]> git.ipfire.org Git - thirdparty/systemd.git/blobdiff - src/nspawn/nspawn.c
util-lib: move a number of fs operations into fs-util.[ch]
[thirdparty/systemd.git] / src / nspawn / nspawn.c
index c249017c431c46469a0f22daf27ac2435e039aba..c7ec511cca738481cc8e7e8105b9174caf809537 100644 (file)
   along with systemd; If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
 ***/
 
-#include <signal.h>
-#include <sched.h>
-#include <unistd.h>
-#include <sys/types.h>
-#include <sys/mount.h>
-#include <stdlib.h>
-#include <string.h>
-#include <stdio.h>
+#ifdef HAVE_BLKID
+#include <blkid/blkid.h>
+#endif
 #include <errno.h>
-#include <sys/prctl.h>
 #include <getopt.h>
-#include <grp.h>
-#include <linux/fs.h>
-#include <sys/socket.h>
-#include <linux/netlink.h>
-#include <net/if.h>
-#include <linux/veth.h>
-#include <sys/personality.h>
 #include <linux/loop.h>
-#include <sys/file.h>
-
-#ifdef HAVE_SELINUX
-#include <selinux/selinux.h>
-#endif
-
+#include <sched.h>
 #ifdef HAVE_SECCOMP
 #include <seccomp.h>
 #endif
-
-#ifdef HAVE_BLKID
-#include <blkid/blkid.h>
+#ifdef HAVE_SELINUX
+#include <selinux/selinux.h>
 #endif
+#include <signal.h>
+#include <stdio.h>
+#include <stdlib.h>
+#include <string.h>
+#include <sys/file.h>
+#include <sys/mount.h>
+#include <sys/personality.h>
+#include <sys/prctl.h>
+#include <sys/types.h>
+#include <unistd.h>
 
 #include "sd-daemon.h"
-#include "sd-bus.h"
 #include "sd-id128.h"
-#include "sd-netlink.h"
-#include "random-util.h"
-#include "log.h"
-#include "util.h"
-#include "mkdir.h"
-#include "rm-rf.h"
-#include "macro.h"
-#include "missing.h"
+
+#include "barrier.h"
+#include "base-filesystem.h"
+#include "blkid-util.h"
+#include "btrfs-util.h"
+#include "cap-list.h"
+#include "capability.h"
 #include "cgroup-util.h"
-#include "strv.h"
-#include "path-util.h"
-#include "loopback-setup.h"
+#include "copy.h"
 #include "dev-setup.h"
+#include "env-util.h"
+#include "event-util.h"
+#include "fd-util.h"
 #include "fdset.h"
-#include "build.h"
 #include "fileio.h"
-#include "bus-util.h"
-#include "bus-error.h"
-#include "ptyfwd.h"
-#include "env-util.h"
-#include "netlink-util.h"
-#include "udev-util.h"
-#include "blkid-util.h"
+#include "formats-util.h"
+#include "fs-util.h"
 #include "gpt.h"
-#include "siphash24.h"
-#include "copy.h"
-#include "base-filesystem.h"
-#include "barrier.h"
-#include "event-util.h"
-#include "capability.h"
-#include "cap-list.h"
-#include "btrfs-util.h"
+#include "hostname-util.h"
+#include "log.h"
+#include "loopback-setup.h"
 #include "machine-image.h"
-#include "list.h"
-#include "in-addr-util.h"
-#include "firewall-util.h"
-#include "local-addresses.h"
-#include "formats-util.h"
+#include "macro.h"
+#include "missing.h"
+#include "mkdir.h"
+#include "mount-util.h"
+#include "netlink-util.h"
+#include "nspawn-cgroup.h"
+#include "nspawn-expose-ports.h"
+#include "nspawn-mount.h"
+#include "nspawn-network.h"
+#include "nspawn-register.h"
+#include "nspawn-settings.h"
+#include "nspawn-setuid.h"
+#include "parse-util.h"
+#include "path-util.h"
 #include "process-util.h"
-#include "terminal-util.h"
-#include "hostname-util.h"
-#include "signal-util.h"
-
+#include "ptyfwd.h"
+#include "random-util.h"
+#include "rm-rf.h"
 #ifdef HAVE_SECCOMP
 #include "seccomp-util.h"
 #endif
-
-#include "nspawn.h"
-#include "nspawn-settings.h"
-#include "nspawn-mount.h"
+#include "signal-util.h"
+#include "socket-util.h"
+#include "string-util.h"
+#include "strv.h"
+#include "terminal-util.h"
+#include "udev-util.h"
+#include "user-util.h"
+#include "util.h"
 
 typedef enum ContainerStatus {
         CONTAINER_TERMINATED,
@@ -291,27 +282,6 @@ static int custom_mounts_prepare(void) {
         return 0;
 }
 
-static int set_sanitized_path(char **b, const char *path) {
-        char *p;
-
-        assert(b);
-        assert(path);
-
-        p = canonicalize_file_name(path);
-        if (!p) {
-                if (errno != ENOENT)
-                        return -errno;
-
-                p = path_make_absolute_cwd(path);
-                if (!p)
-                        return -ENOMEM;
-        }
-
-        free(*b);
-        *b = path_kill_slashes(p);
-        return 0;
-}
-
 static int detect_unified_cgroup_hierarchy(void) {
         const char *e;
         int r;
@@ -336,60 +306,6 @@ static int detect_unified_cgroup_hierarchy(void) {
         return 0;
 }
 
-int expose_port_parse(ExposePort **l, const char *s) {
-
-        const char *split, *e;
-        uint16_t container_port, host_port;
-        int protocol;
-        ExposePort *p;
-        int r;
-
-        if ((e = startswith(s, "tcp:")))
-                protocol = IPPROTO_TCP;
-        else if ((e = startswith(s, "udp:")))
-                protocol = IPPROTO_UDP;
-        else {
-                e = s;
-                protocol = IPPROTO_TCP;
-        }
-
-        split = strchr(e, ':');
-        if (split) {
-                char v[split - e + 1];
-
-                memcpy(v, e, split - e);
-                v[split - e] = 0;
-
-                r = safe_atou16(v, &host_port);
-                if (r < 0 || host_port <= 0)
-                        return -EINVAL;
-
-                r = safe_atou16(split + 1, &container_port);
-        } else {
-                r = safe_atou16(e, &container_port);
-                host_port = container_port;
-        }
-
-        if (r < 0 || container_port <= 0)
-                return -EINVAL;
-
-        LIST_FOREACH(ports, p, arg_expose_ports)
-                if (p->protocol == protocol && p->host_port == host_port)
-                        return -EEXIST;
-
-        p = new(ExposePort, 1);
-        if (!p)
-                return -ENOMEM;
-
-        p->protocol = protocol;
-        p->host_port = host_port;
-        p->container_port = container_port;
-
-        LIST_PREPEND(ports, *l, p);
-
-        return 0;
-}
-
 static int parse_argv(int argc, char *argv[]) {
 
         enum {
@@ -482,29 +398,24 @@ static int parse_argv(int argc, char *argv[]) {
                         return 0;
 
                 case ARG_VERSION:
-                        puts(PACKAGE_STRING);
-                        puts(SYSTEMD_FEATURES);
-                        return 0;
+                        return version();
 
                 case 'D':
-                        r = set_sanitized_path(&arg_directory, optarg);
+                        r = parse_path_argument_and_warn(optarg, false, &arg_directory);
                         if (r < 0)
-                                return log_error_errno(r, "Invalid root directory: %m");
-
+                                return r;
                         break;
 
                 case ARG_TEMPLATE:
-                        r = set_sanitized_path(&arg_template, optarg);
+                        r = parse_path_argument_and_warn(optarg, false, &arg_template);
                         if (r < 0)
-                                return log_error_errno(r, "Invalid template directory: %m");
-
+                                return r;
                         break;
 
                 case 'i':
-                        r = set_sanitized_path(&arg_image, optarg);
+                        r = parse_path_argument_and_warn(optarg, false, &arg_image);
                         if (r < 0)
-                                return log_error_errno(r, "Invalid image path: %m");
-
+                                return r;
                         break;
 
                 case 'x':
@@ -1332,16 +1243,7 @@ static int setup_dev_console(const char *dest, const char *console) {
 static int setup_kmsg(const char *dest, int kmsg_socket) {
         const char *from, *to;
         _cleanup_umask_ mode_t u;
-        int fd, k;
-        union {
-                struct cmsghdr cmsghdr;
-                uint8_t buf[CMSG_SPACE(sizeof(int))];
-        } control = {};
-        struct msghdr mh = {
-                .msg_control = &control,
-                .msg_controllen = sizeof(control),
-        };
-        struct cmsghdr *cmsg;
+        int fd, r;
 
         assert(kmsg_socket >= 0);
 
@@ -1366,21 +1268,13 @@ static int setup_kmsg(const char *dest, int kmsg_socket) {
         if (fd < 0)
                 return log_error_errno(errno, "Failed to open fifo: %m");
 
