]> git.ipfire.org Git - thirdparty/systemd.git/blobdiff - src/core/namespace.c
Merge pull request #31531 from poettering/verity-userspace-optional
[thirdparty/systemd.git] / src / core / namespace.c
index 9ed253258dfb88edd2dc12e6b79ed47e3bdf83ac..855ad0de8934480d3b51e14639434f79969984da 100644 (file)
 #include "tmpfile-util.h"
 #include "umask-util.h"
 #include "user-util.h"
+#include "vpick.h"
 
 #define DEV_MOUNT_OPTIONS (MS_NOSUID|MS_STRICTATIME|MS_NOEXEC)
 
 typedef enum MountMode {
         /* This is ordered by priority! */
-        INACCESSIBLE,
-        OVERLAY_MOUNT,
-        MOUNT_IMAGES,
-        BIND_MOUNT,
-        BIND_MOUNT_RECURSIVE,
-        PRIVATE_TMP,
-        PRIVATE_TMP_READONLY,
-        PRIVATE_DEV,
-        BIND_DEV,
-        EMPTY_DIR,
-        PRIVATE_SYSFS,
-        BIND_SYSFS,
-        PROCFS,
-        READONLY,
-        READWRITE,
-        NOEXEC,
-        EXEC,
-        TMPFS,
-        RUN,
-        EXTENSION_DIRECTORIES, /* Bind-mounted outside the root directory, and used by subsequent mounts */
-        EXTENSION_IMAGES, /* Mounted outside the root directory, and used by subsequent mounts */
-        MQUEUEFS,
-        READWRITE_IMPLICIT, /* Should have the lowest priority. */
+        MOUNT_INACCESSIBLE,
+        MOUNT_OVERLAY,
+        MOUNT_IMAGE,
+        MOUNT_BIND,
+        MOUNT_BIND_RECURSIVE,
+        MOUNT_PRIVATE_TMP,
+        MOUNT_PRIVATE_TMP_READ_ONLY,
+        MOUNT_PRIVATE_DEV,
+        MOUNT_BIND_DEV,
+        MOUNT_EMPTY_DIR,
+        MOUNT_PRIVATE_SYSFS,
+        MOUNT_BIND_SYSFS,
+        MOUNT_PROCFS,
+        MOUNT_READ_ONLY,
+        MOUNT_READ_WRITE,
+        MOUNT_NOEXEC,
+        MOUNT_EXEC,
+        MOUNT_TMPFS,
+        MOUNT_RUN,
+        MOUNT_EXTENSION_DIRECTORY, /* Bind-mounted outside the root directory, and used by subsequent mounts */
+        MOUNT_EXTENSION_IMAGE,     /* Mounted outside the root directory, and used by subsequent mounts */
+        MOUNT_MQUEUEFS,
+        MOUNT_READ_WRITE_IMPLICIT, /* Should have the lowest priority. */
         _MOUNT_MODE_MAX,
+        _MOUNT_MODE_INVALID = -EINVAL,
 } MountMode;
 
+typedef enum MountEntryState {
+        MOUNT_PENDING,
+        MOUNT_APPLIED,
+        MOUNT_SKIPPED,
+        _MOUNT_ENTRY_STATE_MAX,
+        _MOUNT_ENTRY_STATE_INVALID = -EINVAL,
+} MountEntryState;
+
 typedef struct MountEntry {
         const char *path_const;   /* Memory allocated on stack or static */
-        MountMode mode:5;
+        MountMode mode;
         bool ignore:1;            /* Ignore if path does not exist? */
         bool has_prefix:1;        /* Already is prefixed by the root dir? */
         bool read_only:1;         /* Shall this mount point be read-only? */
         bool nosuid:1;            /* Shall set MS_NOSUID on the mount itself */
         bool noexec:1;            /* Shall set MS_NOEXEC on the mount itself */
         bool exec:1;              /* Shall clear MS_NOEXEC on the mount itself */
-        bool applied:1;           /* Already applied */
+        MountEntryState state;    /* Whether it was already processed or skipped */
         char *path_malloc;        /* Use this instead of 'path_const' if we had to allocate memory */
         const char *unprefixed_path_const; /* If the path was amended with a prefix, these will save the original */
         char *unprefixed_path_malloc;
@@ -98,6 +108,7 @@ typedef struct MountEntry {
         unsigned long flags;      /* Mount flags used by EMPTY_DIR and TMPFS. Do not include MS_RDONLY here, but please use read_only. */
         unsigned n_followed;
         LIST_HEAD(MountOptions, image_options_const);
+        char **overlay_layers;
 } MountEntry;
 
 typedef struct MountList {
@@ -108,51 +119,51 @@ typedef struct MountList {
 /* If MountAPIVFS= is used, let's mount /sys, /proc, /dev and /run into the it, but only as a fallback if the user hasn't mounted
  * something there already. These mounts are hence overridden by any other explicitly configured mounts. */
 static const MountEntry apivfs_table[] = {
-        { "/proc",               PROCFS,       false },
-        { "/dev",                BIND_DEV,     false },
-        { "/sys",                BIND_SYSFS,   false },
-        { "/run",                RUN,          false, .options_const = "mode=0755" TMPFS_LIMITS_RUN, .flags = MS_NOSUID|MS_NODEV|MS_STRICTATIME },
+        { "/proc",               MOUNT_PROCFS,       false },
+        { "/dev",                MOUNT_BIND_DEV,     false },
+        { "/sys",                MOUNT_BIND_SYSFS,   false },
+        { "/run",                MOUNT_RUN,          false, .options_const = "mode=0755" TMPFS_LIMITS_RUN, .flags = MS_NOSUID|MS_NODEV|MS_STRICTATIME },
 };
 
 /* ProtectKernelTunables= option and the related filesystem APIs */
 static const MountEntry protect_kernel_tunables_proc_table[] = {
-        { "/proc/acpi",          READONLY,           true  },
-        { "/proc/apm",           READONLY,           true  }, /* Obsolete API, there's no point in permitting access to this, ever */
-        { "/proc/asound",        READONLY,           true  },
-        { "/proc/bus",           READONLY,           true  },
-        { "/proc/fs",            READONLY,           true  },
-        { "/proc/irq",           READONLY,           true  },
-        { "/proc/kallsyms",      INACCESSIBLE,       true  },
-        { "/proc/kcore",         INACCESSIBLE,       true  },
-        { "/proc/latency_stats", READONLY,           true  },
-        { "/proc/mtrr",          READONLY,           true  },
-        { "/proc/scsi",          READONLY,           true  },
-        { "/proc/sys",           READONLY,           true  },
-        { "/proc/sysrq-trigger", READONLY,           true  },
-        { "/proc/timer_stats",   READONLY,           true  },
+        { "/proc/acpi",          MOUNT_READ_ONLY,           true  },
+        { "/proc/apm",           MOUNT_READ_ONLY,           true  }, /* Obsolete API, there's no point in permitting access to this, ever */
+        { "/proc/asound",        MOUNT_READ_ONLY,           true  },
+        { "/proc/bus",           MOUNT_READ_ONLY,           true  },
+        { "/proc/fs",            MOUNT_READ_ONLY,           true  },
+        { "/proc/irq",           MOUNT_READ_ONLY,           true  },
+        { "/proc/kallsyms",      MOUNT_INACCESSIBLE,        true  },
+        { "/proc/kcore",         MOUNT_INACCESSIBLE,        true  },
+        { "/proc/latency_stats", MOUNT_READ_ONLY,           true  },
+        { "/proc/mtrr",          MOUNT_READ_ONLY,           true  },
+        { "/proc/scsi",          MOUNT_READ_ONLY,           true  },
+        { "/proc/sys",           MOUNT_READ_ONLY,           true  },
+        { "/proc/sysrq-trigger", MOUNT_READ_ONLY,           true  },
+        { "/proc/timer_stats",   MOUNT_READ_ONLY,           true  },
 };
 
