b\bba\bas\bsh\bh [options] [command_string | file]
C\bCO\bOP\bPY\bYR\bRI\bIG\bGH\bHT\bT
- Bash is Copyright (C) 1989-2024 by the Free Software Foundation, Inc.
+ Bash is Copyright (C) 1989-2025 by the Free Software Foundation, Inc.
D\bDE\bES\bSC\bCR\bRI\bIP\bPT\bTI\bIO\bON\bN
- B\bBa\bas\bsh\bh is an s\bsh\bh-compatible command language interpreter that executes
- commands read from the standard input, from a string, or from a file.
- B\bBa\bas\bsh\bh also incorporates useful features from the _\bK_\bo_\br_\bn and _\bC shells (k\bks\bsh\bh
- and c\bcs\bsh\bh).
-
- POSIX is the name for a family of computing standards based on Unix.
- B\bBa\bas\bsh\bh is intended to be a conformant implementation of the Shell and
- Utilities portion of the IEEE POSIX specification (IEEE Standard
- 1003.1). B\bBa\bas\bsh\bh can be configured to be POSIX-conformant by default.
+ B\bBa\bas\bsh\bh is a command language interpreter that executes commands read from
+ the standard input, from a string, or from a file. It is a reimplemen-
+ tation and extension of the Bourne shell, the historical Unix command
+ language interpreter. B\bBa\bas\bsh\bh also incorporates useful features from the
+ _\bK_\bo_\br_\bn and _\bC shells (k\bks\bsh\bh and c\bcs\bsh\bh).
+
+ POSIX is the name for a family of computing standards based on Unix.
+ B\bBa\bas\bsh\bh is intended to be a conformant implementation of the Shell and
+ Utilities portion of the IEEE POSIX specification (IEEE Standard
+ 1003.1). B\bBa\bas\bsh\bh POSIX mode (hereafter referred to as _\bp_\bo_\bs_\bi_\bx _\bm_\bo_\bd_\be) changes
+ the shell's behavior where its default operation differs from the stan-
+ dard to strictly conform to the standard. See S\bSE\bEE\bE A\bAL\bLS\bSO\bO below for a
+ reference to a document that details how posix mode affects b\bba\bas\bsh\bh's be-
+ havior. B\bBa\bas\bsh\bh can be configured to be POSIX-conformant by default.
O\bOP\bPT\bTI\bIO\bON\bNS\bS
All of the single-character shell options documented in the description
- of the s\bse\bet\bt builtin command, including -\b-o\bo, can be used as options when
- the shell is invoked. In addition, b\bba\bas\bsh\bh interprets the following op-
+ of the s\bse\bet\bt builtin command, including -\b-o\bo, can be used as options when
+ the shell is invoked. In addition, b\bba\bas\bsh\bh interprets the following op-
tions when it is invoked:
- -\b-c\bc If the -\b-c\bc option is present, then commands are read from the
+ -\b-c\bc If the -\b-c\bc option is present, then commands are read from the
first non-option argument _\bc_\bo_\bm_\bm_\ba_\bn_\bd_\b__\bs_\bt_\br_\bi_\bn_\bg. If there are argu-
- ments after the _\bc_\bo_\bm_\bm_\ba_\bn_\bd_\b__\bs_\bt_\br_\bi_\bn_\bg, the first argument is as-
- signed to $\b$0\b0 and any remaining arguments are assigned to the
+ ments after the _\bc_\bo_\bm_\bm_\ba_\bn_\bd_\b__\bs_\bt_\br_\bi_\bn_\bg, the first argument is as-
+ signed to $\b$0\b0 and any remaining arguments are assigned to the
positional parameters. The assignment to $\b$0\b0 sets the name of
the shell, which is used in warning and error messages.
-\b-l\bl Make b\bba\bas\bsh\bh act as if it had been invoked as a login shell (see
I\bIN\bNV\bVO\bOC\bCA\bAT\bTI\bIO\bON\bN below).
- -\b-r\br If the -\b-r\br option is present, the shell becomes _\br_\be_\bs_\bt_\br_\bi_\bc_\bt_\be_\bd
+ -\b-r\br If the -\b-r\br option is present, the shell becomes _\br_\be_\bs_\bt_\br_\bi_\bc_\bt_\be_\bd
(see R\bRE\bES\bST\bTR\bRI\bIC\bCT\bTE\bED\bD S\bSH\bHE\bEL\bLL\bL below).
- -\b-s\bs If the -\b-s\bs option is present, or if no arguments remain after
+ -\b-s\bs If the -\b-s\bs option is present, or if no arguments remain after
option processing, the shell reads commands from the standard
- input. This option allows the positional parameters to be
- set when invoking an interactive shell or when reading input
+ input. This option allows the positional parameters to be
+ set when invoking an interactive shell or when reading input
through a pipe.
- -\b-D\bD Print a list of all double-quoted strings preceded by $\b$ on
- the standard output. These are the strings that are subject
- to language translation when the current locale is not C\bC or
- P\bPO\bOS\bSI\bIX\bX. This implies the -\b-n\bn option; no commands will be exe-
+ -\b-D\bD Print a list of all double-quoted strings preceded by $\b$ on
+ the standard output. These are the strings that are subject
+ to language translation when the current locale is not C\bC or
+ P\bPO\bOS\bSI\bIX\bX. This implies the -\b-n\bn option; no commands will be exe-
cuted.
[\b[-\b-+\b+]\b]O\bO [\b[_\bs_\bh_\bo_\bp_\bt_\b__\bo_\bp_\bt_\bi_\bo_\bn]\b]
- _\bs_\bh_\bo_\bp_\bt_\b__\bo_\bp_\bt_\bi_\bo_\bn is one of the shell options accepted by the
- s\bsh\bho\bop\bpt\bt builtin (see S\bSH\bHE\bEL\bLL\bL B\bBU\bUI\bIL\bLT\bTI\bIN\bN C\bCO\bOM\bMM\bMA\bAN\bND\bDS\bS below). If
+ _\bs_\bh_\bo_\bp_\bt_\b__\bo_\bp_\bt_\bi_\bo_\bn is one of the shell options accepted by the
+ s\bsh\bho\bop\bpt\bt builtin (see S\bSH\bHE\bEL\bLL\bL B\bBU\bUI\bIL\bLT\bTI\bIN\bN C\bCO\bOM\bMM\bMA\bAN\bND\bDS\bS below). If
_\bs_\bh_\bo_\bp_\bt_\b__\bo_\bp_\bt_\bi_\bo_\bn is present, -\b-O\bO sets the value of that option; +\b+O\bO
- unsets it. If _\bs_\bh_\bo_\bp_\bt_\b__\bo_\bp_\bt_\bi_\bo_\bn is not supplied, b\bba\bas\bsh\bh prints the
- names and values of the shell options accepted by s\bsh\bho\bop\bpt\bt on
- the standard output. If the invocation option is +\b+O\bO, the
+ unsets it. If _\bs_\bh_\bo_\bp_\bt_\b__\bo_\bp_\bt_\bi_\bo_\bn is not supplied, b\bba\bas\bsh\bh prints the
+ names and values of the shell options accepted by s\bsh\bho\bop\bpt\bt on
+ the standard output. If the invocation option is +\b+O\bO, the
output is displayed in a format that may be reused as input.
- -\b--\b- A -\b--\b- signals the end of options and disables further option
- processing. Any arguments after the -\b--\b- are treated as a
- shell script filename (see below) and arguments passed to
+ -\b--\b- A -\b--\b- signals the end of options and disables further option
+ processing. Any arguments after the -\b--\b- are treated as a
+ shell script filename (see below) and arguments passed to
that script. An argument of -\b- is equivalent to -\b--\b-.
- B\bBa\bas\bsh\bh also interprets a number of multi-character options. These op-
- tions must appear on the command line before the single-character op-
+ B\bBa\bas\bsh\bh also interprets a number of multi-character options. These op-
+ tions must appear on the command line before the single-character op-
tions to be recognized.
-\b--\b-d\bde\beb\bbu\bug\bgg\bge\ber\br
Arrange for the debugger profile to be executed before the shell
- starts. Turns on extended debugging mode (see the description
+ starts. Turns on extended debugging mode (see the description
of the e\bex\bxt\btd\bde\beb\bbu\bug\bg option to the s\bsh\bho\bop\bpt\bt builtin below).
-\b--\b-d\bdu\bum\bmp\bp-\b-p\bpo\bo-\b-s\bst\btr\bri\bin\bng\bgs\bs
- Equivalent to -\b-D\bD, but the output is in the GNU _\bg_\be_\bt_\bt_\be_\bx_\bt "po"
+ Equivalent to -\b-D\bD, but the output is in the GNU _\bg_\be_\bt_\bt_\be_\bx_\bt "po"
(portable object) file format.
-\b--\b-d\bdu\bum\bmp\bp-\b-s\bst\btr\bri\bin\bng\bgs\bs
Equivalent to -\b-D\bD.
- -\b--\b-h\bhe\bel\blp\bp Display a usage message on standard output and exit success-
+ -\b--\b-h\bhe\bel\blp\bp Display a usage message on standard output and exit success-
fully.
-\b--\b-i\bin\bni\bit\bt-\b-f\bfi\bil\ble\be _\bf_\bi_\bl_\be
-\b--\b-r\brc\bcf\bfi\bil\ble\be _\bf_\bi_\bl_\be
Execute commands from _\bf_\bi_\bl_\be instead of the standard personal ini-
- tialization file _\b~_\b/_\b._\bb_\ba_\bs_\bh_\br_\bc if the shell is interactive (see I\bIN\bN-\b-
+ tialization file _\b~_\b/_\b._\bb_\ba_\bs_\bh_\br_\bc if the shell is interactive (see I\bIN\bN-\b-
V\bVO\bOC\bCA\bAT\bTI\bIO\bON\bN below).
-\b--\b-l\blo\bog\bgi\bin\bn
Equivalent to -\b-l\bl.
-\b--\b-n\bno\boe\bed\bdi\bit\bti\bin\bng\bg
- Do not use the GNU r\bre\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be library to read command lines when
+ Do not use the GNU r\bre\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be library to read command lines when
the shell is interactive.
-\b--\b-n\bno\bop\bpr\bro\bof\bfi\bil\ble\be
- Do not read either the system-wide startup file _\b/_\be_\bt_\bc_\b/_\bp_\br_\bo_\bf_\bi_\bl_\be or
- any of the personal initialization files _\b~_\b/_\b._\bb_\ba_\bs_\bh_\b__\bp_\br_\bo_\bf_\bi_\bl_\be,
- _\b~_\b/_\b._\bb_\ba_\bs_\bh_\b__\bl_\bo_\bg_\bi_\bn, or _\b~_\b/_\b._\bp_\br_\bo_\bf_\bi_\bl_\be. By default, b\bba\bas\bsh\bh reads these
- files when it is invoked as a login shell (see I\bIN\bNV\bVO\bOC\bCA\bAT\bTI\bIO\bON\bN be-
+ Do not read either the system-wide startup file _\b/_\be_\bt_\bc_\b/_\bp_\br_\bo_\bf_\bi_\bl_\be or
+ any of the personal initialization files _\b~_\b/_\b._\bb_\ba_\bs_\bh_\b__\bp_\br_\bo_\bf_\bi_\bl_\be,
+ _\b~_\b/_\b._\bb_\ba_\bs_\bh_\b__\bl_\bo_\bg_\bi_\bn, or _\b~_\b/_\b._\bp_\br_\bo_\bf_\bi_\bl_\be. By default, b\bba\bas\bsh\bh reads these
+ files when it is invoked as a login shell (see I\bIN\bNV\bVO\bOC\bCA\bAT\bTI\bIO\bON\bN be-
low).
-\b--\b-n\bno\bor\brc\bc Do not read and execute the personal initialization file
fault if the shell is invoked as s\bsh\bh.
-\b--\b-p\bpo\bos\bsi\bix\bx
- Change the behavior of b\bba\bas\bsh\bh where the default operation differs
- from the POSIX standard to match the standard (_\bp_\bo_\bs_\bi_\bx _\bm_\bo_\bd_\be). See
- S\bSE\bEE\bE A\bAL\bLS\bSO\bO below for a reference to a document that details how
- posix mode affects B\bBa\bas\bsh\bh's behavior.
+ Enable posix mode; change the behavior of b\bba\bas\bsh\bh where the default
+ operation differs from the POSIX standard to match the standard.
-\b--\b-r\bre\bes\bst\btr\bri\bic\bct\bte\bed\bd
The shell becomes restricted (see R\bRE\bES\bST\bTR\bRI\bIC\bCT\bTE\bED\bD S\bSH\bHE\bEL\bLL\bL below).
Equivalent to -\b-v\bv.
-\b--\b-v\bve\ber\brs\bsi\bio\bon\bn
- Show version information for this instance of b\bba\bas\bsh\bh on the stan-
+ Show version information for this instance of b\bba\bas\bsh\bh on the stan-
dard output and exit successfully.
A\bAR\bRG\bGU\bUM\bME\bEN\bNT\bTS\bS
If arguments remain after option processing, and neither the -\b-c\bc nor the
- -\b-s\bs option has been supplied, the first argument is assumed to be the
- name of a file containing shell commands (a _\bs_\bh_\be_\bl_\bl _\bs_\bc_\br_\bi_\bp_\bt). If b\bba\bas\bsh\bh is
- invoked in this fashion, $\b$0\b0 is set to the name of the file, and the po-
- sitional parameters are set to the remaining arguments. B\bBa\bas\bsh\bh reads and
- executes commands from this file, then exits. B\bBa\bas\bsh\bh's exit status is
+ -\b-s\bs option has been supplied, the first argument is treated as the name
+ of a file containing shell commands (a _\bs_\bh_\be_\bl_\bl _\bs_\bc_\br_\bi_\bp_\bt). When b\bba\bas\bsh\bh is in-
+ voked in this fashion, $\b$0\b0 is set to the name of the file, and the posi-
+ tional parameters are set to the remaining arguments. B\bBa\bas\bsh\bh reads and
+ executes commands from this file, then exits. B\bBa\bas\bsh\bh's exit status is
the exit status of the last command executed in the script. If no com-
- mands are executed, the exit status is 0. Bash first attempts to open
- the file in the current directory, and, if no file is found, then
- searches the directories in P\bPA\bAT\bTH\bH for the script.
+ mands are executed, the exit status is 0. B\bBa\bas\bsh\bh first attempts to open
+ the file in the current directory, and, if no file is found, searches
+ the directories in P\bPA\bAT\bTH\bH for the script.
I\bIN\bNV\bVO\bOC\bCA\bAT\bTI\bIO\bON\bN
- A _\bl_\bo_\bg_\bi_\bn _\bs_\bh_\be_\bl_\bl is one whose first character of argument zero is a -\b-, or
+ A _\bl_\bo_\bg_\bi_\bn _\bs_\bh_\be_\bl_\bl is one whose first character of argument zero is a -\b-, or
one started with the -\b--\b-l\blo\bog\bgi\bin\bn option.
- An _\bi_\bn_\bt_\be_\br_\ba_\bc_\bt_\bi_\bv_\be shell is one started without non-option arguments (un-
- less -\b-s\bs is specified) and without the -\b-c\bc option, whose standard input
- and standard error are both connected to terminals (as determined by
- _\bi_\bs_\ba_\bt_\bt_\by(3)), or one started with the -\b-i\bi option. B\bBa\bas\bsh\bh sets P\bPS\bS1\b1 and $\b$-\b-
- includes i\bi if the shell is interactive, so a shell script or a startup
+ An _\bi_\bn_\bt_\be_\br_\ba_\bc_\bt_\bi_\bv_\be _\bs_\bh_\be_\bl_\bl is one started without non-option arguments (un-
+ less -\b-s\bs is specified) and without the -\b-c\bc option, and whose standard in-
+ put and standard error are both connected to terminals (as determined
+ by _\bi_\bs_\ba_\bt_\bt_\by(3)), or one started with the -\b-i\bi option. B\bBa\bas\bsh\bh sets P\bPS\bS1\b1 and $\b$-\b-
+ includes i\bi if the shell is interactive, so a shell script or a startup
file can test this state.
- The following paragraphs describe how b\bba\bas\bsh\bh executes its startup files.
- If any of the files exist but cannot be read, b\bba\bas\bsh\bh reports an error.
- Tildes are expanded in filenames as described below under T\bTi\bil\bld\bde\be E\bEx\bxp\bpa\ban\bn-\b-
+ The following paragraphs describe how b\bba\bas\bsh\bh executes its startup files.
+ If any of the files exist but cannot be read, b\bba\bas\bsh\bh reports an error.
+ Tildes are expanded in filenames as described below under T\bTi\bil\bld\bde\be E\bEx\bxp\bpa\ban\bn-\b-
s\bsi\bio\bon\bn in the E\bEX\bXP\bPA\bAN\bNS\bSI\bIO\bON\bN section.
- When b\bba\bas\bsh\bh is invoked as an interactive login shell, or as a non-inter-
- active shell with the -\b--\b-l\blo\bog\bgi\bin\bn option, it first reads and executes com-
- mands from the file _\b/_\be_\bt_\bc_\b/_\bp_\br_\bo_\bf_\bi_\bl_\be, if that file exists. After reading
+ When b\bba\bas\bsh\bh is invoked as an interactive login shell, or as a non-inter-
+ active shell with the -\b--\b-l\blo\bog\bgi\bin\bn option, it first reads and executes com-
+ mands from the file _\b/_\be_\bt_\bc_\b/_\bp_\br_\bo_\bf_\bi_\bl_\be, if that file exists. After reading
that file, it looks for _\b~_\b/_\b._\bb_\ba_\bs_\bh_\b__\bp_\br_\bo_\bf_\bi_\bl_\be, _\b~_\b/_\b._\bb_\ba_\bs_\bh_\b__\bl_\bo_\bg_\bi_\bn, and _\b~_\b/_\b._\bp_\br_\bo_\bf_\bi_\bl_\be,
- in that order, and reads and executes commands from the first one that
- exists and is readable. The -\b--\b-n\bno\bop\bpr\bro\bof\bfi\bil\ble\be option may be used when the
+ in that order, and reads and executes commands from the first one that
+ exists and is readable. The -\b--\b-n\bno\bop\bpr\bro\bof\bfi\bil\ble\be option may be used when the
shell is started to inhibit this behavior.
When an interactive login shell exits, or a non-interactive login shell
- executes the e\bex\bxi\bit\bt builtin command, b\bba\bas\bsh\bh reads and executes commands
+ executes the e\bex\bxi\bit\bt builtin command, b\bba\bas\bsh\bh reads and executes commands
from the file _\b~_\b/_\b._\bb_\ba_\bs_\bh_\b__\bl_\bo_\bg_\bo_\bu_\bt, if it exists.
- When an interactive shell that is not a login shell is started, b\bba\bas\bsh\bh
- reads and executes commands from _\b~_\b/_\b._\bb_\ba_\bs_\bh_\br_\bc, if that file exists. The
- -\b--\b-n\bno\bor\brc\bc option inhibits this behavior. The -\b--\b-r\brc\bcf\bfi\bil\ble\be _\bf_\bi_\bl_\be option causes
+ When an interactive shell that is not a login shell is started, b\bba\bas\bsh\bh
+ reads and executes commands from _\b~_\b/_\b._\bb_\ba_\bs_\bh_\br_\bc, if that file exists. The
+ -\b--\b-n\bno\bor\brc\bc option inhibits this behavior. The -\b--\b-r\brc\bcf\bfi\bil\ble\be _\bf_\bi_\bl_\be option causes
b\bba\bas\bsh\bh to use _\bf_\bi_\bl_\be instead of _\b~_\b/_\b._\bb_\ba_\bs_\bh_\br_\bc.
- When b\bba\bas\bsh\bh is started non-interactively, to run a shell script, for ex-
- ample, it looks for the variable B\bBA\bAS\bSH\bH_\b_E\bEN\bNV\bV in the environment, expands
- its value if it appears there, and uses the expanded value as the name
- of a file to read and execute. B\bBa\bas\bsh\bh behaves as if the following com-
+ When b\bba\bas\bsh\bh is started non-interactively, to run a shell script, for ex-
+ ample, it looks for the variable B\bBA\bAS\bSH\bH_\b_E\bEN\bNV\bV in the environment, expands
+ its value if it appears there, and uses the expanded value as the name
+ of a file to read and execute. B\bBa\bas\bsh\bh behaves as if the following com-
mand were executed:
if [ -n "$BASH_ENV" ]; then . "$BASH_ENV"; fi
but does not use the value of the P\bPA\bAT\bTH\bH variable to search for the file-
name.
- If b\bba\bas\bsh\bh is invoked with the name s\bsh\bh, it tries to mimic the startup be-
- havior of historical versions of s\bsh\bh as closely as possible, while con-
- forming to the POSIX standard as well. When invoked as an interactive
- login shell, or a non-interactive shell with the -\b--\b-l\blo\bog\bgi\bin\bn option, it
- first attempts to read and execute commands from _\b/_\be_\bt_\bc_\b/_\bp_\br_\bo_\bf_\bi_\bl_\be and
+ If b\bba\bas\bsh\bh is invoked with the name s\bsh\bh, it tries to mimic the startup be-
+ havior of historical versions of s\bsh\bh as closely as possible, while con-
+ forming to the POSIX standard as well. When invoked as an interactive
+ login shell, or a non-interactive shell with the -\b--\b-l\blo\bog\bgi\bin\bn option, it
+ first attempts to read and execute commands from _\b/_\be_\bt_\bc_\b/_\bp_\br_\bo_\bf_\bi_\bl_\be and
_\b~_\b/_\b._\bp_\br_\bo_\bf_\bi_\bl_\be, in that order. The -\b--\b-n\bno\bop\bpr\bro\bof\bfi\bil\ble\be option inhibits this behav-
ior. When invoked as an interactive shell with the name s\bsh\bh, b\bba\bas\bsh\bh looks
- for the variable E\bEN\bNV\bV, expands its value if it is defined, and uses the
- expanded value as the name of a file to read and execute. Since a
- shell invoked as s\bsh\bh does not attempt to read and execute commands from
- any other startup files, the -\b--\b-r\brc\bcf\bfi\bil\ble\be option has no effect. A non-in-
- teractive shell invoked with the name s\bsh\bh does not attempt to read any
- other startup files. When invoked as s\bsh\bh, b\bba\bas\bsh\bh enters posix mode after
- reading the startup files.
-
- When b\bba\bas\bsh\bh is started in posix mode, as with the -\b--\b-p\bpo\bos\bsi\bix\bx command line
+ for the variable E\bEN\bNV\bV, expands its value if it is defined, and uses the
+ expanded value as the name of a file to read and execute. Since a
+ shell invoked as s\bsh\bh does not attempt to read and execute commands from
+ any other startup files, the -\b--\b-r\brc\bcf\bfi\bil\ble\be option has no effect. A non-in-
+ teractive shell invoked with the name s\bsh\bh does not attempt to read any
+ other startup files.
+
+ When invoked as s\bsh\bh, b\bba\bas\bsh\bh enters posix mode after reading the startup
+ files.
+
+ When b\bba\bas\bsh\bh is started in posix mode, as with the -\b--\b-p\bpo\bos\bsi\bix\bx command line
option, it follows the POSIX standard for startup files. In this mode,
- interactive shells expand the E\bEN\bNV\bV variable and read and execute com-
+ interactive shells expand the E\bEN\bNV\bV variable and read and execute com-
mands from the file whose name is the expanded value. No other startup
files are read.
B\bBa\bas\bsh\bh attempts to determine when it is being run with its standard input
- connected to a network connection, as when executed by the historical
- and rarely-seen remote shell daemon, usually _\br_\bs_\bh_\bd, or the secure shell
- daemon _\bs_\bs_\bh_\bd. If b\bba\bas\bsh\bh determines it is being run non-interactively in
- this fashion, it reads and executes commands from _\b~_\b/_\b._\bb_\ba_\bs_\bh_\br_\bc, if that
- file exists and is readable. B\bBa\bas\bsh\bh does not read this file if invoked
- as s\bsh\bh. The -\b--\b-n\bno\bor\brc\bc option inhibits this behavior, and the -\b--\b-r\brc\bcf\bfi\bil\ble\be op-
- tion makes b\bba\bas\bsh\bh use a different file instead of _\b~_\b/_\b._\bb_\ba_\bs_\bh_\br_\bc, but neither
- _\br_\bs_\bh_\bd nor _\bs_\bs_\bh_\bd generally invoke the shell with those options or allow
+ connected to a network connection, as when executed by the historical
+ and rarely-seen remote shell daemon, usually _\br_\bs_\bh_\bd, or the secure shell
+ daemon _\bs_\bs_\bh_\bd. If b\bba\bas\bsh\bh determines it is being run non-interactively in
+ this fashion, it reads and executes commands from _\b~_\b/_\b._\bb_\ba_\bs_\bh_\br_\bc, if that
+ file exists and is readable. B\bBa\bas\bsh\bh does not read this file if invoked
+ as s\bsh\bh. The -\b--\b-n\bno\bor\brc\bc option inhibits this behavior, and the -\b--\b-r\brc\bcf\bfi\bil\ble\be op-
+ tion makes b\bba\bas\bsh\bh use a different file instead of _\b~_\b/_\b._\bb_\ba_\bs_\bh_\br_\bc, but neither
+ _\br_\bs_\bh_\bd nor _\bs_\bs_\bh_\bd generally invoke the shell with those options or allow
them to be specified.
If the shell is started with the effective user (group) id not equal to
the real user (group) id, and the -\b-p\bp option is not supplied, no startup
files are read, shell functions are not inherited from the environment,
- the S\bSH\bHE\bEL\bLL\bLO\bOP\bPT\bTS\bS, B\bBA\bAS\bSH\bHO\bOP\bPT\bTS\bS, C\bCD\bDP\bPA\bAT\bTH\bH, and G\bGL\bLO\bOB\bBI\bIG\bGN\bNO\bOR\bRE\bE variables, if they ap-
- pear in the environment, are ignored, and the effective user id is set
- to the real user id. If the -\b-p\bp option is supplied at invocation, the
+ the S\bSH\bHE\bEL\bLL\bLO\bOP\bPT\bTS\bS, B\bBA\bAS\bSH\bHO\bOP\bPT\bTS\bS, C\bCD\bDP\bPA\bAT\bTH\bH, and G\bGL\bLO\bOB\bBI\bIG\bGN\bNO\bOR\bRE\bE variables, if they ap-
+ pear in the environment, are ignored, and the effective user id is set
+ to the real user id. If the -\b-p\bp option is supplied at invocation, the
startup behavior is the same, but the effective user id is not reset.
D\bDE\bEF\bFI\bIN\bNI\bIT\bTI\bIO\bON\bNS\bS
- The following definitions are used throughout the rest of this docu-
+ The following definitions are used throughout the rest of this docu-
ment.
b\bbl\bla\ban\bnk\bk A space or tab.
w\bwh\bhi\bit\bte\bes\bsp\bpa\bac\bce\be
- A character belonging to the s\bsp\bpa\bac\bce\be character class in the cur-
+ A character belonging to the s\bsp\bpa\bac\bce\be character class in the cur-
rent locale, or for which _\bi_\bs_\bs_\bp_\ba_\bc_\be(3) returns true.
- w\bwo\bor\brd\bd A sequence of characters considered as a single unit by the
+ w\bwo\bor\brd\bd A sequence of characters considered as a single unit by the
shell. Also known as a t\bto\bok\bke\ben\bn.
- n\bna\bam\bme\be A _\bw_\bo_\br_\bd consisting only of alphanumeric characters and under-
- scores, and beginning with an alphabetic character or an under-
+ n\bna\bam\bme\be A _\bw_\bo_\br_\bd consisting only of alphanumeric characters and under-
+ scores, and beginning with an alphabetic character or an under-
score. Also referred to as an i\bid\bde\ben\bnt\bti\bif\bfi\bie\ber\br.
m\bme\bet\bta\bac\bch\bha\bar\bra\bac\bct\bte\ber\br
- A character that, when unquoted, separates words. One of the
+ A character that, when unquoted, separates words. One of the
following:
|\b| &\b& ;\b; (\b( )\b) <\b< >\b> s\bsp\bpa\bac\bce\be t\bta\bab\bb n\bne\bew\bwl\bli\bin\bne\be
c\bco\bon\bnt\btr\bro\bol\bl o\bop\bpe\ber\bra\bat\bto\bor\br
R\bRE\bES\bSE\bER\bRV\bVE\bED\bD W\bWO\bOR\bRD\bDS\bS
_\bR_\be_\bs_\be_\br_\bv_\be_\bd _\bw_\bo_\br_\bd_\bs are words that have a special meaning to the shell. The
following words are recognized as reserved when unquoted and either the
- first word of a command (see S\bSH\bHE\bEL\bLL\bL G\bGR\bRA\bAM\bMM\bMA\bAR\bR below), the third word of a
- c\bca\bas\bse\be or s\bse\bel\ble\bec\bct\bt command (only i\bin\bn is valid), or the third word of a f\bfo\bor\br
+ first word of a command (see S\bSH\bHE\bEL\bLL\bL G\bGR\bRA\bAM\bMM\bMA\bAR\bR below), the third word of a
+ c\bca\bas\bse\be or s\bse\bel\ble\bec\bct\bt command (only i\bin\bn is valid), or the third word of a f\bfo\bor\br
command (only i\bin\bn and d\bdo\bo are valid):
- !\b! c\bca\bas\bse\be c\bco\bop\bpr\bro\boc\bc d\bdo\bo d\bdo\bon\bne\be e\bel\bli\bif\bf e\bel\bls\bse\be e\bes\bsa\bac\bc f\bfi\bi f\bfo\bor\br f\bfu\bun\bnc\bct\bti\bio\bon\bn i\bif\bf i\bin\bn s\bse\bel\ble\bec\bct\bt
+ !\b! c\bca\bas\bse\be c\bco\bop\bpr\bro\boc\bc d\bdo\bo d\bdo\bon\bne\be e\bel\bli\bif\bf e\bel\bls\bse\be e\bes\bsa\bac\bc f\bfi\bi f\bfo\bor\br f\bfu\bun\bnc\bct\bti\bio\bon\bn i\bif\bf i\bin\bn s\bse\bel\ble\bec\bct\bt
t\bth\bhe\ben\bn u\bun\bnt\bti\bil\bl w\bwh\bhi\bil\ble\be {\b{ }\b} t\bti\bim\bme\be [\b[[\b[ ]\b]]\b]
S\bSH\bHE\bEL\bLL\bL G\bGR\bRA\bAM\bMM\bMA\bAR\bR
- This section describes the syntax of the various forms of shell com-
+ This section describes the syntax of the various forms of shell com-
mands.
S\bSi\bim\bmp\bpl\ble\be C\bCo\bom\bmm\bma\ban\bnd\bds\bs
- A _\bs_\bi_\bm_\bp_\bl_\be _\bc_\bo_\bm_\bm_\ba_\bn_\bd is a sequence of optional variable assignments fol-
- lowed by b\bbl\bla\ban\bnk\bk-separated words and redirections, and terminated by a
+ A _\bs_\bi_\bm_\bp_\bl_\be _\bc_\bo_\bm_\bm_\ba_\bn_\bd is a sequence of optional variable assignments fol-
+ lowed by b\bbl\bla\ban\bnk\bk-separated words and redirections, and terminated by a
_\bc_\bo_\bn_\bt_\br_\bo_\bl _\bo_\bp_\be_\br_\ba_\bt_\bo_\br. The first word specifies the command to be executed,
- and is passed as argument zero. The remaining words are passed as ar-
+ and is passed as argument zero. The remaining words are passed as ar-
guments to the invoked command.
- The return value of a _\bs_\bi_\bm_\bp_\bl_\be _\bc_\bo_\bm_\bm_\ba_\bn_\bd is its exit status, or 128+_\bn if
+ The return value of a _\bs_\bi_\bm_\bp_\bl_\be _\bc_\bo_\bm_\bm_\ba_\bn_\bd is its exit status, or 128+_\bn if
the command is terminated by signal _\bn.
P\bPi\bip\bpe\bel\bli\bin\bne\bes\bs
- A _\bp_\bi_\bp_\be_\bl_\bi_\bn_\be is a sequence of one or more commands separated by one of
+ A _\bp_\bi_\bp_\be_\bl_\bi_\bn_\be is a sequence of one or more commands separated by one of
the control operators |\b| or |\b|&\b&. The format for a pipeline is:
[t\bti\bim\bme\be [-\b-p\bp]] [ ! ] _\bc_\bo_\bm_\bm_\ba_\bn_\bd_\b1 [ [|\b|||\b|&\b&] _\bc_\bo_\bm_\bm_\ba_\bn_\bd_\b2 ... ]
The standard output of _\bc_\bo_\bm_\bm_\ba_\bn_\bd_\b1 is connected via a pipe to the standard
- input of _\bc_\bo_\bm_\bm_\ba_\bn_\bd_\b2. This connection is performed before any redirec-
- tions specified by the _\bc_\bo_\bm_\bm_\ba_\bn_\bd_\b1(see R\bRE\bED\bDI\bIR\bRE\bEC\bCT\bTI\bIO\bON\bN below). If |\b|&\b& is the
- pipeline operator, _\bc_\bo_\bm_\bm_\ba_\bn_\bd_\b1's standard error, in addition to its stan-
- dard output, is connected to _\bc_\bo_\bm_\bm_\ba_\bn_\bd_\b2's standard input through the
- pipe; it is shorthand for 2\b2>\b>&\b&1\b1 |\b|. This implicit redirection of the
- standard error to the standard output is performed after any redirec-
+ input of _\bc_\bo_\bm_\bm_\ba_\bn_\bd_\b2. This connection is performed before any redirec-
+ tions specified by the _\bc_\bo_\bm_\bm_\ba_\bn_\bd_\b1(see R\bRE\bED\bDI\bIR\bRE\bEC\bCT\bTI\bIO\bON\bN below). If |\b|&\b& is the
+ pipeline operator, _\bc_\bo_\bm_\bm_\ba_\bn_\bd_\b1's standard error, in addition to its stan-
+ dard output, is connected to _\bc_\bo_\bm_\bm_\ba_\bn_\bd_\b2's standard input through the
+ pipe; it is shorthand for 2\b2>\b>&\b&1\b1 |\b|. This implicit redirection of the
+ standard error to the standard output is performed after any redirec-
tions specified by _\bc_\bo_\bm_\bm_\ba_\bn_\bd_\b1.
The return status of a pipeline is the exit status of the last command,
- unless the p\bpi\bip\bpe\bef\bfa\bai\bil\bl option is enabled. If p\bpi\bip\bpe\bef\bfa\bai\bil\bl is enabled, the
- pipeline's return status is the value of the last (rightmost) command
- to exit with a non-zero status, or zero if all commands exit success-
+ unless the p\bpi\bip\bpe\bef\bfa\bai\bil\bl option is enabled. If p\bpi\bip\bpe\bef\bfa\bai\bil\bl is enabled, the
+ pipeline's return status is the value of the last (rightmost) command
+ to exit with a non-zero status, or zero if all commands exit success-
fully. If the reserved word !\b! precedes a pipeline, the exit status of
- that pipeline is the logical negation of the exit status as described
- above. If a pipeline is executed synchronously, the shell waits for
+ that pipeline is the logical negation of the exit status as described
+ above. If a pipeline is executed synchronously, the shell waits for
all commands in the pipeline to terminate before returning a value.
- If the t\bti\bim\bme\be reserved word precedes a pipeline, the shell reports the
- elapsed as well as user and system time consumed by its execution when
- the pipeline terminates. The -\b-p\bp option changes the output format to
- that specified by POSIX. When the shell is in posix mode, it does not
- recognize t\bti\bim\bme\be as a reserved word if the next token begins with a "-".
- The value of the T\bTI\bIM\bME\bEF\bFO\bOR\bRM\bMA\bAT\bT variable is a format string that specifies
- how the timing information should be displayed; see the description of
+ If the t\bti\bim\bme\be reserved word precedes a pipeline, the shell reports the
+ elapsed as well as user and system time consumed by its execution when
+ the pipeline terminates. The -\b-p\bp option changes the output format to
+ that specified by POSIX. When the shell is in posix mode, it does not
+ recognize t\bti\bim\bme\be as a reserved word if the next token begins with a "-".
+ The value of the T\bTI\bIM\bME\bEF\bFO\bOR\bRM\bMA\bAT\bT variable is a format string that specifies
+ how the timing information should be displayed; see the description of
T\bTI\bIM\bME\bEF\bFO\bOR\bRM\bMA\bAT\bT below under S\bSh\bhe\bel\bll\bl V\bVa\bar\bri\bia\bab\bbl\ble\bes\bs.
- When the shell is in posix mode, t\bti\bim\bme\be may appear by itself as the only
- word in a simple command. In this case, the shell displays the total
+ When the shell is in posix mode, t\bti\bim\bme\be may appear by itself as the only
+ word in a simple command. In this case, the shell displays the total
user and system time consumed by the shell and its children. The T\bTI\bIM\bME\bE-\b-
F\bFO\bOR\bRM\bMA\bAT\bT variable specifies the format of the time information.
- Each command in a multi-command pipeline, where pipes are created, is
- executed in a _\bs_\bu_\bb_\bs_\bh_\be_\bl_\bl, which is a separate process. See C\bCO\bOM\bMM\bMA\bAN\bND\bD E\bEX\bXE\bE-\b-
- C\bCU\bUT\bTI\bIO\bON\bN E\bEN\bNV\bVI\bIR\bRO\bON\bNM\bME\bEN\bNT\bT for a description of subshells and a subshell envi-
- ronment. If the l\bla\bas\bst\btp\bpi\bip\bpe\be option is enabled using the s\bsh\bho\bop\bpt\bt builtin
- (see the description of s\bsh\bho\bop\bpt\bt below), and job control is not active,
+ Each command in a multi-command pipeline, where pipes are created, is
+ executed in a _\bs_\bu_\bb_\bs_\bh_\be_\bl_\bl, which is a separate process. See C\bCO\bOM\bMM\bMA\bAN\bND\bD E\bEX\bXE\bE-\b-
+ C\bCU\bUT\bTI\bIO\bON\bN E\bEN\bNV\bVI\bIR\bRO\bON\bNM\bME\bEN\bNT\bT for a description of subshells and a subshell envi-
+ ronment. If the l\bla\bas\bst\btp\bpi\bip\bpe\be option is enabled using the s\bsh\bho\bop\bpt\bt builtin
+ (see the description of s\bsh\bho\bop\bpt\bt below), and job control is not active,
the last element of a pipeline may be run by the shell process.
L\bLi\bis\bst\bts\bs
- A _\bl_\bi_\bs_\bt is a sequence of one or more pipelines separated by one of the
+ A _\bl_\bi_\bs_\bt is a sequence of one or more pipelines separated by one of the
operators ;\b;, &\b&, &\b&&\b&, or |\b||\b|, and optionally terminated by one of ;\b;, &\b&, or
<\b<n\bne\bew\bwl\bli\bin\bne\be>\b>.
Of these list operators, &\b&&\b& and |\b||\b| have equal precedence, followed by ;\b;
and &\b&, which have equal precedence.
- A sequence of one or more newlines may appear in a _\bl_\bi_\bs_\bt instead of a
+ A sequence of one or more newlines may appear in a _\bl_\bi_\bs_\bt instead of a
semicolon to delimit commands.
- If a command is terminated by the control operator &\b&, the shell exe-
- cutes the command in the _\bb_\ba_\bc_\bk_\bg_\br_\bo_\bu_\bn_\bd in a subshell. The shell does not
- wait for the command to finish, and the return status is 0. These are
- referred to as _\ba_\bs_\by_\bn_\bc_\bh_\br_\bo_\bn_\bo_\bu_\bs commands. Commands separated by a ;\b; are
+ If a command is terminated by the control operator &\b&, the shell exe-
+ cutes the command in the _\bb_\ba_\bc_\bk_\bg_\br_\bo_\bu_\bn_\bd in a subshell. The shell does not
+ wait for the command to finish, and the return status is 0. These are
+ referred to as _\ba_\bs_\by_\bn_\bc_\bh_\br_\bo_\bn_\bo_\bu_\bs commands. Commands separated by a ;\b; are
executed sequentially; the shell waits for each command to terminate in
- turn. The return status is the exit status of the last command exe-
+ turn. The return status is the exit status of the last command exe-
cuted.
- AND and OR lists are sequences of one or more pipelines separated by
- the &\b&&\b& and |\b||\b| control operators, respectively. AND and OR lists are
+ AND and OR lists are sequences of one or more pipelines separated by
+ the &\b&&\b& and |\b||\b| control operators, respectively. AND and OR lists are
executed with left associativity. An AND list has the form
_\bc_\bo_\bm_\bm_\ba_\bn_\bd_\b1 &\b&&\b& _\bc_\bo_\bm_\bm_\ba_\bn_\bd_\b2
- _\bc_\bo_\bm_\bm_\ba_\bn_\bd_\b2 is executed if, and only if, _\bc_\bo_\bm_\bm_\ba_\bn_\bd_\b1 returns an exit status
+ _\bc_\bo_\bm_\bm_\ba_\bn_\bd_\b2 is executed if, and only if, _\bc_\bo_\bm_\bm_\ba_\bn_\bd_\b1 returns an exit status
of zero (success).
An OR list has the form
_\bc_\bo_\bm_\bm_\ba_\bn_\bd_\b1 |\b||\b| _\bc_\bo_\bm_\bm_\ba_\bn_\bd_\b2
- _\bc_\bo_\bm_\bm_\ba_\bn_\bd_\b2 is executed if, and only if, _\bc_\bo_\bm_\bm_\ba_\bn_\bd_\b1 returns a non-zero exit
- status. The return status of AND and OR lists is the exit status of
+ _\bc_\bo_\bm_\bm_\ba_\bn_\bd_\b2 is executed if, and only if, _\bc_\bo_\bm_\bm_\ba_\bn_\bd_\b1 returns a non-zero exit
+ status. The return status of AND and OR lists is the exit status of
the last command executed in the list.
C\bCo\bom\bmp\bpo\bou\bun\bnd\bd C\bCo\bom\bmm\bma\ban\bnd\bds\bs
- A _\bc_\bo_\bm_\bp_\bo_\bu_\bn_\bd _\bc_\bo_\bm_\bm_\ba_\bn_\bd is one of the following. In most cases a _\bl_\bi_\bs_\bt in a
- command's description may be separated from the rest of the command by
- one or more newlines, and may be followed by a newline in place of a
+ A _\bc_\bo_\bm_\bp_\bo_\bu_\bn_\bd _\bc_\bo_\bm_\bm_\ba_\bn_\bd is one of the following. In most cases a _\bl_\bi_\bs_\bt in a
+ command's description may be separated from the rest of the command by
+ one or more newlines, and may be followed by a newline in place of a
semicolon.
- (_\bl_\bi_\bs_\bt) _\bl_\bi_\bs_\bt is executed in a subshell (see C\bCO\bOM\bMM\bMA\bAN\bND\bD E\bEX\bXE\bEC\bCU\bUT\bTI\bIO\bON\bN E\bEN\bNV\bVI\bIR\bRO\bON\bN-\b-
- M\bME\bEN\bNT\bT below for a description of a subshell environment). Vari-
- able assignments and builtin commands that affect the shell's
+ (_\bl_\bi_\bs_\bt) _\bl_\bi_\bs_\bt is executed in a subshell (see C\bCO\bOM\bMM\bMA\bAN\bND\bD E\bEX\bXE\bEC\bCU\bUT\bTI\bIO\bON\bN E\bEN\bNV\bVI\bIR\bRO\bON\bN-\b-
+ M\bME\bEN\bNT\bT below for a description of a subshell environment). Vari-
+ able assignments and builtin commands that affect the shell's
environment do not remain in effect after the command completes.
The return status is the exit status of _\bl_\bi_\bs_\bt.
{ _\bl_\bi_\bs_\bt; }
_\bl_\bi_\bs_\bt is executed in the current shell environment. _\bl_\bi_\bs_\bt must be
- terminated with a newline or semicolon. This is known as a
+ terminated with a newline or semicolon. This is known as a
_\bg_\br_\bo_\bu_\bp _\bc_\bo_\bm_\bm_\ba_\bn_\bd. The return status is the exit status of _\bl_\bi_\bs_\bt.
- Note that unlike the metacharacters (\b( and )\b), {\b{ and }\b} are _\br_\be_\b-
- _\bs_\be_\br_\bv_\be_\bd _\bw_\bo_\br_\bd_\bs and must occur where a reserved word is permitted
- to be recognized. Since they do not cause a word break, they
- must be separated from _\bl_\bi_\bs_\bt by whitespace or another shell
+ Note that unlike the metacharacters (\b( and )\b), {\b{ and }\b} are _\br_\be_\b-
+ _\bs_\be_\br_\bv_\be_\bd _\bw_\bo_\br_\bd_\bs and must occur where a reserved word is permitted
+ to be recognized. Since they do not cause a word break, they
+ must be separated from _\bl_\bi_\bs_\bt by whitespace or another shell
metacharacter.
((_\be_\bx_\bp_\br_\be_\bs_\bs_\bi_\bo_\bn))
- The arithmetic _\be_\bx_\bp_\br_\be_\bs_\bs_\bi_\bo_\bn is evaluated according to the rules
- described below under A\bAR\bRI\bIT\bTH\bHM\bME\bET\bTI\bIC\bC E\bEV\bVA\bAL\bLU\bUA\bAT\bTI\bIO\bON\bN. If the value of
- the expression is non-zero, the return status is 0; otherwise
- the return status is 1. The _\be_\bx_\bp_\br_\be_\bs_\bs_\bi_\bo_\bn undergoes the same ex-
- pansions as if it were within double quotes, but double quote
- characters in _\be_\bx_\bp_\br_\be_\bs_\bs_\bi_\bo_\bn are not treated specially and are re-
+ The arithmetic _\be_\bx_\bp_\br_\be_\bs_\bs_\bi_\bo_\bn is evaluated according to the rules
+ described below under A\bAR\bRI\bIT\bTH\bHM\bME\bET\bTI\bIC\bC E\bEV\bVA\bAL\bLU\bUA\bAT\bTI\bIO\bON\bN. If the value of
+ the expression is non-zero, the return status is 0; otherwise
+ the return status is 1. The _\be_\bx_\bp_\br_\be_\bs_\bs_\bi_\bo_\bn undergoes the same ex-
+ pansions as if it were within double quotes, but double quote
+ characters in _\be_\bx_\bp_\br_\be_\bs_\bs_\bi_\bo_\bn are not treated specially and are re-
moved.
[\b[[\b[ _\be_\bx_\bp_\br_\be_\bs_\bs_\bi_\bo_\bn ]\b]]\b]
Evaluate the conditional expression _\be_\bx_\bp_\br_\be_\bs_\bs_\bi_\bo_\bn and return a sta-
- tus of zero (true) or non-zero (false). Expressions are com-
+ tus of zero (true) or non-zero (false). Expressions are com-
posed of the primaries described below under C\bCO\bON\bND\bDI\bIT\bTI\bIO\bON\bNA\bAL\bL E\bEX\bXP\bPR\bRE\bES\bS-\b-
- S\bSI\bIO\bON\bNS\bS. The words between the [\b[[\b[ and ]\b]]\b] do not undergo word
- splitting and pathname expansion. The shell performs tilde ex-
+ S\bSI\bIO\bON\bNS\bS. The words between the [\b[[\b[ and ]\b]]\b] do not undergo word
+ splitting and pathname expansion. The shell performs tilde ex-
pansion, parameter and variable expansion, arithmetic expansion,
command substitution, process substitution, and quote removal on
- those words. Conditional operators such as -\b-f\bf must be unquoted
+ those words. Conditional operators such as -\b-f\bf must be unquoted
to be recognized as primaries.
- When used with [\b[[\b[, the <\b< and >\b> operators sort lexicographically
+ When used with [\b[[\b[, the <\b< and >\b> operators sort lexicographically
using the current locale.
- When the =\b==\b= and !\b!=\b= operators are used, the string to the right
+ When the =\b==\b= and !\b!=\b= operators are used, the string to the right
of the operator is considered a pattern and matched according to
the rules described below under P\bPa\bat\btt\bte\ber\brn\bn M\bMa\bat\btc\bch\bhi\bin\bng\bg, as if the e\bex\bxt\bt-\b-
g\bgl\blo\bob\bb shell option were enabled. The =\b= operator is equivalent to
- =\b==\b=. If the n\bno\boc\bca\bas\bse\bem\bma\bat\btc\bch\bh shell option is enabled, the match is
- performed without regard to the case of alphabetic characters.
- The return value is 0 if the string matches (=\b==\b=) or does not
- match (!\b!=\b=) the pattern, and 1 otherwise. If any part of the
- pattern is quoted, the quoted portion is matched as a string:
+ =\b==\b=. If the n\bno\boc\bca\bas\bse\bem\bma\bat\btc\bch\bh shell option is enabled, the match is
+ performed without regard to the case of alphabetic characters.
+ The return value is 0 if the string matches (=\b==\b=) or does not
+ match (!\b!=\b=) the pattern, and 1 otherwise. If any part of the
+ pattern is quoted, the quoted portion is matched as a string:
every character in the quoted portion matches itself, instead of
having any special pattern matching meaning.
- An additional binary operator, =\b=~\b~, is available, with the same
- precedence as =\b==\b= and !\b!=\b=. When it is used, the string to the
+ An additional binary operator, =\b=~\b~, is available, with the same
+ precedence as =\b==\b= and !\b!=\b=. When it is used, the string to the
right of the operator is considered a POSIX extended regular ex-
- pression and matched accordingly (using the POSIX _\br_\be_\bg_\bc_\bo_\bm_\bp and
- _\br_\be_\bg_\be_\bx_\be_\bc interfaces usually described in _\br_\be_\bg_\be_\bx(3)). The return
- value is 0 if the string matches the pattern, and 1 otherwise.
+ pression and matched accordingly (using the POSIX _\br_\be_\bg_\bc_\bo_\bm_\bp and
+ _\br_\be_\bg_\be_\bx_\be_\bc interfaces usually described in _\br_\be_\bg_\be_\bx(3)). The return
+ value is 0 if the string matches the pattern, and 1 otherwise.
If the regular expression is syntactically incorrect, the condi-
tional expression's return value is 2. If the n\bno\boc\bca\bas\bse\bem\bma\bat\btc\bch\bh shell
- option is enabled, the match is performed without regard to the
+ option is enabled, the match is performed without regard to the
case of alphabetic characters.
- If any part of the pattern is quoted, the quoted portion is
- matched literally, as above. If the pattern is stored in a
+ If any part of the pattern is quoted, the quoted portion is
+ matched literally, as above. If the pattern is stored in a
shell variable, quoting the variable expansion forces the entire
- pattern to be matched literally. Treat bracket expressions in
- regular expressions carefully, since normal quoting and pattern
+ pattern to be matched literally. Treat bracket expressions in
+ regular expressions carefully, since normal quoting and pattern
characters lose their meanings between brackets.
- The match succeeds if the pattern matches any part of the
+ The match succeeds if the pattern matches any part of the
string. Anchor the pattern using the ^\b^ and $\b$ regular expression
operators to force it to match the entire string.
- The array variable B\bBA\bAS\bSH\bH_\b_R\bRE\bEM\bMA\bAT\bTC\bCH\bH records which parts of the
- string matched the pattern. The element of B\bBA\bAS\bSH\bH_\b_R\bRE\bEM\bMA\bAT\bTC\bCH\bH with
- index 0 contains the portion of the string matching the entire
- regular expression. Substrings matched by parenthesized subex-
+ The array variable B\bBA\bAS\bSH\bH_\b_R\bRE\bEM\bMA\bAT\bTC\bCH\bH records which parts of the
+ string matched the pattern. The element of B\bBA\bAS\bSH\bH_\b_R\bRE\bEM\bMA\bAT\bTC\bCH\bH with
+ index 0 contains the portion of the string matching the entire
+ regular expression. Substrings matched by parenthesized subex-
pressions within the regular expression are saved in the remain-
- ing B\bBA\bAS\bSH\bH_\b_R\bRE\bEM\bMA\bAT\bTC\bCH\bH indices. The element of B\bBA\bAS\bSH\bH_\b_R\bRE\bEM\bMA\bAT\bTC\bCH\bH with in-
- dex _\bn is the portion of the string matching the _\bnth parenthe-
- sized subexpression. B\bBa\bas\bsh\bh sets B\bBA\bAS\bSH\bH_\b_R\bRE\bEM\bMA\bAT\bTC\bCH\bH in the global
- scope; declaring it as a local variable will lead to unexpected
+ ing B\bBA\bAS\bSH\bH_\b_R\bRE\bEM\bMA\bAT\bTC\bCH\bH indices. The element of B\bBA\bAS\bSH\bH_\b_R\bRE\bEM\bMA\bAT\bTC\bCH\bH with in-
+ dex _\bn is the portion of the string matching the _\bnth parenthe-
+ sized subexpression. B\bBa\bas\bsh\bh sets B\bBA\bAS\bSH\bH_\b_R\bRE\bEM\bMA\bAT\bTC\bCH\bH in the global
+ scope; declaring it as a local variable will lead to unexpected
results.
- Expressions may be combined using the following operators,
+ Expressions may be combined using the following operators,
listed in decreasing order of precedence:
(\b( _\be_\bx_\bp_\br_\be_\bs_\bs_\bi_\bo_\bn )\b)
- Returns the value of _\be_\bx_\bp_\br_\be_\bs_\bs_\bi_\bo_\bn. This may be used to
+ Returns the value of _\be_\bx_\bp_\br_\be_\bs_\bs_\bi_\bo_\bn. This may be used to
override the normal precedence of operators.
!\b! _\be_\bx_\bp_\br_\be_\bs_\bs_\bi_\bo_\bn
True if _\be_\bx_\bp_\br_\be_\bs_\bs_\bi_\bo_\bn is false.
True if either _\be_\bx_\bp_\br_\be_\bs_\bs_\bi_\bo_\bn_\b1 or _\be_\bx_\bp_\br_\be_\bs_\bs_\bi_\bo_\bn_\b2 is true.
The &\b&&\b& and |\b||\b| operators do not evaluate _\be_\bx_\bp_\br_\be_\bs_\bs_\bi_\bo_\bn_\b2 if the value
- of _\be_\bx_\bp_\br_\be_\bs_\bs_\bi_\bo_\bn_\b1 is sufficient to determine the return value of
+ of _\be_\bx_\bp_\br_\be_\bs_\bs_\bi_\bo_\bn_\b1 is sufficient to determine the return value of
the entire conditional expression.
f\bfo\bor\br _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be [ [ i\bin\bn [ _\bw_\bo_\br_\bd _\b._\b._\b. ] ] ; ] d\bdo\bo _\bl_\bi_\bs_\bt ; d\bdo\bon\bne\be
- First, expand The list of words following i\bin\bn, generating a list
- of items. Then, the variable _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be is set to each element of
- this list in turn, and _\bl_\bi_\bs_\bt is executed each time. If the i\bin\bn
+ First, expand The list of words following i\bin\bn, generating a list
+ of items. Then, the variable _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be is set to each element of
+ this list in turn, and _\bl_\bi_\bs_\bt is executed each time. If the i\bin\bn
_\bw_\bo_\br_\bd is omitted, the f\bfo\bor\br command executes _\bl_\bi_\bs_\bt once for each po-
- sitional parameter that is set (see P\bPA\bAR\bRA\bAM\bME\bET\bTE\bER\bRS\bS below). The re-
- turn status is the exit status of the last command that exe-
+ sitional parameter that is set (see P\bPA\bAR\bRA\bAM\bME\bET\bTE\bER\bRS\bS below). The re-
+ turn status is the exit status of the last command that exe-
cutes. If the expansion of the items following i\bin\bn results in an
- empty list, no commands are executed, and the return status is
+ empty list, no commands are executed, and the return status is
0.
f\bfo\bor\br (( _\be_\bx_\bp_\br_\b1 ; _\be_\bx_\bp_\br_\b2 ; _\be_\bx_\bp_\br_\b3 )) ; d\bdo\bo _\bl_\bi_\bs_\bt ; d\bdo\bon\bne\be
First, evaluate the arithmetic expression _\be_\bx_\bp_\br_\b1 according to the
- rules described below under A\bAR\bRI\bIT\bTH\bHM\bME\bET\bTI\bIC\bC E\bEV\bVA\bAL\bLU\bUA\bAT\bTI\bIO\bON\bN. Then, re-
+ rules described below under A\bAR\bRI\bIT\bTH\bHM\bME\bET\bTI\bIC\bC E\bEV\bVA\bAL\bLU\bUA\bAT\bTI\bIO\bON\bN. Then, re-
peatedly evaluate the arithmetic expression _\be_\bx_\bp_\br_\b2 until it eval-
- uates to zero. Each time _\be_\bx_\bp_\br_\b2 evaluates to a non-zero value,
- execute _\bl_\bi_\bs_\bt and evaluate the arithmetic expression _\be_\bx_\bp_\br_\b3. If
- any expression is omitted, it behaves as if it evaluates to 1.
- The return value is the exit status of the last command in _\bl_\bi_\bs_\bt
- that is executed, or non-zero if any of the expressions is in-
+ uates to zero. Each time _\be_\bx_\bp_\br_\b2 evaluates to a non-zero value,
+ execute _\bl_\bi_\bs_\bt and evaluate the arithmetic expression _\be_\bx_\bp_\br_\b3. If
+ any expression is omitted, it behaves as if it evaluates to 1.
+ The return value is the exit status of the last command in _\bl_\bi_\bs_\bt
+ that is executed, or non-zero if any of the expressions is in-
valid.
- Use the b\bbr\bre\bea\bak\bk and c\bco\bon\bnt\bti\bin\bnu\bue\be builtins (see S\bSH\bHE\bEL\bLL\bL B\bBU\bUI\bIL\bLT\bTI\bIN\bN C\bCO\bOM\bMM\bMA\bAN\bND\bDS\bS
+ Use the b\bbr\bre\bea\bak\bk and c\bco\bon\bnt\bti\bin\bnu\bue\be builtins (see S\bSH\bHE\bEL\bLL\bL B\bBU\bUI\bIL\bLT\bTI\bIN\bN C\bCO\bOM\bMM\bMA\bAN\bND\bDS\bS
below) to control loop execution.
s\bse\bel\ble\bec\bct\bt _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be [ i\bin\bn _\bw_\bo_\br_\bd ] ; d\bdo\bo _\bl_\bi_\bs_\bt ; d\bdo\bon\bne\be
- First, expand the list of words following i\bin\bn, generating a list
- of items, and print the set of expanded words the standard er-
- ror, each preceded by a number. If the i\bin\bn _\bw_\bo_\br_\bd is omitted,
- print the positional parameters (see P\bPA\bAR\bRA\bAM\bME\bET\bTE\bER\bRS\bS below). s\bse\bel\ble\bec\bct\bt
- then displays the P\bPS\bS3\b3 prompt and reads a line from the standard
+ First, expand the list of words following i\bin\bn, generating a list
+ of items, and print the set of expanded words the standard er-
+ ror, each preceded by a number. If the i\bin\bn _\bw_\bo_\br_\bd is omitted,
+ print the positional parameters (see P\bPA\bAR\bRA\bAM\bME\bET\bTE\bER\bRS\bS below). s\bse\bel\ble\bec\bct\bt
+ then displays the P\bPS\bS3\b3 prompt and reads a line from the standard
input. If the line consists of a number corresponding to one of
- the displayed words, then s\bse\bel\ble\bec\bct\bt sets the value of _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be to that
- word. If the line is empty, s\bse\bel\ble\bec\bct\bt displays the words and
- prompt again. If EOF is read, s\bse\bel\ble\bec\bct\bt completes and returns 1.
- Any other value sets _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be to null. The line read is saved in
- the variable R\bRE\bEP\bPL\bLY\bY. The _\bl_\bi_\bs_\bt is executed after each selection
+ the displayed words, then s\bse\bel\ble\bec\bct\bt sets the value of _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be to that
+ word. If the line is empty, s\bse\bel\ble\bec\bct\bt displays the words and
+ prompt again. If EOF is read, s\bse\bel\ble\bec\bct\bt completes and returns 1.
