_asc_lo(byte);
40 return buf;
41 }
42
43 unsigned long simple_strtoul(const char *cp,char **endp,unsigned int base)
44 {
45 unsigned long result = 0,value;
46
47 if (*cp == '0') {
48 cp++;
49 if ((*cp == 'x') && isxdigit(cp[1])) {
50 base = 16;
51 cp++;
52 }
53 if (!base) {
54 base = 8;
55 }
56 }
57 if (!base) {
58 base = 10;
59 }
60 while (isxdigit(*cp) && (value = isdigit(*cp) ? *cp-'0' : (islower(*cp)
61 ? toupper(*cp) : *cp)-'A'+10) < base) {
62 result = result*base + value;
63 cp++;
64 }
65 if (endp)
66 *endp = (char *)cp;
67 return result;
68 }
69
70 int strict_strtoul(const char *cp, unsigned int base, unsigned long *res)
71 {
72 char *tail;
73 unsigned long val;
74 size_t len;
75
76 *res = 0;
77 len = strlen(cp);
78 if (len == 0)
79 return -EINVAL;
80
81 val = simple_strtoul(cp, &tail, base);
82 if (tail == cp)
83 return -EINVAL;
84
85 if ((*tail == '\0') ||
86 ((len == (size_t)(tail - cp) + 1) && (*tail == '\n'))) {
87 *res = val;
88 return 0;
89 }
90
91 return -EINVAL;
92 }
93
94 long simple_strtol(const char *cp,char **endp,unsigned int base)
95 {
96 if(*cp=='-')
97 return -simple_strtoul(cp+1,endp,base);
98 return simple_strtoul(cp,endp,base);
99 }
100
101 int ustrtoul(const char *cp, char **endp, unsigned int base)
102 {
103 unsigned long result = simple_strtoul(cp, endp, base);
104 switch (**endp) {
105 case 'G' :
106 result *= 1024;
107 /* fall through */
108 case 'M':
109 result *= 1024;
110 /* fall through */
111 case 'K':
112 case 'k':
113 result *= 1024;
114 if ((*endp)[1] == 'i') {
115 if ((*endp)[2] == 'B')
116 (*endp) += 3;
117 else
118 (*endp) += 2;
119 }
120 }
121 return result;
122 }
123
124 unsigned long long simple_strtoull (const char *cp, char **endp, unsigned int base)
125 {
126 unsigned long long result = 0, value;
127
128 if (*cp == '0') {
129 cp++;
130 if ((*cp == 'x') && isxdigit (cp[1])) {
131 base = 16;
132 cp++;
133 }
134 if (!base) {
135 base = 8;
136 }
137 }
138 if (!base) {
139 base = 10;
140 }
141 while (isxdigit (*cp) && (value = isdigit (*cp)
142 ? *cp - '0'
143 : (islower (*cp) ? toupper (*cp) : *cp) - 'A' + 10) < base) {
144 result = result * base + value;
145 cp++;
146 }
147 if (endp)
148 *endp = (char *) cp;
149 return result;
150 }
151
152 /* we use this so that we can do without the ctype library */
153 #define is_digit(c) ((c) >= '0' && (c) <= '9')
154
155 static int skip_atoi(const char **s)
156 {
157 int i=0;
158
159 while (is_digit(**s))
160 i = i*10 + *((*s)++) - '0';
161 return i;
162 }
163
164 /* Decimal conversion is by far the most typical, and is used
165 * for /proc and /sys data. This directly impacts e.g. top performance
166 * with many processes running. We optimize it for speed
167 * using code from
168 * http://www.cs.uiowa.edu/~jones/bcd/decimal.html
169 * (with permission from the author, Douglas W. Jones). */
170
171 /* Formats correctly any integer in [0,99999].
172 * Outputs from one to five digits depending on input.