 static const MountEntry protect_kernel_tunables_sys_table[] = {
-        { "/sys",                READONLY,           false },
-        { "/sys/fs/bpf",         READONLY,           true  },
-        { "/sys/fs/cgroup",      READWRITE_IMPLICIT, false }, /* READONLY is set by ProtectControlGroups= option */
-        { "/sys/fs/selinux",     READWRITE_IMPLICIT, true  },
-        { "/sys/kernel/debug",   READONLY,           true  },
-        { "/sys/kernel/tracing", READONLY,           true  },
+        { "/sys",                MOUNT_READ_ONLY,           false },
+        { "/sys/fs/bpf",         MOUNT_READ_ONLY,           true  },
+        { "/sys/fs/cgroup",      MOUNT_READ_WRITE_IMPLICIT, false }, /* READ_ONLY is set by ProtectControlGroups= option */
+        { "/sys/fs/selinux",     MOUNT_READ_WRITE_IMPLICIT, true  },
+        { "/sys/kernel/debug",   MOUNT_READ_ONLY,           true  },
+        { "/sys/kernel/tracing", MOUNT_READ_ONLY,           true  },
 };
 
 /* ProtectKernelModules= option */
 static const MountEntry protect_kernel_modules_table[] = {
-        { "/usr/lib/modules",    INACCESSIBLE, true  },
+        { "/usr/lib/modules",    MOUNT_INACCESSIBLE, true  },
 };
 
 /* ProtectKernelLogs= option */
 static const MountEntry protect_kernel_logs_proc_table[] = {
-        { "/proc/kmsg",          INACCESSIBLE, true },
+        { "/proc/kmsg",          MOUNT_INACCESSIBLE, true },
 };
 
 static const MountEntry protect_kernel_logs_dev_table[] = {
-        { "/dev/kmsg",           INACCESSIBLE, true },
+        { "/dev/kmsg",           MOUNT_INACCESSIBLE, true },
 };
 
 /*
@@ -160,38 +171,38 @@ static const MountEntry protect_kernel_logs_dev_table[] = {
  * system should be protected by ProtectSystem=
  */
 static const MountEntry protect_home_read_only_table[] = {
-        { "/home",               READONLY,     true  },
-        { "/run/user",           READONLY,     true  },
-        { "/root",               READONLY,     true  },
+        { "/home",               MOUNT_READ_ONLY,     true  },
+        { "/run/user",           MOUNT_READ_ONLY,     true  },
+        { "/root",               MOUNT_READ_ONLY,     true  },
 };
 
 /* ProtectHome=tmpfs table */
 static const MountEntry protect_home_tmpfs_table[] = {
-        { "/home",               TMPFS,        true, .read_only = true, .options_const = "mode=0755" TMPFS_LIMITS_EMPTY_OR_ALMOST, .flags = MS_NODEV|MS_STRICTATIME },
-        { "/run/user",           TMPFS,        true, .read_only = true, .options_const = "mode=0755" TMPFS_LIMITS_EMPTY_OR_ALMOST, .flags = MS_NODEV|MS_STRICTATIME },
-        { "/root",               TMPFS,        true, .read_only = true, .options_const = "mode=0700" TMPFS_LIMITS_EMPTY_OR_ALMOST, .flags = MS_NODEV|MS_STRICTATIME },
+        { "/home",               MOUNT_TMPFS,        true, .read_only = true, .options_const = "mode=0755" TMPFS_LIMITS_EMPTY_OR_ALMOST, .flags = MS_NODEV|MS_STRICTATIME },
+        { "/run/user",           MOUNT_TMPFS,        true, .read_only = true, .options_const = "mode=0755" TMPFS_LIMITS_EMPTY_OR_ALMOST, .flags = MS_NODEV|MS_STRICTATIME },
+        { "/root",               MOUNT_TMPFS,        true, .read_only = true, .options_const = "mode=0700" TMPFS_LIMITS_EMPTY_OR_ALMOST, .flags = MS_NODEV|MS_STRICTATIME },
 };
 
 /* ProtectHome=yes table */
 static const MountEntry protect_home_yes_table[] = {
-        { "/home",               INACCESSIBLE, true  },
-        { "/run/user",           INACCESSIBLE, true  },
-        { "/root",               INACCESSIBLE, true  },
+        { "/home",               MOUNT_INACCESSIBLE, true  },
+        { "/run/user",           MOUNT_INACCESSIBLE, true  },
+        { "/root",               MOUNT_INACCESSIBLE, true  },
 };
 
 /* ProtectSystem=yes table */
 static const MountEntry protect_system_yes_table[] = {
-        { "/usr",                READONLY,     false },
-        { "/boot",               READONLY,     true  },
-        { "/efi",                READONLY,     true  },
+        { "/usr",                MOUNT_READ_ONLY,     false },
+        { "/boot",               MOUNT_READ_ONLY,     true  },
+        { "/efi",                MOUNT_READ_ONLY,     true  },
 };
 
 /* ProtectSystem=full includes ProtectSystem=yes */
 static const MountEntry protect_system_full_table[] = {
-        { "/usr",                READONLY,     false },
-        { "/boot",               READONLY,     true  },
-        { "/efi",                READONLY,     true  },
-        { "/etc",                READONLY,     false },
+        { "/usr",                MOUNT_READ_ONLY,     false },
+        { "/boot",               MOUNT_READ_ONLY,     true  },
+        { "/efi",                MOUNT_READ_ONLY,     true  },
+        { "/etc",                MOUNT_READ_ONLY,     false },
 };
 
 /* ProtectSystem=strict table. In this strict mode, we mount everything read-only, except for /proc, /dev,
@@ -200,45 +211,45 @@ static const MountEntry protect_system_full_table[] = {
  * left writable, as ProtectHome= shall manage those, orthogonally).
  */
 static const MountEntry protect_system_strict_table[] = {
-        { "/",                   READONLY,           false },
-        { "/proc",               READWRITE_IMPLICIT, false },      /* ProtectKernelTunables= */
-        { "/sys",                READWRITE_IMPLICIT, false },      /* ProtectKernelTunables= */
-        { "/dev",                READWRITE_IMPLICIT, false },      /* PrivateDevices= */
-        { "/home",               READWRITE_IMPLICIT, true  },      /* ProtectHome= */
-        { "/run/user",           READWRITE_IMPLICIT, true  },      /* ProtectHome= */
-        { "/root",               READWRITE_IMPLICIT, true  },      /* ProtectHome= */
+        { "/",                   MOUNT_READ_ONLY,          false },
+        { "/proc",               MOUNT_READ_WRITE_IMPLICIT, false },      /* ProtectKernelTunables= */
+        { "/sys",                MOUNT_READ_WRITE_IMPLICIT, false },      /* ProtectKernelTunables= */
+        { "/dev",                MOUNT_READ_WRITE_IMPLICIT, false },      /* PrivateDevices= */
+        { "/home",               MOUNT_READ_WRITE_IMPLICIT, true  },      /* ProtectHome= */
+        { "/run/user",           MOUNT_READ_WRITE_IMPLICIT, true  },      /* ProtectHome= */
+        { "/root",               MOUNT_READ_WRITE_IMPLICIT, true  },      /* ProtectHome= */
 };
 
