systemd System and Service Manager
+CHANGES WITH 238 in spe:
+
+ * The MemoryAccounting= unit property now defaults to on. After
+ discussions with the upstream control group maintainers we learnt
+ that the negative impact of cgroup memory accounting on current
+ kernels is finally relatively minimal, so that it should be safe to
+ enable this by default without affecting system performance. Besides
+ memory accounting only task accounting is turned on by default, all
+ other forms of resource accounting (CPU, IO, IP) remain off for now,
+ because it's not clear yet that their impact is small enough to move
+ from opt-in to opt-out. We recommend downstreams to leave memory
+ accounting on by default if kernel 4.14 or higher is are primarily
+ used. On very resource constrained systems or when support for old
+ kernels is a necessity, -Dmemory-accounting-default=false can be used
+ to revert this change.
+
+CHANGES WITH 237:
+
+ * Some keyboards come with a zoom see-saw or rocker which until now got
+ mapped to the Linux "zoomin/out" keys in hwdb. However, these
+ keycodes are not recognized by any major desktop. They now produce
+ Up/Down key events so that they can be used for scrolling.
+
+ * INCOMPATIBILITY: systemd-tmpfiles' "f" lines changed behaviour
+ slightly: previously, if an argument was specified for lines of this
+ type (i.e. the right-most column was set) this string was appended to
+ existing files each time systemd-tmpfiles was run. This behaviour was
+ different from what the documentation said, and not particularly
+ useful, as repeated systemd-tmpfiles invocations would not be
+ idempotent and grow such files without bounds. With this release
+ behaviour has been altered slightly, to match what the documentation
+ says: lines of this type only have an effect if the indicated files
+ don't exist yet, and only then the argument string is written to the
+ file.
+
+ * FUTURE INCOMPATIBILITY: In systemd v238 we intend to slightly change
+ systemd-tmpfiles behaviour: previously, read-only files owned by root
+ were always excluded from the file "aging" algorithm (i.e. the
+ automatic clean-up of directories like /tmp based on
+ atime/mtime/ctime). We intend to drop this restriction, and age files
+ by default even when owned by root and read-only. This behaviour was
+ inherited from older tools, but there have been requests to remove
+ it, and it's not obvious why this restriction was made in the first
+ place. Please speak up now, if you are aware of software that reqires
+ this behaviour, otherwise we'll remove the restriction in v238.
+
+ * A new environment variable $SYSTEMD_OFFLINE is now understood by
+ systemctl. It takes a boolean argument. If on, systemctl assumes it
+ operates on an "offline" OS tree, and will not attempt to talk to the
+ service manager. Previously, this mode was implicitly enabled if a
+ chroot() environment was detected, and this new environment variable
+ now provides explicit control.
+
+ * .path and .socket units may now be created transiently, too.
+ Previously only service, mount, automount and timer units were
+ supported as transient units. The systemd-run tool has been updated
+ to expose this new functionality, you may hence use it now to bind
+ arbitrary commands to path or socket activation on-the-fly from the
+ command line. Moreover, almost all properties are now exposed for the
+ unit types that already supported transient operation.
+
+ * The systemd-mount command gained support for a new --owner= parameter
+ which takes a user name, which is then resolved and included in uid=
+ and gid= mount options string of the file system to mount.
+
+ * A new unit condition ConditionControlGroupController= has been added
+ that checks whether a specific cgroup controller is available.
+
+ * Unit files, udev's .link files, and systemd-networkd's .netdev and
+ .network files all gained support for a new condition
+ ConditionKernelVersion= for checking against specific kernel
+ versions.
+
+ * In systemd-networkd, the [IPVLAN] section in .netdev files gained
+ support for configuring device flags in the Flags= setting. In the
+ same files, the [Tunnel] section gained support for configuring
+ AllowLocalRemote=. The [Route] section in .network files gained
+ support for configuring InitialCongestionWindow=,
+ InitialAdvertisedReceiveWindow= and QuickAck=. The [DHCP] section now
+ understands RapidCommit=.
+
+ * systemd-networkd's DHCPv6 support gained support for Prefix
+ Delegation.
+
+ * sd-bus gained support for a new "watch-bind" feature. When this
+ feature is enabled, an sd_bus connection may be set up to connect to
+ an AF_UNIX socket in the file system as soon as it is created. This
+ functionality is useful for writing early-boot services that
+ automatically connect to the system bus as soon as it is started,
+ without ugly time-based polling. systemd-networkd and
+ systemd-resolved have been updated to make use of this
+ functionality. busctl exposes this functionality in a new
+ --watch-bind= command line switch.
+
+ * sd-bus will now optionally synthesize a local "Connected" signal as
+ soon as a D-Bus connection is set up fully. This message mirrors the
+ already existing "Disconnected" signal which is synthesized when the
+ connection is terminated. This signal is generally useful but
+ particularly handy in combination with the "watch-bind" feature
+ described above. Synthesizing of this message has to be requested
+ explicitly through the new API call sd_bus_set_connected_signal(). In
+ addition a new call sd_bus_is_ready() has been added that checks
+ whether a connection is fully set up (i.e. between the "Connected" and
+ "Disconnected" signals).
+
+ * sd-bus gained two new calls sd_bus_request_name_async() and
+ sd_bus_release_name_async() for asynchronously registering bus
+ names. Similar, there is now sd_bus_add_match_async() for installing
+ a signal match asynchronously. All of systemd's own services have
+ been updated to make use of these calls. Doing these operations
+ asynchronously has two benefits: it reduces the risk of deadlocks in
+ case of cyclic dependencies between bus services, and it speeds up
+ service initialization since synchronization points for bus
+ round-trips are removed.
+
+ * sd-bus gained two new calls sd_bus_match_signal() and
+ sd_bus_match_signal_async(), which are similar to sd_bus_add_match()
+ and sd_bus_add_match_async() but instead of taking a D-Bus match
+ string take match fields as normal function parameters.
