systemd System and Service Manager
-CHANGES WITH 237 in spe:
+CHANGES WITH 239 in spe:
+
+ * NETWORK INTERFACE DEVICE NAMING CHANGES: systemd-udevd's "net_id"
+ builtin may name network interfaces differently than in previous
+ versions. SR-IOV virtual functions and NPAR partitions with PCI
+ function numbers of 8 and above will be named more predictably,
+ and udev may generate names based on PCI slot number in some cases
+ where it previously did not.
+
+CHANGES WITH 238:
+
+ * The MemoryAccounting= unit property now defaults to on. After
+ discussions with the upstream control group maintainers we learnt
+ that the negative impact of cgroup memory accounting on current
+ kernels is finally relatively minimal, so that it should be safe to
+ enable this by default without affecting system performance. Besides
+ memory accounting only task accounting is turned on by default, all
+ other forms of resource accounting (CPU, IO, IP) remain off for now,
+ because it's not clear yet that their impact is small enough to move
+ from opt-in to opt-out. We recommend downstreams to leave memory
+ accounting on by default if kernel 4.14 or higher is primarily
+ used. On very resource constrained systems or when support for old
+ kernels is a necessity, -Dmemory-accounting-default=false can be used
+ to revert this change.
+
+ * rpm scriptlets to update the udev hwdb and rules (%udev_hwdb_update,
+ %udev_rules_update) and the journal catalog (%journal_catalog_update)
+ from the upgrade scriptlets of individual packages now do nothing.
+ Transfiletriggers have been added which will perform those updates
+ once at the end of the transaction.
+
+ Similar transfiletriggers have been added to execute any sysctl.d
+ and binfmt.d rules. Thus, it should be unnecessary to provide any
+ scriptlets to execute this configuration from package installation
+ scripts.
+
+ * systemd-sysusers gained a mode where the configuration to execute is
+ specified on the command line, but this configuration is not executed
+ directly, but instead it is merged with the configuration on disk,
+ and the result is executed. This is useful for package installation
+ scripts which want to create the user before installing any files on
+ disk (in case some of those files are owned by that user), while
+ still allowing local admin overrides.
+
+ This functionality is exposed to rpm scriptlets through a new
+ %sysusers_create_package macro. Old %sysusers_create and
+ %sysusers_create_inline macros are deprecated.
+
+ A transfiletrigger for sysusers.d configuration is now installed,
+ which means that it should be unnecessary to call systemd-sysusers from
+ package installation scripts, unless the package installs any files
+ owned by those newly-created users, in which case
+ %sysusers_create_package should be used.
+
+ * Analogous change has been done for systemd-tmpfiles: it gained a mode
+ where the command-line configuration is merged with the configuration
+ on disk. This is exposed as the new %tmpfiles_create_package macro,
+ and %tmpfiles_create is deprecated. A transfiletrigger is installed
+ for tmpfiles.d, hence it should be unnecessary to call systemd-tmpfiles
+ from package installation scripts.
+
+ * sysusers.d configuration for a user may now also specify the group
+ number, in addition to the user number ("u username 123:456"), or
+ without the user number ("u username -:456").
+
+ * Configution items for systemd-sysusers can now be specified as
+ positional arguments when the new --inline switch is used.
+
+ * The login shell of users created through sysusers.d may now be
+ specified (previously, it was always /bin/sh for root and
+ /sbin/nologin for other users).
+
+ * systemd-analyze gained a new --global switch to look at global user
+ configuration. It also gained a unit-paths verb to list the unit load
+ paths that are compiled into systemd (which can be used with
+ --systemd, --user, or --global).
+
+ * udevadm trigger gained a new --settle/-w option to wait for any
+ triggered events to finish (but just those, and not any other events
+ which are triggered meanwhile).
+
+ * The action that systemd-logind takes when the lid is closed and the
+ machine is connected to external power can now be configured using
+ HandleLidSwitchExternalPower= in logind.conf. Previously, this action
+ was determined by HandleLidSwitch=, and, for backwards compatibility,
+ is still is, if HandleLidSwitchExternalPower= is not explicitly set.
