2 <!DOCTYPE refentry PUBLIC
"-//OASIS//DTD DocBook XML V4.2//EN"
3 "http://www.oasis-open.org/docbook/xml/4.2/docbookx.dtd">
6 SPDX-License-Identifier: LGPL-2.1+
8 This file is part of systemd.
10 Copyright 2016 Lennart Poettering
12 systemd is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it
13 under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
14 the Free Software Foundation; either version 2.1 of the License, or
15 (at your option) any later version.
17 systemd is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but
18 WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
19 MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU
20 Lesser General Public License for more details.
22 You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
23 along with systemd; If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
26 <refentry id=
"systemd-resolve" conditional='ENABLE_RESOLVE'
27 xmlns:
xi=
"http://www.w3.org/2001/XInclude">
30 <title>systemd-resolve
</title>
31 <productname>systemd
</productname>
35 <contrib>Developer
</contrib>
36 <firstname>Lennart
</firstname>
37 <surname>Poettering
</surname>
38 <email>lennart@poettering.net
</email>
44 <refentrytitle>systemd-resolve
</refentrytitle>
45 <manvolnum>1</manvolnum>
49 <refname>systemd-resolve
</refname>
50 <refpurpose>Resolve domain names, IPV4 and IPv6 addresses, DNS resource records, and services
</refpurpose>
55 <command>systemd-resolve
</command>
56 <arg choice=
"opt" rep=
"repeat">OPTIONS
</arg>
57 <arg choice=
"plain" rep=
"repeat"><replaceable>HOSTNAME
</replaceable></arg>
61 <command>systemd-resolve
</command>
62 <arg choice=
"opt" rep=
"repeat">OPTIONS
</arg>
63 <arg choice=
"plain" rep=
"repeat"><replaceable>ADDRESS
</replaceable></arg>
67 <command>systemd-resolve
</command>
68 <arg choice=
"opt" rep=
"repeat">OPTIONS
</arg>
69 <command> --type=
<replaceable>TYPE
</replaceable></command>
70 <arg choice=
"plain" rep=
"repeat"><replaceable>DOMAIN
</replaceable></arg>
74 <command>systemd-resolve
</command>
75 <arg choice=
"opt" rep=
"repeat">OPTIONS
</arg>
76 <command> --service
</command>
77 <arg choice=
"plain"><arg choice=
"opt"><arg choice=
"opt"><replaceable>NAME
</replaceable></arg>
78 <replaceable>TYPE
</replaceable></arg> <replaceable>DOMAIN
</replaceable></arg>
82 <command>systemd-resolve
</command>
83 <arg choice=
"opt" rep=
"repeat">OPTIONS
</arg>
84 <command> --openpgp
</command>
85 <arg choice=
"plain"><replaceable>USER@DOMAIN
</replaceable></arg>
89 <command>systemd-resolve
</command>
90 <arg choice=
"opt" rep=
"repeat">OPTIONS
</arg>
91 <command> --tlsa
</command>
92 <arg choice=
"plain"><replaceable>DOMAIN
<optional>:PORT
</optional></replaceable></arg>
96 <command>systemd-resolve
</command>
97 <arg choice=
"opt" rep=
"repeat">OPTIONS
</arg>
98 <command> --statistics
</command>
102 <command>systemd-resolve
</command>
103 <arg choice=
"opt" rep=
"repeat">OPTIONS
</arg>
104 <command> --reset-statistics
</command>
108 <command>systemd-resolve
</command>
109 <arg choice=
"opt" rep=
"repeat">OPTIONS
</arg>
110 <command> --flush-caches
</command>
114 <command>systemd-resolve
</command>
115 <arg choice=
"opt" rep=
"repeat">OPTIONS
</arg>
116 <command> --reset-server-features
</command>
120 <command>systemd-resolve
</command>
121 <arg choice=
"opt" rep=
"repeat">OPTIONS
</arg>
122 <command> --status
</command>
126 <command>systemd-resolve
</command>
127 <arg choice=
"opt" rep=
"repeat">OPTIONS
</arg>
128 <command> --set-dns=
<replaceable>SERVER
</replaceable></command> <command> --set-domain=
<replaceable>DOMAIN
</replaceable> --set-llmnr=
<replaceable>MODE
</replaceable> --set-mdns=
<replaceable>MODE
</replaceable> --set-dnssec=
<replaceable>MODE
</replaceable> --set-nta=
<replaceable>DOMAIN
</replaceable></command>
132 <command>systemd-resolve
</command>
133 <arg choice=
"opt" rep=
"repeat">OPTIONS
</arg>
134 <command> --revert
</command>
140 <title>Description
</title>
142 <para><command>systemd-resolve
</command> may be used to resolve domain names, IPv4 and IPv6 addresses, DNS resource
143 records and services with the
144 <citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd-resolved.service
</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>
145 resolver service. By default, the specified list of parameters will be resolved as hostnames, retrieving their IPv4
146 and IPv6 addresses. If the parameters specified are formatted as IPv4 or IPv6 operation the reverse operation is
147 done, and a hostname is retrieved for the specified addresses.