+
+ * sd-bus gained two new calls sd_bus_set_sender() and
+ sd_bus_message_set_sender() for setting the sender name of outgoing
+ messages (either for all outgoing messages or for just one specific
+ one). These calls are only useful in direct connections as on
+ brokered connections the broker fills in the sender anyway,
+ overwriting whatever the client filled in.
+
+ * sd-event gained a new pseudo-handle that may be specified on all API
+ calls where an "sd_event*" object is expected: SD_EVENT_DEFAULT. When
+ used this refers to the default event loop object of the calling
+ thread. Note however that this does not implicitly allocate one —
+ which has to be done prior by using sd_event_default(). Similarly
+ sd-bus gained three new pseudo-handles SD_BUS_DEFAULT,
+ SD_BUS_DEFAULT_USER, SD_BUS_DEFAULT_SYSTEM that may be used to refer
+ to the default bus of the specified type of the calling thread. Here
+ too this does not implicitly allocate bus connection objects, this
+ has to be done prior with sd_bus_default() and friends.
+
+ * sd-event gained a new call pair
+ sd_event_source_{get|set}_io_fd_own(). This may be used to request
+ automatic closure of the file descriptor an IO event source watches
+ when the event source is destroyed.
+
+ * systemd-networkd gained support for natively configuring WireGuard
+ connections.
+
+ * In previous versions systemd synthesized user records both for the
+ "nobody" (UID 65534) and "root" (UID 0) users in nss-systemd and
+ internally. In order to simplify distribution-wide renames of the
+ "nobody" user (like it is planned in Fedora: nfsnobody → nobody), a
+ new transitional flag file has been added: if
+ /etc/systemd/dont-synthesize-nobody exists synthesizing of the 65534
+ user and group record within the systemd codebase is disabled.
+
+ * systemd-notify gained a new --uid= option for selecting the source
+ user/UID to use for notification messages sent to the service
+ manager.
+
+ * journalctl gained a new --grep= option to list only entries in which
+ the message matches a certain pattern. By default matching is case
+ insensitive if the pattern is lowercase, and case sensitive
+ otherwise. Option --case-sensitive=yes|no can be used to override
+ this an specify case sensitivity or case insensitivity.
+
+ * There's now a "systemd-analyze service-watchdogs" command for printing
+ the current state of the service runtime watchdog, and optionally
+ enabling or disabling the per-service watchdogs system-wide if given a
+ boolean argument (i.e. the concept you configure in WatchdogSec=), for
+ debugging purposes. There's also a kernel command line option
+ systemd.service_watchdogs= for controlling the same.
+
+ * Two new "log-level" and "log-target" options for systemd-analyze were
+ addded that merge the now deprecated get-log-level, set-log-level and
+ get-log-target, set-log-target pairs. The deprecated options are still
+ understood for backwards compatibility. The two new options print the
+ current value when no arguments are given, and set them when a
+ level/target is given as an argument.
+
+ * sysusers.d's "u" lines now optionally accept both a UID and a GID
+ specification, separated by a ":" character, in order to create users
+ where UID and GID do not match.
+
+ Contributions from: Adam Duskett, Alan Jenkins, Alexander Kuleshov,
+ Alexis Deruelle, Andrew Jeddeloh, Armin Widegreen, Batuhan Osman
+ Taşkaya, Björn Esser, bleep_blop, Bruce A. Johnson, Chris Down, Clinton
+ Roy, Colin Walters, Daniel Rusek, Dimitri John Ledkov, Dmitry Rozhkov,
+ Evgeny Vereshchagin, Ewout van Mansom, Felipe Sateler, Franck Bui,
+ Frantisek Sumsal, George Gaydarov, Gianluca Boiano, Hans-Christian
+ Noren Egtvedt, Hans de Goede, Henrik Grindal Bakken, Jan Alexander
+ Steffens, Jan Klötzke, Jason A. Donenfeld, jdkbx, Jérémy Rosen,
+ Jerónimo Borque, John Lin, John Paul Herold, Jonathan Rudenberg, Jörg
+ Thalheim, Ken (Bitsko) MacLeod, Larry Bernstone, Lennart Poettering,
+ Lucas Werkmeister, Maciej S. Szmigiero, Marek Čermák, Martin Pitt,
+ Mathieu Malaterre, Matthew Thode, Matthias-Christian Ott, Max Harmathy,
+ Michael Biebl, Michael Vogt, Michal Koutný, Michal Sekletar, Michał
+ Szczepański, Mike Gilbert, Nathaniel McCallum, Nicolas Chauvet, Olaf
+ Hering, Olivier Schwander, Patrik Flykt, Paul Cercueil, Peter Hutterer,
+ Piotr Drąg, Raphael Vogelgsang, Reverend Homer, Robert Kolchmeyer,
+ Samuel Dionne-Riel, Sergey Ptashnick, Shawn Landden, Susant Sahani,
+ Sylvain Plantefève, Thomas H. P. Andersen, Thomas Huth, Tomasz
+ Bachorski, Vladislav Vishnyakov, Wieland Hoffmann, Yu Watanabe, Zachary
+ Winnerman, Zbigniew Jędrzejewski-Szmek, Дамјан Георгиевски, Дилян
+ Палаузов
+
+ — Brno, 2018-01-28
+
+CHANGES WITH 236:
+
+ * The modprobe.d/ drop-in for the bonding.ko kernel module introduced
+ in v235 has been extended to also set the dummy.ko module option
+ numdummies=0, preventing the kernel from automatically creating
+ dummy0. All dummy interfaces must now be explicitly created.
+
+ * Unknown '%' specifiers in configuration files are now rejected. This
+ applies to units and tmpfiles.d configuration. Any percent characters
+ that are followed by a letter or digit that are not supposed to be
+ interpreted as the beginning of a specifier should be escaped by
+ doubling ("%%"). (So "size=5%" is still accepted, as well as
+ "size=5%,foo=bar", but not "LABEL=x%y%z" since %y and %z are not
+ valid specifiers today.)