 /* ProtectHostname=yes able */
 static const MountEntry protect_hostname_table[] = {
-        { "/proc/sys/kernel/hostname",   READONLY, false },
-        { "/proc/sys/kernel/domainname", READONLY, false },
+        { "/proc/sys/kernel/hostname",   MOUNT_READ_ONLY, false },
+        { "/proc/sys/kernel/domainname", MOUNT_READ_ONLY, false },
 };
 
 static const char * const mount_mode_table[_MOUNT_MODE_MAX] = {
-        [INACCESSIBLE]          = "inaccessible",
-        [OVERLAY_MOUNT]         = "overlay",
-        [MOUNT_IMAGES]          = "mount-images",
-        [BIND_MOUNT]            = "bind",
-        [BIND_MOUNT_RECURSIVE]  = "rbind",
-        [PRIVATE_TMP]           = "private-tmp",
-        [PRIVATE_TMP_READONLY]  = "private-tmp-read-only",
-        [PRIVATE_DEV]           = "private-dev",
-        [BIND_DEV]              = "bind-dev",
-        [EMPTY_DIR]             = "empty",
-        [PRIVATE_SYSFS]         = "private-sysfs",
-        [BIND_SYSFS]            = "bind-sysfs",
-        [PROCFS]                = "procfs",
-        [READONLY]              = "read-only",
-        [READWRITE]             = "read-write",
-        [NOEXEC]                = "noexec",
-        [EXEC]                  = "exec",
-        [TMPFS]                 = "tmpfs",
-        [RUN]                   = "run",
-        [EXTENSION_DIRECTORIES] = "extension-directories",
-        [EXTENSION_IMAGES]      = "extension-images",
-        [MQUEUEFS]              = "mqueuefs",
-        [READWRITE_IMPLICIT]    = "read-write-implicit",
+        [MOUNT_INACCESSIBLE]          = "inaccessible",
+        [MOUNT_OVERLAY]               = "overlay",
+        [MOUNT_IMAGE]                 = "image",
+        [MOUNT_BIND]                  = "bind",
+        [MOUNT_BIND_RECURSIVE]        = "bind-recursive",
+        [MOUNT_PRIVATE_TMP]           = "private-tmp",
+        [MOUNT_PRIVATE_TMP_READ_ONLY] = "private-tmp-read-only",
+        [MOUNT_PRIVATE_DEV]           = "private-dev",
+        [MOUNT_BIND_DEV]              = "bind-dev",
+        [MOUNT_EMPTY_DIR]             = "empty-dir",
+        [MOUNT_PRIVATE_SYSFS]         = "private-sysfs",
+        [MOUNT_BIND_SYSFS]            = "bind-sysfs",
+        [MOUNT_PROCFS]                = "procfs",
+        [MOUNT_READ_ONLY]             = "read-only",
+        [MOUNT_READ_WRITE]            = "read-write",
+        [MOUNT_NOEXEC]                = "noexec",
+        [MOUNT_EXEC]                  = "exec",
+        [MOUNT_TMPFS]                 = "tmpfs",
+        [MOUNT_RUN]                   = "run",
+        [MOUNT_EXTENSION_DIRECTORY]   = "extension-directory",
+        [MOUNT_EXTENSION_IMAGE]       = "extension-image",
+        [MOUNT_MQUEUEFS]              = "mqueuefs",
+        [MOUNT_READ_WRITE_IMPLICIT]   = "read-write-implicit",
 };
 
 /* Helper struct for naming simplicity and reusability */
@@ -293,19 +304,19 @@ static void mount_entry_consume_prefix(MountEntry *p, char *new_path) {
 static bool mount_entry_read_only(const MountEntry *p) {
         assert(p);
 
-        return p->read_only || IN_SET(p->mode, READONLY, INACCESSIBLE, PRIVATE_TMP_READONLY);
+        return p->read_only || IN_SET(p->mode, MOUNT_READ_ONLY, MOUNT_INACCESSIBLE, MOUNT_PRIVATE_TMP_READ_ONLY);
 }
 
 static bool mount_entry_noexec(const MountEntry *p) {
         assert(p);
 
-        return p->noexec || IN_SET(p->mode, NOEXEC, INACCESSIBLE, PRIVATE_SYSFS, BIND_SYSFS, PROCFS);
+        return p->noexec || IN_SET(p->mode, MOUNT_NOEXEC, MOUNT_INACCESSIBLE, MOUNT_PRIVATE_SYSFS, MOUNT_BIND_SYSFS, MOUNT_PROCFS);
 }
 
 static bool mount_entry_exec(const MountEntry *p) {
         assert(p);
 
-        return p->exec || p->mode == EXEC;
+        return p->exec || p->mode == MOUNT_EXEC;
 }
 
 static const char *mount_entry_source(const MountEntry *p) {
@@ -327,6 +338,7 @@ static void mount_entry_done(MountEntry *p) {
         p->unprefixed_path_malloc = mfree(p->unprefixed_path_malloc);
         p->source_malloc = mfree(p->source_malloc);
         p->options_malloc = mfree(p->options_malloc);
+        p->overlay_layers = strv_free(p->overlay_layers);
 }
 
 static void mount_list_done(MountList *ml) {
@@ -351,7 +363,7 @@ static MountEntry *mount_list_extend(MountList *ml) {
 static int append_access_mounts(MountList *ml, char **strv, MountMode mode, bool forcibly_require_prefix) {
         assert(ml);
 
-        /* Adds a list of user-supplied READWRITE/READWRITE_IMPLICIT/READONLY/INACCESSIBLE entries */
+        /* Adds a list of user-supplied READ_WRITE/READ_WRITE_IMPLICIT/READ_ONLY/INACCESSIBLE entries */
 
         STRV_FOREACH(i, strv) {
                 bool ignore = false, needs_prefix = false;
@@ -398,7 +410,7 @@ static int append_empty_dir_mounts(MountList *ml, char **strv) {
 
                 *me = (MountEntry) {
                         .path_const = *i,
-                        .mode = EMPTY_DIR,
+                        .mode = MOUNT_EMPTY_DIR,
                         .ignore = false,
                         .read_only = true,
                         .options_const = "mode=0755" TMPFS_LIMITS_EMPTY_OR_ALMOST,
@@ -420,7 +432,7 @@ static int append_bind_mounts(MountList *ml, const BindMount *binds, size_t n) {
 
                 *me = (MountEntry) {
                         .path_const = b->destination,
-                        .mode = b->recursive ? BIND_MOUNT_RECURSIVE : BIND_MOUNT,
+                        .mode = b->recursive ? MOUNT_BIND_RECURSIVE : MOUNT_BIND,
                         .read_only = b->read_only,
                         .nosuid = b->nosuid,
                         .source_const = b->source,
@@ -442,7 +454,7 @@ static int append_mount_images(MountList *ml, const MountImage *mount_images, si
 
                 *me = (MountEntry) {
                         .path_const = m->destination,
-                        .mode = MOUNT_IMAGES,
+                        .mode = MOUNT_IMAGE,
                         .source_const = m->source,
                         .image_options_const = m->mount_options,
                         .ignore = m->ignore_enoent,
@@ -461,7 +473,8 @@ static int append_extensions(
                 size_t n,
                 char **extension_directories) {
 
-        _cleanup_strv_free_ char **overlays = NULL;
+        char ***overlays = NULL;
+        size_t n_overlays = 0;
         int r;
 
         assert(ml);
@@ -471,61 +484,64 @@ static int append_extensions(
 
         assert(extension_dir);
 
-        /* Prepare a list of overlays, that will have as each element a string suitable for being
-         * passed as a lowerdir= parameter, so start with the hierarchy on the root.
+        n_overlays = strv_length(hierarchies);
+        if (n_overlays == 0)
+                return 0;
+
+        /* Prepare a list of overlays, that will have as each element a strv containing all the layers that
+         * will later be concatenated as a lowerdir= parameter for the mount operation.
          * The overlays vector will have the same number of elements and will correspond to the
          * hierarchies vector, so they can be iterated upon together. */
-        STRV_FOREACH(hierarchy, hierarchies) {
-                _cleanup_free_ char *prefixed_hierarchy = NULL;
-
-                prefixed_hierarchy = path_join(root, *hierarchy);
-                if (!prefixed_hierarchy)
-                        return -ENOMEM;
+        overlays = new0(char**, n_overlays);
+        if (!overlays)
+                return -ENOMEM;
 
