]> git.ipfire.org Git - thirdparty/postgresql.git/commitdiff
Update Chinese FAQ to xhtml.
authorBruce Momjian <bruce@momjian.us>
Mon, 16 May 2005 02:50:58 +0000 (02:50 +0000)
committerBruce Momjian <bruce@momjian.us>
Mon, 16 May 2005 02:50:58 +0000 (02:50 +0000)
doc/FAQ_DEV
doc/FAQ_chinese
doc/src/FAQ/FAQ_DEV.html
doc/src/FAQ/FAQ_chinese.html

index 21cf7ab11f45b44873462d257c171a1ca8a87e9a..9b74eb855e9b2a4c42a3c8bd64d66b59e60613fd 100644 (file)
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 
           Developer's Frequently Asked Questions (FAQ) for PostgreSQL
                                        
-   Last updated: Fri May 6 13:47:54 EDT 2005
+   Last updated: Sat May 14 12:26:01 EDT 2005
    
    Current maintainer: Bruce Momjian (pgman@candle.pha.pa.us)
    
@@ -15,8 +15,8 @@ General Questions
    1.2) What development environment is required to develop code?
    1.3) What areas need work?
    1.4) What do I do after choosing an item to work on?
-   1.5) Where can I learn more about the code?
-   1.6) I've developed a patch, what next?
+   1.5) I've developed a patch, what next?
+   1.6) Where can I learn more about the code?
    1.7) How do I download/update the current source tree?
    1.8) How do I test my changes?
    1.9) What tools are available for developers?
@@ -94,35 +94,42 @@ General Questions
   
    Send an email to pgsql-hackers with a proposal for what you want to do
    (assuming your contribution is not trivial). Working in isolation is
-   not advisable: others may be working on the same TODO item; you may
-   have misunderstood the TODO item; your approach may benefit from the
-   review of others.
+   not advisable because others might be working on the same TODO item,
+   or you might have misunderstood the TODO item. In the email, discuss
+   both the internal implementation method you plan to use, and any
+   user-visible changes (new syntax, etc). For complex patches, it is
+   important to get community feeback on your proposal before starting
+   work. Failure to do so might mean your patch is rejected.
    
    A web site is maintained for patches that are ready to be applied,
    http://momjian.postgresql.org/cgi-bin/pgpatches, and those that are
    being kept for the next release,
    http://momjian.postgresql.org/cgi-bin/pgpatches2.
    
-  1.5) Where can I learn more about the code?
-  
-   Other than documentation in the source tree itself, you can find some
-   papers/presentations discussing the code at
-   http://www.postgresql.org/developer.
-   
-  1.6) I've developed a patch, what next?
+  1.5) I've developed a patch, what next?
   
    Generate the patch in contextual diff format. If you are unfamiliar
-   with this, you may find the script src/tools/makediff/difforig useful.
+   with this, you might find the script src/tools/makediff/difforig
+   useful.
    
    Ensure that your patch is generated against the most recent version of
    the code. If it is a patch adding new functionality, the most recent
-   version is cvs HEAD; if it is a bug fix, this will be the most
+   version is CVS HEAD; if it is a bug fix, this will be the most
    recently version of the branch which suffers from the bug (for more on
    branches in PostgreSQL, see 1.15).
    
    Finally, submit the patch to pgsql-patches@postgresql.org. It will be
-   reviewed by other contributors to the project and may be either
-   accepted or sent back for further work.
+   reviewed by other contributors to the project and will be either
+   accepted or sent back for further work. Also, please try to include
+   documentation changes as part of the patch. If you can't do that, let
+   us know and we will manually update the documentation when the patch
+   is applied.
+   
+  1.6) Where can I learn more about the code?
+  
+   Other than documentation in the source tree itself, you can find some
+   papers/presentations discussing the code at
+   http://www.postgresql.org/developer.
    
   1.7) How do I download/update the current source tree?
   
@@ -130,7 +137,7 @@ General Questions
    developers can just get the most recent source tree snapshot from
    ftp://ftp.postgresql.org.
    
-   Regular developers may want to take advantage of anonymous access to
+   Regular developers might want to take advantage of anonymous access to
    our source code management system. The source tree is currently hosted
    in CVS. For details of how to obtain the source from CVS see
    http://developer.postgresql.org/docs/postgres/cvs.html.
@@ -156,7 +163,7 @@ General Questions
    test suite. To do this, issue "make check" in the root directory of
    the source tree. If any tests failure, investigate.
    
-   If you've deliberately changed existing behavior, this change may
+   If you've deliberately changed existing behavior, this change might
    cause a regression test failure but not any actual regression. If so,
    you should also patch the regression test suite.
    
@@ -625,10 +632,10 @@ Technical Questions
    values you want changed. It returns a palloc'ed tuple, which you pass
    to heap_replace(). You can delete tuples by passing the tuple's t_self
    to heap_destroy(). You use t_self for heap_update() too. Remember,
-   tuples can be either system cache copies, which may go away after you
-   call ReleaseSysCache(), or read directly from disk buffers, which go
-   away when you heap_getnext(), heap_endscan, or ReleaseBuffer(), in the
-   heap_fetch() case. Or it may be a palloc'ed tuple, that you must
+   tuples can be either system cache copies, which might go away after
+   you call ReleaseSysCache(), or read directly from disk buffers, which
+   go away when you heap_getnext(), heap_endscan, or ReleaseBuffer(), in
+   the heap_fetch() case. Or it may be a palloc'ed tuple, that you must
    pfree() when finished.
    
   2.2) Why are table, column, type, function, view names sometimes referenced
@@ -729,8 +736,8 @@ typedef struct nameData
    routines in src/backend/nodes used to create, copy, read, and output
    those structures (in particular, the files copyfuncs.c and
    equalfuncs.c. Make sure you add support for your new field to these
-   files. Find any other places the structure may need code for your new
-   field. mkid is helpful with this (see 1.9).
+   files. Find any other places the structure might need code for your
+   new field. mkid is helpful with this (see 1.9).
    
   2.5) Why do we use palloc() and pfree() to allocate memory?
   
@@ -786,7 +793,7 @@ typedef struct nameData
    with debugging symbols, you can use a debugger to see what is
    happening. Because the backend was not started from postmaster, it is
    not running in an identical environment and locking/backend
-   interaction problems may not be duplicated.
+   interaction problems might not be duplicated.
    
    If the postmaster is running, start psql in one window, then find the
    PID of the postgres process used by psql using SELECT
index dd159e0b11db41f6c13327cd3653897e5a1e07aa..e39c0c77a9f55d5cf9a898af5e989f777a6721dc 100644 (file)
    4.22) ÎªÊ²Ã´Ê¹ÓàIN µÄ×Ó²éѯÕâôÂý£¿
    4.23) ÈçºÎ½øÐРouter join £¨ÍâÁ¬½Ó£©£¿
    4.24) ÈçºÎʹÓÃÉæ¼°¶à¸öÊý¾Ý¿âµÄ²éѯ£¿
-   
    4.25) ÈçºÎÈú¯Êý·µ»Ø¶àÐлò¶àÁУ¿
-   
    4.26) ÎªÊ²Ã´ÔÚ PL/PgSQL º¯ÊýÖв»Äܿɿ¿µØ´´½¨»òɾ³ýÁÙʱ±í£¿
-   
    4.27) ÓÐÄÄЩÊý¾Ý¸´ÖÆÑ¡Ï
    4.28) ÓÐÄÄЩÊý¾Ý¼ÓÃÜÑ¡Ï
    
    
    µ±Ê¹ÓÃͨÅä·û²Ù×÷£¬ÀýÈç LIKE »ò ~ Ê±£¬Ë÷ÒýÖ»ÄÜÔÚÌØ¶¨µÄÇé¿öÏÂʹÓãº
      * ×Ö·û´®µÄ¿ªÊ¼²¿·Ö±ØÐëÊÇÆÕͨ×Ö·û´®£¬Ò²¾ÍÊÇ˵£º
-       
      * LIKE Ä£Ê½²»ÄÜÒÔ % ´òÍ·¡£
      * ~ £¨ÕýÔò±í´ïʽ£©Ä£Ê½±ØÐëÒÔ ^ ´òÍ·¡£
+     * ×Ö·û´®²»ÄÜÒÔÆ¥Åä¶à¸ö×Ö·ûµÄģʽÀà´òÍ·£¬ÀýÈç [a-e]¡£
+     * ´óСдÎ޹صIJéÕÒ£¬Èç ILIKE ºÍ ~* µÈ²»Ê¹ÓÃË÷Òý¡£µ«¿ÉÒÔÓà4.12
+       ½ÚÃèÊöµÄº¯ÊýË÷Òý¡£
+     * ÔÚ×ö initdb Ê±±ØÐë²ÉÓÃȱʡµÄ±¾µØÉèÖàC locale¡£
        
-     ×Ö·û´®²»ÄÜÒÔÆ¥Åä¶à¸ö×Ö·ûµÄģʽÀà´òÍ·£¬ÀýÈç [a-e]¡£
-   
-     ´óСдÎ޹صIJéÕÒ£¬Èç ILIKE ºÍ ~* µÈ²»Ê¹ÓÃË÷Òý¡£µ«¿ÉÒÔÓà4.12
-   ½ÚÃèÊöµÄº¯ÊýË÷Òý¡£
-   
-     ÔÚ×ö initdb Ê±±ØÐë²ÉÓÃȱʡµÄ±¾µØÉèÖàC locale¡£
-   
     4.9) ÎÒÈçºÎ²ÅÄÜ¿´µ½²éѯÓÅ»¯Æ÷ÊÇÔõÑù´¦ÀíÎҵIJéѯµÄ£¿
     
    ²Î¿¼ EXPLAIN ÊÖ²áÒ³¡£
index cc0f8ad142ec3dd692fc840ea7b1fb450ebf386e..9a863498829d8d96462fae88b052c45a860fbf21 100644 (file)
@@ -13,7 +13,7 @@
     <H1>Developer's Frequently Asked Questions (FAQ) for
     PostgreSQL</H1>
 
-    <P>Last updated: Fri May  6 13:47:54 EDT 2005</P>
+    <P>Last updated: Sat May 14 12:26:01 EDT 2005</P>
 
     <P>Current maintainer: Bruce Momjian (<A href=
     "mailto:pgman@candle.pha.pa.us">pgman@candle.pha.pa.us</A>)<BR>
@@ -34,8 +34,8 @@
      <A href="#1.3">1.3</A>) What areas need work?<BR>
      <A href="#1.4">1.4</A>) What do I do after choosing an item to
     work on?<BR>
-     <A href="#1.5">1.5</A>) Where can I learn more about the code?<BR>
-     <A href="#1.6">1.6</A>) I've developed a patch, what next?<BR>
+     <A href="#1.5">1.5</A>) I've developed a patch, what next?<BR>
+     <A href="#1.6">1.6</A>) Where can I learn more about the code?<BR>
      <A href="#1.7">1.7</A>) How do I download/update the current
     source tree?<BR>
      <A href="#1.8">1.8</A>) How do I test my changes?<BR>
 
     <P>Send an email to pgsql-hackers with a proposal for what you want
     to do (assuming your contribution is not trivial). Working in
-    isolation is not advisable: others may be working on the same TODO
-    item; you may have misunderstood the TODO item; your approach may
-    benefit from the review of others.</P>
+    isolation is not advisable because others might be working on the same
+    TODO item, or you might have misunderstood the TODO item. In the
+    email, discuss both the internal implementation method you plan to
+    use, and any user-visible changes (new syntax, etc). For complex
+    patches, it is important to get community feeback on your proposal
+    before starting work. Failure to do so might mean your patch is
+    rejected.</P>
 
     <P>A web site is maintained for patches that are ready to be applied,
     <a href="http://momjian.postgresql.org/cgi-bin/pgpatches">
     <a href="http://momjian.postgresql.org/cgi-bin/pgpatches2">
     http://momjian.postgresql.org/cgi-bin/pgpatches2</a>.</P>
     
-    <H3><A name="1.5">1.5</A>) Where can I learn more about the
-    code?</H3>
-
-    <P>Other than documentation in the source tree itself, you can find
-    some papers/presentations discussing the code at <A href=
-    "http://www.postgresql.org/developer">
-    http://www.postgresql.org/developer</A>.</P>
-
-    <H3><A name="1.6">1.6</A>) I've developed a patch, what next?</H3>
+    <H3><A name="1.5">1.5</A>) I've developed a patch, what next?</H3>
 
     <P>Generate the patch in contextual diff format. If you are
-    unfamiliar with this, you may find the script
+    unfamiliar with this, you might find the script
     <I>src/tools/makediff/difforig</I> useful.</P>
 
     <P>Ensure that your patch is generated against the most recent
     version of the code. If it is a patch adding new functionality, the
-    most recent version is cvs HEAD; if it is a bug fix, this will be
+    most recent version is CVS HEAD; if it is a bug fix, this will be
     the most recently version of the branch which suffers from the bug
     (for more on branches in PostgreSQL, see <A href=
     "#1.15">1.15</A>).</P>
 
     <P>Finally, submit the patch to pgsql-patches@postgresql.org. It
-    will be reviewed by other contributors to the project and may be
-    either accepted or sent back for further work.</P>
+    will be reviewed by other contributors to the project and will be
+    either accepted or sent back for further work. Also, please try to
+    include documentation changes as part of the patch. If you can't do
+    that, let us know and we will manually update the documentation when
+    the patch is applied.</P>
+
+    <H3><A name="1.6">1.6</A>) Where can I learn more about the
+    code?</H3>
+
+    <P>Other than documentation in the source tree itself, you can find
+    some papers/presentations discussing the code at <A href=
+    "http://www.postgresql.org/developer">
+    http://www.postgresql.org/developer</A>.</P>
 
     <H3><A name="1.7">1.7</A>) How do I download/update the current
     source tree?</H3>
     <A href=
     "ftp://ftp.postgresql.org">ftp://ftp.postgresql.org</A>.</P>
 
-    <P>Regular developers may want to take advantage of anonymous
+    <P>Regular developers might want to take advantage of anonymous
     access to our source code management system. The source tree is
     currently hosted in CVS. For details of how to obtain the source
     from CVS see <A href=
     investigate.</P>
 
     <P>If you've deliberately changed existing behavior, this change
-    may cause a regression test failure but not any actual regression.
+    might cause a regression test failure but not any actual regression.
     If so, you should also patch the regression test suite.</P>
 
     <P><B>Other run time testing</B></P>
     delete tuples by passing the tuple's <I>t_self</I> to
     <I>heap_destroy().</I> You use <I>t_self</I> for
     <I>heap_update()</I> too. Remember, tuples can be either system
-    cache copies, which may go away after you call
+    cache copies, which might go away after you call
     <I>ReleaseSysCache()</I>, or read directly from disk buffers, which
     go away when you <I>heap_getnext()</I>, <I>heap_endscan</I>, or
     <I>ReleaseBuffer()</I>, in the <I>heap_fetch()</I> case. Or it may
     to create, copy, read, and output those structures (in particular,
     the files <I>copyfuncs.c</I> and <I>equalfuncs.c</I>. Make sure you
     add support for your new field to these files. Find any other
-    places the structure may need code for your new field. <I>mkid</I>
+    places the structure might need code for your new field. <I>mkid</I>
     is helpful with this (see <A href="#1.9">1.9</A>).</P>
 
     <H3><A name="2.5">2.5</A>) Why do we use <I>palloc</I>() and
     symbols, you can use a debugger to see what is happening. Because
     the backend was not started from <I>postmaster</I>, it is not
     running in an identical environment and locking/backend interaction
-    problems may not be duplicated.</P>
+    problems might not be duplicated.</P>
 
