Announcements of Future Feature Removals and Incompatible Changes:
- * Support for flushing of the nscd user/group database caches will be
- dropped in a future release.
+ * Support for automatic flushing of the nscd user/group database caches
+ will be dropped in a future release.
* Support for cgroup v1 ('legacy' and 'hybrid' hierarchies) is now
considered obsolete and systemd by default will refuse to boot under
that are not configured in the .network file are removed.
* systemd-gpt-auto-generator will stop generating units for ESP or
- XBOOTLDR partitions if it finds mount entries in the /boot/ or /efi/
- hierarchies in fstab. This is to prevent the generator from
- interfering with systems where ESP is explicitly configured to be
- mounted at some path, for example /boot/efi/ (this type of setup is
- obsolete but still commonly found).
+ XBOOTLDR partitions if it finds mount entries for or below the /boot/
+ or /efi/ hierarchies in /etc/fstab. This is to prevent the generator
+ from interfering with systems where the ESP is explicitly configured
+ to be mounted at some path, for example /boot/efi/ (this type of
+ setup is obsolete but still commonly found).
* The behavior of systemd-sleep and systemd-homed has been updated to
freeze user sessions when entering the various sleep modes or when
and related services, and SYSTEMD_HOME_LOCK_FREEZE_SESSION=false for
systemd-homed.service.
- * systemd-tmpfiles and systemd-sysusers, when given a relative path
- (with at least one directory separator '/'), will open the file
- directly, instead of searching for the given partial path in the
- standard locations. The old mode wasn't useful because tmpfiles.d and
- sysusers.d configuration has a flat structure with no subdirectories
- under the standard locations and this change makes it easier to work
- with local files with those tools.
+ * systemd-tmpfiles and systemd-sysusers, when given a relative
+ configuration file path (with at least one directory separator '/'),
+ will open the file directly, instead of searching for the given
+ partial path in the standard locations. The old mode wasn't useful
+ because tmpfiles.d/ and sysusers.d/ configuration has a flat
+ structure with no subdirectories under the standard locations and
+ this change makes it easier to work with local files with those
+ tools.
* systemd-tmpfiles now properly applies nested configuration to 'R' and
- 'D' stanzas. For example, with 'R /foo; x /foo/bar', /foo/bar will
- now be excluded from removal.
+ 'D' stanzas. For example, with the combination of 'R /foo' and 'x
+ /foo/bar', /foo/bar will now be excluded from removal.
General Changes and New Features:
- * Various programs will load the main configuration from under
- /usr/lib/, /usr/local/lib/, and /run/, not just from under /etc/. For
- example, systemd-logind will look for /etc/systemd/logind.conf,
- /run/systemd/logind.conf, /usr/local/lib/systemd/logind.conf, and
- /usr/lib/systemd/logind.conf, and use the first file that is found.
- This means that the location logic for the main config file and for
- drop-ins is now the same.
+ * Various programs will now attempt to load the main configuration file
+ from locations below /usr/lib/, /usr/local/lib/, and /run/, not just
+ below /etc/. For example, systemd-logind will look for
+ /etc/systemd/logind.conf, /run/systemd/logind.conf,
+ /usr/local/lib/systemd/logind.conf, and /usr/lib/systemd/logind.conf,
+ and use the first file that is found. This means that the search
+ logic for the main config file and for drop-ins is now the same.
- ukify will look for the config files in /usr/lib/kernel/ and the
- other locations, and now also supports drop-ins.
+ Similarly, kernel-install will look for the config files in
+ /usr/lib/kernel/ and the other search locations, and now also
+ supports drop-ins.
systemd-udevd now supports drop-ins for udev.conf.
* A new 'systemd-vpick' binary has been added. It implements the new
- vpick protocol, where a .v directory may contain multiple files with
- a version, following the UAPI version format specification, embedded
- in the file name. The files are ordered by version and the newest one
- is selected.
-
- systemd-nspawn, systemd-dissect, and the RootDirectory=, RootImage=,
- ExtensionImages=, and ExtensionDirectories= settings for units now
- support the vpick protocol and allow the latest version to be
- selected automatically if a "*.v/" directory is specified as the
- source.
-
- * Credentials can now be made accessible to and used by unprivileged
- users. 'systemd-creds --user --uid=<user>' will encrypt or decrypt a
- credential for a specific user.
-
- * With systemd-homed, it is now possible to log in and activate an
- encrypted home area over SSH.
-
- homectl is now installed as a multi-call binary. When invoked as
- systemd-home-fallback-shell it can be used as a temporary shell which
- allows the home area to interactively unlocked. When the home area
- becomes available, the temporary shell executes the normal one.
-
- systemd-homed gained new methods
- org.freedesktop.home1.Manager.RefHomeUnrestricted,
- org.freedesktop.home1.Home.RefUnrestricted,
- org.freedesktop.home1.Manager.ActivateHomeIfReferenced, and
- org.freedesktop.home1.Home.ActivateIfReferenced to allow logging in
- without activating the home area and then activating the home area
- later.
-
- * JSON User Records have been extended with a separate storage area
- called "User Record Blob Directories". This is intended to store the
- user's background image, avatar picture, and other similar items
- which are too large to fit into the User Record itself.