+
+ * systemd-resolved now maintains a new dynamic
+ /run/systemd/resolve/stub-resolv.conf compatibility file. It is
+ recommended to make /etc/resolv.conf a symlink to it. This file
+ points at the systemd-resolved stub DNS 127.0.0.53 resolver and
+ includes dynamically acquired search domains, achieving more correct
+ DNS resolution by software that bypasses local DNS APIs such as NSS.
+
+ * The "uaccess" udev tag has been dropped from /dev/kvm and
+ /dev/dri/renderD*. These devices now have the 0666 permissions by
+ default (but this may be changed at build-time). /dev/dri/renderD*
+ will now be owned by the "render" group along with /dev/kfd.
+
+ * "DynamicUser=yes" has been enabled for systemd-timesyncd.service,
+ systemd-journal-gatewayd.service and
+ systemd-journal-upload.service. This means "nss-systemd" must be
+ enabled in /etc/nsswitch.conf to ensure the UIDs assigned to these
+ services are resolved properly.
+
+ * In /etc/fstab two new mount options are now understood:
+ x-systemd.makefs and x-systemd.growfs. The former has the effect that
+ the configured file system is formatted before it is mounted, the
+ latter that the file system is resized to the full block device size
+ after it is mounted (i.e. if the file system is smaller than the
+ partition it resides on, it's grown). This is similar to the fsck
+ logic in /etc/fstab, and pulls in systemd-makefs@.service and
+ systemd-growfs@.service as necessary, similar to
+ systemd-fsck@.service. Resizing is currently only supported on ext4
+ and btrfs.
+
+ * In systemd-networkd, the IPv6 RA logic now optionally may announce
+ DNS server and domain information.
+
+ * Support for the LUKS2 on-disk format for encrypted partitions has
+ been added. This requires libcryptsetup2 during compilation and
+ runtime.
+
+ * The systemd --user instance will now signal "readiness" when its
+ basic.target unit has been reached, instead of when the run queue ran
+ empty for the first time.
+
+ * Tmpfiles.d with user configuration are now also supported.
+ systemd-tmpfiles gained a new --user switch, and snippets placed in
+ ~/.config/user-tmpfiles.d/ and corresponding directories will be
+ executed by systemd-tmpfiles --user running in the new
+ systemd-tmpfiles-setup.service and systemd-tmpfiles-clean.service
+ running in the user session.
+
+ * Unit files and tmpfiles.d snippets learnt three new % specifiers:
+ %S resolves to the top-level state directory (/var/lib for the system
+ instance, $XDG_CONFIG_HOME for the user instance), %C resolves to the
+ top-level cache directory (/var/cache for the system instance,
+ $XDG_CACHE_HOME for the user instance), %L resolves to the top-level
+ logs directory (/var/log for the system instance,
+ $XDG_CONFIG_HOME/log/ for the user instance). This matches the
+ existing %t specifier, that resolves to the top-level runtime
+ directory (/run for the system instance, and $XDG_RUNTIME_DIR for the
+ user instance).
+
+ * journalctl learnt a new parameter --output-fields= for limiting the
+ set of journal fields to output in verbose and JSON output modes.
+
+ * systemd-timesyncd's configuration file gained a new option
+ RootDistanceMaxSec= for setting the maximum root distance of servers
+ it'll use, as well as the new options PollIntervalMinSec= and
+ PollIntervalMaxSec= to tweak the minimum and maximum poll interval.
+
+ * bootctl gained a new command "list" for listing all available boot
+ menu items on systems that follow the boot loader specification.
+
+ * systemctl gained a new --dry-run switch that shows what would be done
+ instead of doing it, and is currently supported by the shutdown and
+ sleep verbs.
+
+ * ConditionSecurity= can now detect the TOMOYO security module.
+
+ * Unit file [Install] sections are now also respected in unit drop-in
+ files. This is intended to be used by drop-ins under /usr/lib/.
+
+ * systemd-firstboot may now also set the initial keyboard mapping.
+
+ * Udev "changed" events for devices which are exposed as systemd
+ .device units are now propagated to units specified in
+ ReloadPropagatedFrom= as reload requests.
+
+ * If a udev device has a SYSTEMD_WANTS= property containing a systemd
+ unit template name (i.e. a name in the form of 'foobar@.service',
+ without the instance component between the '@' and - the '.'), then
+ the escaped sysfs path of the device is automatically used as the
+ instance.
+
+ * SystemCallFilter= in unit files has been extended so that an "errno"
+ can be specified individually for each system call. Example:
+ SystemCallFilter=~uname:EILSEQ.
+
+ * The cgroup delegation logic has been substantially updated. Delegate=
+ now optionally takes a list of controllers (instead of a boolean, as
+ before), which lists the controllers to delegate at least.
+
+ * The networkd DHCPv6 client now implements the FQDN option (RFC 4704).
+
+ * A new LogLevelMax= setting configures the maximum log level any
+ process of the service may log at (i.e. anything with a lesser
+ priority than what is specified is automatically dropped). A new
+ LogExtraFields= setting allows configuration of additional journal
+ fields to attach to all log records generated by any of the unit's
+ processes.
+
+ * New StandardInputData= and StandardInputText= settings along with the
+ new option StandardInput=data may be used to configure textual or
+ binary data that shall be passed to the executed service process via
+ standard input, encoded in-line in the unit file.
+
+ * StandardInput=, StandardOutput= and StandardError= may now be used to
+ connect stdin/stdout/stderr of executed processes directly with a
+ file or AF_UNIX socket in the file system, using the new "file:" option.
+
+ * A new unit file option CollectMode= has been added, that allows
+ tweaking the garbage collection logic for units. It may be used to
+ tell systemd to garbage collect units that have failed automatically
+ (normally it only GCs units that exited successfully). systemd-run
+ and systemd-mount expose this new functionality with a new -G option.
+
+ * "machinectl bind" may now be used to bind mount non-directories
+ (i.e. regularfiles, devices, fifos, sockets).
