1 /*! \file ssl/ssl_cert.c */
2 /* Copyright (C) 1995-1998 Eric Young (eay@cryptsoft.com)
5 * This package is an SSL implementation written
6 * by Eric Young (eay@cryptsoft.com).
7 * The implementation was written so as to conform with Netscapes SSL.
9 * This library is free for commercial and non-commercial use as long as
10 * the following conditions are aheared to. The following conditions
11 * apply to all code found in this distribution, be it the RC4, RSA,
12 * lhash, DES, etc., code; not just the SSL code. The SSL documentation
13 * included with this distribution is covered by the same copyright terms
14 * except that the holder is Tim Hudson (tjh@cryptsoft.com).
16 * Copyright remains Eric Young's, and as such any Copyright notices in
17 * the code are not to be removed.
18 * If this package is used in a product, Eric Young should be given attribution
19 * as the author of the parts of the library used.
20 * This can be in the form of a textual message at program startup or
21 * in documentation (online or textual) provided with the package.
23 * Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
24 * modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions
26 * 1. Redistributions of source code must retain the copyright
27 * notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
28 * 2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
29 * notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the
30 * documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
31 * 3. All advertising materials mentioning features or use of this software
32 * must display the following acknowledgement:
33 * "This product includes cryptographic software written by
34 * Eric Young (eay@cryptsoft.com)"
35 * The word 'cryptographic' can be left out if the rouines from the library
36 * being used are not cryptographic related :-).
37 * 4. If you include any Windows specific code (or a derivative thereof) from
38 * the apps directory (application code) you must include an acknowledgement:
39 * "This product includes software written by Tim Hudson (tjh@cryptsoft.com)"
41 * THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY ERIC YOUNG ``AS IS'' AND
42 * ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE
43 * IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE
44 * ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHOR OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE
45 * FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL
46 * DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS
47 * OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION)
48 * HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT
49 * LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY
50 * OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF
53 * The licence and distribution terms for any publically available version or
54 * derivative of this code cannot be changed. i.e. this code cannot simply be
55 * copied and put under another distribution licence
56 * [including the GNU Public Licence.]
58 /* ====================================================================
59 * Copyright (c) 1999 The OpenSSL Project. All rights reserved.
61 * Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
62 * modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions
65 * 1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
66 * notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
68 * 2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
69 * notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in
70 * the documentation and/or other materials provided with the
73 * 3. All advertising materials mentioning features or use of this
74 * software must display the following acknowledgment:
75 * "This product includes software developed by the OpenSSL Project
76 * for use in the OpenSSL Toolkit. (http://www.OpenSSL.org/)"
78 * 4. The names "OpenSSL Toolkit" and "OpenSSL Project" must not be used to
79 * endorse or promote products derived from this software without
80 * prior written permission. For written permission, please contact
81 * openssl-core@OpenSSL.org.
83 * 5. Products derived from this software may not be called "OpenSSL"
84 * nor may "OpenSSL" appear in their names without prior written
85 * permission of the OpenSSL Project.
87 * 6. Redistributions of any form whatsoever must retain the following
89 * "This product includes software developed by the OpenSSL Project
90 * for use in the OpenSSL Toolkit (http://www.OpenSSL.org/)"
92 * THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE OpenSSL PROJECT ``AS IS'' AND ANY
93 * EXPRESSED OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE
94 * IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR
95 * PURPOSE ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE OpenSSL PROJECT OR
96 * ITS CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL,
97 * SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT
98 * NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES;
99 * LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION)
100 * HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT,
101 * STRICT LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE)
102 * ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED
103 * OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.