+ vpick protocol, where a "*.v/" directory may contain multiple files
+ which have versions (following the UAPI version format specification)
+ embedded in the file name. The files are ordered by version and
+ the newest one is selected.
- systemd-homed, userdbctl, and homectl gained support for blob
- directories.
+ systemd-nspawn --image=/--directory=, systemd-dissect, and the
+ RootDirectory=, RootImage=, ExtensionImages=, and
+ ExtensionDirectories= settings for units now support the vpick
+ protocol and allow the latest version to be selected automatically if
+ a "*.v/" directory is specified as the source.
+
+ * Encrypted service credentials may now be made accessible to
+ unprivileged users. systemd-creds gained new options --user/--uid=
+ for encrypting/decrypting a credential for a specific user.
* New command-line tool 'importctl' to download, import, and export
disk images via systemd-importd is added with the following verbs:
pull-tar, pull-raw, import-tar, import-raw, import-fs, export-tar,
- export-raw, list-transfers, cancel-transfer.
+ export-raw, list-transfers, cancel-transfer. This functionality was
+ previously available in "machinectl", where it was exclusively for
+ machine image. The new "importctl" generalizes this for sysext,
+ confext, portable service images, too.
- Service Manager:
+ Service Management:
- * New manager setting ProtectSystem= has been added. It is analogous to
- the unit setting, but applies to the whole system. It is enabled by
- default in the initrd.
+ * New system manager setting ProtectSystem= has been added. It is
+ analogous to the unit setting, but applies to the whole system. It is
+ enabled by default in the initrd.
* New unit setting WantsMountsFor= has been added. It is analogous to
RequiresMountsFor=, but with a Wants= dependency instead of
memory.zswap.writeback cgroup knob added in kernel 6.8.
* The manager gained a org.freedesktop.systemd1.StartAuxiliaryScope()
- method to devolve some processes from a service into a new scope.
- This new scope will remain even if the original service unit is
- restarted. Cgroup properties of the new scope are copied from the
- service, so various limits are retained.
+ D-Bus method to devolve some processes from a service into a new
+ scope. This new scope will remain even if the original service unit
+ is restarted. Control group properties of the new scope are copied
+ from the originating unit, so various limits are retained.
* Units now expose properties EffectiveMemoryMax=,
EffectiveMemoryHigh=, and EffectiveTasksMax=, which report the
most stringent limit systemd is aware of for the given unit.
- * A new specifier %D expands to $XDG_DATA_HOME.
+ * A new unit file specifier %D expands to $XDG_DATA_HOME (for user
+ services) or /usr/share/ (for system services).
* AllowedCPUs= now supports specifier expansion.
* PAMName= now implies SetLoginEnvironment=yes.
- * homectl gained a new verb 'firstboot', and a new
- systemd-homed-firstboot.service unit uses this verb to create users
- in a first boot environment, either from credentials or by querying
- interactively.
-
* systemd.firstboot=no can be used on the kernel command-line to
disable interactive queries, but allow other first boot configuration
to happen based on credentials.
- * A new kernel command-line option systemd.default_debug_tty= can be
- used to specify the TTY for the debug shell, independently of
- enabling or disabling it.
+ * The system's hostname can be configured via the systemd.hostname
+ system credential.
+
+ * The systemd binary will no longer chainload sysvinit's "telinit"
+ binary when called under the init/telinit name on a system that
+ isn't booted with systemd. This previously has been supported to make
+ sure a distribution that has both init systems installed can be
+ reasonably switched from one to the other via a simple
+ reboot. Distributions apparently have lost interest in this, and the
+ functionality has not been supported on the primary distribution this
+ was still intended for for a longer time, and hence has been removed
+ now.
- * Systemd hostname can be configured via the systemd.hostname
- credential.
+ * A new concept called "capsules" has been introduced. "Capsules"
+ encapsulate additional per-user service managers, whose users are
+ transient and are only defined as long as the service manager
+ is running (implemented via DynamicUser=1). These service managers run
+ off home directories defined in /var/lib/capsules/<name>, where
+ <name> is a the capsule's name. These home directories can contain
+ regular per-user services and other units. A capsule is started via a
+ simple "systemctl start capsule@<name>.service". See the
+ capsule@.service(5) man page for further details. Various systemd
+ tools (including, and most importantly, systemctl and systemd-run)
+ have been updated to interact with capsules via the new
+ "--capsule="/"-C" switch.
+
+ * .socket units gained a new setting PassFileDescriptorsToExec=, taking
+ a boolean value. If set to true the file descriptors the socket unit
+ encapsulates are passed to the ExecStartPost=, ExecStopPre=,
+ ExecStopPost= using the usual $LISTEN_FDS interface. This may be used
+ for doing additional initializations on the sockets once they are
+ allocated (for example, install an additional eBPF program on them).
+
+ * The .socket setting MaxConnectionsPerSource= (which so far put a
+ limit on concurrent connections per IP in Accept=yes socket units),
+ now also has an effect on AF_UNIX sockets: it will put a limit on the
+ number of simultaneous connections from the same source UID (as
+ determined via SO_PEERCRED). This is useful for implementing IPC
+ services in a simple Accept=yes mode.
+
+ * The service manager will now maintain a counter of soft reboot cycles
+ the system went through so far. It may be queried via the D-Bus APIs.
