CORE: query for operations only once per provider (unless no_store is true)

CORE: query for operations only once per provider (unless no_store is true)

When a desired algorithm wasn't available, we didn't register anywhere
that an attempt had been made, with the result that next time the same
attempt was made, the whole process would be done again.

To avoid this churn, we register a bit for each operation that has
been queried in the libcrypto provider object, and test it before
trying the same query and method construction loop again.

If course, if the provider has told us not to cache, we don't register
this bit.

Fixes #11814

Reviewed-by: Matt Caswell <matt@openssl.org>
(Merged from https://github.com/openssl/openssl/pull/11842)