     <P>If the <I>postmaster</I> is running, start <I>psql</I> in one
     window, then find the <SMALL>PID</SMALL> of the <I>postgres</I>
index 76fc5ed74fb6ed4291284f3cdae11560ff132d0c..20b8b7ca17b11bc0eeb962d9b89368659ee59e5d 100644 (file)
-<!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.0 Transitional//EN">
+<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN"
+    "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd">
 <!-- saved from url=(0063)file://I:\Wlzhang\MyDoc\postgresql\FAQcn.files\postgres-faq.htm -->
-<!-- saved from url=(0046)http://laser.zhengmai.com.cn/postgres-faq.html --><HTML><HEAD><TITLE>PostgreSQL 
-                       FAQ-ch</TITLE>
-               <META HTTP-EQUIV="Content-Type" CONTENT="text/html; CHARSET=gb2312">
-               <META content="Microsoft FrontPage 4.0" name="GENERATOR">
-       </HEAD>
-       <BODY aLink="#0000ff" bgColor="#ffffff" link="#ff0000" text="#000000" vLink="#a00000">
-               <H1>PostgreSQL ³£¼ûÎÊÌ⣨FAQ£©</H1>          
-               ×î½ü¸üУº2003 Äê 01 Ô 06 ÈÕ ÐÇÆÚÒ» 22:27:35 CST
-               <P>Ŀǰά»¤ÈËÔ±£ºBruce Momjian (<A href="mailto:pgman@candle.pha.pa.us">pgman@candle.pha.pa.us</A>)          
-                       <BR>
-                       ÖÐÎİæÎ¬»¤ÈËÔ±£ººÎΰƽ £¨laser@pgsqldb.com          
-               £©<P>±¾ÎĵµµÄ×îа汾¿ÉÒÔÔÚ<a href="http://www.postgresql.org/files/documentation/faqs/FAQ.html">http://www.postgresql.org/files/documentation/faqs/FAQ.html</a>          
-               ²é¿´¡£<P>²Ù×÷ϵͳƽ̨Ïà¹ØµÄÎÊÌâÔÚ<a href="http://www.postgresql.org/docs/faq/">http://www.postgresql.org/docs/faq/</a>Àï»Ø´ð¡£<br>          
-                       <HR>
-                       <CENTER>
-                               <H2>³£¼ûÎÊÌâ</H2>
-                       </CENTER>
-        <a href="#1.1">1.1</a>)           
-                       PostgreSQL ÊÇʲô£¿¸ÃÔõô·¢Òô£¿          
-                       <BR>
-        <a href="#1.2">1.2</a>)           
-                       PostgreSQL µÄ°æÈ¨ÊÇʲô?          
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+    <p>PostgreSQL 1.01 µÄ×÷ÕßÊÇ Andrew Yu ºÍ Jolly Chen¡£»¹ÓÐÐí¶àÆäËûÈËÎªÒÆÖ²£¬²âÊÔ£¬µ÷ÊÔºÍÔöÇ¿´úÂë×öÁË´óÁ¿¹±Ïס£PostgreSQL µÄ×î³õÆðÔ´ Postgres£¬ÊÇÔÚ¼ÓÖÝ´óѧ²®¿ËÀû·ÖУµÄ Michael Stonebraker ½ÌÊÚµÄÖ¸µ¼Ï£¬ÓÉÐí¶àÑо¿Éú£¬±¾¿ÆÉúºÍ±à³ÌÖ°Ô±Íê³ÉµÄ¡£</p>
+
+    <p>Õâ¸öÈí¼þ×î³õÔÚ²®¿ËÀûµÄÃû×ÖÊÇ Postgres¡£ÔÚ 1995 Ä꣬µ±Ôö¼ÓÁË SQL ¹¦Äܺó£¬ËüµÄÃû×ָijɠPostgres95¡£ÔÚ 1996ÄêÄ©£¬²Å¸ÄÃûΪ PostgreSQL¡£</p>
+
+    <h4><a id="1.2" name="1.2"></a>1.2) PostgreSQL µÄ°æÈ¨ÊÇʲô?</h4>
+    PostgreSQL ÊÜÏÂÃæµÄ°æÈ¨Ô¼Êø¡£ 
+
+    <p>PostgreSQL Êý¾Ý¿â¹ÜÀíϵͳ</p>
+
+    <p>£¨PostgreSQL Data Base Management System£©</p>
+
+    <p>²¿·Ö°æÈ¨£¨c£©1996-2002£¬PostgreSQL È«Çò¿ª·¢Ð¡×é<br />
+     ²¿·Ö°æÈ¨£¨c£©1994-6 ¼ÓÖÝ´óѧ¶­ÊÂ</p>
+
+    <p>£¨Portions copyright (c) 1996-2002, PostgreSQL Global Development Group<br />
+      Portions Copyright (c) 1994-6 Regents of the University of California£©</p>
+
+    <p>ÔÊÐíΪÈκÎÄ¿µÄʹÓ㬿½±´£¬Ð޸ĺͷַ¢Õâ¸öÈí¼þºÍËüµÄÎĵµ¶ø²»ÊÕÈ¡ÈκηÑÓ㬲¢ÇÒÎÞÐëÇ©ÊðÒò´Ë¶ø²úÉúµÄÖ¤Ã÷£¬Ç°ÌáÊÇÉÏÃæµÄ°æÈ¨ÉùÃ÷ºÍ±¾¶ÎÒÔ¼°ÏÂÃæÁ½¶ÎÎÄ×Ö³öÏÖÔÚËùÓп½±´ÖС£</p>
+
+    <p>£¨Permission to use, copy, modify, and distribute this software and its documentation for any purpose, without fee, and without a written agreement is hereby granted, provided that the above copyright notice and this paragraph and the following two paragraphs appear in all copies.£©</p>
+
+    <p>ÔÚÈκÎÇé¿öÏ£¬¼ÓÖÝ´óѧ¶¼²»³Ðµ£ÒòʹÓôËÈí¼þ¼°ÆäÎĵµ¶øµ¼ÖµĶÔÈκε±ÊÂÈ˵ÄÖ±½ÓµÄ£¬¼ä½ÓµÄ£¬ÌØÊâµÄ£¬¸½¼ÓµÄ»òÕßÏà°é¶øÉúµÄË𻵣¬°üÀ¨ÀûÒæËðʧµÄÔðÈΣ¬¼´Ê¹¼ÓÖÝ´óѧÒѾ­½¨ÒéÁËÕâЩËðʧµÄ¿ÉÄÜÐÔʱҲÊÇÈç´Ë¡£</p>
+
+    <p>£¨IN NO EVENT SHALL THE UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA BE LIABLE TO ANY PARTY FOR DIRECT, INDIRECT, SPECIAL, INCIDENTAL, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES, INCLUDING LOST PROFITS, ARISING OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE AND ITS DOCUMENTATION, EVEN IF THE UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA HAS BEEN ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.£©</p>
+
+    <p>¼ÓÖÝ´óѧÃ÷È··ÅÆúÈκα£Ö¤£¬°üÀ¨µ«²»¾ÖÏÞÓÚÄ³Ò»ÌØ¶¨ÓÃ;µÄÉÌÒµºÍÀûÒæµÄÒþº¬±£Ö¤¡£ÕâÀïÌṩµÄÕâ·ÝÈí¼þÊÇ»ùÓÚ¡°µ±×÷ÊÇ¡±µÄ»ù´¡µÄ£¬Òò¶ø¼ÓÖÝ´óѧûÓÐÔðÈÎÌṩά»¤£¬Ö§³Ö£¬¸üУ¬ÔöÇ¿»òÕßÐ޸ĵķþÎñ¡£</p>
+
+    <p>£¨THE UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA SPECIFICALLY DISCLAIMS ANY WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. THE SOFTWARE PROVIDED HEREUNDER IS ON AN "AS IS" BASIS, AND THE UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA HAS NO OBLIGATIONS TO PROVIDE MAINTENANCE, SUPPORT, UPDATES, ENHANCEMENTS, OR MODIFICATIONS.£©<br />
+    <br />
+     ÉÏÃæ¾ÍÊÇ BSD °æÈ¨ÉùÃ÷£¬Ò»¸ö¾­µäµÄ¿ªÔ´°æÈ¨ÉùÃ÷¡£Ëü¶ÔÔ´´úÂëµÄʹÓÃδ×÷ÈκÎÏÞÖÆ¡£ÎÒÃÇϲ»¶Ëü²¢ÇÒ²»´òËã¸Ä±äËü¡£</p>
+
+    <h4><a id="1.3" name="1.3"></a>1.3) PostgreSQL ÔËÐÐÔÚʲô Unix Æ½Ì¨ÉÏ£¿</h4>
+
+    <p>Ò»°ã˵À´£¬Ò»¸öÏÖ´úµÄ UNIX ¼æÈÝµÄÆ½Ì¨¶¼ÄÜÔËÐРPostgreSQL ¡£ÔÚ°²×°Ö¸ÄÏÀïÁгöÁË·¢²¼Ê±¾­¹ýÃ÷È·²âÊÔµÄÆ½Ì¨¡£</p>
+
+    <h4><a id="1.4" name="1.4"></a>1.4) ¿ÉÓõķǠUnix Æ½Ì¨ÓÐÄÄЩ£¿</h4>
+    ¿Í»§¶Ë 
+
+    <p>°Ñ libpq C ¿â£¬psql£¬ÆäËû½Ó¿ÚºÍ¿Í»§¶ËÓ¦ÓóÌÐò±àÒë³É¿ÉÒÔÔÚ MS Windows Æ½Ì¨ÉÏÔËÐÐÊÇ¿ÉÄܵġ£ÕâÖÖÇé¿öÏ£¬¿Í»§¶ËÔÚ MS Windows ÉÏÔËÐУ¬²¢ÇÒͨ¹ý TCP/IP ÓëÒ»¸öÔËÐÐÔÚÎÒÃÇÖ§³ÖµÄ Unix Æ½Ì¨ÉϵķþÎñÆ÷½øÐÐͨѶ¡£·¢²¼°æ±¾Öаüº¬Ò»¸öÎļþ win32.mak ÓÃÓÚÉú³É Win32 libpq ¿âºÍ psql ¡£PostgreSQL Ò²¿ÉÒԺ͠ODBC ¿Í»§¶ËͨѶ¡£</p>
+
+    <p>·þÎñÆ÷</p>
+
+    <p>Êý¾Ý¿â·þÎñÆ÷ÏÖÔÚ¿ÉÒÔͨ¹ý Cygwin £¬Cygnus µÄ Unix/NT ÒÆÖ²¿âÔÚ Windows NT ºÍ Win2k ÉÏÔËÐС£²ÎÔÄ·¢²¼°æ±¾ÀïµÄ See <i>pgsql/doc/FAQ_MSWIN</i> Îļþ»ò <a href="http://www.PostgreSQL.org/docs/faq-mswin.html">http://www.PostgreSQL.org/docs/faq-mswin.html</a> ¡£</p>
+
+    <p>ÒÆÖ²µ½ MS Win NT/2000/XP µÄ±¾»ú°æµÄ¹¤×÷ÕýÔÚ½øÐС£</p>
+
+    <h4><a id="1.5" name="1.5"></a>1.5) ÎÒ´ÓÄÄÀïÄܵõ½ PostgreSQL£¿</h4>
+
+    <p>PostgreSQL µÄÖ÷ÄäÃûFTPÕ¾µãÊÇ <a href="ftp://ftp.PostgreSQL.org/pub">ftp://ftp.PostgreSQL.org/pub</a>£¬¾µÏñÕ¾µã¿ÉÒԲο¼ÎÒÃÇÍøÕ¾µÄÖ÷Ò³¡£</p>
+
+    <h4><a id="1.6" name="1.6"></a>1.6) ÎÒ´ÓÄÄÀïÄܵõ½¶Ô PostgreSQL µÄÖ§³Ö£¿</h4>
+
+    <p>Ö÷ÒªµÄÓʼþÁбíÊÇ£º<a href="mailto:pgsql-general@postgreSQL.org">pgsql-general@postgreSQL.org</a>¡£¿ÉÒÔÔÚÄÇÀïÌÖÂÛÓйؠPostgreSQL µÄÎÊÌâ¡£Òª¼ÓÈëÁÐ±í£¬·¢Ò»·âÓʼþÄÚÈÝ£¨²»ÊÇÖ÷ÌâÐУ©Îª</p>
+<pre>
+        subscribe
+        end
+</pre>
+    µÄÓʼþµ½ <a href="mailto:pgsql-general-request@postgreSQL.org">pgsql-general-request@postgreSQL.org</a> ¡£ 
+
+    <p>»¹¿ÉÒÔ»ñȡժҪÁÐ±í¡£Òª¼ÓÈëÕâ¸öÁÐ±í£¬·¢Óʼþµ½£º<a href="mailto:pgsql-general-digest-request@postgreSQL.org">pgsql-general-digest-request@postgreSQL.org</a>£¬ÆäÄÚÈÝΪ£º</p>
+<pre>
+        subscribe
+        end
+</pre>
+    Ã¿µ±Ö÷Áбí´ïµ½´óÔ¼ 30k µÄÏûÏ¢ÄÚÈÝʱ£¬ÕªÒª¾Í·¢Ë͸øÕâ¸öÁбíµÄ³ÉÔ±¡£ 
+
+    <p>»¹¿ÉÒԲμӳô³æÓʼþÁÐ±í¡£Òª¼ÓÈëÕâ¸öÁÐ±í£¬·¢ËÍÒ»¸öÓʼþµ½ <a href="mailto:bugs-request@postgreSQL.org">bugs-request@postgreSQL.org</a>£¬ÄÚÈÝΪ£º</p>
+<pre>
+        subscribe
+        end
+</pre>