104 * ====================================================================
110 #ifndef NO_SYS_TYPES_H
111 # include <sys/types.h>
114 #if !defined(OPENSSL_SYS_WIN32) && !defined(OPENSSL_SYS_VMS) && !defined(NeXT) && !defined(MAC_OS_pre_X)
120 #define dirent direct
123 #include <openssl/objects.h>
124 #include <openssl/bio.h>
125 #include <openssl/pem.h>
126 #include <openssl/x509v3.h>
127 #include "ssl_locl.h"
129 int SSL_get_ex_data_X509_STORE_CTX_idx(void)
131 static volatile int ssl_x509_store_ctx_idx
= -1;
133 if (ssl_x509_store_ctx_idx
< 0)
135 /* any write lock will do; usually this branch
136 * will only be taken once anyway */
137 CRYPTO_w_lock(CRYPTO_LOCK_SSL_CTX
);
139 if (ssl_x509_store_ctx_idx
< 0)
141 ssl_x509_store_ctx_idx
=X509_STORE_CTX_get_ex_new_index(
142 0,"SSL for verify callback",NULL
,NULL
,NULL
);
145 CRYPTO_w_unlock(CRYPTO_LOCK_SSL_CTX
);
147 return ssl_x509_store_ctx_idx
;
150 CERT
*ssl_cert_new(void)
154 ret
=(CERT
*)OPENSSL_malloc(sizeof(CERT
));
157 SSLerr(SSL_F_SSL_CERT_NEW
,ERR_R_MALLOC_FAILURE
);
160 memset(ret
,0,sizeof(CERT
));
162 ret
->key
= &(ret
->pkeys
[SSL_PKEY_RSA_ENC
]);
168 CERT
*ssl_cert_dup(CERT
*cert
)
173 ret
= (CERT
*)OPENSSL_malloc(sizeof(CERT
));
176 SSLerr(SSL_F_SSL_CERT_DUP
, ERR_R_MALLOC_FAILURE
);
180 memset(ret
, 0, sizeof(CERT
));
182 ret
->key
= &ret
->pkeys
[cert
->key
- &cert
->pkeys
[0]];
183 /* or ret->key = ret->pkeys + (cert->key - cert->pkeys),
184 * if you find that more readable */
186 ret
->valid
= cert
->valid
;
187 ret
->mask
= cert
->mask
;
188 ret
->export_mask
= cert
->export_mask
;
190 #ifndef OPENSSL_NO_RSA
191 if (cert
->rsa_tmp
!= NULL
)
193 ret
->rsa_tmp
= cert
->rsa_tmp
;
194 CRYPTO_add(&ret
->rsa_tmp
->references
, 1, CRYPTO_LOCK_RSA
);
196 ret
->rsa_tmp_cb
= cert
->rsa_tmp_cb
;
199 #ifndef OPENSSL_NO_DH
200 if (cert
->dh_tmp
!= NULL
)
202 /* DH parameters don't have a reference count */
203 ret
->dh_tmp
= DHparams_dup(cert
->dh_tmp
);
204 if (ret
->dh_tmp
== NULL
)
206 SSLerr(SSL_F_SSL_CERT_DUP
, ERR_R_DH_LIB
);
209 if (cert
->dh_tmp
->priv_key
)
211 BIGNUM
*b
= BN_dup(cert
->dh_tmp
->priv_key
);
214 SSLerr(SSL_F_SSL_CERT_DUP
, ERR_R_BN_LIB
);
217 ret
->dh_tmp
->priv_key
= b
;
219 if (cert
->dh_tmp
->pub_key
)
221 BIGNUM
*b
= BN_dup(cert
->dh_tmp
->pub_key
);
224 SSLerr(SSL_F_SSL_CERT_DUP
, ERR_R_BN_LIB
);
227 ret
->dh_tmp
->pub_key
= b
;
230 ret
->dh_tmp_cb
= cert
->dh_tmp_cb
;
233 for (i
= 0; i
< SSL_PKEY_NUM
; i
++)
235 if (cert
->pkeys
[i
].x509
!= NULL
)
237 ret
->pkeys
[i
].x509
= cert
->pkeys
[i
].x509
;
238 CRYPTO_add(&ret
->pkeys
[i
].x509
->references
, 1,
242 if (cert
->pkeys
[i
].privatekey
!= NULL
)
244 ret
->pkeys
[i
].privatekey
= cert
->pkeys
[i
].privatekey
;
245 CRYPTO_add(&ret
->pkeys
[i
].privatekey
->references
, 1,
246 CRYPTO_LOCK_EVP_PKEY
);
250 /* If there was anything special to do for
251 * certain types of keys, we'd do it here.