+
+ * systemd-analyze gained a new verb "calendar" for validating and
+ testing calendar time specifications to use for OnCalendar= in timer
+ units. Besides validating the expression it will calculate the next
+ time the specified expression would elapse.
+
+ * In addition to the pre-existing FailureAction= unit file setting
+ there's now SuccessAction=, for configuring a shutdown action to
+ execute when a unit completes successfully. This is useful in
+ particular inside containers that shall terminate after some workload
+ has been completed. Also, both options are now supported for all unit
+ types, not just services.
+
+ * networkds's IP rule support gained two new options
+ IncomingInterface= and OutgoingInterface= for configuring the incoming
+ and outgoing interfaces of configured rules. systemd-networkd also
+ gained support for "vxcan" network devices.
+
+ * networkd gained a new setting RequiredForOnline=, taking a
+ boolean. If set, systemd-wait-online will take it into consideration
+ when determining that the system is up, otherwise it will ignore the
+ interface for this purpose.
+
+ * The sd_notify() protocol gained support for a new operation: with
+ FDSTOREREMOVE=1 file descriptors may be removed from the per-service
+ store again, ahead of POLLHUP or POLLERR when they are removed
+ anyway.
+
+ * A new document doc/UIDS-GIDS.md has been added to the source tree,
+ that documents the UID/GID range and assignment assumptions and
+ requirements of systemd.
+
+ * The watchdog device PID 1 will ping may now be configured through the
+ WatchdogDevice= configuration file setting, or by setting the
+ systemd.watchdog_service= kernel commandline option.
+
+ * systemd-resolved's gained support for registering DNS-SD services on
+ the local network using MulticastDNS. Services may either be
+ registered by dropping in a .dnssd file in /etc/systemd/dnssd/ (or
+ the same dir below /run, /usr/lib), or through its D-Bus API.
+
+ * The sd_notify() protocol can now with EXTEND_TIMEOUT_USEC=microsecond
+ extend the effective start, runtime, and stop time. The service must
+ continue to send EXTEND_TIMEOUT_USEC within the period specified to
+ prevent the service manager from making the service as timedout.
+
+ * systemd-resolved's DNSSEC support gained support for RFC 8080
+ (Ed25519 keys and signatures).
+
+ * The systemd-resolve command line tool gained a new set of options
+ --set-dns=, --set-domain=, --set-llmnr=, --set-mdns=, --set-dnssec=,
+ --set-nta= and --revert to configure per-interface DNS configuration
+ dynamically during runtime. It's useful for pushing DNS information
+ into systemd-resolved from DNS hook scripts that various interface
+ managing software supports (such as pppd).
+
+ * systemd-nspawn gained a new --network-namespace-path= command line
+ option, which may be used to make a container join an existing
+ network namespace, by specifying a path to a "netns" file.
+
+ Contributions from: Alan Jenkins, Alan Robertson, Alessandro Ghedini,
+ Andrew Jeddeloh, Antonio Rojas, Ari, asavah, bleep_blop, Carsten
+ Strotmann, Christian Brauner, Christian Hesse, Clinton Roy, Collin
+ Eggert, Cong Wang, Daniel Black, Daniel Lockyer, Daniel Rusek, Dimitri
+ John Ledkov, Dmitry Rozhkov, Dongsu Park, Edward A. James, Evgeny
+ Vereshchagin, Florian Klink, Franck Bui, Gwendal Grignou, Hans de
+ Goede, Harald Hoyer, Hristo Venev, Iago López Galeiras, Ikey Doherty,
+ Jakub Wilk, Jérémy Rosen, Jiahui Xie, John Lin, José Bollo, Josef
+ Andersson, juga0, Krzysztof Nowicki, Kyle Walker, Lars Karlitski, Lars
+ Kellogg-Stedman, Lauri Tirkkonen, Lennart Poettering, Lubomir Rintel,
+ Luca Bruno, Lucas Werkmeister, Lukáš Nykrýn, Lukáš Říha, Lukasz
+ Rubaszewski, Maciej S. Szmigiero, Mantas Mikulėnas, Marcus Folkesson,
+ Martin Steuer, Mathieu Trudel-Lapierre, Matija Skala,
+ Matthias-Christian Ott, Max Resch, Michael Biebl, Michael Vogt, Michal
+ Koutný, Michal Sekletar, Mike Gilbert, Muhammet Kara, Neil Brown, Olaf
+ Hering, Ondrej Kozina, Patrik Flykt, Patryk Kocielnik, Peter Hutterer,
+ Piotr Drąg, Razvan Cojocaru, Robin McCorkell, Roland Hieber, Saran
+ Tunyasuvunakool, Sergey Ptashnick, Shawn Landden, Shuang Liu, Simon
+ Arlott, Simon Peeters, Stanislav Angelovič, Stefan Agner, Susant
+ Sahani, Sylvain Plantefève, Thomas Blume, Thomas Haller, Tiago Salem
+ Herrmann, Tinu Weber, Tom Stellard, Topi Miettinen, Torsten Hilbrich,
+ Vito Caputo, Vladislav Vishnyakov, WaLyong Cho, Yu Watanabe, Zbigniew
+ Jędrzejewski-Szmek, Zeal Jagannatha
+
+ — Berlin, 2017-12-14
+
+CHANGES WITH 235:
+
+ * INCOMPATIBILITY: systemd-logind.service and other long-running
+ services now run inside an IPv4/IPv6 sandbox, prohibiting them any IP
+ communication with the outside. This generally improves security of
+ the system, and is in almost all cases a safe and good choice, as
+ these services do not and should not provide any network-facing
+ functionality. However, systemd-logind uses the glibc NSS API to
+ query the user database. This creates problems on systems where NSS
+ is set up to directly consult network services for user database
+ lookups. In particular, this creates incompatibilities with the
+ "nss-nis" module, which attempts to directly contact the NIS/YP
+ network servers it is configured for, and will now consistently
+ fail. In such cases, it is possible to turn off IP sandboxing for
+ systemd-logind.service (set IPAddressDeny= in its [Service] section
+ to the empty string, via a .d/ unit file drop-in). Downstream
+ distributions might want to update their nss-nis packaging to include
+ such a drop-in snippet, accordingly, to hide this incompatibility
+ from the user. Another option is to make use of glibc's nscd service
+ to proxy such network requests through a privilege-separated, minimal
+ local caching daemon, or to switch to more modern technologies such
+ sssd, whose NSS hook-ups generally do not involve direct network
+ access. In general, we think it's definitely time to question the
+ implementation choices of nss-nis, i.e. whether it's a good idea
+ today to embed a network-facing loadable module into all local
+ processes that need to query the user database, including the most
+ trivial and benign ones, such as "ls". For more details about
+ IPAddressDeny= see below.