+ Any other value sets _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be to null. The line read is saved in
+ the variable R\bRE\bEP\bPL\bLY\bY. The _\bl_\bi_\bs_\bt is executed after each selection
until a b\bbr\bre\bea\bak\bk command is executed. The exit status of s\bse\bel\ble\bec\bct\bt is
the exit status of the last command executed in _\bl_\bi_\bs_\bt, or zero if
no commands were executed.
c\bca\bas\bse\be _\bw_\bo_\br_\bd i\bin\bn [ [(] _\bp_\ba_\bt_\bt_\be_\br_\bn [ |\b| _\bp_\ba_\bt_\bt_\be_\br_\bn ] ... ) _\bl_\bi_\bs_\bt ;; ] ... e\bes\bsa\bac\bc
A c\bca\bas\bse\be command first expands _\bw_\bo_\br_\bd, and tries to match it against
- each _\bp_\ba_\bt_\bt_\be_\br_\bn in turn, proceeding from first to last, using the
- matching rules described under P\bPa\bat\btt\bte\ber\brn\bn M\bMa\bat\btc\bch\bhi\bin\bng\bg below. A pat-
- tern list is a set of one or more patterns separated by , and
- the ) operator terminates the pattern list. The _\bw_\bo_\br_\bd is ex-
- panded using tilde expansion, parameter and variable expansion,
+ each _\bp_\ba_\bt_\bt_\be_\br_\bn in turn, proceeding from first to last, using the
+ matching rules described under P\bPa\bat\btt\bte\ber\brn\bn M\bMa\bat\btc\bch\bhi\bin\bng\bg below. A pat-
+ tern list is a set of one or more patterns separated by , and
+ the ) operator terminates the pattern list. The _\bw_\bo_\br_\bd is ex-
+ panded using tilde expansion, parameter and variable expansion,
arithmetic expansion, command substitution, process substitution
- and quote removal. Each _\bp_\ba_\bt_\bt_\be_\br_\bn examined is expanded using
- tilde expansion, parameter and variable expansion, arithmetic
+ and quote removal. Each _\bp_\ba_\bt_\bt_\be_\br_\bn examined is expanded using
+ tilde expansion, parameter and variable expansion, arithmetic
expansion, command substitution, process substitution, and quote
- removal. If the n\bno\boc\bca\bas\bse\bem\bma\bat\btc\bch\bh shell option is enabled, the match
- is performed without regard to the case of alphabetic charac-
+ removal. If the n\bno\boc\bca\bas\bse\bem\bma\bat\btc\bch\bh shell option is enabled, the match
+ is performed without regard to the case of alphabetic charac-
ters. A _\bc_\bl_\ba_\bu_\bs_\be is a pattern list and an associated _\bl_\bi_\bs_\bt.
When a match is found, c\bca\bas\bse\be executes the corresponding _\bl_\bi_\bs_\bt. If
- the ;\b;;\b; operator terminates the case clause, the c\bca\bas\bse\be command
+ the ;\b;;\b; operator terminates the case clause, the c\bca\bas\bse\be command
completes after the first match. Using ;\b;&\b& in place of ;\b;;\b; causes
- execution to continue with the _\bl_\bi_\bs_\bt associated with the next
+ execution to continue with the _\bl_\bi_\bs_\bt associated with the next
pattern list. Using ;\b;;\b;&\b& in place of ;\b;;\b; causes the shell to test
- the next pattern list in the statement, if any, and execute any
- associated _\bl_\bi_\bs_\bt if the match succeeds. continuing the case
+ the next pattern list in the statement, if any, and execute any
+ associated _\bl_\bi_\bs_\bt if the match succeeds, continuing the case
statement execution as if the pattern list had not matched. The
exit status is zero if no pattern matches.
the last _\bl_\bi_\bs_\bt executed.
i\bif\bf _\bl_\bi_\bs_\bt; t\bth\bhe\ben\bn _\bl_\bi_\bs_\bt; [ e\bel\bli\bif\bf _\bl_\bi_\bs_\bt; t\bth\bhe\ben\bn _\bl_\bi_\bs_\bt; ] ... [ e\bel\bls\bse\be _\bl_\bi_\bs_\bt; ] f\bfi\bi
- The i\bif\bf _\bl_\bi_\bs_\bt is executed. If its exit status is zero, the t\bth\bhe\ben\bn
- _\bl_\bi_\bs_\bt is executed. Otherwise, each e\bel\bli\bif\bf _\bl_\bi_\bs_\bt is executed in
- turn, and if its exit status is zero, the corresponding t\bth\bhe\ben\bn
+ The i\bif\bf _\bl_\bi_\bs_\bt is executed. If its exit status is zero, the t\bth\bhe\ben\bn
+ _\bl_\bi_\bs_\bt is executed. Otherwise, each e\bel\bli\bif\bf _\bl_\bi_\bs_\bt is executed in
+ turn, and if its exit status is zero, the corresponding t\bth\bhe\ben\bn
_\bl_\bi_\bs_\bt is executed and the command completes. Otherwise, the e\bel\bls\bse\be
- _\bl_\bi_\bs_\bt is executed, if present. The exit status is the exit sta-
+ _\bl_\bi_\bs_\bt is executed, if present. The exit status is the exit sta-
tus of the last command executed, or zero if no condition tested
true.
w\bwh\bhi\bil\ble\be _\bl_\bi_\bs_\bt_\b-_\b1; d\bdo\bo _\bl_\bi_\bs_\bt_\b-_\b2; d\bdo\bon\bne\be
u\bun\bnt\bti\bil\bl _\bl_\bi_\bs_\bt_\b-_\b1; d\bdo\bo _\bl_\bi_\bs_\bt_\b-_\b2; d\bdo\bon\bne\be
- The w\bwh\bhi\bil\ble\be command continuously executes the list _\bl_\bi_\bs_\bt_\b-_\b2 as long
+ The w\bwh\bhi\bil\ble\be command continuously executes the list _\bl_\bi_\bs_\bt_\b-_\b2 as long
as the last command in the list _\bl_\bi_\bs_\bt_\b-_\b1 returns an exit status of
- zero. The u\bun\bnt\bti\bil\bl command is identical to the w\bwh\bhi\bil\ble\be command, ex-
+ zero. The u\bun\bnt\bti\bil\bl command is identical to the w\bwh\bhi\bil\ble\be command, ex-
cept that the test is negated: _\bl_\bi_\bs_\bt_\b-_\b2 is executed as long as the
last command in _\bl_\bi_\bs_\bt_\b-_\b1 returns a non-zero exit status. The exit
status of the w\bwh\bhi\bil\ble\be and u\bun\bnt\bti\bil\bl commands is the exit status of the
C\bCo\bop\bpr\bro\boc\bce\bes\bss\bse\bes\bs
A _\bc_\bo_\bp_\br_\bo_\bc_\be_\bs_\bs is a shell command preceded by the c\bco\bop\bpr\bro\boc\bc reserved word. A
- coprocess is executed asynchronously in a subshell, as if the command
- had been terminated with the &\b& control operator, with a two-way pipe
+ coprocess is executed asynchronously in a subshell, as if the command
+ had been terminated with the &\b& control operator, with a two-way pipe
established between the executing shell and the coprocess.
The syntax for a coprocess is:
c\bco\bop\bpr\bro\boc\bc [_\bN_\bA_\bM_\bE] _\bc_\bo_\bm_\bm_\ba_\bn_\bd [_\br_\be_\bd_\bi_\br_\be_\bc_\bt_\bi_\bo_\bn_\bs]
- This creates a coprocess named _\bN_\bA_\bM_\bE. _\bc_\bo_\bm_\bm_\ba_\bn_\bd may be either a simple
- command or a compound command (see above). _\bN_\bA_\bM_\bE is a shell variable
+ This creates a coprocess named _\bN_\bA_\bM_\bE. _\bc_\bo_\bm_\bm_\ba_\bn_\bd may be either a simple
+ command or a compound command (see above). _\bN_\bA_\bM_\bE is a shell variable
name. If _\bN_\bA_\bM_\bE is not supplied, the default name is C\bCO\bOP\bPR\bRO\bOC\bC.
The recommended form to use for a coprocess is
c\bco\bop\bpr\bro\boc\bc _\bN_\bA_\bM_\bE { _\bc_\bo_\bm_\bm_\ba_\bn_\bd [_\br_\be_\bd_\bi_\br_\be_\bc_\bt_\bi_\bo_\bn_\bs]; }
- This form is preferred because simple commands result in the coprocess
- always being named C\bCO\bOP\bPR\bRO\bOC\bC, and it is simpler to use and more complete
+ This form is preferred because simple commands result in the coprocess
+ always being named C\bCO\bOP\bPR\bRO\bOC\bC, and it is simpler to use and more complete
than the other compound commands.
- If _\bc_\bo_\bm_\bm_\ba_\bn_\bd is a compound command, _\bN_\bA_\bM_\bE is optional. The word following
- c\bco\bop\bpr\bro\boc\bc determines whether that word is interpreted as a variable name:
- it is interpreted as _\bN_\bA_\bM_\bE if it is not a reserved word that introduces
- a compound command. If _\bc_\bo_\bm_\bm_\ba_\bn_\bd is a simple command, _\bN_\bA_\bM_\bE is not al-
- lowed; this is to avoid confusion between _\bN_\bA_\bM_\bE and the first word of
+ If _\bc_\bo_\bm_\bm_\ba_\bn_\bd is a compound command, _\bN_\bA_\bM_\bE is optional. The word following
+ c\bco\bop\bpr\bro\boc\bc determines whether that word is interpreted as a variable name:
+ it is interpreted as _\bN_\bA_\bM_\bE if it is not a reserved word that introduces
+ a compound command. If _\bc_\bo_\bm_\bm_\ba_\bn_\bd is a simple command, _\bN_\bA_\bM_\bE is not al-
+ lowed; this is to avoid confusion between _\bN_\bA_\bM_\bE and the first word of
the simple command.
- When the coprocess is executed, the shell creates an array variable
- (see A\bAr\brr\bra\bay\bys\bs below) named _\bN_\bA_\bM_\bE in the context of the executing shell.
- The standard output of _\bc_\bo_\bm_\bm_\ba_\bn_\bd is connected via a pipe to a file de-
- scriptor in the executing shell, and that file descriptor is assigned
+ When the coprocess is executed, the shell creates an array variable
+ (see A\bAr\brr\bra\bay\bys\bs below) named _\bN_\bA_\bM_\bE in the context of the executing shell.
+ The standard output of _\bc_\bo_\bm_\bm_\ba_\bn_\bd is connected via a pipe to a file de-
+ scriptor in the executing shell, and that file descriptor is assigned
to _\bN_\bA_\bM_\bE[0]. The standard input of _\bc_\bo_\bm_\bm_\ba_\bn_\bd is connected via a pipe to a
file descriptor in the executing shell, and that file descriptor is as-
- signed to _\bN_\bA_\bM_\bE[1]. This pipe is established before any redirections
+ signed to _\bN_\bA_\bM_\bE[1]. This pipe is established before any redirections
specified by the command (see R\bRE\bED\bDI\bIR\bRE\bEC\bCT\bTI\bIO\bON\bN below). The file descriptors
- can be utilized as arguments to shell commands and redirections using
- standard word expansions. Other than those created to execute command
- and process substitutions, the file descriptors are not available in
+ can be utilized as arguments to shell commands and redirections using
+ standard word expansions. Other than those created to execute command
+ and process substitutions, the file descriptors are not available in
subshells.
- The process ID of the shell spawned to execute the coprocess is avail-
- able as the value of the variable _\bN_\bA_\bM_\bE_PID. The w\bwa\bai\bit\bt builtin may be
+ The process ID of the shell spawned to execute the coprocess is avail-
+ able as the value of the variable _\bN_\bA_\bM_\bE_PID. The w\bwa\bai\bit\bt builtin may be
used to wait for the coprocess to terminate.
- Since the coprocess is created as an asynchronous command, the c\bco\bop\bpr\bro\boc\bc
- command always returns success. The return status of a coprocess is
+ Since the coprocess is created as an asynchronous command, the c\bco\bop\bpr\bro\boc\bc
+ command always returns success. The return status of a coprocess is
the exit status of _\bc_\bo_\bm_\bm_\ba_\bn_\bd.
S\bSh\bhe\bel\bll\bl F\bFu\bun\bnc\bct\bti\bio\bon\bn D\bDe\bef\bfi\bin\bni\bit\bti\bio\bon\bns\bs
- A shell function is an object that is called like a simple command and
- executes a compound command with a new set of positional parameters.
+ A shell function is an object that is called like a simple command and
+ executes a compound command with a new set of positional parameters.
Shell functions are declared as follows:
_\bf_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be () _\bc_\bo_\bm_\bp_\bo_\bu_\bn_\bd_\b-_\bc_\bo_\bm_\bm_\ba_\bn_\bd [_\br_\be_\bd_\bi_\br_\be_\bc_\bt_\bi_\bo_\bn]
f\bfu\bun\bnc\bct\bti\bio\bon\bn _\bf_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be [()] _\bc_\bo_\bm_\bp_\bo_\bu_\bn_\bd_\b-_\bc_\bo_\bm_\bm_\ba_\bn_\bd [_\br_\be_\bd_\bi_\br_\be_\bc_\bt_\bi_\bo_\bn]
This defines a function named _\bf_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be. The reserved word f\bfu\bun\bnc\bct\bti\bio\bon\bn
- is optional. If the f\bfu\bun\bnc\bct\bti\bio\bon\bn reserved word is supplied, the
- parentheses are optional. The _\bb_\bo_\bd_\by of the function is the com-
- pound command _\bc_\bo_\bm_\bp_\bo_\bu_\bn_\bd_\b-_\bc_\bo_\bm_\bm_\ba_\bn_\bd (see C\bCo\bom\bmp\bpo\bou\bun\bnd\bd C\bCo\bom\bmm\bma\ban\bnd\bds\bs above).
- That command is usually a _\bl_\bi_\bs_\bt of commands between { and }, but
+ is optional. If the f\bfu\bun\bnc\bct\bti\bio\bon\bn reserved word is supplied, the
+ parentheses are optional. The _\bb_\bo_\bd_\by of the function is the com-
+ pound command _\bc_\bo_\bm_\bp_\bo_\bu_\bn_\bd_\b-_\bc_\bo_\bm_\bm_\ba_\bn_\bd (see C\bCo\bom\bmp\bpo\bou\bun\bnd\bd C\bCo\bom\bmm\bma\ban\bnd\bds\bs above).
+ That command is usually a _\bl_\bi_\bs_\bt of commands between { and }, but
may be any command listed under C\bCo\bom\bmp\bpo\bou\bun\bnd\bd C\bCo\bom\bmm\bma\ban\bnd\bds\bs above. If the
f\bfu\bun\bnc\bct\bti\bio\bon\bn reserved word is used, but the parentheses are not sup-
plied, the braces are recommended. _\bc_\bo_\bm_\bp_\bo_\bu_\bn_\bd_\b-_\bc_\bo_\bm_\bm_\ba_\bn_\bd is executed
- whenever _\bf_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be is specified as the name of a simple command.
+ whenever _\bf_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be is specified as the name of a simple command.
When in posix mode, _\bf_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be must be a valid shell _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be and may not
- be the name of one of the POSIX _\bs_\bp_\be_\bc_\bi_\ba_\bl _\bb_\bu_\bi_\bl_\bt_\bi_\bn_\bs. In default
- mode, a function name can be any unquoted shell word that does
+ be the name of one of the POSIX _\bs_\bp_\be_\bc_\bi_\ba_\bl _\bb_\bu_\bi_\bl_\bt_\bi_\bn_\bs. In default
+ mode, a function name can be any unquoted shell word that does
not contain $\b$.
- Any redirections (see R\bRE\bED\bDI\bIR\bRE\bEC\bCT\bTI\bIO\bON\bN below) specified when a function is
+ Any redirections (see R\bRE\bED\bDI\bIR\bRE\bEC\bCT\bTI\bIO\bON\bN below) specified when a function is
defined are performed when the function is executed.
- The exit status of a function definition is zero unless a syntax error
- occurs or a readonly function with the same name already exists. When
- executed, the exit status of a function is the exit status of the last
+ The exit status of a function definition is zero unless a syntax error
+ occurs or a readonly function with the same name already exists. When
+ executed, the exit status of a function is the exit status of the last
command executed in the body. (See F\bFU\bUN\bNC\bCT\bTI\bIO\bON\bNS\bS below.)
C\bCO\bOM\bMM\bME\bEN\bNT\bTS\bS
In a non-interactive shell, or an interactive shell in which the i\bin\bnt\bte\ber\br-\b-
- a\bac\bct\bti\biv\bve\be_\b_c\bco\bom\bmm\bme\ben\bnt\bts\bs option to the s\bsh\bho\bop\bpt\bt builtin is enabled (see S\bSH\bHE\bEL\bLL\bL
- B\bBU\bUI\bIL\bLT\bTI\bIN\bN C\bCO\bOM\bMM\bMA\bAN\bND\bDS\bS below), a word beginning with #\b# introduces a comment.
+ a\bac\bct\bti\biv\bve\be_\b_c\bco\bom\bmm\bme\ben\bnt\bts\bs option to the s\bsh\bho\bop\bpt\bt builtin is enabled (see S\bSH\bHE\bEL\bLL\bL
+ B\bBU\bUI\bIL\bLT\bTI\bIN\bN C\bCO\bOM\bMM\bMA\bAN\bND\bDS\bS below), a word beginning with #\b# introduces a comment.
A word begins at the beginning of a line, after unquoted whitespace, or
- after an operator. The comment causes that word and all remaining
- characters on that line to be ignored. An interactive shell without
- the i\bin\bnt\bte\ber\bra\bac\bct\bti\biv\bve\be_\b_c\bco\bom\bmm\bme\ben\bnt\bts\bs option enabled does not allow comments. The
+ after an operator. The comment causes that word and all remaining
+ characters on that line to be ignored. An interactive shell without
+ the i\bin\bnt\bte\ber\bra\bac\bct\bti\biv\bve\be_\b_c\bco\bom\bmm\bme\ben\bnt\bts\bs option enabled does not allow comments. The
i\bin\bnt\bte\ber\bra\bac\bct\bti\biv\bve\be_\b_c\bco\bom\bmm\bme\ben\bnt\bts\bs option is enabled by default in interactive
shells.
Q\bQU\bUO\bOT\bTI\bIN\bNG\bG
- _\bQ_\bu_\bo_\bt_\bi_\bn_\bg is used to remove the special meaning of certain characters or
- words to the shell. Quoting can be used to disable special treatment
+ _\bQ_\bu_\bo_\bt_\bi_\bn_\bg is used to remove the special meaning of certain characters or
+ words to the shell. Quoting can be used to disable special treatment
for special characters, to prevent reserved words from being recognized
as such, and to prevent parameter expansion.
- Each of the _\bm_\be_\bt_\ba_\bc_\bh_\ba_\br_\ba_\bc_\bt_\be_\br_\bs listed above under D\bDE\bEF\bFI\bIN\bNI\bIT\bTI\bIO\bON\bNS\bS has special
+ Each of the _\bm_\be_\bt_\ba_\bc_\bh_\ba_\br_\ba_\bc_\bt_\be_\br_\bs listed above under D\bDE\bEF\bFI\bIN\bNI\bIT\bTI\bIO\bON\bNS\bS has special
meaning to the shell and must be quoted if it is to represent itself.
- When the command history expansion facilities are being used (see H\bHI\bIS\bS-\b-
+ When the command history expansion facilities are being used (see H\bHI\bIS\bS-\b-
T\bTO\bOR\bRY\bY E\bEX\bXP\bPA\bAN\bNS\bSI\bIO\bON\bN below), the _\bh_\bi_\bs_\bt_\bo_\br_\by _\be_\bx_\bp_\ba_\bn_\bs_\bi_\bo_\bn character, usually !\b!, must
be quoted to prevent history expansion.
There are four quoting mechanisms: the _\be_\bs_\bc_\ba_\bp_\be _\bc_\bh_\ba_\br_\ba_\bc_\bt_\be_\br, single quotes,
double quotes, and dollar-single quotes.
- A non-quoted backslash (\\b\) is the _\be_\bs_\bc_\ba_\bp_\be _\bc_\bh_\ba_\br_\ba_\bc_\bt_\be_\br. It preserves the
- literal value of the next character that follows, removing any special
- meaning it has, with the exception of <newline>. If a \\b\<newline> pair
- appears, and the backslash is not itself quoted, the \\b\<newline> is
- treated as a line continuation (that is, it is removed from the input
+ A non-quoted backslash (\\b\) is the _\be_\bs_\bc_\ba_\bp_\be _\bc_\bh_\ba_\br_\ba_\bc_\bt_\be_\br. It preserves the
+ literal value of the next character that follows, removing any special
+ meaning it has, with the exception of <newline>. If a \\b\<newline> pair
+ appears, and the backslash is not itself quoted, the \\b\<newline> is
+ treated as a line continuation (that is, it is removed from the input
stream and effectively ignored).
- Enclosing characters in single quotes preserves the literal value of
+ Enclosing characters in single quotes preserves the literal value of
each character within the quotes. A single quote may not occur between
single quotes, even when preceded by a backslash.
- Enclosing characters in double quotes preserves the literal value of
- all characters within the quotes, with the exception of $\b$, `\b`, \\b\, and,
+ Enclosing characters in double quotes preserves the literal value of
+ all characters within the quotes, with the exception of $\b$, `\b`, \\b\, and,
when history expansion is enabled, !\b!. When the shell is in posix mode,
- the !\b! has no special meaning within double quotes, even when history
- expansion is enabled. The characters $\b$ and `\b` retain their special
- meaning within double quotes. The backslash retains its special mean-
- ing only when followed by one of the following characters: $\b$, `\b`, "\b", \\b\,
+ the !\b! has no special meaning within double quotes, even when history
+ expansion is enabled. The characters $\b$ and `\b` retain their special
+ meaning within double quotes. The backslash retains its special mean-
+ ing only when followed by one of the following characters: $\b$, `\b`, "\b", \\b\,
or <\b<n\bne\bew\bwl\bli\bin\bne\be>\b>. Backslashes preceding characters without a special mean-
ing are left unmodified.
- A double quote may be quoted within double quotes by preceding it with
+ A double quote may be quoted within double quotes by preceding it with
a backslash. If enabled, history expansion will be performed unless an
- !\b! appearing in double quotes is escaped using a backslash. The back-
+ !\b! appearing in double quotes is escaped using a backslash. The back-
slash preceding the !\b! is not removed.
- The special parameters *\b* and @\b@ have special meaning when in double
+ The special parameters *\b* and @\b@ have special meaning when in double
quotes (see P\bPA\bAR\bRA\bAM\bME\bET\bTE\bER\bRS\bS below).
- Character sequences of the form $\b$'_\bs_\bt_\br_\bi_\bn_\bg' are treated as a special
- variant of single quotes. The sequence expands to _\bs_\bt_\br_\bi_\bn_\bg, with back-
- slash-escaped characters in _\bs_\bt_\br_\bi_\bn_\bg replaced as specified by the ANSI C
- standard. Backslash escape sequences, if present, are decoded as fol-
+ Character sequences of the form $\b$'_\bs_\bt_\br_\bi_\bn_\bg' are treated as a special
+ variant of single quotes. The sequence expands to _\bs_\bt_\br_\bi_\bn_\bg, with back-
+ slash-escaped characters in _\bs_\bt_\br_\bi_\bn_\bg replaced as specified by the ANSI C
+ standard. Backslash escape sequences, if present, are decoded as fol-
lows:
\\b\a\ba alert (bell)
\\b\b\bb backspace
\\b\'\b' single quote
\\b\"\b" double quote
\\b\?\b? question mark
- \\b\_\bn_\bn_\bn The eight-bit character whose value is the octal value
+ \\b\_\bn_\bn_\bn The eight-bit character whose value is the octal value
_\bn_\bn_\bn (one to three octal digits).
- \\b\x\bx_\bH_\bH The eight-bit character whose value is the hexadecimal
+ \\b\x\bx_\bH_\bH The eight-bit character whose value is the hexadecimal
value _\bH_\bH (one or two hex digits).
- \\b\u\bu_\bH_\bH_\bH_\bH The Unicode (ISO/IEC 10646) character whose value is the
+ \\b\u\bu_\bH_\bH_\bH_\bH The Unicode (ISO/IEC 10646) character whose value is the
hexadecimal value _\bH_\bH_\bH_\bH (one to four hex digits).
\\b\U\bU_\bH_\bH_\bH_\bH_\bH_\bH_\bH_\bH
- The Unicode (ISO/IEC 10646) character whose value is the
+ The Unicode (ISO/IEC 10646) character whose value is the
hexadecimal value _\bH_\bH_\bH_\bH_\bH_\bH_\bH_\bH (one to eight hex digits).
\\b\c\bc_\bx A control-_\bx character.
- The expanded result is single-quoted, as if the dollar sign had not
+ The expanded result is single-quoted, as if the dollar sign had not
been present.
T\bTr\bra\ban\bns\bsl\bla\bat\bti\bin\bng\bg S\bSt\btr\bri\bin\bng\bgs\bs
A double-quoted string preceded by a dollar sign ($\b$"_\bs_\bt_\br_\bi_\bn_\bg") causes the
- string to be translated according to the current locale. The _\bg_\be_\bt_\bt_\be_\bx_\bt
- infrastructure performs the lookup and translation, using the L\bLC\bC_\b_M\bME\bES\bS-\b-
- S\bSA\bAG\bGE\bES\bS, T\bTE\bEX\bXT\bTD\bDO\bOM\bMA\bAI\bIN\bND\bDI\bIR\bR, and T\bTE\bEX\bXT\bTD\bDO\bOM\bMA\bAI\bIN\bN shell variables. If the current
+ string to be translated according to the current locale. The _\bg_\be_\bt_\bt_\be_\bx_\bt
+ infrastructure performs the lookup and translation, using the L\bLC\bC_\b_M\bME\bES\bS-\b-
+ S\bSA\bAG\bGE\bES\bS, T\bTE\bEX\bXT\bTD\bDO\bOM\bMA\bAI\bIN\bND\bDI\bIR\bR, and T\bTE\bEX\bXT\bTD\bDO\bOM\bMA\bAI\bIN\bN shell variables. If the current
locale is C\bC or P\bPO\bOS\bSI\bIX\bX, if there are no translations available, or if the
string is not translated, the dollar sign is ignored, and the string is
- treated as double-quoted as described above. This is a form of double
+ treated as double-quoted as described above. This is a form of double
quoting, so the string remains double-quoted by default, whether or not
- it is translated and replaced. If the n\bno\boe\bex\bxp\bpa\ban\bnd\bd_\b_t\btr\bra\ban\bns\bsl\bla\bat\bti\bio\bon\bn option is
- enabled using the s\bsh\bho\bop\bpt\bt builtin, translated strings are single-quoted
- instead of double-quoted. See the description of s\bsh\bho\bop\bpt\bt below under
+ it is translated and replaced. If the n\bno\boe\bex\bxp\bpa\ban\bnd\bd_\b_t\btr\bra\ban\bns\bsl\bla\bat\bti\bio\bon\bn option is
+ enabled using the s\bsh\bho\bop\bpt\bt builtin, translated strings are single-quoted
+ instead of double-quoted. See the description of s\bsh\bho\bop\bpt\bt below under
S\bSH\bHE\bEL\bLL\bL B\bBU\bUI\bIL\bLT\bTI\bIN\bN C\bCO\bOM\bMM\bMA\bAN\bND\bDS\bS.
P\bPA\bAR\bRA\bAM\bME\bET\bTE\bER\bRS\bS
- A _\bp_\ba_\br_\ba_\bm_\be_\bt_\be_\br is an entity that stores values. It can be a _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be, a num-
- ber, or one of the special characters listed below under S\bSp\bpe\bec\bci\bia\bal\bl P\bPa\bar\bra\ba-\b-
+ A _\bp_\ba_\br_\ba_\bm_\be_\bt_\be_\br is an entity that stores values. It can be a _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be, a num-
+ ber, or one of the special characters listed below under S\bSp\bpe\bec\bci\bia\bal\bl P\bPa\bar\bra\ba-\b-
m\bme\bet\bte\ber\brs\bs. A _\bv_\ba_\br_\bi_\ba_\bb_\bl_\be is a parameter denoted by a _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be. A variable has a
- _\bv_\ba_\bl_\bu_\be and zero or more _\ba_\bt_\bt_\br_\bi_\bb_\bu_\bt_\be_\bs. Attributes are assigned using the
- d\bde\bec\bcl\bla\bar\bre\be builtin command (see d\bde\bec\bcl\bla\bar\bre\be below in S\bSH\bHE\bEL\bLL\bL B\bBU\bUI\bIL\bLT\bTI\bIN\bN C\bCO\bOM\bMM\bMA\bAN\bND\bDS\bS).
+ _\bv_\ba_\bl_\bu_\be and zero or more _\ba_\bt_\bt_\br_\bi_\bb_\bu_\bt_\be_\bs. Attributes are assigned using the
+ d\bde\bec\bcl\bla\bar\bre\be builtin command (see d\bde\bec\bcl\bla\bar\bre\be below in S\bSH\bHE\bEL\bLL\bL B\bBU\bUI\bIL\bLT\bTI\bIN\bN C\bCO\bOM\bMM\bMA\bAN\bND\bDS\bS).
The e\bex\bxp\bpo\bor\brt\bt and r\bre\bea\bad\bdo\bon\bnl\bly\by builtins assign specific attributes.
A parameter is set if it has been assigned a value. The null string is
- a valid value. Once a variable is set, it may be unset only by using
+ a valid value. Once a variable is set, it may be unset only by using
the u\bun\bns\bse\bet\bt builtin command (see S\bSH\bHE\bEL\bLL\bL B\bBU\bUI\bIL\bLT\bTI\bIN\bN C\bCO\bOM\bMM\bMA\bAN\bND\bDS\bS below).
A _\bv_\ba_\br_\bi_\ba_\bb_\bl_\be may be assigned to by a statement of the form
_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be=[_\bv_\ba_\bl_\bu_\be]
- If _\bv_\ba_\bl_\bu_\be is not given, the variable is assigned the null string. All
- _\bv_\ba_\bl_\bu_\be_\bs undergo tilde expansion, parameter and variable expansion, com-
- mand substitution, arithmetic expansion, and quote removal (see E\bEX\bXP\bPA\bAN\bN-\b-
+ If _\bv_\ba_\bl_\bu_\be is not given, the variable is assigned the null string. All
+ _\bv_\ba_\bl_\bu_\be_\bs undergo tilde expansion, parameter and variable expansion, com-
+ mand substitution, arithmetic expansion, and quote removal (see E\bEX\bXP\bPA\bAN\bN-\b-
S\bSI\bIO\bON\bN below). If the variable has its i\bin\bnt\bte\beg\bge\ber\br attribute set, then _\bv_\ba_\bl_\bu_\be
is evaluated as an arithmetic expression even if the $\b$(\b((\b(...)\b))\b) expansion
is not used (see A\bAr\bri\bit\bth\bhm\bme\bet\bti\bic\bc E\bEx\bxp\bpa\ban\bns\bsi\bio\bon\bn below). Word splitting and path-
- name expansion are not performed. Assignment statements may also ap-
+ name expansion are not performed. Assignment statements may also ap-
pear as arguments to the a\bal\bli\bia\bas\bs, d\bde\bec\bcl\bla\bar\bre\be, t\bty\byp\bpe\bes\bse\bet\bt, e\bex\bxp\bpo\bor\brt\bt, r\bre\bea\bad\bdo\bon\bnl\bly\by, and
- l\blo\boc\bca\bal\bl builtin commands (_\bd_\be_\bc_\bl_\ba_\br_\ba_\bt_\bi_\bo_\bn commands). When in posix mode,
- these builtins may appear in a command after one or more instances of
+ l\blo\boc\bca\bal\bl builtin commands (_\bd_\be_\bc_\bl_\ba_\br_\ba_\bt_\bi_\bo_\bn commands). When in posix mode,
+ these builtins may appear in a command after one or more instances of
the c\bco\bom\bmm\bma\ban\bnd\bd builtin and retain these assignment statement properties.
- In the context where an assignment statement is assigning a value to a
- shell variable or array index, the += operator appends to or adds to
- the variable's previous value. This includes arguments to _\bd_\be_\bc_\bl_\ba_\br_\ba_\bt_\bi_\bo_\bn
- commands such as d\bde\bec\bcl\bla\bar\bre\be that accept assignment statements. When += is
- applied to a variable for which the i\bin\bnt\bte\beg\bge\ber\br attribute has been set, the
- variable's current value and _\bv_\ba_\bl_\bu_\be are each evaluated as arithmetic ex-
- pressions, and the sum of the results is assigned as the variable's
+ In the context where an assignment statement is assigning a value to a
+ shell variable or array index, the "+=" operator appends to or adds to
+ the variable's previous value. This includes arguments to _\bd_\be_\bc_\bl_\ba_\br_\ba_\bt_\bi_\bo_\bn
+ commands such as d\bde\bec\bcl\bla\bar\bre\be that accept assignment statements. When "+="
+ is applied to a variable for which the i\bin\bnt\bte\beg\bge\ber\br attribute has been set,
+ the variable's current value and _\bv_\ba_\bl_\bu_\be are each evaluated as arithmetic
+ expressions, and the sum of the results is assigned as the variable's
value. The current value is usually an integer constant, but may be an
- expression. When += is applied to an array variable using compound as-
- signment (see A\bAr\brr\bra\bay\bys\bs below), the variable's value is not unset (as it
- is when using =), and new values are appended to the array beginning at
- one greater than the array's maximum index (for indexed arrays) or
- added as additional key-value pairs in an associative array. When ap-
- plied to a string-valued variable, _\bv_\ba_\bl_\bu_\be is expanded and appended to
- the variable's value.
+ expression. When "+=" is applied to an array variable using compound
+ assignment (see A\bAr\brr\bra\bay\bys\bs below), the variable's value is not unset (as it
+ is when using and new values are appended to the array beginning at one
+ greater than the array's maximum index (for indexed arrays) or added as
+ additional key-value pairs in an associative array. When applied to a
+ string-valued variable, _\bv_\ba_\bl_\bu_\be is expanded and appended to the vari-
+ able's value.
A variable can be assigned the _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be_\br_\be_\bf attribute using the -\b-n\bn option to
the d\bde\bec\bcl\bla\bar\bre\be or l\blo\boc\bca\bal\bl builtin commands (see the descriptions of d\bde\bec\bcl\bla\bar\bre\be
a nameref variable as an argument, the variable referenced by the
nameref variable is unset.
+ When the shell starts, it reads its environment and creates a shell
+ variable from each environment variable that has a valid name, as de-
+ scribed below (see E\bEN\bNV\bVI\bIR\bRO\bON\bNM\bME\bEN\bNT\bT).
+
P\bPo\bos\bsi\bit\bti\bio\bon\bna\bal\bl P\bPa\bar\bra\bam\bme\bet\bte\ber\brs\bs
A _\bp_\bo_\bs_\bi_\bt_\bi_\bo_\bn_\ba_\bl _\bp_\ba_\br_\ba_\bm_\be_\bt_\be_\br is a parameter denoted by one or more digits,
other than the single digit 0. Positional parameters are assigned from
ments to B\bBA\bAS\bSH\bH_\b_L\bLI\bIN\bNE\bEN\bNO\bO have no effect, and it may not be unset.
B\bBA\bAS\bSH\bH_\b_L\bLO\bOA\bAD\bDA\bAB\bBL\bLE\bES\bS_\b_P\bPA\bAT\bTH\bH
A colon-separated list of directories in which the e\ben\bna\bab\bbl\ble\be com-
- mand. looks for dynamically loadable builtins.
+ mand looks for dynamically loadable builtins.
B\bBA\bAS\bSH\bH_\b_M\bMO\bON\bNO\bOS\bSE\bEC\bCO\bON\bND\bDS\bS
Each time this variable is referenced, it expands to the value
returned by the system's monotonic clock, if one is available.
appearing in S\bSH\bHE\bEL\bLL\bLO\bOP\bPT\bTS\bS are those reported as _\bo_\bn by s\bse\bet\bt -\b-o\bo. If
this variable is in the environment when b\bba\bas\bsh\bh starts up, the
shell enables each option in the list before reading any startup
- files. This variable is read-only.
+ files. If this variable is exported, child shells will enable
+ each option in the list. This variable is read-only.
S\bSH\bHL\bLV\bVL\bL Incremented by one each time an instance of b\bba\bas\bsh\bh is started.
S\bSR\bRA\bAN\bND\bDO\bOM\bM
- Each time it is referenced, this variable expands to a 32-bit
+ Each time it is referenced, this variable expands to a 32-bit
pseudo-random number. The random number generator is not linear
- on systems that support _\b/_\bd_\be_\bv_\b/_\bu_\br_\ba_\bn_\bd_\bo_\bm or _\ba_\br_\bc_\b4_\br_\ba_\bn_\bd_\bo_\bm(3), so each
+ on systems that support _\b/_\bd_\be_\bv_\b/_\bu_\br_\ba_\bn_\bd_\bo_\bm or _\ba_\br_\bc_\b4_\br_\ba_\bn_\bd_\bo_\bm(3), so each
returned number has no relationship to the numbers preceding it.
- The random number generator cannot be seeded, so assignments to
+ The random number generator cannot be seeded, so assignments to
this variable have no effect. If S\bSR\bRA\bAN\bND\bDO\bOM\bM is unset, it loses its
special properties, even if it is subsequently reset.
U\bUI\bID\bD Expands to the user ID of the current user, initialized at shell
startup. This variable is readonly.
- The shell uses the following variables. In some cases, b\bba\bas\bsh\bh assigns a
+ The shell uses the following variables. In some cases, b\bba\bas\bsh\bh assigns a
default value to a variable; these cases are noted below.
B\bBA\bAS\bSH\bH_\b_C\bCO\bOM\bMP\bPA\bAT\bT
- The value is used to set the shell's compatibility level. See
- S\bSH\bHE\bEL\bLL\bL C\bCO\bOM\bMP\bPA\bAT\bTI\bIB\bBI\bIL\bLI\bIT\bTY\bY M\bMO\bOD\bDE\bE below for a description of the various
+ The value is used to set the shell's compatibility level. See
+ S\bSH\bHE\bEL\bLL\bL C\bCO\bOM\bMP\bPA\bAT\bTI\bIB\bBI\bIL\bLI\bIT\bTY\bY M\bMO\bOD\bDE\bE below for a description of the various
compatibility levels and their effects. The value may be a dec-
- imal number (e.g., 4.2) or an integer (e.g., 42) corresponding
- to the desired compatibility level. If B\bBA\bAS\bSH\bH_\b_C\bCO\bOM\bMP\bPA\bAT\bT is unset or
- set to the empty string, the compatibility level is set to the
- default for the current version. If B\bBA\bAS\bSH\bH_\b_C\bCO\bOM\bMP\bPA\bAT\bT is set to a
- value that is not one of the valid compatibility levels, the
- shell prints an error message and sets the compatibility level
- to the default for the current version. A subset of the valid
- values correspond to the compatibility levels described below
- under S\bSH\bHE\bEL\bLL\bL C\bCO\bOM\bMP\bPA\bAT\bTI\bIB\bBI\bIL\bLI\bIT\bTY\bY M\bMO\bOD\bDE\bE. For example, 4.2 and 42 are
- valid values that correspond to the c\bco\bom\bmp\bpa\bat\bt4\b42\b2 s\bsh\bho\bop\bpt\bt option and
- set the compatibility level to 42. The current version is also
+ imal number (e.g., 4.2) or an integer (e.g., 42) corresponding
+ to the desired compatibility level. If B\bBA\bAS\bSH\bH_\b_C\bCO\bOM\bMP\bPA\bAT\bT is unset or
+ set to the empty string, the compatibility level is set to the
+ default for the current version. If B\bBA\bAS\bSH\bH_\b_C\bCO\bOM\bMP\bPA\bAT\bT is set to a
+ value that is not one of the valid compatibility levels, the
+ shell prints an error message and sets the compatibility level
+ to the default for the current version. A subset of the valid
+ values correspond to the compatibility levels described below
+ under S\bSH\bHE\bEL\bLL\bL C\bCO\bOM\bMP\bPA\bAT\bTI\bIB\bBI\bIL\bLI\bIT\bTY\bY M\bMO\bOD\bDE\bE. For example, 4.2 and 42 are
+ valid values that correspond to the c\bco\bom\bmp\bpa\bat\bt4\b42\b2 s\bsh\bho\bop\bpt\bt option and
+ set the compatibility level to 42. The current version is also
a valid value.
B\bBA\bAS\bSH\bH_\b_E\bEN\bNV\bV
- If this parameter is set when b\bba\bas\bsh\bh is executing a shell script,
- its expanded value is interpreted as a filename containing com-
- mands to initialize the shell before it reads and executes com-
- mands from the script. The value of B\bBA\bAS\bSH\bH_\b_E\bEN\bNV\bV is subjected to
+ If this parameter is set when b\bba\bas\bsh\bh is executing a shell script,
+ its expanded value is interpreted as a filename containing com-
+ mands to initialize the shell before it reads and executes com-
+ mands from the script. The value of B\bBA\bAS\bSH\bH_\b_E\bEN\bNV\bV is subjected to
parameter expansion, command substitution, and arithmetic expan-
- sion before being interpreted as a filename. P\bPA\bAT\bTH\bH is not used
+ sion before being interpreted as a filename. P\bPA\bAT\bTH\bH is not used
to search for the resultant filename.
B\bBA\bAS\bSH\bH_\b_X\bXT\bTR\bRA\bAC\bCE\bEF\bFD\bD
- If set to an integer corresponding to a valid file descriptor,
- b\bba\bas\bsh\bh writes the trace output generated when "set -x" is enabled
- to that file descriptor, instead of the standard error. The
- file descriptor is closed when B\bBA\bAS\bSH\bH_\b_X\bXT\bTR\bRA\bAC\bCE\bEF\bFD\bD is unset or as-
+ If set to an integer corresponding to a valid file descriptor,
+ b\bba\bas\bsh\bh writes the trace output generated when "set -x" is enabled
+ to that file descriptor, instead of the standard error. The
+ file descriptor is closed when B\bBA\bAS\bSH\bH_\b_X\bXT\bTR\bRA\bAC\bCE\bEF\bFD\bD is unset or as-
signed a new value. Unsetting B\bBA\bAS\bSH\bH_\b_X\bXT\bTR\bRA\bAC\bCE\bEF\bFD\bD or assigning it the
- empty string causes the trace output to be sent to the standard
+ empty string causes the trace output to be sent to the standard
error. Note that setting B\bBA\bAS\bSH\bH_\b_X\bXT\bTR\bRA\bAC\bCE\bEF\bFD\bD to 2 (the standard error
- file descriptor) and then unsetting it will result in the stan-
+ file descriptor) and then unsetting it will result in the stan-
dard error being closed.
- C\bCD\bDP\bPA\bAT\bTH\bH The search path for the c\bcd\bd command. This is a colon-separated
+ C\bCD\bDP\bPA\bAT\bTH\bH The search path for the c\bcd\bd command. This is a colon-separated
list of directories where the shell looks for directories speci-
- fied as arguments to the c\bcd\bd command. A sample value is
+ fied as arguments to the c\bcd\bd command. A sample value is
".:~:/usr".
C\bCH\bHI\bIL\bLD\bD_\b_M\bMA\bAX\bX
- Set the number of exited child status values for the shell to
- remember. B\bBa\bas\bsh\bh will not allow this value to be decreased below
- a POSIX-mandated minimum, and there is a maximum value (cur-
- rently 8192) that this may not exceed. The minimum value is
+ Set the number of exited child status values for the shell to
+ remember. B\bBa\bas\bsh\bh will not allow this value to be decreased below
+ a POSIX-mandated minimum, and there is a maximum value (cur-
+ rently 8192) that this may not exceed. The minimum value is
system-dependent.
C\bCO\bOL\bLU\bUM\bMN\bNS\bS
- Used by the s\bse\bel\ble\bec\bct\bt compound command to determine the terminal
- width when printing selection lists. Automatically set if the
- c\bch\bhe\bec\bck\bkw\bwi\bin\bns\bsi\biz\bze\be option is enabled or in an interactive shell upon
+ Used by the s\bse\bel\ble\bec\bct\bt compound command to determine the terminal
+ width when printing selection lists. Automatically set if the
+ c\bch\bhe\bec\bck\bkw\bwi\bin\bns\bsi\biz\bze\be option is enabled or in an interactive shell upon
receipt of a S\bSI\bIG\bGW\bWI\bIN\bNC\bCH\bH.
C\bCO\bOM\bMP\bPR\bRE\bEP\bPL\bLY\bY
An array variable from which b\bba\bas\bsh\bh reads the possible completions
- generated by a shell function invoked by the programmable com-
- pletion facility (see P\bPr\bro\bog\bgr\bra\bam\bmm\bma\bab\bbl\ble\be C\bCo\bom\bmp\bpl\ble\bet\bti\bio\bon\bn below). Each ar-
+ generated by a shell function invoked by the programmable com-
+ pletion facility (see P\bPr\bro\bog\bgr\bra\bam\bmm\bma\bab\bbl\ble\be C\bCo\bom\bmp\bpl\ble\bet\bti\bio\bon\bn below). Each ar-
ray element contains one possible completion.
- E\bEM\bMA\bAC\bCS\bS If b\bba\bas\bsh\bh finds this variable in the environment when the shell
- starts with value "t", it assumes that the shell is running in
+ E\bEM\bMA\bAC\bCS\bS If b\bba\bas\bsh\bh finds this variable in the environment when the shell
+ starts with value "t", it assumes that the shell is running in
an Emacs shell buffer and disables line editing.
- E\bEN\bNV\bV Expanded and executed similarly to B\bBA\bAS\bSH\bH_\b_E\bEN\bNV\bV (see I\bIN\bNV\bVO\bOC\bCA\bAT\bTI\bIO\bON\bN
+ E\bEN\bNV\bV Expanded and executed similarly to B\bBA\bAS\bSH\bH_\b_E\bEN\bNV\bV (see I\bIN\bNV\bVO\bOC\bCA\bAT\bTI\bIO\bON\bN
above) when an interactive shell is invoked in posix mode.
E\bEX\bXE\bEC\bCI\bIG\bGN\bNO\bOR\bRE\bE
- A colon-separated list of shell patterns (see P\bPa\bat\btt\bte\ber\brn\bn M\bMa\bat\btc\bch\bhi\bin\bng\bg)
- defining the set of filenames to be ignored by command search
- using P\bPA\bAT\bTH\bH. Files whose full pathnames match one of these pat-
- terns are not considered executable files for the purposes of
+ A colon-separated list of shell patterns (see P\bPa\bat\btt\bte\ber\brn\bn M\bMa\bat\btc\bch\bhi\bin\bng\bg)
+ defining the set of filenames to be ignored by command search
+ using P\bPA\bAT\bTH\bH. Files whose full pathnames match one of these pat-
+ terns are not considered executable files for the purposes of
completion and command execution via P\bPA\bAT\bTH\bH lookup. This does not
affect the behavior of the [\b[, t\bte\bes\bst\bt, and [\b[[\b[ commands. Full path-
- names in the command hash table are not subject to E\bEX\bXE\bEC\bCI\bIG\bGN\bNO\bOR\bRE\bE.
- Use this variable to ignore shared library files that have the
- executable bit set, but are not executable files. The pattern
+ names in the command hash table are not subject to E\bEX\bXE\bEC\bCI\bIG\bGN\bNO\bOR\bRE\bE.
+ Use this variable to ignore shared library files that have the
+ executable bit set, but are not executable files. The pattern
matching honors the setting of the e\bex\bxt\btg\bgl\blo\bob\bb shell option.
F\bFC\bCE\bED\bDI\bIT\bT The default editor for the f\bfc\bc builtin command.
F\bFI\bIG\bGN\bNO\bOR\bRE\bE
- A colon-separated list of suffixes to ignore when performing
+ A colon-separated list of suffixes to ignore when performing
filename completion (see R\bRE\bEA\bAD\bDL\bLI\bIN\bNE\bE below). A filename whose suf-
- fix matches one of the entries in F\bFI\bIG\bGN\bNO\bOR\bRE\bE is excluded from the
+ fix matches one of the entries in F\bFI\bIG\bGN\bNO\bOR\bRE\bE is excluded from the
list of matched filenames. A sample value is ".o:~".
F\bFU\bUN\bNC\bCN\bNE\bES\bST\bT
- If set to a numeric value greater than 0, defines a maximum
- function nesting level. Function invocations that exceed this
+ If set to a numeric value greater than 0, defines a maximum
+ function nesting level. Function invocations that exceed this
nesting level cause the current command to abort.
G\bGL\bLO\bOB\bBI\bIG\bGN\bNO\bOR\bRE\bE
- A colon-separated list of patterns defining the set of file
- names to be ignored by pathname expansion. If a file name
- matched by a pathname expansion pattern also matches one of the
- patterns in G\bGL\bLO\bOB\bBI\bIG\bGN\bNO\bOR\bRE\bE, it is removed from the list of matches.
+ A colon-separated list of patterns defining the set of file
+ names to be ignored by pathname expansion. If a file name
+ matched by a pathname expansion pattern also matches one of the
+ patterns in G\bGL\bLO\bOB\bBI\bIG\bGN\bNO\bOR\bRE\bE, it is removed from the list of matches.
The pattern matching honors the setting of the e\bex\bxt\btg\bgl\blo\bob\bb shell op-
tion.
G\bGL\bLO\bOB\bBS\bSO\bOR\bRT\bT
- Controls how the results of pathname expansion are sorted. The
- value of this variable specifies the sort criteria and sort or-
- der for the results of pathname expansion. If this variable is
- unset or set to the null string, pathname expansion uses the
- historical behavior of sorting by name, in ascending lexico-
+ Controls how the results of pathname expansion are sorted. The
+ value of this variable specifies the sort criteria and sort or-
+ der for the results of pathname expansion. If this variable is
+ unset or set to the null string, pathname expansion uses the
+ historical behavior of sorting by name, in ascending lexico-
graphic order as determined by the L\bLC\bC_\b_C\bCO\bOL\bLL\bLA\bAT\bTE\bE shell variable.
- If set, a valid value begins with an optional _\b+, which is ig-
+ If set, a valid value begins with an optional _\b+, which is ig-
nored, or _\b-, which reverses the sort order from ascending to de-
- scending, followed by a sort specifier. The valid sort speci-
- fiers are _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be, _\bn_\bu_\bm_\be_\br_\bi_\bc, _\bs_\bi_\bz_\be, _\bm_\bt_\bi_\bm_\be, _\ba_\bt_\bi_\bm_\be, _\bc_\bt_\bi_\bm_\be, and _\bb_\bl_\bo_\bc_\bk_\bs,
+ scending, followed by a sort specifier. The valid sort speci-
+ fiers are _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be, _\bn_\bu_\bm_\be_\br_\bi_\bc, _\bs_\bi_\bz_\be, _\bm_\bt_\bi_\bm_\be, _\ba_\bt_\bi_\bm_\be, _\bc_\bt_\bi_\bm_\be, and _\bb_\bl_\bo_\bc_\bk_\bs,
which sort the files on name, names in numeric rather than lexi-
- cographic order, file size, modification time, access time, in-
- ode change time, and number of blocks, respectively. If any of
- the non-name keys compare as equal (e.g., if two files are the
+ cographic order, file size, modification time, access time, in-
+ ode change time, and number of blocks, respectively. If any of
+ the non-name keys compare as equal (e.g., if two files are the
same size), sorting uses the name as a secondary sort key.
- For example, a value of _\b-_\bm_\bt_\bi_\bm_\be sorts the results in descending
+ For example, a value of _\b-_\bm_\bt_\bi_\bm_\be sorts the results in descending
order by modification time (newest first).
- The _\bn_\bu_\bm_\be_\br_\bi_\bc specifier treats names consisting solely of digits
- as numbers and sorts them using their numeric value (so "2"
+ The _\bn_\bu_\bm_\be_\br_\bi_\bc specifier treats names consisting solely of digits
+ as numbers and sorts them using their numeric value (so "2"
sorts before "10", for example). When using _\bn_\bu_\bm_\be_\br_\bi_\bc, names con-
- taining non-digits sort after all the all-digit names and are
+ taining non-digits sort after all the all-digit names and are
sorted by name using the traditional behavior.
A sort specifier of _\bn_\bo_\bs_\bo_\br_\bt disables sorting completely; b\bba\bas\bsh\bh re-
- turns the results in the order they are read from the file sys-
+ turns the results in the order they are read from the file sys-
tem, ignoring any leading _\b-.
- If the sort specifier is missing, it defaults to _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be, so a
- value of _\b+ is equivalent to the null string, and a value of _\b-
- sorts by name in descending order. Any invalid value restores
+ If the sort specifier is missing, it defaults to _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be, so a
+ value of _\b+ is equivalent to the null string, and a value of _\b-
+ sorts by name in descending order. Any invalid value restores
the historical sorting behavior.
H\bHI\bIS\bST\bTC\bCO\bON\bNT\bTR\bRO\bOL\bL
- A colon-separated list of values controlling how commands are
- saved on the history list. If the list of values includes
- _\bi_\bg_\bn_\bo_\br_\be_\bs_\bp_\ba_\bc_\be, lines which begin with a s\bsp\bpa\bac\bce\be character are not
- saved in the history list. A value of _\bi_\bg_\bn_\bo_\br_\be_\bd_\bu_\bp_\bs causes lines
+ A colon-separated list of values controlling how commands are
+ saved on the history list. If the list of values includes
+ _\bi_\bg_\bn_\bo_\br_\be_\bs_\bp_\ba_\bc_\be, lines which begin with a s\bsp\bpa\bac\bce\be character are not
+ saved in the history list. A value of _\bi_\bg_\bn_\bo_\br_\be_\bd_\bu_\bp_\bs causes lines
matching the previous history entry not to be saved. A value of
_\bi_\bg_\bn_\bo_\br_\be_\bb_\bo_\bt_\bh is shorthand for _\bi_\bg_\bn_\bo_\br_\be_\bs_\bp_\ba_\bc_\be and _\bi_\bg_\bn_\bo_\br_\be_\bd_\bu_\bp_\bs. A value
of _\be_\br_\ba_\bs_\be_\bd_\bu_\bp_\bs causes all previous lines matching the current line
- to be removed from the history list before that line is saved.
- Any value not in the above list is ignored. If H\bHI\bIS\bST\bTC\bCO\bON\bNT\bTR\bRO\bOL\bL is
- unset, or does not include a valid value, b\bba\bas\bsh\bh saves all lines
- read by the shell parser on the history list, subject to the
+ to be removed from the history list before that line is saved.
+ Any value not in the above list is ignored. If H\bHI\bIS\bST\bTC\bCO\bON\bNT\bTR\bRO\bOL\bL is
+ unset, or does not include a valid value, b\bba\bas\bsh\bh saves all lines
+ read by the shell parser on the history list, subject to the
value of H\bHI\bIS\bST\bTI\bIG\bGN\bNO\bOR\bRE\bE. If the first line of a multi-line compound
- command was saved, the second and subsequent lines are not
- tested, and are added to the history regardless of the value of
- H\bHI\bIS\bST\bTC\bCO\bON\bNT\bTR\bRO\bOL\bL. If the first line was not saved, the second and
+ command was saved, the second and subsequent lines are not
+ tested, and are added to the history regardless of the value of
+ H\bHI\bIS\bST\bTC\bCO\bON\bNT\bTR\bRO\bOL\bL. If the first line was not saved, the second and
subsequent lines of the command are not saved either.
H\bHI\bIS\bST\bTF\bFI\bIL\bLE\bE
The name of the file in which command history is saved (see H\bHI\bIS\bS-\b-
- T\bTO\bOR\bRY\bY below). B\bBa\bas\bsh\bh assigns a default value of _\b~_\b/_\b._\bb_\ba_\bs_\bh_\b__\bh_\bi_\bs_\bt_\bo_\br_\by.
- If H\bHI\bIS\bST\bTF\bFI\bIL\bLE\bE is unset or null, the shell does not save the com-
+ T\bTO\bOR\bRY\bY below). B\bBa\bas\bsh\bh assigns a default value of _\b~_\b/_\b._\bb_\ba_\bs_\bh_\b__\bh_\bi_\bs_\bt_\bo_\br_\by.
+ If H\bHI\bIS\bST\bTF\bFI\bIL\bLE\bE is unset or null, the shell does not save the com-
mand history when it exits.
H\bHI\bIS\bST\bTF\bFI\bIL\bLE\bES\bSI\bIZ\bZE\bE
The maximum number of lines contained in the history file. When
- this variable is assigned a value, the history file is trun-
- cated, if necessary, to contain no more than that number of
- lines by removing the oldest entries. The history file is also
+ this variable is assigned a value, the history file is trun-
+ cated, if necessary, to contain no more than that number of
+ lines by removing the oldest entries. The history file is also
truncated to this size after writing it when a shell exits or by
- the h\bhi\bis\bst\bto\bor\bry\by builtin. If the value is 0, the history file is
- truncated to zero size. Non-numeric values and numeric values
- less than zero inhibit truncation. The shell sets the default
+ the h\bhi\bis\bst\bto\bor\bry\by builtin. If the value is 0, the history file is
+ truncated to zero size. Non-numeric values and numeric values
+ less than zero inhibit truncation. The shell sets the default
value to the value of H\bHI\bIS\bST\bTS\bSI\bIZ\bZE\bE after reading any startup files.
H\bHI\bIS\bST\bTI\bIG\bGN\bNO\bOR\bRE\bE
- A colon-separated list of patterns used to decide which command
- lines should be saved on the history list. If a command line
- matches one of the patterns in the value of H\bHI\bIS\bST\bTI\bIG\bGN\bNO\bOR\bRE\bE, it is
- not saved on the history list. Each pattern is anchored at the
- beginning of the line and must match the complete line (b\bba\bas\bsh\bh
- does not implicitly append a "*\b*"). Each pattern is tested
- against the line after the checks specified by H\bHI\bIS\bST\bTC\bCO\bON\bNT\bTR\bRO\bOL\bL are
+ A colon-separated list of patterns used to decide which command
+ lines should be saved on the history list. If a command line
+ matches one of the patterns in the value of H\bHI\bIS\bST\bTI\bIG\bGN\bNO\bOR\bRE\bE, it is
+ not saved on the history list. Each pattern is anchored at the
+ beginning of the line and must match the complete line (b\bba\bas\bsh\bh
+ does not implicitly append a "*\b*"). Each pattern is tested
+ against the line after the checks specified by H\bHI\bIS\bST\bTC\bCO\bON\bNT\bTR\bRO\bOL\bL are
applied. In addition to the normal shell pattern matching char-
- acters, "&\b&" matches the previous history line. A backslash es-
- capes the "&\b&"; the backslash is removed before attempting a
- match. If the first line of a multi-line compound command was
- saved, the second and subsequent lines are not tested, and are
- added to the history regardless of the value of H\bHI\bIS\bST\bTI\bIG\bGN\bNO\bOR\bRE\bE. If
+ acters, "&\b&" matches the previous history line. A backslash es-
+ capes the "&\b&"; the backslash is removed before attempting a
+ match. If the first line of a multi-line compound command was
+ saved, the second and subsequent lines are not tested, and are
+ added to the history regardless of the value of H\bHI\bIS\bST\bTI\bIG\bGN\bNO\bOR\bRE\bE. If
the first line was not saved, the second and subsequent lines of
- the command are not saved either. The pattern matching honors
+ the command are not saved either. The pattern matching honors
the setting of the e\bex\bxt\btg\bgl\blo\bob\bb shell option.
+ H\bHI\bIS\bST\bTI\bIG\bGN\bNO\bOR\bRE\bE subsumes some of the function of H\bHI\bIS\bST\bTC\bCO\bON\bNT\bTR\bRO\bOL\bL. A pat-
+ tern of "&" is identical to "ignoredups", and a pattern of "[
+ ]*" is identical to "ignorespace". Combining these two pat-
+ terns, separating them with a colon, provides the functionality
+ of "ignoreboth".
H\bHI\bIS\bST\bTS\bSI\bIZ\bZE\bE
The number of commands to remember in the command history (see
H\bHI\bIS\bST\bTO\bOR\bRY\bY below). If the value is 0, commands are not saved in
the new file to the existing list. If H\bHO\bOS\bST\bTF\bFI\bIL\bLE\bE is set, but has
no value, or does not name a readable file, b\bba\bas\bsh\bh attempts to
read _\b/_\be_\bt_\bc_\b/_\bh_\bo_\bs_\bt_\bs to obtain the list of possible hostname comple-
- tions. When H\bHO\bOS\bST\bTF\bFI\bIL\bLE\bE is unset, b\bba\bas\bsh\bh clears the the hostname
- list.
+ tions. When H\bHO\bOS\bST\bTF\bFI\bIL\bLE\bE is unset, b\bba\bas\bsh\bh clears the hostname list.
I\bIF\bFS\bS The _\bI_\bn_\bt_\be_\br_\bn_\ba_\bl _\bF_\bi_\be_\bl_\bd _\bS_\be_\bp_\ba_\br_\ba_\bt_\bo_\br that is used for word splitting af-
- ter expansion and to split lines into words with the r\bre\bea\bad\bd
+ ter expansion and to split lines into words with the r\bre\bea\bad\bd
builtin command. Word splitting is described below under E\bEX\bXP\bPA\bAN\bN-\b-
S\bSI\bIO\bON\bN. The default value is "<space><tab><newline>".
