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1 /*
2 * linux/lib/vsprintf.c
3 *
4 * Copyright (C) 1991, 1992 Linus Torvalds
5 */
6
7 /* vsprintf.c -- Lars Wirzenius & Linus Torvalds. */
8 /*
9 * Wirzenius wrote this portably, Torvalds fucked it up :-)
10 *
11 * from hush: simple_itoa() was lifted from boa-0.93.15
12 */
13
14 #include <stdarg.h>
15 #include <linux/types.h>
16 #include <linux/string.h>
17 #include <linux/ctype.h>
18 #include <errno.h>
19
20 #include <common.h>
21 #if !defined(CONFIG_PANIC_HANG)
22 #include <command.h>
23 #endif
24
25 #include <div64.h>
26 #define noinline __attribute__((noinline))
27
28 /* some reluctance to put this into a new limits.h, so it is here */
29 #define INT_MAX ((int)(~0U>>1))
30
31 static const char hex_asc[] = "0123456789abcdef";
32 #define hex_asc_lo(x) hex_asc[((x) & 0x0f)]
33 #define hex_asc_hi(x) hex_asc[((x) & 0xf0) >> 4]
34
35 static inline char *pack_hex_byte(char *buf, u8 byte)
36 {
37 *buf++ = hex_asc_hi(byte);
38 *buf++ = hex_asc_lo(byte);
39 return buf;
40 }
41
42 unsigned long simple_strtoul(const char *cp, char **endp,
43 unsigned int base)
44 {
45 unsigned long result = 0;
46 unsigned long value;
47
48 if (*cp == '0') {
49 cp++;
50 if ((*cp == 'x') && isxdigit(cp[1])) {
51 base = 16;
52 cp++;
53 }
54
55 if (!base)
56 base = 8;
57 }
58
59 if (!base)
60 base = 10;
61
62 while (isxdigit(*cp) && (value = isdigit(*cp) ? *cp-'0' : (islower(*cp)
63 ? toupper(*cp) : *cp)-'A'+10) < base) {
64 result = result*base + value;
65 cp++;
66 }
67
68 if (endp)
69 *endp = (char *)cp;
70
71 return result;
72 }
73
74 int strict_strtoul(const char *cp, unsigned int base, unsigned long *res)
75 {
76 char *tail;
77 unsigned long val;
78 size_t len;
79
80 *res = 0;
81 len = strlen(cp);
82 if (len == 0)
83 return -EINVAL;
84
85 val = simple_strtoul(cp, &tail, base);
86 if (tail == cp)
87 return -EINVAL;
88
89 if ((*tail == '\0') ||
90 ((len == (size_t)(tail - cp) + 1) && (*tail == '\n'))) {
91 *res = val;
92 return 0;
93 }
94
95 return -EINVAL;
96 }
97
98 long simple_strtol(const char *cp, char **endp, unsigned int base)
99 {
100 if (*cp == '-')
101 return -simple_strtoul(cp + 1, endp, base);
102
103 return simple_strtoul(cp, endp, base);
104 }
105
106 unsigned long ustrtoul(const char *cp, char **endp, unsigned int base)
107 {
108 unsigned long result = simple_strtoul(cp, endp, base);
109 switch (**endp) {
110 case 'G':
111 result *= 1024;
112 /* fall through */
113 case 'M':
114 result *= 1024;
115 /* fall through */
116 case 'K':
117 case 'k':
118 result *= 1024;
119 if ((*endp)[1] == 'i') {
120 if ((*endp)[2] == 'B')
121 (*endp) += 3;
122 else
123 (*endp) += 2;
124 }
125 }
126 return result;
127 }
128
129 unsigned long long simple_strtoull(const char *cp, char **endp,
130 unsigned int base)
131 {
132 unsigned long long result = 0, value;
133
134 if (*cp == '0') {
135 cp++;
136 if ((*cp == 'x') && isxdigit(cp[1])) {
137 base = 16;
138 cp++;
139 }
140
141 if (!base)
142 base = 8;
143 }
144
145 if (!base)
146 base = 10;
147
148 while (isxdigit(*cp) && (value = isdigit(*cp) ? *cp - '0'
149 : (islower(*cp) ? toupper(*cp) : *cp) - 'A' + 10) < base) {
150 result = result * base + value;
151 cp++;
152 }
153
154 if (endp)
155 *endp = (char *) cp;
156
157 return result;
158 }
159
160 /* we use this so that we can do without the ctype library */
161 #define is_digit(c) ((c) >= '0' && (c) <= '9')
162
163 static int skip_atoi(const char **s)
164 {
165 int i = 0;
166
167 while (is_digit(**s))
168 i = i * 10 + *((*s)++) - '0';
169
170 return i;
171 }
172
173 /* Decimal conversion is by far the most typical, and is used
174 * for /proc and /sys data. This directly impacts e.g. top performance
175 * with many processes running. We optimize it for speed
176 * using code from
177 * http://www.cs.uiowa.edu/~jones/bcd/decimal.html
178 * (with permission from the author, Douglas W. Jones). */
179
180 /* Formats correctly any integer in [0,99999].