-        cmsg = CMSG_FIRSTHDR(&mh);
-        cmsg->cmsg_level = SOL_SOCKET;
-        cmsg->cmsg_type = SCM_RIGHTS;
-        cmsg->cmsg_len = CMSG_LEN(sizeof(int));
-        memcpy(CMSG_DATA(cmsg), &fd, sizeof(int));
-
-        mh.msg_controllen = cmsg->cmsg_len;
-
         /* Store away the fd in the socket, so that it stays open as
          * long as we run the child */
-        k = sendmsg(kmsg_socket, &mh, MSG_NOSIGNAL);
+        r = send_one_fd(kmsg_socket, fd, 0);
         safe_close(fd);
 
-        if (k < 0)
-                return log_error_errno(errno, "Failed to send FIFO fd: %m");
+        if (r < 0)
+                return log_error_errno(r, "Failed to send FIFO fd: %m");
 
         /* And now make the FIFO unavailable as /run/kmsg... */
         (void) unlink(from);
@@ -1388,141 +1282,6 @@ static int setup_kmsg(const char *dest, int kmsg_socket) {
         return 0;
 }
 
-static int send_rtnl(int send_fd) {
-        union {
-                struct cmsghdr cmsghdr;
-                uint8_t buf[CMSG_SPACE(sizeof(int))];
-        } control = {};
-        struct msghdr mh = {
-                .msg_control = &control,
-                .msg_controllen = sizeof(control),
-        };
-        struct cmsghdr *cmsg;
-        _cleanup_close_ int fd = -1;
-        ssize_t k;
-
-        assert(send_fd >= 0);
-
-        if (!arg_expose_ports)
-                return 0;
-
-        fd = socket(PF_NETLINK, SOCK_RAW|SOCK_CLOEXEC|SOCK_NONBLOCK, NETLINK_ROUTE);
-        if (fd < 0)
-                return log_error_errno(errno, "Failed to allocate container netlink: %m");
-
-        cmsg = CMSG_FIRSTHDR(&mh);
-        cmsg->cmsg_level = SOL_SOCKET;
-        cmsg->cmsg_type = SCM_RIGHTS;
-        cmsg->cmsg_len = CMSG_LEN(sizeof(int));
-        memcpy(CMSG_DATA(cmsg), &fd, sizeof(int));
-
-        mh.msg_controllen = cmsg->cmsg_len;
-
-        /* Store away the fd in the socket, so that it stays open as
-         * long as we run the child */
-        k = sendmsg(send_fd, &mh, MSG_NOSIGNAL);
-        if (k < 0)
-                return log_error_errno(errno, "Failed to send netlink fd: %m");
-
-        return 0;
-}
-
-static int flush_ports(union in_addr_union *exposed) {
-        ExposePort *p;
-        int r, af = AF_INET;
-
-        assert(exposed);
-
-        if (!arg_expose_ports)
-                return 0;
-
-        if (in_addr_is_null(af, exposed))
-                return 0;
-
-        log_debug("Lost IP address.");
-
-        LIST_FOREACH(ports, p, arg_expose_ports) {
-                r = fw_add_local_dnat(false,
-                                      af,
-                                      p->protocol,
-                                      NULL,
-                                      NULL, 0,
-                                      NULL, 0,
-                                      p->host_port,
-                                      exposed,
-                                      p->container_port,
-                                      NULL);
-                if (r < 0)
-                        log_warning_errno(r, "Failed to modify firewall: %m");
-        }
-
-        *exposed = IN_ADDR_NULL;
-        return 0;
-}
-
-static int expose_ports(sd_netlink *rtnl, union in_addr_union *exposed) {
-        _cleanup_free_ struct local_address *addresses = NULL;
-        _cleanup_free_ char *pretty = NULL;
-        union in_addr_union new_exposed;
-        ExposePort *p;
-        bool add;
-        int af = AF_INET, r;
-
-        assert(exposed);
-
-        /* Invoked each time an address is added or removed inside the
-         * container */
-
-        if (!arg_expose_ports)
-                return 0;
-
-        r = local_addresses(rtnl, 0, af, &addresses);
-        if (r < 0)
-                return log_error_errno(r, "Failed to enumerate local addresses: %m");
-
-        add = r > 0 &&
-                addresses[0].family == af &&
-                addresses[0].scope < RT_SCOPE_LINK;
-
-        if (!add)
-                return flush_ports(exposed);
-
-        new_exposed = addresses[0].address;
-        if (in_addr_equal(af, exposed, &new_exposed))
-                return 0;
-
-        in_addr_to_string(af, &new_exposed, &pretty);
-        log_debug("New container IP is %s.", strna(pretty));
-
-        LIST_FOREACH(ports, p, arg_expose_ports) {
-
-                r = fw_add_local_dnat(true,
-                                      af,
-                                      p->protocol,
-                                      NULL,
-                                      NULL, 0,
-                                      NULL, 0,
-                                      p->host_port,
-                                      &new_exposed,
-                                      p->container_port,
-                                      in_addr_is_null(af, exposed) ? NULL : exposed);
-                if (r < 0)
-                        log_warning_errno(r, "Failed to modify firewall: %m");
-        }
-
-        *exposed = new_exposed;
-        return 0;
-}
-
-void expose_port_free_all(ExposePort *p) {
-
-        while (p) {
-                ExposePort *q = p;
-                LIST_REMOVE(ports, p, q);
-                free(q);
-        }
-}
-
 static int on_address_change(sd_netlink *rtnl, sd_netlink_message *m, void *userdata) {
         union in_addr_union *exposed = userdata;
 
@@ -1530,62 +1289,7 @@ static int on_address_change(sd_netlink *rtnl, sd_netlink_message *m, void *user
         assert(m);
         assert(exposed);
 
-        expose_ports(rtnl, exposed);
-        return 0;
-}
-
-static int watch_rtnl(sd_event *event, int recv_fd, union in_addr_union *exposed, sd_netlink **ret) {
-        union {
-                struct cmsghdr cmsghdr;
-                uint8_t buf[CMSG_SPACE(sizeof(int))];
-        } control = {};
-        struct msghdr mh = {
-                .msg_control = &control,
-                .msg_controllen = sizeof(control),
-        };
-        struct cmsghdr *cmsg;
-        _cleanup_netlink_unref_ sd_netlink *rtnl = NULL;
-        int fd, r;
-        ssize_t k;
-
-        assert(event);
-        assert(recv_fd >= 0);
-        assert(ret);
-
-        if (!arg_expose_ports)
-                return 0;
-
-        k = recvmsg(recv_fd, &mh, MSG_NOSIGNAL);
-        if (k < 0)
-                return log_error_errno(errno, "Failed to recv netlink fd: %m");
-
-        cmsg = CMSG_FIRSTHDR(&mh);
-        assert(cmsg->cmsg_level == SOL_SOCKET);
-        assert(cmsg->cmsg_type == SCM_RIGHTS);
-        assert(cmsg->cmsg_len == CMSG_LEN(sizeof(int)));
-        memcpy(&fd, CMSG_DATA(cmsg), sizeof(int));
-
-        r = sd_netlink_open_fd(&rtnl, fd);
-        if (r < 0) {
-                safe_close(fd);
-                return log_error_errno(r, "Failed to create rtnl object: %m");
-        }
-
-        r = sd_netlink_add_match(rtnl, RTM_NEWADDR, on_address_change, exposed);
-        if (r < 0)
-                return log_error_errno(r, "Failed to subscribe to RTM_NEWADDR messages: %m");
-
-        r = sd_netlink_add_match(rtnl, RTM_DELADDR, on_address_change, exposed);
-        if (r < 0)
-                return log_error_errno(r, "Failed to subscribe to RTM_DELADDR messages: %m");
-
-        r = sd_netlink_attach_event(rtnl, event, 0);
-        if (r < 0)
-                return log_error_errno(r, "Failed to add to even loop: %m");
-
-        *ret = rtnl;
-        rtnl = NULL;
-
+        expose_port_execute(rtnl, arg_expose_ports, exposed);
         return 0;
 }
 
@@ -1753,677 +1457,42 @@ static int setup_journal(const char *directory) {
         }
 
