because bash-5.2 flushes an indexed array but does not unset the
variable when given `unset a[@]' or `unset[*]' (that is, it acts
like `a=()' instead of `unset a').
+
+ 11/8
+ ----
+doc/Makefile.in
+ - bash.info: use `makeinfo -o' instead of calling infopost.sh to edit
+ the filename, since the tags table includes absolute byte offsets to
+ nodes. From https://savannah.gnu.org/support/?110557
+
+ 11/15
+ -----
+examples/loadables/realpath.c
+ - add -a NAME argument to put canonicalized pathnames into an indexed
+ array instead of displaying them on stdout. Suggested by
+ felix@f-hauri.ch
+
+lib/readline/colors.c
+ - _rl_custom_readline_prefix: new function, looks in $LS_COLORS for a
+ custom extension (*.readline-colored-completion-prefix) and uses that,
+ if found, as the default color for the common prefix displayed when
+ `colored-completion-prefix' is set. Suggested by
+ Christoph Anton Mitterer <calestyo@scientia.net>
+ - _rl_print_prefix_color: try the return value from _rl_custom_readline_prefix
+ before defaulting to the C_PREFIX (C_SOCK) color. Suggested by
+ Christoph Anton Mitterer <calestyo@scientia.net>
+
+lib/readline/doc/{readline.3,rluser.texi},doc/bash.1
+ - readline-colored-completion-prefix: document new custom suffix for
+ readline's colored-completion-prefix color
doc/bash.info f
doc/article.ms f
doc/htmlpost.sh f 755
-doc/infopost.sh f 755
doc/fdl.texi f
doc/fdl.txt f
#
dnl
-dnl Configure script for bash-5.1
+dnl Configure script for bash-5.2
dnl
dnl report bugs to chet@po.cwru.edu
dnl
TEXI2HTML = ${SUPPORT_SRCDIR}/texi2html
MAN2HTML = ${BUILD_DIR}/support/man2html
HTMLPOST = ${srcdir}/htmlpost.sh
-INFOPOST = ${srcdir}/infopost.sh
QUIETPS = #set this to -q to shut up dvips
PAPERSIZE = letter # change to a4 for A4-size paper
PSDPI = 600 # could be 300 if you like
bashref.html: $(BASHREF_FILES) $(HSUSER) $(RLUSER)
$(MAKEINFO) --html --no-split -I$(TEXINPUTDIR) $(srcdir)/bashref.texi
-bash.info: bashref.info
+bash.info: $(BASHREF_FILES) $(HSUSER) $(RLUSER)
$(RM) $@
- ${SHELL} ${INFOPOST} < $(srcdir)/bashref.info > $@
+ $(MAKEINFO) -o $@ --no-split -I$(TEXINPUTDIR) $(srcdir)/bashref.texi
bash.txt: bash.1
bash.ps: bash.1
.\" Case Western Reserve University
.\" chet.ramey@case.edu
.\"
-.\" Last Change: Mon Oct 25 11:23:10 EDT 2021
+.\" Last Change: Mon Nov 15 17:08:12 EST 2021
.\"
.\" bash_builtins, strip all but Built-Ins section
.if \n(zZ=1 .ig zZ
.if \n(zY=1 .ig zY
-.TH BASH 1 "2021 October 25" "GNU Bash 5.1"
+.TH BASH 1 "2021 November 15" "GNU Bash 5.1"
.\"
.\" There's some problem with having a `@'
.\" in a tagged paragraph with the BSD man macros.
common prefix of the set of possible completions using a different color.
The color definitions are taken from the value of the \fBLS_COLORS\fP
environment variable.
+If there is a color definition in \fB$LS_COLORS\fP for the custom suffix
+"readline-colored-completion-prefix", readline uses this color for
+the common prefix instead of its default.
.TP
.B colored\-stats (Off)
If set to \fBOn\fP, readline displays possible completions using different
</HEAD>
<BODY><TABLE WIDTH=100%>
<TR>
-<TH ALIGN=LEFT width=33%>BASH(1)<TH ALIGN=CENTER width=33%>2020 October 29<TH ALIGN=RIGHT width=33%>BASH(1)
+<TH ALIGN=LEFT width=33%>BASH(1)<TH ALIGN=CENTER width=33%>2021 October 25<TH ALIGN=RIGHT width=33%>BASH(1)
</TR>
</TABLE>
<BR><A HREF="#index">Index</A>
<H3>COPYRIGHT</H3>
-Bash is Copyright © 1989-2020 by the Free Software Foundation, Inc.
+Bash is Copyright © 1989-2021 by the Free Software Foundation, Inc.
<A NAME="lbAE"> </A>
<H3>DESCRIPTION</H3>
<A NAME="lbAK"> </A>
<H3>SHELL GRAMMAR</H3>
+This section describes the syntax of the various forms of shell commands.
<A NAME="lbAL"> </A>
<H4>Simple Commands</H4>
<DL COMPACT><DT><DD>
<P>
-[<B>time</B> [<B>-p</B>]] [ ! ] <I>command</I> [ [<B>|</B>|<B>|&</B>] <I>command2</I> ... ]
+[<B>time</B> [<B>-p</B>]] [ ! ] <I>command1</I> [ [<B>|</B>|<B>|&</B>] <I>command2</I> ... ]
</DL>
<P>
The standard output of
-<I>command</I>
+<I>command1</I>
is connected via a pipe to the standard input of
<I>command2</I>.
This connection is performed before any redirections specified by the
-command (see
+<I>command1</I>(see
+
<FONT SIZE=-1><B>REDIRECTION</B>
</FONT>
below).
-If <B>|&</B> is used, <I>command</I>'s standard error, in addition to its
+If <B>|&</B> is used, <I>command1</I>'s standard error, in addition to its
standard output, is connected to
<I>command2</I>'s standard input through the pipe;
it is shorthand for <B>2>&1 |</B>.
This implicit redirection of the standard error to the standard output is
-performed after any redirections specified by the command.
+performed after any redirections specified by <I>command1</I>.
<P>
The return status of a pipeline is the exit status of the last
the time information.
<P>
-Each command in a pipeline is executed as a separate process (i.e., in a
-subshell).
+Each command in a pipeline is executed in a <I>subshell</I>, which is a
+separate process.
See
<FONT SIZE=-1><B>COMMAND EXECUTION ENVIRONMENT</B></FONT>
-for a description of a subshell environment.
+for a description of subshells and a subshell environment.
If the <B>lastpipe</B> option is enabled using the <B>shopt</B> builtin
(see the description of <B>shopt</B> below),
-the last element of a pipeline may be run by the shell process.
+the last element of a pipeline may be run by the shell process
+when job control is not active.
<A NAME="lbAN"> </A>
<H4>Lists</H4>
newline in place of a semicolon.
<DL COMPACT>
<DT>(<I>list</I>)<DD>
-<I>list</I> is executed in a subshell environment (see
+<I>list</I> is executed in a subshell (see
<FONT SIZE=-1><B>COMMAND EXECUTION ENVIRONMENT</B></FONT>
-below).
+below for a description of a subshell environment).
Variable assignments and builtin
commands that affect the shell's environment do not remain in effect
after the command completes. The return status is the exit status of
</FONT>
If the value of the expression is non-zero, the return status is 0;
-otherwise the return status is 1. This is exactly equivalent to
-<B>let "</B><I>expression</I>".
+otherwise the return status is 1.
+The <I>expression</I>
+undergoes the same expansions
+as if it were within double quotes,
+but double quote characters in <I>expression</I> are not treated specially
+and are removed.
<DT><B>[[</B> <I>expression</I> <B>]]</B><DD>
Return a status of 0 or 1 depending on the evaluation of
the conditional expression <I>expression</I>.
<FONT SIZE=-1><B>CONDITIONAL EXPRESSIONS</B>.
</FONT>
-Word splitting and pathname expansion are not performed on the words
-between the <B>[[</B> and <B>]]</B>; tilde expansion,
-parameter and variable expansion,
-arithmetic expansion, command substitution, process
-substitution, and quote removal are performed.
+The words between the <B>[[</B> and <B>]]</B> do not undergo word splitting
+and filename expansion.
+The shell performs tilde expansion, parameter and
+variable expansion, arithmetic expansion, command substitution, process
+substitution, and quote removal on those words
+(the expansions that would occur if the words were enclosed in double quotes).
Conditional operators such as <B>-f</B> must be unquoted to be recognized
as primaries.
<P>
shell option is enabled, the match is performed without regard to the case
of alphabetic characters.
-Any part of the pattern may be quoted to force the quoted portion
-to be matched as a string.
-Bracket expressions in regular expressions must be treated carefully,
-since normal quoting characters lose their meanings between brackets.
+If any part of the pattern is quoted, the quoted portion is matched literally.
+This means every character in the quoted portion matches itself,
+instead of having any special pattern matching meaning.
If the pattern is stored in a shell variable, quoting the variable
-expansion forces the entire pattern to be matched as a string.
+expansion forces the entire pattern to be matched literally.
+Treat bracket expressions in regular expressions carefully,
+since normal quoting and pattern characters lose their meanings
+between brackets.
<P>
command substitution, process substitution and quote removal.
Each <I>pattern</I> examined is expanded using tilde
expansion, parameter and variable expansion, arithmetic expansion,
-command substitution, and process substitution.
+command substitution, process substitution, and quote removal.
If the
<B>nocasematch</B>
established between the executing shell and the coprocess.
<P>
-The format for a coprocess is:
+The syntax for a coprocess is:
<DL COMPACT><DT><DD>
<P>
<P>
This creates a coprocess named <I>NAME</I>.
+<I>command</I> may be either a simple command or a compound
+command (see above).
+<I>NAME</I> is a shell variable name.
If <I>NAME</I> is not supplied, the default name is <B>COPROC</B>.
-<I>NAME</I> must not be supplied if <I>command</I> is a <I>simple
-command</I> (see above); otherwise, it is interpreted as the first word
-of the simple command.
+<P>
+
+The recommended form to use for a coprocess is
+<DL COMPACT><DT><DD>
+<P>
+
+<B>coproc</B> <I>NAME</I> { <I>command</I> [<I>redirections</I>]; }
+</DL>
+
+<P>
+
+This form is recommended because simple commands result in the coprocess
+always being named <B>COPROC</B>, and it is simpler to use and more complete
+than the other compound commands.
+<P>
+
+If <I>command</I> is a compound command, <I>NAME</I> is optional. The
+word following <B>coproc</B> determines whether that word is interpreted
+as a variable name: it is interpreted as <I>NAME</I> if it is not a
+reserved word that introduces a compound command.
+If <I>command</I> is a simple command, <I>NAME</I> is not allowed; this
+is to avoid confusion between <I>NAME</I> and the first word of the simple
+command.
+<P>
+
When the coprocess is executed, the shell creates an array variable (see
<B>Arrays</B>
and redirections using standard word expansions.
Other than those created to execute command and process substitutions,
the file descriptors are not available in subshells.
+<P>
+
The process ID of the shell spawned to execute the coprocess is
available as the value of the variable <I>NAME</I>_PID.
The <B>wait</B>
(see <B>Compound Commands</B> above).
That command is usually a <I>list</I> of commands between { and }, but
-may be any command listed under <B>Compound Commands</B> above,
-with one exception: If the <B>function</B> reserved word is used, but the
-parentheses are not supplied, the braces are required.
+may be any command listed under <B>Compound Commands</B> above.
+If the <B>function</B> reserved word is used, but the
+parentheses are not supplied, the braces are recommended.
<I>compound-command</I> is executed whenever <I>fname</I> is specified as the
name of a simple command.
When in <I>posix mode</I>, <I>fname</I> must be a valid shell <I>name</I>
below).
<P>
-Words of the form <B>$</B>aq<I>string</I>aq are treated specially. The
-word expands to <I>string</I>, with backslash-escaped characters replaced
-as specified by the ANSI C standard. Backslash escape sequences, if
-present, are decoded as follows:
+Character sequences of the form <B>$</B>aq<I>string</I>aq are treated
+as a special variant of single quotes.
+The sequence expands to <I>string</I>, with backslash-escaped characters
+in <I>string</I> replaced as specified by the ANSI C standard.
+Backslash escape sequences, if present, are decoded as follows:
<DL COMPACT><DT><DD>
<DL COMPACT>
A double-quoted string preceded by a dollar sign (<B>$</B>dq<I>string</I>dq)
will cause the string to be translated according to the current locale.
-The <I>gettext</I> infrastructure performs the message catalog lookup and
-translation, using the <B>LC_MESSAGES</B> and <B>TEXTDOMAIN</B> shell
-variables.
+The <I>gettext</I> infrastructure performs the lookup and
+translation, using the <B>LC_MESSAGES</B>, <B>TEXTDOMAINDIR</B>,
+and <B>TEXTDOMAIN</B> shell variables.
If the current locale is <B>C</B> or <B>POSIX</B>,
-or if there are no translations available,
+if there are no translations available,
+or if the string is not translated,
the dollar sign is ignored.
-If the string is translated and replaced, the replacement is
-double-quoted.
+This is a form of double quoting, so the string remains double-quoted
+by default, whether or not it is translated and replaced.
+If the <B>noexpand_translation</B> option is enabled
+using the <B>shopt</B> builtin,
+translated strings are single-quoted instead of double-quoted.
+See the description of
+<B>shopt</B>
+
+below under
+<FONT SIZE=-1><B>SHELL</B>BUILTIN<B>COMMANDS</B>.
+
+</FONT>
<A NAME="lbAT"> </A>
<H3>PARAMETERS</H3>
<B>Arithmetic Expansion</B>
below).
-Word splitting is not performed, with the exception
-of <B>"$@"</B> as explained below under
-<B>Special Parameters</B>.
-
-Pathname expansion is not performed.
+Word splitting and pathname expansion are not performed.
Assignment statements may also appear as arguments to the
<B>alias</B>,
<DT><B>$</B>
<DD>
-Expands to the process ID of the shell. In a () subshell, it
+Expands to the process ID of the shell. In a subshell, it
expands to the process ID of the current shell, not the
subshell.
<DT><B>!</B>
</FONT>
is unset, it loses its special properties, even if it is
subsequently reset.
+<DT><B>READLINE_ARGUMENT</B>
+
+<DD>
+Any numeric argument given to a Readline command that was defined using
+<TT>bind -x</TT>
+
+(see
+<FONT SIZE=-1><B>SHELL BUILTIN COMMANDS</B>
+
+</FONT>
+below)
+when it was invoked.
<DT><B>READLINE_LINE</B>
<DD>
A sequence expression takes the form
<B>{</B><I>x</I><B>..</B><I>y</I><B>[..</B><I>incr</I><B>]}</B>,
-where <I>x</I> and <I>y</I> are either integers or single characters,
+where <I>x</I> and <I>y</I> are either integers or single letters,
and <I>incr</I>, an optional increment, is an integer.
When integers are supplied, the expression expands to each number between
<I>x</I> and <I>y</I>, inclusive.
When either <I>x</I> or y begins with a zero, the shell
attempts to force all generated terms to contain the same number of digits,
zero-padding where necessary.
-When characters are supplied, the expression expands to each character
+When letters are supplied, the expression expands to each character
lexicographically between <I>x</I> and <I>y</I>, inclusive,
using the default C locale.
-Note that both <I>x</I> and <I>y</I> must be of the same type.
+Note that both <I>x</I> and <I>y</I> must be of the same type
+(integer or letter).
When the increment is supplied, it is used as the difference between
each term. The default increment is 1 or -1 as appropriate.
<P>
the pattern removal operation is applied to each member of the
array in turn, and the expansion is the resultant list.
<DT>${<I>parameter</I><B>/</B><I>pattern</I><B>/</B><I>string</I>}<DD>
+
+<DT>${<I>parameter</I><B>//</B><I>pattern</I><B>/</B><I>string</I>}<DD>
+<DT>${<I>parameter</I><B>/#</B><I>pattern</I><B>/</B><I>string</I>}<DD>
+<DT>${<I>parameter</I><B>/%</B><I>pattern</I><B>/</B><I>string</I>}<DD>
+
<B>Pattern substitution</B>.
The <I>pattern</I> is expanded to produce a pattern just as in
-pathname expansion,
+pathname expansion.
<I>Parameter</I> is expanded and the longest match of <I>pattern</I>
against its value is replaced with <I>string</I>.
+<I>string</I> undergoes tilde expansion, parameter and variable expansion,
+arithmetic expansion, command and process substitution, and quote removal.
The match is performed using the rules described under
<B>Pattern Matching</B>
below.
-If <I>pattern</I> begins with <B>/</B>, all matches of <I>pattern</I> are
-replaced with <I>string</I>. Normally only the first match is replaced.
-If <I>pattern</I> begins with <B>#</B>, it must match at the beginning
-of the expanded value of <I>parameter</I>.
-If <I>pattern</I> begins with <B>%</B>, it must match at the end
-of the expanded value of <I>parameter</I>.
-If <I>string</I> is null, matches of <I>pattern</I> are deleted
+In the first form above, only the first match is replaced.
+If there are two slashes separating <I>parameter</I> and <I>pattern</I>
+(the second form above), all matches of <I>pattern</I> are
+replaced with <I>string</I>.
+If <I>pattern</I> is preceded by <B>#</B> (the third form above),
+it must match at the beginning of the expanded value of <I>parameter</I>.
+If <I>pattern</I> is preceded by <B>%</B> (the fourth form above),
+it must match at the end of the expanded value of <I>parameter</I>.
+If the expansion of <I>string</I> is null,
+matches of <I>pattern</I> are deleted.
+If <I>string</I> is null,
+matches of <I>pattern</I> are deleted
and the <B>/</B> following <I>pattern</I> may be omitted.
+If the <B>patsub_replacement</B> shell option is enabled using <B>shopt</B>,
+any unquoted instances of <B>&</B> in <I>string</I> are replaced with the
+matching portion of <I>pattern</I>.
+Backslash is used to quote <B>&</B> in <I>string</I>; the backslash is removed
+in order to permit a literal <B>&</B> in the replacement string.
+Users should take care
+if <I>string</I> is double-quoted to avoid unwanted interactions between
+the backslash and double-quoting.
+Pattern substitution performs the check for <B>&</B> after expanding
+<I>string</I>; shell programmers should quote backslashes intended to escape
+the <B>&</B> and inhibit replacement so they survive any quote removal
+performed by the expansion of <I>string</I>.
If the
<B>nocasematch</B>
<DD>
The expansion is a string consisting of flag values representing
<I>parameter</I>'s attributes.
+<DT><B>k</B>
+
+<DD>
+Like the K transformation, but expands the keys and values of
+indexed and associative arrays to separate words after word splitting.
</DL>
<P>
The
<I>expression</I>
-is treated as if it were within double quotes, but a double quote
-inside the parentheses is not treated specially.
+undergoes the same expansions
+as if it were within double quotes,
+but double quote characters in <I>expression</I> are not treated specially
+and are removed.
All tokens in the expression undergo parameter and variable expansion,
command substitution, and quote removal.
The result is treated as the arithmetic expression to be evaluated.
<B>dotglob</B>
is set.
-The filenames
+In order to match the filenames
<B>``.''</B>
and
-<B>``..''</B>
+<B>``..''</B>,
-must always be matched explicitly, even if
+the pattern must begin with ``.'' (for example, ``.?''),
+even if
<B>dotglob</B>
is set.
-In other cases, the
+When not matching pathnames, the
<B>``.''</B>
character is not treated specially.
<P>
If the <B>extglob</B> shell option is enabled using the <B>shopt</B>
-builtin, several extended pattern matching operators are recognized.
+builtin, the shell recognizes several extended pattern matching operators.
In the following description, a <I>pattern-list</I> is a list of one
or more patterns separated by a <B>|</B>.
Composite patterns may be formed using one or more of the following
<P>
+When matching filenames, the <B>dotglob</B> shell option determines
+the set of filenames that are tested:
+when <B>dotglob</B> is enabled, the set of filenames includes all files
+beginning with ``.'', but ``.'' and ``..'' must be matched by a
+pattern or sub-pattern that begins with a dot;
+when it is disabled, the set does not
+include any filenames beginning with ``.'' unless the pattern
+or sub-pattern begins with a ``.''.
+As above, ``.'' only has a special meaning when matching filenames.
+<P>
+
Complicated extended pattern matching against long strings is slow,
especially when the patterns contain alternations and the strings
contain multiple matches.
<I>redirected</I>
using a special notation interpreted by the shell.
-Redirection allows commands' file handles to be
+<I>Redirection</I> allows commands' file handles to be
duplicated, opened, closed,
made to refer to different files,
and can change the files the command reads from and writes to.
descriptor to close.
If {<I>varname</I>} is supplied, the redirection persists beyond
the scope of the command, allowing the shell programmer to manage
-the file descriptor himself.
+the file descriptor's lifetime manually.
+The <B>varredir_close</B> shell option manages this behavior.
<P>
In the following descriptions, if the file descriptor number is
<P>
There is no mechanism for using arguments in the replacement text.
-If arguments are needed, a shell function should be used (see
+If arguments are needed, use a shell function (see
<FONT SIZE=-1><B>FUNCTIONS</B>
</FONT>
will list the function names only
(and optionally the source file and line number, if the <B>extdebug</B>
shell option is enabled).
-Functions may be exported so that subshells
+Functions may be exported so that child shell processes
+(those created when executing a separate shell invocation)
automatically have them defined with the
<B>-f</B>
<P>
If no command name results, the variable assignments affect the current
-shell environment. Otherwise, the variables are added to the environment
+shell environment.
+In the case of such a command (one that consists only of assignment
+statements and redirections), assignment statements are performed before
+redirections.
+Otherwise, the variables are added to the environment
of the executed command and do not affect the current shell environment.
If any of the assignments attempts to assign a value to a readonly variable,
an error occurs, and the command exits with a non-zero status.
If this execution fails because the file is not in executable
format, and the file is not a directory, it is assumed to be
a <I>shell script</I>, a file
-containing shell commands. A subshell is spawned to execute
-it. This subshell reinitializes itself, so
+containing shell commands, and the shell creates a
+new instance of itself
+to execute it.
+This subshell reinitializes itself, so
that the effect is as if a new shell had been invoked
to handle the script, with the exception that the locations of
commands remembered by the parent (see
When a simple command other than a builtin or shell function
is to be executed, it
is invoked in a separate execution environment that consists of
-the following. Unless otherwise noted, the values are inherited
-from the shell.
+the following.
+Unless otherwise noted, the values are inherited from the shell.
<DL COMPACT>
<DT>*<DD>
shell's execution environment.
<P>
+A <I>subshell</I> is a copy of the shell process.
+<P>
+
Command substitution, commands grouped with parentheses,
and asynchronous commands are invoked in a
subshell environment that is a duplicate of the shell environment,
generally invalid options or missing arguments.
<P>
+The exit status of the last command is available in the special
+parameter $?.
+<P>
+
<B>Bash</B> itself returns the exit status of the last command
executed, unless a syntax error occurs, in which case it exits
with a non-zero value. See also the <B>exit</B> builtin
builtin, the reception of a signal for which a trap has been set will
cause the <B>wait</B> builtin to return immediately with an exit status
greater than 128, immediately after which the trap is executed.
+<P>
+
+When job control is not enabled, and <B>bash</B> is waiting for a foreground
+command to complete, the shell receives keyboard-generated signals
+such as
+<FONT SIZE=-1><B>SIGINT</B>
+
+</FONT>
+(usually generated by <B>^C</B>) that users commonly intend to send
+to that command.
+This happens because the shell and the command are in the
+same process group as the terminal, and <B>^C</B> sends
+<FONT SIZE=-1><B>SIGINT</B>
+
+</FONT>
+to all processes in that process group.
+<P>
+
+When <B>bash</B> is running without job control enabled and receives
+<FONT SIZE=-1><B>SIGINT</B>
+
+</FONT>
+while waiting for a foreground command, it waits until that foreground
+command terminates and then decides what to do about the
+<FONT SIZE=-1><B>SIGINT</B>:
+
+</FONT>
+<DL COMPACT>
+<DT>1.<DD>
+If the command terminates due to the
+<FONT SIZE=-1><B>SIGINT</B>,
+
+</FONT>
+<B>bash</B> concludes
+that the user meant to end the entire script, and acts on the
+<FONT SIZE=-1><B>SIGINT</B>
+
+</FONT>
+(e.g., by running a
+<FONT SIZE=-1><B>SIGINT</B>
+
+</FONT>
+trap or exiting itself);
+<DT>2.<DD>
+If the command does not terminate due to
+<FONT SIZE=-1><B>SIGINT</B>,
+
+</FONT>
+the program handled the
+<FONT SIZE=-1><B>SIGINT</B>
+
+</FONT>
+itself and did not treat it as a fatal signal.
+In that case, <B>bash</B> does not treat
+<FONT SIZE=-1><B>SIGINT</B>
+
+</FONT>
+as a fatal signal, either, instead assuming that the
+<FONT SIZE=-1><B>SIGINT</B>
+
+</FONT>
+was used as part of the program's normal operation
+(e.g., emacs uses it to abort editing
+commands) or deliberately discarded.
+However, <B>bash</B> will run any
+trap set on
+<FONT SIZE=-1><B>SIGINT</B>,
+
+</FONT>
+as it does with any other trapped signal it
+receives while it is waiting for the foreground command to
+complete, for compatibility.
+</DL>
<A NAME="lbCD"> </A>
<H3>JOB CONTROL</H3>
<DT><B>\w</B>
<DD>
-the current working directory, with
+the value of the <B>PWD</B> shell variable (<B>$PWD</B>),
+with
<FONT SIZE=-1><B>$HOME</B>
</FONT>
<DT><B>\W</B>
<DD>
-the basename of the current working directory, with
+the basename of <B>$PWD</B>,
+with
<FONT SIZE=-1><B>$HOME</B>
</FONT>
or equal to the value of this variable,
readline will ask whether or not the user wishes to view them;
otherwise they are simply listed on the terminal.
+A zero value means readline should never ask; negative values are
+treated as zero.
<DT><B>convert-meta (On)</B>
<DD>
Use the \1 and \2 escapes to begin and end sequences of
non-printing characters, which can be used to embed a terminal control
sequence into the mode string.
+<DT><B>enable-active-region (On)</B>
+
+<DD>
+The <I>point</I> is the current cursor position, and <I>mark</I> refers
+to a saved cursor position.
+The text between the point and mark is referred to as the <I>region</I>.
+When this variable is set to <I>On</I>, readline allows certain commands
+to designate the region as <I>active</I>.
+When the region is active, readline highlights the text in the region using
+the terminal's standout mode.
+The active region shows the text inserted by bracketed-paste and any
+matching text found by incremental and non-incremental history searches.
<DT><B>enable-bracketed-paste (On)</B>
<DD>
<DD>
Move to the end of the input history, i.e., the line currently being
entered.
+<DT><B>operate-and-get-next (C-o)</B>
+
+<DD>
+Accept the current line for execution and fetch the next line
+relative to the current line from the history for editing.
+A numeric argument, if supplied, specifies the history entry to use instead
+of the current line.
+<DT><B>fetch-history</B>
+
+<DD>
+With a numeric argument, fetch that entry from the history list
+and make it the current line.
+Without an argument, move back to the first entry in the history list.
<DT><B>reverse-search-history (C-r)</B>
<DD>
<DD>
A synonym for <B>yank-last-arg</B>.
-<DT><B>operate-and-get-next (C-o)</B>
-
-<DD>
-Accept the current line for execution and fetch the next line
-relative to the current line from the history for editing.
-A numeric argument, if supplied, specifies the history entry to use instead
-of the current line.
<DT><B>edit-and-execute-command (C-x C-e)</B>
<DD>
a shell comment.
If a numeric argument causes the comment character to be removed, the line
will be executed by the shell.
+<DT><B>spell-correct-word (C-x s)</B>
+
+<DD>
+Perform spelling correction on the current word, treating it as a directory
+or filename, in the same way as the <B>cdspell</B> shell option.
+Word boundaries are the same as those used by <B>shell-forward-word</B>.
<DT><B>glob-complete-word (M-g)</B>
<DD>
</FONT>
are used to find the directory containing
-<I>filename</I>.
+<I>filename</I>,
+but <I>filename</I> does not need to be executable.
The file searched for in
<FONT SIZE=-1><B>PATH</B>
If any <I>arguments</I> are supplied, they become the positional
parameters when <I>filename</I> is executed. Otherwise the positional
parameters are unchanged.
-If the <B>-T</B> option is enabled, <B>source</B> inherits any trap on
+If the <B>-T</B> option is enabled, <B>.</B> inherits any trap on
<B>DEBUG</B>; if it is not, any <B>DEBUG</B> trap string is saved and
-restored around the call to <B>source</B>, and <B>source</B> unsets the
+restored around the call to <B>.</B>, and <B>.</B> unsets the
<B>DEBUG</B> trap while it executes.
If <B>-T</B> is not set, and the sourced file changes
-the <B>DEBUG</B> trap, the new value is retained when <B>source</B> completes.
+the <B>DEBUG</B> trap, the new value is retained when <B>.</B> completes.
The return status is the status of the last command exited within
the script (0 if no commands are executed), and false if
<I>filename</I>
<DT><B>bind</B> [<B>-m</B> <I>keymap</I>] <B>-x</B> <I>keyseq</I>:<I>shell-command</I><DD>
<DT><B>bind</B> [<B>-m</B> <I>keymap</I>] <I>keyseq</I>:<I>function-name</I><DD>
<DT><B>bind</B> [<B>-m</B> <I>keymap</I>] <I>keyseq</I>:<I>readline-command</I><DD>
+<DT><B>bind</B> <I>readline-command-line</I><DD>
Display current
<B>readline</B>
<B>readline</B>
variable.
-Each non-option argument is a command as it would appear in
+Each non-option argument is a command as it would appear in a
+<B>readline</B>
+
+initialization file such as
<I>.inputrc</I>,
but each binding or command must be passed as a separate argument;
</FONT>
variables to the current location of the insertion point and the saved
insertion point (the mark), respectively.
+The shell assigns any numeric argument the user supplied to the
+<FONT SIZE=-1><B>READLINE_ARGUMENT</B>
+
+</FONT>
+variable.
+If there was no argument, that variable is not set.
If the executed command changes the value of any of
<FONT SIZE=-1><B>READLINE_LINE</B>,
</FONT>
shell variable is the default.
-Any additional arguments following <I>dir</I> are ignored.
The variable
<FONT SIZE=-1><B>CDPATH</B>
<B>-</B> is the first argument, and the directory change is
successful, the absolute pathname of the new working directory is
written to the standard output.
+If the directory change is successful, <B>cd</B> sets the value of the
+<B>PWD</B> environment variable to the new directory name, and sets the
+<B>OLDPWD</B> environment variable to the value of the current working
+directory before the change.
The return value is true if the directory was successfully changed;
false otherwise.
<DT><B>command</B> [<B>-pVv</B>] <I>command</I> [<I>arg</I> ...]<DD>
from shared object
<I>filename</I>,
-on systems that support dynamic loading. The
+on systems that support dynamic loading.
+Bash will use the value of the <B>BASH_LOADABLES_PATH</B> variable as a
+colon-separated list of directories in which to search for <I>filename</I>.
+The default is system-dependent.
+The
<B>-d</B>
option will delete a builtin previously loaded with
indication of whether or not each is enabled.
If <B>-s</B> is supplied, the output is restricted to the POSIX
<I>special</I> builtins.
+If no options are supplied and a <I>name</I> is not a shell builtin,
+<B>enable</B> will attempt to load <I>name</I> from a shared object named
+<I>name</I>, as if the command were
+<TT>enable -f</TT> <I>name name</I> .
+
The return value is 0 unless a
<I>name</I>
end of the history, and an index of -1 refers to the current
<B>history -d</B> command.
<DT><B>-d</B> <I>start</I>-<I>end</I><DD>
-Delete the history entries between positions <I>start</I> and <I>end</I>,
-inclusive. Positive and negative values for <I>start</I> and <I>end</I>
+Delete the range of history entries between positions <I>start</I> and
+<I>end</I>, inclusive.
+Positive and negative values for <I>start</I> and <I>end</I>
are interpreted as described above.
<DT><B>-a</B>
as timestamps for the following history entry.
The return value is 0 unless an invalid option is encountered, an
error occurs while reading or writing the history file, an invalid
-<I>offset</I> is supplied as an argument to <B>-d</B>, or the
+<I>offset</I> or range is supplied as an argument to <B>-d</B>, or the
history expansion supplied as an argument to <B>-p</B> fails.
</DL>
</DL>
<DT><B>popd</B> [-<B>n</B>] [+<I>n</I>] [-<I>n</I>]<DD>
-Removes entries from the directory stack. With no arguments,
-removes the top directory from the stack, and performs a
-<B>cd</B>
-
-to the new top directory.
+Removes entries from the directory stack.
+The elements are numbered from 0 starting at the first directory
+listed by <B>dirs</B>.
+With no arguments, <B>popd</B>
+removes the top directory from the stack, and
+changes to the new top directory.
Arguments, if supplied, have the following meanings:
<DL COMPACT><DT><DD>
shown by
<B>dirs</B>,
-starting with zero. For example:
+starting with zero, from the stack.
+For example:
<TT>popd +0</TT>
removes the first directory,
</DL>
<P>
-If the
+If the top element of the directory stack is modified, and
+the <I>-n</I> option was not supplied, <B>popd</B> uses the <B>cd</B>
+builtin to change to the directory at the top of the stack.
+If the <B>cd</B> fails, <B>popd</B> returns a non-zero value.
+<P>
+
+Otherwise,
<B>popd</B>
-command is successful, a
-<B>dirs</B>
+returns false if an invalid option is encountered, the directory stack
+is empty, or a non-existent directory stack entry is specified.
+<P>
-is performed as well, and the return status is 0.
+If the
<B>popd</B>
-returns false if an invalid option is encountered, the directory stack
-is empty, a non-existent directory stack entry is specified, or the
-directory change fails.
+command is successful,
+bash runs
+<B>dirs</B>
+
+to show the final contents of the directory stack,
+and the return status is 0.
</DL>
<DT><B>printf</B> [<B>-v</B> <I>var</I>] <I>format</I> [<I>arguments</I>]<DD>
<DD>
causes <B>printf</B> to output the corresponding
<I>argument</I> in a format that can be reused as shell input.
+<DT><B>%Q</B>
+
+<DD>
+like <B>%q</B>, but applies any supplied precision to the <I>argument</I>
+before quoting it.
<DT><B>%(</B><I>datefmt</I>)T
<DD>
Adds a directory to the top of the directory stack, or rotates
the stack, making the new top of the stack the current working
-directory. With no arguments, <B>pushd</B> exchanges the top two directories
-and returns 0, unless the directory stack is empty.
+directory.
+With no arguments, <B>pushd</B> exchanges the top two elements of
+the directory stack.
Arguments, if supplied, have the following meanings:
<DL COMPACT><DT><DD>
Adds
<I>dir</I>
-to the directory stack at the top, making it the
-new current working directory as if it had been supplied as the argument
-to the <B>cd</B> builtin.
+to the directory stack at the top
</DL>
<P>
-If the
-<B>pushd</B>
+After the stack has been modified, if the <B>-n</B> option was not
+supplied, <B>pushd</B> uses the <B>cd</B> builtin to change to the
+directory at the top of the stack.
+If the <B>cd</B> fails, <B>pushd</B> returns a non-zero value.
+<P>
-command is successful, a
-<B>dirs</B>
+Otherwise, if no arguments are supplied,
+<B>pushd</B>
-is performed as well.
-If the first form is used,
+returns 0 unless the directory stack is empty.
+When rotating the directory stack,
<B>pushd</B>
-returns 0 unless the cd to
-<I>dir</I>
+returns 0 unless the directory stack is empty or
+a non-existent directory stack element is specified.
+<P>
-fails. With the second form,
+If the
<B>pushd</B>
-returns 0 unless the directory stack is empty,
-a non-existent directory stack element is specified,
-or the directory change to the specified new current directory
-fails.
+command is successful,
+bash runs
+<B>dirs</B>
+
+to show the final contents of the directory stack.
</DL>
<DT><B>pwd</B> [<B>-LP</B>]<DD>
<DD>
<DT><B>compat44</B>
+<DD>
+<DT><B>compat50</B>
+
<DD>
These control aspects of the shell's compatibility mode
while executing <B>case</B> or <B>[[</B> conditional commands,
when performing pattern substitution word expansions,
or when filtering possible completions as part of programmable completion.
+<DT><B>noexpand_translation</B>
+
+<DD>
+If set,
+<B>bash</B>
+
+encloses the translated results of $"..." quoting in single quotes
+instead of double quotes.
+If the string is not translated, this has no effect.
<DT><B>nullglob</B>
<DD>
above)
to expand to a null string, rather than themselves.
+<DT><B>patsub_replacement</B>
+
+<DD>
+If set, <B>bash</B>
+expands occurrences of <B>&</B> in the replacement string of pattern
+substitution to the text matched by the pattern, as described
+under <B>Parameter Expansion</B> above.
+This option is enabled by default.
<DT><B>progcomp</B>
<DD>
<DD>
If set, the
-<B>source</B> (<B>.</B>) builtin uses the value of
+<B>.</B> (<B>source</B>) builtin uses the value of
<FONT SIZE=-1><B>PATH</B>
</FONT>
to find the directory containing the file supplied as an argument.
This option is enabled by default.
+<DT><B>varredir_close</B>
+
+<DD>
+If set, the shell automatically closes file descriptors assigned using the
+<I>{varname}</I> redirection syntax (see
+<FONT SIZE=-1><B>REDIRECTION</B>
+
+</FONT>
+above) instead of leaving them open when the command completes.
<DT><B>xpg_echo</B>
<DD>
argument.
Otherwise, the expression is false.
<DT>4 arguments<DD>
+The following conditions are applied in the order listed.
If the first argument is <B>!</B>, the result is the negation of
the three-argument expression composed of the remaining arguments.
+the two-argument test using the second and third arguments.
+If the first argument is exactly <B>(</B> and the fourth argument is
+exactly <B>)</B>, the result is the two-argument test of the second
+and third arguments.
Otherwise, the expression is parsed and evaluated according to
precedence using the rules listed above.
<DT>5 or more arguments<DD>
subsequently reset. The exit status is true unless a
<I>name</I>
-is readonly.
+is readonly or may not be unset.
<DT><B>wait</B> [<B>-fn</B>] [-p <I>varname</I>] [<I>id ...</I>]<DD>
Wait for each specified child process and return its termination status.
Each
<DD>
The individual login shell cleanup file, executed when a login shell exits
<DT>
+<A HREF="file:~/.bash_history"><I>~/.bash_history</I></A>
+
+<DD>
+The default value of <B>HISTFILE</B>, the file in which bash saves the
+command history
+<DT>
<A HREF="file:~/.inputrc"><I>~/.inputrc</I></A>
<DD>
<B>bash</B>.
The latest version is always available from
-<I><A HREF="ftp://ftp.gnu.org/pub/gnu/bash/">ftp://ftp.gnu.org/pub/gnu/bash/</A></I>.
+<I><A HREF="ftp://ftp.gnu.org/pub/gnu/bash/">ftp://ftp.gnu.org/pub/gnu/bash/</A></I> and
+<I><A HREF="http://git.savannah.gnu.org/cgit/bash.git/snapshot/bash-master.tar.gz">http://git.savannah.gnu.org/cgit/bash.git/snapshot/bash-master.tar.gz</A></I>.
<P>
Once you have determined that a bug actually exists, use the
<HR>
<TABLE WIDTH=100%>
<TR>
-<TH ALIGN=LEFT width=33%>GNU Bash 5.1<TH ALIGN=CENTER width=33%>2020 October 29<TH ALIGN=RIGHT width=33%>BASH(1)
+<TH ALIGN=LEFT width=33%>GNU Bash 5.1<TH ALIGN=CENTER width=33%>2021 October 25<TH ALIGN=RIGHT width=33%>BASH(1)
</TR>
</TABLE>
<HR>
</DL>
<HR>
This document was created by man2html from bash.1.<BR>
-Time: 18 November 2020 15:13:09 EST
+Time: 08 November 2021 11:14:12 EST
</BODY>
</HTML>
-This is bash.info, produced by makeinfo version 6.7 from
-bashref.texi.
+This is bash.info, produced by makeinfo version 6.8 from bashref.texi.
This text is a brief description of the features that are present in the
-Bash shell (version 5.1, 21 December 2020).
+Bash shell (version 5.1, 25 October 2021).
- This is Edition 5.1, last updated 21 December 2020, of 'The GNU Bash
+ This is Edition 5.1, last updated 25 October 2021, of 'The GNU Bash
Reference Manual', for 'Bash', Version 5.1.
- Copyright (C) 1988-2020 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
+ Copyright (C) 1988-2021 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this
document under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License,
*************
This text is a brief description of the features that are present in the
-Bash shell (version 5.1, 21 December 2020). The Bash home page is
+Bash shell (version 5.1, 25 October 2021). The Bash home page is
<http://www.gnu.org/software/bash/>.
- This is Edition 5.1, last updated 21 December 2020, of 'The GNU Bash
+ This is Edition 5.1, last updated 25 October 2021, of 'The GNU Bash
Reference Manual', for 'Bash', Version 5.1.
Bash contains features that appear in other popular shells, and some
Each of the shell metacharacters (*note Definitions::) has special
meaning to the shell and must be quoted if it is to represent itself.
When the command history expansion facilities are being used (*note
-History Interaction::), the HISTORY EXPANSION character, usually '!',
+History Interaction::), the "history expansion" character, usually '!',
must be quoted to prevent history expansion. *Note Bash History
Facilities::, for more details concerning history expansion.
- There are three quoting mechanisms: the ESCAPE CHARACTER, single
+ There are three quoting mechanisms: the "escape character", single
quotes, and double quotes.
\1f
3.1.2.4 ANSI-C Quoting
......................
-Words of the form '$'STRING'' are treated specially. The word expands
-to STRING, with backslash-escaped characters replaced as specified by
-the ANSI C standard. Backslash escape sequences, if present, are
-decoded as follows:
+Character sequences of the form $'STRING' are treated as a special kind
+of single quotes. The sequence expands to STRING, with
+backslash-escaped characters in STRING replaced as specified by the ANSI
+C standard. Backslash escape sequences, if present, are decoded as
+follows:
'\a'
alert (bell)
3.1.2.5 Locale-Specific Translation
...................................
-A double-quoted string preceded by a dollar sign ('$') will cause the
-string to be translated according to the current locale. The GETTEXT
-infrastructure performs the message catalog lookup and translation,
-using the 'LC_MESSAGES' and 'TEXTDOMAIN' shell variables, as explained
-below. See the gettext documentation for additional details. If the
-current locale is 'C' or 'POSIX', or if there are no translations
-available, the dollar sign is ignored. If the string is translated and
-replaced, the replacement is double-quoted.
+* Menu:
- Some systems use the message catalog selected by the 'LC_MESSAGES'
-shell variable. Others create the name of the message catalog from the
-value of the 'TEXTDOMAIN' shell variable, possibly adding a suffix of
-'.mo'. If you use the 'TEXTDOMAIN' variable, you may need to set the
-'TEXTDOMAINDIR' variable to the location of the message catalog files.
-Still others use both variables in this fashion:
-'TEXTDOMAINDIR'/'LC_MESSAGES'/LC_MESSAGES/'TEXTDOMAIN'.mo.
+* Creating Internationalized Scripts:: How to use translations and different
+ languages in your scripts.
+
+Prefixing a double-quoted string with a dollar sign ('$'), such as
+$"hello, world", will cause the string to be translated according to the
+current locale. The 'gettext' infrastructure performs the lookup and
+translation, using the 'LC_MESSAGES', 'TEXTDOMAINDIR', and 'TEXTDOMAIN'
+shell variables, as explained below. See the gettext documentation for
+additional details not covered here. If the current locale is 'C' or
+'POSIX', if there are no translations available, of if the string is not
+translated, the dollar sign is ignored. Since this is a form of double
+quoting, the string remains double-quoted by default, whether or not it
+is translated and replaced. If the 'noexpand_translation' option is
+enabled using the 'shopt' builtin (*note The Shopt Builtin::),
+translated strings are single-quoted instead of double-quoted.
+
+ The rest of this section is a brief overview of how you use gettext
+to create translations for strings in a shell script named SCRIPTNAME.
+There are more details in the gettext documentation.
+
+\1f
+File: bash.info, Node: Creating Internationalized Scripts, Up: Locale Translation
+
+Once you've marked the strings in your script that you want to translate
+using $"...", you create a gettext "template" file using the command
+
+ bash --dump-po-strings SCRIPTNAME > DOMAIN.pot
+
+The DOMAIN is your "message domain". It's just an arbitrary string
+that's used to identify the files gettext needs, like a package or
+script name. It needs to be unique among all the message domains on
+systems where you install the translations, so gettext knows which
+translations correspond to your script. You'll use the template file to
+create translations for each target language. The template file
+conventionally has the suffix '.pot'.
+
+ You copy this template file to a separate file for each target
+language you want to support (called "PO" files, which use the suffix
+'.po'). PO files use various naming conventions, but when you are
+working to translate a template file into a particular language, you
+first copy the template file to a file whose name is the language you
+want to target, with the '.po' suffix. For instance, the Spanish
+translations of your strings would be in a file named 'es.po', and to
+get started using a message domain named "example," you would run
+
+ cp example.pot es.po
+
+Ultimately, PO files are often named DOMAIN.po and installed in
+directories that contain multiple translation files for a particular
+language.
+
+ Whichever naming convention you choose, you will need to translate
+the strings in the PO files into the appropriate languages. This has to
+be done manually.
+
+ When you have the translations and PO files complete, you'll use the
+gettext tools to produce what are called "MO" files, which are compiled
+versions of the PO files the gettext tools use to look up translations
+efficiently. MO files are also called "message catalog" files. You use
+the 'msgfmt' program to do this. For instance, if you had a file with
+Spanish translations, you could run
+
+ msgfmt -o es.mo es.po
+
+to produce the corresponding MO file.
+
+ Once you have the MO files, you decide where to install them and use
+the 'TEXTDOMAINDIR' shell variable to tell the gettext tools where they
+are. Make sure to use the same message domain to name the MO files as
+you did for the PO files when you install them.
+
+ Your users will use the 'LANG' or 'LC_MESSAGES' shell variables to
+select the desired language.
+
+ You set the 'TEXTDOMAIN' variable to the script's message domain. As
+above, you use the message domain to name your translation files.
+
+ You, or possibly your users, set the 'TEXTDOMAINDIR' variable to the
+name of a directory where the message catalog files are stored. If you
+install the message files into the system's standard message catalog
+directory, you don't need to worry about this variable.
+
+ The directory where the message catalog files are stored varies
+between systems. Some use the message catalog selected by the
+'LC_MESSAGES' shell variable. Others create the name of the message
+catalog from the value of the 'TEXTDOMAIN' shell variable, possibly
+adding the '.mo' suffix. If you use the 'TEXTDOMAIN' variable, you may
+need to set the 'TEXTDOMAINDIR' variable to the location of the message
+catalog files, as above. It's common to use both variables in this
+fashion: '$TEXTDOMAINDIR'/'$LC_MESSAGES'/LC_MESSAGES/'$TEXTDOMAIN'.mo.
+
+ If you used that last convention, and you wanted to store the message
+catalog files with Spanish (es) and Esperanto (eo) translations into a
+local directory you use for custom translation files, you could run
+
+ TEXTDOMAIN=example
+ TEXTDOMAINDIR=/usr/local/share/locale
+
+ cp es.mo ${TEXTDOMAINDIR}/es/LC_MESSAGES/${TEXTDOMAIN}.mo
+ cp eo.mo ${TEXTDOMAINDIR}/eo/LC_MESSAGES/${TEXTDOMAIN}.mo
+
+ When all of this is done, and the message catalog files containing
+the compiled translations are installed in the correct location, your
+users will be able to see translated strings in any of the supported
+languages by setting the 'LANG' or 'LC_MESSAGES' environment variables
+before running your script.
\1f
File: bash.info, Node: Comments, Prev: Quoting, Up: Shell Syntax
The output of each command in the pipeline is connected via a pipe to
the input of the next command. That is, each command reads the previous
command's output. This connection is performed before any redirections
-specified by the command.
+specified by COMMAND1.
If '|&' is used, COMMAND1's standard error, in addition to its
standard output, is connected to COMMAND2's standard input through the
pipe; it is shorthand for '2>&1 |'. This implicit redirection of the
standard error to the standard output is performed after any
-redirections specified by the command.
+redirections specified by COMMAND1.
The reserved word 'time' causes timing statistics to be printed for
the pipeline once it finishes. The statistics currently consist of
If the pipeline is not executed asynchronously (*note Lists::), the
shell waits for all commands in the pipeline to complete.
- Each command in a pipeline is executed in its own subshell, which is
-a separate process (*note Command Execution Environment::). If the
+ Each command in a pipeline is executed in its own "subshell", which
+is a separate process (*note Command Execution Environment::). If the
'lastpipe' option is enabled using the 'shopt' builtin (*note The Shopt
Builtin::), the last element of a pipeline may be run by the shell
-process.
+process when job control is not active.
The exit status of a pipeline is the exit status of the last command
in the pipeline, unless the 'pipefail' option is enabled (*note The Set
If a command is terminated by the control operator '&', the shell
executes the command asynchronously in a subshell. This is known as
-executing the command in the BACKGROUND, and these are referred to as
-ASYNCHRONOUS commands. The shell does not wait for the command to
+executing the command in the "background", and these are referred to as
+"asynchronous" commands. The shell does not wait for the command to
finish, and the return status is 0 (true). When job control is not
active (*note Job Control::), the standard input for asynchronous
commands, in the absence of any explicit redirections, is redirected
substitution, arithmetic expansion, and quote removal (*note Shell
Parameter Expansion::) before matching is attempted. Each PATTERN
undergoes tilde expansion, parameter expansion, command
- substitution, and arithmetic expansion.
+ substitution, arithmetic expansion, process substitution, and quote
+ removal.
There may be an arbitrary number of 'case' clauses, each terminated
by a ';;', ';&', or ';;&'. The first pattern that matches
(( EXPRESSION ))
The arithmetic EXPRESSION is evaluated according to the rules
- described below (*note Shell Arithmetic::). If the value of the
- expression is non-zero, the return status is 0; otherwise the
- return status is 1. This is exactly equivalent to
- let "EXPRESSION"
- *Note Bash Builtins::, for a full description of the 'let' builtin.
+ described below (*note Shell Arithmetic::). The EXPRESSION
+ undergoes the same expansions as if it were within double quotes,
+ but double quote characters in EXPRESSION are not treated specially
+ are removed. If the value of the expression is non-zero, the
+ return status is 0; otherwise the return status is 1.
'[[...]]'
[[ EXPRESSION ]]
Return a status of 0 or 1 depending on the evaluation of the
conditional expression EXPRESSION. Expressions are composed of the
primaries described below in *note Bash Conditional Expressions::.
- Word splitting and filename expansion are not performed on the
- words between the '[[' and ']]'; tilde expansion, parameter and
- variable expansion, arithmetic expansion, command substitution,
- process substitution, and quote removal are performed. Conditional
- operators such as '-f' must be unquoted to be recognized as
- primaries.
+ The words between the '[[' and ']]' do not undergo word splitting
+ and filename expansion. The shell performs tilde expansion,
+ parameter and variable expansion, arithmetic expansion, command
+ substitution, process substitution, and quote removal on those
+ words (the expansions that would occur if the words were enclosed
+ in double quotes). Conditional operators such as '-f' must be
+ unquoted to be recognized as primaries.
When used with '[[', the '<' and '>' operators sort
lexicographically using the current locale.
'shopt' in *note The Shopt Builtin::) is enabled, the match is
performed without regard to the case of alphabetic characters. The
return value is 0 if the string matches ('==') or does not match
- ('!=') the pattern, and 1 otherwise. Any part of the pattern may
- be quoted to force the quoted portion to be matched as a string.
+ ('!=') the pattern, and 1 otherwise.
+
+ If you quote any part of the pattern, using any of the shell's
+ quoting mechanisms, the quoted portion is matched literally. This
+ means every character in the quoted portion matches itself, instead
+ of having any special pattern matching meaning.
An additional binary operator, '=~', is available, with the same
- precedence as '==' and '!='. When it is used, the string to the
+ precedence as '==' and '!='. When you use '=~', the string to the
right of the operator is considered a POSIX extended regular
- expression and matched accordingly (using the POSIX 'regcomp' and
- 'regexec' interfaces usually described in regex(3)). The return
- value is 0 if the string matches the pattern, and 1 otherwise. If
- the regular expression is syntactically incorrect, the conditional
- expression's return value is 2. If the 'nocasematch' shell option
- (see the description of 'shopt' in *note The Shopt Builtin::) is
- enabled, the match is performed without regard to the case of
- alphabetic characters. Any part of the pattern may be quoted to
- force the quoted portion to be matched as a string. Bracket
- expressions in regular expressions must be treated carefully, since
- normal quoting characters lose their meanings between brackets. If
- the pattern is stored in a shell variable, quoting the variable
- expansion forces the entire pattern to be matched as a string.
-
- The pattern will match if it matches any part of the string.
- Anchor the pattern using the '^' and '$' regular expression
- operators to force it to match the entire string. The array
- variable 'BASH_REMATCH' records which parts of the string matched
- the pattern. The element of 'BASH_REMATCH' with index 0 contains
- the portion of the string matching the entire regular expression.
- Substrings matched by parenthesized subexpressions within the
- regular expression are saved in the remaining 'BASH_REMATCH'
- indices. The element of 'BASH_REMATCH' with index N is the portion
- of the string matching the Nth parenthesized subexpression.
+ expression pattern and matched accordingly (using the POSIX
+ 'regcomp' and 'regexec' interfaces usually described in regex(3)).
+ The return value is 0 if the string matches the pattern, and 1 if
+ it does not. If the regular expression is syntactically incorrect,
+ the conditional expression returns 2. If the 'nocasematch' shell
+ option (see the description of 'shopt' in *note The Shopt
+ Builtin::) is enabled, the match is performed without regard to the
+ case of alphabetic characters.
+
+ You can quote any part of the pattern to force the quoted portion
+ to be matched literally instead of as a regular expression (see
+ above). If the pattern is stored in a shell variable, quoting the
+ variable expansion forces the entire pattern to be matched
+ literally.
+
+ The pattern will match if it matches any part of the string. If
+ you want to force the pattern to match the entire string, anchor
+ the pattern using the '^' and '$' regular expression operators.
For example, the following will match a line (stored in the shell
- variable LINE) if there is a sequence of characters anywhere in the
- value consisting of any number, including zero, of characters in
- the 'space' character class, zero or one instances of 'a', then a
- 'b':
+ variable 'line') if there is a sequence of characters anywhere in
+ the value consisting of any number, including zero, of characters
+ in the 'space' character class, immediately followed by zero or one
+ instances of 'a', then a 'b':
+
[[ $line =~ [[:space:]]*(a)?b ]]
- That means values like 'aab' and ' aaaaaab' will match, as will a
- line containing a 'b' anywhere in its value.
-
- Storing the regular expression in a shell variable is often a
- useful way to avoid problems with quoting characters that are
- special to the shell. It is sometimes difficult to specify a
- regular expression literally without using quotes, or to keep track
- of the quoting used by regular expressions while paying attention
- to the shell's quote removal. Using a shell variable to store the
- pattern decreases these problems. For example, the following is
- equivalent to the above:
+ That means values for 'line' like 'aab', ' aaaaaab', 'xaby', and '
+ ab' will all match, as will a line containing a 'b' anywhere in its
+ value.
+
+ If you want to match a character that's special to the regular
+ expression grammar ('^$|[]()\.*+?'), it has to be quoted to remove
+ its special meaning. This means that in the pattern 'xxx.txt', the
+ '.' matches any character in the string (its usual regular
+ expression meaning), but in the pattern '"xxx.txt"', it can only
+ match a literal '.'.
+
+ Likewise, if you want to include a character in your pattern that
+ has a special meaning to the regular expression grammar, you must
+ make sure it's not quoted. If you want to anchor a pattern at the
+ beginning or end of the string, for instance, you cannot quote the
+ '^' or '$' characters using any form of shell quoting.
+
+ If you want to match 'initial string' at the start of a line, the
+ following will work:
+ [[ $line =~ ^"initial string" ]]
+ but this will not:
+ [[ $line =~ "^initial string" ]]
+ because in the second example the '^' is quoted and doesn't have
+ its usual special meaning.
+
+ It is sometimes difficult to specify a regular expression properly
+ without using quotes, or to keep track of the quoting used by
+ regular expressions while paying attention to shell quoting and the
+ shell's quote removal. Storing the regular expression in a shell
+ variable is often a useful way to avoid problems with quoting
+ characters that are special to the shell. For example, the
+ following is equivalent to the pattern used above:
+
pattern='[[:space:]]*(a)?b'
[[ $line =~ $pattern ]]
- If you want to match a character that's special to the regular
- expression grammar, it has to be quoted to remove its special
- meaning. This means that in the pattern 'xxx.txt', the '.' matches
- any character in the string (its usual regular expression meaning),
- but in the pattern '"xxx.txt"' it can only match a literal '.'.
Shell programmers should take special care with backslashes, since
- backslashes are used both by the shell and regular expressions to
- remove the special meaning from the following character. The
- following two sets of commands are _not_ equivalent:
+ backslashes are used by both the shell and regular expressions to
+ remove the special meaning from the following character. This
+ means that after the shell's word expansions complete (*note Shell
+ Expansions::), any backslashes remaining in parts of the pattern
+ that were originally not quoted can remove the special meaning of
+ pattern characters. If any part of the pattern is quoted, the
+ shell does its best to ensure that the regular expression treats
+ those remaining backslashes as literal, if they appeared in a
+ quoted portion.
+
+ The following two sets of commands are _not_ equivalent:
+
pattern='\.'
[[ . =~ $pattern ]]
The first two matches will succeed, but the second two will not,
because in the second two the backslash will be part of the pattern
- to be matched. In the first two examples, the backslash removes
- the special meaning from '.', so the literal '.' matches. If the
+ to be matched. In the first two examples, the pattern passed to
+ the regular expression parser is '\.'. The backslash removes the
+ special meaning from '.', so the literal '.' matches. In the
+ second two examples, the pattern passed to the regular expression
+ parser has the backslash quoted (e.g., '\\\.'), which will not
+ match the string, since it does not contain a backslash. If the
string in the first examples were anything other than '.', say 'a',
the pattern would not match, because the quoted '.' in the pattern
loses its special meaning of matching any single character.
+ Bracket expressions in regular expressions can be sources of errors
+ as well, since characters that are normally special in regular
+ expressions lose their special meanings between brackets. However,
+ you can use bracket expressions to match special pattern characters
+ without quoting them, so they are sometimes useful for this
+ purpose.
+
+ Though it might seem like a strange way to write it, the following
+ pattern will match a '.' in the string:
+
+ [[ . =~ [.] ]]
+
+ The shell performs any word expansions before passing the pattern
+ to the regular expression functions, so you can assume that the
+ shell's quoting takes precedence. As noted above, the regular
+ expression parser will interpret any unquoted backslashes remaining
+ in the pattern after shell expansion according to its own rules.
+ The intention is to avoid making shell programmers quote things
+ twice as much as possible, so shell quoting should be sufficient to
+ quote special pattern characters where that's necessary.
+
+ The array variable 'BASH_REMATCH' records which parts of the string
+ matched the pattern. The element of 'BASH_REMATCH' with index 0
+ contains the portion of the string matching the entire regular
+ expression. Substrings matched by parenthesized subexpressions
+ within the regular expression are saved in the remaining
+ 'BASH_REMATCH' indices. The element of 'BASH_REMATCH' with index N
+ is the portion of the string matching the Nth parenthesized
+ subexpression.
+
Expressions may be combined using the following operators, listed
in decreasing order of precedence:
'()'
( LIST )
- Placing a list of commands between parentheses causes a subshell
- environment to be created (*note Command Execution Environment::),
- and each of the commands in LIST to be executed in that subshell.
+ Placing a list of commands between parentheses forces the shell to
+ create a subshell (*note Command Execution Environment::), and each
+ of the commands in LIST is executed in that subshell environment.
Since the LIST is executed in a subshell, variable assignments do
not remain in effect after the subshell completes.
In addition to the creation of a subshell, there is a subtle
difference between these two constructs due to historical reasons. The
-braces are 'reserved words', so they must be separated from the LIST by
-'blank's or other shell metacharacters. The parentheses are
-'operators', and are recognized as separate tokens by the shell even if
-they are not separated from the LIST by whitespace.
+braces are reserved words, so they must be separated from the LIST by
+'blank's or other shell metacharacters. The parentheses are operators,
+and are recognized as separate tokens by the shell even if they are not
+separated from the LIST by whitespace.
The exit status of both of these constructs is the exit status of
LIST.
had been terminated with the '&' control operator, with a two-way pipe
established between the executing shell and the coprocess.
- The format for a coprocess is:
+ The syntax for a coprocess is:
+
coproc [NAME] COMMAND [REDIRECTIONS]
-This creates a coprocess named NAME. If NAME is not supplied, the
-default name is COPROC. NAME must not be supplied if COMMAND is a
-simple command (*note Simple Commands::); otherwise, it is interpreted
-as the first word of the simple command.
+This creates a coprocess named NAME. COMMAND may be either a simple
+command (*note Simple Commands::) or a compound command (*note Compound
+Commands::). NAME is a shell variable name. If NAME is not supplied,
+the default name is 'COPROC'.
+
+ The recommended form to use for a coprocess is
+
+ coproc NAME { COMMAND; }
+
+This form is recommended because simple commands result in the coprocess
+always being named 'COPROC', and it is simpler to use and more complete
+than the other compound commands.
+
+ There are other forms of coprocesses:
+
+ coproc NAME COMPOUND-COMMAND
+ coproc COMPOUND-COMMAND
+ coproc SIMPLE-COMMAND
+
+If COMMAND is a compound command, NAME is optional. The word following
+'coproc' determines whether that word is interpreted as a variable name:
+it is interpreted as NAME if it is not a reserved word that introduces a
+compound command. If COMMAND is a simple command, NAME is not allowed;
+this is to avoid confusion between NAME and the first word of the simple
+command.
When the coprocess is executed, the shell creates an array variable
-(*note Arrays::) named 'NAME' in the context of the executing shell.
-The standard output of COMMAND is connected via a pipe to a file
+(*note Arrays::) named NAME in the context of the executing shell. The
+standard output of COMMAND is connected via a pipe to a file descriptor
+in the executing shell, and that file descriptor is assigned to NAME[0].
+The standard input of COMMAND is connected via a pipe to a file
descriptor in the executing shell, and that file descriptor is assigned
-to 'NAME'[0]. The standard input of COMMAND is connected via a pipe to
-a file descriptor in the executing shell, and that file descriptor is
-assigned to 'NAME'[1]. This pipe is established before any redirections
-specified by the command (*note Redirections::). The file descriptors
-can be utilized as arguments to shell commands and redirections using
-standard word expansions. Other than those created to execute command
-and process substitutions, the file descriptors are not available in
+to NAME[1]. This pipe is established before any redirections specified
+by the command (*note Redirections::). The file descriptors can be
+utilized as arguments to shell commands and redirections using standard
+word expansions. Other than those created to execute command and
+process substitutions, the file descriptors are not available in
subshells.
The process ID of the shell spawned to execute the coprocess is
-available as the value of the variable 'NAME'_PID. The 'wait' builtin
+available as the value of the variable 'NAME_PID'. The 'wait' builtin
command may be used to wait for the coprocess to terminate.
Since the coprocess is created as an asynchronous command, the
can replace 'xargs' or feed commands from its input sources to several
different instances of Bash.
- For a complete description, refer to the GNU Parallel documentation.
-A few examples should provide a brief introduction to its use.
-
- For example, it is easy to replace 'xargs' to gzip all html files in
-the current directory and its subdirectories:
- find . -type f -name '*.html' -print | parallel gzip
-If you need to protect special characters such as newlines in file
-names, use find's '-print0' option and parallel's '-0' option.
-
- You can use Parallel to move files from the current directory when
-the number of files is too large to process with one 'mv' invocation:
- printf '%s\n' * | parallel mv {} destdir
-
- As you can see, the {} is replaced with each line read from standard
-input. While using 'ls' will work in most instances, it is not
-sufficient to deal with all filenames. 'printf' is a shell builtin, and
-therefore is not subject to the kernel's limit on the number of
-arguments to a program, so you can use '*' (but see below about the
-'dotglob' shell option). If you need to accommodate special characters
-in filenames, you can use
-
- printf '%s\0' * | parallel -0 mv {} destdir
-
-as alluded to above.
-
- This will run as many 'mv' commands as there are files in the current
-directory. You can emulate a parallel 'xargs' by adding the '-X'
-option:
- printf '%s\0' * | parallel -0 -X mv {} destdir
-
- (You may have to modify the pattern if you have the 'dotglob' option
-enabled.)
-
- GNU Parallel can replace certain common idioms that operate on lines
-read from a file (in this case, filenames listed one per line):
- while IFS= read -r x; do
- do-something1 "$x" "config-$x"
- do-something2 < "$x"
- done < file | process-output
-
-with a more compact syntax reminiscent of lambdas:
- cat list | parallel "do-something1 {} config-{} ; do-something2 < {}" |
- process-output
-
- Parallel provides a built-in mechanism to remove filename extensions,
-which lends itself to batch file transformations or renaming:
- ls *.gz | parallel -j+0 "zcat {} | bzip2 >{.}.bz2 && rm {}"
-This will recompress all files in the current directory with names
-ending in .gz using bzip2, running one job per CPU (-j+0) in parallel.
-(We use 'ls' for brevity here; using 'find' as above is more robust in
-the face of filenames containing unexpected characters.) Parallel can
-take arguments from the command line; the above can also be written as
-
- parallel "zcat {} | bzip2 >{.}.bz2 && rm {}" ::: *.gz
-
- If a command generates output, you may want to preserve the input
-order in the output. For instance, the following command
- {
- echo foss.org.my ;
- echo debian.org ;
- echo freenetproject.org ;
- } | parallel traceroute
-will display as output the traceroute invocation that finishes first.
-Adding the '-k' option
- {
- echo foss.org.my ;
- echo debian.org ;
- echo freenetproject.org ;
- } | parallel -k traceroute
-will ensure that the output of 'traceroute foss.org.my' is displayed
-first.
-
- Finally, Parallel can be used to run a sequence of shell commands in
-parallel, similar to 'cat file | bash'. It is not uncommon to take a
-list of filenames, create a series of shell commands to operate on them,
-and feed that list of commands to a shell. Parallel can speed this up.
-Assuming that 'file' contains a list of shell commands, one per line,
-
- parallel -j 10 < file
-
-will evaluate the commands using the shell (since no explicit command is
-supplied as an argument), in blocks of ten shell jobs at a time.
+ For a complete description, refer to the GNU Parallel documentation,
+which is available at
+<https://www.gnu.org/software/parallel/parallel_tutorial.html>.
\1f
File: bash.info, Node: Shell Functions, Next: Shell Parameters, Prev: Shell Commands, Up: Basic Shell Features
This defines a shell function named FNAME. The reserved word
'function' is optional. If the 'function' reserved word is supplied,
-the parentheses are optional. The BODY of the function is the compound
-command COMPOUND-COMMAND (*note Compound Commands::). That command is
-usually a LIST enclosed between { and }, but may be any compound command
-listed above, with one exception: If the 'function' reserved word is
-used, but the parentheses are not supplied, the braces are required.
+the parentheses are optional. The "body" of the function is the
+compound command COMPOUND-COMMAND (*note Compound Commands::). That
+command is usually a LIST enclosed between { and }, but may be any
+compound command listed above. If the 'function' reserved word is used,
+but the parentheses are not supplied, the braces are recommended.
COMPOUND-COMMAND is executed whenever FNAME is specified as the name of
-a command. When the shell is in POSIX mode (*note Bash POSIX Mode::),
-FNAME must be a valid shell NAME and may not be the same as one of the
-special builtins (*note Special Builtins::). In default mode, a
+a simple command. When the shell is in POSIX mode (*note Bash POSIX
+Mode::), FNAME must be a valid shell name and may not be the same as one
+of the special builtins (*note Special Builtins::). In default mode, a
function name can be any unquoted shell word that does not contain '$'.
Any redirections (*note Redirections::) associated with the shell
function are performed when the function is executed. A function
refer to the local variable, leaving the global variable unmodified.
When the function returns, the global variable is once again visible.
- The shell uses DYNAMIC SCOPING to control a variable's visibility
+ The shell uses "dynamic scoping" to control a variable's visibility
within functions. With dynamic scoping, visible variables and their
values are a result of the sequence of function calls that caused
execution to reach the current function. The value of a variable that a
also the value that a local variable declaration "shadows", and the
value that is restored when the function returns.
- For example, if a variable VAR is declared as local in function
-FUNC1, and FUNC1 calls another function FUNC2, references to VAR made
-from within FUNC2 will resolve to the local variable VAR from FUNC1,
-shadowing any global variable named VAR.
+ For example, if a variable 'var' is declared as local in function
+'func1', and 'func1' calls another function 'func2', references to 'var'
+made from within 'func2' will resolve to the local variable 'var' from
+'func1', shadowing any global variable named 'var'.
The following script demonstrates this behavior. When executed, the
script displays
the 'declare' ('typeset') builtin command (*note Bash Builtins::). The
'-F' option to 'declare' or 'typeset' will list the function names only
(and optionally the source file and line number, if the 'extdebug' shell
-option is enabled). Functions may be exported so that subshells
+option is enabled). Functions may be exported so that child shell
+processes (those created when executing a separate shell invocation)
automatically have them defined with the '-f' option to the 'export'
builtin (*note Bourne Shell Builtins::).
* Positional Parameters:: The shell's command-line arguments.
* Special Parameters:: Parameters denoted by special characters.
-A PARAMETER is an entity that stores values. It can be a 'name', a
-number, or one of the special characters listed below. A VARIABLE is a
-parameter denoted by a 'name'. A variable has a VALUE and zero or more
-ATTRIBUTES. Attributes are assigned using the 'declare' builtin command
-(see the description of the 'declare' builtin in *note Bash Builtins::).
+A "parameter" is an entity that stores values. It can be a 'name', a
+number, or one of the special characters listed below. A "variable" is
+a parameter denoted by a 'name'. A variable has a 'value' and zero or
+more 'attributes'. Attributes are assigned using the 'declare' builtin
+command (see the description of the 'declare' builtin in *note Bash
+Builtins::).
A parameter is set if it has been assigned a value. The null string
is a valid value. Once a variable is set, it may be unset only by using
NAME=[VALUE]
If VALUE is not given, the variable is assigned the null string. All
VALUEs undergo tilde expansion, parameter and variable expansion,
-command substitution, arithmetic expansion, and quote removal (detailed
-below). If the variable has its 'integer' attribute set, then VALUE is
-evaluated as an arithmetic expression even if the '$((...))' expansion
-is not used (*note Arithmetic Expansion::). Word splitting is not
-performed, with the exception of '"$@"' as explained below. Filename
-expansion is not performed. Assignment statements may also appear as
-arguments to the 'alias', 'declare', 'typeset', 'export', 'readonly',
-and 'local' builtin commands (DECLARATION commands). When in POSIX mode
-(*note Bash POSIX Mode::), these builtins may appear in a command after
-one or more instances of the 'command' builtin and retain these
-assignment statement properties.
+command substitution, arithmetic expansion, and quote removal (*note
+Shell Parameter Expansion::). If the variable has its 'integer'
+attribute set, then VALUE is evaluated as an arithmetic expression even
+if the '$((...))' expansion is not used (*note Arithmetic Expansion::).
+Word splitting and filename expansion are not performed. Assignment
+statements may also appear as arguments to the 'alias', 'declare',
+'typeset', 'export', 'readonly', and 'local' builtin commands
+("declaration" commands). When in POSIX mode (*note Bash POSIX Mode::),
+these builtins may appear in a command after one or more instances of
+the 'command' builtin and retain these assignment statement properties.
In the context where an assignment statement is assigning a value to
a shell variable or array index (*note Arrays::), the '+=' operator can
be used to append to or add to the variable's previous value. This
includes arguments to builtin commands such as 'declare' that accept
-assignment statements (DECLARATION commands). When '+=' is applied to a
-variable for which the INTEGER attribute has been set, VALUE is
+assignment statements (declaration commands). When '+=' is applied to a
+variable for which the 'integer' attribute has been set, VALUE is
evaluated as an arithmetic expression and added to the variable's
current value, which is also evaluated. When '+=' is applied to an
array variable using compound assignment (*note Arrays::), the
pairs in an associative array. When applied to a string-valued
variable, VALUE is expanded and appended to the variable's value.
- A variable can be assigned the NAMEREF attribute using the '-n'
+ A variable can be assigned the 'nameref' attribute using the '-n'
option to the 'declare' or 'local' builtin commands (*note Bash
-Builtins::) to create a NAMEREF, or a reference to another variable.
+Builtins::) to create a "nameref", or a reference to another variable.
This allows variables to be manipulated indirectly. Whenever the
nameref variable is referenced, assigned to, unset, or has its
attributes modified (other than using or changing the nameref attribute
argument to the function. For instance, if a variable name is passed to
a shell function as its first argument, running
declare -n ref=$1
-inside the function creates a nameref variable REF whose value is the
+inside the function creates a nameref variable 'ref' whose value is the
variable name passed as the first argument. References and assignments
-to REF, and changes to its attributes, are treated as references,
+to 'ref', and changes to its attributes, are treated as references,
assignments, and attribute modifications to the variable whose name was
passed as '$1'.
3.4.1 Positional Parameters
---------------------------
-A POSITIONAL PARAMETER is a parameter denoted by one or more digits,
+A "positional parameter" is a parameter denoted by one or more digits,
other than the single digit '0'. Positional parameters are assigned
from the shell's arguments when it is invoked, and may be reassigned
using the 'set' builtin command. Positional parameter 'N' may be
shell itself (such as the '-i' option).
'$'
- ($$) Expands to the process ID of the shell. In a '()' subshell,
- it expands to the process ID of the invoking shell, not the
- subshell.
+ ($$) Expands to the process ID of the shell. In a subshell, it
+ expands to the process ID of the invoking shell, not the subshell.
'!'
($!) Expands to the process ID of the job most recently placed
filename expansion.
On systems that can support it, there is an additional expansion
-available: PROCESS SUBSTITUTION. This is performed at the same time as
-tilde, parameter, variable, and arithmetic expansion and command
+available: "process substitution". This is performed at the same time
+as tilde, parameter, variable, and arithmetic expansion and command
substitution.
After these expansions are performed, quote characters present in the
-original word are removed unless they have been quoted themselves (QUOTE
-REMOVAL).
+original word are removed unless they have been quoted themselves
+("quote removal").
Only brace expansion, word splitting, and filename expansion can
increase the number of words of the expansion; other expansions expand a
---------------------
Brace expansion is a mechanism by which arbitrary strings may be
-generated. This mechanism is similar to FILENAME EXPANSION (*note
+generated. This mechanism is similar to "filename expansion" (*note
Filename Expansion::), but the filenames generated need not exist.
Patterns to be brace expanded take the form of an optional PREAMBLE,
followed by either a series of comma-separated strings or a sequence
ade ace abe
A sequence expression takes the form '{X..Y[..INCR]}', where X and Y
-are either integers or single characters, and INCR, an optional
-increment, is an integer. When integers are supplied, the expression
-expands to each number between X and Y, inclusive. Supplied integers
-may be prefixed with '0' to force each term to have the same width.
-When either X or Y begins with a zero, the shell attempts to force all
-generated terms to contain the same number of digits, zero-padding where
-necessary. When characters are supplied, the expression expands to each
-character lexicographically between X and Y, inclusive, using the
-default C locale. Note that both X and Y must be of the same type.
-When the increment is supplied, it is used as the difference between
-each term. The default increment is 1 or -1 as appropriate.
+are either integers or letters, and INCR, an optional increment, is an
+integer. When integers are supplied, the expression expands to each
+number between X and Y, inclusive. Supplied integers may be prefixed
+with '0' to force each term to have the same width. When either X or Y
+begins with a zero, the shell attempts to force all generated terms to
+contain the same number of digits, zero-padding where necessary. When
+letters are supplied, the expression expands to each character
+lexicographically between X and Y, inclusive, using the default C
+locale. Note that both X and Y must be of the same type (integer or
+letter). When the increment is supplied, it is used as the difference
+between each term. The default increment is 1 or -1 as appropriate.
Brace expansion is performed before any other expansions, and any
characters special to other expansions are preserved in the result. It
If a word begins with an unquoted tilde character ('~'), all of the
characters up to the first unquoted slash (or all characters, if there
-is no unquoted slash) are considered a TILDE-PREFIX. If none of the
+is no unquoted slash) are considered a "tilde-prefix". If none of the
characters in the tilde-prefix are quoted, the characters in the
-tilde-prefix following the tilde are treated as a possible LOGIN NAME.
+tilde-prefix following the tilde are treated as a possible "login name".
If this login name is the null string, the tilde is replaced with the
value of the 'HOME' shell variable. If 'HOME' is unset, the home
directory of the user executing the shell is substituted instead.
Bash also performs tilde expansion on words satisfying the conditions
of variable assignments (*note Shell Parameters::) when they appear as
arguments to simple commands. Bash does not do this, except for the
-DECLARATION commands listed above, when in POSIX mode.
+declaration commands listed above, when in POSIX mode.
\1f
File: bash.info, Node: Shell Parameter Expansion, Next: Command Substitution, Prev: Tilde Expansion, Up: Shell Expansions
character that is not to be interpreted as part of its name.
If the first character of PARAMETER is an exclamation point (!), and
-PARAMETER is not a NAMEREF, it introduces a level of indirection. Bash
+PARAMETER is not a nameref, it introduces a level of indirection. Bash
uses the value formed by expanding the rest of PARAMETER as the new
PARAMETER; this is then expanded and that value is used in the rest of
the expansion, rather than the expansion of the original PARAMETER.
If PARAMETER is unset or null, the expansion of WORD is
substituted. Otherwise, the value of PARAMETER is substituted.
+ $ v=123
+ $ echo ${v-unset}
+ 123
+
'${PARAMETER:=WORD}'
If PARAMETER is unset or null, the expansion of WORD is assigned to
PARAMETER. The value of PARAMETER is then substituted. Positional
parameters and special parameters may not be assigned to in this
way.
+ $ var=
+ $ : ${var:=DEFAULT}
+ $ echo $var
+ DEFAULT
+
'${PARAMETER:?WORD}'
If PARAMETER is null or unset, the expansion of WORD (or a message
to that effect if WORD is not present) is written to the standard
error and the shell, if it is not interactive, exits. Otherwise,
the value of PARAMETER is substituted.
+ $ var=
+ $ : ${var:?var is unset or null}
+ bash: var: var is unset or null
+
'${PARAMETER:+WORD}'
If PARAMETER is null or unset, nothing is substituted, otherwise
the expansion of WORD is substituted.
+ $ var=123
+ $ echo ${var:+var is set and not null}
+ var is set and not null
+
'${PARAMETER:OFFSET}'
'${PARAMETER:OFFSET:LENGTH}'
This is referred to as Substring Expansion. It expands to up to
array in turn, and the expansion is the resultant list.
'${PARAMETER/PATTERN/STRING}'
-
+'${PARAMETER//PATTERN/STRING}'
+'${PARAMETER/#PATTERN/STRING}'
+'${PARAMETER/%PATTERN/STRING}'
The PATTERN is expanded to produce a pattern just as in filename
expansion. PARAMETER is expanded and the longest match of PATTERN
- against its value is replaced with STRING. The match is performed
- according to the rules described below (*note Pattern Matching::).
- If PATTERN begins with '/', all matches of PATTERN are replaced
- with STRING. Normally only the first match is replaced. If
- PATTERN begins with '#', it must match at the beginning of the
- expanded value of PARAMETER. If PATTERN begins with '%', it must
- match at the end of the expanded value of PARAMETER. If STRING is
- null, matches of PATTERN are deleted and the '/' following PATTERN
- may be omitted. If the 'nocasematch' shell option (see the
- description of 'shopt' in *note The Shopt Builtin::) is enabled,
- the match is performed without regard to the case of alphabetic
- characters. If PARAMETER is '@' or '*', the substitution operation
- is applied to each positional parameter in turn, and the expansion
- is the resultant list. If PARAMETER is an array variable
- subscripted with '@' or '*', the substitution operation is applied
- to each member of the array in turn, and the expansion is the
- resultant list.
+ against its value is replaced with STRING. STRING undergoes tilde
+ expansion, parameter and variable expansion, arithmetic expansion,
+ command and process substitution, and quote removal. The match is
+ performed according to the rules described below (*note Pattern
+ Matching::).
+
+ In the first form above, only the first match is replaced. If
+ there are two slashes separating PARAMETER and PATTERN (the second
+ form above), all matches of PATTERN are replaced with STRING. If
+ PATTERN is preceded by '#' (the third form above), it must match at
+ the beginning of the expanded value of PARAMETER. If PATTERN is
+ preceded by '%' (the fourth form above), it must match at the end
+ of the expanded value of PARAMETER. If the expansion of STRING is
+ null, matches of PATTERN are deleted. If STRING is null, matches
+ of PATTERN are deleted and the '/' following PATTERN may be
+ omitted.
+
+ If the 'patsub_replacement' shell option is enabled using 'shopt',
+ any unquoted instances of '&' in STRING are replaced with the
+ matching portion of PATTERN. This is intended to duplicate a
+ common 'sed' idiom. Backslash is used to quote '&' in STRING; the
+ backslash is removed in order to permit a literal '&' in the
+ replacement string. Pattern substitution performs the check for
+ '&' after expanding STRING, so users should take care to quote
+ backslashes intended to escape the '&' and inhibit replacement so
+ they survive any quote removal performed by the expansion of
+ STRING. For instance,
+
+ var=abcdef
+ echo ${var/abc/& }
+ echo "${var/abc/& }"
+ echo ${var/abc/"& "}
+
+ will display three lines of "abc def", while
+
+ var=abcdef
+ echo ${var/abc/\& }
+ echo "${var/abc/\& }"
+ echo ${var/abc/"\& "}
+
+ will display two lines of "abc def" and a third line of "& def".
+ The first two are replaced because the backslash is removed by
+ quote removal performed during the expansion of STRING (the
+ expansion is performed in a context that doesn't take any enclosing
+ double quotes into account, as with other word expansions). In the
+ third case, the double quotes affect the expansion of '\&', and,
+ because '&' is not one of the characters for which backslash is
+ special in double quotes, the backslash survives the expansion,
+ inhibits the replacement, but is removed because it is treated
+ specially. One could use '\\&', unquoted, as the replacement
+ string to achive the same effect. It should rarely be necessary to
+ enclose only STRING in double quotes.
+
+ If the 'nocasematch' shell option (see the description of 'shopt'
+ in *note The Shopt Builtin::) is enabled, the match is performed
+ without regard to the case of alphabetic characters. If PARAMETER
+ is '@' or '*', the substitution operation is applied to each
+ positional parameter in turn, and the expansion is the resultant
+ list. If PARAMETER is an array variable subscripted with '@' or
+ '*', the substitution operation is applied to each member of the
+ array in turn, and the expansion is the resultant list.
'${PARAMETER^PATTERN}'
'${PARAMETER^^PATTERN}'
filename expansion. Each character in the expanded value of
PARAMETER is tested against PATTERN, and, if it matches the
pattern, its case is converted. The pattern should not attempt to
- match more than one character. The '^' operator converts lowercase
- letters matching PATTERN to uppercase; the ',' operator converts
- matching uppercase letters to lowercase. The '^^' and ',,'
- expansions convert each matched character in the expanded value;
- the '^' and ',' expansions match and convert only the first
- character in the expanded value. If PATTERN is omitted, it is
- treated like a '?', which matches every character. If PARAMETER is
- '@' or '*', the case modification operation is applied to each
- positional parameter in turn, and the expansion is the resultant
- list. If PARAMETER is an array variable subscripted with '@' or
- '*', the case modification operation is applied to each member of
- the array in turn, and the expansion is the resultant list.
+ match more than one character.
+
+ The '^' operator converts lowercase letters matching PATTERN to
+ uppercase; the ',' operator converts matching uppercase letters to
+ lowercase. The '^^' and ',,' expansions convert each matched
+ character in the expanded value; the '^' and ',' expansions match
+ and convert only the first character in the expanded value. If
+ PATTERN is omitted, it is treated like a '?', which matches every
+ character.
+
+ If PARAMETER is '@' or '*', the case modification operation is
+ applied to each positional parameter in turn, and the expansion is
+ the resultant list. If PARAMETER is an array variable subscripted
+ with '@' or '*', the case modification operation is applied to each
+ member of the array in turn, and the expansion is the resultant
+ list.
'${PARAMETER@OPERATOR}'
The expansion is either a transformation of the value of PARAMETER
'a'
The expansion is a string consisting of flag values
representing PARAMETER's attributes.
+ 'k'
+ Like the 'K' transformation, but expands the keys and values
+ of indexed and associative arrays to separate words after word
+ splitting.
If PARAMETER is '@' or '*', the operation is applied to each
positional parameter in turn, and the expansion is the resultant
$(( EXPRESSION ))
- The expression is treated as if it were within double quotes, but a
-double quote inside the parentheses is not treated specially. All
-tokens in the expression undergo parameter and variable expansion,
-command substitution, and quote removal. The result is treated as the
-arithmetic expression to be evaluated. Arithmetic expansions may be
-nested.
+ The EXPRESSION undergoes the same expansions as if it were within
+double quotes, but double quote characters in EXPRESSION are not treated
+specially and are removed. All tokens in the expression undergo
+parameter and variable expansion, command substitution, and quote
+removal. The result is treated as the arithmetic expression to be
+evaluated. Arithmetic expansions may be nested.
The evaluation is performed according to the rules listed below
(*note Shell Arithmetic::). If the expression is invalid, Bash prints a
When a pattern is used for filename expansion, the character '.' at
the start of a filename or immediately following a slash must be matched
-explicitly, unless the shell option 'dotglob' is set. The filenames '.'
-and '..' must always be matched explicitly, even if 'dotglob' is set.
-In other cases, the '.' character is not treated specially.
+explicitly, unless the shell option 'dotglob' is set. In order to match
+the filenames '.' and '..', the pattern must begin with '.' (for
+example, '.?'), even if 'dotglob' is set. When not matching filenames,
+the '.' character is not treated specially.
When matching a filename, the slash character must always be matched
explicitly by a slash in the pattern, but in other matching contexts it
setting the 'LC_COLLATE' or 'LC_ALL' environment variable to the
value 'C', or enable the 'globasciiranges' shell option.
- Within '[' and ']', CHARACTER CLASSES can be specified using the
+ Within '[' and ']', "character classes" can be specified using the
syntax '[:'CLASS':]', where CLASS is one of the following classes
defined in the POSIX standard:
alnum alpha ascii blank cntrl digit graph lower
The 'word' character class matches letters, digits, and the
character '_'.
- Within '[' and ']', an EQUIVALENCE CLASS can be specified using the
- syntax '[='C'=]', which matches all characters with the same
+ Within '[' and ']', an "equivalence class" can be specified using
+ the syntax '[='C'=]', which matches all characters with the same
collation weight (as defined by the current locale) as the
character C.
symbol SYMBOL.
If the 'extglob' shell option is enabled using the 'shopt' builtin,
-several extended pattern matching operators are recognized. In the
-following description, a PATTERN-LIST is a list of one or more patterns
-separated by a '|'. Composite patterns may be formed using one or more
-of the following sub-patterns:
+the shell recognizes several extended pattern matching operators. In
+the following description, a PATTERN-LIST is a list of one or more
+patterns separated by a '|'. When matching filenames, the 'dotglob'
+shell option determines the set of filenames that are tested, as
+described above. Composite patterns may be formed using one or more of
+the following sub-patterns:
'?(PATTERN-LIST)'
Matches zero or one occurrence of the given patterns.
'!(PATTERN-LIST)'
Matches anything except one of the given patterns.
+ When matching filenames, the 'dotglob' shell option determines the
+set of filenames that are tested: when 'dotglob' is enabled, the set of
+filenames includes all files beginning with '.', but the filenames '.'
+and '..' must be matched by a pattern or sub-pattern that begins with a
+dot; when it is disabled, the set does not include any filenames
+beginning with "." unless the pattern or sub-pattern begins with a '.'.
+As above, '.' only has a special meaning when matching filenames.
+
Complicated extended pattern matching against long strings is slow,
especially when the patterns contain alternations and the strings
contain multiple matches. Using separate matches against shorter
3.6 Redirections
================
-Before a command is executed, its input and output may be REDIRECTED
-using a special notation interpreted by the shell. Redirection allows
+Before a command is executed, its input and output may be "redirected"
+using a special notation interpreted by the shell. "Redirection" allows
commands' file handles to be duplicated, opened, closed, made to refer
to different files, and can change the files the command reads from and
writes to. Redirection may also be used to modify file handles in the
<&- is preceded by {VARNAME}, the value of VARNAME defines the file
descriptor to close. If {VARNAME} is supplied, the redirection persists
beyond the scope of the command, allowing the shell programmer to manage
-the file descriptor's lifetime manually.
+the file descriptor's lifetime manually. The 'varredir_close' shell
+option manages this behavior (*note The Shopt Builtin::).
In the following descriptions, if the file descriptor number is
omitted, and the first character of the redirection operator is '<', the
expansion, and quote removal before being assigned to the variable.
If no command name results, the variable assignments affect the
-current shell environment. Otherwise, the variables are added to the
-environment of the executed command and do not affect the current shell
-environment. If any of the assignments attempts to assign a value to a
-readonly variable, an error occurs, and the command exits with a
-non-zero status.
+current shell environment. In the case of such a command (one that
+consists only of assignment statements and redirections), assignment
+statements are performed before redirections. Otherwise, the variables
+are added to the environment of the executed command and do not affect
+the current shell environment. If any of the assignments attempts to
+assign a value to a readonly variable, an error occurs, and the command
+exits with a non-zero status.
If no command name results, redirections are performed, but do not
affect the current shell environment. A redirection error causes the
5. If this execution fails because the file is not in executable
format, and the file is not a directory, it is assumed to be a
- SHELL SCRIPT and the shell executes it as described in *note Shell
- Scripts::.
+ "shell script" and the shell executes it as described in *note
+ Shell Scripts::.
6. If the command was not begun asynchronously, the shell waits for
the command to complete and collects its exit status.
3.7.3 Command Execution Environment
-----------------------------------
-The shell has an EXECUTION ENVIRONMENT, which consists of the following:
+The shell has an "execution environment", which consists of the
+following:
* open files inherited by the shell at invocation, as modified by
redirections supplied to the 'exec' builtin
A command invoked in this separate environment cannot affect the
shell's execution environment.
+ A "subshell" is a copy of the shell process.
+
Command substitution, commands grouped with parentheses, and
asynchronous commands are invoked in a subshell environment that is a
duplicate of the shell environment, except that traps caught by the
-----------------
When a program is invoked it is given an array of strings called the
-ENVIRONMENT. This is a list of name-value pairs, of the form
+"environment". This is a list of name-value pairs, of the form
'name=value'.
Bash provides several ways to manipulate the environment. On
invocation, the shell scans its own environment and creates a parameter
-for each name found, automatically marking it for EXPORT to child
+for each name found, automatically marking it for 'export' to child
processes. Executed commands inherit the environment. The 'export' and
'declare -x' commands allow parameters and functions to be added to and
deleted from the environment. If the value of a parameter in the
-----------------
The exit status of an executed command is the value returned by the
-WAITPID system call or equivalent function. Exit statuses fall between
-0 and 255, though, as explained below, the shell may use values above
-125 specially. Exit statuses from shell builtins and compound commands
-are also limited to this range. Under certain circumstances, the shell
-will use special values to indicate specific failure modes.
+'waitpid' system call or equivalent function. Exit statuses fall
+between 0 and 255, though, as explained below, the shell may use values
+above 125 specially. Exit statuses from shell builtins and compound
+commands are also limited to this range. Under certain circumstances,
+the shell will use special values to indicate specific failure modes.
For the shell's purposes, a command which exits with a zero exit
status has succeeded. A non-zero exit status indicates failure. This
2 to indicate incorrect usage, generally invalid options or missing
arguments.
+ The exit status of the last command is available in the special
+parameter $? (*note Special Parameters::).
+
\1f
File: bash.info, Node: Signals, Prev: Exit Status, Up: Executing Commands
set will cause the 'wait' builtin to return immediately with an exit
status greater than 128, immediately after which the trap is executed.
+ When job control is not enabled, and Bash is waiting for a foreground
+command to complete, the shell receives keyboard-generated signals such
+as 'SIGINT' (usually generated by '^C') that users commonly intend to
+send to that command. This happens because the shell and the command
+are in the same process group as the terminal, and '^C' sends 'SIGINT'
+to all processes in that process group. See *note Job Control::, for a
+more in-depth discussion of process groups.
+
+ When Bash is running without job control enabled and receives
+'SIGINT' while waiting for a foreground command, it waits until that
+foreground command terminates and then decides what to do about the
+'SIGINT':
+
+ 1. If the command terminates due to the 'SIGINT', Bash concludes that
+ the user meant to end the entire script, and acts on the 'SIGINT'
+ (e.g., by running a 'SIGINT' trap or exiting itself);
+
+ 2. If the pipeline does not terminate due to 'SIGINT', the program
+ handled the 'SIGINT' itself and did not treat it as a fatal signal.
+ In that case, Bash does not treat 'SIGINT' as a fatal signal,
+ either, instead assuming that the 'SIGINT' was used as part of the
+ program's normal operation (e.g., 'emacs' uses it to abort editing
+ commands) or deliberately discarded. However, Bash will run any
+ trap set on 'SIGINT', as it does with any other trapped signal it
+ receives while it is waiting for the foreground command to
+ complete, for compatibility.