173 * On i386 gcc 4.1.2 -O2: ~250 bytes of code. */
174 static char* put_dec_trunc(char *buf, unsigned q)
175 {
176 unsigned d3, d2, d1, d0;
177 d1 = (q>>4) & 0xf;
178 d2 = (q>>8) & 0xf;
179 d3 = (q>>12);
180
181 d0 = 6*(d3 + d2 + d1) + (q & 0xf);
182 q = (d0 * 0xcd) >> 11;
183 d0 = d0 - 10*q;
184 *buf++ = d0 + '0'; /* least significant digit */
185 d1 = q + 9*d3 + 5*d2 + d1;
186 if (d1 != 0) {
187 q = (d1 * 0xcd) >> 11;
188 d1 = d1 - 10*q;
189 *buf++ = d1 + '0'; /* next digit */
190
191 d2 = q + 2*d2;
192 if ((d2 != 0) || (d3 != 0)) {
193 q = (d2 * 0xd) >> 7;
194 d2 = d2 - 10*q;
195 *buf++ = d2 + '0'; /* next digit */
196
197 d3 = q + 4*d3;
198 if (d3 != 0) {
199 q = (d3 * 0xcd) >> 11;
200 d3 = d3 - 10*q;
201 *buf++ = d3 + '0'; /* next digit */
202 if (q != 0)
203 *buf++ = q + '0'; /* most sign. digit */
204 }
205 }
206 }
207 return buf;
208 }
209 /* Same with if's removed. Always emits five digits */
210 static char* put_dec_full(char *buf, unsigned q)
211 {
212 /* BTW, if q is in [0,9999], 8-bit ints will be enough, */
213 /* but anyway, gcc produces better code with full-sized ints */
214 unsigned d3, d2, d1, d0;
215 d1 = (q>>4) & 0xf;
216 d2 = (q>>8) & 0xf;
217 d3 = (q>>12);
218
219 /*
220 * Possible ways to approx. divide by 10
221 * gcc -O2 replaces multiply with shifts and adds
222 * (x * 0xcd) >> 11: 11001101 - shorter code than * 0x67 (on i386)
223 * (x * 0x67) >> 10: 1100111
224 * (x * 0x34) >> 9: 110100 - same
225 * (x * 0x1a) >> 8: 11010 - same
226 * (x * 0x0d) >> 7: 1101 - same, shortest code (on i386)
227 */
228
229 d0 = 6*(d3 + d2 + d1) + (q & 0xf);
230 q = (d0 * 0xcd) >> 11;
231 d0 = d0 - 10*q;
232 *buf++ = d0 + '0';
233 d1 = q + 9*d3 + 5*d2 + d1;
234 q = (d1 * 0xcd) >> 11;
235 d1 = d1 - 10*q;
236 *buf++ = d1 + '0';
237
238 d2 = q + 2*d2;
239 q = (d2 * 0xd) >> 7;
240 d2 = d2 - 10*q;
241 *buf++ = d2 + '0';
242
243 d3 = q + 4*d3;
244 q = (d3 * 0xcd) >> 11; /* - shorter code */
245 /* q = (d3 * 0x67) >> 10; - would also work */
246 d3 = d3 - 10*q;
247 *buf++ = d3 + '0';
248 *buf++ = q + '0';
249 return buf;
250 }
251 /* No inlining helps gcc to use registers better */
252 static noinline char* put_dec(char *buf, unsigned NUM_TYPE num)
253 {
254 while (1) {
255 unsigned rem;
256 if (num < 100000)
257 return put_dec_trunc(buf, num);
258 rem = do_div(num, 100000);
259 buf = put_dec_full(buf, rem);
260 }
261 }
262
263 #define ZEROPAD 1 /* pad with zero */
264 #define SIGN 2 /* unsigned/signed long */
265 #define PLUS 4 /* show plus */
266 #define SPACE 8 /* space if plus */
267 #define LEFT 16 /* left justified */
268 #define SMALL 32 /* Must be 32 == 0x20 */
269 #define SPECIAL 64 /* 0x */
270
271 #ifdef CONFIG_SYS_VSNPRINTF
272 /*
273 * Macro to add a new character to our output string, but only if it will
274 * fit. The macro moves to the next character position in the output string.