+
+ * systemd's execution logic now supports the new pidfd_spawn() API
+ introduced by glibc 2.39, which allows us to invoke a subprocess in a
+ target cgroup and get a pidfd back in a single operation.
+
+ * systemd/PID 1 will now send an additional sd_notify() message to its
+ supervising VMM or container manager reporting the selected hostname
+ ("X_SYSTEMD_HOSTNAME=") and machine ID ("X_SYSTEMD_MACHINE_ID=") at
+ boot. Moreover, the service manager will send additional sd_notify()
+ messages ("X_SYSTEMD_UNIT_ACTIVE=") whenever a target unit is
+ reached. This can be used by VMMs/container managers to schedule
+ access to the system precisely. For example, the moment a system
+ reports "ssh-access.target" being reached a VMM/container manager
+ knows it can now connect to the system via SSH. Finally, a new
+ sd_notify() message ("X_SYSTEMD_SIGNALS_LEVEL=2") is sent the moment
+ PID 1 successfully completed installation of its various UNIX process
+ signal handlers (i.e. the moment where SIGRTMIN+4 sent to PID 1 will
+ start to have the effect of shutting down the system cleanly).
- The Journal:
+ Journal:
* systemd-journald can now forward journal entries to a socket
(AF_INET, AF_INET6, AF_UNIX, or AF_VSOCK). The socket can be
specified in journald.conf via a new option ForwardAddress= or via
- the 'journald.forward_address' credential.
-
- * systemd-journal-remote now also accepts AF_VSOCK and AF_UNIX sockets
- (so it can be used to receive entries forwarded by systemd-journald).
+ the 'journald.forward_address' credential. Log records are sent in
+ the Journal Export Format. A related setting MaxLevelSocket= has been
+ added to control the maximum log levels for the messages sent to this
+ socket.
* systemd-vmspawn gained a new --forward-journal= option to forward the
virtual machine's journal entries to the host. This is done over a
* journalctl gained a new --list-namespaces option.
+ * systemd-journal-remote now also accepts AF_VSOCK and AF_UNIX sockets
+ (so it can be used to receive entries forwarded by systemd-journald).
+
* systemd-journal-gatewayd allows restricting the time range of
- retrieved entries with realtime=[<since>]:[<until>].
+ retrieved entries with a new "realtime=[<since>]:[<until>]" URL
+ parameter.
+
+ * systemd-cat gained a new option --namespace= to specify the target
+ journal namespace to which the output shall be connected.
+
+ * systemd-bsod gained a new option --tty= to specify the output TTY
Device Management:
- * Udev now creates symlinks that combine by-path and by-{label,uuid}
+ * /dev/ now contains symlinks that combine by-path and by-{label,uuid}
information:
- /dev/disk/by-path/<path>/by-<label|uuid|…>/<label|uuid|…>.
+
+ /dev/disk/by-path/<path>/by-<label|uuid|…>/<label|uuid|…>
+
This allows distinguishing partitions with identical contents on
multiple storage devices. This is useful, for example, when copying
raw disk contents between devices.
- * Udev now creates persistent /dev/media/by-path symlinks for media
- controllers. For example, the uvcvideo driver may create /dev/media0
- which will be linked as
+ * systemd-udevd now creates persistent /dev/media/by-path/ symlinks for
+ media controllers. For example, the uvcvideo driver may create
+ /dev/media0 which will be linked as
/dev/media/by-path/pci-0000:04:00.3-usb-0:1:1.0-media-controller.
+ * A new unit systemd-udev-load-credentials.service has been added
+ to pick up udev.conf drop-ins and udev rules from credentials.
+
* An allowlist/denylist may be specified to filter which sysfs
attributes are used when crafting network interface names. Those
- lists are stored as HWDB entries
+ lists are stored as hwdb entries
ID_NET_NAME_ALLOW_<sysfsattr>=0|1
and
ID_NET_NAME_ALLOW=0|1.
+
The goal is to avoid unexpected changes to interface names when the
kernel is updated and new sysfs attributes become visible.
* A new unit tpm2.target has been added to provide a synchronization
- point for units which expect the TPM hardware to be available.
+ point for units which expect the TPM hardware to be available. A new
+ generator "systemd-tpm2-generator" has been added that will insert
+ this target whenever it detects that the firmware has initialized a
+ TPM, but Linux hasn't loaded a driver for it yet.
* systemd-backlight now properly supports numbered devices which the
kernel creates to avoid collisions in the leds subsystem.
- * systemd-hwdb update operation can be disabled with environment
+ * systemd-hwdb update operation can be disabled with a new environment
variable SYSTEMD_HWDB_UPDATE_BYPASS=1.
- * systemd-logind gained a new org.freedesktop.login1.Manager.Sleep()
- method that automatically redirects to SuspendThenHibernate(),
- Suspend(), HybridSleep(), or Hibernate(), depending on what is
- supported and configured, a new configuration setting SleepOperation=,
- and an accompanying helper method
- org.freedesktop.login1.Manager.CanSleep() and property
- org.freedesktop.login1.Manager.SleepOperation.
+ systemd-hostnamed:
- 'systemctl sleep' calls the new method to automatically put the
- machine to sleep in the most appropriate way.
