2 <!DOCTYPE refentry PUBLIC
"-//OASIS//DTD DocBook XML V4.2//EN"
3 "http://www.oasis-open.org/docbook/xml/4.2/docbookx.dtd" [
4 <!ENTITY % entities SYSTEM
"custom-entities.ent" >
9 SPDX-License-Identifier: LGPL-2.1+
12 <refentry id=
"systemctl"
13 xmlns:
xi=
"http://www.w3.org/2001/XInclude">
16 <title>systemctl
</title>
17 <productname>systemd
</productname>
21 <refentrytitle>systemctl
</refentrytitle>
22 <manvolnum>1</manvolnum>
26 <refname>systemctl
</refname>
27 <refpurpose>Control the systemd system and service manager
</refpurpose>
32 <command>systemctl
</command>
33 <arg choice=
"opt" rep=
"repeat">OPTIONS
</arg>
34 <arg choice=
"plain">COMMAND
</arg>
35 <arg choice=
"opt" rep=
"repeat">UNIT
</arg>
40 <title>Description
</title>
42 <para><command>systemctl
</command> may be used to introspect and
43 control the state of the
<literal>systemd
</literal> system and
44 service manager. Please refer to
45 <citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd
</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>
46 for an introduction into the basic concepts and functionality this
51 <title>Options
</title>
53 <para>The following options are understood:
</para>
57 <term><option>-t
</option></term>
58 <term><option>--type=
</option></term>
61 <para>The argument should be a comma-separated list of unit
62 types such as
<option>service
</option> and
63 <option>socket
</option>.
66 <para>If one of the arguments is a unit type, when listing
67 units, limit display to certain unit types. Otherwise, units
68 of all types will be shown.
</para>
70 <para>As a special case, if one of the arguments is
71 <option>help
</option>, a list of allowed values will be
72 printed and the program will exit.
</para>
77 <term><option>--state=
</option></term>
80 <para>The argument should be a comma-separated list of unit
81 LOAD, SUB, or ACTIVE states. When listing units, show only
82 those in the specified states. Use
<option>--state=failed
</option>
83 to show only failed units.
</para>
85 <para>As a special case, if one of the arguments is
86 <option>help
</option>, a list of allowed values will be
87 printed and the program will exit.
</para>
92 <term><option>-p
</option></term>
93 <term><option>--property=
</option></term>
96 <para>When showing unit/job/manager properties with the
97 <command>show
</command> command, limit display to properties
98 specified in the argument. The argument should be a
99 comma-separated list of property names, such as
100 <literal>MainPID
</literal>. Unless specified, all known
101 properties are shown. If specified more than once, all
102 properties with the specified names are shown. Shell
103 completion is implemented for property names.
</para>
105 <para>For the manager itself,
106 <command>systemctl show
</command> will show all available
107 properties. Those properties are documented in
108 <citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd-system.conf
</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>.
111 <para>Properties for units vary by unit type, so showing any
112 unit (even a non-existent one) is a way to list properties
113 pertaining to this type. Similarly, showing any job will list
114 properties pertaining to all jobs. Properties for units are
116 <citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd.unit
</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>,
117 and the pages for individual unit types
118 <citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd.service
</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>,
119 <citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd.socket
</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>,
125 <term><option>-a
</option></term>
126 <term><option>--all
</option></term>
129 <para>When listing units with
<command>list-units
</command>, also show inactive units and
130 units which are following other units. When showing unit/job/manager properties, show all
131 properties regardless whether they are set or not.
</para>
133 <para>To list all units installed in the file system, use the
134 <command>list-unit-files
</command> command instead.
</para>
136 <para>When listing units with
<command>list-dependencies
</command>, recursively show
137 dependencies of all dependent units (by default only dependencies of target units are
140 <para>When used with
<command>status
</command>, show journal messages in full, even if they include
141 unprintable characters or are very long. By default, fields with unprintable characters are
142 abbreviated as
"blob data". (Note that the pager may escape unprintable characters again.)
</para>
147 <term><option>-r
</option></term>
148 <term><option>--recursive
</option></term>
151 <para>When listing units, also show units of local
152 containers. Units of local containers will be prefixed with
153 the container name, separated by a single colon character
154 (
<literal>:
</literal>).
</para>
159 <term><option>--reverse
</option></term>
162 <para>Show reverse dependencies between units with
163 <command>list-dependencies
</command>, i.e. follow
164 dependencies of type
<varname>WantedBy=
</varname>,
165 <varname>RequiredBy=
</varname>,
166 <varname>PartOf=
</varname>,
<varname>BoundBy=
</varname>,
167 instead of
<varname>Wants=
</varname> and similar.
173 <term><option>--after
</option></term>
176 <para>With
<command>list-dependencies
</command>, show the
177 units that are ordered before the specified unit. In other
178 words, recursively list units following the
179 <varname>After=
</varname> dependency.
</para>
181 <para>Note that any
<varname>After=
</varname> dependency is
182 automatically mirrored to create a
183 <varname>Before=
</varname> dependency. Temporal dependencies
184 may be specified explicitly, but are also created implicitly
185 for units which are
<varname>WantedBy=
</varname> targets
187 <citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd.target
</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>),
188 and as a result of other directives (for example
189 <varname>RequiresMountsFor=
</varname>). Both explicitly
190 and implicitly introduced dependencies are shown with
191 <command>list-dependencies
</command>.
</para>
193 <para>When passed to the
<command>list-jobs
</command> command, for each printed job show which other jobs are
194 waiting for it. May be combined with
<option>--before
</option> to show both the jobs waiting for each job as
195 well as all jobs each job is waiting for.
</para>
200 <term><option>--before
</option></term>
203 <para>With
<command>list-dependencies
</command>, show the
204 units that are ordered after the specified unit. In other
205 words, recursively list units following the
206 <varname>Before=
</varname> dependency.
</para>
208 <para>When passed to the
<command>list-jobs
</command> command, for each printed job show which other jobs it
209 is waiting for. May be combined with
<option>--after
</option> to show both the jobs waiting for each job as
210 well as all jobs each job is waiting for.
</para>
215 <term><option>-l
</option></term>
216 <term><option>--full
</option></term>
219 <para>Do not ellipsize unit names, process tree entries,
220 journal output, or truncate unit descriptions in the output
221 of
<command>status
</command>,
<command>list-units
</command>,
222 <command>list-jobs
</command>, and
223 <command>list-timers
</command>.
</para>
224 <para>Also, show installation targets in the output of
225 <command>is-enabled
</command>.
</para>
230 <term><option>--value
</option></term>
233 <para>When printing properties with
<command>show
</command>,
234 only print the value, and skip the property name and
235 <literal>=
</literal>.
</para>
240 <term><option>--show-types
</option></term>
243 <para>When showing sockets, show the type of the socket.
</para>
248 <term><option>--job-mode=
</option></term>
251 <para>When queuing a new job, this option controls how to deal with
252 already queued jobs. It takes one of
<literal>fail
</literal>,
253 <literal>replace
</literal>,
254 <literal>replace-irreversibly
</literal>,
255 <literal>isolate
</literal>,
256 <literal>ignore-dependencies
</literal>,
257 <literal>ignore-requirements
</literal> or
258 <literal>flush
</literal>. Defaults to
259 <literal>replace
</literal>, except when the
260 <command>isolate
</command> command is used which implies the
261 <literal>isolate
</literal> job mode.
</para>
263 <para>If
<literal>fail
</literal> is specified and a requested
264 operation conflicts with a pending job (more specifically:
265 causes an already pending start job to be reversed into a stop
266 job or vice versa), cause the operation to fail.
</para>
268 <para>If
<literal>replace
</literal> (the default) is
269 specified, any conflicting pending job will be replaced, as
272 <para>If
<literal>replace-irreversibly
</literal> is specified,
273 operate like
<literal>replace
</literal>, but also mark the new
274 jobs as irreversible. This prevents future conflicting
275 transactions from replacing these jobs (or even being enqueued
276 while the irreversible jobs are still pending). Irreversible
277 jobs can still be cancelled using the
<command>cancel
</command>
278 command. This job mode should be used on any transaction which
279 pulls in
<filename>shutdown.target
</filename>.
</para>
281 <para><literal>isolate
</literal> is only valid for start
282 operations and causes all other units to be stopped when the
283 specified unit is started. This mode is always used when the
284 <command>isolate
</command> command is used.
</para>
286 <para><literal>flush
</literal> will cause all queued jobs to
287 be canceled when the new job is enqueued.
</para>
289 <para>If
<literal>ignore-dependencies
</literal> is specified,
290 then all unit dependencies are ignored for this new job and
291 the operation is executed immediately. If passed, no required
292 units of the unit passed will be pulled in, and no ordering
293 dependencies will be honored. This is mostly a debugging and
294 rescue tool for the administrator and should not be used by
297 <para><literal>ignore-requirements
</literal> is similar to
298 <literal>ignore-dependencies
</literal>, but only causes the
299 requirement dependencies to be ignored, the ordering
300 dependencies will still be honored.
</para>
306 <term><option>--fail
</option></term>
309 <para>Shorthand for
<option>--job-mode=
</option>fail.
</para>
310 <para>When used with the
<command>kill
</command> command,
311 if no units were killed, the operation results in an error.