181 * Outputs from one to five digits depending on input.
182 * On i386 gcc 4.1.2 -O2: ~250 bytes of code. */
183 static char *put_dec_trunc(char *buf, unsigned q)
184 {
185 unsigned d3, d2, d1, d0;
186 d1 = (q>>4) & 0xf;
187 d2 = (q>>8) & 0xf;
188 d3 = (q>>12);
189
190 d0 = 6*(d3 + d2 + d1) + (q & 0xf);
191 q = (d0 * 0xcd) >> 11;
192 d0 = d0 - 10*q;
193 *buf++ = d0 + '0'; /* least significant digit */
194 d1 = q + 9*d3 + 5*d2 + d1;
195 if (d1 != 0) {
196 q = (d1 * 0xcd) >> 11;
197 d1 = d1 - 10*q;
198 *buf++ = d1 + '0'; /* next digit */
199
200 d2 = q + 2*d2;
201 if ((d2 != 0) || (d3 != 0)) {
202 q = (d2 * 0xd) >> 7;
203 d2 = d2 - 10*q;
204 *buf++ = d2 + '0'; /* next digit */
205
206 d3 = q + 4*d3;
207 if (d3 != 0) {
208 q = (d3 * 0xcd) >> 11;
209 d3 = d3 - 10*q;
210 *buf++ = d3 + '0'; /* next digit */
211 if (q != 0)
212 *buf++ = q + '0'; /* most sign. digit */
213 }
214 }
215 }
216 return buf;
217 }
218 /* Same with if's removed. Always emits five digits */
219 static char *put_dec_full(char *buf, unsigned q)
220 {
221 /* BTW, if q is in [0,9999], 8-bit ints will be enough, */
222 /* but anyway, gcc produces better code with full-sized ints */
223 unsigned d3, d2, d1, d0;
224 d1 = (q>>4) & 0xf;
225 d2 = (q>>8) & 0xf;
226 d3 = (q>>12);
227
228 /*
229 * Possible ways to approx. divide by 10
230 * gcc -O2 replaces multiply with shifts and adds
231 * (x * 0xcd) >> 11: 11001101 - shorter code than * 0x67 (on i386)
232 * (x * 0x67) >> 10: 1100111
233 * (x * 0x34) >> 9: 110100 - same
234 * (x * 0x1a) >> 8: 11010 - same
235 * (x * 0x0d) >> 7: 1101 - same, shortest code (on i386)
236 */
237
238 d0 = 6*(d3 + d2 + d1) + (q & 0xf);
239 q = (d0 * 0xcd) >> 11;
240 d0 = d0 - 10*q;
241 *buf++ = d0 + '0';
242 d1 = q + 9*d3 + 5*d2 + d1;
243 q = (d1 * 0xcd) >> 11;
244 d1 = d1 - 10*q;
245 *buf++ = d1 + '0';
246
247 d2 = q + 2*d2;
248 q = (d2 * 0xd) >> 7;
249 d2 = d2 - 10*q;
250 *buf++ = d2 + '0';
251
252 d3 = q + 4*d3;
253 q = (d3 * 0xcd) >> 11; /* - shorter code */
254 /* q = (d3 * 0x67) >> 10; - would also work */
255 d3 = d3 - 10*q;
256 *buf++ = d3 + '0';
257 *buf++ = q + '0';
258 return buf;
259 }
260 /* No inlining helps gcc to use registers better */
261 static noinline char *put_dec(char *buf, u64 num)
262 {
263 while (1) {
264 unsigned rem;
265 if (num < 100000)
266 return put_dec_trunc(buf, num);
267 rem = do_div(num, 100000);
268 buf = put_dec_full(buf, rem);
269 }
270 }
271
272 #define ZEROPAD 1 /* pad with zero */
273 #define SIGN 2 /* unsigned/signed long */
274 #define PLUS 4 /* show plus */
275 #define SPACE 8 /* space if plus */
276 #define LEFT 16 /* left justified */
277 #define SMALL 32 /* Must be 32 == 0x20 */
278 #define SPECIAL 64 /* 0x */
279
280 #ifdef CONFIG_SYS_VSNPRINTF
281 /*
282 * Macro to add a new character to our output string, but only if it will
283 * fit. The macro moves to the next character position in the output string.