+ * systemd-hostnamed now exposes the machine ID and boot ID via
+ D-Bus. It also exposes the hosts AF_VSOCK CID, if available.
- * systemd-hostnamed now exposes the machine ID and boot ID via D-Bus.
+ * systemd-hostnamed now provides a basic Varlink interface.
- * systemd-hostnamed now provides a Varlink interface.
-
- * systemd-hostnamed exports the data in os-release(5) and
+ * systemd-hostnamed exports the full data in os-release(5) and
machine-info(5) via D-Bus and Varlink.
+ * hostnamectl now shows the system's product UUID and hardware serial
+ number if known.
+
Network Management:
- * systemd-networkd now provides a Varlink interface.
+ * systemd-networkd now provides a basic Varlink interface.
- * systemd-networkd's proxy support gained a new option to configure
- a private VLAN variant of the proxy ARP supported by the kernel
- under the name IPv4ProxyARPPrivateVLAN=.
+ * systemd-networkd's ARP proxy support gained a new option to configure
+ a private VLAN variant of the proxy ARP supported by the kernel under
+ the name IPv4ProxyARPPrivateVLAN=.
* systemd-networkd now exports the NamespaceId and NamespaceNSID
- properties via D-Bus and Varlink.
+ properties via D-Bus and Varlink. (which expose the inode and NSID of
+ the network namespace the networkd instance manages)
* systemd-networkd now supports IPv6RetransmissionTimeSec= and
UseRetransmissionTime= settings in .network files to configure
retransmission time for IPv6 neighbor solicitation messages.
- * networkctl gained new verbs 'mask' and 'unmask'.
+ * networkctl gained new verbs 'mask' and 'unmask' for masking networkd
+ configuration files such as .network files.
* 'networkctl edit --runtime' allows editing volatile configuration
under /run/systemd/network/.
* The implementation behind TTLPropagate= network setting has been
removed and the setting is now ignored.
- * systemd-network-generator will now pick up .netdev/.link/.network
- configuration from credentials.
+ * systemd-network-generator will now pick up .netdev/.link/.network/
+ networkd.conf configuration from system credentials.
- * systemd-networkd will now pick up wireguard configuration from
+ * systemd-networkd will now pick up wireguard secrets from
credentials.
- * systemd-ssh-proxy is a new SSH client plugin that allows connecting
- to AF_SOCK or AF_UNIX sockets.
+ * systemd-networkd's Varlink API now supports enumerating LLDP peers.
+
+ * .link files now support new Property=, ImportProperty=,
+ UnsetProperty= fields for setting udev properties on a link.
+
+ * The various .link files that systemd ships for interfaces that are
+ supposed to be managed by systemd-networkd only now carry a
+ ID_NET_MANAGED_BY=io.systemd.Network udev property ensuring that
+ other network management solutions honouring this udev property do
+ not come into conflict with networkd, trying to manage these
+ interfaces.
+
+ * .link files now support a new ReceivePacketSteeringCPUMask= setting
+ for configuring which CPUs to steer incoming packets to.
+
+ systemd-nspawn:
* systemd-nspawn now provides a /run/systemd/nspawn/unix-export/
directory where the container payload can expose AF_UNIX sockets to
allow them them to be accessed from outside.
- * systemd-nspawn will tint the background for container output.
- This can be controller with the new --backgroup= option.
+ * systemd-nspawn will tint the terminal background for containers in a
+ blueish color. This can be controller with the new --background=
+ switch.
- * systemd-nspawn gained support for the 'owneridmap' option for bind
+ * systemd-nspawn gained support for the 'owneridmap' option for --bind=
mounts to map the target directory owner from inside the container to
the owner of the directory bound from the host filesystem.
- * An sshd config drop-in to allow ssh keys acquired via userdbctl to be
- used for authorization.
+ * systemd-nspawn now supports moving Wi-Fi network devices into a
+ container, just like other network interfaces.
- * New generator systemd-ssh-generator can be used to bind a
- socket-activated SSH instance to a local AF_SOCK or AF_UNIX socket.
- This generator will automatically bind /run/host/unix-export/ssh.
+ systemd-resolved:
- * systemd-resolved now implements RFC 8914 EDE error codes.
+ * systemd-resolved now reads RFC 8914 EDE error codes provided by
+ upstream DNS services.
* systemd-resolved and resolvectl now support RFC 9460 SVCB and HTTPS
- records.
+ records, as well as RFC 2915 NAPTR records.
* resolvectl gained a new option --relax-single-label= to allow
- querying single-label hostnames via DNS.
-
- Systemd-boot and systemd-stub and Related Tools:
+ querying single-label hostnames via unicast DNS on a per-query basis.
+
+ * systemd-resolved's Varlink IPC interface now supports resolving
+ DNS-SD services as well as an API for resolving raw DNS RRs.
+
+ * systemd-resolved's .dnssd DNS_SD service description files now
+ support DNS-SD "subtypes" via the new SubType= setting.
+
+ * systemd-resolved's configuration may now be reloaded without
+ restarting the service. (i.e. "systemctl reload systemd-resolved" is
+ now supported)
+
+ SSH Integration:
+
+ * An sshd config drop-in to allow ssh keys acquired via userdbctl (for
+ example expose by homed accounts) to be used for authorization of
+ incoming SSH connections.