317 <term><option>-i
</option></term>
318 <term><option>--ignore-inhibitors
</option></term>
321 <para>When system shutdown or a sleep state is requested, ignore inhibitor locks. Applications can establish
322 inhibitor locks to avoid that certain important operations (such as CD burning or suchlike) are interrupted
323 by system shutdown or a sleep state. Any user may take these locks and privileged users may override these
324 locks. If any locks are taken, shutdown and sleep state requests will normally fail (unless privileged) and a
325 list of active locks is printed. However, if
<option>--ignore-inhibitors
</option> is specified, the
326 established locks are ignored and not shown, and the operation attempted anyway, possibly requiring
327 additional privileges.
</para>
332 <term><option>--dry-run
</option></term>
335 <para>Just print what would be done. Currently supported by verbs
336 <command>halt
</command>,
<command>poweroff
</command>,
<command>reboot
</command>,
337 <command>kexec
</command>,
<command>suspend
</command>,
<command>hibernate
</command>,
338 <command>hybrid-sleep
</command>,
<command>suspend-then-hibernate
</command>,
339 <command>default
</command>,
<command>rescue
</command>,
340 <command>emergency
</command>, and
<command>exit
</command>.
</para>
345 <term><option>-q
</option></term>
346 <term><option>--quiet
</option></term>
349 <para>Suppress printing of the results of various commands
350 and also the hints about truncated log lines. This does not
351 suppress output of commands for which the printed output is
352 the only result (like
<command>show
</command>). Errors are
353 always printed.
</para>
358 <term><option>--no-block
</option></term>
361 <para>Do not synchronously wait for the requested operation
362 to finish. If this is not specified, the job will be
363 verified, enqueued and
<command>systemctl
</command> will
364 wait until the unit's start-up is completed. By passing this
365 argument, it is only verified and enqueued. This option may not be
366 combined with
<option>--wait
</option>.
</para>
371 <term><option>--wait
</option></term>
374 <para>Synchronously wait for started units to terminate again.
375 This option may not be combined with
<option>--no-block
</option>.
376 Note that this will wait forever if any given unit never terminates
377 (by itself or by getting stopped explicitly); particularly services
378 which use
<literal>RemainAfterExit=yes
</literal>.
</para>
380 <para>When used with
<command>is-system-running
</command>, wait
381 until the boot process is completed before returning.
</para>
385 <xi:include href=
"user-system-options.xml" xpointer=
"user" />
386 <xi:include href=
"user-system-options.xml" xpointer=
"system" />
389 <term><option>--failed
</option></term>
392 <para>List units in failed state. This is equivalent to
393 <option>--state=failed
</option>.
</para>
398 <term><option>--no-wall
</option></term>
401 <para>Do not send wall message before halt, power-off and reboot.
</para>
406 <term><option>--global
</option></term>
409 <para>When used with
<command>enable
</command> and
410 <command>disable
</command>, operate on the global user
411 configuration directory, thus enabling or disabling a unit
412 file globally for all future logins of all users.
</para>
417 <term><option>--no-reload
</option></term>
420 <para>When used with
<command>enable
</command> and
421 <command>disable
</command>, do not implicitly reload daemon
422 configuration after executing the changes.
</para>
427 <term><option>--no-ask-password
</option></term>
430 <para>When used with
<command>start
</command> and related
431 commands, disables asking for passwords. Background services
432 may require input of a password or passphrase string, for
433 example to unlock system hard disks or cryptographic
434 certificates. Unless this option is specified and the
435 command is invoked from a terminal,
436 <command>systemctl
</command> will query the user on the
437 terminal for the necessary secrets. Use this option to
438 switch this behavior off. In this case, the password must be
439 supplied by some other means (for example graphical password
440 agents) or the service might fail. This also disables
441 querying the user for authentication for privileged
447 <term><option>--kill-who=
</option></term>
450 <para>When used with
<command>kill
</command>, choose which
451 processes to send a signal to. Must be one of
452 <option>main
</option>,
<option>control
</option> or
453 <option>all
</option> to select whether to kill only the main
454 process, the control process or all processes of the
455 unit. The main process of the unit is the one that defines
456 the life-time of it. A control process of a unit is one that
457 is invoked by the manager to induce state changes of it. For
458 example, all processes started due to the
459 <varname>ExecStartPre=
</varname>,
460 <varname>ExecStop=
</varname> or
461 <varname>ExecReload=
</varname> settings of service units are
462 control processes. Note that there is only one control
463 process per unit at a time, as only one state change is
464 executed at a time. For services of type
465 <varname>Type=forking
</varname>, the initial process started
466 by the manager for
<varname>ExecStart=
</varname> is a
467 control process, while the process ultimately forked off by
468 that one is then considered the main process of the unit (if
469 it can be determined). This is different for service units
470 of other types, where the process forked off by the manager
471 for
<varname>ExecStart=
</varname> is always the main process
472 itself. A service unit consists of zero or one main process,
473 zero or one control process plus any number of additional
474 processes. Not all unit types manage processes of these
475 types however. For example, for mount units, control processes
476 are defined (which are the invocations of
477 <filename>&MOUNT_PATH;</filename> and
478 <filename>&UMOUNT_PATH;</filename>), but no main process
479 is defined. If omitted, defaults to
480 <option>all
</option>.
</para>
486 <term><option>-s
</option></term>
487 <term><option>--signal=
</option></term>
490 <para>When used with
<command>kill
</command>, choose which
491 signal to send to selected processes. Must be one of the
492 well-known signal specifiers such as
<constant>SIGTERM
</constant>,
<constant>SIGINT
</constant> or
493 <constant>SIGSTOP
</constant>. If omitted, defaults to
494 <option>SIGTERM
</option>.
</para>
499 <term><option>-f
</option></term>
500 <term><option>--force
</option></term>
503 <para>When used with
<command>enable
</command>, overwrite
504 any existing conflicting symlinks.
</para>
506 <para>When used with
<command>edit
</command>, create all of the
507 specified units which do not already exist.
</para>
509 <para>When used with
<command>halt
</command>,
<command>poweroff
</command>,
<command>reboot
</command> or
510 <command>kexec
</command>, execute the selected operation without shutting down all units. However, all
511 processes will be killed forcibly and all file systems are unmounted or remounted read-only. This is hence a
512 drastic but relatively safe option to request an immediate reboot. If
<option>--force
</option> is specified
513 twice for these operations (with the exception of
<command>kexec
</command>), they will be executed
514 immediately, without terminating any processes or unmounting any file systems. Warning: specifying
515 <option>--force
</option> twice with any of these operations might result in data loss. Note that when
516 <option>--force
</option> is specified twice the selected operation is executed by
517 <command>systemctl
</command> itself, and the system manager is not contacted. This means the command should
518 succeed even when the system manager has crashed.
</para>
523 <term><option>--message=
</option></term>
526 <para>When used with
<command>halt
</command>,
<command>poweroff
</command> or
<command>reboot
</command>, set a
527 short message explaining the reason for the operation. The message will be logged together with the default
528 shutdown message.
</para>
533 <term><option>--now
</option></term>
536 <para>When used with
<command>enable
</command>, the units
537 will also be started. When used with
<command>disable
</command> or
538 <command>mask
</command>, the units will also be stopped. The start
539 or stop operation is only carried out when the respective enable or
540 disable operation has been successful.
</para>
545 <term><option>--root=
</option></term>
549 <command>enable
</command>/
<command>disable
</command>/
<command>is-enabled
</command>
550 (and related commands), use the specified root path when looking for unit
551 files. If this option is present,
<command>systemctl
</command> will operate on
552 the file system directly, instead of communicating with the
<command>systemd
</command>
553 daemon to carry out changes.
</para>
559 <term><option>--runtime
</option></term>
562 <para>When used with
<command>enable
</command>,
563 <command>disable
</command>,
<command>edit
</command>,
564 (and related commands), make changes only temporarily, so
565 that they are lost on the next reboot. This will have the
566 effect that changes are not made in subdirectories of
567 <filename>/etc
</filename> but in
<filename>/run
</filename>,
568 with identical immediate effects, however, since the latter
569 is lost on reboot, the changes are lost too.
</para>
571 <para>Similarly, when used with
572 <command>set-property
</command>, make changes only
573 temporarily, so that they are lost on the next
579 <term><option>--preset-mode=
</option></term>
582 <para>Takes one of
<literal>full
</literal> (the default),
583 <literal>enable-only
</literal>,
584 <literal>disable-only
</literal>. When used with the
585 <command>preset
</command> or
<command>preset-all
</command>
586 commands, controls whether units shall be disabled and
587 enabled according to the preset rules, or only enabled, or
588 only disabled.
</para>
593 <term><option>-n
</option></term>
594 <term><option>--lines=
</option></term>
597 <para>When used with
<command>status
</command>, controls the number of journal lines to show, counting from
598 the most recent ones. Takes a positive integer argument, or
0 to disable journal output. Defaults to
604 <term><option>-o
</option></term>
605 <term><option>--output=
</option></term>
608 <para>When used with
<command>status
</command>, controls the
609 formatting of the journal entries that are shown. For the
610 available choices, see
611 <citerefentry><refentrytitle>journalctl
</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>.
612 Defaults to
<literal>short
</literal>.
</para>
617 <term><option>--firmware-setup
</option></term>
620 <para>When used with the
<command>reboot
</command> command, indicate to the system's firmware to reboot into
621 the firmware setup interface. Note that this functionality is not available on all systems.
</para>
626 <term><option>--boot-loader-menu=
</option></term>
629 <para>When used with the
<command>reboot
</command> command, indicate to the system's boot loader to show the
630 boot loader menu on the following boot. Takes a time value as parameter — indicating the menu time-out. Pass
631 zero in order to disable the menu time-out. Note that not all boot loaders support this
632 functionality.