284 */
285 #define ADDCH(str, ch) do { \
286 if ((str) < end) \
287 *(str) = (ch); \
288 ++str; \
289 } while (0)
290 #else
291 #define ADDCH(str, ch) (*(str)++ = (ch))
292 #endif
293
294 static char *number(char *buf, char *end, u64 num,
295 int base, int size, int precision, int type)
296 {
297 /* we are called with base 8, 10 or 16, only, thus don't need "G..." */
298 static const char digits[16] = "0123456789ABCDEF";
299
300 char tmp[66];
301 char sign;
302 char locase;
303 int need_pfx = ((type & SPECIAL) && base != 10);
304 int i;
305
306 /* locase = 0 or 0x20. ORing digits or letters with 'locase'
307 * produces same digits or (maybe lowercased) letters */
308 locase = (type & SMALL);
309 if (type & LEFT)
310 type &= ~ZEROPAD;
311 sign = 0;
312 if (type & SIGN) {
313 if ((s64) num < 0) {
314 sign = '-';
315 num = -(s64) num;
316 size--;
317 } else if (type & PLUS) {
318 sign = '+';
319 size--;
320 } else if (type & SPACE) {
321 sign = ' ';
322 size--;
323 }
324 }
325 if (need_pfx) {
326 size--;
327 if (base == 16)
328 size--;
329 }
330
331 /* generate full string in tmp[], in reverse order */
332 i = 0;
333 if (num == 0)
334 tmp[i++] = '0';
335 /* Generic code, for any base:
336 else do {
337 tmp[i++] = (digits[do_div(num,base)] | locase);
338 } while (num != 0);
339 */
340 else if (base != 10) { /* 8 or 16 */
341 int mask = base - 1;
342 int shift = 3;
343
344 if (base == 16)
345 shift = 4;
346
347 do {
348 tmp[i++] = (digits[((unsigned char)num) & mask]
349 | locase);
350 num >>= shift;
351 } while (num);
352 } else { /* base 10 */
353 i = put_dec(tmp, num) - tmp;
354 }
355
356 /* printing 100 using %2d gives "100", not "00" */
357 if (i > precision)
358 precision = i;
359 /* leading space padding */
360 size -= precision;
361 if (!(type & (ZEROPAD + LEFT))) {
362 while (--size >= 0)
363 ADDCH(buf, ' ');
364 }
365 /* sign */
366 if (sign)
367 ADDCH(buf, sign);
368 /* "0x" / "0" prefix */
369 if (need_pfx) {
370 ADDCH(buf, '0');
371 if (base == 16)
372 ADDCH(buf, 'X' | locase);
373 }
374 /* zero or space padding */
375 if (!(type & LEFT)) {
376 char c = (type & ZEROPAD) ? '0' : ' ';
377
378 while (--size >= 0)
379 ADDCH(buf, c);
380 }
381 /* hmm even more zero padding? */
382 while (i <= --precision)
383 ADDCH(buf, '0');
384 /* actual digits of result */
385 while (--i >= 0)
386 ADDCH(buf, tmp[i]);
387 /* trailing space padding */
388 while (--size >= 0)
389 ADDCH(buf, ' ');
390 return buf;
391 }
392
393 static char *string(char *buf, char *end, char *s, int field_width,
394 int precision, int flags)
395 {
396 int len, i;
397
398 if (s == NULL)
399 s = "<NULL>";
400
401 len = strnlen(s, precision);
402
403 if (!(flags & LEFT))
404 while (len < field_width--)
405 ADDCH(buf, ' ');
406 for (i = 0; i < len; ++i)