+
\1f
File: bash.info, Node: Shell Scripts, Prev: Executing Commands, Up: Basic Shell Features
A shell script may be made executable by using the 'chmod' command to
turn on the execute bit. When Bash finds such a file while searching
-the '$PATH' for a command, it spawns a subshell to execute it. In other
-words, executing
+the '$PATH' for a command, it creates a new instance of itself to
+execute it. In other words, executing
filename ARGUMENTS
is equivalent to executing
bash filename ARGUMENTS
Read and execute commands from the FILENAME argument in the current
shell context. If FILENAME does not contain a slash, the 'PATH'
- variable is used to find FILENAME. When Bash is not in POSIX mode,
- the current directory is searched if FILENAME is not found in
- '$PATH'. If any ARGUMENTS are supplied, they become the positional
- parameters when FILENAME is executed. Otherwise the positional
- parameters are unchanged. If the '-T' option is enabled, 'source'
- inherits any trap on 'DEBUG'; if it is not, any 'DEBUG' trap string
- is saved and restored around the call to 'source', and 'source'
- unsets the 'DEBUG' trap while it executes. If '-T' is not set, and
- the sourced file changes the 'DEBUG' trap, the new value is
- retained when 'source' completes. The return status is the exit
- status of the last command executed, or zero if no commands are
- executed. If FILENAME is not found, or cannot be read, the return
- status is non-zero. This builtin is equivalent to 'source'.
+ variable is used to find FILENAME, but FILENAME does not need to be
+ executable. When Bash is not in POSIX mode, the current directory
+ is searched if FILENAME is not found in '$PATH'. If any ARGUMENTS
+ are supplied, they become the positional parameters when FILENAME
+ is executed. Otherwise the positional parameters are unchanged.
+ If the '-T' option is enabled, '.' inherits any trap on 'DEBUG'; if
+ it is not, any 'DEBUG' trap string is saved and restored around the
+ call to '.', and '.' unsets the 'DEBUG' trap while it executes. If
+ '-T' is not set, and the sourced file changes the 'DEBUG' trap, the
+ new value is retained when '.' completes. The return status is the
+ exit status of the last command executed, or zero if no commands
+ are executed. If FILENAME is not found, or cannot be read, the
+ return status is non-zero. This builtin is equivalent to 'source'.
'break'
break [N]
cd [-L|[-P [-e]] [-@] [DIRECTORY]
Change the current working directory to DIRECTORY. If DIRECTORY is
- not supplied, the value of the 'HOME' shell variable is used. Any
- additional arguments following DIRECTORY are ignored. If the shell
- variable 'CDPATH' exists, it is used as a search path: each
- directory name in 'CDPATH' is searched for DIRECTORY, with
+ not supplied, the value of the 'HOME' shell variable is used. If
+ the shell variable 'CDPATH' exists, it is used as a search path:
+ each directory name in 'CDPATH' is searched for DIRECTORY, with
alternative directory names in 'CDPATH' separated by a colon (':').
If DIRECTORY begins with a slash, 'CDPATH' is not used.
absolute pathname of the new working directory is written to the
standard output.
+ If the directory change is successful, 'cd' sets the value of the
+ 'PWD' environment variable to the new directory name, and sets the
+ 'OLDPWD' environment variable to the value of the current working
+ directory before the change.
+
The return status is zero if the directory is successfully changed,
non-zero otherwise.
Mark each NAME to be passed to child processes in the environment.
If the '-f' option is supplied, the NAMEs refer to shell functions;
otherwise the names refer to shell variables. The '-n' option
- means to no longer mark each NAME for export. If no NAMES are
+ means to no longer mark each NAME for export. If no NAMEs are
supplied, or if the '-p' option is given, a list of names of all
exported variables is displayed. The '-p' option displays output
in a form that may be reused as input. If a variable name is
4. Otherwise, the expression is false.
4 arguments
- If the first argument is '!', the result is the negation of
- the three-argument expression composed of the remaining
- arguments. Otherwise, the expression is parsed and evaluated
- according to precedence using the rules listed above.
+ The following conditions are applied in the order listed.
+
+ 1. If the first argument is '!', the result is the negation
+ of the three-argument expression composed of the
+ remaining arguments.
+ 2. If the first argument is exactly '(' and the fourth
+ argument is exactly ')', the result is the two-argument
+ test of the second and third arguments.
+ 3. Otherwise, the expression is parsed and evaluated
+ according to precedence using the rules listed above.
5 or more arguments
The expression is parsed and evaluated according to precedence
given, each NAME refers to a shell variable and that variable is
removed. If the '-f' option is given, the NAMEs refer to shell
functions, and the function definition is removed. If the '-n'
- option is supplied, and NAME is a variable with the NAMEREF
+ option is supplied, and NAME is a variable with the 'nameref'
attribute, NAME will be unset rather than the variable it
references. '-n' has no effect if the '-f' option is supplied. If
no options are supplied, each NAME refers to a variable; if there
unset. Readonly variables and functions may not be unset. Some
shell variables lose their special behavior if they are unset; such
behavior is noted in the description of the individual variables.
- The return status is zero unless a NAME is readonly.
+ The return status is zero unless a NAME is readonly or may not be
+ unset.
\1f
File: bash.info, Node: Bash Builtins, Next: Modifying Shell Behavior, Prev: Bourne Shell Builtins, Up: Shell Builtin Commands
bind [-m KEYMAP] -x KEYSEQ:SHELL-COMMAND
bind [-m KEYMAP] KEYSEQ:FUNCTION-NAME
bind [-m KEYMAP] KEYSEQ:READLINE-COMMAND
+ bind READLINE-COMMAND-LINE
Display current Readline (*note Command Line Editing::) key and
function bindings, bind a key sequence to a Readline function or
'READLINE_LINE' variable to the contents of the Readline line
buffer and the 'READLINE_POINT' and 'READLINE_MARK' variables
to the current location of the insertion point and the saved
- insertion point (the MARK), respectively. If the executed
- command changes the value of any of 'READLINE_LINE',
- 'READLINE_POINT', or 'READLINE_MARK', those new values will be
- reflected in the editing state.
+ insertion point (the MARK), respectively. The shell assigns
+ any numeric argument the user supplied to the
+ 'READLINE_ARGUMENT' variable. If there was no argument, that
+ variable is not set. If the executed command changes the
+ value of any of 'READLINE_LINE', 'READLINE_POINT', or
+ 'READLINE_MARK', those new values will be reflected in the
+ editing state.
'-X'
List all key sequences bound to shell commands and the
It is ignored in all other cases.
The '-I' option causes local variables to inherit the attributes
- (except the NAMEREF attribute) and value of any existing variable
+ (except the 'nameref' attribute) and value of any existing variable
with the same NAME at a surrounding scope. If there is no existing
variable, the local variable is initially unset.
attribute is disabled.
'-n'
- Give each NAME the NAMEREF attribute, making it a name
+ Give each NAME the 'nameref' attribute, making it a name
reference to another variable. That other variable is defined
by the value of NAME. All references, assignments, and
attribute modifications to NAME, except for those using or
attempt is made to assign a value to a readonly variable, an
attempt is made to assign a value to an array variable without
using the compound assignment syntax (*note Arrays::), one of the
- NAMES is not a valid shell variable name, an attempt is made to
+ NAMEs is not a valid shell variable name, an attempt is made to
turn off readonly status for a readonly variable, an attempt is
made to turn off array status for an array variable, or an attempt
is made to display a non-existent function with '-f'.
The '-f' option means to load the new builtin command NAME from
shared object FILENAME, on systems that support dynamic loading.
- The '-d' option will delete a builtin loaded with '-f'.
+ Bash will use the value of the 'BASH_LOADABLES_PATH' variable as a
+ colon-separated list of directories in which to search for
+ FILENAME. The default is system-dependent. The '-d' option will
+ delete a builtin loaded with '-f'.
If there are no options, a list of the shell builtins is displayed.
The '-s' option restricts 'enable' to the POSIX special builtins.
If '-s' is used with '-f', the new builtin becomes a special
builtin (*note Special Builtins::).
+ If no options are supplied and a NAME is not a shell builtin,
+ 'enable' will attempt to load NAME from a shared object named NAME,
+ as if the command were 'enable -f NAME NAME'.
+
The return status is zero unless a NAME is not a shell builtin or
there is an error loading a new builtin from a shared object.
'%q'
Causes 'printf' to output the corresponding ARGUMENT in a
format that can be reused as shell input.
+ '%Q'
+ like '%q', but applies any supplied precision to the ARGUMENT
+ before quoting it.
'%(DATEFMT)T'
Causes 'printf' to output the date-time string resulting from
using DATEFMT as a format string for 'strftime'(3). The
If the '-f' option is used, 'type' does not attempt to find shell
functions, as with the 'command' builtin.
- The return status is zero if all of the NAMES are found, non-zero
+ The return status is zero if all of the NAMEs are found, non-zero
if any are not found.
'typeset'
option is used, those available with the '-o' option to the 'set'
builtin command (*note The Set Builtin::). With no options, or
with the '-p' option, a list of all settable options is displayed,
- with an indication of whether or not each is set; if OPTNAMES are
+ with an indication of whether or not each is set; if OPTNAMEs are
supplied, the output is restricted to those options. The '-p'
option causes output to be displayed in a form that may be reused
as input. Other options have the following meanings:
'-q'
Suppresses normal output; the return status indicates whether
the OPTNAME is set or unset. If multiple OPTNAME arguments
- are given with '-q', the return status is zero if all OPTNAMES
+ are given with '-q', the return status is zero if all OPTNAMEs
are enabled; non-zero otherwise.
'-o'
Unless otherwise noted, the 'shopt' options are disabled (off) by
default.
- The return status when listing options is zero if all OPTNAMES are
+ The return status when listing options is zero if all OPTNAMEs are
enabled, non-zero otherwise. When setting or unsetting options,
the return status is zero unless an OPTNAME is not a valid shell
option.
'localvar_inherit'
If set, local variables inherit the value and attributes of a
variable of the same name that exists at a previous scope
- before any new value is assigned. The NAMEREF attribute is
+ before any new value is assigned. The 'nameref' attribute is
not inherited.
'localvar_unset'
'nocasematch'
If set, Bash matches patterns in a case-insensitive fashion
when performing matching while executing 'case' or '[['
- conditional commands, when performing pattern substitution
- word expansions, or when filtering possible completions as
- part of programmable completion.
+ conditional commands (*note Conditional Constructs::, when
+ performing pattern substitution word expansions, or when
+ filtering possible completions as part of programmable
+ completion.
+
+ 'noexpand_translation'
+ If set, Bash encloses the translated results of $"..."
+ quoting in single quotes instead of double quotes. If the
+ string is not translated, this has no effect.
'nullglob'
If set, Bash allows filename patterns which match no files to
expand to a null string, rather than themselves.
+ 'patsub_replacement'
+ If set, Bash expands occurrences of '&' in the replacement
+ string of pattern substitution to the text matched by the
+ pattern, as described above (*note Shell Parameter
+ Expansion::). This option is enabled by default.
+
'progcomp'
If set, the programmable completion facilities (*note
Programmable Completion::) are enabled. This option is
parameters.
'sourcepath'
- If set, the 'source' builtin uses the value of 'PATH' to find
- the directory containing the file supplied as an argument.
- This option is enabled by default.
+ If set, the '.' ('source') builtin uses the value of 'PATH' to
+ find the directory containing the file supplied as an
+ argument. This option is enabled by default.
+
+ 'varredir_close'
+ If set, the shell automatically closes file descriptors
+ assigned using the '{varname}' redirection syntax (*note
+ Redirections::) instead of leaving them open when the command
+ completes.
'xpg_echo'
If set, the 'echo' builtin expands backslash-escape sequences
'BASH_LINENO'
An array variable whose members are the line numbers in source
- files where each corresponding member of FUNCNAME was invoked.
+ files where each corresponding member of 'FUNCNAME' was invoked.
'${BASH_LINENO[$i]}' is the line number in the source file
('${BASH_SOURCE[$i+1]}') where '${FUNCNAME[$i]}' was called (or
'${BASH_LINENO[$i-1]}' if referenced within another shell
to the array members are as follows:
'BASH_VERSINFO[0]'
- The major version number (the RELEASE).
+ The major version number (the "release").
'BASH_VERSINFO[1]'
- The minor version number (the VERSION).
+ The minor version number (the "version").
'BASH_VERSINFO[2]'
The patch level.
The build version.
'BASH_VERSINFO[4]'
- The release status (e.g., BETA1).
+ The release status (e.g., 'beta1').
'BASH_VERSINFO[5]'
The value of 'MACHTYPE'.
'COMP_TYPE'
Set to an integer value corresponding to the type of completion
- attempted that caused a completion function to be called: TAB, for
- normal completion, '?', for listing completions after successive
- tabs, '!', for listing alternatives on partial word completion,
- '@', to list completions if the word is not unmodified, or '%', for
- menu completion. This variable is available only in shell
- functions and external commands invoked by the programmable
+ attempted that caused a completion function to be called: <TAB>,
+ for normal completion, '?', for listing completions after
+ successive tabs, '!', for listing alternatives on partial word
+ completion, '@', to list completions if the word is not unmodified,
+ or '%', for menu completion. This variable is available only in
+ shell functions and external commands invoked by the programmable
completion facilities (*note Programmable Completion::).
'COMP_KEY'
Each time this parameter is referenced, it expands to the number of
seconds since the Unix Epoch as a floating point value with
micro-second granularity (see the documentation for the C library
- function TIME for the definition of Epoch). Assignments to
+ function 'time' for the definition of Epoch). Assignments to
'EPOCHREALTIME' are ignored. If 'EPOCHREALTIME' is unset, it loses
its special properties, even if it is subsequently reset.
'EPOCHSECONDS'
Each time this parameter is referenced, it expands to the number of
seconds since the Unix Epoch (see the documentation for the C
- library function TIME for the definition of Epoch). Assignments to
- 'EPOCHSECONDS' are ignored. If 'EPOCHSECONDS' is unset, it loses
- its special properties, even if it is subsequently reset.
+ library function 'time' for the definition of Epoch). Assignments
+ to 'EPOCHSECONDS' are ignored. If 'EPOCHSECONDS' is unset, it
+ loses its special properties, even if it is subsequently reset.
'EUID'
The numeric effective user id of the current user. This variable
'histchars'
Up to three characters which control history expansion, quick
substitution, and tokenization (*note History Interaction::). The
- first character is the HISTORY EXPANSION character, that is, the
+ first character is the "history expansion" character, that is, the
character which signifies the start of a history expansion,
normally '!'. The second character is the character which
signifies 'quick substitution' when seen as the first character on
'HISTTIMEFORMAT'
If this variable is set and not null, its value is used as a format
- string for STRFTIME to print the time stamp associated with each
+ string for 'strftime' to print the time stamp associated with each
history entry displayed by the 'history' builtin. If this variable
is set, time stamps are written to the history file so they may be
preserved across shell sessions. This uses the history comment
with '#? '
'PS4'
- The value of this parameter is expanded like PS1 and the expanded
+ The value of this parameter is expanded like 'PS1' and the expanded
value is the prompt printed before the command line is echoed when
the '-x' option is set (*note The Set Builtin::). The first
character of the expanded value is replicated multiple times, as
seeds the random number generator. If 'RANDOM' is unset, it loses
its special properties, even if it is subsequently reset.
+'READLINE_ARGUMENT'
+ Any numeric argument given to a Readline command that was defined
+ using 'bind -x' (*note Bash Builtins:: when it was invoked.
+
'READLINE_LINE'
The contents of the Readline line buffer, for use with 'bind -x'
(*note Bash Builtins::).
'READLINE_MARK'
- The position of the MARK (saved insertion point) in the Readline
+ The position of the "mark" (saved insertion point) in the Readline
line buffer, for use with 'bind -x' (*note Bash Builtins::). The
characters between the insertion point and the mark are often
- called the REGION.
+ called the "region".
'READLINE_POINT'
The position of the insertion point in the Readline line buffer,
6.4 Bash Conditional Expressions
================================
-Conditional expressions are used by the '[[' compound command and the
-'test' and '[' builtin commands. The 'test' and '[' commands determine
-their behavior based on the number of arguments; see the descriptions of
-those commands for any other command-specific actions.
+Conditional expressions are used by the '[[' compound command (*note
+Conditional Constructs::) and the 'test' and '[' builtin commands (*note
+Bourne Shell Builtins::). The 'test' and '[' commands determine their
+behavior based on the number of arguments; see the descriptions of those
+commands for any other command-specific actions.
Expressions may be unary or binary, and are formed from the following
primaries. Unary expressions are often used to examine the status of a
evaluates to 0 when referenced by name without using the parameter
expansion syntax. The value of a variable is evaluated as an arithmetic
expression when it is referenced, or when a variable which has been
-given the INTEGER attribute using 'declare -i' is assigned a value. A
-null value evaluates to 0. A shell variable need not have its INTEGER
+given the 'integer' attribute using 'declare -i' is assigned a value. A
+null value evaluates to 0. A shell variable need not have its 'integer'
attribute turned on to be used in an expression.
Integer constants follow the C language definition, without suffixes
6.6 Aliases
===========
-ALIASES allow a string to be substituted for a word when it is used as
+"Aliases" allow a string to be substituted for a word when it is used as
the first word of a simple command. The shell maintains a list of
aliases that may be set and unset with the 'alias' and 'unalias' builtin
commands.
expanded is not expanded a second time. This means that one may alias
'ls' to '"ls -F"', for instance, and Bash does not try to recursively
expand the replacement text. If the last character of the alias value
-is a BLANK, then the next command word following the alias is also
+is a 'blank', then the next command word following the alias is also
checked for alias expansion.
Aliases are created and listed with the 'alias' command, and removed
with the 'unalias' command.
There is no mechanism for using arguments in the replacement text, as
-in 'csh'. If arguments are needed, a shell function should be used
-(*note Shell Functions::).
+in 'csh'. If arguments are needed, use a shell function (*note Shell
+Functions::).
Aliases are not expanded when the shell is not interactive, unless
the 'expand_aliases' shell option is set using 'shopt' (*note The Shopt
'popd'
popd [-n] [+N | -N]
+ Removes elements from the directory stack. The elements are
+ numbered from 0 starting at the first directory listed by 'dirs';
+ that is, 'popd' is equivalent to 'popd +0'.
+
When no arguments are given, 'popd' removes the top directory from
- the stack and performs a 'cd' to the new top directory. The
- elements are numbered from 0 starting at the first directory listed
- with 'dirs'; that is, 'popd' is equivalent to 'popd +0'.
+ the stack and changes to the new top directory.
+
+ Arguments, if supplied, have the following meanings:
'-n'
Suppresses the normal change of directory when removing
manipulated.
'+N'
Removes the Nth directory (counting from the left of the list
- printed by 'dirs'), starting with zero.
+ printed by 'dirs'), starting with zero, from the stack.
'-N'
Removes the Nth directory (counting from the right of the list
- printed by 'dirs'), starting with zero.
+ printed by 'dirs'), starting with zero, from the stack.
+
+ If the top element of the directory stack is modified, and the '-n'
+ option was not supplied, 'popd' uses the 'cd' builtin to change to
+ the directory at the top of the stack. If the 'cd' fails, 'popd'
+ returns a non-zero value.
+
+ Otherwise, 'popd' returns an unsuccessful status if an invalid
+ option is encountered, the directory stack is empty, or a
+ non-existent directory stack entry is specified.
+
+ If the 'popd' command is successful, Bash runs 'dirs' to show the
+ final contents of the directory stack, and the return status is 0.
'pushd'
pushd [-n] [+N | -N | DIR]
- Save the current directory on the top of the directory stack and
- then 'cd' to DIR. With no arguments, 'pushd' exchanges the top two
- directories and makes the new top the current directory.
+ Adds a directory to the top of the directory stack, or rotates the
+ stack, making the new top of the stack the current working
+ directory. With no arguments, 'pushd' exchanges the top two
+ elements of the directory stack.
+
+ Arguments, if supplied, have the following meanings:
'-n'
Suppresses the normal change of directory when rotating or
printed by 'dirs', starting with zero) to the top of the list
by rotating the stack.
'DIR'
- Makes DIR be the top of the stack, making it the new current
- directory as if it had been supplied as an argument to the
- 'cd' builtin.
+ Makes DIR be the top of the stack.
+
+ After the stack has been modified, if the '-n' option was not
+ supplied, 'pushd' uses the 'cd' builtin to change to the directory
+ at the top of the stack. If the 'cd' fails, 'pushd' returns a
+ non-zero value.
+
+ Otherwise, if no arguments are supplied, 'pushd' returns 0 unless
+ the directory stack is empty. When rotating the directory stack,
+ 'pushd' returns 0 unless the directory stack is empty or a
+ non-existent directory stack element is specified.
+
+ If the 'pushd' command is successful, Bash runs 'dirs' to show the
+ final contents of the directory stack.
\1f
File: bash.info, Node: Controlling the Prompt, Next: The Restricted Shell, Prev: The Directory Stack, Up: Bash Features
'\V'
The release of Bash, version + patchlevel (e.g., 2.00.0)
'\w'
- The current working directory, with '$HOME' abbreviated with a
- tilde (uses the '$PROMPT_DIRTRIM' variable).
+ The value of the 'PWD' shell variable ('$PWD'), with '$HOME'
+ abbreviated with a tilde (uses the '$PROMPT_DIRTRIM' variable).
'\W'
The basename of '$PWD', with '$HOME' abbreviated with a tilde.
'\!'
The restricted shell mode is only one component of a useful
restricted environment. It should be accompanied by setting 'PATH' to a
value that allows execution of only a few verified commands (commands
-that allow shell escapes are particularly vulnerable), leaving the user
-in a non-writable directory other than his home directory after login,
-not allowing the restricted shell to execute shell scripts, and cleaning
-the environment of variables that cause some commands to modify their
-behavior (e.g., 'VISUAL' or 'PAGER').
+that allow shell escapes are particularly vulnerable), changing the
+current directory to a non-writable directory other than '$HOME' after
+login, not allowing the restricted shell to execute shell scripts, and
+cleaning the environment of variables that cause some commands to modify
+their behavior (e.g., 'VISUAL' or 'PAGER').
Modern systems provide more secure ways to implement a restricted
environment, such as 'jails', 'zones', or 'containers'.
25. A non-interactive shell exits with an error status if a variable
assignment error occurs in an assignment statement preceding a
- special builtin, but not with any other simple command.
+ special builtin, but not with any other simple command. For any
+ other simple command, the shell aborts execution of that command,
+ and execution continues at the top level ("the shell shall not
+ perform any further processing of the command in which the error
+ occurred").
26. A non-interactive shell exits with an error status if the
iteration variable in a 'for' statement or the selection variable
variable values without quotes, unless they contain shell
metacharacters, even if the result contains nonprinting characters.
- 48. When the 'cd' builtin is invoked in LOGICAL mode, and the pathname
+ 48. When the 'cd' builtin is invoked in logical mode, and the pathname
constructed from '$PWD' and the directory name supplied as an
argument does not refer to an existing directory, 'cd' will fail
- instead of falling back to PHYSICAL mode.
+ instead of falling back to physical mode.
49. When the 'cd' builtin cannot change a directory because the length
of the pathname constructed from '$PWD' and the directory name
- supplied as an argument exceeds PATH_MAX when all symbolic links
+ supplied as an argument exceeds 'PATH_MAX' when all symbolic links
are expanded, 'cd' will fail instead of attempting to use only the
supplied directory name.
caught, suspends the process.
If the operating system on which Bash is running supports job
-control, Bash contains facilities to use it. Typing the SUSPEND
+control, Bash contains facilities to use it. Typing the "suspend"
character (typically '^Z', Control-Z) while a process is running causes
that process to be stopped and returns control to Bash. Typing the
-DELAYED SUSPEND character (typically '^Y', Control-Y) causes the process
-to be stopped when it attempts to read input from the terminal, and
-control to be returned to Bash. The user then manipulates the state of
-this job, using the 'bg' command to continue it in the background, the
-'fg' command to continue it in the foreground, or the 'kill' command to
-kill it. A '^Z' takes effect immediately, and has the additional side
-effect of causing pending output and typeahead to be discarded.
+"delayed suspend" character (typically '^Y', Control-Y) causes the
+process to be stopped when it attempts to read input from the terminal,
+and control to be returned to Bash. The user then manipulates the state
+of this job, using the 'bg' command to continue it in the background,
+the 'fg' command to continue it in the foreground, or the 'kill' command
+to kill it. A '^Z' takes effect immediately, and has the additional
+side effect of causing pending output and typeahead to be discarded.
There are a number of ways to refer to a job in the shell. The
-character '%' introduces a job specification (JOBSPEC).
+character '%' introduces a job specification ("jobspec").
Job number 'n' may be referred to as '%n'. The symbols '%%' and '%+'
refer to the shell's notion of the current job, which is the last job
for all running background jobs and the last-executed process
substitution, if its process id is the same as $!, and the return
status is zero. If the '-n' option is supplied, 'wait' waits for a
- single job from the list of PIDS or JOBSPECS or, if no arguments
+ single job from the list of PIDs or JOBSPECs or, if no arguments
are supplied, any job, to complete and returns its exit status. If
none of the supplied arguments is a child of the shell, or if no
arguments are supplied and the shell has no unwaited-for children,
Although the Readline library comes with a set of Emacs-like keybindings
installed by default, it is possible to use a different set of
keybindings. Any user can customize programs that use Readline by
-putting commands in an "inputrc" file, conventionally in his home
+putting commands in an "inputrc" file, conventionally in their home
directory. The name of this file is taken from the value of the shell
variable 'INPUTRC'. If that variable is unset, the default is
'~/.inputrc'. If that file does not exist or cannot be read, the
than or equal to this value, Readline will ask whether or not
the user wishes to view them; otherwise, they are simply
listed. This variable must be set to an integer value greater
- than or equal to 0. A negative value means Readline should
- never ask. The default limit is '100'.
+ than or equal to zero. A zero value means Readline should
+ never ask; negative values are treated as zero. The default
+ limit is '100'.
'convert-meta'
If set to 'on', Readline will convert characters with the
non-printing characters, which can be used to embed a terminal
control sequence into the mode string. The default is '@'.
+ 'enable-active-region'
+ The "point" is the current cursor position, and "mark" refers
+ to a saved cursor position (*note Commands For Moving::). The
+ text between the point and mark is referred to as the
+ "region". When this variable is set to 'On', Readline allows
+ certain commands to designate the region as "active". When
+ the region is active, Readline highlights the text in the
+ region using the terminal's standout mode. The active region
+ shows the text inserted by bracketed-paste and any matching
+ text found by incremental and non-incremental history
+ searches. The default is 'On'.
+
'enable-bracketed-paste'
When set to 'On', Readline will configure the terminal in a
way that will enable it to insert each paste into the editing
supplied, specifies the history entry to use instead of the current
line.
+'fetch-history ()'
+ With a numeric argument, fetch that entry from the history list and
+ make it the current line. Without an argument, move back to the
+ first entry in the history list.
+
\1f
File: bash.info, Node: Commands For Text, Next: Commands For Killing, Prev: Commands For History, Up: Bindable Readline Commands
is formatted in such a way that it can be made part of an INPUTRC
file. This command is unbound by default.
+'spell-correct-word (C-x s)'
+ Perform spelling correction on the current word, treating it as a
+ directory or filename, in the same way as the 'cdspell' shell
+ option. Word boundaries are the same as those used by
+ 'shell-forward-word'.
+
'glob-complete-word (M-g)'
The word before point is treated as a pattern for pathname
expansion, with an asterisk implicitly appended. This pattern is
-d' command.
'-d START-END'
- Delete the history entries between positions START and END,
- inclusive. Positive and negative values for START and END are
- interpreted as described above.
+ Delete the range of history entries between positions START
+ and END, inclusive. Positive and negative values for START
+ and END are interpreted as described above.
'-a'
Append the new history lines to the history file. These are
FILENAME is given, then it is used as the history file. If not,
then the value of the 'HISTFILE' variable is used.
+ The return value is 0 unless an invalid option is encountered, an
+ error occurs while reading or writing the history file, an invalid
+ OFFSET or range is supplied as an argument to '-d', or the history
+ expansion supplied as an argument to '-p' fails.
+
\1f
File: bash.info, Node: History Interaction, Prev: Bash History Builtins, Up: Using History Interactively
3. Optionally, type 'make tests' to run the Bash test suite.
4. Type 'make install' to install 'bash' and 'bashbug'. This will
- also install the manual pages and Info file.
+ also install the manual pages and Info file, message translation
+ files, some supplemental documentation, a number of example
+ loadable builtin commands, and a set of header files for developing
+ loadable builtins. You may need additional privileges to install
+ 'bash' to your desired destination, so 'sudo make install' might be
+ required. More information about controlling the locations where
+ 'bash' and other files are installed is below (*note Installation
+ Names::).
The 'configure' shell script attempts to guess correct values for
various system-dependent variables used during compilation. It uses
those values to create a 'Makefile' in each directory of the package
-(the top directory, the 'builtins', 'doc', and 'support' directories,
-each directory under 'lib', and several others). It also creates a
-'config.h' file containing system-dependent definitions. Finally, it
-creates a shell script named 'config.status' that you can run in the
-future to recreate the current configuration, a file 'config.cache' that
-saves the results of its tests to speed up reconfiguring, and a file
-'config.log' containing compiler output (useful mainly for debugging
-'configure'). If at some point 'config.cache' contains results you
-don't want to keep, you may remove or edit it.
+(the top directory, the 'builtins', 'doc', 'po', and 'support'
+directories, each directory under 'lib', and several others). It also
+creates a 'config.h' file containing system-dependent definitions.
+Finally, it creates a shell script named 'config.status' that you can
+run in the future to recreate the current configuration, a file
+'config.cache' that saves the results of its tests to speed up
+reconfiguring, and a file 'config.log' containing compiler output
+(useful mainly for debugging 'configure'). If at some point
+'config.cache' contains results you don't want to keep, you may remove
+or edit it.
To find out more about the options and arguments that the 'configure'
script understands, type
The file 'configure.ac' is used to create 'configure' by a program
called Autoconf. You only need 'configure.ac' if you want to change it
or regenerate 'configure' using a newer version of Autoconf. If you do
-this, make sure you are using Autoconf version 2.50 or newer.
+this, make sure you are using Autoconf version 2.69 or newer.
You can remove the program binaries and object files from the source
code directory by typing 'make clean'. To also remove the files that
=======================
By default, 'make install' will install into '/usr/local/bin',
-'/usr/local/man', etc. You can specify an installation prefix other
-than '/usr/local' by giving 'configure' the option '--prefix=PATH', or
-by specifying a value for the 'DESTDIR' 'make' variable when running
-'make install'.
+'/usr/local/man', etc.; that is, the "installation prefix" defaults to
+'/usr/local'. You can specify an installation prefix other than
+'/usr/local' by giving 'configure' the option '--prefix=PATH', or by
+specifying a value for the 'prefix' 'make' variable when running 'make
+install' (e.g., 'make install prefix=PATH'). The 'prefix' variable
+provides a default for 'exec_prefix' and other variables used when
+installing bash.
You can specify separate installation prefixes for
architecture-specific files and architecture-independent files. If you
use PATH as the prefix for installing programs and libraries.
Documentation and other data files will still use the regular prefix.
+ If you would like to change the installation locations for a single
+run, you can specify these variables as arguments to 'make': 'make
+install exec_prefix=/' will install 'bash' and 'bashbug' into '/bin'
+instead of the default '/usr/local/bin'.
+
+ If you want to see the files bash will install and where it will
+install them without changing anything on your system, specify the
+variable 'DESTDIR' as an argument to 'make'. Its value should be the
+absolute directory path you'd like to use as the root of your sample
+installation tree. For example,
+
+ mkdir /fs1/bash-install
+ make install DESTDIR=/fs1/bash-install
+
+will install 'bash' into '/fs1/bash-install/usr/local/bin/bash', the
+documentation into directories within
+'/fs1/bash-install/usr/local/share', the example loadable builtins into
+'/fs1/bash-install/usr/local/lib/bash', and so on. You can use the
+usual 'exec_prefix' and 'prefix' variables to alter the directory paths
+beneath the value of 'DESTDIR'.
+
+ The GNU Makefile standards provide a more complete description of
+these variables and their effects.
+
\1f
File: bash.info, Node: Specifying the System Type, Next: Sharing Defaults, Prev: Installation Names, Up: Installing Bash
following options, but it is processed first, so individual options may
be enabled using 'enable-FEATURE'.
- All of the following options except for 'disabled-builtins',
-'direxpand-default', 'strict-posix-default', and 'xpg-echo-default' are
-enabled by default, unless the operating system does not provide the
-necessary support.
+ All of the following options except for 'alt-array-implementation',
+'disabled-builtins', 'direxpand-default', 'strict-posix-default', and
+'xpg-echo-default' are enabled by default, unless the operating system
+does not provide the necessary support.
'--enable-alias'
Allow alias expansion and include the 'alias' and 'unalias'
builtins (*note Aliases::).
+'--enable-alt-array-implementation'
+ This builds bash using an alternate implementation of arrays (*note
+ Arrays::) that provides faster access at the expense of using more
+ memory (sometimes many times more, depending on how sparse an array
+ is).
+
'--enable-arith-for-command'
Include support for the alternate form of the 'for' command that
behaves like the C language 'for' statement (*note Looping
'--enable-casemod-attributes'
Include support for case-modifying attributes in the 'declare'
- builtin and assignment statements. Variables with the UPPERCASE
+ builtin and assignment statements. Variables with the 'uppercase'
attribute, for example, will have their values converted to
uppercase upon assignment.
described above under *note Pattern Matching::.
'--enable-extended-glob-default'
- Set the default value of the EXTGLOB shell option described above
+ Set the default value of the 'extglob' shell option described above
under *note The Shopt Builtin:: to be enabled.
'--enable-function-import'
enabled by default.
'--enable-glob-asciirange-default'
- Set the default value of the GLOBASCIIRANGES shell option described
- above under *note The Shopt Builtin:: to be enabled. This controls
- the behavior of character ranges when used in pattern matching
- bracket expressions.
+ Set the default value of the 'globasciiranges' shell option
+ described above under *note The Shopt Builtin:: to be enabled.
+ This controls the behavior of character ranges when used in pattern
+ matching bracket expressions.
'--enable-help-builtin'
Include the 'help' builtin, which displays help on shell builtins
Please report all bugs you find in Bash. But first, you should make
sure that it really is a bug, and that it appears in the latest version
of Bash. The latest version of Bash is always available for FTP from
-<ftp://ftp.gnu.org/pub/gnu/bash/>.
+<ftp://ftp.gnu.org/pub/gnu/bash/> and from
+<http://git.savannah.gnu.org/cgit/bash.git/snapshot/bash-master.tar.gz>.
Once you have determined that a bug actually exists, use the
'bashbug' command to submit a bug report. If you have a fix, you are
substring of 'var''s value of length LENGTH, beginning at OFFSET,
is present (*note Shell Parameter Expansion::).
- * The expansion '${var/[/]'PATTERN'[/'REPLACEMENT']}', which matches
- PATTERN and replaces it with REPLACEMENT in the value of 'var', is
+ * The expansion '${VAR/[/]'PATTERN'[/'REPLACEMENT']}', which matches
+ PATTERN and replaces it with REPLACEMENT in the value of VAR, is
available (*note Shell Parameter Expansion::).
* The expansion '${!PREFIX*}' expansion, which expands to the names
of all shell variables whose names begin with PREFIX, is available
(*note Shell Parameter Expansion::).
- * Bash has INDIRECT variable expansion using '${!word}' (*note Shell
+ * Bash has indirect variable expansion using '${!word}' (*note Shell
Parameter Expansion::).
* Bash can expand positional parameters beyond '$9' using '${NUM}'.
shell uses only '!'.
* Bash implements the full set of POSIX filename expansion operators,
- including CHARACTER CLASSES, EQUIVALENCE CLASSES, and COLLATING
- SYMBOLS (*note Filename Expansion::).
+ including character classes, equivalence classes, and collating
+ symbols (*note Filename Expansion::).
* Bash implements extended pattern matching features when the
'extglob' shell option is enabled (*note Pattern Matching::).
* Bash includes the 'caller' builtin, which displays the context of
any active subroutine call (a shell function or a script executed
- with the '.' or 'source' builtins). This supports the bash
+ with the '.' or 'source' builtins). This supports the Bash
debugger.
* The 'trap' builtin (*note Bourne Shell Builtins::) allows a 'DEBUG'
* :: Bourne Shell Builtins.
(line 11)
* [: Bourne Shell Builtins.
- (line 270)
+ (line 274)
* alias: Bash Builtins. (line 11)
* bg: Job Control Builtins.
(line 7)
* bind: Bash Builtins. (line 21)
* break: Bourne Shell Builtins.
(line 36)
-* builtin: Bash Builtins. (line 104)
-* caller: Bash Builtins. (line 113)
+* builtin: Bash Builtins. (line 108)
+* caller: Bash Builtins. (line 117)
* cd: Bourne Shell Builtins.
(line 44)
-* command: Bash Builtins. (line 130)
+* command: Bash Builtins. (line 134)
* compgen: Programmable Completion Builtins.
(line 12)
* complete: Programmable Completion Builtins.
* compopt: Programmable Completion Builtins.
(line 237)
* continue: Bourne Shell Builtins.
- (line 85)
-* declare: Bash Builtins. (line 150)
+ (line 89)
+* declare: Bash Builtins. (line 154)
* dirs: Directory Stack Builtins.
(line 7)
* disown: Job Control Builtins.
(line 101)
-* echo: Bash Builtins. (line 253)
-* enable: Bash Builtins. (line 302)
+* echo: Bash Builtins. (line 257)
+* enable: Bash Builtins. (line 306)
* eval: Bourne Shell Builtins.
- (line 94)
+ (line 98)
* exec: Bourne Shell Builtins.
- (line 102)
+ (line 106)
* exit: Bourne Shell Builtins.
- (line 120)
+ (line 124)
* export: Bourne Shell Builtins.
- (line 127)
+ (line 131)
* fc: Bash History Builtins.
(line 10)
* fg: Job Control Builtins.
(line 17)
* getopts: Bourne Shell Builtins.
- (line 143)
+ (line 147)
* hash: Bourne Shell Builtins.
- (line 187)
-* help: Bash Builtins. (line 331)
+ (line 191)
+* help: Bash Builtins. (line 342)
* history: Bash History Builtins.
(line 46)
* jobs: Job Control Builtins.
(line 27)
* kill: Job Control Builtins.
(line 58)
-* let: Bash Builtins. (line 350)
-* local: Bash Builtins. (line 358)
-* logout: Bash Builtins. (line 374)
-* mapfile: Bash Builtins. (line 379)
+* let: Bash Builtins. (line 361)
+* local: Bash Builtins. (line 369)
+* logout: Bash Builtins. (line 385)
+* mapfile: Bash Builtins. (line 390)
* popd: Directory Stack Builtins.
(line 35)
-* printf: Bash Builtins. (line 425)
+* printf: Bash Builtins. (line 436)
* pushd: Directory Stack Builtins.
- (line 53)
+ (line 69)
* pwd: Bourne Shell Builtins.
- (line 207)
-* read: Bash Builtins. (line 474)
-* readarray: Bash Builtins. (line 570)
+ (line 211)
+* read: Bash Builtins. (line 488)
+* readarray: Bash Builtins. (line 584)
* readonly: Bourne Shell Builtins.
- (line 217)
+ (line 221)
* return: Bourne Shell Builtins.
- (line 236)
+ (line 240)
* set: The Set Builtin. (line 11)
* shift: Bourne Shell Builtins.
- (line 257)
+ (line 261)
* shopt: The Shopt Builtin. (line 9)
-* source: Bash Builtins. (line 579)
+* source: Bash Builtins. (line 593)
* suspend: Job Control Builtins.
(line 113)
* test: Bourne Shell Builtins.
- (line 270)
+ (line 274)
* times: Bourne Shell Builtins.
- (line 349)
+ (line 359)
* trap: Bourne Shell Builtins.
- (line 355)
-* type: Bash Builtins. (line 584)
-* typeset: Bash Builtins. (line 616)
-* ulimit: Bash Builtins. (line 622)
+ (line 365)
+* type: Bash Builtins. (line 598)
+* typeset: Bash Builtins. (line 630)
+* ulimit: Bash Builtins. (line 636)
* umask: Bourne Shell Builtins.
- (line 404)
-* unalias: Bash Builtins. (line 728)
+ (line 414)
+* unalias: Bash Builtins. (line 742)
* unset: Bourne Shell Builtins.
- (line 422)
+ (line 432)
* wait: Job Control Builtins.
(line 76)
* !: Pipelines. (line 9)
* [[: Conditional Constructs.
- (line 125)
+ (line 126)
* ]]: Conditional Constructs.
- (line 125)
+ (line 126)
* {: Command Grouping. (line 21)
* }: Command Grouping. (line 21)
* case: Conditional Constructs.
* in: Conditional Constructs.
(line 28)
* select: Conditional Constructs.
- (line 83)
+ (line 84)
* then: Conditional Constructs.
(line 7)
* time: Pipelines. (line 9)
\0\b[index\0\b]
* Menu:
-* !: Special Parameters. (line 56)
+* !: Special Parameters. (line 55)
* #: Special Parameters. (line 39)
* $: Special Parameters. (line 51)
-* $!: Special Parameters. (line 57)
+* $!: Special Parameters. (line 56)
* $#: Special Parameters. (line 40)
* $$: Special Parameters. (line 52)
* $*: Special Parameters. (line 10)
* $-: Special Parameters. (line 47)
-* $0: Special Parameters. (line 62)
+* $0: Special Parameters. (line 61)
* $?: Special Parameters. (line 43)
* $@: Special Parameters. (line 23)
* $_: Bash Variables. (line 14)
* *: Special Parameters. (line 9)
* -: Special Parameters. (line 46)
-* 0: Special Parameters. (line 61)
+* 0: Special Parameters. (line 60)
* ?: Special Parameters. (line 42)
* @: Special Parameters. (line 22)
* _: Bash Variables. (line 13)
* COMP_WORDBREAKS: Bash Variables. (line 241)
* COMP_WORDS: Bash Variables. (line 247)
* convert-meta: Readline Init File Syntax.
- (line 108)
+ (line 109)
* COPROC: Bash Variables. (line 260)
* DIRSTACK: Bash Variables. (line 264)
* disable-completion: Readline Init File Syntax.
- (line 116)
+ (line 117)
* echo-control-characters: Readline Init File Syntax.
- (line 121)
+ (line 122)
* editing-mode: Readline Init File Syntax.
- (line 126)
+ (line 127)
* EMACS: Bash Variables. (line 274)
* emacs-mode-string: Readline Init File Syntax.
- (line 132)
+ (line 133)
+* enable-active-region: Readline Init File Syntax.
+ (line 143)
* enable-bracketed-paste: Readline Init File Syntax.
- (line 142)
+ (line 155)
* enable-keypad: Readline Init File Syntax.
- (line 150)
+ (line 163)
* ENV: Bash Variables. (line 279)
* EPOCHREALTIME: Bash Variables. (line 284)
* EPOCHSECONDS: Bash Variables. (line 292)
* EUID: Bash Variables. (line 299)
* EXECIGNORE: Bash Variables. (line 303)
* expand-tilde: Readline Init File Syntax.
- (line 161)
+ (line 174)
* FCEDIT: Bash Variables. (line 316)
* FIGNORE: Bash Variables. (line 320)
* FUNCNAME: Bash Variables. (line 326)
* HISTFILESIZE: Bash Variables. (line 402)
* HISTIGNORE: Bash Variables. (line 413)
* history-preserve-point: Readline Init File Syntax.
- (line 165)
+ (line 178)
* history-size: Readline Init File Syntax.
- (line 171)
+ (line 184)
* HISTSIZE: Bash Variables. (line 433)
* HISTTIMEFORMAT: Bash Variables. (line 440)
* HOME: Bourne Shell Variables.
(line 13)
* horizontal-scroll-mode: Readline Init File Syntax.
- (line 180)
+ (line 193)
* HOSTFILE: Bash Variables. (line 448)
* HOSTNAME: Bash Variables. (line 459)
* HOSTTYPE: Bash Variables. (line 462)
(line 18)
* IGNOREEOF: Bash Variables. (line 465)
* input-meta: Readline Init File Syntax.
- (line 189)
+ (line 202)
* INPUTRC: Bash Variables. (line 475)
* INSIDE_EMACS: Bash Variables. (line 479)
* isearch-terminators: Readline Init File Syntax.
- (line 197)
+ (line 210)
* keymap: Readline Init File Syntax.
- (line 204)
-* LANG: Bash Variables. (line 485)
+ (line 217)
+* LANG: Creating Internationalized Scripts.
+ (line 51)
+* LANG <1>: Bash Variables. (line 485)
* LC_ALL: Bash Variables. (line 489)
* LC_COLLATE: Bash Variables. (line 493)
* LC_CTYPE: Bash Variables. (line 500)
-* LC_MESSAGES: Locale Translation. (line 15)
+* LC_MESSAGES: Creating Internationalized Scripts.
+ (line 51)
* LC_MESSAGES <1>: Bash Variables. (line 505)
* LC_NUMERIC: Bash Variables. (line 509)
* LC_TIME: Bash Variables. (line 513)
(line 27)
* MAPFILE: Bash Variables. (line 540)
* mark-modified-lines: Readline Init File Syntax.
- (line 234)
+ (line 247)
* mark-symlinked-directories: Readline Init File Syntax.
- (line 239)
+ (line 252)
* match-hidden-files: Readline Init File Syntax.
- (line 244)
+ (line 257)
* menu-complete-display-prefix: Readline Init File Syntax.
- (line 251)
+ (line 264)
* meta-flag: Readline Init File Syntax.
- (line 189)
+ (line 202)
* OLDPWD: Bash Variables. (line 544)
* OPTARG: Bourne Shell Variables.
(line 34)
(line 38)
* OSTYPE: Bash Variables. (line 551)
* output-meta: Readline Init File Syntax.
- (line 256)
+ (line 269)
* page-completions: Readline Init File Syntax.
- (line 262)
+ (line 275)
* PATH: Bourne Shell Variables.
(line 42)
* PIPESTATUS: Bash Variables. (line 554)
* PS4: Bash Variables. (line 595)
* PWD: Bash Variables. (line 603)
* RANDOM: Bash Variables. (line 606)
-* READLINE_LINE: Bash Variables. (line 612)
-* READLINE_MARK: Bash Variables. (line 616)
-* READLINE_POINT: Bash Variables. (line 622)
-* REPLY: Bash Variables. (line 626)
+* READLINE_ARGUMENT: Bash Variables. (line 612)
+* READLINE_LINE: Bash Variables. (line 616)
+* READLINE_MARK: Bash Variables. (line 620)
+* READLINE_POINT: Bash Variables. (line 626)
+* REPLY: Bash Variables. (line 630)
* revert-all-at-newline: Readline Init File Syntax.
- (line 272)
-* SECONDS: Bash Variables. (line 629)
-* SHELL: Bash Variables. (line 638)
-* SHELLOPTS: Bash Variables. (line 643)
-* SHLVL: Bash Variables. (line 652)
+ (line 285)
+* SECONDS: Bash Variables. (line 633)
+* SHELL: Bash Variables. (line 642)
+* SHELLOPTS: Bash Variables. (line 647)
+* SHLVL: Bash Variables. (line 656)
* show-all-if-ambiguous: Readline Init File Syntax.
- (line 278)
+ (line 291)
* show-all-if-unmodified: Readline Init File Syntax.
- (line 284)
+ (line 297)
* show-mode-in-prompt: Readline Init File Syntax.
- (line 293)
+ (line 306)
* skip-completed-text: Readline Init File Syntax.
- (line 299)
-* SRANDOM: Bash Variables. (line 657)
-* TEXTDOMAIN: Locale Translation. (line 15)
-* TEXTDOMAINDIR: Locale Translation. (line 15)
-* TIMEFORMAT: Bash Variables. (line 666)
-* TMOUT: Bash Variables. (line 704)
-* TMPDIR: Bash Variables. (line 716)
-* UID: Bash Variables. (line 720)
-* vi-cmd-mode-string: Readline Init File Syntax.
(line 312)
+* SRANDOM: Bash Variables. (line 661)
+* TEXTDOMAIN: Creating Internationalized Scripts.
+ (line 51)
+* TEXTDOMAINDIR: Creating Internationalized Scripts.
+ (line 51)
+* TIMEFORMAT: Bash Variables. (line 670)
+* TMOUT: Bash Variables. (line 708)
+* TMPDIR: Bash Variables. (line 720)
+* UID: Bash Variables. (line 724)
+* vi-cmd-mode-string: Readline Init File Syntax.
+ (line 325)
* vi-ins-mode-string: Readline Init File Syntax.
- (line 323)
+ (line 336)
* visible-stats: Readline Init File Syntax.
- (line 334)
+ (line 347)
\1f
File: bash.info, Node: Function Index, Next: Concept Index, Prev: Variable Index, Up: Indexes
* accept-line (Newline or Return): Commands For History.
(line 6)
* alias-expand-line (): Miscellaneous Commands.
- (line 125)
+ (line 131)
* backward-char (C-b): Commands For Moving. (line 15)
* backward-delete-char (Rubout): Commands For Text. (line 17)
* backward-kill-line (C-x Rubout): Commands For Killing.
(line 57)
* digit-argument (M-0, M-1, ... M--): Numeric Arguments. (line 6)
* display-shell-version (C-x C-v): Miscellaneous Commands.
- (line 110)
+ (line 116)
* do-lowercase-version (M-A, M-B, M-X, ...): Miscellaneous Commands.
(line 14)
* downcase-word (M-l): Commands For Text. (line 62)
* dynamic-complete-history (M-<TAB>): Commands For Completion.
(line 90)
* edit-and-execute-command (C-x C-e): Miscellaneous Commands.
- (line 134)
+ (line 140)
* end-kbd-macro (C-x )): Keyboard Macros. (line 9)
* end-of-file (usually C-d): Commands For Text. (line 6)
* end-of-history (M->): Commands For History.
* end-of-line (C-e): Commands For Moving. (line 9)
* exchange-point-and-mark (C-x C-x): Miscellaneous Commands.
(line 37)
+* fetch-history (): Commands For History.
+ (line 103)
* forward-backward-delete-char (): Commands For Text. (line 21)
* forward-char (C-f): Commands For Moving. (line 12)
* forward-search-history (C-s): Commands For History.
(line 33)
* forward-word (M-f): Commands For Moving. (line 18)
* glob-complete-word (M-g): Miscellaneous Commands.
- (line 92)
-* glob-expand-word (C-x *): Miscellaneous Commands.
(line 98)
-* glob-list-expansions (C-x g): Miscellaneous Commands.
+* glob-expand-word (C-x *): Miscellaneous Commands.
(line 104)
+* glob-list-expansions (C-x g): Miscellaneous Commands.
+ (line 110)
* history-and-alias-expand-line (): Miscellaneous Commands.
- (line 128)
+ (line 134)
* history-expand-line (M-^): Miscellaneous Commands.
- (line 118)
+ (line 124)
* history-search-backward (): Commands For History.
(line 57)
* history-search-forward (): Commands For History.
* insert-completions (M-*): Commands For Completion.
(line 22)
* insert-last-argument (M-. or M-_): Miscellaneous Commands.
- (line 131)
+ (line 137)
* kill-line (C-k): Commands For Killing.
(line 6)
* kill-region (): Commands For Killing.
* kill-word (M-d): Commands For Killing.
(line 23)
* magic-space (): Miscellaneous Commands.
- (line 121)
+ (line 127)
* menu-complete (): Commands For Completion.
(line 26)
* menu-complete-backward (): Commands For Completion.
(line 37)
* shell-backward-word (M-C-b): Commands For Moving. (line 30)
* shell-expand-line (M-C-e): Miscellaneous Commands.
- (line 113)
+ (line 119)
* shell-forward-word (M-C-f): Commands For Moving. (line 26)
* shell-kill-word (M-C-d): Commands For Killing.
(line 32)
(line 41)
* skip-csi-sequence (): Miscellaneous Commands.
(line 52)
+* spell-correct-word (C-x s): Miscellaneous Commands.
+ (line 92)
* start-kbd-macro (C-x (): Keyboard Macros. (line 6)
* tilde-expand (M-&): Miscellaneous Commands.
(line 30)
* interactive shell: Invoking Bash. (line 131)
* interactive shell <1>: Interactive Shells. (line 6)
* internationalization: Locale Translation. (line 6)
+* internationalized scripts: Creating Internationalized Scripts.
+ (line 3)
* job: Definitions. (line 38)
* job control: Definitions. (line 42)
* job control <1>: Job Control Basics. (line 6)
* special builtin: Definitions. (line 82)
* special builtin <1>: Special Builtins. (line 6)
* startup files: Bash Startup Files. (line 6)
+* string translations: Creating Internationalized Scripts.
+ (line 3)
* suspending jobs: Job Control Basics. (line 6)
* tilde expansion: Tilde Expansion. (line 6)
* token: Definitions. (line 86)
\1f
Tag Table:
-Node: Top\7f897
-Node: Introduction\7f2817
-Node: What is Bash?\7f3033
-Node: What is a shell?\7f4147
-Node: Definitions\7f6685
-Node: Basic Shell Features\7f9636
-Node: Shell Syntax\7f10855
-Node: Shell Operation\7f11881
-Node: Quoting\7f13174
-Node: Escape Character\7f14474
-Node: Single Quotes\7f14959
-Node: Double Quotes\7f15307
-Node: ANSI-C Quoting\7f16585
-Node: Locale Translation\7f17844
-Node: Comments\7f18997
-Node: Shell Commands\7f19615
-Node: Reserved Words\7f20553
-Node: Simple Commands\7f21309
-Node: Pipelines\7f21963
-Node: Lists\7f24895
-Node: Compound Commands\7f26686
-Node: Looping Constructs\7f27698
-Node: Conditional Constructs\7f30193
-Node: Command Grouping\7f41764
-Node: Coprocesses\7f43243
-Node: GNU Parallel\7f45146
-Node: Shell Functions\7f49447
-Node: Shell Parameters\7f56654
-Node: Positional Parameters\7f61067
-Node: Special Parameters\7f61967
-Node: Shell Expansions\7f65191
-Node: Brace Expansion\7f67314
-Node: Tilde Expansion\7f70037
-Node: Shell Parameter Expansion\7f72654
-Node: Command Substitution\7f87783
-Node: Arithmetic Expansion\7f89138
-Node: Process Substitution\7f90070
-Node: Word Splitting\7f91190
-Node: Filename Expansion\7f93134
-Node: Pattern Matching\7f95683
-Node: Quote Removal\7f99669
-Node: Redirections\7f99964
-Node: Executing Commands\7f109534
-Node: Simple Command Expansion\7f110204
-Node: Command Search and Execution\7f112158
-Node: Command Execution Environment\7f114534
-Node: Environment\7f117518
-Node: Exit Status\7f119177
-Node: Signals\7f120847
-Node: Shell Scripts\7f122814
-Node: Shell Builtin Commands\7f125826
-Node: Bourne Shell Builtins\7f127864
-Node: Bash Builtins\7f148793
-Node: Modifying Shell Behavior\7f178902
-Node: The Set Builtin\7f179247
-Node: The Shopt Builtin\7f189660
-Node: Special Builtins\7f204570
-Node: Shell Variables\7f205549
-Node: Bourne Shell Variables\7f205986
-Node: Bash Variables\7f208090
-Node: Bash Features\7f240724
-Node: Invoking Bash\7f241737
-Node: Bash Startup Files\7f247750
-Node: Interactive Shells\7f252853
-Node: What is an Interactive Shell?\7f253263
-Node: Is this Shell Interactive?\7f253912
-Node: Interactive Shell Behavior\7f254727
-Node: Bash Conditional Expressions\7f258240
-Node: Shell Arithmetic\7f262817
-Node: Aliases\7f265757
-Node: Arrays\7f268377
-Node: The Directory Stack\7f274386
-Node: Directory Stack Builtins\7f275170
-Node: Controlling the Prompt\7f278138
-Node: The Restricted Shell\7f281086
-Node: Bash POSIX Mode\7f283680
-Node: Shell Compatibility Mode\7f294716
-Node: Job Control\7f301372
-Node: Job Control Basics\7f301832
-Node: Job Control Builtins\7f306828
-Node: Job Control Variables\7f312228
-Node: Command Line Editing\7f313384
-Node: Introduction and Notation\7f315055
-Node: Readline Interaction\7f316678
-Node: Readline Bare Essentials\7f317869
-Node: Readline Movement Commands\7f319652
-Node: Readline Killing Commands\7f320612
-Node: Readline Arguments\7f322530
-Node: Searching\7f323574
-Node: Readline Init File\7f325760
-Node: Readline Init File Syntax\7f327019
-Node: Conditional Init Constructs\7f347557
-Node: Sample Init File\7f351753
-Node: Bindable Readline Commands\7f354877
-Node: Commands For Moving\7f356081
-Node: Commands For History\7f358132
-Node: Commands For Text\7f362925
-Node: Commands For Killing\7f366574
-Node: Numeric Arguments\7f369607
-Node: Commands For Completion\7f370746
-Node: Keyboard Macros\7f374937
-Node: Miscellaneous Commands\7f375624
-Node: Readline vi Mode\7f381308
-Node: Programmable Completion\7f382215
-Node: Programmable Completion Builtins\7f389995
-Node: A Programmable Completion Example\7f400690
-Node: Using History Interactively\7f405937
-Node: Bash History Facilities\7f406621
-Node: Bash History Builtins\7f409626
-Node: History Interaction\7f414355
-Node: Event Designators\7f417975
-Node: Word Designators\7f419329
-Node: Modifiers\7f421089
-Node: Installing Bash\7f422900
-Node: Basic Installation\7f424037
-Node: Compilers and Options\7f427295
-Node: Compiling For Multiple Architectures\7f428036
-Node: Installation Names\7f429729
-Node: Specifying the System Type\7f430547
-Node: Sharing Defaults\7f431263
-Node: Operation Controls\7f431936
-Node: Optional Features\7f432894
-Node: Reporting Bugs\7f443689
-Node: Major Differences From The Bourne Shell\7f444883
-Node: GNU Free Documentation License\7f461735
-Node: Indexes\7f486912
-Node: Builtin Index\7f487366
-Node: Reserved Word Index\7f494193
-Node: Variable Index\7f496641
-Node: Function Index\7f512538
-Node: Concept Index\7f526048
+Node: Top\7f892
+Node: Introduction\7f2807
+Node: What is Bash?\7f3020
+Node: What is a shell?\7f4131
+Node: Definitions\7f6666
+Node: Basic Shell Features\7f9614
+Node: Shell Syntax\7f10830
+Node: Shell Operation\7f11853
+Node: Quoting\7f13143
+Node: Escape Character\7f14444
+Node: Single Quotes\7f14926
+Node: Double Quotes\7f15271
+Node: ANSI-C Quoting\7f16546
+Node: Locale Translation\7f17853
+Node: Creating Internationalized Scripts\7f19161
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+Node: Shell Commands\7f23890
+Node: Reserved Words\7f24825
+Node: Simple Commands\7f25578
+Node: Pipelines\7f26229
+Node: Lists\7f29185
+Node: Compound Commands\7f30977
+Node: Looping Constructs\7f31986
+Node: Conditional Constructs\7f34478
+Node: Command Grouping\7f48819
+Node: Coprocesses\7f50294
+Node: GNU Parallel\7f52954
+Node: Shell Functions\7f53868
+Node: Shell Parameters\7f61156
+Node: Positional Parameters\7f65541
+Node: Special Parameters\7f66440
+Node: Shell Expansions\7f69651
+Node: Brace Expansion\7f71775
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+Node: Command Substitution\7f94987
+Node: Arithmetic Expansion\7f96339
+Node: Process Substitution\7f97304
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+Node: Exit Status\7f127354
+Node: Signals\7f129135
+Node: Shell Scripts\7f132581
+Node: Shell Builtin Commands\7f135605
+Node: Bourne Shell Builtins\7f137640
+Node: Bash Builtins\7f159098
+Node: Modifying Shell Behavior\7f189912
+Node: The Set Builtin\7f190254
+Node: The Shopt Builtin\7f200664
+Node: Special Builtins\7f216375
+Node: Shell Variables\7f217351
+Node: Bourne Shell Variables\7f217785
+Node: Bash Variables\7f219886
+Node: Bash Features\7f252698
+Node: Invoking Bash\7f253708
+Node: Bash Startup Files\7f259718
+Node: Interactive Shells\7f264818
+Node: What is an Interactive Shell?\7f265225
+Node: Is this Shell Interactive?\7f265871
+Node: Interactive Shell Behavior\7f266683
+Node: Bash Conditional Expressions\7f270193
+Node: Shell Arithmetic\7f274832
+Node: Aliases\7f277773
+Node: Arrays\7f280383
+Node: The Directory Stack\7f286389
+Node: Directory Stack Builtins\7f287170
+Node: Controlling the Prompt\7f291427
+Node: The Restricted Shell\7f294389
+Node: Bash POSIX Mode\7f296983
+Node: Shell Compatibility Mode\7f308253
+Node: Job Control\7f314906
+Node: Job Control Basics\7f315363
+Node: Job Control Builtins\7f320362
+Node: Job Control Variables\7f325759
+Node: Command Line Editing\7f326912
+Node: Introduction and Notation\7f328580
+Node: Readline Interaction\7f330200
+Node: Readline Bare Essentials\7f331388
+Node: Readline Movement Commands\7f333168
+Node: Readline Killing Commands\7f334125
+Node: Readline Arguments\7f336040
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+Node: Readline Init File\7f339264
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+Node: Commands For Text\7f377353
+Node: Commands For Killing\7f380999
+Node: Numeric Arguments\7f384029
+Node: Commands For Completion\7f385165
+Node: Keyboard Macros\7f389353
+Node: Miscellaneous Commands\7f390037
+Node: Readline vi Mode\7f395973
+Node: Programmable Completion\7f396877
+Node: Programmable Completion Builtins\7f404654
+Node: A Programmable Completion Example\7f415346
+Node: Using History Interactively\7f420590
+Node: Bash History Facilities\7f421271
+Node: Bash History Builtins\7f424273
+Node: History Interaction\7f429278
+Node: Event Designators\7f432895
+Node: Word Designators\7f434246
+Node: Modifiers\7f436003
+Node: Installing Bash\7f437811
+Node: Basic Installation\7f438945
+Node: Compilers and Options\7f442664
+Node: Compiling For Multiple Architectures\7f443402
+Node: Installation Names\7f445092
+Node: Specifying the System Type\7f447198
+Node: Sharing Defaults\7f447911
+Node: Operation Controls\7f448581
+Node: Optional Features\7f449536
+Node: Reporting Bugs\7f460626
+Node: Major Differences From The Bourne Shell\7f461898
+Node: GNU Free Documentation License\7f478745
+Node: Indexes\7f503919
+Node: Builtin Index\7f504370
+Node: Reserved Word Index\7f511194
+Node: Variable Index\7f513639
+Node: Function Index\7f530128
+Node: Concept Index\7f543909
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3.736 F -.25(va)-.25 G 1.235
(luated according to the rules described belo).25 F 3.735(wu)-.25 G
-(nder)-3.735 E F3 .561(ARITHMETIC EV)144 326.4 R(ALU)-1.215 E -.855(AT)
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5.061 F(xpression)-.15 E F2 -.2(ex)3.061 G(pr2).2 E F0 .562(is then e)
3.062 F -.25(va)-.25 G .562(luated repeatedly until).25 F .592(it e)144
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2.932 E F0 .432(is e)2.932 F .432(xpanded, generating a list of items.)
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(ach preceded by a number)-3.342 F 5.842(.I)-.55 G 3.342(ft)-5.842 G(he)
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(If the line consists of a number corresponding to one of the dis-)5.214
-F 1.537(played w)144 451.2 R 1.537(ords, then the v)-.1 F 1.537(alue of)
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(ain. If)-.05 F .065(EOF is read, the command completes.)2.566 F(An)
5.065 E 2.565(yo)-.15 G .065(ther v)-2.565 F .065(alue read causes)-.25
-F F2(name)144.36 475.2 Q F0 .953(to be set to null.)3.633 F .953
+F F2(name)144.36 547.2 Q F0 .953(to be set to null.)3.633 F .953
(The line read is sa)5.953 F -.15(ve)-.2 G 3.454(di).15 G 3.454(nt)
--3.454 G .954(he v)-3.454 F(ariable)-.25 E F3(REPL)3.454 E(Y)-.828 E F4
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(.)A F0(The)5.454 E F2(list)3.544 E F0 .954(is e)4.134 F -.15(xe)-.15 G
-.954(cuted after).15 F .072(each selection until a)144 487.2 R F1(br)
+.954(cuted after).15 F .072(each selection until a)144 559.2 R F3(br)
2.571 E(eak)-.18 E F0 .071(command is e)2.571 F -.15(xe)-.15 G 2.571
-(cuted. The).15 F -.15(ex)2.571 G .071(it status of).15 F F1(select)
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2.571 E F0 .071(is the e)2.571 F .071(xit status of the)-.15 F
-(last command e)144 499.2 Q -.15(xe)-.15 G(cuted in).15 E F2(list)2.59 E
+(last command e)144 571.2 Q -.15(xe)-.15 G(cuted in).15 E F2(list)2.59 E
F0 2.5(,o).68 G 2.5(rz)-2.5 G(ero if no commands were e)-2.5 E -.15(xe)
--.15 G(cuted.).15 E F1(case)108 516 Q F2(wor)2.5 E(d)-.37 E F1(in)2.5 E
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(command \214rst e)3.264 F(xpands)-.15 E F2(wor)3.264 E(d)-.37 E F0
3.264(,a)C .764(nd tries to match it ag)-3.264 F .764(ainst each)-.05 F
F2(pattern)3.264 E F0 .765(in turn, using the)3.264 F .884
-(matching rules described under)144 540 R F1 -.1(Pa)3.384 G(tter).1 E
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3.384(nM)-.15 G(atching)-3.384 E F0(belo)3.384 E 4.684 -.65(w. T)-.25 H
(he).65 E F2(wor)3.384 E(d)-.37 E F0 .884(is e)3.384 F .883
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-552 R .95(ariable e)-.25 F .95(xpansion, arithmetic e)-.15 F .95
+624 R .95(ariable e)-.25 F .95(xpansion, arithmetic e)-.15 F .95
(xpansion, command substitution, process)-.15 F .181
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+(substitution and quote remo)144 636 R -.25(va)-.15 G 2.681(l. Each).25
F F2(pattern)2.681 E F0 -.15(ex)2.681 G .181(amined is e).15 F .181
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-(eter and v)144 576 R .103(ariable e)-.25 F .103(xpansion, arithmetic e)
--.15 F .103(xpansion, command substitution, and process substitution.)
--.15 F .687(If the)144 588 R F1(nocasematch)3.187 E F0 .687
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-(ga)-.15 G .687(rd to the case of).05 F .464(alphabetic characters.)144
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-E F0 .366(causes e)2.866 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .366
-(cution to continue with the).15 F F2(list)2.866 E F0 .367
-(associated with the ne)2.866 F .367(xt set of patterns.)-.15 F(Using)
-5.367 E F1(;;&)2.867 E F0 .596(in place of)144 636 R F1(;;)3.096 E F0
-.596(causes the shell to test the ne)3.096 F .595
-(xt pattern list in the statement, if an)-.15 F 1.895 -.65(y, a)-.15 H
-.595(nd e).65 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .595(cute an).15 F(y)-.15 E(associated)
-144 648 Q F2(list)2.96 E F0 .461
-(on a successful match, continuing the case statement e)2.96 F -.15(xe)
--.15 G .461(cution as if the pattern list).15 F .677(had not matched.)
-144 660 R .677(The e)5.677 F .677
-(xit status is zero if no pattern matches.)-.15 F .676
-(Otherwise, it is the e)5.677 F .676(xit status of)-.15 F
-(the last command e)144 672 Q -.15(xe)-.15 G(cuted in).15 E F2(list)2.5
-E F0(.)A F1(if)108 688.8 Q F2(list)2.5 E F0(;)A F1(then)2.5 E F2(list)
-2.5 E F0 2.5(;[)C F1(elif)A F2(list)2.5 E F0(;)A F1(then)2.5 E F2(list)
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-(ve n)-.2 H 2.5(oe).15 G -.25(ff)-2.5 G 2.5(ect. If).25 F F1 -.3(BA)2.5
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-(ve)-.25 G 2.5(ni).15 G 2.5(fi)-2.5 G 2.5(ti)-2.5 G 2.5(ss)-2.5 G
-(ubsequently reset.)-2.5 E F1 -.3(BA)108 132 S(SH_ALIASES).3 E F0 1.195
-(An associati)144 144 R 1.495 -.15(ve a)-.25 H 1.195(rray v).15 F 1.195
-(ariable whose members correspond to the internal list of aliases as ma\
-in-)-.25 F .16(tained by the)144 156 R F1(alias)2.66 E F0 -.2(bu)2.66 G
-2.66(iltin. Elements).2 F .16
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+(ariable is in the en)-.25 F(vironment)-.4 E(when)144 333.6 Q F1(bash)
+3.142 E F0 .642(starts up, each shell option in the list will be enable\
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+(ni).15 G 2.5(fi)-2.5 G 2.5(ti)-2.5 G 2.5(ss)-2.5 G(ubsequently reset.)
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(ve)-.25 G .96 -.4(r, u).15 H(nsetting).4 E 4.503
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-9.502 E F1 -.3(BA)144 180 S(SH_ALIASES).3 E F0
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(alues are the number of parameters in each frame of the current)-.25 F
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-(only when in e)3.515 F(x-)-.15 E .947(tended deb)144 252 R .947
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(ugging mode \(see the description of the)-.2 F F1(extdeb)3.447 E(ug)-.2
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-(iltin belo).2 F(w\).)-.25 E(Setting)144 264 Q F1(extdeb)3.363 E(ug)-.2
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-R 1.424(call is at the bottom.)144 324 R 1.424(When a subroutine is e)
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-S(SH_ARGV).27 E F3(.)A F0 .854(The shell sets)5.354 F F2 -.27(BA)3.354 G
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-.853(ugging mode \(see the de-)-.2 F .475(scription of the)144 348 R F1
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-(extdeb)2.976 E(ug)-.2 E F0 .476(after the shell has)2.976 F .45
-(started to e)144 360 R -.15(xe)-.15 G .45
-(cute a script, or referencing this v).15 F .45(ariable when)-.25 F F1
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-(consistent v)144 372 Q(alues.)-.25 E F1 -.3(BA)108 384 S(SH_ARGV0).3 E
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(ersion number \(the)-.15 E F3 -.37(re)2.5 G(lease).37 E F0(\).)A F1 -.3
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-(ot).15 G .666(he be)-3.166 F .666(ginning of the current command.)-.15
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-474 R .535(alue of this v)-.25 F .535(ariable is equal to)-.25 F F1
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(ariable is a)-.25 F -.25(va)-.2 G .704
-(ilable only in shell functions and e).25 F .704(xternal commands in-)
--.15 F -.2(vo)144 498 S -.1(ke).2 G 2.5(db).1 G 2.5(yt)-2.5 G
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esponding to the type of completion attempted that caused a completion)
--.25 F .338(function to be called:)144 534 R F3 -.5(TA)2.837 G(B).5 E F0
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--.25 H(abs,).15 E F3(!)144 546 Q F0 3.067(,f)C .567
-(or listing alternati)-3.067 F -.15(ve)-.25 G 3.067(so).15 G 3.067(np)
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(yt)-3.204 G .704(he programmable completion f)-3.204 F .704
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--.1 E F0 1.336(The set of characters that the)144 606 R F1 -.18(re)3.836
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--.25 F .653(ords in the current command)-.1 F 3.191(line. The)144 666 R
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(ariable is a)-.25 F -.25(va)-.2 G 1.558
-(ilable only in shell functions in).25 F -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G 4.057
-(db).1 G 4.057(yt)-4.057 G 1.557(he programmable)-4.057 F(completion f)
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.169
(w\) created to hold the \214le descriptors for output from and input)
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-(ariable \(see)-.25 F F1(Arrays)3.29 E F0(belo)3.289 E .789
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+(Arrays)3.289 E F0(belo)3.289 E .789
(w\) containing the current contents of the directory stack.)-.25 F(Di-)
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2.599(ya)-.15 G .099(re displayed by the)-2.599 F F1(dirs)2.599 E F0 -.2
-(bu)2.599 G 2.599(iltin. Assigning).2 F .099(to mem-)2.599 F .84
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+(bu)2.599 G 2.598(iltin. Assigning).2 F .098(to mem-)2.598 F .84
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(ariable may be used to modify directories already in the stack, b)-.25
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--.2(bu)3.45 G .951(iltins must be used to add and remo).2 F 1.251 -.15
-(ve d)-.15 H 3.451(irectories. Assignment).15 F .951(to this v)3.451 F
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--.81 G(K).495 E F0 .378(is unset, it loses its special properties, e)
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-G(s)-2.878 E(subsequently reset.)144 156 Q F1(EPOCHREAL)108 168 Q(TIME)
--.92 E F0 .337(Each time this parameter is referenced, it e)144 180 R
-.338(xpands to the number of seconds since the Unix Epoch)-.15 F(\(see)
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-(\(3\)\) as a \215oating point v)B .416
-(alue with micro-second granularity)-.25 F 5.416(.A)-.65 G .416
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-3.591(ni).15 G 3.591(fi)-3.591 G 3.591(ti)-3.591 G(s)-3.591 E
-(subsequently reset.)144 216 Q F1(EPOCHSECONDS)108 228 Q F0 .338
-(Each time this parameter is referenced, it e)144 240 R .337
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(xpands to the number of seconds since the Unix Epoch)-.15 F(\(see)144
-252 Q F3(time)4.041 E F0 4.041(\(3\)\). Assignments)B(to)4.041 E F2
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-(EPOCHSECONDS)4.042 E F0 1.542(is unset, it)3.792 F
-(loses its special properties, e)144 264 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.5(ni).15 G
+480 Q F2(time)2.916 E F0 .416(\(3\)\) as a \215oating point v)B .417
+(alue with micro-second granularity)-.25 F 5.417(.A)-.65 G .417
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+G 3.59(ni).15 G 3.59(fi)-3.59 G 3.59(ti)-3.59 G(s)-3.59 E
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+(Each time this parameter is referenced, it e)144 528 R .338
+(xpands to the number of seconds since the Unix Epoch)-.15 F(\(see)144
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+(EPOCHSECONDS)4.042 E F0 1.542(are ignored.)3.792 F(If)6.542 E F3
+(EPOCHSECONDS)4.041 E F0 1.541(is unset, it)3.791 F
+(loses its special properties, e)144 552 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.5(ni).15 G
2.5(fi)-2.5 G 2.5(ti)-2.5 G 2.5(ss)-2.5 G(ubsequently reset.)-2.5 E F1
-(EUID)108 276 Q F0 1.104(Expands to the ef)144 276 R(fecti)-.25 E 1.403
+(EUID)108 564 Q F0 1.103(Expands to the ef)144 564 R(fecti)-.25 E 1.403
-.15(ve u)-.25 H 1.103(ser ID of the current user).15 F 3.603(,i)-.4 G
-1.103(nitialized at shell startup.)-3.603 F 1.103(This v)6.103 F 1.103
-(ariable is)-.25 F(readonly)144 288 Q(.)-.65 E F1(FUNCN)108 300 Q(AME)
--.2 E F0 .478(An array v)144 312 R .479
+1.103(nitialized at shell startup.)-3.603 F 1.104(This v)6.103 F 1.104
+(ariable is)-.25 F(readonly)144 576 Q(.)-.65 E F1(FUNCN)108 588 Q(AME)
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(ariable containing the names of all shell functions currently in the e)
--.25 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .479(cution call stack.).15 F .277
-(The element with inde)144 324 R 2.777(x0i)-.15 G 2.777(st)-2.777 G .276
-(he name of an)-2.777 F 2.776(yc)-.15 G(urrently-e)-2.776 E -.15(xe)-.15
-G .276(cuting shell function.).15 F .276(The bottom-most)5.276 F .384
-(element \(the one with the highest inde)144 336 R .384(x\) is)-.15 F/F4
-10/Courier@0 SF("main")2.884 E F0 5.384(.T)C .384(his v)-5.384 F .385
-(ariable e)-.25 F .385(xists only when a shell func-)-.15 F .076
-(tion is e)144 348 R -.15(xe)-.15 G 2.576(cuting. Assignments).15 F(to)
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-2.576(oe).15 G -.25(ff)-2.576 G 2.576(ect. If).25 F F2(FUNCN)2.575 E
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-1.183(iltin displays the current call stack using).2 F
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+(Used to determine the locale cate)144 672 R 1.239(gory for an)-.15 F
3.739(yc)-.15 G(ate)-3.739 E 1.24
(gory not speci\214cally selected with a v)-.15 F(ariable)-.25 E
-(starting with)144 372 Q F1(LC_)2.5 E F0(.)A F1(LC_ALL)108 384 Q F0 .974
-(This v)144 396 R .974(ariable o)-.25 F -.15(ve)-.15 G .974
-(rrides the v).15 F .973(alue of)-.25 F F3(LANG)3.473 E F0 .973(and an)
+(starting with)144 684 Q F1(LC_)2.5 E F0(.)A F1(LC_ALL)108 696 Q F0 .974
+(This v)144 708 R .974(ariable o)-.25 F -.15(ve)-.15 G .974
+(rrides the v).15 F .973(alue of)-.25 F F2(LANG)3.473 E F0 .973(and an)
3.223 F 3.473(yo)-.15 G(ther)-3.473 E F1(LC_)3.473 E F0 -.25(va)3.473 G
-.973(riable specifying a locale cate-).25 F(gory)144 408 Q(.)-.65 E F1
-(LC_COLLA)108 420 Q(TE)-.95 E F0 .411(This v)144 432 R .412(ariable det\
+.973(riable specifying a locale cate-).25 F(gory)144 720 Q(.)-.65 E
+(GNU Bash 5.1)72 768 Q(2021 October 25)141.235 E(17)190.395 E 0 Cg EP
+%%Page: 18 18
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+/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 137.14(SH\(1\) General).35 F
+(Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E/F1 10/Times-Bold@0
+SF(LC_COLLA)108 84 Q(TE)-.95 E F0 .411(This v)144 96 R .412(ariable det\
ermines the collation order used when sorting the results of pathname e)
--.25 F(xpansion,)-.15 E 1.465(and determines the beha)144 444 R 1.465
+-.25 F(xpansion,)-.15 E 1.465(and determines the beha)144 108 R 1.465
(vior of range e)-.2 F 1.464(xpressions, equi)-.15 F -.25(va)-.25 G
1.464(lence classes, and collating sequences).25 F(within pathname e)144
-456 Q(xpansion and pattern matching.)-.15 E F1(LC_CTYPE)108 468 Q F0
-1.935(This v)144 480 R 1.936
+120 Q(xpansion and pattern matching.)-.15 E F1(LC_CTYPE)108 132 Q F0
+1.935(This v)144 144 R 1.936
(ariable determines the interpretation of characters and the beha)-.25 F
-1.936(vior of character classes)-.2 F(within pathname e)144 492 Q
-(xpansion and pattern matching.)-.15 E F1(LC_MESSA)108 504 Q(GES)-.55 E
-F0(This v)144 516 Q(ariable determines the locale used to translate dou\
+1.936(vior of character classes)-.2 F(within pathname e)144 156 Q
+(xpansion and pattern matching.)-.15 E F1(LC_MESSA)108 168 Q(GES)-.55 E
+F0(This v)144 180 Q(ariable determines the locale used to translate dou\
ble-quoted strings preceded by a)-.25 E F1($)2.5 E F0(.)A F1(LC_NUMERIC)
-108 528 Q F0(This v)144 540 Q(ariable determines the locale cate)-.25 E
-(gory used for number formatting.)-.15 E F1(LC_TIME)108 552 Q F0(This v)
-144 564 Q(ariable determines the locale cate)-.25 E
-(gory used for data and time formatting.)-.15 E F1(LINES)108 576 Q F0
-.055(Used by the)144 576 R F1(select)2.555 E F0 .054(compound command t\
+108 192 Q F0(This v)144 204 Q(ariable determines the locale cate)-.25 E
+(gory used for number formatting.)-.15 E F1(LC_TIME)108 216 Q F0(This v)
+144 228 Q(ariable determines the locale cate)-.25 E
+(gory used for data and time formatting.)-.15 E F1(LINES)108 240 Q F0
+.055(Used by the)144 240 R F1(select)2.555 E F0 .054(compound command t\
o determine the column length for printing selection lists.)2.555 F .264
-(Automatically set if the)144 588 R F1(checkwinsize)2.764 E F0 .264
+(Automatically set if the)144 252 R F1(checkwinsize)2.764 E F0 .264
(option is enabled or in an interacti)2.764 F .565 -.15(ve s)-.25 H .265
-(hell upon receipt of a).15 F F3(SIGWINCH)144 600 Q/F4 9/Times-Roman@0
-SF(.)A F1(MAIL)108 612 Q F0 .422
-(If this parameter is set to a \214le or directory name and the)144 612
-R F3(MAILP)2.921 E -.855(AT)-.666 G(H).855 E F0 -.25(va)2.671 G .421
+(hell upon receipt of a).15 F/F2 9/Times-Bold@0 SF(SIGWINCH)144 264 Q/F3
+9/Times-Roman@0 SF(.)A F1(MAIL)108 276 Q F0 .422
+(If this parameter is set to a \214le or directory name and the)144 276
+R F2(MAILP)2.921 E -.855(AT)-.666 G(H).855 E F0 -.25(va)2.671 G .421
(riable is not set,).25 F F1(bash)2.921 E F0(in-)2.921 E
-(forms the user of the arri)144 624 Q -.25(va)-.25 G 2.5(lo).25 G 2.5
+(forms the user of the arri)144 288 Q -.25(va)-.25 G 2.5(lo).25 G 2.5
(fm)-2.5 G(ail in the speci\214ed \214le or Maildir)-2.5 E
-(-format directory)-.2 E(.)-.65 E F1(MAILCHECK)108 636 Q F0 .098
-(Speci\214es ho)144 648 R 2.598(wo)-.25 G .098(ften \(in seconds\))
+(-format directory)-.2 E(.)-.65 E F1(MAILCHECK)108 300 Q F0 .098
+(Speci\214es ho)144 312 R 2.598(wo)-.25 G .098(ften \(in seconds\))
-2.598 F F1(bash)2.598 E F0 .098(checks for mail.)2.598 F .098(The def)
5.098 F .098(ault is 60 seconds.)-.1 F .099(When it is time)5.099 F .224
(to check for mail, the shell does so before displaying the primary pro\
-mpt.)144 660 R .223(If this v)5.223 F .223(ariable is unset,)-.25 F
-(or set to a v)144 672 Q(alue that is not a number greater than or equa\
-l to zero, the shell disables mail checking.)-.25 E F1(MAILP)108 684 Q
--.95(AT)-.74 G(H).95 E F0 2.99(Ac)144 696 S .49
+mpt.)144 324 R .223(If this v)5.223 F .223(ariable is unset,)-.25 F
+(or set to a v)144 336 Q(alue that is not a number greater than or equa\
+l to zero, the shell disables mail checking.)-.25 E F1(MAILP)108 348 Q
+-.95(AT)-.74 G(H).95 E F0 2.99(Ac)144 360 S .49
(olon-separated list of \214lenames to be check)-2.99 F .49
(ed for mail.)-.1 F .49(The message to be printed when mail)5.49 F(arri)
-144 708 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.62(si).15 G 2.62(nap)-2.62 G .12(articular \
+144 372 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.62(si).15 G 2.62(nap)-2.62 G .12(articular \
\214le may be speci\214ed by separating the \214lename from the message\
- with a `?'.)-2.62 F(When used in the te)144 720 Q(xt of the message,)
+ with a `?'.)-2.62 F(When used in the te)144 384 Q(xt of the message,)
-.15 E F1($_)2.5 E F0 -.15(ex)2.5 G
-(pands to the name of the current mail\214le.).15 E(Example:)5 E
-(GNU Bash 5.1)72 768 Q(2020 October 29)141.235 E(17)190.395 E 0 Cg EP
-%%Page: 18 18
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-/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 137.14(SH\(1\) General).35 F
-(Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E/F1 10/Times-Bold@0
-SF(MAILP)144 84 Q -.95(AT)-.74 G(H).95 E F0(=\010/v)A(ar/mail/bfox?"Y)
+(pands to the name of the current mail\214le.).15 E(Example:)5 E F1
+(MAILP)144 396 Q -.95(AT)-.74 G(H).95 E F0(=\010/v)A(ar/mail/bfox?"Y)
-.25 E(ou ha)-1.1 E .3 -.15(ve m)-.2 H
-(ail":~/shell\255mail?"$_ has mail!"\010).15 E F1(Bash)144 96 Q F0 .015
+(ail":~/shell\255mail?"$_ has mail!"\010).15 E F1(Bash)144 408 Q F0 .015
(can be con\214gured to supply a def)2.515 F .015(ault v)-.1 F .015
(alue for this v)-.25 F .015(ariable \(there is no v)-.25 F .015
(alue by def)-.25 F .015(ault\), b)-.1 F(ut)-.2 E(the location of the u\
-ser mail \214les that it uses is system dependent \(e.g., /v)144 108 Q
-(ar/mail/)-.25 E F1($USER)A F0(\).)A F1(OPTERR)108 120 Q F0 .39
-(If set to the v)144 132 R .39(alue 1,)-.25 F F1(bash)2.89 E F0 .389
+ser mail \214les that it uses is system dependent \(e.g., /v)144 420 Q
+(ar/mail/)-.25 E F1($USER)A F0(\).)A F1(OPTERR)108 432 Q F0 .39
+(If set to the v)144 444 R .39(alue 1,)-.25 F F1(bash)2.89 E F0 .389
(displays error messages generated by the)2.889 F F1(getopts)2.889 E F0
--.2(bu)2.889 G .389(iltin command \(see).2 F/F2 9/Times-Bold@0 SF .359
-(SHELL B)144 144 R(UIL)-.09 E .359(TIN COMMANDS)-.828 F F0(belo)2.609 E
-(w\).)-.25 E F2(OPTERR)5.359 E F0 .36
-(is initialized to 1 each time the shell is in)2.609 F -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1
-(ke).2 G(d).1 E(or a shell script is e)144 156 Q -.15(xe)-.15 G(cuted.)
-.15 E F1 -.74(PA)108 168 S(TH)-.21 E F0 .588
-(The search path for commands.)144 168 R .587
+-.2(bu)2.889 G .389(iltin command \(see).2 F F2 .359(SHELL B)144 456 R
+(UIL)-.09 E .359(TIN COMMANDS)-.828 F F0(belo)2.609 E(w\).)-.25 E F2
+(OPTERR)5.359 E F0 .36(is initialized to 1 each time the shell is in)
+2.609 F -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G(d).1 E(or a shell script is e)144 468 Q
+-.15(xe)-.15 G(cuted.).15 E F1 -.74(PA)108 480 S(TH)-.21 E F0 .588
+(The search path for commands.)144 480 R .587
(It is a colon-separated list of directories in which the shell looks)
-5.588 F .471(for commands \(see)144 180 R F2 .471(COMMAND EXECUTION)
+5.588 F .471(for commands \(see)144 492 R F2 .471(COMMAND EXECUTION)
2.971 F F0(belo)2.722 E 2.972(w\). A)-.25 F .472
-(zero-length \(null\) directory name in the)2.972 F -.25(va)144 192 S
+(zero-length \(null\) directory name in the)2.972 F -.25(va)144 504 S
.536(lue of).25 F F2 -.666(PA)3.036 G(TH)-.189 E F0 .535
(indicates the current directory)2.786 F 5.535(.A)-.65 G .535
(null directory name may appear as tw)-2.5 F 3.035(oa)-.1 G(djacent)
--3.035 E .867(colons, or as an initial or trailing colon.)144 204 R .868
+-3.035 E .867(colons, or as an initial or trailing colon.)144 516 R .868
(The def)5.868 F .868(ault path is system-dependent, and is set by the)
--.1 F(administrator who installs)144 216 Q F1(bash)2.5 E F0 5(.A)C
-(common v)-2.5 E(alue is)-.25 E/F3 10/Courier@0 SF
+-.1 F(administrator who installs)144 528 Q F1(bash)2.5 E F0 5(.A)C
+(common v)-2.5 E(alue is)-.25 E/F4 10/Courier@0 SF
(/usr/local/bin:/usr/lo-)2.5 E(cal/sbin:/usr/bin:/usr/sbin:/bin:/sbin)
-144 228 Q F0(.)A F1(POSIXL)108 240 Q(Y_CORRECT)-.92 E F0 .471(If this v)
-144 252 R .471(ariable is in the en)-.25 F .471(vironment when)-.4 F F1
-(bash)2.971 E F0 .471(starts, the shell enters)2.971 F/F4 10
+144 540 Q F0(.)A F1(POSIXL)108 552 Q(Y_CORRECT)-.92 E F0 .471(If this v)
+144 564 R .471(ariable is in the en)-.25 F .471(vironment when)-.4 F F1
+(bash)2.971 E F0 .471(starts, the shell enters)2.971 F/F5 10
/Times-Italic@0 SF .472(posix mode)2.972 F F0 .472(before reading)2.972
-F .011(the startup \214les, as if the)144 264 R F1(\255\255posix)2.511 E
+F .011(the startup \214les, as if the)144 576 R F1(\255\255posix)2.511 E
F0(in)2.511 E -.2(vo)-.4 G .011(cation option had been supplied.).2 F
-.011(If it is set while the shell is)5.011 F(running,)144 276 Q F1(bash)
-4.497 E F0(enables)4.497 E F4 1.997(posix mode)4.497 F F0 4.497(,a)C
-4.497(si)-4.497 G 4.497(ft)-4.497 G 1.997(he command)-4.497 F F3 1.997
+.011(If it is set while the shell is)5.011 F(running,)144 588 Q F1(bash)
+4.497 E F0(enables)4.497 E F5 1.997(posix mode)4.497 F F0 4.497(,a)C
+4.497(si)-4.497 G 4.497(ft)-4.497 G 1.997(he command)-4.497 F F4 1.997
(set -o posix)4.497 F F0 1.998(had been e)4.497 F -.15(xe)-.15 G(cuted.)