275 */
276 #define ADDCH(str, ch) do { \
277 if ((str) < end) \
278 *(str) = (ch); \
279 ++str; \
280 } while (0)
281 #else
282 #define ADDCH(str, ch) (*(str)++ = (ch))
283 #endif
284
285 static char *number(char *buf, char *end, unsigned NUM_TYPE num,
286 int base, int size, int precision, int type)
287 {
288 /* we are called with base 8, 10 or 16, only, thus don't need "G..." */
289 static const char digits[16] = "0123456789ABCDEF"; /* "GHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ"; */
290
291 char tmp[66];
292 char sign;
293 char locase;
294 int need_pfx = ((type & SPECIAL) && base != 10);
295 int i;
296
297 /* locase = 0 or 0x20. ORing digits or letters with 'locase'
298 * produces same digits or (maybe lowercased) letters */
299 locase = (type & SMALL);
300 if (type & LEFT)
301 type &= ~ZEROPAD;
302 sign = 0;
303 if (type & SIGN) {
304 if ((signed NUM_TYPE) num < 0) {
305 sign = '-';
306 num = - (signed NUM_TYPE) num;
307 size--;
308 } else if (type & PLUS) {
309 sign = '+';
310 size--;
311 } else if (type & SPACE) {
312 sign = ' ';
313 size--;
314 }
315 }
316 if (need_pfx) {
317 size--;
318 if (base == 16)
319 size--;
320 }
321
322 /* generate full string in tmp[], in reverse order */
323 i = 0;
324 if (num == 0)
325 tmp[i++] = '0';
326 /* Generic code, for any base:
327 else do {
328 tmp[i++] = (digits[do_div(num,base)] | locase);
329 } while (num != 0);
330 */
331 else if (base != 10) { /* 8 or 16 */
332 int mask = base - 1;
333 int shift = 3;
334 if (base == 16) shift = 4;
335 do {
336 tmp[i++] = (digits[((unsigned char)num) & mask] | locase);
337 num >>= shift;
338 } while (num);
339 } else { /* base 10 */
340 i = put_dec(tmp, num) - tmp;
341 }
342
343 /* printing 100 using %2d gives "100", not "00" */
344 if (i > precision)
345 precision = i;
346 /* leading space padding */
347 size -= precision;
348 if (!(type & (ZEROPAD + LEFT))) {
349 while (--size >= 0)
350 ADDCH(buf, ' ');
351 }
352 /* sign */
353 if (sign)
354 ADDCH(buf, sign);
355 /* "0x" / "0" prefix */
356 if (need_pfx) {
357 ADDCH(buf, '0');
358 if (base == 16)
359 ADDCH(buf, 'X' | locase);
360 }
361 /* zero or space padding */
362 if (!(type & LEFT)) {
363 char c = (type & ZEROPAD) ? '0' : ' ';
364
365 while (--size >= 0)
366 ADDCH(buf, c);
367 }
368 /* hmm even more zero padding? */
369 while (i <= --precision)
370 ADDCH(buf, '0');
371 /* actual digits of result */
372 while (--i >= 0)
373 ADDCH(buf, tmp[i]);
374 /* trailing space padding */
375 while (--size >= 0)
376 ADDCH(buf, ' ');
377 return buf;
378 }
379
380 static char *string(char *buf, char *end, char *s, int field_width,
381 int precision, int flags)
382 {
383 int len, i;
384
385 if (s == 0)
386 s = "<NULL>";
387
388 len = strnlen(s, precision);
389
390 if (!(flags & LEFT))
391 while (len < field_width--)
392 ADDCH(buf, ' ');
393 for (i = 0; i < len; ++i)
394 ADDCH(buf, *s++);
395 while (len < field_width--)
396 ADDCH(buf, ' ');
397 return buf;
398 }
399
400 #ifdef CONFIG_CMD_NET
401 static char *mac_address_string(char *buf, char *end, u8 *addr, int field_width,
402 int precision, int flags)
403 {
404 char mac_addr[6 * 3]; /* (6 * 2 hex digits), 5 colons and trailing zero */
405 char *p = mac_addr;
406 int i;
407
408 for (i = 0; i < 6; i++) {
409 p = pack_hex_byte(p, addr[i]);