-                r = strv_consume(&overlays, TAKE_PTR(prefixed_hierarchy));
-                if (r < 0)
-                        return r;
-        }
+        CLEANUP_ARRAY(overlays, n_overlays, strv_free_many);
 
         /* First, prepare a mount for each image, but these won't be visible to the unit, instead
          * they will be mounted in our propagate directory, and used as a source for the overlay. */
         for (size_t i = 0; i < n; i++) {
+                _cleanup_(pick_result_done) PickResult result = PICK_RESULT_NULL;
                 _cleanup_free_ char *mount_point = NULL;
                 const MountImage *m = mount_images + i;
 
+                r = path_pick(/* toplevel_path= */ NULL,
+                              /* toplevel_fd= */ AT_FDCWD,
+                              m->source,
+                              &pick_filter_image_raw,
+                              PICK_ARCHITECTURE|PICK_TRIES,
+                              &result);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return r;
+                if (!result.path)
+                        return log_debug_errno(
+                                        SYNTHETIC_ERRNO(ENOENT),
+                                        "No matching entry in .v/ directory %s found.",
+                                        m->source);
+
                 if (asprintf(&mount_point, "%s/%zu", extension_dir, i) < 0)
                         return -ENOMEM;
 
                 for (size_t j = 0; hierarchies && hierarchies[j]; ++j) {
-                        _cleanup_free_ char *prefixed_hierarchy = NULL, *escaped = NULL, *lowerdir = NULL;
-
-                        prefixed_hierarchy = path_join(mount_point, hierarchies[j]);
+                        char *prefixed_hierarchy = path_join(mount_point, hierarchies[j]);
                         if (!prefixed_hierarchy)
                                 return -ENOMEM;
 
-                        escaped = shell_escape(prefixed_hierarchy, ",:");
-                        if (!escaped)
-                                return -ENOMEM;
-
-                        /* Note that lowerdir= parameters are in 'reverse' order, so the
-                         * top-most directory in the overlay comes first in the list. */
-                        lowerdir = strjoin(escaped, ":", overlays[j]);
-                        if (!lowerdir)
-                                return -ENOMEM;
-
-                        free_and_replace(overlays[j], lowerdir);
+                        r = strv_consume(&overlays[j], TAKE_PTR(prefixed_hierarchy));
+                        if (r < 0)
+                                return r;
                 }
 
                 MountEntry *me = mount_list_extend(ml);
                 if (!me)
-                        return log_oom_debug();
+                        return -ENOMEM;
 
                 *me = (MountEntry) {
                         .path_malloc = TAKE_PTR(mount_point),
                         .image_options_const = m->mount_options,
                         .ignore = m->ignore_enoent,
-                        .source_const = m->source,
-                        .mode = EXTENSION_IMAGES,
+                        .source_malloc = TAKE_PTR(result.path),
+                        .mode = MOUNT_EXTENSION_IMAGE,
                         .has_prefix = true,
                 };
         }
@@ -534,7 +550,8 @@ static int append_extensions(
          * Bind mount them in the same location as the ExtensionImages, so that we
          * can check that they are valid trees (extension-release.d). */
         STRV_FOREACH(extension_directory, extension_directories) {
-                _cleanup_free_ char *mount_point = NULL, *source = NULL;
+                _cleanup_(pick_result_done) PickResult result = PICK_RESULT_NULL;
+                _cleanup_free_ char *mount_point = NULL;
                 const char *e = *extension_directory;
                 bool ignore_enoent = false;
 
@@ -551,38 +568,38 @@ static int append_extensions(
                 if (startswith(e, "+"))
                         e++;
 
-                source = strdup(e);
-                if (!source)
-                        return -ENOMEM;
+                r = path_pick(/* toplevel_path= */ NULL,
+                              /* toplevel_fd= */ AT_FDCWD,
+                              e,
+                              &pick_filter_image_dir,
+                              PICK_ARCHITECTURE|PICK_TRIES,
+                              &result);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return r;
+                if (!result.path)
+                        return log_debug_errno(
+                                        SYNTHETIC_ERRNO(ENOENT),
+                                        "No matching entry in .v/ directory %s found.",
+                                        e);
 
                 for (size_t j = 0; hierarchies && hierarchies[j]; ++j) {
-                        _cleanup_free_ char *prefixed_hierarchy = NULL, *escaped = NULL, *lowerdir = NULL;
-
-                        prefixed_hierarchy = path_join(mount_point, hierarchies[j]);
+                        char *prefixed_hierarchy = path_join(mount_point, hierarchies[j]);
                         if (!prefixed_hierarchy)
                                 return -ENOMEM;
 
-                        escaped = shell_escape(prefixed_hierarchy, ",:");
-                        if (!escaped)
-                                return -ENOMEM;
-
-                        /* Note that lowerdir= parameters are in 'reverse' order, so the
-                         * top-most directory in the overlay comes first in the list. */
-                        lowerdir = strjoin(escaped, ":", overlays[j]);
-                        if (!lowerdir)
-                                return -ENOMEM;
-
-                        free_and_replace(overlays[j], lowerdir);
+                        r = strv_consume(&overlays[j], TAKE_PTR(prefixed_hierarchy));
+                        if (r < 0)
+                                return r;
                 }
 
                 MountEntry *me = mount_list_extend(ml);
                 if (!me)
-                        return log_oom_debug();
+                        return -ENOMEM;
 
                 *me = (MountEntry) {
                         .path_malloc = TAKE_PTR(mount_point),
-                        .source_malloc = TAKE_PTR(source),
-                        .mode = EXTENSION_DIRECTORIES,
+                        .source_malloc = TAKE_PTR(result.path),
+                        .mode = MOUNT_EXTENSION_DIRECTORY,
                         .ignore = ignore_enoent,
                         .has_prefix = true,
                         .read_only = true,
@@ -600,12 +617,12 @@ static int append_extensions(
 
                 MountEntry *me = mount_list_extend(ml);
                 if (!me)
-                        return log_oom_debug();
+                        return -ENOMEM;
 
                 *me = (MountEntry) {
                         .path_malloc = TAKE_PTR(prefixed_hierarchy),
-                        .options_malloc = TAKE_PTR(overlays[i]),
-                        .mode = OVERLAY_MOUNT,
+                        .overlay_layers = TAKE_PTR(overlays[i]),
+                        .mode = MOUNT_OVERLAY,
                         .has_prefix = true,
                         .ignore = true, /* If the source image doesn't set the ignore bit it will fail earlier. */
                 };
@@ -636,8 +653,7 @@ static int append_tmpfs_mounts(MountList *ml, const TemporaryFileSystem *tmpfs,
                         return log_debug_errno(r, "Failed to parse mount option '%s': %m", str);
 
                 ro = flags & MS_RDONLY;
-                if (ro)
-                        flags ^= MS_RDONLY;
+                flags &= ~MS_RDONLY;
 
                 MountEntry *me = mount_list_extend(ml);
                 if (!me)
@@ -645,7 +661,7 @@ static int append_tmpfs_mounts(MountList *ml, const TemporaryFileSystem *tmpfs,
 
                 *me = (MountEntry) {
                         .path_const = t->path,
-                        .mode = TMPFS,
+                        .mode = MOUNT_TMPFS,
                         .read_only = ro,
                         .options_malloc = TAKE_PTR(o),
                         .flags = flags,
@@ -725,10 +741,10 @@ static int mount_path_compare(const MountEntry *a, const MountEntry *b) {
 
         /* ExtensionImages/Directories will be used by other mounts as a base, so sort them first
          * regardless of the prefix - they are set up in the propagate directory anyway */
-        d = -CMP(a->mode == EXTENSION_IMAGES, b->mode == EXTENSION_IMAGES);
+        d = -CMP(a->mode == MOUNT_EXTENSION_IMAGE, b->mode == MOUNT_EXTENSION_IMAGE);
         if (d != 0)
                 return d;
-        d = -CMP(a->mode == EXTENSION_DIRECTORIES, b->mode == EXTENSION_DIRECTORIES);
+        d = -CMP(a->mode == MOUNT_EXTENSION_DIRECTORY, b->mode == MOUNT_EXTENSION_DIRECTORY);
         if (d != 0)
                 return d;
 