-.15 E(When the shell enters)144 288 Q F4(posix mode)2.5 E F0 2.5(,i)C
+.15 E(When the shell enters)144 600 Q F5(posix mode)2.5 E F0 2.5(,i)C
2.5(ts)-2.5 G(ets this v)-2.5 E(ariable if it w)-.25 E
-(as not already set.)-.1 E F1(PR)108 300 Q(OMPT_COMMAND)-.3 E F0 .155
-(If this v)144 312 R .155(ariable is set, and is an array)-.25 F 2.655
+(as not already set.)-.1 E F1(PR)108 612 Q(OMPT_COMMAND)-.3 E F0 .155
+(If this v)144 624 R .155(ariable is set, and is an array)-.25 F 2.655
(,t)-.65 G .155(he v)-2.655 F .155(alue of each set element is e)-.25 F
-.15(xe)-.15 G .155(cuted as a command prior).15 F .407
-(to issuing each primary prompt.)144 324 R .407(If this is set b)5.407 F
+(to issuing each primary prompt.)144 636 R .407(If this is set b)5.407 F
.407(ut not an array v)-.2 F .407(ariable, its v)-.25 F .407
-(alue is used as a com-)-.25 F(mand to e)144 336 Q -.15(xe)-.15 G
-(cute instead.).15 E F1(PR)108 348 Q(OMPT_DIR)-.3 E(TRIM)-.4 E F0 .676
-(If set to a number greater than zero, the v)144 360 R .676
+(alue is used as a com-)-.25 F(mand to e)144 648 Q -.15(xe)-.15 G
+(cute instead.).15 E F1(PR)108 660 Q(OMPT_DIR)-.3 E(TRIM)-.4 E F0 .676
+(If set to a number greater than zero, the v)144 672 R .676
(alue is used as the number of trailing directory compo-)-.25 F .923
-(nents to retain when e)144 372 R .923(xpanding the)-.15 F F1(\\w)3.423
+(nents to retain when e)144 684 R .923(xpanding the)-.15 F F1(\\w)3.423
E F0(and)3.423 E F1(\\W)3.423 E F0 .923(prompt string escapes \(see)
3.423 F F2(PR)3.423 E(OMPTING)-.27 E F0(belo)3.173 E(w\).)-.25 E
-(Characters remo)144 384 Q -.15(ve)-.15 G 2.5(da).15 G
-(re replaced with an ellipsis.)-2.5 E F1(PS0)108 396 Q F0 1.174(The v)
-144 396 R 1.174(alue of this parameter is e)-.25 F 1.174(xpanded \(see)
+(Characters remo)144 696 Q -.15(ve)-.15 G 2.5(da).15 G
+(re replaced with an ellipsis.)-2.5 E F1(PS0)108 708 Q F0 1.174(The v)
+144 708 R 1.174(alue of this parameter is e)-.25 F 1.174(xpanded \(see)
-.15 F F2(PR)3.674 E(OMPTING)-.27 E F0(belo)3.424 E 1.174
(w\) and displayed by interacti)-.25 F -.15(ve)-.25 G
-(shells after reading a command and before the command is e)144 408 Q
--.15(xe)-.15 G(cuted.).15 E F1(PS1)108 420 Q F0 .064(The v)144 420 R
-.065(alue of this parameter is e)-.25 F .065(xpanded \(see)-.15 F F2(PR)
-2.565 E(OMPTING)-.27 E F0(belo)2.315 E .065
-(w\) and used as the primary prompt)-.25 F 2.5(string. The)144 432 R
-(def)2.5 E(ault v)-.1 E(alue is `)-.25 E(`)-.74 E F1(\\s\255\\v\\$)A F0
--.74('')2.5 G(.).74 E F1(PS2)108 444 Q F0 .118(The v)144 444 R .118
-(alue of this parameter is e)-.25 F .118(xpanded as with)-.15 F F2(PS1)
-2.617 E F0 .117(and used as the secondary prompt string.)2.367 F(The)
-5.117 E(def)144 456 Q(ault is `)-.1 E(`)-.74 E F1(>)A F0 -.74('')2.5 G
-(.).74 E F1(PS3)108 468 Q F0 1.115(The v)144 468 R 1.115
+(shells after reading a command and before the command is e)144 720 Q
+-.15(xe)-.15 G(cuted.).15 E(GNU Bash 5.1)72 768 Q(2021 October 25)
+141.235 E(18)190.395 E 0 Cg EP
+%%Page: 19 19
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+/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 137.14(SH\(1\) General).35 F
+(Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E/F1 10/Times-Bold@0
+SF(PS1)108 84 Q F0 .064(The v)144 84 R .065(alue of this parameter is e)
+-.25 F .065(xpanded \(see)-.15 F/F2 9/Times-Bold@0 SF(PR)2.565 E
+(OMPTING)-.27 E F0(belo)2.315 E .065(w\) and used as the primary prompt)
+-.25 F 2.5(string. The)144 96 R(def)2.5 E(ault v)-.1 E(alue is `)-.25 E
+(`)-.74 E F1(\\s\255\\v\\$)A F0 -.74('')2.5 G(.).74 E F1(PS2)108 108 Q
+F0 .118(The v)144 108 R .118(alue of this parameter is e)-.25 F .118
+(xpanded as with)-.15 F F2(PS1)2.617 E F0 .117
+(and used as the secondary prompt string.)2.367 F(The)5.117 E(def)144
+120 Q(ault is `)-.1 E(`)-.74 E F1(>)A F0 -.74('')2.5 G(.).74 E F1(PS3)
+108 132 Q F0 1.115(The v)144 132 R 1.115
(alue of this parameter is used as the prompt for the)-.25 F F1(select)
3.615 E F0 1.116(command \(see)3.616 F F2 1.116(SHELL GRAM-)3.616 F(MAR)
-144 480 Q F0(abo)2.25 E -.15(ve)-.15 G(\).).15 E F1(PS4)108 492 Q F0
-.101(The v)144 492 R .101(alue of this parameter is e)-.25 F .101
+144 144 Q F0(abo)2.25 E -.15(ve)-.15 G(\).).15 E F1(PS4)108 156 Q F0
+.101(The v)144 156 R .101(alue of this parameter is e)-.25 F .101
(xpanded as with)-.15 F F2(PS1)2.6 E F0 .1(and the v)2.35 F .1
-(alue is printed before each command)-.25 F F1(bash)144 504 Q F0 .334
+(alue is printed before each command)-.25 F F1(bash)144 168 Q F0 .334
(displays during an e)2.834 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .335(cution trace.).15 F
.335(The \214rst character of the e)5.335 F .335(xpanded v)-.15 F .335
(alue of)-.25 F F2(PS4)2.835 E F0 .335(is repli-)2.585 F
-(cated multiple times, as necessary)144 516 Q 2.5(,t)-.65 G 2.5(oi)-2.5
+(cated multiple times, as necessary)144 180 Q 2.5(,t)-.65 G 2.5(oi)-2.5
G(ndicate multiple le)-2.5 E -.15(ve)-.25 G(ls of indirection.).15 E
(The def)5 E(ault is `)-.1 E(`)-.74 E F1(+)A F0 -.74('')2.5 G(.).74 E F1
-(SHELL)108 528 Q F0 .543(This v)144 540 R .543(ariable e)-.25 F .543
+(SHELL)108 192 Q F0 .543(This v)144 204 R .543(ariable e)-.25 F .543
(xpands to the full pathname to the shell.)-.15 F .542
(If it is not set when the shell starts,)5.543 F F1(bash)3.042 E F0
-(assigns to it the full pathname of the current user')144 552 Q 2.5(sl)
--.55 G(ogin shell.)-2.5 E F1(TIMEFORMA)108 564 Q(T)-.95 E F0 .826(The v)
-144 576 R .826
+(assigns to it the full pathname of the current user')144 216 Q 2.5(sl)
+-.55 G(ogin shell.)-2.5 E F1(TIMEFORMA)108 228 Q(T)-.95 E F0 .826(The v)
+144 240 R .826
(alue of this parameter is used as a format string specifying ho)-.25 F
3.327(wt)-.25 G .827(he timing information for)-3.327 F .649
-(pipelines pre\214x)144 588 R .649(ed with the)-.15 F F1(time)3.149 E F0
+(pipelines pre\214x)144 252 R .649(ed with the)-.15 F F1(time)3.149 E F0
(reserv)3.149 E .649(ed w)-.15 F .648(ord should be displayed.)-.1 F
(The)5.648 E F1(%)3.148 E F0 .648(character introduces)3.148 F .711
-(an escape sequence that is e)144 600 R .711(xpanded to a time v)-.15 F
+(an escape sequence that is e)144 264 R .711(xpanded to a time v)-.15 F
.712(alue or other information.)-.25 F .712(The escape sequences)5.712 F
-(and their meanings are as follo)144 612 Q
-(ws; the braces denote optional portions.)-.25 E F1(%%)144 630 Q F0 2.5
-(Al)194 630 S(iteral)-2.5 E F1(%)2.5 E F0(.)A F1(%[)144 642 Q F4(p)A F1
-(][l]R)A F0(The elapsed time in seconds.)194 642 Q F1(%[)144 654 Q F4(p)
-A F1(][l]U)A F0(The number of CPU seconds spent in user mode.)194 654 Q
-F1(%[)144 666 Q F4(p)A F1(][l]S)A F0
-(The number of CPU seconds spent in system mode.)194 666 Q F1(%P)144 678
-Q F0(The CPU percentage, computed as \(%U + %S\) / %R.)194 678 Q .87
-(The optional)144 694.8 R F4(p)3.37 E F0 .87(is a digit specifying the)
-3.37 F F4(pr)3.37 E(ecision)-.37 E F0 3.37(,t)C .87
+(and their meanings are as follo)144 276 Q
+(ws; the braces denote optional portions.)-.25 E F1(%%)144 294 Q F0 2.5
+(Al)194 294 S(iteral)-2.5 E F1(%)2.5 E F0(.)A F1(%[)144 306 Q/F3 10
+/Times-Italic@0 SF(p)A F1(][l]R)A F0(The elapsed time in seconds.)194
+306 Q F1(%[)144 318 Q F3(p)A F1(][l]U)A F0
+(The number of CPU seconds spent in user mode.)194 318 Q F1(%[)144 330 Q
+F3(p)A F1(][l]S)A F0(The number of CPU seconds spent in system mode.)194
+330 Q F1(%P)144 342 Q F0
+(The CPU percentage, computed as \(%U + %S\) / %R.)194 342 Q .87
+(The optional)144 358.8 R F3(p)3.37 E F0 .87(is a digit specifying the)
+3.37 F F3(pr)3.37 E(ecision)-.37 E F0 3.37(,t)C .87
(he number of fractional digits after a decimal)-3.37 F 2.525(point. A)
-144 706.8 R -.25(va)2.525 G .025
+144 370.8 R -.25(va)2.525 G .025
(lue of 0 causes no decimal point or fraction to be output.).25 F .026
(At most three places after the)5.025 F .538
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-(If this v)144 112.8 R 13.365(ariable is not set,)-.25 F F1(bash)15.865
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(.I)C 4.613(ft)-7.113 G 2.113(he v)-4.613 F 2.113
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(wline is added when the format string is displayed.)-.25 E F1(TMOUT)108
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--.2(bu)3.441 G(iltin.).2 E(The)144 172.8 Q F1(select)2.81 E F0 .31
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S 1.05(it for a line of input after issuing the primary prompt.).1 F F1
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R F1(bash)2.891 E F0 .391(uses its v)2.891 F .391
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1.125(the string typed, the job most recently accessed is selected.)144
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(xt, is the command line used to start it.)-.15 F 1.133(If set to the v)
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(history comment character causes history substitution to be skipped)
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-(preted; all assignments in a list must be of the same type.)108 160.8 R
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-(een quoted themselv).15 E(es \()-.15 E F1(quote r)A(emo)-.37 E(val)-.1
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+(nless the)-2.502 F(y)-.15 E(ha)108 480 Q .3 -.15(ve b)-.2 H
+(een quoted themselv).15 E(es \()-.15 E F2(quote r)A(emo)-.37 E(val)-.1
+E F0(\).)A .171(Only brace e)108 496.8 R .171(xpansion, w)-.15 F .171
(ord splitting, and pathname e)-.1 F .171
(xpansion can increase the number of w)-.15 F .172(ords of the e)-.1 F
-(x-)-.15 E .777(pansion; other e)108 153.6 R .776(xpansions e)-.15 F
+(x-)-.15 E .777(pansion; other e)108 508.8 R .776(xpansions e)-.15 F
.776(xpand a single w)-.15 F .776(ord to a single w)-.1 F 3.276
(ord. The)-.1 F .776(only e)3.276 F .776(xceptions to this are the e)
--.15 F(x-)-.15 E .695(pansions of ")108 165.6 R/F2 10/Times-Bold@0 SF
-($@)A F0 3.195("a)C .695(nd ")-3.195 F F2(${)A F1(name)A F2([@]})A F0
-.696(", and, in most cases,)B F2($*)3.196 E F0(and)3.196 E F2(${)3.196 E
-F1(name)A F2([*]})A F0 .696(as e)3.196 F .696(xplained abo)-.15 F .996
--.15(ve \()-.15 H(see).15 E/F3 9/Times-Bold@0 SF -.666(PA)3.196 G(-).666
-E(RAMETERS)108 177.6 Q/F4 9/Times-Roman@0 SF(\).)A F2(Brace Expansion)87
-194.4 Q F1(Br)108.58 206.4 Q .606(ace e)-.15 F(xpansion)-.2 E F0 .606
+-.15 F(x-)-.15 E .695(pansions of ")108 520.8 R F1($@)A F0 3.195("a)C
+.695(nd ")-3.195 F F1(${)A F2(name)A F1([@]})A F0 .696
+(", and, in most cases,)B F1($*)3.196 E F0(and)3.196 E F1(${)3.196 E F2
+(name)A F1([*]})A F0 .696(as e)3.196 F .696(xplained abo)-.15 F .996
+-.15(ve \()-.15 H(see).15 E/F4 9/Times-Bold@0 SF -.666(PA)3.196 G(-).666
+E(RAMETERS)108 532.8 Q/F5 9/Times-Roman@0 SF(\).)A F1(Brace Expansion)87
+549.6 Q F2(Br)108.58 561.6 Q .606(ace e)-.15 F(xpansion)-.2 E F0 .606
(is a mechanism by which arbitrary strings may be generated.)3.346 F
-.606(This mechanism is similar)5.606 F(to)108 218.4 Q F1 .415
+.606(This mechanism is similar)5.606 F(to)108 573.6 Q F2 .415
(pathname e)2.915 F(xpansion)-.2 E F0 2.915(,b)C .415
(ut the \214lenames generated need not e)-3.115 F 2.915(xist. P)-.15 F
.415(atterns to be brace e)-.15 F .415(xpanded tak)-.15 F 2.915(et)-.1 G
-(he)-2.915 E .074(form of an optional)108 230.4 R F1(pr)3.823 E(eamble)
+(he)-2.915 E .074(form of an optional)108 585.6 R F2(pr)3.823 E(eamble)
-.37 E F0 2.573(,f).18 G(ollo)-2.573 E .073
(wed by either a series of comma-separated strings or a sequence e)-.25
-F(xpres-)-.15 E .489(sion between a pair of braces, follo)108 242.4 R
-.489(wed by an optional)-.25 F F1(postscript)4.239 E F0 5.49(.T).68 G
+F(xpres-)-.15 E .489(sion between a pair of braces, follo)108 597.6 R
+.489(wed by an optional)-.25 F F2(postscript)4.239 E F0 5.49(.T).68 G
.49(he preamble is pre\214x)-5.49 F .49(ed to each string)-.15 F .659(c\
ontained within the braces, and the postscript is then appended to each\
- resulting string, e)108 254.4 R .658(xpanding left to)-.15 F(right.)108
-266.4 Q .718(Brace e)108 283.2 R .719(xpansions may be nested.)-.15 F
+ resulting string, e)108 609.6 R .658(xpanding left to)-.15 F(right.)108
+621.6 Q .718(Brace e)108 638.4 R .719(xpansions may be nested.)-.15 F
.719(The results of each e)5.719 F .719
(xpanded string are not sorted; left to right order is)-.15 F(preserv)
-108 295.2 Q 2.5(ed. F)-.15 F(or e)-.15 E(xample, a)-.15 E F2({)A F0
-(d,c,b)A F2(})A F0 2.5(ee)C(xpands into `ade ace abe'.)-2.65 E 3.243(As)
-108 312 S .743(equence e)-3.243 F .743(xpression tak)-.15 F .743
-(es the form)-.1 F F2({)3.243 E F1(x)A F2(..)A F1(y)A F2([..)A F1(incr)A
-F2(]})A F0 3.243(,w)C(here)-3.243 E F1(x)3.243 E F0(and)3.242 E F1(y)
-3.242 E F0 .742(are either inte)3.242 F .742(gers or single characters,)
--.15 F(and)108 324 Q F1(incr)3.031 E F0 3.031(,a)C 3.032(no)-3.031 G
-.532(ptional increment, is an inte)-3.032 F(ger)-.15 E 5.532(.W)-.55 G
-.532(hen inte)-5.532 F .532(gers are supplied, the e)-.15 F .532
-(xpression e)-.15 F .532(xpands to each)-.15 F .078(number between)108
-336 R F1(x)2.578 E F0(and)2.578 E F1(y)2.578 E F0 2.578(,i)C(nclusi)
--2.578 E -.15(ve)-.25 G 5.078(.S).15 G .078(upplied inte)-5.078 F .077
-(gers may be pre\214x)-.15 F .077(ed with)-.15 F F1(0)2.577 E F0 .077
-(to force each term to ha)2.577 F .377 -.15(ve t)-.2 H(he).15 E .014
-(same width.)108 348 R .014(When either)5.014 F F1(x)2.514 E F0(or)2.514
-E F1(y)2.514 E F0(be)2.514 E .015(gins with a zero, the shell attempts \
-to force all generated terms to contain)-.15 F 1.143
-(the same number of digits, zero-padding where necessary)108 360 R 6.143
-(.W)-.65 G 1.143(hen characters are supplied, the e)-6.143 F(xpression)
--.15 E -.15(ex)108 372 S 1.064(pands to each character le).15 F 1.064
-(xicographically between)-.15 F F1(x)3.564 E F0(and)3.564 E F1(y)3.564 E
-F0 3.564(,i)C(nclusi)-3.564 E -.15(ve)-.25 G 3.564(,u).15 G 1.064
-(sing the def)-3.564 F 1.064(ault C locale.)-.1 F(Note)6.064 E .245
-(that both)108 384 R F1(x)2.745 E F0(and)2.745 E F1(y)2.745 E F0 .245
-(must be of the same type.)2.745 F .244
-(When the increment is supplied, it is used as the dif)5.245 F .244
-(ference be-)-.25 F(tween each term.)108 396 Q(The def)5 E
+108 650.4 Q 2.5(ed. F)-.15 F(or e)-.15 E(xample, a)-.15 E F1({)A F0
+(d,c,b)A F1(})A F0 2.5(ee)C(xpands into `ade ace abe'.)-2.65 E 3.149(As)
+108 667.2 S .649(equence e)-3.149 F .649(xpression tak)-.15 F .649
+(es the form)-.1 F F1({)3.149 E F2(x)A F1(..)A F2(y)A F1([..)A F2(incr)A
+F1(]})A F0 3.149(,w)C(here)-3.149 E F2(x)3.149 E F0(and)3.149 E F2(y)
+3.149 E F0 .649(are either inte)3.149 F .648
+(gers or single letters, and)-.15 F F2(incr)108 679.2 Q F0 2.615(,a)C
+2.615(no)-2.615 G .115(ptional increment, is an inte)-2.615 F(ger)-.15 E
+5.115(.W)-.55 G .115(hen inte)-5.115 F .115(gers are supplied, the e)
+-.15 F .115(xpression e)-.15 F .115(xpands to each num-)-.15 F 1.014
+(ber between)108 691.2 R F2(x)3.514 E F0(and)3.514 E F2(y)3.513 E F0
+3.513(,i)C(nclusi)-3.513 E -.15(ve)-.25 G 6.013(.S).15 G 1.013
+(upplied inte)-6.013 F 1.013(gers may be pre\214x)-.15 F 1.013(ed with)
+-.15 F F2(0)3.513 E F0 1.013(to force each term to ha)3.513 F 1.313 -.15
+(ve t)-.2 H(he).15 E .014(same width.)108 703.2 R .014(When either)5.014
+F F2(x)2.514 E F0(or)2.514 E F2(y)2.514 E F0(be)2.514 E .015(gins with \
+a zero, the shell attempts to force all generated terms to contain)-.15
+F 1.131(the same number of digits, zero-padding where necessary)108
+715.2 R 6.131(.W)-.65 G 1.13(hen letters are supplied, the e)-6.131 F
+1.13(xpression e)-.15 F(x-)-.15 E .484(pands to each character le)108
+727.2 R .484(xicographically between)-.15 F F2(x)2.984 E F0(and)2.984 E
+F2(y)2.984 E F0 2.984(,i)C(nclusi)-2.984 E -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.984(,u).15 G
+.485(sing the def)-2.984 F .485(ault C locale.)-.1 F .485(Note that)
+5.485 F(GNU Bash 5.1)72 768 Q(2021 October 25)141.235 E(21)190.395 E 0
+Cg EP
+%%Page: 22 22
+%%BeginPageSetup
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+/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 137.14(SH\(1\) General).35 F
+(Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E(both)108 84 Q/F1
+10/Times-Italic@0 SF(x)2.967 E F0(and)2.967 E F1(y)2.967 E F0 .467
+(must be of the same type \(inte)2.967 F .467(ger or letter\).)-.15 F
+.467(When the increment is supplied, it is used as the)5.467 F(dif)108
+96 Q(ference between each term.)-.25 E(The def)5 E
(ault increment is 1 or \2551 as appropriate.)-.1 E .581(Brace e)108
-412.8 R .581(xpansion is performed before an)-.15 F 3.081(yo)-.15 G .581
+112.8 R .581(xpansion is performed before an)-.15 F 3.081(yo)-.15 G .581
(ther e)-3.081 F .581(xpansions, and an)-.15 F 3.082(yc)-.15 G .582
(haracters special to other e)-3.082 F(xpansions)-.15 E .016
-(are preserv)108 424.8 R .016(ed in the result.)-.15 F .016
-(It is strictly te)5.016 F(xtual.)-.15 E F2(Bash)5.016 E F0 .015
-(does not apply an)2.516 F 2.515(ys)-.15 G .015
-(yntactic interpretation to the con-)-2.515 F(te)108 436.8 Q
+(are preserv)108 124.8 R .016(ed in the result.)-.15 F .016
+(It is strictly te)5.016 F(xtual.)-.15 E/F2 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(Bash)
+5.016 E F0 .015(does not apply an)2.516 F 2.515(ys)-.15 G .015
+(yntactic interpretation to the con-)-2.515 F(te)108 136.8 Q
(xt of the e)-.15 E(xpansion or the te)-.15 E(xt between the braces.)
--.15 E 2.501(Ac)108 453.6 S .001(orrectly-formed brace e)-2.501 F .001(\
+-.15 E 2.501(Ac)108 153.6 S .001(orrectly-formed brace e)-2.501 F .001(\
xpansion must contain unquoted opening and closing braces, and at least\
- one un-)-.15 F .458(quoted comma or a v)108 465.6 R .458
+ one un-)-.15 F .458(quoted comma or a v)108 165.6 R .458
(alid sequence e)-.25 F 2.958(xpression. An)-.15 F 2.958(yi)-.15 G .458
(ncorrectly formed brace e)-2.958 F .457(xpansion is left unchanged.)
--.15 F(A)108 477.6 Q F2({)2.521 E F0(or)2.521 E F2(,)2.521 E F0 .021
+-.15 F(A)108 177.6 Q F2({)2.521 E F0(or)2.521 E F2(,)2.521 E F0 .021
(may be quoted with a backslash to pre)2.521 F -.15(ve)-.25 G .022
(nt its being considered part of a brace e).15 F 2.522(xpression. T)-.15
F 2.522(oa)-.8 G -.2(vo)-2.722 G(id).2 E .172
-(con\215icts with parameter e)108 489.6 R .172(xpansion, the string)-.15
+(con\215icts with parameter e)108 189.6 R .172(xpansion, the string)-.15
F F2(${)2.672 E F0 .172(is not considered eligible for brace e)2.672 F
-.172(xpansion, and inhibits)-.15 F(brace e)108 501.6 Q
+.172(xpansion, and inhibits)-.15 F(brace e)108 201.6 Q
(xpansion until the closing)-.15 E F2(})2.5 E F0(.)A 1.476(This constru\
ct is typically used as shorthand when the common pre\214x of the strin\
-gs to be generated is)108 518.4 R(longer than in the abo)108 530.4 Q .3
+gs to be generated is)108 218.4 R(longer than in the abo)108 230.4 Q .3
-.15(ve ex)-.15 H(ample:).15 E(mkdir /usr/local/src/bash/{old,ne)144
-547.2 Q -.65(w,)-.25 G(dist,b).65 E(ugs})-.2 E(or)108 559.2 Q(cho)144
-571.2 Q(wn root /usr/{ucb/{e)-.25 E(x,edit},lib/{e)-.15 E(x?.?*,ho)-.15
-E(w_e)-.25 E(x}})-.15 E .618(Brace e)108 588 R .618
+247.2 Q -.65(w,)-.25 G(dist,b).65 E(ugs})-.2 E(or)108 259.2 Q(cho)144
+271.2 Q(wn root /usr/{ucb/{e)-.25 E(x,edit},lib/{e)-.15 E(x?.?*,ho)-.15
+E(w_e)-.25 E(x}})-.15 E .618(Brace e)108 288 R .618
(xpansion introduces a slight incompatibility with historical v)-.15 F
.618(ersions of)-.15 F F2(sh)3.118 E F0(.)A F2(sh)5.618 E F0 .618
(does not treat open-)3.118 F .247
-(ing or closing braces specially when the)108 600 R 2.747(ya)-.15 G .247
+(ing or closing braces specially when the)108 300 R 2.747(ya)-.15 G .247
(ppear as part of a w)-2.747 F .248(ord, and preserv)-.1 F .248
-(es them in the output.)-.15 F F2(Bash)5.248 E F0(remo)108 612 Q -.15
+(es them in the output.)-.15 F F2(Bash)5.248 E F0(remo)108 312 Q -.15
(ve)-.15 G 3.53(sb).15 G 1.03(races from w)-3.53 F 1.03
(ords as a consequence of brace e)-.1 F 3.53(xpansion. F)-.15 F 1.03
(or e)-.15 F 1.03(xample, a w)-.15 F 1.03(ord entered to)-.1 F F2(sh)
-3.53 E F0(as)3.53 E F1(\214le{1,2})108 624 Q F0 .514
+3.53 E F0(as)3.53 E F1(\214le{1,2})108 324 Q F0 .514
(appears identically in the output.)3.014 F .515(The same w)5.515 F .515
(ord is output as)-.1 F F1 .515(\214le1 \214le2)4.925 F F0 .515(after e)
3.035 F .515(xpansion by)-.15 F F2(bash)3.015 E F0(.)A .437
-(If strict compatibility with)108 636 R F2(sh)2.936 E F0 .436
+(If strict compatibility with)108 336 R F2(sh)2.936 E F0 .436
(is desired, start)2.936 F F2(bash)2.936 E F0 .436(with the)2.936 F F2
(+B)2.936 E F0 .436(option or disable brace e)2.936 F .436
-(xpansion with the)-.15 F F2(+B)108 648 Q F0(option to the)2.5 E F2(set)
-2.5 E F0(command \(see)2.5 E F3(SHELL B)2.5 E(UIL)-.09 E(TIN COMMANDS)
--.828 E F0(belo)2.25 E(w\).)-.25 E F2 -.18(Ti)87 664.8 S(lde Expansion)
-.18 E F0 1.086(If a w)108 676.8 R 1.086(ord be)-.1 F 1.086
-(gins with an unquoted tilde character \(`)-.15 F F2(~)A F0 1.087
+(xpansion with the)-.15 F F2(+B)108 348 Q F0(option to the)2.5 E F2(set)
+2.5 E F0(command \(see)2.5 E/F3 9/Times-Bold@0 SF(SHELL B)2.5 E(UIL)-.09
+E(TIN COMMANDS)-.828 E F0(belo)2.25 E(w\).)-.25 E F2 -.18(Ti)87 364.8 S
+(lde Expansion).18 E F0 1.086(If a w)108 376.8 R 1.086(ord be)-.1 F
+1.086(gins with an unquoted tilde character \(`)-.15 F F2(~)A F0 1.087
('\), all of the characters preceding the \214rst unquoted)B .185(slash\
\(or all characters, if there is no unquoted slash\) are considered a)
-108 688.8 R F1(tilde-pr)2.685 E(e\214x)-.37 E F0 5.185(.I)C 2.685(fn)
+108 388.8 R F1(tilde-pr)2.685 E(e\214x)-.37 E F0 5.185(.I)C 2.685(fn)
-5.185 G .185(one of the characters)-2.685 F .725(in the tilde-pre\214x\
- are quoted, the characters in the tilde-pre\214x follo)108 700.8 R .726
-(wing the tilde are treated as a possible)-.25 F F1(lo)108 712.8 Q .523
+ are quoted, the characters in the tilde-pre\214x follo)108 400.8 R .726
+(wing the tilde are treated as a possible)-.25 F F1(lo)108 412.8 Q .523
(gin name)-.1 F F0 5.523(.I)C 3.023(ft)-5.523 G .523
(his login name is the null string, the tilde is replaced with the v)
--3.023 F .522(alue of the shell parameter)-.25 F F3(HOME)108 724.8 Q F4
-(.)A F0(If)6.735 E F3(HOME)4.735 E F0 2.236
-(is unset, the home directory of the user e)4.486 F -.15(xe)-.15 G 2.236
-(cuting the shell is substituted instead.).15 F(GNU Bash 5.1)72 768 Q
-(2020 October 29)141.235 E(21)190.395 E 0 Cg EP
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-%%BeginPageSetup
-BP
-%%EndPageSetup
-/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 137.14(SH\(1\) General).35 F
-(Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E(Otherwise, the ti\
-lde-pre\214x is replaced with the home directory associated with the sp\
-eci\214ed login name.)108 84 Q .093
-(If the tilde-pre\214x is a `~+', the v)108 100.8 R .092
-(alue of the shell v)-.25 F(ariable)-.25 E/F1 9/Times-Bold@0 SF(PWD)
-2.592 E F0 .092(replaces the tilde-pre\214x.)2.342 F .092
-(If the tilde-pre\214x is)5.092 F 3.403(a`)108 112.8 S .903
-(~\255', the v)-3.403 F .903(alue of the shell v)-.25 F(ariable)-.25 E
-F1(OLDPWD)3.404 E/F2 9/Times-Roman@0 SF(,)A F0 .904
-(if it is set, is substituted.)3.154 F .904(If the characters follo)
+-3.023 F .522(alue of the shell parameter)-.25 F F3(HOME)108 424.8 Q/F4
+9/Times-Roman@0 SF(.)A F0(If)4.786 E F3(HOME)2.786 E F0 .287
+(is unset, the home directory of the user e)2.536 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .287
+(cuting the shell is substituted instead.).15 F(Other)5.287 E(-)-.2 E(w\
+ise, the tilde-pre\214x is replaced with the home directory associated \
+with the speci\214ed login name.)108 436.8 Q .093
+(If the tilde-pre\214x is a `~+', the v)108 453.6 R .092
+(alue of the shell v)-.25 F(ariable)-.25 E F3(PWD)2.592 E F0 .092
+(replaces the tilde-pre\214x.)2.342 F .092(If the tilde-pre\214x is)
+5.092 F 3.403(a`)108 465.6 S .903(~\255', the v)-3.403 F .903
+(alue of the shell v)-.25 F(ariable)-.25 E F3(OLDPWD)3.404 E F4(,)A F0
+.904(if it is set, is substituted.)3.154 F .904(If the characters follo)
5.904 F .904(wing the)-.25 F .88
-(tilde in the tilde-pre\214x consist of a number)108 124.8 R/F3 10
-/Times-Italic@0 SF(N)3.38 E F0 3.38(,o)C .88(ptionally pre\214x)-3.38 F
-.879(ed by a `+' or a `\255', the tilde-pre\214x is re-)-.15 F .138(pla\
-ced with the corresponding element from the directory stack, as it w)108
-136.8 R .138(ould be displayed by the)-.1 F/F4 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(dirs)
-2.639 E F0 -.2(bu)2.639 G(iltin).2 E(in)108 148.8 Q -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke)
-.2 G 2.839(dw).1 G .338(ith the tilde-pre\214x as an ar)-2.839 F 2.838
-(gument. If)-.18 F .338(the characters follo)2.838 F .338
+(tilde in the tilde-pre\214x consist of a number)108 477.6 R F1(N)3.38 E
+F0 3.38(,o)C .88(ptionally pre\214x)-3.38 F .879
+(ed by a `+' or a `\255', the tilde-pre\214x is re-)-.15 F .138(placed \
+with the corresponding element from the directory stack, as it w)108
+489.6 R .138(ould be displayed by the)-.1 F F2(dirs)2.639 E F0 -.2(bu)
+2.639 G(iltin).2 E(in)108 501.6 Q -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G 2.839(dw).1 G
+.338(ith the tilde-pre\214x as an ar)-2.839 F 2.838(gument. If)-.18 F
+.338(the characters follo)2.838 F .338
(wing the tilde in the tilde-pre\214x consist)-.25 F
-(of a number without a leading `+' or `\255', `+' is assumed.)108 160.8
-Q(If the login name is in)108 177.6 Q -.25(va)-.4 G(lid, or the tilde e)
+(of a number without a leading `+' or `\255', `+' is assumed.)108 513.6
+Q(If the login name is in)108 530.4 Q -.25(va)-.4 G(lid, or the tilde e)
.25 E(xpansion f)-.15 E(ails, the w)-.1 E(ord is unchanged.)-.1 E .166
-(Each v)108 194.4 R .167(ariable assignment is check)-.25 F .167
+(Each v)108 547.2 R .167(ariable assignment is check)-.25 F .167
(ed for unquoted tilde-pre\214x)-.1 F .167(es immediately follo)-.15 F
-.167(wing a)-.25 F F4(:)2.667 E F0 .167(or the \214rst)2.667 F F4(=)
-2.667 E F0 5.167(.I)C(n)-5.167 E .468(these cases, tilde e)108 206.4 R
+.167(wing a)-.25 F F2(:)2.667 E F0 .167(or the \214rst)2.667 F F2(=)
+2.667 E F0 5.167(.I)C(n)-5.167 E .468(these cases, tilde e)108 559.2 R
.468(xpansion is also performed.)-.15 F(Consequently)5.467 E 2.967(,o)
-.65 G .467(ne may use \214lenames with tildes in assign-)-2.967 F
-(ments to)108 218.4 Q F1 -.666(PA)2.5 G(TH)-.189 E F2(,)A F1(MAILP)2.25
-E -.855(AT)-.666 G(H).855 E F2(,)A F0(and)2.25 E F1(CDP)2.5 E -.855(AT)
--.666 G(H).855 E F2(,)A F0(and the shell assigns the e)2.25 E(xpanded v)
--.15 E(alue.)-.25 E .023(Bash also performs tilde e)108 235.2 R .023
+(ments to)108 571.2 Q F3 -.666(PA)2.5 G(TH)-.189 E F4(,)A F3(MAILP)2.25
+E -.855(AT)-.666 G(H).855 E F4(,)A F0(and)2.25 E F3(CDP)2.5 E -.855(AT)
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-(ariable subscripted with)-.25 F F1(@)2.903 E F0(or)2.903 E F1(*)2.903 E
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+(ttrib).55 E(utes.)-.2 E F1(k)144 180 Q F0(Lik)180 180 Q 2.658(et)-.1 G
+.157(he K transformation, b)-2.658 F .157(ut e)-.2 F .157(xpands the k)
+-.15 F -.15(ey)-.1 G 2.657(sa).15 G .157(nd v)-2.657 F .157
+(alues of inde)-.25 F -.15(xe)-.15 G 2.657(da).15 G .157(nd associati)
+-2.657 F .457 -.15(ve a)-.25 H -.2(r-).15 G(rays to separate w)180 192 Q
+(ords after w)-.1 E(ord splitting.)-.1 E(If)144 208.8 Q F2(par)4.402 E
+(ameter)-.15 E F0(is)3.882 E F1(@)3.152 E F0(or)3.152 E F1(*)3.153 E F0
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+ turn, and the e)-3.153 F(x-)-.15 E .403(pansion is the resultant list.)
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(tion is applied to each member of the array in turn, and the e)144
-328.8 Q(xpansion is the resultant list.)-.15 E .708(The result of the e)
-144 352.8 R .708(xpansion is subject to w)-.15 F .708
+232.8 Q(xpansion is the resultant list.)-.15 E .708(The result of the e)
+144 256.8 R .708(xpansion is subject to w)-.15 F .708
(ord splitting and pathname e)-.1 F .708(xpansion as described be-)-.15
-F(lo)144 364.8 Q -.65(w.)-.25 G F1(Command Substitution)87 381.6 Q F2
-1.697(Command substitution)108 393.6 R F0(allo)4.197 E 1.697
-(ws the output of a command to replace the command name.)-.25 F 1.698
-(There are tw)6.698 F(o)-.1 E(forms:)108 405.6 Q F1($\()144 422.4 Q F2
-(command)A F1(\))1.666 E F0(or)108 434.4 Q F1<92>144 446.4 Q F2(command)
-A F1<92>A(Bash)108 463.2 Q F0 .089(performs the e)2.589 F .089
-(xpansion by e)-.15 F -.15(xe)-.15 G(cuting).15 E F2(command)2.589 E F0
-.088(in a subshell en)2.589 F .088(vironment and replacing the command)
+F(lo)144 268.8 Q -.65(w.)-.25 G F1(Command Substitution)87 285.6 Q F2
+1.698(Command substitution)108 297.6 R F0(allo)4.198 E 1.697
+(ws the output of a command to replace the command name.)-.25 F 1.697
+(There are tw)6.697 F(o)-.1 E(forms:)108 309.6 Q F1($\()144 326.4 Q F2
+(command)A F1(\))1.666 E F0(or)108 338.4 Q F1<92>144 350.4 Q F2(command)
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+(xpansion by e)-.15 F -.15(xe)-.15 G(cuting).15 E F2(command)2.588 E F0
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-.4 F .41(substitution with the standard output of the command, with an)
-108 475.2 R 2.91(yt)-.15 G .41(railing ne)-2.91 F .41(wlines deleted.)
--.25 F .41(Embedded ne)5.41 F(w-)-.25 E .192(lines are not deleted, b)
-108 487.2 R .192(ut the)-.2 F 2.692(ym)-.15 G .192(ay be remo)-2.692 F
+108 379.2 R 2.91(yt)-.15 G .41(railing ne)-2.91 F .41(wlines deleted.)
+-.25 F .41(Embedded ne)5.41 F(w-)-.25 E .191(lines are not deleted, b)
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-.15(ve)-.15 G 2.692(dd).15 G .192(uring w)-2.692 F .192(ord splitting.)
--.1 F .192(The command substitution)5.192 F F1($\(cat)2.691 E F2(\214le)
-2.691 E F1(\))A F0(can be replaced by the equi)108 499.2 Q -.25(va)-.25
+-.1 F .192(The command substitution)5.192 F F1($\(cat)2.692 E F2(\214le)
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G(lent b).25 E(ut f)-.2 E(aster)-.1 E F1($\(<)2.5 E F2(\214le)2.5 E F1
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-.315(when follo)108 528 R .315(wed by)-.25 F F1($)2.815 E F0(,)A F1<92>
-2.815 E F0 2.815(,o)C(r)-2.815 E F1(\\)2.815 E F0 5.315(.T)C .314(he \
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-b-)-5.315 F 3.886(stitution. When)108 540 R 1.386(using the $\()3.886 F
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-(orm, all characters between the parentheses mak)-3.886 F 3.887(eu)-.1 G
-3.887(pt)-3.887 G 1.387(he com-)-3.887 F
-(mand; none are treated specially)108 552 Q(.)-.65 E .894
-(Command substitutions may be nested.)108 568.8 R 2.494 -.8(To n)5.894 H
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+(orm, all characters between the parentheses mak)-3.887 F 3.886(eu)-.1 G
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+(mand; none are treated specially)108 456 Q(.)-.65 E .894
+(Command substitutions may be nested.)108 472.8 R 2.494 -.8(To n)5.894 H
.894(est when using the backquoted form, escape the inner back-).8 F
-(quotes with backslashes.)108 580.8 Q .422
-(If the substitution appears within double quotes, w)108 597.6 R .422
-(ord splitting and pathname e)-.1 F .423(xpansion are not performed)-.15
-F(on the results.)108 609.6 Q F1(Arithmetic Expansion)87 626.4 Q F0
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(ws the e)-.25 F -.25(va)-.25 G 1.034(luation of an arithmetic e).25 F
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-(The format for arithmetic e)108 650.4 Q(xpansion is:)-.15 E F1($\(\()
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-F2 -.2(ex)2.665 G(pr).2 E(ession)-.37 E F0 .165
-(is treated as if it were within double quotes, b)2.905 F .166
-(ut a double quote inside the parentheses is not)-.2 F .231
-(treated specially)108 696 R 5.231(.A)-.65 G .231(ll tok)-5.231 F .231
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--.18 F .23(ariable e)-.25 F .23(xpansion, command substi-)-.15 F .048
-(tution, and quote remo)108 708 R -.25(va)-.15 G 2.548(l. The).25 F .048
-(result is treated as the arithmetic e)2.548 F .048(xpression to be e)
--.15 F -.25(va)-.25 G 2.549(luated. Arithmetic).25 F -.15(ex)2.549 G(-)
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-(ailure and no substitution occurs.)-.1 E F4(Pr)87 112.8 Q
-(ocess Substitution)-.18 E F3(Pr)108 124.8 Q .405(ocess substitution)
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-(form is used, the \214le passed as an)3.059 F(ar)108 172.8 Q .308
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--.2 G .896(ilable, process substitution is performed simultaneously wit\
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-(The shell treats each character of)108 271.2 R F1(IFS)2.563 E F0 .063
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-(<space>)3.337 E F0(,)A F4(<tab>)3.337 E F0 3.337(,a)C(nd)-3.337 E F4
-(<newline>)3.337 E F0 .836(at the be)3.336 F .836
-(ginning and end of the results of)-.15 F .345(the pre)108 307.2 R .345
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+(,)A .836(the def)108 194.4 R .836(ault, then sequences of)-.1 F F2
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(vious e)-.25 F .345(xpansions are ignored, and an)-.15 F 2.845(ys)-.15
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+G .345(equence of)-2.845 F F3(IFS)2.845 E F0 .345
(characters not at the be)2.595 F .345(ginning or end serv)-.15 F(es)
--.15 E 1.237(to delimit w)108 319.2 R 3.737(ords. If)-.1 F F1(IFS)3.737
-E F0 1.236(has a v)3.486 F 1.236(alue other than the def)-.25 F 1.236
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-331.2 Q F0(,)A F4(tab)2.506 E F0 2.506(,a)C(nd)-2.506 E F4(newline)2.506
-E F0 .006(are ignored at the be)2.506 F .006(ginning and end of the w)
--.15 F .007(ord, as long as the whitespace charac-)-.1 F .921
-(ter is in the v)108 343.2 R .92(alue of)-.25 F F1(IFS)3.42 E F0(\(an)
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-R 2.928(ya)-.15 G(djacent)-2.928 E F1(IFS)2.928 E F0 .428
-(whitespace characters, delimits a \214eld.)2.678 F 2.928(As)5.428 G
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-F(ters is also treated as a delimiter)108 367.2 Q 5(.I)-.55 G 2.5(ft)-5
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-(re retained and passed to commands as empty strings.)-3.282 F .782
-(Unquoted im-)5.782 F .178(plicit null ar)108 396 R .179
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+(ter is in the v)108 242.4 R .92(alue of)-.25 F F3(IFS)3.42 E F0(\(an)
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(guments, resulting from the e)-.18 F .179
(xpansion of parameters that ha)-.15 F .479 -.15(ve n)-.2 H 2.679(ov).15
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-(ap)2.679 G(a-)-2.679 E .319(rameter with no v)108 408 R .319(alue is e)
--.25 F .319(xpanded within double quotes, a null ar)-.15 F .319
-(gument results and is retained and passed)-.18 F
-(to a command as an empty string.)108 420 Q(When a quoted null ar)5 E
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-(xpansion)-.15 E .984(is non-null, the null ar)108 432 R .984
-(gument is remo)-.18 F -.15(ve)-.15 G 3.483(d. That).15 F .983
-(is, the w)3.483 F(ord)-.1 E/F5 10/Courier@0 SF -5.167<ad64082008>3.483
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-(ord splitting and)-.1 F(null ar)108 444 Q(gument remo)-.18 E -.25(va)
--.15 G(l.).25 E(Note that if no e)108 460.8 Q
-(xpansion occurs, no splitting is performed.)-.15 E F4 -.1(Pa)87 477.6 S
-(thname Expansion).1 E F0 .37(After w)108 489.6 R .37
-(ord splitting, unless the)-.1 F F4<ad66>2.87 E F0 .37
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-(ord is left unchanged.)-.1 F(If)5.534 E(the)108 537.6 Q F4(nullglob)
-3.284 E F0 .785(option is set, and no matches are found, the w)3.284 F
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-(is enabled, the match is performed without re)3.263 F -.05(ga)-.15 G
-.764(rd to the case of alphabetic characters.).05 F .039
-(When a pattern is used for pathname e)108 573.6 R .039
-(xpansion, the character)-.15 F F4 -.63(``)2.539 G -.55(.').63 G(')-.08
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-(,u)-.65 G .81(nless the shell option)-3.31 F F4(dotglob)3.31 E F0 .81
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-(xplicitly)-.15 E 3.682(,e)-.65 G -.15(ve)-3.932 G 3.682(ni).15 G(f)
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-(hen matching a pathname, the slash character must al)-5.613 F -.1(wa)
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-F .655(xts it can be matched by a special pattern character as de-)-.15
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-(Pa)3.219 G(tter).09 E 2.969(nM)-.135 G(atching)-2.969 E F2(.)A F0 .719
-(See the description of)5.219 F F4(shopt)3.219 E F0(belo)3.219 E 3.22
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-(rom the list of matches.)-2.851 F .351(If the)5.351 F F4(nocaseglob)
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(tring, including the null string.)-2.876 F .376(When the)5.376 F F1
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-(The sorting order of characters in range e)180 319.2 R .894
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(xpressions is determined by the current locale)-.15 F .375(and the v)
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-(including it as the \214rst character in the set.)180 379.2 Q -.4(Wi)
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-(is one of the follo)180 409.2 Q
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-180 475.2 S(thin).4 E F1([)4.537 E F0(and)4.537 E F1(])4.537 E F0 4.537
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A F0 4.536(,w)C(hich)-4.536 E .125(matches all characters with the same\
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-(the character)180 499.2 Q F4(c)2.5 E F0(.)A -.4(Wi)180 517.2 S(thin).4
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E F1([)2.5 E F0(and)2.5 E F1(])2.5 E F0 2.5(,t)C(he syntax)-2.5 E F1([.)
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+(ve)-.25 G 2.5(np).15 G(atterns)-2.5 E F1(*\()144 512.4 Q F2
(pattern-list).833 E F1(\)).833 E F0
-(Matches zero or more occurrences of the gi)180 618 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.5
-(np).15 G(atterns)-2.5 E F1(+\()144 630 Q F4(pattern-list).833 E F1(\))
-.833 E F0(Matches one or more occurrences of the gi)180 642 Q -.15(ve)
--.25 G 2.5(np).15 G(atterns)-2.5 E F1(@\()144 654 Q F4(pattern-list).833
-E F1(\)).833 E F0(Matches one of the gi)180 666 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.5(np)
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-E F0(Matches an)180 690 Q(ything e)-.15 E(xcept one of the gi)-.15 E
--.15(ve)-.25 G 2.5(np).15 G(atterns)-2.5 E .969(Complicated e)108 706.8
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-(ainst long strings is slo)-.05 F 2.268 -.65(w, e)-.25 H .968
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+(ve)-.25 G 2.5(np).15 G(atterns)-2.5 E F1(@\()144 560.4 Q F2
+(pattern-list).833 E F1(\)).833 E F0(Matches one of the gi)180 572.4 Q
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(specially when the patterns contain).65 F .09
-(alternations and the strings contain multiple matches.)108 718.8 R .091
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(Using separate matches ag)5.091 F .091(ainst shorter strings, or us-)
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/Times-Bold@0 SF(REDIRECTION)72 124.8 Q F0 .545(Before a command is e)
108 136.8 R -.15(xe)-.15 G .545(cuted, its input and output may be).15 F
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-(using a special notation interpreted)3.815 F .405(by the shell.)108
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-(used to modify \214le handles in the current shell e)108 172.8 R -.15
-(xe)-.15 G .215(cution en).15 F 2.715(vironment. The)-.4 F(follo)2.715 E
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-Q 2.5(ya)-.15 G(ppear)-2.5 E 2.5(,f)-.4 G(rom left to right.)-2.5 E .771
-(Each redirection that may be preceded by a \214le descriptor number ma\
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-(this case, for each redirection operator e)2.793 F .293
-(xcept >&- and <&-, the shell will allocate)-.15 F 3.18<618c>108 237.6 S
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+.293(xcept >&- and <&-, the shell will allocate)-.15 F 3.18<618c>108
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(&- or <&- is preceded by {)-3.179 F F3(var)A(-)-.2 E(name)108 249.6 Q
F0 .599(}, the v)B .599(alue of)-.25 F F3(varname)3.099 E F0 .599
(de\214nes the \214le descriptor to close.)3.099 F .6(If {)5.6 F F3
(varname)A F0 3.1(}i)C 3.1(ss)-3.1 G .6(upplied, the redirection)-3.1 F
-1.238(persists be)108 261.6 R 1.238(yond the scope of the command, allo)
--.15 F 1.238(wing the shell programmer to manage the \214le descriptor)
--.25 F(himself.)108 273.6 Q .283(In the follo)108 290.4 R .284(wing des\
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-character of the redirect-)-.25 F .513(ion operator is)108 302.4 R F1(<)
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+2.5 E(vior)-.2 E(.)-.55 E .283(In the follo)108 290.4 R .284(wing descr\
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3.012 E F0 3.012(,t)C .512
(he redirection refers to the standard input \(\214le descriptor 0\).)
-3.012 F .512(If the \214rst character of the)5.512 F
an 9 should be used with care, as the)108 710.4 R 2.546(ym)-.15 G .046
(ay con\215ict with \214le de-)-2.546 F
(scriptors the shell uses internally)108 722.4 Q(.)-.65 E(GNU Bash 5.1)
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F(dard input \(or \214le descriptor)108 705.6 Q F2(n)2.5 E F0(if)2.5 E
F2(n)2.5 E F0(is speci\214ed\) for a command.)2.5 E
(The format of here-documents is:)108 722.4 Q(GNU Bash 5.1)72 768 Q
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(scriptor)108 708 Q F1(n)2.86 E F0 2.5(,o).24 G 2.5(ro)-2.5 G 2.5<6e8c>
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E(If the \214le does not e)5 E(xist, it is created.)-.15 E(GNU Bash 5.1)
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(wing the alias is also check)-.25 E(ed for alias e)-.1 E(xpansion.)-.15
E(Aliases are created and listed with the)108 220.8 Q F3(alias)2.5 E F0
(command, and remo)2.5 E -.15(ve)-.15 G 2.5(dw).15 G(ith the)-2.5 E F3
-(unalias)2.5 E F0(command.)2.5 E .284
-(There is no mechanism for using ar)108 237.6 R .284
-(guments in the replacement te)-.18 F 2.784(xt. If)-.15 F(ar)2.784 E
-.284(guments are needed, a shell func-)-.18 F(tion should be used \(see)
-108 249.6 Q F4(FUNCTIONS)2.5 E F0(belo)2.25 E(w\).)-.25 E .282
-(Aliases are not e)108 266.4 R .282
-(xpanded when the shell is not interacti)-.15 F -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.782(,u)
-.15 G .282(nless the)-2.782 F F3(expand_aliases)2.783 E F0 .283
-(shell option is set us-)2.783 F(ing)108 278.4 Q F3(shopt)2.5 E F0
+(unalias)2.5 E F0(command.)2.5 E .742
+(There is no mechanism for using ar)108 237.6 R .741
+(guments in the replacement te)-.18 F 3.241(xt. If)-.15 F(ar)3.241 E
+.741(guments are needed, use a shell)-.18 F(function \(see)108 249.6 Q
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+G 2.782(,u).15 G .282(nless the)-2.782 F F3(expand_aliases)2.783 E F0
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(\(see the description of)2.5 E F3(shopt)2.5 E F0(under)2.5 E F4
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E .436
108 727.2 R .813(The v)5.814 F .813(alue of a v)-.25 F .813
(ariable that a function sees depends on its v)-.25 F .813
(alue within its caller)-.25 F 3.313(,i)-.4 G(f)-3.313 E(GNU Bash 5.1)72
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3.39(mands. The)108 324 R F2<ad46>3.39 E F0 .89(option to)3.39 F F2
(declar)3.39 E(e)-.18 E F0(or)3.39 E F2(typeset)3.39 E F0 .89
(will list the function names only \(and optionally the source)3.39 F
-.326(\214le and line number)108 336 R 2.826(,i)-.4 G 2.826(ft)-2.826 G
-(he)-2.826 E F2(extdeb)2.826 E(ug)-.2 E F0 .326
-(shell option is enabled\).)2.826 F .327(Functions may be e)5.327 F .327
-(xported so that subshells)-.15 F 1.298(automatically ha)108 348 R 1.598
--.15(ve t)-.2 H 1.298(hem de\214ned with the).15 F F2<ad66>3.798 E F0
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-(iltin. A).2 F 1.297(function de\214nition may be)3.797 F
-(deleted using the)108 360 Q F2<ad66>2.5 E F0(option to the)2.5 E F2
-(unset)2.5 E F0 -.2(bu)2.5 G(iltin.).2 E .371(Functions may be recursi)
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-E F0 -.25(va)2.871 G .371
-(riable may be used to limit the depth of the function call).25 F .323
-(stack and restrict the number of function in)108 388.8 R -.2(vo)-.4 G
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+(processes \(those created when e)108 348 R -.15(xe)-.15 G .492
+(cuting a separate shell in).15 F -.2(vo)-.4 G .492
+(cation\) automatically ha).2 F .792 -.15(ve t)-.2 H .492
+(hem de\214ned with).15 F(the)108 360 Q F2<ad66>3.2 E F0 .7
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+(riable may be used to limit the depth of the function call).25 F .322
+(stack and restrict the number of function in)108 400.8 R -.2(vo)-.4 G
2.822(cations. By).2 F(def)2.822 E .322
-(ault, no limit is imposed on the number of re-)-.1 F(cursi)108 400.8 Q
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.3 -.15(ve c)-.25 H(alls.).15 E/F3 10.95/Times-Bold@0 SF(ARITHMETIC EV)
-72 417.6 Q(ALU)-1.478 E -1.04(AT)-.657 G(ION)1.04 E F0 1.088
-(The shell allo)108 429.6 R 1.088(ws arithmetic e)-.25 F 1.089
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(xpressions to be e)-.15 F -.25(va)-.25 G 1.089
-(luated, under certain circumstances \(see the).25 F F2(let)3.589 E F0
-(and)3.589 E F2(de-)3.589 E(clar)108 441.6 Q(e)-.18 E F0 -.2(bu)3.453 G
-.953(iltin commands, the).2 F F2(\(\()3.453 E F0 .952
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(compound command, and)3.452 F F2 .952(Arithmetic Expansion)3.452 F F0
-3.452(\). Ev)B .952(aluation is done in)-.25 F<8c78>108 453.6 Q 1.057
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(ed-width inte)-.15 F 1.057(gers with no check for o)-.15 F -.15(ve)-.15
G(r\215o).15 E 2.357 -.65(w, t)-.25 H 1.057(hough di).65 F 1.057
-(vision by 0 is trapped and \215agged as an error)-.25 F(.)-.55 E .829
-(The operators and their precedence, associati)108 465.6 R(vity)-.25 E
+(vision by 0 is trapped and \215agged as an error)-.25 F(.)-.55 E .828
+(The operators and their precedence, associati)108 477.6 R(vity)-.25 E
3.329(,a)-.65 G .829(nd v)-3.329 F .829
-(alues are the same as in the C language.)-.25 F .828(The fol-)5.828 F
-(lo)108 477.6 Q .439(wing list of operators is grouped into le)-.25 F
--.15(ve)-.25 G .439(ls of equal-precedence operators.).15 F .44(The le)
-5.44 F -.15(ve)-.25 G .44(ls are listed in order).15 F
-(of decreasing precedence.)108 489.6 Q F1(id)108 506.4 Q F2(++)A F1(id)
-2.5 E F2<adad>A F0 -.25(va)144 518.4 S
-(riable post-increment and post-decrement).25 E F2 2.5<ad2b>108 530.4 S
-F0(unary minus and plus)144 5
30.4 Q F2(++)108 542.4 Q F1(id)A F2<adad>
-2.5 E F1(id)A F0 -.25(va)144 554.4 S
-(riable pre-increment and pre-decrement).25 E F2 2.5(!~)108 566.4 S F0
-(logical and bitwise ne)144 566.4 Q -.05(ga)-.15 G(tion).05 E F2(**)108
-578.4 Q F0 -.15(ex)144 578.4 S(ponentiation).15 E F2 2.5(*/%)108 590.4 S
-F0(multiplication, di)144 590.4 Q(vision, remainder)-.25 E F2 2.5<2bad>
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-(left and right bitwise shifts)144 614.4 Q F2(<= >= < >)108 626.4 Q F0
-(comparison)144 638.4 Q F2(== !=)108 650.4 Q F0(equality and inequality)
-144 650.4 Q F2(&)108 662.4 Q F0(bitwise AND)144 662.4 Q F2(^)108 674.4 Q
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(uiltins. If)-.2 F 2.5(am)2.5 G(atch is found, that b)-2.5 E
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(uiltin, and contains no slashes,)-.2 F F3(bash)2.809 E F0 .309
-(searches each element of)2.809 F(the)108 369.6 Q F1 -.666(PA)3.162 G
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(TH)-.189 E F0 .662(for a directory containing an e)2.912 F -.15(xe)-.15
G .662(cutable \214le by that name.).15 F F3(Bash)5.662 E F0 .663
(uses a hash table to remember)3.162 F 1.915(the full pathnames of e)108
-381.6 R -.15(xe)-.15 G 1.915(cutable \214les \(see).15 F F3(hash)4.415 E
+410.4 R -.15(xe)-.15 G 1.915(cutable \214les \(see).15 F F3(hash)4.415 E
F0(under)4.415 E F1 1.915(SHELL B)4.415 F(UIL)-.09 E 1.914(TIN COMMANDS)
-.828 F F0(belo)4.164 E 4.414(w\). A)-.25 F(full)4.414 E .719
-(search of the directories in)108 393.6 R F1 -.666(PA)3.219 G(TH)-.189 E
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F0 .72(is performed only if the command is not found in the hash table.)
2.969 F .72(If the)5.72 F .956(search is unsuccessful, the shell search\
-es for a de\214ned shell function named)108 405.6 R F3(command_not_f)
-3.455 E(ound_han-)-.25 E(dle)108 417.6 Q F0 6.005(.I)C 3.505(ft)-6.005 G
+es for a de\214ned shell function named)108 434.4 R F3(command_not_f)
+3.455 E(ound_han-)-.25 E(dle)108 446.4 Q F0 6.005(.I)C 3.505(ft)-6.005 G
1.005(hat function e)-3.505 F 1.005(xists, it is in)-.15 F -.2(vo)-.4 G
-.1(ke).2 G 3.506(di).1 G 3.506(nas)-3.506 G 1.006(eparate e)-3.506 F
-.15(xe)-.15 G 1.006(cution en).15 F 1.006
(vironment with the original command)-.4 F .256
-(and the original command')108 429.6 R 2.756(sa)-.55 G -.18(rg)-2.756 G
+(and the original command')108 458.4 R 2.756(sa)-.55 G -.18(rg)-2.756 G
.256(uments as its ar).18 F .256(guments, and the function')-.18 F 2.755
(se)-.55 G .255(xit status becomes the e)-2.905 F .255(xit sta-)-.15 F
-.263(tus of that subshell.)108 441.6 R .263(If that function is not de\
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\214ned, the shell prints an error message and returns an e)5.263 F .263
-(xit sta-)-.15 F(tus of 127.)108 453.6 Q 1.089(If the search is success\
+(xit sta-)-.15 F(tus of 127.)108 482.4 Q 1.089(If the search is success\
ful, or if the command name contains one or more slashes, the shell e)
-108 470.4 R -.15(xe)-.15 G 1.089(cutes the).15 F .197
-(named program in a separate e)108 482.4 R -.15(xe)-.15 G .197
+108 499.2 R -.15(xe)-.15 G 1.089(cutes the).15 F .197
+(named program in a separate e)108 511.2 R -.15(xe)-.15 G .197
(cution en).15 F 2.698(vironment. Ar)-.4 F .198
(gument 0 is set to the name gi)-.18 F -.15(ve)-.25 G .198
-(n, and the remain-).15 F(ing ar)108 494.4 Q
+(n, and the remain-).15 F(ing ar)108 523.2 Q
(guments to the command are set to the ar)-.18 E(guments gi)-.18 E -.15
-(ve)-.25 G(n, if an).15 E -.65(y.)-.15 G 1.049(If this e)108 511.2 R
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(cutable format, and the \214le is not a directory).15 F 3.548(,i)-.65 G
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-523.2 R/F5 10/Times-Italic@0 SF .042(shell script)2.542 F F0 2.542
-(,a\214)C .043(le containing shell commands.)-2.542 F 2.543(As)5.043 G
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-(cute it.).15 F .043(This sub-)5.043 F .275
-(shell reinitializes itself, so that the ef)108 535.2 R .274
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-(ception that the locations of commands remembered by the parent \(see)
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(guments to the interpreter consist of a single optional ar)-.18 F .206
(gument follo)-.18 F .206(wing the in-)-.25 F .267
-(terpreter name on the \214rst line of the program, follo)108 612 R .268
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(ariable assignment or with)-.25 F F1(set)2.756 E F0 .257
(or inherited from the shell')2.756 F 2.757(sp)-.55 G(arent)-2.757 E
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-(shell functions de\214ned during e)144 129.6 Q -.15(xe)-.15 G
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-(options enabled at in)144 146.4 Q -.2(vo)-.4 G(cation \(either by def)
-.2 E(ault or with command-line ar)-.1 E(guments\) or by)-.18 E F1(set)
-2.5 E F0<83>108 163.2 Q(options enabled by)144 163.2 Q F1(shopt)2.5 E F0
-<83>108 180 Q(shell aliases de\214ned with)144 180 Q F1(alias)2.5 E F0
-<83>108 196.8 Q -.25(va)144 196.8 S
+(arent in the en)-2.5 E(vironment)-.4 E<83>108 180 Q
+(options enabled at in)144 180 Q -.2(vo)-.4 G(cation \(either by def).2
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+<83>108 230.4 Q -.25(va)144 230.4 S
(rious process IDs, including those of background jobs, the v).25 E
(alue of)-.25 E F1($$)2.5 E F0 2.5(,a)C(nd the v)-2.5 E(alue of)-.25 E
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-(When a simple command other than a b)108 213.6 R .426
+(When a simple command other than a b)108 247.2 R .426
(uiltin or shell function is to be e)-.2 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .426
(cuted, it is in).15 F -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G 2.926(di).1 G 2.926(nas)
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+-2.926 G(eparate)-2.926 E -.15(exe)108 259.2 S .133(cution en).15 F .133
(vironment that consists of the follo)-.4 F 2.634(wing. Unless)-.25 F
.134(otherwise noted, the v)2.634 F .134(alues are inherited from)-.25 F
-(the shell.)108 237.6 Q<83>108 254.4 Q 1.056(the shell')144 254.4 R
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(odi\214cations and additions speci\214ed by redirections to the com-)
--3.556 F(mand)144 266.4 Q<83>108 283.2 Q(the current w)144 283.2 Q
-(orking directory)-.1 E<83>108 300 Q(the \214le creation mode mask)144
-300 Q<83>108 316.8 Q .856(shell v)144 316.8 R .857
+-3.556 F(mand)144 300 Q<83>108 316.8 Q(the current w)144 316.8 Q
+(orking directory)-.1 E<83>108 333.6 Q(the \214le creation mode mask)144
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(ariables and functions mark)-.25 F .857(ed for e)-.1 F .857
(xport, along with v)-.15 F .857(ariables e)-.25 F .857
-(xported for the command,)-.15 F(passed in the en)144 328.8 Q(vironment)
--.4 E<83>108 345.6 Q .307(traps caught by the shell are reset to the v)
-144 345.6 R .306(alues inherited from the shell')-.25 F 2.806(sp)-.55 G
+(xported for the command,)-.15 F(passed in the en)144 362.4 Q(vironment)
+-.4 E<83>108 379.2 Q .307(traps caught by the shell are reset to the v)
+144 379.2 R .306(alues inherited from the shell')-.25 F 2.806(sp)-.55 G
.306(arent, and traps ignored)-2.806 F(by the shell are ignored)144
-357.6 Q 2.5(Ac)108 374.4 S(ommand in)-2.5 E -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G 2.5
+391.2 Q 2.5(Ac)108 408 S(ommand in)-2.5 E -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G 2.5
(di).1 G 2.5(nt)-2.5 G(his separate en)-2.5 E(vironment cannot af)-.4 E
(fect the shell')-.25 E 2.5(se)-.55 G -.15(xe)-2.65 G(cution en).15 E
-(vironment.)-.4 E .577(Command substitution, commands grouped with pare\
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-(ke).2 G 3.078(di).1 G(n)-3.078 E 2.745(as)108 403.2 S .245(ubshell en)
--2.745 F .245(vironment that is a duplicate of the shell en)-.4 F .244
-(vironment, e)-.4 F .244(xcept that traps caught by the shell are)-.15 F
-.358(reset to the v)108 415.2 R .358
+(vironment.)-.4 E(A)108 424.8 Q/F3 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(subshell)2.5 E
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+(vironment that is a duplicate of the shell en)-.4 F .244(vironment, e)
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+(reset to the v)108 465.6 R .358
(alues that the shell inherited from its parent at in)-.25 F -.2(vo)-.4
G 2.858(cation. Builtin).2 F .359(commands that are in)2.859 F -.2(vo)
--.4 G -.1(ke).2 G(d).1 E .857(as part of a pipeline are also e)108 427.2
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R -.15(xe)-.15 G .856(cuted in a subshell en).15 F 3.356
(vironment. Changes)-.4 F .856(made to the subshell en)3.356 F(viron-)
--.4 E(ment cannot af)108 439.2 Q(fect the shell')-.25 E 2.5(se)-.55 G
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(cute command substitutions inherit the v).15 F 1.377(alue of the)-.25 F
F1<ad65>3.877 E F0 1.377(option from the parent)3.877 F 2.5(shell. When)
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-(therwise, the in)-5.197 F -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G 2.697(dc).1 G .198
-(ommand inherits the \214le descriptors of the calling shell)-2.697 F
-(as modi\214ed by redirections.)108 508.8 Q/F4 10.95/Times-Bold@0 SF
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-F0<ad>A F3(value)A F0(pairs, of the form)2.5 E F3(name)2.86 E F0(=)A F3
-(value)A F0(.).18 E .438(The shell pro)108 566.4 R .438(vides se)-.15 F
--.15(ve)-.25 G .438(ral w).15 F .438(ays to manipulate the en)-.1 F
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-(cation, the shell scans its o).2 F .439(wn en-)-.25 F .709(vironment a\
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-(eters and functions to be added to and deleted from the en)108 602.4 R
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+(If a command is follo)108 535.2 R .405(wed by a)-.25 F F1(&)2.905 E F0
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+(is the empty \214le)108 547.2 R F3(/de)2.697 E(v/null)-.15 E F0 5.197
+(.O)C .197(therwise, the in)-5.197 F -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G 2.697(dc)
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+5.033 E(vir)-.4 E(onment)-.45 E F0 7.343(.T).68 G 2.343
+(his is a list of)-7.343 F F3(name)108 600 Q F0<ad>A F3(value)A F0
+(pairs, of the form)2.5 E F3(name)2.86 E F0(=)A F3(value)A F0(.).18 E
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+(ral w).15 F .438(ays to manipulate the en)-.1 F 2.938(vironment. On)-.4
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+(wn en-)-.25 F .709(vironment and creates a parameter for each name fou\
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-(when it is ready to read a command,)2.895 F .427
-(and the secondary prompt)108 657.6 R F2(PS2)2.927 E F0 .427
-(when it needs more input to complete a command.)2.677 F F5(Bash)5.428 E
-F0(displays)2.928 E F2(PS0)2.928 E F0(after)2.678 E .038
-(it reads a command b)108 669.6 R .038(ut before e)-.2 F -.15(xe)-.15 G
-.038(cuting it.).15 F F5(Bash)5.038 E F0(displays)2.537 E F2(PS4)2.537 E
-F0 .037(as described abo)2.287 F .337 -.15(ve b)-.15 H .037
-(efore tracing each com-).15 F 1.12
1(mand when the)108 681.6 R F5<ad78>
-3.621 E F0 1.122(option is enabled.)3.621 F F5(Bash)6.122 E F0(allo)
+(when it is ready to read a command,)2.895 F .428
+(and the secondary prompt)108 266.4 R F2(PS2)2.928 E F0 .427
+(when it needs more input to complete a command.)2.678 F F1(Bash)5.427 E
+F0(displays)2.927 E F2(PS0)2.927 E F0(after)2.677 E .037
+(it reads a command b)108 278.4 R .037(ut before e)-.2 F -.15(xe)-.15 G
+.037(cuting it.).15 F F1(Bash)5.037 E F0(displays)2.537 E F2(PS4)2.538 E
+F0 .038(as described abo)2.288 F .338 -.15(ve b)-.15 H .038
+(efore tracing each com-).15 F 1.12
2(mand when the)108 290.4 R F1<ad78>
+3.622 E F0 1.122(option is enabled.)3.622 F F1(Bash)6.122 E F0(allo)
3.622 E 1.122(ws these prompt strings to be customized by inserting a)
-.25 F(number of backslash-escaped special characters that are decoded \
-as follo)108 693.6 Q(ws:)-.25 E F5(\\a)144 705.6 Q F0
-(an ASCII bell character \(07\))180 705.6 Q F5(\\d)144 717.6 Q F0
-(the date in "W)180 717.6 Q(eekday Month Date" format \(e.g., "T)-.8 E
-(ue May 26"\))-.45 E(GNU Bash 5.1)72 768 Q(2020 October 29)141.235 E(38)
-190.395 E 0 Cg EP
-%%Page: 39 39
+as follo)108 302.4 Q(ws:)-.25 E F1(\\a)144 314.4 Q F0
+(an ASCII bell character \(07\))180 314.4 Q F1(\\d)144 326.4 Q F0
+(the date in "W)180 326.4 Q(eekday Month Date" format \(e.g., "T)-.8 E
+(ue May 26"\))-.45 E F1(\\D{)144 338.4 Q/F4 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(format)
+A F1(})A F0(the)180 350.4 Q F4(format)3.926 E F0 1.426(is passed to)
+3.926 F F4(strftime)3.926 E F0 1.427
+(\(3\) and the result is inserted into the prompt string; an)B(empty)180
+362.4 Q F4(format)2.5 E F0
+(results in a locale-speci\214c time representation.)2.5 E
+(The braces are required)5 E F1(\\e)144 374.4 Q F0
+(an ASCII escape character \(033\))180 374.4 Q F1(\\h)144 386.4 Q F0
+(the hostname up to the \214rst `.)180 386.4 Q(')-.7 E F1(\\H)144 398.4
+Q F0(the hostname)180 398.4 Q F1(\\j)144 410.4 Q F0
+(the number of jobs currently managed by the shell)180 410.4 Q F1(\\l)
+144 422.4 Q F0(the basename of the shell')180 422.4 Q 2.5(st)-.55 G
+(erminal de)-2.5 E(vice name)-.25 E F1(\\n)144 434.4 Q F0(ne)180 434.4 Q
+(wline)-.25 E F1(\\r)144 446.4 Q F0(carriage return)180 446.4 Q F1(\\s)
+144 458.4 Q F0(the name of the shell, the basename of)180 458.4 Q F1($0)
+2.5 E F0(\(the portion follo)2.5 E(wing the \214nal slash\))-.25 E F1
+(\\t)144 470.4 Q F0(the current time in 24-hour HH:MM:SS format)180
+470.4 Q F1(\\T)144 482.4 Q F0
+(the current time in 12-hour HH:MM:SS format)180 482.4 Q F1(\\@)144
+494.4 Q F0(the current time in 12-hour am/pm format)180 494.4 Q F1(\\A)
+144 506.4 Q F0(the current time in 24-hour HH:MM format)180 506.4 Q F1
+(\\u)144 518.4 Q F0(the username of the current user)180 518.4 Q F1(\\v)
+144 530.4 Q F0(the v)180 530.4 Q(ersion of)-.15 E F1(bash)2.5 E F0
+(\(e.g., 2.00\))2.5 E F1(\\V)144 542.4 Q F0(the release of)180 542.4 Q
+F1(bash)2.5 E F0 2.5(,v)C(ersion + patch le)-2.65 E -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.5
+(l\().15 G(e.g., 2.00.0\))-2.5 E F1(\\w)144 554.4 Q F0 .12(the v)180
+554.4 R .119(alue of the)-.25 F F1(PWD)2.619 E F0 .119(shell v)2.619 F
+.119(ariable \()-.25 F F1($PWD)A F0 .119(\), with)B F2($HOME)2.619 E F0
+(abbre)2.369 E .119(viated with a tilde \(uses)-.25 F(the v)180 566.4 Q
+(alue of the)-.25 E F2(PR)2.5 E(OMPT_DIR)-.27 E(TRIM)-.36 E F0 -.25(va)
+2.25 G(riable\)).25 E F1(\\W)144 578.4 Q F0(the basename of)180 578.4 Q
+F1($PWD)2.5 E F0 2.5(,w)C(ith)-2.5 E F2($HOME)2.5 E F0(abbre)2.25 E
+(viated with a tilde)-.25 E F1(\\!)144 590.4 Q F0
+(the history number of this command)180 590.4 Q F1(\\#)144 602.4 Q F0
+(the command number of this command)180 602.4 Q F1(\\$)144 614.4 Q F0
+(if the ef)180 614.4 Q(fecti)-.25 E .3 -.15(ve U)-.25 H(ID is 0, a).15 E
+F1(#)2.5 E F0 2.5(,o)C(therwise a)-2.5 E F1($)2.5 E(\\)144 626.4 Q F4
+(nnn)A F0(the character corresponding to the octal number)180 626.4 Q F4
+(nnn)2.5 E F1(\\\\)144 638.4 Q F0 2.5(ab)180 638.4 S(ackslash)-2.5 E F1
+(\\[)144 650.4 Q F0(be)180 650.4 Q 1.257(gin a sequence of non-printing\
+ characters, which could be used to embed a terminal)-.15 F
+(control sequence into the prompt)180 662.4 Q F1(\\])144 674.4 Q F0
+(end a sequence of non-printing characters)180 674.4 Q .12
+(The command number and the history number are usually dif)108 691.2 R
+.119(ferent: the history number of a command is its)-.25 F .547(positio\
+n in the history list, which may include commands restored from the his\
+tory \214le \(see)108 703.2 R F2(HIST)3.047 E(OR)-.162 E(Y)-.315 E F0
+(be-)2.797 E(lo)108 715.2 Q .354(w\), while the command number is the p\
+osition in the sequence of commands e)-.25 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .354
+(cuted during the current).15 F .822(shell session.)108 727.2 R .822
+(After the string is decoded, it is e)5.822 F .822
+(xpanded via parameter e)-.15 F .823(xpansion, command substitution,)
+-.15 F(GNU Bash 5.1)72 768 Q(2021 October 25)141.235 E(40)190.395 E 0 Cg
+EP
+%%Page: 41 41
%%BeginPageSetup
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/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 137.14(SH\(1\) General).35 F
-(Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E/F1 10/Times-Bold@0
-SF(\\D{)144 84 Q/F2 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(format)A F1(})A F0(the)180 96 Q
-F2(format)3.927 E F0 1.427(is passed to)3.927 F F2(strftime)3.927 E F0
-1.427(\(3\) and the result is inserted into the prompt string; an)B
-(empty)180 108 Q F2(format)2.5 E F0
-(results in a locale-speci\214c time representation.)2.5 E
-(The braces are required)5 E F1(\\e)144 120 Q F0
-(an ASCII escape character \(033\))180 120 Q F1(\\h)144 132 Q F0
-(the hostname up to the \214rst `.)180 132 Q(')-.7 E F1(\\H)144 144 Q F0
-(the hostname)180 144 Q F1(\\j)144 156 Q F0
-(the number of jobs currently managed by the shell)180 156 Q F1(\\l)144
-168 Q F0(the basename of the shell')180 168 Q 2.5(st)-.55 G(erminal de)
--2.5 E(vice name)-.25 E F1(\\n)144 180 Q F0(ne)180 180 Q(wline)-.25 E F1
-(\\r)144 192 Q F0(carriage return)180 192 Q F1(\\s)144 204 Q F0
-(the name of the shell, the basename of)180 204 Q F1($0)2.5 E F0
-(\(the portion follo)2.5 E(wing the \214nal slash\))-.25 E F1(\\t)144
-216 Q F0(the current time in 24-hour HH:MM:SS format)180 216 Q F1(\\T)
-144 228 Q F0(the current time in 12-hour HH:MM:SS format)180 228 Q F1
-(\\@)144 240 Q F0(the current time in 12-hour am/pm format)180 240 Q F1
-(\\A)144 252 Q F0(the current time in 24-hour HH:MM format)180 252 Q F1
-(\\u)144 264 Q F0(the username of the current user)180 264 Q F1(\\v)144
-276 Q F0(the v)180 276 Q(ersion of)-.15 E F1(bash)2.5 E F0
-(\(e.g., 2.00\))2.5 E F1(\\V)144 288 Q F0(the release of)180 288 Q F1
-(bash)2.5 E F0 2.5(,v)C(ersion + patch le)-2.65 E -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.5
-(l\().15 G(e.g., 2.00.0\))-2.5 E F1(\\w)144 300 Q F0 .115(the current w)
-180 300 R .115(orking directory)-.1 F 2.615(,w)-.65 G(ith)-2.615 E/F3 9
-/Times-Bold@0 SF($HOME)2.615 E F0(abbre)2.365 E .116
-(viated with a tilde \(uses the v)-.25 F .116(alue of the)-.25 F F3(PR)
-180 312 Q(OMPT_DIR)-.27 E(TRIM)-.36 E F0 -.25(va)2.25 G(riable\)).25 E
-F1(\\W)144 324 Q F0(the basename of the current w)180 324 Q
-(orking directory)-.1 E 2.5(,w)-.65 G(ith)-2.5 E F3($HOME)2.5 E F0
-(abbre)2.25 E(viated with a tilde)-.25 E F1(\\!)144 336 Q F0
-(the history number of this command)180 336 Q F1(\\#)144 348 Q F0
-(the command number of this command)180 348 Q F1(\\$)144 360 Q F0
-(if the ef)180 360 Q(fecti)-.25 E .3 -.15(ve U)-.25 H(ID is 0, a).15 E
-F1(#)2.5 E F0 2.5(,o)C(therwise a)-2.5 E F1($)2.5 E(\\)144 372 Q F2(nnn)
-A F0(the character corresponding to the octal number)180 372 Q F2(nnn)
-2.5 E F1(\\\\)144 384 Q F0 2.5(ab)180 384 S(ackslash)-2.5 E F1(\\[)144
-396 Q F0(be)180 396 Q 1.257(gin a sequence of non-printing characters, \
-which could be used to embed a terminal)-.15 F
-(control sequence into the prompt)180 408 Q F1(\\])144 420 Q F0
-(end a sequence of non-printing characters)180 420 Q .119
-(The command number and the history number are usually dif)108 436.8 R
-.12(ferent: the history number of a command is its)-.25 F .547(position\
- in the history list, which may include commands restored from the hist\
-ory \214le \(see)108 448.8 R F3(HIST)3.046 E(OR)-.162 E(Y)-.315 E F0
-(be-)2.796 E(lo)108 460.8 Q .354(w\), while the command number is the p\
-osition in the sequence of commands e)-.25 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .355
-(cuted during the current).15 F .823(shell session.)108 472.8 R .822
-(After the string is decoded, it is e)5.823 F .822
-(xpanded via parameter e)-.15 F .822(xpansion, command substitution,)
--.15 F .682(arithmetic e)108 484.8 R .682(xpansion, and quote remo)-.15
-F -.25(va)-.15 G .682(l, subject to the v).25 F .683(alue of the)-.25 F
-F1(pr)3.183 E(omptv)-.18 E(ars)-.1 E F0 .683(shell option \(see the de-)
-3.183 F 1.198(scription of the)108 496.8 R F1(shopt)3.698 E F0 1.198
-(command under)3.698 F F3 1.197(SHELL B)3.697 F(UIL)-.09 E 1.197
-(TIN COMMANDS)-.828 F F0(belo)3.447 E 3.697(w\). This)-.25 F 1.197
-(can ha)3.697 F 1.497 -.15(ve u)-.2 H(nw).15 E(anted)-.1 E .322(side ef)
-108 508.8 R .322(fects if escaped portions of the string appear within \
-command substitution or contain characters spe-)-.25 F(cial to w)108
-520.8 Q(ord e)-.1 E(xpansion.)-.15 E/F4 10.95/Times-Bold@0 SF(READLINE)
-72 537.6 Q F0 .151
+(Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E .683(arithmetic e)
+108 84 R .683(xpansion, and quote remo)-.15 F -.25(va)-.15 G .683
+(l, subject to the v).25 F .682(alue of the)-.25 F/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 SF
+(pr)3.182 E(omptv)-.18 E(ars)-.1 E F0 .682(shell option \(see the de-)
+3.182 F 1.197(scription of the)108 96 R F1(shopt)3.697 E F0 1.197
+(command under)3.697 F/F2 9/Times-Bold@0 SF 1.197(SHELL B)3.697 F(UIL)
+-.09 E 1.197(TIN COMMANDS)-.828 F F0(belo)3.448 E 3.698(w\). This)-.25 F
+1.198(can ha)3.698 F 1.498 -.15(ve u)-.2 H(nw).15 E(anted)-.1 E .322
+(side ef)108 108 R .322(fects if escaped portions of the string appear \
+within command substitution or contain characters spe-)-.25 F(cial to w)
+108 120 Q(ord e)-.1 E(xpansion.)-.15 E/F3 10.95/Times-Bold@0 SF
+(READLINE)72 136.8 Q F0 .15
(This is the library that handles reading input when using an interacti)
-108 549.6 R .45 -.15(ve s)-.25 H .15(hell, unless the).15 F F1
-(\255\255noediting)2.65 E F0(option)2.65 E .384(is gi)108 561.6 R -.15
-(ve)-.25 G 2.884(na).15 G 2.884(ts)-2.884 G .384(hell in)-2.884 F -.2
-(vo)-.4 G 2.884(cation. Line).2 F .384
-(editing is also used when using the)2.884 F F1<ad65>2.885 E F0 .385
-(option to the)2.885 F F1 -.18(re)2.885 G(ad).18 E F0 -.2(bu)2.885 G
-2.885(iltin. By).2 F(de-)2.885 E -.1(fa)108 573.6 S 1.407
+108 148.8 R .451 -.15(ve s)-.25 H .151(hell, unless the).15 F F1
+(\255\255noediting)2.651 E F0(option)2.651 E .385(is gi)108 160.8 R -.15
+(ve)-.25 G 2.885(na).15 G 2.885(ts)-2.885 G .385(hell in)-2.885 F -.2
+(vo)-.4 G 2.885(cation. Line).2 F .385
+(editing is also used when using the)2.885 F F1<ad65>2.884 E F0 .384
+(option to the)2.884 F F1 -.18(re)2.884 G(ad).18 E F0 -.2(bu)2.884 G
+2.884(iltin. By).2 F(de-)2.884 E -.1(fa)108 172.8 S 1.406
(ult, the line editing commands are similar to those of Emacs.).1 F
-3.906(Av)6.406 G 1.406(i-style line editing interf)-3.906 F 1.406
-(ace is also)-.1 F -.2(av)108 585.6 S 3.35(ailable. Line)-.05 F .85
+3.907(Av)6.407 G 1.407(i-style line editing interf)-3.907 F 1.407
+(ace is also)-.1 F -.2(av)108 184.8 S 3.35(ailable. Line)-.05 F .85
(editing can be enabled at an)3.35 F 3.35(yt)-.15 G .85(ime using the)
-3.35 F F1 .85(\255o emacs)3.35 F F0(or)3.35 E F1 .85(\255o vi)3.35 F F0
.85(options to the)3.35 F F1(set)3.35 E F0 -.2(bu)3.35 G(iltin).2 E
-(\(see)108 597.6 Q F3 .763(SHELL B)3.263 F(UIL)-.09 E .763(TIN COMMANDS)
--.828 F F0(belo)3.013 E 3.263(w\). T)-.25 F 3.263(ot)-.8 G .763(urn of)
+(\(see)108 196.8 Q F2 .762(SHELL B)3.262 F(UIL)-.09 E .762(TIN COMMANDS)
+-.828 F F0(belo)3.012 E 3.262(w\). T)-.25 F 3.263(ot)-.8 G .763(urn of)
-3.263 F 3.263(fl)-.25 G .763
-(ine editing after the shell is running, use the)-3.263 F F1(+o)3.262 E
-(emacs)108 609.6 Q F0(or)2.5 E F1(+o vi)2.5 E F0(options to the)2.5 E F1
-(set)2.5 E F0 -.2(bu)2.5 G(iltin.).2 E F1(Readline Notation)87 626.4 Q
+(ine editing after the shell is running, use the)-3.263 F F1(+o)3.263 E
+(emacs)108 208.8 Q F0(or)2.5 E F1(+o vi)2.5 E F0(options to the)2.5 E F1
+(set)2.5 E F0 -.2(bu)2.5 G(iltin.).2 E F1(Readline Notation)87 225.6 Q
F0 .463(In this section, the Emacs-style notation is used to denote k)
-108 638.4 R -.15(ey)-.1 G(strok).15 E 2.963(es. Control)-.1 F -.1(ke)
-2.963 G .463(ys are denoted by C\255)-.05 F F2 -.1(ke)C(y)-.2 E F0(,)A
-1.153(e.g., C\255n means Control\255N.)108 650.4 R(Similarly)6.153 E(,)
--.65 E F2(meta)4.033 E F0 -.1(ke)3.913 G 1.153(ys are denoted by M\255)
--.05 F F2 -.1(ke)C(y)-.2 E F0 3.652(,s)C 3.652(oM)-3.652 G 1.152
-(\255x means Meta\255X.)-3.652 F(\(On)6.152 E -.1(ke)108 662.4 S .83
-(yboards without a)-.05 F F2(meta)3.71 E F0 -.1(ke)3.59 G 2.13 -.65
-(y, M)-.05 H<ad>.65 E F2(x)A F0 .83(means ESC)3.33 F F2(x)3.33 E F0 3.33
-(,i)C .831(.e., press the Escape k)-3.33 F 1.131 -.15(ey t)-.1 H .831
-(hen the).15 F F2(x)4.101 E F0 -.1(ke)3.861 G 4.631 -.65(y. T)-.05 H
-.831(his mak).65 F(es)-.1 E .6(ESC the)108 674.4 R F2 .6(meta pr)3.1 F
-(e\214x)-.37 E F0 5.6(.T)C .6(he combination M\255C\255)-5.6 F F2(x)A F0
-.599(means ESC\255Control\255)3.099 F F2(x)A F0 3.099(,o)C 3.099(rp)
--3.099 G .599(ress the Escape k)-3.099 F .899 -.15(ey t)-.1 H .599
-(hen hold).15 F(the Control k)108 686.4 Q .3 -.15(ey w)-.1 H
-(hile pressing the).15 E F2(x)3.27 E F0 -.1(ke)3.03 G -.65(y.)-.05 G(\))
-.65 E .595(Readline commands may be gi)108 703.2 R -.15(ve)-.25 G 3.096
-(nn).15 G(umeric)-3.096 E F2(ar)3.426 E(guments)-.37 E F0 3.096(,w).27 G
-.596(hich normally act as a repeat count.)-3.096 F(Sometimes,)5.596 E
-(ho)108 715.2 Q(we)-.25 E -.15(ve)-.25 G 1.419 -.4(r, i).15 H 3.119(ti)
-.4 G 3.119(st)-3.119 G .619(he sign of the ar)-3.119 F .619
+108 237.6 R -.15(ey)-.1 G(strok).15 E 2.963(es. Control)-.1 F -.1(ke)
+2.963 G .463(ys are denoted by C\255)-.05 F/F4 10/Times-Italic@0 SF -.1
+(ke)C(y)-.2 E F0(,)A 1.152(e.g., C\255n means Control\255N.)108 249.6 R
+(Similarly)6.152 E(,)-.65 E F4(meta)4.032 E F0 -.1(ke)3.913 G 1.153
+(ys are denoted by M\255)-.05 F F4 -.1(ke)C(y)-.2 E F0 3.653(,s)C 3.653
+(oM)-3.653 G 1.153(\255x means Meta\255X.)-3.653 F(\(On)6.153 E -.1(ke)
+108 261.6 S .831(yboards without a)-.05 F F4(meta)3.711 E F0 -.1(ke)
+3.591 G 2.131 -.65(y, M)-.05 H<ad>.65 E F4(x)A F0 .831(means ESC)3.331 F
+F4(x)3.331 E F0 3.331(,i)C .83(.e., press the Escape k)-3.331 F 1.13
+-.15(ey t)-.1 H .83(hen the).15 F F4(x)4.1 E F0 -.1(ke)3.86 G 4.63 -.65
+(y. T)-.05 H .83(his mak).65 F(es)-.1 E .599(ESC the)108 273.6 R F4 .599
+(meta pr)3.099 F(e\214x)-.37 E F0 5.599(.T)C .599
+(he combination M\255C\255)-5.599 F F4(x)A F0 .599
+(means ESC\255Control\255)3.099 F F4(x)A F0 3.099(,o)C 3.099(rp)-3.099 G
+.6(ress the Escape k)-3.099 F .9 -.15(ey t)-.1 H .6(hen hold).15 F
+(the Control k)108 285.6 Q .3 -.15(ey w)-.1 H(hile pressing the).15 E F4
+(x)3.27 E F0 -.1(ke)3.03 G -.65(y.)-.05 G(\)).65 E .596
+(Readline commands may be gi)108 302.4 R -.15(ve)-.25 G 3.096(nn).15 G
+(umeric)-3.096 E F4(ar)3.426 E(guments)-.37 E F0 3.096(,w).27 G .596
+(hich normally act as a repeat count.)-3.096 F(Sometimes,)5.595 E(ho)108
+314.4 Q(we)-.25 E -.15(ve)-.25 G 1.418 -.4(r, i).15 H 3.118(ti).4 G
+3.119(st)-3.118 G .619(he sign of the ar)-3.119 F .619
(gument that is signi\214cant.)-.18 F -.15(Pa)5.619 G .619(ssing a ne)
.15 F -.05(ga)-.15 G(ti).05 E .919 -.15(ve a)-.25 H -.18(rg).15 G .619
-(ument to a command that).18 F 2.938(acts in the forw)108 727.2 R 2.938
-(ard direction \(e.g.,)-.1 F F1(kill\255line)5.438 E F0 5.438(\)c)C
-2.938(auses that command to act in a backw)-5.438 F 2.938
-(ard direction.)-.1 F(GNU Bash 5.1)72 768 Q(2020 October 29)141.235 E
-(39)190.395 E 0 Cg EP
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-/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 137.14(SH\(1\) General).35 F
-(Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E
-(Commands whose beha)108 84 Q(vior with ar)-.2 E(guments de)-.18 E
-(viates from this are noted belo)-.25 E -.65(w.)-.25 G .812
-(When a command is described as)108 100.8 R/F1 10/Times-Italic@0 SF
+(ument to a command that).18 F 1.019(acts in the forw)108 326.4 R 1.018
+(ard direction \(e.g.,)-.1 F F1(kill\255line)3.518 E F0 3.518(\)c)C
+1.018(auses that command to act in a backw)-3.518 F 1.018
+(ard direction.)-.1 F(Com-)6.018 E(mands whose beha)108 338.4 Q
+(vior with ar)-.2 E(guments de)-.18 E(viates from this are noted belo)
+-.25 E -.65(w.)-.25 G .811(When a command is described as)108 355.2 R F4
(killing)3.311 E F0(te)3.311 E .811(xt, the te)-.15 F .811
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R .043(ariables that can be used to further customize its beha)-.25 F
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--.2(bu)2.5 G(iltin command \(see).2 E F3(SHELL B)2.5 E(UIL)-.09 E
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-(Except where noted, readline v)108 448.8 R .79(ariables can tak)-.25 F
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(ariable names are ignored.)-.25 F .448(When a v)5.448 F .448(ariable v)
--.25 F .448(alue is read, empty or null v)-.25 F .448
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-(\), and "1" are equi).15 F -.25(va)-.25 G .468(lent to).25 F F1(On)
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--.25 G(lents.).25 E F1(blink\255matching\255par)108 585.6 Q(en \(Off\))
--.18 E F0 .21(If set to)144 597.6 R F1(On)2.71 E F0 2.71(,r)C .21
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(he cursor to an opening parenthesis when a closing).15 F
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(ed\255completion\255pr)-.18 E(e\214x \(Off\))-.18 E F0 .515(If set to)
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-F0(en)2.5 E(vironment v)-.4 E(ariable.)-.25 E F1(color)108 669.6 Q
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-(This determines when the user is queried about vie)144 252 R .53
-(wing the number of possible completions gen-)-.25 F .561(erated by the)
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-(re simply)-2.867 F(listed on the terminal.)144 300 Q F1(con)108 312 Q
--.1(ve)-.4 G(rt\255meta \(On\)).1 E F0 .612(If set to)144 324 R F1(On)
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(rt characters with the eighth bit set to an ASCII k).15 F .913 -.15
(ey s)-.1 H .613(equence by).15 F .541
(stripping the eighth bit and pre\214xing an escape character \(in ef)
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(Completion characters will be inserted into the)5.038 F(line as if the)
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-(last line of the primary prompt when emacs editing mode is acti)144 492
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-.839(inding, so the standard set of meta- and control pre\214x)-3.34 F
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+(inding, so the standard set of meta- and control pre\214x)-3.34 F .839
+(es and backslash escape sequences is)-.15 F -.2(av)144 132 S 2.798
(ailable. Use)-.05 F .298(the \\1 and \\2 escapes to be)2.798 F .298
(gin and end sequences of non-printing characters, which)-.15 F
(can be used to embed a terminal control sequence into the mode string.)
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-(he terminal claims to support).15 F(when it is called.)144 660 Q
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of characters between the start of the current line)-.1 F .319
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(ument switches the direction).18 F .494
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-(Perform history and alias e)144 168 Q(xpansion on the current line.)