407 ADDCH(buf, *s++);
408 while (len < field_width--)
409 ADDCH(buf, ' ');
410 return buf;
411 }
412
413 #ifdef CONFIG_CMD_NET
414 static char *mac_address_string(char *buf, char *end, u8 *addr, int field_width,
415 int precision, int flags)
416 {
417 /* (6 * 2 hex digits), 5 colons and trailing zero */
418 char mac_addr[6 * 3];
419 char *p = mac_addr;
420 int i;
421
422 for (i = 0; i < 6; i++) {
423 p = pack_hex_byte(p, addr[i]);
424 if (!(flags & SPECIAL) && i != 5)
425 *p++ = ':';
426 }
427 *p = '\0';
428
429 return string(buf, end, mac_addr, field_width, precision,
430 flags & ~SPECIAL);
431 }
432
433 static char *ip6_addr_string(char *buf, char *end, u8 *addr, int field_width,
434 int precision, int flags)
435 {
436 /* (8 * 4 hex digits), 7 colons and trailing zero */
437 char ip6_addr[8 * 5];
438 char *p = ip6_addr;
439 int i;
440
441 for (i = 0; i < 8; i++) {
442 p = pack_hex_byte(p, addr[2 * i]);
443 p = pack_hex_byte(p, addr[2 * i + 1]);
444 if (!(flags & SPECIAL) && i != 7)
445 *p++ = ':';
446 }
447 *p = '\0';
448
449 return string(buf, end, ip6_addr, field_width, precision,
450 flags & ~SPECIAL);
451 }
452
453 static char *ip4_addr_string(char *buf, char *end, u8 *addr, int field_width,
454 int precision, int flags)
455 {
456 /* (4 * 3 decimal digits), 3 dots and trailing zero */
457 char ip4_addr[4 * 4];
458 char temp[3]; /* hold each IP quad in reverse order */
459 char *p = ip4_addr;
460 int i, digits;
461
462 for (i = 0; i < 4; i++) {
463 digits = put_dec_trunc(temp, addr[i]) - temp;
464 /* reverse the digits in the quad */
465 while (digits--)
466 *p++ = temp[digits];
467 if (i != 3)
468 *p++ = '.';
469 }
470 *p = '\0';
471
472 return string(buf, end, ip4_addr, field_width, precision,
473 flags & ~SPECIAL);
474 }
475 #endif
476
477 /*
478 * Show a '%p' thing. A kernel extension is that the '%p' is followed
479 * by an extra set of alphanumeric characters that are extended format
480 * specifiers.
481 *
482 * Right now we handle:
483 *
484 * - 'M' For a 6-byte MAC address, it prints the address in the
485 * usual colon-separated hex notation
486 * - 'I' [46] for IPv4/IPv6 addresses printed in the usual way (dot-separated
487 * decimal for v4 and colon separated network-order 16 bit hex for v6)
488 * - 'i' [46] for 'raw' IPv4/IPv6 addresses, IPv6 omits the colons, IPv4 is
489 * currently the same
490 *
491 * Note: The difference between 'S' and 'F' is that on ia64 and ppc64
492 * function pointers are really function descriptors, which contain a
493 * pointer to the real address.
494 */
495 static char *pointer(const char *fmt, char *buf, char *end, void *ptr,
496 int field_width, int precision, int flags)
497 {
498 /*
499 * Being a boot loader, we explicitly allow pointers to
500 * (physical) address null.
