Merge pull request #25050 from keszybz/transient-drop-ins-2

[thirdparty/systemd.git] / man / tmpfiles.d.xml

<?xml version='1.0'?>
<!DOCTYPE refentry PUBLIC "-//OASIS//DTD DocBook XML V4.5//EN"
  "http://www.oasis-open.org/docbook/xml/4.2/docbookx.dtd">
<!--
  SPDX-License-Identifier: LGPL-2.1-or-later

  Copyright © 2010 Brandon Philips
-->
<refentry id="tmpfiles.d"
          xmlns:xi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XInclude">

  <refentryinfo>
    <title>tmpfiles.d</title>
    <productname>systemd</productname>
  </refentryinfo>

  <refmeta>
    <refentrytitle>tmpfiles.d</refentrytitle>
    <manvolnum>5</manvolnum>
  </refmeta>

  <refnamediv>
    <refname>tmpfiles.d</refname>
    <refpurpose>Configuration for creation, deletion and cleaning of
    volatile and temporary files</refpurpose>
  </refnamediv>

  <refsynopsisdiv>
    <para><literallayout><filename>/etc/tmpfiles.d/*.conf</filename>
<filename>/run/tmpfiles.d/*.conf</filename>
<filename>/usr/lib/tmpfiles.d/*.conf</filename>
    </literallayout></para>

    <para><literallayout><filename>~/.config/user-tmpfiles.d/*.conf</filename>
<filename>$XDG_RUNTIME_DIR/user-tmpfiles.d/*.conf</filename>
<filename>~/.local/share/user-tmpfiles.d/*.conf</filename>
<filename index='false'>…</filename>
<filename>/usr/share/user-tmpfiles.d/*.conf</filename>
    </literallayout></para>

    <programlisting>#Type Path                                     Mode User Group Age         Argument
f     /file/to/create                          mode user group -           content
f+    /file/to/create-or-truncate              mode user group -           content
w     /file/to/write-to                        -    -    -     -           content
w+    /file/to/append-to                       -    -    -     -           content
d     /directory/to/create-and-cleanup         mode user group cleanup-age -
D     /directory/to/create-and-remove          mode user group cleanup-age -
e     /directory/to/cleanup                    mode user group cleanup-age -
v     /subvolume-or-directory/to/create        mode user group cleanup-age -
q     /subvolume-or-directory/to/create        mode user group cleanup-age -
Q     /subvolume-or-directory/to/create        mode user group cleanup-age -
p     /fifo/to/create                          mode user group -           -
p+    /fifo/to/[re]create                      mode user group -           -
L     /symlink/to/create                       -    -    -     -           symlink/target/path
L+    /symlink/to/[re]create                   -    -    -     -           symlink/target/path
c     /dev/char-device-to-create               mode user group -           major:minor
c+    /dev/char-device-to-[re]create           mode user group -           major:minor
b     /dev/block-device-to-create              mode user group -           major:minor
b+    /dev/block-device-to-[re]create          mode user group -           major:minor
C     /target/to/create                        -    -    -     cleanup-age /source/to/copy
x     /path-or-glob/to/ignore/recursively      -    -    -     cleanup-age -
X     /path-or-glob/to/ignore                  -    -    -     cleanup-age -
r     /empty/dir/to/remove                     -    -    -     -           -
R     /dir/to/remove/recursively               -    -    -     -           -
z     /path-or-glob/to/adjust/mode             mode user group -           -
Z     /path-or-glob/to/adjust/mode/recursively mode user group -           -
t     /path-or-glob/to/set/xattrs              -    -    -     -           xattrs
T     /path-or-glob/to/set/xattrs/recursively  -    -    -     -           xattrs
h     /path-or-glob/to/set/attrs               -    -    -     -           file attrs
H     /path-or-glob/to/set/attrs/recursively   -    -    -     -           file attrs
a     /path-or-glob/to/set/acls                -    -    -     -           POSIX ACLs
a+    /path-or-glob/to/append/acls             -    -    -     -           POSIX ACLs
A     /path-or-glob/to/set/acls/recursively    -    -    -     -           POSIX ACLs
A+    /path-or-glob/to/append/acls/recursively -    -    -     -           POSIX ACLs

</programlisting>
  </refsynopsisdiv>

  <refsect1>
    <title>Description</title>

    <para><filename>tmpfiles.d</filename> configuration files provide a generic mechanism to define the
    <emphasis>creation</emphasis> of regular files, directories, pipes, and device nodes, adjustments to
    their <emphasis>access mode, ownership, attributes, quota assignments, and contents</emphasis>, and
    finally their time-based <emphasis>removal</emphasis>. It is mostly commonly used for volatile and
    temporary files and directories (such as those located under <filename>/run/</filename>,
    <filename>/tmp/</filename>, <filename>/var/tmp/</filename>, the API file systems such as
    <filename>/sys/</filename> or <filename>/proc/</filename>, as well as some other directories below
    <filename>/var/</filename>).</para>

    <para><command>systemd-tmpfiles</command> uses this configuration to create volatile files and
    directories during boot and to do periodic cleanup afterwards. See
    <citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd-tmpfiles</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry> for
    the description of <filename>systemd-tmpfiles-setup.service</filename>,
    <filename>systemd-tmpfiles-clean.service</filename>, and associated units.</para>