</para>
149 <para>The program's output contains information about the protocol used for the look-up and on which network
150 interface the data was discovered. It also contains information on whether the information could be
151 authenticated. All data for which local DNSSEC validation succeeds is considered authenticated. Moreover all data
152 originating from local, trusted sources is also reported authenticated, including resolution of the local host
153 name, the
<literal>localhost
</literal> host name or all data from
<filename>/etc/hosts
</filename>.
</para>
155 <para>The
<option>--type=
</option> switch may be used to specify a DNS resource record type (A, AAAA, SOA, MX, …) in
156 order to request a specific DNS resource record, instead of the address or reverse address lookups.
157 The special value
<literal>help
</literal> may be used to list known values.
</para>
159 <para>The
<option>--service
</option> switch may be used to resolve
<ulink
160 url=
"https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc2782">SRV
</ulink> and
<ulink
161 url=
"https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc6763">DNS-SD
</ulink> services (see below). In this mode, between one and three
162 arguments are required. If three parameters are passed the first is assumed to be the DNS-SD service name, the
163 second the SRV service type, and the third the domain to search in. In this case a full DNS-SD style SRV and TXT
164 lookup is executed. If only two parameters are specified, the first is assumed to be the SRV service type, and the
165 second the domain to look in. In this case no TXT RR is requested. Finally, if only one parameter is specified, it
166 is assumed to be a domain name, that is already prefixed with an SRV type, and an SRV lookup is done (no
169 <para>The
<option>--openpgp
</option> switch may be used to query PGP keys stored as
170 <ulink url=
"https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc7929">OPENPGPKEY
</ulink> resource records.
171 When this option is specified one or more e-mail address must be specified.
</para>
173 <para>The
<option>--tlsa
</option> switch maybe be used to query TLS public
175 <ulink url=
"https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc6698">TLSA
</ulink> resource records.
176 When this option is specified one or more domain names must be specified.
</para>
178 <para>The
<option>--statistics
</option> switch may be used to show resolver statistics, including information about
179 the number of successful and failed DNSSEC validations.
</para>
181 <para>The
<option>--reset-statistics
</option> may be used to reset various statistics counters maintained the
182 resolver, including those shown in the
<option>--statistics
</option> output. This operation requires root
187 <title>Options
</title>
190 <term><option>-
4</option></term>
191 <term><option>-
6</option></term>
193 <listitem><para>By default, when resolving a hostname, both IPv4 and IPv6
194 addresses are acquired. By specifying
<option>-
4</option> only IPv4 addresses are requested, by specifying
195 <option>-
6</option> only IPv6 addresses are requested.
</para>
200 <term><option>-i
</option> <replaceable>INTERFACE
</replaceable></term>
201 <term><option>--interface=
</option><replaceable>INTERFACE
</replaceable></term>
203 <listitem><para>Specifies the network interface to execute the query on. This may either be specified as numeric
204 interface index or as network interface string (e.g.
<literal>en0
</literal>). Note that this option has no
205 effect if system-wide DNS configuration (as configured in
<filename>/etc/resolv.conf
</filename> or
206 <filename>/etc/systemd/resolve.conf
</filename>) in place of per-link configuration is used.