501 */
502 #if 0
503 if (!ptr)
504 return string(buf, end, "(null)", field_width, precision,
505 flags);
506 #endif
507
508 #ifdef CONFIG_CMD_NET
509 switch (*fmt) {
510 case 'm':
511 flags |= SPECIAL;
512 /* Fallthrough */
513 case 'M':
514 return mac_address_string(buf, end, ptr, field_width,
515 precision, flags);
516 case 'i':
517 flags |= SPECIAL;
518 /* Fallthrough */
519 case 'I':
520 if (fmt[1] == '6')
521 return ip6_addr_string(buf, end, ptr, field_width,
522 precision, flags);
523 if (fmt[1] == '4')
524 return ip4_addr_string(buf, end, ptr, field_width,
525 precision, flags);
526 flags &= ~SPECIAL;
527 break;
528 }
529 #endif
530 flags |= SMALL;
531 if (field_width == -1) {
532 field_width = 2*sizeof(void *);
533 flags |= ZEROPAD;
534 }
535 return number(buf, end, (unsigned long)ptr, 16, field_width,
536 precision, flags);
537 }
538
539 static int vsnprintf_internal(char *buf, size_t size, const char *fmt,
540 va_list args)
541 {
542 u64 num;
543 int base;
544 char *str;
545
546 int flags; /* flags to number() */
547
548 int field_width; /* width of output field */
549 int precision; /* min. # of digits for integers; max
550 number of chars for from string */
551 int qualifier; /* 'h', 'l', or 'L' for integer fields */
552 /* 'z' support added 23/7/1999 S.H. */
553 /* 'z' changed to 'Z' --davidm 1/25/99 */
554 /* 't' added for ptrdiff_t */
555 char *end = buf + size;
556
557 #ifdef CONFIG_SYS_VSNPRINTF
558 /* Make sure end is always >= buf - do we want this in U-Boot? */
559 if (end < buf) {
560 end = ((void *)-1);
561 size = end - buf;
562 }
563 #endif
564 str = buf;
565
566 for (; *fmt ; ++fmt) {
567 if (*fmt != '%') {
568 ADDCH(str, *fmt);
569 continue;
570 }
571
572 /* process flags */
573 flags = 0;
574 repeat:
575 ++fmt; /* this also skips first '%' */
576 switch (*fmt) {
577 case '-':
578 flags |= LEFT;
579 goto repeat;
580 case '+':
581 flags |= PLUS;
582 goto repeat;
583 case ' ':
584 flags |= SPACE;
585 goto repeat;
586 case '#':
587 flags |= SPECIAL;
588 goto repeat;
589 case '0':
590 flags |= ZEROPAD;
591 goto repeat;
592 }
593
594 /* get field width */
595 field_width = -1;
596 if (is_digit(*fmt))
597 field_width = skip_atoi(&fmt);
598 else if (*fmt == '*') {
599 ++fmt;
600 /* it's the next argument */
601 field_width = va_arg(args, int);
602 if (field_width < 0) {
603 field_width = -field_width;
604 flags |= LEFT;
605 }
606 }
607
608 /* get the precision */
609 precision = -1;
610 if (*fmt == '.') {
611 ++fmt;
612 if (is_digit(*fmt))
613 precision = skip_atoi(&fmt);
614 else if (*fmt == '*') {
615 ++fmt;
616 /* it's the next argument */
617 precision = va_arg(args, int);
618 }
619 if (precision < 0)
620 precision = 0;
621 }
622
623 /* get the conversion qualifier */
624 qualifier = -1;
625 if (*fmt == 'h' || *fmt == 'l' || *fmt == 'L' ||
626 *fmt == 'Z' || *fmt == 'z' || *fmt == 't') {
627 qualifier = *fmt;
628 ++fmt;
629 if (qualifier == 'l' && *fmt == 'l') {
630 qualifier = 'L';
631 ++fmt;
632 }
633 }
634
635 /* default base */
636 base = 10;
637
638 switch (*fmt) {
639 case 'c':
640 if (!(flags & LEFT)) {
641 while (--field_width > 0)
642 ADDCH(str, ' ');
643 }
644 ADDCH(str, (unsigned char) va_arg(args, int));
645 while (--field_width > 0)
646 ADDCH(str, ' ');
647 continue;
648
649 case 's':
650 str = string(str, end, va_arg(args, char *),
651 field_width, precision, flags);
652 continue;
653
654 case 'p':
655 str = pointer(fmt + 1, str, end,
656 va_arg(args, void *),
657 field_width, precision, flags);
658 /* Skip all alphanumeric pointer suffixes */
659 while (isalnum(fmt[1]))
660 fmt++;
661 continue;
662
663 case 'n':
664 if (qualifier == 'l') {
665 long *ip = va_arg(args, long *);
666 *ip = (str - buf);
667 } else {
668 int *ip = va_arg(args, int *);
669 *ip = (str - buf);
670 }
671 continue;
672
673 case '%':
674 ADDCH(str, '%');
675 continue;
676