         if (mount(p, q, NULL, MS_BIND, NULL) < 0)
-                return log_error_errno(errno, "Failed to bind mount journal from host into guest: %m");
-
-        return 0;
-}
-
-static int drop_capabilities(void) {
-        return capability_bounding_set_drop(~arg_retain, false);
-}
-
-static int register_machine(pid_t pid, int local_ifindex) {
-        _cleanup_bus_error_free_ sd_bus_error error = SD_BUS_ERROR_NULL;
-        _cleanup_bus_flush_close_unref_ sd_bus *bus = NULL;
-        int r;
-
-        if (!arg_register)
-                return 0;
-
-        r = sd_bus_default_system(&bus);
-        if (r < 0)
-                return log_error_errno(r, "Failed to open system bus: %m");
-
-        if (arg_keep_unit) {
-                r = sd_bus_call_method(
-                                bus,
-                                "org.freedesktop.machine1",
-                                "/org/freedesktop/machine1",
-                                "org.freedesktop.machine1.Manager",
-                                "RegisterMachineWithNetwork",
-                                &error,
-                                NULL,
-                                "sayssusai",
-                                arg_machine,
-                                SD_BUS_MESSAGE_APPEND_ID128(arg_uuid),
-                                "nspawn",
-                                "container",
-                                (uint32_t) pid,
-                                strempty(arg_directory),
-                                local_ifindex > 0 ? 1 : 0, local_ifindex);
-        } else {
-                _cleanup_bus_message_unref_ sd_bus_message *m = NULL;
-                char **i;
-                unsigned j;
-
-                r = sd_bus_message_new_method_call(
-                                bus,
-                                &m,
-                                "org.freedesktop.machine1",
-                                "/org/freedesktop/machine1",
-                                "org.freedesktop.machine1.Manager",
-                                "CreateMachineWithNetwork");
-                if (r < 0)
-                        return bus_log_create_error(r);
-
-                r = sd_bus_message_append(
-                                m,
-                                "sayssusai",
-                                arg_machine,
-                                SD_BUS_MESSAGE_APPEND_ID128(arg_uuid),
-                                "nspawn",
-                                "container",
-                                (uint32_t) pid,
-                                strempty(arg_directory),
-                                local_ifindex > 0 ? 1 : 0, local_ifindex);
-                if (r < 0)
-                        return bus_log_create_error(r);
-
-                r = sd_bus_message_open_container(m, 'a', "(sv)");
-                if (r < 0)
-                        return bus_log_create_error(r);
-
-                if (!isempty(arg_slice)) {
-                        r = sd_bus_message_append(m, "(sv)", "Slice", "s", arg_slice);
-                        if (r < 0)
-                                return bus_log_create_error(r);
-                }
-
-                r = sd_bus_message_append(m, "(sv)", "DevicePolicy", "s", "strict");
-                if (r < 0)
-                        return bus_log_create_error(r);
-
-                /* If you make changes here, also make sure to update
-                 * systemd-nspawn@.service, to keep the device
-                 * policies in sync regardless if we are run with or
-                 * without the --keep-unit switch. */
-                r = sd_bus_message_append(m, "(sv)", "DeviceAllow", "a(ss)", 9,
-                                          /* Allow the container to
-                                           * access and create the API
-                                           * device nodes, so that
-                                           * PrivateDevices= in the
-                                           * container can work
-                                           * fine */
-                                          "/dev/null", "rwm",
-                                          "/dev/zero", "rwm",
-                                          "/dev/full", "rwm",
-                                          "/dev/random", "rwm",
-                                          "/dev/urandom", "rwm",
-                                          "/dev/tty", "rwm",
-                                          "/dev/net/tun", "rwm",
-                                          /* Allow the container
-                                           * access to ptys. However,
-                                           * do not permit the
-                                           * container to ever create
-                                           * these device nodes. */
-                                          "/dev/pts/ptmx", "rw",
-                                          "char-pts", "rw");
-                if (r < 0)
-                        return bus_log_create_error(r);
-
-                for (j = 0; j < arg_n_custom_mounts; j++) {
-                        CustomMount *cm = &arg_custom_mounts[j];
-
-                        if (cm->type != CUSTOM_MOUNT_BIND)
-                                continue;
-
-                        r = is_device_node(cm->source);
-                        if (r < 0)
-                                return log_error_errno(r, "Failed to stat %s: %m", cm->source);
-
-                        if (r) {
-                                r = sd_bus_message_append(m, "(sv)", "DeviceAllow", "a(ss)", 1,
-                                        cm->source, cm->read_only ? "r" : "rw");
-                                if (r < 0)
-                                        return log_error_errno(r, "Failed to append message arguments: %m");
-                        }
-                }
-
-                if (arg_kill_signal != 0) {
-                        r = sd_bus_message_append(m, "(sv)", "KillSignal", "i", arg_kill_signal);
-                        if (r < 0)
-                                return bus_log_create_error(r);
-
-                        r = sd_bus_message_append(m, "(sv)", "KillMode", "s", "mixed");
-                        if (r < 0)
-                                return bus_log_create_error(r);
-                }
-
-                STRV_FOREACH(i, arg_property) {
-                        r = sd_bus_message_open_container(m, 'r', "sv");
-                        if (r < 0)
-                                return bus_log_create_error(r);
-
-                        r = bus_append_unit_property_assignment(m, *i);
-                        if (r < 0)
-                                return r;
-
-                        r = sd_bus_message_close_container(m);
-                        if (r < 0)
-                                return bus_log_create_error(r);
-                }
-
-                r = sd_bus_message_close_container(m);
-                if (r < 0)
-                        return bus_log_create_error(r);
-
-                r = sd_bus_call(bus, m, 0, &error, NULL);
-        }
-
-        if (r < 0) {
-                log_error("Failed to register machine: %s", bus_error_message(&error, r));
-                return r;
-        }
-
-        return 0;
-}
-
-static int terminate_machine(pid_t pid) {
-        _cleanup_bus_error_free_ sd_bus_error error = SD_BUS_ERROR_NULL;
-        _cleanup_bus_message_unref_ sd_bus_message *reply = NULL;
-        _cleanup_bus_flush_close_unref_ sd_bus *bus = NULL;
-        const char *path;
-        int r;
-
-        if (!arg_register)
-                return 0;
-
-        /* If we are reusing the unit, then just exit, systemd will do
-         * the right thing when we exit. */
-        if (arg_keep_unit)
-                return 0;
-
-        r = sd_bus_default_system(&bus);
-        if (r < 0)
-                return log_error_errno(r, "Failed to open system bus: %m");
-
-        r = sd_bus_call_method(
-                        bus,
-                        "org.freedesktop.machine1",
-                        "/org/freedesktop/machine1",
-                        "org.freedesktop.machine1.Manager",
-                        "GetMachineByPID",
-                        &error,
-                        &reply,
-                        "u",
-                        (uint32_t) pid);
-        if (r < 0) {
-                /* Note that the machine might already have been
-                 * cleaned up automatically, hence don't consider it a
-                 * failure if we cannot get the machine object. */
-                log_debug("Failed to get machine: %s", bus_error_message(&error, r));
-                return 0;
-        }
-
-        r = sd_bus_message_read(reply, "o", &path);
-        if (r < 0)
-                return bus_log_parse_error(r);
-
-        r = sd_bus_call_method(
-                        bus,
-                        "org.freedesktop.machine1",
-                        path,
-                        "org.freedesktop.machine1.Machine",
-                        "Terminate",
-                        &error,
-                        NULL,
-                        NULL);
-        if (r < 0) {
-                log_debug("Failed to terminate machine: %s", bus_error_message(&error, r));
-                return 0;
-        }
-
-        return 0;
-}
-
-static int reset_audit_loginuid(void) {
-        _cleanup_free_ char *p = NULL;
-        int r;
-
-        if (arg_share_system)
-                return 0;
-
-        r = read_one_line_file("/proc/self/loginuid", &p);
-        if (r == -ENOENT)
-                return 0;
-        if (r < 0)
-                return log_error_errno(r, "Failed to read /proc/self/loginuid: %m");
-
-        /* Already reset? */
-        if (streq(p, "4294967295"))
-                return 0;
-
-        r = write_string_file("/proc/self/loginuid", "4294967295", 0);
-        if (r < 0) {
-                log_error_errno(r,
-                                "Failed to reset audit login UID. This probably means that your kernel is too\n"
-                                "old and you have audit enabled. Note that the auditing subsystem is known to\n"
-                                "be incompatible with containers on old kernels. Please make sure to upgrade\n"
-                                "your kernel or to off auditing with 'audit=0' on the kernel command line before\n"
-                                "using systemd-nspawn. Sleeping for 5s... (%m)");
-
-                sleep(5);
-        }
-
-        return 0;
-}
-
-#define HOST_HASH_KEY SD_ID128_MAKE(1a,37,6f,c7,46,ec,45,0b,ad,a3,d5,31,06,60,5d,b1)
-#define CONTAINER_HASH_KEY SD_ID128_MAKE(c3,c4,f9,19,b5,57,b2,1c,e6,cf,14,27,03,9c,ee,a2)
-#define MACVLAN_HASH_KEY SD_ID128_MAKE(00,13,6d,bc,66,83,44,81,bb,0c,f9,51,1f,24,a6,6f)
-
-static int generate_mac(struct ether_addr *mac, sd_id128_t hash_key, uint64_t idx) {
-        uint8_t result[8];
-        size_t l, sz;
-        uint8_t *v, *i;
-        int r;
-
-        l = strlen(arg_machine);
-        sz = sizeof(sd_id128_t) + l;
-        if (idx > 0)
-                sz += sizeof(idx);
-
-        v = alloca(sz);
-
-        /* fetch some persistent data unique to the host */
-        r = sd_id128_get_machine((sd_id128_t*) v);
-        if (r < 0)
-                return r;
-
-        /* combine with some data unique (on this host) to this
-         * container instance */
-        i = mempcpy(v + sizeof(sd_id128_t), arg_machine, l);
-        if (idx > 0) {
-                idx = htole64(idx);
-                memcpy(i, &idx, sizeof(idx));
-        }
-
-        /* Let's hash the host machine ID plus the container name. We
-         * use a fixed, but originally randomly created hash key here. */
-        siphash24(result, v, sz, hash_key.bytes);
-
-        assert_cc(ETH_ALEN <= sizeof(result));
-        memcpy(mac->ether_addr_octet, result, ETH_ALEN);
-
-        /* see eth_random_addr in the kernel */
-        mac->ether_addr_octet[0] &= 0xfe;        /* clear multicast bit */
-        mac->ether_addr_octet[0] |= 0x02;        /* set local assignment bit (IEEE802) */
-
-        return 0;
-}
-
-static int setup_veth(pid_t pid, char iface_name[IFNAMSIZ], int *ifi) {
-        _cleanup_netlink_message_unref_ sd_netlink_message *m = NULL;
-        _cleanup_netlink_unref_ sd_netlink *rtnl = NULL;
-        struct ether_addr mac_host, mac_container;
-        int r, i;
-
