libctf: adapt core dictops for v4 and prefix types

libctf: adapt core dictops for v4 and prefix types

The heart of libctf's reading code is the ctf_dictops_t and the functions it
provides for reading various things no matter what the CTF version in use:
these are called via LCTF_*() macros that translate into calls into the
dictops.

The introduction of prefix types in v4 requires changes here: in particular,
we want the ability to get the type kind of whatever ctf_type_t we are
looking at (the 'unprefixed' kind), as well as the ability to get the type
kind taking prefixes into account: and more generally we want the ability
to both look at a given prefix and look at the type as a whole.  So several
ctf_dictops_t entries are added for this (ctfo_get_prefixed_kind,
ctfo_get_prefixed_vlen).

This means API changes (no callers yet adjusted, it'll happen as we go),
because the existing macros were mostly called with e.g. a ctt_info value
and returned a type kind, while now we need to be called with the actual
ctf_type_t itself, so we can possibly walk beyond it to find the real type
record.  ctfo_get_vbytes needs adjusting for this.

We also add names to most of the ctf_type_t parameters, because suddenly we
can have up to three of them: one relating to the first entry in the type
record (which may be a prefix, usually called 'prefix'), one relating to the
true type record (which may be a suffix, so usually called 'suffix'), and
one possibly relating to some intermediate record if we have multiple
prefixes (usually called 'tp').

There is one horrible special case in here: the vlen of the new
CTF_K_FUNC_LINKAGE kind (equivalent to BTF_KIND_FUNC) is always zero: it
reuses the vlen field to encode the linkage (!).  BTF is rife with ugly
hacks like this.