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-(Accept the current line for e)144 216 R -.15(xe)-.15 G .948
-(cution and fetch the ne).15 F .948(xt line relati)-.15 F 1.248 -.15
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-(history for editing.)144 228 R 3.23(An)5.73 G .73(umeric ar)-3.23 F
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-(gument, if supplied, speci\214es the history entry to use instead of)
--.18 F(the current line.)144 240 Q F1
-(edit\255and\255execute\255command \(C\255x C\255e\))108 252 Q F0(In)144
-264 Q -.2(vo)-.4 G .346 -.1(ke a).2 H 2.646(ne).1 G .146
-(ditor on the current command line, and e)-2.646 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .146
-(cute the result as shell commands.).15 F F1(Bash)5.147 E F0(at-)2.647 E
-(tempts to in)144 276 Q -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G F2($VISU)2.6 E(AL)-.54
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-(\(usually C\255d\))2.5 E F0 .799
-(The character indicating end-of-\214le as set, for e)144 316.8 R .799
-(xample, by)-.15 F/F5 10/Courier@0 SF(stty)3.299 E F0 5.799(.I)C 3.298
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-(there are no characters on the line, and point is at the be)144 328.8 R
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-(as the end of input and returns)144 340.8 Q F2(EOF)2.5 E F3(.)A F1
-(delete\255char \(C\255d\))108 352.8 Q F0 .442
-(Delete the character at point.)144 364.8 R .442
-(If this function is bound to the same character as the tty)5.442 F F1
-(EOF)2.941 E F0(char)2.941 E(-)-.2 E(acter)144 376.8 Q 2.5(,a)-.4 G(s)
--2.5 E F1(C\255d)2.5 E F0(commonly is, see abo)2.5 E .3 -.15(ve f)-.15 H
-(or the ef).15 E(fects.)-.25 E F1(backward\255delete\255char \(Rubout\))
-108 388.8 Q F0 .552(Delete the character behind the cursor)144 400.8 R
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+(delete\255char \(C\255d\))108 96 Q F0 .442
+(Delete the character at point.)144 108 R .442
+(If this function is bound to the same character as the tty)5.442 F F3
+(EOF)2.941 E F0(char)2.941 E(-)-.2 E(acter)144 120 Q 2.5(,a)-.4 G(s)-2.5
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+(.W)-.55 G .553(hen gi)-5.553 F -.15(ve)-.25 G 3.053(nan).15 G .553
(umeric ar)-3.053 F .553(gument, sa)-.18 F .853 -.15(ve t)-.2 H .553
-(he deleted te).15 F .553(xt on)-.15 F(the kill ring.)144 412.8 Q F1
--.25(fo)108 424.8 S(rward\255backward\255delete\255char).25 E F0 .474
-(Delete the character under the cursor)144 436.8 R 2.974(,u)-.4 G .474
+(he deleted te).15 F .553(xt on)-.15 F(the kill ring.)144 156 Q F3 -.25
+(fo)108 168 S(rward\255backward\255delete\255char).25 E F0 .474
+(Delete the character under the cursor)144 180 R 2.974(,u)-.4 G .474
(nless the cursor is at the end of the line, in which case the)-2.974 F
-(character behind the cursor is deleted.)144 448.8 Q F1
-(quoted\255insert \(C\255q, C\255v\))108 460.8 Q F0 .778(Add the ne)144
-472.8 R .779(xt character typed to the line v)-.15 F 3.279
-(erbatim. This)-.15 F .779(is ho)3.279 F 3.279(wt)-.25 G 3.279(oi)-3.279
-G .779(nsert characters lik)-3.279 F(e)-.1 E F1(C\255q)3.279 E F0 3.279
-(,f)C(or)-3.279 E -.15(ex)144 484.8 S(ample.).15 E F1
-(tab\255insert \(C\255v T)108 496.8 Q(AB\))-.9 E F0
-(Insert a tab character)144 508.8 Q(.)-.55 E F1
-(self\255insert \(a, b, A, 1, !, ...\))108 520.8 Q F0
-(Insert the character typed.)144 532.8 Q F1
-(transpose\255chars \(C\255t\))108 544.8 Q F0 .322
-(Drag the character before point forw)144 556.8 R .321(ard o)-.1 F -.15
-(ve)-.15 G 2.821(rt).15 G .321(he character at point, mo)-2.821 F .321
-(ving point forw)-.15 F .321(ard as well.)-.1 F .372
-(If point is at the end of the line, then this transposes the tw)144
-568.8 R 2.872(oc)-.1 G .373(haracters before point.)-2.872 F(Ne)5.373 E
--.05(ga)-.15 G(ti).05 E .673 -.15(ve a)-.25 H -.2(r-).15 G(guments ha)
-144 580.8 Q .3 -.15(ve n)-.2 H 2.5(oe).15 G -.25(ff)-2.5 G(ect.).25 E F1
-(transpose\255w)108 592.8 Q(ords \(M\255t\))-.1 E F0 .024(Drag the w)144
-604.8 R .024(ord before point past the w)-.1 F .023(ord after point, mo)
+(character behind the cursor is deleted.)144 192 Q F3
+(quoted\255insert \(C\255q, C\255v\))108 204 Q F0 .778(Add the ne)144
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+-.15 F .779(is ho)3.279 F 3.279(wt)-.25 G 3.279(oi)-3.279 G .779
+(nsert characters lik)-3.279 F(e)-.1 E F3(C\255q)3.279 E F0 3.279(,f)C
+(or)-3.279 E -.15(ex)144 228 S(ample.).15 E F3(tab\255insert \(C\255v T)
+108 240 Q(AB\))-.9 E F0(Insert a tab character)144 252 Q(.)-.55 E F3
+(self\255insert \(a, b, A, 1, !, ...\))108 264 Q F0
+(Insert the character typed.)144 276 Q F3(transpose\255chars \(C\255t\))
+108 288 Q F0 .322(Drag the character before point forw)144 300 R .321
+(ard o)-.1 F -.15(ve)-.15 G 2.821(rt).15 G .321
+(he character at point, mo)-2.821 F .321(ving point forw)-.15 F .321
+(ard as well.)-.1 F .372
+(If point is at the end of the line, then this transposes the tw)144 312
+R 2.872(oc)-.1 G .373(haracters before point.)-2.872 F(Ne)5.373 E -.05
+(ga)-.15 G(ti).05 E .673 -.15(ve a)-.25 H -.2(r-).15 G(guments ha)144
+324 Q .3 -.15(ve n)-.2 H 2.5(oe).15 G -.25(ff)-2.5 G(ect.).25 E F3
+(transpose\255w)108 336 Q(ords \(M\255t\))-.1 E F0 .024(Drag the w)144
+348 R .024(ord before point past the w)-.1 F .023(ord after point, mo)
-.1 F .023(ving point o)-.15 F -.15(ve)-.15 G 2.523(rt).15 G .023(hat w)
-2.523 F .023(ord as well.)-.1 F .023(If point)5.023 F
-(is at the end of the line, this transposes the last tw)144 616.8 Q 2.5
-(ow)-.1 G(ords on the line.)-2.6 E F1(upcase\255w)108 628.8 Q
-(ord \(M\255u\))-.1 E F0 1.698(Uppercase the current \(or follo)144
-640.8 R 1.698(wing\) w)-.25 F 4.198(ord. W)-.1 F 1.698(ith a ne)-.4 F
--.05(ga)-.15 G(ti).05 E 1.999 -.15(ve a)-.25 H -.18(rg).15 G 1.699
-(ument, uppercase the pre).18 F(vious)-.25 E -.1(wo)144 652.8 S(rd, b).1
-E(ut do not mo)-.2 E .3 -.15(ve p)-.15 H(oint.).15 E F1(do)108 664.8 Q
-(wncase\255w)-.1 E(ord \(M\255l\))-.1 E F0(Lo)144 676.8 Q 1.648
+(is at the end of the line, this transposes the last tw)144 360 Q 2.5
+(ow)-.1 G(ords on the line.)-2.6 E F3(upcase\255w)108 372 Q
+(ord \(M\255u\))-.1 E F0 1.698(Uppercase the current \(or follo)144 384
+R 1.698(wing\) w)-.25 F 4.198(ord. W)-.1 F 1.698(ith a ne)-.4 F -.05(ga)
+-.15 G(ti).05 E 1.999 -.15(ve a)-.25 H -.18(rg).15 G 1.699
+(ument, uppercase the pre).18 F(vious)-.25 E -.1(wo)144 396 S(rd, b).1 E
+(ut do not mo)-.2 E .3 -.15(ve p)-.15 H(oint.).15 E F3(do)108 408 Q
+(wncase\255w)-.1 E(ord \(M\255l\))-.1 E F0(Lo)144 420 Q 1.648
(wercase the current \(or follo)-.25 F 1.648(wing\) w)-.25 F 4.148
(ord. W)-.1 F 1.647(ith a ne)-.4 F -.05(ga)-.15 G(ti).05 E 1.947 -.15
(ve a)-.25 H -.18(rg).15 G 1.647(ument, lo).18 F 1.647(wercase the pre)
--.25 F(vious)-.25 E -.1(wo)144 688.8 S(rd, b).1 E(ut do not mo)-.2 E .3
--.15(ve p)-.15 H(oint.).15 E F1(capitalize\255w)108 700.8 Q
-(ord \(M\255c\))-.1 E F0 1.974(Capitalize the current \(or follo)144
-712.8 R 1.974(wing\) w)-.25 F 4.474(ord. W)-.1 F 1.974(ith a ne)-.4 F
--.05(ga)-.15 G(ti).05 E 2.274 -.15(ve a)-.25 H -.18(rg).15 G 1.975
-(ument, capitalize the pre).18 F(vious)-.25 E -.1(wo)144 724.8 S(rd, b)
-.1 E(ut do not mo)-.2 E .3 -.15(ve p)-.15 H(oint.).15 E(GNU Bash 5.1)72
-768 Q(2020 October 29)141.235 E(48)190.395 E 0 Cg EP
-%%Page: 49 49
+-.25 F(vious)-.25 E -.1(wo)144 432 S(rd, b).1 E(ut do not mo)-.2 E .3
+-.15(ve p)-.15 H(oint.).15 E F3(capitalize\255w)108 444 Q
+(ord \(M\255c\))-.1 E F0 1.974(Capitalize the current \(or follo)144 456
+R 1.974(wing\) w)-.25 F 4.474(ord. W)-.1 F 1.974(ith a ne)-.4 F -.05(ga)
+-.15 G(ti).05 E 2.274 -.15(ve a)-.25 H -.18(rg).15 G 1.975
+(ument, capitalize the pre).18 F(vious)-.25 E -.1(wo)144 468 S(rd, b).1
+E(ut do not mo)-.2 E .3 -.15(ve p)-.15 H(oint.).15 E F3 -.1(ove)108 480
+S(rwrite\255mode).1 E F0 -.8(To)144 492 S .438(ggle o).8 F -.15(ve)-.15
+G .438(rwrite mode.).15 F -.4(Wi)5.438 G .438(th an e).4 F .438
+(xplicit positi)-.15 F .737 -.15(ve n)-.25 H .437(umeric ar).15 F .437
+(gument, switches to o)-.18 F -.15(ve)-.15 G .437(rwrite mode.).15 F -.4
+(Wi)144 504 S .78(th an e).4 F .781(xplicit non-positi)-.15 F 1.081 -.15
+(ve n)-.25 H .781(umeric ar).15 F .781(gument, switches to insert mode.)
+-.18 F .781(This command af)5.781 F(fects)-.25 E(only)144 516 Q F3
+(emacs)4.395 E F0(mode;)4.395 E F3(vi)4.395 E F0 1.894(mode does o)4.395
+F -.15(ve)-.15 G 1.894(rwrite dif).15 F(ferently)-.25 E 6.894(.E)-.65 G
+1.894(ach call to)-6.894 F/F4 10/Times-Italic@0 SF -.37(re)4.394 G
+(adline\(\)).37 E F0 1.894(starts in insert)4.394 F 3.968(mode. In)144
+528 R -.15(ove)3.968 G 1.468(rwrite mode, characters bound to).15 F F3
+(self\255insert)3.969 E F0 1.469(replace the te)3.969 F 1.469
+(xt at point rather than)-.15 F .958(pushing the te)144 540 R .958
+(xt to the right.)-.15 F .957(Characters bound to)5.958 F F3
+(backward\255delete\255char)3.457 E F0 .957(replace the character)3.457
+F(before point with a space.)144 552 Q(By def)5 E
+(ault, this command is unbound.)-.1 E F3(Killing and Y)87 568.8 Q
+(anking)-.85 E(kill\255line \(C\255k\))108 580.8 Q F0(Kill the te)144
+592.8 Q(xt from point to the end of the line.)-.15 E F3
+(backward\255kill\255line \(C\255x Rubout\))108 604.8 Q F0(Kill backw)
+144 616.8 Q(ard to the be)-.1 E(ginning of the line.)-.15 E F3
+(unix\255line\255discard \(C\255u\))108 628.8 Q F0(Kill backw)144 640.8
+Q(ard from point to the be)-.1 E(ginning of the line.)-.15 E
+(The killed te)5 E(xt is sa)-.15 E -.15(ve)-.2 G 2.5(do).15 G 2.5(nt)
+-2.5 G(he kill-ring.)-2.5 E F3(kill\255whole\255line)108 652.8 Q F0
+(Kill all characters on the current line, no matter where point is.)144
+664.8 Q F3(kill\255w)108 676.8 Q(ord \(M\255d\))-.1 E F0 .728
+(Kill from point to the end of the current w)144 688.8 R .729
+(ord, or if between w)-.1 F .729(ords, to the end of the ne)-.1 F .729
+(xt w)-.15 F(ord.)-.1 E -.8(Wo)144 700.8 S
+(rd boundaries are the same as those used by).8 E F3 -.25(fo)2.5 G
+(rward\255w).25 E(ord)-.1 E F0(.)A(GNU Bash 5.1)72 768 Q
+(2021 October 25)141.235 E(50)190.395 E 0 Cg EP
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BP
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/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 137.14(SH\(1\) General).35 F
(Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E/F1 10/Times-Bold@0
-SF -.1(ove)108 84 S(rwrite\255mode).1 E F0 -.8(To)144 96 S .438(ggle o)
-.8 F -.15(ve)-.15 G .438(rwrite mode.).15 F -.4(Wi)5.438 G .438(th an e)
-.4 F .438(xplicit positi)-.15 F .737 -.15(ve n)-.25 H .437(umeric ar).15
-F .437(gument, switches to o)-.18 F -.15(ve)-.15 G .437(rwrite mode.).15
-F -.4(Wi)144 108 S .78(th an e).4 F .781(xplicit non-positi)-.15 F 1.081
--.15(ve n)-.25 H .781(umeric ar).15 F .781
-(gument, switches to insert mode.)-.18 F .781(This command af)5.781 F
-(fects)-.25 E(only)144 120 Q F1(emacs)4.395 E F0(mode;)4.395 E F1(vi)
-4.395 E F0 1.894(mode does o)4.395 F -.15(ve)-.15 G 1.894(rwrite dif).15
-F(ferently)-.25 E 6.894(.E)-.65 G 1.894(ach call to)-6.894 F/F2 10
-/Times-Italic@0 SF -.37(re)4.394 G(adline\(\)).37 E F0 1.894
-(starts in insert)4.394 F 3.968(mode. In)144 132 R -.15(ove)3.968 G
-1.468(rwrite mode, characters bound to).15 F F1(self\255insert)3.969 E
-F0 1.469(replace the te)3.969 F 1.469(xt at point rather than)-.15 F
-.958(pushing the te)144 144 R .958(xt to the right.)-.15 F .957
-(Characters bound to)5.958 F F1(backward\255delete\255char)3.457 E F0
-.957(replace the character)3.457 F(before point with a space.)144 156 Q
-(By def)5 E(ault, this command is unbound.)-.1 E F1(Killing and Y)87
-172.8 Q(anking)-.85 E(kill\255line \(C\255k\))108 184.8 Q F0
-(Kill the te)144 196.8 Q(xt from point to the end of the line.)-.15 E F1
-(backward\255kill\255line \(C\255x Rubout\))108 208.8 Q F0(Kill backw)
-144 220.8 Q(ard to the be)-.1 E(ginning of the line.)-.15 E F1
-(unix\255line\255discard \(C\255u\))108 232.8 Q F0(Kill backw)144 244.8
-Q(ard from point to the be)-.1 E(ginning of the line.)-.15 E
-(The killed te)5 E(xt is sa)-.15 E -.15(ve)-.2 G 2.5(do).15 G 2.5(nt)
--2.5 G(he kill-ring.)-2.5 E F1(kill\255whole\255line)108 256.8 Q F0
-(Kill all characters on the current line, no matter where point is.)144
-268.8 Q F1(kill\255w)108 280.8 Q(ord \(M\255d\))-.1 E F0 .728
-(Kill from point to the end of the current w)144 292.8 R .729
-(ord, or if between w)-.1 F .729(ords, to the end of the ne)-.1 F .729
-(xt w)-.15 F(ord.)-.1 E -.8(Wo)144 304.8 S
-(rd boundaries are the same as those used by).8 E F1 -.25(fo)2.5 G
-(rward\255w).25 E(ord)-.1 E F0(.)A F1(backward\255kill\255w)108 316.8 Q
-(ord \(M\255Rubout\))-.1 E F0(Kill the w)144 328.8 Q(ord behind point.)
--.1 E -.8(Wo)5 G(rd boundaries are the same as those used by).8 E F1
-(backward\255w)2.5 E(ord)-.1 E F0(.)A F1(shell\255kill\255w)108 340.8 Q
-(ord)-.1 E F0 .729(Kill from point to the end of the current w)144 352.8
-R .728(ord, or if between w)-.1 F .728(ords, to the end of the ne)-.1 F
-.728(xt w)-.15 F(ord.)-.1 E -.8(Wo)144 364.8 S
+SF(backward\255kill\255w)108 84 Q(ord \(M\255Rubout\))-.1 E F0
+(Kill the w)144 96 Q(ord behind point.)-.1 E -.8(Wo)5 G
+(rd boundaries are the same as those used by).8 E F1(backward\255w)2.5 E
+(ord)-.1 E F0(.)A F1(shell\255kill\255w)108 108 Q(ord)-.1 E F0 .729
+(Kill from point to the end of the current w)144 120 R .728
+(ord, or if between w)-.1 F .728(ords, to the end of the ne)-.1 F .728
+(xt w)-.15 F(ord.)-.1 E -.8(Wo)144 132 S
(rd boundaries are the same as those used by).8 E F1(shell\255f)2.5 E
(orward\255w)-.25 E(ord)-.1 E F0(.)A F1(shell\255backward\255kill\255w)
-108 376.8 Q(ord)-.1 E F0 3.025(Kill the w)144 388.8 R 3.025
+108 144 Q(ord)-.1 E F0 3.025(Kill the w)144 156 R 3.025
(ord behind point.)-.1 F -.8(Wo)8.025 G 3.025
(rd boundaries are the same as those used by).8 F F1(shell\255back-)
-5.525 E(ward\255w)144 400.8 Q(ord)-.1 E F0(.)A F1(unix\255w)108 412.8 Q
-(ord\255rubout \(C\255w\))-.1 E F0 .365(Kill the w)144 424.8 R .365
+5.525 E(ward\255w)144 168 Q(ord)-.1 E F0(.)A F1(unix\255w)108 180 Q
+(ord\255rubout \(C\255w\))-.1 E F0 .365(Kill the w)144 192 R .365
(ord behind point, using white space as a w)-.1 F .364(ord boundary)-.1
F 5.364(.T)-.65 G .364(he killed te)-5.364 F .364(xt is sa)-.15 F -.15
(ve)-.2 G 2.864(do).15 G 2.864(nt)-2.864 G(he)-2.864 E(kill-ring.)144
-436.8 Q F1(unix\255\214lename\255rubout)108 448.8 Q F0 .166(Kill the w)
-144 460.8 R .166
+204 Q F1(unix\255\214lename\255rubout)108 216 Q F0 .166(Kill the w)144
+228 R .166
(ord behind point, using white space and the slash character as the w)
--.1 F .167(ord boundaries.)-.1 F(The)5.167 E(killed te)144 472.8 Q
+-.1 F .167(ord boundaries.)-.1 F(The)5.167 E(killed te)144 240 Q
(xt is sa)-.15 E -.15(ve)-.2 G 2.5(do).15 G 2.5(nt)-2.5 G(he kill-ring.)
--2.5 E F1(delete\255horizontal\255space \(M\255\\\))108 484.8 Q F0
-(Delete all spaces and tabs around point.)144 496.8 Q F1(kill\255r)108
-508.8 Q(egion)-.18 E F0(Kill the te)144 520.8 Q(xt in the current re)
--.15 E(gion.)-.15 E F1(copy\255r)108 532.8 Q(egion\255as\255kill)-.18 E
-F0(Cop)144 544.8 Q 2.5(yt)-.1 G(he te)-2.5 E(xt in the re)-.15 E
+-2.5 E F1(delete\255horizontal\255space \(M\255\\\))108 252 Q F0
+(Delete all spaces and tabs around point.)144 264 Q F1(kill\255r)108 276
+Q(egion)-.18 E F0(Kill the te)144 288 Q(xt in the current re)-.15 E
+(gion.)-.15 E F1(copy\255r)108 300 Q(egion\255as\255kill)-.18 E F0(Cop)
+144 312 Q 2.5(yt)-.1 G(he te)-2.5 E(xt in the re)-.15 E
(gion to the kill b)-.15 E(uf)-.2 E(fer)-.25 E(.)-.55 E F1
-(copy\255backward\255w)108 556.8 Q(ord)-.1 E F0(Cop)144 568.8 Q 4.801
-(yt)-.1 G 2.301(he w)-4.801 F 2.301(ord before point to the kill b)-.1 F
-(uf)-.2 E(fer)-.25 E 7.301(.T)-.55 G 2.301(he w)-7.301 F 2.3
-(ord boundaries are the same as)-.1 F F1(back-)4.8 E(ward\255w)144 580.8
-Q(ord)-.1 E F0(.)A F1(copy\255f)108 592.8 Q(orward\255w)-.25 E(ord)-.1 E
-F0(Cop)144 604.8 Q 4.507(yt)-.1 G 2.007(he w)-4.507 F 2.007(ord follo)
--.1 F 2.007(wing point to the kill b)-.25 F(uf)-.2 E(fer)-.25 E 7.008
-(.T)-.55 G 2.008(he w)-7.008 F 2.008(ord boundaries are the same as)-.1
-F F1 -.25(fo)4.508 G -.37(r-).25 G(ward\255w)144 616.8 Q(ord)-.1 E F0(.)
-A F1(yank \(C\255y\))108 628.8 Q F0 -1(Ya)144 640.8 S
+(copy\255backward\255w)108 324 Q(ord)-.1 E F0(Cop)144 336 Q 4.801(yt)-.1
+G 2.301(he w)-4.801 F 2.301(ord before point to the kill b)-.1 F(uf)-.2
+E(fer)-.25 E 7.301(.T)-.55 G 2.301(he w)-7.301 F 2.3
+(ord boundaries are the same as)-.1 F F1(back-)4.8 E(ward\255w)144 348 Q
+(ord)-.1 E F0(.)A F1(copy\255f)108 360 Q(orward\255w)-.25 E(ord)-.1 E F0
+(Cop)144 372 Q 4.507(yt)-.1 G 2.007(he w)-4.507 F 2.007(ord follo)-.1 F
+2.007(wing point to the kill b)-.25 F(uf)-.2 E(fer)-.25 E 7.008(.T)-.55
+G 2.008(he w)-7.008 F 2.008(ord boundaries are the same as)-.1 F F1 -.25
+(fo)4.508 G -.37(r-).25 G(ward\255w)144 384 Q(ord)-.1 E F0(.)A F1
+(yank \(C\255y\))108 396 Q F0 -1(Ya)144 408 S
(nk the top of the kill ring into the b)1 E(uf)-.2 E(fer at point.)-.25
-E F1(yank\255pop \(M\255y\))108 652.8 Q F0
-(Rotate the kill ring, and yank the ne)144 664.8 Q 2.5(wt)-.25 G 2.5
+E F1(yank\255pop \(M\255y\))108 420 Q F0
+(Rotate the kill ring, and yank the ne)144 432 Q 2.5(wt)-.25 G 2.5
(op. Only)-2.5 F -.1(wo)2.5 G(rks follo).1 E(wing)-.25 E F1(yank)2.5 E
-F0(or)2.5 E F1(yank\255pop)2.5 E F0(.)A F1(Numeric Ar)87 681.6 Q
-(guments)-.1 E(digit\255ar)108 693.6 Q
+F0(or)2.5 E F1(yank\255pop)2.5 E F0(.)A F1(Numeric Ar)87 448.8 Q
+(guments)-.1 E(digit\255ar)108 460.8 Q
(gument \(M\2550, M\2551, ..., M\255\255\))-.1 E F0 .367
-(Add this digit to the ar)144 705.6 R .367
+(Add this digit to the ar)144 472.8 R .367
(gument already accumulating, or start a ne)-.18 F 2.867(wa)-.25 G -.18
(rg)-2.867 G 2.867(ument. M\255\255).18 F .366(starts a ne)2.867 F -.05
-(ga)-.15 G(-).05 E(ti)144 717.6 Q .3 -.15(ve a)-.25 H -.18(rg).15 G
-(ument.).18 E(GNU Bash 5.1)72 768 Q(2020 October 29)141.235 E(49)190.395
-E 0 Cg EP
-%%Page: 50 50
-%%BeginPageSetup
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-/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 137.14(SH\(1\) General).35 F
-(Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E/F1 10/Times-Bold@0
-SF(uni)108 84 Q -.1(ve)-.1 G(rsal\255ar).1 E(gument)-.1 E F0 .778
-(This is another w)144 96 R .779(ay to specify an ar)-.1 F 3.279
-(gument. If)-.18 F .779(this command is follo)3.279 F .779
+(ga)-.15 G(-).05 E(ti)144 484.8 Q .3 -.15(ve a)-.25 H -.18(rg).15 G
+(ument.).18 E F1(uni)108 496.8 Q -.1(ve)-.1 G(rsal\255ar).1 E(gument)-.1
+E F0 .778(This is another w)144 508.8 R .779(ay to specify an ar)-.1 F
+3.279(gument. If)-.18 F .779(this command is follo)3.279 F .779
(wed by one or more digits,)-.25 F 1.376
(optionally with a leading minus sign, those digits de\214ne the ar)144
-108 R 3.876(gument. If)-.18 F 1.376(the command is fol-)3.876 F(lo)144
-120 Q 1.17(wed by digits, e)-.25 F -.15(xe)-.15 G(cuting).15 E F1(uni)
+520.8 R 3.876(gument. If)-.18 F 1.376(the command is fol-)3.876 F(lo)144
+532.8 Q 1.17(wed by digits, e)-.25 F -.15(xe)-.15 G(cuting).15 E F1(uni)
3.67 E -.1(ve)-.1 G(rsal\255ar).1 E(gument)-.1 E F0(ag)3.67 E 1.17
(ain ends the numeric ar)-.05 F 1.17(gument, b)-.18 F 1.17(ut is other)
--.2 F(-)-.2 E .899(wise ignored.)144 132 R .898
+-.2 F(-)-.2 E .899(wise ignored.)144 544.8 R .898
(As a special case, if this command is immediately follo)5.899 F .898
(wed by a character that is)-.25 F 1.23
-(neither a digit nor minus sign, the ar)144 144 R 1.23
+(neither a digit nor minus sign, the ar)144 556.8 R 1.23
(gument count for the ne)-.18 F 1.23(xt command is multiplied by four)
--.15 F(.)-.55 E .823(The ar)144 156 R .823
+-.15 F(.)-.55 E .823(The ar)144 568.8 R .823
(gument count is initially one, so e)-.18 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .823
(cuting this function the \214rst time mak).15 F .822(es the ar)-.1 F
-(gument)-.18 E(count four)144 168 Q 2.5(,as)-.4 G(econd time mak)-2.5 E
-(es the ar)-.1 E(gument count sixteen, and so on.)-.18 E F1(Completing)
-87 184.8 Q(complete \(T)108 196.8 Q(AB\))-.9 E F0 1.137
-(Attempt to perform completion on the te)144 208.8 R 1.137
+(gument)-.18 E(count four)144 580.8 Q 2.5(,as)-.4 G(econd time mak)-2.5
+E(es the ar)-.1 E(gument count sixteen, and so on.)-.18 E F1(Completing)
+87 597.6 Q(complete \(T)108 609.6 Q(AB\))-.9 E F0 1.137
+(Attempt to perform completion on the te)144 621.6 R 1.137
(xt before point.)-.15 F F1(Bash)6.137 E F0 1.137
-(attempts completion treating the)3.637 F(te)144 220.8 Q .533(xt as a v)
+(attempts completion treating the)3.637 F(te)144 633.6 Q .533(xt as a v)
-.15 F .533(ariable \(if the te)-.25 F .533(xt be)-.15 F .533(gins with)
-.15 F F1($)3.033 E F0 .533(\), username \(if the te)B .532(xt be)-.15 F
.532(gins with)-.15 F F1(~)3.032 E F0 .532(\), hostname \(if the)B(te)
-144 232.8 Q .701(xt be)-.15 F .701(gins with)-.15 F F1(@)3.201 E F0 .701
+144 645.6 Q .701(xt be)-.15 F .701(gins with)-.15 F F1(@)3.201 E F0 .701
(\), or command \(including aliases and functions\) in turn.)B .702
(If none of these pro-)5.701 F
-(duces a match, \214lename completion is attempted.)144 244.8 Q F1
-(possible\255completions \(M\255?\))108 256.8 Q F0
-(List the possible completions of the te)144 268.8 Q(xt before point.)
--.15 E F1(insert\255completions \(M\255*\))108 280.8 Q F0 .783
-(Insert all completions of the te)144 292.8 R .783
+(duces a match, \214lename completion is attempted.)144 657.6 Q F1
+(possible\255completions \(M\255?\))108 669.6 Q F0
+(List the possible completions of the te)144 681.6 Q(xt before point.)
+-.15 E F1(insert\255completions \(M\255*\))108 693.6 Q F0 .783
+(Insert all completions of the te)144 705.6 R .783
(xt before point that w)-.15 F .783(ould ha)-.1 F 1.083 -.15(ve b)-.2 H
.783(een generated by).15 F F1(possible\255com-)3.282 E(pletions)144
-304.8 Q F0(.)A F1(menu\255complete)108 316.8 Q F0 .928(Similar to)144
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-1.194(possible completions.)144 340.8 R 1.194(Repeated e)6.194 F -.15
-(xe)-.15 G 1.194(cution of).15 F F1(menu\255complete)3.694 E F0 1.193
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(steps through the list of possible)3.694 F .828
-(completions, inserting each match in turn.)144 352.8 R .828
+(completions, inserting each match in turn.)144 120 R .828
(At the end of the list of completions, the bell is rung)5.828 F .727
-(\(subject to the setting of)144 364.8 R F1(bell\255style)3.227 E F0
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-E F0(mo)3.227 E -.15(ve)-.15 G(s).15 E F2(n)3.227 E F0 1.73
-(positions forw)144 376.8 R 1.73(ard in the list of matches; a ne)-.1 F
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(ument may be used to mo).18 F 2.03 -.15(ve b)-.15 H(ackw).15 E(ard)-.1
-E(through the list.)144 388.8 Q(This command is intended to be bound to)
-5 E F1 -.9(TA)2.5 G(B).9 E F0 2.5(,b)C(ut is unbound by def)-2.7 E
-(ault.)-.1 E F1(menu\255complete\255backward)108 400.8 Q F0 .82
-(Identical to)144 412.8 R F1(menu\255complete)3.32 E F0 3.32(,b)C .82
-(ut mo)-3.52 F -.15(ve)-.15 G 3.32(sb).15 G(ackw)-3.32 E .82
+E(through the list.)144 156 Q(This command is intended to be bound to)5
+E F1 -.9(TA)2.5 G(B).9 E F0 2.5(,b)C(ut is unbound by def)-2.7 E(ault.)
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(ard through the list of possible completions, as if)-.1 F F1
-(menu\255complete)144 424.8 Q F0(had been gi)2.5 E -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.5
-(nan).15 G -2.25 -.15(eg a)-2.5 H(ti).15 E .3 -.15(ve a)-.25 H -.18(rg)
-.15 G 2.5(ument. This).18 F(command is unbound by def)2.5 E(ault.)-.1 E
-F1(delete\255char\255or\255list)108 436.8 Q F0 .234
-(Deletes the character under the cursor if not at the be)144 448.8 R
-.234(ginning or end of the line \(lik)-.15 F(e)-.1 E F1(delete\255char)
-2.735 E F0(\).)A .425(If at the end of the line, beha)144 460.8 R -.15
-(ve)-.2 G 2.925(si).15 G .425(dentically to)-2.925 F F1
-(possible\255completions)2.925 E F0 5.425(.T)C .425
-(his command is unbound)-5.425 F(by def)144 472.8 Q(ault.)-.1 E F1
-(complete\255\214lename \(M\255/\))108 484.8 Q F0
-(Attempt \214lename completion on the te)144 496.8 Q(xt before point.)
--.15 E F1(possible\255\214lename\255completions \(C\255x /\))108 508.8 Q
-F0(List the possible completions of the te)144 520.8 Q
+(menu\255complete)144 192 Q F0(had been gi)2.5 E -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.5(nan)
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+(delete\255char\255or\255list)108 204 Q F0 .234
+(Deletes the character under the cursor if not at the be)144 216 R .234
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+240 Q(ault.)-.1 E F1(complete\255\214lename \(M\255/\))108 252 Q F0
+(Attempt \214lename completion on the te)144 264 Q(xt before point.)-.15
+E F1(possible\255\214lename\255completions \(C\255x /\))108 276 Q F0
+(List the possible completions of the te)144 288 Q
(xt before point, treating it as a \214lename.)-.15 E F1
-(complete\255user)108 532.8 Q(name \(M\255~\))-.15 E F0
-(Attempt completion on the te)144 544.8 Q
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+(Attempt completion on the te)144 312 Q
(xt before point, treating it as a username.)-.15 E F1(possible\255user)
-108 556.8 Q(name\255completions \(C\255x ~\))-.15 E F0
-(List the possible completions of the te)144 568.8 Q
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+(List the possible completions of the te)144 336 Q
(xt before point, treating it as a username.)-.15 E F1(complete\255v)108
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-F0(List the possible completions of the te)144 616.8 Q
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(xt before point, treating it as a shell v)-.15 E(ariable.)-.25 E F1
-(complete\255hostname \(M\255@\))108 628.8 Q F0
-(Attempt completion on the te)144 640.8 Q
+(possible\255v)108 372 Q(ariable\255completions \(C\255x $\))-.1 E F0
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+(Attempt completion on the te)144 408 Q
(xt before point, treating it as a hostname.)-.15 E F1
-(possible\255hostname\255completions \(C\255x @\))108 652.8 Q F0
-(List the possible completions of the te)144 664.8 Q
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+(List the possible completions of the te)144 432 Q
(xt before point, treating it as a hostname.)-.15 E F1
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-(Attempt completion on the te)144 688.8 R .581
+(complete\255command \(M\255!\))108 444 Q F0 .58
+(Attempt completion on the te)144 456 R .581
(xt before point, treating it as a command name.)-.15 F .581
-(Command comple-)5.581 F .715(tion attempts to match the te)144 700.8 R
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.715(xt ag)-.15 F .715(ainst aliases, reserv)-.05 F .715(ed w)-.15 F
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(ainst lines from the history list)-.05 F
-(for possible completion matches.)144 132 Q F1(dab)108 144 Q(br)-.1 E
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(ainst lines from the his-)-.05 F
-(tory list for possible completion matches.)144 168 Q F1
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+in braces so)144 600 R(the list is a)144 612 Q -.25(va)-.2 G
(ilable to the shell \(see).25 E F1(Brace Expansion)2.5 E F0(abo)2.5 E
--.15(ve)-.15 G(\).).15 E F1 -.25(Ke)87 220.8 S(yboard Macr).25 E(os)-.18
-E(start\255kbd\255macr)108 232.8 Q 2.5(o\()-.18 G(C\255x \()-2.5 E(\))
-.833 E F0(Be)144 244.8 Q(gin sa)-.15 E
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(ving the characters typed into the current k)-.2 E -.15(ey)-.1 G
-(board macro.).15 E F1(end\255kbd\255macr)108 256.8 Q 2.5(o\()-.18 G
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(ving the characters typed into the current k)-.2 E -.15(ey)-.1 G
(board macro and store the de\214nition.).15 E F1
-(call\255last\255kbd\255macr)108 280.8 Q 2.5(o\()-.18 G(C\255x e\))-2.5
-E F0(Re-e)144 292.8 Q -.15(xe)-.15 G 1(cute the last k).15 F -.15(ey)-.1
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G .999(board macro de\214ned, by making the characters in the macro app\
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-(print\255last\255kbd\255macr)108 316.8 Q 2.5(o\()-.18 G(\))-2.5 E F0
-(Print the last k)144 328.8 Q -.15(ey)-.1 G
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(board macro de\214ned in a format suitable for the).15 E/F2 10
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-(Miscellaneous)87
345.6 Q -.18(re)108 357.6 S<ad72>.18 E
+(Miscellaneous)87
112.8 Q -.18(re)108 124.8 S<ad72>.18 E
(ead\255init\255\214le \(C\255x C\255r\))-.18 E F0 1.776
-(Read in the contents of the)144 369.6 R F2(inputr)4.276 E(c)-.37 E F0
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1.777(\214le, and incorporate an)4.276 F 4.277(yb)-.15 G 1.777
(indings or v)-4.277 F 1.777(ariable assignments)-.25 F(found there.)144
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-(Abort the current editing command and ring the terminal')144 405.6 R
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5.748(sb)-.55 G 3.248(ell \(subject to the setting of)-5.748 F F1
-(bell\255style)144 417.6 Q F0(\).)A F1(do\255lo)108 429.6 Q(wer)-.1 E
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(case\255v)-.18 E(ersion \(M\255A, M\255B, M\255)-.1 E F2(x)A F1 2.5(,.)
-C(..\))-2.5 E F0 1.738(If the meta\214ed character)144 441.6 R F2(x)
+C(..\))-2.5 E F0 1.738(If the meta\214ed character)144 208.8 R F2(x)
4.238 E F0 1.739
(is uppercase, run the command that is bound to the corresponding)4.238
-F(meta\214ed lo)144 453.6 Q(wercase character)-.25 E 5(.T)-.55 G
+F(meta\214ed lo)144 220.8 Q(wercase character)-.25 E 5(.T)-.55 G
(he beha)-5 E(vior is unde\214ned if)-.2 E F2(x)2.5 E F0(is already lo)
-2.5 E(wercase.)-.25 E F1(pr)108 465.6 Q(e\214x\255meta \(ESC\))-.18 E F0
-(Metafy the ne)144 477.6 Q(xt character typed.)-.15 E/F3 9/Times-Bold@0
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+(Metafy the ne)144 244.8 Q(xt character typed.)-.15 E/F3 9/Times-Bold@0
SF(ESC)5 E F1(f)2.25 E F0(is equi)2.5 E -.25(va)-.25 G(lent to).25 E F1
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-(Incremental undo, separately remembered for each line.)144 501.6 Q F1
--2.29 -.18(re v)108 513.6 T(ert\255line \(M\255r\)).08 E F0 .231
-(Undo all changes made to this line.)144 525.6 R .231(This is lik)5.231
+(Meta\255f)2.5 E F0(.)A F1(undo \(C\255_, C\255x C\255u\))108 256.8 Q F0
+(Incremental undo, separately remembered for each line.)144 268.8 Q F1
+-2.29 -.18(re v)108 280.8 T(ert\255line \(M\255r\)).08 E F0 .231
+(Undo all changes made to this line.)144 292.8 R .231(This is lik)5.231
F 2.731(ee)-.1 G -.15(xe)-2.881 G .23(cuting the).15 F F1(undo)2.73 E F0
.23(command enough times to re-)2.73 F
-(turn the line to its initial state.)144 537.6 Q F1
-(tilde\255expand \(M\255&\))108 549.6 Q F0(Perform tilde e)144 561.6 Q
+(turn the line to its initial state.)144 304.8 Q F1
+(tilde\255expand \(M\255&\))108 316.8 Q F0(Perform tilde e)144 328.8 Q
(xpansion on the current w)-.15 E(ord.)-.1 E F1
-(set\255mark \(C\255@, M\255<space>\))108 573.6 Q F0
-(Set the mark to the point.)144 585.6 Q(If a numeric ar)5 E
+(set\255mark \(C\255@, M\255<space>\))108 340.8 Q F0
+(Set the mark to the point.)144 352.8 Q(If a numeric ar)5 E
(gument is supplied, the mark is set to that position.)-.18 E F1
-(exchange\255point\255and\255mark \(C\255x C\255x\))108 597.6 Q F0(Sw)
-144 609.6 Q .282(ap the point with the mark.)-.1 F .283
+(exchange\255point\255and\255mark \(C\255x C\255x\))108 364.8 Q F0(Sw)
+144 376.8 Q .282(ap the point with the mark.)-.1 F .283
(The current cursor position is set to the sa)5.283 F -.15(ve)-.2 G
2.783(dp).15 G .283(osition, and the old)-2.783 F(cursor position is sa)
-144 621.6 Q -.15(ve)-.2 G 2.5(da).15 G 2.5(st)-2.5 G(he mark.)-2.5 E F1
-(character\255sear)108 633.6 Q(ch \(C\255]\))-.18 E F0 3.036(Ac)144
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+144 388.8 Q -.15(ve)-.2 G 2.5(da).15 G 2.5(st)-2.5 G(he mark.)-2.5 E F1
+(character\255sear)108 400.8 Q(ch \(C\255]\))-.18 E F0 3.036(Ac)144
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3.035(dt).15 G 3.035(ot)-3.035 G .535(he ne)-3.035 F .535
(xt occurrence of that character)-.15 F 5.535(.A)-.55 G(ne)-2.5 E -.05
(ga)-.15 G(ti).05 E .835 -.15(ve c)-.25 H(ount).15 E(searches for pre)
-144 657.6 Q(vious occurrences.)-.25 E F1(character\255sear)108 669.6 Q
-(ch\255backward \(M\255C\255]\))-.18 E F0 3.543(Ac)144 681.6 S 1.043
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(haracter is read and point is mo)-3.543 F -.15(ve)-.15 G 3.544(dt).15 G
3.544(ot)-3.544 G 1.044(he pre)-3.544 F 1.044
(vious occurrence of that character)-.25 F 6.044(.A)-.55 G(ne)-2.5 E
-.05(ga)-.15 G(ti).05 E -.15(ve)-.25 G
-(count searches for subsequent occurrences.)144 693.6 Q F1
-(skip\255csi\255sequence)108 705.6 Q F0 1.827
-(Read enough characters to consume a multi-k)144 717.6 R 2.126 -.15
+(count searches for subsequent occurrences.)144 460.8 Q F1
+(skip\255csi\255sequence)108 472.8 Q F0 1.827
+(Read enough characters to consume a multi-k)144 484.8 R 2.126 -.15
(ey s)-.1 H 1.826(equence such as those de\214ned for k).15 F -.15(ey)
--.1 G 4.326(sl).15 G(ik)-4.326 E(e)-.1 E .79(Home and End.)144 729.6 R
+-.1 G 4.326(sl).15 G(ik)-4.326 E(e)-.1 E .79(Home and End.)144 496.8 R
.791(Such sequences be)5.79 F .791
(gin with a Control Sequence Indicator \(CSI\), usually ESC\255[.)-.15 F
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-(If this sequence is bound to "\\[", k)144 84 R -.15(ey)-.1 G 2.831(sp)
-.15 G .331(roducing such sequences will ha)-2.831 F .631 -.15(ve n)-.2 H
-2.831(oe).15 G -.25(ff)-2.831 G .331(ect unless e).25 F(xplic-)-.15 E
-.026(itly bound to a readline command, instead of inserting stray chara\
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-(his)-5.026 E(is unbound by def)144 108 Q(ault, b)-.1 E
-(ut usually bound to ESC\255[.)-.2 E/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 SF
-(insert\255comment \(M\255#\))108 120 Q F0 -.4(Wi)144 132 S .481
-(thout a numeric ar).4 F .481(gument, the v)-.18 F .481
-(alue of the readline)-.25 F F1(comment\255begin)2.981 E F0 -.25(va)
-2.981 G .48(riable is inserted at the).25 F(be)144 144 Q .244
+.332(If this sequence is bound to "\\[", k)144 508.8 R -.15(ey)-.1 G
+2.831(sp).15 G .331(roducing such sequences will ha)-2.831 F .631 -.15
+(ve n)-.2 H 2.831(oe).15 G -.25(ff)-2.831 G .331(ect unless e).25 F
+(xplic-)-.15 E .026(itly bound to a readline command, instead of insert\
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+(ut usually bound to ESC\255[.)-.2 E F1(insert\255comment \(M\255#\))108
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+(gument, the v)-.18 F .481(alue of the readline)-.25 F F1
+(comment\255begin)2.981 E F0 -.25(va)2.981 G .48
+(riable is inserted at the).25 F(be)144 568.8 Q .244
(ginning of the current line.)-.15 F .245(If a numeric ar)5.244 F .245
(gument is supplied, this command acts as a toggle: if)-.18 F .322
-(the characters at the be)144 156 R .321
+(the characters at the be)144 580.8 R .321
(ginning of the line do not match the v)-.15 F .321(alue of)-.25 F F1
(comment\255begin)2.821 E F0 2.821(,t)C .321(he v)-2.821 F .321(alue is)
--.25 F .831(inserted, otherwise the characters in)144 168 R F1
+-.25 F .831(inserted, otherwise the characters in)144 592.8 R F1
(comment\255begin)3.331 E F0 .832(are deleted from the be)3.331 F .832
(ginning of the line.)-.15 F 1.469
-(In either case, the line is accepted as if a ne)144 180 R 1.468
+(In either case, the line is accepted as if a ne)144 604.8 R 1.468
(wline had been typed.)-.25 F 1.468(The def)6.468 F 1.468(ault v)-.1 F
-1.468(alue of)-.25 F F1(com-)3.968 E(ment\255begin)144 192 Q F0 .839
+1.468(alue of)-.25 F F1(com-)3.968 E(ment\255begin)144 616.8 Q F0 .839
(causes this command to mak)3.339 F 3.339(et)-.1 G .839
(he current line a shell comment.)-3.339 F .84(If a numeric ar)5.84 F
-(gu-)-.18 E(ment causes the comment character to be remo)144 204 Q -.15
-(ve)-.15 G(d, the line will be e).15 E -.15(xe)-.15 G
-(cuted by the shell.).15 E F1(glob\255complete\255w)108 216 Q
-(ord \(M\255g\))-.1 E F0 .792(The w)144 228 R .791
+(gu-)-.18 E(ment causes the comment character to be remo)144 628.8 Q
+-.15(ve)-.15 G(d, the line will be e).15 E -.15(xe)-.15 G
+(cuted by the shell.).15 E F1(spell\255corr)108 640.8 Q(ect\255w)-.18 E
+(ord \(C\255x s\))-.1 E F0 .421
+(Perform spelling correction on the current w)144 652.8 R .42
+(ord, treating it as a directory or \214lename, in the same)-.1 F -.1
+(wa)144 664.8 S 4.717(ya).1 G 4.717(st)-4.717 G(he)-4.717 E F1(cdspell)
+4.717 E F0 2.217(shell option.)4.717 F -.8(Wo)7.217 G 2.217
+(rd boundaries are the same as those used by).8 F F1(shell\255f)4.718 E
+(or)-.25 E(-)-.37 E(ward\255w)144 676.8 Q(ord)-.1 E F0(.)A F1
+(glob\255complete\255w)108 688.8 Q(ord \(M\255g\))-.1 E F0 .792(The w)
+144 700.8 R .791
(ord before point is treated as a pattern for pathname e)-.1 F .791
-(xpansion, with an asterisk implicitly)-.15 F 2.5(appended. This)144 240
-R(pattern is used to generate a list of matching \214lenames for possib\
-le completions.)2.5 E F1(glob\255expand\255w)108 252 Q(ord \(C\255x *\))
--.1 E F0 .175(The w)144 264 R .176
-(ord before point is treated as a pattern for pathname e)-.1 F .176
-(xpansion, and the list of matching \214le-)-.15 F .516
-(names is inserted, replacing the w)144 276 R 3.016(ord. If)-.1 F 3.016
+(xpansion, with an asterisk implicitly)-.15 F 2.5(appended. This)144
+712.8 R(pattern is used to generate a list of matching \214lenames for \
+possible completions.)2.5 E(GNU Bash 5.1)72 768 Q(2021 October 25)
+141.235 E(53)190.395 E 0 Cg EP
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+/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 137.14(SH\(1\) General).35 F
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+SF(glob\255expand\255w)108 84 Q(ord \(C\255x *\))-.1 E F0 .175(The w)144
+96 R .176(ord before point is treated as a pattern for pathname e)-.1 F
+.176(xpansion, and the list of matching \214le-)-.15 F .516
+(names is inserted, replacing the w)144 108 R 3.016(ord. If)-.1 F 3.016
(an)3.016 G .516(umeric ar)-3.016 F .516
(gument is supplied, an asterisk is appended)-.18 F(before pathname e)
-144 288 Q(xpansion.)-.15 E F1(glob\255list\255expansions \(C\255x g\))
-108 300 Q F0 .923(The list of e)144 312 R .923(xpansions that w)-.15 F
+144 120 Q(xpansion.)-.15 E F1(glob\255list\255expansions \(C\255x g\))
+108 132 Q F0 .923(The list of e)144 144 R .923(xpansions that w)-.15 F
.923(ould ha)-.1 F 1.223 -.15(ve b)-.2 H .923(een generated by).15 F F1
(glob\255expand\255w)3.423 E(ord)-.1 E F0 .923(is displayed, and)3.423 F
-.872(the line is redra)144 324 R 3.372(wn. If)-.15 F 3.372(an)3.372 G
+.872(the line is redra)144 156 R 3.372(wn. If)-.15 F 3.372(an)3.372 G
.872(umeric ar)-3.372 F .872
(gument is supplied, an asterisk is appended before pathname)-.18 F -.15
-(ex)144 336 S(pansion.).15 E F1(dump\255functions)108 348 Q F0 .626
-(Print all of the functions and their k)144 360 R .926 -.15(ey b)-.1 H
+(ex)144 168 S(pansion.).15 E F1(dump\255functions)108 180 Q F0 .626
+(Print all of the functions and their k)144 192 R .926 -.15(ey b)-.1 H
.627(indings to the readline output stream.).15 F .627(If a numeric ar)
5.627 F(gu-)-.18 E
-(ment is supplied, the output is formatted in such a w)144 372 Q
+(ment is supplied, the output is formatted in such a w)144 204 Q
(ay that it can be made part of an)-.1 E/F2 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(inputr)
-2.5 E(c)-.37 E F0(\214le.)2.5 E F1(dump\255v)108 384 Q(ariables)-.1 E F0
-.763(Print all of the settable readline v)144 396 R .762
+2.5 E(c)-.37 E F0(\214le.)2.5 E F1(dump\255v)108 216 Q(ariables)-.1 E F0
+.763(Print all of the settable readline v)144 228 R .762
(ariables and their v)-.25 F .762(alues to the readline output stream.)
--.25 F .762(If a nu-)5.762 F .108(meric ar)144 408 R .108
+-.25 F .762(If a nu-)5.762 F .108(meric ar)144 240 R .108
(gument is supplied, the output is formatted in such a w)-.18 F .109
-(ay that it can be made part of an)-.1 F F2(in-)2.609 E(putr)144 420 Q
-(c)-.37 E F0(\214le.)2.5 E F1(dump\255macr)108 432 Q(os)-.18 E F0 .593
-(Print all of the readline k)144 444 R .893 -.15(ey s)-.1 H .592
+(ay that it can be made part of an)-.1 F F2(in-)2.609 E(putr)144 252 Q
+(c)-.37 E F0(\214le.)2.5 E F1(dump\255macr)108 264 Q(os)-.18 E F0 .593
+(Print all of the readline k)144 276 R .893 -.15(ey s)-.1 H .592
(equences bound to macros and the strings the).15 F 3.092(yo)-.15 G
-3.092(utput. If)-3.092 F 3.092(an)3.092 G(umeric)-3.092 E(ar)144 456 Q
+3.092(utput. If)-3.092 F 3.092(an)3.092 G(umeric)-3.092 E(ar)144 288 Q
.528(gument is supplied, the output is formatted in such a w)-.18 F .528
(ay that it can be made part of an)-.1 F F2(inputr)3.028 E(c)-.37 E F0
-(\214le.)144 468 Q F1(display\255shell\255v)108 480 Q
-(ersion \(C\255x C\255v\))-.1 E F0(Display v)144 492 Q
+(\214le.)144 300 Q F1(display\255shell\255v)108 312 Q
+(ersion \(C\255x C\255v\))-.1 E F0(Display v)144 324 Q
(ersion information about the current instance of)-.15 E F1(bash)2.5 E
-F0(.)A F1(Pr)87 508.8 Q(ogrammable Completion)-.18 E F0 .147(When w)108
-520.8 R .147(ord completion is attempted for an ar)-.1 F .147
+F0(.)A F1(Pr)87 340.8 Q(ogrammable Completion)-.18 E F0 .147(When w)108
+352.8 R .147(ord completion is attempted for an ar)-.1 F .147
(gument to a command for which a completion speci\214cation \(a)-.18 F
-F2(compspec)108 532.8 Q F0 3.828(\)h)C 1.329
+F2(compspec)108 364.8 Q F0 3.828(\)h)C 1.329
(as been de\214ned using the)-3.828 F F1(complete)3.829 E F0 -.2(bu)
3.829 G 1.329(iltin \(see).2 F/F3 9/Times-Bold@0 SF 1.329(SHELL B)3.829
F(UIL)-.09 E 1.329(TIN COMMANDS)-.828 F F0(belo)3.579 E 1.329(w\), the)
--.25 F(programmable completion f)108 544.8 Q(acilities are in)-.1 E -.2
+-.25 F(programmable completion f)108 376.8 Q(acilities are in)-.1 E -.2
(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G(d.).1 E .498
-(First, the command name is identi\214ed.)108 561.6 R .498
+(First, the command name is identi\214ed.)108 393.6 R .498
(If the command w)5.498 F .497
(ord is the empty string \(completion attempted at)-.1 F .233(the be)108
-573.6 R .233(ginning of an empty line\), an)-.15 F 2.733(yc)-.15 G .233
+405.6 R .233(ginning of an empty line\), an)-.15 F 2.733(yc)-.15 G .233
(ompspec de\214ned with the)-2.733 F F1<ad45>2.733 E F0 .233(option to)
2.733 F F1(complete)2.733 E F0 .233(is used.)2.733 F .234(If a comp-)
5.234 F .481(spec has been de\214ned for that command, the compspec is \
-used to generate the list of possible completions)108 585.6 R .822
-(for the w)108 597.6 R 3.322(ord. If)-.1 F .822(the command w)3.322 F
+used to generate the list of possible completions)108 417.6 R .822
+(for the w)108 429.6 R 3.322(ord. If)-.1 F .822(the command w)3.322 F
.823(ord is a full pathname, a compspec for the full pathname is search\
-ed for)-.1 F 2.867(\214rst. If)108 609.6 R .366(no compspec is found fo\
+ed for)-.1 F 2.867(\214rst. If)108 441.6 R .366(no compspec is found fo\
r the full pathname, an attempt is made to \214nd a compspec for the po\
-rtion)2.867 F(follo)108 621.6 Q .298(wing the \214nal slash.)-.25 F .298
+rtion)2.867 F(follo)108 453.6 Q .298(wing the \214nal slash.)-.25 F .298
(If those searches do not result in a compspec, an)5.298 F 2.799(yc)-.15
G .299(ompspec de\214ned with the)-2.799 F F1<ad44>2.799 E F0 .057
-(option to)108 633.6 R F1(complete)2.557 E F0 .056(is used as the def)
+(option to)108 465.6 R F1(complete)2.557 E F0 .056(is used as the def)
2.556 F 2.556(ault. If)-.1 F .056(there is no def)2.556 F .056
(ault compspec,)-.1 F F1(bash)2.556 E F0 .056(attempts alias e)2.556 F
-.056(xpansion on)-.15 F .332(the command w)108 645.6 R .332(ord as a \
+.056(xpansion on)-.15 F .332(the command w)108 477.6 R .332(ord as a \
\214nal resort, and attempts to \214nd a compspec for the command w)-.1
F .332(ord from an)-.1 F 2.833(ys)-.15 G(uc-)-2.833 E(cessful e)108
-657.6 Q(xpansion.)-.15 E .817(Once a compspec has been found, it is use\
-d to generate the list of matching w)108 674.4 R 3.317(ords. If)-.1 F
-3.317(ac)3.317 G .817(ompspec is not)-3.317 F(found, the def)108 686.4 Q
+489.6 Q(xpansion.)-.15 E .817(Once a compspec has been found, it is use\
+d to generate the list of matching w)108 506.4 R 3.317(ords. If)-.1 F
+3.317(ac)3.317 G .817(ompspec is not)-3.317 F(found, the def)108 518.4 Q
(ault)-.1 E F1(bash)2.5 E F0(completion as described abo)2.5 E .3 -.15
(ve u)-.15 H(nder).15 E F1(Completing)2.5 E F0(is performed.)2.5 E .463
-(First, the actions speci\214ed by the compspec are used.)108 703.2 R
+(First, the actions speci\214ed by the compspec are used.)108 535.2 R
.464(Only matches which are pre\214x)5.464 F .464(ed by the w)-.15 F
-.464(ord being)-.1 F .596(completed are returned.)108 715.2 R .596
+.464(ord being)-.1 F .596(completed are returned.)108 547.2 R .596
(When the)5.596 F F1<ad66>3.096 E F0(or)3.095 E F1<ad64>3.095 E F0 .595
(option is used for \214lename or directory name completion, the)3.095 F
-(shell v)108 727.2 Q(ariable)-.25 E F3(FIGNORE)2.5 E F0
-(is used to \214lter the matches.)2.25 E(GNU Bash 5.1)72 768 Q
-(2020 October 29)141.235 E(52)190.395 E 0 Cg EP
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-/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 137.14(SH\(1\) General).35 F
-(Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E(An)108 84 Q 4.084
-(yc)-.15 G 1.584(ompletions speci\214ed by a pathname e)-4.084 F 1.584
-(xpansion pattern to the)-.15 F/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 SF<ad47>4.084 E F0
-1.584(option are generated ne)4.084 F 4.084(xt. The)-.15 F -.1(wo)108 96
-S .555(rds generated by the pattern need not match the w).1 F .554
-(ord being completed.)-.1 F(The)5.554 E/F2 9/Times-Bold@0 SF(GLOBIGNORE)
-3.054 E F0 .554(shell v)2.804 F(ari-)-.25 E
-(able is not used to \214lter the matches, b)108 108 Q(ut the)-.2 E F2
-(FIGNORE)2.5 E F0 -.25(va)2.25 G(riable is used.).25 E(Ne)108 124.8 Q
+(shell v)108 559.2 Q(ariable)-.25 E F3(FIGNORE)2.5 E F0
+(is used to \214lter the matches.)2.25 E(An)108 576 Q 4.084(yc)-.15 G
+1.584(ompletions speci\214ed by a pathname e)-4.084 F 1.584
+(xpansion pattern to the)-.15 F F1<ad47>4.084 E F0 1.584
+(option are generated ne)4.084 F 4.084(xt. The)-.15 F -.1(wo)108 588 S
+.555(rds generated by the pattern need not match the w).1 F .554
+(ord being completed.)-.1 F(The)5.554 E F3(GLOBIGNORE)3.054 E F0 .554
+(shell v)2.804 F(ari-)-.25 E
+(able is not used to \214lter the matches, b)108 600 Q(ut the)-.2 E F3
+(FIGNORE)2.5 E F0 -.25(va)2.25 G(riable is used.).25 E(Ne)108 616.8 Q
.32(xt, the string speci\214ed as the ar)-.15 F .32(gument to the)-.18 F
F1<ad57>2.82 E F0 .321(option is considered.)2.821 F .321
(The string is \214rst split using the)5.321 F .413(characters in the)
-108 136.8 R F2(IFS)2.913 E F0 .412(special v)2.663 F .412
+108 628.8 R F3(IFS)2.913 E F0 .412(special v)2.663 F .412
(ariable as delimiters.)-.25 F .412(Shell quoting is honored.)5.412 F
.412(Each w)5.412 F .412(ord is then e)-.1 F(xpanded)-.15 E .091
-(using brace e)108 148.8 R .091(xpansion, tilde e)-.15 F .092
+(using brace e)108 640.8 R .091(xpansion, tilde e)-.15 F .092
(xpansion, parameter and v)-.15 F .092(ariable e)-.25 F .092
(xpansion, command substitution, and arith-)-.15 F 1.397(metic e)108
-160.8 R 1.396(xpansion, as described abo)-.15 F 1.696 -.15(ve u)-.15 H
-(nder).15 E F2(EXP)3.896 E(ANSION)-.666 E/F3 9/Times-Roman@0 SF(.)A F0
+652.8 R 1.396(xpansion, as described abo)-.15 F 1.696 -.15(ve u)-.15 H
+(nder).15 E F3(EXP)3.896 E(ANSION)-.666 E/F4 9/Times-Roman@0 SF(.)A F0
1.396(The results are split using the rules described)5.896 F(abo)108
-172.8 Q .509 -.15(ve u)-.15 H(nder).15 E F1 -.75(Wo)2.709 G .209
+664.8 Q .509 -.15(ve u)-.15 H(nder).15 E F1 -.75(Wo)2.709 G .209
(rd Splitting).75 F F0 5.209(.T)C .209(he results of the e)-5.209 F .209
(xpansion are pre\214x-matched ag)-.15 F .21(ainst the w)-.05 F .21
-(ord being com-)-.1 F(pleted, and the matching w)108 184.8 Q
+(ord being com-)-.1 F(pleted, and the matching w)108 676.8 Q
(ords become the possible completions.)-.1 E .234
-(After these matches ha)108 201.6 R .534 -.15(ve b)-.2 H .234
+(After these matches ha)108 693.6 R .534 -.15(ve b)-.2 H .234
(een generated, an).15 F 2.734(ys)-.15 G .233
(hell function or command speci\214ed with the)-2.734 F F1<ad46>2.733 E
F0(and)2.733 E F1<ad43>2.733 E F0(op-)2.733 E 4.208(tions is in)108
-213.6 R -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G 6.708(d. When).1 F 4.209
+705.6 R -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G 6.708(d. When).1 F 4.209
(the command or function is in)6.708 F -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G 4.209
-(d, the).1 F F2(COMP_LINE)6.709 E F3(,)A F2(COMP_POINT)6.459 E F3(,)A F2
-(COMP_KEY)108 225.6 Q F3(,)A F0(and)2.408 E F2(COMP_TYPE)2.658 E F0 -.25
+(d, the).1 F F3(COMP_LINE)6.709 E F4(,)A F3(COMP_POINT)6.459 E F4(,)A F3
+(COMP_KEY)108 717.6 Q F4(,)A F0(and)2.408 E F3(COMP_TYPE)2.658 E F0 -.25
(va)2.408 G .157(riables are assigned v).25 F .157
(alues as described abo)-.25 F .457 -.15(ve u)-.15 H(nder).15 E F1 .157
(Shell V)2.657 F(ariables)-.92 E F0 5.157(.I)C(f)-5.157 E 3.485(as)108
-237.6 S .986(hell function is being in)-3.485 F -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G
-.986(d, the).1 F F2(COMP_W)3.486 E(ORDS)-.09 E F0(and)3.236 E F2
+729.6 S .986(hell function is being in)-3.485 F -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G
+.986(d, the).1 F F3(COMP_W)3.486 E(ORDS)-.09 E F0(and)3.236 E F3
(COMP_CW)3.486 E(ORD)-.09 E F0 -.25(va)3.236 G .986
-(riables are also set.).25 F(When)5.986 E .347
-(the function or command is in)108 249.6 R -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G .347
-(d, the \214rst ar).1 F .346(gument \()-.18 F F1($1)A F0 2.846(\)i)C
-2.846(st)-2.846 G .346(he name of the command whose ar)-2.846 F(guments)
--.18 E .263(are being completed, the second ar)108 261.6 R .263
-(gument \()-.18 F F1($2)A F0 2.763(\)i)C 2.763(st)-2.763 G .264(he w)
--2.763 F .264(ord being completed, and the third ar)-.1 F .264
-(gument \()-.18 F F1($3)A F0 2.764(\)i)C(s)-2.764 E .629(the w)108 273.6
-R .629(ord preceding the w)-.1 F .629
+(riables are also set.).25 F(When)5.986 E(GNU Bash 5.1)72 768 Q
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+(the function or command is in)108 84 R -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G .347
+(d, the \214rst ar).1 F .346(gument \()-.18 F/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 SF($1)A
+F0 2.846(\)i)C 2.846(st)-2.846 G .346(he name of the command whose ar)
+-2.846 F(guments)-.18 E .263(are being completed, the second ar)108 96 R
+.263(gument \()-.18 F F1($2)A F0 2.763(\)i)C 2.763(st)-2.763 G .264
+(he w)-2.763 F .264(ord being completed, and the third ar)-.1 F .264
+(gument \()-.18 F F1($3)A F0 2.764(\)i)C(s)-2.764 E .629(the w)108 108 R
+.629(ord preceding the w)-.1 F .629
(ord being completed on the current command line.)-.1 F .628
-(No \214ltering of the generated)5.629 F .714(completions ag)108 285.6 R
+(No \214ltering of the generated)5.629 F .714(completions ag)108 120 R
.714(ainst the w)-.05 F .714(ord being completed is performed; the func\
tion or command has complete free-)-.1 F(dom in generating the matches.)
-108 297.6 Q(An)108 314.4 Q 2.938(yf)-.15 G .437
-(unction speci\214ed with)-2.938 F F1<ad46>2.937 E F0 .437(is in)2.937 F
--.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G 2.937<648c>.1 G 2.937(rst. The)-2.937 F .437
-(function may use an)2.937 F 2.937(yo)-.15 G 2.937(ft)-2.937 G .437
-(he shell f)-2.937 F .437(acilities, including)-.1 F(the)108 326.4 Q F1
-(compgen)2.956 E F0 -.2(bu)2.956 G .456(iltin described belo).2 F 1.756
--.65(w, t)-.25 H 2.956(og).65 G .456(enerate the matches.)-2.956 F .457
-(It must put the possible completions in the)5.456 F F2(COMPREPL)108
-338.4 Q(Y)-.828 E F0(array v)2.25 E(ariable, one per array element.)-.25
-E(Ne)108 355.2 Q .081(xt, an)-.15 F 2.581(yc)-.15 G .081
-(ommand speci\214ed with the)-2.581 F F1<ad43>2.581 E F0 .081
-(option is in)2.581 F -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G 2.581(di).1 G 2.58(na)
--2.581 G 2.58(ne)-2.58 G -.4(nv)-2.58 G .08(ironment equi).4 F -.25(va)
--.25 G .08(lent to command sub-).25 F 2.858(stitution. It)108 367.2 R
-.359(should print a list of completions, one per line, to the standard \
-output.)2.858 F .359(Backslash may be used)5.359 F(to escape a ne)108
-379.2 Q(wline, if necessary)-.25 E(.)-.65 E .377
-(After all of the possible completions are generated, an)108 396 R 2.877
-<798c>-.15 G .377(lter speci\214ed with the)-2.877 F F1<ad58>2.876 E F0
-.376(option is applied to the)2.876 F 3.181(list. The)108 408 R .681
-(\214lter is a pattern as used for pathname e)3.181 F .681(xpansion; a)
--.15 F F1(&)3.181 E F0 .682(in the pattern is replaced with the te)3.182
-F .682(xt of)-.15 F .523(the w)108 420 R .523(ord being completed.)-.1 F
-3.023(Al)5.523 G(iteral)-3.023 E F1(&)3.023 E F0 .522
+108 132 Q(An)108 148.8 Q 2.938(yf)-.15 G .437(unction speci\214ed with)
+-2.938 F F1<ad46>2.937 E F0 .437(is in)2.937 F -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G
+2.937<648c>.1 G 2.937(rst. The)-2.937 F .437(function may use an)2.937 F
+2.937(yo)-.15 G 2.937(ft)-2.937 G .437(he shell f)-2.937 F .437
+(acilities, including)-.1 F(the)108 160.8 Q F1(compgen)2.956 E F0 -.2
+(bu)2.956 G .456(iltin described belo).2 F 1.756 -.65(w, t)-.25 H 2.956
+(og).65 G .456(enerate the matches.)-2.956 F .457
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+(After all of the possible completions are generated, an)108 230.4 R
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+(the w)108 254.4 R .523(ord being completed.)-.1 F 3.023(Al)5.523 G
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(may be escaped with a backslash; the backslash is remo)3.022 F -.15(ve)
--.15 G 3.022(db).15 G(efore)-3.022 E .849(attempting a match.)108 432 R
-(An)5.849 E 3.349(yc)-.15 G .849
+-.15 G 3.022(db).15 G(efore)-3.022 E .849(attempting a match.)108 266.4
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(ompletion that matches the pattern will be remo)-3.349 F -.15(ve)-.15 G
3.35(df).15 G .85(rom the list.)-3.35 F 3.35(Al)5.85 G(eading)-3.35 E F1
-(!)3.35 E F0(ne)108 444 Q -.05(ga)-.15 G .764
+(!)3.35 E F0(ne)108 278.4 Q -.05(ga)-.15 G .764
(tes the pattern; in this case an).05 F 3.264(yc)-.15 G .764
(ompletion not matching the pattern will be remo)-3.264 F -.15(ve)-.15 G
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(shell option is enabled, the match is performed without re)2.5 E -.05
(ga)-.15 G(rd to the case of alphabetic characters.).05 E(Finally)108
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F .587(\214x speci\214ed with the)-.25 F F1<ad50>3.087 E F0(and)3.087 E
F1<ad53>3.087 E F0 .587(options are added to each member of the com-)
3.087 F(pletion list, and the result is returned to the readline comple\
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-(If the pre)108 501.6 R .247(viously-applied actions do not generate an)
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+(If the pre)108 336 R .247(viously-applied actions do not generate an)
-.25 F 2.747(ym)-.15 G .247(atches, and the)-2.747 F F1 .247(\255o dir)
2.747 F(names)-.15 E F0 .247(option w)2.747 F .246(as supplied to)-.1 F
-F1(complete)108 513.6 Q F0(when the compspec w)2.5 E
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(as de\214ned, directory name completion is attempted.)-.1 E .461
-(If the)108 530.4 R F1 .462(\255o plusdirs)2.961 F F0 .462(option w)
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2.962 F .462(as supplied to)-.1 F F1(complete)2.962 E F0 .462
(when the compspec w)2.962 F .462(as de\214ned, directory name com-)-.1
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(atches are added to the results of the other actions.)-2.5 E .56
-(By def)108 559.2 R .56(ault, if a compspec is found, whate)-.1 F -.15
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(enerates is returned to the completion code as the full set)-3.06 F
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(completions are not attempted, and the readline def)3.131 F .632
-(ault of \214le-)-.1 F .559(name completion is disabled.)108 583.2 R
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(gument when the function is e)-.18 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .665
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2.804 E F0 -.25(va)2.554 G .304(riable is used as the number of com-).25
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(stores each command in the history list prior to parameter and v)108
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(xpansion is performed, subject to the v)-.15 F 1.565
-(alues of the shell v)-.25 F(ariables)-.25 E F5(HISTIGNORE)4.065 E F0
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(On startup, the history is initialized from the \214le named by the v)
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(is truncated, if necessary)2.565 F 2.815(,t)-.65 G 2.815(oc)-2.815 G
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-(lines speci\214ed by the v)108 343.2 R .659(alue of)-.25 F F5
-(HISTFILESIZE)3.158 E F6(.)A F0(If)5.158 E F3(HISTFILESIZE)3.158 E F0
-.658(is unset, or set to null, a non-numeric)3.158 F -.25(va)108 355.2 S
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(alue less than zero, the history \214le is not truncated.)-.25 F .142
-(When the history \214le is read, lines)5.142 F(be)108 367.2 Q 1.605
+(When the history \214le is read, lines)5.142 F(be)108 220.8 Q 1.605
(ginning with the history comment character follo)-.15 F 1.604
(wed immediately by a digit are interpreted as time-)-.25 F .15
-(stamps for the follo)108 379.2 R .15(wing history line.)-.25 F .151
+(stamps for the follo)108 232.8 R .15(wing history line.)-.25 F .151
(These timestamps are optionally displayed depending on the v)5.151 F
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F0 -.25(va)3.309 G 3.559(riable. When).25 F 3.559(as)3.559 G 1.059
-(hell with history enabled e)-3.559 F 1.059(xits, the last)-.15 F F5
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($HISTSIZE)3.559 E F0 1.058(lines are)3.309 F .158
-(copied from the history list to)108 403.2 R F5($HISTFILE)2.658 E F6(.)A
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-(shell option is enabled \(see the description of)2.659 F F3(shopt)108
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(TIN COMMANDS)-.828 F F0(belo)2.332 E .082
(w\), the lines are appended to the history \214le, otherwise the)-.25 F
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-(If the)108 439.2 R F5(HISTTIMEFORMA)3.084 E(T)-.855 E F0 -.25(va)2.834
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G .584
(riable is set, time stamps are written to the history \214le, mark).25
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3.647(,s)-.4 G 3.647(ot)-3.647 G(he)-3.647 E 3.647(ym)-.15 G 1.147
(ay be preserv)-3.647 F 1.147(ed across shell sessions.)-.15 F 1.148
(This uses the history comment)6.148 F 1.377
-(character to distinguish timestamps from other history lines.)108 463.2
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R 1.377(After sa)6.377 F 1.377(ving the history)-.2 F 3.876(,t)-.65 G
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(iltin may be used to display or modify the history list and).2 F .002
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R 1.485(ws control o)-.25 F -.15(ve)-.15 G 3.986(rw).15 G 1.486
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--.2 H .457(nly a subset of the commands entered.).15 F(The)5.457 E F3
-(cmdhist)108 580.8 Q F0 .75
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(shell option, if enabled, causes the shell to attempt to sa)3.25 F 1.05
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H .374(he command with embedded ne).15 F .374
(wlines instead of semicolons.)-.25 F .374(See the)5.374 F .319
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(for information on setting and)2.568 F(unsetting shell options.)108
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-(ANSION)-.81 E F0 .61(The shell supports a history e)108 657.6 R .611
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(xpansion feature that is similar to the history e)-.15 F .611
-(xpansion in)-.15 F F3(csh)3.111 E F0 5.611(.T)C .611(his section)-5.611
-F .871(describes what syntax features are a)108 669.6 R -.25(va)-.2 G
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3.371(ilable. This).25 F .871(feature is enabled by def)3.371 F .87
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(vidually without taking quoting on pre)-.25 F .252
-(vious lines into account.)-.25 F(It)5.252 E(tak)108 124.8 Q .146
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+F1(%)108 640.8 Q F0 1.42(The \214rst w)144 640.8 R 1.42
+(ord matched by the most recent `?)-.1 F F2(string)A F0 1.419
+(?' search, if the search string be)B 1.419(gins with a)-.15 F
+(character that is part of a w)144 652.8 Q(ord.)-.1 E F2(x)108.77 664.8
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+(*)108 676.8 Q F0 .315(All of the w)144 676.8 R .315(ords b)-.1 F .315
+(ut the zeroth.)-.2 F .315(This is a synon)5.315 F .315(ym for `)-.15 F
+F2(1\255$)A F0 2.815('. It)B .315(is not an error to use)2.815 F F1(*)
+2.816 E F0 .316(if there is)2.816 F(just one w)144 688.8 Q(ord in the e)
+-.1 E -.15(ve)-.25 G(nt; the empty string is returned in that case.).15
+E F1(x*)108 700.8 Q F0(Abbre)144 700.8 Q(viates)-.25 E F2(x\255$)2.5 E
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+(aults to 0.)-.1 E(If a w)108 729.6 Q
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-(ord. F)-.1 F(or the shell, this is the command w)-.15 E(ord.)-.1 E/F2
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-(gument. That)-.18 F(is, w)2.5 E(ord 1.)-.1 E F1($)108 132 Q F0 .063
-(The last w)144 132 R 2.563(ord. This)-.1 F .063(is usually the last ar)
-2.563 F .064(gument, b)-.18 F .064(ut will e)-.2 F .064
-(xpand to the zeroth w)-.15 F .064(ord if there is only)-.1 F(one w)144
-144 Q(ord in the line.)-.1 E F1(%)108 156 Q F0 1.42(The \214rst w)144
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-(?' search, if the search string be)B 1.419(gins with a)-.15 F
-(character that is part of a w)144 168 Q(ord.)-.1 E F2(x)108.77 180 Q F1
-<ad>A F2(y)A F0 2.5(Ar)144 180 S(ange of w)-2.5 E(ords; `\255)-.1 E F2
-(y)A F0 2.5('a)C(bbre)-2.5 E(viates `0\255)-.25 E F2(y)A F0('.)A F1(*)
-108 192 Q F0 .315(All of the w)144 192 R .315(ords b)-.1 F .315
-(ut the zeroth.)-.2 F .315(This is a synon)5.315 F .315(ym for `)-.15 F
-F2(1\255$)A F0 2.815('. It)B .315(is not an error to use)2.815 F F1(*)
-2.816 E F0 .316(if there is)2.816 F(just one w)144 204 Q(ord in the e)
--.1 E -.15(ve)-.25 G(nt; the empty string is returned in that case.).15
-E F1(x*)108 216 Q F0(Abbre)144 216 Q(viates)-.25 E F2(x\255$)2.5 E F0(.)
-A F1<78ad>108 228 Q F0(Abbre)144 228 Q(viates)-.25 E F2(x\255$)2.5 E F0
-(lik)2.5 E(e)-.1 E F1(x*)2.5 E F0 2.5(,b)C(ut omits the last w)-2.7 E
-2.5(ord. If)-.1 F F1(x)2.5 E F0(is missing, it def)2.5 E(aults to 0.)-.1
-E(If a w)108 244.8 Q(ord designator is supplied without an e)-.1 E -.15
-(ve)-.25 G(nt speci\214cation, the pre).15 E
-(vious command is used as the e)-.25 E -.15(ve)-.25 G(nt.).15 E F1
-(Modi\214ers)87 261.6 Q F0 .184(After the optional w)108 273.6 R .184
+SF(Modi\214ers)87 84 Q F0 .184(After the optional w)108 96 R .184
(ord designator)-.1 F 2.684(,t)-.4 G .183
(here may appear a sequence of one or more of the follo)-2.684 F .183
-(wing modi\214ers,)-.25 F(each preceded by a `:'.)108 285.6 Q
+(wing modi\214ers,)-.25 F(each preceded by a `:'.)108 108 Q
(These modify)5 E 2.5(,o)-.65 G 2.5(re)-2.5 G(dit, the w)-2.5 E
(ord or w)-.1 E(ords selected from the history e)-.1 E -.15(ve)-.25 G
-(nt.).15 E F1(h)108 302.4 Q F0(Remo)144 302.4 Q .3 -.15(ve a t)-.15 H
+(nt.).15 E F1(h)108 124.8 Q F0(Remo)144 124.8 Q .3 -.15(ve a t)-.15 H
(railing \214lename component, lea).15 E(ving only the head.)-.2 E F1(t)
-108 314.4 Q F0(Remo)144 314.4 Q .3 -.15(ve a)-.15 H
+108 136.8 Q F0(Remo)144 136.8 Q .3 -.15(ve a)-.15 H
(ll leading \214lename components, lea).15 E(ving the tail.)-.2 E F1(r)
-108 326.4 Q F0(Remo)144 326.4 Q .3 -.15(ve a t)-.15 H(railing suf).15 E
-(\214x of the form)-.25 E F2(.xxx)2.5 E F0 2.5(,l)C(ea)-2.5 E
-(ving the basename.)-.2 E F1(e)108 338.4 Q F0(Remo)144 338.4 Q .3 -.15
-(ve a)-.15 H(ll b).15 E(ut the trailing suf)-.2 E(\214x.)-.25 E F1(p)108
-350.4 Q F0(Print the ne)144 350.4 Q 2.5(wc)-.25 G(ommand b)-2.5 E
-(ut do not e)-.2 E -.15(xe)-.15 G(cute it.).15 E F1(q)108 362.4 Q F0
-(Quote the substituted w)144 362.4 Q
-(ords, escaping further substitutions.)-.1 E F1(x)108 374.4 Q F0 .385
-(Quote the substituted w)144 374.4 R .385(ords as with)-.1 F F1(q)2.885
+108 148.8 Q F0(Remo)144 148.8 Q .3 -.15(ve a t)-.15 H(railing suf).15 E
+(\214x of the form)-.25 E/F2 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(.xxx)2.5 E F0 2.5(,l)C
+(ea)-2.5 E(ving the basename.)-.2 E F1(e)108 160.8 Q F0(Remo)144 160.8 Q
+.3 -.15(ve a)-.15 H(ll b).15 E(ut the trailing suf)-.2 E(\214x.)-.25 E
+F1(p)108 172.8 Q F0(Print the ne)144 172.8 Q 2.5(wc)-.25 G(ommand b)-2.5
+E(ut do not e)-.2 E -.15(xe)-.15 G(cute it.).15 E F1(q)108 184.8 Q F0
+(Quote the substituted w)144 184.8 Q
+(ords, escaping further substitutions.)-.1 E F1(x)108 196.8 Q F0 .385
+(Quote the substituted w)144 196.8 R .385(ords as with)-.1 F F1(q)2.885
E F0 2.885(,b)C .386(ut break into w)-3.085 F .386(ords at)-.1 F F1
(blanks)2.886 E F0 .386(and ne)2.886 F 2.886(wlines. The)-.25 F F1(q)
2.886 E F0(and)2.886 E F1(x)2.886 E F0(modi\214ers are mutually e)144
-386.4 Q(xclusi)-.15 E -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.5(;t).15 G
-(he last one supplied is used.)-2.5 E F1(s/)108 398.4 Q F2(old)A F1(/)A
-F2(ne)A(w)-.15 E F1(/)A F0(Substitute)144 410.4 Q F2(ne)3.329 E(w)-.15 E
+208.8 Q(xclusi)-.15 E -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.5(;t).15 G
+(he last one supplied is used.)-2.5 E F1(s/)108 220.8 Q F2(old)A F1(/)A
+F2(ne)A(w)-.15 E F1(/)A F0(Substitute)144 232.8 Q F2(ne)3.329 E(w)-.15 E
F0 .469(for the \214rst occurrence of)3.279 F F2(old)3.199 E F0 .469
(in the e)3.739 F -.15(ve)-.25 G .469(nt line.).15 F(An)5.469 E 2.969
(yc)-.15 G .469(haracter may be used as the)-2.969 F .953
-(delimiter in place of /.)144 422.4 R .953
+(delimiter in place of /.)144 244.8 R .953
(The \214nal delimiter is optional if it is the last character of the e)
5.953 F -.15(ve)-.25 G .954(nt line.).15 F .131
-(The delimiter may be quoted in)144 434.4 R F2(old)2.861 E F0(and)3.401
+(The delimiter may be quoted in)144 256.8 R F2(old)2.861 E F0(and)3.401
E F2(ne)2.991 E(w)-.15 E F0 .131(with a single backslash.)2.941 F .131
(If & appears in)5.131 F F2(ne)2.991 E(w)-.15 E F0 2.631(,i).31 G 2.631
-(ti)-2.631 G 2.631(sr)-2.631 G(e-)-2.631 E .619(placed by)144 446.4 R F2
+(ti)-2.631 G 2.631(sr)-2.631 G(e-)-2.631 E .619(placed by)144 268.8 R F2
(old)3.349 E F0 5.619(.A).77 G .619(single backslash will quote the &.)
-2.5 F(If)5.619 E F2(old)3.349 E F0 .619(is null, it is set to the last)
-3.889 F F2(old)3.349 E F0(substi-)3.89 E .487(tuted, or)144 458.4 R
+3.889 F F2(old)3.349 E F0(substi-)3.89 E .487(tuted, or)144 280.8 R
2.987(,i)-.4 G 2.987(fn)-2.987 G 2.987(op)-2.987 G(re)-2.987 E .486
(vious history substitutions took place, the last)-.25 F F2(string)3.326
E F0 .486(in a)3.206 F F1(!?)2.986 E F2(string)A F1([?])A F0 2.986
-(search. If)5.486 F F2(ne)144.36 470.4 Q(w)-.15 E F0
+(search. If)5.486 F F2(ne)144.36 292.8 Q(w)-.15 E F0
(is null, each matching)2.81 E F2(old)2.73 E F0(is deleted.)3.27 E F1(&)
-108 482.4 Q F0(Repeat the pre)144 482.4 Q(vious substitution.)-.25 E F1
-(g)108 494.4 Q F0 .397(Cause changes to be applied o)144 494.4 R -.15
+108 304.8 Q F0(Repeat the pre)144 304.8 Q(vious substitution.)-.25 E F1
+(g)108 316.8 Q F0 .397(Cause changes to be applied o)144 316.8 R -.15
(ve)-.15 G 2.897(rt).15 G .398(he entire e)-2.897 F -.15(ve)-.25 G .398
(nt line.).15 F .398(This is used in conjunction with `)5.398 F F1(:s)A
-F0 2.898('\()C(e.g.,)-2.898 E(`)144 506.4 Q F1(:gs/)A F2(old)A F1(/)A F2
+F0 2.898('\()C(e.g.,)-2.898 E(`)144 328.8 Q F1(:gs/)A F2(old)A F1(/)A F2
(ne)A(w)-.15 E F1(/)A F0 .351('\) or `)B F1(:&)A F0 2.851('. If)B .351
(used with `)2.851 F F1(:s)A F0 .351(', an)B 2.851(yd)-.15 G .35
(elimiter can be used in place of /, and the \214nal de-)-2.851 F
-(limiter is optional if it is the last character of the e)144 518.4 Q
+(limiter is optional if it is the last character of the e)144 340.8 Q
-.15(ve)-.25 G(nt line.).15 E(An)5 E F1(a)2.5 E F0
(may be used as a synon)2.5 E(ym for)-.15 E F1(g)2.5 E F0(.)A F1(G)108
-530.4 Q F0(Apply the follo)144 530.4 Q(wing `)-.25 E F1(s)A F0 2.5('o)C
+352.8 Q F0(Apply the follo)144 352.8 Q(wing `)-.25 E F1(s)A F0 2.5('o)C
2.5(r`)-2.5 G F1(&)-2.5 E F0 2.5('m)C(odi\214er once to each w)-2.5 E
(ord in the e)-.1 E -.15(ve)-.25 G(nt line.).15 E/F3 10.95/Times-Bold@0
-SF(SHELL B)72 547.2 Q(UIL)-.11 E(TIN COMMANDS)-1.007 E F0 .062
-(Unless otherwise noted, each b)108 559.2 R .062(uiltin command documen\
+SF(SHELL B)72 369.6 Q(UIL)-.11 E(TIN COMMANDS)-1.007 E F0 .062
+(Unless otherwise noted, each b)108 381.6 R .062(uiltin command documen\
ted in this section as accepting options preceded by)-.2 F F1<ad>108
-
571.2 Q F0(accepts)3.077 E F1<adad>3.077 E F0 .577
+
393.6 Q F0(accepts)3.077 E F1<adad>3.077 E F0 .577
(to signify the end of the options.)3.077 F(The)5.577 E F1(:)3.077 E F0
(,)A F1(true)3.077 E F0(,)A F1(false)3.077 E F0 3.077(,a)C(nd)-3.077 E
F1(test)3.077 E F0(/)A F1([)A F0 -.2(bu)3.077 G .577
-(iltins do not accept options).2 F .461(and do not treat)108 583.2 R F1
+(iltins do not accept options).2 F .461(and do not treat)108 405.6 R F1
<adad>2.961 E F0(specially)2.961 E 5.461(.T)-.65 G(he)-5.461 E F1(exit)
2.961 E F0(,)A F1(logout)2.961 E F0(,)A F1 -.18(re)2.961 G(tur).18 E(n)
-.15 E F0(,)A F1(br)2.961 E(eak)-.18 E F0(,)A F1(continue)2.961 E F0(,)A
F1(let)2.961 E F0 2.961(,a)C(nd)-2.961 E F1(shift)2.961 E F0 -.2(bu)
-2.962 G .462(iltins accept and).2 F .261(process ar)108 595.2 R .261
+2.962 G .462(iltins accept and).2 F .261(process ar)108 417.6 R .261
(guments be)-.18 F .261(ginning with)-.15 F F1<ad>2.761 E F0 .261
(without requiring)2.761 F F1<adad>2.761 E F0 5.261(.O)C .261(ther b)
-5.261 F .26(uiltins that accept ar)-.2 F .26(guments b)-.18 F .26
(ut are not)-.2 F 1.154(speci\214ed as accepting options interpret ar)
-108
607.2 R 1.154(guments be)-.18 F 1.154(ginning with)-.15 F F1<ad>
+108
429.6 R 1.154(guments be)-.18 F 1.154(ginning with)-.15 F F1<ad>
3.654 E F0 1.154(as in)3.654 F -.25(va)-.4 G 1.154
(lid options and require).25 F F1<adad>3.654 E F0(to)3.654 E(pre)108
-619.2 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G(nt this interpretation.).15 E F1(:)108 637.2 Q F0
-([)2.5 E F2(ar)A(guments)-.37 E F0(])A .452(No ef)144 649.2 R .452
+441.6 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G(nt this interpretation.).15 E F1(:)108 459.6 Q F0
+([)2.5 E F2(ar)A(guments)-.37 E F0(])A .452(No ef)144 471.6 R .452
(fect; the command does nothing be)-.25 F .452(yond e)-.15 F(xpanding)
-.15 E F2(ar)3.282 E(guments)-.37 E F0 .451(and performing an)3.221 F
-2.951(ys)-.15 G(peci\214ed)-2.951 E 2.5(redirections. The)144 661.2 R
-(return status is zero.)2.5 E F1(.)110.5 678 Q F2(\214lename)6.666 E F0
-([)2.5 E F2(ar)A(guments)-.37 E F0(])A F1(sour)108 690 Q(ce)-.18 E F2
-(\214lename)2.5 E F0([)2.5 E F2(ar)A(guments)-.37 E F0(])A 1.02
-(Read and e)144 702 R -.15(xe)-.15 G 1.02(cute commands from).15 F F2
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+(Read and e)144 524.4 R -.15(xe)-.15 G 1.02(cute commands from).15 F F2
(\214lename)5.43 E F0 1.02(in the current shell en)3.7 F 1.02
(vironment and return the e)-.4 F(xit)-.15 E 1.331
-(status of the last command e)144 714 R -.15(xe)-.15 G 1.331(cuted from)
-.15 F F2(\214lename)5.741 E F0 6.331(.I).18 G(f)-6.331 E F2(\214lename)
-5.741 E F0 1.33(does not contain a slash, \214le-)4.011 F .488(names in)
-144 726 R/F4 9/Times-Bold@0 SF -.666(PA)2.988 G(TH)-.189 E F0 .488
-(are used to \214nd the directory containing)2.738 F F2(\214lename)4.899
-E F0 5.489(.T).18 G .489(he \214le searched for in)-5.489 F F4 -.666(PA)
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-(he current directory is searched if no)-3.332 F .981
-(\214le is found in)144 96 R/F3 9/Times-Bold@0 SF -.666(PA)3.481 G(TH)
--.189 E/F4 9/Times-Roman@0 SF(.)A F0 .981(If the)5.481 F F1(sour)3.481 E
-(cepath)-.18 E F0 .981(option to the)3.481 F F1(shopt)3.481 E F0 -.2(bu)
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-(PA)144 108 S(TH)-.189 E F0 .112(is not searched.)2.363 F .112(If an)
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-F F2(\214lename)144 120 Q F0 .485(is e)2.985 F -.15(xe)-.15 G 2.985
-(cuted. Otherwise).15 F .485(the positional parameters are unchanged.)
-2.985 F .485(If the)5.485 F F1<ad54>2.985 E F0 .485(option is en-)2.985
-F(abled,)144 132 Q F1(sour)3.325 E(ce)-.18 E F0 .825(inherits an)3.325 F
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-(;i)C 3.325(fi)-3.325 G 3.324(ti)-3.325 G 3.324(sn)-3.324 G .824(ot, an)
--3.324 F(y)-.15 E F1(DEB)3.324 E(UG)-.1 E F0 .824(trap string is sa)
-3.324 F -.15(ve)-.2 G 3.324(da).15 G .824(nd re-)-3.324 F .817
-(stored around the call to)144 144 R F1(sour)3.317 E(ce)-.18 E F0 3.317
-(,a)C(nd)-3.317 E F1(sour)3.317 E(ce)-.18 E F0 .817(unsets the)3.317 F
-F1(DEB)3.317 E(UG)-.1 E F0 .817(trap while it e)3.317 F -.15(xe)-.15 G
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-(not set, and the sourced \214le changes the)144 156 R F1(DEB)3.935 E
-(UG)-.1 E F0 1.435(trap, the ne)3.935 F 3.935(wv)-.25 G 1.435
-(alue is retained when)-4.185 F F1(sour)3.935 E(ce)-.18 E F0 3.762
-(completes. The)144 168 R 1.262
-(return status is the status of the last command e)3.762 F 1.263
-(xited within the script \(0 if no)-.15 F(commands are e)144 180 Q -.15
-(xe)-.15 G(cuted\), and f).15 E(alse if)-.1 E F2(\214lename)4.41 E F0
-(is not found or cannot be read.)2.68 E F1(alias)108 196.8 Q F0([)2.5 E
-F1<ad70>A F0 2.5(][)C F2(name)-2.5 E F0([=)A F2(value)A F0 2.5(].)C(..])
--2.5 E F1(Alias)144 208.8 Q F0 2.725(with no ar)5.225 F 2.724
+(status of the last command e)144 536.4 R -.15(xe)-.15 G 1.331
+(cuted from).15 F F2(\214lename)5.741 E F0 6.331(.I).18 G(f)-6.331 E F2
+(\214lename)5.741 E F0 1.33(does not contain a slash, \214le-)4.011 F
+.022(names in)144 548.4 R/F4 9/Times-Bold@0 SF -.666(PA)2.522 G(TH)-.189
+E F0 .022(are used to \214nd the directory containing)2.272 F F2
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+F0 .023(does not need to be)2.523 F -.15(exe)144 560.4 S 3.861
+(cutable. The).15 F 1.361(\214le searched for in)3.861 F F4 -.666(PA)
+3.861 G(TH)-.189 E F0 1.361(need not be e)3.611 F -.15(xe)-.15 G 3.86
+(cutable. When).15 F F1(bash)3.86 E F0 1.36(is not in)3.86 F F2(posix)
+3.86 E(mode)144 572.4 Q F0 2.648(,t)C .148
+(he current directory is searched if no \214le is found in)-2.648 F F4
+-.666(PA)2.648 G(TH)-.189 E/F5 9/Times-Roman@0 SF(.)A F0 .149(If the)
+4.648 F F1(sour)2.649 E(cepath)-.18 E F0 .149(option to the)2.649 F F1
+(shopt)144 584.4 Q F0 -.2(bu)3.66 G 1.16(iltin command is turned of).2 F
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--3.481 F .13(standard output.)144 172.8 R .13(When using the)5.13 F F1
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(alue is true unless an in)-.25 E -.25(va)-.4 G
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333.6 R(The)5.31 E F1<ad72>2.81 E F0 .31(option remo)2.81 F -.15(ve)-.15
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2<ad44>3.707 E F0 1.208(option indicates that other supplied options)
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(ault')-.1 E 3('c)-.74 G .5
(ommand completion; that is, completion attempted on)-3 F 3.455(ac)144
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-(viously been de\214ned.)-.25 F(The)5.955 E F
1<ad45>3.455 E F0 .955
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2<ad45>3.455 E F0 .955
(option indicates that)3.455 F .876
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(hich is usually command name completion.)-3.52 F 1.021
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-(ve)-.15 G(r).15 E F
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2<ad45>3.208 E F0 3.208(,a)C .708(nd both tak)-3.208
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--2.603 E F
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(guments are ignored; these completions only apply to the)-.18 F
-(case speci\214ed by the option.)144 453.6 Q .153
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(The process of applying these completion speci\214cations when w)144
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(he follo).15 F .555(wing meanings.)-.25 F .555(The ar)5.555 F .555
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1<ad47>3.056 E F0(,)A F1<ad57>3.056 E F0 3.056
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525.6 R 3.223(,t)-.65 G(he)-3.223 E F1<ad50>3.223 E F0(and)3.223 E
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400.8 R 3.223(,t)-.65 G(he)-3.223 E F2<ad50>3.223 E F0(and)3.223 E
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-(yond the simple)-.15 F(generation of completions.)184 573.6 Q F2
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-
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240 Q F0(File names.)224 240 Q(May also be speci\214ed as)5 E F1<ad66>
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-492 Q F0(Names of running jobs, if job control is acti)224 492 Q -.15
-(ve)-.25 G(.).15 E F1(ser)184 504 Q(vice)-.1 E F0(Service names.)224 504
-Q(May also be speci\214ed as)5 E F1<ad73>2.5 E F0(.)A F1(setopt)184 516
-Q F0 -1.11(Va)224
516 S(lid ar)1.11 E(guments for the)-.18 E F1<ad6f>2.5
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396 S(lid ar)1.11 E(guments for the)-.18 E F1<ad6f>2.5
E F0(option to the)2.5 E F1(set)2.5 E F0 -.2(bu)2.5 G(iltin.).2 E F1
-(shopt)184 528 Q F0(Shell option names as accepted by the)224 528 Q F1
-(shopt)2.5 E F0 -.2(bu)2.5 G(iltin.).2 E F1(signal)184 540 Q F0
-(Signal names.)224 540 Q F1(stopped)184 552 Q F0
-(Names of stopped jobs, if job control is acti)224 552 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G
-(.).15 E F1(user)184 564 Q F0(User names.)224 564 Q
-(May also be speci\214ed as)5 E F1<ad75>2.5 E F0(.)A F1 -.1(va)184 576 S
-(riable).1 E F0(Names of all shell v)224 576 Q 2.5(ariables. May)-.25 F
-(also be speci\214ed as)2.5 E F1<ad76>2.5 E F0(.)A F1<ad43>144 588 Q F2
-(command)2.5 E(command)184 600 Q F0 1.055(is e)3.555 F -.15(xe)-.15 G
-1.055(cuted in a subshell en).15 F 1.056
+(shopt)184 408 Q F0(Shell option names as accepted by the)224 408 Q F1
+(shopt)2.5 E F0 -.2(bu)2.5 G(iltin.).2 E F1(signal)184 420 Q F0
+(Signal names.)224 420 Q F1(stopped)184 432 Q F0
+(Names of stopped jobs, if job control is acti)224 432 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G
+(.).15 E F1(user)184 444 Q F0(User names.)224 444 Q
+(May also be speci\214ed as)5 E F1<ad75>2.5 E F0(.)A F1 -.1(va)184 456 S
+(riable).1 E F0(Names of all shell v)224 456 Q 2.5(ariables. May)-.25 F
+(also be speci\214ed as)2.5 E F1<ad76>2.5 E F0(.)A F1<ad43>144 468 Q/F3
+10/Times-Italic@0 SF(command)2.5 E(command)184 480 Q F0 1.055(is e)3.555
+F -.15(xe)-.15 G 1.055(cuted in a subshell en).15 F 1.056
(vironment, and its output is used as the possible)-.4 F(completions.)