-        if (!arg_private_network)
-                return 0;
-
-        if (!arg_network_veth)
-                return 0;
-
-        /* Use two different interface name prefixes depending whether
-         * we are in bridge mode or not. */
-        snprintf(iface_name, IFNAMSIZ - 1, "%s-%s",
-                 arg_network_bridge ? "vb" : "ve", arg_machine);
-
-        r = generate_mac(&mac_container, CONTAINER_HASH_KEY, 0);
-        if (r < 0)
-                return log_error_errno(r, "Failed to generate predictable MAC address for container side: %m");
-
-        r = generate_mac(&mac_host, HOST_HASH_KEY, 0);
-        if (r < 0)
-                return log_error_errno(r, "Failed to generate predictable MAC address for host side: %m");
-
-        r = sd_netlink_open(&rtnl);
-        if (r < 0)
-                return log_error_errno(r, "Failed to connect to netlink: %m");
-
-        r = sd_rtnl_message_new_link(rtnl, &m, RTM_NEWLINK, 0);
-        if (r < 0)
-                return log_error_errno(r, "Failed to allocate netlink message: %m");
-
-        r = sd_netlink_message_append_string(m, IFLA_IFNAME, iface_name);
-        if (r < 0)
-                return log_error_errno(r, "Failed to add netlink interface name: %m");
-
-        r = sd_netlink_message_append_ether_addr(m, IFLA_ADDRESS, &mac_host);
-        if (r < 0)
-                return log_error_errno(r, "Failed to add netlink MAC address: %m");
-
-        r = sd_netlink_message_open_container(m, IFLA_LINKINFO);
-        if (r < 0)
-                return log_error_errno(r, "Failed to open netlink container: %m");
-
-        r = sd_netlink_message_open_container_union(m, IFLA_INFO_DATA, "veth");
-        if (r < 0)
-                return log_error_errno(r, "Failed to open netlink container: %m");
-
-        r = sd_netlink_message_open_container(m, VETH_INFO_PEER);
-        if (r < 0)
-                return log_error_errno(r, "Failed to open netlink container: %m");
-
-        r = sd_netlink_message_append_string(m, IFLA_IFNAME, "host0");
-        if (r < 0)
-                return log_error_errno(r, "Failed to add netlink interface name: %m");
-
-        r = sd_netlink_message_append_ether_addr(m, IFLA_ADDRESS, &mac_container);
-        if (r < 0)
-                return log_error_errno(r, "Failed to add netlink MAC address: %m");
-
-        r = sd_netlink_message_append_u32(m, IFLA_NET_NS_PID, pid);
-        if (r < 0)
-                return log_error_errno(r, "Failed to add netlink namespace field: %m");
-
-        r = sd_netlink_message_close_container(m);
-        if (r < 0)
-                return log_error_errno(r, "Failed to close netlink container: %m");
-
-        r = sd_netlink_message_close_container(m);
-        if (r < 0)
-                return log_error_errno(r, "Failed to close netlink container: %m");
-
-        r = sd_netlink_message_close_container(m);
-        if (r < 0)
-                return log_error_errno(r, "Failed to close netlink container: %m");
-
-        r = sd_netlink_call(rtnl, m, 0, NULL);
-        if (r < 0)
-                return log_error_errno(r, "Failed to add new veth interfaces (host0, %s): %m", iface_name);
-
-        i = (int) if_nametoindex(iface_name);
-        if (i <= 0)
-                return log_error_errno(errno, "Failed to resolve interface %s: %m", iface_name);
-
-        *ifi = i;
-
-        return 0;
-}
-
-static int setup_bridge(const char veth_name[], int *ifi) {
-        _cleanup_netlink_message_unref_ sd_netlink_message *m = NULL;
-        _cleanup_netlink_unref_ sd_netlink *rtnl = NULL;
-        int r, bridge;
-
-        if (!arg_private_network)
-                return 0;
-
-        if (!arg_network_veth)
-                return 0;
-
-        if (!arg_network_bridge)
-                return 0;
-
-        bridge = (int) if_nametoindex(arg_network_bridge);
-        if (bridge <= 0)
-                return log_error_errno(errno, "Failed to resolve interface %s: %m", arg_network_bridge);
-
-        *ifi = bridge;
-
-        r = sd_netlink_open(&rtnl);
-        if (r < 0)
-                return log_error_errno(r, "Failed to connect to netlink: %m");
-
-        r = sd_rtnl_message_new_link(rtnl, &m, RTM_SETLINK, 0);
-        if (r < 0)
-                return log_error_errno(r, "Failed to allocate netlink message: %m");
-
-        r = sd_rtnl_message_link_set_flags(m, IFF_UP, IFF_UP);
-        if (r < 0)
-                return log_error_errno(r, "Failed to set IFF_UP flag: %m");
-
-        r = sd_netlink_message_append_string(m, IFLA_IFNAME, veth_name);
-        if (r < 0)
-                return log_error_errno(r, "Failed to add netlink interface name field: %m");
-
-        r = sd_netlink_message_append_u32(m, IFLA_MASTER, bridge);
-        if (r < 0)
-                return log_error_errno(r, "Failed to add netlink master field: %m");
-
-        r = sd_netlink_call(rtnl, m, 0, NULL);
-        if (r < 0)
-                return log_error_errno(r, "Failed to add veth interface to bridge: %m");
-
-        return 0;
-}
-
-static int parse_interface(struct udev *udev, const char *name) {
-        _cleanup_udev_device_unref_ struct udev_device *d = NULL;
-        char ifi_str[2 + DECIMAL_STR_MAX(int)];
-        int ifi;
-
-        ifi = (int) if_nametoindex(name);
-        if (ifi <= 0)
-                return log_error_errno(errno, "Failed to resolve interface %s: %m", name);
-
-        sprintf(ifi_str, "n%i", ifi);
-        d = udev_device_new_from_device_id(udev, ifi_str);
-        if (!d)
-                return log_error_errno(errno, "Failed to get udev device for interface %s: %m", name);
-
-        if (udev_device_get_is_initialized(d) <= 0) {
-                log_error("Network interface %s is not initialized yet.", name);
-                return -EBUSY;
-        }
-
-        return ifi;
-}
-
-static int move_network_interfaces(pid_t pid) {
-        _cleanup_udev_unref_ struct udev *udev = NULL;
-        _cleanup_netlink_unref_ sd_netlink *rtnl = NULL;
-        char **i;
-        int r;
-
-        if (!arg_private_network)
-                return 0;
-
-        if (strv_isempty(arg_network_interfaces))
-                return 0;
-
-        r = sd_netlink_open(&rtnl);
-        if (r < 0)
-                return log_error_errno(r, "Failed to connect to netlink: %m");
-
-        udev = udev_new();
-        if (!udev) {
-                log_error("Failed to connect to udev.");
-                return -ENOMEM;
-        }
-
-        STRV_FOREACH(i, arg_network_interfaces) {
-                _cleanup_netlink_message_unref_ sd_netlink_message *m = NULL;
-                int ifi;
-
-                ifi = parse_interface(udev, *i);
-                if (ifi < 0)
-                        return ifi;
-
-                r = sd_rtnl_message_new_link(rtnl, &m, RTM_SETLINK, ifi);
-                if (r < 0)
-                        return log_error_errno(r, "Failed to allocate netlink message: %m");
-
-                r = sd_netlink_message_append_u32(m, IFLA_NET_NS_PID, pid);
-                if (r < 0)
-                        return log_error_errno(r, "Failed to append namespace PID to netlink message: %m");
-
-                r = sd_netlink_call(rtnl, m, 0, NULL);
-                if (r < 0)
-                        return log_error_errno(r, "Failed to move interface %s to namespace: %m", *i);
-        }
-
-        return 0;
-}
-
-static int setup_macvlan(pid_t pid) {
-        _cleanup_udev_unref_ struct udev *udev = NULL;
-        _cleanup_netlink_unref_ sd_netlink *rtnl = NULL;
-        unsigned idx = 0;
-        char **i;
-        int r;
-
-        if (!arg_private_network)
-                return 0;
-
-        if (strv_isempty(arg_network_macvlan))
-                return 0;
-
-        r = sd_netlink_open(&rtnl);
-        if (r < 0)
-                return log_error_errno(r, "Failed to connect to netlink: %m");
-
-        udev = udev_new();
-        if (!udev) {
-                log_error("Failed to connect to udev.");
-                return -ENOMEM;
-        }
-
-        STRV_FOREACH(i, arg_network_macvlan) {
-                _cleanup_netlink_message_unref_ sd_netlink_message *m = NULL;
-                _cleanup_free_ char *n = NULL;
-                struct ether_addr mac;
-                int ifi;
-
-                ifi = parse_interface(udev, *i);
-                if (ifi < 0)
-                        return ifi;
-
-                r = generate_mac(&mac, MACVLAN_HASH_KEY, idx++);
-                if (r < 0)
-                        return log_error_errno(r, "Failed to create MACVLAN MAC address: %m");
-
-                r = sd_rtnl_message_new_link(rtnl, &m, RTM_NEWLINK, 0);
-                if (r < 0)
-                        return log_error_errno(r, "Failed to allocate netlink message: %m");
-
-                r = sd_netlink_message_append_u32(m, IFLA_LINK, ifi);
-                if (r < 0)
-                        return log_error_errno(r, "Failed to add netlink interface index: %m");
-
-                n = strappend("mv-", *i);
-                if (!n)
-                        return log_oom();
-
-                strshorten(n, IFNAMSIZ-1);
-
-                r = sd_netlink_message_append_string(m, IFLA_IFNAME, n);
-                if (r < 0)
-                        return log_error_errno(r, "Failed to add netlink interface name: %m");
-
-                r = sd_netlink_message_append_ether_addr(m, IFLA_ADDRESS, &mac);
-                if (r < 0)
-                        return log_error_errno(r, "Failed to add netlink MAC address: %m");
-
-                r = sd_netlink_message_append_u32(m, IFLA_NET_NS_PID, pid);
-                if (r < 0)
-                        return log_error_errno(r, "Failed to add netlink namespace field: %m");
-
-                r = sd_netlink_message_open_container(m, IFLA_LINKINFO);
-                if (r < 0)
-                        return log_error_errno(r, "Failed to open netlink container: %m");
-
-                r = sd_netlink_message_open_container_union(m, IFLA_INFO_DATA, "macvlan");
-                if (r < 0)
-                        return log_error_errno(r, "Failed to open netlink container: %m");
-
-                r = sd_netlink_message_append_u32(m, IFLA_MACVLAN_MODE, MACVLAN_MODE_BRIDGE);
-                if (r < 0)
-                        return log_error_errno(r, "Failed to append macvlan mode: %m");
-
-                r = sd_netlink_message_close_container(m);
-                if (r < 0)
-                        return log_error_errno(r, "Failed to close netlink container: %m");
-
-                r = sd_netlink_message_close_container(m);
-                if (r < 0)
-                        return log_error_errno(r, "Failed to close netlink container: %m");
-
-                r = sd_netlink_call(rtnl, m, 0, NULL);
-                if (r < 0)
-                        return log_error_errno(r, "Failed to add new macvlan interfaces: %m");
-        }
-
-        return 0;
-}
-
-static int setup_ipvlan(pid_t pid) {
-        _cleanup_udev_unref_ struct udev *udev = NULL;
-        _cleanup_netlink_unref_ sd_netlink *rtnl = NULL;
-        char **i;
-        int r;
-
-        if (!arg_private_network)
-                return 0;
-
-        if (strv_isempty(arg_network_ipvlan))
-                return 0;
-
-        r = sd_netlink_open(&rtnl);
-        if (r < 0)
-                return log_error_errno(r, "Failed to connect to netlink: %m");
-
-        udev = udev_new();
-        if (!udev) {
-                log_error("Failed to connect to udev.");
-                return -ENOMEM;
-        }
-
-        STRV_FOREACH(i, arg_network_ipvlan) {
-                _cleanup_netlink_message_unref_ sd_netlink_message *m = NULL;
-                _cleanup_free_ char *n = NULL;
-                int ifi;
-
-                ifi = parse_interface(udev, *i);
-                if (ifi < 0)
-                        return ifi;
-
-                r = sd_rtnl_message_new_link(rtnl, &m, RTM_NEWLINK, 0);
-                if (r < 0)
-                        return log_error_errno(r, "Failed to allocate netlink message: %m");
-
-                r = sd_netlink_message_append_u32(m, IFLA_LINK, ifi);
-                if (r < 0)
-                        return log_error_errno(r, "Failed to add netlink interface index: %m");
-
-                n = strappend("iv-", *i);
-                if (!n)
-                        return log_oom();
-
-                strshorten(n, IFNAMSIZ-1);
+                return log_error_errno(errno, "Failed to bind mount journal from host into guest: %m");
 