+    »¹¿ÉÒԲμӿª·¢ÈËÔ±ÓʼþÁÐ±í¡£Òª¼ÓÈëÕâ¸öÁÐ±í£¬·¢ËÍÒ»¸öÓʼþµ½ <a href="mailto:hackers-request@postgreSQL.org">hackers-request@postgreSQL.org</a>£¬ÄÚÈÝΪ£º 
+<pre>
+        subscribe
+        end
+</pre>
+    ÆäËûµÄ¹ØÓÚ PostgreSQL ÓʼþÁбíºÍÆäËûÐÅÏ¢¿ÉÒÔÔÚ PostgreSQL µÄ WWW Ö÷Ò³ÕÒµ½£º 
+
+    <blockquote>
+      <a href="http://postgresql.org/">http://postgresql.org/</a>
+    </blockquote>
+    ÔÚ EFNet ÀﻹÓÐÒ»¸ö IRC ÆµµÀ£¬ÆµµÀ #PostgreSQL¡£ÎÒÓàunix ÃüÁî<tt>irc -c '#PostgreSQL' "$USER" irc.phoenix.net</tt> 
+
+    <p>ÉÌÒµÖ§³Ö¹«Ë¾µÄÁбíÔÚ <a href="http://www.PostgreSQL.org/users-lounge/commercial-support.html">http://www.PostgreSQL.org/users-lounge/commercial-support.html</a> ¡£</p>
+
+    <h4><a id="1.7" name="1.7"></a>1.7) PostgreSQL ×îеİ汾ÊÇʲô£¿</h4>
+    PostgreSQL ×îеİ汾Êǰ汾 7.2.3¡££¨Òë×¢£ºÏÖÔÚÓ¦¸ÃÊÇ 7.3.1 ÁË¡££© 
+
+    <p>ÎÒÃǼƻ®Ã¿ËĸöÔ·¢²¼Ò»¸öÖ÷Òª°æ±¾¡£</p>
+
+    <h4><a id="1.8" name="1.8"></a>1.8) ÓÐÄÄЩ¿ÉÓõĠPostgreSQL µÄÎĵµ£¿</h4>
+    ÔÚ·¢²¼°üÀïÓÐһЩÊֲᣬÊÖ²áÒ³ºÍһЩСµÄ²âÊÔÀý×Ó¡£²Î¼û /doc Ä¿Â¼¡££¨Òë×¢£ºÓ¦Îª $PGHOME/doc£©¡£Ä㻹¿ÉÒÔÔÚÏßä¯ÀÀ PostgreSQL µÄÊֲᣬÔÚ <a href="http://www.PostgreSQL.org/users-lounge/docs/">http://www.PostgreSQL.org/users-lounge/docs/</a> ¡£
+
+    <p>ÓÐÁ½±¾¹ØÓÚ PostgreSQL µÄÊéÔÚÏßÌṩ£¬ÔÚ <a href="http://www.PostgreSQL.org/docs/awbook.html">http://www.PostgreSQL.org/docs/awbook.html</a> ºÍ <a href="http://www.commandprompt.com/ppbook/">http://www.commandprompt.com/ppbook/</a> ¡£ÔÚ <a href="http://www.ca.PostgreSQL.org/books/">http://www.ca.PostgreSQL.org/books/</a> ÉÏÓйØÓÚ PostgreSQL µÄ¿É¹ºÊé¼®µÄÁÐ±í¡£ÔÚ <a href="http://techdocs.PostgreSQL.org/">http://techdocs.PostgreSQL.org/</a> ÉÏÊÕ¼¯ÁËÓйؠPostgreSQL µÄ¼¼ÊõÎÄÕ¡£</p>
+
+    <p><i>psql</i> ÓÐһЩ²»´íµÄ \d ÃüÁÏÔʾ¹ØÓÚÀàÐÍ£¬²Ù×÷·û£¬º¯Êý£¬¾Û¼¯µÈµÄÐÅÏ¢¡£</p>
+
+    <p>ÎÒÃǵĠweb Õ¾µã°üº¬¸ü¶àµÄÎĵµ£®</p>
+
+    <h4><a id="1.9" name="1.9"></a>1.9) ÎÒÈçºÎÁ˽âÒÑÖªµÄ BUG ºÍȱʧµÄÌØÐÔ£¿</h4>
+    PostgreSQL Ö§³ÖÒ»¸öÀ©Õ¹Á˵ĠSQL-92 µÄ×Ó¼¯¡£²ÎÔÄÎÒÃǵĠ<a href="http://www.postgresql.org/docs/todo.html">TODO</a> <a href="http://www.postgresql.org/docs/todo.html"></a>ÁÐ±í£¬»ñȡһ¸öÒÑÖª³ô³æ£¬È±Ê§ÌØÐÔºÍδÀ´¼Æ»®¡£ 
+
+    <h4><a id="1.10" name="1.10"></a>1.10) ÎÒÓ¦¸ÃÔõÑùѧϰ SQL£¿</h4>
+    ÔÚ <a href="http://www.postgresql.org/docs/awbook.html">http://www.postgresql.org/docs/awbook.html</a> µÄ¹ØÓÚ PostgreSQL µÄÊé½ÌÊÚ SQL¡££¨Òë×¢£ºÎÒÏÂÔØµ½±¾µØÁË¡££©ÔÚ <a href="http://www.commandprompt.com/ppbook/">http://www.commandprompt.com/ppbook</a> ÓÐÁíÍâÒ»±¾¹ØÓÚ PostgreSQL µÄÊé¡£ÔÚ<a href="http://www.intermedia.net/support/sql/sqltut.shtm">http://www.intermedia.net/support/sql/sqltut.shtm</a>£¬<a href="http://ourworld.compuserve.com/homepages/graeme_birchall/HTM_COOK.HTM">http://ourworld.compuserve.com/homepages/graeme_birchall/HTM_COOK.HTM </a> ºÍ <a href="http://sqlcourse.com/">http://sqlcourse.com</a> ÓÐÒ»¸ö²»´íµÄÈëÃŽ̡̳£ 
+
+    <p>ÁíÒ»¸öÊÇ "Teach Yourself SQL in 21 Days, Second Edition"£¨21Ììѧ»áSQL£¬µÚ¶þ°æ£©£¬ÔÚ <a href="http://members.tripod.com/er4ebus/sql/index.htm">http://members.tripod.com/er4ebus/sql/index.htm</a></p>
+
+    <p>ÎÒÃǵÄÐí¶àÓû§Ï²»¶ <i>The Practical SQL Handbook, Bowman, Judith S., et al., Addison-Wesley ¡£</i> ÆäËûµÄÓР<i>The Complete Reference SQL, Groff et al., McGraw-Hill ¡£</i></p>
+
+    <h4><a id="1.11" name="1.11"></a>1.11) PostgreSQL ÊÇ Y2K ¼æÈݵÄÂð£¿</h4>
+    ÊÇ£¬ÎÒÃǺÜÈÝÒ׿ØÖÆ 2000 AD Ö®ºóºÍ 2000 BC Ö®Ç°µÄÈÕÆÚ¡£ 
+
+    <h4><a id="1.12" name="1.12"></a>1.12) ÎÒÓ¦¸ÃÔõÑù¼ÓÈ뿪·¢¶ÓÎ飿</h4>
+    Ê×ÏÈ£¬ÏÂÔØ×îеÄÔ´´úÂë²¢ÔĶÁÎÒÃÇ web Õ¾µã»ò·¢²¼°üÖеĠPostgreSQL ¿ª·¢ÕßÎĵµ¡£Æä´Î£¬¼ÓÈë pgsql-hackers ºÍ pgsql-patches ÓʼþÁÐ±í¡£µÚÈý£¬Ïò pgsql-patches Ìá½»¸ßÖÊÁ¿µÄ²¹¶¡³ÌÐò¡£ 
+
+    <p>ÏÖÔÚ´ó¸ÅÓÐÊ®¼¸¸öÈËÓРPostgreSQL CVS ¹éµµ <font size="-1">COMMIT</font> µÄȨÏÞ¡£ËûÃǶ¼ÒѾ­Ìá½»Á˷dz£¶à¸ßÖÊÁ¿µÄ²¹¶¡ÁË£¬ÒÔÖÁÓÚÏÖÓеÄÌá½»È˺ÜÄѸúÉϽÚ×࣬²¢ÇÒÎÒÃÇÏàÐÅËûÃÇÌá½»µÄ²¹¶¡¶¼ÊǸßÖÊÁ¿µÄ¡£</p>
+
+    <h4><a id="1.13" name="1.13"></a>1.13) ÎÒÓ¦¸ÃÔõÑùÌá½»Ò»¸öBUG±¨¸æ£¿</h4>
+    Çë·ÃÎÊ <a href="http://www.PostgreSQL.org/bugs/bugs.php">http://www.PostgreSQL.org/bugs/bugs.php</a> µÄ PostgreSQL BugTool Ò³Ãæ, ÄÇÀï¸ø³öÁËÈçºÎÌá½»Ò»¸öBUG±¨¸æµÄÖ¸ÄÏ¡£ 
+
+    <p>ͬÑùÒ²Òª¿´¿´ÎÒÃǵĠftp Õ¾µã <a href="ftp://ftp.postgresql.org/pub">ftp://ftp.postgreSQL.org/pub</a>£¬¿´ÓÐûÓиüеĠPostgreSQL °æ±¾»ò²¹¶¡¡£</p>
+
+    <h4><a id="1.14" name="1.14"></a>1.14) PostgreSQL ºÍÆäËû DBMS ±ÈÆðÀ´ÈçºÎ£¿</h4>
+    ÆÀ¼ÛÈí¼þÓкü¸ÖÖ·½·¨£ºÌØÐÔ£¬ÐÔÄÜ£¬¿É¿¿ÐÔ£¬Ö§³ÖºÍ¼Û¸ñ¡£ 
+
+    <dl>
+      <dt><b>ÌØÐÔ</b></dt>
+
+      <dd>PostgreSQL ÓµÓдóÐÍÉÌÓàDBMS Àï´ó¶àÊýÌØÐÔ£¬ÀýÈ磺ÊÂÎñ£¬×Ó²éѯ£¬´¥·¢Æ÷£¬ÊÓͼ£¬Íâ¼ü²Î¿¼ÍêÕûÐԺ͸´ÔÓµÄËøµÈ¡£ÎÒÃÇ»¹ÓÐһЩËüÃÇûÓеÄÌØÐÔ£¬ÈçÓû§¶¨ÒåÀàÐÍ£¬¼Ì³Ð£¬¹æÔòºÍ¶à°æ±¾²¢ÐпØÖÆÒÔ¼õÉÙËøµÄÕùÓõȡ£<br />
+        </dd>
+
+      <dt><b>ÐÔÄÜ</b></dt>
+
+      <dd>PostgreSQL ºÍÆäËûÉÌÓúͿªÔ´µÄÊý¾Ý¿â¾ßÓÐÀàËÆµÄÐÔÄÜ¡£¶ÔijЩ´¦ÀíËü±È½Ï¿ì£¬¶ÔÆäËûһЩ´¦ÀíËü±È½ÏÂý¡£Óë MySQL »ò¸üÇá±ãµÄÊý¾Ý¿âϵͳ±È½Ï£¬ÎÒÃÇÔÚ insert/update Ê±Âý£¬ÒòΪÎÒÃÇÓÐÊÂÎñ´¦Àí¡£µ±È» MySQL ²»¾ßÓÐÎÒÃÇÔÚÉÏÃæµÄ<i>ÌØÐÔ</i> ¶ÎÀï¸ø³öµÄÈκÎÌØÐÔ¡£ÎÒÃǵÄÖ÷Òª·½ÏòÊǿɿ¿ÐÔºÍÌØÐÔ£¬¾¡¹ÜÎÒÃÇÔÚÿ´Î·¢²¼Ê±²»¶ÏµØ¸Ä½øÐÔÄÜ¡£ÓÐÒ»¸öºÜÓÐȤµÄÍøÒ³±È½ÏÁË PostgreSQL ºÍ MySQL <a href="http://openacs.org/why-not-mysql.html">http://openacs.org/why-not-mysql.html</a>¡£<br />
+      </dd>
+
+      <dt><b>¿É¿¿ÐÔ</b></dt>
+
+      <dd>ÎÒÃÇÖªµÀ DBMS ±ØÐëÊǿɿ¿µÄ£¬·ñÔòËü¾ÍÒ»µãÓö¼Ã»ÓС£ÎÒÃÇŬÁ¦×öµ½·¢²¼¾­¹ýÈÏÕæ²âÊԵģ¬Îȶ¨µÄ³ô³æ×îÉٵĴúÂ롣ÿ¸ö°æ±¾ÖÁÉÙÓÐÒ»¸öÔµĠbeta ²âÊÔ£¬²¢ÇÒÎÒÃǵķ¢²¼ÀúÊ·ÏÔʾÎÒÃÇ¿ÉÒÔÌṩÎȶ¨µÄ£¬Àι̵ģ¬¿ÉÓÃÓÚÉú²úʹÓõİ汾¡£ÎÒÃÇÏàÐÅÔÚÕâ·½ÃæÎÒÃÇÓëÆäËûµÄÊý¾Ý¿âÈí¼þÊÇÏ൱µÄ¡£<br />
+        </dd>
+
+      <dt><b>Ö§³Ö</b></dt>
+
+      <dd>ÎÒÃǵÄÓʼþÁбíÌṩһ¸ö·Ç³£´óµÄ¿ª·¢ÈËÔ±ºÍÓû§µÄ×éÒÔ°ïÖú½â¾öËùÅöµ½µÄÈκÎÎÊÌâ¡£ÎÒÃDz»Äܱ£Ö¤¿Ï¶¨Äܽâ¾öÎÊÌ⣬Ïà±È֮ϣ¬ÉÌÓàDBMS Ò²²¢²»ÊÇ×ÜÄܹ»Ìṩ½â¾ö·½·¨¡£Ö±½ÓÓ뿪·¢ÈËÔ±£¬Óû§Èº£¬ÊÖ²áºÍÔ´³ÌÐò½Ó´¥Áî PostgreSQL µÄÖ§³Ö±ÈÆäËû DBMS »¹ÒªºÃ¡£»¹ÓÐһЩÉÌÒµÐÔµÄÔ¤°ü×°µÄÖ§³Ö£¬¿ÉÒÔ¸øÌṩ¸øÄÇЩÐèÒªµÄÈË¡££¨²ÎÔÄÖ§³Ö FAQ Ìõ¿î 1.6 Ð¡½Ú¡££©<br />
+        </dd>
+
+      <dt><b>¼Û¸ñ</b></dt>
+
+      <dd>ÎÒÃǶÔÈκÎÓÃ;¶¼Ãâ·Ñ£¬°üÀ¨ÉÌÓúͷÇÉÌÓÃÄ¿µÄ¡£Äã¿ÉÒÔ²»¼ÓÏÞÖÆµØÏòÄãµÄ²úÆ·Àï¼ÓÈëÎÒÃǵĴúÂ룬³ýÁËÄÇЩÎÒÃÇÔÚÉÏÃæµÄ°æÈ¨ÉùÃ÷ÀïÉùÃ÷µÄ BSD ·ç¸ñµÄ°æÈ¨Íâ¡£</dd>
+    </dl>
+
+    <h4><a id="1.15" name="1.15"></a>1.15) ÎÒÓ¦¸ÃÔõÑùÔÞÖú PostgreSQL £¿</h4>
+
+    <p>×Ô´Ó1996Ä꿪ʼ£¬PostgreSQL ÒѾ­ÓÐÁËÒ»¸öÓÅÐãµÄ×éÖ¯¡£ÕâЩӦ¸Ã¹é¹¦ÓÚ Marc Fournier£¬ÊÇËû´´½¨Á˲¢ÔÚÕâЩÄêÒ»Ö±¹ÜÀíÕâ¸ö×éÖ¯¡£</p>
+
+    <p>¶ÔÓÚÒ»¸ö¿ªÔ´ÏîÄ¿À´Ëµ£¬ÖÊÁ¿»ù´¡ÉèÊ©ÊǷdz£ÖØÒªµÄ¡£ËüÄÜ·ÀÖ¹³öÏÖÑÏÖØÑÓ³ÙÏîĿǰ½øµÄ»ìÂÒ¡£</p>
+
+    <p>ÏÔÈ»£¬Õâ¸ö×éÖ¯µÄÔËת³É±¾²»·Æ¡£Î¬³ÖÆäǰ½øÓи÷ÖÖÔ¶ȵġ¢Ò»´ÎÐԵĿªÖ§¡£Èç¹ûÄã»òÕßÄãµÄ¹«Ë¾ÄܽøÐоèÔùÒÔÖ§³ÖÕâÏîÊÂÒµ£¬Çë·ÃÎÊ <a href="http://store.pgsql.com/shopping/">http://store.pgsql.com/shopping/</a> ½øÐоèÔù¡£</p>
+
+    <p>ËäÈ»¸ÃÍøÒ³Ìá¼°ÁË PostgreSQL ¹«Ë¾£¬ÕâЩ¾èÔù½«½öÓÃÓÚÖ§³Ö PostgreSQL ÏîÄ¿£¬²¢²»»áÓÃÓÚ×ÊÖúû¸öÌØ¶¨µÄ¹«Ë¾¡£Èç¹ûÄãÔ¸Ò⣬Ҳ¿ÉÒÔÓʼÄ֧Ʊµ½ÁªÏµµØÖ·¡£</p>
+    <hr />
+
+    <center>
+      <h2>Óû§¿Í»§¶ËÎÊÌâ</h2>
+    </center>
+
+    <h4><a id="2.1" name="2.1"></a>2.1) ÓРPostgreSQL µÄ ODBC Çý¶¯Ã´£¿</h4>
+    ÓÐÁ½¸ö ODBC Çý¶¯¿ÉÒÔ»ñµÃ£¬PsqlODBC ºÍ OpenLink ODBC.
+
+    <p>¿ÉÒÔÔÚ<a href="http://gborg.postgresql.org/project/psqlodbc/projdisplay.php">http://gborg.postgresql.org/project/psqlodbc/projdisplay.php</a> ÏÂÔØ PsqlODBC ¡£</p>