+
+ * journalctl will periodically call sd_journal_process() to make it
+ resilient against inotify queue overruns when journal files are
+ rotated very quickly.
+
+ * Two new functions in libsystemd — sd_bus_get_n_queued_read and
+ sd_bus_get_n_queued_write — may be used to check the number of
+ pending bus messages.
+
+ * systemd gained a new
+ org.freedesktop.systemd1.Manager.AttachProcessesToUnit dbus call
+ which can be used to migrate foreign processes to scope and service
+ units. The primary user for this new API is systemd itself: the
+ systemd --user instance uses this call of the systemd --system
+ instance to migrate processes if it itself gets the request to
+ migrate processes and the kernel refuses this due to access
+ restrictions. Thanks to this "systemd-run --scope --user …" works
+ again in pure cgroups v2 environments when invoked from the user
+ session scope.
+
+ * A new TemporaryFileSystem= setting can be used to mask out part of
+ the real file system tree with tmpfs mounts. This may be combined
+ with BindPaths= and BindReadOnlyPaths= to hide files or directories
+ not relevant to the unit, while still allowing some paths lower in
+ the tree to be accessed.
+
+ ProtectHome=tmpfs may now be used to hide user home and runtime
+ directories from units, in a way that is mostly equivalent to
+ "TemporaryFileSystem=/home /run/user /root".
+
+ * Non-service units are now started with KeyringMode=shared by default.
+ This means that mount and swapon and other mount tools have access
+ to keys in the main keyring.
+
+ * /sys/fs/bpf is now mounted automatically.
+
+ * QNX virtualization is now detected by systemd-detect-virt and may
+ be used in ConditionVirtualization=.
+
+ * IPAccounting= may now be enabled also for slice units.
+
+ * A new -Dsplit-bin= build configuration switch may be used to specify
+ whether bin and sbin directories are merged, or if they should be
+ included separately in $PATH and various listings of executable
+ directories. The build configuration scripts will try to autodetect
+ the proper values of -Dsplit-usr= and -Dsplit-bin= based on build
+ system, but distributions are encouraged to configure this
+ explicitly.
+
+ * A new -Dok-color= build configuration switch may be used to change
+ the colour of "OK" status messages.
+
+ * UPGRADE ISSUE: serialization of units using JoinsNamespaceOf= with
+ PrivateNetwork=yes was buggy in previous versions of systemd. This
+ means that after the upgrade and daemon-reexec, any such units must
+ be restarted.
+
+ * INCOMPATIBILITY: as announced in the NEWS for 237, systemd-tmpfiles
+ will not exclude read-only files owned by root from cleanup.
+
+ Contributions from: Alan Jenkins, Alexander F Rødseth, Alexis Jeandet,
+ Andika Triwidada, Andrei Gherzan, Ansgar Burchardt, antizealot1337,
+ Batuhan Osman Taşkaya, Beniamino Galvani, Bill Yodlowsky, Caio Marcelo
+ de Oliveira Filho, CuBiC, Daniele Medri, Daniel Mouritzen, Daniel
+ Rusek, Davide Cavalca, Dimitri John Ledkov, Douglas Christman, Evgeny
+ Vereshchagin, Faalagorn, Filipe Brandenburger, Franck Bui, futpib,
+ Giacomo Longo, Gunnar Hjalmarsson, Hans de Goede, Hermann Gausterer,
+ Iago López Galeiras, Jakub Filak, Jan Synacek, Jason A. Donenfeld,
+ Javier Martinez Canillas, Jérémy Rosen, Lennart Poettering, Lucas
+ Werkmeister, Mao Huang, Marco Gulino, Michael Biebl, Michael Vogt,
+ MilhouseVH, Neal Gompa (ニール・ゴンパ), Oleander Reis, Olof Mogren,
+ Patrick Uiterwijk, Peter Hutterer, Peter Portante, Piotr Drąg, Robert
+ Antoni Buj Gelonch, Sergey Ptashnick, Shawn Landden, Shuang Liu, Simon
+ Fowler, SjonHortensius, snorreflorre, Susant Sahani, Sylvain
+ Plantefève, Thomas Blume, Thomas Haller, Vito Caputo, Yu Watanabe,
+ Zbigniew Jędrzejewski-Szmek, Марко М. Костић (Marko M. Kostić)
+
+ — Warsaw, 2018-03-05
+
+CHANGES WITH 237:
* Some keyboards come with a zoom see-saw or rocker which until now got
mapped to the Linux "zoomin/out" keys in hwdb. However, these
keycodes are not recognized by any major desktop. They now produce
Up/Down key events so that they can be used for scrolling.