-184 612 Q F1<ad46>144 624 Q F2(function)2.5 E F0 .114
-(The shell function)184 636 R F2(function)2.614 E F0 .114(is e)2.614 F
+184 492 Q F1<ad46>144 504 Q F3(function)2.5 E F0 .114
+(The shell function)184 516 R F3(function)2.614 E F0 .114(is e)2.614 F
-.15(xe)-.15 G .114(cuted in the current shell en).15 F 2.614
-(vironment. When)-.4 F .113(the func-)2.613 F .816(tion is e)184 648 R
+(vironment. When)-.4 F .113(the func-)2.613 F .816(tion is e)184 528 R
-.15(xe)-.15 G .816(cuted, the \214rst ar).15 F .816(gument \()-.18 F F1
($1)A F0 3.316(\)i)C 3.316(st)-3.316 G .817
(he name of the command whose ar)-3.316 F(guments)-.18 E 1.407
-(are being completed, the second ar)184 660 R 1.407(gument \()-.18 F F1
+(are being completed, the second ar)184 540 R 1.407(gument \()-.18 F F1
($2)A F0 3.907(\)i)C 3.907(st)-3.907 G 1.407(he w)-3.907 F 1.407
-(ord being completed, and the)-.1 F .103(third ar)184 672 R .103
+(ord being completed, and the)-.1 F .103(third ar)184 552 R .103
(gument \()-.18 F F1($3)A F0 2.603(\)i)C 2.603(st)-2.603 G .103(he w)
-2.603 F .104(ord preceding the w)-.1 F .104
-(ord being completed on the current com-)-.1 F .102(mand line.)184 684 R
+(ord being completed on the current com-)-.1 F .102(mand line.)184 564 R
.102(When it \214nishes, the possible completions are retrie)5.102 F
-.15(ve)-.25 G 2.601(df).15 G .101(rom the v)-2.601 F .101(alue of the)
--.25 F F3(COMPREPL)184 696 Q(Y)-.828 E F0(array v)2.25 E(ariable.)-.25 E
-(GNU Bash 5.1)72 768 Q(2020 October 29)141.235 E(60)190.395 E 0 Cg EP
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-/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 137.14(SH\(1\) General).35 F
-(Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E/F1 10/Times-Bold@0
-SF<ad47>144 84 Q/F2 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(globpat)2.5 E F0 1.007
-(The pathname e)184 96 R 1.007(xpansion pattern)-.15 F F2(globpat)3.507
-E F0 1.007(is e)3.507 F 1.008(xpanded to generate the possible comple-)
--.15 F(tions.)184 108 Q F1<ad50>144 120 Q F2(pr)2.5 E(e\214x)-.37 E(pr)
-184 132 Q(e\214x)-.37 E F0 .535(is added at the be)3.035 F .534
+-.25 F F2(COMPREPL)184 576 Q(Y)-.828 E F0(array v)2.25 E(ariable.)-.25 E
+F1<ad47>144 588 Q F3(globpat)2.5 E F0 1.007(The pathname e)184 600 R
+1.007(xpansion pattern)-.15 F F3(globpat)3.507 E F0 1.007(is e)3.507 F
+1.008(xpanded to generate the possible comple-)-.15 F(tions.)184 612 Q
+F1<ad50>144 624 Q F3(pr)2.5 E(e\214x)-.37 E(pr)184 636 Q(e\214x)-.37 E
+F0 .535(is added at the be)3.035 F .534
(ginning of each possible completion after all other options ha)-.15 F
--.15(ve)-.2 G(been applied.)184 144 Q F1<ad53>144 156 Q F2(suf)2.5 E
-<8c78>-.18 E(suf)184 156 Q<8c78>-.18 E F0
+-.15(ve)-.2 G(been applied.)184 648 Q F1<ad53>144 660 Q F3(suf)2.5 E
+<8c78>-.18 E(suf)184 660 Q<8c78>-.18 E F0
(is appended to each possible completion after all other options ha)2.5
-E .3 -.15(ve b)-.2 H(een applied.).15 E F1<ad57>144 168 Q F2(wor)2.5 E
-(dlist)-.37 E F0(The)184 180 Q F2(wor)3.639 E(dlist)-.37 E F0 1.14
-(is split using the characters in the)3.639 F/F3 9/Times-Bold@0 SF(IFS)
-3.64 E F0 1.14(special v)3.39 F 1.14(ariable as delimiters, and)-.25 F
-.981(each resultant w)184 192 R .981(ord is e)-.1 F 3.481
-(xpanded. Shell)-.15 F .981(quoting is honored within)3.481 F F2(wor)
-3.481 E(dlist)-.37 E F0 3.48(,i)C 3.48(no)-3.48 G .98(rder to)-3.48 F
-(pro)184 204 Q .765(vide a mechanism for the w)-.15 F .766
+E .3 -.15(ve b)-.2 H(een applied.).15 E F1<ad57>144 672 Q F3(wor)2.5 E
+(dlist)-.37 E F0(The)184 684 Q F3(wor)3.639 E(dlist)-.37 E F0 1.14
+(is split using the characters in the)3.639 F F2(IFS)3.64 E F0 1.14
+(special v)3.39 F 1.14(ariable as delimiters, and)-.25 F .981
+(each resultant w)184 696 R .981(ord is e)-.1 F 3.481(xpanded. Shell)
+-.15 F .981(quoting is honored within)3.481 F F3(wor)3.481 E(dlist)-.37
+E F0 3.48(,i)C 3.48(no)-3.48 G .98(rder to)-3.48 F(pro)184 708 Q .765
+(vide a mechanism for the w)-.15 F .766
(ords to contain shell metacharacters or characters in the)-.1 F -.25
-(va)184 216 S 1.965(lue of).25 F F3(IFS)4.465 E/F4 9/Times-Roman@0 SF(.)
+(va)184 720 S 1.965(lue of).25 F F2(IFS)4.465 E/F4 9/Times-Roman@0 SF(.)
A F0 1.964
(The possible completions are the members of the resultant list which)
-6.465 F(match the w)184 228 Q(ord being completed.)-.1 E F1<ad58>144 240
-Q F2(\214lterpat)2.5 E(\214lterpat)184 252 Q F0 .455
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+/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 137.14(SH\(1\) General).35 F
+(Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E(match the w)184 84
+Q(ord being completed.)-.1 E/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 SF<ad58>144 96 Q/F2 10
+/Times-Italic@0 SF(\214lterpat)2.5 E(\214lterpat)184 108 Q F0 .455
(is a pattern as used for pathname e)2.955 F 2.956(xpansion. It)-.15 F
.456(is applied to the list of possible)2.956 F 1.596
-(completions generated by the preceding options and ar)184 264 R 1.596
-(guments, and each completion)-.18 F(matching)184 276 Q F2(\214lterpat)
+(completions generated by the preceding options and ar)184 120 R 1.596
+(guments, and each completion)-.18 F(matching)184 132 Q F2(\214lterpat)
3.204 E F0 .704(is remo)3.204 F -.15(ve)-.15 G 3.204(df).15 G .704
(rom the list.)-3.204 F 3.204(Al)5.704 G(eading)-3.204 E F1(!)3.204 E F0
(in)3.204 E F2(\214lterpat)3.205 E F0(ne)3.205 E -.05(ga)-.15 G .705
-(tes the pattern;).05 F(in this case, an)184 288 Q 2.5(yc)-.15 G
+(tes the pattern;).05 F(in this case, an)184 144 Q 2.5(yc)-.15 G
(ompletion not matching)-2.5 E F2(\214lterpat)2.5 E F0(is remo)2.5 E
--.15(ve)-.15 G(d.).15 E .467(The return v)144 304.8 R .467
+-.15(ve)-.15 G(d.).15 E .467(The return v)144 160.8 R .467
(alue is true unless an in)-.25 F -.25(va)-.4 G .466
(lid option is supplied, an option other than).25 F F1<ad70>2.966 E F0
(or)2.966 E F1<ad72>2.966 E F0 .466(is sup-)2.966 F 1.361
-(plied without a)144 316.8 R F2(name)3.861 E F0(ar)3.861 E 1.361
+(plied without a)144 172.8 R F2(name)3.861 E F0(ar)3.861 E 1.361
(gument, an attempt is made to remo)-.18 F 1.662 -.15(ve a c)-.15 H
-1.362(ompletion speci\214cation for a).15 F F2(name)144 328.8 Q F0
+1.362(ompletion speci\214cation for a).15 F F2(name)144 184.8 Q F0
(for which no speci\214cation e)2.5 E
(xists, or an error occurs adding a completion speci\214cation.)-.15 E
-F1(compopt)108
345.6 Q F0([)2.5 E F1<ad6f>A F2(option)2.5 E F0 2.5(][)C
+F1(compopt)108
201.6 Q F0([)2.5 E F1<ad6f>A F2(option)2.5 E F0 2.5(][)C
F1(\255DEI)-2.5 E F0 2.5(][)C F1(+o)-2.5 E F2(option)2.5 E F0 2.5(][)C
-F2(name)-2.5 E F0(])A .447(Modify completion options for each)144 357.6
+F2(name)-2.5 E F0(])A .447(Modify completion options for each)144 213.6
R F2(name)2.947 E F0 .447(according to the)2.947 F F2(option)2.947 E F0
.447(s, or for the currently-e)B -.15(xe)-.15 G(cuting).15 E .725
-(completion if no)144 369.6 R F2(name)3.225 E F0 3.225(sa)C .725
+(completion if no)144 225.6 R F2(name)3.225 E F0 3.225(sa)C .725
(re supplied.)-3.225 F .725(If no)5.725 F F2(option)3.225 E F0 3.225(sa)
C .725(re gi)-3.225 F -.15(ve)-.25 G .726
-(n, display the completion options for).15 F(each)144 381.6 Q F2(name)
+(n, display the completion options for).15 F(each)144 237.6 Q F2(name)
3.224 E F0 .724(or the current completion.)3.224 F .724(The possible v)
5.724 F .724(alues of)-.25 F F2(option)3.224 E F0 .724(are those v)3.224
-F .723(alid for the)-.25 F F1(com-)3.223 E(plete)144 393.6 Q F0 -.2(bu)
+F .723(alid for the)-.25 F F1(com-)3.223 E(plete)144 249.6 Q F0 -.2(bu)
2.677 G .177(iltin described abo).2 F -.15(ve)-.15 G 5.178(.T).15 G(he)
-5.178 E F1<ad44>2.678 E F0 .178
(option indicates that other supplied options should apply to)2.678 F
-1.228(the `)144 405.6 R(`def)-.74 E(ault')-.1 E 3.728('c)-.74 G 1.228(o\
+1.228(the `)144 261.6 R(`def)-.74 E(ault')-.1 E 3.728('c)-.74 G 1.228(o\
mmand completion; that is, completion attempted on a command for which \
-no)-3.728 F 2.038(completion has pre)144 417.6 R 2.038
+no)-3.728 F 2.038(completion has pre)144 273.6 R 2.038
(viously been de\214ned.)-.25 F(The)7.038 E F1<ad45>4.538 E F0 2.039
(option indicates that other supplied options)4.538 F 1.539
-(should apply to `)144 429.6 R(`empty')-.74 E 4.039('c)-.74 G 1.538
+(should apply to `)144 285.6 R(`empty')-.74 E 4.039('c)-.74 G 1.538
(ommand completion; that is, completion attempted on a blank line.)
--4.039 F(The)144
441.6 Q F1<ad49>3.02 E F0 .52(option indicates that ot\
+-4.039 F(The)144
297.6 Q F1<ad49>3.02 E F0 .52(option indicates that ot\
her supplied options should apply to completion on the initial non-)3.02
-F .868(assignment w)144 453.6 R .868
+F .868(assignment w)144 309.6 R .868
(ord on the line, or after a command delimiter such as)-.1 F F1(;)3.368
E F0(or)3.368 E F1(|)3.368 E F0 3.367(,w)C .867(hich is usually com-)
--3.367 F(mand name completion.)144 465.6 Q .431(The return v)144 489.6 R
+-3.367 F(mand name completion.)144 321.6 Q .431(The return v)144 345.6 R
.431(alue is true unless an in)-.25 F -.25(va)-.4 G .431
(lid option is supplied, an attempt is made to modify the op-).25 F
-(tions for a)144 501.6 Q F2(name)2.5 E F0
+(tions for a)144 357.6 Q F2(name)2.5 E F0
(for which no completion speci\214cation e)2.5 E
-(xists, or an output error occurs.)-.15 E F1(continue)108 518.4 Q F0([)
-2.5 E F2(n)A F0(])A .851(Resume the ne)144 530.4 R .851
+(xists, or an output error occurs.)-.15 E F1(continue)108 374.4 Q F0([)
+2.5 E F2(n)A F0(])A .851(Resume the ne)144 386.4 R .851
(xt iteration of the enclosing)-.15 F F1 -.25(fo)3.351 G(r).25 E F0(,)A
F1(while)3.351 E F0(,)A F1(until)3.351 E F0 3.351(,o)C(r)-3.351 E F1
(select)3.35 E F0 3.35(loop. If)3.35 F F2(n)3.71 E F0 .85
-(is speci\214ed, re-)3.59 F .203(sume at the)144 542.4 R F2(n)2.703 E F0
-.203(th enclosing loop.)B F2(n)5.563 E F0 .203(must be)2.943 F/F5 10
+(is speci\214ed, re-)3.59 F .203(sume at the)144 398.4 R F2(n)2.703 E F0
+.203(th enclosing loop.)B F2(n)5.563 E F0 .203(must be)2.943 F/F3 10
/Symbol SF<b3>2.703 E F0 2.704(1. If)2.703 F F2(n)3.064 E F0 .204
(is greater than the number of enclosing loops,)2.944 F 1.184
-(the last enclosing loop \(the `)144 554.4 R(`top-le)-.74 E -.15(ve)-.25
+(the last enclosing loop \(the `)144 410.4 R(`top-le)-.74 E -.15(ve)-.25
G(l').15 E 3.684('l)-.74 G 1.184(oop\) is resumed.)-3.684 F 1.183
(The return v)6.184 F 1.183(alue is 0 unless)-.25 F F2(n)3.683 E F0
-1.183(is not)3.683 F(greater than or equal to 1.)144 566.4 Q F1(declar)
-108 583.2 Q(e)-.18 E F0([)2.5 E F1(\255aAfFgiIlnrtux)A F0 2.5(][)C F1
+1.183(is not)3.683 F(greater than or equal to 1.)144 422.4 Q F1(declar)
+108 439.2 Q(e)-.18 E F0([)2.5 E F1(\255aAfFgiIlnrtux)A F0 2.5(][)C F1
<ad70>-2.5 E F0 2.5(][)C F2(name)-2.5 E F0([=)A F2(value)A F0 2.5(].)C
-(..])-2.5 E F1(typeset)108 595.2 Q F0([)2.5 E F1(\255aAfFgiIlnrtux)A F0
+(..])-2.5 E F1(typeset)108 451.2 Q F0([)2.5 E F1(\255aAfFgiIlnrtux)A F0
2.5(][)C F1<ad70>-2.5 E F0 2.5(][)C F2(name)-2.5 E F0([=)A F2(value)A F0
-2.5(].)C(..])-2.5 E 1.264(Declare v)144 607.2 R 1.264
+2.5(].)C(..])-2.5 E 1.264(Declare v)144 463.2 R 1.264
(ariables and/or gi)-.25 F 1.564 -.15(ve t)-.25 H 1.264(hem attrib).15 F
3.765(utes. If)-.2 F(no)3.765 E F2(name)3.765 E F0 3.765(sa)C 1.265
(re gi)-3.765 F -.15(ve)-.25 G 3.765(nt).15 G 1.265(hen display the v)
--3.765 F 1.265(alues of)-.25 F -.25(va)144 619.2 S 3.46(riables. The).25
+-3.765 F 1.265(alues of)-.25 F -.25(va)144 475.2 S 3.46(riables. The).25
F F1<ad70>3.46 E F0 .96(option will display the attrib)3.46 F .96
(utes and v)-.2 F .96(alues of each)-.25 F F2(name)3.82 E F0 5.96(.W).18
-G(hen)-5.96 E F1<ad70>3.46 E F0 .96(is used)3.46 F(with)144 631.2 Q F2
+G(hen)-5.96 E F1<ad70>3.46 E F0 .96(is used)3.46 F(with)144 487.2 Q F2
(name)2.774 E F0(ar)2.774 E .274
(guments, additional options, other than)-.18 F F1<ad66>2.775 E F0(and)
2.775 E F1<ad46>2.775 E F0 2.775(,a)C .275(re ignored.)-2.775 F(When)
-5.275 E F1<ad70>2.775 E F0 .275(is supplied)2.775 F(without)144 643.2 Q
+5.275 E F1<ad70>2.775 E F0 .275(is supplied)2.775 F(without)144 499.2 Q
F2(name)3.79 E F0(ar)3.79 E 1.29(guments, it will display the attrib)
-.18 F 1.289(utes and v)-.2 F 1.289(alues of all v)-.25 F 1.289
-(ariables ha)-.25 F 1.289(ving the at-)-.2 F(trib)144 655.2 Q .38
+(ariables ha)-.25 F 1.289(ving the at-)-.2 F(trib)144 511.2 Q .38
(utes speci\214ed by the additional options.)-.2 F .38
(If no other options are supplied with)5.38 F F1<ad70>2.88 E F0(,)A F1
(declar)2.88 E(e)-.18 E F0(will)2.88 E 1.107(display the attrib)144
-667.2 R 1.107(utes and v)-.2 F 1.106(alues of all shell v)-.25 F 3.606
+523.2 R 1.107(utes and v)-.2 F 1.106(alues of all shell v)-.25 F 3.606
(ariables. The)-.25 F F1<ad66>3.606 E F0 1.106
(option will restrict the display to)3.606 F .299(shell functions.)144
-
679.2 R(The)5.299 E F1<ad46>2.799 E F0 .299(option inhibits the display\
+
535.2 R(The)5.299 E F1<ad46>2.799 E F0 .299(option inhibits the display\
of function de\214nitions; only the function name)2.799 F 1.54
-(and attrib)144 691.2 R 1.54(utes are printed.)-.2 F 1.54(If the)6.54 F
+(and attrib)144 547.2 R 1.54(utes are printed.)-.2 F 1.54(If the)6.54 F
F1(extdeb)4.04 E(ug)-.2 E F0 1.54(shell option is enabled using)4.04 F
F1(shopt)4.04 E F0 4.04(,t)C 1.54(he source \214le)-4.04 F .648
-(name and line number where each)144 703.2 R F2(name)3.148 E F0 .648
+(name and line number where each)144 559.2 R F2(name)3.148 E F0 .648
(is de\214ned are displayed as well.)3.148 F(The)5.648 E F1<ad46>3.148 E
-F0 .649(option implies)3.149 F F1<ad66>144 715.2 Q F0 5.837(.T)C(he)
+F0 .649(option implies)3.149 F F1<ad66>144 571.2 Q F0 5.837(.T)C(he)
-5.837 E F1<ad67>3.337 E F0 .837(option forces v)3.337 F .836
(ariables to be created or modi\214ed at the global scope, e)-.25 F -.15
-(ve)-.25 G 3.336(nw).15 G(hen)-3.336 E F1(de-)3.336 E(clar)144 727.2 Q
+(ve)-.25 G 3.336(nw).15 G(hen)-3.336 E F1(de-)3.336 E(clar)144 583.2 Q
(e)-.18 E F0 .818(is e)3.318 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .818
(cuted in a shell function.).15 F .818
(It is ignored in all other cases.)5.818 F(The)5.819 E F1<ad49>3.319 E
-F0 .819(option causes local)3.319 F(GNU Bash 5.1)72 768 Q
-(2020 October 29)141.235 E(61)190.395 E 0 Cg EP
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+F0 .819(option causes local)3.319 F -.25(va)144 595.2 S .694
+(riables to inherit the attrib).25 F .694(utes \(e)-.2 F .694(xcept the)
+-.15 F F2(namer)3.194 E(ef)-.37 E F0(attrib)3.194 E .693(ute\) and v)-.2
+F .693(alue of an)-.25 F 3.193(ye)-.15 G .693(xisting v)-3.343 F
+(ariable)-.25 E .82(with the same)144 607.2 R F2(name)3.32 E F0 .82
+(at a surrounding scope.)3.32 F .82(If there is no e)5.82 F .82
+(xisting v)-.15 F .82(ariable, the local v)-.25 F .82(ariable is)-.25 F
+.38(initially unset.)144 619.2 R .38(The follo)5.38 F .379
+(wing options can be used to restrict output to v)-.25 F .379
+(ariables with the speci\214ed)-.25 F(attrib)144 631.2 Q(ute or to gi)
+-.2 E .3 -.15(ve v)-.25 H(ariables attrib)-.1 E(utes:)-.2 E F1<ad61>144
+643.2 Q F0(Each)180 643.2 Q F2(name)2.5 E F0(is an inde)2.5 E -.15(xe)
+-.15 G 2.5(da).15 G(rray v)-2.5 E(ariable \(see)-.25 E F1(Arrays)2.5 E
+F0(abo)2.5 E -.15(ve)-.15 G(\).).15 E F1<ad41>144 655.2 Q F0(Each)180
+655.2 Q F2(name)2.5 E F0(is an associati)2.5 E .3 -.15(ve a)-.25 H
+(rray v).15 E(ariable \(see)-.25 E F1(Arrays)2.5 E F0(abo)2.5 E -.15(ve)
+-.15 G(\).).15 E F1<ad66>144 667.2 Q F0(Use function names only)180
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-F1(echo)108 172.8 Q F0([)2.5 E F1(\255neE)A F0 2.5(][)C F2(ar)-2.5 E(g)
--.37 E F0(...])2.5 E .425(Output the)144 184.8 R F2(ar)2.925 E(g)-.37 E
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196.8 R(If)5.307 E F1<ad6e>2.807 E F0 .307
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1.365(iltin command).2 F F2(name)4.225 E F0 1.365(from shared object)
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(is speci\214ed, it replaces the shell.)3.575 F .305(No ne)5.305 F 2.805
(wp)-.25 G .306(rocess is created.)-2.805 F(The)5.306 E F2(ar)3.136 E
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(he)-2.676 E F1<ad6c>2.676 E F0 .176
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-(option causes)2.98 F F2(com-)3.18 E(mand)144 132 Q F0 .639(to be e)
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(vironment. If)-.4 F F1<ad61>3.138 E F0 .638
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(shell option is enabled.)3.077 F .576(In that case, it returns f)5.577
-F(ail-)-.1 E 3.32(ure. An)144 168 R(interacti)3.32 E 1.12 -.15(ve s)-.25
-H .82(hell returns f).15 F .82(ailure if the \214le cannot be e)-.1 F
--.15(xe)-.15 G 3.32(cuted. A).15 F .82(subshell e)3.32 F .82
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(is not speci\214ed, an)3.558 F 2.787(yr)-.15 G .287(edirections tak)
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-.25 F(and the return status is 0.)144 192 Q
-(If there is a redirection error)5 E 2.5(,t)-.4 G
-(he return status is 1.)-2.5 E F1(exit)108 208.8 Q F0([)2.5 E F2(n)A F0
-(])A .095(Cause the shell to e)144 208.8 R .095(xit with a status of)
--.15 F F2(n)2.595 E F0 5.095(.I)C(f)-5.095 E F2(n)2.955 E F0 .096
-(is omitted, the e)2.835 F .096(xit status is that of the last command)
--.15 F -.15(exe)144 220.8 S 2.5(cuted. A).15 F(trap on)2.5 E/F3 9
-/Times-Bold@0 SF(EXIT)2.5 E F0(is e)2.25 E -.15(xe)-.15 G
-(cuted before the shell terminates.).15 E F1(export)108 237.6 Q F0([)2.5
-E F1(\255fn)A F0 2.5(][).833 G F2(name)-2.5 E F0([=)A F2(wor)A(d)-.37 E
-F0(]] ...)A F1(export \255p)108 249.6 Q F0 .257(The supplied)144 261.6 R
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(ailure if an error occurs with the temporary \214le of commands.)-.1 F
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-(porting is used.)144 328.8 R 1.668
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(In normal operation, diagnostic messages are printed when in)6.669 F
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-(diagnostic message is printed.)144 400.8 Q 1.242(If a required ar)144
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-(getopts)144 472.8 Q F0 .902
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+Q 1.242(If a required ar)144 324 R 1.242(gument is not found, and)-.18 F
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(returns true if an option, speci\214ed or unspeci\214ed, is found.)
3.402 F .902(It returns f)5.902 F .901(alse if the end of)-.1 F
-(options is encountered or an error occurs.)144 484.8 Q F2(hash)108
-501.6 Q F0([)2.5 E F2(\255lr)A F0 2.5(][)C F2<ad70>-2.5 E F1(\214lename)
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-.858(Each time)144 513.6 R F2(hash)3.358 E F0 .858(is in)3.358 F -.2(vo)
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+(options is encountered or an error occurs.)144 384 Q F1(hash)108 400.8
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+(Each time)144 412.8 R F1(hash)3.358 E F0 .858(is in)3.358 F -.2(vo)-.4
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3.718 E F0 .858(is determined by searching)3.538 F .956
-(the directories in)144 525.6 R F2($P)3.456 E -.95(AT)-.74 G(H).95 E F0
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-(viously-remembered pathname is discarded.)-.25 F .242(If the)144 537.6
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2<ad70>2.742 E F0 .243
-(option is supplied, no path search is performed, and)2.742 F F1
+(viously-remembered pathname is discarded.)-.25 F .242(If the)144 436.8
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1<ad70>2.742 E F0 .243
+(option is supplied, no path search is performed, and)2.742 F F4
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-(of the command.)144
549.6 R(The)5.615 E F2<ad72>3.115 E F0 .615
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448.8 R(The)5.615 E F1<ad72>3.115 E F0 .615
(option causes the shell to for)3.115 F .615
-(get all remembered locations.)-.18 F(The)5.615 E F
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-(op-)3.115 E .293(tion causes the shell to for)144 561.6 R .293
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+(get all remembered locations.)-.18 F(The)5.615 E F
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+(op-)3.115 E .293(tion causes the shell to for)144 460.8 R .293
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(option is supplied,)2.794 F .028(the full pathname to which each)144
-573.6 R F1(name)2.528 E F0 .028(corresponds is printed.)2.528 F .028
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585.6 R F2<ad74>2.675 E F0
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-(is printed before the hashed full pathname.)2.675 F(The)5.175 E F2
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484.8 R F1<ad74>2.675 E F0
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-(be displayed in a format that may be reused as input.)144 597.6 R .783
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(If no ar)5.783 F .783(guments are gi)-.18 F -.15(ve)-.25 G .783
-(n, or if only).15 F F
2<ad6c>3.283 E F0(is)3.283 E .807
-(supplied, information about remembered commands is printed.)144 609.6 R
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-(ciated with each displayed history entry)144 204 R 6.019(.N)-.65 G
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3.519(oi)-6.019 G(nterv)-3.519 E 1.019
(ening blank is printed between the formatted)-.15 F .176
-(time stamp and the history line.)144 216 R(If)5.176 E F2(\214lename)
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2.676 E F0 .176
(is supplied, it is used as the name of the history \214le; if)2.676 F
-(not, the v)144 228 Q(alue of)-.25 E F3(HISTFILE)2.5 E F0(is used.)2.25
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E(Options, if supplied, ha)5 E .3 -.15(ve t)-.2 H(he follo).15 E
-(wing meanings:)-.25 E F1<ad63>144 240 Q F0
-(Clear the history list by deleting all the entries.)180
240 Q F1<ad64>
-144 252 Q F2(of)2.5 E(fset)-.18 E F0 .389
-(Delete the history entry at position)180 264 R F2(of)2.889 E(fset)-.18
+(wing meanings:)-.25 E F1<ad63>144 168 Q F0
+(Clear the history list by deleting all the entries.)180
168 Q F1<ad64>
+144 180 Q F2(of)2.5 E(fset)-.18 E F0 .389
+(Delete the history entry at position)180 192 R F2(of)2.889 E(fset)-.18
E F0 5.389(.I)C(f)-5.389 E F2(of)2.889 E(fset)-.18 E F0 .389(is ne)2.889
F -.05(ga)-.15 G(ti).05 E -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.89(,i).15 G 2.89(ti)-2.89 G
2.89(si)-2.89 G .39(nterpreted as relati)-2.89 F -.15(ve)-.25 G .599
-(to one greater than the last history position, so ne)180 276 R -.05(ga)
+(to one greater than the last history position, so ne)180 204 R -.05(ga)
-.15 G(ti).05 E .899 -.15(ve i)-.25 H .598
-(ndices count back from the end).15 F(of the history)180 288 Q 2.5(,a)
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-<ad64>144 300 Q F2(start)2.5 E F0<ad>A F2(end)A F0 .757
-(Delete the history entries between positions)180 312 R F2(start)3.257 E
-F0(and)3.258 E F2(end)3.258 E F0 3.258(,i)C(nclusi)-3.258 E -.15(ve)-.25
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--.05(ga)-.15 G(-).05 E(ti)180 324 Q .3 -.15(ve v)-.25 H(alues for)-.1 E
-F2(start)2.5 E F0(and)2.5 E F2(end)2.5 E F0
-(are interpreted as described abo)2.5 E -.15(ve)-.15 G(.).15 E F1<ad61>
-144 336 Q F0 .565(Append the `)180 336 R(`ne)-.74 E(w')-.25 E 3.065('h)
--.74 G .564(istory lines to the history \214le.)-3.065 F .564
-(These are history lines entered since)5.564 F(the be)180 348 Q
+<ad64>144 228 Q F2(start)2.5 E F0<ad>A F2(end)A F0 1.25
+(Delete the range of history entries between positions)180 240 R F2
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+E -.15(ve)-.15 G(.).15 E F1<ad61>144 264 Q F0 .565(Append the `)180 264
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+(These are history lines entered since)5.564 F(the be)180 276 Q
(ginning of the current)-.15 E F1(bash)2.5 E F0(session, b)2.5 E
-(ut not already appended to the history \214le.)-.2 E F1<ad6e>144 360 Q
+(ut not already appended to the history \214le.)-.2 E F1<ad6e>144 288 Q
F0 .854(Read the history lines not already read from the history \214le\
- into the current history list.)180 360 R .773
-(These are lines appended to the history \214le since the be)180 372 R
+ into the current history list.)180 288 R .773
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.772(ginning of the current)-.15 F F1(bash)3.272 E F0(ses-)3.272 E
-(sion.)180 384 Q F1<ad72>144 396 Q F0(Read the contents of the history \
-\214le and append them to the current history list.)180 3
96 Q F1<ad77>
-144 408 Q F0(Write the current history list to the history \214le, o)180
-408 Q -.15(ve)-.15 G(rwriting the history \214le').15 E 2.5(sc)-.55 G
-(ontents.)-2.5 E F1<ad70>144 420 Q F0 .625
-(Perform history substitution on the follo)180 420 R(wing)-.25 E F2(ar)
+(sion.)180 312 Q F1<ad72>144 324 Q F0(Read the contents of the history \
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24 Q F1<ad77>
+144 336 Q F0(Write the current history list to the history \214le, o)180
+336 Q -.15(ve)-.15 G(rwriting the history \214le').15 E 2.5(sc)-.55 G
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+(Perform history substitution on the follo)180 348 R(wing)-.25 E F2(ar)
3.125 E(gs)-.37 E F0 .626(and display the result on the standard)3.125 F
-2.975(output. Does)180 432 R .475
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(not store the results in the history list.)2.975 F(Each)5.475 E F2(ar)
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-(normal history e)180 444 Q(xpansion.)-.15 E F1<ad73>144 456 Q F0 .362
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-(he last command in the history list is)-5.363 F(remo)180 468 Q -.15(ve)
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(riable is set, the time stamp information associated with each history)
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-(hen the history)-5.669 F .956(\214le is read, lines be)144 508.8 R .956
+(hen the history)-5.669 F .956(\214le is read, lines be)144 436.8 R .956
(ginning with the history comment character follo)-.15 F .955
(wed immediately by a digit)-.25 F .832
-(are interpreted as timestamps for the follo)144 520.8 R .832
+(are interpreted as timestamps for the follo)144 448.8 R .832
(wing history entry)-.25 F 5.833(.T)-.65 G .833(he return v)-5.833 F
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is encountered, an error occurs while reading or writing the history \
\214le, an in).25 F -.25(va)-.4 G(lid).25 E F2(of)2.668 E(f-)-.18 E(set)
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-(xpansion supplied as an ar)-.15 E(gument to)-.18 E F1<ad70>2.5 E F0 -.1
-(fa)2.5 G(ils.).1 E F1(jobs)108 561.6 Q F0([)2.5 E F1(\255lnprs)A F0 2.5
-(][)C F2(jobspec)A F0(... ])2.5 E F1(jobs \255x)108 573.6 Q F2(command)
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-(The \214rst form lists the acti)144 585.6 Q .3 -.15(ve j)-.25 H 2.5
-(obs. The).15 F(options ha)2.5 E .3 -.15(ve t)-.2 H(he follo).15 E
-(wing meanings:)-.25 E F1<ad6c>144 597.6 Q F0
-(List process IDs in addition to the normal information.)180 597.6 Q F1
-<ad6e>144 609.6 Q F0 .193(Display information only about jobs that ha)
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-F .19
4(as last noti-)-.1 F(\214ed of their status.)180 621.6 Q F1<ad70>
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--.55 G(rocess group leader)-2.5 E(.)-.55 E F1<ad72>144 645.6 Q F0
-(Display only running jobs.)180 645.6 Q F1<ad73>144 657.6 Q F0
-(Display only stopped jobs.)180 657.6 Q(If)144 674.4 Q F2(jobspec)4.554
-E F0 .314(is gi)3.124 F -.15(ve)-.25 G .314
-(n, output is restricted to information about that job).15 F 5.313(.T)
--.4 G .313(he return status is 0 unless)-5.313 F(an in)144 686.4 Q -.25
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3(as last noti-)-.1 F(\214ed of their status.)180 561.6 Q F1<ad70>
+144 573.6 Q F0(List only the process ID of the job')180 573.6 Q 2.5(sp)
+-.55 G(rocess group leader)-2.5 E(.)-.55 E F1<ad72>144 585.6 Q F0
+(Display only running jobs.)180 585.6 Q F1<ad73>144 597.6 Q F0
+(Display only stopped jobs.)180 597.6 Q(If)144 614.4 Q F2(jobspec)4.553
+E F0 .313(is gi)3.123 F -.15(ve)-.25 G .313
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-(Send the signal named by)144 108 R F2(sigspec)2.857 E F0(or)2.827 E F2
-(signum)2.857 E F0 .017(to the processes named by)2.837 F F2(pid)3.767 E
-F0(or)3.287 E F2(jobspec)4.257 E F0(.).31 E F2(sigspec)5.357 E F0(is)
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-.318(ignal name such as).15 F/F3 9/Times-Bold@0 SF(SIGKILL)2.818 E F0
-.319(\(with or without the)2.569 F F3(SIG)2.819 E F0 .319
-(pre\214x\) or a signal)2.569 F(number;)144 132 Q F2(signum)3.268 E F0
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-(is assumed.)2.677 F .427(An ar)5.427 F(-)-.2 E .313(gument of)144 144 R
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-F 2.814(ya)-.15 G -.18(rg)-2.814 G .314(uments are supplied when).18 F
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-(n, the names of).15 F .12(the signals corresponding to the ar)144 156 R
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-F2 -.2(ex)2.619 G(it_status).2 E F0(ar)2.619 E(-)-.2 E .799(gument to)
-144 168 R F1<ad6c>3.299 E F0 .799
-(is a number specifying either a signal number or the e)3.299 F .8
-(xit status of a process termi-)-.15 F .963(nated by a signal.)144 180 R
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+(is gi)3.023 F -.15(ve)-.25 G .523(n, the names).15 F .28
+(of the signals corresponding to the ar)144 96 R .28
+(guments are listed, and the return status is 0.)-.18 F(The)5.28 E/F2 10
+/Times-Italic@0 SF -.2(ex)2.78 G(it_status).2 E F0(ar)144 108 Q .378
+(gument to)-.18 F F1<ad6c>2.878 E F0 .378
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+(xit status of a process termi-)-.15 F .962(nated by a signal.)144 120 R
(The)5.962 E F1<ad4c>3.462 E F0 .962(option is equi)3.462 F -.25(va)-.25
G .962(lent to).25 F F1<ad6c>3.462 E F0(.)A F1(kill)5.962 E F0 .962
(returns true if at least one signal w)3.462 F(as)-.1 E
-(successfully sent, or f)144 192 Q(alse if an error occurs or an in)-.1
-E -.25(va)-.4 G(lid option is encountered.).25 E F1(let)108 208.8 Q F2
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+E -.25(va)-.4 G(lid option is encountered.).25 E F1(let)108 148.8 Q F2
(ar)2.5 E(g)-.37 E F0([)2.5 E F2(ar)A(g)-.37 E F0(...])2.5 E(Each)144
-220.8 Q F2(ar)3.026 E(g)-.37 E F0 .196(is an arithmetic e)2.916 F .197
-(xpression to be e)-.15 F -.25(va)-.25 G .197(luated \(see).25 F F3 .197
-(ARITHMETIC EV)2.697 F(ALU)-1.215 E -.855(AT)-.54 G(ION).855 E F0(abo)
-2.447 E -.15(ve)-.15 G 2.697(\). If).15 F(the last)144 232.8 Q F2(ar)
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-(returns 1; 0 is returned otherwise.)2.5 E F1(local)108 249.6 Q F0([)2.5
-E F2(option)A F0 2.5(][)C F2(name)-2.5 E F0([=)A F2(value)A F0 2.5(].)C
-(.. | \255 ])-2.5 E -.15(Fo)144 261.6 S 2.542(re).15 G .042(ach ar)
--2.542 F .042(gument, a local v)-.18 F .042(ariable named)-.25 F F2
-(name)2.902 E F0 .042(is created, and assigned)2.722 F F2(value)2.832 E
-F0 5.042(.T).18 G(he)-5.042 E F2(option)2.542 E F0 .041(can be)2.541 F
-(an)144 273.6 Q 3.152(yo)-.15 G 3.152(ft)-3.152 G .652
-(he options accepted by)-3.152 F F1(declar)3.152 E(e)-.18 E F0 5.652(.W)
-C(hen)-5.652 E F1(local)3.152 E F0 .653
+160.8 Q F2(ar)3.027 E(g)-.37 E F0 .197(is an arithmetic e)2.917 F .197
+(xpression to be e)-.15 F -.25(va)-.25 G .196(luated \(see).25 F/F3 9
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+144 172.8 Q F2(ar)2.83 E(g)-.37 E F0 -.25(eva)2.72 G(luates to 0,).25 E
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+-.25 F F2(name)2.902 E F0 .042(is created, and assigned)2.722 F F2
+(value)2.832 E F0 5.042(.T).18 G(he)-5.042 E F2(option)2.542 E F0 .042
+(can be)2.542 F(an)144 213.6 Q 3.153(yo)-.15 G 3.153(ft)-3.153 G .653
+(he options accepted by)-3.153 F F1(declar)3.153 E(e)-.18 E F0 5.652(.W)
+C(hen)-5.652 E F1(local)3.152 E F0 .652
(is used within a function, it causes the v)3.152 F(ari-)-.25 E(able)144
-285.6 Q F2(name)3.282 E F0 .422(to ha)3.102 F .722 -.15(ve a v)-.2 H
+225.6 Q F2(name)3.281 E F0 .421(to ha)3.101 F .721 -.15(ve a v)-.2 H
.422(isible scope restricted to that function and its children.).15 F
-(If)5.421 E F2(name)2.921 E F0 .421(is \255, the set)2.921 F .509
-(of shell options is made local to the function in which)144 297.6 R F1
-(local)3.01 E F0 .51(is in)3.01 F -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G .51
-(d: shell options changed us-).1 F 1.171(ing the)144 309.6 R F1(set)
-3.671 E F0 -.2(bu)3.671 G 1.171
-(iltin inside the function are restored to their original v).2 F 1.17
-(alues when the function re-)-.25 F 3.38(turns. The)144 321.6 R .88
-(restore is ef)3.38 F .88(fected as if a series of)-.25 F F1(set)3.381 E
-F0 .881(commands were e)3.381 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .881
-(cuted to restore the v).15 F(alues)-.25 E .788
-(that were in place before the function.)144 333.6 R -.4(Wi)5.788 G .788
-(th no operands,).4 F F1(local)3.288 E F0 .787(writes a list of local v)
-3.288 F .787(ariables to)-.25 F .654(the standard output.)144 345.6 R
-.654(It is an error to use)5.654 F F1(local)3.154 E F0 .654
-(when not within a function.)3.154 F .655(The return status is 0)5.654 F
-(unless)144 357.6 Q F1(local)2.5 E F0(is used outside a function, an in)
+(If)5.422 E F2(name)2.922 E F0 .422(is \255, the set)2.922 F .51
+(of shell options is made local to the function in which)144 237.6 R F1
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+(d: shell options changed us-).1 F 1.17(ing the)144 249.6 R F1(set)3.67
+E F0 -.2(bu)3.67 G 1.171
+(iltin inside the function are restored to their original v).2 F 1.171
+(alues when the function re-)-.25 F 3.381(turns. The)144 261.6 R .881
+(restore is ef)3.381 F .881(fected as if a series of)-.25 F F1(set)3.381
+E F0 .88(commands were e)3.38 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .88
+(cuted to restore the v).15 F(alues)-.25 E .787
+(that were in place before the function.)144 273.6 R -.4(Wi)5.788 G .788
+(th no operands,).4 F F1(local)3.288 E F0 .788(writes a list of local v)
+3.288 F .788(ariables to)-.25 F .655(the standard output.)144 285.6 R
+.654(It is an error to use)5.655 F F1(local)3.154 E F0 .654
+(when not within a function.)3.154 F .654(The return status is 0)5.654 F
+(unless)144 297.6 Q F1(local)2.5 E F0(is used outside a function, an in)
2.5 E -.25(va)-.4 G(lid).25 E F2(name)2.86 E F0(is supplied, or)2.68 E
F2(name)2.5 E F0(is a readonly v)2.5 E(ariable.)-.25 E F1(logout)108
-374.4 Q F0(Exit a login shell.)144 374.4 Q F1(map\214le)108 391.2 Q F0
+314.4 Q F0(Exit a login shell.)144 314.4 Q F1(map\214le)108 331.2 Q F0
([)2.5 E F1<ad64>A F2(delim)2.5 E F0 2.5(][)C F1<ad6e>-2.5 E F2(count)
2.5 E F0 2.5(][)C F1<ad4f>-2.5 E F2(origin)2.5 E F0 2.5(][)C F1<ad73>
-2.5 E F2(count)2.5 E F0 2.5(][)C F1<ad74>-2.5 E F0 2.5(][)C F1<ad75>
-2.5 E F2(fd)2.5 E F0 2.5(][)C F1<ad43>-2.5 E F2(callbac)2.5 E(k)-.2 E
F0 2.5(][)C F1<ad63>-2.5 E F2(quantum)2.5 E F0 2.5(][)C F2(arr)-2.5 E
-(ay)-.15 E F0(])A F1 -.18(re)108 403.2 S(adarray).18 E F0([)2.5 E F1
+(ay)-.15 E F0(])A F1 -.18(re)108 343.2 S(adarray).18 E F0([)2.5 E F1
<ad64>A F2(delim)2.5 E F0 2.5(][)C F1<ad6e>-2.5 E F2(count)2.5 E F0 2.5
(][)C F1<ad4f>-2.5 E F2(origin)2.5 E F0 2.5(][)C F1<ad73>-2.5 E F2
(count)2.5 E F0 2.5(][)C F1<ad74>-2.5 E F0 2.5(][)C F1<ad75>-2.5 E F2
(fd)2.5 E F0 2.5(][)C F1<ad43>-2.5 E F2(callbac)2.5 E(k)-.2 E F0 2.5(][)
C F1<ad63>-2.5 E F2(quantum)2.5 E F0 2.5(][)C F2(arr)-2.5 E(ay)-.15 E F0
-(])A .159(Read lines from the standard input into the inde)144 415.2 R
+(])A .158(Read lines from the standard input into the inde)144 355.2 R
-.15(xe)-.15 G 2.659(da).15 G .159(rray v)-2.659 F(ariable)-.25 E F2
-(arr)2.989 E(ay)-.15 E F0 2.659(,o).32 G 2.658(rf)-2.659 G .158
-(rom \214le descriptor)-2.658 F F2(fd)4.628 E F0 1.248(if the)144 427.2
-R F1<ad75>3.748 E F0 1.248(option is supplied.)3.748 F 1.249(The v)6.249
+(arr)2.989 E(ay)-.15 E F0 2.659(,o).32 G 2.659(rf)-2.659 G .159
+(rom \214le descriptor)-2.659 F F2(fd)4.629 E F0 1.249(if the)144 367.2
+R F1<ad75>3.749 E F0 1.249(option is supplied.)3.749 F 1.249(The v)6.249
F(ariable)-.25 E F3(MAPFILE)3.749 E F0 1.249(is the def)3.499 F(ault)-.1
-E F2(arr)3.749 E(ay)-.15 E F0 6.249(.O)C 1.249(ptions, if supplied,)
--6.249 F(ha)144 439.2 Q .3 -.15(ve t)-.2 H(he follo).15 E
-(wing meanings:)-.25 E F1<ad64>144 451.2 Q F0 .911
-(The \214rst character of)180 451.2 R F2(delim)3.411 E F0 .911
-(is used to terminate each input line, rather than ne)3.411 F 3.41
-(wline. If)-.25 F F2(delim)180 463.2 Q F0(is the empty string,)2.5 E F1
+E F2(arr)3.748 E(ay)-.15 E F0 6.248(.O)C 1.248(ptions, if supplied,)
+-6.248 F(ha)144 379.2 Q .3 -.15(ve t)-.2 H(he follo).15 E
+(wing meanings:)-.25 E F1<ad64>144 391.2 Q F0 .91
+(The \214rst character of)180 391.2 R F2(delim)3.41 E F0 .911
+(is used to terminate each input line, rather than ne)3.41 F 3.411
+(wline. If)-.25 F F2(delim)180 403.2 Q F0(is the empty string,)2.5 E F1
(map\214le)2.5 E F0(will terminate a line when it reads a NUL character)
-2.5 E(.)-.55 E F1<ad6e>144 475.2 Q F0(Cop)180 475.2 Q 2.5(ya)-.1 G 2.5
+2.5 E(.)-.55 E F1<ad6e>144 415.2 Q F0(Cop)180 415.2 Q 2.5(ya)-.1 G 2.5
(tm)-2.5 G(ost)-2.5 E F2(count)2.7 E F0 2.5(lines. If)3.18 F F2(count)
-2.5 E F0(is 0, all lines are copied.)2.5 E F1<ad4f>144 487.2 Q F0(Be)180
-487.2 Q(gin assigning to)-.15 E F2(arr)2.83 E(ay)-.15 E F0(at inde)2.82
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E(x)-.15 E F2(origin)2.73 E F0 5(.T).24 G(he def)-5 E(ault inde)-.1 E
-2.5(xi)-.15 G 2.5(s0)-2.5 G(.)-2.5 E F1<ad73>144 499.2 Q F0
-(Discard the \214rst)180 499.2 Q F2(count)2.5 E F0(lines read.)2.5 E F1
-<ad74>144 511.2 Q F0(Remo)180 511.2 Q .3 -.15(ve a t)-.15 H(railing).15
+2.5(xi)-.15 G 2.5(s0)-2.5 G(.)-2.5 E F1<ad73>144 439.2 Q F0
+(Discard the \214rst)180 439.2 Q F2(count)2.5 E F0(lines read.)2.5 E F1
+<ad74>144 451.2 Q F0(Remo)180 451.2 Q .3 -.15(ve a t)-.15 H(railing).15
E F2(delim)2.5 E F0(\(def)2.5 E(ault ne)-.1 E
-(wline\) from each line read.)-.25 E F1<ad75>144 523.2 Q F0
-(Read lines from \214le descriptor)180 523.2 Q F2(fd)2.5 E F0
-(instead of the standard input.)2.5 E F1<ad43>144 535.2 Q F0(Ev)180
-535.2 Q(aluate)-.25 E F2(callbac)2.7 E(k)-.2 E F0(each time)3.17 E F2
+(wline\) from each line read.)-.25 E F1<ad75>144 463.2 Q F0
+(Read lines from \214le descriptor)180 463.2 Q F2(fd)2.5 E F0
+(instead of the standard input.)2.5 E F1<ad43>144 475.2 Q F0(Ev)180
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(quantum)2.5 E F0(lines are read.)2.5 E(The)5 E F1<ad63>2.5 E F0
-(option speci\214es)2.5 E F2(quantum)2.75 E F0(.).32 E F1<ad63>144 547.2
-Q F0(Specify the number of lines read between each call to)180 547.2 Q
-F2(callbac)2.7 E(k)-.2 E F0(.).67 E(If)144 564 Q F1<ad43>2.967 E F0 .467
+(option speci\214es)2.5 E F2(quantum)2.75 E F0(.).32 E F1<ad63>144 487.2
+Q F0(Specify the number of lines read between each call to)180 487.2 Q
+F2(callbac)2.7 E(k)-.2 E F0(.).67 E(If)144 504 Q F1<ad43>2.968 E F0 .467
(is speci\214ed without)2.967 F F1<ad63>2.967 E F0 2.967(,t)C .467
(he def)-2.967 F .467(ault quantum is 5000.)-.1 F(When)5.467 E F2
(callbac)2.967 E(k)-.2 E F0 .467(is e)2.967 F -.25(va)-.25 G .467
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-(it status is greater than 128 if the timeout is e).15 E(xceeded.)-.15 E
-F2<ad75>144 120 Q F1(fd)2.5 E F0(Read input from \214le descriptor)180
-120 Q F1(fd)2.5 E F0(.)A .522(If no)144 136.8 R F1(names)3.382 E F0 .522
+(Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E/F1 10/Times-Bold@0
+SF<ad74>144 84 Q/F2 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(timeout)2.5 E F0(Cause)180 96 Q
+F1 -.18(re)2.928 G(ad).18 E F0 .428(to time out and return f)2.928 F
+.428(ailure if a complete line of input \(or a speci\214ed num-)-.1 F
+.561(ber of characters\) is not read within)180 108 R F2(timeout)3.061 E
+F0(seconds.)3.061 E F2(timeout)5.561 E F0 .56(may be a decimal number)
+3.061 F(with a fractional portion follo)180 120 Q
+(wing the decimal point.)-.25 E(This option is only ef)5 E(fecti)-.25 E
+.3 -.15(ve i)-.25 H(f).15 E F1 -.18(re)2.5 G(ad).18 E F0 .506(is readin\
+g input from a terminal, pipe, or other special \214le; it has no ef)180
+132 R .505(fect when reading)-.25 F .589(from re)180 144 R .589
+(gular \214les.)-.15 F(If)5.589 E F1 -.18(re)3.089 G(ad).18 E F0 .589
+(times out,)3.089 F F1 -.18(re)3.089 G(ad).18 E F0(sa)3.089 E -.15(ve)
+-.2 G 3.089(sa).15 G .889 -.15(ny p)-3.089 H .59
+(artial input read into the speci\214ed).15 F -.25(va)180 156 S(riable)
+.25 E F2(name)2.77 E F0 5.27(.I)C(f)-5.27 E F2(timeout)2.77 E F0 .27
+(is 0,)2.77 F F1 -.18(re)2.77 G(ad).18 E F0 .27(returns immediately)2.77
+F 2.77(,w)-.65 G .27(ithout trying to read an)-2.77 F 2.77(yd)-.15 G
+(ata.)-2.77 E 1.12(The e)180 168 R 1.12(xit status is 0 if input is a)
+-.15 F -.25(va)-.2 G 1.12(ilable on the speci\214ed \214le descriptor)
+.25 F 3.62(,n)-.4 G 1.12(on-zero other)-3.62 F(-)-.2 E 2.5(wise. The)180
+180 R -.15(ex)2.5 G(it status is greater than 128 if the timeout is e)
+.15 E(xceeded.)-.15 E F1<ad75>144 192 Q F2(fd)2.5 E F0
+(Read input from \214le descriptor)180 192 Q F2(fd)2.5 E F0(.)A .522
+(If no)144 208.8 R F2(names)3.382 E F0 .522
(are supplied, the line read, without the ending delimiter b)3.292 F
-.522(ut otherwise unmodi\214ed, is)-.2 F 1.187(assigned to the v)144
-148.8 R(ariable)-.25 E/F3 9/Times-Bold@0 SF(REPL)3.686 E(Y)-.828 E/F4 9
+.522(ut otherwise unmodi\214ed, is)-.2 F 1.186(assigned to the v)144
+220.8 R(ariable)-.25 E/F3 9/Times-Bold@0 SF(REPL)3.686 E(Y)-.828 E/F4 9
/Times-Roman@0 SF(.)A F0 1.186(The e)5.686 F 1.186
-(xit status is zero, unless end-of-\214le is encountered,)-.15 F F2 -.18
-(re)3.686 G(ad).18 E F0 .96
+(xit status is zero, unless end-of-\214le is encountered,)-.15 F F1 -.18
+(re)3.687 G(ad).18 E F0 .961
(times out \(in which case the status is greater than 128\), a v)144
-160.8 R .961(ariable assignment error \(such as as-)-.25 F .707
-(signing to a readonly v)144 172.8 R .706(ariable\) occurs, or an in)
+232.8 R .96(ariable assignment error \(such as as-)-.25 F .706
+(signing to a readonly v)144 244.8 R .706(ariable\) occurs, or an in)
-.25 F -.25(va)-.4 G .706(lid \214le descriptor is supplied as the ar)
-.25 F .706(gument to)-.18 F F2<ad75>144 184.8 Q F0(.)A F2 -.18(re)108
-2
01.6 S(adonly).18 E F0([)2.5 E F2(\255aAf)A F0 2.5(][)C F2<ad70>-2.5 E
-F0 2.5(][)C F1(name)-2.5 E F0([=)A F1(wor)A(d)-.37 E F0 2.5(].)C(..])
--2.5 E .77(The gi)144 213.6 R -.15(ve)-.25 G(n).15 E F1(names)3.27 E F0
+.25 F .707(gument to)-.18 F F1<ad75>144 256.8 Q F0(.)A F1 -.18(re)108
+2
73.6 S(adonly).18 E F0([)2.5 E F1(\255aAf)A F0 2.5(][)C F1<ad70>-2.5 E
+F0 2.5(][)C F2(name)-2.5 E F0([=)A F2(wor)A(d)-.37 E F0 2.5(].)C(..])
+-2.5 E .77(The gi)144 285.6 R -.15(ve)-.25 G(n).15 E F2(names)3.27 E F0
.77(are mark)3.27 F .77(ed readonly; the v)-.1 F .77(alues of these)-.25
-F F1(names)3.63 E F0 .77(may not be changed by subse-)3.54 F 1.097
-(quent assignment.)144 225.6 R 1.097(If the)6.097 F F2<ad66>3.597 E F0
-1.097(option is supplied, the functions corresponding to the)3.597 F F1
-(names)3.596 E F0 1.096(are so)3.596 F(mark)144 237.6 Q 3.334(ed. The)
--.1 F F
2<ad61>3.334 E F0 .834(option restricts the v)3.334 F .834
+F F2(names)3.63 E F0 .77(may not be changed by subse-)3.54 F 1.096
+(quent assignment.)144 297.6 R 1.096(If the)6.096 F F1<ad66>3.596 E F0
+1.097(option is supplied, the functions corresponding to the)3.596 F F2
+(names)3.597 E F0 1.097(are so)3.597 F(mark)144 309.6 Q 3.334(ed. The)
+-.1 F F
1<ad61>3.334 E F0 .834(option restricts the v)3.334 F .834
(ariables to inde)-.25 F -.15(xe)-.15 G 3.334(da).15 G .834(rrays; the)
--3.334 F F
2<ad41>3.334 E F0 .834(option restricts the v)3.334 F(ari-)
--.25 E .777(ables to associati)144 249.6 R 1.077 -.15(ve a)-.25 H 3.277
-(rrays. If).15 F .777(both options are supplied,)3.27
7 F F2<ad41>3.277 E
-F0(tak)3.277 E .776(es precedence.)-.1 F .776(If no)5.776 F F1(name)
-3.636 E F0(ar)3.456 E(gu-)-.18 E .521(ments are gi)144 261.6 R -.15(ve)
--.25 G .521(n, or if the).15 F F
2<ad70>3.021 E F0 .521
+-3.334 F F
1<ad41>3.334 E F0 .834(option restricts the v)3.334 F(ari-)
+-.25 E .776(ables to associati)144 321.6 R 1.076 -.15(ve a)-.25 H 3.276
+(rrays. If).15 F .777(both options are supplied,)3.27
6 F F1<ad41>3.277 E
+F0(tak)3.277 E .777(es precedence.)-.1 F .777(If no)5.777 F F2(name)
+3.637 E F0(ar)3.457 E(gu-)-.18 E .522(ments are gi)144 333.6 R -.15(ve)
+-.25 G .521(n, or if the).15 F F
1<ad70>3.021 E F0 .521
(option is supplied, a list of all readonly names is printed.)3.021 F
-.522(The other)5.521 F .295(options may be used to restrict the output \
-to a subset of the set of readonly names.)144 273.6 R(The)5.295 E F2
-<ad70>2.795 E F0(option)2.795 E .786
+.521(The other)5.521 F .295(options may be used to restrict the output \
+to a subset of the set of readonly names.)144 345.6 R(The)5.296 E F1
+<ad70>2.796 E F0(option)2.796 E .786
(causes output to be displayed in a format that may be reused as input.)
-144 285.6 R .786(If a v)5.786 F .786(ariable name is fol-)-.25 F(lo)144
-297.6 Q .718(wed by =)-.25 F F1(wor)A(d)-.37 E F0 3.218(,t)C .718(he v)
--3.218 F .718(alue of the v)-.25 F .718(ariable is set to)-.25 F F1(wor)
+144 357.6 R .786(If a v)5.786 F .785(ariable name is fol-)-.25 F(lo)144
+369.6 Q .717(wed by =)-.25 F F2(wor)A(d)-.37 E F0 3.218(,t)C .718(he v)
+-3.218 F .718(alue of the v)-.25 F .718(ariable is set to)-.25 F F2(wor)
3.218 E(d)-.37 E F0 5.718(.T)C .718(he return status is 0 unless an in)
-5.718 F -.25(va)-.4 G(lid).25 E .26(option is encountered, one of the)
-144 309.6 R F1(names)3.12 E F0 .26(is not a v)3.03 F .26(alid shell v)
--.25 F .26(ariable name, or)-.25 F F
2<ad66>2.76 E F0 .26
-(is supplied with a)2.76 F F1(name)144.36 321.6 Q F0
-(that is not a function.)2.68 E F2 -.18(re)108 338.4 S(tur).18 E(n)-.15
-E F0([)2.5 E F1(n)A F0(])A .021(Causes a function to stop e)144 350.4 R
--.15(xe)-.15 G .021(cuting and return the v).15 F .021
-(alue speci\214ed by)-.25 F F1(n)2.88 E F0 .02(to its caller)2.76 F 5.02
-(.I)-.55 G(f)-5.02 E F1(n)2.88 E F0 .02(is omitted,)2.76 F .596
-(the return status is that of the last command e)144 362.4 R -.15(xe)
--.15 G .597(cuted in the function body).15 F 5.597(.I)-.65 G(f)-5.597 E
-F2 -.18(re)3.097 G(tur).18 E(n)-.15 E F0 .597(is e)3.097 F -.15(xe)-.15
-G(cuted).15 E .267(by a trap handler)144 374.4 R 2.767(,t)-.4 G .267
+144 381.6 R F2(names)3.12 E F0 .26(is not a v)3.03 F .26(alid shell v)
+-.25 F .26(ariable name, or)-.25 F F
1<ad66>2.76 E F0 .26
+(is supplied with a)2.76 F F2(name)144.36 393.6 Q F0
+(that is not a function.)2.68 E F1 -.18(re)108 410.4 S(tur).18 E(n)-.15
+E F0([)2.5 E F2(n)A F0(])A .02(Causes a function to stop e)144 422.4 R
+-.15(xe)-.15 G .02(cuting and return the v).15 F .021
+(alue speci\214ed by)-.25 F F2(n)2.881 E F0 .021(to its caller)2.761 F
+5.021(.I)-.55 G(f)-5.021 E F2(n)2.881 E F0 .021(is omitted,)2.761 F .597
+(the return status is that of the last command e)144 434.4 R -.15(xe)
+-.15 G .596(cuted in the function body).15 F 5.596(.I)-.65 G(f)-5.596 E
+F1 -.18(re)3.096 G(tur).18 E(n)-.15 E F0 .596(is e)3.096 F -.15(xe)-.15
+G(cuted).15 E .267(by a trap handler)144 446.4 R 2.767(,t)-.4 G .267
(he last command used to determine the status is the last command e)
--2.767 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .267(cuted be-).15 F .02(fore the trap handler)
-144 386.4 R 5.02(.I)-.55 G(f)-5.02 E F2 -.18(re)2.52 G(tur).18 E(n)-.15
-E F0 .02(is e)2.52 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .02(cuted during a).15 F F2(DEB)2.52
+-2.767 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .268(cuted be-).15 F .02(fore the trap handler)
+144 458.4 R 5.02(.I)-.55 G(f)-5.02 E F1 -.18(re)2.52 G(tur).18 E(n)-.15
+E F0 .02(is e)2.52 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .02(cuted during a).15 F F1(DEB)2.52
E(UG)-.1 E F0 .02(trap, the last command used to deter)2.52 F(-)-.2 E
-.886(mine the status is the last command e)144 398.4 R -.15(xe)-.15 G
-.886(cuted by the trap handler before).15 F F2 -.18(re)3.385 G(tur).18 E
-(n)-.15 E F0 -.1(wa)3.385 G 3.385(si).1 G -1.9 -.4(nv o)-3.385 H -.1(ke)
-.4 G 3.385(d. If).1 F F2 -.18(re)144 410.4 S(tur).18 E(n)-.15 E F0 .627
-(is used outside a function, b)3.127 F .628(ut during e)-.2 F -.15(xe)
--.15 G .628(cution of a script by the).15 F F2(.)3.128 E F0(\()5.628 E
-F2(sour)A(ce)-.18 E F0 3.128(\)c)C .628(ommand, it)-3.128 F .589
-(causes the shell to stop e)144 422.4 R -.15(xe)-.15 G .589
-(cuting that script and return either).15 F F1(n)3.448 E F0 .588
-(or the e)3.328 F .588(xit status of the last com-)-.15 F .325(mand e)
-144 434.4 R -.15(xe)-.15 G .325(cuted within the script as the e).15 F
-.326(xit status of the script.)-.15 F(If)5.326 E F1(n)2.826 E F0 .326
-(is supplied, the return v)2.826 F .326(alue is)-.25 F .445
-(its least signi\214cant 8 bits.)144 446.4 R .444
-(The return status is non-zero if)5.445 F F2 -.18(re)2.944 G(tur).18 E
-(n)-.15 E F0 .444(is supplied a non-numeric ar)2.944 F(gu-)-.18 E .381
-(ment, or is used outside a function and not during e)144 458.4 R -.15
-(xe)-.15 G .381(cution of a script by).15 F F2(.)2.881 E F0(or)3.714 E
-F2(sour)2.881 E(ce)-.18 E F0 5.381(.A)C .681 -.15(ny c)-5.381 H(om-).15
-E .75(mand associated with the)144 470.4 R F2(RETURN)3.249 E F0 .749
+.885(mine the status is the last command e)144 470.4 R -.15(xe)-.15 G
+.886(cuted by the trap handler before).15 F F1 -.18(re)3.386 G(tur).18 E
+(n)-.15 E F0 -.1(wa)3.386 G 3.386(si).1 G -1.9 -.4(nv o)-3.386 H -.1(ke)
+.4 G 3.386(d. If).1 F F1 -.18(re)144 482.4 S(tur).18 E(n)-.15 E F0 .628
+(is used outside a function, b)3.128 F .628(ut during e)-.2 F -.15(xe)
+-.15 G .628(cution of a script by the).15 F F1(.)3.127 E F0(\()5.627 E
+F1(sour)A(ce)-.18 E F0 3.127(\)c)C .627(ommand, it)-3.127 F .588
+(causes the shell to stop e)144 494.4 R -.15(xe)-.15 G .588
+(cuting that script and return either).15 F F2(n)3.448 E F0 .589
+(or the e)3.329 F .589(xit status of the last com-)-.15 F .326(mand e)
+144 506.4 R -.15(xe)-.15 G .326(cuted within the script as the e).15 F
+.326(xit status of the script.)-.15 F(If)5.326 E F2(n)2.826 E F0 .325
+(is supplied, the return v)2.826 F .325(alue is)-.25 F .444
+(its least signi\214cant 8 bits.)144 518.4 R .444
+(The return status is non-zero if)5.444 F F1 -.18(re)2.945 G(tur).18 E
+(n)-.15 E F0 .445(is supplied a non-numeric ar)2.945 F(gu-)-.18 E .381
+(ment, or is used outside a function and not during e)144 530.4 R -.15
+(xe)-.15 G .381(cution of a script by).15 F F1(.)2.881 E F0(or)3.714 E
+F1(sour)2.881 E(ce)-.18 E F0 5.38(.A)C .68 -.15(ny c)-5.38 H(om-).15 E
+.749(mand associated with the)144 542.4 R F1(RETURN)3.249 E F0 .749
(trap is e)3.249 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .749(cuted before e).15 F -.15(xe)-.15
-G .749(cution resumes after the function).15 F(or script.)144 482.4 Q F2
-(set)108 499.2 Q F0([)2.5 E F2(\255\255abefhkmnptuvxBCEHPT)A F0 2.5(][)C
-F2<ad6f>-2.5 E F1(option\255name)2.5 E F0 2.5(][)C F1(ar)-2.5 E(g)-.37 E
-F0(...])2.5 E F2(set)108 511.2 Q F0([)2.5 E F2(+abefhkmnptuvxBCEHPT)A F0
-2.5(][)C F2(+o)-2.5 E F1(option\255name)2.5 E F0 2.5(][)C F1(ar)-2.5 E
-(g)-.37 E F0(...])2.5 E -.4(Wi)144 523.2 S .835
+G .75(cution resumes after the function).15 F(or script.)144 554.4 Q F1
+(set)108 571.2 Q F0([)2.5 E F1(\255\255abefhkmnptuvxBCEHPT)A F0 2.5(][)C
+F1<ad6f>-2.5 E F2(option\255name)2.5 E F0 2.5(][)C F2(ar)-2.5 E(g)-.37 E
+F0(...])2.5 E F1(set)108 583.2 Q F0([)2.5 E F1(+abefhkmnptuvxBCEHPT)A F0
+2.5(][)C F1(+o)-2.5 E F2(option\255name)2.5 E F0 2.5(][)C F2(ar)-2.5 E
+(g)-.37 E F0(...])2.5 E -.4(Wi)144 595.2 S .836
(thout options, the name and v).4 F .835(alue of each shell v)-.25 F
-.836(ariable are displayed in a format that can be)-.25 F .784
-(reused as input for setting or resetting the currently-set v)144 535.2
-R 3.284(ariables. Read-only)-.25 F -.25(va)3.284 G .783
-(riables cannot be).25 F 2.946(reset. In)144 547.2 R F1 .447(posix mode)
-2.946 F F0 2.947(,o)C .447(nly shell v)-2.947 F .447
+.835(ariable are displayed in a format that can be)-.25 F .784
+(reused as input for setting or resetting the currently-set v)144 607.2
+R 3.284(ariables. Read-only)-.25 F -.25(va)3.284 G .784
+(riables cannot be).25 F 2.947(reset. In)144 619.2 R F2 .447(posix mode)
+2.947 F F0 2.947(,o)C .447(nly shell v)-2.947 F .447
(ariables are listed.)-.25 F .447
-(The output is sorted according to the current)5.447 F 3.531
-(locale. When)144 559.2 R 1.031(options are speci\214ed, the)3.531 F
-3.531(ys)-.15 G 1.031(et or unset shell attrib)-3.531 F 3.53(utes. An)
--.2 F 3.53(ya)-.15 G -.18(rg)-3.53 G 1.03(uments remaining).18 F .584
-(after option processing are treated as v)144 571.2 R .585
+(The output is sorted according to the current)5.447 F 3.53
+(locale. When)144 631.2 R 1.031(options are speci\214ed, the)3.53 F
+3.531(ys)-.15 G 1.031(et or unset shell attrib)-3.531 F 3.531(utes. An)
+-.2 F 3.531(ya)-.15 G -.18(rg)-3.531 G 1.031(uments remaining).18 F .585
+(after option processing are treated as v)144 643.2 R .584
(alues for the positional parameters and are assigned, in or)-.25 F(-)
--.2 E(der)144 583.2 Q 2.5(,t)-.4 G(o)-2.5 E F2($1)2.5 E F0(,)A F2($2)2.5
-E F0(,)A F2 2.5(... $)2.5 F F1(n)A F0 5(.O)C(ptions, if speci\214ed, ha)
--5 E .3 -.15(ve t)-.2 H(he follo).15 E(wing meanings:)-.25 E F
2<ad61>144
-595.2 Q F0 1.378(Each v)184 595.2 R 1.377
+-.2 E(der)144 655.2 Q 2.5(,t)-.4 G(o)-2.5 E F1($1)2.5 E F0(,)A F1($2)2.5
+E F0(,)A F1 2.5(... $)2.5 F F2(n)A F0 5(.O)C(ptions, if speci\214ed, ha)
+-5 E .3 -.15(ve t)-.2 H(he follo).15 E(wing meanings:)-.25 E F
1<ad61>144
+667.2 Q F0 1.377(Each v)184 667.2 R 1.377
(ariable or function that is created or modi\214ed is gi)-.25 F -.15(ve)
--.25 G 3.877(nt).15 G 1.377(he e)-3.877 F 1.377(xport attrib)-.15 F
-1.377(ute and)-.2 F(mark)184 607.2 Q(ed for e)-.1 E(xport to the en)-.15
-E(vironment of subsequent commands.)-.4 E F2<ad62>144 619.2 Q F0 .131
-(Report the status of terminated background jobs immediately)184 619.2 R
-2.632(,r)-.65 G .132(ather than before the ne)-2.632 F(xt)-.15 E
-(primary prompt.)184 631.2 Q(This is ef)5 E(fecti)-.25 E .3 -.15(ve o)
--.25 H(nly when job control is enabled.).15 E F2<ad65>144 643.2 Q F0
-.088(Exit immediately if a)184 643.2 R F1(pipeline)2.588 E F0 .087
-(\(which may consist of a single)2.588 F F1 .087(simple command)2.587 F
-F0 .087(\), a)B F1(list)2.587 E F0 2.587(,o)C(r)-2.587 E(a)184 655.2 Q
-F1 1.52(compound command)4.02 F F0(\(see)4.021 E F3 1.521(SHELL GRAMMAR)
-4.021 F F0(abo)3.771 E -.15(ve)-.15 G 1.521(\), e).15 F 1.521
-(xits with a non-zero status.)-.15 F .08(The shell does not e)184 667.2
-R .079(xit if the command that f)-.15 F .079
-(ails is part of the command list immediately)-.1 F(follo)184 679.2 Q
-1.654(wing a)-.25 F F2(while)4.154 E F0(or)4.154 E F2(until)4.154 E F0
--.1(ke)4.154 G(yw)-.05 E 1.655(ord, part of the test follo)-.1 F 1.655
-(wing the)-.25 F F2(if)4.155 E F0(or)4.155 E F2(elif)4.155 E F0(reserv)
-4.155 E(ed)-.15 E -.1(wo)184 691.2 S .582(rds, part of an).1 F 3.082(yc)
--.15 G .582(ommand e)-3.082 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .581(cuted in a).15 F F2
-(&&)3.081 E F0(or)3.081 E F2(||)3.081 E F0 .581(list e)3.081 F .581
-(xcept the command follo)-.15 F(wing)-.25 E .917(the \214nal)184 703.2 R
-F2(&&)3.417 E F0(or)3.417 E F2(||)3.417 E F0 3.417(,a)C 1.217 -.15(ny c)
--3.417 H .918(ommand in a pipeline b).15 F .918
-(ut the last, or if the command')-.2 F 3.418(sr)-.55 G(eturn)-3.418 E
--.25(va)184 715.2 S .661(lue is being in).25 F -.15(ve)-.4 G .661
-(rted with).15 F F2(!)3.161 E F0 5.661(.I)C 3.161(fac)-5.661 G .66
-(ompound command other than a subshell returns a)-3.161 F 1.112
-(non-zero status because a command f)184 727.2 R 1.112(ailed while)-.1 F
-F2<ad65>3.612 E F0 -.1(wa)3.612 G 3.612(sb).1 G 1.113
-(eing ignored, the shell does)-3.612 F(GNU Bash 5.1)72 768 Q
-(2020 October 29)141.235 E(70)190.395 E 0 Cg EP
-%%Page: 71 71
+-.25 G 3.877(nt).15 G 1.377(he e)-3.877 F 1.378(xport attrib)-.15 F
+1.378(ute and)-.2 F(mark)184 679.2 Q(ed for e)-.1 E(xport to the en)-.15
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+(vironment,)-.4 E .38(are ignored.)184 402 R .38
+(If the shell is started with the ef)5.38 F(fecti)-.25 E .679 -.15(ve u)
+-.25 H .379(ser \(group\) id not equal to the real).15 F .461
+(user \(group\) id, and the)184
414 R F1<ad70>2.961 E F0 .461
+(option is not supplied, these actions are tak)2.961 F .462
+(en and the ef)-.1 F(fec-)-.25 E(ti)184 426 Q .695 -.15(ve u)-.25 H .395
(ser id is set to the real user id.).15 F .395(If the)5.395 F F1<ad70>
-2.895 E F0 .395(option is supplied at startup, the ef)2.895 F(fecti)-.25
-E -.15(ve)-.25 G .387(user id is not reset.)184 366 R -.45(Tu)5.387 G
-.387(rning this option of).45 F 2.886(fc)-.25 G .386(auses the ef)-2.886
-F(fecti)-.25 E .686 -.15(ve u)-.25 H .386(ser and group ids to be).15 F
-(set to the real user and group ids.)184 378 Q F1<ad74>144 390 Q F0
-(Exit after reading and e)184 390 Q -.15(xe)-.15 G(cuting one command.)
-.15 E F1<ad75>144 402 Q F0 -.35(Tr)184 402 S .043(eat unset v).35 F .044
+2.895 E F0 .394(option is supplied at startup, the ef)2.895 F(fecti)-.25
+E -.15(ve)-.25 G .386(user id is not reset.)184 438 R -.45(Tu)5.386 G
+.386(rning this option of).45 F 2.886(fc)-.25 G .387(auses the ef)-2.886
+F(fecti)-.25 E .687 -.15(ve u)-.25 H .387(ser and group ids to be).15 F
+(set to the real user and group ids.)184 450 Q F1<ad74>144 462 Q F0
+(Exit after reading and e)184 462 Q -.15(xe)-.15 G(cuting one command.)
+.15 E F1<ad75>144 474 Q F0 -.35(Tr)184 474 S .044(eat unset v).35 F .044
(ariables and parameters other than the special parameters "@" and "*" \
-as an)-.25 F .183(error when performing parameter e)184 414 R 2.683
-(xpansion. If)-.15 F -.15(ex)2.683 G .182
+as an)-.25 F .182(error when performing parameter e)184 486 R 2.682
+(xpansion. If)-.15 F -.15(ex)2.682 G .183
(pansion is attempted on an unset v).15 F(ari-)-.25 E .746
-(able or parameter)184 426 R 3.246(,t)-.4 G .746
+(able or parameter)184 498 R 3.246(,t)-.4 G .746
(he shell prints an error message, and, if not interacti)-3.246 F -.15
(ve)-.25 G 3.246(,e).15 G .746(xits with a)-3.396 F(non-zero status.)184
-438 Q F1<ad76>144 450 Q F0(Print shell input lines as the)184 450 Q 2.5
-(ya)-.15 G(re read.)-2.5 E F1<ad78>144 462 Q F0 .315(After e)184 462 R
+510 Q F1<ad76>144 522 Q F0(Print shell input lines as the)184 522 Q 2.5
+(ya)-.15 G(re read.)-2.5 E F1<ad78>144 534 Q F0 .315(After e)184 534 R
.315(xpanding each)-.15 F F2 .315(simple command)2.815 F F0(,)A F1 -.25
(fo)2.815 G(r).25 E F0(command,)2.815 E F1(case)2.815 E F0(command,)
-2.815 E F1(select)2.815 E F0(command,)2.815 E 1.235(or arithmetic)184
-474 R F1 -.25(fo)3.736 G(r).25 E F0 1.236(command, display the e)3.736 F
+2.815 E F1(select)2.815 E F0(command,)2.815 E 1.236(or arithmetic)184
+546 R F1 -.25(fo)3.736 G(r).25 E F0 1.236(command, display the e)3.736 F
1.236(xpanded v)-.15 F 1.236(alue of)-.25 F F3(PS4)3.736 E F4(,)A F0
-(follo)3.486 E 1.236(wed by the com-)-.25 F(mand and its e)184 486 Q
+(follo)3.486 E 1.236(wed by the com-)-.25 F(mand and its e)184 558 Q
(xpanded ar)-.15 E(guments or associated w)-.18 E(ord list.)-.1 E F1
-<ad42>144 498 Q F0 1.206(The shell performs brace e)184 498 R 1.206
+<ad42>144 570 Q F0 1.205(The shell performs brace e)184 570 R 1.205
(xpansion \(see)-.15 F F1 1.205(Brace Expansion)3.705 F F0(abo)3.705 E
--.15(ve)-.15 G 3.705(\). This).15 F 1.205(is on by de-)3.705 F -.1(fa)
-184 510 S(ult.).1 E F1<ad43>144 522 Q F0 .213(If set,)184 522 R F1(bash)
-2.713 E F0 .213(does not o)2.713 F -.15(ve)-.15 G .214(rwrite an e).15 F
+-.15(ve)-.15 G 3.706(\). This).15 F 1.206(is on by de-)3.706 F -.1(fa)
+184 582 S(ult.).1 E F1<ad43>144 594 Q F0 .214(If set,)184 594 R F1(bash)
+2.714 E F0 .214(does not o)2.714 F -.15(ve)-.15 G .214(rwrite an e).15 F
.214(xisting \214le with the)-.15 F F1(>)2.714 E F0(,)A F1(>&)2.714 E F0
-2.714(,a)C(nd)-2.714 E F1(<>)2.714 E F0 .214(redirection opera-)2.714 F
-3.054(tors. This)184 534 R .553(may be o)3.053 F -.15(ve)-.15 G .553
+2.713(,a)C(nd)-2.713 E F1(<>)2.713 E F0 .213(redirection opera-)2.713 F
+3.053(tors. This)184 606 R .553(may be o)3.053 F -.15(ve)-.15 G .553
(rridden when creating output \214les by using the redirection opera-)
-.15 F(tor)184 546 Q F1(>|)2.5 E F0(instead of)2.5 E F1(>)2.5 E F0(.)A F1
-<ad45>144 558 Q F0 .103(If set, an)184 558 R 2.603(yt)-.15 G .103
-(rap on)-2.603 F F1(ERR)2.603 E F0 .104
-(is inherited by shell functions, command substitutions, and com-)2.603
-F .839(mands e)184 570 R -.15(xe)-.15 G .839(cuted in a subshell en).15
-F 3.339(vironment. The)-.4 F F1(ERR)3.338 E F0 .838
-(trap is normally not inherited in)3.338 F(such cases.)184 582 Q F1
-<ad48>144 594 Q F0(Enable)184 594 Q F1(!)3.031 E F0 .531
-(style history substitution.)5.531 F .531(This option is on by def)5.531
-F .532(ault when the shell is inter)-.1 F(-)-.2 E(acti)184 606 Q -.15
-(ve)-.25 G(.).15 E F1<ad50>144 618 Q F0 .96
-(If set, the shell does not resolv)184 618 R 3.459(es)-.15 G .959
-(ymbolic links when e)-3.459 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .959
-(cuting commands such as).15 F F1(cd)3.459 E F0 1.452
-(that change the current w)184 630 R 1.452(orking directory)-.1 F 6.452
-(.I)-.65 G 3.953(tu)-6.452 G 1.453(ses the ph)-3.953 F 1.453
-(ysical directory structure in-)-.05 F 3.335(stead. By)184 642 R(def)
-3.335 E(ault,)-.1 E F1(bash)3.334 E F0(follo)3.334 E .834
+.15 F(tor)184 618 Q F1(>|)2.5 E F0(instead of)2.5 E F1(>)2.5 E F0(.)A F1
+<ad45>144 630 Q F0 .104(If set, an)184 630 R 2.604(yt)-.15 G .104
+(rap on)-2.604 F F1(ERR)2.604 E F0 .103
+(is inherited by shell functions, command substitutions, and com-)2.604
+F .838(mands e)184 642 R -.15(xe)-.15 G .838(cuted in a subshell en).15
+F 3.338(vironment. The)-.4 F F1(ERR)3.338 E F0 .839
+(trap is normally not inherited in)3.339 F(such cases.)184 654 Q F1
+<ad48>144 666 Q F0(Enable)184 666 Q F1(!)3.032 E F0 .532
+(style history substitution.)5.532 F .531(This option is on by def)5.532
+F .531(ault when the shell is inter)-.1 F(-)-.2 E(acti)184 678 Q -.15
+(ve)-.25 G(.).15 E F1<ad50>144 690 Q F0 .959
+(If set, the shell does not resolv)184 690 R 3.459(es)-.15 G .959
+(ymbolic links when e)-3.459 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .96
+(cuting commands such as).15 F F1(cd)3.46 E F0 1.453
+(that change the current w)184 702 R 1.453(orking directory)-.1 F 6.453
+(.I)-.65 G 3.952(tu)-6.453 G 1.452(ses the ph)-3.952 F 1.452
+(ysical directory structure in-)-.05 F 3.334(stead. By)184 714 R(def)
+3.334 E(ault,)-.1 E F1(bash)3.334 E F0(follo)3.334 E .834
(ws the logical chain of directories when performing com-)-.25 F
-(mands which change the current directory)184 654 Q(.)-.65 E F1<ad54>144
-666 Q F0 .89(If set, an)184 666 R 3.39(yt)-.15 G .89(raps on)-3.39 F F1
-(DEB)3.39 E(UG)-.1 E F0(and)3.39 E F1(RETURN)3.39 E F0 .89
-(are inherited by shell functions, command)3.39 F 1.932
-(substitutions, and commands e)184 678 R -.15(xe)-.15 G 1.932
-(cuted in a subshell en).15 F 4.432(vironment. The)-.4 F F1(DEB)4.432 E
-(UG)-.1 E F0(and)4.432 E F1(RETURN)184 690 Q F0
-(traps are normally not inherited in such cases.)2.5 E F1<adad>144 702 Q
-F0 .4(If no ar)184 702 R .401(guments follo)-.18 F 2.901(wt)-.25 G .401
-(his option, then the positional parameters are unset.)-2.901 F
-(Otherwise,)5.401 E(the positional parameters are set to the)184 714 Q
-F2(ar)2.5 E(g)-.37 E F0(s, e)A -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.5(ni).15 G 2.5(fs)-2.5 G
-(ome of them be)-2.5 E(gin with a)-.15 E F1<ad>2.5 E F0(.)A
-(GNU Bash 5.1)72 768 Q(2020 October 29)141.235 E(72)190.395 E 0 Cg EP
-%%Page: 73 73
+(mands which change the current directory)184 726 Q(.)-.65 E
+(GNU Bash 5.1)72 768 Q(2021 October 25)141.235 E(74)190.395 E 0 Cg EP
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%%BeginPageSetup
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%%EndPageSetup
/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 137.14(SH\(1\) General).35 F
(Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E/F1 10/Times-Bold@0
-SF<ad>144 84 Q F0 .797(Signal the end of options, cause all remaining)
-184 84 R/F2 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(ar)3.297 E(g)-.37 E F0 3.297(st)C 3.297
-(ob)-3.297 G 3.296(ea)-3.297 G .796(ssigned to the positional pa-)-3.296
-F 3.021(rameters. The)184 96 R F1<ad78>3.021 E F0(and)3.022 E F1<ad76>
-3.022 E F0 .522(options are turned of)3.022 F 3.022(f. If)-.25 F .522
-(there are no)3.022 F F2(ar)3.022 E(g)-.37 E F0 .522
-(s, the positional pa-)B(rameters remain unchanged.)184 108 Q .425
-(The options are of)144 124.8 R 2.925(fb)-.25 G 2.925(yd)-2.925 G(ef)
--2.925 E .425(ault unless otherwise noted.)-.1 F .425
-(Using + rather than \255 causes these options)5.425 F .177
-(to be turned of)144 136.8 R 2.677(f. The)-.25 F .178
+SF<ad54>144 84 Q F0 .89(If set, an)184 84 R 3.39(yt)-.15 G .89(raps on)
+-3.39 F F1(DEB)3.39 E(UG)-.1 E F0(and)3.39 E F1(RETURN)3.39 E F0 .89
+(are inherited by shell functions, command)3.39 F 1.932
+(substitutions, and commands e)184 96 R -.15(xe)-.15 G 1.932
+(cuted in a subshell en).15 F 4.432(vironment. The)-.4 F F1(DEB)4.432 E
+(UG)-.1 E F0(and)4.432 E F1(RETURN)184 108 Q F0
+(traps are normally not inherited in such cases.)2.5 E F1<adad>144 120 Q
+F0 .401(If no ar)184 120 R .401(guments follo)-.18 F 2.901(wt)-.25 G
+.401(his option, then the positional parameters are unset.)-2.901 F
+(Otherwise,)5.4 E(the positional parameters are set to the)184 132 Q/F2
+10/Times-Italic@0 SF(ar)2.5 E(g)-.37 E F0(s, e)A -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.5(ni)
+.15 G 2.5(fs)-2.5 G(ome of them be)-2.5 E(gin with a)-.15 E F1<ad>2.5 E
+F0(.)A F1<ad>144 144 Q F0 .796
+(Signal the end of options, cause all remaining)184 144 R F2(ar)3.297 E
+(g)-.37 E F0 3.297(st)C 3.297(ob)-3.297 G 3.297(ea)-3.297 G .797
+(ssigned to the positional pa-)-3.297 F 3.022(rameters. The)184 156 R F1
+<ad78>3.022 E F0(and)3.022 E F1<ad76>3.022 E F0 .522
+(options are turned of)3.022 F 3.022(f. If)-.25 F .522(there are no)
+3.022 F F2(ar)3.022 E(g)-.37 E F0 .521(s, the positional pa-)B
+(rameters remain unchanged.)184 168 Q .425(The options are of)144 184.8
+R 2.925(fb)-.25 G 2.925(yd)-2.925 G(ef)-2.925 E .425
+(ault unless otherwise noted.)-.1 F .425
+(Using + rather than \255 causes these options)5.425 F .178
+(to be turned of)144 196.8 R 2.678(f. The)-.25 F .178
(options can also be speci\214ed as ar)2.678 F .178(guments to an in)
--.18 F -.2(vo)-.4 G .178(cation of the shell.).2 F(The)5.178 E .066
-(current set of options may be found in)144 148.8 R F1<24ad>2.566 E F0
+-.18 F -.2(vo)-.4 G .177(cation of the shell.).2 F(The)5.177 E .066
+(current set of options may be found in)144 208.8 R F1<24ad>2.566 E F0
5.066(.T)C .066(he return status is al)-5.066 F -.1(wa)-.1 G .066
-(ys true unless an in).1 F -.25(va)-.4 G .066(lid option).25 F
-(is encountered.)144 160.8 Q F1(shift)108 177.6 Q F0([)2.5 E F2(n)A F0
-(])A .428(The positional parameters from)144 189.6 R F2(n)2.928 E F0
-.429(+1 ... are renamed to)B F1 .429($1 ....)2.929 F F0 -.15(Pa)5.429 G
-.429(rameters represented by the num-).15 F(bers)144 201.6 Q F1($#)2.583
-E F0(do)2.583 E .083(wn to)-.25 F F1($#)2.583 E F0<ad>A F2(n)A F0 .083
-(+1 are unset.)B F2(n)5.443 E F0 .083(must be a non-ne)2.823 F -.05(ga)
--.15 G(ti).05 E .382 -.15(ve n)-.25 H .082(umber less than or equal to)
-.15 F F1($#)2.582 E F0 5.082(.I)C(f)-5.082 E F2(n)2.942 E F0 .06
-(is 0, no parameters are changed.)144 213.6 R(If)5.06 E F2(n)2.92 E F0
+(ys true unless an in).1 F -.25(va)-.4 G .067(lid option).25 F
+(is encountered.)144 220.8 Q F1(shift)108 237.6 Q F0([)2.5 E F2(n)A F0
+(])A .429(The positional parameters from)144 249.6 R F2(n)2.929 E F0
+.429(+1 ... are renamed to)B F1 .429($1 ....)2.929 F F0 -.15(Pa)5.428 G
+.428(rameters represented by the num-).15 F(bers)144 261.6 Q F1($#)2.582
+E F0(do)2.582 E .082(wn to)-.25 F F1($#)2.582 E F0<ad>A F2(n)A F0 .082
+(+1 are unset.)B F2(n)5.442 E F0 .082(must be a non-ne)2.822 F -.05(ga)
+-.15 G(ti).05 E .383 -.15(ve n)-.25 H .083(umber less than or equal to)
+.15 F F1($#)2.583 E F0 5.083(.I)C(f)-5.083 E F2(n)2.943 E F0 .06
+(is 0, no parameters are changed.)144 273.6 R(If)5.06 E F2(n)2.92 E F0
.06(is not gi)2.8 F -.15(ve)-.25 G .06(n, it is assumed to be 1.).15 F
(If)5.06 E F2(n)2.92 E F0 .06(is greater than)2.8 F F1($#)2.56 E F0 2.56
-(,t)C(he)-2.56 E .144(positional parameters are not changed.)144 225.6 R
-.144(The return status is greater than zero if)5.144 F F2(n)3.003 E F0
-.143(is greater than)2.883 F F1($#)2.643 E F0
-(or less than zero; otherwise 0.)144 237.6 Q F1(shopt)108 254.4 Q F0([)
+(,t)C(he)-2.56 E .143(positional parameters are not changed.)144 285.6 R
+.144(The return status is greater than zero if)5.143 F F2(n)3.004 E F0
+.144(is greater than)2.884 F F1($#)2.644 E F0
+(or less than zero; otherwise 0.)144 297.6 Q F1(shopt)108 314.4 Q F0([)
2.5 E F1(\255pqsu)A F0 2.5(][)C F1<ad6f>-2.5 E F0 2.5(][)C F2(optname)
--2.5 E F0(...])2.5 E -.8(To)144 266.4 S .639(ggle the v).8 F .639
+-2.5 E F0(...])2.5 E -.8(To)144 326.4 S .64(ggle the v).8 F .639
(alues of settings controlling optional shell beha)-.25 F(vior)-.2 E
-5.639(.T)-.55 G .64(he settings can be either those)-5.639 F .375
-(listed belo)144 278.4 R 1.675 -.65(w, o)-.25 H 1.175 -.4(r, i).65 H
-2.875(ft).4 G(he)-2.875 E F1<ad6f>2.875 E F0 .375
+5.639(.T)-.55 G .639(he settings can be either those)-5.639 F .374
+(listed belo)144 338.4 R 1.674 -.65(w, o)-.25 H 1.174 -.4(r, i).65 H
+2.874(ft).4 G(he)-2.874 E F1<ad6f>2.874 E F0 .375
(option is used, those a)2.875 F -.25(va)-.2 G .375(ilable with the).25
-F F1<ad6f>2.875 E F0 .374(option to the)2.875 F F1(set)2.874 E F0 -.2
-(bu)2.874 G .374(iltin com-).2 F 2.565(mand. W)144 290.4 R .065
+F F1<ad6f>2.875 E F0 .375(option to the)2.875 F F1(set)2.875 E F0 -.2
+(bu)2.875 G .375(iltin com-).2 F 2.566(mand. W)144 350.4 R .066
(ith no options, or with the)-.4 F F1<ad70>2.566 E F0 .066
(option, a list of all settable options is displayed, with an in-)2.566
-F .074(dication of whether or not each is set; if)144 302.4 R F2
+F .074(dication of whether or not each is set; if)144 362.4 R F2
(optnames)2.574 E F0 .074
(are supplied, the output is restricted to those op-)2.574 F 3.105
-(tions. The)144 3
14.4 R F1<ad70>3.105 E F0 .605(option causes output to\
+(tions. The)144 3
74.4 R F1<ad70>3.105 E F0 .605(option causes output to\
be displayed in a form that may be reused as input.)3.105 F(Other)5.605
-E(options ha)144 326.4 Q .3 -.15(ve t)-.2 H(he follo).15 E
-(wing meanings:)-.25 E F1<ad73>144 338.4 Q F0(Enable \(set\) each)180
-338.4 Q F2(optname)2.5 E F0(.)A F1<ad75>144 350.4 Q F0
-(Disable \(unset\) each)180
350.4 Q F2(optname)2.5 E F0(.)A F1<ad71>144
-362.4 Q F0 .003(Suppresses normal output \(quiet mode\); the return sta\
-tus indicates whether the)180 362.4 R F2(optname)2.503 E F0(is)2.503 E
-.255(set or unset.)180 374.4 R .255(If multiple)5.255 F F2(optname)2.755
-E F0(ar)2.755 E .256(guments are gi)-.18 F -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.756(nw).15 G
-(ith)-2.756 E F1<ad71>2.756 E F0 2.756(,t)C .256
-(he return status is zero if)-2.756 F(all)180 386.4 Q F2(optnames)2.5 E
-F0(are enabled; non-zero otherwise.)2.5 E F1<ad6f>144 398.4 Q F0
-(Restricts the v)180 398.4 Q(alues of)-.25 E F2(optname)2.5 E F0
+E(options ha)144 386.4 Q .3 -.15(ve t)-.2 H(he follo).15 E
+(wing meanings:)-.25 E F1<ad73>144 398.4 Q F0(Enable \(set\) each)180
+398.4 Q F2(optname)2.5 E F0(.)A F1<ad75>144 410.4 Q F0
+(Disable \(unset\) each)180
410.4 Q F2(optname)2.5 E F0(.)A F1<ad71>144
+422.4 Q F0 .003(Suppresses normal output \(quiet mode\); the return sta\
+tus indicates whether the)180 422.4 R F2(optname)2.504 E F0(is)2.504 E
+.256(set or unset.)180 434.4 R .256(If multiple)5.256 F F2(optname)2.756
+E F0(ar)2.756 E .256(guments are gi)-.18 F -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.756(nw).15 G
+(ith)-2.756 E F1<ad71>2.756 E F0 2.755(,t)C .255
+(he return status is zero if)-2.755 F(all)180 446.4 Q F2(optnames)2.5 E
+F0(are enabled; non-zero otherwise.)2.5 E F1<ad6f>144 458.4 Q F0
+(Restricts the v)180 458.4 Q(alues of)-.25 E F2(optname)2.5 E F0
(to be those de\214ned for the)2.5 E F1<ad6f>2.5 E F0(option to the)2.5
-E F1(set)2.5 E F0 -.2(bu)2.5 G(iltin.).2 E .625(If either)144 415.2 R F1
-<ad73>3.12
5 E F0(or)3.124 E F1<ad75>3.124 E F0 .624(is used with no)
+E F1(set)2.5 E F0 -.2(bu)2.5 G(iltin.).2 E .624(If either)144 475.2 R F1
+<ad73>3.12
4 E F0(or)3.124 E F1<ad75>3.124 E F0 .624(is used with no)
3.124 F F2(optname)3.124 E F0(ar)3.124 E(guments,)-.18 E F1(shopt)3.124
-E F0(sho)3.124 E .624(ws only those options which are)-.25 F .983
-(set or unset, respecti)144 427.2 R -.15(ve)-.25 G(ly).15 E 5.983(.U)
--.65 G .983(nless otherwise noted, the)-5.983 F F1(shopt)3.484 E F0 .984
-(options are disabled \(unset\) by de-)3.484 F -.1(fa)144 439.2 S(ult.)
