X-Git-Url: http://git.ipfire.org/?a=blobdiff_plain;f=man1%2Fintro.1;h=63fcf5dea91e86003d69a48064d163441e9b969a;hb=442456d9317073ee862742d00fb5fa38bf2b7a97;hp=c507b1c6c1405d058b853ee296cd4f823eea2448;hpb=33ce7fd61b52d09b67fbc340158987fa0b0b0232;p=thirdparty%2Fman-pages.git diff --git a/man1/intro.1 b/man1/intro.1 index c507b1c6c1..63fcf5dea9 100644 --- a/man1/intro.1 +++ b/man1/intro.1 @@ -22,34 +22,18 @@ .\" the source, must acknowledge the copyright and authors of this work. .\" %%%LICENSE_END .\" -.\" 2007-10-23 mtk Added intro paragraph about section, plus a paragraph -.\" about exit status values. -.\" -.TH INTRO 1 2015-03-29 "Linux" "Linux User's Manual" +.TH INTRO 1 2015-07-23 "Linux" "Linux User's Manual" .SH NAME intro \- introduction to user commands .SH DESCRIPTION Section 1 of the manual describes user commands and tools, for example, file manipulation tools, shells, compilers, web browsers, file and image viewers and editors, and so on. - -All commands yield a status value on termination. -This value can be tested (e.g., in most shells the variable -.I $? -contains the status of the last executed command) -to see whether the command completed successfully. -A zero exit status is conventionally used to indicate success, -and a nonzero status means that the command was unsuccessful. -(Details of the exit status can be found in -.BR wait (2).) -A nonzero exit status can be in the range 1 to 255, and some commands -use different nonzero status values to indicate the reason why the -command failed. .SH NOTES Linux is a flavor of UNIX, and as a first approximation all user commands under UNIX work precisely the same under Linux (and FreeBSD and lots of other UNIX-like systems). -.LP +.PP Under Linux, there are GUIs (graphical user interfaces), where you can point and click and drag, and hopefully get work done without first reading lots of documentation. @@ -77,7 +61,7 @@ One types commands to the the command interpreter. It is not built-in, but is just a program and you can change your shell. -Everybody has her own favorite one. +Everybody has their own favorite one. The standard one is called .IR sh . See also @@ -88,11 +72,11 @@ See also .BR dash (1), .BR ksh (1), .BR zsh (1). -.LP +.PP A session might go like: -.LP -.RS -.nf +.PP +.in +4n +.EX .RB "knuth login: " aeb .RB "Password: " ******** .RB "$ " date @@ -132,11 +116,11 @@ drwxr\-xr\-x 2 aeb 1024 Aug 6 23:51 bin .RB "$ " "grep maja tel2" maja 0501\-1136285 $ -.fi -.RE -.LP +.EE +.in +.PP Here typing Control-D ended the session. -.LP +.PP The .B $ here was the command prompt\(emit is the shell's way of indicating @@ -146,13 +130,13 @@ in lots of ways, and one might include stuff like username, machine name, current directory, time, and so on. An assignment PS1="What next, master? " would change the prompt as indicated. -.LP +.PP We see that there are commands .I date (that gives date and time), and .I cal (that gives a calendar). -.LP +.PP The command .I ls lists the contents of the current directory\(emit tells you what @@ -168,7 +152,7 @@ Owner and permissions can be changed by the commands .I chown and .IR chmod . -.LP +.PP The command .I cat will show the contents of a file. @@ -178,26 +162,26 @@ parameters are concatenated and sent to "standard output" .BR stdout (3)), here the terminal screen.) -.LP +.PP The command .I cp (from "copy") will copy a file. -.LP +.PP The command .I mv (from "move"), on the other hand, only renames it. -.LP +.PP The command .I diff lists the differences between two files. Here there was no output because there were no differences. -.LP +.PP The command .I rm (from "remove") deletes the file, and be careful! it is gone. No wastepaper basket or anything. Deleted means lost. -.LP +.PP The command .I grep (from "g/re/p") finds occurrences of a string in one or more files. @@ -221,15 +205,15 @@ to .I tel when the current directory is .IR /home/aeb . -.LP +.PP The command .I pwd prints the current directory. -.LP +.PP The command .I cd changes the current directory. -.LP +.PP Try alternatively .I cd and @@ -241,11 +225,11 @@ usage: "cd", "cd .", "cd ..", "cd /" and "cd ~". The command .I mkdir makes a new directory. -.LP +.PP The command .I rmdir removes a directory if it is empty, and complains otherwise. -.LP +.PP The command .I find (with a rather baroque syntax) will find files with given name @@ -302,7 +286,7 @@ sends the text through some usually .IR less . Hit the space bar to get the next page, hit q to quit. -.LP +.PP In documentation it is customary to refer to man pages by giving the name and section number, as in .BR man (1). @@ -310,12 +294,12 @@ Man pages are terse, and allow you to find quickly some forgotten detail. For newcomers an introductory text with more examples and explanations is useful. -.LP +.PP A lot of GNU/FSF software is provided with info files. Type "info info" for an introduction on the use of the program .IR info . -.LP +.PP Special topics are often treated in HOWTOs. Look in .I /usr/share/doc/howto/en