</para></listitem>
210 <term><option>-p
</option> <replaceable>PROTOCOL
</replaceable></term>
211 <term><option>--protocol=
</option><replaceable>PROTOCOL
</replaceable></term>
213 <listitem><para>Specifies the network protocol for the query. May be one of
<literal>dns
</literal>
214 (i.e. classic unicast DNS),
<literal>llmnr
</literal> (
<ulink
215 url=
"https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc4795">Link-Local Multicast Name Resolution
</ulink>),
216 <literal>llmnr-ipv4
</literal>,
<literal>llmnr-ipv6
</literal> (LLMNR via the indicated underlying IP
217 protocols),
<literal>mdns
</literal> (
<ulink url=
"https://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc6762.txt">Multicast DNS
</ulink>),
218 <literal>mdns-ipv4
</literal>,
<literal>mdns-ipv6
</literal> (MDNS via the indicated underlying IP protocols).
219 By default the lookup is done via all protocols suitable for the lookup. If used, limits the set of
220 protocols that may be used. Use this option multiple times to enable resolving via multiple protocols at the
221 same time. The setting
<literal>llmnr
</literal> is identical to specifying this switch once with
222 <literal>llmnr-ipv4
</literal> and once via
<literal>llmnr-ipv6
</literal>. Note that this option does not force
223 the service to resolve the operation with the specified protocol, as that might require a suitable network
224 interface and configuration.
225 The special value
<literal>help
</literal> may be used to list known values.
230 <term><option>-t
</option> <replaceable>TYPE
</replaceable></term>
231 <term><option>--type=
</option><replaceable>TYPE
</replaceable></term>
232 <term><option>-c
</option> <replaceable>CLASS
</replaceable></term>
233 <term><option>--class=
</option><replaceable>CLASS
</replaceable></term>
235 <listitem><para>Specifies the DNS resource record type (e.g. A, AAAA, MX, …) and class (e.g. IN, ANY, …) to
236 look up. If these options are used a DNS resource record set matching the specified class and type is
237 requested. The class defaults to IN if only a type is specified.
238 The special value
<literal>help
</literal> may be used to list known values.
243 <term><option>--service
</option></term>
245 <listitem><para>Enables service resolution. This enables DNS-SD and simple SRV service resolution, depending
246 on the specified list of parameters (see above).
</para></listitem>
250 <term><option>--service-address=
</option><replaceable>BOOL
</replaceable></term>
252 <listitem><para>Takes a boolean parameter. If true (the default), when doing a service lookup with
253 <option>--service
</option> the hostnames contained in the SRV resource records are resolved as well.
</para></listitem>
257 <term><option>--service-txt=
</option><replaceable>BOOL
</replaceable></term>
259 <listitem><para>Takes a boolean parameter. If true (the default), when doing a DNS-SD service lookup with
260 <option>--service
</option> the TXT service metadata record is resolved as well.
</para></listitem>
264 <term><option>--openpgp
</option></term>
266 <listitem><para>Enables OPENPGPKEY resource record resolution (see above). Specified e-mail
267 addresses are converted to the corresponding DNS domain name, and any OPENPGPKEY keys are
268 printed.
</para></listitem>
272 <term><option>--tlsa
</option></term>
274 <listitem><para>Enables TLSA resource record resolution (see above).
275 A query will be performed for each of the specified names prefixed with
277 (
<literal>_
<replaceable>port
</replaceable>._
<replaceable>family
</replaceable>.
<replaceable>domain
</replaceable></literal>).
278 The port number may be specified after a colon
279 (
<literal>:
</literal>), otherwise
<constant>443</constant> will be used
280 by default. The family may be specified as an argument after
281 <option>--tlsa
</option>, otherwise
<constant>tcp
</constant> will be
282 used.
</para></listitem>
286 <term><option>--cname=
</option><replaceable>BOOL
</replaceable></term>
288 <listitem><para>Takes a boolean parameter. If true (the default), DNS CNAME or DNAME redirections are
289 followed. Otherwise, if a CNAME or DNAME record is encountered while resolving, an error is
290 returned.