</para>
637 <term><option>--boot-loader-entry=
</option></term>
640 <para>When used with the
<command>reboot
</command> command, indicate to the system's boot loader to boot into
641 a specific boot loader entry on the following boot. Takes a boot loader entry identifier as argument, or
642 <literal>help
</literal> in order to list available entries. Note that not all boot loaders support this
643 functionality.
</para>
648 <term><option>--plain
</option></term>
651 <para>When used with
<command>list-dependencies
</command>,
652 <command>list-units
</command> or
<command>list-machines
</command>,
653 the output is printed as a list instead of a tree, and the bullet
654 circles are omitted.
</para>
658 <xi:include href=
"user-system-options.xml" xpointer=
"host" />
659 <xi:include href=
"user-system-options.xml" xpointer=
"machine" />
661 <xi:include href=
"standard-options.xml" xpointer=
"no-pager" />
662 <xi:include href=
"standard-options.xml" xpointer=
"no-legend" />
663 <xi:include href=
"standard-options.xml" xpointer=
"help" />
664 <xi:include href=
"standard-options.xml" xpointer=
"version" />
669 <title>Commands
</title>
671 <para>The following commands are understood:
</para>
674 <title>Unit Commands
</title>
678 <term><command>list-units
</command> <optional><replaceable>PATTERN
</replaceable>…
</optional></term>
681 <para>List units that
<command>systemd
</command> currently has in memory. This includes units that are
682 either referenced directly or through a dependency, units that are pinned by applications programmatically,
683 or units that were active in the past and have failed. By default only units which are active, have pending
684 jobs, or have failed are shown; this can be changed with option
<option>--all
</option>. If one or more
685 <replaceable>PATTERN
</replaceable>s are specified, only units matching one of them are shown. The units
686 that are shown are additionally filtered by
<option>--type=
</option> and
<option>--state=
</option> if those
687 options are specified.
</para>
689 <para>Produces output similar to
690 <programlisting> UNIT LOAD ACTIVE SUB DESCRIPTION
691 sys-module-fuse.device loaded active plugged /sys/module/fuse
692 -.mount loaded active mounted Root Mount
693 boot-efi.mount loaded active mounted /boot/efi
694 systemd-journald.service loaded active running Journal Service
695 systemd-logind.service loaded active running Login Service
696 â—Ź user@
1000.service loaded failed failed User Manager for UID
1000
698 systemd-tmpfiles-clean.timer loaded active waiting Daily Cleanup of Temporary Directories
700 LOAD = Reflects whether the unit definition was properly loaded.
701 ACTIVE = The high-level unit activation state, i.e. generalization of SUB.
702 SUB = The low-level unit activation state, values depend on unit type.
704 123 loaded units listed. Pass --all to see loaded but inactive units, too.
705 To show all installed unit files use 'systemctl list-unit-files'.
707 The header and the last unit of a given type are underlined if the
708 terminal supports that. A colored dot is shown next to services which
709 were masked, not found, or otherwise failed.
</para>
711 <para>The LOAD column shows the load state, one of
<constant>loaded
</constant>,
712 <constant>not-found
</constant>,
<constant>bad-setting
</constant>,
<constant>error
</constant>,
713 <constant>masked
</constant>. The ACTIVE columns shows the general unit state, one of
714 <constant>active
</constant>,
<constant>reloading
</constant>,
<constant>inactive
</constant>,
715 <constant>failed
</constant>,
<constant>activating
</constant>,
<constant>deactivating
</constant>. The SUB
716 column shows the unit-type-specific detailed state of the unit, possible values vary by unit type. The list
717 of possible LOAD, ACTIVE, and SUB states is not constant and new systemd releases may both add and remove
718 values.
<programlisting>systemctl --state=help
</programlisting> command maybe be used to display the
719 current set of possible values.
</para>
721 <para>This is the default command.
</para>
726 <term><command>list-sockets
</command> <optional><replaceable>PATTERN
</replaceable>…
</optional></term>
729 <para>List socket units currently in memory, ordered by listening address. If one or more
730 <replaceable>PATTERN
</replaceable>s are specified, only socket units matching one of them are
731 shown. Produces output similar to
733 LISTEN UNIT ACTIVATES
734 /dev/initctl systemd-initctl.socket systemd-initctl.service
736 [::]:
22 sshd.socket sshd.service
737 kobject-uevent
1 systemd-udevd-kernel.socket systemd-udevd.service
739 5 sockets listed.
</programlisting>
740 Note: because the addresses might contains spaces, this output
741 is not suitable for programmatic consumption.
744 <para>Also see
<option>--show-types
</option>,
<option>--all
</option>, and
<option>--state=
</option>.
</para>
749 <term><command>list-timers
</command> <optional><replaceable>PATTERN
</replaceable>…
</optional></term>
752 <para>List timer units currently in memory, ordered by the time they elapse next. If one or more
753 <replaceable>PATTERN
</replaceable>s are specified, only units matching one of them are shown.
754 Produces output similar to
756 NEXT LEFT LAST PASSED UNIT ACTIVATES
757 n/a n/a Thu
2017-
02-
23 13:
40:
29 EST
3 days ago ureadahead-stop.timer ureadahead-stop.service
758 Sun
2017-
02-
26 18:
55:
42 EST
1min
14s left Thu
2017-
02-
23 13:
54:
44 EST
3 days ago systemd-tmpfiles-clean.timer systemd-tmpfiles-clean.service
759 Sun
2017-
02-
26 20:
37:
16 EST
1h
42min left Sun
2017-
02-
26 11:
56:
36 EST
6h ago apt-daily.timer apt-daily.service
760 Sun
2017-
02-
26 20:
57:
49 EST
2h
3min left Sun
2017-
02-
26 11:
56:
36 EST
6h ago snapd.refresh.timer snapd.refresh.service
764 <para><emphasis>NEXT
</emphasis> shows the next time the timer will run.
</para>
765 <para><emphasis>LEFT
</emphasis> shows how long till the next time the timer runs.
</para>
766 <para><emphasis>LAST
</emphasis> shows the last time the timer ran.
</para>
767 <para><emphasis>PASSED
</emphasis> shows how long has passed since the timer last ran.
</para>
768 <para><emphasis>UNIT
</emphasis> shows the name of the timer
</para>
769 <para><emphasis>ACTIVATES
</emphasis> shows the name the service the timer activates when it runs.
</para>
771 <para>Also see
<option>--all
</option> and
<option>--state=
</option>.
</para>
776 <term><command>start
<replaceable>PATTERN
</replaceable>…
</command></term>
779 <para>Start (activate) one or more units specified on the
782 <para>Note that glob patterns operate on the set of primary names of units currently in memory. Units which
783 are not active and are not in a failed state usually are not in memory, and will not be matched by any
784 pattern. In addition, in case of instantiated units, systemd is often unaware of the instance name until
785 the instance has been started. Therefore, using glob patterns with
<command>start
</command> has limited
786 usefulness. Also, secondary alias names of units are not considered.
</para>
790 <term><command>stop
<replaceable>PATTERN
</replaceable>…
</command></term>
793 <para>Stop (deactivate) one or more units specified on the
798 <term><command>reload
<replaceable>PATTERN
</replaceable>…
</command></term>
801 <para>Asks all units listed on the command line to reload
802 their configuration. Note that this will reload the
803 service-specific configuration, not the unit configuration
804 file of systemd. If you want systemd to reload the
805 configuration file of a unit, use the
806 <command>daemon-reload
</command> command. In other words:
807 for the example case of Apache, this will reload Apache's
808 <filename>httpd.conf
</filename> in the web server, not the
809 <filename>apache.service
</filename> systemd unit
812 <para>This command should not be confused with the
813 <command>daemon-reload
</command> command.
</para>
818 <term><command>restart
<replaceable>PATTERN
</replaceable>…
</command></term>
821 <para>Stop and then start one or more units specified on the command line. If the units are not running
822 yet, they will be started.
</para>
824 <para>Note that restarting a unit with this command does not necessarily flush out all of the unit's
825 resources before it is started again. For example, the per-service file descriptor storage facility (see
826 <varname>FileDescriptorStoreMax=
</varname> in
827 <citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd.service
</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>) will
828 remain intact as long as the unit has a job pending, and is only cleared when the unit is fully stopped and
829 no jobs are pending anymore. If it is intended that the file descriptor store is flushed out, too, during a
830 restart operation an explicit
<command>systemctl stop
</command> command followed by
<command>systemctl
831 start
</command> should be issued.
</para>
835 <term><command>try-restart
<replaceable>PATTERN
</replaceable>…
</command></term>
838 <para>Stop and then start one or more units specified on the
839 command line if the units are running. This does nothing
840 if units are not running.
</para>
841 <!-- Note that we don't document condrestart here, as that is just compatibility support, and we generally
842 don't document that. -->
846 <term><command>reload-or-restart
<replaceable>PATTERN
</replaceable>…
</command></term>
849 <para>Reload one or more units if they support it. If not, stop and then start them instead. If the units
850 are not running yet, they will be started.
</para>
854 <term><command>try-reload-or-restart
<replaceable>PATTERN
</replaceable>…
</command></term>
857 <para>Reload one or more units if they support it. If not, stop and then start them instead. This does
858 nothing if the units are not running.