410 if (!(flags & SPECIAL) && i != 5)
411 *p++ = ':';
412 }
413 *p = '\0';
414
415 return string(buf, end, mac_addr, field_width, precision,
416 flags & ~SPECIAL);
417 }
418
419 static char *ip6_addr_string(char *buf, char *end, u8 *addr, int field_width,
420 int precision, int flags)
421 {
422 char ip6_addr[8 * 5]; /* (8 * 4 hex digits), 7 colons and trailing zero */
423 char *p = ip6_addr;
424 int i;
425
426 for (i = 0; i < 8; i++) {
427 p = pack_hex_byte(p, addr[2 * i]);
428 p = pack_hex_byte(p, addr[2 * i + 1]);
429 if (!(flags & SPECIAL) && i != 7)
430 *p++ = ':';
431 }
432 *p = '\0';
433
434 return string(buf, end, ip6_addr, field_width, precision,
435 flags & ~SPECIAL);
436 }
437
438 static char *ip4_addr_string(char *buf, char *end, u8 *addr, int field_width,
439 int precision, int flags)
440 {
441 char ip4_addr[4 * 4]; /* (4 * 3 decimal digits), 3 dots and trailing zero */
442 char temp[3]; /* hold each IP quad in reverse order */
443 char *p = ip4_addr;
444 int i, digits;
445
446 for (i = 0; i < 4; i++) {
447 digits = put_dec_trunc(temp, addr[i]) - temp;
448 /* reverse the digits in the quad */
449 while (digits--)
450 *p++ = temp[digits];
451 if (i != 3)
452 *p++ = '.';
453 }
454 *p = '\0';
455
456 return string(buf, end, ip4_addr, field_width, precision,
457 flags & ~SPECIAL);
458 }
459 #endif
460
461 /*
462 * Show a '%p' thing. A kernel extension is that the '%p' is followed
463 * by an extra set of alphanumeric characters that are extended format
464 * specifiers.
465 *
466 * Right now we handle:
467 *
468 * - 'M' For a 6-byte MAC address, it prints the address in the
469 * usual colon-separated hex notation
470 * - 'I' [46] for IPv4/IPv6 addresses printed in the usual way (dot-separated
471 * decimal for v4 and colon separated network-order 16 bit hex for v6)
472 * - 'i' [46] for 'raw' IPv4/IPv6 addresses, IPv6 omits the colons, IPv4 is
473 * currently the same
474 *
475 * Note: The difference between 'S' and 'F' is that on ia64 and ppc64
476 * function pointers are really function descriptors, which contain a
477 * pointer to the real address.
478 */
479 static char *pointer(const char *fmt, char *buf, char *end, void *ptr,
480 int field_width, int precision, int flags)
481 {
482 if (!ptr)
483 return string(buf, end, "(null)", field_width, precision,
484 flags);
485
486 #ifdef CONFIG_CMD_NET
487 switch (*fmt) {
488 case 'm':
489 flags |= SPECIAL;
490 /* Fallthrough */
491 case 'M':
492 return mac_address_string(buf, end, ptr, field_width,
493 precision, flags);
494 case 'i':
495 flags |= SPECIAL;
496 /* Fallthrough */
497 case 'I':
498 if (fmt[1] == '6')
499 return ip6_addr_string(buf, end, ptr, field_width,
500 precision, flags);
501 if (fmt[1] == '4')
502 return ip4_addr_string(buf, end, ptr, field_width,
503 precision, flags);
504 flags &= ~SPECIAL;
505 break;
506 }
507 #endif
508 flags |= SMALL;
509 if (field_width == -1) {
510 field_width = 2*sizeof(void *);
511 flags |= ZEROPAD;
512 }
513 return number(buf, end, (unsigned long)ptr, 16, field_width,
514 precision, flags);
515 }
516
517 static int vsnprintf_internal(char *buf, size_t size, const char *fmt,
518 va_list args)
519 {
520 unsigned NUM_TYPE num;
521 int base;
522 char *str;
523
524 int flags; /* flags to number() */
525
526 int field_width; /* width of output field */