</para></listitem>
294 <term><option>--search=
</option><replaceable>BOOL
</replaceable></term>
296 <listitem><para>Takes a boolean parameter. If true (the default), any specified single-label hostnames will be
297 searched in the domains configured in the search domain list, if it is non-empty. Otherwise, the search domain
298 logic is disabled.
</para></listitem>
302 <term><option>--raw
</option><optional>=payload|packet
</optional></term>
304 <listitem><para>Dump the answer as binary data. If there is no argument or if the argument is
305 <literal>payload
</literal>, the payload of the packet is exported. If the argument is
306 <literal>packet
</literal>, the whole packet is dumped in wire format, prefixed by
307 length specified as a little-endian
64-bit number. This format allows multiple packets
308 to be dumped and unambiguously parsed.
</para></listitem>
312 <term><option>--legend=
</option><replaceable>BOOL
</replaceable></term>
314 <listitem><para>Takes a boolean parameter. If true (the default), column headers and meta information about the
315 query response are shown. Otherwise, this output is suppressed.
</para></listitem>
319 <term><option>--statistics
</option></term>
321 <listitem><para>If specified general resolver statistics are shown, including information whether DNSSEC is
322 enabled and available, as well as resolution and validation statistics.
</para></listitem>
326 <term><option>--reset-statistics
</option></term>
328 <listitem><para>Resets the statistics counters shown in
<option>--statistics
</option> to zero.
</para></listitem>
332 <term><option>--flush-caches
</option></term>
334 <listitem><para>Flushes all DNS resource record caches the service maintains locally. This is mostly equivalent
335 to sending the
<constant>SIGUSR2
</constant> to the
<command>systemd-resolved
</command>
336 service.
</para></listitem>
340 <term><option>--reset-server-features
</option></term>
342 <listitem><para>Flushes all feature level information the resolver learnt about specific servers, and ensures
343 that the server feature probing logic is started from the beginning with the next look-up request. This is
344 mostly equivalent to sending the
<constant>SIGRTMIN+
1</constant> to the
<command>systemd-resolved
</command>
345 service.
</para></listitem>
349 <term><option>--status
</option></term>
351 <listitem><para>Shows the global and per-link DNS settings in currently in effect.
</para></listitem>
355 <term><option>--set-dns=SERVER
</option></term>
356 <term><option>--set-domain=DOMAIN
</option></term>
357 <term><option>--set-llmnr=MODE
</option></term>
358 <term><option>--set-mdns=MODE
</option></term>
359 <term><option>--set-dnssec=MODE
</option></term>
360 <term><option>--set-nta=DOMAIN
</option></term>
362 <listitem><para>Set per-interface DNS configuration. These switches may be used to configure various DNS
363 settings for network interfaces that aren't managed by
364 <citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd-networkd.service
</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>. (These
365 commands will fail when used on interfaces that are managed by
<command>systemd-networkd
</command>, please
366 configure their DNS settings directly inside the
<filename>.network
</filename> files instead.) These switches
367 may be used to inform
<command>systemd-resolved
</command> about per-interface DNS configuration determined
368 through external means. Multiple of these switches may be passed on a single invocation of
369 <command>systemd-resolve
</command> in order to set multiple configuration options at once. If any of these
370 switches is used, it must be combined with
<option>--interface=
</option> to indicate the network interface the
371 new DNS configuration belongs to. The
<option>--set-dns=
</option> option expects an IPv4 or IPv6 address
372 specification of a DNS server to use, and may be used multiple times to define multiple servers for the same
373 interface. The
<option>--set-domain=
</option> option expects a valid DNS domain, possibly prefixed with
374 <literal>~
</literal>, and configures a per-interface search or route-only domain. It may be used multiple times
375 to configure multiple such domains. The
<option>--set-llmnr=
</option>,
<option>--set-mdns=
</option> and
376 <option>--set-dnssec=
</option> options may be used to configure the per-interface LLMNR, MulticastDNS and
377 DNSSEC settings. Finally,
<option>--set-nta=
</option> may be used to configure additional per-interface DNSSEC
378 NTA domains and may also be used multiple times. For details about these settings, their possible values and
379 their effect, see the corresponding options in
380 <citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd.network
</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>.