- — Berlin, 2018-XX-XX
+ * INCOMPATIBILITY: systemd-tmpfiles' "f" lines changed behaviour
+ slightly: previously, if an argument was specified for lines of this
+ type (i.e. the right-most column was set) this string was appended to
+ existing files each time systemd-tmpfiles was run. This behaviour was
+ different from what the documentation said, and not particularly
+ useful, as repeated systemd-tmpfiles invocations would not be
+ idempotent and grow such files without bounds. With this release
+ behaviour has been altered slightly, to match what the documentation
+ says: lines of this type only have an effect if the indicated files
+ don't exist yet, and only then the argument string is written to the
+ file.
+
+ * FUTURE INCOMPATIBILITY: In systemd v238 we intend to slightly change
+ systemd-tmpfiles behaviour: previously, read-only files owned by root
+ were always excluded from the file "aging" algorithm (i.e. the
+ automatic clean-up of directories like /tmp based on
+ atime/mtime/ctime). We intend to drop this restriction, and age files
+ by default even when owned by root and read-only. This behaviour was
+ inherited from older tools, but there have been requests to remove
+ it, and it's not obvious why this restriction was made in the first
+ place. Please speak up now, if you are aware of software that reqires
+ this behaviour, otherwise we'll remove the restriction in v238.
+
+ * A new environment variable $SYSTEMD_OFFLINE is now understood by
+ systemctl. It takes a boolean argument. If on, systemctl assumes it
+ operates on an "offline" OS tree, and will not attempt to talk to the
+ service manager. Previously, this mode was implicitly enabled if a
+ chroot() environment was detected, and this new environment variable
+ now provides explicit control.
+
+ * .path and .socket units may now be created transiently, too.
+ Previously only service, mount, automount and timer units were
+ supported as transient units. The systemd-run tool has been updated
+ to expose this new functionality, you may hence use it now to bind
+ arbitrary commands to path or socket activation on-the-fly from the
+ command line. Moreover, almost all properties are now exposed for the
+ unit types that already supported transient operation.
+
+ * The systemd-mount command gained support for a new --owner= parameter
+ which takes a user name, which is then resolved and included in uid=
+ and gid= mount options string of the file system to mount.
+
+ * A new unit condition ConditionControlGroupController= has been added
+ that checks whether a specific cgroup controller is available.
+
+ * Unit files, udev's .link files, and systemd-networkd's .netdev and
+ .network files all gained support for a new condition
+ ConditionKernelVersion= for checking against specific kernel
+ versions.
+
+ * In systemd-networkd, the [IPVLAN] section in .netdev files gained
+ support for configuring device flags in the Flags= setting. In the
+ same files, the [Tunnel] section gained support for configuring
+ AllowLocalRemote=. The [Route] section in .network files gained
+ support for configuring InitialCongestionWindow=,
+ InitialAdvertisedReceiveWindow= and QuickAck=. The [DHCP] section now
+ understands RapidCommit=.
+
+ * systemd-networkd's DHCPv6 support gained support for Prefix
+ Delegation.
+
+ * sd-bus gained support for a new "watch-bind" feature. When this
+ feature is enabled, an sd_bus connection may be set up to connect to
+ an AF_UNIX socket in the file system as soon as it is created. This
+ functionality is useful for writing early-boot services that
+ automatically connect to the system bus as soon as it is started,
+ without ugly time-based polling. systemd-networkd and
+ systemd-resolved have been updated to make use of this
+ functionality. busctl exposes this functionality in a new
+ --watch-bind= command line switch.