-                r = sd_netlink_message_append_string(m, IFLA_IFNAME, n);
-                if (r < 0)
-                        return log_error_errno(r, "Failed to add netlink interface name: %m");
+        return 0;
+}
 
-                r = sd_netlink_message_append_u32(m, IFLA_NET_NS_PID, pid);
-                if (r < 0)
-                        return log_error_errno(r, "Failed to add netlink namespace field: %m");
+static int drop_capabilities(void) {
+        return capability_bounding_set_drop(~arg_retain, false);
+}
 
-                r = sd_netlink_message_open_container(m, IFLA_LINKINFO);
-                if (r < 0)
-                        return log_error_errno(r, "Failed to open netlink container: %m");
+static int reset_audit_loginuid(void) {
+        _cleanup_free_ char *p = NULL;
+        int r;
 
-                r = sd_netlink_message_open_container_union(m, IFLA_INFO_DATA, "ipvlan");
-                if (r < 0)
-                        return log_error_errno(r, "Failed to open netlink container: %m");
+        if (arg_share_system)
+                return 0;
 
-                r = sd_netlink_message_append_u16(m, IFLA_IPVLAN_MODE, IPVLAN_MODE_L2);
-                if (r < 0)
-                        return log_error_errno(r, "Failed to add ipvlan mode: %m");
+        r = read_one_line_file("/proc/self/loginuid", &p);
+        if (r == -ENOENT)
+                return 0;
+        if (r < 0)
+                return log_error_errno(r, "Failed to read /proc/self/loginuid: %m");
 
-                r = sd_netlink_message_close_container(m);
-                if (r < 0)
-                        return log_error_errno(r, "Failed to close netlink container: %m");
+        /* Already reset? */
+        if (streq(p, "4294967295"))
+                return 0;
 
-                r = sd_netlink_message_close_container(m);
-                if (r < 0)
-                        return log_error_errno(r, "Failed to close netlink container: %m");
+        r = write_string_file("/proc/self/loginuid", "4294967295", 0);
+        if (r < 0) {
+                log_error_errno(r,
+                                "Failed to reset audit login UID. This probably means that your kernel is too\n"
+                                "old and you have audit enabled. Note that the auditing subsystem is known to\n"
+                                "be incompatible with containers on old kernels. Please make sure to upgrade\n"
+                                "your kernel or to off auditing with 'audit=0' on the kernel command line before\n"
+                                "using systemd-nspawn. Sleeping for 5s... (%m)");
 
-                r = sd_netlink_call(rtnl, m, 0, NULL);
-                if (r < 0)
-                        return log_error_errno(r, "Failed to add new ipvlan interfaces: %m");
+                sleep(5);
         }
 
         return 0;
@@ -3127,247 +2196,6 @@ static void loop_remove(int nr, int *image_fd) {
                 log_debug_errno(errno, "Failed to remove loop %d: %m", nr);
 }
 