252 * (Nothing at the moment, I think.) */
254 case SSL_PKEY_RSA_ENC
:
255 case SSL_PKEY_RSA_SIGN
:
256 /* We have an RSA key. */
259 case SSL_PKEY_DSA_SIGN
:
260 /* We have a DSA key. */
263 case SSL_PKEY_DH_RSA
:
264 case SSL_PKEY_DH_DSA
:
265 /* We have a DH key. */
270 SSLerr(SSL_F_SSL_CERT_DUP
, SSL_R_LIBRARY_BUG
);
275 /* ret->extra_certs *should* exist, but currently the own certificate
276 * chain is held inside SSL_CTX */
282 #ifndef OPENSSL_NO_DH /* avoid 'unreferenced label' warning if OPENSSL_NO_DH is defined */
285 #ifndef OPENSSL_NO_RSA
286 if (ret
->rsa_tmp
!= NULL
)
287 RSA_free(ret
->rsa_tmp
);
289 #ifndef OPENSSL_NO_DH
290 if (ret
->dh_tmp
!= NULL
)
291 DH_free(ret
->dh_tmp
);
294 for (i
= 0; i
< SSL_PKEY_NUM
; i
++)
296 if (ret
->pkeys
[i
].x509
!= NULL
)
297 X509_free(ret
->pkeys
[i
].x509
);
298 if (ret
->pkeys
[i
].privatekey
!= NULL
)
299 EVP_PKEY_free(ret
->pkeys
[i
].privatekey
);
306 void ssl_cert_free(CERT
*c
)
313 i
=CRYPTO_add(&c
->references
,-1,CRYPTO_LOCK_SSL_CERT
);
321 fprintf(stderr
,"ssl_cert_free, bad reference count\n");
326 #ifndef OPENSSL_NO_RSA
327 if (c
->rsa_tmp
) RSA_free(c
->rsa_tmp
);
329 #ifndef OPENSSL_NO_DH
330 if (c
->dh_tmp
) DH_free(c
->dh_tmp
);
333 for (i
=0; i
<SSL_PKEY_NUM
; i
++)
335 if (c
->pkeys
[i
].x509
!= NULL
)
336 X509_free(c
->pkeys
[i
].x509
);
337 if (c
->pkeys
[i
].privatekey
!= NULL
)
338 EVP_PKEY_free(c
->pkeys
[i
].privatekey
);
340 if (c
->pkeys
[i
].publickey
!= NULL
)
341 EVP_PKEY_free(c
->pkeys
[i
].publickey
);
347 int ssl_cert_inst(CERT
**o
)
349 /* Create a CERT if there isn't already one
350 * (which cannot really happen, as it is initially created in
351 * SSL_CTX_new; but the earlier code usually allows for that one
352 * being non-existant, so we follow that behaviour, as it might
353 * turn out that there actually is a reason for it -- but I'm
354 * not sure that *all* of the existing code could cope with
355 * s->cert being NULL, otherwise we could do without the
356 * initialization in SSL_CTX_new).
361 SSLerr(SSL_F_SSL_CERT_INST
, ERR_R_PASSED_NULL_PARAMETER
);
366 if ((*o
= ssl_cert_new()) == NULL
)
368 SSLerr(SSL_F_SSL_CERT_INST
, ERR_R_MALLOC_FAILURE
);
376 SESS_CERT
*ssl_sess_cert_new(void)
380 ret
= OPENSSL_malloc(sizeof *ret
);
383 SSLerr(SSL_F_SSL_SESS_CERT_NEW
, ERR_R_MALLOC_FAILURE
);
387 memset(ret
, 0 ,sizeof *ret
);
388 ret
->peer_key
= &(ret
->peer_pkeys
[SSL_PKEY_RSA_ENC
]);
394 void ssl_sess_cert_free(SESS_CERT
*sc
)
401 i
= CRYPTO_add(&sc
->references
, -1, CRYPTO_LOCK_SSL_SESS_CERT
);
403 REF_PRINT("SESS_CERT", sc
);
410 fprintf(stderr
,"ssl_sess_cert_free, bad reference count\n");
416 if (sc
->cert_chain
!= NULL
)
417 sk_X509_pop_free(sc
->cert_chain
, X509_free
);
418 for (i
= 0; i
< SSL_PKEY_NUM
; i
++)
420 if (sc
->peer_pkeys
[i
].x509
!= NULL
)
421 X509_free(sc
->peer_pkeys
[i
].x509
);
422 #if 0 /* We don't have the peer's private key. These lines are just
423 * here as a reminder that we're still using a not-quite-appropriate
425 if (sc
->peer_pkeys
[i
].privatekey
!= NULL
)
426 EVP_PKEY_free(sc
->peer_pkeys
[i
].privatekey
);
430 #ifndef OPENSSL_NO_RSA
431 if (sc
->peer_rsa_tmp
!= NULL
)
432 RSA_free(sc
->peer_rsa_tmp
);
434 #ifndef OPENSSL_NO_DH
435 if (sc
->peer_dh_tmp
!= NULL
)
436 DH_free(sc
->peer_dh_tmp
);
442 int ssl_set_peer_cert_type(SESS_CERT
*sc
,int type
)
444 sc
->peer_cert_type
= type
;