+
+ * sd-bus will now optionally synthesize a local "Connected" signal as
+ soon as a D-Bus connection is set up fully. This message mirrors the
+ already existing "Disconnected" signal which is synthesized when the
+ connection is terminated. This signal is generally useful but
+ particularly handy in combination with the "watch-bind" feature
+ described above. Synthesizing of this message has to be requested
+ explicitly through the new API call sd_bus_set_connected_signal(). In
+ addition a new call sd_bus_is_ready() has been added that checks
+ whether a connection is fully set up (i.e. between the "Connected" and
+ "Disconnected" signals).
+
+ * sd-bus gained two new calls sd_bus_request_name_async() and
+ sd_bus_release_name_async() for asynchronously registering bus
+ names. Similar, there is now sd_bus_add_match_async() for installing
+ a signal match asynchronously. All of systemd's own services have
+ been updated to make use of these calls. Doing these operations
+ asynchronously has two benefits: it reduces the risk of deadlocks in
+ case of cyclic dependencies between bus services, and it speeds up
+ service initialization since synchronization points for bus
+ round-trips are removed.
+
+ * sd-bus gained two new calls sd_bus_match_signal() and
+ sd_bus_match_signal_async(), which are similar to sd_bus_add_match()
+ and sd_bus_add_match_async() but instead of taking a D-Bus match
+ string take match fields as normal function parameters.
+
+ * sd-bus gained two new calls sd_bus_set_sender() and
+ sd_bus_message_set_sender() for setting the sender name of outgoing
+ messages (either for all outgoing messages or for just one specific
+ one). These calls are only useful in direct connections as on
+ brokered connections the broker fills in the sender anyway,
+ overwriting whatever the client filled in.
+
+ * sd-event gained a new pseudo-handle that may be specified on all API
+ calls where an "sd_event*" object is expected: SD_EVENT_DEFAULT. When
+ used this refers to the default event loop object of the calling
+ thread. Note however that this does not implicitly allocate one —
+ which has to be done prior by using sd_event_default(). Similarly
+ sd-bus gained three new pseudo-handles SD_BUS_DEFAULT,
+ SD_BUS_DEFAULT_USER, SD_BUS_DEFAULT_SYSTEM that may be used to refer
+ to the default bus of the specified type of the calling thread. Here
+ too this does not implicitly allocate bus connection objects, this
+ has to be done prior with sd_bus_default() and friends.
+
+ * sd-event gained a new call pair
+ sd_event_source_{get|set}_io_fd_own(). This may be used to request
+ automatic closure of the file descriptor an IO event source watches
+ when the event source is destroyed.
+
+ * systemd-networkd gained support for natively configuring WireGuard
+ connections.
+
+ * In previous versions systemd synthesized user records both for the
+ "nobody" (UID 65534) and "root" (UID 0) users in nss-systemd and
+ internally. In order to simplify distribution-wide renames of the
+ "nobody" user (like it is planned in Fedora: nfsnobody → nobody), a
+ new transitional flag file has been added: if
+ /etc/systemd/dont-synthesize-nobody exists synthesizing of the 65534
+ user and group record within the systemd codebase is disabled.
+
+ * systemd-notify gained a new --uid= option for selecting the source
+ user/UID to use for notification messages sent to the service
+ manager.
+
+ * journalctl gained a new --grep= option to list only entries in which
+ the message matches a certain pattern. By default matching is case
+ insensitive if the pattern is lowercase, and case sensitive
+ otherwise. Option --case-sensitive=yes|no can be used to override
+ this an specify case sensitivity or case insensitivity.
+
+ * There's now a "systemd-analyze service-watchdogs" command for printing
+ the current state of the service runtime watchdog, and optionally
+ enabling or disabling the per-service watchdogs system-wide if given a
+ boolean argument (i.e. the concept you configure in WatchdogSec=), for
+ debugging purposes. There's also a kernel command line option
+ systemd.service_watchdogs= for controlling the same.
