c++: Add __reference_con{struc,ver}ts_from_temporary [PR104477]

c++: Add __reference_con{struc,ver}ts_from_temporary [PR104477]

This patch implements C++23 P2255R2, which adds two new type traits to
detect reference binding to a temporary.  They can be used to detect code
like

  std::tuple<const std::string&> t("meow");

which is incorrect because it always creates a dangling reference, because
the std::string temporary is created inside the selected constructor of
std::tuple, and not outside it.

There are two new compiler builtins, __reference_constructs_from_temporary
and __reference_converts_from_temporary.  The former is used to simulate
direct- and the latter copy-initialization context.  But I had a hard time
finding a test where there's actually a difference.  Under DR 2267, both
of these are invalid:

  struct A { } a;
  struct B { explicit B(const A&); };
  const B &b1{a};
  const B &b2(a);

so I had to peruse [over.match.ref], and eventually realized that the
difference can be seen here:

  struct G {
    operator int(); // #1
    explicit operator int&&(); // #2
  };

int&& r1(G{}); // use #2 (no temporary)
int&& r2 = G{}; // use #1 (a temporary is created to be bound to int&&)

The implementation itself was rather straightforward because we already
have the conv_binds_ref_to_prvalue function.  The main function here is
ref_xes_from_temporary.
I've changed the return type of ref_conv_binds_directly to tristate, because
previously the function didn't distinguish between an invalid conversion and
one that binds to a prvalue.  Since it no longer returns a bool, I removed
the _p suffix.

The patch also adds the relevant class and variable templates to <type_traits>.

	PR c++/104477

gcc/c-family/ChangeLog:

	* c-common.cc (c_common_reswords): Add
	__reference_constructs_from_temporary and
	__reference_converts_from_temporary.
	* c-common.h (enum rid): Add RID_REF_CONSTRUCTS_FROM_TEMPORARY and
	RID_REF_CONVERTS_FROM_TEMPORARY.

gcc/cp/ChangeLog:

	* call.cc (ref_conv_binds_directly_p): Rename to ...
	(ref_conv_binds_directly): ... this.  Add a new bool parameter.  Change
	the return type to tristate.
	* constraint.cc (diagnose_trait_expr): Handle
	CPTK_REF_CONSTRUCTS_FROM_TEMPORARY and CPTK_REF_CONVERTS_FROM_TEMPORARY.
	* cp-tree.h: Include "tristate.h".
	(enum cp_trait_kind): Add CPTK_REF_CONSTRUCTS_FROM_TEMPORARY
	and CPTK_REF_CONVERTS_FROM_TEMPORARY.
	(ref_conv_binds_directly_p): Rename to ...
	(ref_conv_binds_directly): ... this.
	(ref_xes_from_temporary): Declare.
	* cxx-pretty-print.cc (pp_cxx_trait_expression): Handle
	CPTK_REF_CONSTRUCTS_FROM_TEMPORARY and CPTK_REF_CONVERTS_FROM_TEMPORARY.
	* method.cc (ref_xes_from_temporary): New.
	* parser.cc (cp_parser_primary_expression): Handle
	RID_REF_CONSTRUCTS_FROM_TEMPORARY and RID_REF_CONVERTS_FROM_TEMPORARY.
	(cp_parser_trait_expr): Likewise.
	(warn_for_range_copy): Adjust to call ref_conv_binds_directly.
	* semantics.cc (trait_expr_value): Handle
	CPTK_REF_CONSTRUCTS_FROM_TEMPORARY and CPTK_REF_CONVERTS_FROM_TEMPORARY.
	(finish_trait_expr): Likewise.

libstdc++-v3/ChangeLog:

	* include/std/type_traits (reference_constructs_from_temporary,
	reference_converts_from_temporary): New class templates.
	(reference_constructs_from_temporary_v,
	reference_converts_from_temporary_v): New variable templates.
	(__cpp_lib_reference_from_temporary): Define for C++23.
	* include/std/version (__cpp_lib_reference_from_temporary): Define for
	C++23.
	* testsuite/20_util/variable_templates_for_traits.cc: Test
	reference_constructs_from_temporary_v and
	reference_converts_from_temporary_v.
	* testsuite/20_util/reference_from_temporary/value.cc: New test.
	* testsuite/20_util/reference_from_temporary/value2.cc: New test.
	* testsuite/20_util/reference_from_temporary/version.cc: New test.

gcc/testsuite/ChangeLog:

	* g++.dg/ext/reference_constructs_from_temporary1.C: New test.
	* g++.dg/ext/reference_converts_from_temporary1.C: New test.