</para>
859 <!-- Note that we don't document force-reload here, as that is just compatibility support, and we generally
860 don't document that. -->
864 <term><command>isolate
<replaceable>UNIT
</replaceable></command></term>
867 <para>Start the unit specified on the command line and its dependencies
868 and stop all others, unless they have
869 <option>IgnoreOnIsolate=yes
</option> (see
870 <citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd.unit
</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>).
871 If a unit name with no extension is given, an extension of
872 <literal>.target
</literal> will be assumed.
</para>
874 <para>This is similar to changing the runlevel in a
875 traditional init system. The
<command>isolate
</command>
876 command will immediately stop processes that are not enabled
877 in the new unit, possibly including the graphical
878 environment or terminal you are currently using.
</para>
880 <para>Note that this is allowed only on units where
881 <option>AllowIsolate=
</option> is enabled. See
882 <citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd.unit
</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>
887 <term><command>kill
<replaceable>PATTERN
</replaceable>…
</command></term>
890 <para>Send a signal to one or more processes of the
891 unit. Use
<option>--kill-who=
</option> to select which
892 process to kill. Use
<option>--signal=
</option> to select
893 the signal to send.
</para>
897 <term><command>is-active
<replaceable>PATTERN
</replaceable>…
</command></term>
900 <para>Check whether any of the specified units are active
901 (i.e. running). Returns an exit code
902 <constant>0</constant> if at least one is active, or
903 non-zero otherwise. Unless
<option>--quiet
</option> is
904 specified, this will also print the current unit state to
905 standard output.
</para>
909 <term><command>is-failed
<replaceable>PATTERN
</replaceable>…
</command></term>
912 <para>Check whether any of the specified units are in a
913 "failed" state. Returns an exit code
914 <constant>0</constant> if at least one has failed,
915 non-zero otherwise. Unless
<option>--quiet
</option> is
916 specified, this will also print the current unit state to
917 standard output.
</para>
921 <term><command>status
</command> <optional><replaceable>PATTERN
</replaceable>…|
<replaceable>PID
</replaceable>…]
</optional></term>
924 <para>Show terse runtime status information about one or
925 more units, followed by most recent log data from the
926 journal. If no units are specified, show system status. If
927 combined with
<option>--all
</option>, also show the status of
928 all units (subject to limitations specified with
929 <option>-t
</option>). If a PID is passed, show information
930 about the unit the process belongs to.
</para>
932 <para>This function is intended to generate human-readable
933 output. If you are looking for computer-parsable output,
934 use
<command>show
</command> instead. By default, this
935 function only shows
10 lines of output and ellipsizes
936 lines to fit in the terminal window. This can be changed
937 with
<option>--lines
</option> and
<option>--full
</option>,
938 see above. In addition,
<command>journalctl
939 --unit=
<replaceable>NAME
</replaceable></command> or
941 --user-unit=
<replaceable>NAME
</replaceable></command> use
942 a similar filter for messages and might be more
946 <para>systemd implicitly loads units as necessary, so just running the
<command>status
</command> will
947 attempt to load a file. The command is thus not useful for determining if something was already loaded or
948 not. The units may possibly also be quickly unloaded after the operation is completed if there's no reason
949 to keep it in memory thereafter.
953 <title>Example output from systemctl status
</title>
955 <programlisting>$ systemctl status bluetooth
956 â—Ź bluetooth.service - Bluetooth service
957 Loaded: loaded (/usr/lib/systemd/system/bluetooth.service; enabled; vendor preset: enabled)
958 Active: active (running) since Wed
2017-
01-
04 13:
54:
04 EST;
1 weeks
0 days ago
959 Docs: man:bluetoothd(
8)
960 Main PID:
930 (bluetoothd)
965 CGroup: /system.slice/bluetooth.service
966 └─
930 /usr/lib/bluetooth/bluetoothd
968 Jan
12 10:
46:
45 example.com bluetoothd[
8900]: Not enough free handles to register service
969 Jan
12 10:
46:
45 example.com bluetoothd[
8900]: Current Time Service could not be registered
970 Jan
12 10:
46:
45 example.com bluetoothd[
8900]: gatt-time-server: Input/output error (
5)
973 <para>The dot (
"â—Ź") uses color on supported terminals to summarize the unit state at a glance. White
974 indicates an
<literal>inactive
</literal> or
<literal>deactivating
</literal> state. Red indicates a
975 <literal>failed
</literal> or
<literal>error
</literal> state and green indicates an
976 <literal>active
</literal>,
<literal>reloading
</literal> or
<literal>activating
</literal> state.
979 <para>The
"Loaded:" line in the output will show
<literal>loaded
</literal> if the unit has been loaded into
980 memory. Other possible values for
"Loaded:" include:
<literal>error
</literal> if there was a problem
981 loading it,
<literal>not-found
</literal> if not unit file was found for this unit,
982 <literal>bad-setting
</literal> if an essential unit file setting could not be parsed and
983 <literal>masked
</literal> if the unit file has been masked. Along with showing the path to the unit file,
984 this line will also show the enablement state. Enabled commands start at boot. See the full table of
985 possible enablement states — including the definition of
<literal>masked
</literal> — in the documentation
986 for the
<command>is-enabled
</command> command.
989 <para>The
"Active:" line shows active state. The value is usually
<literal>active
</literal> or
990 <literal>inactive
</literal>. Active could mean started, bound, plugged in, etc depending on the unit type.
991 The unit could also be in process of changing states, reporting a state of
<literal>activating
</literal> or
992 <literal>deactivating
</literal>. A special
<literal>failed
</literal> state is entered when the service
993 failed in some way, such as a crash, exiting with an error code or timing out. If the failed state is
994 entered the cause will be logged for later reference.
</para>
1000 <term><command>show
</command> <optional><replaceable>PATTERN
</replaceable>…|
<replaceable>JOB
</replaceable>…
</optional></term>
1003 <para>Show properties of one or more units, jobs, or the manager itself. If no argument is specified,
1004 properties of the manager will be shown. If a unit name is specified, properties of the unit are shown, and
1005 if a job ID is specified, properties of the job are shown. By default, empty properties are suppressed. Use
1006 <option>--all
</option> to show those too. To select specific properties to show, use
1007 <option>--property=
</option>. This command is intended to be used whenever computer-parsable output is
1008 required. Use
<command>status
</command> if you are looking for formatted human-readable output.
</para>
1010 <para>Many properties shown by
<command>systemctl show
</command> map directly to configuration settings of
1011 the system and service manager and its unit files. Note that the properties shown by the command are
1012 generally more low-level, normalized versions of the original configuration settings and expose runtime
1013 state in addition to configuration. For example, properties shown for service units include the service's
1014 current main process identifier as
<literal>MainPID
</literal> (which is runtime state), and time settings
1015 are always exposed as properties ending in the
<literal>…USec
</literal> suffix even if a matching
1016 configuration options end in
<literal>…Sec
</literal>, because microseconds is the normalized time unit used
1017 by the system and service manager.
</para>
1021 <term><command>cat
<replaceable>PATTERN
</replaceable>…
</command></term>
1024 <para>Show backing files of one or more units. Prints the
1025 "fragment" and
"drop-ins" (source files) of units. Each
1026 file is preceded by a comment which includes the file
1027 name. Note that this shows the contents of the backing files
1028 on disk, which may not match the system manager's
1029 understanding of these units if any unit files were
1030 updated on disk and the
<command>daemon-reload
</command>
1031 command wasn't issued since.
</para>
1035 <term><command>set-property
<replaceable>UNIT
</replaceable> <replaceable>PROPERTY
</replaceable>=
<replaceable>VALUE
</replaceable>…
</command></term>
1038 <para>Set the specified unit properties at runtime where
1039 this is supported. This allows changing configuration
1040 parameter properties such as resource control settings at
1041 runtime. Not all properties may be changed at runtime, but
1042 many resource control settings (primarily those in
1043 <citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd.resource-control
</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>)
1044 may. The changes are applied immediately, and stored on disk
1045 for future boots, unless
<option>--runtime
</option> is
1046 passed, in which case the settings only apply until the
1047 next reboot. The syntax of the property assignment follows
1048 closely the syntax of assignments in unit files.
</para>
1050 <para>Example:
<command>systemctl set-property foobar.service CPUShares=
777</command></para>
1052 <para>If the specified unit appears to be inactive, the
1053 changes will be only stored on disk as described
1054 previously hence they will be effective when the unit will
1057 <para>Note that this command allows changing multiple
1058 properties at the same time, which is preferable over
1059 setting them individually. Like with unit file configuration
1060 settings, assigning an empty list will reset the property.
1066 <term><command>help
<replaceable>PATTERN
</replaceable>…|
<replaceable>PID
</replaceable>…
</command></term>
1069 <para>Show manual pages for one or more units, if
1070 available. If a PID is given, the manual pages for the unit
1071 the process belongs to are shown.
</para>
1076 <term><command>reset-failed [
<replaceable>PATTERN
</replaceable>…]
</command></term>
1079 <para>Reset the
<literal>failed
</literal> state of the specified units, or if no unit name is passed, reset
1080 the state of all units. When a unit fails in some way (i.e. process exiting with non-zero error code,
1081 terminating abnormally or timing out), it will automatically enter the
<literal>failed
</literal> state and
1082 its exit code and status is recorded for introspection by the administrator until the service is
1083 stopped/re-started or reset with this command.