-.1 E 1.544(The return status when listing options is zero if all)144 456
-R F2(optnames)4.044 E F0 1.544(are enabled, non-zero otherwise.)4.044 F
+E F0(sho)3.124 E .624(ws only those options which are)-.25 F .984
+(set or unset, respecti)144 487.2 R -.15(ve)-.25 G(ly).15 E 5.984(.U)
+-.65 G .984(nless otherwise noted, the)-5.984 F F1(shopt)3.484 E F0 .983
+(options are disabled \(unset\) by de-)3.483 F -.1(fa)144 499.2 S(ult.)
+.1 E 1.544(The return status when listing options is zero if all)144 516
+R F2(optnames)4.044 E F0 1.545(are enabled, non-zero otherwise.)4.045 F
.696
(When setting or unsetting options, the return status is zero unless an)
-144 468 R F2(optname)3.196 E F0 .696(is not a v)3.196 F .696(alid shell)
--.25 F(option.)144 480 Q(The list of)144 496.8 Q F1(shopt)2.5 E F0
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-(command)2.5 E F1(\))2.5 E F0(inherit the)2.5 E F1(ERR)2.5 E F0(trap.)
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(xtended pattern matching features described abo)-.15 F .7 -.15(ve u)
--.15 H(nder).15 E F1 -.1(Pa)2.9 G .4(thname Expan-).1 F(sion)184 223.2 Q
-F0(are enabled.)2.5 E F1(extquote)144 240 Q F0 .86(If set,)184 252 R F1
-($)3.36 E F0<08>A F3(string)A F0 3.36<0861>C(nd)-3.36 E F1($)3.36 E F0
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(${)3.36 E F3(par)A(ameter)-.15 E F1(})A F0 -.15(ex)3.36 G .86
-(pansions en-).15 F(closed in double quotes.)184 264 Q
-(This option is enabled by def)5 E(ault.)-.1 E F1(failglob)144 280.8 Q
-F0 .242(If set, patterns which f)184 280.8 R .243
+(pansions en-).15 F(closed in double quotes.)184 321.6 Q
+(This option is enabled by def)5 E(ault.)-.1 E F1(failglob)144 338.4 Q
+F0 .243(If set, patterns which f)184 338.4 R .243
(ail to match \214lenames during pathname e)-.1 F .243
-(xpansion result in an e)-.15 F(x-)-.15 E(pansion error)184 292.8 Q(.)
--.55 E F1 -.25(fo)144 309.6 S -.18(rc).25 G(e_\214gnor).18 E(e)-.18 E F0
-.937(If set, the suf)184 321.6 R<8c78>-.25 E .936(es speci\214ed by the)
+(xpansion result in an e)-.15 F(x-)-.15 E(pansion error)184 350.4 Q(.)
+-.55 E F1 -.25(fo)144 367.2 S -.18(rc).25 G(e_\214gnor).18 E(e)-.18 E F0
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--.25 F .936(ords to be ignored)-.1 F .32(when performing w)184 333.6 R
+-.25 F .937(ords to be ignored)-.1 F .32(when performing w)184 391.2 R
.32(ord completion e)-.1 F -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.82(ni).15 G 2.82(ft)-2.82 G
-.32(he ignored w)-2.82 F .32(ords are the only possible com-)-.1 F 2.948
-(pletions. See)184 345.6 R F2 .448(SHELL V)2.948 F(ARIABLES)-1.215 E F0
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-(FIGNORE)2.947 E/F4 9/Times-Roman@0 SF(.)A F0 .447(This option is)4.947
-F(enabled by def)184 357.6 Q(ault.)-.1 E F1(globasciiranges)144 374.4 Q
-F0 2.518(If set, range e)184 386.4 R 2.519
-(xpressions used in pattern matching brack)-.15 F 2.519(et e)-.1 F 2.519
-(xpressions \(see)-.15 F F2 -.09(Pa)5.019 G(tter).09 E(n)-.135 E
-(Matching)184 398.4 Q F0(abo)2.965 E -.15(ve)-.15 G 3.215(\)b).15 G(eha)
--3.215 E 1.015 -.15(ve a)-.2 H 3.214(si).15 G 3.214(fi)-3.214 G 3.214
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+(pletions. See)184 403.2 R F2 .447(SHELL V)2.947 F(ARIABLES)-1.215 E F0
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+(FIGNORE)2.948 E/F4 9/Times-Roman@0 SF(.)A F0 .448(This option is)4.948
+F(enabled by def)184 415.2 Q(ault.)-.1 E F1(globasciiranges)144 432 Q F0
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+(xpressions used in pattern matching brack)-.15 F 2.518(et e)-.1 F 2.518
+(xpressions \(see)-.15 F F2 -.09(Pa)5.018 G(tter).09 E(n)-.135 E
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+-3.214 E 1.014 -.15(ve a)-.2 H 3.214(si).15 G 3.214(fi)-3.214 G 3.214
(nt)-3.214 G .714(he traditional C locale when performing comparisons.)
--3.214 F 1.02(That is, the current locale')184 410.4 R 3.52(sc)-.55 G
-1.02(ollating sequence is not tak)-3.52 F 1.02(en into account, so)-.1 F
-F1(b)3.52 E F0 1.02(will not)3.52 F .957(collate between)184 422.4 R F1
-(A)3.457 E F0(and)3.457 E F1(B)3.457 E F0 3.457(,a)C .957(nd upper)
--3.457 F .957(-case and lo)-.2 F(wer)-.25 E .956
-(-case ASCII characters will collate)-.2 F(together)184 434.4 Q(.)-.55 E
-F1(globstar)144 451.2 Q F0 .518(If set, the pattern)184 451.2 R F1(**)
-3.018 E F0 .519(used in a pathname e)3.019 F .519(xpansion conte)-.15 F
-.519(xt will match all \214les and zero)-.15 F .432
-(or more directories and subdirectories.)184 463.2 R .431
-(If the pattern is follo)5.432 F .431(wed by a)-.25 F F1(/)2.931 E F0
-2.931(,o)C .431(nly directories)-2.931 F(and subdirectories match.)184
-475.2 Q F1(gnu_errfmt)144 492 Q F0(If set, shell error messages are wri\
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-144 520.8 Q F0 .676
+-3.214 F 1.02(That is, the current locale')184 468 R 3.52(sc)-.55 G 1.02
+(ollating sequence is not tak)-3.52 F 1.02(en into account, so)-.1 F F1
+(b)3.52 E F0 1.02(will not)3.52 F .956(collate between)184 480 R F1(A)
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+(-case ASCII characters will collate)-.2 F(together)184 492 Q(.)-.55 E
+F1(globstar)144 508.8 Q F0 .519(If set, the pattern)184 508.8 R F1(**)
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+(or more directories and subdirectories.)184 520.8 R .431
+(If the pattern is follo)5.431 F .432(wed by a)-.25 F F1(/)2.932 E F0
+2.932(,o)C .432(nly directories)-2.932 F(and subdirectories match.)184
+532.8 Q F1(gnu_errfmt)144 549.6 Q F0(If set, shell error messages are w\
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+(histappend)144 578.4 Q F0 .676
(If set, the history list is appended to the \214le named by the v)184
-532.8 R .676(alue of the)-.25 F F2(HISTFILE)3.177 E F0 -.25(va)2.927 G
-(ri-).25 E(able when the shell e)184 544.8 Q(xits, rather than o)-.15 E
--.15(ve)-.15 G(rwriting the \214le.).15 E F1(histr)144 561.6 Q(eedit)
--.18 E F0 .576(If set, and)184 573.6 R F1 -.18(re)3.076 G(adline).18 E
-F0 .575(is being used, a user is gi)3.076 F -.15(ve)-.25 G 3.075(nt).15
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-(tory substitution.)184 585.6 Q F1(histv)144 602.4 Q(erify)-.1 E F0 .402
-(If set, and)184 614.4 R F1 -.18(re)2.903 G(adline).18 E F0 .403
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+(If set, and)184 672 R F1 -.18(re)2.903 G(adline).18 E F0 .403
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-2.903 F .662(passed to the shell parser)184 626.4 R 5.662(.I)-.55 G .661
-(nstead, the resulting line is loaded into the)-5.662 F F1 -.18(re)3.161
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-(hostcomplete)144 655.2 Q F0 1.181(If set, and)184 667.2 R F1 -.18(re)
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-(when a w)184 679.2 R 1.381(ord containing a)-.1 F F1(@)3.881 E F0 1.381
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-(If set, command substitution inherits the v)184 124.8 R .219
-(alue of the)-.25 F F1(err)2.719 E(exit)-.18 E F0 .22
-(option, instead of unsetting)2.719 F(it in the subshell en)184 136.8 Q
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2.5(vironment. This)-.4 F(option is enabled when)2.5 E/F3 10
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-144 153.6 Q -.1(ve)-.1 G(_comments).1 E F0 .33(If set, allo)184 165.6 R
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2.83(waw)-.25 G .33(ord be)-2.93 F .33(ginning with)-.15 F F1(#)2.83 E
F0 .33(to cause that w)2.83 F .33(ord and all remaining characters on)
--.1 F .967(that line to be ignored in an interacti)184 177.6 R 1.267
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-(enabled by def)184 189.6 Q(ault.)-.1 E F1(lastpipe)144 206.4 Q F0 .066
-(If set, and job control is not acti)184 206.4 R -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.566
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+(If set, and job control is not acti)184 259.2 R -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.566
(,t).15 G .066(he shell runs the last command of a pipeline not e)-2.566
F -.15(xe)-.15 G(-).15 E
-(cuted in the background in the current shell en)184 218.4 Q(vironment.)
--.4 E F1(lithist)144 235.2 Q F0 .654(If set, and the)184 235.2 R F1
-(cmdhist)3.154 E F0 .654(option is enabled, multi-line commands are sa)
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--3.155 F(with embedded ne)184 247.2 Q
+(cuted in the background in the current shell en)184 271.2 Q(vironment.)
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(wlines rather than using semicolon separators where possible.)-.25 E F1
-(localv)144 264 Q(ar_inherit)-.1 E F0 .422(If set, local v)184 276 R
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.422(ariables inherit the v)-.25 F .422(alue and attrib)-.25 F .422
(utes of a v)-.2 F .422(ariable of the same name that)-.25 F -.15(ex)184
-288 S .173(ists at a pre).15 F .173(vious scope before an)-.25 F 2.673
-(yn)-.15 G .673 -.25(ew va)-2.673 H .173(lue is assigned.).25 F .174
-(The nameref attrib)5.174 F .174(ute is not)-.2 F(inherited.)184 300 Q
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-F1(unset)2.829 E F0 .329(on local v)2.829 F .329(ariables in pre)-.25 F
-.328(vious function scopes marks them so subse-)-.25 F .543(quent looku\
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+(The nameref attrib)5.173 F .173(ute is not)-.2 F(inherited.)184 352.8 Q
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ps \214nd them unset until that function returns. This is identical to \
-the beha)184 340.8 R(v-)-.2 E(ior of unsetting local v)184 352.8 Q
-(ariables at the current function scope.)-.25 E F1(login_shell)144 369.6
+the beha)184 393.6 R(v-)-.2 E(ior of unsetting local v)184 405.6 Q
+(ariables at the current function scope.)-.25 E F1(login_shell)144 422.4
Q F0 .486
(The shell sets this option if it is started as a login shell \(see)184
-381.6 R F2(INV)2.986 E(OCA)-.405 E(TION)-.855 E F0(abo)2.736 E -.15(ve)
--.15 G 2.986(\). The).15 F -.25(va)184 393.6 S(lue may not be changed.)
-.25 E F1(mailwar)144 410.4 Q(n)-.15 E F0 .814(If set, and a \214le that)
-184 422.4 R F1(bash)3.314 E F0 .815
-(is checking for mail has been accessed since the last time it)3.314 F
--.1(wa)184 434.4 S 2.5(sc).1 G(heck)-2.5 E(ed, the message `)-.1 E
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+(is checking for mail has been accessed since the last time it)3.315 F
+-.1(wa)184 487.2 S 2.5(sc).1 G(heck)-2.5 E(ed, the message `)-.1 E
(`The mail in)-.74 E F3(mail\214le)2.5 E F0(has been read')2.5 E 2.5('i)
--.74 G 2.5(sd)-2.5 G(isplayed.)-2.5 E F1(no_empty_cmd_completion)144
-451.2 Q F0 .325(If set, and)184 463.2 R F1 -.18(re)2.825 G(adline).18 E
-F0 .325(is being used,)2.825 F F1(bash)2.824 E F0 .324
-(will not attempt to search the)2.824 F F2 -.666(PA)2.824 G(TH)-.189 E
-F0 .324(for possible)2.574 F
-(completions when completion is attempted on an empty line.)184 475.2 Q
-F1(nocaseglob)144 492 Q F0 .436(If set,)184 504 R F1(bash)2.936 E F0
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--.25 H .437(ashion when performing pathname).05 F -.15(ex)184 516 S
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(pansion \(see).15 E F1 -.1(Pa)2.5 G(thname Expansion).1 E F0(abo)2.5 E
--.15(ve)-.15 G(\).).15 E F1(nocasematch)144 532.8 Q F0 1.194(If set,)184
-544.8 R F1(bash)3.694 E F0 1.194
-(matches patterns in a case\255insensiti)3.694 F 1.493 -.15(ve f)-.25 H
-1.193(ashion when performing matching).05 F .551(while e)184 556.8 R
+-.15(ve)-.15 G(\).).15 E F1(nocasematch)144 585.6 Q F0 1.193(If set,)184
+597.6 R F1(bash)3.693 E F0 1.194
+(matches patterns in a case\255insensiti)3.693 F 1.494 -.15(ve f)-.25 H
+1.194(ashion when performing matching).05 F .551(while e)184 609.6 R
-.15(xe)-.15 G(cuting).15 E F1(case)3.051 E F0(or)3.051 E F1([[)3.051 E
F0 .551(conditional commands, when performing pattern substitution)3.051
-F -.1(wo)184 568.8 S .623(rd e).1 F .623(xpansions, or when \214ltering\
+F -.1(wo)184 621.6 S .622(rd e).1 F .623(xpansions, or when \214ltering\
possible completions as part of programmable com-)-.15 F(pletion.)184
-580.8 Q F1(nullglob)144 597.6 Q F0 .854(If set,)184 609.6 R F1(bash)
-3.354 E F0(allo)3.354 E .855(ws patterns which match no \214les \(see)
--.25 F F1 -.1(Pa)3.355 G .855(thname Expansion).1 F F0(abo)3.355 E -.15
-(ve)-.15 G 3.355(\)t).15 G(o)-3.355 E -.15(ex)184 621.6 S
-(pand to a null string, rather than themselv).15 E(es.)-.15 E F1(pr)144
-638.4 Q(ogcomp)-.18 E F0 .677(If set, the programmable completion f)184
-650.4 R .677(acilities \(see)-.1 F F1(Pr)3.176 E .676
-(ogrammable Completion)-.18 F F0(abo)3.176 E -.15(ve)-.15 G(\)).15 E
-(are enabled.)184 662.4 Q(This option is enabled by def)5 E(ault.)-.1 E
-F1(pr)144 679.2 Q(ogcomp_alias)-.18 E F0 2.124
-(If set, and programmable completion is enabled,)184 691.2 R F1(bash)
-4.624 E F0 2.124(treats a command name that)4.624 F(doesn')184 703.2 Q
-3.289(th)-.18 G -2.25 -.2(av e)-3.289 H(an)3.489 E 3.289(yc)-.15 G .789
-(ompletions as a possible alias and attempts alias e)-3.289 F .788
-(xpansion. If it has)-.15 F 1.473(an alias,)184 715.2 R F1(bash)3.973 E
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+(print the hashed v)3.231 F .73
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+(prints all of the places that contain an e)3.323 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .824
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+(re not)-2.825 F(found.)144 370.8 Q F4(ulimit)108 387.6 Q F0([)2.5 E F4
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+(limit)A F0(]])A(Pro)144 411.6 Q .243(vides control o)-.15 F -.15(ve)
+-.15 G 2.743(rt).15 G .243(he resources a)-2.743 F -.25(va)-.2 G .244
(ilable to the shell and to processes started by it, on systems).25 F
-.943(that allo)144 160.8 R 3.443(ws)-.25 G .943(uch control.)-3.443 F
-(The)5.943 E F1<ad48>3.443 E F0(and)3.443 E F1<ad53>3.444 E F0 .944
+.944(that allo)144 423.6 R 3.444(ws)-.25 G .944(uch control.)-3.444 F
+(The)5.944 E F4<ad48>3.444 E F0(and)3.444 E F4<ad53>3.444 E F0 .943
(options specify that the hard or soft limit is set for the)3.444 F(gi)
-144 172.8 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.709(nr).15 G 2.709(esource. A)-2.709 F .208
+144 435.6 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.708(nr).15 G 2.708(esource. A)-2.708 F .208
(hard limit cannot be increased by a non-root user once it is set; a so\
-ft limit may)2.709 F .425(be increased up to the v)144 184.8 R .425
-(alue of the hard limit.)-.25 F .426(If neither)5.425 F F1<ad48>2.926 E
-F0(nor)2.926 E F1<ad53>2.926 E F0 .426
-(is speci\214ed, both the soft and)2.926 F .139(hard limits are set.)144
-196.8 R .139(The v)5.139 F .139(alue of)-.25 F F2(limit)2.729 E F0 .139
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+(alue of the hard limit.)-.25 F .425(If neither)5.426 F F4<ad48>2.925 E
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+459.6 R .139(The v)5.139 F .139(alue of)-.25 F F1(limit)2.729 E F0 .139
(can be a number in the unit speci\214ed for the resource or one)3.319 F
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-(soft)3.241 E F0 3.241(,o)C(r)-3.241 E F1(unlimited)3.241 E F0 3.241(,w)
-C .741(hich stand for the current hard limit, the current)-3.241 F .024
-(soft limit, and no limit, respecti)144 220.8 R -.15(ve)-.25 G(ly).15 E
-5.023(.I)-.65 G(f)-5.023 E F2(limit)2.613 E F0 .023
+.742(of the special v)144 471.6 R(alues)-.25 E F4(hard)3.242 E F0(,)A F4
+(soft)3.241 E F0 3.241(,o)C(r)-3.241 E F4(unlimited)3.241 E F0 3.241(,w)
+C .741(hich stand for the current hard limit, the current)-3.241 F .023
+(soft limit, and no limit, respecti)144 483.6 R -.15(ve)-.25 G(ly).15 E
+5.023(.I)-.65 G(f)-5.023 E F1(limit)2.613 E F0 .023
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-(alue of the soft limit of the re-)-.25 F .984
-(source is printed, unless the)144 232.8 R F1<ad48>3.484 E F0 .984
-(option is gi)3.484 F -.15(ve)-.25 G 3.484(n. When).15 F .985
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+(source is printed, unless the)144 495.6 R F4<ad48>3.485 E F0 .984
+(option is gi)3.485 F -.15(ve)-.25 G 3.484(n. When).15 F .984
(more than one resource is speci\214ed, the)3.484 F .7
-(limit name and unit, if appropriate, are printed before the v)144 244.8
+(limit name and unit, if appropriate, are printed before the v)144 507.6
R 3.2(alue. Other)-.25 F .7(options are interpreted as)3.2 F(follo)144
-256.8 Q(ws:)-.25 E F1<ad61>144 268.8 Q F0
-(All current limits are reported; no limits are set)180
268.8 Q F1<ad62>
-144 280.8 Q F0(The maximum sock)180 280.8 Q(et b)-.1 E(uf)-.2 E
-(fer size)-.25 E F1<ad63>144 292.8 Q F0
-(The maximum size of core \214les created)180 292.8 Q F1<ad64>144 304.8
-Q F0(The maximum size of a process')180 304.8 Q 2.5(sd)-.55 G(ata se)
--2.5 E(gment)-.15 E F1<ad65>144 316.8 Q F0
-(The maximum scheduling priority \("nice"\))180
316.8 Q F1<ad66>144
-328.8 Q F0
+519.6 Q(ws:)-.25 E F4<ad61>144 531.6 Q F0
+(All current limits are reported; no limits are set)180
531.6 Q F4<ad62>
+144 543.6 Q F0(The maximum sock)180 543.6 Q(et b)-.1 E(uf)-.2 E
+(fer size)-.25 E F4<ad63>144 555.6 Q F0
+(The maximum size of core \214les created)180 555.6 Q F4<ad64>144 567.6
+Q F0(The maximum size of a process')180 567.6 Q 2.5(sd)-.55 G(ata se)
+-2.5 E(gment)-.15 E F4<ad65>144 579.6 Q F0
+(The maximum scheduling priority \("nice"\))180
579.6 Q F4<ad66>144
+591.6 Q F0
(The maximum size of \214les written by the shell and its children)180
-328.8 Q F1<ad69>144 340.8 Q F0(The maximum number of pending signals)180
-340.8 Q F1<ad6b>144 352.8 Q F0
-(The maximum number of kqueues that may be allocated)180 352.8 Q F1
-<ad6c>144 364.8 Q F0(The maximum size that may be lock)180 364.8 Q
-(ed into memory)-.1 E F1<ad6d>144 376.8 Q F0
-(The maximum resident set size \(man)180 376.8 Q 2.5(ys)-.15 G
-(ystems do not honor this limit\))-2.5 E F1<ad6e>144 388.8 Q F0 .791(Th\
+591.6 Q F4<ad69>144 603.6 Q F0(The maximum number of pending signals)180
+603.6 Q F4<ad6b>144 615.6 Q F0
+(The maximum number of kqueues that may be allocated)180 615.6 Q F4
+<ad6c>144 627.6 Q F0(The maximum size that may be lock)180 627.6 Q
+(ed into memory)-.1 E F4<ad6d>144 639.6 Q F0
+(The maximum resident set size \(man)180 639.6 Q 2.5(ys)-.15 G
+(ystems do not honor this limit\))-2.5 E F4<ad6e>144 651.6 Q F0 .791(Th\
e maximum number of open \214le descriptors \(most systems do not allo)
-180 388.8 R 3.291(wt)-.25 G .791(his v)-3.291 F .791(alue to)-.25 F
-(be set\))180 400.8 Q F1<ad70>144 412.8 Q F0
-(The pipe size in 512-byte blocks \(this may not be set\))180 412.8 Q F1
-<ad71>144 424.8 Q F0
-(The maximum number of bytes in POSIX message queues)180 424.8 Q F1
-<ad72>144 436.8 Q F0(The maximum real-time scheduling priority)180 436.8
-Q F1<ad73>144 448.8 Q F0(The maximum stack size)180 448.8 Q F1<ad74>144
-460.8 Q F0(The maximum amount of cpu time in seconds)180 460.8 Q F1
-<ad75>144 472.8 Q F0(The maximum number of processes a)180 472.8 Q -.25
-(va)-.2 G(ilable to a single user).25 E F1<ad76>144 484.8 Q F0 .47
-(The maximum amount of virtual memory a)180 484.8 R -.25(va)-.2 G .47
-(ilable to the shell and, on some systems, to).25 F(its children)180
-496.8 Q F1<ad78>144 508.8 Q F0(The maximum number of \214le locks)180
-508.8 Q F1<ad50>144 520.8 Q F0(The maximum number of pseudoterminals)180
-520.8 Q F1<ad52>144 532.8 Q F0(The maximum time a real-time process can\
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-(The maximum number of threads)180 544.8 Q(If)144 561.6 Q F2(limit)3.058
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(alues; and, when in posix mode,)-.25 F F1<ad63>3.736 E F0(and)3.736 E
-F1<ad66>3.736 E F0 3.736(,w)C 1.236(hich are in)-3.736 F .238
-(512-byte increments.)144 609.6 R .238
-(The return status is 0 unless an in)5.238 F -.25(va)-.4 G .238
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+(512-byte increments.)144 232.8 R .238
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(lid option or ar).25 F .238(gument is supplied, or an)-.18 F
-(error occurs while setting a ne)144 621.6 Q 2.5(wl)-.25 G(imit.)-2.5 E
-F1(umask)108
638.4 Q F0([)2.5 E F1<ad70>A F0 2.5(][)C F1<ad53>-2.5 E F0
+(error occurs while setting a ne)144 244.8 Q 2.5(wl)-.25 G(imit.)-2.5 E
+F1(umask)108
261.6 Q F0([)2.5 E F1<ad70>A F0 2.5(][)C F1<ad53>-2.5 E F0
2.5(][)C F2(mode)-2.5 E F0(])A .18
-(The user \214le-creation mask is set to)144 650.4 R F2(mode)3.06 E F0
+(The user \214le-creation mask is set to)144 273.6 R F2(mode)3.06 E F0
5.18(.I).18 G(f)-5.18 E F2(mode)3.06 E F0(be)2.86 E .18
(gins with a digit, it is interpreted as an octal)-.15 F .066(number; o\
therwise it is interpreted as a symbolic mode mask similar to that acce\
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(alue of the mask is printed.)-.25 F(The)5.382 E F1<ad53>2.882 E F0 .382
(option causes the mask to be)2.882 F .547
-(printed in symbolic form; the def)144 686.4 R .547
+(printed in symbolic form; the def)144 309.6 R .547
(ault output is an octal number)-.1 F 5.547(.I)-.55 G 3.047(ft)-5.547 G
(he)-3.047 E F1<ad70>3.047 E F0 .547(option is supplied, and)3.047 F F2
-(mode)144.38 698.4 Q F0 .552
-(is omitted, the output is in a form that may be reused as input.)3.232
-F .551(The return status is 0 if the)5.551 F(mode w)144 710.4 Q
+(mode)144.38 321.6 Q F0 .551
+(is omitted, the output is in a form that may be reused as input.)3.231
+F .552(The return status is 0 if the)5.552 F(mode w)144 333.6 Q
(as successfully changed or if no)-.1 E F2(mode)2.5 E F0(ar)2.5 E
-(gument w)-.18 E(as supplied, and f)-.1 E(alse otherwise.)-.1 E
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-(ve e)-.15 H(ach).15 E F2(name)3.257 E F0 .757
-(from the list of de\214ned aliases.)3.257 F(If)5.758 E F1<ad61>3.258 E
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-Q -.15(ve)-.15 G 2.5(d. The).15 F(return v)2.5 E
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+(unalias)108 350.4 Q F0<5bad>2.5 E F1(a)A F0 2.5(][)C F2(name)-2.5 E F0
+(...])2.5 E(Remo)144 362.4 Q 1.058 -.15(ve e)-.15 H(ach).15 E F2(name)
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-(is not a de\214ned alias.)2.68 E F1(unset)108 124.8 Q F0<5bad>2.5 E F1
+(is not a de\214ned alias.)2.68 E F1(unset)108 391.2 Q F0<5bad>2.5 E F1
(fv)A F0 2.5(][)C<ad>-2.5 E F1(n)A F0 2.5(][)C F2(name)-2.5 E F0(...])
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-3.804(,r).18 G(emo)-3.804 E 1.604 -.15(ve t)-.15 H 1.304
+2.5 E -.15(Fo)144 403.2 S 3.803(re).15 G(ach)-3.803 E F2(name)4.163 E F0
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(he corresponding v).15 F 1.303(ariable or function.)-.25 F 1.303
-(If the)6.303 F F1<ad76>3.803 E F0 1.303(option is gi)3.803 F -.15(ve)
--.25 G 1.303(n, each).15 F F2(name)144.36 148.8 Q F0 .464
-(refers to a shell v)3.144 F .464(ariable, and that v)-.25 F .464
-(ariable is remo)-.25 F -.15(ve)-.15 G 2.965(d. Read-only).15 F -.25(va)
-2.965 G .465(riables may not be un-).25 F 2.769(set. If)144 160.8 R F1
-<ad66>2.769 E F0 .269(is speci\214ed, each)2.769 F F2(name)3.129 E F0
+(If the)6.303 F F1<ad76>3.804 E F0 1.304(option is gi)3.804 F -.15(ve)
+-.25 G 1.304(n, each).15 F F2(name)144.36 415.2 Q F0 .465
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+2.949 F -.15(ve)-.15 G(d.).15 E .404(If the)144 439.2 R F1<ad6e>2.904 E
F0 .404(option is supplied, and)2.904 F F2(name)2.904 E F0 .404(is a v)
2.904 F .404(ariable with the)-.25 F F2(namer)2.904 E(ef)-.37 E F0
-(attrib)2.904 E(ute,)-.2 E F2(name)2.904 E F0 .404(will be unset)2.904 F
-.72(rather than the v)144 184.8 R .72(ariable it references.)-.25 F F1
-<ad6e>5.7
2 E F0 .72(has no ef)3.22 F .719(fect if the)-.25 F F1<ad66>
-3.219 E F0 .719(option is supplied.)3.219 F .719(If no options)5.719 F
-.736(are supplied, each)144 196.8 R F2(name)3.236 E F0 .736
-(refers to a v)3.236 F .737(ariable; if there is no v)-.25 F .737
-(ariable by that name, a function with)-.25 F 1.762(that name, if an)144
-208.8 R 3.062 -.65(y, i)-.15 H 4.262(su).65 G 4.261(nset. Each)-4.262 F
+(attrib)2.904 E(ute,)-.2 E F2(name)2.904 E F0 .403(will be unset)2.904 F
+.719(rather than the v)144 451.2 R .719(ariable it references.)-.25 F F1
+<ad6e>5.7
19 E F0 .719(has no ef)3.219 F .719(fect if the)-.25 F F1<ad66>
+3.22 E F0 .72(option is supplied.)3.22 F .72(If no options)5.72 F .737
+(are supplied, each)144 463.2 R F2(name)3.237 E F0 .737(refers to a v)
+3.237 F .737(ariable; if there is no v)-.25 F .736
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%%Trailer
end
%%EOF
@xrdef{ANSI-C Quoting-pg}{6}
@xrdef{Locale Translation-title}{Locale-Specific Translation}
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@xrdef{Shell Commands-title}{Shell Commands}
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@xrdef{Lists-title}{Lists of Commands}
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-@xrdef{Lists-pg}{9}
+@xrdef{Pipelines-pg}{10}
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@xrdef{Compound Commands-title}{Compound Commands}
@xrdef{Compound Commands-snt}{Section@tie 3.2.5}
@xrdef{Looping Constructs-title}{Looping Constructs}
@xrdef{Looping Constructs-snt}{Section@tie 3.2.5.1}
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@xrdef{Conditional Constructs-title}{Conditional Constructs}
@xrdef{Conditional Constructs-snt}{Section@tie 3.2.5.2}
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@xrdef{Command Grouping-title}{Grouping Commands}
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-@xrdef{Command Grouping-pg}{15}
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@xrdef{GNU Parallel-title}{GNU Parallel}
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@xrdef{Shell Functions-title}{Shell Functions}
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@xrdef{Shell Parameters-title}{Shell Parameters}
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-@xrdef{Shell Parameters-pg}{20}
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@xrdef{Positional Parameters-title}{Positional Parameters}
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@xrdef{Special Parameters-title}{Special Parameters}
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@xrdef{Shell Expansions-title}{Shell Expansions}
@xrdef{Shell Expansions-snt}{Section@tie 3.5}
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@xrdef{Brace Expansion-title}{Brace Expansion}
@xrdef{Brace Expansion-snt}{Section@tie 3.5.1}
-@xrdef{Brace Expansion-pg}{23}
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@xrdef{Tilde Expansion-title}{Tilde Expansion}
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-@xrdef{Tilde Expansion-pg}{24}
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@xrdef{Shell Parameter Expansion-title}{Shell Parameter Expansion}
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-@xrdef{Shell Parameter Expansion-pg}{25}
+@xrdef{Shell Parameter Expansion-pg}{26}
@xrdef{Command Substitution-title}{Command Substitution}
@xrdef{Command Substitution-snt}{Section@tie 3.5.4}
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@xrdef{Arithmetic Expansion-title}{Arithmetic Expansion}
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-@xrdef{Command Substitution-pg}{31}
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@xrdef{Process Substitution-title}{Process Substitution}
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@xrdef{Word Splitting-snt}{Section@tie 3.5.7}
-@xrdef{Process Substitution-pg}{32}
-@xrdef{Word Splitting-pg}{32}
+@xrdef{Arithmetic Expansion-pg}{34}
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+@xrdef{Word Splitting-pg}{34}
@xrdef{Filename Expansion-title}{Filename Expansion}
@xrdef{Filename Expansion-snt}{Section@tie 3.5.8}
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@xrdef{Pattern Matching-title}{Pattern Matching}
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-@xrdef{Filename Expansion-pg}{33}
-@xrdef{Pattern Matching-pg}{33}
+@xrdef{Pattern Matching-pg}{36}
@xrdef{Quote Removal-title}{Quote Removal}
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@xrdef{Redirections-title}{Redirections}
@xrdef{Redirections-snt}{Section@tie 3.6}
-@xrdef{Quote Removal-pg}{35}
-@xrdef{Redirections-pg}{35}
+@xrdef{Quote Removal-pg}{37}
+@xrdef{Redirections-pg}{37}
@xrdef{Executing Commands-title}{Executing Commands}
@xrdef{Executing Commands-snt}{Section@tie 3.7}
@xrdef{Simple Command Expansion-title}{Simple Command Expansion}
@xrdef{Simple Command Expansion-snt}{Section@tie 3.7.1}
+@xrdef{Executing Commands-pg}{41}
+@xrdef{Simple Command Expansion-pg}{41}
@xrdef{Command Search and Execution-title}{Command Search and Execution}
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-@xrdef{Executing Commands-pg}{39}
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@xrdef{Command Execution Environment-title}{Command Execution Environment}
@xrdef{Command Execution Environment-snt}{Section@tie 3.7.3}
-@xrdef{Command Execution Environment-pg}{40}
+@xrdef{Command Search and Execution-pg}{42}
+@xrdef{Command Execution Environment-pg}{42}
@xrdef{Environment-title}{Environment}
@xrdef{Environment-snt}{Section@tie 3.7.4}
+@xrdef{Environment-pg}{43}
@xrdef{Exit Status-title}{Exit Status}
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-@xrdef{Environment-pg}{41}
-@xrdef{Exit Status-pg}{41}
@xrdef{Signals-title}{Signals}
@xrdef{Signals-snt}{Section@tie 3.7.6}
+@xrdef{Exit Status-pg}{44}
+@xrdef{Signals-pg}{44}
@xrdef{Shell Scripts-title}{Shell Scripts}
@xrdef{Shell Scripts-snt}{Section@tie 3.8}
-@xrdef{Signals-pg}{42}
-@xrdef{Shell Scripts-pg}{42}
+@xrdef{Shell Scripts-pg}{45}
@xrdef{Shell Builtin Commands-title}{Shell Builtin Commands}
@xrdef{Shell Builtin Commands-snt}{Chapter@tie 4}
@xrdef{Bourne Shell Builtins-title}{Bourne Shell Builtins}
@xrdef{Bourne Shell Builtins-snt}{Section@tie 4.1}
-@xrdef{Shell Builtin Commands-pg}{44}
-@xrdef{Bourne Shell Builtins-pg}{44}
+@xrdef{Shell Builtin Commands-pg}{47}
+@xrdef{Bourne Shell Builtins-pg}{47}
@xrdef{Bash Builtins-title}{Bash Builtin Commands}
@xrdef{Bash Builtins-snt}{Section@tie 4.2}
-@xrdef{Bash Builtins-pg}{51}
+@xrdef{Bash Builtins-pg}{54}
@xrdef{Modifying Shell Behavior-title}{Modifying Shell Behavior}
@xrdef{Modifying Shell Behavior-snt}{Section@tie 4.3}
@xrdef{The Set Builtin-title}{The Set Builtin}
@xrdef{The Set Builtin-snt}{Section@tie 4.3.1}
-@xrdef{Modifying Shell Behavior-pg}{62}
-@xrdef{The Set Builtin-pg}{62}
+@xrdef{Modifying Shell Behavior-pg}{66}
+@xrdef{The Set Builtin-pg}{66}
@xrdef{The Shopt Builtin-title}{The Shopt Builtin}
@xrdef{The Shopt Builtin-snt}{Section@tie 4.3.2}
-@xrdef{The Shopt Builtin-pg}{66}
+@xrdef{The Shopt Builtin-pg}{70}
@xrdef{Special Builtins-title}{Special Builtins}
@xrdef{Special Builtins-snt}{Section@tie 4.4}
-@xrdef{Special Builtins-pg}{72}
+@xrdef{Special Builtins-pg}{76}
@xrdef{Shell Variables-title}{Shell Variables}
@xrdef{Shell Variables-snt}{Chapter@tie 5}
@xrdef{Bourne Shell Variables-title}{Bourne Shell Variables}
@xrdef{Bourne Shell Variables-snt}{Section@tie 5.1}
@xrdef{Bash Variables-title}{Bash Variables}
@xrdef{Bash Variables-snt}{Section@tie 5.2}
-@xrdef{Shell Variables-pg}{73}
-@xrdef{Bourne Shell Variables-pg}{73}
-@xrdef{Bash Variables-pg}{73}
+@xrdef{Shell Variables-pg}{77}
+@xrdef{Bourne Shell Variables-pg}{77}
+@xrdef{Bash Variables-pg}{77}
@xrdef{Bash Features-title}{Bash Features}
@xrdef{Bash Features-snt}{Chapter@tie 6}
@xrdef{Invoking Bash-title}{Invoking Bash}
@xrdef{Invoking Bash-snt}{Section@tie 6.1}
-@xrdef{Bash Features-pg}{86}
-@xrdef{Invoking Bash-pg}{86}
+@xrdef{Bash Features-pg}{90}
+@xrdef{Invoking Bash-pg}{90}
@xrdef{Bash Startup Files-title}{Bash Startup Files}
@xrdef{Bash Startup Files-snt}{Section@tie 6.2}
-@xrdef{Bash Startup Files-pg}{88}
+@xrdef{Bash Startup Files-pg}{92}
@xrdef{Interactive Shells-title}{Interactive Shells}
@xrdef{Interactive Shells-snt}{Section@tie 6.3}
@xrdef{What is an Interactive Shell?-title}{What is an Interactive Shell?}
@xrdef{What is an Interactive Shell?-snt}{Section@tie 6.3.1}
-@xrdef{Interactive Shells-pg}{89}
+@xrdef{Interactive Shells-pg}{93}
@xrdef{Is this Shell Interactive?-title}{Is this Shell Interactive?}
@xrdef{Is this Shell Interactive?-snt}{Section@tie 6.3.2}
@xrdef{Interactive Shell Behavior-title}{Interactive Shell Behavior}
@xrdef{Interactive Shell Behavior-snt}{Section@tie 6.3.3}
-@xrdef{What is an Interactive Shell?-pg}{90}
-@xrdef{Is this Shell Interactive?-pg}{90}
-@xrdef{Interactive Shell Behavior-pg}{90}
+@xrdef{What is an Interactive Shell?-pg}{94}
+@xrdef{Is this Shell Interactive?-pg}{94}
+@xrdef{Interactive Shell Behavior-pg}{94}
@xrdef{Bash Conditional Expressions-title}{Bash Conditional Expressions}
@xrdef{Bash Conditional Expressions-snt}{Section@tie 6.4}
-@xrdef{Bash Conditional Expressions-pg}{91}
+@xrdef{Bash Conditional Expressions-pg}{95}
@xrdef{Shell Arithmetic-title}{Shell Arithmetic}
@xrdef{Shell Arithmetic-snt}{Section@tie 6.5}
-@xrdef{Shell Arithmetic-pg}{93}
+@xrdef{Shell Arithmetic-pg}{97}
@xrdef{Aliases-title}{Aliases}
@xrdef{Aliases-snt}{Section@tie 6.6}
-@xrdef{Aliases-pg}{94}
@xrdef{Arrays-title}{Arrays}
@xrdef{Arrays-snt}{Section@tie 6.7}
-@xrdef{Arrays-pg}{95}
+@xrdef{Aliases-pg}{99}
+@xrdef{Arrays-pg}{99}
@xrdef{The Directory Stack-title}{The Directory Stack}
@xrdef{The Directory Stack-snt}{Section@tie 6.8}
@xrdef{Directory Stack Builtins-title}{Directory Stack Builtins}
@xrdef{Directory Stack Builtins-snt}{Section@tie 6.8.1}
-@xrdef{The Directory Stack-pg}{97}
-@xrdef{Directory Stack Builtins-pg}{97}
+@xrdef{The Directory Stack-pg}{101}
+@xrdef{Directory Stack Builtins-pg}{101}
@xrdef{Controlling the Prompt-title}{Controlling the Prompt}
@xrdef{Controlling the Prompt-snt}{Section@tie 6.9}
-@xrdef{Controlling the Prompt-pg}{98}
+@xrdef{Controlling the Prompt-pg}{103}
@xrdef{The Restricted Shell-title}{The Restricted Shell}
@xrdef{The Restricted Shell-snt}{Section@tie 6.10}
+@xrdef{The Restricted Shell-pg}{104}
@xrdef{Bash POSIX Mode-title}{Bash POSIX Mode}
@xrdef{Bash POSIX Mode-snt}{Section@tie 6.11}
-@xrdef{The Restricted Shell-pg}{100}
-@xrdef{Bash POSIX Mode-pg}{101}
+@xrdef{Bash POSIX Mode-pg}{105}
@xrdef{Shell Compatibility Mode-title}{Shell Compatibility Mode}
@xrdef{Shell Compatibility Mode-snt}{Section@tie 6.12}
-@xrdef{Shell Compatibility Mode-pg}{104}
+@xrdef{Shell Compatibility Mode-pg}{108}
@xrdef{Job Control-title}{Job Control}
@xrdef{Job Control-snt}{Chapter@tie 7}
@xrdef{Job Control Basics-title}{Job Control Basics}
@xrdef{Job Control Basics-snt}{Section@tie 7.1}
-@xrdef{Job Control-pg}{107}
-@xrdef{Job Control Basics-pg}{107}
+@xrdef{Job Control-pg}{111}
+@xrdef{Job Control Basics-pg}{111}
@xrdef{Job Control Builtins-title}{Job Control Builtins}
@xrdef{Job Control Builtins-snt}{Section@tie 7.2}
-@xrdef{Job Control Builtins-pg}{108}
+@xrdef{Job Control Builtins-pg}{112}
@xrdef{Job Control Variables-title}{Job Control Variables}
@xrdef{Job Control Variables-snt}{Section@tie 7.3}
-@xrdef{Job Control Variables-pg}{110}
+@xrdef{Job Control Variables-pg}{114}
@xrdef{Command Line Editing-title}{Command Line Editing}
@xrdef{Command Line Editing-snt}{Chapter@tie 8}
@xrdef{Introduction and Notation-title}{Introduction to Line Editing}
@xrdef{Readline Interaction-snt}{Section@tie 8.2}
@xrdef{Readline Bare Essentials-title}{Readline Bare Essentials}
@xrdef{Readline Bare Essentials-snt}{Section@tie 8.2.1}
-@xrdef{Command Line Editing-pg}{111}
-@xrdef{Introduction and Notation-pg}{111}
-@xrdef{Readline Interaction-pg}{111}
+@xrdef{Command Line Editing-pg}{115}
+@xrdef{Introduction and Notation-pg}{115}
+@xrdef{Readline Interaction-pg}{115}
@xrdef{Readline Movement Commands-title}{Readline Movement Commands}
@xrdef{Readline Movement Commands-snt}{Section@tie 8.2.2}
@xrdef{Readline Killing Commands-title}{Readline Killing Commands}
@xrdef{Readline Killing Commands-snt}{Section@tie 8.2.3}
-@xrdef{Readline Bare Essentials-pg}{112}
-@xrdef{Readline Movement Commands-pg}{112}
+@xrdef{Readline Bare Essentials-pg}{116}
+@xrdef{Readline Movement Commands-pg}{116}
@xrdef{Readline Arguments-title}{Readline Arguments}
@xrdef{Readline Arguments-snt}{Section@tie 8.2.4}
@xrdef{Searching-title}{Searching for Commands in the History}
@xrdef{Searching-snt}{Section@tie 8.2.5}
-@xrdef{Readline Killing Commands-pg}{113}
-@xrdef{Readline Arguments-pg}{113}
-@xrdef{Searching-pg}{113}
+@xrdef{Readline Killing Commands-pg}{117}
+@xrdef{Readline Arguments-pg}{117}
+@xrdef{Searching-pg}{117}
@xrdef{Readline Init File-title}{Readline Init File}
@xrdef{Readline Init File-snt}{Section@tie 8.3}
@xrdef{Readline Init File Syntax-title}{Readline Init File Syntax}
@xrdef{Readline Init File Syntax-snt}{Section@tie 8.3.1}
-@xrdef{Readline Init File-pg}{114}
-@xrdef{Readline Init File Syntax-pg}{114}
+@xrdef{Readline Init File-pg}{118}
+@xrdef{Readline Init File Syntax-pg}{118}
@xrdef{Conditional Init Constructs-title}{Conditional Init Constructs}
@xrdef{Conditional Init Constructs-snt}{Section@tie 8.3.2}
-@xrdef{Conditional Init Constructs-pg}{122}
+@xrdef{Conditional Init Constructs-pg}{126}
@xrdef{Sample Init File-title}{Sample Init File}
@xrdef{Sample Init File-snt}{Section@tie 8.3.3}
-@xrdef{Sample Init File-pg}{124}
+@xrdef{Sample Init File-pg}{128}
@xrdef{Bindable Readline Commands-title}{Bindable Readline Commands}
@xrdef{Bindable Readline Commands-snt}{Section@tie 8.4}
@xrdef{Commands For Moving-title}{Commands For Moving}
@xrdef{Commands For Moving-snt}{Section@tie 8.4.1}
-@xrdef{Bindable Readline Commands-pg}{127}
-@xrdef{Commands For Moving-pg}{127}
+@xrdef{Bindable Readline Commands-pg}{131}
+@xrdef{Commands For Moving-pg}{131}
@xrdef{Commands For History-title}{Commands For Manipulating The History}
@xrdef{Commands For History-snt}{Section@tie 8.4.2}
-@xrdef{Commands For History-pg}{128}
+@xrdef{Commands For History-pg}{132}
@xrdef{Commands For Text-title}{Commands For Changing Text}
@xrdef{Commands For Text-snt}{Section@tie 8.4.3}
-@xrdef{Commands For Text-pg}{130}
+@xrdef{Commands For Text-pg}{134}
@xrdef{Commands For Killing-title}{Killing And Yanking}
@xrdef{Commands For Killing-snt}{Section@tie 8.4.4}
-@xrdef{Commands For Killing-pg}{131}
+@xrdef{Commands For Killing-pg}{135}
@xrdef{Numeric Arguments-title}{Specifying Numeric Arguments}
@xrdef{Numeric Arguments-snt}{Section@tie 8.4.5}
-@xrdef{Numeric Arguments-pg}{132}
+@xrdef{Numeric Arguments-pg}{136}
@xrdef{Commands For Completion-title}{Letting Readline Type For You}
@xrdef{Commands For Completion-snt}{Section@tie 8.4.6}
-@xrdef{Commands For Completion-pg}{133}
+@xrdef{Commands For Completion-pg}{137}
@xrdef{Keyboard Macros-title}{Keyboard Macros}
@xrdef{Keyboard Macros-snt}{Section@tie 8.4.7}
+@xrdef{Keyboard Macros-pg}{138}
@xrdef{Miscellaneous Commands-title}{Some Miscellaneous Commands}
@xrdef{Miscellaneous Commands-snt}{Section@tie 8.4.8}
-@xrdef{Keyboard Macros-pg}{134}
-@xrdef{Miscellaneous Commands-pg}{135}
+@xrdef{Miscellaneous Commands-pg}{139}
@xrdef{Readline vi Mode-title}{Readline vi Mode}
@xrdef{Readline vi Mode-snt}{Section@tie 8.5}
@xrdef{Programmable Completion-title}{Programmable Completion}
@xrdef{Programmable Completion-snt}{Section@tie 8.6}
-@xrdef{Readline vi Mode-pg}{137}
-@xrdef{Programmable Completion-pg}{137}
+@xrdef{Readline vi Mode-pg}{141}
+@xrdef{Programmable Completion-pg}{141}
@xrdef{Programmable Completion Builtins-title}{Programmable Completion Builtins}
@xrdef{Programmable Completion Builtins-snt}{Section@tie 8.7}
-@xrdef{Programmable Completion Builtins-pg}{139}
+@xrdef{Programmable Completion Builtins-pg}{144}
@xrdef{A Programmable Completion Example-title}{A Programmable Completion Example}
@xrdef{A Programmable Completion Example-snt}{Section@tie 8.8}
-@xrdef{A Programmable Completion Example-pg}{143}
+@xrdef{A Programmable Completion Example-pg}{148}
@xrdef{Using History Interactively-title}{Using History Interactively}
@xrdef{Using History Interactively-snt}{Chapter@tie 9}
@xrdef{Bash History Facilities-title}{Bash History Facilities}
@xrdef{Bash History Facilities-snt}{Section@tie 9.1}
@xrdef{Bash History Builtins-title}{Bash History Builtins}
@xrdef{Bash History Builtins-snt}{Section@tie 9.2}
-@xrdef{Using History Interactively-pg}{146}
-@xrdef{Bash History Facilities-pg}{146}
-@xrdef{Bash History Builtins-pg}{146}
+@xrdef{Using History Interactively-pg}{150}
+@xrdef{Bash History Facilities-pg}{150}
+@xrdef{Bash History Builtins-pg}{150}
@xrdef{History Interaction-title}{History Expansion}
@xrdef{History Interaction-snt}{Section@tie 9.3}
-@xrdef{History Interaction-pg}{148}
+@xrdef{History Interaction-pg}{152}
@xrdef{Event Designators-title}{Event Designators}
@xrdef{Event Designators-snt}{Section@tie 9.3.1}
+@xrdef{Event Designators-pg}{153}
@xrdef{Word Designators-title}{Word Designators}
@xrdef{Word Designators-snt}{Section@tie 9.3.2}
-@xrdef{Event Designators-pg}{149}
@xrdef{Modifiers-title}{Modifiers}
@xrdef{Modifiers-snt}{Section@tie 9.3.3}
-@xrdef{Word Designators-pg}{150}
-@xrdef{Modifiers-pg}{150}
+@xrdef{Word Designators-pg}{154}
+@xrdef{Modifiers-pg}{154}
@xrdef{Installing Bash-title}{Installing Bash}
@xrdef{Installing Bash-snt}{Chapter@tie 10}
@xrdef{Basic Installation-title}{Basic Installation}
@xrdef{Basic Installation-snt}{Section@tie 10.1}
-@xrdef{Installing Bash-pg}{152}
-@xrdef{Basic Installation-pg}{152}
+@xrdef{Installing Bash-pg}{156}
+@xrdef{Basic Installation-pg}{156}
@xrdef{Compilers and Options-title}{Compilers and Options}
@xrdef{Compilers and Options-snt}{Section@tie 10.2}
@xrdef{Compiling For Multiple Architectures-title}{Compiling For Multiple Architectures}
@xrdef{Compiling For Multiple Architectures-snt}{Section@tie 10.3}
@xrdef{Installation Names-title}{Installation Names}
@xrdef{Installation Names-snt}{Section@tie 10.4}
-@xrdef{Compilers and Options-pg}{153}
-@xrdef{Compiling For Multiple Architectures-pg}{153}
-@xrdef{Installation Names-pg}{153}
+@xrdef{Compilers and Options-pg}{157}
+@xrdef{Compiling For Multiple Architectures-pg}{157}
@xrdef{Specifying the System Type-title}{Specifying the System Type}
@xrdef{Specifying the System Type-snt}{Section@tie 10.5}
@xrdef{Sharing Defaults-title}{Sharing Defaults}
@xrdef{Sharing Defaults-snt}{Section@tie 10.6}
@xrdef{Operation Controls-title}{Operation Controls}
@xrdef{Operation Controls-snt}{Section@tie 10.7}
+@xrdef{Installation Names-pg}{158}
+@xrdef{Specifying the System Type-pg}{158}
+@xrdef{Sharing Defaults-pg}{158}
@xrdef{Optional Features-title}{Optional Features}
@xrdef{Optional Features-snt}{Section@tie 10.8}
-@xrdef{Specifying the System Type-pg}{154}
-@xrdef{Sharing Defaults-pg}{154}
-@xrdef{Operation Controls-pg}{154}
-@xrdef{Optional Features-pg}{155}
+@xrdef{Operation Controls-pg}{159}
+@xrdef{Optional Features-pg}{159}
@xrdef{Reporting Bugs-title}{Reporting Bugs}
@xrdef{Reporting Bugs-snt}{Appendix@tie @char65{}}
-@xrdef{Reporting Bugs-pg}{160}
+@xrdef{Reporting Bugs-pg}{164}
@xrdef{Major Differences From The Bourne Shell-title}{Major Differences From The Bourne Shell}
@xrdef{Major Differences From The Bourne Shell-snt}{Appendix@tie @char66{}}
-@xrdef{Major Differences From The Bourne Shell-pg}{161}
+@xrdef{Major Differences From The Bourne Shell-pg}{165}
@xrdef{GNU Free Documentation License-title}{GNU Free Documentation License}
@xrdef{GNU Free Documentation License-snt}{Appendix@tie @char67{}}
-@xrdef{GNU Free Documentation License-pg}{167}
+@xrdef{GNU Free Documentation License-pg}{171}
@xrdef{Indexes-title}{Indexes}
@xrdef{Indexes-snt}{Appendix@tie @char68{}}
@xrdef{Builtin Index-title}{Index of Shell Builtin Commands}
@xrdef{Builtin Index-snt}{Section@tie @char68.1}
-@xrdef{Indexes-pg}{175}
-@xrdef{Builtin Index-pg}{175}
+@xrdef{Indexes-pg}{179}
+@xrdef{Builtin Index-pg}{179}
@xrdef{Reserved Word Index-title}{Index of Shell Reserved Words}
@xrdef{Reserved Word Index-snt}{Section@tie @char68.2}
@xrdef{Variable Index-title}{Parameter and Variable Index}
@xrdef{Variable Index-snt}{Section@tie @char68.3}
-@xrdef{Reserved Word Index-pg}{176}
-@xrdef{Variable Index-pg}{177}
+@xrdef{Reserved Word Index-pg}{180}
+@xrdef{Variable Index-pg}{181}
@xrdef{Function Index-title}{Function Index}
@xrdef{Function Index-snt}{Section@tie @char68.4}
-@xrdef{Function Index-pg}{179}
+@xrdef{Function Index-pg}{183}
@xrdef{Concept Index-title}{Concept Index}
@xrdef{Concept Index-snt}{Section@tie @char68.5}
-@xrdef{Concept Index-pg}{181}
+@xrdef{Concept Index-pg}{185}
-\entry{:}{44}{\code {:}}
-\entry{.}{44}{\code {.}}
-\entry{break}{45}{\code {break}}
-\entry{cd}{45}{\code {cd}}
-\entry{continue}{45}{\code {continue}}
-\entry{eval}{45}{\code {eval}}
-\entry{exec}{46}{\code {exec}}
-\entry{exit}{46}{\code {exit}}
-\entry{export}{46}{\code {export}}
-\entry{getopts}{46}{\code {getopts}}
-\entry{hash}{47}{\code {hash}}
-\entry{pwd}{47}{\code {pwd}}
-\entry{readonly}{47}{\code {readonly}}
-\entry{return}{48}{\code {return}}
-\entry{shift}{48}{\code {shift}}
-\entry{test}{48}{\code {test}}
-\entry{[}{48}{\code {[}}
-\entry{times}{50}{\code {times}}
-\entry{trap}{50}{\code {trap}}
-\entry{umask}{51}{\code {umask}}
-\entry{unset}{51}{\code {unset}}
-\entry{alias}{51}{\code {alias}}
-\entry{bind}{51}{\code {bind}}
-\entry{builtin}{53}{\code {builtin}}
-\entry{caller}{53}{\code {caller}}
-\entry{command}{53}{\code {command}}
-\entry{declare}{53}{\code {declare}}
-\entry{echo}{55}{\code {echo}}
-\entry{enable}{56}{\code {enable}}
-\entry{help}{56}{\code {help}}
-\entry{let}{56}{\code {let}}
-\entry{local}{57}{\code {local}}
-\entry{logout}{57}{\code {logout}}
-\entry{mapfile}{57}{\code {mapfile}}
-\entry{printf}{58}{\code {printf}}
-\entry{read}{58}{\code {read}}
-\entry{readarray}{60}{\code {readarray}}
-\entry{source}{60}{\code {source}}
-\entry{type}{60}{\code {type}}
-\entry{typeset}{61}{\code {typeset}}
-\entry{ulimit}{61}{\code {ulimit}}
-\entry{unalias}{62}{\code {unalias}}
-\entry{set}{62}{\code {set}}
-\entry{shopt}{66}{\code {shopt}}
-\entry{dirs}{97}{\code {dirs}}
-\entry{popd}{98}{\code {popd}}
-\entry{pushd}{98}{\code {pushd}}
-\entry{bg}{108}{\code {bg}}
-\entry{fg}{108}{\code {fg}}
-\entry{jobs}{108}{\code {jobs}}
-\entry{kill}{109}{\code {kill}}
-\entry{wait}{109}{\code {wait}}
-\entry{disown}{110}{\code {disown}}
-\entry{suspend}{110}{\code {suspend}}
-\entry{compgen}{139}{\code {compgen}}
-\entry{complete}{140}{\code {complete}}
-\entry{compopt}{143}{\code {compopt}}
-\entry{fc}{147}{\code {fc}}
-\entry{history}{147}{\code {history}}
+\entry{:}{47}{\code {:}}
+\entry{.}{47}{\code {.}}
+\entry{break}{48}{\code {break}}
+\entry{cd}{48}{\code {cd}}
+\entry{continue}{48}{\code {continue}}
+\entry{eval}{48}{\code {eval}}
+\entry{exec}{49}{\code {exec}}
+\entry{exit}{49}{\code {exit}}
+\entry{export}{49}{\code {export}}
+\entry{getopts}{49}{\code {getopts}}
+\entry{hash}{50}{\code {hash}}
+\entry{pwd}{50}{\code {pwd}}
+\entry{readonly}{51}{\code {readonly}}
+\entry{return}{51}{\code {return}}
+\entry{shift}{51}{\code {shift}}
+\entry{test}{51}{\code {test}}
+\entry{[}{51}{\code {[}}
+\entry{times}{53}{\code {times}}
+\entry{trap}{53}{\code {trap}}
+\entry{umask}{54}{\code {umask}}
+\entry{unset}{54}{\code {unset}}
+\entry{alias}{54}{\code {alias}}
+\entry{bind}{55}{\code {bind}}
+\entry{builtin}{56}{\code {builtin}}
+\entry{caller}{56}{\code {caller}}
+\entry{command}{56}{\code {command}}
+\entry{declare}{57}{\code {declare}}
+\entry{echo}{58}{\code {echo}}
+\entry{enable}{59}{\code {enable}}
+\entry{help}{60}{\code {help}}
+\entry{let}{60}{\code {let}}
+\entry{local}{60}{\code {local}}
+\entry{logout}{60}{\code {logout}}
+\entry{mapfile}{60}{\code {mapfile}}
+\entry{printf}{61}{\code {printf}}
+\entry{read}{62}{\code {read}}
+\entry{readarray}{63}{\code {readarray}}
+\entry{source}{63}{\code {source}}
+\entry{type}{63}{\code {type}}
+\entry{typeset}{64}{\code {typeset}}
+\entry{ulimit}{64}{\code {ulimit}}
+\entry{unalias}{65}{\code {unalias}}
+\entry{set}{66}{\code {set}}
+\entry{shopt}{70}{\code {shopt}}
+\entry{dirs}{101}{\code {dirs}}
+\entry{popd}{102}{\code {popd}}
+\entry{pushd}{102}{\code {pushd}}
+\entry{bg}{112}{\code {bg}}
+\entry{fg}{112}{\code {fg}}
+\entry{jobs}{112}{\code {jobs}}
+\entry{kill}{113}{\code {kill}}
+\entry{wait}{113}{\code {wait}}
+\entry{disown}{114}{\code {disown}}
+\entry{suspend}{114}{\code {suspend}}
+\entry{compgen}{144}{\code {compgen}}
+\entry{complete}{144}{\code {complete}}
+\entry{compopt}{147}{\code {compopt}}
+\entry{fc}{151}{\code {fc}}
+\entry{history}{151}{\code {history}}
\initial {.}
-\entry{\code {.}}{44}
+\entry{\code {.}}{47}
\initial {:}
-\entry{\code {:}}{44}
+\entry{\code {:}}{47}
\initial {[}
-\entry{\code {[}}{48}
+\entry{\code {[}}{51}
\initial {A}
-\entry{\code {alias}}{51}
+\entry{\code {alias}}{54}
\initial {B}
-\entry{\code {bg}}{108}
-\entry{\code {bind}}{51}
-\entry{\code {break}}{45}
-\entry{\code {builtin}}{53}
+\entry{\code {bg}}{112}
+\entry{\code {bind}}{55}
+\entry{\code {break}}{48}
+\entry{\code {builtin}}{56}
\initial {C}
-\entry{\code {caller}}{53}
-\entry{\code {cd}}{45}
-\entry{\code {command}}{53}
-\entry{\code {compgen}}{139}
-\entry{\code {complete}}{140}
-\entry{\code {compopt}}{143}
-\entry{\code {continue}}{45}
+\entry{\code {caller}}{56}
+\entry{\code {cd}}{48}
+\entry{\code {command}}{56}
+\entry{\code {compgen}}{144}
+\entry{\code {complete}}{144}
+\entry{\code {compopt}}{147}
+\entry{\code {continue}}{48}
\initial {D}
-\entry{\code {declare}}{53}
-\entry{\code {dirs}}{97}
-\entry{\code {disown}}{110}
+\entry{\code {declare}}{57}
+\entry{\code {dirs}}{101}
+\entry{\code {disown}}{114}
\initial {E}
-\entry{\code {echo}}{55}
-\entry{\code {enable}}{56}
-\entry{\code {eval}}{45}
-\entry{\code {exec}}{46}
-\entry{\code {exit}}{46}
-\entry{\code {export}}{46}
+\entry{\code {echo}}{58}
+\entry{\code {enable}}{59}
+\entry{\code {eval}}{48}
+\entry{\code {exec}}{49}
+\entry{\code {exit}}{49}
+\entry{\code {export}}{49}
\initial {F}
-\entry{\code {fc}}{147}
-\entry{\code {fg}}{108}
+\entry{\code {fc}}{151}
+\entry{\code {fg}}{112}
\initial {G}
-\entry{\code {getopts}}{46}
+\entry{\code {getopts}}{49}
\initial {H}
-\entry{\code {hash}}{47}
-\entry{\code {help}}{56}
-\entry{\code {history}}{147}
+\entry{\code {hash}}{50}
+\entry{\code {help}}{60}
+\entry{\code {history}}{151}
\initial {J}
-\entry{\code {jobs}}{108}
+\entry{\code {jobs}}{112}
\initial {K}
-\entry{\code {kill}}{109}
+\entry{\code {kill}}{113}
\initial {L}
-\entry{\code {let}}{56}
-\entry{\code {local}}{57}
-\entry{\code {logout}}{57}
+\entry{\code {let}}{60}
+\entry{\code {local}}{60}
+\entry{\code {logout}}{60}
\initial {M}
-\entry{\code {mapfile}}{57}
+\entry{\code {mapfile}}{60}
\initial {P}
-\entry{\code {popd}}{98}
-\entry{\code {printf}}{58}
-\entry{\code {pushd}}{98}
-\entry{\code {pwd}}{47}
+\entry{\code {popd}}{102}
+\entry{\code {printf}}{61}
+\entry{\code {pushd}}{102}
+\entry{\code {pwd}}{50}
\initial {R}
-\entry{\code {read}}{58}
-\entry{\code {readarray}}{60}
-\entry{\code {readonly}}{47}
-\entry{\code {return}}{48}
+\entry{\code {read}}{62}
+\entry{\code {readarray}}{63}
+\entry{\code {readonly}}{51}
+\entry{\code {return}}{51}
\initial {S}
-\entry{\code {set}}{62}
-\entry{\code {shift}}{48}
-\entry{\code {shopt}}{66}
-\entry{\code {source}}{60}
-\entry{\code {suspend}}{110}
+\entry{\code {set}}{66}
+\entry{\code {shift}}{51}
+\entry{\code {shopt}}{70}
+\entry{\code {source}}{63}
+\entry{\code {suspend}}{114}
\initial {T}
-\entry{\code {test}}{48}
-\entry{\code {times}}{50}
-\entry{\code {trap}}{50}
-\entry{\code {type}}{60}
-\entry{\code {typeset}}{61}
+\entry{\code {test}}{51}
+\entry{\code {times}}{53}
+\entry{\code {trap}}{53}
+\entry{\code {type}}{63}
+\entry{\code {typeset}}{64}
\initial {U}
-\entry{\code {ulimit}}{61}
-\entry{\code {umask}}{51}
-\entry{\code {unalias}}{62}
-\entry{\code {unset}}{51}
+\entry{\code {ulimit}}{64}
+\entry{\code {umask}}{54}
+\entry{\code {unalias}}{65}
+\entry{\code {unset}}{54}
\initial {W}
-\entry{\code {wait}}{109}
+\entry{\code {wait}}{113}
\entry{internationalization}{7}{internationalization}
\entry{native languages}{7}{native languages}
\entry{translation, native languages}{7}{translation, native languages}
-\entry{comments, shell}{7}{comments, shell}
-\entry{commands, shell}{8}{commands, shell}
-\entry{reserved words}{8}{reserved words}
-\entry{commands, simple}{8}{commands, simple}
-\entry{pipeline}{8}{pipeline}
-\entry{commands, pipelines}{8}{commands, pipelines}
-\entry{command timing}{8}{command timing}
-\entry{commands, lists}{9}{commands, lists}
-\entry{commands, compound}{10}{commands, compound}
-\entry{commands, looping}{10}{commands, looping}
-\entry{commands, conditional}{11}{commands, conditional}
-\entry{commands, grouping}{15}{commands, grouping}
-\entry{coprocess}{15}{coprocess}
-\entry{shell function}{18}{shell function}
-\entry{functions, shell}{18}{functions, shell}
-\entry{parameters}{20}{parameters}
-\entry{variable, shell}{20}{variable, shell}
-\entry{shell variable}{20}{shell variable}
-\entry{parameters, positional}{21}{parameters, positional}
-\entry{parameters, special}{21}{parameters, special}
-\entry{expansion}{22}{expansion}
-\entry{brace expansion}{23}{brace expansion}
-\entry{expansion, brace}{23}{expansion, brace}
-\entry{tilde expansion}{24}{tilde expansion}
-\entry{expansion, tilde}{24}{expansion, tilde}
-\entry{parameter expansion}{25}{parameter expansion}
-\entry{expansion, parameter}{25}{expansion, parameter}
-\entry{command substitution}{31}{command substitution}
-\entry{expansion, arithmetic}{31}{expansion, arithmetic}
-\entry{arithmetic expansion}{31}{arithmetic expansion}
-\entry{process substitution}{32}{process substitution}
-\entry{word splitting}{32}{word splitting}
-\entry{expansion, filename}{33}{expansion, filename}
-\entry{expansion, pathname}{33}{expansion, pathname}
-\entry{filename expansion}{33}{filename expansion}
-\entry{pathname expansion}{33}{pathname expansion}
-\entry{pattern matching}{33}{pattern matching}
-\entry{matching, pattern}{33}{matching, pattern}
-\entry{redirection}{35}{redirection}
-\entry{command expansion}{39}{command expansion}
-\entry{command execution}{39}{command execution}
-\entry{command search}{39}{command search}
-\entry{execution environment}{40}{execution environment}
-\entry{environment}{41}{environment}
-\entry{exit status}{41}{exit status}
-\entry{signal handling}{42}{signal handling}
-\entry{shell script}{42}{shell script}
-\entry{special builtin}{72}{special builtin}
-\entry{login shell}{88}{login shell}
-\entry{interactive shell}{88}{interactive shell}
-\entry{startup files}{88}{startup files}
-\entry{interactive shell}{89}{interactive shell}
-\entry{shell, interactive}{89}{shell, interactive}
-\entry{expressions, conditional}{91}{expressions, conditional}
-\entry{arithmetic, shell}{93}{arithmetic, shell}
-\entry{shell arithmetic}{93}{shell arithmetic}
-\entry{expressions, arithmetic}{93}{expressions, arithmetic}
-\entry{evaluation, arithmetic}{93}{evaluation, arithmetic}
-\entry{arithmetic evaluation}{93}{arithmetic evaluation}
-\entry{alias expansion}{94}{alias expansion}
-\entry{arrays}{95}{arrays}
-\entry{directory stack}{97}{directory stack}
-\entry{prompting}{98}{prompting}
-\entry{restricted shell}{100}{restricted shell}
-\entry{POSIX Mode}{101}{POSIX Mode}
-\entry{Compatibility Level}{104}{Compatibility Level}
-\entry{Compatibility Mode}{104}{Compatibility Mode}
-\entry{job control}{107}{job control}
-\entry{foreground}{107}{foreground}
-\entry{background}{107}{background}
-\entry{suspending jobs}{107}{suspending jobs}
-\entry{Readline, how to use}{110}{Readline, how to use}
-\entry{interaction, readline}{111}{interaction, readline}
-\entry{notation, readline}{112}{notation, readline}
-\entry{command editing}{112}{command editing}
-\entry{editing command lines}{112}{editing command lines}
-\entry{killing text}{113}{killing text}
-\entry{yanking text}{113}{yanking text}
-\entry{kill ring}{113}{kill ring}
-\entry{initialization file, readline}{114}{initialization file, readline}
-\entry{variables, readline}{115}{variables, readline}
-\entry{programmable completion}{137}{programmable completion}
-\entry{completion builtins}{139}{completion builtins}
-\entry{History, how to use}{145}{History, how to use}
-\entry{command history}{146}{command history}
-\entry{history list}{146}{history list}
-\entry{history builtins}{146}{history builtins}
-\entry{history expansion}{148}{history expansion}
-\entry{event designators}{149}{event designators}
-\entry{history events}{149}{history events}
-\entry{installation}{152}{installation}
-\entry{configuration}{152}{configuration}
-\entry{Bash installation}{152}{Bash installation}
-\entry{Bash configuration}{152}{Bash configuration}
+\entry{internationalized scripts}{7}{internationalized scripts}
+\entry{string translations}{7}{string translations}
+\entry{comments, shell}{9}{comments, shell}
+\entry{commands, shell}{9}{commands, shell}
+\entry{reserved words}{9}{reserved words}
+\entry{commands, simple}{9}{commands, simple}
+\entry{pipeline}{10}{pipeline}
+\entry{commands, pipelines}{10}{commands, pipelines}
+\entry{command timing}{10}{command timing}
+\entry{commands, lists}{10}{commands, lists}
+\entry{commands, compound}{11}{commands, compound}
+\entry{commands, looping}{11}{commands, looping}
+\entry{commands, conditional}{12}{commands, conditional}
+\entry{commands, grouping}{17}{commands, grouping}
+\entry{coprocess}{18}{coprocess}
+\entry{shell function}{19}{shell function}
+\entry{functions, shell}{19}{functions, shell}
+\entry{parameters}{21}{parameters}
+\entry{variable, shell}{21}{variable, shell}
+\entry{shell variable}{21}{shell variable}
+\entry{parameters, positional}{22}{parameters, positional}
+\entry{parameters, special}{23}{parameters, special}
+\entry{expansion}{24}{expansion}
+\entry{brace expansion}{24}{brace expansion}
+\entry{expansion, brace}{24}{expansion, brace}
+\entry{tilde expansion}{25}{tilde expansion}
+\entry{expansion, tilde}{25}{expansion, tilde}
+\entry{parameter expansion}{26}{parameter expansion}
+\entry{expansion, parameter}{26}{expansion, parameter}
+\entry{command substitution}{33}{command substitution}
+\entry{expansion, arithmetic}{34}{expansion, arithmetic}
+\entry{arithmetic expansion}{34}{arithmetic expansion}
+\entry{process substitution}{34}{process substitution}
+\entry{word splitting}{34}{word splitting}
+\entry{expansion, filename}{35}{expansion, filename}
+\entry{expansion, pathname}{35}{expansion, pathname}
+\entry{filename expansion}{35}{filename expansion}
+\entry{pathname expansion}{35}{pathname expansion}
+\entry{pattern matching}{36}{pattern matching}
+\entry{matching, pattern}{36}{matching, pattern}
+\entry{redirection}{37}{redirection}
+\entry{command expansion}{41}{command expansion}
+\entry{command execution}{42}{command execution}
+\entry{command search}{42}{command search}
+\entry{execution environment}{42}{execution environment}
+\entry{environment}{43}{environment}
+\entry{exit status}{44}{exit status}
+\entry{signal handling}{44}{signal handling}
+\entry{shell script}{45}{shell script}
+\entry{special builtin}{76}{special builtin}
+\entry{login shell}{92}{login shell}
+\entry{interactive shell}{92}{interactive shell}
+\entry{startup files}{92}{startup files}
+\entry{interactive shell}{93}{interactive shell}
+\entry{shell, interactive}{93}{shell, interactive}
+\entry{expressions, conditional}{95}{expressions, conditional}
+\entry{arithmetic, shell}{97}{arithmetic, shell}
+\entry{shell arithmetic}{97}{shell arithmetic}
+\entry{expressions, arithmetic}{97}{expressions, arithmetic}
+\entry{evaluation, arithmetic}{97}{evaluation, arithmetic}
+\entry{arithmetic evaluation}{97}{arithmetic evaluation}
+\entry{alias expansion}{99}{alias expansion}
+\entry{arrays}{99}{arrays}
+\entry{directory stack}{101}{directory stack}
+\entry{prompting}{103}{prompting}
+\entry{restricted shell}{104}{restricted shell}
+\entry{POSIX Mode}{105}{POSIX Mode}
+\entry{Compatibility Level}{108}{Compatibility Level}
+\entry{Compatibility Mode}{108}{Compatibility Mode}
+\entry{job control}{111}{job control}
+\entry{foreground}{111}{foreground}
+\entry{background}{111}{background}
+\entry{suspending jobs}{111}{suspending jobs}
+\entry{Readline, how to use}{114}{Readline, how to use}
+\entry{interaction, readline}{115}{interaction, readline}
+\entry{notation, readline}{116}{notation, readline}
+\entry{command editing}{116}{command editing}
+\entry{editing command lines}{116}{editing command lines}
+\entry{killing text}{117}{killing text}
+\entry{yanking text}{117}{yanking text}
+\entry{kill ring}{117}{kill ring}
+\entry{initialization file, readline}{118}{initialization file, readline}
+\entry{variables, readline}{119}{variables, readline}
+\entry{programmable completion}{141}{programmable completion}
+\entry{completion builtins}{144}{completion builtins}
+\entry{History, how to use}{149}{History, how to use}
+\entry{command history}{150}{command history}
+\entry{history list}{150}{history list}
+\entry{history builtins}{150}{history builtins}
+\entry{history expansion}{152}{history expansion}
+\entry{event designators}{153}{event designators}
+\entry{history events}{153}{history events}
+\entry{installation}{156}{installation}
+\entry{configuration}{156}{configuration}
+\entry{Bash installation}{156}{Bash installation}
+\entry{Bash configuration}{156}{Bash configuration}
\initial {A}
-\entry{alias expansion}{94}
-\entry{arithmetic evaluation}{93}
-\entry{arithmetic expansion}{31}
-\entry{arithmetic, shell}{93}
-\entry{arrays}{95}
+\entry{alias expansion}{99}
+\entry{arithmetic evaluation}{97}
+\entry{arithmetic expansion}{34}
+\entry{arithmetic, shell}{97}
+\entry{arrays}{99}
\initial {B}
-\entry{background}{107}
-\entry{Bash configuration}{152}
-\entry{Bash installation}{152}
+\entry{background}{111}
+\entry{Bash configuration}{156}
+\entry{Bash installation}{156}
\entry{Bourne shell}{5}
-\entry{brace expansion}{23}
+\entry{brace expansion}{24}
\entry{builtin}{3}
\initial {C}
-\entry{command editing}{112}
-\entry{command execution}{39}
-\entry{command expansion}{39}
-\entry{command history}{146}
-\entry{command search}{39}
-\entry{command substitution}{31}
-\entry{command timing}{8}
-\entry{commands, compound}{10}
-\entry{commands, conditional}{11}
-\entry{commands, grouping}{15}
-\entry{commands, lists}{9}
-\entry{commands, looping}{10}
-\entry{commands, pipelines}{8}
-\entry{commands, shell}{8}
-\entry{commands, simple}{8}
-\entry{comments, shell}{7}
-\entry{Compatibility Level}{104}
-\entry{Compatibility Mode}{104}
-\entry{completion builtins}{139}
-\entry{configuration}{152}
+\entry{command editing}{116}
+\entry{command execution}{42}
+\entry{command expansion}{41}
+\entry{command history}{150}
+\entry{command search}{42}
+\entry{command substitution}{33}
+\entry{command timing}{10}
+\entry{commands, compound}{11}
+\entry{commands, conditional}{12}
+\entry{commands, grouping}{17}
+\entry{commands, lists}{10}
+\entry{commands, looping}{11}
+\entry{commands, pipelines}{10}
+\entry{commands, shell}{9}
+\entry{commands, simple}{9}
+\entry{comments, shell}{9}
+\entry{Compatibility Level}{108}
+\entry{Compatibility Mode}{108}
+\entry{completion builtins}{144}
+\entry{configuration}{156}
\entry{control operator}{3}
-\entry{coprocess}{15}
+\entry{coprocess}{18}
\initial {D}
-\entry{directory stack}{97}
+\entry{directory stack}{101}
\initial {E}
-\entry{editing command lines}{112}
-\entry{environment}{41}
-\entry{evaluation, arithmetic}{93}
-\entry{event designators}{149}
-\entry{execution environment}{40}
-\entry{exit status}{3, 41}
-\entry{expansion}{22}
-\entry{expansion, arithmetic}{31}
-\entry{expansion, brace}{23}
-\entry{expansion, filename}{33}
-\entry{expansion, parameter}{25}
-\entry{expansion, pathname}{33}
-\entry{expansion, tilde}{24}
-\entry{expressions, arithmetic}{93}
-\entry{expressions, conditional}{91}
+\entry{editing command lines}{116}
+\entry{environment}{43}
+\entry{evaluation, arithmetic}{97}
+\entry{event designators}{153}
+\entry{execution environment}{42}
+\entry{exit status}{3, 44}
+\entry{expansion}{24}
+\entry{expansion, arithmetic}{34}
+\entry{expansion, brace}{24}
+\entry{expansion, filename}{35}
+\entry{expansion, parameter}{26}
+\entry{expansion, pathname}{35}
+\entry{expansion, tilde}{25}
+\entry{expressions, arithmetic}{97}
+\entry{expressions, conditional}{95}
\initial {F}
\entry{field}{3}
\entry{filename}{3}
-\entry{filename expansion}{33}
-\entry{foreground}{107}
-\entry{functions, shell}{18}
+\entry{filename expansion}{35}
+\entry{foreground}{111}
+\entry{functions, shell}{19}
\initial {H}
-\entry{history builtins}{146}
-\entry{history events}{149}
-\entry{history expansion}{148}
-\entry{history list}{146}
-\entry{History, how to use}{145}
+\entry{history builtins}{150}
+\entry{history events}{153}
+\entry{history expansion}{152}
+\entry{history list}{150}
+\entry{History, how to use}{149}
\initial {I}
\entry{identifier}{3}
-\entry{initialization file, readline}{114}
-\entry{installation}{152}
-\entry{interaction, readline}{111}
-\entry{interactive shell}{88, 89}
+\entry{initialization file, readline}{118}
+\entry{installation}{156}
+\entry{interaction, readline}{115}
+\entry{interactive shell}{92, 93}
\entry{internationalization}{7}
+\entry{internationalized scripts}{7}
\initial {J}
\entry{job}{3}
-\entry{job control}{3, 107}
+\entry{job control}{3, 111}
\initial {K}
-\entry{kill ring}{113}
-\entry{killing text}{113}
+\entry{kill ring}{117}
+\entry{killing text}{117}
\initial {L}
\entry{localization}{7}
-\entry{login shell}{88}
+\entry{login shell}{92}
\initial {M}
-\entry{matching, pattern}{33}
+\entry{matching, pattern}{36}
\entry{metacharacter}{3}
\initial {N}
\entry{name}{3}
\entry{native languages}{7}
-\entry{notation, readline}{112}
+\entry{notation, readline}{116}
\initial {O}
\entry{operator, shell}{3}
\initial {P}
-\entry{parameter expansion}{25}
-\entry{parameters}{20}
-\entry{parameters, positional}{21}
-\entry{parameters, special}{21}
-\entry{pathname expansion}{33}
-\entry{pattern matching}{33}
-\entry{pipeline}{8}
+\entry{parameter expansion}{26}
+\entry{parameters}{21}
+\entry{parameters, positional}{22}
+\entry{parameters, special}{23}
+\entry{pathname expansion}{35}
+\entry{pattern matching}{36}
+\entry{pipeline}{10}
\entry{POSIX}{3}
-\entry{POSIX Mode}{101}
+\entry{POSIX Mode}{105}
\entry{process group}{3}
\entry{process group ID}{3}
-\entry{process substitution}{32}
-\entry{programmable completion}{137}
-\entry{prompting}{98}
+\entry{process substitution}{34}
+\entry{programmable completion}{141}
+\entry{prompting}{103}
\initial {Q}
\entry{quoting}{6}
\entry{quoting, ANSI}{6}
\initial {R}
-\entry{Readline, how to use}{110}
-\entry{redirection}{35}
+\entry{Readline, how to use}{114}
+\entry{redirection}{37}
\entry{reserved word}{3}
-\entry{reserved words}{8}
-\entry{restricted shell}{100}
+\entry{reserved words}{9}
+\entry{restricted shell}{104}
\entry{return status}{4}
\initial {S}
-\entry{shell arithmetic}{93}
-\entry{shell function}{18}
-\entry{shell script}{42}
-\entry{shell variable}{20}
-\entry{shell, interactive}{89}
+\entry{shell arithmetic}{97}
+\entry{shell function}{19}
+\entry{shell script}{45}
+\entry{shell variable}{21}
+\entry{shell, interactive}{93}
\entry{signal}{4}
-\entry{signal handling}{42}
-\entry{special builtin}{4, 72}
-\entry{startup files}{88}
-\entry{suspending jobs}{107}
+\entry{signal handling}{44}
+\entry{special builtin}{4, 76}
+\entry{startup files}{92}
+\entry{string translations}{7}
+\entry{suspending jobs}{111}
\initial {T}
-\entry{tilde expansion}{24}
+\entry{tilde expansion}{25}
\entry{token}{4}
\entry{translation, native languages}{7}
\initial {V}
-\entry{variable, shell}{20}
-\entry{variables, readline}{115}
+\entry{variable, shell}{21}
+\entry{variables, readline}{119}
\initial {W}
\entry{word}{4}
-\entry{word splitting}{32}
+\entry{word splitting}{34}
\initial {Y}
-\entry{yanking text}{113}
+\entry{yanking text}{117}
-\entry{beginning-of-line (C-a)}{127}{\code {beginning-of-line (C-a)}}
-\entry{end-of-line (C-e)}{127}{\code {end-of-line (C-e)}}
-\entry{forward-char (C-f)}{127}{\code {forward-char (C-f)}}
-\entry{backward-char (C-b)}{127}{\code {backward-char (C-b)}}
-\entry{forward-word (M-f)}{127}{\code {forward-word (M-f)}}
-\entry{backward-word (M-b)}{127}{\code {backward-word (M-b)}}
-\entry{shell-forward-word (M-C-f)}{127}{\code {shell-forward-word (M-C-f)}}
-\entry{shell-backward-word (M-C-b)}{127}{\code {shell-backward-word (M-C-b)}}
-\entry{previous-screen-line ()}{127}{\code {previous-screen-line ()}}
-\entry{next-screen-line ()}{128}{\code {next-screen-line ()}}
-\entry{clear-display (M-C-l)}{128}{\code {clear-display (M-C-l)}}
-\entry{clear-screen (C-l)}{128}{\code {clear-screen (C-l)}}
-\entry{redraw-current-line ()}{128}{\code {redraw-current-line ()}}
-\entry{accept-line (Newline or Return)}{128}{\code {accept-line (Newline or Return)}}
-\entry{previous-history (C-p)}{128}{\code {previous-history (C-p)}}
-\entry{next-history (C-n)}{128}{\code {next-history (C-n)}}
-\entry{beginning-of-history (M-<)}{128}{\code {beginning-of-history (M-<)}}
-\entry{end-of-history (M->)}{128}{\code {end-of-history (M->)}}
-\entry{reverse-search-history (C-r)}{128}{\code {reverse-search-history (C-r)}}
-\entry{forward-search-history (C-s)}{128}{\code {forward-search-history (C-s)}}
-\entry{non-incremental-reverse-search-history (M-p)}{128}{\code {non-incremental-reverse-search-history (M-p)}}
-\entry{non-incremental-forward-search-history (M-n)}{129}{\code {non-incremental-forward-search-history (M-n)}}
-\entry{history-search-forward ()}{129}{\code {history-search-forward ()}}
-\entry{history-search-backward ()}{129}{\code {history-search-backward ()}}
-\entry{history-substring-search-forward ()}{129}{\code {history-substring-search-forward ()}}
-\entry{history-substring-search-backward ()}{129}{\code {history-substring-search-backward ()}}
-\entry{yank-nth-arg (M-C-y)}{129}{\code {yank-nth-arg (M-C-y)}}
-\entry{yank-last-arg (M-. or M-_)}{129}{\code {yank-last-arg (M-. or M-_)}}
-\entry{operate-and-get-next (C-o)}{129}{\code {operate-and-get-next (C-o)}}
-\entry{end-of-file (usually C-d)}{130}{\code {\i {end-of-file} (usually C-d)}}
-\entry{delete-char (C-d)}{130}{\code {delete-char (C-d)}}
-\entry{backward-delete-char (Rubout)}{130}{\code {backward-delete-char (Rubout)}}
-\entry{forward-backward-delete-char ()}{130}{\code {forward-backward-delete-char ()}}
-\entry{quoted-insert (C-q or C-v)}{130}{\code {quoted-insert (C-q or C-v)}}
-\entry{self-insert (a, b, A, 1, !, ...{})}{130}{\code {self-insert (a, b, A, 1, !, \dots {})}}
-\entry{bracketed-paste-begin ()}{130}{\code {bracketed-paste-begin ()}}
-\entry{transpose-chars (C-t)}{130}{\code {transpose-chars (C-t)}}
-\entry{transpose-words (M-t)}{130}{\code {transpose-words (M-t)}}
-\entry{upcase-word (M-u)}{131}{\code {upcase-word (M-u)}}
-\entry{downcase-word (M-l)}{131}{\code {downcase-word (M-l)}}
-\entry{capitalize-word (M-c)}{131}{\code {capitalize-word (M-c)}}
-\entry{overwrite-mode ()}{131}{\code {overwrite-mode ()}}
-\entry{kill-line (C-k)}{131}{\code {kill-line (C-k)}}
-\entry{backward-kill-line (C-x Rubout)}{131}{\code {backward-kill-line (C-x Rubout)}}
-\entry{unix-line-discard (C-u)}{131}{\code {unix-line-discard (C-u)}}
-\entry{kill-whole-line ()}{131}{\code {kill-whole-line ()}}
-\entry{kill-word (M-d)}{131}{\code {kill-word (M-d)}}
-\entry{backward-kill-word (M-DEL)}{131}{\code {backward-kill-word (M-\key {DEL})}}
-\entry{shell-kill-word (M-C-d)}{131}{\code {shell-kill-word (M-C-d)}}
-\entry{shell-backward-kill-word ()}{131}{\code {shell-backward-kill-word ()}}
-\entry{shell-transpose-words (M-C-t)}{132}{\code {shell-transpose-words (M-C-t)}}
-\entry{unix-word-rubout (C-w)}{132}{\code {unix-word-rubout (C-w)}}
-\entry{unix-filename-rubout ()}{132}{\code {unix-filename-rubout ()}}
-\entry{delete-horizontal-space ()}{132}{\code {delete-horizontal-space ()}}
-\entry{kill-region ()}{132}{\code {kill-region ()}}
-\entry{copy-region-as-kill ()}{132}{\code {copy-region-as-kill ()}}
-\entry{copy-backward-word ()}{132}{\code {copy-backward-word ()}}
-\entry{copy-forward-word ()}{132}{\code {copy-forward-word ()}}
-\entry{yank (C-y)}{132}{\code {yank (C-y)}}
-\entry{yank-pop (M-y)}{132}{\code {yank-pop (M-y)}}
-\entry{digit-argument (M-0, M-1, ...{} M--)}{132}{\code {digit-argument (\kbd {M-0}, \kbd {M-1}, \dots {} \kbd {M--})}}
-\entry{universal-argument ()}{132}{\code {universal-argument ()}}
-\entry{complete (TAB)}{133}{\code {complete (\key {TAB})}}
-\entry{possible-completions (M-?)}{133}{\code {possible-completions (M-?)}}
-\entry{insert-completions (M-*)}{133}{\code {insert-completions (M-*)}}
-\entry{menu-complete ()}{133}{\code {menu-complete ()}}
-\entry{menu-complete-backward ()}{133}{\code {menu-complete-backward ()}}
-\entry{delete-char-or-list ()}{133}{\code {delete-char-or-list ()}}
-\entry{complete-filename (M-/)}{133}{\code {complete-filename (M-/)}}
-\entry{possible-filename-completions (C-x /)}{133}{\code {possible-filename-completions (C-x /)}}
-\entry{complete-username (M-~)}{133}{\code {complete-username (M-~)}}
-\entry{possible-username-completions (C-x ~)}{133}{\code {possible-username-completions (C-x ~)}}
-\entry{complete-variable (M-$)}{134}{\code {complete-variable (M-$)}}
-\entry{possible-variable-completions (C-x $)}{134}{\code {possible-variable-completions (C-x $)}}
-\entry{complete-hostname (M-@)}{134}{\code {complete-hostname (M-@)}}
-\entry{possible-hostname-completions (C-x @)}{134}{\code {possible-hostname-completions (C-x @)}}
-\entry{complete-command (M-!)}{134}{\code {complete-command (M-!)}}
-\entry{possible-command-completions (C-x !)}{134}{\code {possible-command-completions (C-x !)}}
-\entry{dynamic-complete-history (M-TAB)}{134}{\code {dynamic-complete-history (M-\key {TAB})}}
-\entry{dabbrev-expand ()}{134}{\code {dabbrev-expand ()}}
-\entry{complete-into-braces (M-{\indexlbrace })}{134}{\code {complete-into-braces (M-{\tt \char 123})}}
-\entry{start-kbd-macro (C-x ()}{134}{\code {start-kbd-macro (C-x ()}}
-\entry{end-kbd-macro (C-x ))}{134}{\code {end-kbd-macro (C-x ))}}
-\entry{call-last-kbd-macro (C-x e)}{134}{\code {call-last-kbd-macro (C-x e)}}
-\entry{print-last-kbd-macro ()}{134}{\code {print-last-kbd-macro ()}}
-\entry{re-read-init-file (C-x C-r)}{135}{\code {re-read-init-file (C-x C-r)}}
-\entry{abort (C-g)}{135}{\code {abort (C-g)}}
-\entry{do-lowercase-version (M-A, M-B, M-x, ...{})}{135}{\code {do-lowercase-version (M-A, M-B, M-\var {x}, \dots {})}}
-\entry{prefix-meta (ESC)}{135}{\code {prefix-meta (\key {ESC})}}
-\entry{undo (C-_ or C-x C-u)}{135}{\code {undo (C-_ or C-x C-u)}}
-\entry{revert-line (M-r)}{135}{\code {revert-line (M-r)}}
-\entry{tilde-expand (M-&)}{135}{\code {tilde-expand (M-&)}}
-\entry{set-mark (C-@)}{135}{\code {set-mark (C-@)}}
-\entry{exchange-point-and-mark (C-x C-x)}{135}{\code {exchange-point-and-mark (C-x C-x)}}
-\entry{character-search (C-])}{135}{\code {character-search (C-])}}
-\entry{character-search-backward (M-C-])}{135}{\code {character-search-backward (M-C-])}}
-\entry{skip-csi-sequence ()}{135}{\code {skip-csi-sequence ()}}
-\entry{insert-comment (M-#)}{136}{\code {insert-comment (M-#)}}
-\entry{dump-functions ()}{136}{\code {dump-functions ()}}
-\entry{dump-variables ()}{136}{\code {dump-variables ()}}
-\entry{dump-macros ()}{136}{\code {dump-macros ()}}
-\entry{glob-complete-word (M-g)}{136}{\code {glob-complete-word (M-g)}}
-\entry{glob-expand-word (C-x *)}{136}{\code {glob-expand-word (C-x *)}}
-\entry{glob-list-expansions (C-x g)}{136}{\code {glob-list-expansions (C-x g)}}
-\entry{display-shell-version (C-x C-v)}{136}{\code {display-shell-version (C-x C-v)}}
-\entry{shell-expand-line (M-C-e)}{136}{\code {shell-expand-line (M-C-e)}}
-\entry{history-expand-line (M-^)}{136}{\code {history-expand-line (M-^)}}
-\entry{magic-space ()}{137}{\code {magic-space ()}}
-\entry{alias-expand-line ()}{137}{\code {alias-expand-line ()}}
-\entry{history-and-alias-expand-line ()}{137}{\code {history-and-alias-expand-line ()}}
-\entry{insert-last-argument (M-. or M-_)}{137}{\code {insert-last-argument (M-. or M-_)}}
-\entry{edit-and-execute-command (C-x C-e)}{137}{\code {edit-and-execute-command (C-x C-e)}}
+\entry{beginning-of-line (C-a)}{131}{\code {beginning-of-line (C-a)}}
+\entry{end-of-line (C-e)}{131}{\code {end-of-line (C-e)}}
+\entry{forward-char (C-f)}{131}{\code {forward-char (C-f)}}
+\entry{backward-char (C-b)}{131}{\code {backward-char (C-b)}}
+\entry{forward-word (M-f)}{131}{\code {forward-word (M-f)}}
+\entry{backward-word (M-b)}{131}{\code {backward-word (M-b)}}
+\entry{shell-forward-word (M-C-f)}{131}{\code {shell-forward-word (M-C-f)}}
+\entry{shell-backward-word (M-C-b)}{131}{\code {shell-backward-word (M-C-b)}}
+\entry{previous-screen-line ()}{131}{\code {previous-screen-line ()}}
+\entry{next-screen-line ()}{132}{\code {next-screen-line ()}}
+\entry{clear-display (M-C-l)}{132}{\code {clear-display (M-C-l)}}
+\entry{clear-screen (C-l)}{132}{\code {clear-screen (C-l)}}
+\entry{redraw-current-line ()}{132}{\code {redraw-current-line ()}}
+\entry{accept-line (Newline or Return)}{132}{\code {accept-line (Newline or Return)}}
+\entry{previous-history (C-p)}{132}{\code {previous-history (C-p)}}
+\entry{next-history (C-n)}{132}{\code {next-history (C-n)}}
+\entry{beginning-of-history (M-<)}{132}{\code {beginning-of-history (M-<)}}
+\entry{end-of-history (M->)}{132}{\code {end-of-history (M->)}}
+\entry{reverse-search-history (C-r)}{132}{\code {reverse-search-history (C-r)}}
+\entry{forward-search-history (C-s)}{132}{\code {forward-search-history (C-s)}}
+\entry{non-incremental-reverse-search-history (M-p)}{132}{\code {non-incremental-reverse-search-history (M-p)}}
+\entry{non-incremental-forward-search-history (M-n)}{133}{\code {non-incremental-forward-search-history (M-n)}}
+\entry{history-search-forward ()}{133}{\code {history-search-forward ()}}
+\entry{history-search-backward ()}{133}{\code {history-search-backward ()}}
+\entry{history-substring-search-forward ()}{133}{\code {history-substring-search-forward ()}}
+\entry{history-substring-search-backward ()}{133}{\code {history-substring-search-backward ()}}
+\entry{yank-nth-arg (M-C-y)}{133}{\code {yank-nth-arg (M-C-y)}}
+\entry{yank-last-arg (M-. or M-_)}{133}{\code {yank-last-arg (M-. or M-_)}}
+\entry{operate-and-get-next (C-o)}{133}{\code {operate-and-get-next (C-o)}}
+\entry{fetch-history ()}{134}{\code {fetch-history ()}}
+\entry{end-of-file (usually C-d)}{134}{\code {\i {end-of-file} (usually C-d)}}
+\entry{delete-char (C-d)}{134}{\code {delete-char (C-d)}}
+\entry{backward-delete-char (Rubout)}{134}{\code {backward-delete-char (Rubout)}}
+\entry{forward-backward-delete-char ()}{134}{\code {forward-backward-delete-char ()}}
+\entry{quoted-insert (C-q or C-v)}{134}{\code {quoted-insert (C-q or C-v)}}
+\entry{self-insert (a, b, A, 1, !, ...{})}{134}{\code {self-insert (a, b, A, 1, !, \dots {})}}
+\entry{bracketed-paste-begin ()}{134}{\code {bracketed-paste-begin ()}}
+\entry{transpose-chars (C-t)}{134}{\code {transpose-chars (C-t)}}
+\entry{transpose-words (M-t)}{135}{\code {transpose-words (M-t)}}
+\entry{upcase-word (M-u)}{135}{\code {upcase-word (M-u)}}
+\entry{downcase-word (M-l)}{135}{\code {downcase-word (M-l)}}
+\entry{capitalize-word (M-c)}{135}{\code {capitalize-word (M-c)}}
+\entry{overwrite-mode ()}{135}{\code {overwrite-mode ()}}
+\entry{kill-line (C-k)}{135}{\code {kill-line (C-k)}}
+\entry{backward-kill-line (C-x Rubout)}{135}{\code {backward-kill-line (C-x Rubout)}}
+\entry{unix-line-discard (C-u)}{135}{\code {unix-line-discard (C-u)}}
+\entry{kill-whole-line ()}{135}{\code {kill-whole-line ()}}
+\entry{kill-word (M-d)}{135}{\code {kill-word (M-d)}}
+\entry{backward-kill-word (M-DEL)}{135}{\code {backward-kill-word (M-\key {DEL})}}
+\entry{shell-kill-word (M-C-d)}{136}{\code {shell-kill-word (M-C-d)}}
+\entry{shell-backward-kill-word ()}{136}{\code {shell-backward-kill-word ()}}
+\entry{shell-transpose-words (M-C-t)}{136}{\code {shell-transpose-words (M-C-t)}}
+\entry{unix-word-rubout (C-w)}{136}{\code {unix-word-rubout (C-w)}}
+\entry{unix-filename-rubout ()}{136}{\code {unix-filename-rubout ()}}
+\entry{delete-horizontal-space ()}{136}{\code {delete-horizontal-space ()}}
+\entry{kill-region ()}{136}{\code {kill-region ()}}
+\entry{copy-region-as-kill ()}{136}{\code {copy-region-as-kill ()}}
+\entry{copy-backward-word ()}{136}{\code {copy-backward-word ()}}
+\entry{copy-forward-word ()}{136}{\code {copy-forward-word ()}}
+\entry{yank (C-y)}{136}{\code {yank (C-y)}}
+\entry{yank-pop (M-y)}{136}{\code {yank-pop (M-y)}}
+\entry{digit-argument (M-0, M-1, ...{} M--)}{136}{\code {digit-argument (\kbd {M-0}, \kbd {M-1}, \dots {} \kbd {M--})}}
+\entry{universal-argument ()}{137}{\code {universal-argument ()}}
+\entry{complete (TAB)}{137}{\code {complete (\key {TAB})}}
+\entry{possible-completions (M-?)}{137}{\code {possible-completions (M-?)}}
+\entry{insert-completions (M-*)}{137}{\code {insert-completions (M-*)}}
+\entry{menu-complete ()}{137}{\code {menu-complete ()}}
+\entry{menu-complete-backward ()}{137}{\code {menu-complete-backward ()}}
+\entry{delete-char-or-list ()}{137}{\code {delete-char-or-list ()}}
+\entry{complete-filename (M-/)}{137}{\code {complete-filename (M-/)}}
+\entry{possible-filename-completions (C-x /)}{138}{\code {possible-filename-completions (C-x /)}}
+\entry{complete-username (M-~)}{138}{\code {complete-username (M-~)}}
+\entry{possible-username-completions (C-x ~)}{138}{\code {possible-username-completions (C-x ~)}}
+\entry{complete-variable (M-$)}{138}{\code {complete-variable (M-$)}}
+\entry{possible-variable-completions (C-x $)}{138}{\code {possible-variable-completions (C-x $)}}
+\entry{complete-hostname (M-@)}{138}{\code {complete-hostname (M-@)}}
+\entry{possible-hostname-completions (C-x @)}{138}{\code {possible-hostname-completions (C-x @)}}
+\entry{complete-command (M-!)}{138}{\code {complete-command (M-!)}}
+\entry{possible-command-completions (C-x !)}{138}{\code {possible-command-completions (C-x !)}}
+\entry{dynamic-complete-history (M-TAB)}{138}{\code {dynamic-complete-history (M-\key {TAB})}}
+\entry{dabbrev-expand ()}{138}{\code {dabbrev-expand ()}}
+\entry{complete-into-braces (M-{\indexlbrace })}{138}{\code {complete-into-braces (M-{\tt \char 123})}}
+\entry{start-kbd-macro (C-x ()}{138}{\code {start-kbd-macro (C-x ()}}
+\entry{end-kbd-macro (C-x ))}{138}{\code {end-kbd-macro (C-x ))}}
+\entry{call-last-kbd-macro (C-x e)}{139}{\code {call-last-kbd-macro (C-x e)}}
+\entry{print-last-kbd-macro ()}{139}{\code {print-last-kbd-macro ()}}
+\entry{re-read-init-file (C-x C-r)}{139}{\code {re-read-init-file (C-x C-r)}}
+\entry{abort (C-g)}{139}{\code {abort (C-g)}}
+\entry{do-lowercase-version (M-A, M-B, M-x, ...{})}{139}{\code {do-lowercase-version (M-A, M-B, M-\var {x}, \dots {})}}
+\entry{prefix-meta (ESC)}{139}{\code {prefix-meta (\key {ESC})}}
+\entry{undo (C-_ or C-x C-u)}{139}{\code {undo (C-_ or C-x C-u)}}
+\entry{revert-line (M-r)}{139}{\code {revert-line (M-r)}}
+\entry{tilde-expand (M-&)}{139}{\code {tilde-expand (M-&)}}
+\entry{set-mark (C-@)}{139}{\code {set-mark (C-@)}}
+\entry{exchange-point-and-mark (C-x C-x)}{139}{\code {exchange-point-and-mark (C-x C-x)}}
+\entry{character-search (C-])}{139}{\code {character-search (C-])}}
+\entry{character-search-backward (M-C-])}{139}{\code {character-search-backward (M-C-])}}
+\entry{skip-csi-sequence ()}{139}{\code {skip-csi-sequence ()}}
+\entry{insert-comment (M-#)}{140}{\code {insert-comment (M-#)}}
+\entry{dump-functions ()}{140}{\code {dump-functions ()}}
+\entry{dump-variables ()}{140}{\code {dump-variables ()}}
+\entry{dump-macros ()}{140}{\code {dump-macros ()}}
+\entry{spell-correct-word (C-x s)}{140}{\code {spell-correct-word (C-x s)}}
+\entry{glob-complete-word (M-g)}{140}{\code {glob-complete-word (M-g)}}
+\entry{glob-expand-word (C-x *)}{140}{\code {glob-expand-word (C-x *)}}
+\entry{glob-list-expansions (C-x g)}{140}{\code {glob-list-expansions (C-x g)}}
+\entry{display-shell-version (C-x C-v)}{141}{\code {display-shell-version (C-x C-v)}}
+\entry{shell-expand-line (M-C-e)}{141}{\code {shell-expand-line (M-C-e)}}
+\entry{history-expand-line (M-^)}{141}{\code {history-expand-line (M-^)}}
+\entry{magic-space ()}{141}{\code {magic-space ()}}
+\entry{alias-expand-line ()}{141}{\code {alias-expand-line ()}}
+\entry{history-and-alias-expand-line ()}{141}{\code {history-and-alias-expand-line ()}}
+\entry{insert-last-argument (M-. or M-_)}{141}{\code {insert-last-argument (M-. or M-_)}}
+\entry{edit-and-execute-command (C-x C-e)}{141}{\code {edit-and-execute-command (C-x C-e)}}
\initial {A}
-\entry{\code {abort (C-g)}}{135}
-\entry{\code {accept-line (Newline or Return)}}{128}
-\entry{\code {alias-expand-line ()}}{137}
+\entry{\code {abort (C-g)}}{139}
+\entry{\code {accept-line (Newline or Return)}}{132}
+\entry{\code {alias-expand-line ()}}{141}
\initial {B}
-\entry{\code {backward-char (C-b)}}{127}
-\entry{\code {backward-delete-char (Rubout)}}{130}
-\entry{\code {backward-kill-line (C-x Rubout)}}{131}
-\entry{\code {backward-kill-word (M-\key {DEL})}}{131}
-\entry{\code {backward-word (M-b)}}{127}
-\entry{\code {beginning-of-history (M-<)}}{128}
-\entry{\code {beginning-of-line (C-a)}}{127}
-\entry{\code {bracketed-paste-begin ()}}{130}
+\entry{\code {backward-char (C-b)}}{131}
+\entry{\code {backward-delete-char (Rubout)}}{134}
+\entry{\code {backward-kill-line (C-x Rubout)}}{135}
+\entry{\code {backward-kill-word (M-\key {DEL})}}{135}
+\entry{\code {backward-word (M-b)}}{131}
+\entry{\code {beginning-of-history (M-<)}}{132}
+\entry{\code {beginning-of-line (C-a)}}{131}
+\entry{\code {bracketed-paste-begin ()}}{134}
\initial {C}
-\entry{\code {call-last-kbd-macro (C-x e)}}{134}
-\entry{\code {capitalize-word (M-c)}}{131}
-\entry{\code {character-search (C-])}}{135}
-\entry{\code {character-search-backward (M-C-])}}{135}
-\entry{\code {clear-display (M-C-l)}}{128}
-\entry{\code {clear-screen (C-l)}}{128}
-\entry{\code {complete (\key {TAB})}}{133}
-\entry{\code {complete-command (M-!)}}{134}
-\entry{\code {complete-filename (M-/)}}{133}
-\entry{\code {complete-hostname (M-@)}}{134}
-\entry{\code {complete-into-braces (M-{\tt \char 123})}}{134}
-\entry{\code {complete-username (M-~)}}{133}
-\entry{\code {complete-variable (M-$)}}{134}
-\entry{\code {copy-backward-word ()}}{132}
-\entry{\code {copy-forward-word ()}}{132}
-\entry{\code {copy-region-as-kill ()}}{132}