I\bIG\bGN\bNO\bOR\bRE\bEE\bEO\bOF\bF
Controls the action of an interactive shell on receipt of an E\bEO\bOF\bF
character as the sole input. If set, the value is the number of
- consecutive E\bEO\bOF\bF characters which must be typed as the first
- characters on an input line before b\bba\bas\bsh\bh exits. If the variable
- is set but does not have a numeric value, or the value is null,
- the default value is 10. If it is unset, E\bEO\bOF\bF signifies the end
+ consecutive E\bEO\bOF\bF characters which must be typed as the first
+ characters on an input line before b\bba\bas\bsh\bh exits. If the variable
+ is set but does not have a numeric value, or the value is null,
+ the default value is 10. If it is unset, E\bEO\bOF\bF signifies the end
of input to the shell.
I\bIN\bNP\bPU\bUT\bTR\bRC\bC
- The filename for the r\bre\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be startup file, overriding the de-
+ The filename for the r\bre\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be startup file, overriding the de-
fault of _\b~_\b/_\b._\bi_\bn_\bp_\bu_\bt_\br_\bc (see R\bRE\bEA\bAD\bDL\bLI\bIN\bNE\bE below).
I\bIN\bNS\bSI\bID\bDE\bE_\b_E\bEM\bMA\bAC\bCS\bS
- If this variable appears in the environment when the shell
- starts, b\bba\bas\bsh\bh assumes that it is running inside an Emacs shell
- buffer and may disable line editing, depending on the value of
+ If this variable appears in the environment when the shell
+ starts, b\bba\bas\bsh\bh assumes that it is running inside an Emacs shell
+ buffer and may disable line editing, depending on the value of
T\bTE\bER\bRM\bM.
- L\bLA\bAN\bNG\bG Used to determine the locale category for any category not
+ L\bLA\bAN\bNG\bG Used to determine the locale category for any category not
specifically selected with a variable starting with L\bLC\bC_\b_.
- L\bLC\bC_\b_A\bAL\bLL\bL This variable overrides the value of L\bLA\bAN\bNG\bG and any other L\bLC\bC_\b_
+ L\bLC\bC_\b_A\bAL\bLL\bL This variable overrides the value of L\bLA\bAN\bNG\bG and any other L\bLC\bC_\b_
variable specifying a locale category.
L\bLC\bC_\b_C\bCO\bOL\bLL\bLA\bAT\bTE\bE
- This variable determines the collation order used when sorting
- the results of pathname expansion, and determines the behavior
- of range expressions, equivalence classes, and collating se-
+ This variable determines the collation order used when sorting
+ the results of pathname expansion, and determines the behavior
+ of range expressions, equivalence classes, and collating se-
quences within pathname expansion and pattern matching.
L\bLC\bC_\b_C\bCT\bTY\bYP\bPE\bE
- This variable determines the interpretation of characters and
- the behavior of character classes within pathname expansion and
+ This variable determines the interpretation of characters and
+ the behavior of character classes within pathname expansion and
pattern matching.
L\bLC\bC_\b_M\bME\bES\bSS\bSA\bAG\bGE\bES\bS
- This variable determines the locale used to translate double-
+ This variable determines the locale used to translate double-
quoted strings preceded by a $\b$.
L\bLC\bC_\b_N\bNU\bUM\bME\bER\bRI\bIC\bC
- This variable determines the locale category used for number
+ This variable determines the locale category used for number
formatting.
L\bLC\bC_\b_T\bTI\bIM\bME\bE
- This variable determines the locale category used for data and
+ This variable determines the locale category used for data and
time formatting.
- L\bLI\bIN\bNE\bES\bS Used by the s\bse\bel\ble\bec\bct\bt compound command to determine the column
- length for printing selection lists. Automatically set if the
- c\bch\bhe\bec\bck\bkw\bwi\bin\bns\bsi\biz\bze\be option is enabled or in an interactive shell upon
+ L\bLI\bIN\bNE\bES\bS Used by the s\bse\bel\ble\bec\bct\bt compound command to determine the column
+ length for printing selection lists. Automatically set if the
+ c\bch\bhe\bec\bck\bkw\bwi\bin\bns\bsi\biz\bze\be option is enabled or in an interactive shell upon
receipt of a S\bSI\bIG\bGW\bWI\bIN\bNC\bCH\bH.
M\bMA\bAI\bIL\bL If the value is set to a file or directory name and the M\bMA\bAI\bIL\bLP\bPA\bAT\bTH\bH
- variable is not set, b\bba\bas\bsh\bh informs the user of the arrival of
+ variable is not set, b\bba\bas\bsh\bh informs the user of the arrival of
mail in the specified file or Maildir-format directory.
M\bMA\bAI\bIL\bLC\bCH\bHE\bEC\bCK\bK
- Specifies how often (in seconds) b\bba\bas\bsh\bh checks for mail. The de-
- fault is 60 seconds. When it is time to check for mail, the
- shell does so before displaying the primary prompt. If this
- variable is unset, or set to a value that is not a number
+ Specifies how often (in seconds) b\bba\bas\bsh\bh checks for mail. The de-
+ fault is 60 seconds. When it is time to check for mail, the
+ shell does so before displaying the primary prompt. If this
+ variable is unset, or set to a value that is not a number
greater than or equal to zero, the shell disables mail checking.
M\bMA\bAI\bIL\bLP\bPA\bAT\bTH\bH
A colon-separated list of filenames to be checked for mail. The
message to be printed when mail arrives in a particular file may
- be specified by separating the filename from the message with a
- "?". When used in the text of the message, $\b$_\b_ expands to the
+ be specified by separating the filename from the message with a
+ "?". When used in the text of the message, $\b$_\b_ expands to the
name of the current mailfile. For example:
M\bMA\bAI\bIL\bLP\bPA\bAT\bTH\bH='/var/mail/bfox?"You have mail":~/shell-mail?"$_ has mail!"'
- B\bBa\bas\bsh\bh can be configured to supply a default value for this vari-
- able (there is no value by default), but the location of the
+ B\bBa\bas\bsh\bh can be configured to supply a default value for this vari-
+ able (there is no value by default), but the location of the
user mail files that it uses is system dependent (e.g.,
/var/mail/$\b$U\bUS\bSE\bER\bR).
O\bOP\bPT\bTE\bER\bRR\bR If set to the value 1, b\bba\bas\bsh\bh displays error messages generated by
- the g\bge\bet\bto\bop\bpt\bts\bs builtin command (see S\bSH\bHE\bEL\bLL\bL B\bBU\bUI\bIL\bLT\bTI\bIN\bN C\bCO\bOM\bMM\bMA\bAN\bND\bDS\bS below).
- O\bOP\bPT\bTE\bER\bRR\bR is initialized to 1 each time the shell is invoked or a
+ the g\bge\bet\bto\bop\bpt\bts\bs builtin command (see S\bSH\bHE\bEL\bLL\bL B\bBU\bUI\bIL\bLT\bTI\bIN\bN C\bCO\bOM\bMM\bMA\bAN\bND\bDS\bS below).
+ O\bOP\bPT\bTE\bER\bRR\bR is initialized to 1 each time the shell is invoked or a
shell script is executed.
- P\bPA\bAT\bTH\bH The search path for commands. It is a colon-separated list of
- directories in which the shell looks for commands (see C\bCO\bOM\bMM\bMA\bAN\bND\bD
- E\bEX\bXE\bEC\bCU\bUT\bTI\bIO\bON\bN below). A zero-length (null) directory name in the
+ P\bPA\bAT\bTH\bH The search path for commands. It is a colon-separated list of
+ directories in which the shell looks for commands (see C\bCO\bOM\bMM\bMA\bAN\bND\bD
+ E\bEX\bXE\bEC\bCU\bUT\bTI\bIO\bON\bN below). A zero-length (null) directory name in the
value of P\bPA\bAT\bTH\bH indicates the current directory. A null directory
- name may appear as two adjacent colons, or as an initial or
- trailing colon. The default path is system-dependent, and is
+ name may appear as two adjacent colons, or as an initial or
+ trailing colon. The default path is system-dependent, and is
set by the administrator who installs b\bba\bas\bsh\bh. A common value is
- "/usr/local/bin:/usr/local/sbin:/usr/bin:/usr/sbin:/bin:/sbin".
+ /usr/local/bin:/usr/local/sbin:/usr/bin:/usr/sbin:/bin:/sbin
P\bPO\bOS\bSI\bIX\bXL\bLY\bY_\b_C\bCO\bOR\bRR\bRE\bEC\bCT\bT
- If this variable is in the environment when b\bba\bas\bsh\bh starts, the
- shell enters posix mode before reading the startup files, as if
- the -\b--\b-p\bpo\bos\bsi\bix\bx invocation option had been supplied. If it is set
- while the shell is running, b\bba\bas\bsh\bh enables posix mode, as if the
+ If this variable is in the environment when b\bba\bas\bsh\bh starts, the
+ shell enters posix mode before reading the startup files, as if
+ the -\b--\b-p\bpo\bos\bsi\bix\bx invocation option had been supplied. If it is set
+ while the shell is running, b\bba\bas\bsh\bh enables posix mode, as if the
command "set -o posix" had been executed. When the shell enters
posix mode, it sets this variable if it was not already set.
P\bPR\bRO\bOM\bMP\bPT\bT_\b_C\bCO\bOM\bMM\bMA\bAN\bND\bD
- If this variable is set, and is an array, the value of each set
- element is executed as a command prior to issuing each primary
- prompt. If this is set but not an array variable, its value is
+ If this variable is set, and is an array, the value of each set
+ element is executed as a command prior to issuing each primary
+ prompt. If this is set but not an array variable, its value is
used as a command to execute instead.
P\bPR\bRO\bOM\bMP\bPT\bT_\b_D\bDI\bIR\bRT\bTR\bRI\bIM\bM
- If set to a number greater than zero, the value is used as the
+ If set to a number greater than zero, the value is used as the
number of trailing directory components to retain when expanding
- the \\b\w\bw and \\b\W\bW prompt string escapes (see P\bPR\bRO\bOM\bMP\bPT\bTI\bIN\bNG\bG below).
+ the \\b\w\bw and \\b\W\bW prompt string escapes (see P\bPR\bRO\bOM\bMP\bPT\bTI\bIN\bNG\bG below).
Characters removed are replaced with an ellipsis.
- P\bPS\bS0\b0 The value of this parameter is expanded (see P\bPR\bRO\bOM\bMP\bPT\bTI\bIN\bNG\bG below)
- and displayed by interactive shells after reading a command and
+ P\bPS\bS0\b0 The value of this parameter is expanded (see P\bPR\bRO\bOM\bMP\bPT\bTI\bIN\bNG\bG below)
+ and displayed by interactive shells after reading a command and
before the command is executed.
- P\bPS\bS1\b1 The value of this parameter is expanded (see P\bPR\bRO\bOM\bMP\bPT\bTI\bIN\bNG\bG below)
- and used as the primary prompt string. The default value is
+ P\bPS\bS1\b1 The value of this parameter is expanded (see P\bPR\bRO\bOM\bMP\bPT\bTI\bIN\bNG\bG below)
+ and used as the primary prompt string. The default value is
"\s-\v\$ ".
- P\bPS\bS2\b2 The value of this parameter is expanded as with P\bPS\bS1\b1 and used as
+ P\bPS\bS2\b2 The value of this parameter is expanded as with P\bPS\bS1\b1 and used as
the secondary prompt string. The default is "> ".
P\bPS\bS3\b3 The value of this parameter is used as the prompt for the s\bse\bel\ble\bec\bct\bt
command (see S\bSH\bHE\bEL\bLL\bL G\bGR\bRA\bAM\bMM\bMA\bAR\bR above).
- P\bPS\bS4\b4 The value of this parameter is expanded as with P\bPS\bS1\b1 and the
+ P\bPS\bS4\b4 The value of this parameter is expanded as with P\bPS\bS1\b1 and the
value is printed before each command b\bba\bas\bsh\bh displays during an ex-
ecution trace. The first character of the expanded value of P\bPS\bS4\b4
is replicated multiple times, as necessary, to indicate multiple
levels of indirection. The default is "+ ".
- S\bSH\bHE\bEL\bLL\bL This variable expands to the full pathname to the shell. If it
- is not set when the shell starts, b\bba\bas\bsh\bh assigns to it the full
+ S\bSH\bHE\bEL\bLL\bL This variable expands to the full pathname to the shell. If it
+ is not set when the shell starts, b\bba\bas\bsh\bh assigns to it the full
pathname of the current user's login shell.
T\bTI\bIM\bME\bEF\bFO\bOR\bRM\bMA\bAT\bT
- The value of this parameter is used as a format string specify-
- ing how the timing information for pipelines prefixed with the
- t\bti\bim\bme\be reserved word should be displayed. The %\b% character intro-
- duces an escape sequence that is expanded to a time value or
- other information. The escape sequences and their meanings are
+ The value of this parameter is used as a format string specify-
+ ing how the timing information for pipelines prefixed with the
+ t\bti\bim\bme\be reserved word should be displayed. The %\b% character intro-
+ duces an escape sequence that is expanded to a time value or
+ other information. The escape sequences and their meanings are
as follows; the brackets denote optional portions.
%\b%%\b% A literal %\b%.
%\b%[\b[_\bp]\b][\b[l\bl]\b]R\bR The elapsed time in seconds.
%\b%[\b[_\bp]\b][\b[l\bl]\b]S\bS The number of CPU seconds spent in system mode.
%\b%P\bP The CPU percentage, computed as (%U + %S) / %R.
- The optional _\bp is a digit specifying the _\bp_\br_\be_\bc_\bi_\bs_\bi_\bo_\bn, the number
+ The optional _\bp is a digit specifying the _\bp_\br_\be_\bc_\bi_\bs_\bi_\bo_\bn, the number
of fractional digits after a decimal point. A value of 0 causes
- no decimal point or fraction to be output. t\bti\bim\bme\be prints at most
- six digits after the decimal point; values of _\bp greater than 6
+ no decimal point or fraction to be output. t\bti\bim\bme\be prints at most
+ six digits after the decimal point; values of _\bp greater than 6
are changed to 6. If _\bp is not specified, t\bti\bim\bme\be prints three dig-
its after the decimal point.
- The optional l\bl specifies a longer format, including minutes, of
- the form _\bM_\bMm_\bS_\bS._\bF_\bFs. The value of _\bp determines whether or not
+ The optional l\bl specifies a longer format, including minutes, of
+ the form _\bM_\bMm_\bS_\bS._\bF_\bFs. The value of _\bp determines whether or not
the fraction is included.
- If this variable is not set, b\bba\bas\bsh\bh acts as if it had the value
- $\b$'\b'\\b\n\bnr\bre\bea\bal\bl\\b\t\bt%\b%3\b3l\blR\bR\\b\n\bnu\bus\bse\ber\br\\b\t\bt%\b%3\b3l\blU\bU\\b\n\bns\bsy\bys\bs\\b\t\bt%\b%3\b3l\blS\bS'\b'. If the value is null,
- b\bba\bas\bsh\bh does not display any timing information. A trailing new-
+ If this variable is not set, b\bba\bas\bsh\bh acts as if it had the value
+ $\b$'\b'\\b\n\bnr\bre\bea\bal\bl\\b\t\bt%\b%3\b3l\blR\bR\\b\n\bnu\bus\bse\ber\br\\b\t\bt%\b%3\b3l\blU\bU\\b\n\bns\bsy\bys\bs\\b\t\bt%\b%3\b3l\blS\bS'\b'. If the value is null,
+ b\bba\bas\bsh\bh does not display any timing information. A trailing new-
line is added when the format string is displayed.
- T\bTM\bMO\bOU\bUT\bT If set to a value greater than zero, the r\bre\bea\bad\bd builtin uses the
- value as its default timeout. The s\bse\bel\ble\bec\bct\bt command terminates if
- input does not arrive after T\bTM\bMO\bOU\bUT\bT seconds when input is coming
- from a terminal. In an interactive shell, the value is inter-
- preted as the number of seconds to wait for a line of input af-
- ter issuing the primary prompt. B\bBa\bas\bsh\bh terminates after waiting
- for that number of seconds if a complete line of input does not
+ T\bTM\bMO\bOU\bUT\bT If set to a value greater than zero, the r\bre\bea\bad\bd builtin uses the
+ value as its default timeout. The s\bse\bel\ble\bec\bct\bt command terminates if
+ input does not arrive after T\bTM\bMO\bOU\bUT\bT seconds when input is coming
+ from a terminal. In an interactive shell, the value is inter-
+ preted as the number of seconds to wait for a line of input af-
+ ter issuing the primary prompt. B\bBa\bas\bsh\bh terminates after waiting
+ for that number of seconds if a complete line of input does not
arrive.
- T\bTM\bMP\bPD\bDI\bIR\bR If set, b\bba\bas\bsh\bh uses its value as the name of a directory in which
+ T\bTM\bMP\bPD\bDI\bIR\bR If set, b\bba\bas\bsh\bh uses its value as the name of a directory in which
b\bba\bas\bsh\bh creates temporary files for the shell's use.
a\bau\but\bto\bo_\b_r\bre\bes\bsu\bum\bme\be
This variable controls how the shell interacts with the user and
- job control. If this variable is set, simple commands consist-
- ing of only a single word, without redirections, are treated as
- candidates for resumption of an existing stopped job. There is
- no ambiguity allowed; if there is more than one job beginning
- with or containing the word, this selects the most recently ac-
- cessed job. The _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be of a stopped job, in this context, is the
- command line used to start it, as displayed by j\bjo\bob\bbs\bs. If set to
- the value _\be_\bx_\ba_\bc_\bt, the word must match the name of a stopped job
- exactly; if set to _\bs_\bu_\bb_\bs_\bt_\br_\bi_\bn_\bg, the word needs to match a sub-
- string of the name of a stopped job. The _\bs_\bu_\bb_\bs_\bt_\br_\bi_\bn_\bg value pro-
+ job control. If this variable is set, simple commands consist-
+ ing of only a single word, without redirections, are treated as
+ candidates for resumption of an existing stopped job. There is
+ no ambiguity allowed; if there is more than one job beginning
+ with or containing the word, this selects the most recently ac-
+ cessed job. The _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be of a stopped job, in this context, is the
+ command line used to start it, as displayed by j\bjo\bob\bbs\bs. If set to
+ the value _\be_\bx_\ba_\bc_\bt, the word must match the name of a stopped job
+ exactly; if set to _\bs_\bu_\bb_\bs_\bt_\br_\bi_\bn_\bg, the word needs to match a sub-
+ string of the name of a stopped job. The _\bs_\bu_\bb_\bs_\bt_\br_\bi_\bn_\bg value pro-
vides functionality analogous to the %\b%?\b? job identifier (see J\bJO\bOB\bB
- C\bCO\bON\bNT\bTR\bRO\bOL\bL below). If set to any other value (e.g., _\bp_\br_\be_\bf_\bi_\bx), the
- word must be a prefix of a stopped job's name; this provides
+ C\bCO\bON\bNT\bTR\bRO\bOL\bL below). If set to any other value (e.g., _\bp_\br_\be_\bf_\bi_\bx), the
+ word must be a prefix of a stopped job's name; this provides
functionality analogous to the %\b%_\bs_\bt_\br_\bi_\bn_\bg job identifier.
h\bhi\bis\bst\btc\bch\bha\bar\brs\bs
- The two or three characters which control history expansion,
- quick substitution, and tokenization (see H\bHI\bIS\bST\bTO\bOR\bRY\bY E\bEX\bXP\bPA\bAN\bNS\bSI\bIO\bON\bN be-
- low). The first character is the _\bh_\bi_\bs_\bt_\bo_\br_\by _\be_\bx_\bp_\ba_\bn_\bs_\bi_\bo_\bn character,
- the character which begins a history expansion, normally "!\b!".
- The second character is the _\bq_\bu_\bi_\bc_\bk _\bs_\bu_\bb_\bs_\bt_\bi_\bt_\bu_\bt_\bi_\bo_\bn character, nor-
- mally "^\b^". When it appears as the first character on the line,
+ The two or three characters which control history expansion,
+ quick substitution, and tokenization (see H\bHI\bIS\bST\bTO\bOR\bRY\bY E\bEX\bXP\bPA\bAN\bNS\bSI\bIO\bON\bN be-
+ low). The first character is the _\bh_\bi_\bs_\bt_\bo_\br_\by _\be_\bx_\bp_\ba_\bn_\bs_\bi_\bo_\bn character,
+ the character which begins a history expansion, normally "!\b!".
+ The second character is the _\bq_\bu_\bi_\bc_\bk _\bs_\bu_\bb_\bs_\bt_\bi_\bt_\bu_\bt_\bi_\bo_\bn character, nor-
+ mally "^\b^". When it appears as the first character on the line,
history substitution repeats the previous command, replacing one
- string with another. The optional third character is the char-
- acter which indicates that the remainder of the line is a com-
- ment when found as the first character of a word, normally "#\b#".
- The history comment character disables history substitution for
- the remaining words on the line. It does not necessarily cause
- the shell parser to treat the rest of the line as a comment.
+ string with another. The optional third character is the _\bh_\bi_\bs_\b-
+ _\bt_\bo_\br_\by _\bc_\bo_\bm_\bm_\be_\bn_\bt character, normally "#\b#", which indicates that the
+ remainder of the line is a comment when it appears as the first
+ character of a word. The history comment character disables
+ history substitution for the remaining words on the line. It
+ does not necessarily cause the shell parser to treat the rest of
+ the line as a comment.
A\bAr\brr\bra\bay\bys\bs
- B\bBa\bas\bsh\bh provides one-dimensional indexed and associative array variables.
- Any variable may be used as an indexed array; the d\bde\bec\bcl\bla\bar\bre\be builtin ex-
- plicitly declares an array. There is no maximum limit on the size of
- an array, nor any requirement that members be indexed or assigned con-
- tiguously. Indexed arrays are referenced using arithmetic expressions
- that must expand to an integer and are zero-based; associative arrays
- are referenced using arbitrary strings. Unless otherwise noted, in-
- dexed array indices must be non-negative integers.
+ B\bBa\bas\bsh\bh provides one-dimensional indexed and associative array variables.
+ Any variable may be used as an indexed array; the d\bde\bec\bcl\bla\bar\bre\be builtin ex-
+ plicitly declares an array. There is no maximum limit on the size of
+ an array, nor any requirement that members be indexed or assigned con-
+ tiguously. Indexed arrays are referenced using arithmetic expressions
+ that must expand to an integer (see A\bAR\bRI\bIT\bTH\bHM\bME\bET\bTI\bIC\bC E\bEV\bVA\bAL\bLU\bUA\bAT\bTI\bIO\bON\bN below) and
+ are zero-based; associative arrays are referenced using arbitrary
+ strings. Unless otherwise noted, indexed array indices must be non-
+ negative integers.
An indexed array is created automatically if any variable is assigned
- to using the syntax _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be[_\bs_\bu_\bb_\bs_\bc_\br_\bi_\bp_\bt]=_\bv_\ba_\bl_\bu_\be. The _\bs_\bu_\bb_\bs_\bc_\br_\bi_\bp_\bt is treated as
- an arithmetic expression that must evaluate to a number greater than or
- equal to zero. To explicitly declare an indexed array, use d\bde\bec\bcl\bla\bar\bre\be -\b-a\ba
- _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be (see S\bSH\bHE\bEL\bLL\bL B\bBU\bUI\bIL\bLT\bTI\bIN\bN C\bCO\bOM\bMM\bMA\bAN\bND\bDS\bS below). d\bde\bec\bcl\bla\bar\bre\be -\b-a\ba _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be[\b[_\bs_\bu_\bb_\bs_\bc_\br_\bi_\bp_\bt]\b] is
- also accepted; the _\bs_\bu_\bb_\bs_\bc_\br_\bi_\bp_\bt is ignored.
-
- Associative arrays are created using d\bde\bec\bcl\bla\bar\bre\be -\b-A\bA _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be.
+ to using the syntax
+ _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be[_\bs_\bu_\bb_\bs_\bc_\br_\bi_\bp_\bt]=_\bv_\ba_\bl_\bu_\be .
+ The _\bs_\bu_\bb_\bs_\bc_\br_\bi_\bp_\bt is treated as an arithmetic expression that must evaluate
+ to a number greater than or equal to zero. To explicitly declare an
+ indexed array, use
+ d\bde\bec\bcl\bla\bar\bre\be -\b-a\ba _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be
+ (see S\bSH\bHE\bEL\bLL\bL B\bBU\bUI\bIL\bLT\bTI\bIN\bN C\bCO\bOM\bMM\bMA\bAN\bND\bDS\bS below).
+ d\bde\bec\bcl\bla\bar\bre\be -\b-a\ba _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be[_\bs_\bu_\bb_\bs_\bc_\br_\bi_\bp_\bt]
+ is also accepted; the _\bs_\bu_\bb_\bs_\bc_\br_\bi_\bp_\bt is ignored.
+
+ Associative arrays are created using
+ d\bde\bec\bcl\bla\bar\bre\be -\b-A\bA _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be
+ .
Attributes may be specified for an array variable using the d\bde\bec\bcl\bla\bar\bre\be and
r\bre\bea\bad\bdo\bon\bnl\bly\by builtins. Each attribute applies to all members of an array.
the maximum index of _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be, so negative indices count back from the end
of the array, and an index of -1 references the last element.
- The += operator appends to an array variable when assigning using the
+ The "+=" operator appends to an array variable when assigning using the
compound assignment syntax; see P\bPA\bAR\bRA\bAM\bME\bET\bTE\bER\bRS\bS above.
- An array element is referenced using ${_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be[_\bs_\bu_\bb_\bs_\bc_\br_\bi_\bp_\bt]}. The braces
- are required to avoid conflicts with pathname expansion. If _\bs_\bu_\bb_\bs_\bc_\br_\bi_\bp_\bt
+ An array element is referenced using ${_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be[_\bs_\bu_\bb_\bs_\bc_\br_\bi_\bp_\bt]}. The braces
+ are required to avoid conflicts with pathname expansion. If _\bs_\bu_\bb_\bs_\bc_\br_\bi_\bp_\bt
is @\b@ or *\b*, the word expands to all members of _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be, unless noted in the
- description of a builtin or word expansion. These subscripts differ
- only when the word appears within double quotes. If the word is dou-
- ble-quoted, ${_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be[*]} expands to a single word with the value of each
- array member separated by the first character of the I\bIF\bFS\bS special vari-
- able, and ${_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be[@]} expands each element of _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be to a separate word.
+ description of a builtin or word expansion. These subscripts differ
+ only when the word appears within double quotes. If the word is dou-
+ ble-quoted, ${_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be[*]} expands to a single word with the value of each
+ array member separated by the first character of the I\bIF\bFS\bS special vari-
+ able, and ${_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be[@]} expands each element of _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be to a separate word.
When there are no array members, ${_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be[@]} expands to nothing. If the
- double-quoted expansion occurs within a word, the expansion of the
- first parameter is joined with the beginning part of the expansion of
- the original word, and the expansion of the last parameter is joined
- with the last part of the expansion of the original word. This is
- analogous to the expansion of the special parameters *\b* and @\b@ (see S\bSp\bpe\be-\b-
+ double-quoted expansion occurs within a word, the expansion of the
+ first parameter is joined with the beginning part of the expansion of
+ the original word, and the expansion of the last parameter is joined
+ with the last part of the expansion of the original word. This is
+ analogous to the expansion of the special parameters *\b* and @\b@ (see S\bSp\bpe\be-\b-
c\bci\bia\bal\bl P\bPa\bar\bra\bam\bme\bet\bte\ber\brs\bs above).
- ${#_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be[_\bs_\bu_\bb_\bs_\bc_\br_\bi_\bp_\bt]} expands to the length of ${_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be[_\bs_\bu_\bb_\bs_\bc_\br_\bi_\bp_\bt]}. If
+ ${#_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be[_\bs_\bu_\bb_\bs_\bc_\br_\bi_\bp_\bt]} expands to the length of ${_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be[_\bs_\bu_\bb_\bs_\bc_\br_\bi_\bp_\bt]}. If
_\bs_\bu_\bb_\bs_\bc_\br_\bi_\bp_\bt is *\b* or @\b@, the expansion is the number of elements in the ar-
ray.
If the _\bs_\bu_\bb_\bs_\bc_\br_\bi_\bp_\bt used to reference an element of an indexed array eval-
- uates to a number less than zero, it is interpreted as relative to one
- greater than the maximum index of the array, so negative indices count
- back from the end of the array, and an index of -1 references the last
+ uates to a number less than zero, it is interpreted as relative to one
+ greater than the maximum index of the array, so negative indices count
+ back from the end of the array, and an index of -1 references the last
element.
Referencing an array variable without a subscript is equivalent to ref-
- erencing the array with a subscript of 0. Any reference to a variable
+ erencing the array with a subscript of 0. Any reference to a variable
using a valid subscript is valid; b\bba\bas\bsh\bh creates an array if necessary.
- An array variable is considered set if a subscript has been assigned a
+ An array variable is considered set if a subscript has been assigned a
value. The null string is a valid value.
- It is possible to obtain the keys (indices) of an array as well as the
- values. ${!\b!_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be[_\b@]} and ${!\b!_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be[_\b*]} expand to the indices assigned in
+ It is possible to obtain the keys (indices) of an array as well as the
+ values. ${!\b!_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be[_\b@]} and ${!\b!_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be[_\b*]} expand to the indices assigned in
array variable _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be. The treatment when in double quotes is similar to
the expansion of the special parameters _\b@ and _\b* within double quotes.
The u\bun\bns\bse\bet\bt builtin is used to destroy arrays. u\bun\bns\bse\bet\bt _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be[_\bs_\bu_\bb_\bs_\bc_\br_\bi_\bp_\bt] un-
- sets the array element at index _\bs_\bu_\bb_\bs_\bc_\br_\bi_\bp_\bt, for both indexed and asso-
- ciative arrays. Negative subscripts to indexed arrays are interpreted
- as described above. Unsetting the last element of an array variable
- does not unset the variable. u\bun\bns\bse\bet\bt _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be, where _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be is an array, re-
- moves the entire array. u\bun\bns\bse\bet\bt _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be[_\bs_\bu_\bb_\bs_\bc_\br_\bi_\bp_\bt] behaves differently de-
- pending on whether _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be is an indexed or associative array when _\bs_\bu_\bb_\b-
+ sets the array element at index _\bs_\bu_\bb_\bs_\bc_\br_\bi_\bp_\bt, for both indexed and asso-
+ ciative arrays. Negative subscripts to indexed arrays are interpreted
+ as described above. Unsetting the last element of an array variable
+ does not unset the variable. u\bun\bns\bse\bet\bt _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be, where _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be is an array, re-
+ moves the entire array. u\bun\bns\bse\bet\bt _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be[_\bs_\bu_\bb_\bs_\bc_\br_\bi_\bp_\bt] behaves differently de-
+ pending on whether _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be is an indexed or associative array when _\bs_\bu_\bb_\b-
_\bs_\bc_\br_\bi_\bp_\bt is *\b* or @\b@. If _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be is an associative array, this unsets the el-
- ement with subscript *\b* or @\b@. If _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be is an indexed array, unset re-
+ ement with subscript *\b* or @\b@. If _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be is an indexed array, unset re-
moves all of the elements but does not remove the array itself.
- When using a variable name with a subscript as an argument to a com-
- mand, such as with u\bun\bns\bse\bet\bt, without using the word expansion syntax de-
- scribed above, (e.g., unset a[4]), the argument is subject to pathname
- expansion. Quote the argument if pathname expansion is not desired
+ When using a variable name with a subscript as an argument to a com-
+ mand, such as with u\bun\bns\bse\bet\bt, without using the word expansion syntax de-
+ scribed above, (e.g., unset a[4]), the argument is subject to pathname
+ expansion. Quote the argument if pathname expansion is not desired
(e.g., unset 'a[4]').
- The d\bde\bec\bcl\bla\bar\bre\be, l\blo\boc\bca\bal\bl, and r\bre\bea\bad\bdo\bon\bnl\bly\by builtins each accept a -\b-a\ba option to
- specify an indexed array and a -\b-A\bA option to specify an associative ar-
- ray. If both options are supplied, -\b-A\bA takes precedence. The r\bre\bea\bad\bd
- builtin accepts a -\b-a\ba option to assign a list of words read from the
+ The d\bde\bec\bcl\bla\bar\bre\be, l\blo\boc\bca\bal\bl, and r\bre\bea\bad\bdo\bon\bnl\bly\by builtins each accept a -\b-a\ba option to
+ specify an indexed array and a -\b-A\bA option to specify an associative ar-
+ ray. If both options are supplied, -\b-A\bA takes precedence. The r\bre\bea\bad\bd
+ builtin accepts a -\b-a\ba option to assign a list of words read from the
standard input to an array. The s\bse\bet\bt and d\bde\bec\bcl\bla\bar\bre\be builtins display array
- values in a way that allows them to be reused as assignments. Other
- builtins accept array name arguments as well (e.g., m\bma\bap\bpf\bfi\bil\ble\be); see the
- descriptions of individual builtins below for details. The shell pro-
+ values in a way that allows them to be reused as assignments. Other
+ builtins accept array name arguments as well (e.g., m\bma\bap\bpf\bfi\bil\ble\be); see the
+ descriptions of individual builtins below for details. The shell pro-
vides a number of builtin array variables.
E\bEX\bXP\bPA\bAN\bNS\bSI\bIO\bON\bN
_\bm_\be_\bt_\bi_\bc _\be_\bx_\bp_\ba_\bn_\bs_\bi_\bo_\bn, _\bw_\bo_\br_\bd _\bs_\bp_\bl_\bi_\bt_\bt_\bi_\bn_\bg, _\bp_\ba_\bt_\bh_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be _\be_\bx_\bp_\ba_\bn_\bs_\bi_\bo_\bn, and _\bq_\bu_\bo_\bt_\be _\br_\be_\bm_\bo_\bv_\ba_\bl.
The order of expansions is: brace expansion; tilde expansion, parameter
- and variable expansion, arithmetic expansion, and command substitution
- (done in a left-to-right fashion); word splitting; pathname expansion;
+ and variable expansion, arithmetic expansion, and command substitution
+ (done in a left-to-right fashion); word splitting; pathname expansion;
and quote removal.
On systems that can support it, there is an additional expansion avail-
- able: _\bp_\br_\bo_\bc_\be_\bs_\bs _\bs_\bu_\bb_\bs_\bt_\bi_\bt_\bu_\bt_\bi_\bo_\bn. This is performed at the same time as
- tilde, parameter, variable, and arithmetic expansion and command sub-
+ able: _\bp_\br_\bo_\bc_\be_\bs_\bs _\bs_\bu_\bb_\bs_\bt_\bi_\bt_\bu_\bt_\bi_\bo_\bn. This is performed at the same time as
+ tilde, parameter, variable, and arithmetic expansion and command sub-
stitution.
- _\bQ_\bu_\bo_\bt_\be _\br_\be_\bm_\bo_\bv_\ba_\bl is always performed last. It removes quote characters
- present in the original word, not ones resulting from one of the other
+ _\bQ_\bu_\bo_\bt_\be _\br_\be_\bm_\bo_\bv_\ba_\bl is always performed last. It removes quote characters
+ present in the original word, not ones resulting from one of the other
expansions, unless they have been quoted themselves.
- Only brace expansion, word splitting, and pathname expansion can in-
- crease the number of words of the expansion; other expansions expand a
- single word to a single word. The only exceptions to this are the ex-
+ Only brace expansion, word splitting, and pathname expansion can in-
+ crease the number of words of the expansion; other expansions expand a
+ single word to a single word. The only exceptions to this are the ex-
pansions of "\b"$\b$@\b@"\b" and "\b"$\b${\b{_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be[\b[@\b@]\b]}\b}"\b", and, in most cases, $\b$*\b* and
$\b${\b{_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be[\b[*\b*]\b]}\b} as explained above (see P\bPA\bAR\bRA\bAM\bME\bET\bTE\bER\bRS\bS).
B\bBr\bra\bac\bce\be E\bEx\bxp\bpa\ban\bns\bsi\bio\bon\bn
- _\bB_\br_\ba_\bc_\be _\be_\bx_\bp_\ba_\bn_\bs_\bi_\bo_\bn is a mechanism to generate arbitrary strings sharing a
+ _\bB_\br_\ba_\bc_\be _\be_\bx_\bp_\ba_\bn_\bs_\bi_\bo_\bn is a mechanism to generate arbitrary strings sharing a
common prefix and suffix, either of which can be empty. This mechanism
- is similar to _\bp_\ba_\bt_\bh_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be _\be_\bx_\bp_\ba_\bn_\bs_\bi_\bo_\bn, but the filenames generated need not
- exist. Patterns to be brace expanded are formed from an optional _\bp_\br_\be_\b-
- _\ba_\bm_\bb_\bl_\be, followed by either a series of comma-separated strings or a se-
- quence expression between a pair of braces, followed by an optional
- _\bp_\bo_\bs_\bt_\bs_\bc_\br_\bi_\bp_\bt. The preamble is prefixed to each string contained within
- the braces, and the postscript is then appended to each resulting
+ is similar to _\bp_\ba_\bt_\bh_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be _\be_\bx_\bp_\ba_\bn_\bs_\bi_\bo_\bn, but the filenames generated need not
+ exist. Patterns to be brace expanded are formed from an optional _\bp_\br_\be_\b-
+ _\ba_\bm_\bb_\bl_\be, followed by either a series of comma-separated strings or a se-
+ quence expression between a pair of braces, followed by an optional
+ _\bp_\bo_\bs_\bt_\bs_\bc_\br_\bi_\bp_\bt. The preamble is prefixed to each string contained within
+ the braces, and the postscript is then appended to each resulting
string, expanding left to right.
- Brace expansions may be nested. The results of each expanded string
+ Brace expansions may be nested. The results of each expanded string
are not sorted; brace expansion preserves left to right order. For ex-
ample, a{\b{d,c,b}\b}e expands into "ade ace abe".
- A sequence expression takes the form {\b{_\bx.\b..\b._\by[\b[.\b..\b._\bi_\bn_\bc_\br]\b]}\b}, where _\bx and _\by are
- either integers or single letters, and _\bi_\bn_\bc_\br, an optional increment, is
+ A sequence expression takes the form {\b{_\bx.\b..\b._\by[\b[.\b..\b._\bi_\bn_\bc_\br]\b]}\b}, where _\bx and _\by are
+ either integers or single letters, and _\bi_\bn_\bc_\br, an optional increment, is
an integer. When integers are supplied, the expression expands to each
- number between _\bx and _\by, inclusive. If either _\bx or _\by begins with _\b0,
- each generated term will contain the same number of digits, zero-
- padding where necessary. When either _\bx or _\by begins with a zero, the
- shell attempts to force all generated terms to contain the same number
- of digits, zero-padding where necessary. When letters are supplied,
- the expression expands to each character lexicographically between _\bx
- and _\by, inclusive, using the default C locale. Note that both _\bx and _\by
- must be of the same type (integer or letter). When the increment is
- supplied, it is used as the difference between each term. The default
- increment is 1 or -1 as appropriate.
+ number between _\bx and _\by, inclusive. If either _\bx or _\by begins with a
+ zero, each generated term will contain the same number of digits, zero-
+ padding where necessary. When letters are supplied, the expression ex-
+ pands to each character lexicographically between _\bx and _\by, inclusive,
+ using the default C locale. Note that both _\bx and _\by must be of the same
+ type (integer or letter). When the increment is supplied, it is used
+ as the difference between each term. The default increment is 1 or -1
+ as appropriate.
Brace expansion is performed before any other expansions, and any char-
acters special to other expansions are preserved in the result. It is
closing braces, and at least one unquoted comma or a valid sequence ex-
pression. Any incorrectly formed brace expansion is left unchanged.
- A {\b{ or ,\b, may be quoted with a backslash to prevent its being considered
- part of a brace expression. To avoid conflicts with parameter expan-
- sion, the string $\b${\b{ is not considered eligible for brace expansion, and
- inhibits brace expansion until the closing }\b}.
+ A "{" or Q , may be quoted with a backslash to prevent its being con-
+ sidered part of a brace expression. To avoid conflicts with parameter
+ expansion, the string "${" is not considered eligible for brace expan-
+ sion, and inhibits brace expansion until the closing "}".
This construct is typically used as shorthand when the common prefix of
the strings to be generated is longer than in the above example:
versions of s\bsh\bh. s\bsh\bh does not treat opening or closing braces specially
when they appear as part of a word, and preserves them in the output.
B\bBa\bas\bsh\bh removes braces from words as a consequence of brace expansion.
- For example, a word entered to s\bsh\bh as _\bf_\bi_\bl_\be_\b{_\b1_\b,_\b2_\b} appears identically in
- the output. B\bBa\bas\bsh\bh outputs that word as _\bf_\bi_\bl_\be_\b1 _\bf_\bi_\bl_\be_\b2 after brace expan-
+ For example, a word entered to s\bsh\bh as "file{1,2}" appears identically in
+ the output. B\bBa\bas\bsh\bh outputs that word as "file1 file2" after brace expan-
sion. Start b\bba\bas\bsh\bh with the +\b+B\bB option or disable brace expansion with
the +\b+B\bB option to the s\bse\bet\bt command (see S\bSH\bHE\bEL\bLL\bL B\bBU\bUI\bIL\bLT\bTI\bIN\bN C\bCO\bOM\bMM\bMA\bAN\bND\bDS\bS below) for
strict s\bsh\bh compatibility.
sis, otherwise the construct would be interpreted as a redirection.
Process substitution is supported on systems that support named pipes
- (_\bF_\bI_\bF_\bO_\bs) or the /\b/d\bde\bev\bv/\b/f\bfd\bd method of naming open files.
+ (_\bF_\bI_\bF_\bO_\bs) or the _\b/_\bd_\be_\bv_\b/_\bf_\bd method of naming open files.
When available, process substitution is performed simultaneously with
parameter and variable expansion, command substitution, and arithmetic
G\bGL\bLO\bOB\bBI\bIG\bGN\bNO\bOR\bRE\bE pattern matching honors the setting of the e\bex\bxt\btg\bgl\blo\bob\bb shell op-
tion.
- The G\bGL\bLO\bOB\bBS\bSO\bOR\bRT\bT shell variable controls how the results of pathname expan-
- sion are sorted, as described above.
+ The value of the G\bGL\bLO\bOB\bBS\bSO\bOR\bRT\bT shell variable controls how the results of
+ pathname expansion are sorted, as described above under S\bSh\bhe\bel\bll\bl V\bVa\bar\bri\bi-\b-
+ a\bab\bbl\ble\bes\bs.
P\bPa\bat\btt\bte\ber\brn\bn M\bMa\bat\btc\bch\bhi\bin\bng\bg
[_\bn]>\b>_\bw_\bo_\br_\bd
If the redirection operator is >\b>, and the n\bno\boc\bcl\blo\bob\bbb\bbe\ber\br option to the s\bse\bet\bt
- builtin has been enabled, the redirection fails if the file whose name
- results from the expansion of _\bw_\bo_\br_\bd exists and is a regular file. If
- the redirection operator is >\b>|\b|, or the redirection operator is >\b> and
- the n\bno\boc\bcl\blo\bob\bbb\bbe\ber\br option to the s\bse\bet\bt builtin command is not enabled, b\bba\bas\bsh\bh
+ builtin command has been enabled, the redirection fails if the file
+ whose name results from the expansion of _\bw_\bo_\br_\bd exists and is a regular
+ file. If the redirection operator is >\b>|\b|, or the redirection operator
+ is >\b> and the n\bno\boc\bcl\blo\bob\bbb\bbe\ber\br option to the s\bse\bet\bt builtin is not enabled, b\bba\bas\bsh\bh
attempts the redirection even if the file named by _\bw_\bo_\br_\bd exists.
A\bAp\bpp\bpe\ben\bnd\bdi\bin\bng\bg R\bRe\bed\bdi\bir\bre\bec\bct\bte\bed\bd O\bOu\but\btp\bpu\but\bt
- Redirecting output in this fashion opens the file whose name results
+ Redirecting output in this fashion opens the file whose name results
from the expansion of _\bw_\bo_\br_\bd for appending on file descriptor _\bn, or the
standard output (file descriptor 1) if _\bn is not specified. If the file
does not exist it is created.
list. If set to zero, any existing history entries are deleted
and no new entries are saved. If set to a value less than zero,
the number of history entries is not limited. By default, b\bba\bas\bsh\bh
- sets the the maximum number of history entries to the value of
- the H\bHI\bIS\bST\bTS\bSI\bIZ\bZE\bE shell variable. Setting _\bh_\bi_\bs_\bt_\bo_\br_\by_\b-_\bs_\bi_\bz_\be to a non-nu-
- meric value will set the maximum number of history entries to
- 500.
+ sets the maximum number of history entries to the value of the
+ H\bHI\bIS\bST\bTS\bSI\bIZ\bZE\bE shell variable. Setting _\bh_\bi_\bs_\bt_\bo_\br_\by_\b-_\bs_\bi_\bz_\be to a non-numeric
+ value will set the maximum number of history entries to 500.
h\bho\bor\bri\biz\bzo\bon\bnt\bta\bal\bl-\b-s\bsc\bcr\bro\bol\bll\bl-\b-m\bmo\bod\bde\be (\b(O\bOf\bff\bf)\b)
Setting this variable to O\bOn\bn makes r\bre\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be use a single line for
- display, scrolling the input horizontally on a single screen
- line when it becomes longer than the screen width rather than
- wrapping to a new line. This setting is automatically enabled
+ display, scrolling the input horizontally on a single screen
+ line when it becomes longer than the screen width rather than
+ wrapping to a new line. This setting is automatically enabled
for terminals of height 1.
i\bin\bnp\bpu\but\bt-\b-m\bme\bet\bta\ba (\b(O\bOf\bff\bf)\b)
If set to O\bOn\bn, r\bre\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be enables eight-bit input (that is, it does
not clear the eighth bit in the characters it reads), regardless
of what the terminal claims it can support. The default is _\bO_\bf_\bf,
- but r\bre\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be sets it to _\bO_\bn if the locale contains characters
+ but r\bre\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be sets it to _\bO_\bn if the locale contains characters
whose encodings may include bytes with the eighth bit set. This
- variable is dependent on the L\bLC\bC_\b_C\bCT\bTY\bYP\bPE\bE locale category, and its
+ variable is dependent on the L\bLC\bC_\b_C\bCT\bTY\bYP\bPE\bE locale category, and its
value may change if the locale changes. The name m\bme\bet\bta\ba-\b-f\bfl\bla\bag\bg is a
synonym for i\bin\bnp\bpu\but\bt-\b-m\bme\bet\bta\ba.
i\bis\bse\bea\bar\brc\bch\bh-\b-t\bte\ber\brm\bmi\bin\bna\bat\bto\bor\brs\bs (\b("C\bC-\b-[\b[C\bC-\b-j\bj")\b)
- The string of characters that should terminate an incremental
- search without subsequently executing the character as a com-
- mand. If this variable has not been given a value, the charac-
+ The string of characters that should terminate an incremental
+ search without subsequently executing the character as a com-
+ mand. If this variable has not been given a value, the charac-
ters _\bE_\bS_\bC and C\bC-\b-j\bj terminate an incremental search.
k\bke\bey\bym\bma\bap\bp (\b(e\bem\bma\bac\bcs\bs)\b)
- Set the current r\bre\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be keymap. The set of valid keymap names
- is _\be_\bm_\ba_\bc_\bs_\b, _\be_\bm_\ba_\bc_\bs_\b-_\bs_\bt_\ba_\bn_\bd_\ba_\br_\bd_\b, _\be_\bm_\ba_\bc_\bs_\b-_\bm_\be_\bt_\ba_\b, _\be_\bm_\ba_\bc_\bs_\b-_\bc_\bt_\bl_\bx_\b, _\bv_\bi_\b, _\bv_\bi_\b-_\bc_\bo_\bm_\b-
- _\bm_\ba_\bn_\bd, and _\bv_\bi_\b-_\bi_\bn_\bs_\be_\br_\bt. _\bv_\bi is equivalent to _\bv_\bi_\b-_\bc_\bo_\bm_\bm_\ba_\bn_\bd; _\be_\bm_\ba_\bc_\bs is
- equivalent to _\be_\bm_\ba_\bc_\bs_\b-_\bs_\bt_\ba_\bn_\bd_\ba_\br_\bd. The default value is _\be_\bm_\ba_\bc_\bs; the
+ Set the current r\bre\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be keymap. The set of valid keymap names
+ is _\be_\bm_\ba_\bc_\bs_\b, _\be_\bm_\ba_\bc_\bs_\b-_\bs_\bt_\ba_\bn_\bd_\ba_\br_\bd_\b, _\be_\bm_\ba_\bc_\bs_\b-_\bm_\be_\bt_\ba_\b, _\be_\bm_\ba_\bc_\bs_\b-_\bc_\bt_\bl_\bx_\b, _\bv_\bi_\b, _\bv_\bi_\b-_\bc_\bo_\bm_\b-
+ _\bm_\ba_\bn_\bd, and _\bv_\bi_\b-_\bi_\bn_\bs_\be_\br_\bt. _\bv_\bi is equivalent to _\bv_\bi_\b-_\bc_\bo_\bm_\bm_\ba_\bn_\bd; _\be_\bm_\ba_\bc_\bs is
+ equivalent to _\be_\bm_\ba_\bc_\bs_\b-_\bs_\bt_\ba_\bn_\bd_\ba_\br_\bd. The default value is _\be_\bm_\ba_\bc_\bs; the
value of e\bed\bdi\bit\bti\bin\bng\bg-\b-m\bmo\bod\bde\be also affects the default keymap.
k\bke\bey\bys\bse\beq\bq-\b-t\bti\bim\bme\beo\bou\but\bt (\b(5\b50\b00\b0)\b)
- Specifies the duration r\bre\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be will wait for a character when
- reading an ambiguous key sequence (one that can form a complete
+ Specifies the duration r\bre\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be will wait for a character when
+ reading an ambiguous key sequence (one that can form a complete
key sequence using the input read so far, or can take additional
- input to complete a longer key sequence). If r\bre\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be does not
- receive any input within the timeout, it uses the shorter but
- complete key sequence. The value is specified in milliseconds,
- so a value of 1000 means that r\bre\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be will wait one second for
- additional input. If this variable is set to a value less than
- or equal to zero, or to a non-numeric value, r\bre\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be waits un-
- til another key is pressed to decide which key sequence to com-
+ input to complete a longer key sequence). If r\bre\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be does not
+ receive any input within the timeout, it uses the shorter but
+ complete key sequence. The value is specified in milliseconds,
+ so a value of 1000 means that r\bre\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be will wait one second for
+ additional input. If this variable is set to a value less than
+ or equal to zero, or to a non-numeric value, r\bre\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be waits un-
+ til another key is pressed to decide which key sequence to com-
plete.
m\bma\bar\brk\bk-\b-d\bdi\bir\bre\bec\bct\bto\bor\bri\bie\bes\bs (\b(O\bOn\bn)\b)
If set to O\bOn\bn, completed directory names have a slash appended.
m\bma\bar\brk\bk-\b-m\bmo\bod\bdi\bif\bfi\bie\bed\bd-\b-l\bli\bin\bne\bes\bs (\b(O\bOf\bff\bf)\b)
- If set to O\bOn\bn, r\bre\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be displays history lines that have been
+ If set to O\bOn\bn, r\bre\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be displays history lines that have been
modified with a preceding asterisk (*\b*).
m\bma\bar\brk\bk-\b-s\bsy\bym\bml\bli\bin\bnk\bke\bed\bd-\b-d\bdi\bir\bre\bec\bct\bto\bor\bri\bie\bes\bs (\b(O\bOf\bff\bf)\b)
If set to O\bOn\bn, completed names which are symbolic links to direc-
- tories have a slash appended, subject to the value of m\bma\bar\brk\bk-\b-d\bdi\bi-\b-
+ tories have a slash appended, subject to the value of m\bma\bar\brk\bk-\b-d\bdi\bi-\b-
r\bre\bec\bct\bto\bor\bri\bie\bes\bs.
m\bma\bat\btc\bch\bh-\b-h\bhi\bid\bdd\bde\ben\bn-\b-f\bfi\bil\ble\bes\bs (\b(O\bOn\bn)\b)
- This variable, when set to O\bOn\bn, forces r\bre\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be to match files
- whose names begin with a "." (hidden files) when performing
- filename completion. If set to O\bOf\bff\bf, the user must include the
+ This variable, when set to O\bOn\bn, forces r\bre\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be to match files
+ whose names begin with a "." (hidden files) when performing
+ filename completion. If set to O\bOf\bff\bf, the user must include the
leading "." in the filename to be completed.
m\bme\ben\bnu\bu-\b-c\bco\bom\bmp\bpl\ble\bet\bte\be-\b-d\bdi\bis\bsp\bpl\bla\bay\by-\b-p\bpr\bre\bef\bfi\bix\bx (\b(O\bOf\bff\bf)\b)
- If set to O\bOn\bn, menu completion displays the common prefix of the
+ If set to O\bOn\bn, menu completion displays the common prefix of the
list of possible completions (which may be empty) before cycling
through the list.
o\bou\but\btp\bpu\but\bt-\b-m\bme\bet\bta\ba (\b(O\bOf\bff\bf)\b)
- If set to O\bOn\bn, r\bre\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be displays characters with the eighth bit
- set directly rather than as a meta-prefixed escape sequence.
- The default is _\bO_\bf_\bf, but r\bre\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be sets it to _\bO_\bn if the locale
- contains characters whose encodings may include bytes with the
- eighth bit set. This variable is dependent on the L\bLC\bC_\b_C\bCT\bTY\bYP\bPE\bE lo-
+ If set to O\bOn\bn, r\bre\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be displays characters with the eighth bit
+ set directly rather than as a meta-prefixed escape sequence.
+ The default is _\bO_\bf_\bf, but r\bre\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be sets it to _\bO_\bn if the locale
+ contains characters whose encodings may include bytes with the
+ eighth bit set. This variable is dependent on the L\bLC\bC_\b_C\bCT\bTY\bYP\bPE\bE lo-
cale category, and its value may change if the locale changes.
p\bpa\bag\bge\be-\b-c\bco\bom\bmp\bpl\ble\bet\bti\bio\bon\bns\bs (\b(O\bOn\bn)\b)
If set to O\bOn\bn, r\bre\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be uses an internal pager resembling _\bm_\bo_\br_\be(1)
p\bpr\bre\bef\bfe\ber\br-\b-v\bvi\bis\bsi\bib\bbl\ble\be-\b-b\bbe\bel\bll\bl
See b\bbe\bel\bll\bl-\b-s\bst\bty\byl\ble\be.
p\bpr\bri\bin\bnt\bt-\b-c\bco\bom\bmp\bpl\ble\bet\bti\bio\bon\bns\bs-\b-h\bho\bor\bri\biz\bzo\bon\bnt\bta\bal\bll\bly\by (\b(O\bOf\bff\bf)\b)
- If set to O\bOn\bn, r\bre\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be displays completions with matches sorted
+ If set to O\bOn\bn, r\bre\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be displays completions with matches sorted
horizontally in alphabetical order, rather than down the screen.
r\bre\bev\bve\ber\brt\bt-\b-a\bal\bll\bl-\b-a\bat\bt-\b-n\bne\bew\bwl\bli\bin\bne\be (\b(O\bOf\bff\bf)\b)
- If set to O\bOn\bn, r\bre\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be will undo all changes to history lines
- before returning when executing a\bac\bcc\bce\bep\bpt\bt-\b-l\bli\bin\bne\be. By default, his-
- tory lines may be modified and retain individual undo lists
+ If set to O\bOn\bn, r\bre\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be will undo all changes to history lines
+ before returning when executing a\bac\bcc\bce\bep\bpt\bt-\b-l\bli\bin\bne\be. By default, his-
+ tory lines may be modified and retain individual undo lists
across calls to r\bre\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be.
s\bse\bea\bar\brc\bch\bh-\b-i\big\bgn\bno\bor\bre\be-\b-c\bca\bas\bse\be (\b(O\bOf\bff\bf)\b)
- If set to O\bOn\bn, r\bre\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be performs incremental and non-incremental
+ If set to O\bOn\bn, r\bre\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be performs incremental and non-incremental
history list searches in a case-insensitive fashion.
s\bsh\bho\bow\bw-\b-a\bal\bll\bl-\b-i\bif\bf-\b-a\bam\bmb\bbi\big\bgu\buo\bou\bus\bs (\b(O\bOf\bff\bf)\b)
- This alters the default behavior of the completion functions.
+ This alters the default behavior of the completion functions.
If set to O\bOn\bn, words which have more than one possible completion
- cause the matches to be listed immediately instead of ringing
+ cause the matches to be listed immediately instead of ringing
the bell.
s\bsh\bho\bow\bw-\b-a\bal\bll\bl-\b-i\bif\bf-\b-u\bun\bnm\bmo\bod\bdi\bif\bfi\bie\bed\bd (\b(O\bOf\bff\bf)\b)
- This alters the default behavior of the completion functions in
+ This alters the default behavior of the completion functions in
a fashion similar to s\bsh\bho\bow\bw-\b-a\bal\bll\bl-\b-i\bif\bf-\b-a\bam\bmb\bbi\big\bgu\buo\bou\bus\bs. If set to O\bOn\bn, words
- which have more than one possible completion without any possi-
- ble partial completion (the possible completions don't share a
- common prefix) cause the matches to be listed immediately in-
+ which have more than one possible completion without any possi-
+ ble partial completion (the possible completions don't share a
+ common prefix) cause the matches to be listed immediately in-
stead of ringing the bell.
s\bsh\bho\bow\bw-\b-m\bmo\bod\bde\be-\b-i\bin\bn-\b-p\bpr\bro\bom\bmp\bpt\bt (\b(O\bOf\bff\bf)\b)
- If set to O\bOn\bn, add a string to the beginning of the prompt indi-
- cating the editing mode: emacs, vi command, or vi insertion.
+ If set to O\bOn\bn, add a string to the beginning of the prompt indi-
+ cating the editing mode: emacs, vi command, or vi insertion.
The mode strings are user-settable (e.g., _\be_\bm_\ba_\bc_\bs_\b-_\bm_\bo_\bd_\be_\b-_\bs_\bt_\br_\bi_\bn_\bg).
s\bsk\bki\bip\bp-\b-c\bco\bom\bmp\bpl\ble\bet\bte\bed\bd-\b-t\bte\bex\bxt\bt (\b(O\bOf\bff\bf)\b)
- If set to O\bOn\bn, this alters the default completion behavior when
- inserting a single match into the line. It's only active when
- performing completion in the middle of a word. If enabled,
- r\bre\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be does not insert characters from the completion that
- match characters after point in the word being completed, so
+ If set to O\bOn\bn, this alters the default completion behavior when
+ inserting a single match into the line. It's only active when
+ performing completion in the middle of a word. If enabled,
+ r\bre\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be does not insert characters from the completion that
+ match characters after point in the word being completed, so
portions of the word following the cursor are not duplicated.
v\bvi\bi-\b-c\bcm\bmd\bd-\b-m\bmo\bod\bde\be-\b-s\bst\btr\bri\bin\bng\bg (\b((\b(c\bcm\bmd\bd)\b))\b)
- If the _\bs_\bh_\bo_\bw_\b-_\bm_\bo_\bd_\be_\b-_\bi_\bn_\b-_\bp_\br_\bo_\bm_\bp_\bt variable is enabled, this string is
+ If the _\bs_\bh_\bo_\bw_\b-_\bm_\bo_\bd_\be_\b-_\bi_\bn_\b-_\bp_\br_\bo_\bm_\bp_\bt variable is enabled, this string is
displayed immediately before the last line of the primary prompt
- when vi editing mode is active and in command mode. The value
+ when vi editing mode is active and in command mode. The value
is expanded like a key binding, so the standard set of meta- and
- control- prefixes and backslash escape sequences is available.
- The \1 and \2 escapes begin and end sequences of non-printing
- characters, which can be used to embed a terminal control se-
+ control- prefixes and backslash escape sequences is available.
+ The \1 and \2 escapes begin and end sequences of non-printing
+ characters, which can be used to embed a terminal control se-
quence into the mode string.
v\bvi\bi-\b-i\bin\bns\bs-\b-m\bmo\bod\bde\be-\b-s\bst\btr\bri\bin\bng\bg (\b((\b(i\bin\bns\bs)\b))\b)
- If the _\bs_\bh_\bo_\bw_\b-_\bm_\bo_\bd_\be_\b-_\bi_\bn_\b-_\bp_\br_\bo_\bm_\bp_\bt variable is enabled, this string is
+ If the _\bs_\bh_\bo_\bw_\b-_\bm_\bo_\bd_\be_\b-_\bi_\bn_\b-_\bp_\br_\bo_\bm_\bp_\bt variable is enabled, this string is
displayed immediately before the last line of the primary prompt
when vi editing mode is active and in insertion mode. The value
is expanded like a key binding, so the standard set of meta- and
- control- prefixes and backslash escape sequences is available.