+
+ * A small new unit generator "systemd-ssh-generator" has been added. It
+ checks if the sshd binary is installed. If so, it binds it via
+ per-connection socket activation to various sockets depending on the
+ execution context:
+
+ • If the system is run in a VM providing AF_VSOCK support, it
+ automatically binds sshd to AF_VSOCK port 22.
+
+ • If the system is invoked as a full-OS container and the container
+ manager pre-mounts a directory /run/host/unix-export/, it will
+ bind sshd to an AF_UNIX socket /run/host/unix-export/ssh. The
+ idea is the container manager bind mounts the directory to an
+ appropriate place on the host as well, so that the AF_UNIX socket
+ may be used to easily connect from the host to the container.
+
+ • sshd is also bound to an AF_UNIX socket
+ /run/ssh-unix-local/socket, which may be to use ssh/sftp in a
+ "sudo"-like fashion to access resources of other local users.
+
+ • Via the kernel command line option "systemd.ssh_listen=" and the
+ system credential "ssh.listen" sshd may be bound to additional,
+ explicitly configured options, including AF_INET/AF_INET6 ports.
+
+ In particular the first two mechanisms should make dealing with local
+ VMs and full OS containers a lot easier, as SSH connections will
+ *just* *work* from the host – even if no networking is available
+ whatsoever.
+
+ systemd-ssh-generator optionally generates a per-connection
+ socket activation service file wrapping sshd. This is only done if
+ the distribution does not provide one on its own under the name
+ "sshd@.service". The generated unit only works correctly if the SSH
+ privilege separation ("privsep") directory exists. Unfortunately
+ distributions vary wildly where they place this directory. An
+ incomprehensive list:
+
+ • /usr/share/empty.sshd/ (new fedora)
+ • /var/empty/
+ • /var/empty/sshd/
+ • /run/sshd/ (debian/ubuntu?)
+
+ If the SSH privsep directory is placed below /var/ or /run/ care
+ needs to be taken that the directory is created automatically at boot
+ if needed, since these directories possibly or always come up
+ empty. This can be done via a tmpfiles.d/ drop-in. You may use the
+ "sshdprivsepdir" meson option provided by systemd to configure the
+ directory, in case you want systemd to create the directory as needed
+ automatically, if your distribution does not cover this natively.
+
+ Recommendations to distributions, in order to make things just work:
+
+ • Please provide a per-connection SSH service file under the name
+ "sshd@.service".
+
+ • Please move the SSH privsep dir into /usr/ (so that it is truly
+ immutable on image-based operating systems, is strictly under
+ package manager control, and never requires recreation if the
+ system boots up with an empty /run/ or /var/).
+
+ • As an extension of this: please consider following Fedora's lead
+ here, and use /usr/share/empty.sshd/ to minimize needless
+ differences between distributions.
+
+ • If your distribution insists on placing the directory in /var/ or
+ /run/ then please at least provide a tmpfiles.d/ drop-in to
+ recreate it automatically at boot, so that the sshd binary just
+ works, regardless in which context it is called.
+
+ * A small tool "systemd-ssh-proxy" has been added, which is supposed to
+ act as counterpart to "systemd-ssh-generator". It's a small plug-in
+ for the SSH client (via ProxyCommand/ProxyUseFdpass) to allow it to
+ connect to AF_VSOCK or AF_UNIX sockets. Example: "ssh vsock/4711"
+ connects to a local VM with cid 4711, or "ssh
+ unix/run/ssh-unix-local/socket" to connect to the local host via the
+ AF_UNIX socket /run/ssh-unix-local/socket.
+
+ systemd-boot and systemd-stub and Related Tools:
* TPM 1.2 PCR measurement support has been removed from systemd-stub.
TPM 1.2 is obsolete and – due to the (by today's standards) weak
of systemd's codebase never supported TPM 1.2, the support has now
been removed from systemd-stub as well.
- * Confexts are loaded by systemd-stub from the ESP as well.
+ * systemd-stub will now measure its payload via the new EFI
+ Confidential Computing APIs (CC), in addition to the pre-existing
+ measurements to TPM.
+
+ * confexts are loaded by systemd-stub from the ESP as well.
* The pcrlock policy is saved in an unencrypted credential file
"pcrlock.<entry-token>.cred" under XBOOTLDR/ESP in the
* systemd-pcrlock gained an --entry-token= option to configure the
entry-token.
- * systemd-pcrlock now provides a Varlink interface and can be
- run as a daemon via a template unit.
+ * systemd-pcrlock now provides a basic Varlink interface and can be run
+ as a daemon via a template unit.
- * bootctl now provides a Varlink interface and can be run as a daemon
- via a template unit.
+ * bootctl now provides a basic Varlink interface and can be run as a
+ daemon via a template unit.
+
+ * systemd-measure gained new options --certificate=, --private-key=,
+ and --private-key-source= to allow using OpenSSL's "engines" or
+ "providers" as the signing mechanism to use when creating signed
+ TPM2 PCR measurement values.
* ukify gained support for signing of PCR signatures via OpenSSL's
engines and providers.
* ukify now supports zboot kernels.