+
+ * A new modprobe.d drop-in is now shipped by default that sets the
+ bonding module option max_bonds=0. This overrides the kernel default,
+ to avoid conflicts and ambiguity as to whether or not bond0 should be
+ managed by systemd-networkd or not. This resolves multiple issues
+ with bond0 properties not being applied, when bond0 is configured
+ with systemd-networkd. Distributors may choose to not package this,
+ however in that case users will be prevented from correctly managing
+ bond0 interface using systemd-networkd.
+
+ * systemd-analyze gained new verbs "get-log-level" and "get-log-target"
+ which print the logging level and target of the system manager. They
+ complement the existing "set-log-level" and "set-log-target" verbs
+ used to change those values.
+
+ * journald.conf gained a new boolean setting ReadKMsg= which defaults
+ to on. If turned off kernel log messages will not be read by
+ systemd-journald or included in the logs. It also gained a new
+ setting LineMax= for configuring the maximum line length in
+ STDOUT/STDERR log streams. The new default for this value is 48K, up
+ from the previous hardcoded 2048.
+
+ * A new unit setting RuntimeDirectoryPreserve= has been added, which
+ allows more detailed control of what to do with a runtime directory
+ configured with RuntimeDirectory= (i.e. a directory below /run or
+ $XDG_RUNTIME_DIR) after a unit is stopped.
+
+ * The RuntimeDirectory= setting for units gained support for creating
+ deeper subdirectories below /run or $XDG_RUNTIME_DIR, instead of just
+ one top-level directory.
+
+ * Units gained new options StateDirectory=, CacheDirectory=,
+ LogsDirectory= and ConfigurationDirectory= which are closely related
+ to RuntimeDirectory= but manage per-service directories below
+ /var/lib, /var/cache, /var/log and /etc. By making use of them it is
+ possible to write unit files which when activated automatically gain
+ properly owned service specific directories in these locations, thus
+ making unit files self-contained and increasing compatibility with
+ stateless systems and factory reset where /etc or /var are
+ unpopulated at boot. Matching these new settings there's also
+ StateDirectoryMode=, CacheDirectoryMode=, LogsDirectoryMode=,
+ ConfigurationDirectoryMode= for configuring the access mode of these
+ directories. These settings are particularly useful in combination
+ with DynamicUser=yes as they provide secure, properly-owned,
+ writable, and stateful locations for storage, excluded from the
+ sandbox that such services live in otherwise.
+
+ * Automake support has been removed from this release. systemd is now
+ Meson-only.
+
+ * systemd-journald will now aggressively cache client metadata during
+ runtime, speeding up log write performance under pressure. This comes
+ at a small price though: as much of the metadata is read
+ asynchronously from /proc/ (and isn't implicitly attached to log
+ datagrams by the kernel, like UID/GID/PID/SELinux are) this means the
+ metadata stored alongside a log entry might be slightly
+ out-of-date. Previously it could only be slightly newer than the log
+ message. The time window is small however, and given that the kernel
+ is unlikely to be improved anytime soon in this regard, this appears
+ acceptable to us.
+
+ * nss-myhostname/systemd-resolved will now by default synthesize an
+ A/AAAA resource record for the "_gateway" hostname, pointing to the
+ current default IP gateway. Previously it did that for the "gateway"
+ name, hampering adoption, as some distributions wanted to leave that
+ host name open for local use. The old behaviour may still be
+ requested at build time.
+
+ * systemd-networkd's [Address] section in .network files gained a new
+ Scope= setting for configuring the IP address scope. The [Network]
+ section gained a new boolean setting ConfigureWithoutCarrier= that
+ tells systemd-networkd to ignore link sensing when configuring the
+ device. The [DHCP] section gained a new Anonymize= boolean option for
+ turning on a number of options suggested in RFC 7844. A new
+ [RoutingPolicyRule] section has been added for configuring the IP
+ routing policy. The [Route] section has gained support for a new
+ Type= setting which permits configuring
+ blackhole/unreachable/prohibit routes.
+
+ * The [VRF] section in .netdev files gained a new Table= setting for
+ configuring the routing table to use. The [Tunnel] section gained a
+ new Independent= boolean field for configuring tunnels independent of
+ an underlying network interface. The [Bridge] section gained a new
+ GroupForwardMask= option for configuration of propagation of link
+ local frames between bridge ports.
+
+ * The WakeOnLan= setting in .link files gained support for a number of
+ new modes. A new TCP6SegmentationOffload= setting has been added for
+ configuring TCP/IPv6 hardware segmentation offload.
+
+ * The IPv6 RA sender implementation may now optionally send out RDNSS
+ and RDNSSL records to supply DNS configuration to peers.
+
+ * systemd-nspawn gained support for a new --system-call-filter= command
+ line option for adding and removing entries in the default system
+ call filter it applies. Moreover systemd-nspawn has been changed to
+ implement a system call whitelist instead of a blacklist.