+
+    <p>OpenLink ODBC ¿ÉÒÔ´Ó <a href="http://www.openlinksw.com/">http://www.openlinksw.com/</a> »ñµÃ¡£ËüÓëËûÃǵıê×¼ ODBC ¿Í»§¶ËÈí¼þ¼æÈÝ£¬Òò¶øÄã¿ÉÒÔÔÚÈκÎËûÃÇÖ§³ÖµÄ¿Í»§¶Ëƽ̨£¨Win, Mac, Unix, VMS£©ÉÏʹÓàPostgreSQL ODBC¡£</p>
+
+    <p>ËûÃÇ¿ÉÄܽ«Õâ¸ö²úÆ·ÏúÊÛ¸øÄÇЩÐèÒªÉÌÒµÖ§³ÖµÄÓû§£¬µ«ÊÇ×ÜÊÇÓÐÒ»¸ö freeware £¨×ÔÓÉÈí¼þ£©µÄ°æ±¾¿ÉÒԵõ½¡£ÇëѯÎÊ <a href="mailto:postgres95@openlink.co.uk">postgres95@openlink.co.uk</a>¡£</p>
+
+    <h4><a id="2.2" name="2.2"></a>2.2) ÓÐʲô¹¤¾ß¿ÉÒÔ°Ñ PostgreSQL ÓÃÓÚ Web Ò³Ã棿</h4>
+    Ò»¸ö½éÉÜÒÔÊý¾Ý¿âΪºǫ́µÄͦ²»´íµÄ Õ¾µãÊÇ£º<a href="http://www.webreview.com">http://www.webreview.com</a> ¡£ 
+
+    <p>¶ÔÓÚ Web ¼¯³É£¬PHP ÊÇÒ»¸ö¼«ºÃµÄ½Ó¿Ú¡£ËüÔÚ£º<a href="http://www.php.net/">http://www.php.net/</a> ¡£</p>
+
+    <p>¶ÔÓÚ¸´ÔÓµÄÈÎÎñ£¬ºÜ¶àÈ˲ÉÓàPerl ½Ó¿ÚºÍ CGI.pm »ò mod_perl ¡£</p>
+
+    <h4><a id="2.3" name="2.3"></a>2.3) PostgreSQL ÓµÓÐͼÐÎÓû§½çÃæÂð£¿</h4>
+    Êǵġ£Óм¸¸öÊÊÓÃÓÚ PostgreSQL µÄͼÐνӿڡ£°üÀ¨PgAccess£¨<a href="http://www.pgaccess.com">http://www.pgaccess.com</a>)£¬PgAdmin II £¨<a href="http://www.pgadmin.org">http://www.pgadmin.org</a>£¬½öÊÊÓÃÓÚWin32£©£¬ RHDB Admin (<a href="http://sources.redhat.com/rhdb/">http://sources.redhat.com/rhdb/</a>£© ÒÔ¼° Rekall £¨<a href="http://www.thekompany.com/products/rekall/">http://www.thekompany.com/products/rekall/</a>£¬ ×¨ÓеÄ/proprietary)¡£»¹ÓÐPHPPgAdmin £¨<a href="http://phppgadmin.sourceforge.net/">http://phppgadmin.sourceforge.net/£©</a> £¬Ò»¸ö»ùÓÚ web µÄ PostgreSQL ·ÃÎʽӿڡ£ 
+
+    <p>ÎÒÃÇÓÐÒ»¸ö²»´íµÄͼÐÎÓû§½çÃæ£¬³ÆÎª PgAccess £¬ËüÒ²¿ÉÒÔÓÃ×÷±¨±íÉú³ÉÆ÷¡£ÍøÒ³ÊÇ <a href="http://www.pgaccess.org/">http://www.pgaccess.org/</a>¡£</p>
+
+    <h4><a id="2.4" name="2.4"></a>2.4) ÎÒÃÇ¿ÉÒÔÓÃʲôÓïÑԺ͠PostgreSQL ´ò½»µÀ£¿</h4>
+
+    <p>´ó¶àÊýÁ÷Ðеıà³ÌÓïÑÔ¶¼ÓзÃÎÊ PostgreSQL µÄ½Ó¿Ú¡£Çë¼ì²é±à³ÌÓïÑÔµÄÀ©Õ¹Ä£¿éÁÐ±í¡£</p>
+
+    <p>PostgreSQL ·¢²¼°üÖаüº¬ÁËÒÔϽӿڣº</p>
+
+    <ul>
+      <li>C (libpq)</li>
+
+      <li>Embedded C (ecpg)</li>
+
+      <li>Java (jdbc)</li>
+
+      <li>Python (PyGreSQL)</li>
+
+      <li>TCL (libpgtcl)</li>
+    </ul>
+
+    <p>ÆäËûµÄ½Ó¿ÚÔÚ <a href="http://gborg.postgresql.org">http://gborg.postgresql.org</a> ÉϵĠ<i>Drivers/Interfaces</i> Ð¡½Ú¡£</p>
+    <hr />
+
+    <center>
+      <h2>ϵͳ¹ÜÀíÎÊÌâ</h2>
+    </center>
+
+    <h4><a id="3.1" name="3.1"></a>3.1) ÎÒÔõÑùÄܰѠPostgreSQL ×°ÔÚ /usr/local/pgsql ÒÔÍâµÄµØ·½£¿</h4>
+
+    <p>ÔÚÔËÐРconfigure Ê±¼ÓÉÏ --prefix Ñ¡Ïî¡£</p>
+
+    <h4><a id="3.2" name="3.2"></a>3.2) µ±ÎÒÔËÐРpostmaster Ê±£¬³öÏÖ <i>Bad System Call</i>£¨ÏµÍ³µ÷ÓÃ´í£©»ò Core Dumped ´íÎó¡£ÎªÊ²Ã´£¿</h4>
+
+    <p>Õâ¿ÉÄÜÊÇºÜ¶à·½ÃæµÄÎÊÌ⣬ÇëÏȼì²é²Ù×÷ϵͳºËÐÄÊÇ·ñÖ§³Ö System V À©Õ¹¡£PostgreSQL ÐèÒªÄÚºËÖ§³Ö¹²ÏíÄÚ´æºÍÐźŵơ£</p>
+
+    <h4><a id="3.3" name="3.3"></a>3.3) µ±ÎÒÊÔͼÔËÐРpostmaster Ê±£¬³öÏÖ <i>IpcMemoryCreate</i> ´íÎó¡£ÎªÊ²Ã´£¿</h4>
+    ÄãҪôÊÇûÓÐÔÚÄÚºËÀïÕýÈ·ÅäÖù²ÏíÄڴ棬ҪôÊÇÄãÐèÒªÀ©´óÄãµÄÄں˵ĿÉÓù²ÏíÄÚ´æ¡£ÐèÒªµÄ¹²ÏíÄÚ´æ¾ßÌåµÄÊýÁ¿È¡¾öÓÚÄãµÄÌåϵ½á¹¹ºÍÄãÅäÖÃÄãµÄ postmaster ÔËÐÐʱʹÓõĻº³åÇøºÍºó¶Ë½ø³ÌÊýÄ¿¡£¶Ô´ó¶àÊýϵͳ£¬Ê¹ÓÃȱʡ»º³åÇøºÍ½ø³ÌÊýĿʱ£¬Äã×îÉÙÐèÒª~1MB¡£Óйع²ÏíÄÚ´æºÍÐźŵƵÄÏêϸÐÅÏ¢Çë²Î¿¼ <a href="http://www.postgresql.org/idocs/index.php?kernel-resources.html">PostgreSQL Administrator's Guide</a> ¡£ 
+
+    <h4><a id="3.4" name="3.4"></a>3.4) µ±ÎÒÊÔͼÔËÐРpostmaster Ê±£¬³öÏÖ <i>IpcSemaphoreCreate</i> ´íÎó¡£ÎªÊ²Ã´£¿</h4>
+
+    <p>Èç¹û´íÎóÐÅÏ¢ÊÇ <i>IpcSemaphoreCreate: semget failed (No space left on device)</i>£¬ÄÇôԭÒòÊÇÄãµÄÄÚºËûÓÐÅäÖÃ×ã¹»µÄÐźŵÆ×ÊÔ´¡£Postgres µÄÿ¸öDZÔڵĺǫ́½ø³Ì¶¼ÐèÒªÒ»¸öÐźŵơ£Ò»¸öÁÙʱµÄ½â¾ö·½·¨ÊÇÒԱȽÏÉٵĺǫ́½ø³ÌÊý£¨²ÎÊý£©Æô¶¯ postmaster¡£Ê¹Óÿª¹Ø <i>-N</i> ´øÒ»¸öÉÙÓÚȱʡֵ 32 µÄ²ÎÊýÔËÐРpostmaster¡£¸ü³¤¾ÃµÄ½â¾ö·½·¨ÊǼӴóÄãµÄÄں˵Ġ<font size="-1">SEMMNS</font> ºÍ <font size="-1">SEMMNI</font> ²ÎÊý¡£</p>
+
+    <p>ÔÚÊý¾Ý¿â·ÃÎÊÁ¿ºÜ´óʱ£¬ÐźŵƲ»¿ÉÓÿÉÄܵ¼ÖÂϵͳ±ÀÀ£¡£</p>
+
+    <p>Èç¹û´íÎóÐÅÏ¢ÊÇÆäËûµÄʲô¶«Î÷£¬Äã¿ÉÄܾ͸ù±¾Ã»ÓÐÔÚÄÚºËÀïÃæÅäÖÃÐźŵÆÖ§³Ö¡£Óйع²ÏíÄÚ´æºÍÐźŵƵÄÏêϸÐÅÏ¢Çë²Î¿¼ <a href="http://www.postgresql.org/idocs/index.php?kernel-resources.html">PostgreSQL Administrator's Guide</a> ¡£</p>
+
+    <h4><a id="3.5" name="3.5"></a>3.5) ÎÒÈçºÎ¿ØÖÆÀ´×ÔÆäËûÖ÷»úµÄÁ¬½Ó£¿</h4>
+
+    <p>ȱʡʱ£¬PostgreSQL Ö»ÔÊÐíͨ¹ý unix ÓòÌ×½Ó×ÖÀ´×Ô±¾»úµÄÁ¬½Ó¡£³ý·ÇÄãʹÓà<i>-i</i> ¿ª¹ØÆô¶¯ <i>postmaster</i>£¬<b>²¢ÇÒ</b>ͨ¹ý¶ÔÓ¦µÄ±à¼­ <i>$PGDATA/pg_hba.conf</i> Îļþ´ò¿ªÁËÖ÷»úΪ»ù´¡£¨ host-based £©µÄÈÏÖ¤£¬·ñÔòÆäËû»úÆ÷ÊDz»ÄÜÓëÄãµÄ»úÆ÷Á¬½ÓµÄ¡£ÕâÑù½«ÔÊÐí TCP/IP Á¬½Ó¡£</p>
+
+    <h4><a id="3.6" name="3.6"></a>3.6) ÎÒÔõÑùµ÷ÕûÊý¾Ý¿âÒýÇæÒÔ»ñµÃ¸üºÃµÄÐÔÄÜ£¿</h4>
+
+    <p>µ±È»£¬Ë÷Òý¿ÉÒÔ¼ÓËÙ²éѯ¡£<font size="-1">EXPLAIN</font> ÃüÁîÔÊÐíÄã¹Û²ì PostgreSQL ÈçºÎ½âÊÍÄãµÄ²éѯ£¬ÒÔ¼°Ê¹ÓÃÁËÄÄЩË÷Òý¡£</p>
+
+    <p>Èç¹ûÄãÕý´¦ÀíÒ»¶Ñ <font size="-1">INSERT</font>£¬¿¼ÂÇʹÓà<font size="-1">COPY</font> ÃüÁîÒÔ´óÅúÁ¿µÄ·½Ê½½øÐС£ÕâÑù×ö±Èµ¥¶ÀµÄÒ»¸ö¸ö <font size="-1">INSERT</font> ¿ìµÃ¶à¡£Æä´Î£¬Ã»Óд¦ÓÚ <font size="-1">BEGIN WORK/COMMIT</font> ÊÂÎñ¿éÖ®¼äµÄÓï¾ä±»ÈÏΪÊôÓÚͬһ¸öÊÂÎñ¡£ÊÔ×ÅÔÚÒ»¸öÊÂÎñ¿éÀïÃæ´¦Àí¸ü¶àµÄÓï¾ä¡£ÕâÑù¿ÉÒÔ¼õÉÙÊÂÎñ´øÀ´µÄ¶îÍ⿪Ïú¡£Í¬Ñù£¬ÔÚ×ö´óÁ¿µÄÊý¾Ý¸Ä±äʱ¿¼ÂÇɾ³ýºÍÖØ½¨Ë÷Òý¡£</p>
+
+    <p>»¹Óм¸¸öµ÷½ÚµÄÑ¡Ïî¿ÉÒÔʹÓá£Äã¿ÉÒÔͨ¹ý´ø <i>-o -F</i> Ñ¡ÏîÆô¶¯ postmaster À´½ûÖ¹ fsync()¡£ÕâÑù½«±ÜÃâÿ´ÎÊÂÎñºóµ÷Óà<i>fsync()</i> °ÑÊý¾Ýˢе½´ÅÅÌÉÏ¡£</p>
+
+    <p>Ä㻹¿ÉÒÔʹÓàpostmaster -B Ñ¡ÏîÔö¼Óºó¶Ë½ø³ÌʹÓõĹ²ÏíÄڴ滺³åµÄÊýÄ¿¡£Èç¹ûÄã°ÑÕâ¸ö²ÎÊýÉèÖõÃÌ«´ó£¬postmaster ¿ÉÄÜÎÞ·¨Æô¶¯£¬ÒòΪÄãÒѾ­³¬¹ýÁËÄãµÄÄÚºËÔÚ¹²ÏíÄÚ´æ¿Õ¼äÉϵÄÏÞÖÆ¡£Ã¿¸ö»º³åÇøÊÇ 8K ²¢ÇÒȱʡ 64 ¸ö»º³åÇø¡£</p>
+
+    <p>Ä㻹¿ÉÒÔʹÓúǫ́½ø³ÌµÄ -S Ñ¡ÏîÀ´Ôö¼Óÿ¸öºǫ́½ø³ÌÓÃÓÚÁÙʱÅÅÐòÓõÄ×î´óÄÚ´æÊýÁ¿¡£-S ÖµÊÇÒÔK×ֽڼƵģ¬È±Ê¡ÊÇ 512 £¨Ò²¾ÍÊÇ˵£¬512K£©¡£</p>
+
+    <p>Ä㻹¿ÉÒÔʹÓà<font size="-1">CLUSTER</font> ÃüÁîÀ´°Ñ±íÀïµÄÊý¾Ý°´ÕÕij¸öË÷Òý½øÐоۼ¯´æ·Å¡£²ÎÔÄ CLUSTER µÄÊÖ²áÒ³»ñÈ¡¸ü¶àϸ½Ú¡£</p>
+
+    <h4><a id="3.7" name="3.7"></a>3.7) PostgreSQL Àï¿ÉÒÔ»ñµÃʲôÑùµÄµ÷ÊÔÌØÐÔ£¿</h4>
+
+    <p>PostgreSQL Óм¸¸öÌØÐÔÓÃÓÚ±¨¸æ×´Ì¬ÐÅÏ¢£¬ÕâЩÐÅÏ¢¿ÉÄܶԵ÷ÊÔÓÃ;ºÜÓаïÖú¡£</p>
+
+    <p>Ê×ÏÈ£¬Í¨¹ý¸½´ø --enable-cassert Ñ¡ÏîÔËÐРconfigure£¬Óкܶà <i>assert()</i> ¼à¿Øºǫ́½ø³ÌºÍÔÚ·¢ÉúÄ³Ð©Î´ÔøÔ¤ÁϵÄÏÖÏóʱֹͣ³ÌÐòÔËÐС£</p>
+
+    <p>postmaster ºÍ postgres ¶¼ÓÐһЩ¿ÉÓõÄÑ¡Ïî¡£Ê×ÏÈ£¬µ±ÄãÆô¶¯ postmaster Ê±£¬È·±£Äã°Ñ±ê×¼Êä³öºÍ±ê×¼´íÎóÊä³ö¶¨Ïòµ½ÁËÒ»¸öÈÕÖ¾ÎļþÀïÈ¥ÁË£¬Ïó£º</p>
+<pre>
+        cd /usr/local/pgsql
+        ./bin/postmaster &gt;server.log 2&gt;&amp;1 &amp;
+</pre>
+    ÕâÑù½«ÔÚ PostgreSQL ¶¥¼¶Ä¿Â¼ÏÂÊä³öÒ»¸ö server.log Îļþ¡£Õâ¸öÎļþ°üº¬·þÎñÆ÷Åöµ½µÄÎÊÌâºÍ´íÎóµÄÓÐÓÃÐÅÏ¢¡£postmaster ÓÐÒ»¸ö -d Ñ¡Ï¸ÃÑ¡ÏîÔÊÐíÎÒÃÇ»ñµÃ¸ü¶àµÄϸ½Ú»ã±¨¡£-d Ñ¡Ïî½ÓÊÜÒ»¸öÊý×Ö±êÃ÷µ÷ÊÔ¼¶±ð¡£ÐèÒª¾¯¸æµÄÊǸߵĵ÷ÊÔ¼¶±ð¿ÉÄÜ»áÉú³É¾Þ´óµÄÈÕÖ¾Îļþ¡£
+
+    <p>Èç¹û postmaster Ã»ÓÐÔËÐУ¬Äã¿ÉÒÔÖ±½ÓÔÚÃüÁîÐÐÉÏÆô¶¯ postgres ºǫ́½ø³Ì£¬È»ºóÖ±½Ó¼üÈë SQL Óï¾ä¡£ÎÒÃÇ<b>Ö»</b> ÍƼöÔÚµ÷ÊÔµÄʱºòÕâô¸É¡£Çë×¢ÒâÕâʱÓû»ÐÐÜÞ¶ø²»ÊǷֺűíʾÓï¾ä½áβ¡£Èç¹ûÄã´ø×ŵ÷ÊÔ·ûºÅ±àÒ룬Äã¿ÉÒÔʹÓÃÒ»¸öµ÷ÊÔÆ÷¹Û¿´·¢ÉúÁËʲôÊÂÇé¡£ÒòΪºǫ́½ø³ÌûÓÐÓÉ postmaster Æô¶¯µÄ£¬Ëü²»ÊǺÍʵ¼ÊµÄÔËÐл·¾³Ò»Ö£¬¶øÇÒËø¶¨/ºǫ́½»»¥ÎÊÌâ¿ÉÄܲ»ÄÜÖØÏÖ¡£</p>
+
+    <p>Èç¹û postmaster ÒѾ­ÔËÐУ¬¿ÉÔÚÒ»¸ö´°¿ÚÖÐÆô¶¯ <i>psql</i>£¬È»ºóÕÒ³ö <i>psql</i> ¶ÔÓ¦µÄ <i>postgres</i> ½ø³ÌµÄ <font size="-1">PID</font>¡£Ê¹ÓÃÒ»¸öµ÷ÊÔÆ÷¸½×ÅÔÚÕâ¸ö <i>postgres</i> <font size="-1">PID</font> ÉÏ¡£Äã¿ÉÒÔÔÚµ÷ÊÔÆ÷ÀïÉèÖöϵ㲢ÇÒ´Ó <i>psql</i> ÀïÖ´Ðвéѯ¡£Èç¹ûÄãÔÚµ÷ÊÔ <i>postgres</i> µÄÆô¶¯£¬Äã¿ÉÒÔÉèÖàPGOPTIONS="-W n"£¬È»ºóÆô¶¯ <i>psql</i>¡£ÕâÑù½«µ¼ÖÂÆô¶¯ÑÓ³Ù <i>n</i> Ã룬ÕâÑùÄã¾Í¿ÉÒÔ¸½¼ÓÒ»¸öµ÷ÊÔÆ÷²¢ÇÒ¸ú×ÙÆô¶¯Ë³ÐòµÄ¹ý³Ì¡£</p>