- The \1 and \2 escapes begin and end sequences of non-printing
- characters, which can be used to embed a terminal control se-
+ control- prefixes and backslash escape sequences is available.
+ The \1 and \2 escapes begin and end sequences of non-printing
+ characters, which can be used to embed a terminal control se-
quence into the mode string.
v\bvi\bis\bsi\bib\bbl\ble\be-\b-s\bst\bta\bat\bts\bs (\b(O\bOf\bff\bf)\b)
- If set to O\bOn\bn, a character denoting a file's type as reported by
- _\bs_\bt_\ba_\bt(2) is appended to the filename when listing possible com-
+ If set to O\bOn\bn, a character denoting a file's type as reported by
+ _\bs_\bt_\ba_\bt(2) is appended to the filename when listing possible com-
pletions.
R\bRe\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be C\bCo\bon\bnd\bdi\bit\bti\bio\bon\bna\bal\bl C\bCo\bon\bns\bst\btr\bru\buc\bct\bts\bs
- R\bRe\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be implements a facility similar in spirit to the conditional
- compilation features of the C preprocessor which allows key bindings
- and variable settings to be performed as the result of tests. There
+ R\bRe\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be implements a facility similar in spirit to the conditional
+ compilation features of the C preprocessor which allows key bindings
+ and variable settings to be performed as the result of tests. There
are four parser directives available.
- $\b$i\bif\bf The $\b$i\bif\bf construct allows bindings to be made based on the edit-
- ing mode, the terminal being used, or the application using
- r\bre\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be. The text of the test, after any comparison operator,
+ $\b$i\bif\bf The $\b$i\bif\bf construct allows bindings to be made based on the edit-
+ ing mode, the terminal being used, or the application using
+ r\bre\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be. The text of the test, after any comparison operator,
extends to the end of the line; unless otherwise noted, no char-
acters are required to isolate it.
- m\bmo\bod\bde\be The m\bmo\bod\bde\be=\b= form of the $\b$i\bif\bf directive is used to test
- whether r\bre\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be is in emacs or vi mode. This may be
- used in conjunction with the s\bse\bet\bt k\bke\bey\bym\bma\bap\bp command, for in-
- stance, to set bindings in the _\be_\bm_\ba_\bc_\bs_\b-_\bs_\bt_\ba_\bn_\bd_\ba_\br_\bd and
- _\be_\bm_\ba_\bc_\bs_\b-_\bc_\bt_\bl_\bx keymaps only if r\bre\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be is starting out in
+ m\bmo\bod\bde\be The m\bmo\bod\bde\be=\b= form of the $\b$i\bif\bf directive is used to test
+ whether r\bre\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be is in emacs or vi mode. This may be
+ used in conjunction with the s\bse\bet\bt k\bke\bey\bym\bma\bap\bp command, for in-
+ stance, to set bindings in the _\be_\bm_\ba_\bc_\bs_\b-_\bs_\bt_\ba_\bn_\bd_\ba_\br_\bd and
+ _\be_\bm_\ba_\bc_\bs_\b-_\bc_\bt_\bl_\bx keymaps only if r\bre\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be is starting out in
emacs mode.
- t\bte\ber\brm\bm The t\bte\ber\brm\bm=\b= form may be used to include terminal-specific
+ t\bte\ber\brm\bm The t\bte\ber\brm\bm=\b= form may be used to include terminal-specific
key bindings, perhaps to bind the key sequences output by
the terminal's function keys. The word on the right side
of the =\b= is tested against both the full name of the ter-
- minal and the portion of the terminal name before the
- first -\b-. This allows _\bx_\bt_\be_\br_\bm to match both _\bx_\bt_\be_\br_\bm and
+ minal and the portion of the terminal name before the
+ first -\b-. This allows _\bx_\bt_\be_\br_\bm to match both _\bx_\bt_\be_\br_\bm and
_\bx_\bt_\be_\br_\bm_\b-_\b2_\b5_\b6_\bc_\bo_\bl_\bo_\br, for instance.
v\bve\ber\brs\bsi\bio\bon\bn
- The v\bve\ber\brs\bsi\bio\bon\bn test may be used to perform comparisons
- against specific r\bre\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be versions. The v\bve\ber\brs\bsi\bio\bon\bn expands
- to the current r\bre\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be version. The set of comparison
- operators includes =\b=, (and =\b==\b=), !\b!=\b=, <\b<=\b=, >\b>=\b=, <\b<, and >\b>.
- The version number supplied on the right side of the op-
- erator consists of a major version number, an optional
+ The v\bve\ber\brs\bsi\bio\bon\bn test may be used to perform comparisons
+ against specific r\bre\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be versions. The v\bve\ber\brs\bsi\bio\bon\bn expands
+ to the current r\bre\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be version. The set of comparison
+ operators includes =\b=, (and =\b==\b=), !\b!=\b=, <\b<=\b=, >\b>=\b=, <\b<, and >\b>.
+ The version number supplied on the right side of the op-
+ erator consists of a major version number, an optional
decimal point, and an optional minor version (e.g., 7\b7.\b.1\b1).
- If the minor version is omitted, it defaults to 0\b0. The
- operator may be separated from the string v\bve\ber\brs\bsi\bio\bon\bn and
+ If the minor version is omitted, it defaults to 0\b0. The
+ operator may be separated from the string v\bve\ber\brs\bsi\bio\bon\bn and
from the version number argument by whitespace.
_\ba_\bp_\bp_\bl_\bi_\bc_\ba_\bt_\bi_\bo_\bn
The _\ba_\bp_\bp_\bl_\bi_\bc_\ba_\bt_\bi_\bo_\bn construct is used to include application-
- specific settings. Each program using the r\bre\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be li-
- brary sets the _\ba_\bp_\bp_\bl_\bi_\bc_\ba_\bt_\bi_\bo_\bn _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be, and an initialization
+ specific settings. Each program using the r\bre\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be li-
+ brary sets the _\ba_\bp_\bp_\bl_\bi_\bc_\ba_\bt_\bi_\bo_\bn _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be, and an initialization
file can test for a particular value. This could be used
- to bind key sequences to functions useful for a specific
- program. For instance, the following command adds a key
- sequence that quotes the current or previous word in
+ to bind key sequences to functions useful for a specific
+ program. For instance, the following command adds a key
+ sequence that quotes the current or previous word in
b\bba\bas\bsh\bh:
$\b$i\bif\bf Bash
_\bv_\ba_\br_\bi_\ba_\bb_\bl_\be
The _\bv_\ba_\br_\bi_\ba_\bb_\bl_\be construct provides simple equality tests for
- r\bre\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be variables and values. The permitted comparison
- operators are _\b=, _\b=_\b=, and _\b!_\b=. The variable name must be
+ r\bre\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be variables and values. The permitted comparison
+ operators are _\b=, _\b=_\b=, and _\b!_\b=. The variable name must be
separated from the comparison operator by whitespace; the
- operator may be separated from the value on the right
- hand side by whitespace. String and boolean variables
- may be tested. Boolean variables must be tested against
+ operator may be separated from the value on the right
+ hand side by whitespace. String and boolean variables
+ may be tested. Boolean variables must be tested against
the values _\bo_\bn and _\bo_\bf_\bf.
$\b$e\bel\bls\bse\be Commands in this branch of the $\b$i\bif\bf directive are executed if the
command.
$\b$i\bin\bnc\bcl\blu\bud\bde\be
- This directive takes a single filename as an argument and reads
+ This directive takes a single filename as an argument and reads
commands and key bindings from that file. For example, the fol-
lowing directive would read _\b/_\be_\bt_\bc_\b/_\bi_\bn_\bp_\bu_\bt_\br_\bc:
$\b$i\bin\bnc\bcl\blu\bud\bde\be _\b/_\be_\bt_\bc_\b/_\bi_\bn_\bp_\bu_\bt_\br_\bc
S\bSe\bea\bar\brc\bch\bhi\bin\bng\bg
- R\bRe\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be provides commands for searching through the command history
+ R\bRe\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be provides commands for searching through the command history
(see H\bHI\bIS\bST\bTO\bOR\bRY\bY below) for lines containing a specified string. There are
two search modes: _\bi_\bn_\bc_\br_\be_\bm_\be_\bn_\bt_\ba_\bl and _\bn_\bo_\bn_\b-_\bi_\bn_\bc_\br_\be_\bm_\be_\bn_\bt_\ba_\bl.
- Incremental searches begin before the user has finished typing the
- search string. As each character of the search string is typed, r\bre\bea\bad\bd-\b-
+ Incremental searches begin before the user has finished typing the
+ search string. As each character of the search string is typed, r\bre\bea\bad\bd-\b-
l\bli\bin\bne\be displays the next entry from the history matching the string typed
- so far. An incremental search requires only as many characters as
- needed to find the desired history entry. When using emacs editing
- mode, type C\bC-\b-r\br to search backward in the history for a particular
- string. Typing C\bC-\b-s\bs searches forward through the history. The charac-
- ters present in the value of the i\bis\bse\bea\bar\brc\bch\bh-\b-t\bte\ber\brm\bmi\bin\bna\bat\bto\bor\brs\bs variable are used
- to terminate an incremental search. If that variable has not been as-
- signed a value, _\bE_\bS_\bC and C\bC-\b-j\bj terminate an incremental search. C\bC-\b-g\bg
- aborts an incremental search and restores the original line. When the
- search is terminated, the history entry containing the search string
+ so far. An incremental search requires only as many characters as
+ needed to find the desired history entry. When using emacs editing
+ mode, type C\bC-\b-r\br to search backward in the history for a particular
+ string. Typing C\bC-\b-s\bs searches forward through the history. The charac-
+ ters present in the value of the i\bis\bse\bea\bar\brc\bch\bh-\b-t\bte\ber\brm\bmi\bin\bna\bat\bto\bor\brs\bs variable are used
+ to terminate an incremental search. If that variable has not been as-
+ signed a value, _\bE_\bS_\bC and C\bC-\b-j\bj terminate an incremental search. C\bC-\b-g\bg
+ aborts an incremental search and restores the original line. When the
+ search is terminated, the history entry containing the search string
becomes the current line.
- To find other matching entries in the history list, type C\bC-\b-r\br or C\bC-\b-s\bs as
- appropriate. This searches backward or forward in the history for the
- next entry matching the search string typed so far. Any other key se-
- quence bound to a r\bre\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be command terminates the search and executes
- that command. For instance, a newline terminates the search and ac-
+ To find other matching entries in the history list, type C\bC-\b-r\br or C\bC-\b-s\bs as
+ appropriate. This searches backward or forward in the history for the
+ next entry matching the search string typed so far. Any other key se-
+ quence bound to a r\bre\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be command terminates the search and executes
+ that command. For instance, a newline terminates the search and ac-
cepts the line, thereby executing the command from the history list. A
- movement command will terminate the search, make the last line found
+ movement command will terminate the search, make the last line found
the current line, and begin editing.
R\bRe\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be remembers the last incremental search string. If two C\bC-\b-r\brs are
- typed without any intervening characters defining a new search string,
+ typed without any intervening characters defining a new search string,
r\bre\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be uses any remembered search string.
- Non-incremental searches read the entire search string before starting
+ Non-incremental searches read the entire search string before starting
to search for matching history entries. The search string may be typed
by the user or be part of the contents of the current line.
R\bRe\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be C\bCo\bom\bmm\bma\ban\bnd\bd N\bNa\bam\bme\bes\bs
- The following is a list of the names of the commands and the default
+ The following is a list of the names of the commands and the default
key sequences to which they are bound. Command names without an accom-
panying key sequence are unbound by default.
In the following descriptions, _\bp_\bo_\bi_\bn_\bt refers to the current cursor posi-
- tion, and _\bm_\ba_\br_\bk refers to a cursor position saved by the s\bse\bet\bt-\b-m\bma\bar\brk\bk com-
- mand. The text between the point and mark is referred to as the _\br_\be_\b-
+ tion, and _\bm_\ba_\br_\bk refers to a cursor position saved by the s\bse\bet\bt-\b-m\bma\bar\brk\bk com-
+ mand. The text between the point and mark is referred to as the _\br_\be_\b-
_\bg_\bi_\bo_\bn. R\bRe\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be has the concept of an _\ba_\bc_\bt_\bi_\bv_\be _\br_\be_\bg_\bi_\bo_\bn: when the region is
active, r\bre\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be redisplay highlights the region using the value of the
- a\bac\bct\bti\biv\bve\be-\b-r\bre\beg\bgi\bio\bon\bn-\b-s\bst\bta\bar\brt\bt-\b-c\bco\bol\blo\bor\br variable. The e\ben\bna\bab\bbl\ble\be-\b-a\bac\bct\bti\biv\bve\be-\b-r\bre\beg\bgi\bio\bon\bn r\bre\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be
+ a\bac\bct\bti\biv\bve\be-\b-r\bre\beg\bgi\bio\bon\bn-\b-s\bst\bta\bar\brt\bt-\b-c\bco\bol\blo\bor\br variable. The e\ben\bna\bab\bbl\ble\be-\b-a\bac\bct\bti\biv\bve\be-\b-r\bre\beg\bgi\bio\bon\bn r\bre\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be
variable turns this on and off. Several commands set the region to ac-
tive; those are noted below.
C\bCo\bom\bmm\bma\ban\bnd\bds\bs f\bfo\bor\br M\bMo\bov\bvi\bin\bng\bg
b\bbe\beg\bgi\bin\bnn\bni\bin\bng\bg-\b-o\bof\bf-\b-l\bli\bin\bne\be (\b(C\bC-\b-a\ba)\b)
- Move to the start of the current line. This may also be bound
+ Move to the start of the current line. This may also be bound
to the Home key on some keyboards.
e\ben\bnd\bd-\b-o\bof\bf-\b-l\bli\bin\bne\be (\b(C\bC-\b-e\be)\b)
- Move to the end of the line. This may also be bound to the End
+ Move to the end of the line. This may also be bound to the End
key on some keyboards.
f\bfo\bor\brw\bwa\bar\brd\bd-\b-c\bch\bha\bar\br (\b(C\bC-\b-f\bf)\b)
- Move forward a character. This may also be bound to the right
+ Move forward a character. This may also be bound to the right
arrow key on some keyboards.
b\bba\bac\bck\bkw\bwa\bar\brd\bd-\b-c\bch\bha\bar\br (\b(C\bC-\b-b\bb)\b)
Move back a character. This may also be bound to the left arrow
Move forward to the end of the next word. Words are composed of
alphanumeric characters (letters and digits).
b\bba\bac\bck\bkw\bwa\bar\brd\bd-\b-w\bwo\bor\brd\bd (\b(M\bM-\b-b\bb)\b)
- Move back to the start of the current or previous word. Words
+ Move back to the start of the current or previous word. Words
are composed of alphanumeric characters (letters and digits).
- s\bsh\bhe\bel\bll\bl-\b-f\bfo\bor\brw\bwa\bar\brd\bd-\b-w\bwo\bor\brd\bd
- Move forward to the end of the next word. Words are delimited
+ s\bsh\bhe\bel\bll\bl-\b-f\bfo\bor\brw\bwa\bar\brd\bd-\b-w\bwo\bor\brd\bd (\b(M\bM-\b-C\bC-\b-f\bf)\b)
+ Move forward to the end of the next word. Words are delimited
by non-quoted shell metacharacters.
- s\bsh\bhe\bel\bll\bl-\b-b\bba\bac\bck\bkw\bwa\bar\brd\bd-\b-w\bwo\bor\brd\bd
- Move back to the start of the current or previous word. Words
+ s\bsh\bhe\bel\bll\bl-\b-b\bba\bac\bck\bkw\bwa\bar\brd\bd-\b-w\bwo\bor\brd\bd (\b(M\bM-\b-C\bC-\b-b\bb)\b)
+ Move back to the start of the current or previous word. Words
are delimited by non-quoted shell metacharacters.
p\bpr\bre\bev\bvi\bio\bou\bus\bs-\b-s\bsc\bcr\bre\bee\ben\bn-\b-l\bli\bin\bne\be
- Attempt to move point to the same physical screen column on the
- previous physical screen line. This will not have the desired
- effect if the current r\bre\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be line does not take up more than
- one physical line or if point is not greater than the length of
+ Attempt to move point to the same physical screen column on the
+ previous physical screen line. This will not have the desired
+ effect if the current r\bre\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be line does not take up more than
+ one physical line or if point is not greater than the length of
the prompt plus the screen width.
n\bne\bex\bxt\bt-\b-s\bsc\bcr\bre\bee\ben\bn-\b-l\bli\bin\bne\be
- Attempt to move point to the same physical screen column on the
- next physical screen line. This will not have the desired ef-
+ Attempt to move point to the same physical screen column on the
+ next physical screen line. This will not have the desired ef-
fect if the current r\bre\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be line does not take up more than one
- physical line or if the length of the current r\bre\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be line is
+ physical line or if the length of the current r\bre\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be line is
not greater than the length of the prompt plus the screen width.
c\bcl\ble\bea\bar\br-\b-d\bdi\bis\bsp\bpl\bla\bay\by (\b(M\bM-\b-C\bC-\b-l\bl)\b)
- Clear the screen and, if possible, the terminal's scrollback
- buffer, then redraw the current line, leaving the current line
+ Clear the screen and, if possible, the terminal's scrollback
+ buffer, then redraw the current line, leaving the current line
at the top of the screen.
c\bcl\ble\bea\bar\br-\b-s\bsc\bcr\bre\bee\ben\bn (\b(C\bC-\b-l\bl)\b)
Clear the screen, then redraw the current line, leaving the cur-
- rent line at the top of the screen. With an argument, refresh
+ rent line at the top of the screen. With an argument, refresh
the current line without clearing the screen.
r\bre\bed\bdr\bra\baw\bw-\b-c\bcu\bur\brr\bre\ben\bnt\bt-\b-l\bli\bin\bne\be
Refresh the current line.
C\bCo\bom\bmm\bma\ban\bnd\bds\bs f\bfo\bor\br M\bMa\ban\bni\bip\bpu\bul\bla\bat\bti\bin\bng\bg t\bth\bhe\be H\bHi\bis\bst\bto\bor\bry\by
a\bac\bcc\bce\bep\bpt\bt-\b-l\bli\bin\bne\be (\b(N\bNe\bew\bwl\bli\bin\bne\be,\b, R\bRe\bet\btu\bur\brn\bn)\b)
Accept the line regardless of where the cursor is. If this line
- is non-empty, add it to the history list according to the state
- of the H\bHI\bIS\bST\bTC\bCO\bON\bNT\bTR\bRO\bOL\bL and H\bHI\bIS\bST\bTI\bIG\bGN\bNO\bOR\bRE\bE variables. If the line is a
- modified history line, restore the history line to its original
+ is non-empty, add it to the history list according to the state
+ of the H\bHI\bIS\bST\bTC\bCO\bON\bNT\bTR\bRO\bOL\bL and H\bHI\bIS\bST\bTI\bIG\bGN\bNO\bOR\bRE\bE variables. If the line is a
+ modified history line, restore the history line to its original
state.
p\bpr\bre\bev\bvi\bio\bou\bus\bs-\b-h\bhi\bis\bst\bto\bor\bry\by (\b(C\bC-\b-p\bp)\b)
Fetch the previous command from the history list, moving back in
- the list. This may also be bound to the up arrow key on some
+ the list. This may also be bound to the up arrow key on some
keyboards.
n\bne\bex\bxt\bt-\b-h\bhi\bis\bst\bto\bor\bry\by (\b(C\bC-\b-n\bn)\b)
- Fetch the next command from the history list, moving forward in
- the list. This may also be bound to the down arrow key on some
+ Fetch the next command from the history list, moving forward in
+ the list. This may also be bound to the down arrow key on some
keyboards.
b\bbe\beg\bgi\bin\bnn\bni\bin\bng\bg-\b-o\bof\bf-\b-h\bhi\bis\bst\bto\bor\bry\by (\b(M\bM-\b-<\b<)\b)
Move to the first line in the history.
e\ben\bnd\bd-\b-o\bof\bf-\b-h\bhi\bis\bst\bto\bor\bry\by (\b(M\bM-\b->\b>)\b)
- Move to the end of the input history, i.e., the line currently
+ Move to the end of the input history, i.e., the line currently
being entered.
o\bop\bpe\ber\bra\bat\bte\be-\b-a\ban\bnd\bd-\b-g\bge\bet\bt-\b-n\bne\bex\bxt\bt (\b(C\bC-\b-o\bo)\b)
- Accept the current line for execution as if a newline had been
- entered, and fetch the next line relative to the current line
- from the history for editing. A numeric argument, if supplied,
+ Accept the current line for execution as if a newline had been
+ entered, and fetch the next line relative to the current line
+ from the history for editing. A numeric argument, if supplied,
specifies the history entry to use instead of the current line.
f\bfe\bet\btc\bch\bh-\b-h\bhi\bis\bst\bto\bor\bry\by
- With a numeric argument, fetch that entry from the history list
+ With a numeric argument, fetch that entry from the history list
and make it the current line. Without an argument, move back to
the first entry in the history list.
r\bre\bev\bve\ber\brs\bse\be-\b-s\bse\bea\bar\brc\bch\bh-\b-h\bhi\bis\bst\bto\bor\bry\by (\b(C\bC-\b-r\br)\b)
- Search backward starting at the current line and moving "up"
- through the history as necessary. This is an incremental
- search. This command sets the region to the matched text and
- activates the region.
- f\bfo\bor\brw\bwa\bar\brd\bd-\b-s\bse\bea\bar\brc\bch\bh-\b-h\bhi\bis\bst\bto\bor\bry\by (\b(C\bC-\b-s\bs)\b)
- Search forward starting at the current line and moving "down"
+ Search backward starting at the current line and moving "up"
through the history as necessary. This is an incremental
search. This command sets the region to the matched text and
activates the region.
+ f\bfo\bor\brw\bwa\bar\brd\bd-\b-s\bse\bea\bar\brc\bch\bh-\b-h\bhi\bis\bst\bto\bor\bry\by (\b(C\bC-\b-s\bs)\b)
+ Search forward starting at the current line and moving "down"
+ through the history as necessary. This is an incremental
+ search. This command sets the region to the matched text and
+ activates the region.
n\bno\bon\bn-\b-i\bin\bnc\bcr\bre\bem\bme\ben\bnt\bta\bal\bl-\b-r\bre\bev\bve\ber\brs\bse\be-\b-s\bse\bea\bar\brc\bch\bh-\b-h\bhi\bis\bst\bto\bor\bry\by (\b(M\bM-\b-p\bp)\b)
Search backward through the history starting at the current line
- using a non-incremental search for a string supplied by the
+ using a non-incremental search for a string supplied by the
user. The search string may match anywhere in a history line.
n\bno\bon\bn-\b-i\bin\bnc\bcr\bre\bem\bme\ben\bnt\bta\bal\bl-\b-f\bfo\bor\brw\bwa\bar\brd\bd-\b-s\bse\bea\bar\brc\bch\bh-\b-h\bhi\bis\bst\bto\bor\bry\by (\b(M\bM-\b-n\bn)\b)
- Search forward through the history using a non-incremental
+ Search forward through the history using a non-incremental
search for a string supplied by the user. The search string may
match anywhere in a history line.
h\bhi\bis\bst\bto\bor\bry\by-\b-s\bse\bea\bar\brc\bch\bh-\b-b\bba\bac\bck\bkw\bwa\bar\brd\bd
non-incremental search. This may be bound to the Page Up key on
some keyboards.
h\bhi\bis\bst\bto\bor\bry\by-\b-s\bse\bea\bar\brc\bch\bh-\b-f\bfo\bor\brw\bwa\bar\brd\bd
- Search forward through the history for the string of characters
+ Search forward through the history for the string of characters
between the start of the current line and the point. The search
string must match at the beginning of a history line. This is a
- non-incremental search. This may be bound to the Page Down key
+ non-incremental search. This may be bound to the Page Down key
on some keyboards.
h\bhi\bis\bst\bto\bor\bry\by-\b-s\bsu\bub\bbs\bst\btr\bri\bin\bng\bg-\b-s\bse\bea\bar\brc\bch\bh-\b-b\bba\bac\bck\bkw\bwa\bar\brd\bd
Search backward through the history for the string of characters
between the start of the current line and the point. The search
- string may match anywhere in a history line. This is a non-in-
+ string may match anywhere in a history line. This is a non-in-
cremental search.
h\bhi\bis\bst\bto\bor\bry\by-\b-s\bsu\bub\bbs\bst\btr\bri\bin\bng\bg-\b-s\bse\bea\bar\brc\bch\bh-\b-f\bfo\bor\brw\bwa\bar\brd\bd
- Search forward through the history for the string of characters
+ Search forward through the history for the string of characters
between the start of the current line and the point. The search
- string may match anywhere in a history line. This is a non-in-
+ string may match anywhere in a history line. This is a non-in-
cremental search.
y\bya\ban\bnk\bk-\b-n\bnt\bth\bh-\b-a\bar\brg\bg (\b(M\bM-\b-C\bC-\b-y\by)\b)
- Insert the first argument to the previous command (usually the
+ Insert the first argument to the previous command (usually the
second word on the previous line) at point. With an argument _\bn,
- insert the _\bnth word from the previous command (the words in the
- previous command begin with word 0). A negative argument in-
- serts the _\bnth word from the end of the previous command. Once
- the argument _\bn is computed, this uses the history expansion fa-
- cilities to extract the _\bnth word, as if the "!_\bn" history expan-
+ insert the _\bnth word from the previous command (the words in the
+ previous command begin with word 0). A negative argument in-
+ serts the _\bnth word from the end of the previous command. Once
+ the argument _\bn is computed, this uses the history expansion fa-
+ cilities to extract the _\bnth word, as if the "!_\bn" history expan-
sion had been specified.
y\bya\ban\bnk\bk-\b-l\bla\bas\bst\bt-\b-a\bar\brg\bg (\b(M\bM-\b-.\b.,\b, M\bM-\b-_\b_)\b)
- Insert the last argument to the previous command (the last word
+ Insert the last argument to the previous command (the last word
of the previous history entry). With a numeric argument, behave
- exactly like y\bya\ban\bnk\bk-\b-n\bnt\bth\bh-\b-a\bar\brg\bg. Successive calls to y\bya\ban\bnk\bk-\b-l\bla\bas\bst\bt-\b-a\bar\brg\bg
- move back through the history list, inserting the last word (or
- the word specified by the argument to the first call) of each
+ exactly like y\bya\ban\bnk\bk-\b-n\bnt\bth\bh-\b-a\bar\brg\bg. Successive calls to y\bya\ban\bnk\bk-\b-l\bla\bas\bst\bt-\b-a\bar\brg\bg
+ move back through the history list, inserting the last word (or
+ the word specified by the argument to the first call) of each
line in turn. Any numeric argument supplied to these successive
- calls determines the direction to move through the history. A
- negative argument switches the direction through the history
- (back or forward). This uses the history expansion facilities
- to extract the last word, as if the "!$" history expansion had
+ calls determines the direction to move through the history. A
+ negative argument switches the direction through the history
+ (back or forward). This uses the history expansion facilities
+ to extract the last word, as if the "!$" history expansion had
been specified.
s\bsh\bhe\bel\bll\bl-\b-e\bex\bxp\bpa\ban\bnd\bd-\b-l\bli\bin\bne\be (\b(M\bM-\b-C\bC-\b-e\be)\b)
- Expand the line by performing shell word expansions. This per-
+ Expand the line by performing shell word expansions. This per-
forms alias and history expansion, $\b$'_\bs_\bt_\br_\bi_\bn_\bg' and $\b$"_\bs_\bt_\br_\bi_\bn_\bg" quot-
- ing, tilde expansion, parameter and variable expansion, arith-
- metic expansion, command and process substitution, word split-
- ting, and quote removal. An explicit argument suppresses com-
- mand and process substitution. See H\bHI\bIS\bST\bTO\bOR\bRY\bY E\bEX\bXP\bPA\bAN\bNS\bSI\bIO\bON\bN below for
+ ing, tilde expansion, parameter and variable expansion, arith-
+ metic expansion, command and process substitution, word split-
+ ting, and quote removal. An explicit argument suppresses com-
+ mand and process substitution. See H\bHI\bIS\bST\bTO\bOR\bRY\bY E\bEX\bXP\bPA\bAN\bNS\bSI\bIO\bON\bN below for
a description of history expansion.
h\bhi\bis\bst\bto\bor\bry\by-\b-e\bex\bxp\bpa\ban\bnd\bd-\b-l\bli\bin\bne\be (\b(M\bM-\b-^\b^)\b)
- Perform history expansion on the current line. See H\bHI\bIS\bST\bTO\bOR\bRY\bY E\bEX\bX-\b-
+ Perform history expansion on the current line. See H\bHI\bIS\bST\bTO\bOR\bRY\bY E\bEX\bX-\b-
P\bPA\bAN\bNS\bSI\bIO\bON\bN below for a description of history expansion.
m\bma\bag\bgi\bic\bc-\b-s\bsp\bpa\bac\bce\be
- Perform history expansion on the current line and insert a
+ Perform history expansion on the current line and insert a
space. See H\bHI\bIS\bST\bTO\bOR\bRY\bY E\bEX\bXP\bPA\bAN\bNS\bSI\bIO\bON\bN below for a description of history
expansion.
a\bal\bli\bia\bas\bs-\b-e\bex\bxp\bpa\ban\bnd\bd-\b-l\bli\bin\bne\be
- Perform alias expansion on the current line. See A\bAL\bLI\bIA\bAS\bSE\bES\bS above
+ Perform alias expansion on the current line. See A\bAL\bLI\bIA\bAS\bSE\bES\bS above
for a description of alias expansion.
h\bhi\bis\bst\bto\bor\bry\by-\b-a\ban\bnd\bd-\b-a\bal\bli\bia\bas\bs-\b-e\bex\bxp\bpa\ban\bnd\bd-\b-l\bli\bin\bne\be
Perform history and alias expansion on the current line.
i\bin\bns\bse\ber\brt\bt-\b-l\bla\bas\bst\bt-\b-a\bar\brg\bgu\bum\bme\ben\bnt\bt (\b(M\bM-\b-.\b.,\b, M\bM-\b-_\b_)\b)
A synonym for y\bya\ban\bnk\bk-\b-l\bla\bas\bst\bt-\b-a\bar\brg\bg.
e\bed\bdi\bit\bt-\b-a\ban\bnd\bd-\b-e\bex\bxe\bec\bcu\but\bte\be-\b-c\bco\bom\bmm\bma\ban\bnd\bd (\b(C\bC-\b-x\bx C\bC-\b-e\be)\b)
- Invoke an editor on the current command line, and execute the
+ Invoke an editor on the current command line, and execute the
result as shell commands. B\bBa\bas\bsh\bh attempts to invoke $\b$V\bVI\bIS\bSU\bUA\bAL\bL, $\b$E\bED\bD-\b-
I\bIT\bTO\bOR\bR, and _\be_\bm_\ba_\bc_\bs as the editor, in that order.
C\bCo\bom\bmm\bma\ban\bnd\bds\bs f\bfo\bor\br C\bCh\bha\ban\bng\bgi\bin\bng\bg T\bTe\bex\bxt\bt
_\be_\bn_\bd_\b-_\bo_\bf_\b-_\bf_\bi_\bl_\be (\b(u\bus\bsu\bua\bal\bll\bly\by C\bC-\b-d\bd)\b)
- The character indicating end-of-file as set, for example, by
+ The character indicating end-of-file as set, for example, by
_\bs_\bt_\bt_\by(1). If this character is read when there are no characters
on the line, and point is at the beginning of the line, r\bre\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be
interprets it as the end of input and returns E\bEO\bOF\bF.
above for the effects. This may also be bound to the Delete key
on some keyboards.
b\bba\bac\bck\bkw\bwa\bar\brd\bd-\b-d\bde\bel\ble\bet\bte\be-\b-c\bch\bha\bar\br (\b(R\bRu\bub\bbo\bou\but\bt)\b)
- Delete the character behind the cursor. When given a numeric
+ Delete the character behind the cursor. When given a numeric
argument, save the deleted text on the kill ring.
f\bfo\bor\brw\bwa\bar\brd\bd-\b-b\bba\bac\bck\bkw\bwa\bar\brd\bd-\b-d\bde\bel\ble\bet\bte\be-\b-c\bch\bha\bar\br
- Delete the character under the cursor, unless the cursor is at
+ Delete the character under the cursor, unless the cursor is at
the end of the line, in which case the character behind the cur-
sor is deleted.
q\bqu\buo\bot\bte\bed\bd-\b-i\bin\bns\bse\ber\brt\bt (\b(C\bC-\b-q\bq,\b, C\bC-\b-v\bv)\b)
- Add the next character typed to the line verbatim. This is how
+ Add the next character typed to the line verbatim. This is how
to insert characters like C\bC-\b-q\bq, for example.
t\bta\bab\bb-\b-i\bin\bns\bse\ber\brt\bt (\b(C\bC-\b-v\bv T\bTA\bAB\bB)\b)
Insert a tab character.
s\bse\bel\blf\bf-\b-i\bin\bns\bse\ber\brt\bt (\b(a\ba,\b, b\bb,\b, A\bA,\b, 1\b1,\b, !\b!,\b, ...)\b)
Insert the character typed.
b\bbr\bra\bac\bck\bke\bet\bte\bed\bd-\b-p\bpa\bas\bst\bte\be-\b-b\bbe\beg\bgi\bin\bn
- This function is intended to be bound to the "bracketed paste"
- escape sequence sent by some terminals, and such a binding is
- assigned by default. It allows r\bre\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be to insert the pasted
- text as a single unit without treating each character as if it
- had been read from the keyboard. The pasted characters are in-
- serted as if each one was bound to s\bse\bel\blf\bf-\b-i\bin\bns\bse\ber\brt\bt instead of exe-
+ This function is intended to be bound to the "bracketed paste"
+ escape sequence sent by some terminals, and such a binding is
+ assigned by default. It allows r\bre\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be to insert the pasted
+ text as a single unit without treating each character as if it
+ had been read from the keyboard. The pasted characters are in-
+ serted as if each one was bound to s\bse\bel\blf\bf-\b-i\bin\bns\bse\ber\brt\bt instead of exe-
cuting any editing commands.
- Bracketed paste sets the region to the inserted text and acti-
+ Bracketed paste sets the region to the inserted text and acti-
vates the region.
t\btr\bra\ban\bns\bsp\bpo\bos\bse\be-\b-c\bch\bha\bar\brs\bs (\b(C\bC-\b-t\bt)\b)
- Drag the character before point forward over the character at
- point, moving point forward as well. If point is at the end of
- the line, then this transposes the two characters before point.
+ Drag the character before point forward over the character at
+ point, moving point forward as well. If point is at the end of
+ the line, then this transposes the two characters before point.
Negative arguments have no effect.
t\btr\bra\ban\bns\bsp\bpo\bos\bse\be-\b-w\bwo\bor\brd\bds\bs (\b(M\bM-\b-t\bt)\b)
- Drag the word before point past the word after point, moving
- point over that word as well. If point is at the end of the
+ Drag the word before point past the word after point, moving
+ point past that word as well. If point is at the end of the
line, this transposes the last two words on the line.
s\bsh\bhe\bel\bll\bl-\b-t\btr\bra\ban\bns\bsp\bpo\bos\bse\be-\b-w\bwo\bor\brd\bds\bs (\b(M\bM-\b-C\bC-\b-t\bt)\b)
- Drag the word before point past the word after point, moving
- point past that word as well. If the insertion point is at the
+ Drag the word before point past the word after point, moving
+ point past that word as well. If the insertion point is at the
end of the line, this transposes the last two words on the line.
- Word boundaries are the same as s\bsh\bhe\bel\bll\bl-\b-f\bfo\bor\brw\bwa\bar\brd\bd-\b-w\bwo\bor\brd\bd and
+ Word boundaries are the same as s\bsh\bhe\bel\bll\bl-\b-f\bfo\bor\brw\bwa\bar\brd\bd-\b-w\bwo\bor\brd\bd and
s\bsh\bhe\bel\bll\bl-\b-b\bba\bac\bck\bkw\bwa\bar\brd\bd-\b-w\bwo\bor\brd\bd.
u\bup\bpc\bca\bas\bse\be-\b-w\bwo\bor\brd\bd (\b(M\bM-\b-u\bu)\b)
- Uppercase the current (or following) word. With a negative ar-
+ Uppercase the current (or following) word. With a negative ar-
gument, uppercase the previous word, but do not move point.
d\bdo\bow\bwn\bnc\bca\bas\bse\be-\b-w\bwo\bor\brd\bd (\b(M\bM-\b-l\bl)\b)
- Lowercase the current (or following) word. With a negative ar-
+ Lowercase the current (or following) word. With a negative ar-
gument, lowercase the previous word, but do not move point.
c\bca\bap\bpi\bit\bta\bal\bli\biz\bze\be-\b-w\bwo\bor\brd\bd (\b(M\bM-\b-c\bc)\b)
Capitalize the current (or following) word. With a negative ar-
gument, capitalize the previous word, but do not move point.
o\bov\bve\ber\brw\bwr\bri\bit\bte\be-\b-m\bmo\bod\bde\be
- Toggle overwrite mode. With an explicit positive numeric argu-
+ Toggle overwrite mode. With an explicit positive numeric argu-
ment, switches to overwrite mode. With an explicit non-positive
numeric argument, switches to insert mode. This command affects
- only e\bem\bma\bac\bcs\bs mode; v\bvi\bi mode does overwrite differently. Each call
+ only e\bem\bma\bac\bcs\bs mode; v\bvi\bi mode does overwrite differently. Each call
to _\br_\be_\ba_\bd_\bl_\bi_\bn_\be_\b(_\b) starts in insert mode.
- In overwrite mode, characters bound to s\bse\bel\blf\bf-\b-i\bin\bns\bse\ber\brt\bt replace the
- text at point rather than pushing the text to the right. Char-
- acters bound to b\bba\bac\bck\bkw\bwa\bar\brd\bd-\b-d\bde\bel\ble\bet\bte\be-\b-c\bch\bha\bar\br replace the character be-
- fore point with a space. By default, this command is unbound,
+ In overwrite mode, characters bound to s\bse\bel\blf\bf-\b-i\bin\bns\bse\ber\brt\bt replace the
+ text at point rather than pushing the text to the right. Char-
+ acters bound to b\bba\bac\bck\bkw\bwa\bar\brd\bd-\b-d\bde\bel\ble\bet\bte\be-\b-c\bch\bha\bar\br replace the character be-
+ fore point with a space. By default, this command is unbound,
but may be bound to the Insert key on some keyboards.
K\bKi\bil\bll\bli\bin\bng\bg a\ban\bnd\bd Y\bYa\ban\bnk\bki\bin\bng\bg
k\bki\bil\bll\bl-\b-l\bli\bin\bne\be (\b(C\bC-\b-k\bk)\b)
Kill the text from point to the end of the current line. With a
- negative numeric argument, kill backward from the cursor to the
+ negative numeric argument, kill backward from the cursor to the
beginning of the line.
b\bba\bac\bck\bkw\bwa\bar\brd\bd-\b-k\bki\bil\bll\bl-\b-l\bli\bin\bne\be (\b(C\bC-\b-x\bx R\bRu\bub\bbo\bou\but\bt)\b)
Kill backward to the beginning of the current line. With a neg-
- ative numeric argument, kill forward from the cursor to the end
+ ative numeric argument, kill forward from the cursor to the end
of the line.
u\bun\bni\bix\bx-\b-l\bli\bin\bne\be-\b-d\bdi\bis\bsc\bca\bar\brd\bd (\b(C\bC-\b-u\bu)\b)
- Kill backward from point to the beginning of the line, saving
+ Kill backward from point to the beginning of the line, saving
the killed text on the kill-ring.
k\bki\bil\bll\bl-\b-w\bwh\bho\bol\ble\be-\b-l\bli\bin\bne\be
- Kill all characters on the current line, no matter where point
+ Kill all characters on the current line, no matter where point
is.
k\bki\bil\bll\bl-\b-w\bwo\bor\brd\bd (\b(M\bM-\b-d\bd)\b)
- Kill from point to the end of the current word, or if between
- words, to the end of the next word. Word boundaries are the
+ Kill from point to the end of the current word, or if between
+ words, to the end of the next word. Word boundaries are the
same as those used by f\bfo\bor\brw\bwa\bar\brd\bd-\b-w\bwo\bor\brd\bd.
b\bba\bac\bck\bkw\bwa\bar\brd\bd-\b-k\bki\bil\bll\bl-\b-w\bwo\bor\brd\bd (\b(M\bM-\b-R\bRu\bub\bbo\bou\but\bt)\b)
- Kill the word behind point. Word boundaries are the same as
+ Kill the word behind point. Word boundaries are the same as
those used by b\bba\bac\bck\bkw\bwa\bar\brd\bd-\b-w\bwo\bor\brd\bd.
s\bsh\bhe\bel\bll\bl-\b-k\bki\bil\bll\bl-\b-w\bwo\bor\brd\bd (\b(M\bM-\b-C\bC-\b-d\bd)\b)
- Kill from point to the end of the current word, or if between
- words, to the end of the next word. Word boundaries are the
+ Kill from point to the end of the current word, or if between
+ words, to the end of the next word. Word boundaries are the
same as those used by s\bsh\bhe\bel\bll\bl-\b-f\bfo\bor\brw\bwa\bar\brd\bd-\b-w\bwo\bor\brd\bd.
s\bsh\bhe\bel\bll\bl-\b-b\bba\bac\bck\bkw\bwa\bar\brd\bd-\b-k\bki\bil\bll\bl-\b-w\bwo\bor\brd\bd
- Kill the word behind point. Word boundaries are the same as
+ Kill the word behind point. Word boundaries are the same as
those used by s\bsh\bhe\bel\bll\bl-\b-b\bba\bac\bck\bkw\bwa\bar\brd\bd-\b-w\bwo\bor\brd\bd.
u\bun\bni\bix\bx-\b-w\bwo\bor\brd\bd-\b-r\bru\bub\bbo\bou\but\bt (\b(C\bC-\b-w\bw)\b)
- Kill the word behind point, using white space as a word bound-
+ Kill the word behind point, using white space as a word bound-
ary, saving the killed text on the kill-ring.
u\bun\bni\bix\bx-\b-f\bfi\bil\ble\ben\bna\bam\bme\be-\b-r\bru\bub\bbo\bou\but\bt
- Kill the word behind point, using white space and the slash
- character as the word boundaries, saving the killed text on the
+ Kill the word behind point, using white space and the slash
+ character as the word boundaries, saving the killed text on the
kill-ring.
d\bde\bel\ble\bet\bte\be-\b-h\bho\bor\bri\biz\bzo\bon\bnt\bta\bal\bl-\b-s\bsp\bpa\bac\bce\be (\b(M\bM-\b-\\b\)\b)
Delete all spaces and tabs around point.
k\bki\bil\bll\bl-\b-r\bre\beg\bgi\bio\bon\bn
Kill the text in the current region.
c\bco\bop\bpy\by-\b-r\bre\beg\bgi\bio\bon\bn-\b-a\bas\bs-\b-k\bki\bil\bll\bl
- Copy the text in the region to the kill buffer, so it can be
+ Copy the text in the region to the kill buffer, so it can be
yanked immediately.
c\bco\bop\bpy\by-\b-b\bba\bac\bck\bkw\bwa\bar\brd\bd-\b-w\bwo\bor\brd\bd
- Copy the word before point to the kill buffer. The word bound-
+ Copy the word before point to the kill buffer. The word bound-
aries are the same as b\bba\bac\bck\bkw\bwa\bar\brd\bd-\b-w\bwo\bor\brd\bd.
c\bco\bop\bpy\by-\b-f\bfo\bor\brw\bwa\bar\brd\bd-\b-w\bwo\bor\brd\bd
- Copy the word following point to the kill buffer. The word
+ Copy the word following point to the kill buffer. The word
boundaries are the same as f\bfo\bor\brw\bwa\bar\brd\bd-\b-w\bwo\bor\brd\bd.
y\bya\ban\bnk\bk (\b(C\bC-\b-y\by)\b)
Yank the top of the kill ring into the buffer at point.
y\bya\ban\bnk\bk-\b-p\bpo\bop\bp (\b(M\bM-\b-y\by)\b)
- Rotate the kill ring, and yank the new top. Only works follow-
+ Rotate the kill ring, and yank the new top. Only works follow-
ing y\bya\ban\bnk\bk or y\bya\ban\bnk\bk-\b-p\bpo\bop\bp.
N\bNu\bum\bme\ber\bri\bic\bc A\bAr\brg\bgu\bum\bme\ben\bnt\bts\bs
d\bdi\big\bgi\bit\bt-\b-a\bar\brg\bgu\bum\bme\ben\bnt\bt (\b(M\bM-\b-0\b0,\b, M\bM-\b-1\b1,\b, ...,\b, M\bM-\b--\b-)\b)
- Add this digit to the argument already accumulating, or start a
+ Add this digit to the argument already accumulating, or start a
new argument. M-- starts a negative argument.
u\bun\bni\biv\bve\ber\brs\bsa\bal\bl-\b-a\bar\brg\bgu\bum\bme\ben\bnt\bt
- This is another way to specify an argument. If this command is
- followed by one or more digits, optionally with a leading minus
- sign, those digits define the argument. If the command is fol-
+ This is another way to specify an argument. If this command is
+ followed by one or more digits, optionally with a leading minus
+ sign, those digits define the argument. If the command is fol-
lowed by digits, executing u\bun\bni\biv\bve\ber\brs\bsa\bal\bl-\b-a\bar\brg\bgu\bum\bme\ben\bnt\bt again ends the nu-
meric argument, but is otherwise ignored. As a special case, if
this command is immediately followed by a character that is nei-
- ther a digit nor minus sign, the argument count for the next
- command is multiplied by four. The argument count is initially
- one, so executing this function the first time makes the argu-
+ ther a digit nor minus sign, the argument count for the next
+ command is multiplied by four. The argument count is initially
+ one, so executing this function the first time makes the argu-
ment count four, a second time makes the argument count sixteen,
and so on.
C\bCo\bom\bmp\bpl\ble\bet\bti\bin\bng\bg
c\bco\bom\bmp\bpl\ble\bet\bte\be (\b(T\bTA\bAB\bB)\b)
- Attempt to perform completion on the text before point. B\bBa\bas\bsh\bh
- attempts completion by first checking for any programmable com-
- pletions for the command word (see P\bPr\bro\bog\bgr\bra\bam\bmm\bma\bab\bbl\ble\be C\bCo\bom\bmp\bpl\ble\bet\bti\bio\bon\bn be-
+ Attempt to perform completion on the text before point. B\bBa\bas\bsh\bh
+ attempts completion by first checking for any programmable com-
+ pletions for the command word (see P\bPr\bro\bog\bgr\bra\bam\bmm\bma\bab\bbl\ble\be C\bCo\bom\bmp\bpl\ble\bet\bti\bio\bon\bn be-
low), otherwise treating the text as a variable (if the text be-
gins with $\b$), username (if the text begins with ~\b~), hostname (if
- the text begins with @\b@), or command (including aliases, func-
- tions, and builtins) in turn. If none of these produces a
+ the text begins with @\b@), or command (including aliases, func-
+ tions, and builtins) in turn. If none of these produces a
match, it falls back to filename completion.
p\bpo\bos\bss\bsi\bib\bbl\ble\be-\b-c\bco\bom\bmp\bpl\ble\bet\bti\bio\bon\bns\bs (\b(M\bM-\b-?\b?)\b)
- List the possible completions of the text before point. When
+ List the possible completions of the text before point. When
displaying completions, r\bre\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be sets the number of columns used
- for display to the value of c\bco\bom\bmp\bpl\ble\bet\bti\bio\bon\bn-\b-d\bdi\bis\bsp\bpl\bla\bay\by-\b-w\bwi\bid\bdt\bth\bh, the value
- of the shell variable C\bCO\bOL\bLU\bUM\bMN\bNS\bS, or the screen width, in that or-
+ for display to the value of c\bco\bom\bmp\bpl\ble\bet\bti\bio\bon\bn-\b-d\bdi\bis\bsp\bpl\bla\bay\by-\b-w\bwi\bid\bdt\bth\bh, the value
+ of the shell variable C\bCO\bOL\bLU\bUM\bMN\bNS\bS, or the screen width, in that or-
der.
i\bin\bns\bse\ber\brt\bt-\b-c\bco\bom\bmp\bpl\ble\bet\bti\bio\bon\bns\bs (\b(M\bM-\b-*\b*)\b)
- Insert all completions of the text before point that would have
+ Insert all completions of the text before point that would have
been generated by p\bpo\bos\bss\bsi\bib\bbl\ble\be-\b-c\bco\bom\bmp\bpl\ble\bet\bti\bio\bon\bns\bs, separated by a space.
m\bme\ben\bnu\bu-\b-c\bco\bom\bmp\bpl\ble\bet\bte\be
- Similar to c\bco\bom\bmp\bpl\ble\bet\bte\be, but replaces the word to be completed with
- a single match from the list of possible completions. Repeat-
- edly executing m\bme\ben\bnu\bu-\b-c\bco\bom\bmp\bpl\ble\bet\bte\be steps through the list of possible
- completions, inserting each match in turn. At the end of the
- list of completions, m\bme\ben\bnu\bu-\b-c\bco\bom\bmp\bpl\ble\bet\bte\be rings the bell (subject to
- the setting of b\bbe\bel\bll\bl-\b-s\bst\bty\byl\ble\be) and restores the original text. An
- argument of _\bn moves _\bn positions forward in the list of matches;
- a negative argument moves backward through the list. This com-
+ Similar to c\bco\bom\bmp\bpl\ble\bet\bte\be, but replaces the word to be completed with
+ a single match from the list of possible completions. Repeat-
+ edly executing m\bme\ben\bnu\bu-\b-c\bco\bom\bmp\bpl\ble\bet\bte\be steps through the list of possible
+ completions, inserting each match in turn. At the end of the
+ list of completions, m\bme\ben\bnu\bu-\b-c\bco\bom\bmp\bpl\ble\bet\bte\be rings the bell (subject to
+ the setting of b\bbe\bel\bll\bl-\b-s\bst\bty\byl\ble\be) and restores the original text. An
+ argument of _\bn moves _\bn positions forward in the list of matches;
+ a negative argument moves backward through the list. This com-
mand is intended to be bound to T\bTA\bAB\bB, but is unbound by default.
m\bme\ben\bnu\bu-\b-c\bco\bom\bmp\bpl\ble\bet\bte\be-\b-b\bba\bac\bck\bkw\bwa\bar\brd\bd
- Identical to m\bme\ben\bnu\bu-\b-c\bco\bom\bmp\bpl\ble\bet\bte\be, but moves backward through the list
- of possible completions, as if m\bme\ben\bnu\bu-\b-c\bco\bom\bmp\bpl\ble\bet\bte\be had been given a
+ Identical to m\bme\ben\bnu\bu-\b-c\bco\bom\bmp\bpl\ble\bet\bte\be, but moves backward through the list
+ of possible completions, as if m\bme\ben\bnu\bu-\b-c\bco\bom\bmp\bpl\ble\bet\bte\be had been given a
negative argument. This command is unbound by default.
e\bex\bxp\bpo\bor\brt\bt-\b-c\bco\bom\bmp\bpl\ble\bet\bti\bio\bon\bns\bs
- Perform completion on the word before point as described above
- and write the list of possible completions to r\bre\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be's output
- stream using the following format, writing information on sepa-
+ Perform completion on the word before point as described above
+ and write the list of possible completions to r\bre\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be's output
+ stream using the following format, writing information on sepa-
rate lines:
+\bo the number of matches _\bN;
+\bo the word being completed;
- +\bo _\bS:_\bE, where S and E are the start and end offsets of the
+ +\bo _\bS:_\bE, where _\bS and _\bE are the start and end offsets of the
word in the r\bre\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be line buffer; then
+\bo each match, one per line
- If there are no matches, the first line will be "0", and this
- command does not print any output after the _\bS:_\bE. If there is
- only a single match, this prints a single line containing it.
- If there is more than one match, this prints the common prefix
- of the matches, which may be empty, on the first line after the
+ If there are no matches, the first line will be "0", and this
+ command does not print any output after the _\bS:_\bE. If there is
+ only a single match, this prints a single line containing it.
+ If there is more than one match, this prints the common prefix
+ of the matches, which may be empty, on the first line after the
_\bS:_\bE, then the matches on subsequent lines. In this case, _\bN will
include the first line with the common prefix.
The user or application should be able to accommodate the possi-
bility of a blank line. The intent is that the user or applica-
- tion reads _\bN lines after the line containing _\bS:_\bE to obtain the
+ tion reads _\bN lines after the line containing _\bS:_\bE to obtain the
match list. This command is unbound by default.
d\bde\bel\ble\bet\bte\be-\b-c\bch\bha\bar\br-\b-o\bor\br-\b-l\bli\bis\bst\bt
- Deletes the character under the cursor if not at the beginning
- or end of the line (like d\bde\bel\ble\bet\bte\be-\b-c\bch\bha\bar\br). At the end of the line,
+ Deletes the character under the cursor if not at the beginning
+ or end of the line (like d\bde\bel\ble\bet\bte\be-\b-c\bch\bha\bar\br). At the end of the line,
it behaves identically to p\bpo\bos\bss\bsi\bib\bbl\ble\be-\b-c\bco\bom\bmp\bpl\ble\bet\bti\bio\bon\bns\bs. This command is
unbound by default.
it as a filename.
c\bco\bom\bmp\bpl\ble\bet\bte\be-\b-u\bus\bse\ber\brn\bna\bam\bme\be (\b(M\bM-\b-~\b~)\b)
- Attempt completion on the text before point, treating it as a
+ Attempt completion on the text before point, treating it as a
username.
p\bpo\bos\bss\bsi\bib\bbl\ble\be-\b-u\bus\bse\ber\brn\bna\bam\bme\be-\b-c\bco\bom\bmp\bpl\ble\bet\bti\bio\bon\bns\bs (\b(C\bC-\b-x\bx ~\b~)\b)
it as a username.
c\bco\bom\bmp\bpl\ble\bet\bte\be-\b-v\bva\bar\bri\bia\bab\bbl\ble\be (\b(M\bM-\b-$\b$)\b)
- Attempt completion on the text before point, treating it as a
+ Attempt completion on the text before point, treating it as a
shell variable.
p\bpo\bos\bss\bsi\bib\bbl\ble\be-\b-v\bva\bar\bri\bia\bab\bbl\ble\be-\b-c\bco\bom\bmp\bpl\ble\bet\bti\bio\bon\bns\bs (\b(C\bC-\b-x\bx $\b$)\b)
it as a shell variable.
c\bco\bom\bmp\bpl\ble\bet\bte\be-\b-h\bho\bos\bst\btn\bna\bam\bme\be (\b(M\bM-\b-@\b@)\b)
- Attempt completion on the text before point, treating it as a
+ Attempt completion on the text before point, treating it as a
hostname.
p\bpo\bos\bss\bsi\bib\bbl\ble\be-\b-h\bho\bos\bst\btn\bna\bam\bme\be-\b-c\bco\bom\bmp\bpl\ble\bet\bti\bio\bon\bns\bs (\b(C\bC-\b-x\bx @\b@)\b)
it as a hostname.
c\bco\bom\bmp\bpl\ble\bet\bte\be-\b-c\bco\bom\bmm\bma\ban\bnd\bd (\b(M\bM-\b-!\b!)\b)
- Attempt completion on the text before point, treating it as a
- command name. Command completion attempts to match the text
- against aliases, reserved words, shell functions, shell
+ Attempt completion on the text before point, treating it as a
+ command name. Command completion attempts to match the text
+ against aliases, reserved words, shell functions, shell
builtins, and finally executable filenames, in that order.
p\bpo\bos\bss\bsi\bib\bbl\ble\be-\b-c\bco\bom\bmm\bma\ban\bnd\bd-\b-c\bco\bom\bmp\bpl\ble\bet\bti\bio\bon\bns\bs (\b(C\bC-\b-x\bx !\b!)\b)
it as a command name.
d\bdy\byn\bna\bam\bmi\bic\bc-\b-c\bco\bom\bmp\bpl\ble\bet\bte\be-\b-h\bhi\bis\bst\bto\bor\bry\by (\b(M\bM-\b-T\bTA\bAB\bB)\b)
- Attempt completion on the text before point, comparing the text
+ Attempt completion on the text before point, comparing the text
against history list entries for possible completion matches.
d\bda\bab\bbb\bbr\bre\bev\bv-\b-e\bex\bxp\bpa\ban\bnd\bd
- Attempt menu completion on the text before point, comparing the
+ Attempt menu completion on the text before point, comparing the
text against lines from the history list for possible completion
matches.
c\bco\bom\bmp\bpl\ble\bet\bte\be-\b-i\bin\bnt\bto\bo-\b-b\bbr\bra\bac\bce\bes\bs (\b(M\bM-\b-{\b{)\b)
Perform filename completion and insert the list of possible com-
- pletions enclosed within braces so the list is available to the
+ pletions enclosed within braces so the list is available to the
shell (see B\bBr\bra\bac\bce\be E\bEx\bxp\bpa\ban\bns\bsi\bio\bon\bn above).
K\bKe\bey\byb\bbo\boa\bar\brd\bd M\bMa\bac\bcr\bro\bos\bs
s\bst\bta\bar\brt\bt-\b-k\bkb\bbd\bd-\b-m\bma\bac\bcr\bro\bo (\b(C\bC-\b-x\bx (\b()\b)
- Begin saving the characters typed into the current keyboard
+ Begin saving the characters typed into the current keyboard
macro.
e\ben\bnd\bd-\b-k\bkb\bbd\bd-\b-m\bma\bac\bcr\bro\bo (\b(C\bC-\b-x\bx )\b))\b)
Stop saving the characters typed into the current keyboard macro
and store the definition.
c\bca\bal\bll\bl-\b-l\bla\bas\bst\bt-\b-k\bkb\bbd\bd-\b-m\bma\bac\bcr\bro\bo (\b(C\bC-\b-x\bx e\be)\b)
- Re-execute the last keyboard macro defined, by making the char-
+ Re-execute the last keyboard macro defined, by making the char-
acters in the macro appear as if typed at the keyboard.
p\bpr\bri\bin\bnt\bt-\b-l\bla\bas\bst\bt-\b-k\bkb\bbd\bd-\b-m\bma\bac\bcr\bro\bo (\b()\b)
- Print the last keyboard macro defined in a format suitable for
+ Print the last keyboard macro defined in a format suitable for
the _\bi_\bn_\bp_\bu_\bt_\br_\bc file.