@@ -775,7 +791,7 @@ static void drop_duplicates(MountList *ml) {
                  * above. Note that we only drop duplicates that haven't been mounted yet. */
                 if (previous &&
                     path_equal(mount_entry_path(f), mount_entry_path(previous)) &&
-                    !f->applied && !previous->applied) {
+                    f->state == MOUNT_PENDING && previous->state == MOUNT_PENDING) {
                         log_debug("%s (%s) is duplicate.", mount_entry_path(f), mount_mode_to_string(f->mode));
                         /* Propagate the flags to the remaining entry */
                         previous->read_only = previous->read_only || mount_entry_read_only(f);
@@ -812,7 +828,7 @@ static void drop_inaccessible(MountList *ml) {
                         continue;
                 }
 
-                clear = f->mode == INACCESSIBLE ? mount_entry_path(f) : NULL;
+                clear = f->mode == MOUNT_INACCESSIBLE ? mount_entry_path(f) : NULL;
 
                 *t = *f;
                 t++;
@@ -831,8 +847,8 @@ static void drop_nop(MountList *ml) {
 
         for (f = ml->mounts, t = ml->mounts; f < ml->mounts + ml->n_mounts; f++) {
 
-                /* Only suppress such subtrees for READONLY, READWRITE and READWRITE_IMPLICIT entries */
-                if (IN_SET(f->mode, READONLY, READWRITE, READWRITE_IMPLICIT)) {
+                /* Only suppress such subtrees for READ_ONLY, READ_WRITE and READ_WRITE_IMPLICIT entries */
+                if (IN_SET(f->mode, MOUNT_READ_ONLY, MOUNT_READ_WRITE, MOUNT_READ_WRITE_IMPLICIT)) {
                         MountEntry *found = NULL;
 
                         /* Now let's find the first parent of the entry we are looking at. */
@@ -873,7 +889,7 @@ static void drop_outside_root(MountList *ml, const char *root_directory) {
         for (f = ml->mounts, t = ml->mounts; f < ml->mounts + ml->n_mounts; f++) {
 
                 /* ExtensionImages/Directories bases are opened in /run/systemd/unit-extensions on the host */
-                if (!IN_SET(f->mode, EXTENSION_IMAGES, EXTENSION_DIRECTORIES) && !path_startswith(mount_entry_path(f), root_directory)) {
+                if (!IN_SET(f->mode, MOUNT_EXTENSION_IMAGE, MOUNT_EXTENSION_DIRECTORY) && !path_startswith(mount_entry_path(f), root_directory)) {
                         log_debug("%s is outside of root directory.", mount_entry_path(f));
                         mount_entry_done(f);
                         continue;
@@ -1080,11 +1096,6 @@ static int mount_private_dev(MountEntry *m, RuntimeScope scope) {
         if (r < 0)
                 log_debug_errno(r, "Failed to set up basic device tree at '%s', ignoring: %m", temporary_mount);
 
-        /* Make the bind mount read-only. */
-        r = mount_nofollow_verbose(LOG_DEBUG, NULL, dev, NULL, MS_REMOUNT|MS_BIND|MS_RDONLY, NULL);
-        if (r < 0)
-                return r;
-
         /* Create the /dev directory if missing. It is more likely to be missing when the service is started
          * with RootDirectory. This is consistent with mount units creating the mount points when missing. */
         (void) mkdir_p_label(mount_entry_path(m), 0755);
@@ -1101,7 +1112,7 @@ static int mount_private_dev(MountEntry *m, RuntimeScope scope) {
         (void) rmdir(dev);
         (void) rmdir(temporary_mount);
 
-        return 0;
+        return 1;
 
 fail:
         if (devpts)
@@ -1133,13 +1144,17 @@ static int mount_bind_dev(const MountEntry *m) {
 
         (void) mkdir_p_label(mount_entry_path(m), 0755);
 
-        r = path_is_mount_point(mount_entry_path(m), NULL, 0);
+        r = path_is_mount_point(mount_entry_path(m));
         if (r < 0)
                 return log_debug_errno(r, "Unable to determine whether /dev is already mounted: %m");
         if (r > 0) /* make this a NOP if /dev is already a mount point */
                 return 0;
 
-        return mount_nofollow_verbose(LOG_DEBUG, "/dev", mount_entry_path(m), NULL, MS_BIND|MS_REC, NULL);
+        r = mount_nofollow_verbose(LOG_DEBUG, "/dev", mount_entry_path(m), NULL, MS_BIND|MS_REC, NULL);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+
+        return 1;
 }
 
 static int mount_bind_sysfs(const MountEntry *m) {
@@ -1149,14 +1164,18 @@ static int mount_bind_sysfs(const MountEntry *m) {
 
         (void) mkdir_p_label(mount_entry_path(m), 0755);
 
-        r = path_is_mount_point(mount_entry_path(m), NULL, 0);
+        r = path_is_mount_point(mount_entry_path(m));
         if (r < 0)
                 return log_debug_errno(r, "Unable to determine whether /sys is already mounted: %m");
         if (r > 0) /* make this a NOP if /sys is already a mount point */
                 return 0;
 
         /* Bind mount the host's version so that we get all child mounts of it, too. */
-        return mount_nofollow_verbose(LOG_DEBUG, "/sys", mount_entry_path(m), NULL, MS_BIND|MS_REC, NULL);
+        r = mount_nofollow_verbose(LOG_DEBUG, "/sys", mount_entry_path(m), NULL, MS_BIND|MS_REC, NULL);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+
+        return 1;
 }
 
 static int mount_private_apivfs(
@@ -1192,7 +1211,7 @@ static int mount_private_apivfs(
                 /* When we do not have enough privileges to mount a new instance, fall back to use an
                  * existing mount. */
 
-                r = path_is_mount_point(entry_path, /* root = */ NULL, /* flags = */ 0);
+                r = path_is_mount_point(entry_path);
                 if (r < 0)
                         return log_debug_errno(r, "Unable to determine whether '%s' is already mounted: %m", entry_path);
                 if (r > 0)
@@ -1201,7 +1220,11 @@ static int mount_private_apivfs(
                 /* We lack permissions to mount a new instance, and it is not already mounted. But we can
                  * access the host's, so as a final fallback bind-mount it to the destination, as most likely
                  * we are inside a user manager in an unprivileged user namespace. */
-                return mount_nofollow_verbose(LOG_DEBUG, bind_source, entry_path, /* fstype = */ NULL, MS_BIND|MS_REC, /* opts = */ NULL);
+                r = mount_nofollow_verbose(LOG_DEBUG, bind_source, entry_path, /* fstype = */ NULL, MS_BIND|MS_REC, /* opts = */ NULL);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return r;
+
+                return 1;
 
         } else if (r < 0)
                 return r;
@@ -1219,7 +1242,7 @@ static int mount_private_apivfs(
         /* We mounted a new instance now. Let's bind mount the children over now. This matters for nspawn
          * where a bunch of files are overmounted, in particular the boot id. */
         (void) bind_mount_submounts(bind_source, entry_path);
-        return 0;
+        return 1;
 }
 
 static int mount_private_sysfs(const MountEntry *m, const NamespaceParameters *p) {
@@ -1295,7 +1318,7 @@ static int mount_tmpfs(const MountEntry *m) {
         if (r < 0)
                 return log_debug_errno(r, "Failed to fix label of '%s' as '%s': %m", entry_path, inner_path);
 
-        return 0;
+        return 1;
 }
 
 static int mount_run(const MountEntry *m) {
@@ -1303,7 +1326,7 @@ static int mount_run(const MountEntry *m) {
 
         assert(m);
 