+
+    <p>postgres ³ÌÐòÓР-s£¬-A£¬ºÍ -t Ñ¡Ïî¿ÉÄÜÔÚµ÷ÊÔºÍÐÔÄܲâÁ¿µÄʱºò·Ç³£ÓÐÓá£</p>
+
+    <p>Ä㻹¿ÉÒÔ´ø profiling Ö§³Ö±àÒëºǫ́£¬ÒÔ±ã¹Û²ìÄÄЩº¯ÊýÕ¼ÓõÄÖ´ÐÐʱ¼ä½Ï¶à¡£profile Îļþ½«·ÅÔÚ pgsql/data/base/dbname Ä¿Â¼Ï¡£¿Í»§¶Ë profile Îļþ½«·ÅÔÚ¿Í»§¶Ëµ±Ç°Ä¿Â¼Ï¡£ÔÚ Linux ÏÂÖ§³Ö profiling ÒªÔÚ±àÒëʱ¼ÓÉÏ<i>-DLINUX_PROFILE</i> ¡£</p>
+
+    <h4><a id="3.8" name="3.8"></a>3.8) ÎªÊ²Ã´ÔÚÊÔͼÁ¬½ÓµÇ¼ʱÊÕµ½¡°Sorry, too many clients¡±ÏûÏ¢£¿</h4>
+
+    <p>ÄãÐèÒªÔö´ó postmaster Æô¶¯Ê±Ö§³ÖµÄ²¢·¢ºǫ́½ø³ÌÊý¡£</p>
+
+    <p>ȱʡÏÞÖÆÊÇ 32 ½ø³Ì¡£Äã¿ÉÒÔͨ¹ý´ø×ÅÊʵ±µÄ <i>-N</i> Öµ¿ª¹ØÆô¶¯ postmaster Ôö¼ÓÕâ¸öÊýÄ¿¡£»òÕßÐ޸Ġ<i>postgresql.conf</i> Îļþ¡£</p>
+
+    <p>ҪעÒâÈç¹ûÄã°Ñ <i>-N</i> ÉèÖÃΪ´óÓÚ 32£¬Äã±ØÐëͬÑùÔö´ó <i>-B</i>£¬³¬¹ýËüȱʡµÄ 64£»-B ±ØÐë×îÉÙÊÇ -N µÄÁ½±¶£¬¶øÇÒΪÁ˸üºÃµÄÐÔÄÜ¿ÉÄÜÒª±ÈÄǸöÊý×ÖÒª´ó¡£¶ÔÓÚ´óÊýÄ¿µÄºó¶Ë½ø³Ì£¬Äã¿ÉÄÜ»¹»á·¢ÏÖÄ㻹ÐèÒªÔö¼ÓÐí¶à Unix ÄÚºËÅäÖòÎÊýÖµ¡£Òª¼ì²éµÄ¶«Î÷°üÀ¨¹²ÏíÄÚ´æ¿éµÄ×î´ó³ß´ç£¬<font size="-1">SHMMAX</font>£¬ÐźŵƵÄ×î´óÊýÄ¿£¬<font size="-1">SEMMNS</font> ºÍ <font size="-1">SEMMNI</font>£¬×î´óµÄ½ø³ÌÊý£¬<font size="-1">NPROC</font>£¬µ¥Óû§×î´ó½ø³ÌÊý£¬<font size="-1">MAXUPRC</font>£¬ÒÔ¼°´ò¿ªÎļþµÄ×î´óÊýÄ¿£¬<font size="-1">NFILE</font> ºÍ <font size="-1">NINODE</font> ¡£Postgres ¶ÔÔÊÐíµÄºǫ́½ø³ÌÊýÓÐÏÞÖÆµÄÔ­ÒòÊÇΪÁËÈ·±£ÄãµÄϵͳ²»»áÓùâ×ÊÔ´¡£</p>
+
+    <p>ÔÚ Postgres ÔçÓÚ 6.5 µÄ°æ±¾£¬×î´óºǫ́½ø³ÌÊýȱʡÊÇ 64£¬²¢ÇÒ¶ÔËüµÄÐÞ¸ÄÊ×ÏÈÐèÒªÐ޸Ġ<i>include/storage/sinvaladt.h</i> ÀïµÄ MaxBackendId ³£Á¿£¬È»ºóÖØÐ BUILD¡£</p>
+
+    <h4><a id="3.9" name="3.9"></a>3.9) pgsql_tmp Ä¿Â¼Àï¶¼ÓÐЩʲô£¿</h4>
+
+    <p>¸ÃĿ¼Ï±£´æÁ˲éѯִÐÐÆ÷Éú³ÉµÄÁÙʱÎļþ¡£ÀýÈ磬Èç¹ûÐèҪΪÂú×ã <font size="-1">ORDER BY</font> Ìõ¼þ×öÅÅÐò£¬²¢ÇÒÅÅÐòÐèÒª±Èºǫ́µÄ -S ²ÎÊý¸ø³öµÄ¸ü¶àµÄ¿Õ¼ä£¬ÄÇô¾Í»á´´½¨Ò»¸öÁÙʱÎļþ±£´æ¶à³öÀ´µÄÊý¾Ý¡£</p>
+
+    <p>ÁÙʱÎļþÓ¦¸Ã×Ô¶¯É¾³ý£¬²»¹ýÈç¹ûÔÚÅÅÐò¹ý³ÌÖкǫ́±ÀÀ£Á˾ͿÉÄÜÁôÏÂÀ´¡£Í£Ö¹²¢ÖØÆð postmaster ½«»áɾ³ýÕâЩÎļþ¡£<br />
+    </p>
+
+    <h4><a id="3.10" name="3.10"></a>3.10) ÎªÊ²Ã´ÒªÔÚÉý¼¶ PostgreSQL ·¢²¼°æ±¾Ê±×ö dump ºÍ restore £¿</h4>
+
+    <p>PostgreSQL ¿ª·¢×é¶Ôÿ´ÎСµÄÉý¼¶½ö×öÁ˽ÏÉÙµÄÐÞ¸Ä,Òò´Ë´Ó 7.2 Éý¼¶µ½ 7.2.1 ²»ÐèÒª dump ºÍ restore¡£µ«ÊÇÖ÷ÒªµÄÉý¼¶£¨ÀýÈç´Ó 7.2 µ½ 7.3£©Í¨³£»áÐÞ¸Äϵͳ±íºÍÊý¾Ý±íµÄÄÚ²¿¸ñʽ¡£ÕâЩ±ä»¯Ò»°ã±È½Ï¸´ÔÓ£¬Òò´ËÎÒÃDz»Î¬Êý¾ÝÎļþµÄÏòºó¼æÈÝ¡£dump ½«Êý¾Ý°´ÕÕͨÓõĸñʽÊä³ö£¬Ëæºó¿ÉÒÔ±»ÖØÐ¼ÓÔØ²¢Ê¹ÓÃеÄÄÚ²¿¸ñʽ¡£</p>
+
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+    <hr />
+
+    <center>
+      <h2>²Ù×÷ÎÊÌâ</h2>
+    </center>
+
+    <h4><a id="4.1" name="4.1"></a>4.1) ¶þ½øÖÆÓαêºÍÆÕͨÓαêÖ®¼äµÄÇø±ðÊÇʲô£¿</h4>
+    ²ÎÔÄ <font size="-1">DECLARE</font> ÊÖ²áÒ³»ñÈ¡ÐÅÏ¢¡£ 
+
+    <h4><a id="4.2" name="4.2"></a>4.2)ÈçºÎÖ» <font size="-1">SELECT</font> Ò»¸ö²éѯ½á¹ûµÄÍ·¼¸ÐУ¿</h4>
+    ²ÎÔÄ <font size="-1">FETCH</font> ÊÖ²áÒ³£¬»òÕßʹÓàSELECT ... LIMIT.... 
+
+    <p>¼´Ê¹ÄãÖ»ÐèÒª¿ªÍ·µÄ¼¸ÐУ¬Ò²»áÉæ¼°µ½Õû¸ö²éѯ¡£ÊÔ×ÅʹÓôøÓР<font size="-1">ORDER BY</font> µÄ²éѯ¡£Èç¹ûÓÐÒ»¸öË÷ÒýÓë <font size="-1">ORDER BY</font> Æ¥Å䣬PostgreSQL ¿ÉÄܾÍÖ»´¦ÀíÒªÇóµÄÍ·¼¸Ìõ¼Ç¼£¬·ñÔò½«¶ÔÕû¸ö²éѯ½øÐд¦ÀíÖ±µ½Éú³ÉÐèÒªµÄÐС£</p>
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+    <h4><a id="4.4" name="4.4"></a>4.4) ÔõÑù´Ó±íÀïÃæÉ¾³ýÒ»ÁУ¿</h4>
+
+    <p>7.3 ÀïÔö¼ÓÁË <font size="-1">ALTER TABLE DROP COLUMN</font>£¬ÒÔÖ§³Ö´ËÏÄÜ¡£ÔÚÒÔǰµÄ°æ±¾ÖУ¬¿ÉÒÔÕâÑù×ö£º</p>
+<pre>
+    BEGIN;
     LOCK TABLE old_table;
     SELECT ...  -- select all columns but the one you want to remove
     INTO TABLE new_table
     DROP TABLE old_table;
     ALTER TABLE new_table RENAME TO old_table;
     COMMIT;
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+</pre>
+
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+
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+
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+    Ò»¸ö Postgres Êý¾Ý¿â×î¶à¿ÉÄÜÐèÒªÏ൱ÓÚÔÚÒ»¸öÆ½ÃæÎļþÀï´æ´¢ÏàͬÊý¾ÝµÄ5±¶µÄ´ÅÅ̿ռ䡣 
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+    <p>ÀýÈ磬¼ÙÉèÓÐÒ»¸ö 100,000 ÐеÄÎļþ£¬Ã¿ÐÐÓÐÒ»¸öÕûÊýºÍÒ»¸öÎı¾ÃèÊö¡£¼ÙÉèÎı¾´®µÄƽ¾ù³¤¶Èλ20×Ö½Ú¡£Æ½ÃæÎļþÕ¼Óà2.8 MB¡£´æ·ÅÕâЩÊý¾ÝµÄ PostgreSQL Êý¾Ý¿âÎļþ´óÔ¼ÊÇ 6.4 MB:</p>
+<pre>
+     36 ×Ö½Ú: Ã¿ÐеÄÍ·£¨¹À¼ÆÖµ£©
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-               <P>R-tree Ë÷ÒýÓÃÓÚË÷Òý¿Õ¼äÊý¾Ý¡£Ò»¸ö¹þÏ£Ë÷ÒýÎÞ·¨´¦Àí·¶Î§ËÑË÷¡£¶ø B-tree Ë÷ÒýÖ»ÄÜ´¦ÀíһάµÄ·¶Î§ËÑË÷¡£R-tree           
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-                       <BR>
-                       Guttman, A. "R-Trees: A Dynamic Index Structure for Spatial Searching." Proc of           
-                       the 1984 ACM SIGMOD Int'l Conf on Mgmt of Data, 45-57.          
-                       <BR>
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-        &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; CREATE INDEX tabindex ON tab (lower(col));</p>         
-        <h4><a name="4.13"></a>4.13) ÔÚÒ»¸ö²éѯÀÎÒÔõÑù¼ì²âÒ»¸ö×Ö¶ÎÊÇ·ñΪ NULL£¿</h4>          
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-        <h4><a name="4.15.1"></a>4.15.1) ÎÒÔõÑù´´½¨Ò»¸öÐòÁкÅ/×Ô¶¯µÝÔöµÄ×ֶΣ¿</h4>          
-        <p>PostgreSQL Ö§³Ö SERIAL Êý¾ÝÀàÐÍ¡£ËüÔÚ×Ö¶ÎÉÏ×Ô¶¯´´½¨Ò»¸öÐòÁкÍË÷Òý¡£ÀýÈ磬<br>          
-        &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; CREATE TABLE person (&nbsp;<br>         
-        &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; id   SERIAL,&nbsp;<br>         
-        &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; name TEXT&nbsp;<br>         
-        &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; );<br>        
-        <br>
-   »á×Ô¶¯×ª»»Îª£º&nbsp;<br>
-        &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<br>
-        &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; CREATE SEQUENCE person_id_seq;<br>          
-        &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; CREATE TABLE person (&nbsp;<br>         
-        &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; id   INT4 NOT NULL DEFAULT nextval('person_id_seq'),<br>          
-        &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; name TEXT&nbsp;<br>         
-        &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; );<br>        
-        &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; CREATE UNIQUE INDEX person_id_key ON person ( id );<br>          
-        <br>
-        ²Î¿¼ create_sequence ÊÖ²áÒ³»ñÈ¡¹ØÓÚÐòÁеĸü¶àÐÅÏ¢¡£Ä㻹¿ÉÒÔÓÃÿÐеĠoid ×Ö¶Î×÷Ϊһ¸öΨһֵ¡£²»¹ý£¬Èç¹ûÄãÐèÒªÇãµ¹ºÍÖØÔØÊý¾Ý¿â£¬ÄãÐèҪʹÓàpg_dump µÄ -o Ñ¡Ïî»òÕß COPY WITH OIDS Ñ¡ÏîÒÔ±£Áô OID¡£&nbsp;</p>         
-        <h4><a name="4.15.2"></a>4.15.2)           
-                       ÎÒÈçºÎ»ñµÃÒ»¸ö²åÈëµÄÐòÁкŵÄÖµ£¿</h4>
-        <p>Ò»ÖÖ·½·¨ÊÇÔÚ²åÈë֮ǰÏÈÓú¯Êý nextval() ´ÓÐòÁжÔÏóÀï¼ìË÷³öÏÂÒ»¸ö SERIAL Öµ£¬È»ºóÔÙÏÔʽ²åÈ롣ʹÓà
-        <a href="#4.15.1"> 4.15.1</a> ÀïµÄÀý±í£¬¿ÉÓÃαÂëÕâÑùÃèÊö£º&nbsp;<br>         
-        <br>