</para>
1085 <para>In addition to resetting the
<literal>failed
</literal> state of a unit it also resets various other
1086 per-unit properties: the start rate limit counter of all unit types is reset to zero, as is the restart
1087 counter of service units. Thus, if a unit's start limit (as configured with
1088 <varname>StartLimitIntervalSec=
</varname>/
<varname>StartLimitBurst=
</varname>) is hit and the unit refuses
1089 to be started again, use this command to make it startable again.
</para>
1095 <command>list-dependencies
</command>
1096 <optional><replaceable>UNIT
</replaceable></optional>
1100 <para>Shows units required and wanted by the specified
1101 unit. This recursively lists units following the
1102 <varname>Requires=
</varname>,
1103 <varname>Requisite=
</varname>,
1104 <varname>ConsistsOf=
</varname>,
1105 <varname>Wants=
</varname>,
<varname>BindsTo=
</varname>
1106 dependencies. If no unit is specified,
1107 <filename>default.target
</filename> is implied.
</para>
1109 <para>By default, only target units are recursively
1110 expanded. When
<option>--all
</option> is passed, all other
1111 units are recursively expanded as well.
</para>
1113 <para>Options
<option>--reverse
</option>,
1114 <option>--after
</option>,
<option>--before
</option>
1115 may be used to change what types of dependencies
1118 <para>Note that this command only lists units currently loaded into memory by the service manager. In
1119 particular, this command is not suitable to get a comprehensive list at all reverse dependencies on a
1120 specific unit, as it won't list the dependencies declared by units currently not loaded.
</para>
1127 <title>Unit File Commands
</title>
1131 <term><command>list-unit-files
</command> <optional><replaceable>PATTERN…
</replaceable></optional></term>
1134 <para>List unit files installed on the system, in combination with their enablement state (as reported by
1135 <command>is-enabled
</command>). If one or more
<replaceable>PATTERN
</replaceable>s are specified, only unit
1136 files whose name matches one of them are shown (patterns matching unit file system paths are not
1142 <term><command>enable
<replaceable>UNIT
</replaceable>…
</command></term>
1143 <term><command>enable
<replaceable>PATH
</replaceable>…
</command></term>
1146 <para>Enable one or more units or unit instances. This will create a set of symlinks, as encoded in the
1147 <literal>[Install]
</literal> sections of the indicated unit files. After the symlinks have been created,
1148 the system manager configuration is reloaded (in a way equivalent to
<command>daemon-reload
</command>), in
1149 order to ensure the changes are taken into account immediately. Note that this does
1150 <emphasis>not
</emphasis> have the effect of also starting any of the units being enabled. If this is
1151 desired, combine this command with the
<option>--now
</option> switch, or invoke
<command>start
</command>
1152 with appropriate arguments later. Note that in case of unit instance enablement (i.e. enablement of units of
1153 the form
<filename>foo@bar.service
</filename>), symlinks named the same as instances are created in the
1154 unit configuration directory, however they point to the single template unit file they are instantiated
1157 <para>This command expects either valid unit names (in which case various unit file directories are
1158 automatically searched for unit files with appropriate names), or absolute paths to unit files (in which
1159 case these files are read directly). If a specified unit file is located outside of the usual unit file
1160 directories, an additional symlink is created, linking it into the unit configuration path, thus ensuring
1161 it is found when requested by commands such as
<command>start
</command>. The file system where the linked
1162 unit files are located must be accessible when systemd is started (e.g. anything underneath
1163 <filename>/home
</filename> or
<filename>/var
</filename> is not allowed, unless those directories are
1164 located on the root file system).
</para>
1166 <para>This command will print the file system operations executed. This output may be suppressed by passing
1167 <option>--quiet
</option>.
1170 <para>Note that this operation creates only the symlinks suggested in the
<literal>[Install]
</literal>
1171 section of the unit files. While this command is the recommended way to manipulate the unit configuration
1172 directory, the administrator is free to make additional changes manually by placing or removing symlinks
1173 below this directory. This is particularly useful to create configurations that deviate from the suggested
1174 default installation. In this case, the administrator must make sure to invoke
1175 <command>daemon-reload
</command> manually as necessary, in order to ensure the changes are taken into
1179 <para>Enabling units should not be confused with starting (activating) units, as done by the
1180 <command>start
</command> command. Enabling and starting units is orthogonal: units may be enabled without
1181 being started and started without being enabled. Enabling simply hooks the unit into various suggested
1182 places (for example, so that the unit is automatically started on boot or when a particular kind of
1183 hardware is plugged in). Starting actually spawns the daemon process (in case of service units), or binds
1184 the socket (in case of socket units), and so on.
</para>
1186 <para>Depending on whether
<option>--system
</option>,
<option>--user
</option>,
<option>--runtime
</option>,
1187 or
<option>--global
</option> is specified, this enables the unit for the system, for the calling user only,
1188 for only this boot of the system, or for all future logins of all users. Note that in the last case, no
1189 systemd daemon configuration is reloaded.
</para>
1191 <para>Using
<command>enable
</command> on masked units is not supported and results in an error.
</para>
1196 <term><command>disable
<replaceable>UNIT
</replaceable>…
</command></term>
1199 <para>Disables one or more units. This removes all symlinks to the unit files backing the specified units
1200 from the unit configuration directory, and hence undoes any changes made by
<command>enable
</command> or
1201 <command>link
</command>. Note that this removes
<emphasis>all
</emphasis> symlinks to matching unit files,
1202 including manually created symlinks, and not just those actually created by
<command>enable
</command> or
1203 <command>link
</command>. Note that while
<command>disable
</command> undoes the effect of
1204 <command>enable
</command>, the two commands are otherwise not symmetric, as
<command>disable
</command> may
1205 remove more symlinks than a prior
<command>enable
</command> invocation of the same unit created.
</para>
1207 <para>This command expects valid unit names only, it does not accept paths to unit files.
</para>
1209 <para>In addition to the units specified as arguments, all units are disabled that are listed in the
1210 <varname>Also=
</varname> setting contained in the
<literal>[Install]
</literal> section of any of the unit
1211 files being operated on.
</para>
1213 <para>This command implicitly reloads the system manager configuration after completing the operation. Note
1214 that this command does not implicitly stop the units that are being disabled. If this is desired, either
1215 combine this command with the
<option>--now
</option> switch, or invoke the
<command>stop
</command> command
1216 with appropriate arguments later.
</para>
1218 <para>This command will print information about the file system operations (symlink removals)
1219 executed. This output may be suppressed by passing
<option>--quiet
</option>.
1222 <para>This command honors
<option>--system
</option>,
<option>--user
</option>,
<option>--runtime
</option>
1223 and
<option>--global
</option> in a similar way as
<command>enable
</command>.
</para>
1228 <term><command>reenable
<replaceable>UNIT
</replaceable>…
</command></term>
1231 <para>Reenable one or more units, as specified on the command line. This is a combination of
1232 <command>disable
</command> and
<command>enable
</command> and is useful to reset the symlinks a unit file is
1233 enabled with to the defaults configured in its
<literal>[Install]
</literal> section. This command expects
1234 a unit name only, it does not accept paths to unit files.
</para>
1239 <term><command>preset
<replaceable>UNIT
</replaceable>…
</command></term>
1242 <para>Reset the enable/disable status one or more unit files, as specified on
1243 the command line, to the defaults configured in the preset policy files. This
1244 has the same effect as
<command>disable
</command> or
1245 <command>enable
</command>, depending how the unit is listed in the preset
1248 <para>Use
<option>--preset-mode=
</option> to control whether units shall be
1249 enabled and disabled, or only enabled, or only disabled.
</para>
1251 <para>If the unit carries no install information, it will be silently ignored
1252 by this command.
<replaceable>UNIT
</replaceable> must be the real unit name,
1253 any alias names are ignored silently.
</para>
1255 <para>For more information on the preset policy format, see
1256 <citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd.preset
</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>.
1257 For more information on the concept of presets, please consult the
1258 <ulink url=
"https://www.freedesktop.org/wiki/Software/systemd/Preset">Preset
</ulink>
1264 <term><command>preset-all
</command></term>
1267 <para>Resets all installed unit files to the defaults
1268 configured in the preset policy file (see above).
</para>
1270 <para>Use
<option>--preset-mode=
</option> to control
1271 whether units shall be enabled and disabled, or only
1272 enabled, or only disabled.
</para>
1277 <term><command>is-enabled
<replaceable>UNIT
</replaceable>…
</command></term>
1280 <para>Checks whether any of the specified unit files are
1281 enabled (as with
<command>enable
</command>). Returns an
1282 exit code of
0 if at least one is enabled, non-zero
1283 otherwise. Prints the current enable status (see table).
1284 To suppress this output, use
<option>--quiet
</option>.
1285 To show installation targets, use
<option>--full
</option>.
1290 <command>is-enabled
</command> output
1297 <entry>Description
</entry>
1298 <entry>Exit Code
</entry>
1303 <entry><literal>enabled
</literal></entry>
1304 <entry morerows='
1'
>Enabled via
<filename>.wants/
</filename>,
<filename>.requires/
</filename> or
<varname>Alias=
</varname> symlinks (permanently in
<filename>/etc/systemd/system/
</filename>, or transiently in
<filename>/run/systemd/system/
</filename>).
</entry>
1305 <entry morerows='
1'
>0</entry>
1308 <entry><literal>enabled-runtime
</literal></entry>
1311 <entry><literal>linked
</literal></entry>
1312 <entry morerows='
1'
>Made available through one or more symlinks to the unit file (permanently in
<filename>/etc/systemd/system/
</filename> or transiently in
<filename>/run/systemd/system/
</filename>), even though the unit file might reside outside of the unit file search path.