    <para>System daemons frequently require private runtime directories below <filename>/run/</filename> to
    store communication sockets and similar. For these, it is better to use
    <varname>RuntimeDirectory=</varname> in their unit files (see
    <citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd.exec</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry> for
    details), if the flexibility provided by <filename>tmpfiles.d</filename> is not required. The advantages
    are that the configuration required by the unit is centralized in one place, and that the lifetime of the
    directory is tied to the lifetime of the service itself. Similarly, <varname>StateDirectory=</varname>,
    <varname>CacheDirectory=</varname>, <varname>LogsDirectory=</varname>, and
    <varname>ConfigurationDirectory=</varname> should be used to create directories under
    <filename>/var/lib/</filename>, <filename>/var/cache/</filename>, <filename>/var/log/</filename>, and
    <filename>/etc/</filename>. <filename>tmpfiles.d</filename> should be used for files whose lifetime is
    independent of any service or requires more complicated configuration.</para>
  </refsect1>

  <refsect1>
    <title>Configuration Directories and Precedence</title>

    <para>Each configuration file shall be named in the style of
    <filename><replaceable>package</replaceable>.conf</filename> or
    <filename><replaceable>package</replaceable>-<replaceable>part</replaceable>.conf</filename>.
    The second variant should be used when it is desirable to make it
    easy to override just this part of configuration.</para>

    <para>Files in <filename>/etc/tmpfiles.d</filename> override files with the same name in
    <filename>/usr/lib/tmpfiles.d</filename> and <filename>/run/tmpfiles.d</filename>. Files in
    <filename>/run/tmpfiles.d</filename> override files with the same name in
    <filename>/usr/lib/tmpfiles.d</filename>. Packages should install their configuration files in
    <filename>/usr/lib/tmpfiles.d</filename>. Files in <filename>/etc/tmpfiles.d</filename> are reserved for
    the local administrator, who may use this logic to override the configuration files installed by vendor
    packages. All configuration files are sorted by their filename in lexicographic order, regardless of
    which of the directories they reside in. If multiple files specify the same path, the entry in the file
    with the lexicographically earliest name will be applied (note that lines suppressed due to the
    <literal>!</literal> are filtered before application, meaning that if an early line carries the
    exclamation mark and is suppressed because of that, a later line matching in path will be applied).  All
    other conflicting entries will be logged as errors. When two lines are prefix path and suffix path of
    each other, then the prefix line is always created first, the suffix later (and if removal applies to the
    line, the order is reversed: the suffix is removed first, the prefix later). Lines that take globs are
    applied after those accepting no globs. If multiple operations shall be applied on the same file (such as
    ACL, xattr, file attribute adjustments), these are always done in the same fixed order. Except for those
    cases, the files/directories are processed in the order they are listed.</para>

    <para>If the administrator wants to disable a configuration file
    supplied by the vendor, the recommended way is to place a symlink
    to <filename>/dev/null</filename> in
    <filename>/etc/tmpfiles.d/</filename> bearing the same filename.
    </para>
  </refsect1>

  <refsect1>
    <title>Configuration File Format</title>

    <para>The configuration format is one line per path, containing type, path, mode, ownership, age, and
    argument fields. The lines are separated by newlines, the fields by whitespace:</para>

    <programlisting>#Type Path        Mode User Group Age Argument…
d     /run/user   0755 root root  10d -
L     /tmp/foobar -    -    -     -   /dev/null</programlisting>

    <para>Fields may contain C-style escapes. With the exception of the seventh field (the "argument") all
    fields may be enclosed in quotes. Note that any whitespace found in the line after the beginning of the
    argument field will be considered part of the argument field. To begin the argument field with a
    whitespace character, use C-style escapes (e.g. <literal>\x20</literal>).</para>

    <refsect2>
      <title>Type</title>

      <para>The type consists of a single letter and optionally one or emore modifier characters: a plus sign
      (<literal>+</literal>), exclamation mark (<literal>!</literal>), minus sign (<literal>-</literal>),
      equals sign (<literal>=</literal>), tilde character (<literal>~</literal>) and/or caret
      (<literal>^</literal>).</para>

      <para>The following line types are understood:</para>

      <variablelist>
        <varlistentry>
          <term><varname>f</varname></term>
          <term><varname>f+</varname></term>
          <listitem><para><varname>f</varname> will create a file if it does not exist yet. If the argument
          parameter is given and the file did not exist yet, it will be written to the file.
          <varname>f+</varname> will create or truncate the file. If the argument parameter is given, it will
          be written to the file. Does not follow symlinks.</para></listitem>
        </varlistentry>

        <varlistentry>
          <term><varname>w</varname></term>
          <term><varname>w+</varname></term>
          <listitem><para>Write the argument parameter to a file, if the file exists.
          If suffixed with <varname>+</varname>, the line will be appended to the file.
          If your configuration writes multiple lines to the same file, use <varname>w+</varname>.
          Lines of this type accept shell-style globs in place of normal path names.
          The argument parameter will be written without a trailing newline.
          C-style backslash escapes are interpreted. Follows symlinks.</para></listitem>
        </varlistentry>

        <varlistentry>
          <term><varname>d</varname></term>
          <listitem><para>Create a directory. The mode and ownership will be adjusted if specified. Contents
          of this directory are subject to time based cleanup if the age argument is specified.
          </para></listitem>
        </varlistentry>