-        &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; new_id = execute("SELECT nextval('person_id_seq')");<br>          
-        &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; execute("INSERT INTO person (id, name) VALUES (new_id, 'Blaise Pascal')");<br>          
-        <br>
-        ÕâÑù»¹ÄÜÔÚÆäËû²éѯÖÐʹÓôæ·ÅÔÚ new_id ÀïµÄÐÂÖµ£¨ÀýÈ磬×÷Ϊ person ±íµÄÍâ¼ü£©¡£×¢Òâ×Ô¶¯´´½¨µÄ SEQUENCE ¶ÔÏóµÄÃû³Æ½«»áÊÇ &lt;table>_&lt;serialcolumn>_seq£¬ÕâÀï table ºÍ serialcolumn ·Ö±ðÊÇÄãµÄ±íµÄÃû³ÆºÍÄãµÄ SERIAL ×ֶεÄÃû³Æ¡£&nbsp;<br>         
-        <br>
-        ÀàËÆµÄ£¬ÔÚ SERIAL ¶ÔÏóȱʡ²åÈëºóÄã¿ÉÒÔÓú¯Êý currval() ¼ìË÷¸Õ¸³ÖµµÄ SERIAL Öµ£¬ÀýÈ磬&nbsp;<br>         
-        <br>
-        &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; execute("INSERT INTO person (name) VALUES ('Blaise Pascal')");<br>          
-        &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; new_id = execute("SELECT currval('person_id_seq')");<br>          
-        <br>
-        ×îºó£¬Äã¿ÉÒÔʹÓôӠINSERT Óï¾ä·µ»ØµÄ <a href="4.16">OID</a> 
-        ²éÕÒȱʡֵ£¬¾¡¹ÜÕâ¿ÉÄÜÊÇ×îȱ·¦ÒÆÖ²ÐԵķ½·¨¡£ÔÚ Perl ÀʹÓôøÓРEdmund Mergl µÄ DBD::Pg Ä£¿éµÄ DBI£¬oid Öµ¿ÉÒÔͨ¹ý $sth->execute() ºóµÄ $sth->{pg_oid_status} »ñµÃ¡£&nbsp;</p>         
-        <h4><a name="4.15.3"></a>4.15.3) Ê¹Óàcurrval() ºÍ nextval() »áµ¼ÖÂÒ»¸öÓëÆäËûÓû§Ö®¼äµÄÎÉÂÒÇé¿öÂð£¿</h4>          
-        <p>²»»á¡£currval() ·µ»Øºǫ́½ø³Ì¶ø²»ÊÇËùÓÐÓû§¸³ÓèµÄµ±Ç°Öµ¡£<br>          
-        </p>
-        <h4><a name="4.15.4"></a>4.15.4)           
-                       ÎªÊ²Ã´²»ÔÚÊÂÎñÒì³£ÖÐÖ¹ºóÖØÓÃÐòÁкÅÄØ£¿ÎªÊ²Ã´ÔÚÐòÁкÅ×ֶεÄȡֵÖдæÔÚ¼ä¶ÏÄØ£¿</h4>
-        <p>ΪÁËÌá¸ß²¢·¢ÐÔ£¬ÐòÁкÅÔÚÐèÒªµÄʱºò¸³ÓèÕýÔÚÔËÐеÄÊÂÎñ£¬²¢ÇÒÖ»ÔÚÊÂÎñ½áÊøÖ®Ç°²»·âËø¡£Õâ¾Í»áµ¼ÖÂØ²ÕÛÊÂÎñºóµÄÐòÁкųöÏÖ¼ä¸ô¡£</p>
-        <h4><br>
-        <a name="4.16"></a>4.16) Ê²Ã´ÊÇ OID£¿Ê²Ã´ÊÇ TID£¿</h4>          
-        <p>OID ÊÇ PostgreSQL ÖÐÐеÄΨһ±êʶ¡£PostgreSQL Àï´´½¨µÄÿһÐж¼»ñµÃÒ»¸öΨһµÄ OID¡£ËùÓÐÔÚ initdb ¹ý³ÌÖд´½¨µÄ OID ¶¼Ð¡ÓÚ 16384 £¨²Î¼û include/access/transam.h£©¡£ËùÓÐÓû§´´½¨µÄ OID ¶¼´óÓÚ»òµÈÓÚÕâ¸öÖµ¡£È±Ê¡Ê±£¬ËùÓÐÕâЩ OID ²»½öÔÚÒ»¸ö±í»òÒ»¸öÊý¾Ý¿âÀïÃæÎ¨Ò»£¬¶øÇÒÔÚÕû¸ö PostgreSQL °²×°ÀïÒ²ÊÇΨһµÄ¡£&nbsp;<br>         
-        <br>
-        PostgreSQL ÔÚËüµÄÄÚ²¿ÏµÍ³±íÀïʹÓàOID ÔÚ±íÖ®¼ä½¨Á¢ÁªÏµ¡£ÕâЩ OID ¿ÉÒÔÓÃÓÚ±êÊ¶ÌØ¶¨µÄÓû§ÐÐÒÔ¼°ÓÃÔÚÁ¬½ÓÀï¡£½¨ÒéʹÓÃ×Ö¶ÎÀàÐÍ OID ´æ´¢ OID Öµ¡£¿ÉÒÔÔÚ OID ×Ö¶ÎÉÏ´´½¨Ò»¸öË÷ÒýÒÔ¿ìËÙ·ÃÎÊ¡£&nbsp;<br>         
-        <br>
-        OID ´ÓÒ»¸ö±»ËùÓÐÊý¾Ý¿âʹÓõÄÖÐÐÄÇøÓòÀ︳ֵ¸øËùÓÐÐÂÐС£Èç¹ûÄãÏë°Ñ OID ¸Ä³É±ðµÄÖµ£¬»òÕßÏë×öÒ»·Ý±íµÄ´øÔ­Ê¼ OID µÄ¿½±´£¬Äã¿ÉÒÔ×öµ½£º&nbsp;<br>         
-        <br>
-        &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; CREATE TABLE new(old_oid oid, mycol int);<br>          
-        &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; SELECT old_oid, mycol INTO new FROM old;<br>          
-        &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; COPY new TO '/tmp/pgtable';<br>          
-        &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; DELETE FROM new;<br>          
-        &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; COPY new WITH OIDS FROM '/tmp/pgtable';<br>          
-        <br>
-        OID ÓÃ4×Ö½ÚµÄÕûÊý±£´æ£¬ÔÚ³¬¹ý40ÒÚʱ½«Òç³ö¡£Ã»ÓÐÈ˱¨¸æ³öÏÖ¹ýÒç³ö£¬¶øÎÒÃÇ´òËãÔÚÓÐÈ˱¨¸æÖ®Ç°Ïû³ýÕâ¸öÏÞÖÆ¡£<br>          
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-        TID ÓÃÓÚ±êʶ´ø×ÅÊý¾Ý¿é£¨µØÖ·£©ºÍ£¨¿éÄÚ£©Æ«ÒƵÄÌØ¶¨µÄÎïÀíÐС£TID ÔÚÐб»¸ü¸Ä»òÖØÔØºó·¢Éú¸Ä±ä¡£Ë÷ÒýÈë¿ÚʹÓÃËüÃÇÖ¸ÏòÎïÀíÐС£</p>          
-        <h4><a name="4.17"></a>4.17) PostgreSQL Ê¹ÓõÄһЩÊõÓïµÄº¬ÒåÊÇʲô£¿</h4>          
-        <p>һЩԴ´úÂëºÍһЩ¾ÉÒ»µãµÄÎĵµÊ¹ÓÃһЩÓиü³£ÓÃÓ÷¨µÄÊõÓï¡£ÏÂÃæÊÇÆäÖÐÒ»²¿·Ö£º&nbsp;<br>
-        &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; table, relation, class&nbsp;<br>         
-        &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; row, record, tuple&nbsp;<br>         
-        &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; column, field, attribute&nbsp;<br>         
-        &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; retrieve, select&nbsp;<br>         
-        &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; replace, update&nbsp;<br>         
-        &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; append, insert&nbsp;<br>         
-        &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; OID, serial value&nbsp;<br>         
-        &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; portal, cursor&nbsp;<br>         
-        &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; range variable, table name, table alias&nbsp;<br>         
-        <br>
-        ÓÐÒ»¸öͨÓÃÊý¾Ý¿âÊõÓïµÄÁÐ±í£º<a href="http://hea-www.harvard.edu/MST/simul/software/docs/pkgs/pgsql/glossary/glossary.html">http://hea-www.harvard.edu/MST/simul/software/docs/pkgs/pgsql/glossary/glossary.html</a> 
-        ¡£&nbsp;&nbsp;</p>
-        <h4><a name="4.18"></a>4.18)           
-                       ÎªÊ²Ã´ÎÒÊÕµ½´íÎó¡°<i>ERROR: Memory exhausted in AllocSetAlloc()</i>¡±£¿</h4>
-        <p>ÕâºÜ¿ÉÄÜÊÇϵͳµÄÐéÄâÄÚ´æÓùâÁË£¬»òÕßÄں˶ÔijЩ×ÊÔ´Óнϵ͵ÄÏÞÖÆÖµ¡£ÔÚÆô¶¯ postmaster Ö®Ç°ÊÔÊÔÏÂÃæµÄÃüÁ&nbsp;<br>         
-        <br>
-        &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; ulimit -d 262144<br>          
-        &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; limit datasize 256m<br>          
-        <br>
-        È¡¾öÓÚÄãÓõĠshell£¬ÉÏÃæÃüÁîÖ»ÓÐÒ»ÌõÄܳɹ¦£¬µ«ÊÇËü½«°ÑÄãµÄ½ø³ÌÊý¾Ý¶ÎÏÞÖÆÉèµÃ±È½Ï¸ß£¬Òò¶øÒ²ÐíÄÜÈòéѯÍê³É¡£ÕâÌõÃüÁîÓ¦ÓÃÓÚµ±Ç°½ø³Ì£¬ÒÔ¼°ËùÓÐÔÚÕâÌõÃüÁîÔËÐк󴴽¨µÄ×Ó½ø³Ì¡£Èç¹ûÄãÊÇÔÚÔËÐÐSQL¿Í»§¶ËʱÒòΪºǫ́·µ»ØÁËÌ«¶àµÄÊý¾Ý¶ø³öÏÖÎÊÌ⣬ÇëÔÚÔËÐпͻ§¶Ë֮ǰִÐÐÉÏÊöÃüÁî¡£</p>          
-        <h4><a name="4.19"></a>4.19)           
-                       ÎÒÈçºÎ²ÅÄÜÖªµÀËùÔËÐеĠPostgreSQL µÄ°æ±¾£¿</h4>          
-        <p>´Ó psql À¼üÈë SELECT version()£»<br>          
-        </p>
-        <h4><a name="4.20"></a>4.20)           
-                       ÎªÊ²Ã´ÎҵĴó¶ÔÏó²Ù×÷µ¼Ö´íÎó¡°<I>invalid large obj descriptor¡±£¨·Ç·¨µÄ´ó¶ÔÏóÃèÊö·û£©</I>£¿</h4>          
-        <p>ÄãÐèÒªÔÚʹÓÃÈκδó¶ÔÏó¾ä±úµÄǰºó·ÅÉÏ BEGIN WORK ºÍ COMMIT£¬Ò²¾ÍÊÇ˵£¬°üΧ lo_open ... lo_close¡£&nbsp;<br>         
-        <br>
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-        <br>
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-        &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; ORDER BY col1</p>          
-        <h4><a name="4.24"></a>4.24)           
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-        <h2 align="center">À©Õ¹ PostgreSQL</h2>          
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+
+    <p>Ë÷Òý²»ÐèÒªÕâô¶àµÄ¶îÍâÏûºÄ£¬µ«Ò²È·Êµ°üÀ¨±»Ë÷ÒýµÄÊý¾Ý£¬Òò´ËËüÃÇÒ²¿ÉÄܴܺó¡£</p>
+
+    <p>¿ÕÖµ´æ·ÅÔÚλͼÖУ¬Òò´ËÕ¼ÓúÜÉٵĿռ䡣</p>
+
+    <h4><a id="4.7" name="4.7"></a>4.7) ÈçºÎ²é¿´±í¡¢Ë÷Òý¡¢Êý¾Ý¿âÒÔ¼°Óû§µÄ¶¨Ò壿</h4>
+    <i> psql</i> ÓÐÐí¶à·´Ð±¸ÜÃüÁîÓÃÓÚÏÔʾÕâЩÐÅÏ¢¡£Óà\? ¿´¿´¶¼ÓÐÄÄЩ¡£ÒÔ pg_ ´òÍ·µÄϵͳ±íÒ²ÃèÊöÁËÕâЩÐÅÏ¢¡£ psql -l ¿ÉÒÔÁгöËùÓеÄÊý¾Ý¿â¡£ 
+