-        r = path_is_mount_point(mount_entry_path(m), NULL, 0);
+        r = path_is_mount_point(mount_entry_path(m));
         if (r < 0 && r != -ENOENT)
                 return log_debug_errno(r, "Unable to determine whether /run is already mounted: %m");
         if (r > 0) /* make this a NOP if /run is already a mount point */
@@ -1327,7 +1350,7 @@ static int mount_mqueuefs(const MountEntry *m) {
         if (r < 0)
                 return r;
 
-        return 0;
+        return 1;
 }
 
 static int mount_image(
@@ -1346,7 +1369,7 @@ static int mount_image(
         if (r < 0)
                 return log_debug_errno(r, "Failed to extract extension name from %s: %m", mount_entry_source(m));
 
-        if (m->mode == EXTENSION_IMAGES) {
+        if (m->mode == MOUNT_EXTENSION_IMAGE) {
                 r = parse_os_release(
                                 empty_to_root(root_directory),
                                 "ID", &host_os_release_id,
@@ -1388,24 +1411,60 @@ static int mount_image(
         if (r < 0)
                 return log_debug_errno(r, "Failed to mount image %s on %s: %m", mount_entry_source(m), mount_entry_path(m));
 
-        return 0;
+        return 1;
 }
 
 static int mount_overlay(const MountEntry *m) {
-        const char *options;
+        _cleanup_free_ char *options = NULL, *layers = NULL;
         int r;
 
         assert(m);
 
-        options = strjoina("lowerdir=", mount_entry_options(m));
+        /* Extension hierarchies are optional (e.g.: confext might not have /opt) so check if they actually
+         * exist in an image before attempting to create an overlay with them, otherwise the mount will
+         * fail. We can't check before this, as the images will not be mounted until now. */
+
+        /* Note that lowerdir= parameters are in 'reverse' order, so the top-most directory in the overlay
+         * comes first in the list. */
+        STRV_FOREACH_BACKWARDS(o, m->overlay_layers) {
+                _cleanup_free_ char *escaped = NULL;
+
+                r = is_dir(*o, /* follow= */ false);
+                if (r <= 0) {
+                        if (r != -ENOENT)
+                                log_debug_errno(r,
+                                                "Failed to check whether overlay layer source path '%s' exists, ignoring: %m",
+                                                *o);
+                        continue;
+                }
+
+                escaped = shell_escape(*o, ",:");
+                if (!escaped)
+                        return log_oom_debug();
+
+                if (!strextend_with_separator(&layers, ":", escaped))
+                        return log_oom_debug();
+        }
+
+        if (!layers) {
+                log_debug("None of the overlays specified in '%s' exist at the source, skipping.",
+                          mount_entry_options(m));
+                return 0; /* Only the root is set? Then there's nothing to overlay */
+        }
+
+        options = strjoin("lowerdir=", layers, ":", mount_entry_path(m)); /* The root goes in last */
+        if (!options)
+                return log_oom_debug();
 
         (void) mkdir_p_label(mount_entry_path(m), 0755);
 
         r = mount_nofollow_verbose(LOG_DEBUG, "overlay", mount_entry_path(m), "overlay", MS_RDONLY, options);
         if (r == -ENOENT && m->ignore)
                 return 0;
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
 
-        return r;
+        return 1;
 }
 
 static int follow_symlink(
@@ -1436,7 +1495,7 @@ static int follow_symlink(
 
         mount_entry_consume_prefix(m, TAKE_PTR(target));
 
-        m->n_followed ++;
+        m->n_followed++;
 
         return 0;
 }
@@ -1451,6 +1510,10 @@ static int apply_one_mount(
         const char *what;
         int r;
 
+        /* Return 1 when the mount should be post-processed (remounted r/o, etc.), 0 otherwise. In most
+         * cases post-processing is the right thing, the typical exception is when the mount is gracefully
+         * skipped. */
+
         assert(m);
         assert(p);
 
@@ -1458,7 +1521,7 @@ static int apply_one_mount(
 
         switch (m->mode) {
 
-        case INACCESSIBLE: {
+        case MOUNT_INACCESSIBLE: {
                 _cleanup_free_ char *runtime_dir = NULL;
                 struct stat target;
 
@@ -1492,12 +1555,12 @@ static int apply_one_mount(
                 break;
         }
 
-        case READONLY:
-        case READWRITE:
-        case READWRITE_IMPLICIT:
-        case EXEC:
-        case NOEXEC:
-                r = path_is_mount_point(mount_entry_path(m), root_directory, 0);
+        case MOUNT_READ_ONLY:
+        case MOUNT_READ_WRITE:
+        case MOUNT_READ_WRITE_IMPLICIT:
+        case MOUNT_EXEC:
+        case MOUNT_NOEXEC:
+                r = path_is_mount_point_full(mount_entry_path(m), root_directory, /* flags = */ 0);
                 if (r == -ENOENT && m->ignore)
                         return 0;
                 if (r < 0)
@@ -1505,12 +1568,12 @@ static int apply_one_mount(
                                                mount_entry_path(m));
                 if (r > 0) /* Nothing to do here, it is already a mount. We just later toggle the MS_RDONLY
                             * and MS_NOEXEC bits for the mount point if needed. */
-                        return 0;
+                        return 1;
                 /* This isn't a mount point yet, let's make it one. */
                 what = mount_entry_path(m);
                 break;
 
-        case EXTENSION_DIRECTORIES: {
+        case MOUNT_EXTENSION_DIRECTORY: {
                 _cleanup_free_ char *host_os_release_id = NULL, *host_os_release_version_id = NULL,
                                 *host_os_release_level = NULL, *extension_name = NULL;
                 _cleanup_strv_free_ char **extension_release = NULL;
@@ -1562,11 +1625,11 @@ static int apply_one_mount(
                 _fallthrough_;
         }
 
-        case BIND_MOUNT:
+        case MOUNT_BIND:
                 rbind = false;
 
                 _fallthrough_;
-        case BIND_MOUNT_RECURSIVE: {
+        case MOUNT_BIND_RECURSIVE: {
                 _cleanup_free_ char *chased = NULL;
 
                 /* Since mount() will always follow symlinks we chase the symlinks on our own first. Note
@@ -1591,44 +1654,44 @@ static int apply_one_mount(
                 break;
         }
 
-        case EMPTY_DIR:
-        case TMPFS:
+        case MOUNT_EMPTY_DIR:
+        case MOUNT_TMPFS:
                 return mount_tmpfs(m);
 
-        case PRIVATE_TMP:
-        case PRIVATE_TMP_READONLY:
+        case MOUNT_PRIVATE_TMP:
+        case MOUNT_PRIVATE_TMP_READ_ONLY:
                 what = mount_entry_source(m);
                 make = true;
                 break;
 
-        case PRIVATE_DEV:
+        case MOUNT_PRIVATE_DEV:
                 return mount_private_dev(m, p->runtime_scope);
 
-        case BIND_DEV:
+        case MOUNT_BIND_DEV:
                 return mount_bind_dev(m);
 
-        case PRIVATE_SYSFS:
+        case MOUNT_PRIVATE_SYSFS:
                 return mount_private_sysfs(m, p);
 
-        case BIND_SYSFS:
+        case MOUNT_BIND_SYSFS:
                 return mount_bind_sysfs(m);
 
-        case PROCFS:
+        case MOUNT_PROCFS:
                 return mount_procfs(m, p);
 
-        case RUN:
+        case MOUNT_RUN:
                 return mount_run(m);
 
-        case MQUEUEFS:
+        case MOUNT_MQUEUEFS:
                 return mount_mqueuefs(m);
 
-        case MOUNT_IMAGES:
+        case MOUNT_IMAGE:
                 return mount_image(m, NULL, p->mount_image_policy);
 
-        case EXTENSION_IMAGES:
+        case MOUNT_EXTENSION_IMAGE:
                 return mount_image(m, root_directory, p->extension_image_policy);
 