        <varlistentry>
          <term><varname>D</varname></term>
          <listitem><para>Similar to <varname>d</varname>, but in addition the contents of the directory will
          be removed when <option>--remove</option> is used.</para></listitem>
        </varlistentry>

        <varlistentry>
          <term><varname>e</varname></term>
          <listitem><para>Adjust the mode and ownership of existing directories and remove their contents
          based on age.
          Lines of this type accept shell-style globs in place of normal path names. Contents of the
          directories are subject to time based cleanup if the age argument is specified. If the age argument
          is <literal>0</literal>, contents will be unconditionally deleted every time
          <command>systemd-tmpfiles --clean</command> is run.</para>

          <para>For this entry to be useful, at least one of the mode, user, group, or age arguments must be
          specified, since otherwise this entry has no effect. As an exception, an entry with no effect may
          be useful when combined with <varname>!</varname>, see the examples.</para></listitem>
        </varlistentry>

        <varlistentry>
          <term><varname>v</varname></term>
          <listitem><para>Create a subvolume if the path does not exist yet, the file system supports
          subvolumes (btrfs), and the system itself is installed into a subvolume (specifically: the root
          directory <filename>/</filename> is itself a subvolume). Otherwise, create a normal directory, in
          the same way as <varname>d</varname>.</para>

          <para>A subvolume created with this line type is not assigned to any higher-level quota group. For
          that, use <varname>q</varname> or <varname>Q</varname>, which allow creating simple quota group
          hierarchies, see below.</para></listitem>
        </varlistentry>

        <varlistentry>
          <term><varname>q</varname></term>
          <listitem><para>Create a subvolume or directory the same as <varname>v</varname>, but assign the
          subvolume to the same higher-level quota groups as the parent. This ensures that higher-level
          limits and accounting applied to the parent subvolume also include the specified subvolume. On
          non-btrfs file systems, this line type is identical to <varname>d</varname>.</para>

          <para>If the subvolume already exists, no change to the quota hierarchy is made, regardless of whether the
          subvolume is already attached to a quota group or not. Also see <varname>Q</varname> below. See <citerefentry
          project='die-net'><refentrytitle>btrfs-qgroup</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry> for
          details about the btrfs quota group concept.</para></listitem>
        </varlistentry>

        <varlistentry>
          <term><varname>Q</varname></term>
          <listitem><para>Create the subvolume or directory the same as <varname>v</varname>, but assign the
          new subvolume to a new leaf quota group. Instead of copying the higher-level quota group
          assignments from the parent as is done with <varname>q</varname>, the lowest quota group of the
          parent subvolume is determined that is not the leaf quota group. Then, an "intermediary" quota
          group is inserted that is one level below this level, and shares the same ID part as the specified
          subvolume. If no higher-level quota group exists for the parent subvolume, a new quota group at
          level 255 sharing the same ID as the specified subvolume is inserted instead. This new intermediary
          quota group is then assigned to the parent subvolume's higher-level quota groups, and the specified
          subvolume's leaf quota group is assigned to it.</para>

          <para>Effectively, this has a similar effect as <varname>q</varname>, however introduces a new higher-level
          quota group for the specified subvolume that may be used to enforce limits and accounting to the specified
          subvolume and children subvolume created within it. Thus, by creating subvolumes only via
          <varname>q</varname> and <varname>Q</varname>, a concept of "subtree quotas" is implemented. Each subvolume
          for which <varname>Q</varname> is set will get a "subtree" quota group created, and all child subvolumes
          created within it will be assigned to it. Each subvolume for which <varname>q</varname> is set will not get
          such a "subtree" quota group, but it is ensured that they are added to the same "subtree" quota group as
          their immediate parents.</para>

          <para>It is recommended to use <varname>Q</varname> for subvolumes that typically contain further subvolumes,
          and where it is desirable to have accounting and quota limits on all child subvolumes together. Examples for
          <varname>Q</varname> are typically <filename>/home/</filename> or <filename>/var/lib/machines/</filename>. In
          contrast, <varname>q</varname> should be used for subvolumes that either usually do not include further
          subvolumes or where no accounting and quota limits are needed that apply to all child subvolumes
          together. Examples for <varname>q</varname> are typically <filename>/var/</filename> or
          <filename>/var/tmp/</filename>. </para>

          <para>As with <varname>q</varname>, <varname>Q</varname> has no effect on the quota group hierarchy if the
          subvolume already exists, regardless of whether the subvolume already belong to a quota group or not.
          </para></listitem>
        </varlistentry>

        <varlistentry>
          <term><varname>p</varname></term>
          <term><varname>p+</varname></term>
          <listitem><para>Create a named pipe (FIFO) if it does not
          exist yet. If suffixed with <varname>+</varname> and a file
          already exists where the pipe is to be created, it will be
          removed and be replaced by the pipe.</para></listitem>
        </varlistentry>

        <varlistentry>
          <term><varname>L</varname></term>
          <term><varname>L+</varname></term>
          <listitem><para>Create a symlink if it does not exist
          yet. If suffixed with <varname>+</varname> and a file or
          directory already exists where the symlink is to be created,
          it will be removed and be replaced by the symlink. If the
          argument is omitted, symlinks to files with the same name
          residing in the directory
          <filename>/usr/share/factory/</filename> are created. Note
          that permissions and ownership on symlinks are ignored.
          </para></listitem>
        </varlistentry>