M\bMi\bis\bsc\bce\bel\bll\bla\ban\bne\beo\bou\bus\bs
r\bre\be-\b-r\bre\bea\bad\bd-\b-i\bin\bni\bit\bt-\b-f\bfi\bil\ble\be (\b(C\bC-\b-x\bx C\bC-\b-r\br)\b)
- Read in the contents of the _\bi_\bn_\bp_\bu_\bt_\br_\bc file, and incorporate any
+ Read in the contents of the _\bi_\bn_\bp_\bu_\bt_\br_\bc file, and incorporate any
bindings or variable assignments found there.
a\bab\bbo\bor\brt\bt (\b(C\bC-\b-g\bg)\b)
- Abort the current editing command and ring the terminal's bell
+ Abort the current editing command and ring the terminal's bell
(subject to the setting of b\bbe\bel\bll\bl-\b-s\bst\bty\byl\ble\be).
d\bdo\bo-\b-l\blo\bow\bwe\ber\brc\bca\bas\bse\be-\b-v\bve\ber\brs\bsi\bio\bon\bn (\b(M\bM-\b-A\bA,\b, M\bM-\b-B\bB,\b, M\bM-\b-_\bx,\b, ...)\b)
- If the metafied character _\bx is uppercase, run the command that
+ If the metafied character _\bx is uppercase, run the command that
is bound to the corresponding metafied lowercase character. The
behavior is undefined if _\bx is already lowercase.
p\bpr\bre\bef\bfi\bix\bx-\b-m\bme\bet\bta\ba (\b(E\bES\bSC\bC)\b)
u\bun\bnd\bdo\bo (\b(C\bC-\b-_\b_,\b, C\bC-\b-x\bx C\bC-\b-u\bu)\b)
Incremental undo, separately remembered for each line.
r\bre\bev\bve\ber\brt\bt-\b-l\bli\bin\bne\be (\b(M\bM-\b-r\br)\b)
- Undo all changes made to this line. This is like executing the
- u\bun\bnd\bdo\bo command enough times to return the line to its initial
+ Undo all changes made to this line. This is like executing the
+ u\bun\bnd\bdo\bo command enough times to return the line to its initial
state.
t\bti\bil\bld\bde\be-\b-e\bex\bxp\bpa\ban\bnd\bd (\b(M\bM-\b-&\b&)\b)
Perform tilde expansion on the current word.
s\bse\bet\bt-\b-m\bma\bar\brk\bk (\b(C\bC-\b-@\b@,\b, M\bM-\b-<\b<s\bsp\bpa\bac\bce\be>\b>)\b)
- Set the mark to the point. If a numeric argument is supplied,
+ Set the mark to the point. If a numeric argument is supplied,
set the mark to that position.
e\bex\bxc\bch\bha\ban\bng\bge\be-\b-p\bpo\boi\bin\bnt\bt-\b-a\ban\bnd\bd-\b-m\bma\bar\brk\bk (\b(C\bC-\b-x\bx C\bC-\b-x\bx)\b)
- Swap the point with the mark. Set the current cursor position
+ Swap the point with the mark. Set the current cursor position
to the saved position, then set the mark to the old cursor posi-
tion.
c\bch\bha\bar\bra\bac\bct\bte\ber\br-\b-s\bse\bea\bar\brc\bch\bh (\b(C\bC-\b-]\b])\b)
- Read a character and move point to the next occurrence of that
- character. A negative argument searches for previous occur-
+ Read a character and move point to the next occurrence of that
+ character. A negative argument searches for previous occur-
rences.
c\bch\bha\bar\bra\bac\bct\bte\ber\br-\b-s\bse\bea\bar\brc\bch\bh-\b-b\bba\bac\bck\bkw\bwa\bar\brd\bd (\b(M\bM-\b-C\bC-\b-]\b])\b)
- Read a character and move point to the previous occurrence of
+ Read a character and move point to the previous occurrence of
that character. A negative argument searches for subsequent oc-
currences.
s\bsk\bki\bip\bp-\b-c\bcs\bsi\bi-\b-s\bse\beq\bqu\bue\ben\bnc\bce\be
- Read enough characters to consume a multi-key sequence such as
- those defined for keys like Home and End. CSI sequences begin
+ Read enough characters to consume a multi-key sequence such as
+ those defined for keys like Home and End. CSI sequences begin
with a Control Sequence Indicator (CSI), usually _\bE_\bS_\bC _\b[. If this
sequence is bound to "\e[", keys producing CSI sequences have no
effect unless explicitly bound to a r\bre\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be command, instead of
inserting stray characters into the editing buffer. This is un-
bound by default, but usually bound to _\bE_\bS_\bC _\b[.
i\bin\bns\bse\ber\brt\bt-\b-c\bco\bom\bmm\bme\ben\bnt\bt (\b(M\bM-\b-#\b#)\b)
- Without a numeric argument, insert the value of the r\bre\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be
+ Without a numeric argument, insert the value of the r\bre\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be
c\bco\bom\bmm\bme\ben\bnt\bt-\b-b\bbe\beg\bgi\bin\bn variable at the beginning of the current line. If
- a numeric argument is supplied, this command acts as a toggle:
- if the characters at the beginning of the line do not match the
- value of c\bco\bom\bmm\bme\ben\bnt\bt-\b-b\bbe\beg\bgi\bin\bn, insert the value; otherwise delete the
- characters in c\bco\bom\bmm\bme\ben\bnt\bt-\b-b\bbe\beg\bgi\bin\bn from the beginning of the line. In
- either case, the line is accepted as if a newline had been
- typed. The default value of c\bco\bom\bmm\bme\ben\bnt\bt-\b-b\bbe\beg\bgi\bin\bn causes this command
+ a numeric argument is supplied, this command acts as a toggle:
+ if the characters at the beginning of the line do not match the
+ value of c\bco\bom\bmm\bme\ben\bnt\bt-\b-b\bbe\beg\bgi\bin\bn, insert the value; otherwise delete the
+ characters in c\bco\bom\bmm\bme\ben\bnt\bt-\b-b\bbe\beg\bgi\bin\bn from the beginning of the line. In
+ either case, the line is accepted as if a newline had been
+ typed. The default value of c\bco\bom\bmm\bme\ben\bnt\bt-\b-b\bbe\beg\bgi\bin\bn causes this command
to make the current line a shell comment. If a numeric argument
causes the comment character to be removed, the line will be ex-
ecuted by the shell.
s\bsp\bpe\bel\bll\bl-\b-c\bco\bor\brr\bre\bec\bct\bt-\b-w\bwo\bor\brd\bd (\b(C\bC-\b-x\bx s\bs)\b)
- Perform spelling correction on the current word, treating it as
- a directory or filename, in the same way as the c\bcd\bds\bsp\bpe\bel\bll\bl shell
- option. Word boundaries are the same as those used by
+ Perform spelling correction on the current word, treating it as
+ a directory or filename, in the same way as the c\bcd\bds\bsp\bpe\bel\bll\bl shell
+ option. Word boundaries are the same as those used by
s\bsh\bhe\bel\bll\bl-\b-f\bfo\bor\brw\bwa\bar\brd\bd-\b-w\bwo\bor\brd\bd.
g\bgl\blo\bob\bb-\b-c\bco\bom\bmp\bpl\ble\bet\bte\be-\b-w\bwo\bor\brd\bd (\b(M\bM-\b-g\bg)\b)
Treat the word before point as a pattern for pathname expansion,
- with an asterisk implicitly appended, then use the pattern to
+ with an asterisk implicitly appended, then use the pattern to
generate a list of matching file names for possible completions.
g\bgl\blo\bob\bb-\b-e\bex\bxp\bpa\ban\bnd\bd-\b-w\bwo\bor\brd\bd (\b(C\bC-\b-x\bx *\b*)\b)
Treat the word before point as a pattern for pathname expansion,
- and insert the list of matching file names, replacing the word.
- If a numeric argument is supplied, append a *\b* before pathname
+ and insert the list of matching file names, replacing the word.
+ If a numeric argument is supplied, append a *\b* before pathname
expansion.
g\bgl\blo\bob\bb-\b-l\bli\bis\bst\bt-\b-e\bex\bxp\bpa\ban\bns\bsi\bio\bon\bns\bs (\b(C\bC-\b-x\bx g\bg)\b)
Display the list of expansions that would have been generated by
- g\bgl\blo\bob\bb-\b-e\bex\bxp\bpa\ban\bnd\bd-\b-w\bwo\bor\brd\bd and redisplay the line. If a numeric argument
+ g\bgl\blo\bob\bb-\b-e\bex\bxp\bpa\ban\bnd\bd-\b-w\bwo\bor\brd\bd and redisplay the line. If a numeric argument
is supplied, append a *\b* before pathname expansion.
d\bdu\bum\bmp\bp-\b-f\bfu\bun\bnc\bct\bti\bio\bon\bns\bs
- Print all of the functions and their key bindings to the r\bre\bea\bad\bd-\b-
+ Print all of the functions and their key bindings to the r\bre\bea\bad\bd-\b-
l\bli\bin\bne\be output stream. If a numeric argument is supplied, the out-
- put is formatted in such a way that it can be made part of an
+ put is formatted in such a way that it can be made part of an
_\bi_\bn_\bp_\bu_\bt_\br_\bc file.
d\bdu\bum\bmp\bp-\b-v\bva\bar\bri\bia\bab\bbl\ble\bes\bs
Print all of the settable r\bre\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be variables and their values to
- the r\bre\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be output stream. If a numeric argument is supplied,
- the output is formatted in such a way that it can be made part
+ the r\bre\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be output stream. If a numeric argument is supplied,
+ the output is formatted in such a way that it can be made part
of an _\bi_\bn_\bp_\bu_\bt_\br_\bc file.
d\bdu\bum\bmp\bp-\b-m\bma\bac\bcr\bro\bos\bs
- Print all of the r\bre\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be key sequences bound to macros and the
+ Print all of the r\bre\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be key sequences bound to macros and the
strings they output to the r\bre\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be output stream. If a numeric
argument is supplied, the output is formatted in such a way that
it can be made part of an _\bi_\bn_\bp_\bu_\bt_\br_\bc file.
e\bex\bxe\bec\bcu\but\bte\be-\b-n\bna\bam\bme\bed\bd-\b-c\bco\bom\bmm\bma\ban\bnd\bd (\b(M\bM-\b-x\bx)\b)
Read a bindable r\bre\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be command name from the input and execute
- the function to which it's bound, as if the key sequence to
- which it was bound appeared in the input. If this function is
+ the function to which it's bound, as if the key sequence to
+ which it was bound appeared in the input. If this function is
supplied with a numeric argument, it passes that argument to the
function it executes.
d\bdi\bis\bsp\bpl\bla\bay\by-\b-s\bsh\bhe\bel\bll\bl-\b-v\bve\ber\brs\bsi\bio\bon\bn (\b(C\bC-\b-x\bx C\bC-\b-v\bv)\b)
Display version information about the current instance of b\bba\bas\bsh\bh.
P\bPr\bro\bog\bgr\bra\bam\bmm\bma\bab\bbl\ble\be C\bCo\bom\bmp\bpl\ble\bet\bti\bio\bon\bn
- When a user attempts word completion for a command or an argument to a
- command for which a completion specification (a _\bc_\bo_\bm_\bp_\bs_\bp_\be_\bc) has been de-
- fined using the c\bco\bom\bmp\bpl\ble\bet\bte\be builtin (see S\bSH\bHE\bEL\bLL\bL B\bBU\bUI\bIL\bLT\bTI\bIN\bN C\bCO\bOM\bMM\bMA\bAN\bND\bDS\bS below),
+ When a user attempts word completion for a command or an argument to a
+ command for which a completion specification (a _\bc_\bo_\bm_\bp_\bs_\bp_\be_\bc) has been de-
+ fined using the c\bco\bom\bmp\bpl\ble\bet\bte\be builtin (see S\bSH\bHE\bEL\bLL\bL B\bBU\bUI\bIL\bLT\bTI\bIN\bN C\bCO\bOM\bMM\bMA\bAN\bND\bDS\bS below),
r\bre\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be invokes the programmable completion facilities.
- First, b\bba\bas\bsh\bh identifies the command name. If a compspec has been de-
- fined for that command, the compspec is used to generate the list of
- possible completions for the word. If the command word is the empty
- string (completion attempted at the beginning of an empty line), b\bba\bas\bsh\bh
- uses any compspec defined with the -\b-E\bE option to c\bco\bom\bmp\bpl\ble\bet\bte\be. The -\b-I\bI op-
- tion to c\bco\bom\bmp\bpl\ble\bet\bte\be indicates that the command word is the first non-as-
+ First, b\bba\bas\bsh\bh identifies the command name. If a compspec has been de-
+ fined for that command, the compspec is used to generate the list of
+ possible completions for the word. If the command word is the empty
+ string (completion attempted at the beginning of an empty line), b\bba\bas\bsh\bh
+ uses any compspec defined with the -\b-E\bE option to c\bco\bom\bmp\bpl\ble\bet\bte\be. The -\b-I\bI op-
+ tion to c\bco\bom\bmp\bpl\ble\bet\bte\be indicates that the command word is the first non-as-
signment word on the line, or after a command delimiter such as ;\b; or |\b|.
This usually indicates command name completion.
- If the command word is a full pathname, b\bba\bas\bsh\bh searches for a compspec
- for the full pathname first. If there is no compspec for the full
- pathname, b\bba\bas\bsh\bh attempts to find a compspec for the portion following
- the final slash. If those searches do not result in a compspec, or if
- there is no compspec for the command word, b\bba\bas\bsh\bh uses any compspec de-
- fined with the -\b-D\bD option to c\bco\bom\bmp\bpl\ble\bet\bte\be as the default. If there is no
- default compspec, b\bba\bas\bsh\bh performs alias expansion on the command word as
- a final resort, and attempts to find a compspec for the command word
+ If the command word is a full pathname, b\bba\bas\bsh\bh searches for a compspec
+ for the full pathname first. If there is no compspec for the full
+ pathname, b\bba\bas\bsh\bh attempts to find a compspec for the portion following
+ the final slash. If those searches do not result in a compspec, or if
+ there is no compspec for the command word, b\bba\bas\bsh\bh uses any compspec de-
+ fined with the -\b-D\bD option to c\bco\bom\bmp\bpl\ble\bet\bte\be as the default. If there is no
+ default compspec, b\bba\bas\bsh\bh performs alias expansion on the command word as
+ a final resort, and attempts to find a compspec for the command word
resulting from any successful expansion.
If a compspec is not found, b\bba\bas\bsh\bh performs its default completion as de-
- scribed above under C\bCo\bom\bmp\bpl\ble\bet\bti\bin\bng\bg. Otherwise, once a compspec has been
+ scribed above under C\bCo\bom\bmp\bpl\ble\bet\bti\bin\bng\bg. Otherwise, once a compspec has been
found, b\bba\bas\bsh\bh uses it to generate the list of matching words.
- First, b\bba\bas\bsh\bh performs the _\ba_\bc_\bt_\bi_\bo_\bn_\bs specified by the compspec. This only
- returns matches which are prefixes of the word being completed. When
- the -\b-f\bf or -\b-d\bd option is used for filename or directory name completion,
+ First, b\bba\bas\bsh\bh performs the _\ba_\bc_\bt_\bi_\bo_\bn_\bs specified by the compspec. This only
+ returns matches which are prefixes of the word being completed. When
+ the -\b-f\bf or -\b-d\bd option is used for filename or directory name completion,
b\bba\bas\bsh\bh uses the shell variable F\bFI\bIG\bGN\bNO\bOR\bRE\bE to filter the matches.
Next, programmable completion generates matches specified by a pathname
- expansion pattern supplied as an argument to the -\b-G\bG option. The words
+ expansion pattern supplied as an argument to the -\b-G\bG option. The words
generated by the pattern need not match the word being completed. B\bBa\bas\bsh\bh
- uses the F\bFI\bIG\bGN\bNO\bOR\bRE\bE variable to filter the matches, but does not use the
+ uses the F\bFI\bIG\bGN\bNO\bOR\bRE\bE variable to filter the matches, but does not use the
G\bGL\bLO\bOB\bBI\bIG\bGN\bNO\bOR\bRE\bE shell variable.
- Next, completion considers the string specified as the argument to the
- -\b-W\bW option. The string is first split using the characters in the I\bIF\bFS\bS
- special variable as delimiters. This honors shell quoting within the
- string, in order to provide a mechanism for the words to contain shell
- metacharacters or characters in the value of I\bIF\bFS\bS. Each word is then
+ Next, completion considers the string specified as the argument to the
+ -\b-W\bW option. The string is first split using the characters in the I\bIF\bFS\bS
+ special variable as delimiters. This honors shell quoting within the
+ string, in order to provide a mechanism for the words to contain shell
+ metacharacters or characters in the value of I\bIF\bFS\bS. Each word is then
expanded using brace expansion, tilde expansion, parameter and variable
expansion, command substitution, and arithmetic expansion, as described
above under E\bEX\bXP\bPA\bAN\bNS\bSI\bIO\bON\bN. The results are split using the rules described
- above under W\bWo\bor\brd\bd S\bSp\bpl\bli\bit\btt\bti\bin\bng\bg. The results of the expansion are prefix-
+ above under W\bWo\bor\brd\bd S\bSp\bpl\bli\bit\btt\bti\bin\bng\bg. The results of the expansion are prefix-
matched against the word being completed, and the matching words become
possible completions.
- After these matches have been generated, b\bba\bas\bsh\bh executes any shell func-
+ After these matches have been generated, b\bba\bas\bsh\bh executes any shell func-
tion or command specified with the -\b-F\bF and -\b-C\bC options. When the command
- or function is invoked, b\bba\bas\bsh\bh assigns values to the C\bCO\bOM\bMP\bP_\b_L\bLI\bIN\bNE\bE,
- C\bCO\bOM\bMP\bP_\b_P\bPO\bOI\bIN\bNT\bT, C\bCO\bOM\bMP\bP_\b_K\bKE\bEY\bY, and C\bCO\bOM\bMP\bP_\b_T\bTY\bYP\bPE\bE variables as described above under
- S\bSh\bhe\bel\bll\bl V\bVa\bar\bri\bia\bab\bbl\ble\bes\bs. If a shell function is being invoked, b\bba\bas\bsh\bh also sets
- the C\bCO\bOM\bMP\bP_\b_W\bWO\bOR\bRD\bDS\bS and C\bCO\bOM\bMP\bP_\b_C\bCW\bWO\bOR\bRD\bD variables. When the function or command
- is invoked, the first argument ($\b$1\b1) is the name of the command whose
+ or function is invoked, b\bba\bas\bsh\bh assigns values to the C\bCO\bOM\bMP\bP_\b_L\bLI\bIN\bNE\bE,
+ C\bCO\bOM\bMP\bP_\b_P\bPO\bOI\bIN\bNT\bT, C\bCO\bOM\bMP\bP_\b_K\bKE\bEY\bY, and C\bCO\bOM\bMP\bP_\b_T\bTY\bYP\bPE\bE variables as described above under
+ S\bSh\bhe\bel\bll\bl V\bVa\bar\bri\bia\bab\bbl\ble\bes\bs. If a shell function is being invoked, b\bba\bas\bsh\bh also sets
+ the C\bCO\bOM\bMP\bP_\b_W\bWO\bOR\bRD\bDS\bS and C\bCO\bOM\bMP\bP_\b_C\bCW\bWO\bOR\bRD\bD variables. When the function or command
+ is invoked, the first argument ($\b$1\b1) is the name of the command whose
arguments are being completed, the second argument ($\b$2\b2) is the word be-
- ing completed, and the third argument ($\b$3\b3) is the word preceding the
- word being completed on the current command line. There is no filter-
- ing of the generated completions against the word being completed; the
- function or command has complete freedom in generating the matches and
+ ing completed, and the third argument ($\b$3\b3) is the word preceding the
+ word being completed on the current command line. There is no filter-
+ ing of the generated completions against the word being completed; the
+ function or command has complete freedom in generating the matches and
they do not need to match a prefix of the word.
- Any function specified with -\b-F\bF is invoked first. The function may use
+ Any function specified with -\b-F\bF is invoked first. The function may use
any of the shell facilities, including the c\bco\bom\bmp\bpg\bge\ben\bn and c\bco\bom\bmp\bpo\bop\bpt\bt builtins
- described below, to generate the matches. It must put the possible
+ described below, to generate the matches. It must put the possible
completions in the C\bCO\bOM\bMP\bPR\bRE\bEP\bPL\bLY\bY array variable, one per array element.
- Next, any command specified with the -\b-C\bC option is invoked in an envi-
- ronment equivalent to command substitution. It should print a list of
- completions, one per line, to the standard output. Backslash will es-
- cape a newline, if necessary. These are added to the set of possible
+ Next, any command specified with the -\b-C\bC option is invoked in an envi-
+ ronment equivalent to command substitution. It should print a list of
+ completions, one per line, to the standard output. Backslash will es-
+ cape a newline, if necessary. These are added to the set of possible
completions.
After generating all of the possible completions, b\bba\bas\bsh\bh applies any fil-
- ter specified with the -\b-X\bX option to the completions in the list. The
- filter is a pattern as used for pathname expansion; a &\b& in the pattern
+ ter specified with the -\b-X\bX option to the completions in the list. The
+ filter is a pattern as used for pathname expansion; a &\b& in the pattern
is replaced with the text of the word being completed. A literal &\b& may
be escaped with a backslash; the backslash is removed before attempting
- a match. Any completion that matches the pattern is removed from the
- list. A leading !\b! negates the pattern; in this case b\bba\bas\bsh\bh removes any
- completion that does not match the pattern. If the n\bno\boc\bca\bas\bse\bem\bma\bat\btc\bch\bh shell
- option is enabled, b\bba\bas\bsh\bh performs the match without regard to the case
+ a match. Any completion that matches the pattern is removed from the
+ list. A leading !\b! negates the pattern; in this case b\bba\bas\bsh\bh removes any
+ completion that does not match the pattern. If the n\bno\boc\bca\bas\bse\bem\bma\bat\btc\bch\bh shell
+ option is enabled, b\bba\bas\bsh\bh performs the match without regard to the case
of alphabetic characters.
- Finally, programmable completion adds any prefix and suffix specified
- with the -\b-P\bP and -\b-S\bS options, respectively, to each completion, and re-
+ Finally, programmable completion adds any prefix and suffix specified
+ with the -\b-P\bP and -\b-S\bS options, respectively, to each completion, and re-
turns the result to r\bre\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be as the list of possible completions.
- If the previously-applied actions do not generate any matches, and the
- -\b-o\bo d\bdi\bir\brn\bna\bam\bme\bes\bs option was supplied to c\bco\bom\bmp\bpl\ble\bet\bte\be when the compspec was de-
+ If the previously-applied actions do not generate any matches, and the
+ -\b-o\bo d\bdi\bir\brn\bna\bam\bme\bes\bs option was supplied to c\bco\bom\bmp\bpl\ble\bet\bte\be when the compspec was de-
fined, b\bba\bas\bsh\bh attempts directory name completion.
- If the -\b-o\bo p\bpl\blu\bus\bsd\bdi\bir\brs\bs option was supplied to c\bco\bom\bmp\bpl\ble\bet\bte\be when the compspec
- was defined, b\bba\bas\bsh\bh attempts directory name completion and adds any
+ If the -\b-o\bo p\bpl\blu\bus\bsd\bdi\bir\brs\bs option was supplied to c\bco\bom\bmp\bpl\ble\bet\bte\be when the compspec
+ was defined, b\bba\bas\bsh\bh attempts directory name completion and adds any
matches to the set of possible completions.
- By default, if a compspec is found, whatever it generates is returned
- to the completion code as the full set of possible completions. The
- default b\bba\bas\bsh\bh completions and the r\bre\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be default of filename comple-
- tion are disabled. If the -\b-o\bo b\bba\bas\bsh\bhd\bde\bef\bfa\bau\bul\blt\bt option was supplied to c\bco\bom\bm-\b-
- p\bpl\ble\bet\bte\be when the compspec was defined, and the compspec generates no
- matches, b\bba\bas\bsh\bh attempts its default completions. If the compspec and,
+ By default, if a compspec is found, whatever it generates is returned
+ to the completion code as the full set of possible completions. The
+ default b\bba\bas\bsh\bh completions and the r\bre\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be default of filename comple-
+ tion are disabled. If the -\b-o\bo b\bba\bas\bsh\bhd\bde\bef\bfa\bau\bul\blt\bt option was supplied to c\bco\bom\bm-\b-
+ p\bpl\ble\bet\bte\be when the compspec was defined, and the compspec generates no
+ matches, b\bba\bas\bsh\bh attempts its default completions. If the compspec and,
if attempted, the default b\bba\bas\bsh\bh completions generate no matches, and the
- -\b-o\bo d\bde\bef\bfa\bau\bul\blt\bt option was supplied to c\bco\bom\bmp\bpl\ble\bet\bte\be when the compspec was de-
+ -\b-o\bo d\bde\bef\bfa\bau\bul\blt\bt option was supplied to c\bco\bom\bmp\bpl\ble\bet\bte\be when the compspec was de-
fined, programmable completion performs r\bre\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be's default completion.
- The options supplied to c\bco\bom\bmp\bpl\ble\bet\bte\be and c\bco\bom\bmp\bpo\bop\bpt\bt can control how r\bre\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be
- treats the completions. For instance, the _\b-_\bo _\bf_\bu_\bl_\bl_\bq_\bu_\bo_\bt_\be option tells
- r\bre\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be to quote the matches as if they were filenames. See the de-
+ The options supplied to c\bco\bom\bmp\bpl\ble\bet\bte\be and c\bco\bom\bmp\bpo\bop\bpt\bt can control how r\bre\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be
+ treats the completions. For instance, the _\b-_\bo _\bf_\bu_\bl_\bl_\bq_\bu_\bo_\bt_\be option tells
+ r\bre\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be to quote the matches as if they were filenames. See the de-
scription of c\bco\bom\bmp\bpl\ble\bet\bte\be below for details.
- When a compspec indicates that it wants directory name completion, the
- programmable completion functions force r\bre\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be to append a slash to
+ When a compspec indicates that it wants directory name completion, the
+ programmable completion functions force r\bre\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be to append a slash to
completed names which are symbolic links to directories, subject to the
value of the m\bma\bar\brk\bk-\b-d\bdi\bir\bre\bec\bct\bto\bor\bri\bie\bes\bs r\bre\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be variable, regardless of the set-
ting of the m\bma\bar\brk\bk-\b-s\bsy\bym\bml\bli\bin\bnk\bke\bed\bd-\b-d\bdi\bir\bre\bec\bct\bto\bor\bri\bie\bes\bs r\bre\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be variable.
- There is some support for dynamically modifying completions. This is
- most useful when used in combination with a default completion speci-
- fied with c\bco\bom\bmp\bpl\ble\bet\bte\be -\b-D\bD. It's possible for shell functions executed as
- completion functions to indicate that completion should be retried by
- returning an exit status of 124. If a shell function returns 124, and
+ There is some support for dynamically modifying completions. This is
+ most useful when used in combination with a default completion speci-
+ fied with c\bco\bom\bmp\bpl\ble\bet\bte\be -\b-D\bD. It's possible for shell functions executed as
+ completion functions to indicate that completion should be retried by
+ returning an exit status of 124. If a shell function returns 124, and
changes the compspec associated with the command on which completion is
- being attempted (supplied as the first argument when the function is
+ being attempted (supplied as the first argument when the function is
executed), programmable completion restarts from the beginning, with an
- attempt to find a new compspec for that command. This can be used to
- build a set of completions dynamically as completion is attempted,
+ attempt to find a new compspec for that command. This can be used to
+ build a set of completions dynamically as completion is attempted,
rather than loading them all at once.
- For instance, assuming that there is a library of compspecs, each kept
- in a file corresponding to the name of the command, the following de-
+ For instance, assuming that there is a library of compspecs, each kept
+ in a file corresponding to the name of the command, the following de-
fault completion function would load completions dynamically:
_completion_loader()
{
-o bashdefault -o default
H\bHI\bIS\bST\bTO\bOR\bRY\bY
- When the -\b-o\bo h\bhi\bis\bst\bto\bor\bry\by option to the s\bse\bet\bt builtin is enabled, the shell
+ When the -\b-o\bo h\bhi\bis\bst\bto\bor\bry\by option to the s\bse\bet\bt builtin is enabled, the shell
provides access to the _\bc_\bo_\bm_\bm_\ba_\bn_\bd _\bh_\bi_\bs_\bt_\bo_\br_\by, the list of commands previously
- typed. The value of the H\bHI\bIS\bST\bTS\bSI\bIZ\bZE\bE variable is used as the number of
- commands to save in a history list: the shell saves the text of the
+ typed. The value of the H\bHI\bIS\bST\bTS\bSI\bIZ\bZE\bE variable is used as the number of
+ commands to save in a history list: the shell saves the text of the
last H\bHI\bIS\bST\bTS\bSI\bIZ\bZE\bE commands (default 500). The shell stores each command in
- the history list prior to parameter and variable expansion (see E\bEX\bXP\bPA\bAN\bN-\b-
- S\bSI\bIO\bON\bN above) but after history expansion is performed, subject to the
+ the history list prior to parameter and variable expansion (see E\bEX\bXP\bPA\bAN\bN-\b-
+ S\bSI\bIO\bON\bN above) but after history expansion is performed, subject to the
values of the shell variables H\bHI\bIS\bST\bTI\bIG\bGN\bNO\bOR\bRE\bE and H\bHI\bIS\bST\bTC\bCO\bON\bNT\bTR\bRO\bOL\bL.
- On startup, b\bba\bas\bsh\bh initializes the history list by reading history en-
- tries from the the file named by the H\bHI\bIS\bST\bTF\bFI\bIL\bLE\bE variable (default
- _\b~_\b/_\b._\bb_\ba_\bs_\bh_\b__\bh_\bi_\bs_\bt_\bo_\br_\by). That file is referred to as the _\bh_\bi_\bs_\bt_\bo_\br_\by _\bf_\bi_\bl_\be. The
- history file is truncated, if necessary, to contain no more than the
- number of history entries specified by the value of the H\bHI\bIS\bST\bTF\bFI\bIL\bLE\bES\bSI\bIZ\bZE\bE
- variable. If H\bHI\bIS\bST\bTF\bFI\bIL\bLE\bES\bSI\bIZ\bZE\bE is unset, or set to null, a non-numeric
+ On startup, b\bba\bas\bsh\bh initializes the history list by reading history en-
+ tries from the file named by the H\bHI\bIS\bST\bTF\bFI\bIL\bLE\bE variable (default
+ _\b~_\b/_\b._\bb_\ba_\bs_\bh_\b__\bh_\bi_\bs_\bt_\bo_\br_\by). That file is referred to as the _\bh_\bi_\bs_\bt_\bo_\br_\by _\bf_\bi_\bl_\be. The
+ history file is truncated, if necessary, to contain no more than the
+ number of history entries specified by the value of the H\bHI\bIS\bST\bTF\bFI\bIL\bLE\bES\bSI\bIZ\bZE\bE
+ variable. If H\bHI\bIS\bST\bTF\bFI\bIL\bLE\bES\bSI\bIZ\bZE\bE is unset, or set to null, a non-numeric
value, or a numeric value less than zero, the history file is not trun-
cated.
When the history file is read, lines beginning with the history comment
character followed immediately by a digit are interpreted as timestamps
- for the following history line. These timestamps are optionally dis-
- played depending on the value of the H\bHI\bIS\bST\bTT\bTI\bIM\bME\bEF\bFO\bOR\bRM\bMA\bAT\bT variable. When
- present, history timestamps delimit history entries, making multi-line
+ for the following history line. These timestamps are optionally dis-
+ played depending on the value of the H\bHI\bIS\bST\bTT\bTI\bIM\bME\bEF\bFO\bOR\bRM\bMA\bAT\bT variable. When
+ present, history timestamps delimit history entries, making multi-line
entries possible.
When a shell with history enabled exits, b\bba\bas\bsh\bh copies the last $\b$H\bHI\bIS\bST\bTS\bSI\bIZ\bZE\bE
- entries from the history list to $\b$H\bHI\bIS\bST\bTF\bFI\bIL\bLE\bE. If the h\bhi\bis\bst\bta\bap\bpp\bpe\ben\bnd\bd shell
- option is enabled (see the description of s\bsh\bho\bop\bpt\bt under S\bSH\bHE\bEL\bLL\bL B\bBU\bUI\bIL\bLT\bTI\bIN\bN
- C\bCO\bOM\bMM\bMA\bAN\bND\bDS\bS below), b\bba\bas\bsh\bh appends the entries to the history file, other-
- wise it overwrites the history file. If H\bHI\bIS\bST\bTF\bFI\bIL\bLE\bE is unset or null, or
- if the history file is unwritable, the history is not saved. After
- saving the history, b\bba\bas\bsh\bh truncates the history file to contain no more
+ entries from the history list to $\b$H\bHI\bIS\bST\bTF\bFI\bIL\bLE\bE. If the h\bhi\bis\bst\bta\bap\bpp\bpe\ben\bnd\bd shell
+ option is enabled (see the description of s\bsh\bho\bop\bpt\bt under S\bSH\bHE\bEL\bLL\bL B\bBU\bUI\bIL\bLT\bTI\bIN\bN
+ C\bCO\bOM\bMM\bMA\bAN\bND\bDS\bS below), b\bba\bas\bsh\bh appends the entries to the history file, other-
+ wise it overwrites the history file. If H\bHI\bIS\bST\bTF\bFI\bIL\bLE\bE is unset or null, or
+ if the history file is unwritable, the history is not saved. After
+ saving the history, b\bba\bas\bsh\bh truncates the history file to contain no more
than H\bHI\bIS\bST\bTF\bFI\bIL\bLE\bES\bSI\bIZ\bZE\bE lines as described above.
- If the H\bHI\bIS\bST\bTT\bTI\bIM\bME\bEF\bFO\bOR\bRM\bMA\bAT\bT variable is set, the shell writes the timestamp
- information associated with each history entry to the history file,
- marked with the history comment character, so timestamps are preserved
+ If the H\bHI\bIS\bST\bTT\bTI\bIM\bME\bEF\bFO\bOR\bRM\bMA\bAT\bT variable is set, the shell writes the timestamp
+ information associated with each history entry to the history file,
+ marked with the history comment character, so timestamps are preserved
across shell sessions. This uses the history comment character to dis-
- tinguish timestamps from other history lines. As above, when using
+ tinguish timestamps from other history lines. As above, when using
H\bHI\bIS\bST\bTT\bTI\bIM\bME\bEF\bFO\bOR\bRM\bMA\bAT\bT, the timestamps delimit multi-line history entries.
- The f\bfc\bc builtin command (see S\bSH\bHE\bEL\bLL\bL B\bBU\bUI\bIL\bLT\bTI\bIN\bN C\bCO\bOM\bMM\bMA\bAN\bND\bDS\bS below) will list or
+ The f\bfc\bc builtin command (see S\bSH\bHE\bEL\bLL\bL B\bBU\bUI\bIL\bLT\bTI\bIN\bN C\bCO\bOM\bMM\bMA\bAN\bND\bDS\bS below) will list or
edit and re-execute a portion of the history list. The h\bhi\bis\bst\bto\bor\bry\by builtin
can display or modify the history list and manipulate the history file.
- When using command-line editing, search commands are available in each
+ When using command-line editing, search commands are available in each
editing mode that provide access to the history list.
- The shell allows control over which commands are saved on the history
+ The shell allows control over which commands are saved on the history
list. The H\bHI\bIS\bST\bTC\bCO\bON\bNT\bTR\bRO\bOL\bL and H\bHI\bIS\bST\bTI\bIG\bGN\bNO\bOR\bRE\bE variables are used to save only a
- subset of the commands entered. If the c\bcm\bmd\bdh\bhi\bis\bst\bt shell option is en-
- abled, the shell attempts to save each line of a multi-line command in
- the same history entry, adding semicolons where necessary to preserve
- syntactic correctness. The l\bli\bit\bth\bhi\bis\bst\bt shell option modifies c\bcm\bmd\bdh\bhi\bis\bst\bt by
- saving the command with embedded newlines instead of semicolons. See
+ subset of the commands entered. If the c\bcm\bmd\bdh\bhi\bis\bst\bt shell option is en-
+ abled, the shell attempts to save each line of a multi-line command in
+ the same history entry, adding semicolons where necessary to preserve
+ syntactic correctness. The l\bli\bit\bth\bhi\bis\bst\bt shell option modifies c\bcm\bmd\bdh\bhi\bis\bst\bt by
+ saving the command with embedded newlines instead of semicolons. See
the description of the s\bsh\bho\bop\bpt\bt builtin below under S\bSH\bHE\bEL\bLL\bL B\bBU\bUI\bIL\bLT\bTI\bIN\bN C\bCO\bOM\bMM\bMA\bAN\bND\bDS\bS
for information on setting and unsetting shell options.
H\bHI\bIS\bST\bTO\bOR\bRY\bY E\bEX\bXP\bPA\bAN\bNS\bSI\bIO\bON\bN
- The shell supports a history expansion feature that is similar to the
- history expansion in c\bcs\bsh\bh. This section describes what syntax features
+ The shell supports a history expansion feature that is similar to the
+ history expansion in c\bcs\bsh\bh. This section describes what syntax features
are available.
History expansion is enabled by default for interactive shells, and can
- be disabled using the +\b+H\bH option to the s\bse\bet\bt builtin command (see S\bSH\bHE\bEL\bLL\bL
+ be disabled using the +\b+H\bH option to the s\bse\bet\bt builtin command (see S\bSH\bHE\bEL\bLL\bL
B\bBU\bUI\bIL\bLT\bTI\bIN\bN C\bCO\bOM\bMM\bMA\bAN\bND\bDS\bS below). Non-interactive shells do not perform history
expansion by default, but it can be enabled with "set -H".
History expansions introduce words from the history list into the input
- stream, making it easy to repeat commands, insert the arguments to a
+ stream, making it easy to repeat commands, insert the arguments to a
previous command into the current input line, or fix errors in previous
commands quickly.
- History expansion is performed immediately after a complete line is
- read, before the shell breaks it into words, and is performed on each
- line individually. The shell attempts to inform the history expansion
+ History expansion is performed immediately after a complete line is
+ read, before the shell breaks it into words, and is performed on each
+ line individually. The shell attempts to inform the history expansion
functions about quoting still in effect from previous lines.
- It takes place in two parts. The first is to determine which history
- list entry to use during substitution. The second is to select por-
+ It takes place in two parts. The first is to determine which history
+ list entry to use during substitution. The second is to select por-
tions of that entry to include into the current one.
- The entry selected from the history is the _\be_\bv_\be_\bn_\bt, and the portions of
+ The entry selected from the history is the _\be_\bv_\be_\bn_\bt, and the portions of
that entry that are acted upon are _\bw_\bo_\br_\bd_\bs. Various _\bm_\bo_\bd_\bi_\bf_\bi_\be_\br_\bs are avail-
- able to manipulate the selected words. The entry is split into words
- in the same fashion as when reading input, so that several _\bm_\be_\bt_\ba_\bc_\bh_\ba_\br_\ba_\bc_\b-
- _\bt_\be_\br-separated words surrounded by quotes are considered one word. The
- _\be_\bv_\be_\bn_\bt _\bd_\be_\bs_\bi_\bg_\bn_\ba_\bt_\bo_\br selects the event, the optional _\bw_\bo_\br_\bd _\bd_\be_\bs_\bi_\bg_\bn_\ba_\bt_\bo_\br se-
- lects words from the event, and various optional _\bm_\bo_\bd_\bi_\bf_\bi_\be_\br_\bs are avail-
+ able to manipulate the selected words. The entry is split into words
+ in the same fashion as when reading input, so that several _\bm_\be_\bt_\ba_\bc_\bh_\ba_\br_\ba_\bc_\b-
+ _\bt_\be_\br-separated words surrounded by quotes are considered one word. The
+ _\be_\bv_\be_\bn_\bt _\bd_\be_\bs_\bi_\bg_\bn_\ba_\bt_\bo_\br selects the event, the optional _\bw_\bo_\br_\bd _\bd_\be_\bs_\bi_\bg_\bn_\ba_\bt_\bo_\br se-
+ lects words from the event, and various optional _\bm_\bo_\bd_\bi_\bf_\bi_\be_\br_\bs are avail-
able to manipulate the selected words.
- History expansions are introduced by the appearance of the history ex-
- pansion character, which is !\b! by default. History expansions may ap-
+ History expansions are introduced by the appearance of the history ex-
+ pansion character, which is !\b! by default. History expansions may ap-
pear anywhere in the input, but do not nest.
- Only backslash (\\b\) and single quotes can quote the history expansion
- character, but the history expansion character is also treated as
+ Only backslash (\\b\) and single quotes can quote the history expansion
+ character, but the history expansion character is also treated as
quoted if it immediately precedes the closing double quote in a double-
quoted string.
- Several characters inhibit history expansion if found immediately fol-
- lowing the history expansion character, even if it is unquoted: space,
- tab, newline, carriage return, =\b=, and the other shell metacharacters
+ Several characters inhibit history expansion if found immediately fol-
+ lowing the history expansion character, even if it is unquoted: space,
+ tab, newline, carriage return, =\b=, and the other shell metacharacters
defined above.
There is a special abbreviation for substitution, active when the _\bq_\bu_\bi_\bc_\bk
- _\bs_\bu_\bb_\bs_\bt_\bi_\bt_\bu_\bt_\bi_\bo_\bn character (described above under h\bhi\bis\bst\btc\bch\bha\bar\brs\bs) is the first
+ _\bs_\bu_\bb_\bs_\bt_\bi_\bt_\bu_\bt_\bi_\bo_\bn character (described above under h\bhi\bis\bst\btc\bch\bha\bar\brs\bs) is the first
character on the line. It selects the previous history list entry, us-
- ing an event designator equivalent to !\b!!\b!, and substitutes one string
- for another in that entry. It is described below under E\bEv\bve\ben\bnt\bt D\bDe\bes\bsi\big\bgn\bna\ba-\b-
- t\bto\bor\brs\bs. This is the only history expansion that does not begin with the
+ ing an event designator equivalent to !\b!!\b!, and substitutes one string
+ for another in that entry. It is described below under E\bEv\bve\ben\bnt\bt D\bDe\bes\bsi\big\bgn\bna\ba-\b-
+ t\bto\bor\brs\bs. This is the only history expansion that does not begin with the
history expansion character.
- Several shell options settable with the s\bsh\bho\bop\bpt\bt builtin will modify his-
- tory expansion behavior (see the description of the s\bsh\bho\bop\bpt\bt builtin be-
+ Several shell options settable with the s\bsh\bho\bop\bpt\bt builtin will modify his-
+ tory expansion behavior (see the description of the s\bsh\bho\bop\bpt\bt builtin be-
low).and If the h\bhi\bis\bst\btv\bve\ber\bri\bif\bfy\by shell option is enabled, and r\bre\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be is be-
ing used, history substitutions are not immediately passed to the shell
parser. Instead, the expanded line is reloaded into the r\bre\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be edit-
- ing buffer for further modification. If r\bre\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be is being used, and
- the h\bhi\bis\bst\btr\bre\bee\bed\bdi\bit\bt shell option is enabled, a failed history substitution
+ ing buffer for further modification. If r\bre\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be is being used, and
+ the h\bhi\bis\bst\btr\bre\bee\bed\bdi\bit\bt shell option is enabled, a failed history substitution
is reloaded into the r\bre\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be editing buffer for correction.
- The -\b-p\bp option to the h\bhi\bis\bst\bto\bor\bry\by builtin command shows what a history ex-
- pansion will do before using it. The -\b-s\bs option to the h\bhi\bis\bst\bto\bor\bry\by builtin
- will add commands to the end of the history list without actually exe-
+ The -\b-p\bp option to the h\bhi\bis\bst\bto\bor\bry\by builtin command shows what a history ex-
+ pansion will do before using it. The -\b-s\bs option to the h\bhi\bis\bst\bto\bor\bry\by builtin
+ will add commands to the end of the history list without actually exe-
cuting them, so that they are available for subsequent recall.
- The shell allows control of the various characters used by the history
+ The shell allows control of the various characters used by the history
expansion mechanism (see the description of h\bhi\bis\bst\btc\bch\bha\bar\brs\bs above under S\bSh\bhe\bel\bll\bl
- V\bVa\bar\bri\bia\bab\bbl\ble\bes\bs). The shell uses the history comment character to mark his-
+ V\bVa\bar\bri\bia\bab\bbl\ble\bes\bs). The shell uses the history comment character to mark his-
tory timestamps when writing the history file.
E\bEv\bve\ben\bnt\bt D\bDe\bes\bsi\big\bgn\bna\bat\bto\bor\brs\bs
- An event designator is a reference to an entry in the history list.
+ An event designator is a reference to an entry in the history list.
The event designator consists of the portion of the word beginning with
- the history expansion character and ending with the word designator if
- present, or the end of the word. Unless the reference is absolute,
+ the history expansion character and ending with the word designator if
+ present, or the end of the word. Unless the reference is absolute,
events are relative to the current position in the history list.
- !\b! Start a history substitution, except when followed by a b\bbl\bla\ban\bnk\bk,
- newline, carriage return, =, or, when the e\bex\bxt\btg\bgl\blo\bob\bb shell option
+ !\b! Start a history substitution, except when followed by a b\bbl\bla\ban\bnk\bk,
+ newline, carriage return, =, or, when the e\bex\bxt\btg\bgl\blo\bob\bb shell option
is enabled using the s\bsh\bho\bop\bpt\bt builtin, (.
!\b!_\bn Refer to history list entry _\bn.
!\b!-\b-_\bn Refer to the current entry minus _\bn.
!\b!!\b! Refer to the previous entry. This is a synonym for "!-1".
!\b!_\bs_\bt_\br_\bi_\bn_\bg
- Refer to the most recent command preceding the current position
+ Refer to the most recent command preceding the current position
in the history list starting with _\bs_\bt_\br_\bi_\bn_\bg.
!\b!?\b?_\bs_\bt_\br_\bi_\bn_\bg[\b[?\b?]\b]
- Refer to the most recent command preceding the current position
- in the history list containing _\bs_\bt_\br_\bi_\bn_\bg. The trailing ?\b? may be
- omitted if _\bs_\bt_\br_\bi_\bn_\bg is followed immediately by a newline. If
- _\bs_\bt_\br_\bi_\bn_\bg is missing, this uses the string from the most recent
+ Refer to the most recent command preceding the current position
+ in the history list containing _\bs_\bt_\br_\bi_\bn_\bg. The trailing ?\b? may be
+ omitted if _\bs_\bt_\br_\bi_\bn_\bg is followed immediately by a newline. If
+ _\bs_\bt_\br_\bi_\bn_\bg is missing, this uses the string from the most recent
search; it is an error if there is no previous search string.
^\b^_\bs_\bt_\br_\bi_\bn_\bg_\b1^\b^_\bs_\bt_\br_\bi_\bn_\bg_\b2^\b^
- Quick substitution. Repeat the previous command, replacing
- _\bs_\bt_\br_\bi_\bn_\bg_\b1 with _\bs_\bt_\br_\bi_\bn_\bg_\b2. Equivalent to "!!:s^_\bs_\bt_\br_\bi_\bn_\bg_\b1^_\bs_\bt_\br_\bi_\bn_\bg_\b2^"
+ Quick substitution. Repeat the previous command, replacing
+ _\bs_\bt_\br_\bi_\bn_\bg_\b1 with _\bs_\bt_\br_\bi_\bn_\bg_\b2. Equivalent to "!!:s^_\bs_\bt_\br_\bi_\bn_\bg_\b1^_\bs_\bt_\br_\bi_\bn_\bg_\b2^"
(see M\bMo\bod\bdi\bif\bfi\bie\ber\brs\bs below).
!\b!#\b# The entire command line typed so far.
Word designators are used to select desired words from the event. They
are optional; if the word designator isn't supplied, the history expan-
sion uses the entire event. A :\b: separates the event specification from
- the word designator. It may be omitted if the word designator begins
- with a ^\b^, $\b$, *\b*, -\b-, or %\b%. Words are numbered from the beginning of the
- line, with the first word being denoted by 0 (zero). Words are in-
+ the word designator. It may be omitted if the word designator begins
+ with a ^\b^, $\b$, *\b*, -\b-, or %\b%. Words are numbered from the beginning of the
+ line, with the first word being denoted by 0 (zero). Words are in-
serted into the current line separated by single spaces.
0\b0 (\b(z\bze\ber\bro\bo)\b)
The zeroth word. For the shell, this is the command word.
_\bn The _\bnth word.
^\b^ The first argument: word 1.
- $\b$ The last word. This is usually the last argument, but will ex-
+ $\b$ The last word. This is usually the last argument, but will ex-
pand to the zeroth word if there is only one word in the line.
%\b% The first word matched by the most recent "?_\bs_\bt_\br_\bi_\bn_\bg?" search, if
- the search string begins with a character that is part of a
- word. By default, searches begin at the end of each line and
- proceed to the beginning, so the first word matched is the one
+ the search string begins with a character that is part of a
+ word. By default, searches begin at the end of each line and
+ proceed to the beginning, so the first word matched is the one
closest to the end of the line.
_\bx-\b-_\by A range of words; "-_\by" abbreviates "0-_\by".
- *\b* All of the words but the zeroth. This is a synonym for "_\b1_\b-_\b$".
- It is not an error to use *\b* if there is just one word in the
+ *\b* All of the words but the zeroth. This is a synonym for "_\b1_\b-_\b$".
+ It is not an error to use *\b* if there is just one word in the
event; it expands to the empty string in that case.
x\bx*\b* Abbreviates _\bx_\b-_\b$.
x\bx-\b- Abbreviates _\bx_\b-_\b$ like x\bx*\b*, but omits the last word. If x\bx is miss-
ing, it defaults to 0.
- If a word designator is supplied without an event specification, the
+ If a word designator is supplied without an event specification, the
previous command is used as the event, equivalent to !\b!!\b!.
M\bMo\bod\bdi\bif\bfi\bie\ber\brs\bs
- After the optional word designator, the expansion may include a se-
- quence of one or more of the following modifiers, each preceded by a
- ":". These modify, or edit, the word or words selected from the his-
+ After the optional word designator, the expansion may include a se-
+ quence of one or more of the following modifiers, each preceded by a
+ ":". These modify, or edit, the word or words selected from the his-
tory event.
h\bh Remove a trailing pathname component, leaving only the head.
e\be Remove all but the trailing suffix.
p\bp Print the new command but do not execute it.
q\bq Quote the substituted words, escaping further substitutions.
- x\bx Quote the substituted words as with q\bq, but break into words at
- b\bbl\bla\ban\bnk\bks\bs and newlines. The q\bq and x\bx modifiers are mutually exclu-
+ x\bx Quote the substituted words as with q\bq, but break into words at
+ b\bbl\bla\ban\bnk\bks\bs and newlines. The q\bq and x\bx modifiers are mutually exclu-
sive; expansion uses the last one supplied.
s\bs/\b/_\bo_\bl_\bd/\b/_\bn_\be_\bw/\b/
- Substitute _\bn_\be_\bw for the first occurrence of _\bo_\bl_\bd in the event
+ Substitute _\bn_\be_\bw for the first occurrence of _\bo_\bl_\bd in the event
line. Any character may be used as the delimiter in place of /.
- The final delimiter is optional if it is the last character of
- the event line. A single backslash quotes the delimiter in _\bo_\bl_\bd
- and _\bn_\be_\bw. If & appears in _\bn_\be_\bw, it is replaced with _\bo_\bl_\bd. A sin-
- gle backslash quotes the &. If _\bo_\bl_\bd is null, it is set to the
- last _\bo_\bl_\bd substituted, or, if no previous history substitutions
+ The final delimiter is optional if it is the last character of
+ the event line. A single backslash quotes the delimiter in _\bo_\bl_\bd
+ and _\bn_\be_\bw. If & appears in _\bn_\be_\bw, it is replaced with _\bo_\bl_\bd. A sin-
+ gle backslash quotes the &. If _\bo_\bl_\bd is null, it is set to the
+ last _\bo_\bl_\bd substituted, or, if no previous history substitutions
took place, the last _\bs_\bt_\br_\bi_\bn_\bg in a !\b!?\b?_\bs_\bt_\br_\bi_\bn_\bg[\b[?\b?]\b] search. If _\bn_\be_\bw is
null, each matching _\bo_\bl_\bd is deleted.
&\b& Repeat the previous substitution.
g\bg Cause changes to be applied over the entire event line. This is
- used in conjunction with ":\b:s\bs" (e.g., ":\b:g\bgs\bs/\b/_\bo_\bl_\bd/\b/_\bn_\be_\bw/\b/") or ":\b:&\b&".
- If used with ":\b:s\bs", any delimiter can be used in place of /, and
- the final delimiter is optional if it is the last character of
+ used in conjunction with ":\b:s\bs" (e.g., ":\b:g\bgs\bs/\b/_\bo_\bl_\bd/\b/_\bn_\be_\bw/\b/") or ":\b:&\b&".
+ If used with ":\b:s\bs", any delimiter can be used in place of /, and
+ the final delimiter is optional if it is the last character of
the event line. An a\ba may be used as a synonym for g\bg.
G\bG Apply the following "s\bs" or "&\b&" modifier once to each word in the
event line.
Unless otherwise noted, each builtin command documented in this section
as accepting options preceded by -\b- accepts -\b--\b- to signify the end of the
options. The :\b:, t\btr\bru\bue\be, f\bfa\bal\bls\bse\be, and t\bte\bes\bst\bt/[\b[ builtins do not accept options
- and do not treat -\b--\b- specially. The e\bex\bxi\bit\bt, l\blo\bog\bgo\bou\but\bt, r\bre\bet\btu\bur\brn\bn, b\bbr\bre\bea\bak\bk, c\bco\bon\bn-\b-
- t\bti\bin\bnu\bue\be, l\ble\bet\bt, and s\bsh\bhi\bif\bft\bt builtins accept and process arguments beginning
- with -\b- without requiring -\b--\b-. Other builtins that accept arguments but
- are not specified as accepting options interpret arguments beginning
- with -\b- as invalid options and require -\b--\b- to prevent this interpreta-
+ and do not treat -\b--\b- specially. The e\bex\bxi\bit\bt, l\blo\bog\bgo\bou\but\bt, r\bre\bet\btu\bur\brn\bn, b\bbr\bre\bea\bak\bk, c\bco\bon\bn-\b-
+ t\bti\bin\bnu\bue\be, l\ble\bet\bt, and s\bsh\bhi\bif\bft\bt builtins accept and process arguments beginning
+ with -\b- without requiring -\b--\b-. Other builtins that accept arguments but
+ are not specified as accepting options interpret arguments beginning
+ with -\b- as invalid options and require -\b--\b- to prevent this interpreta-
tion.
:\b: [_\ba_\br_\bg_\bu_\bm_\be_\bn_\bt_\bs]
- No effect; the command does nothing beyond expanding _\ba_\br_\bg_\bu_\bm_\be_\bn_\bt_\bs
+ No effect; the command does nothing beyond expanding _\ba_\br_\bg_\bu_\bm_\be_\bn_\bt_\bs
and performing any specified redirections. The return status is
zero.
.\b. [-\b-p\bp _\bp_\ba_\bt_\bh] _\bf_\bi_\bl_\be_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be [_\ba_\br_\bg_\bu_\bm_\be_\bn_\bt_\bs]
s\bso\bou\bur\brc\bce\be [-\b-p\bp _\bp_\ba_\bt_\bh] _\bf_\bi_\bl_\be_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be [_\ba_\br_\bg_\bu_\bm_\be_\bn_\bt_\bs]
- The .\b. command (s\bso\bou\bur\brc\bce\be) reads and execute commands from _\bf_\bi_\bl_\be_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be
- in the current shell environment and returns the exit status of
+ The .\b. command (s\bso\bou\bur\brc\bce\be) reads and execute commands from _\bf_\bi_\bl_\be_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be
+ in the current shell environment and returns the exit status of
the last command executed from _\bf_\bi_\bl_\be_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be.
If _\bf_\bi_\bl_\be_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be does not contain a slash, .\b. searches for it. If the
- -\b-p\bp option is supplied, .\b. treats _\bp_\ba_\bt_\bh as a colon-separated list
- of directories in which to find _\bf_\bi_\bl_\be_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be; otherwise, .\b. uses the
- entries in P\bPA\bAT\bTH\bH to find the directory containing _\bf_\bi_\bl_\be_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be.
- _\bf_\bi_\bl_\be_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be does not need to be executable. When b\bba\bas\bsh\bh is not in
+ -\b-p\bp option is supplied, .\b. treats _\bp_\ba_\bt_\bh as a colon-separated list
+ of directories in which to find _\bf_\bi_\bl_\be_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be; otherwise, .\b. uses the
+ entries in P\bPA\bAT\bTH\bH to find the directory containing _\bf_\bi_\bl_\be_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be.
+ _\bf_\bi_\bl_\be_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be does not need to be executable. When b\bba\bas\bsh\bh is not in
posix mode, it searches the current directory if _\bf_\bi_\bl_\be_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be is not
- found in P\bPA\bAT\bTH\bH, but does not search the current directory if -\b-p\bp
+ found in P\bPA\bAT\bTH\bH, but does not search the current directory if -\b-p\bp
is supplied. If the s\bso\bou\bur\brc\bce\bep\bpa\bat\bth\bh option to the s\bsh\bho\bop\bpt\bt builtin com-
mand is turned off, .\b. does not search P\bPA\bAT\bTH\bH.
- If any _\ba_\br_\bg_\bu_\bm_\be_\bn_\bt_\bs are supplied, they become the positional para-
- meters when _\bf_\bi_\bl_\be_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be is executed. Otherwise the positional pa-
+ If any _\ba_\br_\bg_\bu_\bm_\be_\bn_\bt_\bs are supplied, they become the positional para-
+ meters when _\bf_\bi_\bl_\be_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be is executed. Otherwise the positional pa-
rameters are unchanged.
If the -\b-T\bT option is enabled, .\b. inherits any trap on D\bDE\bEB\bBU\bUG\bG; if it
- is not, any D\bDE\bEB\bBU\bUG\bG trap string is saved and restored around the
+ is not, any D\bDE\bEB\bBU\bUG\bG trap string is saved and restored around the
call to .\b., and .\b. unsets the D\bDE\bEB\bBU\bUG\bG trap while it executes. If -\b-T\bT
is not set, and the sourced file changes the D\bDE\bEB\bBU\bUG\bG trap, the new
value persists after .\b. completes. The return status is the sta-
tus of the last command executed from _\bf_\bi_\bl_\be_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be (0 if no commands
- are executed), and non-zero if _\bf_\bi_\bl_\be_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be is not found or cannot
+ are executed), and non-zero if _\bf_\bi_\bl_\be_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be is not found or cannot
be read.
a\bal\bli\bia\bas\bs [-\b-p\bp] [_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be[=_\bv_\ba_\bl_\bu_\be] ...]
- With no arguments or with the -\b-p\bp option, a\bal\bli\bia\bas\bs prints the list
- of aliases in the form a\bal\bli\bia\bas\bs _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be=_\bv_\ba_\bl_\bu_\be on standard output.
+ With no arguments or with the -\b-p\bp option, a\bal\bli\bia\bas\bs prints the list
+ of aliases in the form a\bal\bli\bia\bas\bs _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be=_\bv_\ba_\bl_\bu_\be on standard output.
When arguments are supplied, define an alias for each _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be whose
- _\bv_\ba_\bl_\bu_\be is given. A trailing space in _\bv_\ba_\bl_\bu_\be causes the next word
- to be checked for alias substitution when the alias is expanded
- during command parsing. For each _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be in the argument list for
- which no _\bv_\ba_\bl_\bu_\be is supplied, print the name and value of the
- alias _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be. a\bal\bli\bia\bas\bs returns true unless a _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be is given (without
+ _\bv_\ba_\bl_\bu_\be is given. A trailing space in _\bv_\ba_\bl_\bu_\be causes the next word
+ to be checked for alias substitution when the alias is expanded
+ during command parsing. For each _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be in the argument list for
+ which no _\bv_\ba_\bl_\bu_\be is supplied, print the name and value of the
+ alias _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be. a\bal\bli\bia\bas\bs returns true unless a _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be is given (without
a corresponding =_\bv_\ba_\bl_\bu_\be) for which no alias has been defined.
b\bbg\bg [_\bj_\bo_\bb_\bs_\bp_\be_\bc ...]