- Command-line tools:
+ * systemd-boot now supports passing additional kernel command line
+ switches to invoked kernels via an SMBIOS Type #11 string
+ "io.systemd.boot.kernel-cmdline-extra". This is similar to the
+ pre-existing support for this in systemd-stub, but also applies to
+ Type #1 Boot Loader Specification Entries.
+
+ * systemd-boot's automatic SecureBoot enrollment support gained support
+ for enrolling "dbx" too (Previously, only db/KEK/PK enrollment was
+ supported). It also now supports UEFI "Custom" mode.
- * systemd-run is now a multi-call binary. When invoked as 'uid0', it
+ systemd-run/run0:
+
+ * systemd-run is now a multi-call binary. When invoked as 'run0', it
provides as interface similar to 'sudo', with all arguments starting
- at the first non-option parameter being treated the command to
- invoke as root. Unlike 'sudo' and similar tools, it does not make use
- of setuid binaries or other privilege escalation methods, but instead
+ at the first non-option parameter being treated the command to invoke
+ as root. Unlike 'sudo' and similar tools, it does not make use of
+ setuid binaries or other privilege escalation methods, but instead
runs the specified command as a transient unit, which is started by
the system service manager, so privileges are dropped, rather than
- gained, thus implementing a much more robust and safe security model.
+ gained, thus implementing a much more robust and safe security
+ model. As usual, authorization is managed via Polkit.
+
+ * systemd-run/run0 will now tint the terminal background on supported
+ terminals: in a reddish tone when invoking a root service, in a
+ yellowish tone otherwise. This may be controlled and turned off via
+ the new --background= switch.
* systemd-run gained a new option '--ignore-failure' to suppress
command failures.
- * systemd-creds gained new options --user/--uid=.
+ Command-line tools:
* 'systemctl edit --stdin' allows creation of unit files and drop-ins
with contents supplied via standard input. This is useful when creating
* resolvectl now supports -j/--json= for --type=.
+ * systemd-tmpfiles gained a new option --dry-run to print what would be
+ done without actually taking action.
+
+ * varlinkctl gained a new --collect switch to collect all responses of
+ a method call that supports multiple replies and turns it into a
+ single JSON array.
+
+ * systemd-dissect gained a new --make-archive option to generate an
+ archive file (tar.gz and similar) from a disk image.
+
+ systemd-vmspawn:
+
* systemd-vmspawn gained a new --firmware= option to configure or list
firmware definitions for Qemu, a new --tpm= option to enable or
disable the use of a software TPM, a new --linux= option to specify a
* A new systemd-vmspawn@.service can be used to launch systemd-vmspawn
as a service.
- * varlinkctl gained support for the "ssh:" transport. This requires
- OpenSSH 9.4 or newer.
+ * systemd-vmspawn gained the new --console= and --background= switches
+ that control how to interact with the VM. As before, by default an
+ interactive terminal interface is provided, but now with a background
+ tinted with a greenish hue.
- * varlinkctl gained a new --collect switch to collect all responses of
- a method call emitted in JSON_SEQ mode and turn them into normal
- JSON.
+ * systemd-vmspawn can now register its VMs with systemd-machined,
+ controlled via the --register= switch.
- * systemd-sysext gained support for mutable system extensions, where a
- writeable upperdir is stored under /var/lib/extensions.mutable/, and
- a new --mutable option to configure this behaviour.
+ * machinectl's start command (and related) can now invoke images either
+ as containers via `systemd-nspawn` (switch is --runner=nspawn, the
+ default) or as VMs via `systemd-vmspawn` (switch is --runner=vmspawn,
+ or short -V).
- * systemd-dissect gained a new --make-archive-option to generate an
- archive file from a disk image.
+ * systemd-vmspawn now supports two switches --pass-ssh-key= and
+ --ssh-key-type= to optionally set up transient SSH keys to pass to the
+ invoked VMs in order to be able to SSH into them once booted.
+
+ systemd-repart:
* systemd-repart gained new options --generate-fstab= and
- --generate-crypttab= to write the fstab and crypttab files.
+ --generate-crypttab= to write out fstab and crypttab files matching the
+ generated partitions.
* systemd-repart gained a new option --private-key-source= to allow
using OpenSSL's "engines" or "providers" as the signing mechanism to
use when creating verity signature partitions.
- * systemd-measure gained new options --certificate=, --private-key=,
- and --private-key-source= to allow using OpenSSL's "engines" or
- "providers" as the signing mechanism to use when creating signed
- TPM2 PCR measurement values.
-
- * systemd-tmpfiles gained a new option --dry-run to print what would be
- done without actually taking action.
-
- * systemd-bsod gained a new option --tty= to specify the output TTY
-
- * timedatectl and machinectl gained option '-P', an alias for
- '--value --property=…'.
-
- * Various tools that pretty-print config files will now highlight
- configuration directives.
+ * systemd-repart gained a new DefaultSubvolume= setting in repart.d/
+ drop-ins that allow configuring the default btrfs subvolume for newly
+ formatted btrfs file systems.
Libraries:
- * libsystemd gained new call sd_bus_creds_new_from_pidfd to get a
+ * libsystemd gained new call sd_bus_creds_new_from_pidfd() to get a
credentials object for a pidfd and sd_bus_creds_get_pidfd_dup() to
retrieve the pidfd from a credentials object.
+ * sd-bus' credentials logic will now also acquire peer's UNIX group
+ lists and peer's pidfd if supported and requested.