        <varlistentry>
          <term><varname>c</varname></term>
          <term><varname>c+</varname></term>
          <listitem><para>Create a character device node if it does
          not exist yet. If suffixed with <varname>+</varname> and a
          file already exists where the device node is to be created,
          it will be removed and be replaced by the device node. It is
          recommended to suffix this entry with an exclamation mark to
          only create static device nodes at boot, as udev will not
          manage static device nodes that are created at runtime.
          </para></listitem>
        </varlistentry>

        <varlistentry>
          <term><varname>b</varname></term>
          <term><varname>b+</varname></term>
          <listitem><para>Create a block device node if it does not
          exist yet. If suffixed with <varname>+</varname> and a file
          already exists where the device node is to be created, it
          will be removed and be replaced by the device node. It is
          recommended to suffix this entry with an exclamation mark to
          only create static device nodes at boot, as udev will not
          manage static device nodes that are created at runtime.
          </para></listitem>
        </varlistentry>

        <varlistentry>
          <term><varname>C</varname></term>
          <listitem><para>Recursively copy a file or directory, if the
          destination files or directories do not exist yet or the
          destination directory is empty. Note that this command will not
          descend into subdirectories if the destination directory already
          exists and is not empty. Instead, the entire copy operation is
          skipped. If the argument is omitted, files from the source directory
          <filename>/usr/share/factory/</filename> with the same name
          are copied. Does not follow symlinks. Contents of the directories
          are subject to time based cleanup if the age argument is specified.
          </para></listitem>
        </varlistentry>

        <varlistentry>
          <term><varname>x</varname></term>
          <listitem><para>Ignore a path during cleaning. Use this type
          to exclude paths from clean-up as controlled with the Age
          parameter. Note that lines of this type do not influence the
          effect of <varname>r</varname> or <varname>R</varname>
          lines. Lines of this type accept shell-style globs in place
          of normal path names.  </para></listitem>
        </varlistentry>

        <varlistentry>
          <term><varname>X</varname></term>
          <listitem><para>Ignore a path during cleaning. Use this type
          to exclude paths from clean-up as controlled with the Age
          parameter. Unlike <varname>x</varname>, this parameter will
          not exclude the content if path is a directory, but only
          directory itself. Note that lines of this type do not
          influence the effect of <varname>r</varname> or
          <varname>R</varname> lines. Lines of this type accept
          shell-style globs in place of normal path names.
          </para></listitem>
        </varlistentry>

        <varlistentry>
          <term><varname>r</varname></term>
          <listitem><para>Remove a file or directory if it exists.
          This may not be used to remove non-empty directories, use
          <varname>R</varname> for that.  Lines of this type accept
          shell-style globs in place of normal path
          names. Does not follow symlinks.</para></listitem>
        </varlistentry>

        <varlistentry>
          <term><varname>R</varname></term>
          <listitem><para>Recursively remove a path and all its
          subdirectories (if it is a directory). Lines of this type
          accept shell-style globs in place of normal path
          names. Does not follow symlinks.</para></listitem>
        </varlistentry>

        <varlistentry>
          <term><varname>z</varname></term>
          <listitem><para>Adjust the access mode, user and group ownership, and restore the SELinux security
          context of a file or directory, if it exists. Lines of this type accept shell-style globs in place
          of normal path names. Does not follow symlinks.</para></listitem>
        </varlistentry>

        <varlistentry>
          <term><varname>Z</varname></term>
          <listitem><para>Recursively set the access mode, user and group ownership, and restore the SELinux
          security context of a file or directory if it exists, as well as of its subdirectories and the
          files contained therein (if applicable). Lines of this type accept shell-style globs in place of
          normal path names. Does not follow symlinks.</para></listitem>
        </varlistentry>

        <varlistentry>
          <term><varname>t</varname></term>
          <listitem><para>Set extended attributes, see <citerefentry
          project='man-pages'><refentrytitle>attr</refentrytitle>
          <manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry> for details. The argument field should take one or more
          assignment expressions in the form
          <replaceable>namespace</replaceable>.<replaceable>attribute</replaceable>=<replaceable>value</replaceable>,
          for examples see below. Lines of this type accept shell-style globs in place of normal path
          names. This can be useful for setting SMACK labels. Does not follow symlinks.</para>

          <para>Please note that extended attributes settable with this line type are a different concept
          from the Linux file attributes settable with <varname>h</varname>/<varname>H</varname>, see
          below.</para></listitem>
        </varlistentry>

        <varlistentry>
          <term><varname>T</varname></term>
          <listitem><para>Same as <varname>t</varname>, but operates recursively.</para></listitem>
        </varlistentry>

        <varlistentry>
          <term><varname>h</varname></term>
          <listitem><para>Set Linux file/directory attributes. Lines of this type accept shell-style globs in
          place of normal path names.</para>

          <para>The format of the argument field is <varname>[+-=][aAcCdDeijPsStTu]</varname>. The prefix
          <varname>+</varname> (the default one) causes the attributes to be added; <varname>-</varname>
          causes the attributes to be removed; <varname>=</varname> causes the attributes to be set exactly
          as the following letters. The letters <literal>aAcCdDeijPsStTu</literal> select the new attributes
          for the files, see <citerefentry project='man-pages'><refentrytitle>chattr</refentrytitle>
          <manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry> for further information.
          </para>