</entry>
1313 <entry morerows='
1'
>> 0</entry>
1316 <entry><literal>linked-runtime
</literal></entry>
1319 <entry><literal>masked
</literal></entry>
1320 <entry morerows='
1'
>Completely disabled, so that any start operation on it fails (permanently in
<filename>/etc/systemd/system/
</filename> or transiently in
<filename>/run/systemd/systemd/
</filename>).
</entry>
1321 <entry morerows='
1'
>> 0</entry>
1324 <entry><literal>masked-runtime
</literal></entry>
1327 <entry><literal>static
</literal></entry>
1328 <entry>The unit file is not enabled, and has no provisions for enabling in the
<literal>[Install]
</literal> unit file section.
</entry>
1332 <entry><literal>indirect
</literal></entry>
1333 <entry>The unit file itself is not enabled, but it has a non-empty
<varname>Also=
</varname> setting in the
<literal>[Install]
</literal> unit file section, listing other unit files that might be enabled, or it has an alias under a different name through a symlink that is not specified in Also=. For template unit file, an instance different than the one specified in
<varname>DefaultInstance=
</varname> is enabled.
</entry>
1337 <entry><literal>disabled
</literal></entry>
1338 <entry>The unit file is not enabled, but contains an
<literal>[Install]
</literal> section with installation instructions.
</entry>
1339 <entry>> 0</entry>
1342 <entry><literal>generated
</literal></entry>
1343 <entry>The unit file was generated dynamically via a generator tool. See
<citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd.generator
</refentrytitle><manvolnum>7</manvolnum></citerefentry>. Generated unit files may not be enabled, they are enabled implicitly by their generator.
</entry>
1347 <entry><literal>transient
</literal></entry>
1348 <entry>The unit file has been created dynamically with the runtime API. Transient units may not be enabled.
</entry>
1352 <entry><literal>bad
</literal></entry>
1353 <entry>The unit file is invalid or another error occurred. Note that
<command>is-enabled
</command> will not actually return this state, but print an error message instead. However the unit file listing printed by
<command>list-unit-files
</command> might show it.
</entry>
1354 <entry>> 0</entry>
1364 <term><command>mask
<replaceable>UNIT
</replaceable>…
</command></term>
1367 <para>Mask one or more units, as specified on the command line. This will link these unit files to
1368 <filename>/dev/null
</filename>, making it impossible to start them. This is a stronger version of
1369 <command>disable
</command>, since it prohibits all kinds of activation of the unit, including enablement
1370 and manual activation. Use this option with care. This honors the
<option>--runtime
</option> option to only
1371 mask temporarily until the next reboot of the system. The
<option>--now
</option> option may be used to
1372 ensure that the units are also stopped. This command expects valid unit names only, it does not accept unit
1378 <term><command>unmask
<replaceable>UNIT
</replaceable>…
</command></term>
1381 <para>Unmask one or more unit files, as specified on the command line. This will undo the effect of
1382 <command>mask
</command>. This command expects valid unit names only, it does not accept unit file
1388 <term><command>link
<replaceable>PATH
</replaceable>…
</command></term>
1391 <para>Link a unit file that is not in the unit file search paths into the unit file search path. This
1392 command expects an absolute path to a unit file. The effect of this may be undone with
1393 <command>disable
</command>. The effect of this command is that a unit file is made available for commands
1394 such as
<command>start
</command>, even though it is not installed directly in the unit search path. The
1395 file system where the linked unit files are located must be accessible when systemd is started
1396 (e.g. anything underneath
<filename>/home
</filename> or
<filename>/var
</filename> is not allowed, unless
1397 those directories are located on the root file system).
</para>
1402 <term><command>revert
<replaceable>UNIT
</replaceable>…
</command></term>
1405 <para>Revert one or more unit files to their vendor versions. This command removes drop-in configuration
1406 files that modify the specified units, as well as any user-configured unit file that overrides a matching
1407 vendor supplied unit file. Specifically, for a unit
<literal>foo.service
</literal> the matching directories
1408 <literal>foo.service.d/
</literal> with all their contained files are removed, both below the persistent and
1409 runtime configuration directories (i.e. below
<filename>/etc/systemd/system
</filename> and
1410 <filename>/run/systemd/system
</filename>); if the unit file has a vendor-supplied version (i.e. a unit file
1411 located below
<filename>/usr
</filename>) any matching persistent or runtime unit file that overrides it is
1412 removed, too. Note that if a unit file has no vendor-supplied version (i.e. is only defined below
1413 <filename>/etc/systemd/system
</filename> or
<filename>/run/systemd/system
</filename>, but not in a unit
1414 file stored below
<filename>/usr
</filename>), then it is not removed. Also, if a unit is masked, it is
1417 <para>Effectively, this command may be used to undo all changes made with
<command>systemctl
1418 edit
</command>,
<command>systemctl set-property
</command> and
<command>systemctl mask
</command> and puts
1419 the original unit file with its settings back in effect.
</para>
1424 <term><command>add-wants
<replaceable>TARGET
</replaceable>
1425 <replaceable>UNIT
</replaceable>…
</command></term>
1426 <term><command>add-requires
<replaceable>TARGET
</replaceable>
1427 <replaceable>UNIT
</replaceable>…
</command></term>
1430 <para>Adds
<literal>Wants=
</literal> or
<literal>Requires=
</literal>
1431 dependencies, respectively, to the specified
1432 <replaceable>TARGET
</replaceable> for one or more units.
</para>
1434 <para>This command honors
<option>--system
</option>,
1435 <option>--user
</option>,
<option>--runtime
</option> and
1436 <option>--global
</option> in a way similar to
1437 <command>enable
</command>.
</para>
1443 <term><command>edit
<replaceable>UNIT
</replaceable>…
</command></term>
1446 <para>Edit a drop-in snippet or a whole replacement file if
1447 <option>--full
</option> is specified, to extend or override the
1448 specified unit.
</para>
1450 <para>Depending on whether
<option>--system
</option> (the default),
1451 <option>--user
</option>, or
<option>--global
</option> is specified,
1452 this command creates a drop-in file for each unit either for the system,
1453 for the calling user, or for all futures logins of all users. Then,
1454 the editor (see the
"Environment" section below) is invoked on
1455 temporary files which will be written to the real location if the
1456 editor exits successfully.
</para>
1458 <para>If
<option>--full
</option> is specified, this will copy the
1459 original units instead of creating drop-in files.
</para>
1461 <para>If
<option>--force
</option> is specified and any units do
1462 not already exist, new unit files will be opened for editing.
</para>
1464 <para>If
<option>--runtime
</option> is specified, the changes will
1465 be made temporarily in
<filename>/run
</filename> and they will be
1466 lost on the next reboot.
</para>
1468 <para>If the temporary file is empty upon exit, the modification of
1469 the related unit is canceled.
</para>
1471 <para>After the units have been edited, systemd configuration is
1472 reloaded (in a way that is equivalent to
<command>daemon-reload
</command>).
1475 <para>Note that this command cannot be used to remotely edit units
1476 and that you cannot temporarily edit units which are in
1477 <filename>/etc
</filename>, since they take precedence over
1478 <filename>/run
</filename>.
</para>
1483 <term><command>get-default
</command></term>
1486 <para>Return the default target to boot into. This returns
1487 the target unit name
<filename>default.target
</filename>
1488 is aliased (symlinked) to.
</para>
1493 <term><command>set-default
<replaceable>TARGET
</replaceable></command></term>
1496 <para>Set the default target to boot into. This sets
1497 (symlinks) the
<filename>default.target
</filename> alias
1498 to the given target unit.
</para>
1506 <title>Machine Commands
</title>
1510 <term><command>list-machines
</command> <optional><replaceable>PATTERN
</replaceable>…
</optional></term>
1513 <para>List the host and all running local containers with
1514 their state. If one or more
1515 <replaceable>PATTERN
</replaceable>s are specified, only
1516 containers matching one of them are shown.
1524 <title>Job Commands
</title>
1528 <term><command>list-jobs
<optional><replaceable>PATTERN…
</replaceable></optional></command></term>
1531 <para>List jobs that are in progress. If one or more
1532 <replaceable>PATTERN
</replaceable>s are specified, only
1533 jobs for units matching one of them are shown.
</para>
1535 <para>When combined with
<option>--after
</option> or
<option>--before
</option> the list is augmented with
1536 information on which other job each job is waiting for, and which other jobs are waiting for it, see
1541 <term><command>cancel
<replaceable>JOB
</replaceable>…
</command></term>
1544 <para>Cancel one or more jobs specified on the command line
1545 by their numeric job IDs. If no job ID is specified, cancel
1546 all pending jobs.
</para>
1553 <title>Environment Commands
</title>
1557 <term><command>show-environment
</command></term>
1560 <para>Dump the systemd manager environment block. This is the environment
1561 block that is passed to all processes the manager spawns. The environment
1562 block will be dumped in straight-forward form suitable for sourcing into
1563 most shells. If no special characters or whitespace is present in the variable
1564 values, no escaping is performed, and the assignments have the form
1565 <literal>VARIABLE=value
</literal>. If whitespace or characters which have
1566 special meaning to the shell are present, dollar-single-quote escaping is
1567 used, and assignments have the form
<literal>VARIABLE=$'value'
</literal>.