-static int spawn_getent(const char *database, const char *key, pid_t *rpid) {
-        int pipe_fds[2];
-        pid_t pid;
-
-        assert(database);
-        assert(key);
-        assert(rpid);
-
-        if (pipe2(pipe_fds, O_CLOEXEC) < 0)
-                return log_error_errno(errno, "Failed to allocate pipe: %m");
-
-        pid = fork();
-        if (pid < 0)
-                return log_error_errno(errno, "Failed to fork getent child: %m");
-        else if (pid == 0) {
-                int nullfd;
-                char *empty_env = NULL;
-
-                if (dup3(pipe_fds[1], STDOUT_FILENO, 0) < 0)
-                        _exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
-
-                if (pipe_fds[0] > 2)
-                        safe_close(pipe_fds[0]);
-                if (pipe_fds[1] > 2)
-                        safe_close(pipe_fds[1]);
-
-                nullfd = open("/dev/null", O_RDWR);
-                if (nullfd < 0)
-                        _exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
-
-                if (dup3(nullfd, STDIN_FILENO, 0) < 0)
-                        _exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
-
-                if (dup3(nullfd, STDERR_FILENO, 0) < 0)
-                        _exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
-
-                if (nullfd > 2)
-                        safe_close(nullfd);
-
-                (void) reset_all_signal_handlers();
-                (void) reset_signal_mask();
-                close_all_fds(NULL, 0);
-
-                execle("/usr/bin/getent", "getent", database, key, NULL, &empty_env);
-                execle("/bin/getent", "getent", database, key, NULL, &empty_env);
-                _exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
-        }
-
-        pipe_fds[1] = safe_close(pipe_fds[1]);
-
-        *rpid = pid;
-
-        return pipe_fds[0];
-}
-
-static int change_uid_gid(char **_home) {
-        char line[LINE_MAX], *x, *u, *g, *h;
-        const char *word, *state;
-        _cleanup_free_ uid_t *uids = NULL;
-        _cleanup_free_ char *home = NULL;
-        _cleanup_fclose_ FILE *f = NULL;
-        _cleanup_close_ int fd = -1;
-        unsigned n_uids = 0;
-        size_t sz = 0, l;
-        uid_t uid;
-        gid_t gid;
-        pid_t pid;
-        int r;
-
-        assert(_home);
-
-        if (!arg_user || streq(arg_user, "root") || streq(arg_user, "0")) {
-                /* Reset everything fully to 0, just in case */
-
-                r = reset_uid_gid();
-                if (r < 0)
-                        return log_error_errno(r, "Failed to become root: %m");
-
-                *_home = NULL;
-                return 0;
-        }
-
-        /* First, get user credentials */
-        fd = spawn_getent("passwd", arg_user, &pid);
-        if (fd < 0)
-                return fd;
-
-        f = fdopen(fd, "r");
-        if (!f)
-                return log_oom();
-        fd = -1;
-
-        if (!fgets(line, sizeof(line), f)) {
-
-                if (!ferror(f)) {
-                        log_error("Failed to resolve user %s.", arg_user);
-                        return -ESRCH;
-                }
-
-                log_error_errno(errno, "Failed to read from getent: %m");
-                return -errno;
-        }
-
-        truncate_nl(line);
-
-        wait_for_terminate_and_warn("getent passwd", pid, true);
-
-        x = strchr(line, ':');
-        if (!x) {
-                log_error("/etc/passwd entry has invalid user field.");
-                return -EIO;
-        }
-
-        u = strchr(x+1, ':');
-        if (!u) {
-                log_error("/etc/passwd entry has invalid password field.");
-                return -EIO;
-        }
-
-        u++;
-        g = strchr(u, ':');
-        if (!g) {
-                log_error("/etc/passwd entry has invalid UID field.");
-                return -EIO;
-        }
-
-        *g = 0;
-        g++;
-        x = strchr(g, ':');
-        if (!x) {
-                log_error("/etc/passwd entry has invalid GID field.");
-                return -EIO;
-        }
-
-        *x = 0;
-        h = strchr(x+1, ':');
-        if (!h) {
-                log_error("/etc/passwd entry has invalid GECOS field.");
-                return -EIO;
-        }
-
-        h++;
-        x = strchr(h, ':');
-        if (!x) {
-                log_error("/etc/passwd entry has invalid home directory field.");
-                return -EIO;
-        }
-
-        *x = 0;
-
-        r = parse_uid(u, &uid);
-        if (r < 0) {
-                log_error("Failed to parse UID of user.");
-                return -EIO;
-        }
-
-        r = parse_gid(g, &gid);
-        if (r < 0) {
-                log_error("Failed to parse GID of user.");
-                return -EIO;
-        }
-
-        home = strdup(h);
-        if (!home)
-                return log_oom();
-
-        /* Second, get group memberships */
-        fd = spawn_getent("initgroups", arg_user, &pid);
-        if (fd < 0)
-                return fd;
-
-        fclose(f);
-        f = fdopen(fd, "r");
-        if (!f)
-                return log_oom();
-        fd = -1;
-
-        if (!fgets(line, sizeof(line), f)) {
-                if (!ferror(f)) {
-                        log_error("Failed to resolve user %s.", arg_user);
-                        return -ESRCH;
-                }
-
-                log_error_errno(errno, "Failed to read from getent: %m");
-                return -errno;
-        }
-
-        truncate_nl(line);
-
-        wait_for_terminate_and_warn("getent initgroups", pid, true);
-
-        /* Skip over the username and subsequent separator whitespace */
-        x = line;
-        x += strcspn(x, WHITESPACE);
-        x += strspn(x, WHITESPACE);
-
-        FOREACH_WORD(word, l, x, state) {
-                char c[l+1];
-
-                memcpy(c, word, l);
-                c[l] = 0;
-
-                if (!GREEDY_REALLOC(uids, sz, n_uids+1))
-                        return log_oom();
-
-                r = parse_uid(c, &uids[n_uids++]);
-                if (r < 0) {
-                        log_error("Failed to parse group data from getent.");
-                        return -EIO;
-                }
-        }
-
-        r = mkdir_parents(home, 0775);
-        if (r < 0)
-                return log_error_errno(r, "Failed to make home root directory: %m");
-
-        r = mkdir_safe(home, 0755, uid, gid);
-        if (r < 0 && r != -EEXIST)
-                return log_error_errno(r, "Failed to make home directory: %m");
-
-        (void) fchown(STDIN_FILENO, uid, gid);
-        (void) fchown(STDOUT_FILENO, uid, gid);
-        (void) fchown(STDERR_FILENO, uid, gid);
-
-        if (setgroups(n_uids, uids) < 0)
-                return log_error_errno(errno, "Failed to set auxiliary groups: %m");
-
-        if (setresgid(gid, gid, gid) < 0)
-                return log_error_errno(errno, "setregid() failed: %m");
-
-        if (setresuid(uid, uid, uid) < 0)
-                return log_error_errno(errno, "setreuid() failed: %m");
-
-        if (_home) {
-                *_home = home;
-                home = NULL;
-        }
-
-        return 0;
-}
-
 /*
  * Return values:
  * < 0 : wait_for_terminate() failed to get the state of the
@@ -3433,8 +2261,6 @@ static int wait_for_container(pid_t pid, ContainerStatus *container) {
         return r;
 }
 
-static void nop_handler(int sig) {}
-
 static int on_orderly_shutdown(sd_event_source *s, const struct signalfd_siginfo *si, void *userdata) {
         pid_t pid;
 
@@ -3478,9 +2304,9 @@ static int determine_names(void) {
                         }
 
                         if (i->type == IMAGE_RAW)
-                                r = set_sanitized_path(&arg_image, i->path);
+                                r = free_and_strdup(&arg_image, i->path);
                         else
-                                r = set_sanitized_path(&arg_directory, i->path);
+                                r = free_and_strdup(&arg_directory, i->path);
                         if (r < 0)
                                 return log_error_errno(r, "Invalid image directory: %m");
 
@@ -3606,7 +2432,11 @@ static int inner_child(
                 }
         }
 
-        r = mount_all(NULL, true, arg_uid_shift, arg_uid_range, arg_selinux_apifs_context);
+        r = mount_all(NULL, arg_userns, true, arg_uid_shift, arg_private_network, arg_uid_range, arg_selinux_apifs_context);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+
+        r = mount_sysfs(NULL);
         if (r < 0)
                 return r;
 
@@ -3642,10 +2472,12 @@ static int inner_child(
         if (arg_private_network)
                 loopback_setup();
 
-        r = send_rtnl(rtnl_socket);
-        if (r < 0)
-                return r;
-        rtnl_socket = safe_close(rtnl_socket);
+        if (arg_expose_ports) {
+                r = expose_port_send_rtnl(rtnl_socket);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return r;
+                rtnl_socket = safe_close(rtnl_socket);
+        }
 
         if (drop_capabilities() < 0)
                 return log_error_errno(errno, "drop_capabilities() failed: %m");
@@ -3666,7 +2498,7 @@ static int inner_child(
                         return log_error_errno(errno, "setexeccon(\"%s\") failed: %m", arg_selinux_context);
 #endif
 
-        r = change_uid_gid(&home);
+        r = change_uid_gid(arg_user, &home);
         if (r < 0)
                 return r;
 
@@ -3855,16 +2687,18 @@ static int outer_child(
                         return log_error_errno(r, "Failed to make tree read-only: %m");
         }
 
-        r = mount_all(directory, false, arg_uid_shift, arg_uid_range, arg_selinux_apifs_context);
+        r = mount_all(directory, arg_userns, false, arg_private_network, arg_uid_shift, arg_uid_range, arg_selinux_apifs_context);
         if (r < 0)
                 return r;
 
-        if (copy_devnodes(directory) < 0)
+        r = copy_devnodes(directory);
+        if (r < 0)
                 return r;
 
         dev_setup(directory, arg_uid_shift, arg_uid_shift);
 
-        if (setup_pts(directory) < 0)
+        r = setup_pts(directory);
+        if (r < 0)
                 return r;
 
         r = setup_propagate(directory);
@@ -3934,6 +2768,8 @@ static int outer_child(
         }
 
         pid_socket = safe_close(pid_socket);
+        kmsg_socket = safe_close(kmsg_socket);
+        rtnl_socket = safe_close(rtnl_socket);
 
         return 0;
 }
@@ -3959,141 +2795,6 @@ static int setup_uid_map(pid_t pid) {
         return 0;
 }
 