448 int ssl_verify_cert_chain(SSL
*s
,STACK_OF(X509
) *sk
)
454 if ((sk
== NULL
) || (sk_X509_num(sk
) == 0))
457 x
=sk_X509_value(sk
,0);
458 X509_STORE_CTX_init(&ctx
,s
->ctx
->cert_store
,x
,sk
);
459 if (SSL_get_verify_depth(s
) >= 0)
460 X509_STORE_CTX_set_depth(&ctx
, SSL_get_verify_depth(s
));
461 X509_STORE_CTX_set_ex_data(&ctx
,SSL_get_ex_data_X509_STORE_CTX_idx(),s
);
463 /* We need to set the verify purpose. The purpose can be determined by
464 * the context: if its a server it will verify SSL client certificates
468 i
= X509_PURPOSE_SSL_CLIENT
;
470 i
= X509_PURPOSE_SSL_SERVER
;
472 X509_STORE_CTX_purpose_inherit(&ctx
, i
, s
->purpose
, s
->trust
);
474 if (s
->verify_callback
)
475 X509_STORE_CTX_set_verify_cb(&ctx
, s
->verify_callback
);
477 if (s
->ctx
->app_verify_callback
!= NULL
)
478 i
=s
->ctx
->app_verify_callback(&ctx
); /* should pass app_verify_arg */
481 #ifndef OPENSSL_NO_X509_VERIFY
482 i
=X509_verify_cert(&ctx
);
485 ctx
.error
=X509_V_ERR_APPLICATION_VERIFICATION
;
486 SSLerr(SSL_F_SSL_VERIFY_CERT_CHAIN
,SSL_R_NO_VERIFY_CALLBACK
);
490 s
->verify_result
=ctx
.error
;
491 X509_STORE_CTX_cleanup(&ctx
);
496 static void set_client_CA_list(STACK_OF(X509_NAME
) **ca_list
,STACK_OF(X509_NAME
) *list
)
498 if (*ca_list
!= NULL
)
499 sk_X509_NAME_pop_free(*ca_list
,X509_NAME_free
);
504 STACK_OF(X509_NAME
) *SSL_dup_CA_list(STACK_OF(X509_NAME
) *sk
)
507 STACK_OF(X509_NAME
) *ret
;
510 ret
=sk_X509_NAME_new_null();
511 for (i
=0; i
<sk_X509_NAME_num(sk
); i
++)
513 name
=X509_NAME_dup(sk_X509_NAME_value(sk
,i
));
514 if ((name
== NULL
) || !sk_X509_NAME_push(ret
,name
))
516 sk_X509_NAME_pop_free(ret
,X509_NAME_free
);
523 void SSL_set_client_CA_list(SSL
*s
,STACK_OF(X509_NAME
) *list
)
525 set_client_CA_list(&(s
->client_CA
),list
);
528 void SSL_CTX_set_client_CA_list(SSL_CTX
*ctx
,STACK_OF(X509_NAME
) *list
)
530 set_client_CA_list(&(ctx
->client_CA
),list
);
533 STACK_OF(X509_NAME
) *SSL_CTX_get_client_CA_list(SSL_CTX
*ctx
)
535 return(ctx
->client_CA
);
538 STACK_OF(X509_NAME
) *SSL_get_client_CA_list(SSL
*s
)
540 if (s
->type
== SSL_ST_CONNECT
)
541 { /* we are in the client */
542 if (((s
->version
>>8) == SSL3_VERSION_MAJOR
) &&
544 return(s
->s3
->tmp
.ca_names
);
550 if (s
->client_CA
!= NULL
)
551 return(s
->client_CA
);
553 return(s
->ctx
->client_CA
);
557 static int add_client_CA(STACK_OF(X509_NAME
) **sk
,X509
*x
)
561 if (x
== NULL
) return(0);
562 if ((*sk
== NULL
) && ((*sk
=sk_X509_NAME_new_null()) == NULL
))
565 if ((name
=X509_NAME_dup(X509_get_subject_name(x
))) == NULL
)
568 if (!sk_X509_NAME_push(*sk
,name
))
570 X509_NAME_free(name
);
576 int SSL_add_client_CA(SSL
*ssl
,X509
*x
)
578 return(add_client_CA(&(ssl
->client_CA
),x
));
581 int SSL_CTX_add_client_CA(SSL_CTX
*ctx
,X509
*x
)
583 return(add_client_CA(&(ctx
->client_CA
),x
));
586 static int xname_cmp(const X509_NAME
* const *a
, const X509_NAME
* const *b
)
588 return(X509_NAME_cmp(*a
,*b
));
591 #ifndef OPENSSL_NO_STDIO
593 * Load CA certs from a file into a ::STACK. Note that it is somewhat misnamed;
594 * it doesn't really have anything to do with clients (except that a common use
595 * for a stack of CAs is to send it to the client). Actually, it doesn't have
596 * much to do with CAs, either, since it will load any old cert.
597 * \param file the file containing one or more certs.
598 * \return a ::STACK containing the certs.