527 int precision; /* min. # of digits for integers; max
528 number of chars for from string */
529 int qualifier; /* 'h', 'l', or 'L' for integer fields */
530 /* 'z' support added 23/7/1999 S.H. */
531 /* 'z' changed to 'Z' --davidm 1/25/99 */
532 /* 't' added for ptrdiff_t */
533 char *end = buf + size;
534
535 #ifdef CONFIG_SYS_VSNPRINTF
536 /* Make sure end is always >= buf - do we want this in U-Boot? */
537 if (end < buf) {
538 end = ((void *)-1);
539 size = end - buf;
540 }
541 #endif
542 str = buf;
543
544 for (; *fmt ; ++fmt) {
545 if (*fmt != '%') {
546 ADDCH(str, *fmt);
547 continue;
548 }
549
550 /* process flags */
551 flags = 0;
552 repeat:
553 ++fmt; /* this also skips first '%' */
554 switch (*fmt) {
555 case '-': flags |= LEFT; goto repeat;
556 case '+': flags |= PLUS; goto repeat;
557 case ' ': flags |= SPACE; goto repeat;
558 case '#': flags |= SPECIAL; goto repeat;
559 case '0': flags |= ZEROPAD; goto repeat;
560 }
561
562 /* get field width */
563 field_width = -1;
564 if (is_digit(*fmt))
565 field_width = skip_atoi(&fmt);
566 else if (*fmt == '*') {
567 ++fmt;
568 /* it's the next argument */
569 field_width = va_arg(args, int);
570 if (field_width < 0) {
571 field_width = -field_width;
572 flags |= LEFT;
573 }
574 }
575
576 /* get the precision */
577 precision = -1;
578 if (*fmt == '.') {
579 ++fmt;
580 if (is_digit(*fmt))
581 precision = skip_atoi(&fmt);
582 else if (*fmt == '*') {
583 ++fmt;
584 /* it's the next argument */
585 precision = va_arg(args, int);
586 }
587 if (precision < 0)
588 precision = 0;
589 }
590
591 /* get the conversion qualifier */
592 qualifier = -1;
593 if (*fmt == 'h' || *fmt == 'l' || *fmt == 'L' ||
594 *fmt == 'Z' || *fmt == 'z' || *fmt == 't') {
595 qualifier = *fmt;
596 ++fmt;
597 if (qualifier == 'l' && *fmt == 'l') {
598 qualifier = 'L';
599 ++fmt;
600 }
601 }
602
603 /* default base */
604 base = 10;
605
606 switch (*fmt) {
607 case 'c':
608 if (!(flags & LEFT)) {
609 while (--field_width > 0)
610 ADDCH(str, ' ');
611 }
612 ADDCH(str, (unsigned char) va_arg(args, int));
613 while (--field_width > 0)
614 ADDCH(str, ' ');
615 continue;
616
617 case 's':
618 str = string(str, end, va_arg(args, char *),
619 field_width, precision, flags);
620 continue;
621
622 case 'p':
623 str = pointer(fmt+1, str, end,
624 va_arg(args, void *),
625 field_width, precision, flags);
626 /* Skip all alphanumeric pointer suffixes */
627 while (isalnum(fmt[1]))
628 fmt++;
629 continue;
630
631 case 'n':
632 if (qualifier == 'l') {
633 long * ip = va_arg(args, long *);
634 *ip = (str - buf);
635 } else {
636 int * ip = va_arg(args, int *);
637 *ip = (str - buf);
638 }
639 continue;
640
641 case '%':
642 ADDCH(str, '%');
643 continue;
644
645 /* integer number formats - set up the flags and "break" */
646 case 'o':
647 base = 8;
648 break;
649
650 case 'x':
651 flags |= SMALL;
652 case 'X':
653 base = 16;
654 break;
655
656 case 'd':
657 case 'i':
658 flags |= SIGN;
659 case 'u':
660 break;
661
662 default:
663 ADDCH(str, '%');
664 if (*fmt)
665 ADDCH(str, *fmt);
666 else
667 --fmt;
668 continue;
669 }
670 if (qualifier == 'L') /* "quad" for 64 bit variables */
671 num = va_arg(args, unsigned long long);
672 else if (qualifier == 'l') {
673 num = va_arg(args, unsigned long);
674 if (flags & SIGN)