1568 This syntax is known to be supported by
1569 <citerefentry project='die-net'
><refentrytitle>bash
</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>,
1570 <citerefentry project='die-net'
><refentrytitle>zsh
</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>,
1571 <citerefentry project='die-net'
><refentrytitle>ksh
</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>,
1573 <citerefentry project='die-net'
><refentrytitle>busybox
</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>'s
1574 <citerefentry project='die-net'
><refentrytitle>ash
</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>,
1576 <citerefentry project='die-net'
><refentrytitle>dash
</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>
1578 <citerefentry project='die-net'
><refentrytitle>fish
</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>.
1583 <term><command>set-environment
<replaceable>VARIABLE=VALUE
</replaceable>…
</command></term>
1586 <para>Set one or more systemd manager environment variables,
1587 as specified on the command line.
</para>
1591 <term><command>unset-environment
<replaceable>VARIABLE
</replaceable>…
</command></term>
1594 <para>Unset one or more systemd manager environment
1595 variables. If only a variable name is specified, it will be
1596 removed regardless of its value. If a variable and a value
1597 are specified, the variable is only removed if it has the
1598 specified value.
</para>
1603 <command>import-environment
</command>
1604 <optional><replaceable>VARIABLE…
</replaceable></optional>
1608 <para>Import all, one or more environment variables set on
1609 the client into the systemd manager environment block. If
1610 no arguments are passed, the entire environment block is
1611 imported. Otherwise, a list of one or more environment
1612 variable names should be passed, whose client-side values
1613 are then imported into the manager's environment
1621 <title>Manager Lifecycle Commands
</title>
1625 <term><command>daemon-reload
</command></term>
1628 <para>Reload the systemd manager configuration. This will
1629 rerun all generators (see
1630 <citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd.generator
</refentrytitle><manvolnum>7</manvolnum></citerefentry>),
1631 reload all unit files, and recreate the entire dependency
1632 tree. While the daemon is being reloaded, all sockets
1633 systemd listens on behalf of user configuration will stay
1636 <para>This command should not be confused with the
1637 <command>reload
</command> command.
</para>
1641 <term><command>daemon-reexec
</command></term>
1644 <para>Reexecute the systemd manager. This will serialize the
1645 manager state, reexecute the process and deserialize the
1646 state again. This command is of little use except for
1647 debugging and package upgrades. Sometimes, it might be
1648 helpful as a heavy-weight
<command>daemon-reload
</command>.
1649 While the daemon is being reexecuted, all sockets systemd listening
1650 on behalf of user configuration will stay accessible.
1658 <title>System Commands
</title>
1662 <term><command>is-system-running
</command></term>
1665 <para>Checks whether the system is operational. This
1666 returns success (exit code
0) when the system is fully up
1667 and running, specifically not in startup, shutdown or
1668 maintenance mode, and with no failed services. Failure is
1669 returned otherwise (exit code non-zero). In addition, the
1670 current state is printed in a short string to standard
1671 output, see the table below. Use
<option>--quiet
</option> to
1672 suppress this output.
</para>
1674 <para>Use
<option>--wait
</option> to wait until the boot
1675 process is completed before printing the current state and
1676 returning the appropriate error status. If
<option>--wait
</option>
1677 is in use, states
<varname>initializing
</varname> or
1678 <varname>starting
</varname> will not be reported, instead
1679 the command will block until a later state (such as
1680 <varname>running
</varname> or
<varname>degraded
</varname>)
1684 <title><command>is-system-running
</command> output
</title>
1686 <colspec colname='name'
/>
1687 <colspec colname='description'
/>
1688 <colspec colname='exit-code'
/>
1692 <entry>Description
</entry>
1693 <entry>Exit Code
</entry>
1698 <entry><varname>initializing
</varname></entry>
1699 <entry><para>Early bootup, before
1700 <filename>basic.target
</filename> is reached
1701 or the
<varname>maintenance
</varname> state entered.
1703 <entry>> 0</entry>
1706 <entry><varname>starting
</varname></entry>
1707 <entry><para>Late bootup, before the job queue
1708 becomes idle for the first time, or one of the
1709 rescue targets are reached.
</para></entry>
1710 <entry>> 0</entry>
1713 <entry><varname>running
</varname></entry>
1714 <entry><para>The system is fully
1715 operational.
</para></entry>
1719 <entry><varname>degraded
</varname></entry>
1720 <entry><para>The system is operational but one or more
1721 units failed.
</para></entry>
1722 <entry>> 0</entry>
1725 <entry><varname>maintenance
</varname></entry>
1726 <entry><para>The rescue or emergency target is
1727 active.
</para></entry>
1728 <entry>> 0</entry>
1731 <entry><varname>stopping
</varname></entry>
1732 <entry><para>The manager is shutting
1733 down.
</para></entry>
1734 <entry>> 0</entry>
1737 <entry><varname>offline
</varname></entry>
1738 <entry><para>The manager is not
1739 running. Specifically, this is the operational
1740 state if an incompatible program is running as
1741 system manager (PID
1).
</para></entry>
1742 <entry>> 0</entry>
1745 <entry><varname>unknown
</varname></entry>
1746 <entry><para>The operational state could not be
1747 determined, due to lack of resources or another
1748 error cause.
</para></entry>
1749 <entry>> 0</entry>
1758 <term><command>default
</command></term>
1761 <para>Enter default mode. This is equivalent to
<command>systemctl isolate default.target
</command>. This
1762 operation is blocking by default, use
<option>--no-block
</option> to request asynchronous behavior.
</para>
1767 <term><command>rescue
</command></term>
1770 <para>Enter rescue mode. This is equivalent to
<command>systemctl isolate rescue.target
</command>. This
1771 operation is blocking by default, use
<option>--no-block
</option> to request asynchronous behavior.
</para>
1775 <term><command>emergency
</command></term>
1778 <para>Enter emergency mode. This is equivalent to
<command>systemctl isolate
1779 emergency.target
</command>. This operation is blocking by default, use
<option>--no-block
</option> to
1780 request asynchronous behavior.
</para>
1784 <term><command>halt
</command></term>
1787 <para>Shut down and halt the system. This is mostly equivalent to
<command>systemctl start halt.target
1788 --job-mode=replace-irreversibly --no-block
</command>, but also prints a wall message to all users. This command is
1789 asynchronous; it will return after the halt operation is enqueued, without waiting for it to complete. Note
1790 that this operation will simply halt the OS kernel after shutting down, leaving the hardware powered
1791 on. Use
<command>systemctl poweroff
</command> for powering off the system (see below).
</para>
1793 <para>If combined with
<option>--force
</option>, shutdown of all running services is skipped, however all
1794 processes are killed and all file systems are unmounted or mounted read-only, immediately followed by the
1795 system halt. If
<option>--force
</option> is specified twice, the operation is immediately executed without
1796 terminating any processes or unmounting any file systems. This may result in data loss. Note that when
1797 <option>--force
</option> is specified twice the halt operation is executed by
<command>systemctl
</command>
1798 itself, and the system manager is not contacted. This means the command should succeed even when the system
1799 manager has crashed.
</para>
1803 <term><command>poweroff
</command></term>
1806 <para>Shut down and power-off the system. This is mostly equivalent to
<command>systemctl start
1807 poweroff.target --job-mode=replace-irreversibly --no-block
</command>, but also prints a wall message to all
1808 users. This command is asynchronous; it will return after the power-off operation is enqueued, without
1809 waiting for it to complete.
</para>
1811 <para>If combined with
<option>--force
</option>, shutdown of all running services is skipped, however all
1812 processes are killed and all file systems are unmounted or mounted read-only, immediately followed by the
1813 powering off. If
<option>--force
</option> is specified twice, the operation is immediately executed without
1814 terminating any processes or unmounting any file systems. This may result in data loss. Note that when
1815 <option>--force
</option> is specified twice the power-off operation is executed by
1816 <command>systemctl
</command> itself, and the system manager is not contacted. This means the command should
1817 succeed even when the system manager has crashed.
</para>
1821 <term><command>reboot
</command> <optional><replaceable>arg
</replaceable></optional></term>
1824 <para>Shut down and reboot the system. This is mostly equivalent to
<command>systemctl start reboot.target
1825 --job-mode=replace-irreversibly --no-block
</command>, but also prints a wall message to all users. This
1826 command is asynchronous; it will return after the reboot operation is enqueued, without waiting for it to
1829 <para>If combined with
<option>--force
</option>, shutdown of all running services is skipped, however all
1830 processes are killed and all file systems are unmounted or mounted read-only, immediately followed by the
1831 reboot. If
<option>--force
</option> is specified twice, the operation is immediately executed without
1832 terminating any processes or unmounting any file systems. This may result in data loss. Note that when
1833 <option>--force
</option> is specified twice the reboot operation is executed by
1834 <command>systemctl
</command> itself, and the system manager is not contacted. This means the command should
1835 succeed even when the system manager has crashed.
</para>
1837 <para>If the optional argument
<replaceable>arg
</replaceable> is given, it will be passed as the optional
1838 argument to the
<citerefentry><refentrytitle>reboot
</refentrytitle><manvolnum>2</manvolnum></citerefentry>
1839 system call. The value is architecture and firmware specific. As an example,
<literal>recovery
</literal>
1840 might be used to trigger system recovery, and
<literal>fota
</literal> might be used to trigger a
1841 <quote>firmware over the air
</quote> update.