+
+ * Two new "log-level" and "log-target" options for systemd-analyze were
+ addded that merge the now deprecated get-log-level, set-log-level and
+ get-log-target, set-log-target pairs. The deprecated options are still
+ understood for backwards compatibility. The two new options print the
+ current value when no arguments are given, and set them when a
+ level/target is given as an argument.
+
+ * sysusers.d's "u" lines now optionally accept both a UID and a GID
+ specification, separated by a ":" character, in order to create users
+ where UID and GID do not match.
+
+ Contributions from: Adam Duskett, Alan Jenkins, Alexander Kuleshov,
+ Alexis Deruelle, Andrew Jeddeloh, Armin Widegreen, Batuhan Osman
+ Taşkaya, Björn Esser, bleep_blop, Bruce A. Johnson, Chris Down, Clinton
+ Roy, Colin Walters, Daniel Rusek, Dimitri John Ledkov, Dmitry Rozhkov,
+ Evgeny Vereshchagin, Ewout van Mansom, Felipe Sateler, Franck Bui,
+ Frantisek Sumsal, George Gaydarov, Gianluca Boiano, Hans-Christian
+ Noren Egtvedt, Hans de Goede, Henrik Grindal Bakken, Jan Alexander
+ Steffens, Jan Klötzke, Jason A. Donenfeld, jdkbx, Jérémy Rosen,
+ Jerónimo Borque, John Lin, John Paul Herold, Jonathan Rudenberg, Jörg
+ Thalheim, Ken (Bitsko) MacLeod, Larry Bernstone, Lennart Poettering,
+ Lucas Werkmeister, Maciej S. Szmigiero, Marek Čermák, Martin Pitt,
+ Mathieu Malaterre, Matthew Thode, Matthias-Christian Ott, Max Harmathy,
+ Michael Biebl, Michael Vogt, Michal Koutný, Michal Sekletar, Michał
+ Szczepański, Mike Gilbert, Nathaniel McCallum, Nicolas Chauvet, Olaf
+ Hering, Olivier Schwander, Patrik Flykt, Paul Cercueil, Peter Hutterer,
+ Piotr Drąg, Raphael Vogelgsang, Reverend Homer, Robert Kolchmeyer,
+ Samuel Dionne-Riel, Sergey Ptashnick, Shawn Landden, Susant Sahani,
+ Sylvain Plantefève, Thomas H. P. Andersen, Thomas Huth, Tomasz
+ Bachorski, Vladislav Vishnyakov, Wieland Hoffmann, Yu Watanabe, Zachary
+ Winnerman, Zbigniew Jędrzejewski-Szmek, Дамјан Георгиевски, Дилян
+ Палаузов
+
+ — Brno, 2018-01-28
CHANGES WITH 236:
store again, ahead of POLLHUP or POLLERR when they are removed
anyway.
- * A new document UIDS-GIDS.md has been added to the source tree, that
- documents the UID/GID range and assignment assumptions and
+ * A new document doc/UIDS-GIDS.md has been added to the source tree,
+ that documents the UID/GID range and assignment assumptions and
requirements of systemd.
* The watchdog device PID 1 will ping may now be configured through the
* Documentation has been added that lists all of systemd's low-level
environment variables:
- https://github.com/systemd/systemd/blob/master/ENVIRONMENT.md
+ https://github.com/systemd/systemd/blob/master/doc/ENVIRONMENT.md
* sd-daemon gained a new API sd_is_socket_sockaddr() for determining
whether a specific socket file descriptor matches a specified socket
booted up with "systemd-nspawn -b -i", qemu-kvm or on any physical
UEFI PC. This functionality is particularly useful to easily test
local changes made to systemd in a pristine, defined environment. See
- HACKING for details.
+ doc/HACKING for details.
* configure learned the --with-support-url= option to specify the
distribution's bugtracker.