+
* RPM macro %_kernel_install_dir has been added with the path
to the directory for kernel-install plugins.
- Other:
+ * The liblz4, libzstd, liblzma, libkmod, libgcrypt dependencies have
+ been changed from regular shared library dependencies into dlopen()
+ based ones.
+
+ * The sd-journal API gained a new call
+ sd_journal_stream_fd_with_namespace() which is just like
+ sd_journal_stream_fd() but creates a log stream targeted at a
+ specific log namespace.
+
+ systemd-cryptsetup/systemd-cryptenroll:
+
+ * systemd-cryptenroll can now enroll directly with a PKCS11 public key
+ (instead of a certificate).
+
+ * systemd-cryptsetup/systemd-cryptenroll now may lock a disk against a
+ PKCS#11 provided EC key (before it only supported RSA).
+
+ * systemd-cryptsetup gained support for crypttab option
+ link-volume-key= to link the volume key into the kernel keyring when
+ the volume is opened.
+
+ * systemd-cryptenroll will no longer enable Dictionary Attack
+ Protection (i.e. turn on NO_DA) for TPM enrollments that do not
+ involve a PIN. DA should not be necessary in that case (since key
+ entropy is high enough to make this unnecessary), but risks
+ accidental lock-out in case of unexpected PCR changes.
+
+ * systemd-cryptenroll now supports enrolling a new slot while unlocking
+ the old slot via TPM2 (previously unlocking only worked via password
+ or FIDO2).
+
+ Documentation:
+
+ * The remaining documentation that was on
+ https://freedesktop.org/wiki/Software/systemd/ has been moved to
+ https://systemd.io/.
+
+ * A new text describing the VM integration interfaces of systemd has
+ been added:
+
+ https://systemd.io/VM_INTERFACE
+
+ * The sd_notify() man page has gained an example with C code that shows
+ how to implement the interface in C without involving libsystemd.
+
+ systemd-homed, systemd-logind, systemd-userdbd:
+
+ * systemd-homed now supports unlocking of home directories when logging
+ in via SSH. Previously home directories needed to be unlocked before
+ an SSH login is attempted.
+
+ * JSON User Records have been extended with a separate public storage
+ area called "User Record Blob Directories". This is intended to store
+ the user's background image, avatar picture, and other similar items
+ which are too large to fit into the User Record itself.
+
+ systemd-homed, userdbctl, and homectl gained support for blob
+ directories. homectl gained --avatar= and --login-background= to
+ control two specific items of the blob directories.
+
+ * A new "additionalLanguages" field has been added to JSON user records
+ (as supported by systemd-homed and systemd-userdbd), which is closely
+ related to the pre-existing "preferredLanguage", and allows
+ specifying multiple additional languages for the user account. It is
+ used to initialize the $LANGUAGES environment variable when used.
+
+ * A new pair of "preferredSessionType" and "preferredSessionLauncher"
+ fields have been added to JSON user records, that may be used to
+ control which kind of desktop session to preferable activate on
+ logins of the user.
+
+ * homectl gained a new verb 'firstboot', and a new
+ systemd-homed-firstboot.service unit uses this verb to create users
+ in a first boot environment, either from system credentials or by
+ querying interactively.
* systemd-logind now supports a new "background-light" session class
which does not pull in the user@.service unit. This is intended in
- particular for cron jobs.
+ particular for lighter weight per-user cron jobs which do require any
+ per-user service manager to be around.
- systemd-logind now also supports a new "user-incomplete" session
- class for a user session that does not have a running user manager,
- but may be upgraded to a full "user" session later on. This has
- been hooked into the PAM stack to appropriately classify sessions
- while they are being started.
+ * The per-user service manager will now be tracked as a distinct "manager"
+ session type among logind sessions of each user.
- systemd-logind gained a new org.freedesktop.login1.Session.SetClass()
- method to change the session class.
-
- systemd-logind will not allow background, background-light, manager,
- and manager-early session types to take control of devices or change
- the session type.
+ * homectl now supports an --offline mode, by which certain account
+ properties can be changed without unlocking the home directory.
* systemd-logind gained a new
org.freedesktop.login1.Manager.ListSessionsEx() method that provides
additional metadata compared to ListSessions(). loginctl makes use of
this to list additional fields in list-sessions.
- * systemd-cryptenroll can now enroll directly with a PKCS11 public key
- (instead of a certificate).
+ * systemd-logind gained a new org.freedesktop.login1.Manager.Sleep()
+ method that automatically redirects to SuspendThenHibernate(),
+ Suspend(), HybridSleep(), or Hibernate(), depending on what is
+ supported and configured, a new configuration setting SleepOperation=,
+ and an accompanying helper method
+ org.freedesktop.login1.Manager.CanSleep() and property
+ org.freedesktop.login1.Manager.SleepOperation.
- * Core dumps are now retained for two weeks by default.
+ 'systemctl sleep' calls the new method to automatically put the
+ machine to sleep in the most appropriate way.
- * systemd-cryptsetup gained support for crypttab option
- link-volume-key= to enter the volume key into the kernel keyring when
- the volume is opened.
+ Credential Management:
+
+ * systemd-creds now provides a Varlink IPC API for encrypting and
+ decrypting credentials.