+
+ * systemd-run gained support for a new --pipe command line option. If
+ used the STDIN/STDOUT/STDERR file descriptors passed to systemd-run
+ are directly passed on to the activated transient service
+ executable. This allows invoking arbitrary processes as systemd
+ services (for example to take benefit of dependency management,
+ accounting management, resource management or log management that is
+ done automatically for services) — while still allowing them to be
+ integrated in a classic UNIX shell pipeline.
+
+ * When a service sends RELOAD=1 via sd_notify() and reload propagation
+ using ReloadPropagationTo= is configured, a reload is now propagated
+ to configured units. (Previously this was only done on explicitly
+ requested reloads, using "systemctl reload" or an equivalent
+ command.)
+
+ * For each service unit a restart counter is now kept: it is increased
+ each time the service is restarted due to Restart=, and may be
+ queried using "systemctl show -p NRestarts …".
+
+ * New system call filter groups @aio, @sync, @chown, @setuid, @memlock,
+ @signal and @timer have been added, for usage with SystemCallFilter=
+ in unit files and the new --system-call-filter= command line option
+ of systemd-nspawn (see above).
+
+ * ExecStart= lines in unit files gained two new modifiers: when a
+ command line is prefixed with "!" the command will be executed as
+ configured, except for the credentials applied by
+ setuid()/setgid()/setgroups(). It is very similar to the pre-existing
+ "+", but does still apply namespacing options unlike "+". There's
+ also "!!" now, which is mostly identical, but becomes a NOP on
+ systems that support ambient capabilities. This is useful to write
+ unit files that work with ambient capabilities where possible but
+ automatically fall back to traditional privilege dropping mechanisms
+ on systems where this is not supported.
+
+ * ListenNetlink= settings in socket units now support RDMA netlink
+ sockets.
+
+ * A new unit file setting LockPersonality= has been added which permits
+ locking down the chosen execution domain ("personality") of a service
+ during runtime.
+
+ * A new special target "getty-pre.target" has been added, which is
+ ordered before all text logins, and may be used to order services
+ before textual logins acquire access to the console.
+
+ * systemd will now attempt to load the virtio-rng.ko kernel module very
+ early on if a VM environment supporting this is detected. This should
+ improve entropy during early boot in virtualized environments.
+
+ * A _netdev option is now supported in /etc/crypttab that operates in a
+ similar way as the same option in /etc/fstab: it permits configuring
+ encrypted devices that need to be ordered after the network is up.
+ Following this logic, two new special targets
+ remote-cryptsetup-pre.target and remote-cryptsetup.target have been
+ added that are to cryptsetup.target what remote-fs.target and
+ remote-fs-pre.target are to local-fs.target.
+
+ * Service units gained a new UnsetEnvironment= setting which permits
+ unsetting specific environment variables for services that are
+ normally passed to it (for example in order to mask out locale
+ settings for specific services that can't deal with it).
+
+ * Units acquired a new boolean option IPAccounting=. When turned on, IP
+ traffic accounting (packet count as well as byte count) is done for
+ the service, and shown as part of "systemctl status" or "systemd-run
+ --wait".
+
+ * Service units acquired two new options IPAddressAllow= and
+ IPAddressDeny=, taking a list of IPv4 or IPv6 addresses and masks,
+ for configuring a simple IP access control list for all sockets of
+ the unit. These options are available also on .slice and .socket
+ units, permitting flexible access list configuration for individual
+ services as well as groups of services (as defined by a slice unit),
+ including system-wide. Note that IP ACLs configured this way are
+ enforced on every single IPv4 and IPv6 socket created by any process
+ of the service unit, and apply to ingress as well as egress traffic.
+
+ * If CPUAccounting= or IPAccounting= is turned on for a unit a new
+ structured log message is generated each time the unit is stopped,
+ containing information about the consumed resources of this
+ invocation.
+
+ * A new setting KeyringMode= has been added to unit files, which may be
+ used to control how the kernel keyring is set up for executed
+ processes.
+
+ * "systemctl poweroff", "systemctl reboot", "systemctl halt",
+ "systemctl kexec" and "systemctl exit" are now always asynchronous in
+ behaviour (that is: these commands return immediately after the
+ operation was enqueued instead of waiting for the operation to
+ complete). Previously, "systemctl poweroff" and "systemctl reboot"
+ were asynchronous on systems using systemd-logind (i.e. almost
+ always, and like they were on sysvinit), and the other three commands
+ were unconditionally synchronous. With this release this is cleaned
+ up, and callers will see the same asynchronous behaviour on all
+ systems for all five operations.
+
+ * systemd-logind gained new Halt() and CanHalt() bus calls for halting
+ the system.
+
+ * .timer units now accept calendar specifications in other timezones
+ than UTC or the local timezone.
+
+ * The tmpfiles snippet var.conf has been changed to create
+ /var/log/btmp with access mode 0660 instead of 0600. It was owned by
+ the "utmp" group already, and it appears to be generally understood
+ that members of "utmp" can modify/flush the utmp/wtmp/lastlog/btmp
+ databases. Previously this was implemented correctly for all these
+ databases excepts btmp, which has been opened up like this now
+ too. Note that while the other databases are world-readable
+ (i.e. 0644), btmp is not and remains more restrictive.
+
+ * The systemd-resolve tool gained a new --reset-server-features
+ switch. When invoked like this systemd-resolved will forget
+ everything it learnt about the features supported by the configured
+ upstream DNS servers, and restarts the feature probing logic on the
+ next resolver look-up for them at the highest feature level
+ again.
+
+ * The status dump systemd-resolved sends to the logs upon receiving
+ SIGUSR1 now also includes information about all DNS servers it is
+ configured to use, and the features levels it probed for them.