- Resume each suspended job _\bj_\bo_\bb_\bs_\bp_\be_\bc in the background, as if it
- had been started with &\b&. If _\bj_\bo_\bb_\bs_\bp_\be_\bc is not present, the shell
+ Resume each suspended job _\bj_\bo_\bb_\bs_\bp_\be_\bc in the background, as if it
+ had been started with &\b&. If _\bj_\bo_\bb_\bs_\bp_\be_\bc is not present, the shell
uses its notion of the _\bc_\bu_\br_\br_\be_\bn_\bt _\bj_\bo_\bb. b\bbg\bg _\bj_\bo_\bb_\bs_\bp_\be_\bc returns 0 unless
- run when job control is disabled or, when run with job control
- enabled, any specified _\bj_\bo_\bb_\bs_\bp_\be_\bc was not found or was started
+ run when job control is disabled or, when run with job control
+ enabled, any specified _\bj_\bo_\bb_\bs_\bp_\be_\bc was not found or was started
without job control.
b\bbi\bin\bnd\bd [-\b-m\bm _\bk_\be_\by_\bm_\ba_\bp] [-\b-l\bls\bsv\bvS\bSV\bVX\bX]
b\bbi\bin\bnd\bd [-\b-m\bm _\bk_\be_\by_\bm_\ba_\bp] -\b-p\bp|-\b-P\bP [_\br_\be_\ba_\bd_\bl_\bi_\bn_\be_\b-_\bc_\bo_\bm_\bm_\ba_\bn_\bd]
b\bbi\bin\bnd\bd [-\b-m\bm _\bk_\be_\by_\bm_\ba_\bp] _\bk_\be_\by_\bs_\be_\bq:_\br_\be_\ba_\bd_\bl_\bi_\bn_\be_\b-_\bc_\bo_\bm_\bm_\ba_\bn_\bd
b\bbi\bin\bnd\bd _\br_\be_\ba_\bd_\bl_\bi_\bn_\be_\b-_\bc_\bo_\bm_\bm_\ba_\bn_\bd_\b-_\bl_\bi_\bn_\be
- Display current r\bre\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be key and function bindings, bind a key
- sequence to a r\bre\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be function or macro or to a shell command,
- or set a r\bre\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be variable. Each non-option argument is a key
- binding or command as it would appear in a r\bre\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be initializa-
- tion file such as _\b._\bi_\bn_\bp_\bu_\bt_\br_\bc, but each binding or command must be
- passed as a separate argument; e.g., '"\C-x\C-r":
- re-read-init-file'. In the following descriptions, output
- available to be re-read is formatted as commands that would ap-
+ Display current r\bre\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be key and function bindings, bind a key
+ sequence to a r\bre\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be function or macro or to a shell command,
+ or set a r\bre\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be variable. Each non-option argument is a key
+ binding or command as it would appear in a r\bre\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be initializa-
+ tion file such as _\b._\bi_\bn_\bp_\bu_\bt_\br_\bc, but each binding or command must be
+ passed as a separate argument; e.g., '"\C-x\C-r":
+ re-read-init-file'. In the following descriptions, output
+ available to be re-read is formatted as commands that would ap-
pear in a r\bre\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be initialization file or that would be supplied
- as individual arguments to a b\bbi\bin\bnd\bd command. Options, if sup-
+ as individual arguments to a b\bbi\bin\bnd\bd command. Options, if sup-
plied, have the following meanings:
-\b-m\bm _\bk_\be_\by_\bm_\ba_\bp
Use _\bk_\be_\by_\bm_\ba_\bp as the keymap to be affected by the subsequent
bindings. Acceptable _\bk_\be_\by_\bm_\ba_\bp names are _\be_\bm_\ba_\bc_\bs_\b, _\be_\bm_\ba_\bc_\bs_\b-_\bs_\bt_\ba_\bn_\b-
- _\bd_\ba_\br_\bd_\b, _\be_\bm_\ba_\bc_\bs_\b-_\bm_\be_\bt_\ba_\b, _\be_\bm_\ba_\bc_\bs_\b-_\bc_\bt_\bl_\bx_\b, _\bv_\bi_\b, _\bv_\bi_\b-_\bm_\bo_\bv_\be_\b, _\bv_\bi_\b-_\bc_\bo_\bm_\bm_\ba_\bn_\bd,
- and _\bv_\bi_\b-_\bi_\bn_\bs_\be_\br_\bt. _\bv_\bi is equivalent to _\bv_\bi_\b-_\bc_\bo_\bm_\bm_\ba_\bn_\bd (_\bv_\bi_\b-_\bm_\bo_\bv_\be
- is also a synonym); _\be_\bm_\ba_\bc_\bs is equivalent to _\be_\bm_\ba_\bc_\bs_\b-_\bs_\bt_\ba_\bn_\b-
+ _\bd_\ba_\br_\bd_\b, _\be_\bm_\ba_\bc_\bs_\b-_\bm_\be_\bt_\ba_\b, _\be_\bm_\ba_\bc_\bs_\b-_\bc_\bt_\bl_\bx_\b, _\bv_\bi_\b, _\bv_\bi_\b-_\bm_\bo_\bv_\be_\b, _\bv_\bi_\b-_\bc_\bo_\bm_\bm_\ba_\bn_\bd,
+ and _\bv_\bi_\b-_\bi_\bn_\bs_\be_\br_\bt. _\bv_\bi is equivalent to _\bv_\bi_\b-_\bc_\bo_\bm_\bm_\ba_\bn_\bd (_\bv_\bi_\b-_\bm_\bo_\bv_\be
+ is also a synonym); _\be_\bm_\ba_\bc_\bs is equivalent to _\be_\bm_\ba_\bc_\bs_\b-_\bs_\bt_\ba_\bn_\b-
_\bd_\ba_\br_\bd.
-\b-l\bl List the names of all r\bre\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be functions.
- -\b-p\bp Display r\bre\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be function names and bindings in such a
- way that they can be used as an argument to a subsequent
- b\bbi\bin\bnd\bd command or in a r\bre\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be initialization file. If
- arguments remain after option processing, b\bbi\bin\bnd\bd treats
- them as r\bre\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be command names and restricts output to
- those names.
- -\b-P\bP List current r\bre\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be function names and bindings. If
+ -\b-p\bp Display r\bre\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be function names and bindings in such a
+ way that they can be used as an argument to a subsequent
+ b\bbi\bin\bnd\bd command or in a r\bre\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be initialization file. If
arguments remain after option processing, b\bbi\bin\bnd\bd treats
them as r\bre\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be command names and restricts output to
those names.
- -\b-s\bs Display r\bre\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be key sequences bound to macros and the
- strings they output in such a way that they can be used
+ -\b-P\bP List current r\bre\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be function names and bindings. If
+ arguments remain after option processing, b\bbi\bin\bnd\bd treats
+ them as r\bre\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be command names and restricts output to
+ those names.
+ -\b-s\bs Display r\bre\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be key sequences bound to macros and the
+ strings they output in such a way that they can be used
as an argument to a subsequent b\bbi\bin\bnd\bd command or in a r\bre\bea\bad\bd-\b-
l\bli\bin\bne\be initialization file.
- -\b-S\bS Display r\bre\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be key sequences bound to macros and the
+ -\b-S\bS Display r\bre\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be key sequences bound to macros and the
strings they output.
- -\b-v\bv Display r\bre\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be variable names and values in such a way
+ -\b-v\bv Display r\bre\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be variable names and values in such a way
that they can be used as an argument to a subsequent b\bbi\bin\bnd\bd
command or in a r\bre\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be initialization file.
-\b-V\bV List current r\bre\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be variable names and values.
-\b-f\bf _\bf_\bi_\bl_\be_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be
Read key bindings from _\bf_\bi_\bl_\be_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be.
-\b-q\bq _\bf_\bu_\bn_\bc_\bt_\bi_\bo_\bn
- Display key sequences that invoke the named r\bre\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be
+ Display key sequences that invoke the named r\bre\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be
_\bf_\bu_\bn_\bc_\bt_\bi_\bo_\bn.
-\b-u\bu _\bf_\bu_\bn_\bc_\bt_\bi_\bo_\bn
- Unbind all key sequences bound to the named r\bre\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be
+ Unbind all key sequences bound to the named r\bre\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be
_\bf_\bu_\bn_\bc_\bt_\bi_\bo_\bn.
-\b-r\br _\bk_\be_\by_\bs_\be_\bq
Remove any current binding for _\bk_\be_\by_\bs_\be_\bq.
-\b-x\bx _\bk_\be_\by_\bs_\be_\bq[\b[:\b: ]\b]_\bs_\bh_\be_\bl_\bl_\b-_\bc_\bo_\bm_\bm_\ba_\bn_\bd
Cause _\bs_\bh_\be_\bl_\bl_\b-_\bc_\bo_\bm_\bm_\ba_\bn_\bd to be executed whenever _\bk_\be_\by_\bs_\be_\bq is en-
tered. The separator between _\bk_\be_\by_\bs_\be_\bq and _\bs_\bh_\be_\bl_\bl_\b-_\bc_\bo_\bm_\bm_\ba_\bn_\bd is
- either whitespace or a colon optionally followed by
- whitespace. If the separator is whitespace, _\bs_\bh_\be_\bl_\bl_\b-_\bc_\bo_\bm_\b-
- _\bm_\ba_\bn_\bd must be enclosed in double quotes and r\bre\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be ex-
- pands any of its special backslash-escapes in _\bs_\bh_\be_\bl_\bl_\b-_\bc_\bo_\bm_\b-
- _\bm_\ba_\bn_\bd before saving it. If the separator is a colon, any
- enclosing double quotes are optional, and r\bre\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be does
- not expand the command string before saving it. Since
- the entire key binding expression must be a single argu-
- ment, it should be enclosed in single quotes. When
- _\bs_\bh_\be_\bl_\bl_\b-_\bc_\bo_\bm_\bm_\ba_\bn_\bd is executed, the shell sets the R\bRE\bEA\bAD\bD-\b-
- L\bLI\bIN\bNE\bE_\b_L\bLI\bIN\bNE\bE variable to the contents of the r\bre\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be line
+ either whitespace or a colon optionally followed by
+ whitespace. If the separator is whitespace, _\bs_\bh_\be_\bl_\bl_\b-_\bc_\bo_\bm_\b-
+ _\bm_\ba_\bn_\bd must be enclosed in double quotes and r\bre\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be ex-
+ pands any of its special backslash-escapes in _\bs_\bh_\be_\bl_\bl_\b-_\bc_\bo_\bm_\b-
+ _\bm_\ba_\bn_\bd before saving it. If the separator is a colon, any
+ enclosing double quotes are optional, and r\bre\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be does
+ not expand the command string before saving it. Since
+ the entire key binding expression must be a single argu-
+ ment, it should be enclosed in single quotes. When
+ _\bs_\bh_\be_\bl_\bl_\b-_\bc_\bo_\bm_\bm_\ba_\bn_\bd is executed, the shell sets the R\bRE\bEA\bAD\bD-\b-
+ L\bLI\bIN\bNE\bE_\b_L\bLI\bIN\bNE\bE variable to the contents of the r\bre\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be line
buffer and the R\bRE\bEA\bAD\bDL\bLI\bIN\bNE\bE_\b_P\bPO\bOI\bIN\bNT\bT and R\bRE\bEA\bAD\bDL\bLI\bIN\bNE\bE_\b_M\bMA\bAR\bRK\bK variables
- to the current location of the insertion point and the
- saved insertion point (the mark), respectively. The
- shell assigns any numeric argument the user supplied to
- the R\bRE\bEA\bAD\bDL\bLI\bIN\bNE\bE_\b_A\bAR\bRG\bGU\bUM\bME\bEN\bNT\bT variable. If there was no argu-
- ment, that variable is not set. If the executed command
- changes the value of any of R\bRE\bEA\bAD\bDL\bLI\bIN\bNE\bE_\b_L\bLI\bIN\bNE\bE, R\bRE\bEA\bAD\bD-\b-
- L\bLI\bIN\bNE\bE_\b_P\bPO\bOI\bIN\bNT\bT, or R\bRE\bEA\bAD\bDL\bLI\bIN\bNE\bE_\b_M\bMA\bAR\bRK\bK, those new values will be
+ to the current location of the insertion point and the
+ saved insertion point (the mark), respectively. The
+ shell assigns any numeric argument the user supplied to
+ the R\bRE\bEA\bAD\bDL\bLI\bIN\bNE\bE_\b_A\bAR\bRG\bGU\bUM\bME\bEN\bNT\bT variable. If there was no argu-
+ ment, that variable is not set. If the executed command
+ changes the value of any of R\bRE\bEA\bAD\bDL\bLI\bIN\bNE\bE_\b_L\bLI\bIN\bNE\bE, R\bRE\bEA\bAD\bD-\b-
+ L\bLI\bIN\bNE\bE_\b_P\bPO\bOI\bIN\bNT\bT, or R\bRE\bEA\bAD\bDL\bLI\bIN\bNE\bE_\b_M\bMA\bAR\bRK\bK, those new values will be
reflected in the editing state.
- -\b-X\bX List all key sequences bound to shell commands and the
- associated commands in a format that can be reused as an
+ -\b-X\bX List all key sequences bound to shell commands and the
+ associated commands in a format that can be reused as an
argument to a subsequent b\bbi\bin\bnd\bd command.
- The return value is 0 unless an unrecognized option is supplied
+ The return value is 0 unless an unrecognized option is supplied
or an error occurred.
b\bbr\bre\bea\bak\bk [_\bn]
- Exit from within a f\bfo\bor\br, w\bwh\bhi\bil\ble\be, u\bun\bnt\bti\bil\bl, or s\bse\bel\ble\bec\bct\bt loop. If _\bn is
+ Exit from within a f\bfo\bor\br, w\bwh\bhi\bil\ble\be, u\bun\bnt\bti\bil\bl, or s\bse\bel\ble\bec\bct\bt loop. If _\bn is
specified, b\bbr\bre\bea\bak\bk exits _\bn enclosing loops. _\bn must be >= 1. If _\bn
- is greater than the number of enclosing loops, all enclosing
+ is greater than the number of enclosing loops, all enclosing
loops are exited. The return value is 0 unless _\bn is not greater
than or equal to 1.
b\bbu\bui\bil\blt\bti\bin\bn _\bs_\bh_\be_\bl_\bl_\b-_\bb_\bu_\bi_\bl_\bt_\bi_\bn [_\ba_\br_\bg_\bu_\bm_\be_\bn_\bt_\bs]
- Execute the specified shell builtin _\bs_\bh_\be_\bl_\bl_\b-_\bb_\bu_\bi_\bl_\bt_\bi_\bn, passing it
- _\ba_\br_\bg_\bu_\bm_\be_\bn_\bt_\bs, and return its exit status. This is useful when
- defining a function whose name is the same as a shell builtin,
- retaining the functionality of the builtin within the function.
- The c\bcd\bd builtin is commonly redefined this way. The return sta-
+ Execute the specified shell builtin _\bs_\bh_\be_\bl_\bl_\b-_\bb_\bu_\bi_\bl_\bt_\bi_\bn, passing it
+ _\ba_\br_\bg_\bu_\bm_\be_\bn_\bt_\bs, and return its exit status. This is useful when
+ defining a function whose name is the same as a shell builtin,
+ retaining the functionality of the builtin within the function.
+ The c\bcd\bd builtin is commonly redefined this way. The return sta-
tus is false if _\bs_\bh_\be_\bl_\bl_\b-_\bb_\bu_\bi_\bl_\bt_\bi_\bn is not a shell builtin command.
c\bca\bal\bll\ble\ber\br [_\be_\bx_\bp_\br]
Returns the context of any active subroutine call (a shell func-
tion or a script executed with the .\b. or s\bso\bou\bur\brc\bce\be builtins).
- Without _\be_\bx_\bp_\br, c\bca\bal\bll\ble\ber\br displays the line number and source file-
- name of the current subroutine call. If a non-negative integer
+ Without _\be_\bx_\bp_\br, c\bca\bal\bll\ble\ber\br displays the line number and source file-
+ name of the current subroutine call. If a non-negative integer
is supplied as _\be_\bx_\bp_\br, c\bca\bal\bll\ble\ber\br displays the line number, subroutine
name, and source file corresponding to that position in the cur-
- rent execution call stack. This extra information may be used,
+ rent execution call stack. This extra information may be used,
for example, to print a stack trace. The current frame is frame
0.
- The return value is 0 unless the shell is not executing a sub-
- routine call or _\be_\bx_\bp_\br does not correspond to a valid position in
+ The return value is 0 unless the shell is not executing a sub-
+ routine call or _\be_\bx_\bp_\br does not correspond to a valid position in
the call stack.
c\bcd\bd [-\b-L\bL] [-\b-@\b@] [_\bd_\bi_\br]
c\bcd\bd -\b-P\bP [-\b-e\be] [-\b-@\b@] [_\bd_\bi_\br]
- Change the current directory to _\bd_\bi_\br. if _\bd_\bi_\br is not supplied,
- the value of the H\bHO\bOM\bME\bE shell variable is used as _\bd_\bi_\br. The vari-
- able C\bCD\bDP\bPA\bAT\bTH\bH exists, and _\bd_\bi_\br does not begin with a slash (/), c\bcd\bd
+ Change the current directory to _\bd_\bi_\br. if _\bd_\bi_\br is not supplied,
+ the value of the H\bHO\bOM\bME\bE shell variable is used as _\bd_\bi_\br. The vari-
+ able C\bCD\bDP\bPA\bAT\bTH\bH exists, and _\bd_\bi_\br does not begin with a slash (/), c\bcd\bd
uses it as a search path: the shell searches each directory name
- in C\bCD\bDP\bPA\bAT\bTH\bH for _\bd_\bi_\br. Alternative directory names in C\bCD\bDP\bPA\bAT\bTH\bH are
- separated by a colon (:). A null directory name in C\bCD\bDP\bPA\bAT\bTH\bH is
+ in C\bCD\bDP\bPA\bAT\bTH\bH for _\bd_\bi_\br. Alternative directory names in C\bCD\bDP\bPA\bAT\bTH\bH are
+ separated by a colon (:). A null directory name in C\bCD\bDP\bPA\bAT\bTH\bH is
the same as the current directory, i.e., ".".
- The -\b-P\bP option causes c\bcd\bd to use the physical directory structure
+ The -\b-P\bP option causes c\bcd\bd to use the physical directory structure
by resolving symbolic links while traversing _\bd_\bi_\br and before pro-
- cessing instances of _\b._\b. in _\bd_\bi_\br (see also the -\b-P\bP option to the
+ cessing instances of _\b._\b. in _\bd_\bi_\br (see also the -\b-P\bP option to the
s\bse\bet\bt builtin command).
- The -\b-L\bL option forces c\bcd\bd to follow symbolic links by resolving
+ The -\b-L\bL option forces c\bcd\bd to follow symbolic links by resolving
the link after processing instances of _\b._\b. in _\bd_\bi_\br. If _\b._\b. appears
- in _\bd_\bi_\br, c\bcd\bd processes it by removing the immediately previous
+ in _\bd_\bi_\br, c\bcd\bd processes it by removing the immediately previous
pathname component from _\bd_\bi_\br, back to a slash or the beginning of
- _\bd_\bi_\br, and verifying that the portion of _\bd_\bi_\br it has processed to
- that point is still a valid directory name after removing the
+ _\bd_\bi_\br, and verifying that the portion of _\bd_\bi_\br it has processed to
+ that point is still a valid directory name after removing the
pathname component. If it is not a valid directory name, c\bcd\bd re-
- turns a non-zero status. If neither -\b-L\bL nor -\b-P\bP is supplied, c\bcd\bd
+ turns a non-zero status. If neither -\b-L\bL nor -\b-P\bP is supplied, c\bcd\bd
behaves as if -\b-L\bL had been supplied.
If the -\b-e\be option is supplied with -\b-P\bP, and c\bcd\bd cannot successfully
- determine the current working directory after a successful di-
+ determine the current working directory after a successful di-
rectory change, it returns a non-zero status.
- On systems that support it, the -\b-@\b@ option presents the extended
+ On systems that support it, the -\b-@\b@ option presents the extended
attributes associated with a file as a directory.
- An argument of -\b- is converted to $\b$O\bOL\bLD\bDP\bPW\bWD\bD before attempting the
+ An argument of -\b- is converted to $\b$O\bOL\bLD\bDP\bPW\bWD\bD before attempting the
directory change.
- If c\bcd\bd uses a non-empty directory name from C\bCD\bDP\bPA\bAT\bTH\bH,\b, or if -\b- is
- the first argument, and the directory change is successful, c\bcd\bd
+ If c\bcd\bd uses a non-empty directory name from C\bCD\bDP\bPA\bAT\bTH\bH, or if -\b- is
+ the first argument, and the directory change is successful, c\bcd\bd
writes the absolute pathname of the new working directory to the
standard output.
- If the directory change is successful, c\bcd\bd sets the value of the
+ If the directory change is successful, c\bcd\bd sets the value of the
P\bPW\bWD\bD environment variable to the new directory name, and sets the
- O\bOL\bLD\bDP\bPW\bWD\bD environment variable to the value of the current working
+ O\bOL\bLD\bDP\bPW\bWD\bD environment variable to the value of the current working
directory before the change.
- The return value is true if the directory was successfully
+ The return value is true if the directory was successfully
changed; false otherwise.
c\bco\bom\bmm\bma\ban\bnd\bd [-\b-p\bpV\bVv\bv] _\bc_\bo_\bm_\bm_\ba_\bn_\bd [_\ba_\br_\bg ...]
- The c\bco\bom\bmm\bma\ban\bnd\bd builtin runs _\bc_\bo_\bm_\bm_\ba_\bn_\bd with _\ba_\br_\bg_\bs suppressing the nor-
+ The c\bco\bom\bmm\bma\ban\bnd\bd builtin runs _\bc_\bo_\bm_\bm_\ba_\bn_\bd with _\ba_\br_\bg_\bs suppressing the nor-
mal shell function lookup for _\bc_\bo_\bm_\bm_\ba_\bn_\bd. Only builtin commands or
- commands found in the P\bPA\bAT\bTH\bH named _\bc_\bo_\bm_\bm_\ba_\bn_\bd are executed. If the
+ commands found in the P\bPA\bAT\bTH\bH named _\bc_\bo_\bm_\bm_\ba_\bn_\bd are executed. If the
-\b-p\bp option is supplied, the search for _\bc_\bo_\bm_\bm_\ba_\bn_\bd is performed using
- a default value for P\bPA\bAT\bTH\bH that is guaranteed to find all of the
+ a default value for P\bPA\bAT\bTH\bH that is guaranteed to find all of the
standard utilities.
- If either the -\b-V\bV or -\b-v\bv option is supplied, c\bco\bom\bmm\bma\ban\bnd\bd prints a de-
- scription of _\bc_\bo_\bm_\bm_\ba_\bn_\bd. The -\b-v\bv option displays a single word in-
- dicating the command or filename used to invoke _\bc_\bo_\bm_\bm_\ba_\bn_\bd; the -\b-V\bV
+ If either the -\b-V\bV or -\b-v\bv option is supplied, c\bco\bom\bmm\bma\ban\bnd\bd prints a de-
+ scription of _\bc_\bo_\bm_\bm_\ba_\bn_\bd. The -\b-v\bv option displays a single word in-
+ dicating the command or filename used to invoke _\bc_\bo_\bm_\bm_\ba_\bn_\bd; the -\b-V\bV
option produces a more verbose description.
- If the -\b-V\bV or -\b-v\bv option is supplied, the exit status is zero if
- _\bc_\bo_\bm_\bm_\ba_\bn_\bd was found, and non-zero if not. If neither option is
- supplied and an error occurred or _\bc_\bo_\bm_\bm_\ba_\bn_\bd cannot be found, the
- exit status is 127. Otherwise, the exit status of the c\bco\bom\bmm\bma\ban\bnd\bd
+ If the -\b-V\bV or -\b-v\bv option is supplied, the exit status is zero if
+ _\bc_\bo_\bm_\bm_\ba_\bn_\bd was found, and non-zero if not. If neither option is
+ supplied and an error occurred or _\bc_\bo_\bm_\bm_\ba_\bn_\bd cannot be found, the
+ exit status is 127. Otherwise, the exit status of the c\bco\bom\bmm\bma\ban\bnd\bd
builtin is the exit status of _\bc_\bo_\bm_\bm_\ba_\bn_\bd.
c\bco\bom\bmp\bpg\bge\ben\bn [-\b-V\bV _\bv_\ba_\br_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be] [_\bo_\bp_\bt_\bi_\bo_\bn] [_\bw_\bo_\br_\bd]
- Generate possible completion matches for _\bw_\bo_\br_\bd according to the
- _\bo_\bp_\bt_\bi_\bo_\bns, which may be any option accepted by the c\bco\bom\bmp\bpl\ble\bet\bte\be
+ Generate possible completion matches for _\bw_\bo_\br_\bd according to the
+ _\bo_\bp_\bt_\bi_\bo_\bns, which may be any option accepted by the c\bco\bom\bmp\bpl\ble\bet\bte\be
builtin with the exceptions of -\b-p\bp, -\b-r\br, -\b-D\bD, -\b-E\bE, and -\b-I\bI, and write
the matches to the standard output.
- If the -\b-V\bV option is supplied, c\bco\bom\bmp\bpg\bge\ben\bn stores the generated com-
- pletions into the indexed array variable _\bv_\ba_\br_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be instead of
+ If the -\b-V\bV option is supplied, c\bco\bom\bmp\bpg\bge\ben\bn stores the generated com-
+ pletions into the indexed array variable _\bv_\ba_\br_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be instead of
writing them to the standard output.
When using the -\b-F\bF or -\b-C\bC options, the various shell variables set
The matches will be generated in the same way as if the program-
mable completion code had generated them directly from a comple-
- tion specification with the same flags. If _\bw_\bo_\br_\bd is specified,
- only those completions matching _\bw_\bo_\br_\bd will be displayed or
+ tion specification with the same flags. If _\bw_\bo_\br_\bd is specified,
+ only those completions matching _\bw_\bo_\br_\bd will be displayed or
stored.
- The return value is true unless an invalid option is supplied,
+ The return value is true unless an invalid option is supplied,
or no matches were generated.
c\bco\bom\bmp\bpl\ble\bet\bte\be [-\b-a\bab\bbc\bcd\bde\bef\bfg\bgj\bjk\bks\bsu\buv\bv] [-\b-o\bo _\bc_\bo_\bm_\bp_\b-_\bo_\bp_\bt_\bi_\bo_\bn] [-\b-D\bDE\bEI\bI] [-\b-A\bA _\ba_\bc_\bt_\bi_\bo_\bn]
Specify how arguments to each _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be should be completed.
If the -\b-p\bp option is supplied, or if no options or _\bn_\ba_\bm_\bes are sup-
- plied, print existing completion specifications in a way that
+ plied, print existing completion specifications in a way that
allows them to be reused as input. The -\b-r\br option removes a com-
- pletion specification for each _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be, or, if no _\bn_\ba_\bm_\bes are sup-
+ pletion specification for each _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be, or, if no _\bn_\ba_\bm_\bes are sup-
plied, all completion specifications.
- The -\b-D\bD option indicates that other supplied options and actions
- should apply to the "default" command completion; that is, com-
- pletion attempted on a command for which no completion has pre-
- viously been defined. The -\b-E\bE option indicates that other sup-
- plied options and actions should apply to "empty" command com-
- pletion; that is, completion attempted on a blank line. The -\b-I\bI
- option indicates that other supplied options and actions should
- apply to completion on the initial non-assignment word on the
+ The -\b-D\bD option indicates that other supplied options and actions
+ should apply to the "default" command completion; that is, com-
+ pletion attempted on a command for which no completion has pre-
+ viously been defined. The -\b-E\bE option indicates that other sup-
+ plied options and actions should apply to "empty" command com-
+ pletion; that is, completion attempted on a blank line. The -\b-I\bI
+ option indicates that other supplied options and actions should
+ apply to completion on the initial non-assignment word on the
line, or after a command delimiter such as ;\b; or |\b|, which is usu-
ally command name completion. If multiple options are supplied,
the -\b-D\bD option takes precedence over -\b-E\bE, and both take precedence
- over -\b-I\bI. If any of -\b-D\bD, -\b-E\bE, or -\b-I\bI are supplied, any other _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be
- arguments are ignored; these completions only apply to the case
+ over -\b-I\bI. If any of -\b-D\bD, -\b-E\bE, or -\b-I\bI are supplied, any other _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be
+ arguments are ignored; these completions only apply to the case
specified by the option.
The process of applying these completion specifications when at-
- tempting word completion is described above under P\bPr\bro\bog\bgr\bra\bam\bmm\bma\bab\bbl\ble\be
+ tempting word completion is described above under P\bPr\bro\bog\bgr\bra\bam\bmm\bma\bab\bbl\ble\be
C\bCo\bom\bmp\bpl\ble\bet\bti\bio\bon\bn.
- Other options, if specified, have the following meanings. The
- arguments to the -\b-G\bG, -\b-W\bW, and -\b-X\bX options (and, if necessary, the
- -\b-P\bP and -\b-S\bS options) should be quoted to protect them from expan-
+ Other options, if specified, have the following meanings. The
+ arguments to the -\b-G\bG, -\b-W\bW, and -\b-X\bX options (and, if necessary, the
+ -\b-P\bP and -\b-S\bS options) should be quoted to protect them from expan-
sion before the c\bco\bom\bmp\bpl\ble\bet\bte\be builtin is invoked.
-\b-o\bo _\bc_\bo_\bm_\bp_\b-_\bo_\bp_\bt_\bi_\bo_\bn
- The _\bc_\bo_\bm_\bp_\b-_\bo_\bp_\bt_\bi_\bo_\bn controls several aspects of the comp-
- spec's behavior beyond the simple generation of comple-
+ The _\bc_\bo_\bm_\bp_\b-_\bo_\bp_\bt_\bi_\bo_\bn controls several aspects of the comp-
+ spec's behavior beyond the simple generation of comple-
tions. _\bc_\bo_\bm_\bp_\b-_\bo_\bp_\bt_\bi_\bo_\bn may be one of:
b\bba\bas\bsh\bhd\bde\bef\bfa\bau\bul\blt\bt
Perform the rest of the default b\bba\bas\bsh\bh completions
if the compspec generates no matches.
- d\bde\bef\bfa\bau\bul\blt\bt Use r\bre\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be's default filename completion if
+ d\bde\bef\bfa\bau\bul\blt\bt Use r\bre\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be's default filename completion if
the compspec generates no matches.
d\bdi\bir\brn\bna\bam\bme\bes\bs
- Perform directory name completion if the comp-
+ Perform directory name completion if the comp-
spec generates no matches.
f\bfi\bil\ble\ben\bna\bam\bme\bes\bs
- Tell r\bre\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be that the compspec generates file-
- names, so it can perform any filename-specific
- processing (such as adding a slash to directory
- names, quoting special characters, or suppress-
- ing trailing spaces). This is intended to be
+ Tell r\bre\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be that the compspec generates file-
+ names, so it can perform any filename-specific
+ processing (such as adding a slash to directory
+ names, quoting special characters, or suppress-
+ ing trailing spaces). This is intended to be
used with shell functions.
f\bfu\bul\bll\blq\bqu\buo\bot\bte\be
- Tell r\bre\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be to quote all the completed words
+ Tell r\bre\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be to quote all the completed words
even if they are not filenames.
- n\bno\boq\bqu\buo\bot\bte\be Tell r\bre\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be not to quote the completed words
- if they are filenames (quoting filenames is the
+ n\bno\boq\bqu\buo\bot\bte\be Tell r\bre\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be not to quote the completed words
+ if they are filenames (quoting filenames is the
default).
- n\bno\bos\bso\bor\brt\bt Tell r\bre\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be not to sort the list of possible
+ n\bno\bos\bso\bor\brt\bt Tell r\bre\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be not to sort the list of possible
completions alphabetically.
- n\bno\bos\bsp\bpa\bac\bce\be Tell r\bre\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be not to append a space (the de-
- fault) to words completed at the end of the
+ n\bno\bos\bsp\bpa\bac\bce\be Tell r\bre\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be not to append a space (the de-
+ fault) to words completed at the end of the
line.
p\bpl\blu\bus\bsd\bdi\bir\brs\bs
- After generating any matches defined by the
- compspec, attempt directory name completion and
- add any matches to the results of the other ac-
+ After generating any matches defined by the
+ compspec, attempt directory name completion and
+ add any matches to the results of the other ac-
tions.
-\b-A\bA _\ba_\bc_\bt_\bi_\bo_\bn
- The _\ba_\bc_\bt_\bi_\bo_\bn may be one of the following to generate a
+ The _\ba_\bc_\bt_\bi_\bo_\bn may be one of the following to generate a
list of possible completions:
a\bal\bli\bia\bas\bs Alias names. May also be specified as -\b-a\ba.
a\bar\brr\bra\bay\byv\bva\bar\br
Array variable names.
b\bbi\bin\bnd\bdi\bin\bng\bg R\bRe\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be key binding names.
- b\bbu\bui\bil\blt\bti\bin\bn Names of shell builtin commands. May also be
+ b\bbu\bui\bil\blt\bti\bin\bn Names of shell builtin commands. May also be
specified as -\b-b\bb.
c\bco\bom\bmm\bma\ban\bnd\bd Command names. May also be specified as -\b-c\bc.
d\bdi\bir\bre\bec\bct\bto\bor\bry\by
d\bdi\bis\bsa\bab\bbl\ble\bed\bd
Names of disabled shell builtins.
e\ben\bna\bab\bbl\ble\bed\bd Names of enabled shell builtins.
- e\bex\bxp\bpo\bor\brt\bt Names of exported shell variables. May also be
+ e\bex\bxp\bpo\bor\brt\bt Names of exported shell variables. May also be
specified as -\b-e\be.
- f\bfi\bil\ble\be File and directory names, similar to r\bre\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be's
- filename completion. May also be specified as
+ f\bfi\bil\ble\be File and directory names, similar to r\bre\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be's
+ filename completion. May also be specified as
-\b-f\bf.
f\bfu\bun\bnc\bct\bti\bio\bon\bn
Names of shell functions.
h\bhe\bel\blp\bpt\bto\bop\bpi\bic\bc
Help topics as accepted by the h\bhe\bel\blp\bp builtin.
h\bho\bos\bst\btn\bna\bam\bme\be
- Hostnames, as taken from the file specified by
+ Hostnames, as taken from the file specified by
the H\bHO\bOS\bST\bTF\bFI\bIL\bLE\bE shell variable.
- j\bjo\bob\bb Job names, if job control is active. May also
+ j\bjo\bob\bb Job names, if job control is active. May also
be specified as -\b-j\bj.
- k\bke\bey\byw\bwo\bor\brd\bd Shell reserved words. May also be specified as
+ k\bke\bey\byw\bwo\bor\brd\bd Shell reserved words. May also be specified as
-\b-k\bk.
r\bru\bun\bnn\bni\bin\bng\bg Names of running jobs, if job control is active.
s\bse\ber\brv\bvi\bic\bce\be Service names. May also be specified as -\b-s\bs.
- s\bse\bet\bto\bop\bpt\bt Valid arguments for the -\b-o\bo option to the s\bse\bet\bt
+ s\bse\bet\bto\bop\bpt\bt Valid arguments for the -\b-o\bo option to the s\bse\bet\bt
builtin.
- s\bsh\bho\bop\bpt\bt Shell option names as accepted by the s\bsh\bho\bop\bpt\bt
+ s\bsh\bho\bop\bpt\bt Shell option names as accepted by the s\bsh\bho\bop\bpt\bt
builtin.
s\bsi\big\bgn\bna\bal\bl Signal names.
s\bst\bto\bop\bpp\bpe\bed\bd Names of stopped jobs, if job control is active.
Names of all shell variables. May also be spec-
ified as -\b-v\bv.
-\b-C\bC _\bc_\bo_\bm_\bm_\ba_\bn_\bd
- _\bc_\bo_\bm_\bm_\ba_\bn_\bd is executed in a subshell environment, and its
- output is used as the possible completions. Arguments
+ _\bc_\bo_\bm_\bm_\ba_\bn_\bd is executed in a subshell environment, and its
+ output is used as the possible completions. Arguments
are passed as with the -\b-F\bF option.
-\b-F\bF _\bf_\bu_\bn_\bc_\bt_\bi_\bo_\bn
- The shell function _\bf_\bu_\bn_\bc_\bt_\bi_\bo_\bn is executed in the current
- shell environment. When the function is executed, the
+ The shell function _\bf_\bu_\bn_\bc_\bt_\bi_\bo_\bn is executed in the current
+ shell environment. When the function is executed, the
first argument ($\b$1\b1) is the name of the command whose ar-
guments are being completed, the second argument ($\b$2\b2) is
the word being completed, and the third argument ($\b$3\b3) is
- the word preceding the word being completed on the cur-
+ the word preceding the word being completed on the cur-
rent command line. When _\bf_\bu_\bn_\bc_\bt_\bi_\bo_\bn finishes, programmable
- completion retrieves the possible completions from the
+ completion retrieves the possible completions from the
value of the C\bCO\bOM\bMP\bPR\bRE\bEP\bPL\bLY\bY array variable.
-\b-G\bG _\bg_\bl_\bo_\bb_\bp_\ba_\bt
- Expand the pathname expansion pattern _\bg_\bl_\bo_\bb_\bp_\ba_\bt to gener-
+ Expand the pathname expansion pattern _\bg_\bl_\bo_\bb_\bp_\ba_\bt to gener-
ate the possible completions.
-\b-P\bP _\bp_\br_\be_\bf_\bi_\bx
- Add _\bp_\br_\be_\bf_\bi_\bx to the beginning of each possible completion
+ Add _\bp_\br_\be_\bf_\bi_\bx to the beginning of each possible completion
after all other options have been applied.
-\b-S\bS _\bs_\bu_\bf_\bf_\bi_\bx
- Append _\bs_\bu_\bf_\bf_\bi_\bx to each possible completion after all
+ Append _\bs_\bu_\bf_\bf_\bi_\bx to each possible completion after all
other options have been applied.
-\b-W\bW _\bw_\bo_\br_\bd_\bl_\bi_\bs_\bt
- Split the _\bw_\bo_\br_\bd_\bl_\bi_\bs_\bt using the characters in the I\bIF\bFS\bS spe-
- cial variable as delimiters, and expand each resulting
- word. Shell quoting is honored within _\bw_\bo_\br_\bd_\bl_\bi_\bs_\bt, in or-
- der to provide a mechanism for the words to contain
- shell metacharacters or characters in the value of I\bIF\bFS\bS.
- The possible completions are the members of the resul-
- tant list which match a prefix of the word being com-
+ Split the _\bw_\bo_\br_\bd_\bl_\bi_\bs_\bt using the characters in the I\bIF\bFS\bS spe-
+ cial variable as delimiters, and expand each resulting
+ word. Shell quoting is honored within _\bw_\bo_\br_\bd_\bl_\bi_\bs_\bt, in or-
+ der to provide a mechanism for the words to contain
+ shell metacharacters or characters in the value of I\bIF\bFS\bS.
+ The possible completions are the members of the resul-
+ tant list which match a prefix of the word being com-
pleted.
-\b-X\bX _\bf_\bi_\bl_\bt_\be_\br_\bp_\ba_\bt
- _\bf_\bi_\bl_\bt_\be_\br_\bp_\ba_\bt is a pattern as used for pathname expansion.
+ _\bf_\bi_\bl_\bt_\be_\br_\bp_\ba_\bt is a pattern as used for pathname expansion.
It is applied to the list of possible completions gener-
- ated by the preceding options and arguments, and each
- completion matching _\bf_\bi_\bl_\bt_\be_\br_\bp_\ba_\bt is removed from the list.
- A leading !\b! in _\bf_\bi_\bl_\bt_\be_\br_\bp_\ba_\bt negates the pattern; in this
+ ated by the preceding options and arguments, and each
+ completion matching _\bf_\bi_\bl_\bt_\be_\br_\bp_\ba_\bt is removed from the list.
+ A leading !\b! in _\bf_\bi_\bl_\bt_\be_\br_\bp_\ba_\bt negates the pattern; in this
case, any completion not matching _\bf_\bi_\bl_\bt_\be_\br_\bp_\ba_\bt is removed.
- The return value is true unless an invalid option is supplied,
+ The return value is true unless an invalid option is supplied,
an option other than -\b-p\bp, -\b-r\br, -\b-D\bD, -\b-E\bE, or -\b-I\bI is supplied without a
- _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be argument, an attempt is made to remove a completion speci-
+ _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be argument, an attempt is made to remove a completion speci-
fication for a _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be for which no specification exists, or an er-
ror occurs adding a completion specification.
c\bco\bom\bmp\bpo\bop\bpt\bt [-\b-o\bo _\bo_\bp_\bt_\bi_\bo_\bn] [-\b-D\bDE\bEI\bI] [+\b+o\bo _\bo_\bp_\bt_\bi_\bo_\bn] [_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be]
- Modify completion options for each _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be according to the _\bo_\bp_\b-
+ Modify completion options for each _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be according to the _\bo_\bp_\b-
_\bt_\bi_\bo_\bns, or for the currently-executing completion if no _\bn_\ba_\bm_\bes are
- supplied. If no _\bo_\bp_\bt_\bi_\bo_\bns are supplied, display the completion
- options for each _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be or the current completion. The possible
- values of _\bo_\bp_\bt_\bi_\bo_\bn are those valid for the c\bco\bom\bmp\bpl\ble\bet\bte\be builtin de-
+ supplied. If no _\bo_\bp_\bt_\bi_\bo_\bns are supplied, display the completion
+ options for each _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be or the current completion. The possible
+ values of _\bo_\bp_\bt_\bi_\bo_\bn are those valid for the c\bco\bom\bmp\bpl\ble\bet\bte\be builtin de-
scribed above.
The -\b-D\bD option indicates that other supplied options should apply
- to the "default" command completion; the -\b-E\bE option indicates
+ to the "default" command completion; the -\b-E\bE option indicates
that other supplied options should apply to "empty" command com-
pletion; and the -\b-I\bI option indicates that other supplied options
- should apply to completion on the initial word on the line.
+ should apply to completion on the initial word on the line.
These are determined in the same way as the c\bco\bom\bmp\bpl\ble\bet\bte\be builtin.
If multiple options are supplied, the -\b-D\bD option takes precedence
over -\b-E\bE, and both take precedence over -\b-I\bI.
- The return value is true unless an invalid option is supplied,
+ The return value is true unless an invalid option is supplied,
an attempt is made to modify the options for a _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be for which no
completion specification exists, or an output error occurs.
c\bco\bon\bnt\bti\bin\bnu\bue\be [_\bn]
c\bco\bon\bnt\bti\bin\bnu\bue\be resumes the next iteration of the enclosing f\bfo\bor\br, w\bwh\bhi\bil\ble\be,
- u\bun\bnt\bti\bil\bl, or s\bse\bel\ble\bec\bct\bt loop. If _\bn is specified, b\bba\bas\bsh\bh resumes the _\bnth
- enclosing loop. _\bn must be >= 1. If _\bn is greater than the num-
- ber of enclosing loops, the shell resumes the last enclosing
- loop (the "top-level" loop). The return value is 0 unless _\bn is
+ u\bun\bnt\bti\bil\bl, or s\bse\bel\ble\bec\bct\bt loop. If _\bn is specified, b\bba\bas\bsh\bh resumes the _\bnth
+ enclosing loop. _\bn must be >= 1. If _\bn is greater than the num-
+ ber of enclosing loops, the shell resumes the last enclosing
+ loop (the "top-level" loop). The return value is 0 unless _\bn is
not greater than or equal to 1.
d\bde\bec\bcl\bla\bar\bre\be [-\b-a\baA\bAf\bfF\bFg\bgi\biI\bIl\bln\bnr\brt\btu\bux\bx] [-\b-p\bp] [_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be[=_\bv_\ba_\bl_\bu_\be] ...]
t\bty\byp\bpe\bes\bse\bet\bt [-\b-a\baA\bAf\bfF\bFg\bgi\biI\bIl\bln\bnr\brt\btu\bux\bx] [-\b-p\bp] [_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be[=_\bv_\ba_\bl_\bu_\be] ...]
- Declare variables and/or give them attributes. If no _\bn_\ba_\bm_\bes are
+ Declare variables and/or give them attributes. If no _\bn_\ba_\bm_\bes are
given then display the values of variables or functions. The -\b-p\bp
- option will display the attributes and values of each _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be.
- When -\b-p\bp is used with _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be arguments, additional options, other
+ option will display the attributes and values of each _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be.
+ When -\b-p\bp is used with _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be arguments, additional options, other
than -\b-f\bf and -\b-F\bF, are ignored.
When -\b-p\bp is supplied without _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be arguments, d\bde\bec\bcl\bla\bar\bre\be will display
the attributes and values of all variables having the attributes
- specified by the additional options. If no other options are
+ specified by the additional options. If no other options are
supplied with -\b-p\bp, d\bde\bec\bcl\bla\bar\bre\be will display the attributes and values
- of all shell variables. The -\b-f\bf option restricts the display to
+ of all shell variables. The -\b-f\bf option restricts the display to
shell functions.
The -\b-F\bF option inhibits the display of function definitions; only
- the function name and attributes are printed. If the e\bex\bxt\btd\bde\beb\bbu\bug\bg
- shell option is enabled using s\bsh\bho\bop\bpt\bt, the source file name and
- line number where each _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be is defined are displayed as well.
+ the function name and attributes are printed. If the e\bex\bxt\btd\bde\beb\bbu\bug\bg
+ shell option is enabled using s\bsh\bho\bop\bpt\bt, the source file name and
+ line number where each _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be is defined are displayed as well.
The -\b-F\bF option implies -\b-f\bf.
- The -\b-g\bg option forces variables to be created or modified at the
+ The -\b-g\bg option forces variables to be created or modified at the
global scope, even when d\bde\bec\bcl\bla\bar\bre\be is executed in a shell function.
It is ignored when d\bde\bec\bcl\bla\bar\bre\be is not executed in a shell function.
- The -\b-I\bI option causes local variables to inherit the attributes
- (except the _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be_\br_\be_\bf attribute) and value of any existing vari-
- able with the same _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be at a surrounding scope. If there is no
+ The -\b-I\bI option causes local variables to inherit the attributes
+ (except the _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be_\br_\be_\bf attribute) and value of any existing vari-
+ able with the same _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be at a surrounding scope. If there is no
existing variable, the local variable is initially unset.
- The following options can be used to restrict output to vari-
- ables with the specified attribute or to give variables attrib-
+ The following options can be used to restrict output to vari-
+ ables with the specified attribute or to give variables attrib-
utes:
- -\b-a\ba Each _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be is an indexed array variable (see A\bAr\brr\bra\bay\bys\bs
+ -\b-a\ba Each _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be is an indexed array variable (see A\bAr\brr\bra\bay\bys\bs
above).
- -\b-A\bA Each _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be is an associative array variable (see A\bAr\brr\bra\bay\bys\bs
+ -\b-A\bA Each _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be is an associative array variable (see A\bAr\brr\bra\bay\bys\bs
above).
-\b-f\bf Each _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be refers to a shell function.
-\b-i\bi The variable is treated as an integer; arithmetic evalua-
- tion (see A\bAR\bRI\bIT\bTH\bHM\bME\bET\bTI\bIC\bC E\bEV\bVA\bAL\bLU\bUA\bAT\bTI\bIO\bON\bN above) is performed when
+ tion (see A\bAR\bRI\bIT\bTH\bHM\bME\bET\bTI\bIC\bC E\bEV\bVA\bAL\bLU\bUA\bAT\bTI\bIO\bON\bN above) is performed when
the variable is assigned a value.
- -\b-l\bl When the variable is assigned a value, all upper-case
- characters are converted to lower-case. The upper-case
+ -\b-l\bl When the variable is assigned a value, all upper-case
+ characters are converted to lower-case. The upper-case
attribute is disabled.
- -\b-n\bn Give each _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be the _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be_\br_\be_\bf attribute, making it a name
- reference to another variable. That other variable is
- defined by the value of _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be. All references, assign-
- ments, and attribute modifications to _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be, except those
- using or changing the -\b-n\bn attribute itself, are performed
- on the variable referenced by _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be's value. The nameref
+ -\b-n\bn Give each _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be the _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be_\br_\be_\bf attribute, making it a name
+ reference to another variable. That other variable is
+ defined by the value of _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be. All references, assign-
+ ments, and attribute modifications to _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be, except those
+ using or changing the -\b-n\bn attribute itself, are performed
+ on the variable referenced by _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be's value. The nameref
attribute cannot be applied to array variables.
-\b-r\br Make _\bn_\ba_\bm_\bes readonly. These names cannot then be assigned
values by subsequent assignment statements or unset.
-\b-t\bt Give each _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be the _\bt_\br_\ba_\bc_\be attribute. Traced functions in-
- herit the D\bDE\bEB\bBU\bUG\bG and R\bRE\bET\bTU\bUR\bRN\bN traps from the calling shell.
+ herit the D\bDE\bEB\bBU\bUG\bG and R\bRE\bET\bTU\bUR\bRN\bN traps from the calling shell.
The trace attribute has no special meaning for variables.
- -\b-u\bu When the variable is assigned a value, all lower-case
- characters are converted to upper-case. The lower-case
+ -\b-u\bu When the variable is assigned a value, all lower-case
+ characters are converted to upper-case. The lower-case
attribute is disabled.
- -\b-x\bx Mark each _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be for export to subsequent commands via the
+ -\b-x\bx Mark each _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be for export to subsequent commands via the
environment.
- Using "+" instead of "-" turns off the specified attribute in-
+ Using "+" instead of "-" turns off the specified attribute in-
stead, with the exceptions that +\b+a\ba and +\b+A\bA may not be used to de-
- stroy array variables and +\b+r\br will not remove the readonly at-
+ stroy array variables and +\b+r\br will not remove the readonly at-
tribute.
- When used in a function, d\bde\bec\bcl\bla\bar\bre\be and t\bty\byp\bpe\bes\bse\bet\bt make each _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be lo-
- cal, as with the l\blo\boc\bca\bal\bl command, unless the -\b-g\bg option is sup-
- plied. If a variable name is followed by =_\bv_\ba_\bl_\bu_\be, the value of
- the variable is set to _\bv_\ba_\bl_\bu_\be. When using -\b-a\ba or -\b-A\bA and the com-
- pound assignment syntax to create array variables, additional
+ When used in a function, d\bde\bec\bcl\bla\bar\bre\be and t\bty\byp\bpe\bes\bse\bet\bt make each _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be lo-
+ cal, as with the l\blo\boc\bca\bal\bl command, unless the -\b-g\bg option is sup-
+ plied. If a variable name is followed by =_\bv_\ba_\bl_\bu_\be, the value of
+ the variable is set to _\bv_\ba_\bl_\bu_\be. When using -\b-a\ba or -\b-A\bA and the com-
+ pound assignment syntax to create array variables, additional
attributes do not take effect until subsequent assignments.
- The return value is 0 unless an invalid option is encountered,
- an attempt is made to define a function using "-f foo=bar". an
+ The return value is 0 unless an invalid option is encountered,
+ an attempt is made to define a function using "-f foo=bar", an
attempt is made to assign a value to a readonly variable, an at-
tempt is made to assign a value to an array variable without us-
- ing the compound assignment syntax (see A\bAr\brr\bra\bay\bys\bs above), one of
+ ing the compound assignment syntax (see A\bAr\brr\bra\bay\bys\bs above), one of
the _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be_\bs is not a valid shell variable name, an attempt is made
- to turn off readonly status for a readonly variable, an attempt
- is made to turn off array status for an array variable, or an
+ to turn off readonly status for a readonly variable, an attempt
+ is made to turn off array status for an array variable, or an
attempt is made to display a non-existent function with -\b-f\bf.
d\bdi\bir\brs\bs [\b[-\b-c\bcl\blp\bpv\bv]\b] [\b[+\b+_\bn]\b] [\b[-\b-_\bn]\b]
Without options, display the list of currently remembered direc-
- tories. The default display is on a single line with directory
- names separated by spaces. Directories are added to the list
- with the p\bpu\bus\bsh\bhd\bd command; the p\bpo\bop\bpd\bd command removes entries from
- the list. The current directory is always the first directory
+ tories. The default display is on a single line with directory
+ names separated by spaces. Directories are added to the list
+ with the p\bpu\bus\bsh\bhd\bd command; the p\bpo\bop\bpd\bd command removes entries from
+ the list. The current directory is always the first directory
in the stack.
Options, if supplied, have the following meanings:
- -\b-c\bc Clears the directory stack by deleting all of the en-
+ -\b-c\bc Clears the directory stack by deleting all of the en-
tries.
- -\b-l\bl Produces a listing using full pathnames; the default
+ -\b-l\bl Produces a listing using full pathnames; the default
listing format uses a tilde to denote the home directory.
-\b-p\bp Print the directory stack with one entry per line.
- -\b-v\bv Print the directory stack with one entry per line, pre-
+ -\b-v\bv Print the directory stack with one entry per line, pre-
fixing each entry with its index in the stack.
+\b+_\bn Displays the _\bnth entry counting from the left of the list
shown by d\bdi\bir\brs\bs when invoked without options, starting with
zero.
- -\b-_\bn Displays the _\bnth entry counting from the right of the
+ -\b-_\bn Displays the _\bnth entry counting from the right of the
list shown by d\bdi\bir\brs\bs when invoked without options, starting
with zero.
- The return value is 0 unless an invalid option is supplied or _\bn
+ The return value is 0 unless an invalid option is supplied or _\bn
indexes beyond the end of the directory stack.
d\bdi\bis\bso\bow\bwn\bn [-\b-a\bar\br] [-\b-h\bh] [_\bi_\bd ...]
- Without options, remove each _\bi_\bd from the table of active jobs.
- Each _\bi_\bd may be a job specification _\bj_\bo_\bb_\bs_\bp_\be_\bc or a process ID _\bp_\bi_\bd;
+ Without options, remove each _\bi_\bd from the table of active jobs.
+ Each _\bi_\bd may be a job specification _\bj_\bo_\bb_\bs_\bp_\be_\bc or a process ID _\bp_\bi_\bd;
if _\bi_\bd is a _\bp_\bi_\bd, d\bdi\bis\bso\bow\bwn\bn uses the job containing _\bp_\bi_\bd as _\bj_\bo_\bb_\bs_\bp_\be_\bc.
- If the -\b-h\bh option is supplied, d\bdi\bis\bso\bow\bwn\bn does not remove the jobs
- corresponding to each _\bi_\bd from the jobs table, but rather marks
- them so the shell does not send S\bSI\bIG\bGH\bHU\bUP\bP to the job if the shell
+ If the -\b-h\bh option is supplied, d\bdi\bis\bso\bow\bwn\bn does not remove the jobs
+ corresponding to each _\bi_\bd from the jobs table, but rather marks
+ them so the shell does not send S\bSI\bIG\bGH\bHU\bUP\bP to the job if the shell
receives a S\bSI\bIG\bGH\bHU\bUP\bP.
- If no _\bi_\bd is supplied, the -\b-a\ba option means to remove or mark all
+ If no _\bi_\bd is supplied, the -\b-a\ba option means to remove or mark all
jobs; the -\b-r\br option without an _\bi_\bd argument removes or marks run-
- ning jobs. If no _\bi_\bd is supplied, and neither the -\b-a\ba nor the -\b-r\br
+ ning jobs. If no _\bi_\bd is supplied, and neither the -\b-a\ba nor the -\b-r\br
option is supplied, d\bdi\bis\bso\bow\bwn\bn removes or marks the current job.
The return value is 0 unless an _\bi_\bd does not specify a valid job.
e\bec\bch\bho\bo [-\b-n\bne\beE\bE] [_\ba_\br_\bg ...]
- Output the _\ba_\br_\bgs, separated by spaces, followed by a newline.
- The return status is 0 unless a write error occurs. If -\b-n\bn is
+ Output the _\ba_\br_\bgs, separated by spaces, followed by a newline.
+ The return status is 0 unless a write error occurs. If -\b-n\bn is
specified, the trailing newline is not printed.
- If the -\b-e\be option is given, e\bec\bch\bho\bo interprets the following back-
+ If the -\b-e\be option is given, e\bec\bch\bho\bo interprets the following back-
slash-escaped characters. The -\b-E\bE option disables interpretation
- of these escape characters, even on systems where they are in-
- terpreted by default. The x\bxp\bpg\bg_\b_e\bec\bch\bho\bo shell option determines
+ of these escape characters, even on systems where they are in-
+ terpreted by default. The x\bxp\bpg\bg_\b_e\bec\bch\bho\bo shell option determines
whether or not e\bec\bch\bho\bo interprets any options and expands these es-
- cape characters. e\bec\bch\bho\bo does not interpret -\b--\b- to mean the end of
+ cape characters. e\bec\bch\bho\bo does not interpret -\b--\b- to mean the end of
options.
e\bec\bch\bho\bo interprets the following escape sequences:
\\b\t\bt horizontal tab
\\b\v\bv vertical tab
\\b\\\b\ backslash
- \\b\0\b0_\bn_\bn_\bn The eight-bit character whose value is the octal value
+ \\b\0\b0_\bn_\bn_\bn The eight-bit character whose value is the octal value
_\bn_\bn_\bn (zero to three octal digits).
- \\b\x\bx_\bH_\bH The eight-bit character whose value is the hexadecimal
+ \\b\x\bx_\bH_\bH The eight-bit character whose value is the hexadecimal
value _\bH_\bH (one or two hex digits).
- \\b\u\bu_\bH_\bH_\bH_\bH The Unicode (ISO/IEC 10646) character whose value is the
+ \\b\u\bu_\bH_\bH_\bH_\bH The Unicode (ISO/IEC 10646) character whose value is the
hexadecimal value _\bH_\bH_\bH_\bH (one to four hex digits).
\\b\U\bU_\bH_\bH_\bH_\bH_\bH_\bH_\bH_\bH
- The Unicode (ISO/IEC 10646) character whose value is the
+ The Unicode (ISO/IEC 10646) character whose value is the
hexadecimal value _\bH_\bH_\bH_\bH_\bH_\bH_\bH_\bH (one to eight hex digits).
- e\bec\bch\bho\bo writes any unrecognized backslash-escaped characters un-
+ e\bec\bch\bho\bo writes any unrecognized backslash-escaped characters un-
changed.
e\ben\bna\bab\bbl\ble\be [-\b-a\ba] [-\b-d\bdn\bnp\bps\bs] [-\b-f\bf _\bf_\bi_\bl_\be_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be] [_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be ...]
- Enable and disable builtin shell commands. Disabling a builtin
- allows an executable file which has the same name as a shell
- builtin to be executed without specifying a full pathname, even
+ Enable and disable builtin shell commands. Disabling a builtin
+ allows an executable file which has the same name as a shell
+ builtin to be executed without specifying a full pathname, even
though the shell normally searches for builtins before files.
- If -\b-n\bn is supplied, each _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be is disabled; otherwise, _\bn_\ba_\bm_\bes are
- enabled. For example, to use the t\bte\bes\bst\bt binary found usin g P\bPA\bAT\bTH\bH
+ If -\b-n\bn is supplied, each _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be is disabled; otherwise, _\bn_\ba_\bm_\bes are
+ enabled. For example, to use the t\bte\bes\bst\bt binary found using P\bPA\bAT\bTH\bH
instead of the shell builtin version, run "enable -n test".
- If no _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be arguments are supplied, or if the -\b-p\bp option is sup-
+ If no _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be arguments are supplied, or if the -\b-p\bp option is sup-
plied, print a list of shell builtins. With no other option ar-
guments, the list consists of all enabled shell builtins. If -\b-n\bn
- is supplied, print only disabled builtins. If -\b-a\ba is supplied,
- the list printed includes all builtins, with an indication of
+ is supplied, print only disabled builtins. If -\b-a\ba is supplied,
+ the list printed includes all builtins, with an indication of
whether or not each is enabled. The -\b-s\bs option means to restrict
the output to the POSIX _\bs_\bp_\be_\bc_\bi_\ba_\bl builtins.
- The -\b-f\bf option means to load the new builtin command _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be from
+ The -\b-f\bf option means to load the new builtin command _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be from
shared object _\bf_\bi_\bl_\be_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be, on systems that support dynamic loading.
If _\bf_\bi_\bl_\be_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be does not contain a slash, B\bBa\bas\bsh\bh will use the value of
- the B\bBA\bAS\bSH\bH_\b_L\bLO\bOA\bAD\bDA\bAB\bBL\bLE\bES\bS_\b_P\bPA\bAT\bTH\bH variable as a colon-separated list of
- directories in which to search for _\bf_\bi_\bl_\be_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be. The default for
- B\bBA\bAS\bSH\bH_\b_L\bLO\bOA\bAD\bDA\bAB\bBL\bLE\bES\bS_\b_P\bPA\bAT\bTH\bH is system-dependent, and may include "." to
- force a search of the current directory. The -\b-d\bd option will
- delete a builtin previously loaded with -\b-f\bf. If _\b-_\bs is used with
+ the B\bBA\bAS\bSH\bH_\b_L\bLO\bOA\bAD\bDA\bAB\bBL\bLE\bES\bS_\b_P\bPA\bAT\bTH\bH variable as a colon-separated list of
+ directories in which to search for _\bf_\bi_\bl_\be_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be. The default for
+ B\bBA\bAS\bSH\bH_\b_L\bLO\bOA\bAD\bDA\bAB\bBL\bLE\bES\bS_\b_P\bPA\bAT\bTH\bH is system-dependent, and may include "." to
+ force a search of the current directory. The -\b-d\bd option will
+ delete a builtin previously loaded with -\b-f\bf. If _\b-_\bs is used with
_\b-_\bf, the new builtin becomes a POSIX special builtin.
- If no options are supplied and a _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be is not a shell builtin,
- e\ben\bna\bab\bbl\ble\be will attempt to load _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be from a shared object named
+ If no options are supplied and a _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be is not a shell builtin,
+ e\ben\bna\bab\bbl\ble\be will attempt to load _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be from a shared object named
_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be, as if the command were "enable -f _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be".
- The return value is 0 unless a _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be is not a shell builtin or
+ The return value is 0 unless a _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be is not a shell builtin or
there is an error loading a new builtin from a shared object.
e\bev\bva\bal\bl [_\ba_\br_\bg ...]