          <para>Passing only <varname>=</varname> as argument resets all the file attributes listed above. It
          has to be pointed out that the <varname>=</varname> prefix limits itself to the attributes
          corresponding to the letters listed here. All other attributes will be left untouched. Does not
          follow symlinks.</para>

          <para>Please note that the Linux file attributes settable with this line type are a different
          concept from the extended attributes settable with <varname>t</varname>/<varname>T</varname>,
          see above.</para></listitem>
        </varlistentry>

        <varlistentry>
          <term><varname>H</varname></term>
          <listitem><para>Sames as <varname>h</varname>, but operates recursively.</para></listitem>
        </varlistentry>

        <varlistentry>
          <term><varname>a</varname></term>
          <term><varname>a+</varname></term>
          <listitem><para>Set POSIX ACLs (access control lists), see <citerefentry
          project='man-pages'><refentrytitle>acl</refentrytitle>
          <manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>. If suffixed with <varname>+</varname>, the specified
          entries will be added to the existing set. <command>systemd-tmpfiles</command> will automatically
          add the required base entries for user and group based on the access mode of the file, unless base
          entries already exist or are explicitly specified. The mask will be added if not specified
          explicitly or already present. Lines of this type accept shell-style globs in place of normal path
          names. This can be useful for allowing additional access to certain files. Does not follow
          symlinks.</para></listitem>
        </varlistentry>

        <varlistentry>
          <term><varname>A</varname></term>
          <term><varname>A+</varname></term>
          <listitem><para>Same as <varname>a</varname> and
          <varname>a+</varname>, but recursive. Does not follow
          symlinks.</para></listitem>
        </varlistentry>
      </variablelist>
    </refsect2>

    <refsect2>
      <title>Type Modifiers</title>

      <para>If the exclamation mark (<literal>!</literal>) is used, this line is only safe to execute during
      boot, and can break a running system. Lines without the exclamation mark are presumed to be safe to
      execute at any time, e.g. on package upgrades. <command>systemd-tmpfiles</command> will take lines with
      an exclamation mark only into consideration, if the <option>--boot</option> option is given.</para>

      <para>For example:
      <programlisting># Make sure these are created by default so that nobody else can
d /tmp/.X11-unix 1777 root root 10d

# Unlink the X11 lock files
r! /tmp/.X[0-9]*-lock</programlisting>
      The second line in contrast to the first one would break a
      running system, and will only be executed with
      <option>--boot</option>.</para>

      <para>If the minus sign (<literal>-</literal>) is used, this line failing to run successfully during
      create (and only create) will not cause the execution of <command>systemd-tmpfiles</command> to return
      an error.</para>

      <para>For example:
      <programlisting># Modify sysfs but don't fail if we are in a container with a read-only /proc
w- /proc/sys/vm/swappiness - - - - 10</programlisting></para>

      <para>If the equals sign (<literal>=</literal>) is used, the file types of existing objects in the specified path
      are checked, and removed if they do not match. This includes any implicitly created parent directories (which can
      be either directories or directory symlinks). For example, if there is a FIFO in place of one of the parent path
      components it will be replaced with a directory.</para>

      <para>If the tilde character (<literal>~</literal>) is used, the argument (i.e. 6th) column is <ulink
      url="https://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc4648.html">Base64 decoded</ulink> before use. This modifier is
      only supported on line types that can write file contents, i.e. <varname>f</varname>,
      <varname>f+</varname>, <varname>w</varname>, <varname>+</varname>. This is useful for writing arbitrary
      binary data (including newlines and NUL bytes) to files. Note that if this switch is used, the argument
      is not subject to specifier expansion, neither before nor after Base64 decoding.</para>

      <para>If the caret character (<literal>^</literal>) is used, the argument (i.e. 6th) column takes a
      service credential name to read the argument data from. See <ulink
      url="https://systemd.io/CREDENTIALS">System and Service Credentials</ulink> for details about the
      credentials concept. This modifier is only supported on line types that can write file contents,
      i.e. <varname>f</varname>, <varname>f+</varname>, <varname>w</varname>, <varname>w+</varname>. This is
      useful for writing arbitrary files with contents sourced from elsewhere, including from VM or container
      managers further up. If the specified credential is not set for the <command>systemd-tmpfiles</command>
      service, the line is silently skipped. If <literal>^</literal> and <literal>~</literal> are combined
      Base64 decoding is applied to the credential contents.</para>

      <para>Note that for all line types that result in creation of any kind of file node
      (i.e. <varname>f</varname>/<varname>F</varname>,
      <varname>d</varname>/<varname>D</varname>/<varname>v</varname>/<varname>q</varname>/<varname>Q</varname>,
      <varname>p</varname>, <varname>L</varname>, <varname>c</varname>/<varname>b</varname> and <varname>C</varname>)
      leading directories are implicitly created if needed, owned by root with an access mode of 0755. In order to
      create them with different modes or ownership make sure to add appropriate <varname>d</varname> lines.</para>
    </refsect2>

    <refsect2>
      <title>Path</title>

      <para>The file system path specification supports simple
      specifier expansion, see below. The path (after expansion) must be
      absolute.</para>
    </refsect2>