+
+ Contributions from: Abdó Roig-Maranges, Alan Jenkins, Alexander
+ Kuleshov, Andreas Rammhold, Andrew Jeddeloh, Andrew Soutar, Ansgar
+ Burchardt, Beniamino Galvani, Benjamin Berg, Benjamin Robin, Charles
+ Huber, Christian Hesse, Daniel Berrange, Daniel Kahn Gillmor, Daniel
+ Mack, Daniel Rusek, Daniel Șerbănescu, Davide Cavalca, Dimitri John
+ Ledkov, Diogo Pereira, Djalal Harouni, Dmitriy Geels, Dmitry Torokhov,
+ ettavolt, Evgeny Vereshchagin, Fabio Kung, Felipe Sateler, Franck Bui,
+ Hans de Goede, Harald Hoyer, Insun Pyo, Ivan Kurnosov, Ivan Shapovalov,
+ Jakub Wilk, Jan Synacek, Jason Gunthorpe, Jeremy Bicha, Jérémy Rosen,
+ John Lin, jonasBoss, Jonathan Lebon, Jonathan Teh, Jon Ringle, Jörg
+ Thalheim, Jouke Witteveen, juga0, Justin Capella, Justin Michaud,
+ Kai-Heng Feng, Lennart Poettering, Lion Yang, Luca Bruno, Lucas
+ Werkmeister, Lukáš Nykrýn, Marcel Hollerbach, Marcus Lundblad, Martin
+ Pitt, Michael Biebl, Michael Grzeschik, Michal Sekletar, Mike Gilbert,
+ Neil Brown, Nicolas Iooss, Patrik Flykt, pEJipE, Piotr Drąg, Russell
+ Stuart, S. Fan, Shengyao Xue, Stefan Pietsch, Susant Sahani, Tejun Heo,
+ Thomas Miller, Thomas Sailer, Tobias Hunger, Tomasz Pala, Tom
+ Gundersen, Tommi Rantala, Topi Miettinen, Torstein Husebø, userwithuid,
+ Vasilis Liaskovitis, Vito Caputo, WaLyong Cho, William Douglas, Xiang
+ Fan, Yu Watanabe, Zbigniew Jędrzejewski-Szmek
+
+ — Berlin, 2017-10-06
+
+CHANGES WITH 234:
+
+ * Meson is now supported as build system in addition to Automake. It is
+ our plan to remove Automake in one of our next releases, so that
+ Meson becomes our exclusive build system. Hence, please start using
+ the Meson build system in your downstream packaging. There's plenty
+ of documentation around how to use Meson, the extremely brief
+ summary:
+
+ ./autogen.sh && ./configure && make && sudo make install
+
+ becomes:
+
+ meson build && ninja -C build && sudo ninja -C build install
+
+ * Unit files gained support for a new JobRunningTimeoutUSec= setting,
+ which permits configuring a timeout on the time a job is
+ running. This is particularly useful for setting timeouts on jobs for
+ .device units.
+
+ * Unit files gained two new options ConditionUser= and ConditionGroup=
+ for conditionalizing units based on the identity of the user/group
+ running a systemd user instance.
+
+ * systemd-networkd now understands a new FlowLabel= setting in the
+ [VXLAN] section of .network files, as well as a Priority= in
+ [Bridge], GVRP= + MVRP= + LooseBinding= + ReorderHeader= in [VLAN]
+ and GatewayOnlink= + IPv6Preference= + Protocol= in [Route]. It also
+ gained support for configuration of GENEVE links, and IPv6 address
+ labels. The [Network] section gained the new IPv6ProxyNDP= setting.
+
+ * .link files now understand a new Port= setting.
+
+ * systemd-networkd's DHCP support gained support for DHCP option 119
+ (domain search list).
+
+ * systemd-networkd gained support for serving IPv6 address ranges using
+ the Router Advertisment protocol. The new .network configuration
+ section [IPv6Prefix] may be used to configure the ranges to
+ serve. This is implemented based on a new, minimal, native server
+ implementation of RA.
+
+ * journalctl's --output= switch gained support for a new parameter
+ "short-iso-precise" for a mode where timestamps are shown as precise
+ ISO date values.
+
+ * systemd-udevd's "net_id" builtin may now generate stable network
+ interface names from IBM PowerVM VIO devices as well as ACPI platform
+ devices.
+
+ * MulticastDNS support in systemd-resolved may now be explicitly
+ enabled/disabled using the new MulticastDNS= configuration file
+ option.
+
+ * systemd-resolved may now optionally use libidn2 instead of the libidn
+ for processing internationalized domain names. Support for libidn2
+ should be considered experimental and should not be enabled by
+ default yet.
+
+ * "machinectl pull-tar" and related call may now do verification of
+ downloaded images using SUSE-style .sha256 checksum files in addition
+ to the already existing support for validating using Ubuntu-style
+ SHA256SUMS files.
+
+ * sd-bus gained support for a new sd_bus_message_appendv() call which
+ is va_list equivalent of sd_bus_message_append().
+
+ * sd-boot gained support for validating images using SHIM/MOK.
+
+ * The SMACK code learnt support for "onlycap".
+
+ * systemd-mount --umount is now much smarter in figuring out how to
+ properly unmount a device given its mount or device path.
+
+ * The code to call libnss_dns as a fallback from libnss_resolve when
+ the communication with systemd-resolved fails was removed. This
+ fallback was redundant and interfered with the [!UNAVAIL=return]
+ suffix. See nss-resolve(8) for the recommended configuration.
+
+ * systemd-logind may now be restarted without losing state. It stores
+ the file descriptors for devices it manages in the system manager
+ using the FDSTORE= mechanism. Please note that further changes in
+ other components may be required to make use of this (for example
+ Xorg has code to listen for stops of systemd-logind and terminate
+ itself when logind is stopped or restarted, in order to avoid using
+ stale file descriptors for graphical devices, which is now
+ counterproductive and must be reverted in order for restarts of
+ systemd-logind to be safe. See
+ https://cgit.freedesktop.org/xorg/xserver/commit/?id=dc48bd653c7e101.)
+
+ * All kernel install plugins are called with the environment variable
+ KERNEL_INSTALL_MACHINE_ID which is set to the machine ID given by
+ /etc/machine-id. If the file is missing or empty, the variable is
+ empty and BOOT_DIR_ABS is the path of a temporary directory which is
+ removed after all the plugins exit. So, if KERNEL_INSTALL_MACHINE_ID
+ is empty, all plugins should not put anything in BOOT_DIR_ABS.