600 STACK_OF(X509_NAME
) *SSL_load_client_CA_file(const char *file
)
605 STACK_OF(X509_NAME
) *ret
,*sk
;
607 ret
=sk_X509_NAME_new_null();
608 sk
=sk_X509_NAME_new(xname_cmp
);
610 in
=BIO_new(BIO_s_file_internal());
612 if ((ret
== NULL
) || (sk
== NULL
) || (in
== NULL
))
614 SSLerr(SSL_F_SSL_LOAD_CLIENT_CA_FILE
,ERR_R_MALLOC_FAILURE
);
618 if (!BIO_read_filename(in
,file
))
623 if (PEM_read_bio_X509(in
,&x
,NULL
,NULL
) == NULL
)
625 if ((xn
=X509_get_subject_name(x
)) == NULL
) goto err
;
626 /* check for duplicates */
627 xn
=X509_NAME_dup(xn
);
628 if (xn
== NULL
) goto err
;
629 if (sk_X509_NAME_find(sk
,xn
) >= 0)
633 sk_X509_NAME_push(sk
,xn
);
634 sk_X509_NAME_push(ret
,xn
);
641 if (ret
!= NULL
) sk_X509_NAME_pop_free(ret
,X509_NAME_free
);
644 if (sk
!= NULL
) sk_X509_NAME_free(sk
);
645 if (in
!= NULL
) BIO_free(in
);
646 if (x
!= NULL
) X509_free(x
);
652 * Add a file of certs to a stack.
653 * \param stack the stack to add to.
654 * \param file the file to add from. All certs in this file that are not
655 * already in the stack will be added.
656 * \return 1 for success, 0 for failure. Note that in the case of failure some
657 * certs may have been added to \c stack.
660 int SSL_add_file_cert_subjects_to_stack(STACK_OF(X509_NAME
) *stack
,
667 int (*oldcmp
)(const X509_NAME
* const *a
, const X509_NAME
* const *b
);
669 oldcmp
=sk_X509_NAME_set_cmp_func(stack
,xname_cmp
);
671 in
=BIO_new(BIO_s_file_internal());
675 SSLerr(SSL_F_SSL_ADD_FILE_CERT_SUBJECTS_TO_STACK
,ERR_R_MALLOC_FAILURE
);
679 if (!BIO_read_filename(in
,file
))
684 if (PEM_read_bio_X509(in
,&x
,NULL
,NULL
) == NULL
)
686 if ((xn
=X509_get_subject_name(x
)) == NULL
) goto err
;
687 xn
=X509_NAME_dup(xn
);
688 if (xn
== NULL
) goto err
;
689 if (sk_X509_NAME_find(stack
,xn
) >= 0)
692 sk_X509_NAME_push(stack
,xn
);
705 sk_X509_NAME_set_cmp_func(stack
,oldcmp
);
711 * Add a directory of certs to a stack.
712 * \param stack the stack to append to.
713 * \param dir the directory to append from. All files in this directory will be
714 * examined as potential certs. Any that are acceptable to
715 * SSL_add_dir_cert_subjects_to_stack() that are not already in the stack will be
717 * \return 1 for success, 0 for failure. Note that in the case of failure some
718 * certs may have been added to \c stack.
721 #ifndef OPENSSL_SYS_WIN32
722 #ifndef OPENSSL_SYS_VMS /* XXXX This may be fixed in the future */
725 int SSL_add_dir_cert_subjects_to_stack(STACK_OF(X509_NAME
) *stack
,
729 struct dirent
*dstruct
;
732 CRYPTO_w_lock(CRYPTO_LOCK_READDIR
);
735 /* Note that a side effect is that the CAs will be sorted by name */
738 SYSerr(SYS_F_OPENDIR
, get_last_sys_error());
739 ERR_add_error_data(3, "opendir('", dir
, "')");
740 SSLerr(SSL_F_SSL_ADD_DIR_CERT_SUBJECTS_TO_STACK
, ERR_R_SYS_LIB
);
744 while((dstruct
=readdir(d
)))
749 if(strlen(dir
)+strlen(dstruct
->d_name
)+2 > sizeof buf
)
751 SSLerr(SSL_F_SSL_ADD_DIR_CERT_SUBJECTS_TO_STACK
,SSL_R_PATH_TOO_LONG
);
755 r
= BIO_snprintf(buf
,sizeof buf
,"%s/%s",dir
,dstruct
->d_name
);
756 if (r
<= 0 || r
>= sizeof buf
)
758 if(!SSL_add_file_cert_subjects_to_stack(stack
,buf
))
764 CRYPTO_w_unlock(CRYPTO_LOCK_READDIR
);