    <refsect2>
      <title>Mode</title>

      <para>The file access mode to use when creating this file or directory. If omitted or when set to
      <literal>-</literal>, the default is used: 0755 for directories, 0644 for all other file objects.  For
      <varname>z</varname>, <varname>Z</varname> lines, if omitted or when set to <literal>-</literal>, the
      file access mode will not be modified. This parameter is ignored for <varname>x</varname>,
      <varname>r</varname>, <varname>R</varname>, <varname>L</varname>, <varname>t</varname>, and
      <varname>a</varname> lines.</para>

      <para>Optionally, if prefixed with <literal>~</literal>, the access mode is masked based on the already
      set access bits for existing file or directories: if the existing file has all executable bits unset,
      all executable bits are removed from the new access mode, too. Similarly, if all read bits are removed
      from the old access mode, they will be removed from the new access mode too, and if all write bits are
      removed, they will be removed from the new access mode too. In addition, the sticky/SUID/SGID bit is
      removed unless applied to a directory. This functionality is particularly useful in conjunction with
      <varname>Z</varname>.</para>

      <para>Optionally, if prefixed with <literal>:</literal>, the configured access mode is only used when
      creating new inodes. If the inode the line refers to already exists, its access mode is left in place
      unmodified.</para>
    </refsect2>

    <refsect2>
      <title>User, Group</title>

      <para>The user and group to use for this file or directory. This may either be a numeric ID or a
      user/group name. If omitted or when set to <literal>-</literal>, the user and group of the user who
      invokes <command>systemd-tmpfiles</command> is used. For <varname>z</varname> and <varname>Z</varname>
      lines, when omitted or when set to <literal>-</literal>, the file ownership will not be modified. These
      parameters are ignored for <varname>x</varname>, <varname>r</varname>, <varname>R</varname>,
      <varname>L</varname>, <varname>t</varname>, and <varname>a</varname> lines.</para>

      <para>This field should generally only reference system users/groups, i.e. users/groups that are
      guaranteed to be resolvable during early boot. If this field references users/groups that only become
      resolveable during later boot (i.e. after NIS, LDAP or a similar networked directory service become
      available), execution of the operations declared by the line will likely fail. Also see <ulink
      url="https://systemd.io/UIDS-GIDS/#notes-on-resolvability-of-user-and-group-names">Notes on
      Resolvability of User and Group Names</ulink> for more information on requirements on system user/group
      definitions.</para>

      <para>Optionally, if prefixed with <literal>:</literal>, the configured user/group information is only
      used when creating new inodes. If the inode the line refers to already exists, its user/group is left
      in place unmodified.</para>
    </refsect2>

    <refsect2>
      <title>Age</title>

      <para>The date field, when set, is used to decide what files to
      delete when cleaning. If a file or directory is older than the
      current time minus the age field, it is deleted. The field
      format is a series of integers each followed by one of the
      following suffixes for the respective time units:
      <constant>s</constant>,
      <constant>m</constant> or <constant>min</constant>,
      <constant>h</constant>,
      <constant>d</constant>,
      <constant>w</constant>,
      <constant>ms</constant>, and
      <constant>us</constant>,
      meaning seconds, minutes, hours, days, weeks,
      milliseconds, and microseconds, respectively. Full names of the time units can
      be used too.
      </para>

      <para>If multiple integers and units are specified, the time
      values are summed. If an integer is given without a unit,
      <constant>s</constant> is assumed.
      </para>

      <para>When the age is set to zero, the files are cleaned
      unconditionally.</para>

      <para>The age field only applies to lines starting with
      <varname>d</varname>, <varname>D</varname>, <varname>e</varname>,
      <varname>v</varname>, <varname>q</varname>,
      <varname>Q</varname>, <varname>C</varname>, <varname>x</varname>
      and <varname>X</varname>. If omitted or set to
      <literal>-</literal>, no automatic clean-up is done.</para>

      <para>If the age field starts with a tilde character <literal>~</literal>, clean-up is only applied to
      files and directories one level inside the directory specified, but not the files and directories
      immediately inside it.</para>

      <para>The age of a file system entry is determined from its last
      modification timestamp (mtime), its last access timestamp (atime),
      and (except for directories) its last status change timestamp
      (ctime). By default, any of these three (or two) values will
      prevent cleanup if it is more recent than the current time minus
      the age field. To restrict the deletion based on particular type
      of file timestamps, the age-by argument can be used.</para>

      <para>The age-by argument overrides the timestamp types to be used for the age check. It can be
      specified by prefixing the age argument with a sequence of characters to specify the timestamp types
      and a colon (<literal>:</literal>):
      <literal><replaceable>age-by</replaceable>...:<replaceable>cleanup-age</replaceable></literal>.  The
      argument can consist of <constant>a</constant> (<constant>A</constant> for directories),
      <constant>b</constant> (<constant>B</constant> for directories), <constant>c</constant>
      (<constant>C</constant> for directories), or <constant>m</constant> (<constant>M</constant> for
      directories). Those respectively indicate access, creation, last status change, and last modification
      time of a file system entry. The lower-case letter signifies that the given timestamp type should be
      considered for files, while the upper-case letter signifies that the given timestamp type should be
      considered for directories. See <citerefentry
      project='man-pages'><refentrytitle>statx</refentrytitle><manvolnum>2</manvolnum></citerefentry> file
      timestamp fields for more details about timestamp types.</para>

