X-Git-Url: http://git.ipfire.org/?a=blobdiff_plain;f=man1%2Fintro.1;h=63fcf5dea91e86003d69a48064d163441e9b969a;hb=442456d9317073ee862742d00fb5fa38bf2b7a97;hp=1abdc44608c90384f6e285d2e64ec919ad7a7d3c;hpb=4ca1679e525dae4e1b64c4ce941ebe2ee49ce4b1;p=thirdparty%2Fman-pages.git diff --git a/man1/intro.1 b/man1/intro.1 index 1abdc44608..63fcf5dea9 100644 --- a/man1/intro.1 +++ b/man1/intro.1 @@ -22,34 +22,18 @@ .\" the source, must acknowledge the copyright and authors of this work. .\" %%%LICENSE_END .\" -.\" 2007-10-23 mtk Added intro paragraph about section, plus a paragraph -.\" about exit status values. -.\" -.TH INTRO 1 2007-11-15 "Linux" "Linux User's Manual" +.TH INTRO 1 2015-07-23 "Linux" "Linux User's Manual" .SH NAME intro \- introduction to user commands .SH DESCRIPTION Section 1 of the manual describes user commands and tools, for example, file manipulation tools, shells, compilers, web browsers, file and image viewers and editors, and so on. - -All commands yield a status value on termination. -This value can be tested (e.g., in most shells the variable -.I $? -contains the status of the last executed command) -to see whether the command completed successfully. -A zero exit status is conventionally used to indicate success, -and a nonzero status means that the command was unsuccessful. -(Details of the exit status can be found in -.BR wait (2).) -A nonzero exit status can be in the range 1 to 255, and some commands -use different nonzero status values to indicate the reason why the -command failed. .SH NOTES Linux is a flavor of UNIX, and as a first approximation all user commands under UNIX work precisely the same under Linux (and FreeBSD and lots of other UNIX-like systems). -.LP +.PP Under Linux, there are GUIs (graphical user interfaces), where you can point and click and drag, and hopefully get work done without first reading lots of documentation. @@ -60,12 +44,10 @@ That is faster and more powerful, but requires finding out what the commands are. Below a bare minimum, to get started. .SS Login -In order to start working, you probably first have to login, -that is, give your username and password. -See also -.BR login (1). +In order to start working, you probably first have to open a session by +giving your username and password. The program -.I login +.BR login (1) now starts a .I shell (command interpreter) for you. @@ -79,20 +61,22 @@ One types commands to the the command interpreter. It is not built-in, but is just a program and you can change your shell. -Everybody has her own favorite one. +Everybody has their own favorite one. The standard one is called .IR sh . See also .BR ash (1), .BR bash (1), +.BR chsh (1), .BR csh (1), -.BR zsh (1), -.BR chsh (1). -.LP -A session might go like - -.RS -.nf +.BR dash (1), +.BR ksh (1), +.BR zsh (1). +.PP +A session might go like: +.PP +.in +4n +.EX .RB "knuth login: " aeb .RB "Password: " ******** .RB "$ " date @@ -132,9 +116,11 @@ drwxr\-xr\-x 2 aeb 1024 Aug 6 23:51 bin .RB "$ " "grep maja tel2" maja 0501\-1136285 $ -.fi -.RE -and here typing Control-D ended the session. +.EE +.in +.PP +Here typing Control-D ended the session. +.PP The .B $ here was the command prompt\(emit is the shell's way of indicating @@ -144,13 +130,13 @@ in lots of ways, and one might include stuff like username, machine name, current directory, time, and so on. An assignment PS1="What next, master? " would change the prompt as indicated. -.LP +.PP We see that there are commands .I date (that gives date and time), and .I cal (that gives a calendar). -.LP +.PP The command .I ls lists the contents of the current directory\(emit tells you what @@ -166,32 +152,36 @@ Owner and permissions can be changed by the commands .I chown and .IR chmod . -.LP +.PP The command .I cat will show the contents of a file. (The name is from "concatenate and print": all files given as -parameters are concatenated and sent to "standard output", here +parameters are concatenated and sent to "standard output" +(see +.BR stdout (3)), +here the terminal screen.) -.LP +.PP The command .I cp (from "copy") will copy a file. -On the other hand, the command +.PP +The command .I mv -(from "move") only renames it. -.LP +(from "move"), on the other hand, only renames it. +.PP The command .I diff lists the differences between two files. Here there was no output because there were no differences. -.LP +.PP The command .I rm (from "remove") deletes the file, and be careful! it is gone. No wastepaper basket or anything. Deleted means lost. -.LP +.PP The command .I grep (from "g/re/p") finds occurrences of a string in one or more files. @@ -211,28 +201,35 @@ only the last component. That is why .I /home/aeb/tel can be abbreviated -to +to .I tel when the current directory is .IR /home/aeb . -.LP +.PP The command .I pwd prints the current directory. -.LP +.PP The command .I cd changes the current directory. -Try "cd /" and "pwd" and "cd" and "pwd". +.PP +Try alternatively +.I cd +and +.I pwd +commands and explore +.I cd +usage: "cd", "cd .", "cd ..", "cd /" and "cd ~". .SS Directories The command .I mkdir makes a new directory. -.LP +.PP The command .I rmdir removes a directory if it is empty, and complains otherwise. -.LP +.PP The command .I find (with a rather baroque syntax) will find files with given name @@ -289,7 +286,7 @@ sends the text through some usually .IR less . Hit the space bar to get the next page, hit q to quit. -.LP +.PP In documentation it is customary to refer to man pages by giving the name and section number, as in .BR man (1). @@ -297,12 +294,12 @@ Man pages are terse, and allow you to find quickly some forgotten detail. For newcomers an introductory text with more examples and explanations is useful. -.LP +.PP A lot of GNU/FSF software is provided with info files. Type "info info" for an introduction on the use of the program .IR info . -.LP +.PP Special topics are often treated in HOWTOs. Look in .I /usr/share/doc/howto/en @@ -311,15 +308,18 @@ and use a browser if you find HTML files there. .\" Actual examples? Separate section for each of cat, cp, ...? .\" gzip, bzip2, tar, rpm .SH SEE ALSO -.BR ash (1), +.BR ash (1), .BR bash (1), .BR chsh (1), -.BR csh (1), -.BR locate (1), +.BR csh (1), +.BR dash (1), +.BR ksh (1), +.BR locate (1), .BR login (1), .BR man (1), .BR xterm (1), -.BR zsh(1), +.BR zsh (1), .BR wait (2), +.BR stdout (3), .BR man-pages (7), .BR standards (7)