- Concatenate the _\ba_\br_\bgs together into a single command, separating
+ Concatenate the _\ba_\br_\bgs together into a single command, separating
them with spaces. B\bBa\bas\bsh\bh then reads and execute this command, and
- returns its exit status as the return status of e\bev\bva\bal\bl. If there
+ returns its exit status as the return status of e\bev\bva\bal\bl. If there
are no _\ba_\br_\bg_\bs, or only null arguments, e\bev\bva\bal\bl returns 0.
e\bex\bxe\bec\bc [-\b-c\bcl\bl] [-\b-a\ba _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be] [_\bc_\bo_\bm_\bm_\ba_\bn_\bd [_\ba_\br_\bg_\bu_\bm_\be_\bn_\bt_\bs]]
- If _\bc_\bo_\bm_\bm_\ba_\bn_\bd is specified, it replaces the shell without creating
- a new process. _\bc_\bo_\bm_\bm_\ba_\bn_\bd cannot be a shell builtin or function.
+ If _\bc_\bo_\bm_\bm_\ba_\bn_\bd is specified, it replaces the shell without creating
+ a new process. _\bc_\bo_\bm_\bm_\ba_\bn_\bd cannot be a shell builtin or function.
The _\ba_\br_\bg_\bu_\bm_\be_\bn_\bt_\bs become the arguments to _\bc_\bo_\bm_\bm_\ba_\bn_\bd. If the -\b-l\bl option
is supplied, the shell places a dash at the beginning of the ze-
- roth argument passed to _\bc_\bo_\bm_\bm_\ba_\bn_\bd. This is what _\bl_\bo_\bg_\bi_\bn(1) does.
- The -\b-c\bc option causes _\bc_\bo_\bm_\bm_\ba_\bn_\bd to be executed with an empty envi-
+ roth argument passed to _\bc_\bo_\bm_\bm_\ba_\bn_\bd. This is what _\bl_\bo_\bg_\bi_\bn(1) does.
+ The -\b-c\bc option causes _\bc_\bo_\bm_\bm_\ba_\bn_\bd to be executed with an empty envi-
ronment. If -\b-a\ba is supplied, the shell passes _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be as the zeroth
argument to the executed command.
If _\bc_\bo_\bm_\bm_\ba_\bn_\bd cannot be executed for some reason, a non-interactive
- shell exits, unless the e\bex\bxe\bec\bcf\bfa\bai\bil\bl shell option is enabled. In
- that case, it returns a non-zero status. An interactive shell
- returns a non-zero status if the file cannot be executed. A
+ shell exits, unless the e\bex\bxe\bec\bcf\bfa\bai\bil\bl shell option is enabled. In
+ that case, it returns a non-zero status. An interactive shell
+ returns a non-zero status if the file cannot be executed. A
subshell exits unconditionally if e\bex\bxe\bec\bc fails.
If _\bc_\bo_\bm_\bm_\ba_\bn_\bd is not specified, any redirections take effect in the
- current shell, and the return status is 0. If there is a redi-
+ current shell, and the return status is 0. If there is a redi-
rection error, the return status is 1.
e\bex\bxi\bit\bt [_\bn]
- Cause the shell to exit with a status of _\bn. If _\bn is omitted,
- the exit status is that of the last command executed. Any trap
+ Cause the shell to exit with a status of _\bn. If _\bn is omitted,
+ the exit status is that of the last command executed. Any trap
on E\bEX\bXI\bIT\bT is executed before the shell terminates.
e\bex\bxp\bpo\bor\brt\bt [-\b-f\bfn\bn] [_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be[=_\bv_\ba_\bl_\bu_\be]] ...
e\bex\bxp\bpo\bor\brt\bt -\b-p\bp
- The supplied _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be_\bs are marked for automatic export to the envi-
- ronment of subsequently executed commands. If the -\b-f\bf option is
+ The supplied _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be_\bs are marked for automatic export to the envi-
+ ronment of subsequently executed commands. If the -\b-f\bf option is
given, the _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be_\bs refer to functions.
- The -\b-n\bn option unexports, or removes the export attribute, from
- each _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be. If no _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be_\bs are given, or if the -\b-p\bp option is sup-
- plied, e\bex\bxp\bpo\bor\brt\bt prints a list of names of all exported variables
+ The -\b-n\bn option unexports, or removes the export attribute, from
+ each _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be. If no _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be_\bs are given, or if the -\b-p\bp option is sup-
+ plied, e\bex\bxp\bpo\bor\brt\bt prints a list of names of all exported variables
on the standard output.
- e\bex\bxp\bpo\bor\brt\bt allows the value of a variable to be set when it is ex-
+ e\bex\bxp\bpo\bor\brt\bt allows the value of a variable to be set when it is ex-
ported or unexported by following the variable name with =_\bv_\ba_\bl_\bu_\be.
This sets the value of the variable to _\bv_\ba_\bl_\bu_\be while modifying the
- export attribute. e\bex\bxp\bpo\bor\brt\bt returns an exit status of 0 unless an
- invalid option is encountered, one of the _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be_\bs is not a valid
+ export attribute. e\bex\bxp\bpo\bor\brt\bt returns an exit status of 0 unless an
+ invalid option is encountered, one of the _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be_\bs is not a valid
shell variable name, or -\b-f\bf is supplied with a _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be that is not a
function.
f\bfc\bc [-\b-e\be _\be_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be] [-\b-l\bln\bnr\br] [_\bf_\bi_\br_\bs_\bt] [_\bl_\ba_\bs_\bt]
f\bfc\bc -\b-s\bs [_\bp_\ba_\bt=_\br_\be_\bp] [_\bc_\bm_\bd]
- The first form selects a range of commands from _\bf_\bi_\br_\bs_\bt to _\bl_\ba_\bs_\bt
- from the history list and displays or edits and re-executes
- them. _\bF_\bi_\br_\bs_\bt and _\bl_\ba_\bs_\bt may be specified as a string (to locate
- the last command beginning with that string) or as a number (an
- index into the history list, where a negative number is used as
+ The first form selects a range of commands from _\bf_\bi_\br_\bs_\bt to _\bl_\ba_\bs_\bt
+ from the history list and displays or edits and re-executes
+ them. _\bF_\bi_\br_\bs_\bt and _\bl_\ba_\bs_\bt may be specified as a string (to locate
+ the last command beginning with that string) or as a number (an
+ index into the history list, where a negative number is used as
an offset from the current command number).
When listing, a _\bf_\bi_\br_\bs_\bt or _\bl_\ba_\bs_\bt of 0 is equivalent to -1 and -0 is
equivalent to the current command (usually the f\bfc\bc command); oth-
- erwise 0 is equivalent to -1 and -0 is invalid. If _\bl_\ba_\bs_\bt is not
+ erwise 0 is equivalent to -1 and -0 is invalid. If _\bl_\ba_\bs_\bt is not
specified, it is set to the current command for listing (so that
"fc -l -10" prints the last 10 commands) and to _\bf_\bi_\br_\bs_\bt otherwise.
If _\bf_\bi_\br_\bs_\bt is not specified, it is set to the previous command for
editing and -16 for listing.
- If the -\b-l\bl option is supplied, the commands are listed on the
- standard output. The -\b-n\bn option suppresses the command numbers
+ If the -\b-l\bl option is supplied, the commands are listed on the
+ standard output. The -\b-n\bn option suppresses the command numbers
when listing. The -\b-r\br option reverses the order of the commands.
- Otherwise, f\bfc\bc invokes the editor named by _\be_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be on a file con-
- taining those commands. If _\be_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be is not supplied, f\bfc\bc uses the
- value of the F\bFC\bCE\bED\bDI\bIT\bT variable, and the value of E\bED\bDI\bIT\bTO\bOR\bR if F\bFC\bCE\bED\bDI\bIT\bT
- is not set. If neither variable is set, f\bfc\bc uses _\bv_\bi_\b. When edit-
- ing is complete, f\bfc\bc reads the file containing the edited com-
+ Otherwise, f\bfc\bc invokes the editor named by _\be_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be on a file con-
+ taining those commands. If _\be_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be is not supplied, f\bfc\bc uses the
+ value of the F\bFC\bCE\bED\bDI\bIT\bT variable, and the value of E\bED\bDI\bIT\bTO\bOR\bR if F\bFC\bCE\bED\bDI\bIT\bT
+ is not set. If neither variable is set, f\bfc\bc uses _\bv_\bi_\b. When edit-
+ ing is complete, f\bfc\bc reads the file containing the edited com-
mands and echoes and executes them.
- In the second form, f\bfc\bc re-executes _\bc_\bo_\bm_\bm_\ba_\bn_\bd after replacing each
- instance of _\bp_\ba_\bt with _\br_\be_\bp. _\bC_\bo_\bm_\bm_\ba_\bn_\bd is interpreted the same as
+ In the second form, f\bfc\bc re-executes _\bc_\bo_\bm_\bm_\ba_\bn_\bd after replacing each
+ instance of _\bp_\ba_\bt with _\br_\be_\bp. _\bC_\bo_\bm_\bm_\ba_\bn_\bd is interpreted the same as
_\bf_\bi_\br_\bs_\bt above.
- A useful alias to use with f\bfc\bc is "r="fc -s"", so that typing "r
+ A useful alias to use with f\bfc\bc is "r="fc -s"", so that typing "r
cc" runs the last command beginning with "cc" and typing "r" re-
executes the last command.
- If the first form is used, the return value is zero unless an
- invalid option is encountered or _\bf_\bi_\br_\bs_\bt or _\bl_\ba_\bs_\bt specify history
- lines out of range. When editing and re-executing a file of
+ If the first form is used, the return value is zero unless an
+ invalid option is encountered or _\bf_\bi_\br_\bs_\bt or _\bl_\ba_\bs_\bt specify history
+ lines out of range. When editing and re-executing a file of
commands, the return value is the value of the last command exe-
cuted or failure if an error occurs with the temporary file. If
the second form is used, the return status is that of the re-ex-
- ecuted command, unless _\bc_\bm_\bd does not specify a valid history en-
+ ecuted command, unless _\bc_\bm_\bd does not specify a valid history en-
try, in which case f\bfc\bc returns a non-zero status.
f\bfg\bg [_\bj_\bo_\bb_\bs_\bp_\be_\bc]
- Resume _\bj_\bo_\bb_\bs_\bp_\be_\bc in the foreground, and make it the current job.
- If _\bj_\bo_\bb_\bs_\bp_\be_\bc is not present, f\bfg\bg uses the shell's notion of the
- _\bc_\bu_\br_\br_\be_\bn_\bt _\bj_\bo_\bb. The return value is that of the command placed
- into the foreground, or failure if run when job control is dis-
+ Resume _\bj_\bo_\bb_\bs_\bp_\be_\bc in the foreground, and make it the current job.
+ If _\bj_\bo_\bb_\bs_\bp_\be_\bc is not present, f\bfg\bg uses the shell's notion of the
+ _\bc_\bu_\br_\br_\be_\bn_\bt _\bj_\bo_\bb. The return value is that of the command placed
+ into the foreground, or failure if run when job control is dis-
abled or, when run with job control enabled, if _\bj_\bo_\bb_\bs_\bp_\be_\bc does not
- specify a valid job or _\bj_\bo_\bb_\bs_\bp_\be_\bc specifies a job that was started
+ specify a valid job or _\bj_\bo_\bb_\bs_\bp_\be_\bc specifies a job that was started
without job control.
g\bge\bet\bto\bop\bpt\bts\bs _\bo_\bp_\bt_\bs_\bt_\br_\bi_\bn_\bg _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be [_\ba_\br_\bg ...]
- g\bge\bet\bto\bop\bpt\bts\bs is used by shell scripts and functions to parse posi-
- tional parameters and obtain options and their arguments. _\bo_\bp_\bt_\b-
- _\bs_\bt_\br_\bi_\bn_\bg contains the option characters to be recognized; if a
+ g\bge\bet\bto\bop\bpt\bts\bs is used by shell scripts and functions to parse posi-
+ tional parameters and obtain options and their arguments. _\bo_\bp_\bt_\b-
+ _\bs_\bt_\br_\bi_\bn_\bg contains the option characters to be recognized; if a
character is followed by a colon, the option is expected to have
- an argument, which should be separated from it by white space.
+ an argument, which should be separated from it by white space.
The colon and question mark characters may not be used as option
characters.
- Each time it is invoked, g\bge\bet\bto\bop\bpt\bts\bs places the next option in the
+ Each time it is invoked, g\bge\bet\bto\bop\bpt\bts\bs places the next option in the
shell variable _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be, initializing _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be if it does not exist, and
the index of the next argument to be processed into the variable
- O\bOP\bPT\bTI\bIN\bND\bD. O\bOP\bPT\bTI\bIN\bND\bD is initialized to 1 each time the shell or a
- shell script is invoked. When an option requires an argument,
+ O\bOP\bPT\bTI\bIN\bND\bD. O\bOP\bPT\bTI\bIN\bND\bD is initialized to 1 each time the shell or a
+ shell script is invoked. When an option requires an argument,
g\bge\bet\bto\bop\bpt\bts\bs places that argument into the variable O\bOP\bPT\bTA\bAR\bRG\bG.
- The shell does not reset O\bOP\bPT\bTI\bIN\bND\bD automatically; it must be manu-
- ally reset between multiple calls to g\bge\bet\bto\bop\bpt\bts\bs within the same
+ The shell does not reset O\bOP\bPT\bTI\bIN\bND\bD automatically; it must be manu-
+ ally reset between multiple calls to g\bge\bet\bto\bop\bpt\bts\bs within the same
shell invocation to use a new set of parameters.
- When it reaches the end of options, g\bge\bet\bto\bop\bpt\bts\bs exits with a return
- value greater than zero. O\bOP\bPT\bTI\bIN\bND\bD is set to the index of the
+ When it reaches the end of options, g\bge\bet\bto\bop\bpt\bts\bs exits with a return
+ value greater than zero. O\bOP\bPT\bTI\bIN\bND\bD is set to the index of the
first non-option argument, and _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be is set to ?.
- g\bge\bet\bto\bop\bpt\bts\bs normally parses the positional parameters, but if more
- arguments are supplied as _\ba_\br_\bg values, g\bge\bet\bto\bop\bpt\bts\bs parses those in-
+ g\bge\bet\bto\bop\bpt\bts\bs normally parses the positional parameters, but if more
+ arguments are supplied as _\ba_\br_\bg values, g\bge\bet\bto\bop\bpt\bts\bs parses those in-
stead.
- g\bge\bet\bto\bop\bpt\bts\bs can report errors in two ways. If the first character
- of _\bo_\bp_\bt_\bs_\bt_\br_\bi_\bn_\bg is a colon, g\bge\bet\bto\bop\bpt\bts\bs uses _\bs_\bi_\bl_\be_\bn_\bt error reporting.
- In normal operation, g\bge\bet\bto\bop\bpt\bts\bs prints diagnostic messages when it
- encounters invalid options or missing option arguments. If the
- variable O\bOP\bPT\bTE\bER\bRR\bR is set to 0, g\bge\bet\bto\bop\bpt\bts\bs does not display any error
- messages, even if the first character of _\bo_\bp_\bt_\bs_\bt_\br_\bi_\bn_\bg is not a
+ g\bge\bet\bto\bop\bpt\bts\bs can report errors in two ways. If the first character
+ of _\bo_\bp_\bt_\bs_\bt_\br_\bi_\bn_\bg is a colon, g\bge\bet\bto\bop\bpt\bts\bs uses _\bs_\bi_\bl_\be_\bn_\bt error reporting.
+ In normal operation, g\bge\bet\bto\bop\bpt\bts\bs prints diagnostic messages when it
+ encounters invalid options or missing option arguments. If the
+ variable O\bOP\bPT\bTE\bER\bRR\bR is set to 0, g\bge\bet\bto\bop\bpt\bts\bs does not display any error
+ messages, even if the first character of _\bo_\bp_\bt_\bs_\bt_\br_\bi_\bn_\bg is not a
colon.
If g\bge\bet\bto\bop\bpt\bts\bs detects an invalid option, it places ? into _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be and,
- if not silent, prints an error message and unsets O\bOP\bPT\bTA\bAR\bRG\bG. If
- g\bge\bet\bto\bop\bpt\bts\bs is silent, it assigns the option character found to O\bOP\bP-\b-
+ if not silent, prints an error message and unsets O\bOP\bPT\bTA\bAR\bRG\bG. If
+ g\bge\bet\bto\bop\bpt\bts\bs is silent, it assigns the option character found to O\bOP\bP-\b-
T\bTA\bAR\bRG\bG and does not print a diagnostic message.
- If a required argument is not found, and g\bge\bet\bto\bop\bpt\bts\bs is not silent,
+ If a required argument is not found, and g\bge\bet\bto\bop\bpt\bts\bs is not silent,
it sets the value of _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be to a question mark (?\b?), unsets O\bOP\bPT\bTA\bAR\bRG\bG,
- and prints a diagnostic message. If g\bge\bet\bto\bop\bpt\bts\bs is silent, it sets
- the value of _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be to a colon (:\b:) and sets O\bOP\bPT\bTA\bAR\bRG\bG to the option
+ and prints a diagnostic message. If g\bge\bet\bto\bop\bpt\bts\bs is silent, it sets
+ the value of _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be to a colon (:\b:) and sets O\bOP\bPT\bTA\bAR\bRG\bG to the option
character found.
- g\bge\bet\bto\bop\bpt\bts\bs returns true if an option, specified or unspecified, is
+ g\bge\bet\bto\bop\bpt\bts\bs returns true if an option, specified or unspecified, is
found. It returns false if the end of options is encountered or
an error occurs.
h\bha\bas\bsh\bh [-\b-l\blr\br] [-\b-p\bp _\bf_\bi_\bl_\be_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be] [-\b-d\bdt\bt] [_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be]
Each time h\bha\bas\bsh\bh is invoked, it remembers the full pathname of the
- command _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be as determined by searching the directories in
- $\b$P\bPA\bAT\bTH\bH. Any previously-remembered pathname associated with _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be
- is discarded. If the -\b-p\bp option is supplied, h\bha\bas\bsh\bh uses _\bf_\bi_\bl_\be_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be
+ command _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be as determined by searching the directories in
+ $\b$P\bPA\bAT\bTH\bH. Any previously-remembered pathname associated with _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be
+ is discarded. If the -\b-p\bp option is supplied, h\bha\bas\bsh\bh uses _\bf_\bi_\bl_\be_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be
as the full pathname of the command.
- The -\b-r\br option causes the shell to forget all remembered loca-
- tions. Assigning to the P\bPA\bAT\bTH\bH variable also clears all hashed
- filenames. The -\b-d\bd option causes the shell to forget the remem-
+ The -\b-r\br option causes the shell to forget all remembered loca-
+ tions. Assigning to the P\bPA\bAT\bTH\bH variable also clears all hashed
+ filenames. The -\b-d\bd option causes the shell to forget the remem-
bered location of each _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be.
If the -\b-t\bt option is supplied, h\bha\bas\bsh\bh prints the full pathname cor-
- responding to each _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be. If multiple _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be arguments are sup-
- plied with -\b-t\bt, h\bha\bas\bsh\bh prints the _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be before the corresponding
+ responding to each _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be. If multiple _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be arguments are sup-
+ plied with -\b-t\bt, h\bha\bas\bsh\bh prints the _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be before the corresponding
hashed full pathname. The -\b-l\bl option displays output in a format
that may be reused as input.
- If no arguments are given, or if only -\b-l\bl is supplied, h\bha\bas\bsh\bh
- prints information about remembered commands. The -\b-t\bt, -\b-d\bd, and
- -\b-p\bp options (the options that act on the _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be arguments) are mu-
+ If no arguments are given, or if only -\b-l\bl is supplied, h\bha\bas\bsh\bh
+ prints information about remembered commands. The -\b-t\bt, -\b-d\bd, and
+ -\b-p\bp options (the options that act on the _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be arguments) are mu-
tually exclusive. Only one will be active. If more than one is
- supplied, -\b-t\bt has higher priority than -\b-p\bp, and both have higher
+ supplied, -\b-t\bt has higher priority than -\b-p\bp, and both have higher
priority than -\b-d\bd.
- The return status is zero unless a _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be is not found or an in-
+ The return status is zero unless a _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be is not found or an in-
valid option is supplied.
h\bhe\bel\blp\bp [-\b-d\bdm\bms\bs] [_\bp_\ba_\bt_\bt_\be_\br_\bn]
- Display helpful information about builtin commands. If _\bp_\ba_\bt_\bt_\be_\br_\bn
- is specified, h\bhe\bel\blp\bp gives detailed help on all commands matching
- _\bp_\ba_\bt_\bt_\be_\br_\bn; otherwise it displays a list of all the builtins and
- shell compound commands.
+ Display helpful information about builtin commands. If _\bp_\ba_\bt_\bt_\be_\br_\bn
+ is specified, h\bhe\bel\blp\bp gives detailed help on all commands matching
+ _\bp_\ba_\bt_\bt_\be_\br_\bn as described below; otherwise it displays a list of all
+ the builtins and shell compound commands.
+
+ Options, if supplied, have the follow meanings:
+
-\b-d\bd Display a short description of each _\bp_\ba_\bt_\bt_\be_\br_\bn
-\b-m\bm Display the description of each _\bp_\ba_\bt_\bt_\be_\br_\bn in a manpage-like
format
-\b-s\bs Display only a short usage synopsis for each _\bp_\ba_\bt_\bt_\be_\br_\bn
+ If _\bp_\ba_\bt_\bt_\be_\br_\bn contains pattern matching characters (see P\bPa\bat\btt\bte\ber\brn\bn
+ M\bMa\bat\btc\bch\bhi\bin\bng\bg above) it's treated as a shell pattern and h\bhe\bel\blp\bp prints
+ the description of each help topic matching _\bp_\ba_\bt_\bt_\be_\br_\bn.
+
+ If not, and _\bp_\ba_\bt_\bt_\be_\br_\bn exactly matches the name of a help topic,
+ h\bhe\bel\blp\bp prints the description associated with that topic. Other-
+ wise, h\bhe\bel\blp\bp performs prefix matching and prints the descriptions
+ of all matching help topics.
+
The return status is 0 unless no command matches _\bp_\ba_\bt_\bt_\be_\br_\bn.
h\bhi\bis\bst\bto\bor\bry\by [\b[_\bn]\b]
with a non-zero status, or zero if all commands
in the pipeline exit successfully. This option
is disabled by default.
- p\bpo\bos\bsi\bix\bx Change the behavior of b\bba\bas\bsh\bh where the default
- operation differs from the POSIX standard to
- match the standard (_\bp_\bo_\bs_\bi_\bx _\bm_\bo_\bd_\be). See S\bSE\bEE\bE A\bAL\bLS\bSO\bO
- below for a reference to a document that details
- how posix mode affects bash's behavior.
+ p\bpo\bos\bsi\bix\bx Enable posix mode; change the behavior of b\bba\bas\bsh\bh
+ where the default operation differs from the
+ POSIX standard to match the standard. See S\bSE\bEE\bE
+ A\bAL\bLS\bSO\bO below for a reference to a document that
+ details how posix mode affects bash's behavior.
p\bpr\bri\biv\bvi\bil\ble\beg\bge\bed\bd
Same as -\b-p\bp.
v\bve\ber\brb\bbo\bos\bse\be Same as -\b-v\bv.
- v\bvi\bi Use a vi-style command line editing interface.
+ v\bvi\bi Use a vi-style command line editing interface.
This also affects the editing interface used for
r\bre\bea\bad\bd -\b-e\be.
x\bxt\btr\bra\bac\bce\be Same as -\b-x\bx.
- If -\b-o\bo is supplied with no _\bo_\bp_\bt_\bi_\bo_\bn_\b-_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be, s\bse\bet\bt prints the
- current shell option settings. If +\b+o\bo is supplied with
- no _\bo_\bp_\bt_\bi_\bo_\bn_\b-_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be, s\bse\bet\bt prints a series of s\bse\bet\bt commands to
- recreate the current option settings on the standard
+ If -\b-o\bo is supplied with no _\bo_\bp_\bt_\bi_\bo_\bn_\b-_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be, s\bse\bet\bt prints the
+ current shell option settings. If +\b+o\bo is supplied with
+ no _\bo_\bp_\bt_\bi_\bo_\bn_\b-_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be, s\bse\bet\bt prints a series of s\bse\bet\bt commands to
+ recreate the current option settings on the standard
output.
- -\b-p\bp Turn on _\bp_\br_\bi_\bv_\bi_\bl_\be_\bg_\be_\bd mode. In this mode, the shell does
- not read the $\b$E\bEN\bNV\bV and $\b$B\bBA\bAS\bSH\bH_\b_E\bEN\bNV\bV files, shell functions
- are not inherited from the environment, and the S\bSH\bHE\bEL\bL-\b-
- L\bLO\bOP\bPT\bTS\bS, B\bBA\bAS\bSH\bHO\bOP\bPT\bTS\bS, C\bCD\bDP\bPA\bAT\bTH\bH, and G\bGL\bLO\bOB\bBI\bIG\bGN\bNO\bOR\bRE\bE variables, if
- they appear in the environment, are ignored. If the
- shell is started with the effective user (group) id not
- equal to the real user (group) id, and the -\b-p\bp option is
- not supplied, these actions are taken and the effective
+ -\b-p\bp Turn on _\bp_\br_\bi_\bv_\bi_\bl_\be_\bg_\be_\bd mode. In this mode, the shell does
+ not read the $\b$E\bEN\bNV\bV and $\b$B\bBA\bAS\bSH\bH_\b_E\bEN\bNV\bV files, shell functions
+ are not inherited from the environment, and the S\bSH\bHE\bEL\bL-\b-
+ L\bLO\bOP\bPT\bTS\bS, B\bBA\bAS\bSH\bHO\bOP\bPT\bTS\bS, C\bCD\bDP\bPA\bAT\bTH\bH, and G\bGL\bLO\bOB\bBI\bIG\bGN\bNO\bOR\bRE\bE variables, if
+ they appear in the environment, are ignored. If the
+ shell is started with the effective user (group) id not
+ equal to the real user (group) id, and the -\b-p\bp option is
+ not supplied, these actions are taken and the effective
user id is set to the real user id. If the -\b-p\bp option is
supplied at startup, the effective user id is not reset.
- Turning this option off causes the effective user and
+ Turning this option off causes the effective user and
group ids to be set to the real user and group ids.
-\b-r\br Enable restricted shell mode. This option cannot be un-
set once it has been set.
-\b-t\bt Exit after reading and executing one command.
-\b-u\bu Treat unset variables and parameters other than the spe-
- cial parameters "@" and "*", or array variables sub-
- scripted with "@" or "*", as an error when performing
- parameter expansion. If expansion is attempted on an
- unset variable or parameter, the shell prints an error
- message, and, if not interactive, exits with a non-zero
+ cial parameters "@" and "*", or array variables sub-
+ scripted with "@" or "*", as an error when performing
+ parameter expansion. If expansion is attempted on an
+ unset variable or parameter, the shell prints an error
+ message, and, if not interactive, exits with a non-zero
status.
-\b-v\bv Print shell input lines as they are read.
- -\b-x\bx After expanding each _\bs_\bi_\bm_\bp_\bl_\be _\bc_\bo_\bm_\bm_\ba_\bn_\bd, f\bfo\bor\br command, c\bca\bas\bse\be
+ -\b-x\bx After expanding each _\bs_\bi_\bm_\bp_\bl_\be _\bc_\bo_\bm_\bm_\ba_\bn_\bd, f\bfo\bor\br command, c\bca\bas\bse\be
command, s\bse\bel\ble\bec\bct\bt command, or arithmetic f\bfo\bor\br command, dis-
- play the expanded value of P\bPS\bS4\b4, followed by the command
- and its expanded arguments or associated word list, to
+ play the expanded value of P\bPS\bS4\b4, followed by the command
+ and its expanded arguments or associated word list, to
the standard error.
- -\b-B\bB The shell performs brace expansion (see B\bBr\bra\bac\bce\be E\bEx\bxp\bpa\ban\bns\bsi\bio\bon\bn
+ -\b-B\bB The shell performs brace expansion (see B\bBr\bra\bac\bce\be E\bEx\bxp\bpa\ban\bns\bsi\bio\bon\bn
above). This is on by default.
- -\b-C\bC If set, b\bba\bas\bsh\bh does not overwrite an existing file with
- the >\b>, >\b>&\b&, and <\b<>\b> redirection operators. Using the
- redirection operator >\b>|\b| instead of >\b> will override this
+ -\b-C\bC If set, b\bba\bas\bsh\bh does not overwrite an existing file with
+ the >\b>, >\b>&\b&, and <\b<>\b> redirection operators. Using the
+ redirection operator >\b>|\b| instead of >\b> will override this
and force the creation of an output file.
-\b-E\bE If set, any trap on E\bER\bRR\bR is inherited by shell functions,
- command substitutions, and commands executed in a sub-
- shell environment. The E\bER\bRR\bR trap is normally not inher-
+ command substitutions, and commands executed in a sub-
+ shell environment. The E\bER\bRR\bR trap is normally not inher-
ited in such cases.
-\b-H\bH Enable !\b! style history substitution. This option is on
by default when the shell is interactive.
- -\b-P\bP If set, the shell does not resolve symbolic links when
- executing commands such as c\bcd\bd that change the current
+ -\b-P\bP If set, the shell does not resolve symbolic links when
+ executing commands such as c\bcd\bd that change the current
working directory. It uses the physical directory
structure instead. By default, b\bba\bas\bsh\bh follows the logical
- chain of directories when performing commands which
+ chain of directories when performing commands which
change the current directory.
- -\b-T\bT If set, any traps on D\bDE\bEB\bBU\bUG\bG and R\bRE\bET\bTU\bUR\bRN\bN are inherited by
+ -\b-T\bT If set, any traps on D\bDE\bEB\bBU\bUG\bG and R\bRE\bET\bTU\bUR\bRN\bN are inherited by
shell functions, command substitutions, and commands ex-
- ecuted in a subshell environment. The D\bDE\bEB\bBU\bUG\bG and R\bRE\bET\bTU\bUR\bRN\bN
+ ecuted in a subshell environment. The D\bDE\bEB\bBU\bUG\bG and R\bRE\bET\bTU\bUR\bRN\bN
traps are normally not inherited in such cases.
-\b--\b- If no arguments follow this option, unset the positional
parameters. Otherwise, set the positional parameters to
the _\ba_\br_\bgs, even if some of them begin with a -\b-.
-\b- Signal the end of options, and assign all remaining _\ba_\br_\bgs
to the positional parameters. The -\b-x\bx and -\b-v\bv options are
- turned off. If there are no _\ba_\br_\bgs, the positional para-
+ turned off. If there are no _\ba_\br_\bgs, the positional para-
meters remain unchanged.
- The options are off by default unless otherwise noted. Using +
- rather than - causes these options to be turned off. The op-
+ The options are off by default unless otherwise noted. Using +
+ rather than - causes these options to be turned off. The op-
tions can also be specified as arguments to an invocation of the
- shell. The current set of options may be found in $\b$-\b-. The re-
- turn status is always zero unless an invalid option is encoun-
+ shell. The current set of options may be found in $\b$-\b-. The re-
+ turn status is always zero unless an invalid option is encoun-
tered.
s\bsh\bhi\bif\bft\bt [_\bn]
Rename positional parameters from _\bn+1 ... to $\b$1\b1 .\b..\b..\b..\b. Parameters
- represented by the numbers $\b$#\b# down to $\b$#\b#-_\bn+1 are unset. _\bn must
- be a non-negative number less than or equal to $\b$#\b#. If _\bn is 0,
- no parameters are changed. If _\bn is not given, it is assumed to
- be 1. If _\bn is greater than $\b$#\b#, the positional parameters are
- not changed. The return status is greater than zero if _\bn is
+ represented by the numbers $\b$#\b# down to $\b$#\b#-_\bn+1 are unset. _\bn must
+ be a non-negative number less than or equal to $\b$#\b#. If _\bn is 0,
+ no parameters are changed. If _\bn is not given, it is assumed to
+ be 1. If _\bn is greater than $\b$#\b#, the positional parameters are
+ not changed. The return status is greater than zero if _\bn is
greater than $\b$#\b# or less than zero; otherwise 0.
s\bsh\bho\bop\bpt\bt [-\b-p\bpq\bqs\bsu\bu] [-\b-o\bo] [_\bo_\bp_\bt_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be ...]
- Toggle the values of settings controlling optional shell behav-
- ior. The settings can be either those listed below, or, if the
+ Toggle the values of settings controlling optional shell behav-
+ ior. The settings can be either those listed below, or, if the
-\b-o\bo option is used, those available with the -\b-o\bo option to the s\bse\bet\bt
builtin command.
- With no options, or with the -\b-p\bp option, display a list of all
- settable options, with an indication of whether or not each is
- set; if any _\bo_\bp_\bt_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be_\bs are supplied, the output is restricted to
+ With no options, or with the -\b-p\bp option, display a list of all
+ settable options, with an indication of whether or not each is
+ set; if any _\bo_\bp_\bt_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be_\bs are supplied, the output is restricted to
those options. The -\b-p\bp option displays output in a form that may
be reused as input.
Other options have the following meanings:
-\b-s\bs Enable (set) each _\bo_\bp_\bt_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be.
-\b-u\bu Disable (unset) each _\bo_\bp_\bt_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be.
- -\b-q\bq Suppresses normal output (quiet mode); the return status
+ -\b-q\bq Suppresses normal output (quiet mode); the return status
indicates whether the _\bo_\bp_\bt_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be is set or unset. If multi-
- ple _\bo_\bp_\bt_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be arguments are supplied with -\b-q\bq, the return
+ ple _\bo_\bp_\bt_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be arguments are supplied with -\b-q\bq, the return
status is zero if all _\bo_\bp_\bt_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be_\bs are enabled; non-zero oth-
erwise.
- -\b-o\bo Restricts the values of _\bo_\bp_\bt_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be to be those defined for
+ -\b-o\bo Restricts the values of _\bo_\bp_\bt_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be to be those defined for
the -\b-o\bo option to the s\bse\bet\bt builtin.
- If either -\b-s\bs or -\b-u\bu is used with no _\bo_\bp_\bt_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be arguments, s\bsh\bho\bop\bpt\bt
- shows only those options which are set or unset, respectively.
- Unless otherwise noted, the s\bsh\bho\bop\bpt\bt options are disabled (unset)
+ If either -\b-s\bs or -\b-u\bu is used with no _\bo_\bp_\bt_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be arguments, s\bsh\bho\bop\bpt\bt
+ shows only those options which are set or unset, respectively.
+ Unless otherwise noted, the s\bsh\bho\bop\bpt\bt options are disabled (unset)
by default.
- The return status when listing options is zero if all _\bo_\bp_\bt_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be_\bs
- are enabled, non-zero otherwise. When setting or unsetting op-
- tions, the return status is zero unless an _\bo_\bp_\bt_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be is not a
+ The return status when listing options is zero if all _\bo_\bp_\bt_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be_\bs
+ are enabled, non-zero otherwise. When setting or unsetting op-
+ tions, the return status is zero unless an _\bo_\bp_\bt_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be is not a
valid shell option.
The list of s\bsh\bho\bop\bpt\bt options is:
a\bar\brr\bra\bay\by_\b_e\bex\bxp\bpa\ban\bnd\bd_\b_o\bon\bnc\bce\be
- If set, the shell suppresses multiple evaluation of as-
+ If set, the shell suppresses multiple evaluation of as-
sociative and indexed array subscripts during arithmetic
expression evaluation, while executing builtins that can
- perform variable assignments, and while executing
+ perform variable assignments, and while executing
builtins that perform array dereferencing.
a\bas\bss\bso\boc\bc_\b_e\bex\bxp\bpa\ban\bnd\bd_\b_o\bon\bnc\bce\be
Deprecated; a synonym for a\bar\brr\bra\bay\by_\b_e\bex\bxp\bpa\ban\bnd\bd_\b_o\bon\bnc\bce\be.
- a\bau\but\bto\boc\bcd\bd If set, a command name that is the name of a directory
- is executed as if it were the argument to the c\bcd\bd com-
+ a\bau\but\bto\boc\bcd\bd If set, a command name that is the name of a directory
+ is executed as if it were the argument to the c\bcd\bd com-
mand. This option is only used by interactive shells.
b\bba\bas\bsh\bh_\b_s\bso\bou\bur\brc\bce\be_\b_f\bfu\bul\bll\blp\bpa\bat\bth\bh
- If set, filenames added to the B\bBA\bAS\bSH\bH_\b_S\bSO\bOU\bUR\bRC\bCE\bE array vari-
- able are converted to full pathnames (see S\bSh\bhe\bel\bll\bl V\bVa\bar\bri\bi-\b-
+ If set, filenames added to the B\bBA\bAS\bSH\bH_\b_S\bSO\bOU\bUR\bRC\bCE\bE array vari-
+ able are converted to full pathnames (see S\bSh\bhe\bel\bll\bl V\bVa\bar\bri\bi-\b-
a\bab\bbl\ble\bes\bs above).
c\bcd\bda\bab\bbl\ble\be_\b_v\bva\bar\brs\bs
- If set, an argument to the c\bcd\bd builtin command that is
- not a directory is assumed to be the name of a variable
+ If set, an argument to the c\bcd\bd builtin command that is
+ not a directory is assumed to be the name of a variable
whose value is the directory to change to.
- c\bcd\bds\bsp\bpe\bel\bll\bl If set, the c\bcd\bd command attempts to correct minor errors
- in the spelling of a directory component. Minor errors
- include transposed characters, a missing character, and
+ c\bcd\bds\bsp\bpe\bel\bll\bl If set, the c\bcd\bd command attempts to correct minor errors
+ in the spelling of a directory component. Minor errors
+ include transposed characters, a missing character, and
one extra character. If c\bcd\bd corrects the directory name,
- it prints the corrected filename, and the command pro-
+ it prints the corrected filename, and the command pro-
ceeds. This option is only used by interactive shells.
c\bch\bhe\bec\bck\bkh\bha\bas\bsh\bh
If set, b\bba\bas\bsh\bh checks that a command found in the hash ta-
- ble exists before trying to execute it. If a hashed
- command no longer exists, b\bba\bas\bsh\bh performs a normal path
+ ble exists before trying to execute it. If a hashed
+ command no longer exists, b\bba\bas\bsh\bh performs a normal path
search.
c\bch\bhe\bec\bck\bkj\bjo\bob\bbs\bs
If set, b\bba\bas\bsh\bh lists the status of any stopped and running
- jobs before exiting an interactive shell. If any jobs
+ jobs before exiting an interactive shell. If any jobs
are running, b\bba\bas\bsh\bh defers the exit until a second exit is
- attempted without an intervening command (see J\bJO\bOB\bB C\bCO\bON\bN-\b-
- T\bTR\bRO\bOL\bL above). The shell always postpones exiting if any
+ attempted without an intervening command (see J\bJO\bOB\bB C\bCO\bON\bN-\b-
+ T\bTR\bRO\bOL\bL above). The shell always postpones exiting if any
jobs are stopped.
c\bch\bhe\bec\bck\bkw\bwi\bin\bns\bsi\biz\bze\be
- If set, b\bba\bas\bsh\bh checks the window size after each external
- (non-builtin) command and, if necessary, updates the
- values of L\bLI\bIN\bNE\bES\bS and C\bCO\bOL\bLU\bUM\bMN\bNS\bS, using the file descriptor
- associated with the standard error if it is a terminal.
+ If set, b\bba\bas\bsh\bh checks the window size after each external
+ (non-builtin) command and, if necessary, updates the
+ values of L\bLI\bIN\bNE\bES\bS and C\bCO\bOL\bLU\bUM\bMN\bNS\bS, using the file descriptor
+ associated with the standard error if it is a terminal.
This option is enabled by default.
- c\bcm\bmd\bdh\bhi\bis\bst\bt If set, b\bba\bas\bsh\bh attempts to save all lines of a multiple-
- line command in the same history entry. This allows
- easy re-editing of multi-line commands. This option is
- enabled by default, but only has an effect if command
+ c\bcm\bmd\bdh\bhi\bis\bst\bt If set, b\bba\bas\bsh\bh attempts to save all lines of a multiple-
+ line command in the same history entry. This allows
+ easy re-editing of multi-line commands. This option is
+ enabled by default, but only has an effect if command
history is enabled, as described above under H\bHI\bIS\bST\bTO\bOR\bRY\bY.
c\bco\bom\bmp\bpa\bat\bt3\b31\b1
c\bco\bom\bmp\bpa\bat\bt3\b32\b2
c\bco\bom\bmp\bpa\bat\bt4\b43\b3
c\bco\bom\bmp\bpa\bat\bt4\b44\b4
c\bco\bom\bmp\bpa\bat\bt5\b50\b0
- These control aspects of the shell's compatibility mode
+ These control aspects of the shell's compatibility mode
(see S\bSH\bHE\bEL\bLL\bL C\bCO\bOM\bMP\bPA\bAT\bTI\bIB\bBI\bIL\bLI\bIT\bTY\bY M\bMO\bOD\bDE\bE below).
c\bco\bom\bmp\bpl\ble\bet\bte\be_\b_f\bfu\bul\bll\blq\bqu\buo\bot\bte\be
- If set, b\bba\bas\bsh\bh quotes all shell metacharacters in file-
- names and directory names when performing completion.
+ If set, b\bba\bas\bsh\bh quotes all shell metacharacters in file-
+ names and directory names when performing completion.
If not set, b\bba\bas\bsh\bh removes metacharacters such as the dol-
- lar sign from the set of characters that will be quoted
- in completed filenames when these metacharacters appear
- in shell variable references in words to be completed.
- This means that dollar signs in variable names that ex-
- pand to directories will not be quoted; however, any
- dollar signs appearing in filenames will not be quoted,
- either. This is active only when bash is using back-
- slashes to quote completed filenames. This variable is
- set by default, which is the default bash behavior in
+ lar sign from the set of characters that will be quoted
+ in completed filenames when these metacharacters appear
+ in shell variable references in words to be completed.
+ This means that dollar signs in variable names that ex-
+ pand to directories will not be quoted; however, any
+ dollar signs appearing in filenames will not be quoted,
+ either. This is active only when bash is using back-
+ slashes to quote completed filenames. This variable is
+ set by default, which is the default bash behavior in
versions through 4.2.
d\bdi\bir\bre\bex\bxp\bpa\ban\bnd\bd
- If set, b\bba\bas\bsh\bh replaces directory names with the results
- of word expansion when performing filename completion.
+ If set, b\bba\bas\bsh\bh replaces directory names with the results
+ of word expansion when performing filename completion.
This changes the contents of the r\bre\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be editing
- buffer. If not set, b\bba\bas\bsh\bh attempts to preserve what the
+ buffer. If not set, b\bba\bas\bsh\bh attempts to preserve what the
user typed.
d\bdi\bir\brs\bsp\bpe\bel\bll\bl
- If set, b\bba\bas\bsh\bh attempts spelling correction on directory
- names during word completion if the directory name ini-
+ If set, b\bba\bas\bsh\bh attempts spelling correction on directory
+ names during word completion if the directory name ini-
tially supplied does not exist.
- d\bdo\bot\btg\bgl\blo\bob\bb If set, b\bba\bas\bsh\bh includes filenames beginning with a "." in
- the results of pathname expansion. The filenames _\b. and
+ d\bdo\bot\btg\bgl\blo\bob\bb If set, b\bba\bas\bsh\bh includes filenames beginning with a "." in
+ the results of pathname expansion. The filenames _\b. and
_\b._\b. must always be matched explicitly, even if d\bdo\bot\btg\bgl\blo\bob\bb is
set.
e\bex\bxe\bec\bcf\bfa\bai\bil\bl
If set, a non-interactive shell will not exit if it can-
- not execute the file specified as an argument to the
- e\bex\bxe\bec\bc builtin. An interactive shell does not exit if
+ not execute the file specified as an argument to the
+ e\bex\bxe\bec\bc builtin. An interactive shell does not exit if
e\bex\bxe\bec\bc fails.
e\bex\bxp\bpa\ban\bnd\bd_\b_a\bal\bli\bia\bas\bse\bes\bs
- If set, aliases are expanded as described above under
+ If set, aliases are expanded as described above under
A\bAL\bLI\bIA\bAS\bSE\bES\bS. This option is enabled by default for interac-
tive shells.
e\bex\bxt\btd\bde\beb\bbu\bug\bg
- If set at shell invocation, or in a shell startup file,
+ If set at shell invocation, or in a shell startup file,
arrange to execute the debugger profile before the shell
- starts, identical to the -\b--\b-d\bde\beb\bbu\bug\bgg\bge\ber\br option. If set af-
- ter invocation, behavior intended for use by debuggers
+ starts, identical to the -\b--\b-d\bde\beb\bbu\bug\bgg\bge\ber\br option. If set af-
+ ter invocation, behavior intended for use by debuggers
is enabled:
1\b1.\b. The -\b-F\bF option to the d\bde\bec\bcl\bla\bar\bre\be builtin displays the
source file name and line number corresponding to
each function name supplied as an argument.
- 2\b2.\b. If the command run by the D\bDE\bEB\bBU\bUG\bG trap returns a
- non-zero value, the next command is skipped and
+ 2\b2.\b. If the command run by the D\bDE\bEB\bBU\bUG\bG trap returns a
+ non-zero value, the next command is skipped and
not executed.
- 3\b3.\b. If the command run by the D\bDE\bEB\bBU\bUG\bG trap returns a
- value of 2, and the shell is executing in a sub-
- routine (a shell function or a shell script exe-
- cuted by the .\b. or s\bso\bou\bur\brc\bce\be builtins), the shell
+ 3\b3.\b. If the command run by the D\bDE\bEB\bBU\bUG\bG trap returns a
+ value of 2, and the shell is executing in a sub-
+ routine (a shell function or a shell script exe-
+ cuted by the .\b. or s\bso\bou\bur\brc\bce\be builtins), the shell
simulates a call to r\bre\bet\btu\bur\brn\bn.
- 4\b4.\b. B\bBA\bAS\bSH\bH_\b_A\bAR\bRG\bGC\bC and B\bBA\bAS\bSH\bH_\b_A\bAR\bRG\bGV\bV are updated as described
+ 4\b4.\b. B\bBA\bAS\bSH\bH_\b_A\bAR\bRG\bGC\bC and B\bBA\bAS\bSH\bH_\b_A\bAR\bRG\bGV\bV are updated as described
in their descriptions above).
- 5\b5.\b. Function tracing is enabled: command substitu-
+ 5\b5.\b. Function tracing is enabled: command substitu-
tion, shell functions, and subshells invoked with
(\b( _\bc_\bo_\bm_\bm_\ba_\bn_\bd )\b) inherit the D\bDE\bEB\bBU\bUG\bG and R\bRE\bET\bTU\bUR\bRN\bN traps.
- 6\b6.\b. Error tracing is enabled: command substitution,
- shell functions, and subshells invoked with (\b(
+ 6\b6.\b. Error tracing is enabled: command substitution,
+ shell functions, and subshells invoked with (\b(
_\bc_\bo_\bm_\bm_\ba_\bn_\bd )\b) inherit the E\bER\bRR\bR trap.
- e\bex\bxt\btg\bgl\blo\bob\bb If set, enable the extended pattern matching features
+ e\bex\bxt\btg\bgl\blo\bob\bb If set, enable the extended pattern matching features
described above under P\bPa\bat\bth\bhn\bna\bam\bme\be E\bEx\bxp\bpa\ban\bns\bsi\bio\bon\bn.
e\bex\bxt\btq\bqu\buo\bot\bte\be
- If set, $\b$'_\bs_\bt_\br_\bi_\bn_\bg' and $\b$"_\bs_\bt_\br_\bi_\bn_\bg" quoting is performed
- within $\b${\b{_\bp_\ba_\br_\ba_\bm_\be_\bt_\be_\br}\b} expansions enclosed in double
+ If set, $\b$'_\bs_\bt_\br_\bi_\bn_\bg' and $\b$"_\bs_\bt_\br_\bi_\bn_\bg" quoting is performed
+ within $\b${\b{_\bp_\ba_\br_\ba_\bm_\be_\bt_\be_\br}\b} expansions enclosed in double
quotes. This option is enabled by default.
f\bfa\bai\bil\blg\bgl\blo\bob\bb
- If set, patterns which fail to match filenames during
+ If set, patterns which fail to match filenames during
pathname expansion result in an expansion error.
f\bfo\bor\brc\bce\be_\b_f\bfi\big\bgn\bno\bor\bre\be
- If set, the suffixes specified by the F\bFI\bIG\bGN\bNO\bOR\bRE\bE shell
- variable cause words to be ignored when performing word
+ If set, the suffixes specified by the F\bFI\bIG\bGN\bNO\bOR\bRE\bE shell
+ variable cause words to be ignored when performing word
completion even if the ignored words are the only possi-
- ble completions. See S\bSh\bhe\bel\bll\bl V\bVa\bar\bri\bia\bab\bbl\ble\bes\bs above for a de-
- scription of F\bFI\bIG\bGN\bNO\bOR\bRE\bE. This option is enabled by de-
+ ble completions. See S\bSh\bhe\bel\bll\bl V\bVa\bar\bri\bia\bab\bbl\ble\bes\bs above for a de-
+ scription of F\bFI\bIG\bGN\bNO\bOR\bRE\bE. This option is enabled by de-
fault.
g\bgl\blo\bob\bba\bas\bsc\bci\bii\bir\bra\ban\bng\bge\bes\bs
- If set, range expressions used in pattern matching
- bracket expressions (see P\bPa\bat\btt\bte\ber\brn\bn M\bMa\bat\btc\bch\bhi\bin\bng\bg above) behave
- as if in the traditional C locale when performing com-
- parisons. That is, pattern matching does not take the
- current locale's collating sequence into account, so b\bb
- will not collate between A\bA and B\bB, and upper-case and
+ If set, range expressions used in pattern matching
+ bracket expressions (see P\bPa\bat\btt\bte\ber\brn\bn M\bMa\bat\btc\bch\bhi\bin\bng\bg above) behave
+ as if in the traditional C locale when performing com-
+ parisons. That is, pattern matching does not take the
+ current locale's collating sequence into account, so b\bb
+ will not collate between A\bA and B\bB, and upper-case and
lower-case ASCII characters will collate together.
g\bgl\blo\bob\bbs\bsk\bki\bip\bpd\bdo\bot\bts\bs
- If set, pathname expansion will never match the file-
- names _\b. and _\b._\b., even if the pattern begins with a ".".
+ If set, pathname expansion will never match the file-
+ names _\b. and _\b._\b., even if the pattern begins with a ".".
This option is enabled by default.
g\bgl\blo\bob\bbs\bst\bta\bar\br
If set, the pattern *\b**\b* used in a pathname expansion con-
- text will match all files and zero or more directories
- and subdirectories. If the pattern is followed by a /\b/,
+ text will match all files and zero or more directories
+ and subdirectories. If the pattern is followed by a /\b/,
only directories and subdirectories match.
g\bgn\bnu\bu_\b_e\ber\brr\brf\bfm\bmt\bt
If set, shell error messages are written in the standard
GNU error message format.
h\bhi\bis\bst\bta\bap\bpp\bpe\ben\bnd\bd
- If set, the history list is appended to the file named
+ If set, the history list is appended to the file named
by the value of the H\bHI\bIS\bST\bTF\bFI\bIL\bLE\bE variable when the shell ex-
its, rather than overwriting the file.
h\bhi\bis\bst\btr\bre\bee\bed\bdi\bit\bt
- If set, and r\bre\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be is being used, the user is given
- the opportunity to re-edit a failed history substitu-
+ If set, and r\bre\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be is being used, the user is given
+ the opportunity to re-edit a failed history substitu-
tion.
h\bhi\bis\bst\btv\bve\ber\bri\bif\bfy\by
- If set, and r\bre\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be is being used, the results of his-
- tory substitution are not immediately passed to the
- shell parser. Instead, the resulting line is loaded
+ If set, and r\bre\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be is being used, the results of his-
+ tory substitution are not immediately passed to the
+ shell parser. Instead, the resulting line is loaded
into the r\bre\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be editing buffer, allowing further modi-
fication.
h\bho\bos\bst\btc\bco\bom\bmp\bpl\ble\bet\bte\be
If set, and r\bre\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be is being used, b\bba\bas\bsh\bh will attempt to
- perform hostname completion when a word containing a @\b@
- is being completed (see C\bCo\bom\bmp\bpl\ble\bet\bti\bin\bng\bg under R\bRE\bEA\bAD\bDL\bLI\bIN\bNE\bE
+ perform hostname completion when a word containing a @\b@
+ is being completed (see C\bCo\bom\bmp\bpl\ble\bet\bti\bin\bng\bg under R\bRE\bEA\bAD\bDL\bLI\bIN\bNE\bE
above). This is enabled by default.
h\bhu\bup\bpo\bon\bne\bex\bxi\bit\bt
If set, b\bba\bas\bsh\bh will send S\bSI\bIG\bGH\bHU\bUP\bP to all jobs when an inter-
active login shell exits.
i\bin\bnh\bhe\ber\bri\bit\bt_\b_e\ber\brr\bre\bex\bxi\bit\bt
- If set, command substitution inherits the value of the
- e\ber\brr\bre\bex\bxi\bit\bt option, instead of unsetting it in the subshell
- environment. This option is enabled when posix mode is
+ If set, command substitution inherits the value of the
+ e\ber\brr\bre\bex\bxi\bit\bt option, instead of unsetting it in the subshell
+ environment. This option is enabled when posix mode is
enabled.
i\bin\bnt\bte\ber\bra\bac\bct\bti\biv\bve\be_\b_c\bco\bom\bmm\bme\ben\bnt\bts\bs
- In an interactive shell, a word beginning with #\b# causes
- that word and all remaining characters on that line to
- be ignored, as in a non-interactive shell (see C\bCO\bOM\bMM\bME\bEN\bNT\bTS\bS
+ In an interactive shell, a word beginning with #\b# causes
+ that word and all remaining characters on that line to
+ be ignored, as in a non-interactive shell (see C\bCO\bOM\bMM\bME\bEN\bNT\bTS\bS
above). This option is enabled by default.
l\bla\bas\bst\btp\bpi\bip\bpe\be
- If set, and job control is not active, the shell runs
+ If set, and job control is not active, the shell runs
the last command of a pipeline not executed in the back-
ground in the current shell environment.
- l\bli\bit\bth\bhi\bis\bst\bt If set, and the c\bcm\bmd\bdh\bhi\bis\bst\bt option is enabled, multi-line
+ l\bli\bit\bth\bhi\bis\bst\bt If set, and the c\bcm\bmd\bdh\bhi\bis\bst\bt option is enabled, multi-line
commands are saved to the history with embedded newlines
rather than using semicolon separators where possible.
l\blo\boc\bca\bal\blv\bva\bar\br_\b_i\bin\bnh\bhe\ber\bri\bit\bt
scope before any new value is assigned. The nameref at-
tribute is not inherited.
l\blo\boc\bca\bal\blv\bva\bar\br_\b_u\bun\bns\bse\bet\bt
- If set, calling u\bun\bns\bse\bet\bt on local variables in previous
- function scopes marks them so subsequent lookups find
+ If set, calling u\bun\bns\bse\bet\bt on local variables in previous
+ function scopes marks them so subsequent lookups find
them unset until that function returns. This is identi-
- cal to the behavior of unsetting local variables at the
+ cal to the behavior of unsetting local variables at the
current function scope.
l\blo\bog\bgi\bin\bn_\b_s\bsh\bhe\bel\bll\bl
- The shell sets this option if it is started as a login
- shell (see I\bIN\bNV\bVO\bOC\bCA\bAT\bTI\bIO\bON\bN above). The value may not be
+ The shell sets this option if it is started as a login
+ shell (see I\bIN\bNV\bVO\bOC\bCA\bAT\bTI\bIO\bON\bN above). The value may not be
changed.
m\bma\bai\bil\blw\bwa\bar\brn\bn
- If set, and a file that b\bba\bas\bsh\bh is checking for mail has
- been accessed since the last time it was checked, b\bba\bas\bsh\bh
- displays the message "The mail in _\bm_\ba_\bi_\bl_\bf_\bi_\bl_\be has been
+ If set, and a file that b\bba\bas\bsh\bh is checking for mail has
+ been accessed since the last time it was checked, b\bba\bas\bsh\bh
+ displays the message "The mail in _\bm_\ba_\bi_\bl_\bf_\bi_\bl_\be has been
read".
n\bno\bo_\b_e\bem\bmp\bpt\bty\by_\b_c\bcm\bmd\bd_\b_c\bco\bom\bmp\bpl\ble\bet\bti\bio\bon\bn
If set, and r\bre\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be is being used, b\bba\bas\bsh\bh does not search
- P\bPA\bAT\bTH\bH for possible completions when completion is at-
+ P\bPA\bAT\bTH\bH for possible completions when completion is at-
tempted on an empty line.
n\bno\boc\bca\bas\bse\beg\bgl\blo\bob\bb
- If set, b\bba\bas\bsh\bh matches filenames in a case-insensitive
+ If set, b\bba\bas\bsh\bh matches filenames in a case-insensitive
fashion when performing pathname expansion (see P\bPa\bat\bth\bhn\bna\bam\bme\be
E\bEx\bxp\bpa\ban\bns\bsi\bio\bon\bn above).
n\bno\boc\bca\bas\bse\bem\bma\bat\btc\bch\bh
- If set, b\bba\bas\bsh\bh matches patterns in a case-insensitive
+ If set, b\bba\bas\bsh\bh matches patterns in a case-insensitive
fashion when performing matching while executing c\bca\bas\bse\be or
[\b[[\b[ conditional commands, when performing pattern substi-
- tution word expansions, or when filtering possible com-
+ tution word expansions, or when filtering possible com-
pletions as part of programmable completion.
n\bno\boe\bex\bxp\bpa\ban\bnd\bd_\b_t\btr\bra\ban\bns\bsl\bla\bat\bti\bio\bon\bn
- If set, b\bba\bas\bsh\bh encloses the translated results of $\b$"\b"..."\b"
- quoting in single quotes instead of double quotes. If
+ If set, b\bba\bas\bsh\bh encloses the translated results of $\b$"\b"..."\b"
+ quoting in single quotes instead of double quotes. If
the string is not translated, this has no effect.
n\bnu\bul\bll\blg\bgl\blo\bob\bb
If set, pathname expansion patterns which match no files
removed, rather than expanding to themselves.
p\bpa\bat\bts\bsu\bub\bb_\b_r\bre\bep\bpl\bla\bac\bce\bem\bme\ben\bnt\bt
If set, b\bba\bas\bsh\bh expands occurrences of &\b& in the replacement
- string of pattern substitution to the text matched by
- the pattern, as described under P\bPa\bar\bra\bam\bme\bet\bte\ber\br E\bEx\bxp\bpa\ban\bns\bsi\bio\bon\bn
+ string of pattern substitution to the text matched by
+ the pattern, as described under P\bPa\bar\bra\bam\bme\bet\bte\ber\br E\bEx\bxp\bpa\ban\bns\bsi\bio\bon\bn
above. This option is enabled by default.
p\bpr\bro\bog\bgc\bco\bom\bmp\bp
- If set, enable the programmable completion facilities
+ If set, enable the programmable completion facilities
(see P\bPr\bro\bog\bgr\bra\bam\bmm\bma\bab\bbl\ble\be C\bCo\bom\bmp\bpl\ble\bet\bti\bio\bon\bn above). This option is en-
abled by default.
p\bpr\bro\bog\bgc\bco\bom\bmp\bp_\b_a\bal\bli\bia\bas\bs
- If set, and programmable completion is enabled, b\bba\bas\bsh\bh
- treats a command name that doesn't have any completions
+ If set, and programmable completion is enabled, b\bba\bas\bsh\bh
+ treats a command name that doesn't have any completions
as a possible alias and attempts alias expansion. If it
- has an alias, b\bba\bas\bsh\bh attempts programmable completion us-
+ has an alias, b\bba\bas\bsh\bh attempts programmable completion us-
ing the command word resulting from the expanded alias.
p\bpr\bro\bom\bmp\bpt\btv\bva\bar\brs\bs
If set, prompt strings undergo parameter expansion, com-
- mand substitution, arithmetic expansion, and quote re-
- moval after being expanded as described in P\bPR\bRO\bOM\bMP\bPT\bTI\bIN\bNG\bG
+ mand substitution, arithmetic expansion, and quote re-
+ moval after being expanded as described in P\bPR\bRO\bOM\bMP\bPT\bTI\bIN\bNG\bG
above. This option is enabled by default.
r\bre\bes\bst\btr\bri\bic\bct\bte\bed\bd_\b_s\bsh\bhe\bel\bll\bl
- The shell sets this option if it is started in re-
- stricted mode (see R\bRE\bES\bST\bTR\bRI\bIC\bCT\bTE\bED\bD S\bSH\bHE\bEL\bLL\bL below). The value
- may not be changed. This is not reset when the startup
- files are executed, allowing the startup files to dis-
+ The shell sets this option if it is started in re-
+ stricted mode (see R\bRE\bES\bST\bTR\bRI\bIC\bCT\bTE\bED\bD S\bSH\bHE\bEL\bLL\bL below). The value
+ may not be changed. This is not reset when the startup
+ files are executed, allowing the startup files to dis-
cover whether or not a shell is restricted.
s\bsh\bhi\bif\bft\bt_\b_v\bve\ber\brb\bbo\bos\bse\be
- If set, the s\bsh\bhi\bif\bft\bt builtin prints an error message when
+ If set, the s\bsh\bhi\bif\bft\bt builtin prints an error message when
the shift count exceeds the number of positional parame-
ters.
s\bso\bou\bur\brc\bce\bep\bpa\bat\bth\bh
If set, the .\b. (s\bso\bou\bur\brc\bce\be) builtin uses the value of P\bPA\bAT\bTH\bH to
- find the directory containing the file supplied as an
- argument when the -\b-p\bp option is not supplied. This op-
+ find the directory containing the file supplied as an
+ argument when the -\b-p\bp option is not supplied. This op-
tion is enabled by default.
v\bva\bar\brr\bre\bed\bdi\bir\br_\b_c\bcl\blo\bos\bse\be
- If set, the shell automatically closes file descriptors
- assigned using the _\b{_\bv_\ba_\br_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be_\b} redirection syntax (see
+ If set, the shell automatically closes file descriptors
+ assigned using the _\b{_\bv_\ba_\br_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be_\b} redirection syntax (see
R\bRE\bED\bDI\bIR\bRE\bEC\bCT\bTI\bIO\bON\bN above) instead of leaving them open when the
command completes.
x\bxp\bpg\bg_\b_e\bec\bch\bho\bo
- If set, the e\bec\bch\bho\bo builtin expands backslash-escape se-
- quences by default. If the p\bpo\bos\bsi\bix\bx shell option is also
+ If set, the e\bec\bch\bho\bo builtin expands backslash-escape se-
+ quences by default. If the p\bpo\bos\bsi\bix\bx shell option is also
enabled, e\bec\bch\bho\bo does not interpret any options.
s\bsu\bus\bsp\bpe\ben\bnd\bd [-\b-f\bf]
- Suspend the execution of this shell until it receives a S\bSI\bIG\bGC\bCO\bON\bNT\bT
- signal. A login shell, or a shell without job control enabled,
- cannot be suspended; the -\b-f\bf option will override this and force
- the suspension. The return status is 0 unless the shell is a
- login shell or job control is not enabled and -\b-f\bf is not sup-
+ Suspend the execution of this shell until it receives a S\bSI\bIG\bGC\bCO\bON\bNT\bT
+ signal. A login shell, or a shell without job control enabled,
+ cannot be suspended; the -\b-f\bf option will override this and force
+ the suspension. The return status is 0 unless the shell is a
+ login shell or job control is not enabled and -\b-f\bf is not sup-
plied.
t\bte\bes\bst\bt _\be_\bx_\bp_\br
[\b[ _\be_\bx_\bp_\br ]\b]
Return a status of 0 (true) or 1 (false) depending on the evalu-
- ation of the conditional expression _\be_\bx_\bp_\br. Each operator and
- operand must be a separate argument. Expressions are composed
- of the primaries described above under C\bCO\bON\bND\bDI\bIT\bTI\bIO\bON\bNA\bAL\bL E\bEX\bXP\bPR\bRE\bES\bSS\bSI\bIO\bON\bNS\bS.
