.\" Copyright (C) 2000 by Werner Almesberger
.\" May be distributed under GPL
.\"
.\" Written 2000-02-23 by Werner Almesberger
.\" Modified 2004-06-17 Michael Kerrisk <mtk-manpages@gmx.net>
.\"
.TH PIVOT_ROOT 2 2007-06-01 "Linux" "Linux Programmer's Manual"
.SH NAME
pivot_root \- change the root file system
.SH SYNOPSIS
.BI "int pivot_root(const char *" new_root ", const char *" put_old );
.SH DESCRIPTION
.BR pivot_root ()
moves the root file system of the current process to the
directory \fIput_old\fP and makes \fInew_root\fP the new root file system
of the current process.
.\"
.\" The
.\" .B CAP_SYS_ADMIN
.\" capability is required.

The typical use of
.BR pivot_root ()
is during system startup, when the
system mounts a temporary root file system (e.g., an \fBinitrd\fP), then
mounts the real root file system, and eventually turns the latter into
the current root of all relevant processes or threads.

.BR pivot_root ()
may or may not change the current root and the current
working directory (cwd) of any processes or threads which use the old
root directory.
The caller of
.BR pivot_root ()
must ensure that processes with root or cwd at the old root operate
correctly in either case.
An easy way to ensure this is to change their
root and cwd to \fInew_root\fP before invoking
.BR pivot_root ().

The paragraph above is intentionally vague because the implementation
of
.BR pivot_root ()
may change in the future.
At the time of writing,
.BR pivot_root ()
changes root and cwd of each process or
thread to \fInew_root\fP if they point to the old root directory.
This
is necessary in order to prevent kernel threads from keeping the old
root directory busy with their root and cwd, even if they never access
the file system in any way.
In the future, there may be a mechanism for
kernel threads to explicitly relinquish any access to the file system,
such that this fairly intrusive mechanism can be removed from
.BR pivot_root ().

Note that this also applies to the current process:
.BR pivot_root ()
may
or may not affect its cwd.
It is therefore recommended to call
\fBchdir("/")\fP immediately after
.BR pivot_root ().

The following restrictions apply to \fInew_root\fP and \fIput_old\fP:
.IP \- 3
They must be directories.
.IP \- 3
\fInew_root\fP and \fIput_old\fP must not be on the same file system as
the current root.
.IP \- 3
\fIput_old\fP must be underneath \fInew_root\fP, that is, adding a non-zero
number of \fI/..\fP to the string pointed to by \fIput_old\fP must yield
the same directory as \fInew_root\fP.
.IP \- 3
No other file system may be mounted on \fIput_old\fP.
.PP
See also 
.BR pivot_root (8)
for additional usage examples.

If the current root is not a mount point (e.g., after
.BR chroot (2)
or
.BR pivot_root (),
see also below), not the old root directory, but the
mount point of that file system is mounted on \fIput_old\fP.

\fInew_root\fP does not have to be a mount point.
In this case,
\fI/proc/mounts\fP will show the mount point of the file system containing
\fInew_root\fP as root (\fI/\fP).
.SH "RETURN VALUE"
On success, zero is returned.
On error, \-1 is returned, and
\fIerrno\fP is set appropriately.
.SH ERRORS
.BR pivot_root ()
may return (in \fIerrno\fP) any of the errors returned by
.BR stat (2).
Additionally, it may return:
.TP
.B EBUSY
\fInew_root\fP or \fIput_old\fP are on the current root file system,
or a file system is already mounted on \fIput_old\fP.
.TP
.B EINVAL
\fIput_old\fP is not underneath \fInew_root\fP.
.TP
.B ENOTDIR
\fInew_root\fP or \fIput_old\fP is not a directory.
.TP
.B EPERM
The current process does not have the
.B CAP_SYS_ADMIN
capability.
.SH VERSIONS
.BR pivot_root ()
was introduced in Linux 2.3.41.
.SH "CONFORMING TO"
.BR pivot_root ()
is Linux specific and hence is not portable.
.SH BUGS
.BR pivot_root ()
should not have to change root and cwd of all other
processes in the system.

Some of the more obscure uses of
.BR pivot_root ()
may quickly lead to
insanity.
.SH NOTES
Glibc does not provide a wrapper for this system call; call it using
.BR syscall (2).
.SH "SEE ALSO"
.BR chdir (2),
.BR chroot (2),
.BR stat (2),
.BR initrd (4),
.BR pivot_root (8)