-static int chown_cgroup(pid_t pid) {
-        _cleanup_free_ char *path = NULL, *fs = NULL;
-        _cleanup_close_ int fd = -1;
-        const char *fn;
-        int r;
-
-        r = cg_pid_get_path(NULL, pid, &path);
-        if (r < 0)
-                return log_error_errno(r, "Failed to get container cgroup path: %m");
-
-        r = cg_get_path(SYSTEMD_CGROUP_CONTROLLER, path, NULL, &fs);
-        if (r < 0)
-                return log_error_errno(r, "Failed to get file system path for container cgroup: %m");
-
-        fd = open(fs, O_RDONLY|O_CLOEXEC|O_DIRECTORY);
-        if (fd < 0)
-                return log_error_errno(errno, "Failed to open %s: %m", fs);
-
-        FOREACH_STRING(fn,
-                       ".",
-                       "tasks",
-                       "notify_on_release",
-                       "cgroup.procs",
-                       "cgroup.clone_children",
-                       "cgroup.controllers",
-                       "cgroup.subtree_control",
-                       "cgroup.populated")
-                if (fchownat(fd, fn, arg_uid_shift, arg_uid_shift, 0) < 0)
-                        log_full_errno(errno == ENOENT ? LOG_DEBUG :  LOG_WARNING, errno,
-                                       "Failed to chown() cgroup file %s, ignoring: %m", fn);
-
-        return 0;
-}
-
-static int sync_cgroup(pid_t pid) {
-        _cleanup_free_ char *cgroup = NULL;
-        char tree[] = "/tmp/unifiedXXXXXX", pid_string[DECIMAL_STR_MAX(pid) + 1];
-        bool undo_mount = false;
-        const char *fn;
-        int unified, r;
-
-        unified = cg_unified();
-        if (unified < 0)
-                return log_error_errno(unified, "Failed to determine whether the unified hierachy is used: %m");
-
-        if ((unified > 0) == arg_unified_cgroup_hierarchy)
-                return 0;
-
-        /* When the host uses the legacy cgroup setup, but the
-         * container shall use the unified hierarchy, let's make sure
-         * we copy the path from the name=systemd hierarchy into the
-         * unified hierarchy. Similar for the reverse situation. */
-
-        r = cg_pid_get_path(SYSTEMD_CGROUP_CONTROLLER, pid, &cgroup);
-        if (r < 0)
-                return log_error_errno(r, "Failed to get control group of " PID_FMT ": %m", pid);
-
-        /* In order to access the unified hierarchy we need to mount it */
-        if (!mkdtemp(tree))
-                return log_error_errno(errno, "Failed to generate temporary mount point for unified hierarchy: %m");
-
-        if (unified)
-                r = mount("cgroup", tree, "cgroup", MS_NOSUID|MS_NOEXEC|MS_NODEV, "none,name=systemd,xattr");
-        else
-                r = mount("cgroup", tree, "cgroup", MS_NOSUID|MS_NOEXEC|MS_NODEV, "__DEVEL__sane_behavior");
-        if (r < 0) {
-                r = log_error_errno(errno, "Failed to mount unified hierarchy: %m");
-                goto finish;
-        }
-
-        undo_mount = true;
-
-        fn = strjoina(tree, cgroup, "/cgroup.procs");
-        (void) mkdir_parents(fn, 0755);
-
-        sprintf(pid_string, PID_FMT, pid);
-        r = write_string_file(fn, pid_string, 0);
-        if (r < 0)
-                log_error_errno(r, "Failed to move process: %m");
-
-finish:
-        if (undo_mount)
-                (void) umount(tree);
-
-        (void) rmdir(tree);
-        return r;
-}
-
-static int create_subcgroup(pid_t pid) {
-        _cleanup_free_ char *cgroup = NULL;
-        const char *child;
-        int unified, r;
-        CGroupMask supported;
-
-        /* In the unified hierarchy inner nodes may only only contain
-         * subgroups, but not processes. Hence, if we running in the
-         * unified hierarchy and the container does the same, and we
-         * did not create a scope unit for the container move us and
-         * the container into two separate subcgroups. */
-
-        if (!arg_keep_unit)
-                return 0;
-
-        if (!arg_unified_cgroup_hierarchy)
-                return 0;
-
-        unified = cg_unified();
-        if (unified < 0)
-                return log_error_errno(unified, "Failed to determine whether the unified hierachy is used: %m");
-        if (unified == 0)
-                return 0;
-
-        r = cg_mask_supported(&supported);
-        if (r < 0)
-                return log_error_errno(r, "Failed to determine supported controllers: %m");
-
-        r = cg_pid_get_path(SYSTEMD_CGROUP_CONTROLLER, 0, &cgroup);
-        if (r < 0)
-                return log_error_errno(r, "Failed to get our control group: %m");
-
-        child = strjoina(cgroup, "/payload");
-        r = cg_create_and_attach(SYSTEMD_CGROUP_CONTROLLER, child, pid);
-        if (r < 0)
-                return log_error_errno(r, "Failed to create %s subcgroup: %m", child);
-
-        child = strjoina(cgroup, "/supervisor");
-        r = cg_create_and_attach(SYSTEMD_CGROUP_CONTROLLER, child, 0);
-        if (r < 0)
-                return log_error_errno(r, "Failed to create %s subcgroup: %m", child);
-
-        /* Try to enable as many controllers as possible for the new payload. */
-        (void) cg_enable_everywhere(supported, supported, cgroup);
-        return 0;
-}
-
 static int load_settings(void) {
         _cleanup_(settings_freep) Settings *settings = NULL;
         _cleanup_fclose_ FILE *f = NULL;
@@ -4193,11 +2894,17 @@ static int load_settings(void) {
         }
 
         if ((arg_settings_mask & SETTING_CAPABILITY) == 0) {
+                uint64_t plus;
 
-                if (!arg_settings_trusted && settings->capability != 0)
-                        log_warning("Ignoring Capability= setting, file %s is not trusted.", p);
-                else
-                        arg_retain |= settings->capability;
+                plus = settings->capability;
+                if (settings_private_network(settings))
+                        plus |= (1ULL << CAP_NET_ADMIN);
+
+                if (!arg_settings_trusted && plus != 0) {
+                        if (settings->capability != 0)
+                                log_warning("Ignoring Capability= setting, file %s is not trusted.", p);
+                } else
+                        arg_retain |= plus;
 
                 arg_retain &= ~settings->drop_capability;
         }
@@ -4253,6 +2960,9 @@ static int load_settings(void) {
                 if (!arg_settings_trusted)
                         log_warning("Ignoring network settings, file %s is not trusted.", p);
                 else {
+                        arg_network_veth = settings_private_network(settings);
+                        arg_private_network = settings_private_network(settings);
+
                         strv_free(arg_network_interfaces);
                         arg_network_interfaces = settings->network_interfaces;
                         settings->network_interfaces = NULL;
@@ -4268,10 +2978,6 @@ static int load_settings(void) {
                         free(arg_network_bridge);
                         arg_network_bridge = settings->network_bridge;
                         settings->network_bridge = NULL;
-
-                        arg_network_veth = settings->network_veth > 0 || settings->network_bridge;
-
-                        arg_private_network = true; /* all these settings imply private networking */
                 }
         }
 
@@ -4377,7 +3083,7 @@ int main(int argc, char *argv[]) {
                                 goto finish;
                         }
 
-                        r = btrfs_subvol_snapshot(arg_directory, np, (arg_read_only ? BTRFS_SNAPSHOT_READ_ONLY : 0) | BTRFS_SNAPSHOT_FALLBACK_COPY | BTRFS_SNAPSHOT_RECURSIVE);
+                        r = btrfs_subvol_snapshot(arg_directory, np, (arg_read_only ? BTRFS_SNAPSHOT_READ_ONLY : 0) | BTRFS_SNAPSHOT_FALLBACK_COPY | BTRFS_SNAPSHOT_RECURSIVE | BTRFS_SNAPSHOT_QUOTA);
                         if (r < 0) {
                                 log_error_errno(r, "Failed to create snapshot %s from %s: %m", np, arg_directory);
                                 goto finish;
@@ -4401,7 +3107,7 @@ int main(int argc, char *argv[]) {
                         }
 
                         if (arg_template) {
-                                r = btrfs_subvol_snapshot(arg_template, arg_directory, (arg_read_only ? BTRFS_SNAPSHOT_READ_ONLY : 0) | BTRFS_SNAPSHOT_FALLBACK_COPY | BTRFS_SNAPSHOT_RECURSIVE);
+                                r = btrfs_subvol_snapshot(arg_template, arg_directory, (arg_read_only ? BTRFS_SNAPSHOT_READ_ONLY : 0) | BTRFS_SNAPSHOT_FALLBACK_COPY | BTRFS_SNAPSHOT_RECURSIVE | BTRFS_SNAPSHOT_QUOTA);
                                 if (r == -EEXIST) {
                                         if (!arg_quiet)
                                                 log_info("Directory %s already exists, not populating from template %s.", arg_directory, arg_template);
@@ -4424,10 +3130,9 @@ int main(int argc, char *argv[]) {
                 } else {
                         const char *p;
 
-                        p = strjoina(arg_directory,
-                                       argc > optind && path_is_absolute(argv[optind]) ? argv[optind] : "/usr/bin/");
-                        if (access(p, F_OK) < 0) {
-                                log_error("Directory %s lacks the binary to execute or doesn't look like a binary tree. Refusing.", arg_directory);
+                        p = strjoina(arg_directory, "/usr/");
+                        if (laccess(p, F_OK) < 0) {
+                                log_error("Directory %s doesn't look like it has an OS tree. Refusing.", arg_directory);
                                 r = -EINVAL;
                                 goto finish;
                         }
@@ -4521,7 +3226,7 @@ int main(int argc, char *argv[]) {
                 ContainerStatus container_status;
                 _cleanup_(barrier_destroy) Barrier barrier = BARRIER_NULL;
                 static const struct sigaction sa = {
-                        .sa_handler = nop_handler,
+                        .sa_handler = nop_signal_handler,
                         .sa_flags = SA_NOCLDSTOP,
                 };
                 int ifi = 0;
@@ -4537,23 +3242,23 @@ int main(int argc, char *argv[]) {
                         goto finish;
                 }
 