+
+ * systemd-creds' "tpm2-absent" key selection has been renamed to
+ "null", since that's what it actually does: "encrypt" and "sign"
+ with a fixed null key. --with-key=null should only be used in very
+ specific cases, as it provides zero integrity or confidentiality
+ protections. (i.e. it's only safe to use as fallback in environments
+ lacking both a TPM and access to the root fs to use the host
+ encryption key, or when integrity is provided some other way.)
+
+ * systemd-creds gained a new switch --allow-null. If specified, the
+ "decrypt" verb will decode encrypted credentials that use the "null"
+ key (by default this is refused, since using the "null" key defeats
+ the authenticated encryption normally done).
+
+ Suspend & Hibernate:
+
+ * The sleep.conf configuration file gained a new MemorySleepMode=
+ setting for configuring the sleep mode in more detail.
+
+ * A tiny new service systemd-hibernate-clear.service has been added
+ which clears hibernation information from the HibernateLocation EFI
+ variable, in case the resume device is gone. Normally, this variable
+ is supposed to be cleaned up by the code that initiates the resume
+ from hibernation image. But when the device is missing and that code
+ doesn't run, this service will now do the necessary work, ensuring
+ that no outdated hibernation image information remains on subsequent
+ boots.
+
+ Unprivileged User Namespaces & Mounts:
+
+ * A small new service systemd-nsresourced.service has been added. It
+ provides a Varlink IPC API that assigns a free, transiently allocated
+ 64K UID/GID range to an uninitialized user namespace a client
+ provides. It may be used to implement unprivileged container managers
+ and other programs that need dynamic user ID ranges. It also provides
+ interfaces to then delegate mount file descriptors, control groups
+ and network interfaces to user namespaces set up this way.
+
+ * A small new service systemd-mountfsd.service has been added. It
+ provides a Varlink IPC API for mounting DDI images, and returning a set
+ of mount file descriptors for it. If a user namespace fd is provided
+ as input, then the mounts are registered with the user namespace. To
+ ensure trust in the image it must provide Verity information (or
+ alternatively interactive polkit authentication is required).
+
+ * The systemd-dissect tool now can access DDIs fully unprivileged by
+ using systemd-nsresourced/systemd-mountfsd.
+
+ * If the service manager runs unprivileged (i.e. systemd --user) it now
+ supports RootImage= for accessing DDI images, also implemented via
+ the systemd-nsresourced/systemd-mountfsd.
+
+ * systemd-nspawn may now operate without privileges, if a suitable DDI
+ is provided via --image=, again implemented via
+ systemd-nsresourced/systemd-mountfsd.
+
+ Other:
+
+ * timedatectl and machinectl gained option '-P', an alias for
+ '--value --property=…'.
+
+ * Various tools that pretty-print config files will now highlight
+ configuration directives.
+
+ * varlinkctl gained support for the "ssh:" transport. This requires
+ OpenSSH 9.4 or newer.
+
+ * systemd-sysext gained support for enabling system extensions in
+ mutable fashion, where a writeable upperdir is stored under
+ /var/lib/extensions.mutable/, and a new --mutable= option to
+ configure this behaviour. An "ephemeral" mode is not also supported
+ where the mutable layer is configured to be a tmpfs that is
+ automatically released when the system extensions are reattached.
+
+ * Coredumps are now retained for two weeks by default (instead of three
+ days, as before).
* portablectl --copy= parameter gained a new 'mixed' argument, that will
result in resources owned by the OS (e.g.: portable profiles) to be linked
but resources owned by the portable image (e.g.: the unit files and the
images themselves) to be copied.
- * The remaining documentation that was on
- https://freedesktop.org/wiki/Software/systemd/ has been moved to
- https://systemd.io.
+ * systemd will now register MIME types for various of its file types
+ (e.g. journal files, DDIs, encrypted credentials …) via the XDG
+ shared-mime-info infrastructure. (Files of these types will thus be
+ recognized as their own thing in desktop file managers such as GNOME
+ Files.)
+ * systemd-dissect will now show the detected sector size of a given DDI
+ in its default output.
+
+ * systemd-portabled now generates recognizable structured log messages
+ whenever a portable service is attached or detached.
+
+ * Verity signature checking in userspace (i.e. checking against
+ /etc/verity.d/ keys) when activating DDIs can now be turned on/off
+ via a kernel command line option systemd.allow_userspace_verity= and
+ an environment variable SYSTEMD_ALLOW_USERSPACE_VERITY=.
+
+ * ext4/xfs file system quota handling has been reworked, so that
+ quotacheck and quotaon are now invoked as per-file-system templated
+ services (as opposed to single system-wide singletons), similar in
+ style to the fsck, growfs, pcrfs logic. This means file systems with
+ quota enabled can now be reasonably enabled at runtime of the system,
+ not just at boot.
+
+ * "systemd-analyze dot" will now also show BindsTo= dependencies.
+
+ * systemd-debug-generator gained the ability add in arbitrary units
+ based on them being passed in via system credentials.
+
+ * A new kernel command-line option systemd.default_debug_tty= can be
+ used to specify the TTY for the debug shell, independently of
+ enabling or disabling it.
CHANGES WITH 255:
projects / thirdparty / systemd.git / blobdiff