+\entry{\code {call-last-kbd-macro (C-x e)}}{139}
+\entry{\code {capitalize-word (M-c)}}{135}
+\entry{\code {character-search (C-])}}{139}
+\entry{\code {character-search-backward (M-C-])}}{139}
+\entry{\code {clear-display (M-C-l)}}{132}
+\entry{\code {clear-screen (C-l)}}{132}
+\entry{\code {complete (\key {TAB})}}{137}
+\entry{\code {complete-command (M-!)}}{138}
+\entry{\code {complete-filename (M-/)}}{137}
+\entry{\code {complete-hostname (M-@)}}{138}
+\entry{\code {complete-into-braces (M-{\tt \char 123})}}{138}
+\entry{\code {complete-username (M-~)}}{138}
+\entry{\code {complete-variable (M-$)}}{138}
+\entry{\code {copy-backward-word ()}}{136}
+\entry{\code {copy-forward-word ()}}{136}
+\entry{\code {copy-region-as-kill ()}}{136}
\initial {D}
-\entry{\code {dabbrev-expand ()}}{134}
-\entry{\code {delete-char (C-d)}}{130}
-\entry{\code {delete-char-or-list ()}}{133}
-\entry{\code {delete-horizontal-space ()}}{132}
-\entry{\code {digit-argument (\kbd {M-0}, \kbd {M-1}, \dots {} \kbd {M--})}}{132}
-\entry{\code {display-shell-version (C-x C-v)}}{136}
-\entry{\code {do-lowercase-version (M-A, M-B, M-\var {x}, \dots {})}}{135}
-\entry{\code {downcase-word (M-l)}}{131}
-\entry{\code {dump-functions ()}}{136}
-\entry{\code {dump-macros ()}}{136}
-\entry{\code {dump-variables ()}}{136}
-\entry{\code {dynamic-complete-history (M-\key {TAB})}}{134}
+\entry{\code {dabbrev-expand ()}}{138}
+\entry{\code {delete-char (C-d)}}{134}
+\entry{\code {delete-char-or-list ()}}{137}
+\entry{\code {delete-horizontal-space ()}}{136}
+\entry{\code {digit-argument (\kbd {M-0}, \kbd {M-1}, \dots {} \kbd {M--})}}{136}
+\entry{\code {display-shell-version (C-x C-v)}}{141}
+\entry{\code {do-lowercase-version (M-A, M-B, M-\var {x}, \dots {})}}{139}
+\entry{\code {downcase-word (M-l)}}{135}
+\entry{\code {dump-functions ()}}{140}
+\entry{\code {dump-macros ()}}{140}
+\entry{\code {dump-variables ()}}{140}
+\entry{\code {dynamic-complete-history (M-\key {TAB})}}{138}
\initial {E}
-\entry{\code {edit-and-execute-command (C-x C-e)}}{137}
-\entry{\code {end-kbd-macro (C-x ))}}{134}
-\entry{\code {\i {end-of-file} (usually C-d)}}{130}
-\entry{\code {end-of-history (M->)}}{128}
-\entry{\code {end-of-line (C-e)}}{127}
-\entry{\code {exchange-point-and-mark (C-x C-x)}}{135}
+\entry{\code {edit-and-execute-command (C-x C-e)}}{141}
+\entry{\code {end-kbd-macro (C-x ))}}{138}
+\entry{\code {\i {end-of-file} (usually C-d)}}{134}
+\entry{\code {end-of-history (M->)}}{132}
+\entry{\code {end-of-line (C-e)}}{131}
+\entry{\code {exchange-point-and-mark (C-x C-x)}}{139}
\initial {F}
-\entry{\code {forward-backward-delete-char ()}}{130}
-\entry{\code {forward-char (C-f)}}{127}
-\entry{\code {forward-search-history (C-s)}}{128}
-\entry{\code {forward-word (M-f)}}{127}
+\entry{\code {fetch-history ()}}{134}
+\entry{\code {forward-backward-delete-char ()}}{134}
+\entry{\code {forward-char (C-f)}}{131}
+\entry{\code {forward-search-history (C-s)}}{132}
+\entry{\code {forward-word (M-f)}}{131}
\initial {G}
-\entry{\code {glob-complete-word (M-g)}}{136}
-\entry{\code {glob-expand-word (C-x *)}}{136}
-\entry{\code {glob-list-expansions (C-x g)}}{136}
+\entry{\code {glob-complete-word (M-g)}}{140}
+\entry{\code {glob-expand-word (C-x *)}}{140}
+\entry{\code {glob-list-expansions (C-x g)}}{140}
\initial {H}
-\entry{\code {history-and-alias-expand-line ()}}{137}
-\entry{\code {history-expand-line (M-^)}}{136}
-\entry{\code {history-search-backward ()}}{129}
-\entry{\code {history-search-forward ()}}{129}
-\entry{\code {history-substring-search-backward ()}}{129}
-\entry{\code {history-substring-search-forward ()}}{129}
+\entry{\code {history-and-alias-expand-line ()}}{141}
+\entry{\code {history-expand-line (M-^)}}{141}
+\entry{\code {history-search-backward ()}}{133}
+\entry{\code {history-search-forward ()}}{133}
+\entry{\code {history-substring-search-backward ()}}{133}
+\entry{\code {history-substring-search-forward ()}}{133}
\initial {I}
-\entry{\code {insert-comment (M-#)}}{136}
-\entry{\code {insert-completions (M-*)}}{133}
-\entry{\code {insert-last-argument (M-. or M-_)}}{137}
+\entry{\code {insert-comment (M-#)}}{140}
+\entry{\code {insert-completions (M-*)}}{137}
+\entry{\code {insert-last-argument (M-. or M-_)}}{141}
\initial {K}
-\entry{\code {kill-line (C-k)}}{131}
-\entry{\code {kill-region ()}}{132}
-\entry{\code {kill-whole-line ()}}{131}
-\entry{\code {kill-word (M-d)}}{131}
+\entry{\code {kill-line (C-k)}}{135}
+\entry{\code {kill-region ()}}{136}
+\entry{\code {kill-whole-line ()}}{135}
+\entry{\code {kill-word (M-d)}}{135}
\initial {M}
-\entry{\code {magic-space ()}}{137}
-\entry{\code {menu-complete ()}}{133}
-\entry{\code {menu-complete-backward ()}}{133}
+\entry{\code {magic-space ()}}{141}
+\entry{\code {menu-complete ()}}{137}
+\entry{\code {menu-complete-backward ()}}{137}
\initial {N}
-\entry{\code {next-history (C-n)}}{128}
-\entry{\code {next-screen-line ()}}{128}
-\entry{\code {non-incremental-forward-search-history (M-n)}}{129}
-\entry{\code {non-incremental-reverse-search-history (M-p)}}{128}
+\entry{\code {next-history (C-n)}}{132}
+\entry{\code {next-screen-line ()}}{132}
+\entry{\code {non-incremental-forward-search-history (M-n)}}{133}
+\entry{\code {non-incremental-reverse-search-history (M-p)}}{132}
\initial {O}
-\entry{\code {operate-and-get-next (C-o)}}{129}
-\entry{\code {overwrite-mode ()}}{131}
+\entry{\code {operate-and-get-next (C-o)}}{133}
+\entry{\code {overwrite-mode ()}}{135}
\initial {P}
-\entry{\code {possible-command-completions (C-x !)}}{134}
-\entry{\code {possible-completions (M-?)}}{133}
-\entry{\code {possible-filename-completions (C-x /)}}{133}
-\entry{\code {possible-hostname-completions (C-x @)}}{134}
-\entry{\code {possible-username-completions (C-x ~)}}{133}
-\entry{\code {possible-variable-completions (C-x $)}}{134}
-\entry{\code {prefix-meta (\key {ESC})}}{135}
-\entry{\code {previous-history (C-p)}}{128}
-\entry{\code {previous-screen-line ()}}{127}
-\entry{\code {print-last-kbd-macro ()}}{134}
+\entry{\code {possible-command-completions (C-x !)}}{138}
+\entry{\code {possible-completions (M-?)}}{137}
+\entry{\code {possible-filename-completions (C-x /)}}{138}
+\entry{\code {possible-hostname-completions (C-x @)}}{138}
+\entry{\code {possible-username-completions (C-x ~)}}{138}
+\entry{\code {possible-variable-completions (C-x $)}}{138}
+\entry{\code {prefix-meta (\key {ESC})}}{139}
+\entry{\code {previous-history (C-p)}}{132}
+\entry{\code {previous-screen-line ()}}{131}
+\entry{\code {print-last-kbd-macro ()}}{139}
\initial {Q}
-\entry{\code {quoted-insert (C-q or C-v)}}{130}
+\entry{\code {quoted-insert (C-q or C-v)}}{134}
\initial {R}
-\entry{\code {re-read-init-file (C-x C-r)}}{135}
-\entry{\code {redraw-current-line ()}}{128}
-\entry{\code {reverse-search-history (C-r)}}{128}
-\entry{\code {revert-line (M-r)}}{135}
+\entry{\code {re-read-init-file (C-x C-r)}}{139}
+\entry{\code {redraw-current-line ()}}{132}
+\entry{\code {reverse-search-history (C-r)}}{132}
+\entry{\code {revert-line (M-r)}}{139}
\initial {S}
-\entry{\code {self-insert (a, b, A, 1, !, \dots {})}}{130}
-\entry{\code {set-mark (C-@)}}{135}
-\entry{\code {shell-backward-kill-word ()}}{131}
-\entry{\code {shell-backward-word (M-C-b)}}{127}
-\entry{\code {shell-expand-line (M-C-e)}}{136}
-\entry{\code {shell-forward-word (M-C-f)}}{127}
-\entry{\code {shell-kill-word (M-C-d)}}{131}
-\entry{\code {shell-transpose-words (M-C-t)}}{132}
-\entry{\code {skip-csi-sequence ()}}{135}
-\entry{\code {start-kbd-macro (C-x ()}}{134}
+\entry{\code {self-insert (a, b, A, 1, !, \dots {})}}{134}
+\entry{\code {set-mark (C-@)}}{139}
+\entry{\code {shell-backward-kill-word ()}}{136}
+\entry{\code {shell-backward-word (M-C-b)}}{131}
+\entry{\code {shell-expand-line (M-C-e)}}{141}
+\entry{\code {shell-forward-word (M-C-f)}}{131}
+\entry{\code {shell-kill-word (M-C-d)}}{136}
+\entry{\code {shell-transpose-words (M-C-t)}}{136}
+\entry{\code {skip-csi-sequence ()}}{139}
+\entry{\code {spell-correct-word (C-x s)}}{140}
+\entry{\code {start-kbd-macro (C-x ()}}{138}
\initial {T}
-\entry{\code {tilde-expand (M-&)}}{135}
-\entry{\code {transpose-chars (C-t)}}{130}
-\entry{\code {transpose-words (M-t)}}{130}
+\entry{\code {tilde-expand (M-&)}}{139}
+\entry{\code {transpose-chars (C-t)}}{134}
+\entry{\code {transpose-words (M-t)}}{135}
\initial {U}
-\entry{\code {undo (C-_ or C-x C-u)}}{135}
-\entry{\code {universal-argument ()}}{132}
-\entry{\code {unix-filename-rubout ()}}{132}
-\entry{\code {unix-line-discard (C-u)}}{131}
-\entry{\code {unix-word-rubout (C-w)}}{132}
-\entry{\code {upcase-word (M-u)}}{131}
+\entry{\code {undo (C-_ or C-x C-u)}}{139}
+\entry{\code {universal-argument ()}}{137}
+\entry{\code {unix-filename-rubout ()}}{136}
+\entry{\code {unix-line-discard (C-u)}}{135}
+\entry{\code {unix-word-rubout (C-w)}}{136}
+\entry{\code {upcase-word (M-u)}}{135}
\initial {Y}
-\entry{\code {yank (C-y)}}{132}
-\entry{\code {yank-last-arg (M-. or M-_)}}{129}
-\entry{\code {yank-nth-arg (M-C-y)}}{129}
-\entry{\code {yank-pop (M-y)}}{132}
+\entry{\code {yank (C-y)}}{136}
+\entry{\code {yank-last-arg (M-. or M-_)}}{133}
+\entry{\code {yank-nth-arg (M-C-y)}}{133}
+\entry{\code {yank-pop (M-y)}}{136}
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-the Bash shell (version 5.1, 21 December 2020).
+the Bash shell (version 5.1, 25 October 2021).
-This is Edition 5.1, last updated 21 December 2020,
+This is Edition 5.1, last updated 25 October 2021,
of The GNU Bash Reference Manual,
for Bash, Version 5.1.
-Copyright (C) 1988-2020 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
+Copyright (C) 1988-2021 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
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+<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width,initial-scale=1">
+
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<link href="#Indexes" rel="index" title="Indexes">
<link href="#SEC_Contents" rel="contents" title="Table of Contents">
<link href="dir.html#Top" rel="up" title="(dir)">
+<link href="#Introduction" rel="next" title="Introduction">
+<link href="dir.html#Top" rel="prev" title="(dir)">
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-<span id="SEC_Contents"></span>
+
+<div class="top" id="Top">
+<div class="header">
+<p>
+Next: <a href="#Introduction" accesskey="n" rel="next">Introduction</a>, Previous: <a href="dir.html#Top" accesskey="p" rel="prev">(dir)</a>, Up: <a href="dir.html#Top" accesskey="u" rel="up">(dir)</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Indexes" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+</div>
+<span id="Bash-Features-1"></span><h1 class="top">Bash Features</h1>
+
+<p>This text is a brief description of the features that are present in
+the Bash shell (version 5.1, 25 October 2021).
+The Bash home page is <a href="http://www.gnu.org/software/bash/">http://www.gnu.org/software/bash/</a>.
+</p>
+<p>This is Edition 5.1, last updated 25 October 2021,
+of <cite>The GNU Bash Reference Manual</cite>,
+for <code>Bash</code>, Version 5.1.
+</p>
+<p>Bash contains features that appear in other popular shells, and some
+features that only appear in Bash. Some of the shells that Bash has
+borrowed concepts from are the Bourne Shell (<samp>sh</samp>), the Korn Shell
+(<samp>ksh</samp>), and the C-shell (<samp>csh</samp> and its successor,
+<samp>tcsh</samp>). The following menu breaks the features up into
+categories, noting which features were inspired by other shells and
+which are specific to Bash.
+</p>
+<p>This manual is meant as a brief introduction to features found in
+Bash. The Bash manual page should be used as the definitive
+reference on shell behavior.
+</p>
+
+<div class="Contents_element" id="SEC_Contents">
<h2 class="contents-heading">Table of Contents</h2>
<div class="contents">
</ul></li>
</ul>
</div>
-
-
-<span id="Top"></span><div class="header">
-<p>
-Next: <a href="#Introduction" accesskey="n" rel="next">Introduction</a>, Previous: <a href="dir.html#Top" accesskey="p" rel="prev">(dir)</a>, Up: <a href="dir.html#Top" accesskey="u" rel="up">(dir)</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Indexes" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<span id="Bash-Features-1"></span><h1 class="top">Bash Features</h1>
-
-<p>This text is a brief description of the features that are present in
-the Bash shell (version 5.1, 21 December 2020).
-The Bash home page is <a href="http://www.gnu.org/software/bash/">http://www.gnu.org/software/bash/</a>.
-</p>
-<p>This is Edition 5.1, last updated 21 December 2020,
-of <cite>The GNU Bash Reference Manual</cite>,
-for <code>Bash</code>, Version 5.1.
-</p>
-<p>Bash contains features that appear in other popular shells, and some
-features that only appear in Bash. Some of the shells that Bash has
-borrowed concepts from are the Bourne Shell (<samp>sh</samp>), the Korn Shell
-(<samp>ksh</samp>), and the C-shell (<samp>csh</samp> and its successor,
-<samp>tcsh</samp>). The following menu breaks the features up into
-categories, noting which features were inspired by other shells and
-which are specific to Bash.
-</p>
-<p>This manual is meant as a brief introduction to features found in
-Bash. The Bash manual page should be used as the definitive
-reference on shell behavior.
-</p>
-<table class="menu" border="0" cellspacing="0">
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#Introduction" accesskey="1">Introduction</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">An introduction to the shell.
-</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#Definitions" accesskey="2">Definitions</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Some definitions used in the rest of this
- manual.
-</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#Basic-Shell-Features" accesskey="3">Basic Shell Features</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">The shell "building blocks".
-</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#Shell-Builtin-Commands" accesskey="4">Shell Builtin Commands</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Commands that are a part of the shell.
-</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#Shell-Variables" accesskey="5">Shell Variables</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Variables used or set by Bash.
-</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#Bash-Features" accesskey="6">Bash Features</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Features found only in Bash.
-</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#Job-Control" accesskey="7">Job Control</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">What job control is and how Bash allows you
- to use it.
-</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#Command-Line-Editing" accesskey="8">Command Line Editing</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Chapter describing the command line
- editing features.
-</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#Using-History-Interactively" accesskey="9">Using History Interactively</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Command History Expansion
-</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#Installing-Bash">Installing Bash</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">How to build and install Bash on your system.
-</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#Reporting-Bugs">Reporting Bugs</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">How to report bugs in Bash.
-</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#Major-Differences-From-The-Bourne-Shell">Major Differences From The Bourne Shell</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">A terse list of the differences
- between Bash and historical
- versions of /bin/sh.
-</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#GNU-Free-Documentation-License">GNU Free Documentation License</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Copying and sharing this documentation.
-</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#Indexes">Indexes</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Various indexes for this manual.
-</td></tr>
-</table>
-
<hr>
-<span id="Introduction"></span><div class="header">
+<div class="chapter" id="Introduction">
+<div class="header">
<p>
-Next: <a href="#Definitions" accesskey="n" rel="next">Definitions</a>, Up: <a href="#Top" accesskey="u" rel="up">
Top</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Indexes" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+Next: <a href="#Definitions" accesskey="n" rel="next">Definitions</a>, Up: <a href="#Top" accesskey="u" rel="up">
Bash Features</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Indexes" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<span id="Introduction-1"></span><h2 class="chapter">1 Introduction</h2>
-<table class="menu" border="0" cellspacing="0">
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#What-is-Bash_003f" accesskey="1">What is Bash?</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">A short description of Bash.
-</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#What-is-a-shell_003f" accesskey="2">What is a shell?</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">A brief introduction to shells.
-</td></tr>
-</table>
+<ul class="section-toc">
+<li><a href="#What-is-Bash_003f" accesskey="1">What is Bash?</a></li>
+<li><a href="#What-is-a-shell_003f" accesskey="2">What is a shell?</a></li>
+</ul>
<hr>
-<span id="What-is-Bash_003f"></span><div class="header">
+<div class="section" id="What-is-Bash_003f">
+<div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#What-is-a-shell_003f" accesskey="n" rel="next">What is a shell?</a>, Up: <a href="#Introduction" accesskey="u" rel="up">Introduction</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Indexes" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
and Windows platforms.
</p>
<hr>
-<span id="What-is-a-shell_003f"></span><div class="header">
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="What-is-a-shell_003f">
+<div class="header">
<p>
Previous: <a href="#What-is-Bash_003f" accesskey="p" rel="prev">What is Bash?</a>, Up: <a href="#Introduction" accesskey="u" rel="up">Introduction</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Indexes" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
described in this manual.
</p>
<hr>
-<span id="Definitions"></span><div class="header">
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="chapter" id="Definitions">
+<div class="header">
<p>
-Next: <a href="#Basic-Shell-Features" accesskey="n" rel="next">Basic Shell Features</a>, Previous: <a href="#Introduction" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Introduction</a>, Up: <a href="#Top" accesskey="u" rel="up">
Top</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Indexes" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+Next: <a href="#Basic-Shell-Features" accesskey="n" rel="next">Basic Shell Features</a>, Previous: <a href="#Introduction" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Introduction</a>, Up: <a href="#Top" accesskey="u" rel="up">
Bash Features</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Indexes" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<span id="Definitions-1"></span><h2 class="chapter">2 Definitions</h2>
<p>These definitions are used throughout the remainder of this manual.
</p>
<dl compact="compact">
-<dt><code>POSIX</code></dt>
-<dd><span id="index-POSIX"></span>
-<p>A family of open system standards based on Unix. Bash
+<dt id='index-POSIX'><span><code>POSIX</code><a href='#index-POSIX' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt>
+<dd><p>A family of open system standards based on Unix. Bash
is primarily concerned with the Shell and Utilities portion of the
<small>POSIX</small> 1003.1 standard.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>blank</code></dt>
+<dt><span><code>blank</code></span></dt>
<dd><p>A space or tab character.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>builtin</code></dt>
-<dd><span id="index-builtin-1"></span>
-<p>A command that is implemented internally by the shell itself, rather
+<dt id='index-builtin-1'><span><code>builtin</code><a href='#index-builtin-1' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt>
+<dd><p>A command that is implemented internally by the shell itself, rather
than by an executable program somewhere in the file system.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>control operator</code></dt>
-<dd><span id="index-control-operator"></span>
-<p>A <code>token</code> that performs a control function. It is a <code>newline</code>
+<dt id='index-control-operator'><span><code>control operator</code><a href='#index-control-operator' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt>
+<dd><p>A <code>token</code> that performs a control function. It is a <code>newline</code>
or one of the following:
‘<samp>||</samp>’, ‘<samp>&&</samp>’, ‘<samp>&</samp>’, ‘<samp>;</samp>’, ‘<samp>;;</samp>’, ‘<samp>;&</samp>’, ‘<samp>;;&</samp>’,
‘<samp>|</samp>’, ‘<samp>|&</samp>’, ‘<samp>(</samp>’, or ‘<samp>)</samp>’.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>exit status</code></dt>
-<dd><span id="index-exit-status"></span>
-<p>The value returned by a command to its caller. The value is restricted
+<dt id='index-exit-status'><span><code>exit status</code><a href='#index-exit-status' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt>
+<dd><p>The value returned by a command to its caller. The value is restricted
to eight bits, so the maximum value is 255.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>field</code></dt>
-<dd><span id="index-field"></span>
-<p>A unit of text that is the result of one of the shell expansions. After
+<dt id='index-field'><span><code>field</code><a href='#index-field' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt>
+<dd><p>A unit of text that is the result of one of the shell expansions. After
expansion, when executing a command, the resulting fields are used as
the command name and arguments.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>filename</code></dt>
-<dd><span id="index-filename"></span>
-<p>A string of characters used to identify a file.
+<dt id='index-filename'><span><code>filename</code><a href='#index-filename' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt>
+<dd><p>A string of characters used to identify a file.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>job</code></dt>
-<dd><span id="index-job"></span>
-<p>A set of processes comprising a pipeline, and any processes descended
+<dt id='index-job'><span><code>job</code><a href='#index-job' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt>
+<dd><p>A set of processes comprising a pipeline, and any processes descended
from it, that are all in the same process group.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>job control</code></dt>
-<dd><span id="index-job-control"></span>
-<p>A mechanism by which users can selectively stop (suspend) and restart
+<dt id='index-job-control'><span><code>job control</code><a href='#index-job-control' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt>
+<dd><p>A mechanism by which users can selectively stop (suspend) and restart
(resume) execution of processes.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>metacharacter</code></dt>
-<dd><span id="index-metacharacter"></span>
-<p>A character that, when unquoted, separates words. A metacharacter is
+<dt id='index-metacharacter'><span><code>metacharacter</code><a href='#index-metacharacter' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt>
+<dd><p>A character that, when unquoted, separates words. A metacharacter is
a <code>space</code>, <code>tab</code>, <code>newline</code>, or one of the following characters:
‘<samp>|</samp>’, ‘<samp>&</samp>’, ‘<samp>;</samp>’, ‘<samp>(</samp>’, ‘<samp>)</samp>’, ‘<samp><</samp>’, or
‘<samp>></samp>’.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>name</code></dt>
-<dd><span id="index-name"></span>
-<span id="index-identifier"></span>
+<dt id='index-name'><span><code>name</code><a href='#index-name' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt>
+<dd><span id="index-identifier"></span>
<p>A <code>word</code> consisting solely of letters, numbers, and underscores,
and beginning with a letter or underscore. <code>Name</code>s are used as
shell variable and function names.
Also referred to as an <code>identifier</code>.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>operator</code></dt>
-<dd><span id="index-operator_002c-shell"></span>
-<p>A <code>control operator</code> or a <code>redirection operator</code>.
+<dt id='index-operator_002c-shell'><span><code>operator</code><a href='#index-operator_002c-shell' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt>
+<dd><p>A <code>control operator</code> or a <code>redirection operator</code>.
See <a href="#Redirections">Redirections</a>, for a list of redirection operators.
Operators contain at least one unquoted <code>metacharacter</code>.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>process group</code></dt>
-<dd><span id="index-process-group"></span>
-<p>A collection of related processes each having the same process
+<dt id='index-process-group'><span><code>process group</code><a href='#index-process-group' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt>
+<dd><p>A collection of related processes each having the same process
group <small>ID</small>.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>process group ID</code></dt>
-<dd><span id="index-process-group-ID"></span>
-<p>A unique identifier that represents a <code>process group</code>
+<dt id='index-process-group-ID'><span><code>process group ID</code><a href='#index-process-group-ID' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt>
+<dd><p>A unique identifier that represents a <code>process group</code>
during its lifetime.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>reserved word</code></dt>
-<dd><span id="index-reserved-word"></span>
-<p>A <code>word</code> that has a special meaning to the shell. Most reserved
+<dt id='index-reserved-word'><span><code>reserved word</code><a href='#index-reserved-word' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt>
+<dd><p>A <code>word</code> that has a special meaning to the shell. Most reserved
words introduce shell flow control constructs, such as <code>for</code> and
<code>while</code>.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>return status</code></dt>
-<dd><span id="index-return-status"></span>
-<p>A synonym for <code>exit status</code>.
+<dt id='index-return-status'><span><code>return status</code><a href='#index-return-status' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt>
+<dd><p>A synonym for <code>exit status</code>.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>signal</code></dt>
-<dd><span id="index-signal"></span>
-<p>A mechanism by which a process may be notified by the kernel
+<dt id='index-signal'><span><code>signal</code><a href='#index-signal' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt>
+<dd><p>A mechanism by which a process may be notified by the kernel
of an event occurring in the system.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>special builtin</code></dt>
-<dd><span id="index-special-builtin"></span>
-<p>A shell builtin command that has been classified as special by the
+<dt id='index-special-builtin'><span><code>special builtin</code><a href='#index-special-builtin' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt>
+<dd><p>A shell builtin command that has been classified as special by the
<small>POSIX</small> standard.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>token</code></dt>
-<dd><span id="index-token"></span>
-<p>A sequence of characters considered a single unit by the shell.
+<dt id='index-token'><span><code>token</code><a href='#index-token' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt>
+<dd><p>A sequence of characters considered a single unit by the shell.
It is either a <code>word</code> or an <code>operator</code>.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>word</code></dt>
-<dd><span id="index-word"></span>
-<p>A sequence of characters treated as a unit by the shell.
+<dt id='index-word'><span><code>word</code><a href='#index-word' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt>
+<dd><p>A sequence of characters treated as a unit by the shell.
Words may not include unquoted <code>metacharacters</code>.
</p></dd>
</dl>
<hr>
-<span id="Basic-Shell-Features"></span><div class="header">
+</div>
+<div class="chapter" id="Basic-Shell-Features">
+<div class="header">
<p>
-Next: <a href="#Shell-Builtin-Commands" accesskey="n" rel="next">Shell Builtin Commands</a>, Previous: <a href="#Definitions" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Definitions</a>, Up: <a href="#Top" accesskey="u" rel="up">
Top</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Indexes" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+Next: <a href="#Shell-Builtin-Commands" accesskey="n" rel="next">Shell Builtin Commands</a>, Previous: <a href="#Definitions" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Definitions</a>, Up: <a href="#Top" accesskey="u" rel="up">
Bash Features</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Indexes" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<span id="Basic-Shell-Features-1"></span><h2 class="chapter">3 Basic Shell Features</h2>
<span id="index-Bourne-shell"></span>
<i>redirections</i>, which are a way to direct input and output from
and to named files, and how the shell executes commands.
</p>
-<table class="menu" border="0" cellspacing="0">
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#Shell-Syntax" accesskey="1">Shell Syntax</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">What your input means to the shell.
-</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#Shell-Commands" accesskey="2">Shell Commands</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">The types of commands you can use.
-</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#Shell-Functions" accesskey="3">Shell Functions</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Grouping commands by name.
-</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#Shell-Parameters" accesskey="4">Shell Parameters</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">How the shell stores values.
-</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#Shell-Expansions" accesskey="5">Shell Expansions</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">How Bash expands parameters and the various
- expansions available.
-</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#Redirections" accesskey="6">Redirections</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">A way to control where input and output go.
-</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#Executing-Commands" accesskey="7">Executing Commands</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">What happens when you run a command.
-</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#Shell-Scripts" accesskey="8">Shell Scripts</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Executing files of shell commands.
-</td></tr>
-</table>
+<ul class="section-toc">
+<li><a href="#Shell-Syntax" accesskey="1">Shell Syntax</a></li>
+<li><a href="#Shell-Commands" accesskey="2">Shell Commands</a></li>
+<li><a href="#Shell-Functions" accesskey="3">Shell Functions</a></li>
+<li><a href="#Shell-Parameters" accesskey="4">Shell Parameters</a></li>
+<li><a href="#Shell-Expansions" accesskey="5">Shell Expansions</a></li>
+<li><a href="#Redirections" accesskey="6">Redirections</a></li>
+<li><a href="#Executing-Commands" accesskey="7">Executing Commands</a></li>
+<li><a href="#Shell-Scripts" accesskey="8">Shell Scripts</a></li>
+</ul>
<hr>
-<span id="Shell-Syntax"></span><div class="header">
+<div class="section" id="Shell-Syntax">
+<div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#Shell-Commands" accesskey="n" rel="next">Shell Commands</a>, Up: <a href="#Basic-Shell-Features" accesskey="u" rel="up">Basic Shell Features</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Indexes" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<span id="Shell-Syntax-1"></span><h3 class="section">3.1 Shell Syntax</h3>
-<table class="menu" border="0" cellspacing="0">
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#Shell-Operation" accesskey="1">Shell Operation</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">The basic operation of the shell.
-</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#Quoting" accesskey="2">Quoting</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">How to remove the special meaning from characters.
-</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#Comments" accesskey="3">Comments</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">How to specify comments.
-</td></tr>
-</table>
<p>When the shell reads input, it proceeds through a
sequence of operations. If the input indicates the beginning of a
command, waits for the command’s exit status, and makes that exit status
available for further inspection or processing.
</p>
+<ul class="section-toc">
+<li><a href="#Shell-Operation" accesskey="1">Shell Operation</a></li>
+<li><a href="#Quoting" accesskey="2">Quoting</a></li>
+<li><a href="#Comments" accesskey="3">Comments</a></li>
+</ul>
<hr>
-<span id="Shell-Operation"></span><div class="header">
+<div class="subsection" id="Shell-Operation">
+<div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#Quoting" accesskey="n" rel="next">Quoting</a>, Up: <a href="#Shell-Syntax" accesskey="u" rel="up">Shell Syntax</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Indexes" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
</li></ol>
<hr>
-<span id="Quoting"></span><div class="header">
+</div>
+<div class="subsection" id="Quoting">
+<div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#Comments" accesskey="n" rel="next">Comments</a>, Previous: <a href="#Shell-Operation" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Shell Operation</a>, Up: <a href="#Shell-Syntax" accesskey="u" rel="up">Shell Syntax</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Indexes" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<span id="Quoting-1"></span><h4 class="subsection">3.1.2 Quoting</h4>
<span id="index-quoting"></span>
-<table class="menu" border="0" cellspacing="0">
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#Escape-Character" accesskey="1">Escape Character</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">How to remove the special meaning from a single
- character.
-</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#Single-Quotes" accesskey="2">Single Quotes</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">How to inhibit all interpretation of a sequence
- of characters.
-</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#Double-Quotes" accesskey="3">Double Quotes</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">How to suppress most of the interpretation of a
- sequence of characters.
-</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#ANSI_002dC-Quoting" accesskey="4">ANSI-C Quoting</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">How to expand ANSI-C sequences in quoted strings.
-</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#Locale-Translation" accesskey="5">Locale Translation</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">How to translate strings into different languages.
-</td></tr>
-</table>
<p>Quoting is used to remove the special meaning of certain
characters or words to the shell. Quoting can be used to
has special meaning to the shell and must be quoted if it is to
represent itself.
When the command history expansion facilities are being used
-(see <a href="#History-Interaction">History Interaction</a>), the
-<var>history expansion</var> character, usually ‘<samp>!</samp>’, must be quoted
+(see <a href="#History-Interaction">History Expansion</a>), the
+<em>history expansion</em> character, usually ‘<samp>!</samp>’, must be quoted
to prevent history expansion. See <a href="#Bash-History-Facilities">Bash History Facilities</a>, for
more details concerning history expansion.
</p>
<p>There are three quoting mechanisms: the
-<var>escape character</var>, single quotes, and double quotes.
-</p>
+<em>escape character</em>, single quotes, and double quotes.
+</p>
+<ul class="section-toc">
+<li><a href="#Escape-Character" accesskey="1">Escape Character</a></li>
+<li><a href="#Single-Quotes" accesskey="2">Single Quotes</a></li>
+<li><a href="#Double-Quotes" accesskey="3">Double Quotes</a></li>
+<li><a href="#ANSI_002dC-Quoting" accesskey="4">ANSI-C Quoting</a></li>
+<li><a href="#Locale-Translation" accesskey="5">Locale-Specific Translation</a></li>
+</ul>
<hr>
-<span id="Escape-Character"></span><div class="header">
+<div class="subsubsection" id="Escape-Character">
+<div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#Single-Quotes" accesskey="n" rel="next">Single Quotes</a>, Up: <a href="#Quoting" accesskey="u" rel="up">Quoting</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Indexes" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
the input stream and effectively ignored).
</p>
<hr>
-<span id="Single-Quotes"></span><div class="header">
+</div>
+<div class="subsubsection" id="Single-Quotes">
+<div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#Double-Quotes" accesskey="n" rel="next">Double Quotes</a>, Previous: <a href="#Escape-Character" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Escape Character</a>, Up: <a href="#Quoting" accesskey="u" rel="up">Quoting</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Indexes" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
between single quotes, even when preceded by a backslash.
</p>
<hr>
-<span id="Double-Quotes"></span><div class="header">
+</div>
+<div class="subsubsection" id="Double-Quotes">
+<div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#ANSI_002dC-Quoting" accesskey="n" rel="next">ANSI-C Quoting</a>, Previous: <a href="#Single-Quotes" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Single Quotes</a>, Up: <a href="#Quoting" accesskey="u" rel="up">Quoting</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Indexes" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
when in double quotes (see <a href="#Shell-Parameter-Expansion">Shell Parameter Expansion</a>).
</p>
<hr>
-<span id="ANSI_002dC-Quoting"></span><div class="header">
+</div>
+<div class="subsubsection" id="ANSI_002dC-Quoting">
+<div class="header">
<p>
-Next: <a href="#Locale-Translation" accesskey="n" rel="next">Locale Translation</a>, Previous: <a href="#Double-Quotes" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Double Quotes</a>, Up: <a href="#Quoting" accesskey="u" rel="up">Quoting</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Indexes" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+Next: <a href="#Locale-Translation" accesskey="n" rel="next">Locale
-Specific Translation</a>, Previous: <a href="#Double-Quotes" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Double Quotes</a>, Up: <a href="#Quoting" accesskey="u" rel="up">Quoting</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Indexes" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<span id="ANSI_002dC-Quoting-1"></span><h4 class="subsubsection">3.1.2.4 ANSI-C Quoting</h4>
<span id="index-quoting_002c-ANSI"></span>
-<p>Words of the form <code>$'<var>string</var>'</code> are treated specially. The
-word expands to <var>string</var>, with backslash-escaped characters replaced
-as specified by the ANSI C standard. Backslash escape sequences, if
-present, are decoded as follows:
+<p>Character sequences of the form $’<var>string</var>’ are treated as a special
+kind of single quotes.
+The sequence expands to <var>string</var>, with backslash-escaped characters
+in <var>string</var> replaced as specified by the ANSI C standard.
+Backslash escape sequences, if present, are decoded as follows:
</p>
<dl compact="compact">
-<dt><code>\a</code></dt>
+<dt><span><code>\a</code></span></dt>
<dd><p>alert (bell)
</p></dd>
-<dt><code>\b</code></dt>
+<dt><span><code>\b</code></span></dt>
<dd><p>backspace
</p></dd>
-<dt><code>\e</code></dt>
-<dt><code>\E</code></dt>
+<dt><span><code>\e</code></span></dt>
+<dt><span><code>\E</code></span></dt>
<dd><p>an escape character (not ANSI C)
</p></dd>
-<dt><code>\f</code></dt>
+<dt><span><code>\f</code></span></dt>
<dd><p>form feed
</p></dd>
-<dt><code>\n</code></dt>
+<dt><span><code>\n</code></span></dt>
<dd><p>newline
</p></dd>
-<dt><code>\r</code></dt>
+<dt><span><code>\r</code></span></dt>
<dd><p>carriage return
</p></dd>
-<dt><code>\t</code></dt>
+<dt><span><code>\t</code></span></dt>
<dd><p>horizontal tab
</p></dd>
-<dt><code>\v</code></dt>
+<dt><span><code>\v</code></span></dt>
<dd><p>vertical tab
</p></dd>
-<dt><code>\\</code></dt>
+<dt><span><code>\\</code></span></dt>
<dd><p>backslash
</p></dd>
-<dt><code>\'</code></dt>
+<dt><span><code>\'</code></span></dt>
<dd><p>single quote
</p></dd>
-<dt><code>\"</code></dt>
+<dt><span><code>\"</code></span></dt>
<dd><p>double quote
</p></dd>
-<dt><code>\?</code></dt>
+<dt><span><code>\?</code></span></dt>
<dd><p>question mark
</p></dd>
-<dt><code>\<var>nnn</var></code></dt>
+<dt><span><code>\<var>nnn</var></code></span></dt>
<dd><p>the eight-bit character whose value is the octal value <var>nnn</var>
(one to three octal digits)
</p></dd>
-<dt><code>\x<var>HH</var></code></dt>
+<dt><span><code>\x<var>HH</var></code></span></dt>
<dd><p>the eight-bit character whose value is the hexadecimal value <var>HH</var>
(one or two hex digits)
</p></dd>
-<dt><code>\u<var>HHHH</var></code></dt>
+<dt><span><code>\u<var>HHHH</var></code></span></dt>
<dd><p>the Unicode (ISO/IEC 10646) character whose value is the hexadecimal value
<var>HHHH</var> (one to four hex digits)
</p></dd>
-<dt><code>\U<var>HHHHHHHH</var></code></dt>
+<dt><span><code>\U<var>HHHHHHHH</var></code></span></dt>
<dd><p>the Unicode (ISO/IEC 10646) character whose value is the hexadecimal value
<var>HHHHHHHH</var> (one to eight hex digits)
</p></dd>
-<dt><code>\c<var>x</var></code></dt>
+<dt><span><code>\c<var>x</var></code></span></dt>
<dd><p>a control-<var>x</var> character
</p></dd>
</dl>
been present.
</p>
<hr>
-<span id="Locale-Translation"></span><div class="header">
+</div>
+<div class="subsubsection" id="Locale-Translation">
+<div class="header">
<p>
Previous: <a href="#ANSI_002dC-Quoting" accesskey="p" rel="prev">ANSI-C Quoting</a>, Up: <a href="#Quoting" accesskey="u" rel="up">Quoting</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Indexes" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<span id="index-native-languages"></span>
<span id="index-translation_002c-native-languages"></span>
-<p>A double-quoted string preceded by a dollar sign (‘<samp>$</samp>’)
+<p>Prefixing a double-quoted string with a dollar sign (‘<samp>$</samp>’), such
+as <tt>$"hello, world"</tt>,
will cause the string to be translated according to the current locale.
-The <var>gettext</var> infrastructure performs the message catalog lookup and
-translation, using the <code>LC_MESSAGES</code> and <code>TEXTDOMAIN</code> shell
-variables, as explained below. See the gettext documentation for additional
-details.
+The <code>gettext</code> infrastructure performs the lookup and
+translation, using the <code>LC_MESSAGES</code>, <code>TEXTDOMAINDIR</code>,
+and <code>TEXTDOMAIN</code> shell variables, as explained below.
+See the gettext documentation for additional details not covered here.
If the current locale is <code>C</code> or <code>POSIX</code>,
-or if there are no translations available,
+if there are no translations available,
+of if the string is not translated,
the dollar sign is ignored.
-If the string is translated and replaced, the replacement is
-double-quoted.
+Since this is a form of double quoting, the string remains double-quoted
+by default, whether or not it is translated and replaced.
+If the <code>noexpand_translation</code> option is enabled
+using the <code>shopt</code> builtin (see <a href="#The-Shopt-Builtin">The Shopt Builtin</a>),
+translated strings are single-quoted instead of double-quoted.
+</p>
+<p>The rest of this section is a brief overview of how you use gettext to
+create translations for strings in a shell script named <var>scriptname</var>.
+There are more details in the gettext documentation.
+</p>
+<hr>
+<span id="Creating-Internationalized-Scripts"></span><div class="header">
+<p>
+ [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Indexes" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+</div>
+<h4 class="node-heading">Creating Internationalized Scripts</h4>
+<span id="index-internationalized-scripts"></span>
+<span id="index-string-translations"></span>
+<p>Once you’ve marked the strings in your script
+that you want to translate using $"...",
+you create a gettext "template" file using the command
+</p>
+<div class="example">
+<pre class="example">bash --dump-po-strings <var>scriptname</var> > <var>domain</var>.pot
+</pre></div>
+
+<p>The <var>domain</var> is your <em>message domain</em>.
+It’s just an arbitrary string that’s used to identify the files gettext
+needs, like a package or script name.
+It needs to be unique among all
+the message domains on systems where you install the translations, so
+gettext knows which translations correspond to your script.
+You’ll use the template file to create translations for each target language.
+The template file conventionally has the suffix ‘<samp>.pot</samp>’.
+</p>
+<p>You copy this template file to a separate file for each target language
+you want to support (called "PO" files, which use the suffix ‘<samp>.po</samp>’).
+PO files use various naming conventions, but
+when you are working to translate a template file into a particular
+language, you first copy the template file to a file whose name is the
+language you want to target, with the ‘<samp>.po</samp>’ suffix.
+For instance, the Spanish translations of your strings would be
+in a file named ‘<samp>es.po</samp>’, and to get started using a message
+domain named "example," you would run
+</p>
+<div class="example">
+<pre class="example">cp example.pot es.po
+</pre></div>
+
+<p>Ultimately, PO files are often named <var>domain</var>.po and installed in
+directories that contain multiple translation files for a particular language.
</p>
+<p>Whichever naming convention you choose, you will need to translate the
+strings in the PO files into the appropriate languages.
+This has to be done manually.
+</p>
+<p>When you have the translations and PO files complete, you’ll use the
+gettext tools to produce what are called "MO" files, which are compiled
+versions of the PO files the gettext tools use to look up translations
+efficiently.
+MO files are also called "message catalog" files.
+You use the <code>msgfmt</code> program to do this.
+For instance, if you had a file with Spanish translations, you could run
+</p>
+<div class="example">
+<pre class="example">msgfmt -o es.mo es.po
+</pre></div>
+
+<p>to produce the corresponding MO file.
+</p>
+<p>Once you have the MO files, you decide where to install them and use the
+<code>TEXTDOMAINDIR</code> shell variable to tell the gettext tools where they are.
+Make sure to use the same message domain to name the MO files
+as you did for the PO files when you install them.
+</p>
+<span id="index-LANG"></span>
<span id="index-LC_005fMESSAGES"></span>
<span id="index-TEXTDOMAIN"></span>
<span id="index-TEXTDOMAINDIR"></span>
-<p>Some systems use the message catalog selected by the <code>LC_MESSAGES</code>
-shell variable. Others create the name of the message catalog from the
-value of the <code>TEXTDOMAIN</code> shell variable, possibly adding a
-suffix of ‘<samp>.mo</samp>’. If you use the <code>TEXTDOMAIN</code> variable, you
-may need to set the <code>TEXTDOMAINDIR</code> variable to the location of
-the message catalog files. Still others use both variables in this
-fashion:
-<code>TEXTDOMAINDIR</code>/<code>LC_MESSAGES</code>/LC_MESSAGES/<code>TEXTDOMAIN</code>.mo.
+<p>Your users will use the <code>LANG</code> or <code>LC_MESSAGES</code> shell variables to
+select the desired language.
+</p>
+<p>You set the <code>TEXTDOMAIN</code> variable to the script’s message domain.
+As above, you use the message domain to name your translation files.
+</p>
+<p>You, or possibly your users, set the <code>TEXTDOMAINDIR</code> variable to the
+name of a directory where the message catalog files are stored.
+If you install the message files into the system’s standard message catalog
+directory, you don’t need to worry about this variable.
+</p>
+<p>The directory where the message catalog files are stored varies between
+systems.
+Some use the message catalog selected by the <code>LC_MESSAGES</code>
+shell variable.
+Others create the name of the message catalog from the value of the
+<code>TEXTDOMAIN</code> shell variable, possibly adding the ‘<samp>.mo</samp>’ suffix.
+If you use the <code>TEXTDOMAIN</code> variable, you may need to set the
+<code>TEXTDOMAINDIR</code> variable to the location of the message catalog files,
+as above.
+It’s common to use both variables in this fashion:
+<code>$TEXTDOMAINDIR</code>/<code>$LC_MESSAGES</code>/LC_MESSAGES/<code>$TEXTDOMAIN</code>.mo.
+</p>
+<p>If you used that last convention, and you wanted to store the message
+catalog files with Spanish (es) and Esperanto (eo) translations into a
+local directory you use for custom translation files, you could run
+</p>
+<div class="example">
+<pre class="example">TEXTDOMAIN=example
+TEXTDOMAINDIR=/usr/local/share/locale
+
+cp es.mo ${TEXTDOMAINDIR}/es/LC_MESSAGES/${TEXTDOMAIN}.mo
+cp eo.mo ${TEXTDOMAINDIR}/eo/LC_MESSAGES/${TEXTDOMAIN}.mo
+</pre></div>
+
+<p>When all of this is done, and the message catalog files containing the
+compiled translations are installed in the correct location,
+your users will be able to see translated strings
+in any of the supported languages by setting the <code>LANG</code> or
+<code>LC_MESSAGES</code> environment variables before running your script.
</p>
<hr>
-<span id="Comments"></span><div class="header">
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="subsection" id="Comments">
+<div class="header">
<p>
Previous: <a href="#Quoting" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Quoting</a>, Up: <a href="#Shell-Syntax" accesskey="u" rel="up">Shell Syntax</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Indexes" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
a shell interactive.
</p>
<hr>
-<span id="Shell-Commands"></span><div class="header">
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="Shell-Commands">
+<div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#Shell-Functions" accesskey="n" rel="next">Shell Functions</a>, Previous: <a href="#Shell-Syntax" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Shell Syntax</a>, Up: <a href="#Basic-Shell-Features" accesskey="u" rel="up">Basic Shell Features</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Indexes" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
becomes the input of a second, in a loop or conditional construct, or in
some other grouping.
</p>
-<table class="menu" border="0" cellspacing="0">
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#Reserved-Words" accesskey="1">Reserved Words</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Words that have special meaning to the shell.
-</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#Simple-Commands" accesskey="2">Simple Commands</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">The most common type of command.
-</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#Pipelines" accesskey="3">Pipelines</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Connecting the input and output of several
- commands.
-</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#Lists" accesskey="4">Lists</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">How to execute commands sequentially.
-</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#Compound-Commands" accesskey="5">Compound Commands</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Shell commands for control flow.
-</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#Coprocesses" accesskey="6">Coprocesses</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Two-way communication between commands.
-</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#GNU-Parallel" accesskey="7">GNU Parallel</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Running commands in parallel.
-</td></tr>
-</table>
+<ul class="section-toc">
+<li><a href="#Reserved-Words" accesskey="1">Reserved Words</a></li>
+<li><a href="#Simple-Commands" accesskey="2">Simple Commands</a></li>
+<li><a href="#Pipelines" accesskey="3">Pipelines</a></li>
+<li><a href="#Lists" accesskey="4">Lists of Commands</a></li>
+<li><a href="#Compound-Commands" accesskey="5">Compound Commands</a></li>
+<li><a href="#Coprocesses" accesskey="6">Coprocesses</a></li>
+<li><a href="#GNU-Parallel" accesskey="7">GNU Parallel</a></li>
+</ul>
<hr>
-<span id="Reserved-Words"></span><div class="header">
+<div class="subsection" id="Reserved-Words">
+<div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#Simple-Commands" accesskey="n" rel="next">Simple Commands</a>, Up: <a href="#Shell-Commands" accesskey="u" rel="up">Shell Commands</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Indexes" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
words if they are the third word in a <code>for</code> command.
</p>
<hr>
-<span id="Simple-Commands"></span><div class="header">
+</div>
+<div class="subsection" id="Simple-Commands">
+<div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#Pipelines" accesskey="n" rel="next">Pipelines</a>, Previous: <a href="#Reserved-Words" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Reserved Words</a>, Up: <a href="#Shell-Commands" accesskey="u" rel="up">Shell Commands</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Indexes" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
the command was terminated by signal <var>n</var>.
</p>
<hr>
-<span id="Pipelines"></span><div class="header">
+</div>
+<div class="subsection" id="Pipelines">
+<div class="header">
<p>
-Next: <a href="#Lists" accesskey="n" rel="next">Lists</a>, Previous: <a href="#Simple-Commands" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Simple Commands</a>, Up: <a href="#Shell-Commands" accesskey="u" rel="up">Shell Commands</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Indexes" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+Next: <a href="#Lists" accesskey="n" rel="next">Lists
of Commands</a>, Previous: <a href="#Simple-Commands" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Simple Commands</a>, Up: <a href="#Shell-Commands" accesskey="u" rel="up">Shell Commands</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Indexes" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<span id="Pipelines-1"></span><h4 class="subsection">3.2.3 Pipelines</h4>
<span id="index-pipeline"></span>
<p>The output of each command in the pipeline is connected via a pipe
to the input of the next command.
That is, each command reads the previous command’s output. This
-connection is performed before any redirections specified by the
-command.
+connection is performed before any redirections specified by
+<var>command1</var>.
</p>
<p>If ‘<samp>|&</samp>’ is used, <var>command1</var>’s standard error, in addition to
its standard output, is connected to
<var>command2</var>’s standard input through the pipe;
it is shorthand for <code>2>&1 |</code>.
This implicit redirection of the standard error to the standard output is
-performed after any redirections specified by the command.
+performed after any redirections specified by <var>command1</var>.
</p>
<p>The reserved word <code>time</code> causes timing statistics
to be printed for the pipeline once it finishes.
The <code>TIMEFORMAT</code> variable may be used to specify the format of
the time information.
</p>
-<p>If the pipeline is not executed asynchronously (see <a href="#Lists">Lists</a>), the
+<p>If the pipeline is not executed asynchronously (see <a href="#Lists">Lists of Commands</a>), the
shell waits for all commands in the pipeline to complete.
</p>
-<p>Each command in a pipeline is executed in its own subshell, which is a
+<p>Each command in a pipeline is executed in its own <em>subshell</em>, which is a
separate process (see <a href="#Command-Execution-Environment">Command Execution Environment</a>).
If the <code>lastpipe</code> option is enabled using the <code>shopt</code> builtin
(see <a href="#The-Shopt-Builtin">The Shopt Builtin</a>),
-the last element of a pipeline may be run by the shell process.
+the last element of a pipeline may be run by the shell process
+when job control is not active.
</p>
<p>The exit
status of a pipeline is the exit status of the last command in the
returning a value.
</p>
<hr>
-<span id="Lists"></span><div class="header">
+</div>
+<div class="subsection" id="Lists">
+<div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#Compound-Commands" accesskey="n" rel="next">Compound Commands</a>, Previous: <a href="#Pipelines" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Pipelines</a>, Up: <a href="#Shell-Commands" accesskey="u" rel="up">Shell Commands</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Indexes" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
</p>
<p>If a command is terminated by the control operator ‘<samp>&</samp>’,
the shell executes the command asynchronously in a subshell.
-This is known as executing the command in the <var>background</var>,
-and these are referred to as <var>asynchronous</var> commands.
+This is known as executing the command in the <em>background</em>,
+and these are referred to as <em>asynchronous</em> commands.
The shell does not wait for the command to finish, and the return
status is 0 (true).
When job control is not active (see <a href="#Job-Control">Job Control</a>),
executed in the list.
</p>
<hr>
-<span id="Compound-Commands"></span><div class="header">
+</div>
+<div class="subsection" id="Compound-Commands">
+<div class="header">
<p>
-Next: <a href="#Coprocesses" accesskey="n" rel="next">Coprocesses</a>, Previous: <a href="#Lists" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Lists</a>, Up: <a href="#Shell-Commands" accesskey="u" rel="up">Shell Commands</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Indexes" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+Next: <a href="#Coprocesses" accesskey="n" rel="next">Coprocesses</a>, Previous: <a href="#Lists" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Lists
of Commands</a>, Up: <a href="#Shell-Commands" accesskey="u" rel="up">Shell Commands</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Indexes" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<span id="Compound-Commands-1"></span><h4 class="subsection">3.2.5 Compound Commands</h4>
<span id="index-commands_002c-compound"></span>
-<table class="menu" border="0" cellspacing="0">
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#Looping-Constructs" accesskey="1">Looping Constructs</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Shell commands for iterative action.
-</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#Conditional-Constructs" accesskey="2">Conditional Constructs</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Shell commands for conditional execution.
-</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#Command-Grouping" accesskey="3">Command Grouping</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Ways to group commands.
-</td></tr>
-</table>
<p>Compound commands are the shell programming language constructs.
Each construct begins with a reserved word or control operator and is
<p>Bash provides looping constructs, conditional commands, and mechanisms
to group commands and execute them as a unit.
</p>
+<ul class="section-toc">
+<li><a href="#Looping-Constructs" accesskey="1">Looping Constructs</a></li>
+<li><a href="#Conditional-Constructs" accesskey="2">Conditional Constructs</a></li>
+<li><a href="#Command-Grouping" accesskey="3">Grouping Commands</a></li>
+</ul>
<hr>
-<span id="Looping-Constructs"></span><div class="header">
+<div class="subsubsection" id="Looping-Constructs">
+<div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#Conditional-Constructs" accesskey="n" rel="next">Conditional Constructs</a>, Up: <a href="#Compound-Commands" accesskey="u" rel="up">Compound Commands</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Indexes" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
command’s syntax, it may be replaced with one or more newlines.
</p>
<dl compact="compact">
-<dt><code>until</code></dt>
-<dd><span id="index-until"></span>
-<span id="index-do"></span>
+<dt id='index-until'><span><code>until</code><a href='#index-until' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt>
+<dd><span id="index-do"></span>
<span id="index-done"></span>
<p>The syntax of the <code>until</code> command is:
</p>
in <var>consequent-commands</var>, or zero if none was executed.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>while</code></dt>
-<dd><span id="index-while"></span>
-<p>The syntax of the <code>while</code> command is:
+<dt id='index-while'><span><code>while</code><a href='#index-while' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt>
+<dd><p>The syntax of the <code>while</code> command is:
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">while <var>test-commands</var>; do <var>consequent-commands</var>; done
in <var>consequent-commands</var>, or zero if none was executed.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>for</code></dt>
-<dd><span id="index-for"></span>
-<p>The syntax of the <code>for</code> command is:
+<dt id='index-for'><span><code>for</code><a href='#index-for' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt>
+<dd><p>The syntax of the <code>for</code> command is:
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">for <var>name</var> [ [in [<var>words</var> …] ] ; ] do <var>commands</var>; done
may be used to control loop execution.
</p>
<hr>
-<span id="Conditional-Constructs"></span><div class="header">
+</div>
+<div class="subsubsection" id="Conditional-Constructs">
+<div class="header">
<p>
-Next: <a href="#Command-Grouping" accesskey="n" rel="next">
Command Grouping</a>, Previous: <a href="#Looping-Constructs" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Looping Constructs</a>, Up: <a href="#Compound-Commands" accesskey="u" rel="up">Compound Commands</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Indexes" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+Next: <a href="#Command-Grouping" accesskey="n" rel="next">
Grouping Commands</a>, Previous: <a href="#Looping-Constructs" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Looping Constructs</a>, Up: <a href="#Compound-Commands" accesskey="u" rel="up">Compound Commands</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Indexes" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<span id="Conditional-Constructs-1"></span><h4 class="subsubsection">3.2.5.2 Conditional Constructs</h4>
<span id="index-commands_002c-conditional"></span>
<dl compact="compact">
-<dt><code>if</code></dt>
-<dd><span id="index-if"></span>
-<span id="index-then"></span>
+<dt id='index-if'><span><code>if</code><a href='#index-if' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt>
+<dd><span id="index-then"></span>
<span id="index-else"></span>
<span id="index-elif"></span>
<span id="index-fi"></span>
zero if no condition tested true.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>case</code></dt>
-<dd><span id="index-case"></span>
-<span id="index-in"></span>
+<dt id='index-case'><span><code>case</code><a href='#index-case' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt>
+<dd><span id="index-in"></span>
<span id="index-esac"></span>
<p>The syntax of the <code>case</code> command is:
</p>
The <var>word</var> undergoes tilde expansion, parameter expansion, command
substitution, arithmetic expansion, and quote removal
(see <a href="#Shell-Parameter-Expansion">Shell Parameter Expansion</a>)
-before matching is
-attempted. Each <var>pattern</var> undergoes tilde expansion, parameter
-expansion, command substitution, and arithmetic expansion.
+before matching is attempted.
+Each <var>pattern</var> undergoes tilde expansion, parameter expansion,
+command substitution, arithmetic expansion, process substitution, and
+quote removal.
</p>
<p>There may be an arbitrary number of <code>case</code> clauses, each terminated
by a ‘<samp>;;</samp>’, ‘<samp>;&</samp>’, or ‘<samp>;;&</samp>’.
return status is the exit status of the <var>command-list</var> executed.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>select</code></dt>
-<dd><span id="index-select"></span>
-
+<dt id='index-select'><span><code>select</code><a href='#index-select' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt>
+<dd>
<p>The <code>select</code> construct allows the easy generation of menus.
It has almost the same syntax as the <code>for</code> command:
</p>
</pre></div>
</dd>
-<dt><code>((…))</code></dt>
+<dt><span><code>((…))</code></span></dt>
<dd><div class="example">
<pre class="example">(( <var>expression</var> ))
</pre></div>
<p>The arithmetic <var>expression</var> is evaluated according to the rules
described below (see <a href="#Shell-Arithmetic">Shell Arithmetic</a>).
+The <var>expression</var> undergoes the same expansions
+as if it were within double quotes,
+but double quote characters in <var>expression</var> are not treated specially
+are removed.
If the value of the expression is non-zero, the return status is 0;
-otherwise the return status is 1. This is exactly equivalent to
-</p><div class="example">
-<pre class="example">let "<var>expression</var>"
-</pre></div>
-<p>See <a href="#Bash-Builtins">Bash Builtins</a>, for a full description of the <code>let</code> builtin.
+otherwise the return status is 1.
</p>
+
</dd>
-<dt><code>[[…]]</code></dt>
-<dd><span id="index-_005b_005b"></span>
-<span id="index-_005d_005d"></span>
+<dt id='index-_005b_005b'><span><code>[[…]]</code><a href='#index-_005b_005b' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt>
+<dd><span id="index-_005d_005d"></span>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">[[ <var>expression</var> ]]
</pre></div>
the conditional expression <var>expression</var>.
Expressions are composed of the primaries described below in
<a href="#Bash-Conditional-Expressions">Bash Conditional Expressions</a>.
-Word splitting and filename expansion are not performed on the words
-between the <code>[[</code> and <code>]]</code>; tilde expansion, parameter and
+The words between the <code>[[</code> and <code>]]</code> do not undergo word splitting
+and filename expansion.
+The shell performs tilde expansion, parameter and
variable expansion, arithmetic expansion, command substitution, process
-substitution, and quote removal are performed.
+substitution, and quote removal on those words
+(the expansions that would occur if the words were enclosed in double quotes).
Conditional operators such as ‘<samp>-f</samp>’ must be unquoted to be recognized
as primaries.
</p>
of alphabetic characters.
The return value is 0 if the string matches (‘<samp>==</samp>’) or does not
match (‘<samp>!=</samp>’) the pattern, and 1 otherwise.
-Any part of the pattern may be quoted to force the quoted portion
-to be matched as a string.
+</p>
+<p>If you quote any part of the pattern,
+using any of the shell’s quoting mechanisms,
+the quoted portion is matched literally.
+This means every character in the quoted portion matches itself,
+instead of having any special pattern matching meaning.
</p>
<p>An additional binary operator, ‘<samp>=~</samp>’, is available, with the same
precedence as ‘<samp>==</samp>’ and ‘<samp>!=</samp>’.
-When it is used, the string to the right of the operator is considered
-a <small>POSIX</small> extended regular expression and matched accordingly
+When you use ‘<samp>=~</samp>’, the string to the right of the operator is considered
+a <small>POSIX</small> extended regular expression pattern and matched accordingly
(using the <small>POSIX</small> <code>regcomp</code> and <code>regexec</code> interfaces
usually described in <i>regex</i>(3)).
-The return value is 0 if the string matches
-the pattern, and 1 otherwise.
+The return value is 0 if the string matches the pattern, and 1 if it does not.
If the regular expression is syntactically incorrect, the conditional
-expression’s return value is 2.
+expression returns 2.
If the <code>nocasematch</code> shell option
(see the description of <code>shopt</code> in <a href="#The-Shopt-Builtin">The Shopt Builtin</a>)
is enabled, the match is performed without regard to the case
of alphabetic characters.
-Any part of the pattern may be quoted to force the quoted portion
-to be matched as a string.
-Bracket expressions in regular expressions must be treated carefully,
-since normal quoting characters lose their meanings between brackets.
+</p>
+<p>You can quote any part of the pattern
+to force the quoted portion to be matched literally
+instead of as a regular expression (see above).
If the pattern is stored in a shell variable, quoting the variable
-expansion forces the entire pattern to be matched as a string.
+expansion forces the entire pattern to be matched literally.
</p>
<p>The pattern will match if it matches any part of the string.
-Anchor the pattern using the ‘<samp>^</samp>’ and ‘<samp>$</samp>’ regular expression
-operators to force it to match the entire string.
-The array variable <code>BASH_REMATCH</code> records which parts of the string
-matched the pattern.
-The element of <code>BASH_REMATCH</code> with index 0 contains the portion of
-the string matching the entire regular expression.
-Substrings matched by parenthesized subexpressions within the regular
-expression are saved in the remaining <code>BASH_REMATCH</code> indices.
-The element of <code>BASH_REMATCH</code> with index <var>n</var> is the portion of the
-string matching the <var>n</var>th parenthesized subexpression.
+If you want to force the pattern to match the entire string,
+anchor the pattern using the ‘<samp>^</samp>’ and ‘<samp>$</samp>’ regular expression
+operators.
</p>
<p>For example, the following will match a line
-(stored in the shell variable <var>line</var>)
+(stored in the shell variable <code>line</code>)
if there is a sequence of characters anywhere in the value consisting of
any number, including zero, of
characters in the <code>space</code> character class,
-zero or one instances of ‘<samp>a</samp>’, then a ‘<samp>b</samp>’:
-</p><div class="example">
+immediately followed by zero or one instances of ‘<samp>a</samp>’,
+then a ‘<samp>b</samp>’:
+</p>
+<div class="example">
<pre class="example">[[ $line =~ [[:space:]]*(a)?b ]]
</pre></div>
-<p>That means values like ‘<samp>aab</samp>’ and ‘<samp> aaaaaab</samp>’ will match, as
-will a line containing a ‘<samp>b</samp>’ anywhere in its value.
+<p>That means values for <code>line</code> like
+‘<samp>aab</samp>’, ‘<samp> aaaaaab</samp>’, ‘<samp>xaby</samp>’, and ‘<samp> ab</samp>’
+will all match,
+as will a line containing a ‘<samp>b</samp>’ anywhere in its value.
+</p>
+<p>If you want to match a character that’s special to the regular expression
+grammar (‘<samp>^$|[]()\.*+?</samp>’), it has to be quoted to remove its special
+meaning.
+This means that in the pattern ‘<samp>xxx.txt</samp>’, the ‘<samp>.</samp>’ matches any
+character in the string (its usual regular expression meaning), but in the
+pattern ‘<samp>"xxx.txt"</samp>’, it can only match a literal ‘<samp>.</samp>’.
+</p>
+<p>Likewise, if you want to include a character in your pattern that has a
+special meaning to the regular expression grammar, you must make sure it’s
+not quoted.
+If you want to anchor a pattern at the beginning or end of the string,
+for instance, you cannot quote the ‘<samp>^</samp>’ or ‘<samp>$</samp>’
+characters using any form of shell quoting.
</p>
-<p>Storing the regular expression in a shell variable is often a useful
+<p>If you want to match ‘<samp>initial string</samp>’ at the start of a line,
+the following will work:
+</p><div class="example">
+<pre class="example">[[ $line =~ ^"initial string" ]]
+</pre></div>
+<p>but this will not:
+</p><div class="example">
+<pre class="example">[[ $line =~ "^initial string" ]]
+</pre></div>
+<p>because in the second example the ‘<samp>^</samp>’ is quoted and doesn’t have its
+usual special meaning.
+</p>
+<p>It is sometimes difficult to specify a regular expression properly
+without using quotes, or to keep track of the quoting used by regular
+expressions while paying attention to
+shell quoting and the shell’s quote removal.
+Storing the regular expression in a shell variable is often a useful
way to avoid problems with quoting characters that are special to the
shell.
-It is sometimes difficult to specify a regular expression literally
-without using quotes, or to keep track of the quoting used by regular
-expressions while paying attention to the shell’s quote removal.
-Using a shell variable to store the pattern decreases these problems.
-For example, the following is equivalent to the above:
-</p><div class="example">
+For example, the following is equivalent to the pattern used above:
+</p>
+<div class="example">
<pre class="example">pattern='[[:space:]]*(a)?b'
[[ $line =~ $pattern ]]
</pre></div>
-<p>If you want to match a character that’s special to the regular expression
-grammar, it has to be quoted to remove its special meaning.
-This means that in the pattern ‘<samp>xxx.txt</samp>’, the ‘<samp>.</samp>’ matches any
-character in the string (its usual regular expression meaning), but in the
-pattern ‘<samp>"xxx.txt"</samp>’ it can only match a literal ‘<samp>.</samp>’.
-Shell programmers should take special care with backslashes, since backslashes
-are used both by the shell and regular expressions to remove the special
-meaning from the following character.
-The following two sets of commands are <em>not</em> equivalent:
-</p><div class="example">
+<p>Shell programmers should take special care with backslashes, since
+backslashes are used by both the shell and regular expressions to remove
+the special meaning from the following character.
+This means that after the shell’s word expansions complete
+(see <a href="#Shell-Expansions">Shell Expansions</a>),
+any backslashes remaining in parts of the pattern
+that were originally not quoted can remove the
+special meaning of pattern characters.
+If any part of the pattern is quoted, the shell does its best to ensure that
+the regular expression treats those remaining backslashes as literal,
+if they appeared in a quoted portion.
+</p>
+<p>The following two sets of commands are <em>not</em> equivalent:
+</p>
+<div class="example">
<pre class="example">pattern='\.'
[[ . =~ $pattern ]]
<p>The first two matches will succeed, but the second two will not, because
in the second two the backslash will be part of the pattern to be matched.
-In the first two examples, the backslash removes the special meaning from
+In the first two examples, the pattern passed to the regular expression
+parser is ‘<samp>\.</samp>’. The backslash removes the special meaning from
‘<samp>.</samp>’, so the literal ‘<samp>.</samp>’ matches.
+In the second two examples, the pattern passed to the regular expression
+parser has the backslash quoted (e.g., ‘<samp>\\\.</samp>’), which will not match
+the string, since it does not contain a backslash.
If the string in the first examples were anything other than ‘<samp>.</samp>’, say
‘<samp>a</samp>’, the pattern would not match, because the quoted ‘<samp>.</samp>’ in the
pattern loses its special meaning of matching any single character.
</p>
+<p>Bracket expressions in regular expressions can be sources of errors as well,
+since characters that are normally special in regular expressions
+lose their special meanings between brackets.
+However, you can use bracket expressions to match special pattern characters
+without quoting them, so they are sometimes useful for this purpose.
+</p>
+<p>Though it might seem like a strange way to write it, the following pattern
+will match a ‘<samp>.</samp>’ in the string:
+</p>
+<div class="example">
+<pre class="example">[[ . =~ [.] ]]
+</pre></div>
+
+<p>The shell performs any word expansions before passing the pattern
+to the regular expression functions,
+so you can assume that the shell’s quoting takes precedence.
+As noted above, the regular expression parser will interpret any
+unquoted backslashes remaining in the pattern after shell expansion
+according to its own rules.
+The intention is to avoid making shell programmers quote things twice
+as much as possible, so shell quoting should be sufficient to quote
+special pattern characters where that’s necessary.
+</p>
+<p>The array variable <code>BASH_REMATCH</code> records which parts of the string
+matched the pattern.
+The element of <code>BASH_REMATCH</code> with index 0 contains the portion of
+the string matching the entire regular expression.
+Substrings matched by parenthesized subexpressions within the regular
+expression are saved in the remaining <code>BASH_REMATCH</code> indices.
+The element of <code>BASH_REMATCH</code> with index <var>n</var> is the portion of the
+string matching the <var>n</var>th parenthesized subexpression.
+</p>
<p>Expressions may be combined using the following operators, listed
in decreasing order of precedence:
</p>
<dl compact="compact">
-<dt><code>( <var>expression</var> )</code></dt>
+<dt><span><code>( <var>expression</var> )</code></span></dt>
<dd><p>Returns the value of <var>expression</var>.
This may be used to override the normal precedence of operators.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>! <var>expression</var></code></dt>
+<dt><span><code>! <var>expression</var></code></span></dt>
<dd><p>True if <var>expression</var> is false.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code><var>expression1</var> && <var>expression2</var></code></dt>
+<dt><span><code><var>expression1</var> && <var>expression2</var></code></span></dt>
<dd><p>True if both <var>expression1</var> and <var>expression2</var> are true.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code><var>expression1</var> || <var>expression2</var></code></dt>
+<dt><span><code><var>expression1</var> || <var>expression2</var></code></span></dt>
<dd><p>True if either <var>expression1</var> or <var>expression2</var> is true.
</p></dd>
</dl>
</dl>
<hr>
-<span id="Command-Grouping"></span><div class="header">
+</div>
+<div class="subsubsection" id="Command-Grouping">
+<div class="header">
<p>
Previous: <a href="#Conditional-Constructs" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Conditional Constructs</a>, Up: <a href="#Compound-Commands" accesskey="u" rel="up">Compound Commands</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Indexes" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
commands in the list may be redirected to a single stream.
</p>
<dl compact="compact">
-<dt><code>()</code></dt>
+<dt><span><code>()</code></span></dt>
<dd><div class="example">
<pre class="example">( <var>list</var> )
</pre></div>
-<p>Placing a list of commands between parentheses causes a subshell
-
environment to be created (see <a href="#Command-Execution-Environment">Command Execution Environment</a>), and each
-of the commands in <var>list</var> to be executed in that subshell. Since the
-<var>list</var> is executed in a subshell, variable assignments do not remain in
-effect after the subshell completes.
+<p>Placing a list of commands between parentheses forces the shell to create
+
a subshell (see <a href="#Command-Execution-Environment">Command Execution Environment</a>), and each
+of the commands in <var>list</var> is executed in that subshell environment.
+Since the <var>list</var> is executed in a subshell, variable assignments do not
+remain in effect after the subshell completes.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>{}</code></dt>
-<dd><span id="index-_007b"></span>
-<span id="index-_007d"></span>
+<dt id='index-_007b'><span><code>{}</code><a href='#index-_007b' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt>
+<dd><span id="index-_007d"></span>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">{ <var>list</var>; }
</pre></div>
<p>In addition to the creation of a subshell, there is a subtle difference
between these two constructs due to historical reasons. The braces
-are <code>reserved words</code>, so they must be separated from the <var>list</var>
+are reserved words, so they must be separated from the <var>list</var>
by <code>blank</code>s or other shell metacharacters.
-The parentheses are <code>operators</code>, and are
+The parentheses are operators, and are
recognized as separate tokens by the shell even if they are not separated
from the <var>list</var> by whitespace.
</p>
<var>list</var>.
</p>
<hr>
-<span id="Coprocesses"></span><div class="header">
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="subsection" id="Coprocesses">
+<div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#GNU-Parallel" accesskey="n" rel="next">GNU Parallel</a>, Previous: <a href="#Compound-Commands" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Compound Commands</a>, Up: <a href="#Shell-Commands" accesskey="u" rel="up">Shell Commands</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Indexes" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
had been terminated with the ‘<samp>&</samp>’ control operator, with a two-way pipe
established between the executing shell and the coprocess.
</p>
-<p>The format for a coprocess is:
-</p><div class="example">
+<p>The syntax for a coprocess is:
+</p>
+<div class="example">
<pre class="example">coproc [<var>NAME</var>] <var>command</var> [<var>redirections</var>]
</pre></div>
<p>This creates a coprocess named <var>NAME</var>.
-If <var>NAME</var> is not supplied, the default name is <var>COPROC</var>.
-<var>NAME</var> must not be supplied if <var>command</var> is a simple
-command (see <a href="#Simple-Commands">Simple Commands</a>); otherwise, it is interpreted as
-the first word of the simple command.
+<var>command</var> may be either a simple command (see <a href="#Simple-Commands">Simple Commands</a>)
+or a compound command (see <a href="#Compound-Commands">Compound Commands</a>).
+<var>NAME</var> is a shell variable name.
+If <var>NAME</var> is not supplied, the default name is <code>COPROC</code>.
+</p>
+<p>The recommended form to use for a coprocess is
+</p>
+<div class="example">
+<pre class="example">coproc <var>NAME</var> { <var>command</var>; }
+</pre></div>
+
+<p>This form is recommended because simple commands result in the coprocess
+always being named <code>COPROC</code>, and it is simpler to use and more complete
+than the other compound commands.
+</p>
+<p>There are other forms of coprocesses:
+</p>
+<div class="example">
+<pre class="example">coproc <var>NAME</var> <var>compound-command</var>
+coproc <var>compound-command</var>
+coproc <var>simple-command</var>
+</pre></div>
+
+<p>If <var>command</var> is a compound command, <var>NAME</var> is optional. The
+word following <code>coproc</code> determines whether that word is interpreted
+as a variable name: it is interpreted as <var>NAME</var> if it is not a
+reserved word that introduces a compound command.
+If <var>command</var> is a simple command, <var>NAME</var> is not allowed; this
+is to avoid confusion between <var>NAME</var> and the first word of the simple
+command.
</p>
<p>When the coprocess is executed, the shell creates an array variable
(see <a href="#Arrays">Arrays</a>)
-named <code>NAME</code> in the context of the executing shell.
+named <var>NAME</var> in the context of the executing shell.
The standard output of <var>command</var>
is connected via a pipe to a file descriptor in the executing shell,
-and that file descriptor is assigned to <code>NAME</code>[0].
+and that file descriptor is assigned to <var>NAME</var>[0].
The standard input of <var>command</var>
is connected via a pipe to a file descriptor in the executing shell,
-and that file descriptor is assigned to <code>NAME</code>[1].
+and that file descriptor is assigned to <var>NAME</var>[1].
This pipe is established before any redirections specified by the
command (see <a href="#Redirections">Redirections</a>).
The file descriptors can be utilized as arguments to shell commands
the file descriptors are not available in subshells.
</p>
<p>The process ID of the shell spawned to execute the coprocess is
-available as the value of the variable <code>NAME</code>_PID.
+available as the value of the variable <code><var>NAME</var>_PID</code>.
The <code>wait</code>
builtin command may be used to wait for the coprocess to terminate.
</p>
The return status of a coprocess is the exit status of <var>command</var>.
</p>
<hr>
-<span id="GNU-Parallel"></span><div class="header">
+</div>
+<div class="subsection" id="GNU-Parallel">
+<div class="header">
<p>
Previous: <a href="#Coprocesses" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Coprocesses</a>, Up: <a href="#Shell-Commands" accesskey="u" rel="up">Shell Commands</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Indexes" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
the input source, and so on). Parallel can replace <code>xargs</code> or feed
commands from its input sources to several different instances of Bash.
</p>
-<p>For a complete description, refer to the GNU Parallel documentation. A few
-examples should provide a brief introduction to its use.