-                if (socketpair(AF_UNIX, SOCK_DGRAM|SOCK_CLOEXEC, 0, kmsg_socket_pair) < 0) {
+                if (socketpair(AF_UNIX, SOCK_SEQPACKET|SOCK_CLOEXEC, 0, kmsg_socket_pair) < 0) {
                         r = log_error_errno(errno, "Failed to create kmsg socket pair: %m");
                         goto finish;
                 }
 
-                if (socketpair(AF_UNIX, SOCK_DGRAM|SOCK_CLOEXEC, 0, rtnl_socket_pair) < 0) {
+                if (socketpair(AF_UNIX, SOCK_SEQPACKET|SOCK_CLOEXEC, 0, rtnl_socket_pair) < 0) {
                         r = log_error_errno(errno, "Failed to create rtnl socket pair: %m");
                         goto finish;
                 }
 
-                if (socketpair(AF_UNIX, SOCK_DGRAM|SOCK_CLOEXEC, 0, pid_socket_pair) < 0) {
+                if (socketpair(AF_UNIX, SOCK_SEQPACKET|SOCK_CLOEXEC, 0, pid_socket_pair) < 0) {
                         r = log_error_errno(errno, "Failed to create pid socket pair: %m");
                         goto finish;
                 }
 
                 if (arg_userns)
-                        if (socketpair(AF_UNIX, SOCK_DGRAM|SOCK_CLOEXEC, 0, uid_shift_socket_pair) < 0) {
+                        if (socketpair(AF_UNIX, SOCK_SEQPACKET|SOCK_CLOEXEC, 0, uid_shift_socket_pair) < 0) {
                                 r = log_error_errno(errno, "Failed to create uid shift socket pair: %m");
                                 goto finish;
                         }
@@ -4618,12 +3323,12 @@ int main(int argc, char *argv[]) {
 
                 barrier_set_role(&barrier, BARRIER_PARENT);
 
-                fdset_free(fds);
-                fds = NULL;
+                fds = fdset_free(fds);
 
                 kmsg_socket_pair[1] = safe_close(kmsg_socket_pair[1]);
                 rtnl_socket_pair[1] = safe_close(rtnl_socket_pair[1]);
                 pid_socket_pair[1] = safe_close(pid_socket_pair[1]);
+                uid_shift_socket_pair[1] = safe_close(uid_shift_socket_pair[1]);
 
                 /* Wait for the outer child. */
                 r = wait_for_terminate_and_warn("namespace helper", pid, NULL);
@@ -4642,7 +3347,7 @@ int main(int argc, char *argv[]) {
                         goto finish;
                 }
                 if (l != sizeof(pid)) {
-                        log_error("Short read while reading inner child PID: %m");
+                        log_error("Short read while reading inner child PID.");
                         r = EIO;
                         goto finish;
                 }
@@ -4662,7 +3367,7 @@ int main(int argc, char *argv[]) {
                                 goto finish;
                         }
                         if (l != sizeof(arg_uid_shift)) {
-                                log_error("Short read while reading UID shift: %m");
+                                log_error("Short read while reading UID shift.");
                                 r = EIO;
                                 goto finish;
                         }
@@ -4674,39 +3379,64 @@ int main(int argc, char *argv[]) {
                         (void) barrier_place(&barrier); /* #2 */
                 }
 
-                r = move_network_interfaces(pid);
-                if (r < 0)
-                        goto finish;
+                if (arg_private_network) {
 
-                r = setup_veth(pid, veth_name, &ifi);
-                if (r < 0)
-                        goto finish;
+                        r = move_network_interfaces(pid, arg_network_interfaces);
+                        if (r < 0)
+                                goto finish;
 
-                r = setup_bridge(veth_name, &ifi);
-                if (r < 0)
-                        goto finish;
+                        if (arg_network_veth) {
+                                r = setup_veth(arg_machine, pid, veth_name, !!arg_network_bridge);
+                                if (r < 0)
+                                        goto finish;
+                                else if (r > 0)
+                                        ifi = r;
 
-                r = setup_macvlan(pid);
-                if (r < 0)
-                        goto finish;
+                                if (arg_network_bridge) {
+                                        r = setup_bridge(veth_name, arg_network_bridge);
+                                        if (r < 0)
+                                                goto finish;
+                                        if (r > 0)
+                                                ifi = r;
+                                }
+                        }
 
-                r = setup_ipvlan(pid);
-                if (r < 0)
-                        goto finish;
+                        r = setup_macvlan(arg_machine, pid, arg_network_macvlan);
+                        if (r < 0)
+                                goto finish;
 
-                r = register_machine(pid, ifi);
-                if (r < 0)
-                        goto finish;
+                        r = setup_ipvlan(arg_machine, pid, arg_network_ipvlan);
+                        if (r < 0)
+                                goto finish;
+                }
 
-                r = sync_cgroup(pid);
-                if (r < 0)
-                        goto finish;
+                if (arg_register) {
+                        r = register_machine(
+                                        arg_machine,
+                                        pid,
+                                        arg_directory,
+                                        arg_uuid,
+                                        ifi,
+                                        arg_slice,
+                                        arg_custom_mounts, arg_n_custom_mounts,
+                                        arg_kill_signal,
+                                        arg_property,
+                                        arg_keep_unit);
+                        if (r < 0)
+                                goto finish;
+                }
 
-                r = create_subcgroup(pid);
+                r = sync_cgroup(pid, arg_unified_cgroup_hierarchy);
                 if (r < 0)
                         goto finish;
 
-                r = chown_cgroup(pid);
+                if (arg_keep_unit) {
+                        r = create_subcgroup(pid, arg_unified_cgroup_hierarchy);
+                        if (r < 0)
+                                goto finish;
+                }
+
+                r = chown_cgroup(pid, arg_uid_shift);
                 if (r < 0)
                         goto finish;
 
@@ -4728,8 +3458,8 @@ int main(int argc, char *argv[]) {
                 }
 
                 /* Let the child know that we are ready and wait that the child is completely ready now. */
-                if (!barrier_place_and_sync(&barrier)) { /* #5 */
-                        log_error("Client died too early.");
+                if (!barrier_place_and_sync(&barrier)) { /* #4 */
+                        log_error("Child died too early.");
                         r = -ESRCH;
                         goto finish;
                 }
@@ -4759,16 +3489,16 @@ int main(int argc, char *argv[]) {
                 sd_event_add_signal(event, NULL, SIGCHLD, NULL, NULL);
 
                 if (arg_expose_ports) {
-                        r = watch_rtnl(event, rtnl_socket_pair[0], &exposed, &rtnl);
+                        r = expose_port_watch_rtnl(event, rtnl_socket_pair[0], on_address_change, &exposed, &rtnl);
                         if (r < 0)
                                 goto finish;
 
-                        (void) expose_ports(rtnl, &exposed);
+                        (void) expose_port_execute(rtnl, arg_expose_ports, &exposed);
                 }
 
                 rtnl_socket_pair[0] = safe_close(rtnl_socket_pair[0]);
 
-                r = pty_forward_new(event, master, true, !interactive, &forward);
+                r = pty_forward_new(event, master, PTY_FORWARD_IGNORE_VHANGUP | (interactive ? 0 : PTY_FORWARD_READ_ONLY), &forward);
                 if (r < 0) {
                         log_error_errno(r, "Failed to create PTY forwarder: %m");
                         goto finish;
@@ -4788,7 +3518,8 @@ int main(int argc, char *argv[]) {
                         putc('\n', stdout);
 
                 /* Kill if it is not dead yet anyway */
-                terminate_machine(pid);
+                if (arg_register && !arg_keep_unit)
+                        terminate_machine(pid);
 
                 /* Normally redundant, but better safe than sorry */
                 kill(pid, SIGKILL);
@@ -4826,7 +3557,7 @@ int main(int argc, char *argv[]) {
                         break;
                 }
 
-                flush_ports(&exposed);
+                expose_port_flush(arg_expose_ports, &exposed);
         }
 
 finish:
@@ -4839,14 +3570,14 @@ finish:
 
         /* Try to flush whatever is still queued in the pty */
         if (master >= 0)
-                (void) copy_bytes(master, STDOUT_FILENO, (off_t) -1, false);
+                (void) copy_bytes(master, STDOUT_FILENO, (uint64_t) -1, false);
 
         loop_remove(loop_nr, &image_fd);
 
         if (remove_subvol && arg_directory) {
                 int k;
 
-                k = btrfs_subvol_remove(arg_directory, true);
+                k = btrfs_subvol_remove(arg_directory, BTRFS_REMOVE_RECURSIVE|BTRFS_REMOVE_QUOTA);
                 if (k < 0)
                         log_warning_errno(k, "Cannot remove subvolume '%s', ignoring: %m", arg_directory);
         }
@@ -4858,7 +3589,7 @@ finish:
                 (void) rm_rf(p, REMOVE_ROOT);
         }
 
-        flush_ports(&exposed);
+        expose_port_flush(arg_expose_ports, &exposed);
 
         free(arg_directory);
         free(arg_template);