+
+ Contributions from: Adrian Heine né Lang, Aggelos Avgerinos, Alexander
+ Kurtz, Alexandros Frantzis, Alexey Brodkin, Alex Lu, Amir Pakdel, Amir
+ Yalon, Anchor Cat, Anthony Parsons, Bastien Nocera, Benjamin Gilbert,
+ Benjamin Robin, Boucman, Charles Plessy, Chris Chiu, Chris Lamb,
+ Christian Brauner, Christian Hesse, Colin Walters, Daniel Drake,
+ Danielle Church, Daniel Molkentin, Daniel Rusek, Daniel Wang, Davide
+ Cavalca, David Herrmann, David Michael, Dax Kelson, Dimitri John
+ Ledkov, Djalal Harouni, Dušan Kazik, Elias Probst, Evgeny Vereshchagin,
+ Federico Di Pierro, Felipe Sateler, Felix Zhang, Franck Bui, Gary
+ Tierney, George McCollister, Giedrius Statkevičius, Hans de Goede,
+ hecke, Hendrik Westerberg, Hristo Venev, Ian Wienand, Insun Pyo, Ivan
+ Shapovalov, James Cowgill, James Hemsing, Janne Heß, Jan Synacek, Jason
+ Reeder, João Paulo Rechi Vita, John Paul Adrian Glaubitz, Jörg
+ Thalheim, Josef Andersson, Josef Gajdusek, Julian Mehne, Kai Krakow,
+ Krzysztof Jackiewicz, Lars Karlitski, Lennart Poettering, Lluís Gili,
+ Lucas Werkmeister, Lukáš Nykrýn, Łukasz Stelmach, Mantas Mikulėnas,
+ Marcin Bachry, Marcus Cooper, Mark Stosberg, Martin Pitt, Matija Skala,
+ Matt Clarkson, Matthew Garrett, Matthias Greiner, Matthijs van Duin,
+ Max Resch, Michael Biebl, Michal Koutný, Michal Sekletar, Michal
+ Soltys, Michal Suchanek, Mike Gilbert, Nate Clark, Nathaniel R. Lewis,
+ Neil Brown, Nikolai Kondrashov, Pascal S. de Kloe, Pat Riehecky, Patrik
+ Flykt, Paul Kocialkowski, Peter Hutterer, Philip Withnall, Piotr
+ Szydełko, Rafael Fontenelle, Ray Strode, Richard Maw, Roelf Wichertjes,
+ Ronny Chevalier, Sarang S. Dalal, Sjoerd Simons, slodki, Stefan
+ Schweter, Susant Sahani, Ted Wood, Thomas Blume, Thomas Haller, Thomas
+ H. P. Andersen, Timothée Ravier, Tobias Jungel, Tobias Stoeckmann, Tom
+ Gundersen, Tom Yan, Torstein Husebø, Umut Tezduyar Lindskog,
+ userwithuid, Vito Caputo, Waldemar Brodkorb, WaLyong Cho, Yu, Li-Yu,
+ Yusuke Nojima, Yu Watanabe, Zbigniew Jędrzejewski-Szmek, Дамјан
+ Георгиевски
+
+ — Berlin, 2017-07-12
+
CHANGES WITH 233:
* The "hybrid" control group mode has been modified to improve
* All python scripts shipped with systemd (specifically: the various
tests written in Python) now require Python 3.
- * Systemd unit tests can now run standalone (without the source or
+ * systemd unit tests can now run standalone (without the source or
build directories), and can be installed into /usr/lib/systemd/tests/
with 'make install-tests'.
* Documentation has been added that lists all of systemd's low-level
environment variables:
- https://github.com/systemd/systemd/blob/master/ENVIRONMENT.md
+ https://github.com/systemd/systemd/blob/master/doc/ENVIRONMENT.md
* sd-daemon gained a new API sd_is_socket_sockaddr() for determining
whether a specific socket file descriptor matches a specified socket
these NTP servers officially. We still recommend downstreams to
properly register an NTP pool with the NTP pool project though.
- * coredumpctl gained new new "--reverse" option for printing the list
+ * coredumpctl gained a new "--reverse" option for printing the list
of coredumps in reverse order.
* coredumpctl will now show additional information about truncated and
booted up with "systemd-nspawn -b -i", qemu-kvm or on any physical
UEFI PC. This functionality is particularly useful to easily test
local changes made to systemd in a pristine, defined environment. See
- HACKING for details.
+ doc/HACKING for details.
* configure learned the --with-support-url= option to specify the
distribution's bugtracker.
d /run/lock/lockdev 0775 root lock -
+ * The settings StartLimitBurst=, StartLimitInterval=, StartLimitAction=
+ and RebootArgument= have been moved from the [Service] section of
+ unit files to [Unit], and they are now supported on all unit types,
+ not just service units. Of course, systemd will continue to
+ understand these settings also at the old location, in order to
+ maintain compatibility.
+
Contributions from: Abdo Roig-Maranges, Alban Crequy, Aleksander
Adamowski, Alexander Kuleshov, Andreas Pokorny, Andrei Borzenkov,
Andrew Wilcox, Arthur Clement, Beniamino Galvani, Casey Schaufler,
like Cockpit which register web clients as PAM sessions.
* timer units with at least one OnCalendar= setting will now
- be started only after timer-sync.target has been
+ be started only after time-sync.target has been
reached. This way they will not elapse before the system
clock has been corrected by a local NTP client or
similar. This is particular useful on RTC-less embedded
option as supported by Debian is added. It allows indicating
which LUKS slot to use on disk, speeding up key loading.
- * The sd_journald_sendv() API call has been checked and
+ * The sd_journal_sendv() API call has been checked and
officially declared to be async-signal-safe so that it may
be invoked from signal handlers for logging purposes.
projects / thirdparty / systemd.git / blobdiff