-        case OVERLAY_MOUNT:
+        case MOUNT_OVERLAY:
                 return mount_overlay(m);
 
         default:
@@ -1665,7 +1728,7 @@ static int apply_one_mount(
         }
 
         log_debug("Successfully mounted %s to %s", what, mount_entry_path(m));
-        return 0;
+        return 1;
 }
 
 static int make_read_only(const MountEntry *m, char **deny_list, FILE *proc_self_mountinfo) {
@@ -1676,7 +1739,10 @@ static int make_read_only(const MountEntry *m, char **deny_list, FILE *proc_self
         assert(m);
         assert(proc_self_mountinfo);
 
-        if (mount_entry_read_only(m) || m->mode == PRIVATE_DEV) {
+        if (m->state != MOUNT_APPLIED)
+                return 0;
+
+        if (mount_entry_read_only(m) || m->mode == MOUNT_PRIVATE_DEV) {
                 new_flags |= MS_RDONLY;
                 flags_mask |= MS_RDONLY;
         }
@@ -1695,7 +1761,7 @@ static int make_read_only(const MountEntry *m, char **deny_list, FILE *proc_self
          * and running Linux <= 4.17. */
         submounts =
                 mount_entry_read_only(m) &&
-                !IN_SET(m->mode, EMPTY_DIR, TMPFS);
+                !IN_SET(m->mode, MOUNT_EMPTY_DIR, MOUNT_TMPFS);
         if (submounts)
                 r = bind_remount_recursive_with_mountinfo(mount_entry_path(m), new_flags, flags_mask, deny_list, proc_self_mountinfo);
         else
@@ -1721,6 +1787,9 @@ static int make_noexec(const MountEntry *m, char **deny_list, FILE *proc_self_mo
         assert(m);
         assert(proc_self_mountinfo);
 
+        if (m->state != MOUNT_APPLIED)
+                return 0;
+
         if (mount_entry_noexec(m)) {
                 new_flags |= MS_NOEXEC;
                 flags_mask |= MS_NOEXEC;
@@ -1732,7 +1801,7 @@ static int make_noexec(const MountEntry *m, char **deny_list, FILE *proc_self_mo
         if (flags_mask == 0) /* No Change? */
                 return 0;
 
-        submounts = !IN_SET(m->mode, EMPTY_DIR, TMPFS);
+        submounts = !IN_SET(m->mode, MOUNT_EMPTY_DIR, MOUNT_TMPFS);
 
         if (submounts)
                 r = bind_remount_recursive_with_mountinfo(mount_entry_path(m), new_flags, flags_mask, deny_list, proc_self_mountinfo);
@@ -1754,8 +1823,10 @@ static int make_nosuid(const MountEntry *m, FILE *proc_self_mountinfo) {
         assert(m);
         assert(proc_self_mountinfo);
 
-        submounts = !IN_SET(m->mode, EMPTY_DIR, TMPFS);
+        if (m->state != MOUNT_APPLIED)
+                return 0;
 
+        submounts = !IN_SET(m->mode, MOUNT_EMPTY_DIR, MOUNT_TMPFS);
         if (submounts)
                 r = bind_remount_recursive_with_mountinfo(mount_entry_path(m), MS_NOSUID, MS_NOSUID, NULL, proc_self_mountinfo);
         else
@@ -1903,11 +1974,11 @@ static int apply_mounts(
 
                 FOREACH_ARRAY(m, ml->mounts, ml->n_mounts) {
 
-                        if (m->applied)
+                        if (m->state != MOUNT_PENDING)
                                 continue;
 
                         /* ExtensionImages/Directories are first opened in the propagate directory, not in the root_directory */
-                        r = follow_symlink(!IN_SET(m->mode, EXTENSION_IMAGES, EXTENSION_DIRECTORIES) ? root : NULL, m);
+                        r = follow_symlink(!IN_SET(m->mode, MOUNT_EXTENSION_IMAGE, MOUNT_EXTENSION_DIRECTORY) ? root : NULL, m);
                         if (r < 0) {
                                 mount_entry_path_debug_string(root, m, error_path);
                                 return r;
@@ -1921,13 +1992,13 @@ static int apply_mounts(
                                 break;
                         }
 
+                        /* Returns 1 if the mount should be post-processed, 0 otherwise */
                         r = apply_one_mount(root, m, p);
                         if (r < 0) {
                                 mount_entry_path_debug_string(root, m, error_path);
                                 return r;
                         }
-
-                        m->applied = true;
+                        m->state = r == 0 ? MOUNT_SKIPPED : MOUNT_APPLIED;
                 }
 
                 if (!again)
@@ -1963,7 +2034,7 @@ static int apply_mounts(
 
         /* Third round, flip the noexec bits with a simplified deny list. */
         for (size_t j = 0; j < ml->n_mounts; j++)
-                if (IN_SET((ml->mounts+j)->mode, EXEC, NOEXEC))
+                if (IN_SET((ml->mounts+j)->mode, MOUNT_EXEC, MOUNT_NOEXEC))
                         deny_list[j] = (char*) mount_entry_path(ml->mounts+j);
         deny_list[ml->n_mounts] = NULL;
 
@@ -2054,7 +2125,8 @@ int setup_namespace(const NamespaceParameters *p, char **error_path) {
                 DISSECT_IMAGE_USR_NO_ROOT |
                 DISSECT_IMAGE_GROWFS |
                 DISSECT_IMAGE_ADD_PARTITION_DEVICES |
-                DISSECT_IMAGE_PIN_PARTITION_DEVICES;
+                DISSECT_IMAGE_PIN_PARTITION_DEVICES |
+                DISSECT_IMAGE_ALLOW_USERSPACE_VERITY;
         int r;
 
         assert(p);
@@ -2141,23 +2213,23 @@ int setup_namespace(const NamespaceParameters *p, char **error_path) {
                         return r;
         }
 
-        r = append_access_mounts(&ml, p->read_write_paths, READWRITE, require_prefix);
+        r = append_access_mounts(&ml, p->read_write_paths, MOUNT_READ_WRITE, require_prefix);
         if (r < 0)
                 return r;
 
-        r = append_access_mounts(&ml, p->read_only_paths, READONLY, require_prefix);
+        r = append_access_mounts(&ml, p->read_only_paths, MOUNT_READ_ONLY, require_prefix);
         if (r < 0)
                 return r;
 
-        r = append_access_mounts(&ml, p->inaccessible_paths, INACCESSIBLE, require_prefix);
+        r = append_access_mounts(&ml, p->inaccessible_paths, MOUNT_INACCESSIBLE, require_prefix);
         if (r < 0)
                 return r;
 
-        r = append_access_mounts(&ml, p->exec_paths, EXEC, require_prefix);
+        r = append_access_mounts(&ml, p->exec_paths, MOUNT_EXEC, require_prefix);
         if (r < 0)
                 return r;
 
-        r = append_access_mounts(&ml, p->no_exec_paths, NOEXEC, require_prefix);
+        r = append_access_mounts(&ml, p->no_exec_paths, MOUNT_NOEXEC, require_prefix);
         if (r < 0)
                 return r;
 
@@ -2182,7 +2254,7 @@ int setup_namespace(const NamespaceParameters *p, char **error_path) {
 
                 *me = (MountEntry) {
                         .path_const = "/tmp",
-                        .mode = ro ? PRIVATE_TMP_READONLY : PRIVATE_TMP,
+                        .mode = ro ? MOUNT_PRIVATE_TMP_READ_ONLY : MOUNT_PRIVATE_TMP,
                         .source_const = p->tmp_dir,
                 };
         }
@@ -2196,7 +2268,7 @@ int setup_namespace(const NamespaceParameters *p, char **error_path) {
 