</para>
1846 <term><command>kexec
</command></term>
1849 <para>Shut down and reboot the system via
<command>kexec
</command>. This is equivalent to
1850 <command>systemctl start kexec.target --job-mode=replace-irreversibly --no-block
</command>. This command is
1851 asynchronous; it will return after the reboot operation is enqueued, without waiting for it to
1854 <para>If combined with
<option>--force
</option>, shutdown of all running services is skipped, however all
1855 processes are killed and all file systems are unmounted or mounted read-only, immediately followed by the
1861 <term><command>exit
</command> <optional><replaceable>EXIT_CODE
</replaceable></optional></term>
1864 <para>Ask the service manager to quit. This is only supported for user service managers (i.e. in
1865 conjunction with the
<option>--user
</option> option) or in containers and is equivalent to
1866 <command>poweroff
</command> otherwise. This command is asynchronous; it will return after the exit
1867 operation is enqueued, without waiting for it to complete.
</para>
1869 <para>The service manager will exit with the specified exit code, if
1870 <replaceable>EXIT_CODE
</replaceable> is passed.
</para>
1875 <term><command>switch-root
</command> <replaceable>ROOT
</replaceable> <optional><replaceable>INIT
</replaceable></optional></term>
1878 <para>Switches to a different root directory and executes a new system manager process below it. This is
1879 intended for usage in initial RAM disks (
"initrd"), and will transition from the initrd's system manager
1880 process (a.k.a.
"init" process) to the main system manager process which is loaded from the actual host
1881 volume. This call takes two arguments: the directory that is to become the new root directory, and the path
1882 to the new system manager binary below it to execute as PID
1. If the latter is omitted or the empty
1883 string, a systemd binary will automatically be searched for and used as init. If the system manager path is
1884 omitted, equal to the empty string or identical to the path to the systemd binary, the state of the
1885 initrd's system manager process is passed to the main system manager, which allows later introspection of
1886 the state of the services involved in the initrd boot phase.
</para>
1891 <term><command>suspend
</command></term>
1894 <para>Suspend the system. This will trigger activation of the special target unit
1895 <filename>suspend.target
</filename>. This command is asynchronous, and will return after the suspend
1896 operation is successfully enqueued. It will not wait for the suspend/resume cycle to complete.
</para>
1901 <term><command>hibernate
</command></term>
1904 <para>Hibernate the system. This will trigger activation of the special target unit
1905 <filename>hibernate.target
</filename>. This command is asynchronous, and will return after the hibernation
1906 operation is successfully enqueued. It will not wait for the hibernate/thaw cycle to complete.
</para>
1911 <term><command>hybrid-sleep
</command></term>
1914 <para>Hibernate and suspend the system. This will trigger activation of the special target unit
1915 <filename>hybrid-sleep.target
</filename>. This command is asynchronous, and will return after the hybrid
1916 sleep operation is successfully enqueued. It will not wait for the sleep/wake-up cycle to complete.
</para>
1921 <term><command>suspend-then-hibernate
</command></term>
1924 <para>Suspend the system and hibernate it after the delay specified in
<filename>systemd-sleep.conf
</filename>.
1925 This will trigger activation of the special target unit
<filename>suspend-then-hibernate.target
</filename>.
1926 This command is asynchronous, and will return after the hybrid sleep operation is successfully enqueued.
1927 It will not wait for the sleep/wake-up or hibernate/thaw cycle to complete.
</para>
1934 <title>Parameter Syntax
</title>
1936 <para>Unit commands listed above take either a single unit name (designated as
<replaceable>UNIT
</replaceable>),
1937 or multiple unit specifications (designated as
<replaceable>PATTERN
</replaceable>…). In the first case, the
1938 unit name with or without a suffix must be given. If the suffix is not specified (unit name is
"abbreviated"),
1939 systemctl will append a suitable suffix,
<literal>.service
</literal> by default, and a type-specific suffix in
1940 case of commands which operate only on specific unit types. For example,
1941 <programlisting># systemctl start sshd
</programlisting> and
1942 <programlisting># systemctl start sshd.service
</programlisting>
1943 are equivalent, as are
1944 <programlisting># systemctl isolate default
</programlisting>
1946 <programlisting># systemctl isolate default.target
</programlisting>
1947 Note that (absolute) paths to device nodes are automatically converted to device unit names, and other (absolute)
1948 paths to mount unit names.
1949 <programlisting># systemctl status /dev/sda
1950 # systemctl status /home
</programlisting>
1952 <programlisting># systemctl status dev-sda.device
1953 # systemctl status home.mount
</programlisting>
1954 In the second case, shell-style globs will be matched against the primary names of all units currently in memory;
1955 literal unit names, with or without a suffix, will be treated as in the first case. This means that literal unit
1956 names always refer to exactly one unit, but globs may match zero units and this is not considered an
1959 <para>Glob patterns use
1960 <citerefentry project='man-pages'
><refentrytitle>fnmatch
</refentrytitle><manvolnum>3</manvolnum></citerefentry>,
1961 so normal shell-style globbing rules are used, and
1962 <literal>*
</literal>,
<literal>?
</literal>,
1963 <literal>[]
</literal> may be used. See
1964 <citerefentry project='man-pages'
><refentrytitle>glob
</refentrytitle><manvolnum>7</manvolnum></citerefentry>
1965 for more details. The patterns are matched against the primary names of
1966 units currently in memory, and patterns which do not match anything
1967 are silently skipped. For example:
1968 <programlisting># systemctl stop sshd@*.service
</programlisting>
1969 will stop all
<filename>sshd@.service
</filename> instances. Note that alias names of units, and units that aren't
1970 in memory are not considered for glob expansion.
1973 <para>For unit file commands, the specified
<replaceable>UNIT
</replaceable> should be the name of the unit file
1974 (possibly abbreviated, see above), or the absolute path to the unit file:
1975 <programlisting># systemctl enable foo.service
</programlisting>
1977 <programlisting># systemctl link /path/to/foo.service
</programlisting>
1984 <title>Exit status
</title>
1986 <para>On success,
0 is returned, a non-zero failure code otherwise.
</para>
1988 <para><command>systemctl
</command> uses the return codes defined by LSB, as defined in
1989 <ulink url=
"http://refspecs.linuxbase.org/LSB_3.0.0/LSB-PDA/LSB-PDA/iniscrptact.html">LSB
3.0.0</ulink>.
1993 <title>LSB return codes
</title>
1998 <entry>Value
</entry>
1999 <entry>Description in LSB
</entry>
2000 <entry>Use in systemd
</entry>
2005 <entry><constant>0</constant></entry>
2006 <entry>"program is running or service is OK"</entry>
2007 <entry>unit is active
</entry>
2010 <entry><constant>1</constant></entry>
2011 <entry>"program is dead and <filename>/var/run</filename> pid file exists"</entry>
2012 <entry>unit
<emphasis>not
</emphasis> failed (used by
<command>is-failed
</command>)
</entry>
2015 <entry><constant>2</constant></entry>
2016 <entry>"program is dead and <filename>/var/lock</filename> lock file exists"</entry>
2017 <entry>unused
</entry>
2020 <entry><constant>3</constant></entry>
2021 <entry>"program is not running"</entry>
2022 <entry>unit is not active
</entry>
2025 <entry><constant>4</constant></entry>
2026 <entry>"program or service status is unknown"</entry>
2027 <entry>no such unit
</entry>
2033 <para>The mapping of LSB service states to systemd unit states is imperfect, so it is better to
2034 not rely on those return values but to look for specific unit states and substates instead.
2039 <title>Environment
</title>
2041 <variablelist class='environment-variables'
>
2043 <term><varname>$SYSTEMD_EDITOR
</varname></term>
2045 <listitem><para>Editor to use when editing units; overrides
2046 <varname>$EDITOR
</varname> and
<varname>$VISUAL
</varname>. If neither
2047 <varname>$SYSTEMD_EDITOR
</varname> nor
<varname>$EDITOR
</varname> nor
2048 <varname>$VISUAL
</varname> are present or if it is set to an empty
2049 string or if their execution failed, systemctl will try to execute well
2050 known editors in this order:
2051 <citerefentry project='die-net'
><refentrytitle>editor
</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>,
2052 <citerefentry project='die-net'
><refentrytitle>nano
</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>,
2053 <citerefentry project='die-net'
><refentrytitle>vim
</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>,
2054 <citerefentry project='die-net'
><refentrytitle>vi
</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>.
2058 <xi:include href=
"less-variables.xml" xpointer=
"pager"/>
2059 <xi:include href=
"less-variables.xml" xpointer=
"less"/>
2060 <xi:include href=
"less-variables.xml" xpointer=
"lesscharset"/>
2064 <title>See Also
</title>
2066 <citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd
</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>,
2067 <citerefentry><refentrytitle>journalctl
</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>,
2068 <citerefentry><refentrytitle>loginctl
</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>,
2069 <citerefentry><refentrytitle>machinectl
</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>,
2070 <citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd.unit
</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>,
2071 <citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd.resource-control
</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>,
2072 <citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd.special
</refentrytitle><manvolnum>7</manvolnum></citerefentry>,
2073 <citerefentry project='man-pages'
><refentrytitle>wall
</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>,
2074 <citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd.preset
</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>,
2075 <citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd.generator
</refentrytitle><manvolnum>7</manvolnum></citerefentry>,
2076 <citerefentry project='man-pages'
><refentrytitle>glob
</refentrytitle><manvolnum>7</manvolnum></citerefentry>
projects / thirdparty / systemd.git / blob