675 num = (signed long) num;
676 } else if (qualifier == 'Z' || qualifier == 'z') {
677 num = va_arg(args, size_t);
678 } else if (qualifier == 't') {
679 num = va_arg(args, ptrdiff_t);
680 } else if (qualifier == 'h') {
681 num = (unsigned short) va_arg(args, int);
682 if (flags & SIGN)
683 num = (signed short) num;
684 } else {
685 num = va_arg(args, unsigned int);
686 if (flags & SIGN)
687 num = (signed int) num;
688 }
689 str = number(str, end, num, base, field_width, precision,
690 flags);
691 }
692
693 #ifdef CONFIG_SYS_VSNPRINTF
694 if (size > 0) {
695 ADDCH(str, '\0');
696 if (str > end)
697 end[-1] = '\0';
698 }
699 #else
700 *str = '\0';
701 #endif
702 /* the trailing null byte doesn't count towards the total */
703 return str-buf;
704 }
705
706 #ifdef CONFIG_SYS_VSNPRINTF
707 int vsnprintf(char *buf, size_t size, const char *fmt,
708 va_list args)
709 {
710 return vsnprintf_internal(buf, size, fmt, args);
711 }
712
713 int vscnprintf(char *buf, size_t size, const char *fmt, va_list args)
714 {
715 int i;
716
717 i = vsnprintf(buf, size, fmt, args);
718
719 if (likely(i < size))
720 return i;
721 if (size != 0)
722 return size - 1;
723 return 0;
724 }
725
726 int snprintf(char *buf, size_t size, const char *fmt, ...)
727 {
728 va_list args;
729 int i;
730
731 va_start(args, fmt);
732 i = vsnprintf(buf, size, fmt, args);
733 va_end(args);
734
735 return i;
736 }
737
738 int scnprintf(char *buf, size_t size, const char *fmt, ...)
739 {
740 va_list args;
741 int i;
742
743 va_start(args, fmt);
744 i = vscnprintf(buf, size, fmt, args);
745 va_end(args);
746
747 return i;
748 }
749 #endif /* CONFIG_SYS_VSNPRINT */
750
751 /**
752 * Format a string and place it in a buffer (va_list version)
753 *
754 * @param buf The buffer to place the result into
755 * @param fmt The format string to use
756 * @param args Arguments for the format string
757 *
758 * The function returns the number of characters written
759 * into @buf. Use vsnprintf() or vscnprintf() in order to avoid
760 * buffer overflows.
761 *
762 * If you're not already dealing with a va_list consider using sprintf().
763 */
764 int vsprintf(char *buf, const char *fmt, va_list args)
765 {
766 return vsnprintf_internal(buf, INT_MAX, fmt, args);
767 }
768
769 int sprintf(char * buf, const char *fmt, ...)
770 {
771 va_list args;
772 int i;
773
774 va_start(args, fmt);
775 i=vsprintf(buf,fmt,args);
776 va_end(args);
777 return i;
778 }
779
780 void panic(const char *fmt, ...)
781 {
782 va_list args;
783 va_start(args, fmt);
784 vprintf(fmt, args);
785 putc('\n');
786 va_end(args);
787 #if defined (CONFIG_PANIC_HANG)
788 hang();
789 #else
790 udelay (100000); /* allow messages to go out */
791 do_reset (NULL, 0, 0, NULL);
792 #endif
793 while (1)
794 ;
795 }
796
797 void __assert_fail(const char *assertion, const char *file, unsigned line,
798 const char *function)
799 {
800 /* This will not return */
801 panic("%s:%u: %s: Assertion `%s' failed.", file, line, function,
802 assertion);
803 }
804
805 char *simple_itoa(ulong i)
806 {
807 /* 21 digits plus null terminator, good for 64-bit or smaller ints */
808 static char local[22];
809 char *p = &local[21];
810
811 *p-- = '\0';
812 do {
813 *p-- = '0' + i % 10;
814 i /= 10;
815 } while (i > 0);
816 return p + 1;
817 }