      <para>If not specified, the age-by field defaults to <constant>abcmABM</constant>, i.e. by default all
      file timestamps are taken into consideration, with the exception of the last status change timestamp
      (ctime) for directories. This is because the aging logic itself will alter the ctime whenever it
      deletes a file inside it. To ensure that running the aging logic does not feed back into the next
      iteration of itself, ctime for directories is ignored by default.</para>

      <para>For example:<programlisting>
# Files created and modified, and directories accessed more than
# an hour ago in "/tmp/foo/bar", are subject to time-based cleanup.
d /tmp/foo/bar - - - - bmA:1h -</programlisting></para>

      <para>Note that while the aging algorithm is run a 'shared' BSD file lock (see <citerefentry
      project='man-pages'><refentrytitle>flock</refentrytitle><manvolnum>2</manvolnum></citerefentry>) is
      taken on each directory the algorithm descends into (and each directory below that, and so on). If the
      aging algorithm finds a lock is already taken on some directory, it (and everything below it) is
      skipped. Applications may use this to temporarily exclude certain directory subtrees from the aging
      algorithm: the applications can take a BSD file lock themselves, and as long as they keep it aging of
      the directory and everything below it is disabled.</para>
    </refsect2>

    <refsect2>
      <title>Argument</title>

      <para>For <varname>L</varname> lines determines the destination path of the symlink. For <varname>c</varname> and
      <varname>b</varname>, determines the major/minor of the device node, with major and minor formatted as integers,
      separated by <literal>:</literal>, e.g.  <literal>1:3</literal>. For <varname>f</varname>, <varname>F</varname>,
      and <varname>w</varname>, the argument may be used to specify a short string that is written to the file,
      suffixed by a newline. For <varname>C</varname>, specifies the source file or directory. For <varname>t</varname>
      and <varname>T</varname>, determines extended attributes to be set. For <varname>a</varname> and
      <varname>A</varname>, determines ACL attributes to be set. For <varname>h</varname> and <varname>H</varname>,
      determines the file attributes to set. Ignored for all other lines.</para>

      <para>This field can contain specifiers, see below.</para>
    </refsect2>
  </refsect1>

  <refsect1>
    <title>Specifiers</title>

    <para>Specifiers can be used in the "path" and "argument" fields.
    An unknown or unresolvable specifier is treated as invalid configuration.
    The following expansions are understood:</para>
      <table class='specifiers'>
        <title>Specifiers available</title>
        <tgroup cols='3' align='left' colsep='1' rowsep='1'>
          <colspec colname="spec" />
          <colspec colname="mean" />
          <colspec colname="detail" />
          <thead>
            <row>
              <entry>Specifier</entry>
              <entry>Meaning</entry>
              <entry>Details</entry>
            </row>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <xi:include href="standard-specifiers.xml" xpointer="a"/>
            <xi:include href="standard-specifiers.xml" xpointer="A"/>
            <xi:include href="standard-specifiers.xml" xpointer="b"/>
            <xi:include href="standard-specifiers.xml" xpointer="B"/>
            <row>
              <entry><literal>%C</literal></entry>
              <entry>System or user cache directory</entry>
              <entry>In <option>--user</option> mode, this is the same as <varname>$XDG_CACHE_HOME</varname>, and <filename>/var/cache</filename> otherwise.</entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry><literal>%g</literal></entry>
              <entry>User group</entry>
              <entry>This is the name of the group running the command. In case of the system instance this resolves to <literal>root</literal>.</entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry><literal>%G</literal></entry>
              <entry>User GID</entry>
              <entry>This is the numeric GID of the group running the command. In case of the system instance this resolves to <constant>0</constant>.</entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry><literal>%h</literal></entry>
              <entry>User home directory</entry>
              <entry>This is the home directory of the user running the command. In case of the system instance this resolves to <literal>/root</literal>.</entry>
            </row>
            <xi:include href="standard-specifiers.xml" xpointer="H"/>
            <xi:include href="standard-specifiers.xml" xpointer="l"/>
            <row>
              <entry><literal>%L</literal></entry>
              <entry>System or user log directory</entry>
              <entry>In <option>--user</option> mode, this is the same as <varname>$XDG_CONFIG_HOME</varname> with <filename index="false">/log</filename> appended, and <filename>/var/log</filename> otherwise.</entry>
            </row>
            <xi:include href="standard-specifiers.xml" xpointer="m"/>
            <xi:include href="standard-specifiers.xml" xpointer="M"/>
            <xi:include href="standard-specifiers.xml" xpointer="o"/>
            <row>
              <entry><literal>%S</literal></entry>
              <entry>System or user state directory</entry>
              <entry>In <option>--user</option> mode, this is the same as <varname>$XDG_CONFIG_HOME</varname>, and <filename>/var/lib</filename> otherwise.</entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry><literal>%t</literal></entry>
              <entry>System or user runtime directory</entry>
              <entry>In <option>--user</option> mode, this is the same <varname>$XDG_RUNTIME_DIR</varname>, and <filename>/run/</filename> otherwise.</entry>
            </row>
            <xi:include href="standard-specifiers.xml" xpointer="T"/>
            <row>
              <entry><literal>%u</literal></entry>
              <entry>User name</entry>
              <entry>This is the name of the user running the command. In case of the system instance this resolves to <literal>root</literal>.</entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry><literal>%U</literal></entry>
              <entry>User UID</entry>
              <entry>This is the numeric UID of the user running the command. In case of the system instance this resolves to <constant>0</constant>.</entry>
            </row>
            <xi:include href="standard-specifiers.xml" xpointer="v"/>
            <xi:include href="standard-specifiers.xml" xpointer="V"/>
            <xi:include href="standard-specifiers.xml" xpointer="w"/>
            <xi:include href="standard-specifiers.xml" xpointer="W"/>
            <xi:include href="standard-specifiers.xml" xpointer="percent"/>
          </tbody>
        </tgroup>
      </table>
  </refsect1>