677 /* integer number formats - set up the flags and "break" */
678 case 'o':
679 base = 8;
680 break;
681
682 case 'x':
683 flags |= SMALL;
684 case 'X':
685 base = 16;
686 break;
687
688 case 'd':
689 case 'i':
690 flags |= SIGN;
691 case 'u':
692 break;
693
694 default:
695 ADDCH(str, '%');
696 if (*fmt)
697 ADDCH(str, *fmt);
698 else
699 --fmt;
700 continue;
701 }
702 if (qualifier == 'L') /* "quad" for 64 bit variables */
703 num = va_arg(args, unsigned long long);
704 else if (qualifier == 'l') {
705 num = va_arg(args, unsigned long);
706 if (flags & SIGN)
707 num = (signed long) num;
708 } else if (qualifier == 'Z' || qualifier == 'z') {
709 num = va_arg(args, size_t);
710 } else if (qualifier == 't') {
711 num = va_arg(args, ptrdiff_t);
712 } else if (qualifier == 'h') {
713 num = (unsigned short) va_arg(args, int);
714 if (flags & SIGN)
715 num = (signed short) num;
716 } else {
717 num = va_arg(args, unsigned int);
718 if (flags & SIGN)
719 num = (signed int) num;
720 }
721 str = number(str, end, num, base, field_width, precision,
722 flags);
723 }
724
725 #ifdef CONFIG_SYS_VSNPRINTF
726 if (size > 0) {
727 ADDCH(str, '\0');
728 if (str > end)
729 end[-1] = '\0';
730 }
731 #else
732 *str = '\0';
733 #endif
734 /* the trailing null byte doesn't count towards the total */
735 return str - buf;
736 }
737
738 #ifdef CONFIG_SYS_VSNPRINTF
739 int vsnprintf(char *buf, size_t size, const char *fmt,
740 va_list args)
741 {
742 return vsnprintf_internal(buf, size, fmt, args);
743 }
744
745 int vscnprintf(char *buf, size_t size, const char *fmt, va_list args)
746 {
747 int i;
748
749 i = vsnprintf(buf, size, fmt, args);
750
751 if (likely(i < size))
752 return i;
753 if (size != 0)
754 return size - 1;
755 return 0;
756 }
757
758 int snprintf(char *buf, size_t size, const char *fmt, ...)
759 {
760 va_list args;
761 int i;
762
763 va_start(args, fmt);
764 i = vsnprintf(buf, size, fmt, args);
765 va_end(args);
766
767 return i;
768 }
769
770 int scnprintf(char *buf, size_t size, const char *fmt, ...)
771 {
772 va_list args;
773 int i;
774
775 va_start(args, fmt);
776 i = vscnprintf(buf, size, fmt, args);
777 va_end(args);
778
779 return i;
780 }
781 #endif /* CONFIG_SYS_VSNPRINT */
782
783 /**
784 * Format a string and place it in a buffer (va_list version)
785 *
786 * @param buf The buffer to place the result into
787 * @param fmt The format string to use
788 * @param args Arguments for the format string
789 *
790 * The function returns the number of characters written
791 * into @buf. Use vsnprintf() or vscnprintf() in order to avoid
792 * buffer overflows.
793 *
794 * If you're not already dealing with a va_list consider using sprintf().
795 */
796 int vsprintf(char *buf, const char *fmt, va_list args)
797 {
798 return vsnprintf_internal(buf, INT_MAX, fmt, args);
799 }
800
801 int sprintf(char *buf, const char *fmt, ...)
802 {
803 va_list args;
804 int i;
805
806 va_start(args, fmt);
807 i = vsprintf(buf, fmt, args);
808 va_end(args);
809 return i;
810 }
811
812 void panic(const char *fmt, ...)
813 {
814 va_list args;
815 va_start(args, fmt);
816 vprintf(fmt, args);
817 putc('\n');
818 va_end(args);
819 #if defined(CONFIG_PANIC_HANG)
820 hang();
821 #else
822 udelay(100000); /* allow messages to go out */
823 do_reset(NULL, 0, 0, NULL);
824 #endif
825 while (1)
826 ;
827 }
828
829 void __assert_fail(const char *assertion, const char *file, unsigned line,
830 const char *function)
831 {
832 /* This will not return */
833 panic("%s:%u: %s: Assertion `%s' failed.", file, line, function,
834 assertion);
835 }
836
837 char *simple_itoa(ulong i)
838 {
839 /* 21 digits plus null terminator, good for 64-bit or smaller ints */
840 static char local[22];
841 char *p = &local[21];
842
843 *p-- = '\0';
844 do {
845 *p-- = '0' + i % 10;
846 i /= 10;
847 } while (i > 0);
848 return p + 1;
849 }