- t\bte\bes\bst\bt does not accept any options, nor does it accept and ignore
+ ation of the conditional expression _\be_\bx_\bp_\br. Each operator and
+ operand must be a separate argument. Expressions are composed
+ of the primaries described above under C\bCO\bON\bND\bDI\bIT\bTI\bIO\bON\bNA\bAL\bL E\bEX\bXP\bPR\bRE\bES\bSS\bSI\bIO\bON\bNS\bS.
+ t\bte\bes\bst\bt does not accept any options, nor does it accept and ignore
an argument of -\b--\b- as signifying the end of options.
- Expressions may be combined using the following operators,
- listed in decreasing order of precedence. The evaluation de-
+ Expressions may be combined using the following operators,
+ listed in decreasing order of precedence. The evaluation de-
pends on the number of arguments; see below. t\bte\bes\bst\bt uses operator
precedence when there are five or more arguments.
!\b! _\be_\bx_\bp_\br True if _\be_\bx_\bp_\br is false.
(\b( _\be_\bx_\bp_\br )\b)
- Returns the value of _\be_\bx_\bp_\br. This may be used to override
+ Returns the value of _\be_\bx_\bp_\br. This may be used to override
normal operator precedence.
_\be_\bx_\bp_\br_\b1 -a\ba _\be_\bx_\bp_\br_\b2
True if both _\be_\bx_\bp_\br_\b1 and _\be_\bx_\bp_\br_\b2 are true.
null.
2 arguments
If the first argument is !\b!, the expression is true if and
- only if the second argument is null. If the first argu-
- ment is one of the unary conditional operators listed
- above under C\bCO\bON\bND\bDI\bIT\bTI\bIO\bON\bNA\bAL\bL E\bEX\bXP\bPR\bRE\bES\bSS\bSI\bIO\bON\bNS\bS, the expression is
+ only if the second argument is null. If the first argu-
+ ment is one of the unary conditional operators listed
+ above under C\bCO\bON\bND\bDI\bIT\bTI\bIO\bON\bNA\bAL\bL E\bEX\bXP\bPR\bRE\bES\bSS\bSI\bIO\bON\bNS\bS, the expression is
true if the unary test is true. If the first argument is
not a valid unary conditional operator, the expression is
false.
3 arguments
The following conditions are applied in the order listed.
- If the second argument is one of the binary conditional
+ If the second argument is one of the binary conditional
operators listed above under C\bCO\bON\bND\bDI\bIT\bTI\bIO\bON\bNA\bAL\bL E\bEX\bXP\bPR\bRE\bES\bSS\bSI\bIO\bON\bNS\bS, the
result of the expression is the result of the binary test
- using the first and third arguments as operands. The -\b-a\ba
- and -\b-o\bo operators are considered binary operators when
- there are three arguments. If the first argument is !\b!,
- the value is the negation of the two-argument test using
+ using the first and third arguments as operands. The -\b-a\ba
+ and -\b-o\bo operators are considered binary operators when
+ there are three arguments. If the first argument is !\b!,
+ the value is the negation of the two-argument test using
the second and third arguments. If the first argument is
exactly (\b( and the third argument is exactly )\b), the result
- is the one-argument test of the second argument. Other-
+ is the one-argument test of the second argument. Other-
wise, the expression is false.
4 arguments
The following conditions are applied in the order listed.
If the first argument is !\b!, the result is the negation of
- the three-argument expression composed of the remaining
- arguments. If the first argument is exactly (\b( and the
+ the three-argument expression composed of the remaining
+ arguments. If the first argument is exactly (\b( and the
fourth argument is exactly )\b), the result is the two-argu-
- ment test of the second and third arguments. Otherwise,
- the expression is parsed and evaluated according to
+ ment test of the second and third arguments. Otherwise,
+ the expression is parsed and evaluated according to
precedence using the rules listed above.
5 or more arguments
- The expression is parsed and evaluated according to
+ The expression is parsed and evaluated according to
precedence using the rules listed above.
When the shell is in posix mode, or if the expression is part of
the [\b[[\b[ command, the <\b< and >\b> operators sort using the current lo-
- cale. If the shell is not in posix mode, the t\bte\bes\bst\bt and [\b[ com-
+ cale. If the shell is not in posix mode, the t\bte\bes\bst\bt and [\b[ com-
mands sort lexicographically using ASCII ordering.
- The historical operator-precedence parsing with 4 or more argu-
- ments can lead to ambiguities when it encounters strings that
- look like primaries. The POSIX standard has deprecated the -\b-a\ba
- and -\b-o\bo primaries and enclosing expressions within parentheses.
- Scripts should no longer use them. It's much more reliable to
- restrict test invocations to a single primary, and to replace
+ The historical operator-precedence parsing with 4 or more argu-
+ ments can lead to ambiguities when it encounters strings that
+ look like primaries. The POSIX standard has deprecated the -\b-a\ba
+ and -\b-o\bo primaries and enclosing expressions within parentheses.
+ Scripts should no longer use them. It's much more reliable to
+ restrict test invocations to a single primary, and to replace
uses of -\b-a\ba and -\b-o\bo with the shell's &\b&&\b& and |\b||\b| list operators.
- t\bti\bim\bme\bes\bs Print the accumulated user and system times for the shell and
+ t\bti\bim\bme\bes\bs Print the accumulated user and system times for the shell and
for processes run from the shell. The return status is 0.
t\btr\bra\bap\bp [-\b-l\blp\bpP\bP] [[_\ba_\bc_\bt_\bi_\bo_\bn] _\bs_\bi_\bg_\bs_\bp_\be_\bc ...]
The _\ba_\bc_\bt_\bi_\bo_\bn is a command that is read and executed when the shell
- receives any of the signals _\bs_\bi_\bg_\bs_\bp_\be_\bc. If _\ba_\bc_\bt_\bi_\bo_\bn is absent (and
+ receives any of the signals _\bs_\bi_\bg_\bs_\bp_\be_\bc. If _\ba_\bc_\bt_\bi_\bo_\bn is absent (and
there is a single _\bs_\bi_\bg_\bs_\bp_\be_\bc) or -\b-, each specified _\bs_\bi_\bg_\bs_\bp_\be_\bc is reset
- to the value it had when the shell was started. If _\ba_\bc_\bt_\bi_\bo_\bn is
- the null string the signal specified by each _\bs_\bi_\bg_\bs_\bp_\be_\bc is ignored
+ to the value it had when the shell was started. If _\ba_\bc_\bt_\bi_\bo_\bn is
+ the null string the signal specified by each _\bs_\bi_\bg_\bs_\bp_\be_\bc is ignored
by the shell and by the commands it invokes.
- If no arguments are supplied, t\btr\bra\bap\bp displays the actions associ-
+ If no arguments are supplied, t\btr\bra\bap\bp displays the actions associ-
ated with each trapped signal as a set of t\btr\bra\bap\bp commands that can
- be reused as shell input to restore the current signal disposi-
- tions. If -\b-p\bp is given, and _\ba_\bc_\bt_\bi_\bo_\bn is not present, then t\btr\bra\bap\bp
- displays the actions associated with each _\bs_\bi_\bg_\bs_\bp_\be_\bc or, if none
+ be reused as shell input to restore the current signal disposi-
+ tions. If -\b-p\bp is given, and _\ba_\bc_\bt_\bi_\bo_\bn is not present, then t\btr\bra\bap\bp
+ displays the actions associated with each _\bs_\bi_\bg_\bs_\bp_\be_\bc or, if none
are supplied, for all trapped signals, as a set of t\btr\bra\bap\bp commands
- that can be reused as shell input to restore the current signal
- dispositions. The -\b-P\bP option behaves similarly, but displays
- only the actions associated with each _\bs_\bi_\bg_\bs_\bp_\be_\bc argument. -\b-P\bP re-
- quires at least one _\bs_\bi_\bg_\bs_\bp_\be_\bc argument. The -\b-P\bP or -\b-p\bp options may
- be used in a subshell environment (e.g., command substitution)
- and, as long as they are used before t\btr\bra\bap\bp is used to change a
+ that can be reused as shell input to restore the current signal
+ dispositions. The -\b-P\bP option behaves similarly, but displays
+ only the actions associated with each _\bs_\bi_\bg_\bs_\bp_\be_\bc argument. -\b-P\bP re-
+ quires at least one _\bs_\bi_\bg_\bs_\bp_\be_\bc argument. The -\b-P\bP or -\b-p\bp options may
+ be used in a subshell environment (e.g., command substitution)
+ and, as long as they are used before t\btr\bra\bap\bp is used to change a
signal's handling, will display the state of its parent's traps.
- The -\b-l\bl option prints a list of signal names and their corre-
- sponding numbers. Each _\bs_\bi_\bg_\bs_\bp_\be_\bc is either a signal name defined
+ The -\b-l\bl option prints a list of signal names and their corre-
+ sponding numbers. Each _\bs_\bi_\bg_\bs_\bp_\be_\bc is either a signal name defined
in <_\bs_\bi_\bg_\bn_\ba_\bl_\b._\bh>, or a signal number. Signal names are case insen-
- sitive and the S\bSI\bIG\bG prefix is optional. If -\b-l\bl is supplied with
+ sitive and the S\bSI\bIG\bG prefix is optional. If -\b-l\bl is supplied with
no _\bs_\bi_\bg_\bs_\bp_\be_\bc arguments, it prints a list of valid signal names.
- If a _\bs_\bi_\bg_\bs_\bp_\be_\bc is E\bEX\bXI\bIT\bT (0), _\ba_\bc_\bt_\bi_\bo_\bn is executed on exit from the
- shell. If a _\bs_\bi_\bg_\bs_\bp_\be_\bc is D\bDE\bEB\bBU\bUG\bG, _\ba_\bc_\bt_\bi_\bo_\bn is executed before every
- _\bs_\bi_\bm_\bp_\bl_\be _\bc_\bo_\bm_\bm_\ba_\bn_\bd, _\bf_\bo_\br command, _\bc_\ba_\bs_\be command, _\bs_\be_\bl_\be_\bc_\bt command, ((
- arithmetic command, [[ conditional command, arithmetic _\bf_\bo_\br com-
- mand, and before the first command executes in a shell function
- (see S\bSH\bHE\bEL\bLL\bL G\bGR\bRA\bAM\bMM\bMA\bAR\bR above). Refer to the description of the
- e\bex\bxt\btd\bde\beb\bbu\bug\bg shell option (see s\bsh\bho\bop\bpt\bt above) for details of its ef-
- fect on the D\bDE\bEB\bBU\bUG\bG trap. If a _\bs_\bi_\bg_\bs_\bp_\be_\bc is R\bRE\bET\bTU\bUR\bRN\bN, _\ba_\bc_\bt_\bi_\bo_\bn is exe-
+ If a _\bs_\bi_\bg_\bs_\bp_\be_\bc is E\bEX\bXI\bIT\bT (0), _\ba_\bc_\bt_\bi_\bo_\bn is executed on exit from the
+ shell. If a _\bs_\bi_\bg_\bs_\bp_\be_\bc is D\bDE\bEB\bBU\bUG\bG, _\ba_\bc_\bt_\bi_\bo_\bn is executed before every
+ _\bs_\bi_\bm_\bp_\bl_\be _\bc_\bo_\bm_\bm_\ba_\bn_\bd, _\bf_\bo_\br command, _\bc_\ba_\bs_\be command, _\bs_\be_\bl_\be_\bc_\bt command, ((
+ arithmetic command, [[ conditional command, arithmetic _\bf_\bo_\br com-
+ mand, and before the first command executes in a shell function
+ (see S\bSH\bHE\bEL\bLL\bL G\bGR\bRA\bAM\bMM\bMA\bAR\bR above). Refer to the description of the
+ e\bex\bxt\btd\bde\beb\bbu\bug\bg shell option (see s\bsh\bho\bop\bpt\bt above) for details of its ef-
+ fect on the D\bDE\bEB\bBU\bUG\bG trap. If a _\bs_\bi_\bg_\bs_\bp_\be_\bc is R\bRE\bET\bTU\bUR\bRN\bN, _\ba_\bc_\bt_\bi_\bo_\bn is exe-
cuted each time a shell function or a script executed with the .\b.
or s\bso\bou\bur\brc\bce\be builtins finishes executing.
- If a _\bs_\bi_\bg_\bs_\bp_\be_\bc is E\bER\bRR\bR, _\ba_\bc_\bt_\bi_\bo_\bn is executed whenever a pipeline
- (which may consist of a single simple command), a list, or a
- compound command returns a non-zero exit status, subject to the
- following conditions. The E\bER\bRR\bR trap is not executed if the
+ If a _\bs_\bi_\bg_\bs_\bp_\be_\bc is E\bER\bRR\bR, _\ba_\bc_\bt_\bi_\bo_\bn is executed whenever a pipeline
+ (which may consist of a single simple command), a list, or a
+ compound command returns a non-zero exit status, subject to the
+ following conditions. The E\bER\bRR\bR trap is not executed if the
failed command is part of the command list immediately following
- a w\bwh\bhi\bil\ble\be or u\bun\bnt\bti\bil\bl keyword, part of the test in an _\bi_\bf statement,
+ a w\bwh\bhi\bil\ble\be or u\bun\bnt\bti\bil\bl keyword, part of the test in an _\bi_\bf statement,
part of a command executed in a &\b&&\b& or |\b||\b| list except the command
- following the final &\b&&\b& or |\b||\b|, any command in a pipeline but the
- last (subject to the state of the p\bpi\bip\bpe\bef\bfa\bai\bil\bl shell option), or if
+ following the final &\b&&\b& or |\b||\b|, any command in a pipeline but the
+ last (subject to the state of the p\bpi\bip\bpe\bef\bfa\bai\bil\bl shell option), or if
the command's return value is being inverted using !\b!. These are
the same conditions obeyed by the e\ber\brr\bre\bex\bxi\bit\bt (-\b-e\be) option.
When the shell is not interactive, signals ignored upon entry to
the shell cannot be trapped or reset. Interactive shells permit
trapping signals ignored on entry. Trapped signals that are not
- being ignored are reset to their original values in a subshell
- or subshell environment when one is created. The return status
+ being ignored are reset to their original values in a subshell
+ or subshell environment when one is created. The return status
is false if any _\bs_\bi_\bg_\bs_\bp_\be_\bc is invalid; otherwise t\btr\bra\bap\bp returns true.
t\btr\bru\bue\be Does nothing, returns a 0 status.
Indicate how each _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be would be interpreted if used as a command
name.
- If the -\b-t\bt option is used, t\bty\byp\bpe\be prints a string which is one of
- _\ba_\bl_\bi_\ba_\bs, _\bk_\be_\by_\bw_\bo_\br_\bd, _\bf_\bu_\bn_\bc_\bt_\bi_\bo_\bn, _\bb_\bu_\bi_\bl_\bt_\bi_\bn, or _\bf_\bi_\bl_\be if _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be is an alias,
- shell reserved word, function, builtin, or executable file, re-
- spectively. If the _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be is not found, t\bty\byp\bpe\be prints nothing and
+ If the -\b-t\bt option is used, t\bty\byp\bpe\be prints a string which is one of
+ _\ba_\bl_\bi_\ba_\bs, _\bk_\be_\by_\bw_\bo_\br_\bd, _\bf_\bu_\bn_\bc_\bt_\bi_\bo_\bn, _\bb_\bu_\bi_\bl_\bt_\bi_\bn, or _\bf_\bi_\bl_\be if _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be is an alias,
+ shell reserved word, function, builtin, or executable file, re-
+ spectively. If the _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be is not found, t\bty\byp\bpe\be prints nothing and
returns a non-zero exit status.
- If the -\b-p\bp option is used, t\bty\byp\bpe\be either returns the pathname of
- the executable file that would be found by searching $\b$P\bPA\bAT\bTH\bH for
+ If the -\b-p\bp option is used, t\bty\byp\bpe\be either returns the pathname of
+ the executable file that would be found by searching $\b$P\bPA\bAT\bTH\bH for
_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be or nothing if "type -t name" would not return _\bf_\bi_\bl_\be. The -\b-P\bP
- option forces a P\bPA\bAT\bTH\bH search for each _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be, even if "type -t
+ option forces a P\bPA\bAT\bTH\bH search for each _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be, even if "type -t
name" would not return _\bf_\bi_\bl_\be. If _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be is present in the table of
- hashed commands, -\b-p\bp and -\b-P\bP print the hashed value, which is not
+ hashed commands, -\b-p\bp and -\b-P\bP print the hashed value, which is not
necessarily the file that appears first in P\bPA\bAT\bTH\bH.
- If the -\b-a\ba option is used, t\bty\byp\bpe\be prints all of the places that
- contain a command named _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be. This includes aliases, reserved
- words, functions, and builtins, but the path search options (-\b-p\bp
- and -\b-P\bP) can be supplied to restrict the output to executable
- files. t\bty\byp\bpe\be does not consult the table of hashed commands when
+ If the -\b-a\ba option is used, t\bty\byp\bpe\be prints all of the places that
+ contain a command named _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be. This includes aliases, reserved
+ words, functions, and builtins, but the path search options (-\b-p\bp
+ and -\b-P\bP) can be supplied to restrict the output to executable
+ files. t\bty\byp\bpe\be does not consult the table of hashed commands when
using -\b-a\ba with -\b-p\bp, and only performs a P\bPA\bAT\bTH\bH search for _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be.
The -\b-f\bf option suppresses shell function lookup, as with the c\bco\bom\bm-\b-
- m\bma\ban\bnd\bd builtin. t\bty\byp\bpe\be returns true if all of the arguments are
+ m\bma\ban\bnd\bd builtin. t\bty\byp\bpe\be returns true if all of the arguments are
found, false if any are not found.
u\bul\bli\bim\bmi\bit\bt [-\b-H\bHS\bS] -\b-a\ba
u\bul\bli\bim\bmi\bit\bt [-\b-H\bHS\bS] [-\b-b\bbc\bcd\bde\bef\bfi\bik\bkl\blm\bmn\bnp\bpq\bqr\brs\bst\btu\buv\bvx\bxP\bPR\bRT\bT [_\bl_\bi_\bm_\bi_\bt]]
- Provides control over the resources available to the shell and
+ Provides control over the resources available to the shell and
to processes it starts, on systems that allow such control.
- The -\b-H\bH and -\b-S\bS options specify whether the hard or soft limit is
+ The -\b-H\bH and -\b-S\bS options specify whether the hard or soft limit is
set for the given resource. A hard limit cannot be increased by
a non-root user once it is set; a soft limit may be increased up
- to the value of the hard limit. If neither -\b-H\bH nor -\b-S\bS is speci-
+ to the value of the hard limit. If neither -\b-H\bH nor -\b-S\bS is speci-
fied, u\bul\bli\bim\bmi\bit\bt sets both the soft and hard limits.
The value of _\bl_\bi_\bm_\bi_\bt can be a number in the unit specified for the
- resource or one of the special values h\bha\bar\brd\bd, s\bso\bof\bft\bt, or u\bun\bnl\bli\bim\bmi\bit\bte\bed\bd,
- which stand for the current hard limit, the current soft limit,
- and no limit, respectively. If _\bl_\bi_\bm_\bi_\bt is omitted, u\bul\bli\bim\bmi\bit\bt prints
- the current value of the soft limit of the resource, unless the
- -\b-H\bH option is given. When more than one resource is specified,
- the limit name and unit, if appropriate, are printed before the
+ resource or one of the special values h\bha\bar\brd\bd, s\bso\bof\bft\bt, or u\bun\bnl\bli\bim\bmi\bit\bte\bed\bd,
+ which stand for the current hard limit, the current soft limit,
+ and no limit, respectively. If _\bl_\bi_\bm_\bi_\bt is omitted, u\bul\bli\bim\bmi\bit\bt prints
+ the current value of the soft limit of the resource, unless the
+ -\b-H\bH option is given. When more than one resource is specified,
+ the limit name and unit, if appropriate, are printed before the
value. Other options are interpreted as follows:
-\b-a\ba Report all current limits; no limits are set.
-\b-b\bb The maximum socket buffer size.
-\b-c\bc The maximum size of core files created.
-\b-d\bd The maximum size of a process's data segment.
-\b-e\be The maximum scheduling priority ("nice").
- -\b-f\bf The maximum size of files written by the shell and its
+ -\b-f\bf The maximum size of files written by the shell and its
children.
-\b-i\bi The maximum number of pending signals.
-\b-k\bk The maximum number of kqueues that may be allocated.
-\b-l\bl The maximum size that may be locked into memory.
- -\b-m\bm The maximum resident set size (many systems do not honor
+ -\b-m\bm The maximum resident set size (many systems do not honor
this limit).
-\b-n\bn The maximum number of open file descriptors (most systems
do not allow this value to be set).
-\b-r\br The maximum real-time scheduling priority.
-\b-s\bs The maximum stack size.
-\b-t\bt The maximum amount of cpu time in seconds.
- -\b-u\bu The maximum number of processes available to a single
+ -\b-u\bu The maximum number of processes available to a single
user.
- -\b-v\bv The maximum amount of virtual memory available to the
+ -\b-v\bv The maximum amount of virtual memory available to the
shell and, on some systems, to its children.
-\b-x\bx The maximum number of file locks.
-\b-P\bP The maximum number of pseudoterminals.
- -\b-R\bR The maximum time a real-time process can run before
+ -\b-R\bR The maximum time a real-time process can run before
blocking, in microseconds.
-\b-T\bT The maximum number of threads.
- If _\bl_\bi_\bm_\bi_\bt is supplied, and the -\b-a\ba option is not used, _\bl_\bi_\bm_\bi_\bt is
- the new value of the specified resource. If no option is sup-
+ If _\bl_\bi_\bm_\bi_\bt is supplied, and the -\b-a\ba option is not used, _\bl_\bi_\bm_\bi_\bt is
+ the new value of the specified resource. If no option is sup-
plied, then -\b-f\bf is assumed.
- Values are in 1024-byte increments, except for -\b-t\bt, which is in
- seconds; -\b-R\bR, which is in microseconds; -\b-p\bp, which is in units of
- 512-byte blocks; -\b-P\bP, -\b-T\bT, -\b-b\bb, -\b-k\bk, -\b-n\bn, and -\b-u\bu, which are unscaled
- values; and, when in posix mode, -\b-c\bc and -\b-f\bf, which are in
- 512-byte increments. The return status is 0 unless an invalid
+ Values are in 1024-byte increments, except for -\b-t\bt, which is in
+ seconds; -\b-R\bR, which is in microseconds; -\b-p\bp, which is in units of
+ 512-byte blocks; -\b-P\bP, -\b-T\bT, -\b-b\bb, -\b-k\bk, -\b-n\bn, and -\b-u\bu, which are unscaled
+ values; and, when in posix mode, -\b-c\bc and -\b-f\bf, which are in
+ 512-byte increments. The return status is 0 unless an invalid
option or argument is supplied, or an error occurs while setting
a new limit.
u\bum\bma\bas\bsk\bk [-\b-p\bp] [-\b-S\bS] [_\bm_\bo_\bd_\be]
- Set the user file-creation mask to _\bm_\bo_\bd_\be. If _\bm_\bo_\bd_\be begins with a
+ Set the user file-creation mask to _\bm_\bo_\bd_\be. If _\bm_\bo_\bd_\be begins with a
digit, it is interpreted as an octal number; otherwise it is in-
- terpreted as a symbolic mode mask similar to that accepted by
+ terpreted as a symbolic mode mask similar to that accepted by
_\bc_\bh_\bm_\bo_\bd(1). If _\bm_\bo_\bd_\be is omitted, u\bum\bma\bas\bsk\bk prints the current value of
the mask. The -\b-S\bS option without a _\bm_\bo_\bd_\be argument prints the mask
in a symbolic format; the default output is an octal number. If
the -\b-p\bp option is supplied, and _\bm_\bo_\bd_\be is omitted, the output is in
- a form that may be reused as input. The return status is zero
- if the mode was successfully changed or if no _\bm_\bo_\bd_\be argument was
+ a form that may be reused as input. The return status is zero
+ if the mode was successfully changed or if no _\bm_\bo_\bd_\be argument was
supplied, and non-zero otherwise.
u\bun\bna\bal\bli\bia\bas\bs [-a\ba] [_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be ...]
- Remove each _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be from the list of defined aliases. If -\b-a\ba is
- supplied, remove all alias definitions. The return value is
+ Remove each _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be from the list of defined aliases. If -\b-a\ba is
+ supplied, remove all alias definitions. The return value is
true unless a supplied _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be is not a defined alias.
u\bun\bns\bse\bet\bt [-f\bfv\bv] [-n\bn] [_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be ...]
- For each _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be, remove the corresponding variable or function.
+ For each _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be, remove the corresponding variable or function.
If the -\b-v\bv option is given, each _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be refers to a shell variable,
- and that variable is removed. If -\b-f\bf is specified, each _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be
- refers to a shell function, and the function definition is re-
- moved. If the -\b-n\bn option is supplied, and _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be is a variable
- with the _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be_\br_\be_\bf attribute, _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be will be unset rather than the
- variable it references. -\b-n\bn has no effect if the -\b-f\bf option is
- supplied. Read-only variables and functions may not be unset.
- When variables or functions are removed, they are also removed
- from the environment passed to subsequent commands. If no op-
- tions are supplied, each _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be refers to a variable; if there is
- no variable by that name, a function with that name, if any, is
- unset. Some shell variables may not be unset. If any of
+ and that variable is removed. If -\b-f\bf is specified, each _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be
+ refers to a shell function, and the function definition is re-
+ moved. If the -\b-n\bn option is supplied, and _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be is a variable
+ with the _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be_\br_\be_\bf attribute, _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be will be unset rather than the
+ variable it references. -\b-n\bn has no effect if the -\b-f\bf option is
+ supplied. Read-only variables and functions may not be unset.
+ When variables or functions are removed, they are also removed
+ from the environment passed to subsequent commands. If no op-
+ tions are supplied, each _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be refers to a variable; if there is
+ no variable by that name, a function with that name, if any, is
+ unset. Some shell variables may not be unset. If any of
B\bBA\bAS\bSH\bH_\b_A\bAL\bLI\bIA\bAS\bSE\bES\bS, B\bBA\bAS\bSH\bH_\b_A\bAR\bRG\bGV\bV0\b0, B\bBA\bAS\bSH\bH_\b_C\bCM\bMD\bDS\bS, B\bBA\bAS\bSH\bH_\b_C\bCO\bOM\bMM\bMA\bAN\bND\bD, B\bBA\bAS\bSH\bH_\b_S\bSU\bUB\bB-\b-
- S\bSH\bHE\bEL\bLL\bL, B\bBA\bAS\bSH\bHP\bPI\bID\bD, C\bCO\bOM\bMP\bP_\b_W\bWO\bOR\bRD\bDB\bBR\bRE\bEA\bAK\bKS\bS, D\bDI\bIR\bRS\bST\bTA\bAC\bCK\bK, E\bEP\bPO\bOC\bCH\bHR\bRE\bEA\bAL\bLT\bTI\bIM\bME\bE,
- E\bEP\bPO\bOC\bCH\bHS\bSE\bEC\bCO\bON\bND\bDS\bS, F\bFU\bUN\bNC\bCN\bNA\bAM\bME\bE, G\bGR\bRO\bOU\bUP\bPS\bS, H\bHI\bIS\bST\bTC\bCM\bMD\bD, L\bLI\bIN\bNE\bEN\bNO\bO, R\bRA\bAN\bND\bDO\bOM\bM, S\bSE\bEC\bC-\b-
- O\bON\bND\bDS\bS, or S\bSR\bRA\bAN\bND\bDO\bOM\bM are unset, they lose their special properties,
- even if they are subsequently reset. The exit status is true
+ S\bSH\bHE\bEL\bLL\bL, B\bBA\bAS\bSH\bHP\bPI\bID\bD, C\bCO\bOM\bMP\bP_\b_W\bWO\bOR\bRD\bDB\bBR\bRE\bEA\bAK\bKS\bS, D\bDI\bIR\bRS\bST\bTA\bAC\bCK\bK, E\bEP\bPO\bOC\bCH\bHR\bRE\bEA\bAL\bLT\bTI\bIM\bME\bE,
+ E\bEP\bPO\bOC\bCH\bHS\bSE\bEC\bCO\bON\bND\bDS\bS, F\bFU\bUN\bNC\bCN\bNA\bAM\bME\bE, G\bGR\bRO\bOU\bUP\bPS\bS, H\bHI\bIS\bST\bTC\bCM\bMD\bD, L\bLI\bIN\bNE\bEN\bNO\bO, R\bRA\bAN\bND\bDO\bOM\bM, S\bSE\bEC\bC-\b-
+ O\bON\bND\bDS\bS, or S\bSR\bRA\bAN\bND\bDO\bOM\bM are unset, they lose their special properties,
+ even if they are subsequently reset. The exit status is true
unless a _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be is readonly or may not be unset.
w\bwa\bai\bit\bt [-\b-f\bfn\bn] [-\b-p\bp _\bv_\ba_\br_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be] [_\bi_\bd ...]
Wait for each specified child process _\bi_\bd and return the termina-
- tion status of the last _\bi_\bd. Each _\bi_\bd may be a process ID _\bp_\bi_\bd or
- a job specification _\bj_\bo_\bb_\bs_\bp_\be_\bc; if a jobspec is supplied, w\bwa\bai\bit\bt
+ tion status of the last _\bi_\bd. Each _\bi_\bd may be a process ID _\bp_\bi_\bd or
+ a job specification _\bj_\bo_\bb_\bs_\bp_\be_\bc; if a jobspec is supplied, w\bwa\bai\bit\bt
waits for all processes in the job.
- If no options or _\bi_\bds are supplied, w\bwa\bai\bit\bt waits for all running
- background jobs and the last-executed process substitution, if
+ If no options or _\bi_\bds are supplied, w\bwa\bai\bit\bt waits for all running
+ background jobs and the last-executed process substitution, if
its process id is the same as $\b$!\b!, and the return status is zero.
- If the -\b-n\bn option is supplied, w\bwa\bai\bit\bt waits for any one of the
+ If the -\b-n\bn option is supplied, w\bwa\bai\bit\bt waits for any one of the
given _\bi_\bds or, if no _\bi_\bds are supplied, any job or process substi-
tution, to complete and returns its exit status. If none of the
- supplied _\bi_\bds is a child of the shell, or if no _\bi_\bds are supplied
- and the shell has no unwaited-for children, the exit status is
+ supplied _\bi_\bds is a child of the shell, or if no _\bi_\bds are supplied
+ and the shell has no unwaited-for children, the exit status is
127.
- If the -\b-p\bp option is supplied, w\bwa\bai\bit\bt assigns the process or job
- identifier of the job for which the exit status is returned to
- the variable _\bv_\ba_\br_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be named by the option argument. The vari-
- able, which cannot be readonly, will be unset initially, before
- any assignment. This is useful only when used with the -\b-n\bn op-
+ If the -\b-p\bp option is supplied, w\bwa\bai\bit\bt assigns the process or job
+ identifier of the job for which the exit status is returned to
+ the variable _\bv_\ba_\br_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be named by the option argument. The vari-
+ able, which cannot be readonly, will be unset initially, before
+ any assignment. This is useful only when used with the -\b-n\bn op-
tion.
- Supplying the -\b-f\bf option, when job control is enabled, forces
- w\bwa\bai\bit\bt to wait for each _\bi_\bd to terminate before returning its sta-
+ Supplying the -\b-f\bf option, when job control is enabled, forces
+ w\bwa\bai\bit\bt to wait for each _\bi_\bd to terminate before returning its sta-
tus, instead of returning when it changes status.
- If none of the _\bi_\bds specify one of the shell's active child
- processes, the return status is 127. If w\bwa\bai\bit\bt is interrupted by
- a signal, any _\bv_\ba_\br_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be will remain unset, and the return status
- will be greater than 128, as described under S\bSI\bIG\bGN\bNA\bAL\bLS\bS above.
+ If none of the _\bi_\bds specify one of the shell's active child
+ processes, the return status is 127. If w\bwa\bai\bit\bt is interrupted by
+ a signal, any _\bv_\ba_\br_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be will remain unset, and the return status
+ will be greater than 128, as described under S\bSI\bIG\bGN\bNA\bAL\bLS\bS above.
Otherwise, the return status is the exit status of the last _\bi_\bd.
S\bSH\bHE\bEL\bLL\bL C\bCO\bOM\bMP\bPA\bAT\bTI\bIB\bBI\bIL\bLI\bIT\bTY\bY M\bMO\bOD\bDE\bE
- Bash-4.0 introduced the concept of a _\bs_\bh_\be_\bl_\bl _\bc_\bo_\bm_\bp_\ba_\bt_\bi_\bb_\bi_\bl_\bi_\bt_\by _\bl_\be_\bv_\be_\bl, speci-
+ Bash-4.0 introduced the concept of a _\bs_\bh_\be_\bl_\bl _\bc_\bo_\bm_\bp_\ba_\bt_\bi_\bb_\bi_\bl_\bi_\bt_\by _\bl_\be_\bv_\be_\bl, speci-
fied as a set of options to the shopt builtin (c\bco\bom\bmp\bpa\bat\bt3\b31\b1, c\bco\bom\bmp\bpa\bat\bt3\b32\b2, c\bco\bom\bm-\b-
- p\bpa\bat\bt4\b40\b0, c\bco\bom\bmp\bpa\bat\bt4\b41\b1, and so on). There is only one current compatibility
+ p\bpa\bat\bt4\b40\b0, c\bco\bom\bmp\bpa\bat\bt4\b41\b1, and so on). There is only one current compatibility
level -- each option is mutually exclusive. The compatibility level is
- intended to allow users to select behavior from previous versions that
- is incompatible with newer versions while they migrate scripts to use
- current features and behavior. It's intended to be a temporary solu-
+ intended to allow users to select behavior from previous versions that
+ is incompatible with newer versions while they migrate scripts to use
+ current features and behavior. It's intended to be a temporary solu-
tion.
- This section does not mention behavior that is standard for a particu-
- lar version (e.g., setting c\bco\bom\bmp\bpa\bat\bt3\b32\b2 means that quoting the right hand
- side of the regexp matching operator quotes special regexp characters
- in the word, which is default behavior in bash-3.2 and subsequent ver-
+ This section does not mention behavior that is standard for a particu-
+ lar version (e.g., setting c\bco\bom\bmp\bpa\bat\bt3\b32\b2 means that quoting the right hand
+ side of the regexp matching operator quotes special regexp characters
+ in the word, which is default behavior in bash-3.2 and subsequent ver-
sions).
- If a user enables, say, c\bco\bom\bmp\bpa\bat\bt3\b32\b2, it may affect the behavior of other
- compatibility levels up to and including the current compatibility
- level. The idea is that each compatibility level controls behavior
- that changed in that version of b\bba\bas\bsh\bh, but that behavior may have been
- present in earlier versions. For instance, the change to use locale-
- based comparisons with the [\b[[\b[ command came in bash-4.1, and earlier
+ If a user enables, say, c\bco\bom\bmp\bpa\bat\bt3\b32\b2, it may affect the behavior of other
+ compatibility levels up to and including the current compatibility
+ level. The idea is that each compatibility level controls behavior
+ that changed in that version of b\bba\bas\bsh\bh, but that behavior may have been
+ present in earlier versions. For instance, the change to use locale-
+ based comparisons with the [\b[[\b[ command came in bash-4.1, and earlier
versions used ASCII-based comparisons, so enabling c\bco\bom\bmp\bpa\bat\bt3\b32\b2 will enable
- ASCII-based comparisons as well. That granularity may not be suffi-
- cient for all uses, and as a result users should employ compatibility
- levels carefully. Read the documentation for a particular feature to
+ ASCII-based comparisons as well. That granularity may not be suffi-
+ cient for all uses, and as a result users should employ compatibility
+ levels carefully. Read the documentation for a particular feature to
find out the current behavior.
- Bash-4.3 introduced a new shell variable: B\bBA\bAS\bSH\bH_\b_C\bCO\bOM\bMP\bPA\bAT\bT. The value as-
+ Bash-4.3 introduced a new shell variable: B\bBA\bAS\bSH\bH_\b_C\bCO\bOM\bMP\bPA\bAT\bT. The value as-
signed to this variable (a decimal version number like 4.2, or an inte-
- ger corresponding to the c\bco\bom\bmp\bpa\bat\bt_\bN_\bN option, like 42) determines the com-
+ ger corresponding to the c\bco\bom\bmp\bpa\bat\bt_\bN_\bN option, like 42) determines the com-
patibility level.
Starting with bash-4.4, b\bba\bas\bsh\bh began deprecating older compatibility lev-
els. Eventually, the options will be removed in favor of B\bBA\bAS\bSH\bH_\b_C\bCO\bOM\bMP\bPA\bAT\bT.
- Bash-5.0 was the final version for which there was an individual shopt
- option for the previous version. B\bBA\bAS\bSH\bH_\b_C\bCO\bOM\bMP\bPA\bAT\bT is the only mechanism to
+ Bash-5.0 was the final version for which there was an individual shopt
+ option for the previous version. B\bBA\bAS\bSH\bH_\b_C\bCO\bOM\bMP\bPA\bAT\bT is the only mechanism to
control the compatibility level in versions newer than bash-5.0.
- The following table describes the behavior changes controlled by each
+ The following table describes the behavior changes controlled by each
compatibility level setting. The c\bco\bom\bmp\bpa\bat\bt_\bN_\bN tag is used as shorthand for
setting the compatibility level to _\bN_\bN using one of the following mecha-
- nisms. For versions prior to bash-5.0, the compatibility level may be
- set using the corresponding c\bco\bom\bmp\bpa\bat\bt_\bN_\bN shopt option. For bash-4.3 and
- later versions, the B\bBA\bAS\bSH\bH_\b_C\bCO\bOM\bMP\bPA\bAT\bT variable is preferred, and it is re-
+ nisms. For versions prior to bash-5.0, the compatibility level may be
+ set using the corresponding c\bco\bom\bmp\bpa\bat\bt_\bN_\bN shopt option. For bash-4.3 and
+ later versions, the B\bBA\bAS\bSH\bH_\b_C\bCO\bOM\bMP\bPA\bAT\bT variable is preferred, and it is re-
quired for bash-5.1 and later versions.
c\bco\bom\bmp\bpa\bat\bt3\b31\b1
ator (=~) has no special effect.
c\bco\bom\bmp\bpa\bat\bt3\b32\b2
- +\bo The <\b< and >\b> operators to the [\b[[\b[ command do not consider
+ +\bo The <\b< and >\b> operators to the [\b[[\b[ command do not consider
the current locale when comparing strings; they use ASCII
ordering.
c\bco\bom\bmp\bpa\bat\bt4\b40\b0
- +\bo The <\b< and >\b> operators to the [\b[[\b[ command do not consider
+ +\bo The <\b< and >\b> operators to the [\b[[\b[ command do not consider
the current locale when comparing strings; they use ASCII
ordering. B\bBa\bas\bsh\bh versions prior to bash-4.1 use ASCII col-
- lation and _\bs_\bt_\br_\bc_\bm_\bp(3); bash-4.1 and later use the current
+ lation and _\bs_\bt_\br_\bc_\bm_\bp(3); bash-4.1 and later use the current
locale's collation sequence and _\bs_\bt_\br_\bc_\bo_\bl_\bl(3).
c\bco\bom\bmp\bpa\bat\bt4\b41\b1
- +\bo In _\bp_\bo_\bs_\bi_\bx mode, t\bti\bim\bme\be may be followed by options and still
+ +\bo In posix mode, t\bti\bim\bme\be may be followed by options and still
be recognized as a reserved word (this is POSIX interpre-
tation 267).
+\bo In _\bp_\bo_\bs_\bi_\bx mode, the parser requires that an even number of
- single quotes occur in the _\bw_\bo_\br_\bd portion of a double-
- quoted parameter expansion and treats them specially, so
- that characters within the single quotes are considered
+ single quotes occur in the _\bw_\bo_\br_\bd portion of a double-
+ quoted parameter expansion and treats them specially, so
+ that characters within the single quotes are considered
quoted (this is POSIX interpretation 221).
c\bco\bom\bmp\bpa\bat\bt4\b42\b2
+\bo The replacement string in double-quoted pattern substitu-
- tion does not undergo quote removal, as it does in ver-
+ tion does not undergo quote removal, as it does in ver-
sions after bash-4.2.
- +\bo In posix mode, single quotes are considered special when
- expanding the _\bw_\bo_\br_\bd portion of a double-quoted parameter
- expansion and can be used to quote a closing brace or
- other special character (this is part of POSIX interpre-
- tation 221); in later versions, single quotes are not
+ +\bo In posix mode, single quotes are considered special when
+ expanding the _\bw_\bo_\br_\bd portion of a double-quoted parameter
+ expansion and can be used to quote a closing brace or
+ other special character (this is part of POSIX interpre-
+ tation 221); in later versions, single quotes are not
special within double-quoted word expansions.
c\bco\bom\bmp\bpa\bat\bt4\b43\b3
- +\bo Word expansion errors are considered non-fatal errors
- that cause the current command to fail, even in posix
- mode (the default behavior is to make them fatal errors
+ +\bo Word expansion errors are considered non-fatal errors
+ that cause the current command to fail, even in posix
+ mode (the default behavior is to make them fatal errors
that cause the shell to exit).
- +\bo When executing a shell function, the loop state
+ +\bo When executing a shell function, the loop state
(while/until/etc.) is not reset, so b\bbr\bre\bea\bak\bk or c\bco\bon\bnt\bti\bin\bnu\bue\be in
that function will break or continue loops in the calling
context. Bash-4.4 and later reset the loop state to pre-
vent this.
c\bco\bom\bmp\bpa\bat\bt4\b44\b4
- +\bo The shell sets up the values used by B\bBA\bAS\bSH\bH_\b_A\bAR\bRG\bGV\bV and
- B\bBA\bAS\bSH\bH_\b_A\bAR\bRG\bGC\bC so they can expand to the shell's positional
- parameters even if extended debugging mode is not en-
+ +\bo The shell sets up the values used by B\bBA\bAS\bSH\bH_\b_A\bAR\bRG\bGV\bV and
+ B\bBA\bAS\bSH\bH_\b_A\bAR\bRG\bGC\bC so they can expand to the shell's positional
+ parameters even if extended debugging mode is not en-
abled.
- +\bo A subshell inherits loops from its parent context, so
- b\bbr\bre\bea\bak\bk or c\bco\bon\bnt\bti\bin\bnu\bue\be will cause the subshell to exit.
- Bash-5.0 and later reset the loop state to prevent the
+ +\bo A subshell inherits loops from its parent context, so
+ b\bbr\bre\bea\bak\bk or c\bco\bon\bnt\bti\bin\bnu\bue\be will cause the subshell to exit.
+ Bash-5.0 and later reset the loop state to prevent the
exit
- +\bo Variable assignments preceding builtins like e\bex\bxp\bpo\bor\brt\bt and
+ +\bo Variable assignments preceding builtins like e\bex\bxp\bpo\bor\brt\bt and
r\bre\bea\bad\bdo\bon\bnl\bly\by that set attributes continue to affect variables
with the same name in the calling environment even if the
shell is not in posix mode.
c\bco\bom\bmp\bpa\bat\bt5\b50\b0
- +\bo Bash-5.1 changed the way $\b$R\bRA\bAN\bND\bDO\bOM\bM is generated to intro-
- duce slightly more randomness. If the shell compatibil-
+ +\bo Bash-5.1 changed the way $\b$R\bRA\bAN\bND\bDO\bOM\bM is generated to intro-
+ duce slightly more randomness. If the shell compatibil-
ity level is set to 50 or lower, it reverts to the method
- from bash-5.0 and previous versions, so seeding the ran-
- dom number generator by assigning a value to R\bRA\bAN\bND\bDO\bOM\bM will
+ from bash-5.0 and previous versions, so seeding the ran-
+ dom number generator by assigning a value to R\bRA\bAN\bND\bDO\bOM\bM will
produce the same sequence as in bash-5.0.
- +\bo If the command hash table is empty, bash versions prior
- to bash-5.1 printed an informational message to that ef-
- fect, even when producing output that can be reused as
- input. Bash-5.1 suppresses that message when the -\b-l\bl op-
+ +\bo If the command hash table is empty, bash versions prior
+ to bash-5.1 printed an informational message to that ef-
+ fect, even when producing output that can be reused as
+ input. Bash-5.1 suppresses that message when the -\b-l\bl op-
tion is supplied.
c\bco\bom\bmp\bpa\bat\bt5\b51\b1
- +\bo The u\bun\bns\bse\bet\bt builtin treats attempts to unset array sub-
- scripts @\b@ and *\b* differently depending on whether the ar-
- ray is indexed or associative, and differently than in
+ +\bo The u\bun\bns\bse\bet\bt builtin treats attempts to unset array sub-
+ scripts @\b@ and *\b* differently depending on whether the ar-
+ ray is indexed or associative, and differently than in
previous versions.
+\bo Arithmetic commands ( (\b((\b(...)\b))\b) ) and the expressions in an
arithmetic for statement can be expanded more than once.
- +\bo Expressions used as arguments to arithmetic operators in
- the [\b[[\b[ conditional command can be expanded more than
+ +\bo Expressions used as arguments to arithmetic operators in
+ the [\b[[\b[ conditional command can be expanded more than
once.
- +\bo The expressions in substring parameter brace expansion
+ +\bo The expressions in substring parameter brace expansion
can be expanded more than once.
+\bo The expressions in the $\b$(\b((\b(...)\b))\b) word expansion can be ex-
panded more than once.
- +\bo Arithmetic expressions used as indexed array subscripts
+ +\bo Arithmetic expressions used as indexed array subscripts
can be expanded more than once.
- +\bo t\bte\bes\bst\bt -\b-v\bv, when given an argument of A\bA[\b[@\b@]\b], where A\bA is an
+ +\bo t\bte\bes\bst\bt -\b-v\bv, when given an argument of A\bA[\b[@\b@]\b], where A\bA is an
existing associative array, will return true if the array
- has any set elements. Bash-5.2 will look for and report
+ has any set elements. Bash-5.2 will look for and report
on a key named @\b@.
+\bo The ${_\bp_\ba_\br_\ba_\bm_\be_\bt_\be_\br[\b[:\b:]\b]=\b=_\bv_\ba_\bl_\bu_\be} word expansion will return
- _\bv_\ba_\bl_\bu_\be, before any variable-specific transformations have
+ _\bv_\ba_\bl_\bu_\be, before any variable-specific transformations have
been performed (e.g., converting to lowercase). Bash-5.2
will return the final value assigned to the variable.
- +\bo Parsing command substitutions will behave as if extended
+ +\bo Parsing command substitutions will behave as if extended
globbing (see the description of the s\bsh\bho\bop\bpt\bt builtin above)
- is enabled, so that parsing a command substitution con-
+ is enabled, so that parsing a command substitution con-
taining an extglob pattern (say, as part of a shell func-
- tion) will not fail. This assumes the intent is to en-
- able extglob before the command is executed and word ex-
- pansions are performed. It will fail at word expansion
- time if extglob hasn't been enabled by the time the com-
+ tion) will not fail. This assumes the intent is to en-
+ able extglob before the command is executed and word ex-
+ pansions are performed. It will fail at word expansion
+ time if extglob hasn't been enabled by the time the com-
mand is executed.
c\bco\bom\bmp\bpa\bat\bt5\b52\b2
- +\bo The t\bte\bes\bst\bt builtin uses its historical algorithm to parse
- parenthesized subexpressions when given five or more ar-
+ +\bo The t\bte\bes\bst\bt builtin uses its historical algorithm to parse
+ parenthesized subexpressions when given five or more ar-
guments.
- +\bo If the -\b-p\bp or -\b-P\bP option is supplied to the b\bbi\bin\bnd\bd builtin,
+ +\bo If the -\b-p\bp or -\b-P\bP option is supplied to the b\bbi\bin\bnd\bd builtin,
b\bbi\bin\bnd\bd treats any arguments remaining after option process-
- ing as bindable command names, and displays any key se-
- quences bound to those commands, instead of treating the
+ ing as bindable command names, and displays any key se-
+ quences bound to those commands, instead of treating the
arguments as key sequences to bind.
R\bRE\bES\bST\bTR\bRI\bIC\bCT\bTE\bED\bD S\bSH\bHE\bEL\bLL\bL
If b\bba\bas\bsh\bh is started with the name r\brb\bba\bas\bsh\bh, or the -\b-r\br option is supplied at
- invocation, the shell becomes _\br_\be_\bs_\bt_\br_\bi_\bc_\bt_\be_\bd. A restricted shell is used
- to set up an environment more controlled than the standard shell. It
- behaves identically to b\bba\bas\bsh\bh with the exception that the following are
+ invocation, the shell becomes _\br_\be_\bs_\bt_\br_\bi_\bc_\bt_\be_\bd. A restricted shell is used
+ to set up an environment more controlled than the standard shell. It
+ behaves identically to b\bba\bas\bsh\bh with the exception that the following are
disallowed or not performed:
+\bo Changing directories with c\bcd\bd.
- +\bo Setting or unsetting the values of S\bSH\bHE\bEL\bLL\bL, P\bPA\bAT\bTH\bH, H\bHI\bIS\bST\bTF\bFI\bIL\bLE\bE, E\bEN\bNV\bV,
+ +\bo Setting or unsetting the values of S\bSH\bHE\bEL\bLL\bL, P\bPA\bAT\bTH\bH, H\bHI\bIS\bST\bTF\bFI\bIL\bLE\bE, E\bEN\bNV\bV,
or B\bBA\bAS\bSH\bH_\b_E\bEN\bNV\bV.
+\bo Specifying command names containing /\b/.
- +\bo Specifying a filename containing a /\b/ as an argument to the .\b.
+ +\bo Specifying a filename containing a /\b/ as an argument to the .\b.
builtin command.
- +\bo Using the -\b-p\bp option to the .\b. builtin command to specify a
+ +\bo Using the -\b-p\bp option to the .\b. builtin command to specify a
search path.
- +\bo Specifying a filename containing a slash as an argument to the
+ +\bo Specifying a filename containing a slash as an argument to the
h\bhi\bis\bst\bto\bor\bry\by builtin command.
- +\bo Specifying a filename containing a slash as an argument to the
+ +\bo Specifying a filename containing a slash as an argument to the
-\b-p\bp option to the h\bha\bas\bsh\bh builtin command.
- +\bo Importing function definitions from the shell environment at
+ +\bo Importing function definitions from the shell environment at
startup.
- +\bo Parsing the value of S\bSH\bHE\bEL\bLL\bLO\bOP\bPT\bTS\bS from the shell environment at
+ +\bo Parsing the value of S\bSH\bHE\bEL\bLL\bLO\bOP\bPT\bTS\bS from the shell environment at
startup.
- +\bo Redirecting output using the >, >|, <>, >&, &>, and >> redirec-
+ +\bo Redirecting output using the >, >|, <>, >&, &>, and >> redirec-
tion operators.
+\bo Using the e\bex\bxe\bec\bc builtin command to replace the shell with another
command.
- +\bo Adding or deleting builtin commands with the -\b-f\bf and -\b-d\bd options
+ +\bo Adding or deleting builtin commands with the -\b-f\bf and -\b-d\bd options
to the e\ben\bna\bab\bbl\ble\be builtin command.
- +\bo Using the e\ben\bna\bab\bbl\ble\be builtin command to enable disabled shell
+ +\bo Using the e\ben\bna\bab\bbl\ble\be builtin command to enable disabled shell
builtins.
+\bo Specifying the -\b-p\bp option to the c\bco\bom\bmm\bma\ban\bnd\bd builtin command.
- +\bo Turning off restricted mode with s\bse\bet\bt +\b+r\br or s\bsh\bho\bop\bpt\bt -\b-u\bu r\bre\be-\b-
+ +\bo Turning off restricted mode with s\bse\bet\bt +\b+r\br or s\bsh\bho\bop\bpt\bt -\b-u\bu r\bre\be-\b-
s\bst\btr\bri\bic\bct\bte\bed\bd_\b_s\bsh\bhe\bel\bll\bl.
These restrictions are enforced after any startup files are read.
When a command that is found to be a shell script is executed (see C\bCO\bOM\bM-\b-
- M\bMA\bAN\bND\bD E\bEX\bXE\bEC\bCU\bUT\bTI\bIO\bON\bN above), r\brb\bba\bas\bsh\bh turns off any restrictions in the shell
+ M\bMA\bAN\bND\bD E\bEX\bXE\bEC\bCU\bUT\bTI\bIO\bON\bN above), r\brb\bba\bas\bsh\bh turns off any restrictions in the shell
spawned to execute the script.
S\bSE\bEE\bE A\bAL\bLS\bSO\bO
_\b~_\b/_\b._\bb_\ba_\bs_\bh_\br_\bc
The individual per-interactive-shell startup file
_\b~_\b/_\b._\bb_\ba_\bs_\bh_\b__\bl_\bo_\bg_\bo_\bu_\bt
- The individual login shell cleanup file, executed when a login
+ The individual login shell cleanup file, executed when a login
shell exits
_\b~_\b/_\b._\bb_\ba_\bs_\bh_\b__\bh_\bi_\bs_\bt_\bo_\br_\by
- The default value of H\bHI\bIS\bST\bTF\bFI\bIL\bLE\bE, the file in which bash saves the
+ The default value of H\bHI\bIS\bST\bTF\bFI\bIL\bLE\bE, the file in which bash saves the
command history
_\b~_\b/_\b._\bi_\bn_\bp_\bu_\bt_\br_\bc
Individual _\br_\be_\ba_\bd_\bl_\bi_\bn_\be initialization file
B\bBU\bUG\bG R\bRE\bEP\bPO\bOR\bRT\bTS\bS
If you find a bug in b\bba\bas\bsh\bh, you should report it. But first, you should
- make sure that it really is a bug, and that it appears in the latest
- version of b\bba\bas\bsh\bh. The latest version is always available from
+ make sure that it really is a bug, and that it appears in the latest
+ version of b\bba\bas\bsh\bh. The latest version is always available from
_\bf_\bt_\bp_\b:_\b/_\b/_\bf_\bt_\bp_\b._\bg_\bn_\bu_\b._\bo_\br_\bg_\b/_\bp_\bu_\bb_\b/_\bg_\bn_\bu_\b/_\bb_\ba_\bs_\bh_\b/ and _\bh_\bt_\bt_\bp_\b:_\b/_\b/_\bg_\bi_\bt_\b._\bs_\ba_\bv_\ba_\bn_\b-
_\bn_\ba_\bh_\b._\bg_\bn_\bu_\b._\bo_\br_\bg_\b/_\bc_\bg_\bi_\bt_\b/_\bb_\ba_\bs_\bh_\b._\bg_\bi_\bt_\b/_\bs_\bn_\ba_\bp_\bs_\bh_\bo_\bt_\b/_\bb_\ba_\bs_\bh_\b-_\bm_\ba_\bs_\bt_\be_\br_\b._\bt_\ba_\br_\b._\bg_\bz.
- Once you have determined that a bug actually exists, use the _\bb_\ba_\bs_\bh_\bb_\bu_\bg
- command to submit a bug report. If you have a fix, you are encouraged
+ Once you have determined that a bug actually exists, use the _\bb_\ba_\bs_\bh_\bb_\bu_\bg
+ command to submit a bug report. If you have a fix, you are encouraged
to mail that as well! You may send suggestions and "philosophical" bug
- reports to _\bb_\bu_\bg_\b-_\bb_\ba_\bs_\bh_\b@_\bg_\bn_\bu_\b._\bo_\br_\bg or post them to the Usenet newsgroup
+ reports to _\bb_\bu_\bg_\b-_\bb_\ba_\bs_\bh_\b@_\bg_\bn_\bu_\b._\bo_\br_\bg or post them to the Usenet newsgroup
g\bgn\bnu\bu.\b.b\bba\bas\bsh\bh.\b.b\bbu\bug\bg.
ALL bug reports should include:
The version number of b\bba\bas\bsh\bh
The hardware and operating system
The compiler used to compile
- A description of the bug behaviour
+ A description of the bug behavior
A short script or "recipe" which exercises the bug
- _\bb_\ba_\bs_\bh_\bb_\bu_\bg inserts the first three items automatically into the template
+ _\bb_\ba_\bs_\bh_\bb_\bu_\bg inserts the first three items automatically into the template
it provides for filing a bug report.
Comments and bug reports concerning this manual page should be directed
It's too big and too slow.
There are some subtle differences between b\bba\bas\bsh\bh and traditional versions
- of s\bsh\bh, mostly because of the P\bPO\bOS\bSI\bIX\bX specification.
+ of s\bsh\bh, mostly because of the POSIX specification.
Aliases are confusing in some uses.
Shell builtin commands and functions are not stoppable/restartable.
- Compound commands and command lists of the form "a ; b ; c" are not
- handled gracefully when combined with process suspension. When a
- process is stopped, the shell immediately executes the next command in
- the list or breaks out of any existing loops. It suffices to enclose
- the command in parentheses to force it into a subshell, which may be
- stopped as a unit, or to start the command in the background and imme-
+ Compound commands and command lists of the form "a ; b ; c" are not
+ handled gracefully when combined with process suspension. When a
+ process is stopped, the shell immediately executes the next command in
+ the list or breaks out of any existing loops. It suffices to enclose
+ the command in parentheses to force it into a subshell, which may be
+ stopped as a unit, or to start the command in the background and imme-
diately bring it into the foreground.
Array variables may not (yet) be exported.
-GNU Bash 5.3 2024 December 12 _\bB_\bA_\bS_\bH(1)
+GNU Bash 5.3 2025 January 8 _\bB_\bA_\bS_\bH(1)
projects / thirdparty / bash.git / commitdiff