                 *me = (MountEntry) {
                         .path_const = "/var/tmp",
-                        .mode = ro ? PRIVATE_TMP_READONLY : PRIVATE_TMP,
+                        .mode = ro ? MOUNT_PRIVATE_TMP_READ_ONLY : MOUNT_PRIVATE_TMP,
                         .source_const = p->var_tmp_dir,
                 };
         }
@@ -2216,7 +2288,7 @@ int setup_namespace(const NamespaceParameters *p, char **error_path) {
 
                 *me = (MountEntry) {
                         .path_const = "/dev",
-                        .mode = PRIVATE_DEV,
+                        .mode = MOUNT_PRIVATE_DEV,
                         .flags = DEV_MOUNT_OPTIONS,
                 };
         }
@@ -2273,7 +2345,7 @@ int setup_namespace(const NamespaceParameters *p, char **error_path) {
 
                 *me = (MountEntry) {
                         .path_const = "/sys/fs/cgroup",
-                        .mode = READONLY,
+                        .mode = MOUNT_READ_ONLY,
                 };
         }
 
@@ -2313,7 +2385,7 @@ int setup_namespace(const NamespaceParameters *p, char **error_path) {
 
                 *me = (MountEntry) {
                         .path_const = "/sys",
-                        .mode = PRIVATE_SYSFS,
+                        .mode = MOUNT_PRIVATE_SYSFS,
                 };
         }
 
@@ -2324,7 +2396,7 @@ int setup_namespace(const NamespaceParameters *p, char **error_path) {
 
                 *me = (MountEntry) {
                         .path_const = "/dev/mqueue",
-                        .mode = MQUEUEFS,
+                        .mode = MOUNT_MQUEUEFS,
                         .flags = MS_NOSUID | MS_NODEV | MS_NOEXEC | MS_RELATIME,
                 };
         }
@@ -2339,7 +2411,7 @@ int setup_namespace(const NamespaceParameters *p, char **error_path) {
 
                 *me = (MountEntry) {
                         .path_const = "/run/credentials",
-                        .mode = TMPFS,
+                        .mode = MOUNT_TMPFS,
                         .read_only = true,
                         .options_const = "mode=0755" TMPFS_LIMITS_EMPTY_OR_ALMOST,
                         .flags = MS_NODEV|MS_STRICTATIME|MS_NOSUID|MS_NOEXEC,
@@ -2351,7 +2423,7 @@ int setup_namespace(const NamespaceParameters *p, char **error_path) {
 
                 *me = (MountEntry) {
                         .path_const = p->creds_path,
-                        .mode = BIND_MOUNT,
+                        .mode = MOUNT_BIND,
                         .read_only = true,
                         .source_const = p->creds_path,
                         .ignore = true,
@@ -2366,7 +2438,7 @@ int setup_namespace(const NamespaceParameters *p, char **error_path) {
 
                 *me = (MountEntry) {
                         .path_const = "/run/credentials",
-                        .mode = INACCESSIBLE,
+                        .mode = MOUNT_INACCESSIBLE,
                         .ignore = true,
                 };
         }
@@ -2384,7 +2456,7 @@ int setup_namespace(const NamespaceParameters *p, char **error_path) {
 
                 *me = (MountEntry) {
                         .path_const = "/run/systemd/journal",
-                        .mode = BIND_MOUNT_RECURSIVE,
+                        .mode = MOUNT_BIND_RECURSIVE,
                         .read_only = true,
                         .source_malloc = TAKE_PTR(q),
                 };
@@ -2399,7 +2471,7 @@ int setup_namespace(const NamespaceParameters *p, char **error_path) {
                 *me = (MountEntry) {
                         .source_const = p->propagate_dir,
                         .path_const = p->incoming_dir,
-                        .mode = BIND_MOUNT,
+                        .mode = MOUNT_BIND,
                         .read_only = true,
                 };
         }
@@ -2412,7 +2484,7 @@ int setup_namespace(const NamespaceParameters *p, char **error_path) {
                 *me = (MountEntry) {
                         .path_const = p->notify_socket,
                         .source_const = p->notify_socket,
-                        .mode = BIND_MOUNT,
+                        .mode = MOUNT_BIND,
                         .read_only = true,
                 };
         }
@@ -2425,7 +2497,7 @@ int setup_namespace(const NamespaceParameters *p, char **error_path) {
                 *me = (MountEntry) {
                         .path_const = "/run/host/.os-release-stage/",
                         .source_const = p->host_os_release_stage,
-                        .mode = BIND_MOUNT,
+                        .mode = MOUNT_BIND,
                         .read_only = true,
                         .ignore = true, /* Live copy, don't hard-fail if it goes missing */
                 };
@@ -2493,7 +2565,7 @@ int setup_namespace(const NamespaceParameters *p, char **error_path) {
         } else if (p->root_directory) {
 
                 /* A root directory is specified. Turn its directory into bind mount, if it isn't one yet. */
-                r = path_is_mount_point(root, NULL, AT_SYMLINK_FOLLOW);
+                r = path_is_mount_point_full(root, /* root = */ NULL, AT_SYMLINK_FOLLOW);
                 if (r < 0)
                         return log_debug_errno(r, "Failed to detect that %s is a mount point or not: %m", root);
                 if (r == 0) {
@@ -2580,7 +2652,7 @@ int bind_mount_add(BindMount **b, size_t *n, const BindMount *item) {
 
         *b = c;
 
-        c[(*n) ++] = (BindMount) {
+        c[(*n)++] = (BindMount) {
                 .source = TAKE_PTR(s),
                 .destination = TAKE_PTR(d),
                 .read_only = item->read_only,
@@ -2649,7 +2721,7 @@ int mount_image_add(MountImage **m, size_t *n, const MountImage *item) {
 
         *m = c;
 
-        c[(*n) ++] = (MountImage) {
+        c[(*n)++] = (MountImage) {
                 .source = TAKE_PTR(s),
                 .destination = TAKE_PTR(d),
                 .mount_options = TAKE_PTR(options),
@@ -2700,7 +2772,7 @@ int temporary_filesystem_add(
 
         *t = c;
 
-        c[(*n) ++] = (TemporaryFileSystem) {
+        c[(*n)++] = (TemporaryFileSystem) {
                 .path = TAKE_PTR(p),
                 .options = TAKE_PTR(o),
         };
@@ -2845,21 +2917,18 @@ int setup_tmp_dirs(const char *id, char **tmp_dir, char **var_tmp_dir) {
 
 int setup_shareable_ns(int ns_storage_socket[static 2], unsigned long nsflag) {
         _cleanup_close_ int ns = -EBADF;
-        int r;
         const char *ns_name, *ns_path;
+        int r;
 
         assert(ns_storage_socket);
         assert(ns_storage_socket[0] >= 0);
         assert(ns_storage_socket[1] >= 0);
 
-        ns_name = namespace_single_flag_to_string(nsflag);
-        assert(ns_name);
+        ns_name = ASSERT_PTR(namespace_single_flag_to_string(nsflag));
 
-        /* We use the passed socketpair as a storage buffer for our
-         * namespace reference fd. Whatever process runs this first
-         * shall create a new namespace, all others should just join
-         * it. To serialize that we use a file lock on the socket
-         * pair.
+        /* We use the passed socketpair as a storage buffer for our namespace reference fd. Whatever process
+         * runs this first shall create a new namespace, all others should just join it. To serialize that we
+         * use a file lock on the socket pair.
          *
          * It's a bit crazy, but hey, works great! */
 
@@ -2887,7 +2956,8 @@ int setup_shareable_ns(int ns_storage_socket[static 2], unsigned long nsflag) {
         if (unshare(nsflag) < 0)
                 return -errno;
 
-        (void) loopback_setup();
+        if (nsflag == CLONE_NEWNET)
+                (void) loopback_setup();
 
         ns_path = strjoina("/proc/self/ns/", ns_name);
         ns = open(ns_path, O_RDONLY|O_CLOEXEC|O_NOCTTY);