+    <p>Ò²¿ÉÒÔÊÔÊÔÎļþ <i>pgsql/src/tutorial/syscat.source</i>¡£ËüÑÝʾÁËÐí¶à´ÓÊý¾Ý¿âϵͳ±íÀï»ñÈ¡ÐÅÏ¢ÐèÒªµÄ <font size="-1">SELECT</font>¡£</p>
+
+    <h4><a id="4.8" name="4.8"></a>4.8) ÎҵIJéѯºÜÂý»òÕßûÓÐÀûÓÃË÷Òý¡£ÎªÊ²Ã´£¿</h4>
+
+    <p>²¢·Çÿ¸ö²éѯ¶¼»á×Ô¶¯Ê¹ÓÃË÷Òý¡£Ö»ÓÐÔÚ±íµÄ´óС³¬¹ýÒ»¸ö×îСֵ£¬²¢ÇÒ²éѯֻѡÔñ±íÖнÏС±ÈÀýµÄÐÐʱ²ÉÓÃʹÓÃË÷Òý¡£ÕâÊÇÒòΪË÷ÒýɨÃèÒýÆðµÄËæ¼´´ÅÅÌ´æÈ¡¿ÉÄܱÈÖ±½ÓµØ¶ÁÈ¡±í£¨Ë³ÐòɨÃ裩¸üÂý¡£ÎªÁËÅжÏÊÇ·ñʹÓÃË÷Òý£¬PostgreSQL ±ØÐë»ñµÃÓйرíµÄͳ¼ÆÖµ¡£ÕâЩͳ¼ÆÖµ¿ÉÒÔʹÓàVACUUM ANALYZE£¬»ò ANALYZE »ñµÃ¡£Ê¹ÓÃͳ¼ÆÖµ£¬ÓÅ»¯Æ÷ÖªµÀ±íÖÐÓжàÉÙÐУ¬¾ÍÄܹ»¸üºÃµØÅжÏÊÇ·ñÀûÓÃË÷Òý¡£Í³¼ÆÖµ¶ÔÈ·¶¨ÓÅ»¯µÄÁ¬½Ó˳ÐòºÍÁ¬½Ó·½·¨Ò²ºÜÓÐÓá£ÔÚ±íµÄÄÚÈÝ·¢Éú±ä»¯Ê±£¬Ó¦¶¨ÆÚ½øÐÐͳ¼ÆÖµµÄ»ñÈ¡¡£</p>
+
+    <p>Ë÷Òýͨ³£²»ÓÃÓÚ ORDER BY »òÖ´ÐÐÁ¬½Ó¡£¶ÔÒ»¸ö´ó±íµÄÒ»´Î˳ÐòɨÃ裬ÔÙ×öÒ»¸öÏÔʽµÄÅÅÐòͨ³£±ÈË÷ÒýɨÃèÒª¿ì¡£</p>
+
+    <p>µ«ÊÇ£¬ÔÚ LIMIT ºÍ ORDER BY ½áºÏʹÓÃʱ¾­³£»áʹÓÃË÷Òý£¬ÒòΪֻ»á·µ»Ø±íµÄһС²¿·Ö¡£Êµ¼ÊÉÏ£¬ËäÈ» MAX() ºÍ MIN() ²¢²»Ê¹ÓÃË÷Òý£¬Í¨¹ý¶Ô ORDER BY ºÍ LLIMIT Ê¹ÓÃË÷ÒýÈ¡µÃ×î´óÖµºÍ×îСֵҲÊÇ¿ÉÒԵģº<br />
+    <br />
+         SELECT col<br />
+         FROM tab<br />
+         ORDER BY col [ DESC ]<br />
+         LIMIT 1;</p>
+
+    <p>µ±Ê¹ÓÃͨÅä·û²Ù×÷£¬ÀýÈç LIKE »ò ~ Ê±£¬Ë÷ÒýÖ»ÄÜÔÚÌØ¶¨µÄÇé¿öÏÂʹÓ㺠 </p>
+
+    <ul>
+      <li>×Ö·û´®µÄ¿ªÊ¼²¿·Ö±ØÐëÊÇÆÕͨ×Ö·û´®£¬Ò²¾ÍÊÇ˵£º</li>
+
+      <li>LIKE Ä£Ê½²»ÄÜÒÔ % ´òÍ·¡£</li>
+
+      <li>~ £¨ÕýÔò±í´ïʽ£©Ä£Ê½±ØÐëÒÔ ^ ´òÍ·¡£</li>
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+      <li>×Ö·û´®²»ÄÜÒÔÆ¥Åä¶à¸ö×Ö·ûµÄģʽÀà´òÍ·£¬ÀýÈç [a-e]¡£</li>
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+      <li>´óСдÎ޹صIJéÕÒ£¬Èç ILIKE ºÍ ~* µÈ²»Ê¹ÓÃË÷Òý¡£µ«¿ÉÒÔÓà4.12 ½ÚÃèÊöµÄº¯ÊýË÷Òý¡£</li>
+
+      <li>ÔÚ×ö initdb Ê±±ØÐë²ÉÓÃȱʡµÄ±¾µØÉèÖàC locale¡£</li>
+    </ul>
+
+    <h4><a id="4.9" name="4.9"></a>4.9) ÎÒÈçºÎ²ÅÄÜ¿´µ½²éѯÓÅ»¯Æ÷ÊÇÔõÑù´¦ÀíÎҵIJéѯµÄ£¿</h4>
+    ²Î¿¼ <font size="-1">EXPLAIN</font> ÊÖ²áÒ³¡£ 
+
+    <h4><a id="4.10" name="4.10"></a>4.10) R-tree Ë÷ÒýÊÇʲô£¿</h4>
+
+    <p>R-tree Ë÷ÒýÓÃÓÚË÷Òý¿Õ¼äÊý¾Ý¡£Ò»¸ö¹þÏ£Ë÷ÒýÎÞ·¨´¦Àí·¶Î§ËÑË÷¡£¶ø B-tree Ë÷ÒýÖ»ÄÜ´¦ÀíһάµÄ·¶Î§ËÑË÷¡£R-tree Ë÷Òý¿ÉÒÔ´¦Àí¶àάÊý¾Ý¡£ÀýÈ磬Èç¹û¿ÉÒÔÔÚÒ»¸öÀàÐÍΪ point µÄ×Ö¶ÎÉϽ¨Á¢Ò»¸ö R-tree Ë÷Òý£¬ÄÇôϵͳÄܸü¸ßЧµØ»Ø´ðÀàËÆ ¡°Ñ¡ÔñÔÚÒ»¸ö³¤·½Ðη¶Î§ÄÚµÄËùÓе㡱¡£<br />
+    <br />
+     ÃèÊö×î³õµÄ R-Tree Éè¼ÆµÄÕýʽÂÛÎÄÊÇ£º<br />
+    <br />
+     Guttman, A. "R-Trees: A Dynamic Index Structure for Spatial Searching." Proc of the 1984 ACM SIGMOD Int'l Conf on Mgmt of Data, 45-57.<br />
+    <br />
+     Ä㻹¿ÉÒÔÔÚ Stonebraker µÄ¡°Readings in Database Systems¡±ÀïÕÒµ½ÕâÆªÎÄÕ¡£<br />
+    <br />
+     ÏµÍ³ÄÚÖõĠR-Tree ¿ÉÒÔ´¦Àí¶à±ßÐκͷ½ÐΡ£ÀíÂÛÉÏ˵£¬R-tree ¿ÉÒÔÀ©Õ¹Îª´¦Àí¸ü¶àάÊý¡£²»¹ýÔÚʵ¼ùÉÏ£¬À©Õ¹ R-trees ÐèÒªÒ»¶¨µÄ¹¤×÷Á¿£¬¶øÎÒÃÇĿǰûÓÐÈçºÎ×öµÄÎĵµ¡£</p>
+
+    <h4><a id="4.11" name="4.11"></a>4.11) Ê²Ã´ÊÇ»ùÒò²éѯÓÅ»¯£¨Genetic Query Optimization£©£¿</h4>
+
+    <p>GEQO Ä£¿é²ÉÓûùÒòËã·¨£¨Genetic Algorithm£¬GA£©¼Ó¿ì¶à±íÁ¬½ÓµÄ²éѯÓÅ»¯¡£ËüÔÊÐíͨ¹ý·ÇÇî¾ÙËÑË÷´¦Àí´óµÄÁ¬½Ó²éѯ¡£</p>
+
+    <h4><a id="4.12" name="4.12"></a>4.12) ÎÒÔõÑù×öÕýÔò±í´ïʽËÑË÷ºÍ´óСдÎ޹صÄÕýÔò±í´ïʽËÑË÷£¿ÔõÑùÀûÓÃË÷Òý½øÐдóСдÎÞ¹ØËÑË÷£¿</h4>
+
+    <p>²Ù×÷·û ~ ´¦ÀíÕýÔò±í´ïʽƥÅ䣬¶ø ~* ´¦Àí´óСдÎ޹صÄÕýÔò±í´ïʽƥÅä¡£´óдЩÎ޹صĠLIKE ±äÖÖ³ÉΪ ILIKE¡£<br />
+    <br />
+     ´óСдÎ޹صĵÈʽ±È½Ïͨ³£Ð´×ö£º<br />
+    <br />
+         SELECT *<br />
+         FROM tab<br />
+         WHERE lower(col) = 'abc';<br />
+    <br />
+     ÕâÑù½«²»»áʹÓñê×¼µÄË÷Òý¡£µ«ÊÇ¿ÉÒÔ´´½¨Ò»¸ö¿É±»ÀûÓõĺ¯ÊýË÷Òý:<br />
+    <br />
+         CREATE INDEX tabindex ON tab (lower(col));</p>
+
+    <h4><a id="4.13" name="4.13"></a>4.13) ÔÚÒ»¸ö²éѯÀÎÒÔõÑù¼ì²âÒ»¸ö×Ö¶ÎÊÇ·ñΪ NULL£¿</h4>
+
+    <p>ÓàIS NULL ºÍ IS NOT NULL ²âÊÔÕâ¸ö×ֶΡ£ <br />
+    </p>
+
+    <h4><a id="4.14" name="4.14"></a>4.14) ¸÷ÖÖ×Ö·ûÀàÐÍÖ®¼äÓÐʲô²»Í¬£¿</h4>
+
+    <p>  ÀàÐÍ            ÄÚ²¿Ãû³Æ    ËµÃ÷<br />
+       --------------------------------------------------<br />
+       "char"        char         1¸ö×Ö·û character<br />
+       CHAR(#)      bpchar       ¶¨³¤×Ö·û´®£¬Êµ¼ÊÊý¾Ý²»×㶨Ò峤¶Èʱ£¬ÒÔ¿Õ¸ñ²¹Æë<br />
+       VARCHAR(#)  varchar     Ö¸¶¨ÁË×î´ó³¤¶È£¬±ä³¤×Ö·û´®£¬²»×㶨Ò峤¶ÈµÄ²¿·Ö²»²¹Æë<br />
+       TEXT           text         ´®³¤¶È½öÊÜÐеÄ×î´ó³¤¶ÈÏÞÖÆ<br />
+       BYTEA          bytea       ±ä³¤×Ö½ÚÐòÁУ¨±ä³¤µÄ¶þ½øÖÆÊý¾Ý£©<br />
+    <br />
+     ÔÚϵͳ±íºÍÔÚһЩ´íÎóÐÅÏ¢ÀïÄ㽫¿´µ½ÄÚ²¿Ãû³Æ¡£ <br />
+    <br />
+     ÉÏÃæ×îºóËÄÖÖÀàÐÍÊÇ"varlena"£¨±ä³¤£©ÀàÐÍ£¨Ò²¾ÍÊÇ˵£¬¿ªÍ·µÄËĸö×Ö½ÚÊdz¤¶È£¬ºóÃæ²ÅÊÇÊý¾Ý£©¡£ÓÚÊÇʵ¼ÊÕ¼ÓõĿռä±ÈÉùÃ÷µÄ´óСҪ¶àһЩ¡£È»¶øÕâЩÀàÐͶ¼¿ÉÒÔ±»Ñ¹Ëõ´æ´¢£¬Ò²¿ÉÒÔÓàTOAST ÍÑ»ú´æ´¢£¬Òò´Ë´ÅÅ̿ռäÒ²¿ÉÄܱÈÔ¤ÏëµÄÒªÉÙ¡£<br />
+    <br />
+     CHAR(n) ×îÊʺÏÓÚ´æ´¢³¤¶È»ù±¾²î²»¶àµÄ×Ö·û´®¡£VARCHAR(n) ÔÚ´æ´¢ÏÞÖÆÁË×î´ó³¤¶ÈµÄ±ä³¤×Ö·û´®ÊÇ×îºÃµÄ¡£TEXT ÊÊÓÃÓÚ´æ´¢²»ÏÞÖÆ³¤¶ÈµÄ×Ö·û´®£¬×î´ó¿É´ï 1G¡£BYTEA ÓÃÓÚ´æ´¢¶þ½øÖÆÊý¾Ý£¬ÓÈÆäÊǰüº¬ NULL ×Ö½Ú£¨¶þ½øÖƵÄ0£©µÄÖµ¡£ÕâЩÀàÐ;ßÓÐÀàÐ͵ÄÐÔÄÜ¡£</p>
+
+    <h4><a id="4.15.1" name="4.15.1"></a>4.15.1) ÎÒÔõÑù´´½¨Ò»¸öÐòÁкÅ/×Ô¶¯µÝÔöµÄ×ֶΣ¿</h4>
+
+    <p>PostgreSQL Ö§³Ö SERIAL Êý¾ÝÀàÐÍ¡£ËüÔÚ×Ö¶ÎÉÏ×Ô¶¯´´½¨Ò»¸öÐòÁкÍË÷Òý¡£ÀýÈ磬<br />
+         CREATE TABLE person ( <br />
+             id SERIAL, <br />
+             name TEXT <br />
+             );<br />
+    <br />
+     »á×Ô¶¯×ª»»Îª£º <br />
+         <br />
+         CREATE SEQUENCE person_id_seq;<br />
+         CREATE TABLE person ( <br />
+             id INT4 NOT NULL DEFAULT nextval('person_id_seq'),<br />
+             name TEXT <br />
+             );<br />
+         CREATE UNIQUE INDEX person_id_key ON person ( id );<br />
+    <br />
+     ²Î¿¼ create_sequence ÊÖ²áÒ³»ñÈ¡¹ØÓÚÐòÁеĸü¶àÐÅÏ¢¡£Ä㻹¿ÉÒÔÓÃÿÐеĠoid ×Ö¶Î×÷Ϊһ¸öΨһֵ¡£²»¹ý£¬Èç¹ûÄãÐèÒªÇãµ¹ºÍÖØÔØÊý¾Ý¿â£¬ÄãÐèҪʹÓàpg_dump µÄ -o Ñ¡Ïî»òÕß COPY WITH OIDS Ñ¡ÏîÒÔ±£Áô OID¡£ </p>
+
+    <h4><a id="4.15.2" name="4.15.2"></a>4.15.2) ÎÒÈçºÎ»ñµÃÒ»¸ö²åÈëµÄÐòÁкŵÄÖµ£¿</h4>
+
+    <p>Ò»ÖÖ·½·¨ÊÇÔÚ²åÈë֮ǰÏÈÓú¯Êý nextval() ´ÓÐòÁжÔÏóÀï¼ìË÷³öÏÂÒ»¸ö SERIAL Öµ£¬È»ºóÔÙÏÔʽ²åÈ롣ʹÓà<a href="#4.15.1">4.15.1</a> ÀïµÄÀý±í£¬¿ÉÓÃαÂëÕâÑùÃèÊö£º <br />
+    <br />
+         new_id = execute("SELECT nextval('person_id_seq')");<br />
+         execute("INSERT INTO person (id, name) VALUES (new_id, 'Blaise Pascal')");<br />
+    <br />
+     ÕâÑù»¹ÄÜÔÚÆäËû²éѯÖÐʹÓôæ·ÅÔÚ new_id ÀïµÄÐÂÖµ£¨ÀýÈ磬×÷Ϊ person ±íµÄÍâ¼ü£©¡£×¢Òâ×Ô¶¯´´½¨µÄ SEQUENCE ¶ÔÏóµÄÃû³Æ½«»áÊÇ &lt;table&gt;_&lt;serialcolumn&gt;_seq£¬ÕâÀï table ºÍ serialcolumn ·Ö±ðÊÇÄãµÄ±íµÄÃû³ÆºÍÄãµÄ SERIAL ×ֶεÄÃû³Æ¡£ <br />
+    <br />
+     ÀàËÆµÄ£¬ÔÚ SERIAL ¶ÔÏóȱʡ²åÈëºóÄã¿ÉÒÔÓú¯Êý currval() ¼ìË÷¸Õ¸³ÖµµÄ SERIAL Öµ£¬ÀýÈ磬 <br />
+    <br />
+         execute("INSERT INTO person (name) VALUES ('Blaise Pascal')");<br />
+         new_id = execute("SELECT currval('person_id_seq')");<br />
+    <br />
+     ×îºó£¬Äã¿ÉÒÔʹÓôӠINSERT Óï¾ä·µ»ØµÄ <a href="4.16">OID</a> ²éÕÒȱʡֵ£¬¾¡¹ÜÕâ¿ÉÄÜÊÇ×îȱ·¦ÒÆÖ²ÐԵķ½·¨¡£ÔÚ Perl ÀʹÓôøÓРEdmund Mergl µÄ DBD::Pg Ä£¿éµÄ DBI£¬oid Öµ¿ÉÒÔͨ¹ý $sth-&gt;execute() ºóµÄ $sth-&gt;{pg_oid_status} »ñµÃ¡£ </p>
+
+    <h4><a id="4.15.3" name="4.15.3"></a>4.15.3) Ê¹Óàcurrval() ºÍ nextval() »áµ¼ÖÂÒ»¸öÓëÆäËûÓû§Ö®¼äµÄÎÉÂÒÇé¿öÂð£¿</h4>
+
+    <p>²»»á¡£currval() ·µ»Øºǫ́½ø³Ì¶ø²»ÊÇËùÓÐÓû§¸³ÓèµÄµ±Ç°Öµ¡£<br />
+    </p>
+
+    <h4><a id="4.15.4" name="4.15.4"></a>4.15.4) ÎªÊ²Ã´²»ÔÚÊÂÎñÒì³£ÖÐÖ¹ºóÖØÓÃÐòÁкÅÄØ£¿ÎªÊ²Ã´ÔÚÐòÁкÅ×ֶεÄȡֵÖдæÔÚ¼ä¶ÏÄØ£¿</h4>