</para>
385 <term><option>--revert
</option></term>
387 <listitem><para>Revert the per-interface DNS configuration. This option must be combined with
388 <option>--interface=
</option> to indicate the network interface the DNS configuration shall be reverted on. If
389 the DNS configuration is reverted all per-interface DNS setting are reset to their defaults, undoing all
390 effects of
<option>--set-dns=
</option>,
<option>--set-domain=
</option>,
<option>--set-llmnr=
</option>,
391 <option>--set-mdns=
</option>,
<option>--set-dnssec=
</option>,
<option>--set-nta=
</option>. Note that when a
392 network interface disappears all configuration is lost automatically, an explicit reverting is not necessary in
393 that case.
</para></listitem>
396 <xi:include href=
"standard-options.xml" xpointer=
"help" />
397 <xi:include href=
"standard-options.xml" xpointer=
"version" />
398 <xi:include href=
"standard-options.xml" xpointer=
"no-pager" />
403 <title>Examples
</title>
406 <title>Retrieve the addresses of the
<literal>www
.0pointer.net
</literal> domain
</title>
408 <programlisting>$ systemd-resolve www
.0pointer.net
409 www
.0pointer.net:
2a01:
238:
43ed:c300:
10c3:bcf3:
3266:da74
412 -- Information acquired via protocol DNS in
611.6ms.
413 -- Data is authenticated: no
418 <title>Retrieve the domain of the
<literal>85.214.157.71</literal> IP address
</title>
420 <programlisting>$ systemd-resolve
85.214.157.71
421 85.214.157.71: gardel
.0pointer.net
423 -- Information acquired via protocol DNS in
1.2997s.
424 -- Data is authenticated: no
429 <title>Retrieve the MX record of the
<literal>yahoo.com
</literal> domain
</title>
431 <programlisting>$ systemd-resolve -t MX yahoo.com --legend=no
432 yahoo.com. IN MX
1 mta7.am0.yahoodns.net
433 yahoo.com. IN MX
1 mta6.am0.yahoodns.net
434 yahoo.com. IN MX
1 mta5.am0.yahoodns.net
439 <title>Resolve an SRV service
</title>
441 <programlisting>$ systemd-resolve --service _xmpp-server._tcp gmail.com
442 _xmpp-server._tcp/gmail.com: alt1.xmpp-server.l.google.com:
5269 [priority=
20, weight=
0]
444 alt4.xmpp-server.l.google.com:
5269 [priority=
20, weight=
0]
451 <title>Retrieve a PGP key
</title>
453 <programlisting>$ systemd-resolve --openpgp zbyszek@fedoraproject.org
454 d08ee310438ca124a6149ea5cc21b6313b390dce485576eff96f8722._openpgpkey.fedoraproject.org. IN OPENPGPKEY
455 mQINBFBHPMsBEACeInGYJCb+
7TurKfb6wGyTottCDtiSJB310i37/
6ZYoeIay/
5soJjlMyf
456 MFQ9T2XNT/
0LM
6gTa
0MpC
1st
9LnzYTMsT
6tzRly
1D
1UbVI
6xw
0g
0vE
5y
2Cjk
3xUwAynCsSs
462 <title>Retrieve a TLS key (
<literal>=tcp
</literal> and
463 <literal>:
443</literal> could be skipped)
</title>
465 <programlisting>$ systemd-resolve --tlsa=tcp fedoraproject.org:
443
466 _443._tcp.fedoraproject.org IN TLSA
0 0 1 19400be5b7a31fb733917700789d2f0a2471c0c9d506c0e504c06c16d7cb17c0
467 -- Cert. usage: CA constraint
468 -- Selector: Full Certificate
469 -- Matching type: SHA-
256
475 <title>See Also
</title>
477 <citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd
</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>,
478 <citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd-resolved.service
</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>,
479 <citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd.dnssd
</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>,
480 <citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd-networkd.service
</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>