  <refsect1>
    <title>Examples</title>
    <example>
      <title>Create directories with specific mode and ownership</title>
      <para>
      <citerefentry project='die-net'><refentrytitle>screen</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>,
      needs two directories created at boot with specific modes and ownership:</para>

      <programlisting># /usr/lib/tmpfiles.d/screen.conf
d /run/screens  1777 root screen 10d
d /run/uscreens 0755 root screen 10d12h
</programlisting>

      <para>Contents of <filename>/run/screens</filename> and /run/uscreens will
      be cleaned up after 10 and 10½ days, respectively.</para>
    </example>

    <example>
      <title>Create a directory with a SMACK attribute</title>
      <programlisting>D /run/cups - - - -
t /run/cups - - - - security.SMACK64=printing user.attr-with-spaces="foo bar"
      </programlisting>

      <para>The directory will be owned by root and have default mode. Its contents are
      not subject to time based cleanup, but will be obliterated when
      <command>systemd-tmpfiles --remove</command> runs.</para>
    </example>

    <example>
      <title>Create a directory and prevent its contents from cleanup</title>
      <para>
      <citerefentry project='die-net'><refentrytitle>abrt</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>,
      needs a directory created at boot with specific mode and ownership and its content
      should be preserved from the automatic cleanup applied to the contents of
      <filename>/var/tmp</filename>:</para>

      <programlisting># /usr/lib/tmpfiles.d/tmp.conf
d /var/tmp 1777 root root 30d
</programlisting>

      <programlisting># /usr/lib/tmpfiles.d/abrt.conf
d /var/tmp/abrt 0755 abrt abrt -
</programlisting>
    </example>

    <example>
      <title>Apply clean up during boot and based on time</title>

      <programlisting># /usr/lib/tmpfiles.d/dnf.conf
r! /var/cache/dnf/*/*/download_lock.pid
r! /var/cache/dnf/*/*/metadata_lock.pid
r! /var/lib/dnf/rpmdb_lock.pid
e  /var/cache/dnf/ - - - 30d
</programlisting>

     <para>The lock files will be removed during boot. Any files and directories in
     <filename>/var/cache/dnf/</filename> will be removed after they have not been
     accessed in 30 days.</para>
    </example>

    <example>
      <title>Empty the contents of a cache directory on boot</title>

      <programlisting># /usr/lib/tmpfiles.d/krb5rcache.conf
e! /var/cache/krb5rcache - - - 0
</programlisting>

      <para>Any files and subdirectories in <filename>/var/cache/krb5rcache/</filename>
      will be removed on boot. The directory will not be created.
      </para>
    </example>

    <example>
      <title>Provision SSH public key access for root user via Credentials in QEMU</title>

      <programlisting>-smbios type=11,value=io.systemd.credential.binary:tmpfiles.extra=$(echo "f~ /root/.ssh/authorized_keys 700 root root - $(ssh-add -L | base64 -w 0)" | base64 -w 0)
</programlisting>

      <para>By passing this line to QEMU, the public key of the current user will be encoded in
      base64, added to a tmpfiles.d line that tells systemd-tmpfiles to decode it into
      <filename>/root/.ssh/authorized_keys</filename>, encode that line itself in base64 and
      pass it as a Credential that will be picked up by systemd from SMBIOS on boot.
      </para>
    </example>
  </refsect1>

  <refsect1>
    <title><filename>/run/</filename> and <filename>/var/run/</filename></title>
    <para><filename>/var/run/</filename> is a deprecated symlink to <filename>/run/</filename>, and
    applications should use the latter. <command>systemd-tmpfiles</command> will warn if
    <filename>/var/run/</filename> is used.</para>
  </refsect1>

  <refsect1>
    <title>See Also</title>
    <para>
      <citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>,
      <citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd-tmpfiles</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>,
      <citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd-delta</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>,
      <citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd.exec</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>,
      <citerefentry project='man-pages'><refentrytitle>attr</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>,
      <citerefentry project='man-pages'><refentrytitle>getfattr</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>,
      <citerefentry project='man-pages'><refentrytitle>setfattr</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>,
      <citerefentry project='man-pages'><refentrytitle>setfacl</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>,
      <citerefentry project='man-pages'><refentrytitle>getfacl</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>,
      <citerefentry project='man-pages'><refentrytitle>chattr</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>,
      <citerefentry project='die-net'><refentrytitle>btrfs-subvolume</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>,
      <citerefentry project='die-net'><refentrytitle>btrfs-qgroup</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>
    </para>
  </refsect1>

</refentry>