+
+    <p>ΪÁËÌá¸ß²¢·¢ÐÔ£¬ÐòÁкÅÔÚÐèÒªµÄʱºò¸³ÓèÕýÔÚÔËÐеÄÊÂÎñ£¬²¢ÇÒÖ»ÔÚÊÂÎñ½áÊøÖ®Ç°²»·âËø¡£Õâ¾Í»áµ¼ÖÂØ²ÕÛÊÂÎñºóµÄÐòÁкųöÏÖ¼ä¸ô¡£</p>
+
+    <h4><br />
+     <a id="4.16" name="4.16"></a>4.16) Ê²Ã´ÊÇ OID£¿Ê²Ã´ÊÇ TID£¿</h4>
+
+    <p>OID ÊÇ PostgreSQL ÖÐÐеÄΨһ±êʶ¡£PostgreSQL Àï´´½¨µÄÿһÐж¼»ñµÃÒ»¸öΨһµÄ OID¡£ËùÓÐÔÚ initdb ¹ý³ÌÖд´½¨µÄ OID ¶¼Ð¡ÓÚ 16384 £¨²Î¼û include/access/transam.h£©¡£ËùÓÐÓû§´´½¨µÄ OID ¶¼´óÓÚ»òµÈÓÚÕâ¸öÖµ¡£È±Ê¡Ê±£¬ËùÓÐÕâЩ OID ²»½öÔÚÒ»¸ö±í»òÒ»¸öÊý¾Ý¿âÀïÃæÎ¨Ò»£¬¶øÇÒÔÚÕû¸ö PostgreSQL °²×°ÀïÒ²ÊÇΨһµÄ¡£ <br />
+    <br />
+     PostgreSQL ÔÚËüµÄÄÚ²¿ÏµÍ³±íÀïʹÓàOID ÔÚ±íÖ®¼ä½¨Á¢ÁªÏµ¡£ÕâЩ OID ¿ÉÒÔÓÃÓÚ±êÊ¶ÌØ¶¨µÄÓû§ÐÐÒÔ¼°ÓÃÔÚÁ¬½ÓÀï¡£½¨ÒéʹÓÃ×Ö¶ÎÀàÐÍ OID ´æ´¢ OID Öµ¡£¿ÉÒÔÔÚ OID ×Ö¶ÎÉÏ´´½¨Ò»¸öË÷ÒýÒÔ¿ìËÙ·ÃÎÊ¡£ <br />
+    <br />
+     OID ´ÓÒ»¸ö±»ËùÓÐÊý¾Ý¿âʹÓõÄÖÐÐÄÇøÓòÀ︳ֵ¸øËùÓÐÐÂÐС£Èç¹ûÄãÏë°Ñ OID ¸Ä³É±ðµÄÖµ£¬»òÕßÏë×öÒ»·Ý±íµÄ´øÔ­Ê¼ OID µÄ¿½±´£¬Äã¿ÉÒÔ×öµ½£º <br />
+    <br />
+         CREATE TABLE new(old_oid oid, mycol int);<br />
+         SELECT old_oid, mycol INTO new FROM old;<br />
+         COPY new TO '/tmp/pgtable';<br />
+         DELETE FROM new;<br />
+         COPY new WITH OIDS FROM '/tmp/pgtable';<br />
+    <br />
+     OID ÓÃ4×Ö½ÚµÄÕûÊý±£´æ£¬ÔÚ³¬¹ý40ÒÚʱ½«Òç³ö¡£Ã»ÓÐÈ˱¨¸æ³öÏÖ¹ýÒç³ö£¬¶øÎÒÃÇ´òËãÔÚÓÐÈ˱¨¸æÖ®Ç°Ïû³ýÕâ¸öÏÞÖÆ¡£<br />
+    <br />
+     TID ÓÃÓÚ±êʶ´ø×ÅÊý¾Ý¿é£¨µØÖ·£©ºÍ£¨¿éÄÚ£©Æ«ÒƵÄÌØ¶¨µÄÎïÀíÐС£TID ÔÚÐб»¸ü¸Ä»òÖØÔØºó·¢Éú¸Ä±ä¡£Ë÷ÒýÈë¿ÚʹÓÃËüÃÇÖ¸ÏòÎïÀíÐС£</p>
+
+    <h4><a id="4.17" name="4.17"></a>4.17) PostgreSQL Ê¹ÓõÄһЩÊõÓïµÄº¬ÒåÊÇʲô£¿</h4>
+
+    <p>һЩԴ´úÂëºÍһЩ¾ÉÒ»µãµÄÎĵµÊ¹ÓÃһЩÓиü³£ÓÃÓ÷¨µÄÊõÓï¡£ÏÂÃæÊÇÆäÖÐÒ»²¿·Ö£º <br />
+         table, relation, class <br />
+         row, record, tuple <br />
+         column, field, attribute <br />
+         retrieve, select <br />
+         replace, update <br />
+         append, insert <br />
+         OID, serial value <br />
+         portal, cursor <br />
+         range variable, table name, table alias <br />
+    <br />
+     ÓÐÒ»¸öͨÓÃÊý¾Ý¿âÊõÓïµÄÁÐ±í£º<a href="http://hea-www.harvard.edu/MST/simul/software/docs/pkgs/pgsql/glossary/glossary.html">http://hea-www.harvard.edu/MST/simul/software/docs/pkgs/pgsql/glossary/glossary.html</a> ¡£  </p>
+
+    <h4><a id="4.18" name="4.18"></a>4.18) ÎªÊ²Ã´ÎÒÊÕµ½´íÎó¡°<i>ERROR: Memory exhausted in AllocSetAlloc()</i>¡±£¿</h4>
+
+    <p>ÕâºÜ¿ÉÄÜÊÇϵͳµÄÐéÄâÄÚ´æÓùâÁË£¬»òÕßÄں˶ÔijЩ×ÊÔ´Óнϵ͵ÄÏÞÖÆÖµ¡£ÔÚÆô¶¯ postmaster Ö®Ç°ÊÔÊÔÏÂÃæµÄÃüÁ <br />
+    <br />
+         ulimit -d 262144<br />
+         limit datasize 256m<br />
+    <br />
+     È¡¾öÓÚÄãÓõĠshell£¬ÉÏÃæÃüÁîÖ»ÓÐÒ»ÌõÄܳɹ¦£¬µ«ÊÇËü½«°ÑÄãµÄ½ø³ÌÊý¾Ý¶ÎÏÞÖÆÉèµÃ±È½Ï¸ß£¬Òò¶øÒ²ÐíÄÜÈòéѯÍê³É¡£ÕâÌõÃüÁîÓ¦ÓÃÓÚµ±Ç°½ø³Ì£¬ÒÔ¼°ËùÓÐÔÚÕâÌõÃüÁîÔËÐк󴴽¨µÄ×Ó½ø³Ì¡£Èç¹ûÄãÊÇÔÚÔËÐÐSQL¿Í»§¶ËʱÒòΪºǫ́·µ»ØÁËÌ«¶àµÄÊý¾Ý¶ø³öÏÖÎÊÌ⣬ÇëÔÚÔËÐпͻ§¶Ë֮ǰִÐÐÉÏÊöÃüÁî¡£</p>
+
+    <h4><a id="4.19" name="4.19"></a>4.19) ÎÒÈçºÎ²ÅÄÜÖªµÀËùÔËÐеĠPostgreSQL µÄ°æ±¾£¿</h4>
+
+    <p>´Ó psql À¼üÈë SELECT version()£»<br />
+    </p>
+
+    <h4><a id="4.20" name="4.20"></a>4.20) ÎªÊ²Ã´ÎҵĴó¶ÔÏó²Ù×÷µ¼Ö´íÎó¡°<i>invalid large obj descriptor¡±£¨·Ç·¨µÄ´ó¶ÔÏóÃèÊö·û£©</i>£¿</h4>
+
+    <p>ÄãÐèÒªÔÚʹÓÃÈκδó¶ÔÏó¾ä±úµÄǰºó·ÅÉÏ BEGIN WORK ºÍ COMMIT£¬Ò²¾ÍÊÇ˵£¬°üΧ lo_open ... lo_close¡£ <br />
+    <br />
+     Ä¿Ç° PostgreSQL Ç¿ÖÆÊµÊ©ÕâÌõ¹æÔò£ºÔÚÊÂÎñÌύʱ¹Ø±Õ´ó¶ÔÏó¾ä±ú£¬ÕâÑù£¬£¨Ã»ÓвÉÓÃÊÂÎñʱ£©£¬Ê״ζԴó¶ÔÏó¾ä±ú×öÈκÎÊÂÇéµÄÆóͼ¶¼»áµ¼ÖÂÒ»¸ö invalid large obj descriptor¡£ËùÒÔ£¬Èç¹ûÄãûÓÐʹÓÃÒ»¸öÊÂÎñ£¬ÒÔǰÄܹ¤×÷µÄ´úÂ루ÖÁÉÙÊÇ´ó¶àÊýʱ¼ä£©½«»áÉú³ÉÕâôһ¸ö´íÎóÐÅÏ¢¡£ <br />
+    <br />
+     Èç¹ûÄãʹÓÿͻ§¶Ë½Ó¿Ú£¬Èç ODBC£¬Äã¿ÉÄÜÐèÒª set auto-commit off¡£</p>
+
+    <h4><a id="4.21" name="4.21"></a>4.21) ÎÒÈçºÎ´´½¨Ò»¸öȱʡֵÊǵ±Ç°Ê±¼äµÄ×ֶΣ¿</h4>
+
+    <p>ʹÓàCURRENT_TIMESTAMP£º<br />
+    <br />
+         CREATE TABLE test(x int, modtime timestamp DEFAULT CURRENT_TIMESTAMP);</p>
+
+    <h4><a id="4.22" name="4.22"></a>4.22) ÎªÊ²Ã´Ê¹ÓàIN µÄ×Ó²éѯÕâôÂý£¿</h4>
+
+    <p>Ŀǰ£¬ÎÒÃÇͨ¹ýΪÍâ²éѯµÄÿһÐÐ˳ÐòɨÃè×Ó²éѯµÄ½á¹ûÀ´Á¬½Ó×Ó²éѯºÍÍâ²éѯ¡£Èç¹û×Ó²éѯ·µ»ØÉÙÊý¼¸ÐУ¬¶øÍâ²éѯ·µ»ØºÜ¶àÐУ¬IN Ö´Ðеúܿ졣ΪÁ˼ӿìÆäËû IN ²éѯµÄÖ´ÐУ¬¿ÉÒÔÓàEXISTS Ìæ»» IN£º <br />
+    <br />
+         SELECT *<br />
+         FROM tab<br />
+         WHERE col IN (SELECT subcol FROM subtab);<br />
+    <br />
+     ¸ÄΪ£º <br />
+    <br />
+         SELECT *<br />
+         FROM tab<br />
+         WHERE EXISTS (SELECT subcol FROM subtab WHERE subcol = col);<br />
+    <br />
+     ºóÕßÒªÏëÖ´Ðеøü¿ì£¬subcol Ó¦¸ÃÊÇÒ»¸öË÷ÒýÁС£ÎÒÃÇÏ£ÍûÔÚδÀ´µÄ·¢²¼°æ±¾ÖÐÐÞ²¹Õâ¸öÏÞÖÆ¡£</p>
+
+    <h4><a id="4.23" name="4.23"></a>4.23) ÎÒÔõÑù½øÐРouter join £¨ÍâÁ¬½Ó£©£¿</h4>
+
+    <p>PostgreSQL ²ÉÓñê×¼µÄ SQL Óï·¨Ö§³ÖÍâÁ¬½Ó¡£ÕâÀïÊÇÁ½¸öÀý×Ó£º<br />
+    <br />
+         SELECT *<br />
+         FROM t1 LEFT OUTER JOIN t2 ON (t1.col = t2.col);<br />
+    <br />
+     »ò <br />
+         SELECT *<br />
+         FROM t1 LEFT OUTER JOIN t2 USING (col);<br />
+    <br />
+     ÕâÁ½¸öµÈ¼ÛµÄ²éѯÔÚ t1.col ºÍ t2.col ÉÏ×öÁ¬½Ó£¬²¢ÇÒ·µâ»?t1 ÖÐËùÓÐδÁ¬½ÓµÄÐУ¨ÄÇЩÔÚ t2 ÖÐûÓÐÆ¥ÅäµÄÐУ©¡£ÓÒ[Íâ]Á¬½Ó(RIGHT OUTER JOIN)½«·µ»Ø t2 ÖÐδÁ¬½ÓµÄÐС£ÍêÈ«ÍâÁ¬½Ó£¨FULL OUTER JOIN£©½«·µ»Ø t1 ºÍ t2 ÖÐδÁ¬½ÓµÄÐС£¹Ø¼ü×Ö OUTER ÔÚ×ó[Íâ]Á¬½Ó¡¢ÓÒ[Íâ]Á¬½ÓºÍÍêÈ«[Íâ]Á¬½ÓÖÐÊÇ¿ÉÑ¡µÄ£¬ÆÕͨÁ¬½Ó±»³ÉΪÄÚÁ¬½Ó£¨INNER JOIN£©¡£<br />
+    <br />
+     ÔÚ´ËǰµÄ°æ±¾ÖУ¬ÍâÁ¬½Ó¿ÉÒÔÓàUNION ºÍ NOT IN À´Ä£Äâ¡£ÀýÈ磬ÏÂÃæµÄÀý×ÓÔÚ±í tab1 ºÍ tab2 Ö®¼ä×öÍâÁ¬½Ó£º<br />
+    <br />
+         SELECT tab1.col1, tab2.col2<br />
+         FROM tab1, tab2<br />
+         WHERE tab1.col1 = tab2.col1<br />
+    <br />
+         UNION ALL<br />
+    <br />
+         SELECT tab1.col1, NULL<br />
+         FROM tab1<br />
+         WHERE tab1.col1 NOT IN (SELECT tab2.col1 FROM tab2)<br />
+         ORDER BY col1</p>
+
+    <h4><a id="4.24" name="4.24"></a>4.24) ÈçºÎʹÓÃÉæ¼°¶à¸öÊý¾Ý¿âµÄ²éѯ£¿</h4>
+
+    <p>ûÓа취²éѯµ±Ç°Êý¾Ý¿âÖ®ÍâµÄÊý¾Ý¿â¡£ÒòΪ PostgreSQL ¼ÓÔØÊý¾Ý¿âÏà¹ØµÄϵͳĿ¼£¨ÏµÍ³±í£©£¬¿çÊý¾Ý¿âµÄ²éѯÈçºÎÖ´ÐÐҲδÃ÷È·¡£<br />
+    <br />
+     contrib/dblink ÔÊÐí²ÉÓú¯Êýµ÷ÓÃʵÏÖ¿ç¿â²éѯ¡£µ±È»¿ÉÒÔͬʱÁ¬½Óµ½²»Í¬µÄÊý¾Ý¿â²¢ÔÚ¿Í»§¶ËºÏ²¢½á¹û¡£</p>
+
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+    <h4><a id="4.27" name="4.27"></a>4.27) ÓÐÄÄЩÊý¾Ý¸´ÖÆÑ¡Ï</h4>
+
+    <p>Óм¸ÖÖÖ÷/´Ó·½Ê½µÄ¸´ÖÆÑ¡Ïî¡£ÕâЩѡÏîÖ»ÔÊÐíÖ÷Êý¾Ý¿â½øÐиüУ¬´ÓÊý¾Ý¿âÖ»ÄܽøÐжÁ¡£ÍøÒ³ <a href="http://gborg.PostgreSQL.org/genpage?replication_research">http://gborg.PostgreSQL.org/genpage?replication_research</a>  µÄ×îºóÁгöÁËÕâЩѡÏî¡£ÔÚ <a href="http://gborg.PostgreSQL.org/project/pgreplication/projdisplay.php">http://gborg.PostgreSQL.org/project/pgreplication/projdisplay.php</a> ÕýÔÚ½øÐÐÒ»¸ö¶àÖ÷±¾¸´ÖƵĽâ¾ö·½°¸¡£</p>
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+    <h4><a id="4.28" name="4.28"></a>4.28) ÓÐÄÄЩÊý¾Ý¼ÓÃÜÑ¡Ï</h4>
+
+    <p>contrib/pgcrypto °üº¬Á˺ܶàÔÚ SQL ²éѯÖÐʹÓõļÓÃܺ¯Êý¡£¼ÓÃܿͻ§¶Ëµ½·þÎñÆ÷¶Ë´«ÊäÊý¾ÝµÄΨһ·½·¨ÊÇÔÚ pg_hba.conf ÖвÉÓàhostss ¡£ <br />
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+    <h2 align="center">À©Õ¹ PostgreSQL</h2>
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+  </body>
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