-</p>
-<p>For example, it is easy to replace <code>xargs</code> to gzip all html files in the
-current directory and its subdirectories:
-</p><div class="example">
-<pre class="example">find . -type f -name '*.html' -print | parallel gzip
-</pre></div>
-<p>If you need to protect special characters such as newlines in file names,
-use find’s <samp>-print0</samp> option and parallel’s <samp>-0</samp> option.
-</p>
-<p>You can use Parallel to move files from the current directory when the
-number of files is too large to process with one <code>mv</code> invocation:
-</p><div class="example">
-<pre class="example">printf '%s\n' * | parallel mv {} destdir
-</pre></div>
-
-<p>As you can see, the {} is replaced with each line read from standard input.
-While using <code>ls</code> will work in most instances, it is not sufficient to
-deal with all filenames. <code>printf</code> is a shell builtin, and therefore is
-not subject to the kernel’s limit on the number of arguments to a program,
-so you can use ‘<samp>*</samp>’ (but see below about the <code>dotglob</code> shell option).
-If you need to accommodate special characters in filenames, you can use
-</p>
-<div class="example">
-<pre class="example">printf '%s\0' * | parallel -0 mv {} destdir
-</pre></div>
-
-<p>as alluded to above.
-</p>
-<p>This will run as many <code>mv</code> commands as there are files in the current
-directory.
-You can emulate a parallel <code>xargs</code> by adding the <samp>-X</samp> option:
-</p><div class="example">
-<pre class="example">printf '%s\0' * | parallel -0 -X mv {} destdir
-</pre></div>
-
-<p>(You may have to modify the pattern if you have the <code>dotglob</code> option
-enabled.)
-</p>
-<p>GNU Parallel can replace certain common idioms that operate on lines read
-from a file (in this case, filenames listed one per line):
-</p><div class="example">
-<pre class="example"> while IFS= read -r x; do
- do-something1 "$x" "config-$x"
- do-something2 < "$x"
- done < file | process-output
-</pre></div>
-
-<p>with a more compact syntax reminiscent of lambdas:
-</p><div class="example">
-<pre class="example">cat list | parallel "do-something1 {} config-{} ; do-something2 < {}" |
- process-output
-</pre></div>
-
-<p>Parallel provides a built-in mechanism to remove filename extensions, which
-lends itself to batch file transformations or renaming:
-</p><div class="example">
-<pre class="example">ls *.gz | parallel -j+0 "zcat {} | bzip2 >{.}.bz2 && rm {}"
-</pre></div>
-<p>This will recompress all files in the current directory with names ending
-in .gz using bzip2, running one job per CPU (-j+0) in parallel.
-(We use <code>ls</code> for brevity here; using <code>find</code> as above is more
-robust in the face of filenames containing unexpected characters.)
-Parallel can take arguments from the command line; the above can also be
-written as
-</p>
-<div class="example">
-<pre class="example">parallel "zcat {} | bzip2 >{.}.bz2 && rm {}" ::: *.gz
-</pre></div>
-
-<p>If a command generates output, you may want to preserve the input order in
-the output. For instance, the following command
-</p><div class="example">
-<pre class="example">{
- echo foss.org.my ;
- echo debian.org ;
- echo freenetproject.org ;
-} | parallel traceroute
-</pre></div>
-<p>will display as output the traceroute invocation that finishes first.
-Adding the <samp>-k</samp> option
-</p><div class="example">
-<pre class="example">{
- echo foss.org.my ;
- echo debian.org ;
- echo freenetproject.org ;
-} | parallel -k traceroute
-</pre></div>
-<p>will ensure that the output of <code>traceroute foss.org.my</code> is displayed first.
-</p>
-<p>Finally, Parallel can be used to run a sequence of shell commands in parallel,
-similar to ‘<samp>cat file | bash</samp>’.
-It is not uncommon to take a list of filenames, create a series of shell
-commands to operate on them, and feed that list of commands to a shell.
-Parallel can speed this up. Assuming that <samp>file</samp> contains a list of
-shell commands, one per line,
-</p>
-<div class="example">
-<pre class="example">parallel -j 10 < file
-</pre></div>
-
-<p>will evaluate the commands using the shell (since no explicit command is
-supplied as an argument), in blocks of ten shell jobs at a time.
+<p>For a complete description, refer to the GNU Parallel documentation, which
+is available at
+<a href="https://www.gnu.org/software/parallel/parallel_tutorial.html">https://www.gnu.org/software/parallel/parallel_tutorial.html</a>.
</p>
<hr>
-<span id="Shell-Functions"></span><div class="header">
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="Shell-Functions">
+<div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#Shell-Parameters" accesskey="n" rel="next">Shell Parameters</a>, Previous: <a href="#Shell-Commands" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Shell Commands</a>, Up: <a href="#Basic-Shell-Features" accesskey="u" rel="up">Basic Shell Features</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Indexes" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
word <code>function</code> is optional.
If the <code>function</code> reserved
word is supplied, the parentheses are optional.
-The <var>body</var> of the function is the compound command
+The <em>body</em> of the function is the compound command
<var>compound-command</var> (see <a href="#Compound-Commands">Compound Commands</a>).
That command is usually a <var>list</var> enclosed between { and }, but
-may be any compound command listed above,
-with one exception: If the <code>function</code> reserved word is used, but the
-parentheses are not supplied, the braces are required.
+may be any compound command listed above.
+If the <code>function</code> reserved word is used, but the
+parentheses are not supplied, the braces are recommended.
<var>compound-command</var> is executed whenever <var>fname</var> is specified as the
-name of a command.
+name of a simple command.
When the shell is in <small>POSIX</small> mode (see <a href="#Bash-POSIX-Mode">Bash POSIX Mode</a>),
-<var>fname</var> must be a valid shell <var>name</var> and
+<var>fname</var> must be a valid shell name and
may not be the same as one of the special builtins
(see <a href="#Special-Builtins">Special Builtins</a>).
In default mode, a function name can be any unquoted shell word that does
refer to the local variable, leaving the global variable unmodified.
When the function returns, the global variable is once again visible.
</p>
-<p>The shell uses <var>dynamic scoping</var> to control a variable’s visibility
+<p>The shell uses <em>dynamic scoping</em> to control a variable’s visibility
within functions.
With dynamic scoping, visible variables and their values
are a result of the sequence of function calls that caused execution
declaration "shadows", and the value that is restored when the function
returns.
</p>
-<p>For example, if a variable <var>var</var> is declared as local in function
-<var>func1</var>, and <var>func1</var> calls another function <var>func2</var>,
-references to <var>var</var> made from within <var>func2</var> will resolve to the
-local variable <var>var</var> from <var>func1</var>, shadowing any global variable
-named <var>var</var>.
+<p>For example, if a variable <code>var</code> is declared as local in function
+<code>func1</code>, and <code>func1</code> calls another function <code>func2</code>,
+references to <code>var</code> made from within <code>func2</code> will resolve to the
+local variable <code>var</code> from <code>func1</code>, shadowing any global variable
+named <code>var</code>.
</p>
<p>The following script demonstrates this behavior.
When executed, the script displays
</p>
<p>Function names and definitions may be listed with the
<samp>-f</samp> option to the <code>declare</code> (<code>typeset</code>)
-builtin command (see <a href="#Bash-Builtins">Bash Builtins</a>).
+builtin command (see <a href="#Bash-Builtins">Bash Builtin Commands</a>).
The <samp>-F</samp> option to <code>declare</code> or <code>typeset</code>
will list the function names only
(and optionally the source file and line number, if the <code>extdebug</code>
shell option is enabled).
-Functions may be exported so that subshells
+Functions may be exported so that child shell processes
+(those created when executing a separate shell invocation)
automatically have them defined with the
<samp>-f</samp> option to the <code>export</code> builtin
(see <a href="#Bourne-Shell-Builtins">Bourne Shell Builtins</a>).
By default, no limit is placed on the number of recursive calls.
</p>
<hr>
-<span id="Shell-Parameters"></span><div class="header">
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="Shell-Parameters">
+<div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#Shell-Expansions" accesskey="n" rel="next">Shell Expansions</a>, Previous: <a href="#Shell-Functions" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Shell Functions</a>, Up: <a href="#Basic-Shell-Features" accesskey="u" rel="up">Basic Shell Features</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Indexes" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<span id="index-variable_002c-shell"></span>
<span id="index-shell-variable"></span>
-<table class="menu" border="0" cellspacing="0">
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#Positional-Parameters" accesskey="1">Positional Parameters</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">The shell’s command-line arguments.
-</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#Special-Parameters" accesskey="2">Special Parameters</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Parameters denoted by special characters.
-</td></tr>
-</table>
-<p>A <var>parameter</var> is an entity that stores values.
+<p>A <em>parameter</em> is an entity that stores values.
It can be a <code>name</code>, a number, or one of the special characters
listed below.
-A <var>variable</var> is a parameter denoted by a <code>name</code>.
-A variable has a <var>value</var> and zero or more <var>attributes</var>.
+A <em>variable</em> is a parameter denoted by a <code>name</code>.
+A variable has a <code>value</code> and zero or more <code>attributes</code>.
Attributes are assigned using the <code>declare</code> builtin command
-(see the description of the <code>declare</code> builtin in <a href="#Bash-Builtins">Bash Builtins</a>).
+(see the description of the <code>declare</code> builtin in <a href="#Bash-Builtins">Bash Builtin Commands</a>).
</p>
<p>A parameter is set if it has been assigned a value. The null string is
a valid value. Once a variable is set, it may be unset only by using
is not given, the variable is assigned the null string. All
<var>value</var>s undergo tilde expansion, parameter and variable expansion,
command substitution, arithmetic expansion, and quote
-removal (detailed below). If the variable has its <code>integer</code>
+removal (see <a href="#Shell-Parameter-Expansion">Shell Parameter Expansion</a>).
+If the variable has its <code>integer</code>
attribute set, then <var>value</var>
is evaluated as an arithmetic expression even if the <code>$((…))</code>
expansion is not used (see <a href="#Arithmetic-Expansion">Arithmetic Expansion</a>).
-Word splitting is not performed, with the exception
-of <code>"$@"</code> as explained below.
-Filename expansion is not performed.
+Word splitting and filename expansion are not performed.
Assignment statements may also appear as arguments to the
<code>alias</code>,
<code>declare</code>, <code>typeset</code>, <code>export</code>, <code>readonly</code>,
-and <code>local</code> builtin commands (<var>declaration</var> commands).
+and <code>local</code> builtin commands (<em>declaration</em> commands).
When in <small>POSIX</small> mode (see <a href="#Bash-POSIX-Mode">Bash POSIX Mode</a>), these builtins may appear
in a command after one or more instances of the <code>command</code> builtin
and retain these assignment statement properties.
operator can be used to
append to or add to the variable’s previous value.
This includes arguments to builtin commands such as <code>declare</code> that
-accept assignment statements (<var>declaration</var> commands).
-When ‘<samp>+=</samp>’ is applied to a variable for which the <var>integer</var> attribute
+accept assignment statements (declaration commands).
+When ‘<samp>+=</samp>’ is applied to a variable for which the <code>integer</code> attribute
has been set, <var>value</var> is evaluated as an arithmetic expression and
added to the variable’s current value, which is also evaluated.
When ‘<samp>+=</samp>’ is applied to an array variable using compound assignment
When applied to a string-valued variable, <var>value</var> is expanded and
appended to the variable’s value.
</p>
-<p>A variable can be assigned the <var>nameref</var> attribute using the
+<p>A variable can be assigned the <code>nameref</code> attribute using the
<samp>-n</samp> option to the <code>declare</code> or <code>local</code> builtin commands
-(see <a href="#Bash-Builtins">Bash Builtins</a>)
-to create a <var>nameref</var>, or a reference to another variable.
+(see <a href="#Bash-Builtins">Bash Builtin Commands</a>)
+to create a <em>nameref</em>, or a reference to another variable.
This allows variables to be manipulated indirectly.
Whenever the nameref variable is referenced, assigned to, unset, or has
its attributes modified (other than using or changing the nameref
</p><div class="example">
<pre class="example">declare -n ref=$1
</pre></div>
-<p>inside the function creates a nameref variable <var>ref</var> whose value is
+<p>inside the function creates a nameref variable <code>ref</code> whose value is
the variable name passed as the first argument.
-References and assignments to <var>ref</var>, and changes to its attributes,
+References and assignments to <code>ref</code>, and changes to its attributes,
are treated as references, assignments, and attribute modifications
to the variable whose name was passed as <code>$1</code>.
</p>
Otherwise, if <code>unset</code> is executed with the name of a nameref variable
as an argument, the variable referenced by the nameref variable will be unset.
</p>
+<ul class="section-toc">
+<li><a href="#Positional-Parameters" accesskey="1">Positional Parameters</a></li>
+<li><a href="#Special-Parameters" accesskey="2">Special Parameters</a></li>
+</ul>
<hr>
-<span id="Positional-Parameters"></span><div class="header">
+<div class="subsection" id="Positional-Parameters">
+<div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#Special-Parameters" accesskey="n" rel="next">Special Parameters</a>, Up: <a href="#Shell-Parameters" accesskey="u" rel="up">Shell Parameters</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Indexes" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<span id="Positional-Parameters-1"></span><h4 class="subsection">3.4.1 Positional Parameters</h4>
<span id="index-parameters_002c-positional"></span>
-<p>A <var>positional parameter</var> is a parameter denoted by one or more
+<p>A <em>positional parameter</em> is a parameter denoted by one or more
digits, other than the single digit <code>0</code>. Positional parameters are
assigned from the shell’s arguments when it is invoked,
and may be reassigned using the <code>set</code> builtin command.
digit is expanded, it must be enclosed in braces.
</p>
<hr>
-<span id="Special-Parameters"></span><div class="header">
+</div>
+<div class="subsection" id="Special-Parameters">
+<div class="header">
<p>
Previous: <a href="#Positional-Parameters" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Positional Parameters</a>, Up: <a href="#Shell-Parameters" accesskey="u" rel="up">Shell Parameters</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Indexes" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
only be referenced; assignment to them is not allowed.
</p>
<dl compact="compact">
-<dt><code>*</code>
-<span id="index-_002a"></span>
-</dt>
+<dt id='index-_002a'><span><code>*</code><a href='#index-_002a' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt>
<dd><span id="index-_0024_002a"></span>
<p>($*) Expands to the positional parameters, starting from one.
When the expansion is not within double quotes, each positional parameter
separators.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>@</code>
-<span id="index-_0040"></span>
-</dt>
+<dt id='index-_0040'><span><code>@</code><a href='#index-_0040' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt>
<dd><span id="index-_0024_0040"></span>
<p>($@) Expands to the positional parameters, starting from one.
In contexts where word splitting is performed, this expands each
expand to nothing (i.e., they are removed).
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>#</code>
-<span id="index-_0023"></span>
-</dt>
+<dt id='index-_0023'><span><code>#</code><a href='#index-_0023' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt>
<dd><span id="index-_0024_0023"></span>
<p>($#) Expands to the number of positional parameters in decimal.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>?</code>
-<span id="index-_003f"></span>
-</dt>
+<dt id='index-_003f'><span><code>?</code><a href='#index-_003f' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt>
<dd><span id="index-_0024_003f"></span>
<p>($?) Expands to the exit status of the most recently executed foreground
pipeline.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>-</code>
-<span id="index-_002d"></span>
-</dt>
+<dt id='index-_002d'><span><code>-</code><a href='#index-_002d' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt>
<dd><span id="index-_0024_002d"></span>
<p>($-, a hyphen.) Expands to the current option flags as specified upon
invocation, by the <code>set</code>
(such as the <samp>-i</samp> option).
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>$</code>
-<span id="index-_0024"></span>
-</dt>
+<dt id='index-_0024'><span><code>$</code><a href='#index-_0024' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt>
<dd><span id="index-_0024_0024"></span>
-<p>($$) Expands to the process <small>ID</small> of the shell. In a <code>()</code> subshell, it
+<p>($$) Expands to the process <small>ID</small> of the shell. In a subshell, it
expands to the process <small>ID</small> of the invoking shell, not the subshell.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>!</code>
-<span id="index-_0021-1"></span>
-</dt>
+<dt id='index-_0021-1'><span><code>!</code><a href='#index-_0021-1' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt>
<dd><span id="index-_0024_0021"></span>
<p>($!) Expands to the process <small>ID</small> of the job most recently placed into the
background, whether executed as an asynchronous command or using
the <code>bg</code> builtin (see <a href="#Job-Control-Builtins">Job Control Builtins</a>).
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>0</code>
-<span id="index-0"></span>
-</dt>
+<dt id='index-0'><span><code>0</code><a href='#index-0' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt>
<dd><span id="index-_00240"></span>
<p>($0) Expands to the name of the shell or shell script. This is set at
shell initialization. If Bash is invoked with a file of commands
</dl>
<hr>
-<span id="Shell-Expansions"></span><div class="header">
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="Shell-Expansions">
+<div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#Redirections" accesskey="n" rel="next">Redirections</a>, Previous: <a href="#Shell-Parameters" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Shell Parameters</a>, Up: <a href="#Basic-Shell-Features" accesskey="u" rel="up">Basic Shell Features</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Indexes" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
</li><li> filename expansion
</li></ul>
-<table class="menu" border="0" cellspacing="0">
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#Brace-Expansion" accesskey="1">Brace Expansion</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Expansion of expressions within braces.
-</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#Tilde-Expansion" accesskey="2">Tilde Expansion</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Expansion of the ~ character.
-</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#Shell-Parameter-Expansion" accesskey="3">Shell Parameter Expansion</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">How Bash expands variables to their values.
-</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#Command-Substitution" accesskey="4">Command Substitution</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Using the output of a command as an argument.
-</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#Arithmetic-Expansion" accesskey="5">Arithmetic Expansion</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">How to use arithmetic in shell expansions.
-</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#Process-Substitution" accesskey="6">Process Substitution</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">A way to write and read to and from a
- command.
-</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#Word-Splitting" accesskey="7">Word Splitting</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">How the results of expansion are split into separate
- arguments.
-</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#Filename-Expansion" accesskey="8">Filename Expansion</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">A shorthand for specifying filenames matching patterns.
-</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#Quote-Removal" accesskey="9">Quote Removal</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">How and when quote characters are removed from
- words.
-</td></tr>
-</table>
<p>The order of expansions is:
brace expansion;
and filename expansion.
</p>
<p>On systems that can support it, there is an additional expansion
-available: <var>process substitution</var>.
+available: <em>process substitution</em>.
This is performed at the
same time as tilde, parameter, variable, and arithmetic expansion and
command substitution.
</p>
<p>After these expansions are performed, quote characters present in the
original word are removed unless they have been quoted themselves
-(<var>quote removal</var>).
+(<em>quote removal</em>).
</p>
<p>Only brace expansion, word splitting, and filename expansion
can increase the number of words of the expansion; other expansions
<p>After all expansions, <code>quote removal</code> (see <a href="#Quote-Removal">Quote Removal</a>)
is performed.
</p>
+<ul class="section-toc">
+<li><a href="#Brace-Expansion" accesskey="1">Brace Expansion</a></li>
+<li><a href="#Tilde-Expansion" accesskey="2">Tilde Expansion</a></li>
+<li><a href="#Shell-Parameter-Expansion" accesskey="3">Shell Parameter Expansion</a></li>
+<li><a href="#Command-Substitution" accesskey="4">Command Substitution</a></li>
+<li><a href="#Arithmetic-Expansion" accesskey="5">Arithmetic Expansion</a></li>
+<li><a href="#Process-Substitution" accesskey="6">Process Substitution</a></li>
+<li><a href="#Word-Splitting" accesskey="7">Word Splitting</a></li>
+<li><a href="#Filename-Expansion" accesskey="8">Filename Expansion</a></li>
+<li><a href="#Quote-Removal" accesskey="9">Quote Removal</a></li>
+</ul>
<hr>
-<span id="Brace-Expansion"></span><div class="header">
+<div class="subsection" id="Brace-Expansion">
+<div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#Tilde-Expansion" accesskey="n" rel="next">Tilde Expansion</a>, Up: <a href="#Shell-Expansions" accesskey="u" rel="up">Shell Expansions</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Indexes" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<p>Brace expansion is a mechanism by which arbitrary strings may be generated.
This mechanism is similar to
-<
var>filename expansion</var> (see <a href="#Filename-Expansion">Filename Expansion</a>),
+<
em>filename expansion</em> (see <a href="#Filename-Expansion">Filename Expansion</a>),
but the filenames generated need not exist.
Patterns to be brace expanded take the form of an optional <var>preamble</var>,
followed by either a series of comma-separated strings or a sequence expression
</pre></div>
<p>A sequence expression takes the form <code>{<var>x</var>..<var>y</var>[..<var>incr</var>]}</code>,
-where <var>x</var> and <var>y</var> are either integers or single characters,
+where <var>x</var> and <var>y</var> are either integers or letters,
and <var>incr</var>, an optional increment, is an integer.
When integers are supplied, the expression expands to each number between
<var>x</var> and <var>y</var>, inclusive.
When either <var>x</var> or <var>y</var> begins with a zero, the shell
attempts to force all generated terms to contain the same number of digits,
zero-padding where necessary.
-When characters are supplied, the expression expands to each character
+When letters are supplied, the expression expands to each character
lexicographically between <var>x</var> and <var>y</var>, inclusive,
using the default C locale.
-Note that both <var>x</var> and <var>y</var> must be of the same type.
+Note that both <var>x</var> and <var>y</var> must be of the same type
+(integer or letter).
When the increment is supplied, it is used as the difference between
each term. The default increment is 1 or -1 as appropriate.
</p>
</pre></div>
<hr>
-<span id="Tilde-Expansion"></span><div class="header">
+</div>
+<div class="subsection" id="Tilde-Expansion">
+<div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#Shell-Parameter-Expansion" accesskey="n" rel="next">Shell Parameter Expansion</a>, Previous: <a href="#Brace-Expansion" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Brace Expansion</a>, Up: <a href="#Shell-Expansions" accesskey="u" rel="up">Shell Expansions</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Indexes" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<p>If a word begins with an unquoted tilde character (‘<samp>~</samp>’), all of the
characters up to the first unquoted slash (or all characters,
-if there is no unquoted slash) are considered a <var>tilde-prefix</var>.
+if there is no unquoted slash) are considered a <em>tilde-prefix</em>.
If none of the characters in the tilde-prefix are quoted, the
characters in the tilde-prefix following the tilde are treated as a
-possible <var>login name</var>.
+possible <em>login name</em>.
If this login name is the null string, the tilde is replaced with the
value of the <code>HOME</code> shell variable.
If <code>HOME</code> is unset, the home directory of the user executing the
<p>The following table shows how Bash treats unquoted tilde-prefixes:
</p>
<dl compact="compact">
-<dt><code>~</code></dt>
+<dt><span><code>~</code></span></dt>
<dd><p>The value of <code>$HOME</code>
</p></dd>
-<dt><code>~/foo</code></dt>
+<dt><span><code>~/foo</code></span></dt>
<dd><p><samp>$HOME/foo</samp>
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>~fred/foo</code></dt>
+<dt><span><code>~fred/foo</code></span></dt>
<dd><p>The subdirectory <code>foo</code> of the home directory of the user
<code>fred</code>
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>~+/foo</code></dt>
+<dt><span><code>~+/foo</code></span></dt>
<dd><p><samp>$PWD/foo</samp>
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>~-/foo</code></dt>
+<dt><span><code>~-/foo</code></span></dt>
<dd><p><samp>${OLDPWD-'~-'}/foo</samp>
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>~<var>N</var></code></dt>
+<dt><span><code>~<var>N</var></code></span></dt>
<dd><p>The string that would be displayed by ‘<samp>dirs +<var>N</var></samp>’
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>~+<var>N</var></code></dt>
+<dt><span><code>~+<var>N</var></code></span></dt>
<dd><p>The string that would be displayed by ‘<samp>dirs +<var>N</var></samp>’
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>~-<var>N</var></code></dt>
+<dt><span><code>~-<var>N</var></code></span></dt>
<dd><p>The string that would be displayed by ‘<samp>dirs -<var>N</var></samp>’
</p></dd>
</dl>
<p>Bash also performs tilde expansion on words satisfying the conditions of
variable assignments (see <a href="#Shell-Parameters">Shell Parameters</a>)
when they appear as arguments to simple commands.
-Bash does not do this, except for the <var>declaration</var> commands listed
+Bash does not do this, except for the declaration commands listed
above, when in <small>POSIX</small> mode.
</p>
<hr>
-<span id="Shell-Parameter-Expansion"></span><div class="header">
+</div>
+<div class="subsection" id="Shell-Parameter-Expansion">
+<div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#Command-Substitution" accesskey="n" rel="next">Command Substitution</a>, Previous: <a href="#Tilde-Expansion" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Tilde Expansion</a>, Up: <a href="#Shell-Expansions" accesskey="u" rel="up">Shell Expansions</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Indexes" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
interpreted as part of its name.
</p>
<p>If the first character of <var>parameter</var> is an exclamation point (!),
-and <var>parameter</var> is not a <var>nameref</var>,
+and <var>parameter</var> is not a nameref,
it introduces a level of indirection.
Bash uses the value formed by expanding the rest of
<var>parameter</var> as the new <var>parameter</var>; this is then
is not null; if the colon is omitted, the operator tests only for existence.
</p>
<dl compact="compact">
-<dt><code>${<var>parameter</var>:-<var>word</var>}</code></dt>
+<dt><span><code>${<var>parameter</var>:-<var>word</var>}</code></span></dt>
<dd><p>If <var>parameter</var> is unset or null, the expansion of
<var>word</var> is substituted. Otherwise, the value of
<var>parameter</var> is substituted.
</p>
+<div class="example">
+<pre class="example">$ v=123
+$ echo ${v-unset}
+123
+</pre></div>
+
</dd>
-<dt><code>${<var>parameter</var>:=<var>word</var>}</code></dt>
+<dt><span><code>${<var>parameter</var>:=<var>word</var>}</code></span></dt>
<dd><p>If <var>parameter</var>
is unset or null, the expansion of <var>word</var>
is assigned to <var>parameter</var>.
Positional parameters and special parameters may not be assigned to
in this way.
</p>
+<div class="example">
+<pre class="example">$ var=
+$ : ${var:=DEFAULT}
+$ echo $var
+DEFAULT
+</pre></div>
+
</dd>
-<dt><code>${<var>parameter</var>:?<var>word</var>}</code></dt>
+<dt><span><code>${<var>parameter</var>:?<var>word</var>}</code></span></dt>
<dd><p>If <var>parameter</var>
is null or unset, the expansion of <var>word</var> (or a message
to that effect if <var>word</var>
is not interactive, exits. Otherwise, the value of <var>parameter</var> is
substituted.
</p>
+<div class="example">
+<pre class="example">$ var=
+$ : ${var:?var is unset or null}
+bash: var: var is unset or null
+</pre></div>
+
</dd>
-<dt><code>${<var>parameter</var>:+<var>word</var>}</code></dt>
+<dt><span><code>${<var>parameter</var>:+<var>word</var>}</code></span></dt>
<dd><p>If <var>parameter</var>
is null or unset, nothing is substituted, otherwise the expansion of
<var>word</var> is substituted.
</p>
+<div class="example">
+<pre class="example">$ var=123
+$ echo ${var:+var is set and not null}
+var is set and not null
+</pre></div>
+
</dd>
-<dt><code>${<var>parameter</var>:<var>offset</var>}</code></dt>
-<dt><code>${<var>parameter</var>:<var>offset</var>:<var>length</var>}</code></dt>
+<dt><span><code>${<var>parameter</var>:<var>offset</var>}</code></span></dt>
+<dt><span><code>${<var>parameter</var>:<var>offset</var>:<var>length</var>}</code></span></dt>
<dd><p>This is referred to as Substring Expansion.
It expands to up to <var>length</var> characters of the value of <var>parameter</var>
starting at the character specified by <var>offset</var>.
prefixed to the list.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>${!<var>prefix</var>*}</code></dt>
-<dt><code>${!<var>prefix</var>@}</code></dt>
+<dt><span><code>${!<var>prefix</var>*}</code></span></dt>
+<dt><span><code>${!<var>prefix</var>@}</code></span></dt>
<dd><p>Expands to the names of variables whose names begin with <var>prefix</var>,
separated by the first character of the <code>IFS</code> special variable.
When ‘<samp>@</samp>’ is used and the expansion appears within double quotes, each
variable name expands to a separate word.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>${!<var>name</var>[@]}</code></dt>
-<dt><code>${!<var>name</var>[*]}</code></dt>
+<dt><span><code>${!<var>name</var>[@]}</code></span></dt>
+<dt><span><code>${!<var>name</var>[*]}</code></span></dt>
<dd><p>If <var>name</var> is an array variable, expands to the list of array indices
(keys) assigned in <var>name</var>.
If <var>name</var> is not an array, expands to 0 if <var>name</var> is set and null
key expands to a separate word.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>${#<var>parameter</var>}</code></dt>
+<dt><span><code>${#<var>parameter</var>}</code></span></dt>
<dd><p>The length in characters of the expanded value of <var>parameter</var> is
substituted.
If <var>parameter</var> is ‘<samp>*</samp>’ or ‘<samp>@</samp>’, the value substituted
array, and an index of -1 references the last element.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>${<var>parameter</var>#<var>word</var>}</code></dt>
-<dt><code>${<var>parameter</var>##<var>word</var>}</code></dt>
+<dt><span><code>${<var>parameter</var>#<var>word</var>}</code></span></dt>
+<dt><span><code>${<var>parameter</var>##<var>word</var>}</code></span></dt>
<dd><p>The <var>word</var>
is expanded to produce a pattern and matched according to the rules
described below (see <a href="#Pattern-Matching">Pattern Matching</a>). If the pattern matches
array in turn, and the expansion is the resultant list.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>${<var>parameter</var>%<var>word</var>}</code></dt>
-<dt><code>${<var>parameter</var>%%<var>word</var>}</code></dt>
+<dt><span><code>${<var>parameter</var>%<var>word</var>}</code></span></dt>
+<dt><span><code>${<var>parameter</var>%%<var>word</var>}</code></span></dt>
<dd><p>The <var>word</var>
is expanded to produce a pattern and matched according to the rules
described below (see <a href="#Pattern-Matching">Pattern Matching</a>).
array in turn, and the expansion is the resultant list.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>${<var>parameter</var>/<var>pattern</var>/<var>string</var>}</code></dt>
-<dd>
-<p>The <var>pattern</var> is expanded to produce a pattern just as in
+<dt><span><code>${<var>parameter</var>/<var>pattern</var>/<var>string</var>}</code></span></dt>
+<dt><span><code>${<var>parameter</var>//<var>pattern</var>/<var>string</var>}</code></span></dt>
+<dt><span><code>${<var>parameter</var>/#<var>pattern</var>/<var>string</var>}</code></span></dt>
+<dt><span><code>${<var>parameter</var>/%<var>pattern</var>/<var>string</var>}</code></span></dt>
+<dd><p>The <var>pattern</var> is expanded to produce a pattern just as in
filename expansion.
<var>Parameter</var> is expanded and the longest match of <var>pattern</var>
against its value is replaced with <var>string</var>.
+<var>string</var> undergoes tilde expansion, parameter and variable expansion,
+arithmetic expansion, command and process substitution, and quote removal.
The match is performed according to the rules described below
(see <a href="#Pattern-Matching">Pattern Matching</a>).
-If <var>pattern</var> begins with ‘<samp>/</samp>’, all matches of <var>pattern</var> are
-replaced with <var>string</var>. Normally only the first match is replaced.
-If <var>pattern</var> begins with ‘<samp>#</samp>’, it must match at the beginning
-of the expanded value of <var>parameter</var>.
-If <var>pattern</var> begins with ‘<samp>%</samp>’, it must match at the end
-of the expanded value of <var>parameter</var>.
-If <var>string</var> is null, matches of <var>pattern</var> are deleted
-and the <code>/</code> following <var>pattern</var> may be omitted.
-If the <code>nocasematch</code> shell option
+</p>
+<p>In the first form above, only the first match is replaced.
+If there are two slashes separating <var>parameter</var> and <var>pattern</var>
+(the second form above), all matches of <var>pattern</var> are
+replaced with <var>string</var>.
+If <var>pattern</var> is preceded by ‘<samp>#</samp>’ (the third form above),
+it must match at the beginning of the expanded value of <var>parameter</var>.
+If <var>pattern</var> is preceded by ‘<samp>%</samp>’ (the fourth form above),
+it must match at the end of the expanded value of <var>parameter</var>.
+If the expansion of <var>string</var> is null,
+matches of <var>pattern</var> are deleted.
+If <var>string</var> is null,
+matches of <var>pattern</var> are deleted
+and the ‘<samp>/</samp>’ following <var>pattern</var> may be omitted.
+</p>
+<p>If the <code>patsub_replacement</code> shell option is enabled using <code>shopt</code>,
+any unquoted instances of ‘<samp>&</samp>’ in <var>string</var> are replaced with the
+matching portion of <var>pattern</var>.
+This is intended to duplicate a common <code>sed</code> idiom.
+Backslash is used to quote ‘<samp>&</samp>’ in <var>string</var>; the backslash is removed
+in order to permit a literal ‘<samp>&</samp>’ in the replacement string.
+Pattern substitution performs the check for ‘<samp>&</samp>’ after expanding
+<var>string</var>,
+so users should take care to quote backslashes intended to escape
+the ‘<samp>&</samp>’ and inhibit replacement so they survive any quote removal
+performed by the expansion of <var>string</var>.
+For instance,
+</p>
+<div class="example">
+<pre class="example">var=abcdef
+echo ${var/abc/& }
+echo "${var/abc/& }"
+echo ${var/abc/"& "}
+</pre></div>
+
+<p>will display three lines of "abc def", while
+</p>
+<div class="example">
+<pre class="example">var=abcdef
+echo ${var/abc/\& }
+echo "${var/abc/\& }"
+echo ${var/abc/"\& "}
+</pre></div>
+
+<p>will display two lines of "abc def" and a third line of "& def".
+The first two are replaced because the backslash is removed by quote
+removal performed during the expansion of <var>string</var>
+(the expansion is performed in a
+context that doesn’t take any enclosing double quotes into account, as
+with other word expansions).
+In the third case, the double quotes affect the expansion
+of ‘<samp>\&</samp>’, and, because ‘<samp>&</samp>’ is not one of the characters for
+which backslash is special in double quotes,
+the backslash survives the expansion, inhibits the replacement,
+but is removed because it is treated specially.
+One could use ‘<samp>\\&</samp>’, unquoted, as the replacement string to achive
+the same effect.
+It should rarely be necessary to enclose only <var>string</var> in double
+quotes.
+</p>
+<p>If the <code>nocasematch</code> shell option
(see the description of <code>shopt</code> in <a href="#The-Shopt-Builtin">The Shopt Builtin</a>)
is enabled, the match is performed without regard to the case
of alphabetic characters.
array in turn, and the expansion is the resultant list.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>${<var>parameter</var>^<var>pattern</var>}</code></dt>
-<dt><code>${<var>parameter</var>^^<var>pattern</var>}</code></dt>
-<dt><code>${<var>parameter</var>,<var>pattern</var>}</code></dt>
-<dt><code>${<var>parameter</var>,,<var>pattern</var>}</code></dt>
+<dt><span><code>${<var>parameter</var>^<var>pattern</var>}</code></span></dt>
+<dt><span><code>${<var>parameter</var>^^<var>pattern</var>}</code></span></dt>
+<dt><span><code>${<var>parameter</var>,<var>pattern</var>}</code></span></dt>
+<dt><span><code>${<var>parameter</var>,,<var>pattern</var>}</code></span></dt>
<dd><p>This expansion modifies the case of alphabetic characters in <var>parameter</var>.
The <var>pattern</var> is expanded to produce a pattern just as in
filename expansion.
Each character in the expanded value of <var>parameter</var> is tested against
<var>pattern</var>, and, if it matches the pattern, its case is converted.
The pattern should not attempt to match more than one character.
-The ‘<samp>^</samp>’ operator converts lowercase letters matching <var>pattern</var>
+</p>
+<p>The ‘<samp>^</samp>’ operator converts lowercase letters matching <var>pattern</var>
to uppercase; the ‘<samp>,</samp>’ operator converts matching uppercase letters
to lowercase.
The ‘<samp>^^</samp>’ and ‘<samp>,,</samp>’ expansions convert each matched character in the
the first character in the expanded value.
If <var>pattern</var> is omitted, it is treated like a ‘<samp>?</samp>’, which matches
every character.
-If <var>parameter</var> is ‘<samp>@</samp>’ or ‘<samp>*</samp>’,
+</p>
+<p>If <var>parameter</var> is ‘<samp>@</samp>’ or ‘<samp>*</samp>’,
the case modification operation is applied to each positional
parameter in turn, and the expansion is the resultant list.
If <var>parameter</var>
array in turn, and the expansion is the resultant list.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>${<var>parameter</var>@<var>operator</var>}</code></dt>
+<dt><span><code>${<var>parameter</var>@<var>operator</var>}</code></span></dt>
<dd><p>The expansion is either a transformation of the value of <var>parameter</var>
or information about <var>parameter</var> itself, depending on the value of
<var>operator</var>. Each <var>operator</var> is a single letter:
</p>
<dl compact="compact">
-<dt><code>U</code></dt>
+<dt><span><code>U</code></span></dt>
<dd><p>The expansion is a string that is the value of <var>parameter</var> with lowercase
alphabetic characters converted to uppercase.
</p></dd>
-<dt><code>u</code></dt>
+<dt><span><code>u</code></span></dt>
<dd><p>The expansion is a string that is the value of <var>parameter</var> with the first
character converted to uppercase, if it is alphabetic.
</p></dd>
-<dt><code>L</code></dt>
+<dt><span><code>L</code></span></dt>
<dd><p>The expansion is a string that is the value of <var>parameter</var> with uppercase
alphabetic characters converted to lowercase.
</p></dd>
-<dt><code>Q</code></dt>
+<dt><span><code>Q</code></span></dt>
<dd><p>The expansion is a string that is the value of <var>parameter</var> quoted in a
format that can be reused as input.
</p></dd>
-<dt><code>E</code></dt>
+<dt><span><code>E</code></span></dt>
<dd><p>The expansion is a string that is the value of <var>parameter</var> with backslash
escape sequences expanded as with the <code>$'…'</code> quoting mechanism.
</p></dd>
-<dt><code>P</code></dt>
+<dt><span><code>P</code></span></dt>
<dd><p>The expansion is a string that is the result of expanding the value of
<var>parameter</var> as if it were a prompt string (see <a href="#Controlling-the-Prompt">Controlling the Prompt</a>).
</p></dd>
-<dt><code>A</code></dt>
+<dt><span><code>A</code></span></dt>
<dd><p>The expansion is a string in the form of
an assignment statement or <code>declare</code> command that, if
evaluated, will recreate <var>parameter</var> with its attributes and value.
</p></dd>
-<dt><code>K</code></dt>
+<dt><span><code>K</code></span></dt>
<dd><p>Produces a possibly-quoted version of the value of <var>parameter</var>,
except that it prints the values of
indexed and associative arrays as a sequence of quoted key-value pairs
(see <a href="#Arrays">Arrays</a>).
</p></dd>
-<dt><code>a</code></dt>
+<dt><span><code>a</code></span></dt>
<dd><p>The expansion is a string consisting of flag values representing
<var>parameter</var>’s attributes.
</p></dd>
+<dt><span><code>k</code></span></dt>
+<dd><p>Like the ‘<samp>K</samp>’ transformation, but expands the keys and values of
+indexed and associative arrays to separate words after word splitting.
+</p></dd>
</dl>
<p>If <var>parameter</var> is ‘<samp>@</samp>’ or ‘<samp>*</samp>’,
</dl>
<hr>
-<span id="Command-Substitution"></span><div class="header">
+</div>
+<div class="subsection" id="Command-Substitution">
+<div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#Arithmetic-Expansion" accesskey="n" rel="next">Arithmetic Expansion</a>, Previous: <a href="#Shell-Parameter-Expansion" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Shell Parameter Expansion</a>, Up: <a href="#Shell-Expansions" accesskey="u" rel="up">Shell Expansions</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Indexes" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
filename expansion are not performed on the results.
</p>
<hr>
-<span id="Arithmetic-Expansion"></span><div class="header">
+</div>
+<div class="subsection" id="Arithmetic-Expansion">
+<div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#Process-Substitution" accesskey="n" rel="next">Process Substitution</a>, Previous: <a href="#Command-Substitution" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Command Substitution</a>, Up: <a href="#Shell-Expansions" accesskey="u" rel="up">Shell Expansions</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Indexes" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<pre class="example">$(( <var>expression</var> ))
</pre></div>
-<p>The expression is treated as if it were within double quotes, but
-a double quote inside the parentheses is not treated specially.
+<p>The <var>expression</var> undergoes the same expansions
+as if it were within double quotes,
+but double quote characters in <var>expression</var> are not treated specially
+and are removed.
All tokens in the expression undergo parameter and variable expansion,
command substitution, and quote removal.
The result is treated as the arithmetic expression to be evaluated.
failure to the standard error and no substitution occurs.
</p>
<hr>
-<span id="Process-Substitution"></span><div class="header">
+</div>
+<div class="subsection" id="Process-Substitution">
+<div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#Word-Splitting" accesskey="n" rel="next">Word Splitting</a>, Previous: <a href="#Arithmetic-Expansion" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Arithmetic Expansion</a>, Up: <a href="#Shell-Expansions" accesskey="u" rel="up">Shell Expansions</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Indexes" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
expansion.
</p>
<hr>
-<span id="Word-Splitting"></span><div class="header">
+</div>
+<div class="subsection" id="Word-Splitting">
+<div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#Filename-Expansion" accesskey="n" rel="next">Filename Expansion</a>, Previous: <a href="#Process-Substitution" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Process Substitution</a>, Up: <a href="#Shell-Expansions" accesskey="u" rel="up">Shell Expansions</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Indexes" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
is performed.
</p>
<hr>
-<span id="Filename-Expansion"></span><div class="header">
+</div>
+<div class="subsection" id="Filename-Expansion">
+<div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#Quote-Removal" accesskey="n" rel="next">Quote Removal</a>, Previous: <a href="#Word-Splitting" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Word Splitting</a>, Up: <a href="#Shell-Expansions" accesskey="u" rel="up">Shell Expansions</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Indexes" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<span id="Filename-Expansion-1"></span><h4 class="subsection">3.5.8 Filename Expansion</h4>
-<table class="menu" border="0" cellspacing="0">
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#Pattern-Matching" accesskey="1">Pattern Matching</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">How the shell matches patterns.
-</td></tr>
-</table>
<span id="index-expansion_002c-filename"></span>
<span id="index-expansion_002c-pathname"></span>
<span id="index-filename-expansion"></span>
<p>When a pattern is used for filename expansion, the character ‘<samp>.</samp>’
at the start of a filename or immediately following a slash
must be matched explicitly, unless the shell option <code>dotglob</code> is set.
-The filenames ‘<samp>.</samp>’ and ‘<samp>..</samp>’ must always be matched explicitly,
+In order to match the filenames ‘<samp>.</samp>’ and ‘<samp>..</samp>’,
+the pattern must begin with ‘<samp>.</samp>’ (for example, ‘<samp>.?</samp>’),
even if <code>dotglob</code> is set.
-In other cases, the ‘<samp>.</samp>’ character is not treated specially.
+When not matching filenames, the ‘<samp>.</samp>’ character is not treated specially.
</p>
<p>When matching a filename, the slash character must always be
matched explicitly by a slash in the pattern, but in other matching
The <code>dotglob</code> option is disabled when <code>GLOBIGNORE</code>
is unset.
</p>
+<ul class="section-toc">
+<li><a href="#Pattern-Matching" accesskey="1">Pattern Matching</a></li>
+</ul>
<hr>
-<span id="Pattern-Matching"></span><div class="header">
+<div class="subsubsection" id="Pattern-Matching">
+<div class="header">
<p>
Up: <a href="#Filename-Expansion" accesskey="u" rel="up">Filename Expansion</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Indexes" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
</p>
<p>The special pattern characters have the following meanings:
</p><dl compact="compact">
-<dt><code>*</code></dt>
+<dt><span><code>*</code></span></dt>
<dd><p>Matches any string, including the null string.
When the <code>globstar</code> shell option is enabled, and ‘<samp>*</samp>’ is used in
a filename expansion context, two adjacent ‘<samp>*</samp>’s used as a single
If followed by a ‘<samp>/</samp>’, two adjacent ‘<samp>*</samp>’s will match only
directories and subdirectories.
</p></dd>
-<dt><code>?</code></dt>
+<dt><span><code>?</code></span></dt>
<dd><p>Matches any single character.
</p></dd>
-<dt><code>[…]</code></dt>
+<dt><span><code>[…]</code></span></dt>
<dd><p>Matches any one of the enclosed characters. A pair of characters
separated by a hyphen denotes a <var>range expression</var>;
any character that falls between those two characters, inclusive,
<code>LC_ALL</code> environment variable to the value ‘<samp>C</samp>’, or enable the
<code>globasciiranges</code> shell option.
</p>
-<p>Within ‘<samp>[</samp>’ and ‘<samp>]</samp>’, <var>character classes</var> can be specified
+<p>Within ‘<samp>[</samp>’ and ‘<samp>]</samp>’, <em>character classes</em> can be specified
using the syntax
<code>[:</code><var>class</var><code>:]</code>, where <var>class</var> is one of the
following classes defined in the <small>POSIX</small> standard:
The <code>word</code> character class matches letters, digits, and the character
‘<samp>_</samp>’.
</p>
-<p>Within ‘<samp>[</samp>’ and ‘<samp>]</samp>’, an <var>equivalence class</var> can be
+<p>Within ‘<samp>[</samp>’ and ‘<samp>]</samp>’, an <em>equivalence class</em> can be
specified using the syntax <code>[=</code><var>c</var><code>=]</code>, which
matches all characters with the same collation weight (as defined
by the current locale) as the character <var>c</var>.
</dl>
<p>If the <code>extglob</code> shell option is enabled using the <code>shopt</code>
-builtin, several extended pattern matching operators are recognized.
+builtin, the shell recognizes several extended pattern matching operators.
In the following description, a <var>pattern-list</var> is a list of one
or more patterns separated by a ‘<samp>|</samp>’.
+When matching filenames, the <code>dotglob</code> shell option determines
+the set of filenames that are tested, as described above.
Composite patterns may be formed using one or more of the following
sub-patterns:
</p>
<dl compact="compact">
-<dt><code>?(<var>pattern-list</var>)</code></dt>
+<dt><span><code>?(<var>pattern-list</var>)</code></span></dt>
<dd><p>Matches zero or one occurrence of the given patterns.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>*(<var>pattern-list</var>)</code></dt>
+<dt><span><code>*(<var>pattern-list</var>)</code></span></dt>
<dd><p>Matches zero or more occurrences of the given patterns.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>+(<var>pattern-list</var>)</code></dt>
+<dt><span><code>+(<var>pattern-list</var>)</code></span></dt>
<dd><p>Matches one or more occurrences of the given patterns.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>@(<var>pattern-list</var>)</code></dt>
+<dt><span><code>@(<var>pattern-list</var>)</code></span></dt>
<dd><p>Matches one of the given patterns.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>!(<var>pattern-list</var>)</code></dt>
+<dt><span><code>!(<var>pattern-list</var>)</code></span></dt>
<dd><p>Matches anything except one of the given patterns.
</p></dd>
</dl>
+<p>When matching filenames, the <code>dotglob</code> shell option determines
+the set of filenames that are tested:
+when <code>dotglob</code> is enabled, the set of filenames includes all files
+beginning with ‘<samp>.</samp>’, but the filenames
+‘<samp>.</samp>’ and ‘<samp>..</samp>’ must be matched by a
+pattern or sub-pattern that begins with a dot;
+when it is disabled, the set does not
+include any filenames beginning with “.” unless the pattern
+or sub-pattern begins with a ‘<samp>.</samp>’.
+As above, ‘<samp>.</samp>’ only has a special meaning when matching filenames.
+</p>
<p>Complicated extended pattern matching against long strings is slow,
especially when the patterns contain alternations and the strings
contain multiple matches.
strings instead of a single long string, may be faster.
</p>
<hr>
-<span id="Quote-Removal"></span><div class="header">
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="subsection" id="Quote-Removal">
+<div class="header">
<p>
Previous: <a href="#Filename-Expansion" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Filename Expansion</a>, Up: <a href="#Shell-Expansions" accesskey="u" rel="up">Shell Expansions</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Indexes" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
result from one of the above expansions are removed.
</p>
<hr>
-<span id="Redirections"></span><div class="header">
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="Redirections">
+<div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#Executing-Commands" accesskey="n" rel="next">Executing Commands</a>, Previous: <a href="#Shell-Expansions" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Shell Expansions</a>, Up: <a href="#Basic-Shell-Features" accesskey="u" rel="up">Basic Shell Features</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Indexes" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<span id="index-redirection"></span>
<p>Before a command is executed, its input and output
-may be <var>redirected</var>
+may be <em>redirected</em>
using a special notation interpreted by the shell.
-Redirection allows commands’ file handles to be
+<em>Redirection</em> allows commands’ file handles to be
duplicated, opened, closed,
made to refer to different files,
and can change the files the command reads from and writes to.
If {<var>varname</var>} is supplied, the redirection persists beyond
the scope of the command, allowing the shell programmer to manage
the file descriptor’s lifetime manually.
+The <code>varredir_close</code> shell option manages this behavior
+(see <a href="#The-Shopt-Builtin">The Shopt Builtin</a>).
</p>
<p>In the following descriptions, if the file descriptor number is
omitted, and the first character of the redirection operator is
internally with the behavior described below.
</p>
<dl compact="compact">
-<dt><code>/dev/fd/<var>fd</var></code></dt>
+<dt><span><code>/dev/fd/<var>fd</var></code></span></dt>
<dd><p>If <var>fd</var> is a valid integer, file descriptor <var>fd</var> is duplicated.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>/dev/stdin</code></dt>
+<dt><span><code>/dev/stdin</code></span></dt>
<dd><p>File descriptor 0 is duplicated.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>/dev/stdout</code></dt>
+<dt><span><code>/dev/stdout</code></span></dt>
<dd><p>File descriptor 1 is duplicated.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>/dev/stderr</code></dt>
+<dt><span><code>/dev/stderr</code></span></dt>
<dd><p>File descriptor 2 is duplicated.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>/dev/tcp/<var>host</var>/<var>port</var></code></dt>
+<dt><span><code>/dev/tcp/<var>host</var>/<var>port</var></code></span></dt>
<dd><p>If <var>host</var> is a valid hostname or Internet address, and <var>port</var>
is an integer port number or service name, Bash attempts to open
the corresponding TCP socket.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>/dev/udp/<var>host</var>/<var>port</var></code></dt>
+<dt><span><code>/dev/udp/<var>host</var>/<var>port</var></code></span></dt>
<dd><p>If <var>host</var> is a valid hostname or Internet address, and <var>port</var>
is an integer port number or service name, Bash attempts to open
the corresponding UDP socket.
care, as they may conflict with file descriptors the shell uses
internally.
</p>
-<span id="Redirecting-Input"></span><h4 class="subsection">3.6.1 Redirecting Input</h4>
+<ul class="section-toc">
+<li><a href="#Redirecting-Input" accesskey="1">Redirecting Input</a></li>
+<li><a href="#Redirecting-Output" accesskey="2">Redirecting Output</a></li>
+<li><a href="#Appending-Redirected-Output" accesskey="3">Appending Redirected Output</a></li>
+<li><a href="#Redirecting-Standard-Output-and-Standard-Error" accesskey="4">Redirecting Standard Output and Standard Error</a></li>
+<li><a href="#Appending-Standard-Output-and-Standard-Error" accesskey="5">Appending Standard Output and Standard Error</a></li>
+<li><a href="#Here-Documents" accesskey="6">Here Documents</a></li>
+<li><a href="#Here-Strings" accesskey="7">Here Strings</a></li>
+<li><a href="#Duplicating-File-Descriptors" accesskey="8">Duplicating File Descriptors</a></li>
+<li><a href="#Moving-File-Descriptors" accesskey="9">Moving File Descriptors</a></li>
+<li><a href="#Opening-File-Descriptors-for-Reading-and-Writing">Opening File Descriptors for Reading and Writing</a></li>
+</ul>
+<div class="subsection" id="Redirecting-Input">
+<h4 class="subsection">3.6.1 Redirecting Input</h4>
<p>Redirection of input causes the file whose name results from
the expansion of <var>word</var>
to be opened for reading on file descriptor <code>n</code>,
<pre class="example">[<var>n</var>]<<var>word</var>
</pre></div>
-<span id="Redirecting-Output"></span><h4 class="subsection">3.6.2 Redirecting Output</h4>
+</div>
+<div class="subsection" id="Redirecting-Output">
+<h4 class="subsection">3.6.2 Redirecting Output</h4>
<p>Redirection of output causes the file whose name results from
the expansion of <var>word</var>
to be opened for writing on file descriptor <var>n</var>,
‘<samp>></samp>’ and the <code>noclobber</code> option is not enabled, the redirection
is attempted even if the file named by <var>word</var> exists.
</p>
-<span id="Appending-Redirected-Output"></span><h4 class="subsection">3.6.3 Appending Redirected Output</h4>
+</div>
+<div class="subsection" id="Appending-Redirected-Output">
+<h4 class="subsection">3.6.3 Appending Redirected Output</h4>
<p>Redirection of output in this fashion
causes the file whose name results from
the expansion of <var>word</var>
<pre class="example">[<var>n</var>]>><var>word</var>
</pre></div>
-<span id="Redirecting-Standard-Output-and-Standard-Error"></span><h4 class="subsection">3.6.4 Redirecting Standard Output and Standard Error</h4>
+</div>
+<div class="subsection" id="Redirecting-Standard-Output-and-Standard-Error">
+<h4 class="subsection">3.6.4 Redirecting Standard Output and Standard Error</h4>
<p>This construct allows both the
standard output (file descriptor 1) and
the standard error output (file descriptor 2)
‘<samp>-</samp>’. If it does, other redirection operators apply
(see Duplicating File Descriptors below) for compatibility reasons.
</p>
-<span id="Appending-Standard-Output-and-Standard-Error"></span><h4 class="subsection">3.6.5 Appending Standard Output and Standard Error</h4>
+</div>
+<div class="subsection" id="Appending-Standard-Output-and-Standard-Error">
+<h4 class="subsection">3.6.5 Appending Standard Output and Standard Error</h4>
<p>This construct allows both the
standard output (file descriptor 1) and
the standard error output (file descriptor 2)
</pre></div>
<p>(see Duplicating File Descriptors below).
</p>
-<span id="Here-Documents"></span><h4 class="subsection">3.6.6 Here Documents</h4>
+</div>
+<div class="subsection" id="Here-Documents">
+<h4 class="subsection">3.6.6 Here Documents</h4>
<p>This type of redirection instructs the shell to read input from the
current source until a line containing only <var>word</var>
(with no trailing blanks) is seen. All of
This allows here-documents within shell scripts to be indented in a
natural fashion.
</p>
-<span id="Here-Strings"></span><h4 class="subsection">3.6.7 Here Strings</h4>
+</div>
+<div class="subsection" id="Here-Strings">
+<h4 class="subsection">3.6.7 Here Strings</h4>
<p>A variant of here documents, the format is:
</p><div class="example">
<pre class="example">[<var>n</var>]<<< <var>word</var>
to the command on its
standard input (or file descriptor <var>n</var> if <var>n</var> is specified).
</p>
-<span id="Duplicating-File-Descriptors"></span><h4 class="subsection">3.6.8 Duplicating File Descriptors</h4>
+</div>
+<div class="subsection" id="Duplicating-File-Descriptors">
+<h4 class="subsection">3.6.8 Duplicating File Descriptors</h4>
<p>The redirection operator
</p><div class="example">
<pre class="example">[<var>n</var>]<&<var>word</var>
expand to one or more digits or ‘<samp>-</samp>’, the standard output and standard
error are redirected as described previously.
</p>
-<span id="Moving-File-Descriptors"></span><h4 class="subsection">3.6.9 Moving File Descriptors</h4>
+</div>
+<div class="subsection" id="Moving-File-Descriptors">
+<h4 class="subsection">3.6.9 Moving File Descriptors</h4>
<p>The redirection operator
</p><div class="example">
<pre class="example">[<var>n</var>]<&<var>digit</var>-
<p>moves the file descriptor <var>digit</var> to file descriptor <var>n</var>,
or the standard output (file descriptor 1) if <var>n</var> is not specified.
</p>
-<span id="Opening-File-Descriptors-for-Reading-and-Writing"></span><h4 class="subsection">3.6.10 Opening File Descriptors for Reading and Writing</h4>
+</div>
+<div class="subsection" id="Opening-File-Descriptors-for-Reading-and-Writing">
+<h4 class="subsection">3.6.10 Opening File Descriptors for Reading and Writing</h4>
<p>The redirection operator
</p><div class="example">
<pre class="example">[<var>n</var>]<><var>word</var>
is not specified. If the file does not exist, it is created.
</p>
<hr>
-<span id="Executing-Commands"></span><div class="header">
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="Executing-Commands">
+<div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#Shell-Scripts" accesskey="n" rel="next">Shell Scripts</a>, Previous: <a href="#Redirections" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Redirections</a>, Up: <a href="#Basic-Shell-Features" accesskey="u" rel="up">Basic Shell Features</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Indexes" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<span id="Executing-Commands-1"></span><h3 class="section">3.7 Executing Commands</h3>
-<table class="menu" border="0" cellspacing="0">
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#Simple-Command-Expansion" accesskey="1">Simple Command Expansion</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">How Bash expands simple commands before
- executing them.
-</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#Command-Search-and-Execution" accesskey="2">Command Search and Execution</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">How Bash finds commands and runs them.
-</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#Command-Execution-Environment" accesskey="3">Command Execution Environment</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">The environment in which Bash
- executes commands that are not
- shell builtins.
-</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#Environment" accesskey="4">Environment</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">The environment given to a command.
-</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#Exit-Status" accesskey="5">Exit Status</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">The status returned by commands and how Bash
- interprets it.
-</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#Signals" accesskey="6">Signals</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">What happens when Bash or a command it runs
- receives a signal.
-</td></tr>
-</table>
+<ul class="section-toc">
+<li><a href="#Simple-Command-Expansion" accesskey="1">Simple Command Expansion</a></li>
+<li><a href="#Command-Search-and-Execution" accesskey="2">Command Search and Execution</a></li>
+<li><a href="#Command-Execution-Environment" accesskey="3">Command Execution Environment</a></li>
+<li><a href="#Environment" accesskey="4">Environment</a></li>
+<li><a href="#Exit-Status" accesskey="5">Exit Status</a></li>
+<li><a href="#Signals" accesskey="6">Signals</a></li>
+</ul>
<hr>
-<span id="Simple-Command-Expansion"></span><div class="header">
+<div class="subsection" id="Simple-Command-Expansion">
+<div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#Command-Search-and-Execution" accesskey="n" rel="next">Command Search and Execution</a>, Up: <a href="#Executing-Commands" accesskey="u" rel="up">Executing Commands</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Indexes" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
</li></ol>
<p>If no command name results, the variable assignments affect the current
-shell environment. Otherwise, the variables are added to the environment
+shell environment.
+In the case of such a command (one that consists only of assignment
+statements and redirections), assignment statements are performed before
+redirections.
+Otherwise, the variables are added to the environment
of the executed command and do not affect the current shell environment.
If any of the assignments attempts to assign a value to a readonly variable,
an error occurs, and the command exits with a non-zero status.
were no command substitutions, the command exits with a status of zero.
</p>
<hr>
-<span id="Command-Search-and-Execution"></span><div class="header">
+</div>
+<div class="subsection" id="Command-Search-and-Execution">
+<div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#Command-Execution-Environment" accesskey="n" rel="next">Command Execution Environment</a>, Previous: <a href="#Simple-Command-Expansion" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Simple Command Expansion</a>, Up: <a href="#Executing-Commands" accesskey="u" rel="up">Executing Commands</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Indexes" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
</li><li> If this execution fails because the file is not in executable
format, and the file is not a directory, it is assumed to be a
-<var>shell script</var> and the shell executes it as described in
+<em>shell script</em> and the shell executes it as described in
<a href="#Shell-Scripts">Shell Scripts</a>.
</li><li> If the command was not begun asynchronously, the shell waits for
</li></ol>
<hr>
-<span id="Command-Execution-Environment"></span><div class="header">
+</div>
+<div class="subsection" id="Command-Execution-Environment">
+<div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#Environment" accesskey="n" rel="next">Environment</a>, Previous: <a href="#Command-Search-and-Execution" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Command Search and Execution</a>, Up: <a href="#Executing-Commands" accesskey="u" rel="up">Executing Commands</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Indexes" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<span id="Command-Execution-Environment-1"></span><h4 class="subsection">3.7.3 Command Execution Environment</h4>
<span id="index-execution-environment"></span>
-<p>The shell has an <var>execution environment</var>, which consists of the
+<p>The shell has an <em>execution environment</em>, which consists of the
following:
</p>
<ul>
</li><li> shell aliases defined with <code>alias</code> (see <a href="#Aliases">Aliases</a>)
</li><li> various process <small>ID</small>s, including those of background jobs
-(see <a href="#Lists">Lists</a>), the value of <code>$$</code>, and the value of
+(see <a href="#Lists">Lists of Commands</a>), the value of <code>$$</code>, and the value of
<code>$PPID</code>
</li></ul>
<p>A command invoked in this separate environment cannot affect the
shell’s execution environment.
</p>
+<p>A <em>subshell</em> is a copy of the shell process.
+</p>
<p>Command substitution, commands grouped with parentheses,
and asynchronous commands are invoked in a
subshell environment that is a duplicate of the shell environment,
shell as modified by redirections.
</p>
<hr>
-<span id="Environment"></span><div class="header">
+</div>
+<div class="subsection" id="Environment">
+<div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#Exit-Status" accesskey="n" rel="next">Exit Status</a>, Previous: <a href="#Command-Execution-Environment" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Command Execution Environment</a>, Up: <a href="#Executing-Commands" accesskey="u" rel="up">Executing Commands</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Indexes" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<span id="index-environment"></span>
<p>When a program is invoked it is given an array of strings
-called the <var>environment</var>.
+called the <em>environment</em>.
This is a list of name-value pairs, of the form <code>name=value</code>.
</p>
<p>Bash provides several ways to manipulate the environment.
On invocation, the shell scans its own environment and
creates a parameter for each name found, automatically marking
-it for <var>export</var>
+it for <code>export</code>
to child processes. Executed commands inherit the environment.
The <code>export</code> and ‘<samp>declare -x</samp>’
commands allow parameters and functions to be added to and
command in its environment.
</p>
<hr>
-<span id="Exit-Status"></span><div class="header">
+</div>
+<div class="subsection" id="Exit-Status">
+<div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#Signals" accesskey="n" rel="next">Signals</a>, Previous: <a href="#Environment" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Environment</a>, Up: <a href="#Executing-Commands" accesskey="u" rel="up">Executing Commands</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Indexes" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<span id="index-exit-status-1"></span>
<p>The exit status of an executed command is the value returned by the
-<var>waitpid</var> system call or equivalent function. Exit statuses
+<code>waitpid</code> system call or equivalent function. Exit statuses
fall between 0 and 255, though, as explained below, the shell may
use values above 125 specially. Exit statuses from shell builtins and
compound commands are also limited to this range. Under certain
</p>
<p>The exit status is used by the Bash conditional commands
(see <a href="#Conditional-Constructs">Conditional Constructs</a>) and some of the list
-constructs (see <a href="#Lists">Lists</a>).
+constructs (see <a href="#Lists">Lists of Commands</a>).
</p>
<p>All of the Bash builtins return an exit status of zero if they succeed
and a non-zero status on failure, so they may be used by the
All builtins return an exit status of 2 to indicate incorrect usage,
generally invalid options or missing arguments.
</p>
+<p>The exit status of the last command is available in the special
+parameter $? (see <a href="#Special-Parameters">Special Parameters</a>).
+</p>
<hr>
-<span id="Signals"></span><div class="header">
+</div>
+<div class="subsection" id="Signals">
+<div class="header">
<p>
Previous: <a href="#Exit-Status" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Exit Status</a>, Up: <a href="#Executing-Commands" accesskey="u" rel="up">Executing Commands</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Indexes" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
immediately with an exit status greater than 128, immediately after
which the trap is executed.
</p>
+<p>When job control is not enabled, and Bash is waiting for a foreground
+command to complete, the shell receives keyboard-generated signals
+such as <code>SIGINT</code> (usually generated by ‘<samp>^C</samp>’) that users
+commonly intend to send to that command.
+This happens because the shell and the command are in the same process
+group as the terminal, and ‘<samp>^C</samp>’ sends <code>SIGINT</code> to all processes
+in that process group.
+See <a href="#Job-Control">Job Control</a>, for a more in-depth discussion of process groups.
+</p>
+<p>When Bash is running without job control enabled and receives <code>SIGINT</code>
+while waiting for a foreground command, it waits until that foreground
+command terminates and then decides what to do about the <code>SIGINT</code>:
+</p>
+<ol>
+<li> If the command terminates due to the <code>SIGINT</code>, Bash concludes
+that the user meant to end the entire script, and acts on the
+<code>SIGINT</code> (e.g., by running a <code>SIGINT</code> trap or exiting itself);
+
+</li><li> If the pipeline does not terminate due to <code>SIGINT</code>, the program
+handled the <code>SIGINT</code> itself and did not treat it as a fatal signal.
+In that case, Bash does not treat <code>SIGINT</code> as a fatal signal,
+either, instead assuming that the <code>SIGINT</code> was used as part of the
+program’s normal operation (e.g., <code>emacs</code> uses it to abort editing
+commands) or deliberately discarded. However, Bash will run any
+trap set on <code>SIGINT</code>, as it does with any other trapped signal it
+receives while it is waiting for the foreground command to
+complete, for compatibility.
+</li></ol>
+
<hr>
-<span id="Shell-Scripts"></span><div class="header">
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="Shell-Scripts">
+<div class="header">
<p>
Previous: <a href="#Executing-Commands" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Executing Commands</a>, Up: <a href="#Basic-Shell-Features" accesskey="u" rel="up">Basic Shell Features</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Indexes" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
</p>
<p>A shell script may be made executable by using the <code>chmod</code> command
to turn on the execute bit. When Bash finds such a file while
-searching the <code>$PATH</code> for a command, it spawns a subshell to
-execute it. In other words, executing
+searching the <code>$PATH</code> for a command, it creates a
+new instance of itself
+to execute it.
+In other words, executing
</p><div class="example">
<pre class="example">filename <var>arguments</var>
</pre></div>
in <code>$PATH</code>.
</p>
<hr>
-<span id="Shell-Builtin-Commands"></span><div class="header">
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="chapter" id="Shell-Builtin-Commands">
+<div class="header">
<p>
-Next: <a href="#Shell-Variables" accesskey="n" rel="next">Shell Variables</a>, Previous: <a href="#Basic-Shell-Features" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Basic Shell Features</a>, Up: <a href="#Top" accesskey="u" rel="up">
Top</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Indexes" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+Next: <a href="#Shell-Variables" accesskey="n" rel="next">Shell Variables</a>, Previous: <a href="#Basic-Shell-Features" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Basic Shell Features</a>, Up: <a href="#Top" accesskey="u" rel="up">
Bash Features</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Indexes" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<span id="Shell-Builtin-Commands-1"></span><h2 class="chapter">4 Shell Builtin Commands</h2>
-<table class="menu" border="0" cellspacing="0">
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#Bourne-Shell-Builtins" accesskey="1">Bourne Shell Builtins</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Builtin commands inherited from the Bourne
- Shell.
-</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#Bash-Builtins" accesskey="2">Bash Builtins</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Table of builtins specific to Bash.
-</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#Modifying-Shell-Behavior" accesskey="3">Modifying Shell Behavior</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Builtins to modify shell attributes and
- optional behavior.
-</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#Special-Builtins" accesskey="4">Special Builtins</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Builtin commands classified specially by
- POSIX.
-</td></tr>
-</table>
<p>Builtin commands are contained within the shell itself.
When the name of a builtin command is used as the first word of
options interpret arguments beginning with ‘<samp>-</samp>’ as invalid options and
require ‘<samp>--</samp>’ to prevent this interpretation.
</p>
+<ul class="section-toc">
+<li><a href="#Bourne-Shell-Builtins" accesskey="1">Bourne Shell Builtins</a></li>
+<li><a href="#Bash-Builtins" accesskey="2">Bash Builtin Commands</a></li>
+<li><a href="#Modifying-Shell-Behavior" accesskey="3">Modifying Shell Behavior</a></li>
+<li><a href="#Special-Builtins" accesskey="4">Special Builtins</a></li>
+</ul>
<hr>
-<span id="Bourne-Shell-Builtins"></span><div class="header">
+<div class="section" id="Bourne-Shell-Builtins">
+<div class="header">
<p>
-Next: <a href="#Bash-Builtins" accesskey="n" rel="next">Bash Builtins</a>, Up: <a href="#Shell-Builtin-Commands" accesskey="u" rel="up">Shell Builtin Commands</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Indexes" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+Next: <a href="#Bash-Builtins" accesskey="n" rel="next">Bash Builtin
Commands</a>, Up: <a href="#Shell-Builtin-Commands" accesskey="u" rel="up">Shell Builtin Commands</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Indexes" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<span id="Bourne-Shell-Builtins-1"></span><h3 class="section">4.1 Bourne Shell Builtins</h3>
These commands are implemented as specified by the <small>POSIX</small> standard.
</p>
<dl compact="compact">
-<dt><code>: <span class="roman">(a colon)</span></code></dt>
-<dd><span id="index-_003a"></span>
-<div class="example">
+<dt id='index-_003a'><span><code>: <span class="roman">(a colon)</span></code><a href='#index-_003a' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt>
+<dd><div class="example">
<pre class="example">: [<var>arguments</var>]
</pre></div>
The return status is zero.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>. <span class="roman">(a period)</span></code></dt>
-<dd><span id="index-_002e"></span>
-<div class="example">
+<dt id='index-_002e'><span><code>. <span class="roman">(a period)</span></code><a href='#index-_002e' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt>
+<dd><div class="example">
<pre class="example">. <var>filename</var> [<var>arguments</var>]
</pre></div>
<p>Read and execute commands from the <var>filename</var> argument in the
current shell context. If <var>filename</var> does not contain a slash,
-the <code>PATH</code> variable is used to find <var>filename</var>.
+the <code>PATH</code> variable is used to find <var>filename</var>,
+but <var>filename</var> does not need to be executable.
When Bash is not in <small>POSIX</small> mode, the current directory is searched
if <var>filename</var> is not found in <code>$PATH</code>.
If any <var>arguments</var> are supplied, they become the positional
parameters when <var>filename</var> is executed. Otherwise the positional
parameters are unchanged.
-If the <samp>-T</samp> option is enabled, <code>source</code> inherits any trap on
+If the <samp>-T</samp> option is enabled, <code>.</code> inherits any trap on
<code>DEBUG</code>; if it is not, any <code>DEBUG</code> trap string is saved and
-restored around the call to <code>source</code>, and <code>source</code> unsets the
+restored around the call to <code>.</code>, and <code>.</code> unsets the
<code>DEBUG</code> trap while it executes.
If <samp>-T</samp> is not set, and the sourced file changes
-the <code>DEBUG</code> trap, the new value is retained when <code>source</code> completes.
+the <code>DEBUG</code> trap, the new value is retained when <code>.</code> completes.
The return status is the exit status of the last command executed, or
zero if no commands are executed. If <var>filename</var> is not found, or
cannot be read, the return status is non-zero.
This builtin is equivalent to <code>source</code>.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>break</code></dt>
-<dd><span id="index-break"></span>
-<div class="example">
+<dt id='index-break'><span><code>break</code><a href='#index-break' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt>
+<dd><div class="example">
<pre class="example">break [<var>n</var>]
</pre></div>
The return status is zero unless <var>n</var> is not greater than or equal to 1.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>cd</code></dt>
-<dd><span id="index-cd"></span>
-<div class="example">
+<dt id='index-cd'><span><code>cd</code><a href='#index-cd' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt>
+<dd><div class="example">
<pre class="example">cd [-L|[-P [-e]] [-@] [<var>directory</var>]
</pre></div>
<p>Change the current working directory to <var>directory</var>.
If <var>directory</var> is not supplied, the value of the <code>HOME</code>
shell variable is used.
-Any additional arguments following <var>directory</var> are ignored.
If the shell variable
<code>CDPATH</code> exists, it is used as a search path:
each directory name in <code>CDPATH</code> is searched for
successful, the absolute pathname of the new working directory is
written to the standard output.
</p>
+<p>If the directory change is successful, <code>cd</code> sets the value of the
+<code>PWD</code> environment variable to the new directory name, and sets the
+<code>OLDPWD</code> environment variable to the value of the current working
+directory before the change.
+</p>
<p>The return status is zero if the directory is successfully changed,
non-zero otherwise.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>continue</code></dt>
-<dd><span id="index-continue"></span>
-<div class="example">
+<dt id='index-continue'><span><code>continue</code><a href='#index-continue' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt>
+<dd><div class="example">
<pre class="example">continue [<var>n</var>]
</pre></div>
The return status is zero unless <var>n</var> is not greater than or equal to 1.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>eval</code></dt>
-<dd><span id="index-eval"></span>
-<div class="example">
+<dt id='index-eval'><span><code>eval</code><a href='#index-eval' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt>
+<dd><div class="example">
<pre class="example">eval [<var>arguments</var>]
</pre></div>
zero.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>exec</code></dt>
-<dd><span id="index-exec"></span>
-<div class="example">
+<dt id='index-exec'><span><code>exec</code><a href='#index-exec' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt>
+<dd><div class="example">
<pre class="example">exec [-cl] [-a <var>name</var>] [<var>command</var> [<var>arguments</var>]]
</pre></div>
return status is zero; otherwise the return status is non-zero.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>exit</code></dt>
-<dd><span id="index-exit"></span>
-<div class="example">
+<dt id='index-exit'><span><code>exit</code><a href='#index-exit' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt>
+<dd><div class="example">
<pre class="example">exit [<var>n</var>]
</pre></div>
Any trap on <code>EXIT</code> is executed before the shell terminates.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>export</code></dt>
-<dd><span id="index-export"></span>
-<div class="example">
+<dt id='index-export'><span><code>export</code><a href='#index-export' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt>
+<dd><div class="example">
<pre class="example">export [-fn] [-p] [<var>name</var>[=<var>value</var>]]
</pre></div>
in the environment. If the <samp>-f</samp> option is supplied, the <var>name</var>s
refer to shell functions; otherwise the names refer to shell variables.
The <samp>-n</samp> option means to no longer mark each <var>name</var> for export.
-If no <var>names</var> are supplied, or if the <samp>-p</samp> option is given, a
+If no <var>name</var>s are supplied, or if the <samp>-p</samp> option is given, a
list of names of all exported variables is displayed.
The <samp>-p</samp> option displays output in a form that may be reused as input.
If a variable name is followed by =<var>value</var>, the value of
with a name that is not a shell function.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>getopts</code></dt>
-<dd><span id="index-getopts"></span>
-<div class="example">
+<dt id='index-getopts'><span><code>getopts</code><a href='#index-getopts' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt>
+<dd><div class="example">
<pre class="example">getopts <var>optstring</var> <var>name</var> [<var>arg</var> …]
</pre></div>
<var>name</var> and <code>OPTARG</code> is set to the option character found.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>hash</code></dt>
-<dd><span id="index-hash"></span>
-<div class="example">
+<dt id='index-hash'><span><code>hash</code><a href='#index-hash' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt>
+<dd><div class="example">
<pre class="example">hash [-r] [-p <var>filename</var>] [-dt] [<var>name</var>]
</pre></div>
option is supplied.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>pwd</code></dt>
-<dd><span id="index-pwd"></span>
-<div class="example">
+<dt id='index-pwd'><span><code>pwd</code><a href='#index-pwd' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt>
+<dd><div class="example">
<pre class="example">pwd [-LP]
</pre></div>
is supplied.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>readonly</code></dt>
-<dd><span id="index-readonly"></span>
-<div class="example">
+<dt id='index-readonly'><span><code>readonly</code><a href='#index-readonly' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt>
+<dd><div class="example">
<pre class="example">readonly [-aAf] [-p] [<var>name</var>[=<var>value</var>]] …
</pre></div>
or the <samp>-f</samp> option is supplied with a name that is not a shell function.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>return</code></dt>
-<dd><span id="index-return"></span>
-<div class="example">
+<dt id='index-return'><span><code>return</code><a href='#index-return' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt>
+<dd><div class="example">
<pre class="example">return [<var>n</var>]
</pre></div>
and not during the execution of a script by <code>.</code> or <code>source</code>.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>shift</code></dt>
-<dd><span id="index-shift"></span>
-<div class="example">
+<dt id='index-shift'><span><code>shift</code><a href='#index-shift' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt>
+<dd><div class="example">
<pre class="example">shift [<var>n</var>]
</pre></div>
less than zero, non-zero otherwise.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>test</code></dt>
-<dt><code>[</code></dt>
-<dd><span id="index-test"></span>
-<span id="index-_005b"></span>
+<dt id='index-test'><span><code>test</code><a href='#index-test' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt>
+<dt><span><code>[</code></span></dt>
+<dd><span id="index-_005b"></span>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">test <var>expr</var>
</pre></div>
Operator precedence is used when there are five or more arguments.
</p>
<dl compact="compact">
-<dt><code>! <var>expr</var></code></dt>
+<dt><span><code>! <var>expr</var></code></span></dt>
<dd><p>True if <var>expr</var> is false.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>( <var>expr</var> )</code></dt>
+<dt><span><code>( <var>expr</var> )</code></span></dt>
<dd><p>Returns the value of <var>expr</var>.
This may be used to override the normal precedence of operators.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code><var>expr1</var> -a <var>expr2</var></code></dt>
+<dt><span><code><var>expr1</var> -a <var>expr2</var></code></span></dt>
<dd><p>True if both <var>expr1</var> and <var>expr2</var> are true.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code><var>expr1</var> -o <var>expr2</var></code></dt>
+<dt><span><code><var>expr1</var> -o <var>expr2</var></code></span></dt>
<dd><p>True if either <var>expr1</var> or <var>expr2</var> is true.
</p></dd>
</dl>
expressions using a set of rules based on the number of arguments.
</p>
<dl compact="compact">
-<dt>0 arguments</dt>
+<dt><span>0 arguments</span></dt>
<dd><p>The expression is false.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt>1 argument</dt>
+<dt><span>1 argument</span></dt>
<dd><p>The expression is true if, and only if, the argument is not null.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt>2 arguments</dt>
+<dt><span>2 arguments</span></dt>
<dd><p>If the first argument is ‘<samp>!</samp>’, the expression is true if and
only if the second argument is null.
If the first argument is one of the unary conditional operators
false.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt>3 arguments</dt>
+<dt><span>3 arguments</span></dt>
<dd><p>The following conditions are applied in the order listed.
</p>
<ol>
</li></ol>
</dd>
-<dt>4 arguments</dt>
-<dd><p>If the first argument is ‘<samp>!</samp>’, the result is the negation of
+<dt><span>4 arguments</span></dt>
+<dd><p>The following conditions are applied in the order listed.
+</p>
+<ol>
+<li> If the first argument is ‘<samp>!</samp>’, the result is the negation of
the three-argument expression composed of the remaining arguments.
-Otherwise, the expression is parsed and evaluated according to
+</li><li> If the first argument is exactly ‘<samp>(</samp>’ and the fourth argument is
+exactly ‘<samp>)</samp>’, the result is the two-argument test of the second
+and third arguments.
+</li><li> Otherwise, the expression is parsed and evaluated according to
precedence using the rules listed above.
-</p>
+</li></ol>
+
</dd>
-<dt>5 or more arguments</dt>
+<dt><span>5 or more arguments</span></dt>
<dd><p>The expression is parsed and evaluated according to precedence
using the rules listed above.
</p></dd>
operators sort lexicographically using ASCII ordering.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>times</code></dt>
-<dd><span id="index-times"></span>
-<div class="example">
+<dt id='index-times'><span><code>times</code><a href='#index-times' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt>
+<dd><div class="example">
<pre class="example">times
</pre></div>
The return status is zero.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>trap</code></dt>
-<dd><span id="index-trap"></span>
-<div class="example">
+<dt id='index-trap'><span><code>trap</code><a href='#index-trap' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt>
+<dd><div class="example">
<pre class="example">trap [-lp] [<var>arg</var>] [<var>sigspec</var> …]
</pre></div>
valid signal.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>umask</code></dt>
-<dd><span id="index-umask"></span>
-<div class="example">
+<dt id='index-umask'><span><code>umask</code><a href='#index-umask' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt>
+<dd><div class="example">
<pre class="example">umask [-p] [-S] [<var>mode</var>]
</pre></div>
results in permissions of <code>755</code>.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>unset</code></dt>
-<dd><span id="index-unset"></span>
-<div class="example">
+<dt id='index-unset'><span><code>unset</code><a href='#index-unset' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt>
+<dd><div class="example">
<pre class="example">unset [-fnv] [<var>name</var>]
</pre></div>
If the <samp>-f</samp> option is given, the <var>name</var>s refer to shell
functions, and the function definition is removed.
If the <samp>-n</samp> option is supplied, and <var>name</var> is a variable with
-the <var>nameref</var> attribute, <var>name</var> will be unset rather than the
+the <code>nameref</code> attribute, <var>name</var> will be unset rather than the
variable it references.
<samp>-n</samp> has no effect if the <samp>-f</samp> option is supplied.
If no options are supplied, each <var>name</var> refers to a variable; if
Readonly variables and functions may not be unset.
Some shell variables lose their special behavior if they are unset; such
behavior is noted in the description of the individual variables.
-The return status is zero unless a <var>name</var> is readonly.
+The return status is zero unless a <var>name</var> is readonly or may not be unset.
</p></dd>
</dl>
<hr>
-<span id="Bash-Builtins"></span><div class="header">
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="Bash-Builtins">
+<div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#Modifying-Shell-Behavior" accesskey="n" rel="next">Modifying Shell Behavior</a>, Previous: <a href="#Bourne-Shell-Builtins" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Bourne Shell Builtins</a>, Up: <a href="#Shell-Builtin-Commands" accesskey="u" rel="up">Shell Builtin Commands</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Indexes" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
Some of these commands are specified in the <small>POSIX</small> standard.
</p>
<dl compact="compact">
-<dt><code>alias</code></dt>
-<dd><span id="index-alias"></span>
-<div class="example">
+<dt id='index-alias'><span><code>alias</code><a href='#index-alias' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt>
+<dd><div class="example">
<pre class="example">alias [-p] [<var>name</var>[=<var>value</var>] …]
</pre></div>
Aliases are described in <a href="#Aliases">Aliases</a>.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>bind</code></dt>
-<dd><span id="index-bind"></span>
-<div class="example">
+<dt id='index-bind'><span><code>bind</code><a href='#index-bind' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt>
+<dd><div class="example">
<pre class="example">bind [-m <var>keymap</var>] [-lpsvPSVX]
bind [-m <var>keymap</var>] [-q <var>function</var>] [-u <var>function</var>] [-r <var>keyseq</var>]
bind [-m <var>keymap</var>] -f <var>filename</var>
bind [-m <var>keymap</var>] -x <var>keyseq:shell-command</var>
bind [-m <var>keymap</var>] <var>keyseq:function-name</var>
bind [-m <var>keymap</var>] <var>keyseq:readline-command</var>
+bind <var>readline-command-line</var>
</pre></div>
<p>Display current Readline (see <a href="#Command-Line-Editing">Command Line Editing</a>)
<p>Options, if supplied, have the following meanings:
</p>
<dl compact="compact">
-<dt><code>-m <var>keymap</var></code></dt>
+<dt><span><code>-m <var>keymap</var></code></span></dt>
<dd><p>Use <var>keymap</var> as the keymap to be affected by
the subsequent bindings. Acceptable <var>keymap</var>
names are
synonym); <code>emacs</code> is equivalent to <code>emacs-standard</code>.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>-l</code></dt>
+<dt><span><code>-l</code></span></dt>
<dd><p>List the names of all Readline functions.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>-p</code></dt>
+<dt><span><code>-p</code></span></dt>
<dd><p>Display Readline function names and bindings in such a way that they
can be used as input or in a Readline initialization file.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>-P</code></dt>
+<dt><span><code>-P</code></span></dt>
<dd><p>List current Readline function names and bindings.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>-v</code></dt>
+<dt><span><code>-v</code></span></dt>
<dd><p>Display Readline variable names and values in such a way that they
can be used as input or in a Readline initialization file.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>-V</code></dt>
+<dt><span><code>-V</code></span></dt>
<dd><p>List current Readline variable names and values.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>-s</code></dt>
+<dt><span><code>-s</code></span></dt>
<dd><p>Display Readline key sequences bound to macros and the strings they output
in such a way that they can be used as input or in a Readline
initialization file.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>-S</code></dt>
+<dt><span><code>-S</code></span></dt>
<dd><p>Display Readline key sequences bound to macros and the strings they output.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>-f <var>filename</var></code></dt>
+<dt><span><code>-f <var>filename</var></code></span></dt>
<dd><p>Read key bindings from <var>filename</var>.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>-q <var>function</var></code></dt>
+<dt><span><code>-q <var>function</var></code></span></dt>
<dd><p>Query about which keys invoke the named <var>function</var>.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>-u <var>function</var></code></dt>
+<dt><span><code>-u <var>function</var></code></span></dt>
<dd><p>Unbind all keys bound to the named <var>function</var>.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>-r <var>keyseq</var></code></dt>
+<dt><span><code>-r <var>keyseq</var></code></span></dt>
<dd><p>Remove any current binding for <var>keyseq</var>.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>-x <var>keyseq:shell-command</var></code></dt>
+<dt><span><code>-x <var>keyseq:shell-command</var></code></span></dt>
<dd><p>Cause <var>shell-command</var> to be executed whenever <var>keyseq</var> is
entered.
When <var>shell-command</var> is executed, the shell sets the
buffer and the <code>READLINE_POINT</code> and <code>READLINE_MARK</code> variables
to the current location of the insertion point and the saved insertion
point (the <var>mark</var>), respectively.
+The shell assigns any numeric argument the user supplied to the
+<code>READLINE_ARGUMENT</code> variable.
+If there was no argument, that variable is not set.
If the executed command changes the value of any of <code>READLINE_LINE</code>,
<code>READLINE_POINT</code>, or <code>READLINE_MARK</code>, those new values will be
reflected in the editing state.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>-X</code></dt>
+<dt><span><code>-X</code></span></dt>
<dd><p>List all key sequences bound to shell commands and the associated commands
in a format that can be reused as input.
</p></dd>
error occurs.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>builtin</code></dt>
-<dd><span id="index-builtin"></span>
-<div class="example">
+<dt id='index-builtin'><span><code>builtin</code><a href='#index-builtin' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt>
+<dd><div class="example">
<pre class="example">builtin [<var>shell-builtin</var> [<var>args</var>]]
</pre></div>
builtin command.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>caller</code></dt>
-<dd><span id="index-caller"></span>
-<div class="example">
+<dt id='index-caller'><span><code>caller</code><a href='#index-caller' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt>
+<dd><div class="example">
<pre class="example">caller [<var>expr</var>]
</pre></div>
call stack.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>command</code></dt>
-<dd><span id="index-command"></span>
-<div class="example">
+<dt id='index-command'><span><code>command</code><a href='#index-command' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt>
+<dd><div class="example">
<pre class="example">command [-pVv] <var>command</var> [<var>arguments</var> …]
</pre></div>
zero if <var>command</var> is found, and non-zero if not.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>declare</code></dt>
-<dd><span id="index-declare"></span>
-<div class="example">
+<dt id='index-declare'><span><code>declare</code><a href='#index-declare' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt>
+<dd><div class="example">
<pre class="example">declare [-aAfFgiIlnrtux] [-p] [<var>name</var>[=<var>value</var>] …]
</pre></div>
It is ignored in all other cases.
</p>
<p>The <samp>-I</samp> option causes local variables to inherit the attributes
-(except the <var>nameref</var> attribute)
+(except the <code>nameref</code> attribute)
and value of any existing variable with the same
<var>name</var> at a surrounding scope.
If there is no existing variable, the local variable is initially unset.
the specified attributes or to give variables attributes:
</p>
<dl compact="compact">
-<dt><code>-a</code></dt>
+<dt><span><code>-a</code></span></dt>
<dd><p>Each <var>name</var> is an indexed array variable (see <a href="#Arrays">Arrays</a>).
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>-A</code></dt>
+<dt><span><code>-A</code></span></dt>
<dd><p>Each <var>name</var> is an associative array variable (see <a href="#Arrays">Arrays</a>).
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>-f</code></dt>
+<dt><span><code>-f</code></span></dt>
<dd><p>Use function names only.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>-i</code></dt>
+<dt><span><code>-i</code></span></dt>
<dd><p>The variable is to be treated as
an integer; arithmetic evaluation (see <a href="#Shell-Arithmetic">Shell Arithmetic</a>) is
performed when the variable is assigned a value.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>-l</code></dt>
+<dt><span><code>-l</code></span></dt>
<dd><p>When the variable is assigned a value, all upper-case characters are
converted to lower-case.
The upper-case attribute is disabled.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>-n</code></dt>
-<dd><p>Give each <var>name</var> the <var>nameref</var> attribute, making
+<dt><span><code>-n</code></span></dt>
+<dd><p>Give each <var>name</var> the <code>nameref</code> attribute, making
it a name reference to another variable.
That other variable is defined by the value of <var>name</var>.
All references, assignments, and attribute modifications
The nameref attribute cannot be applied to array variables.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>-r</code></dt>
+<dt><span><code>-r</code></span></dt>
<dd><p>Make <var>name</var>s readonly. These names cannot then be assigned values
by subsequent assignment statements or unset.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>-t</code></dt>
+<dt><span><code>-t</code></span></dt>
<dd><p>Give each <var>name</var> the <code>trace</code> attribute.
Traced functions inherit the <code>DEBUG</code> and <code>RETURN</code> traps from
the calling shell.
The trace attribute has no special meaning for variables.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>-u</code></dt>
+<dt><span><code>-u</code></span></dt>
<dd><p>When the variable is assigned a value, all lower-case characters are
converted to upper-case.
The lower-case attribute is disabled.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>-x</code></dt>
+<dt><span><code>-x</code></span></dt>
<dd><p>Mark each <var>name</var> for export to subsequent commands via
the environment.
</p></dd>
an attempt is made to assign a value to a readonly variable,
an attempt is made to assign a value to an array variable without
using the compound assignment syntax (see <a href="#Arrays">Arrays</a>),
-one of the <var>names</var> is not a valid shell variable name,
+one of the <var>name</var>s is not a valid shell variable name,
an attempt is made to turn off readonly status for a readonly variable,
an attempt is made to turn off array status for an array variable,
or an attempt is made to display a non-existent function with <samp>-f</samp>.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>echo</code></dt>
-<dd><span id="index-echo"></span>
-<div class="example">
+<dt id='index-echo'><span><code>echo</code><a href='#index-echo' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt>
+<dd><div class="example">
<pre class="example">echo [-neE] [<var>arg</var> …]
</pre></div>
</p>
<p><code>echo</code> interprets the following escape sequences:
</p><dl compact="compact">
-<dt><code>\a</code></dt>
+<dt><span><code>\a</code></span></dt>
<dd><p>alert (bell)
</p></dd>
-<dt><code>\b</code></dt>
+<dt><span><code>\b</code></span></dt>
<dd><p>backspace
</p></dd>
-<dt><code>\c</code></dt>
+<dt><span><code>\c</code></span></dt>
<dd><p>suppress further output
</p></dd>
-<dt><code>\e</code></dt>
-<dt><code>\E</code></dt>
+<dt><span><code>\e</code></span></dt>
+<dt><span><code>\E</code></span></dt>
<dd><p>escape
</p></dd>
-<dt><code>\f</code></dt>
+<dt><span><code>\f</code></span></dt>
<dd><p>form feed
</p></dd>
-<dt><code>\n</code></dt>
+<dt><span><code>\n</code></span></dt>
<dd><p>new line
</p></dd>
-<dt><code>\r</code></dt>
+<dt><span><code>\r</code></span></dt>
<dd><p>carriage return
</p></dd>
-<dt><code>\t</code></dt>
+<dt><span><code>\t</code></span></dt>
<dd><p>horizontal tab
</p></dd>
-<dt><code>\v</code></dt>
+<dt><span><code>\v</code></span></dt>
<dd><p>vertical tab
</p></dd>
-<dt><code>\\</code></dt>
+<dt><span><code>\\</code></span></dt>
<dd><p>backslash
</p></dd>
-<dt><code>\0<var>nnn</var></code></dt>
+<dt><span><code>\0<var>nnn</var></code></span></dt>
<dd><p>the eight-bit character whose value is the octal value <var>nnn</var>
(zero to three octal digits)
</p></dd>
-<dt><code>\x<var>HH</var></code></dt>
+<dt><span><code>\x<var>HH</var></code></span></dt>
<dd><p>the eight-bit character whose value is the hexadecimal value <var>HH</var>
(one or two hex digits)
</p></dd>
-<dt><code>\u<var>HHHH</var></code></dt>
+<dt><span><code>\u<var>HHHH</var></code></span></dt>
<dd><p>the Unicode (ISO/IEC 10646) character whose value is the hexadecimal value
<var>HHHH</var> (one to four hex digits)
</p></dd>
-<dt><code>\U<var>HHHHHHHH</var></code></dt>
+<dt><span><code>\U<var>HHHHHHHH</var></code></span></dt>
<dd><p>the Unicode (ISO/IEC 10646) character whose value is the hexadecimal value
<var>HHHHHHHH</var> (one to eight hex digits)
</p></dd>
</dl>
</dd>
-<dt><code>enable</code></dt>
-<dd><span id="index-enable"></span>
-<div class="example">
+<dt id='index-enable'><span><code>enable</code><a href='#index-enable' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt>
+<dd><div class="example">
<pre class="example">enable [-a] [-dnps] [-f <var>filename</var>] [<var>name</var> …]
</pre></div>
</p>
<p>The <samp>-f</samp> option means to load the new builtin command <var>name</var>
from shared object <var>filename</var>, on systems that support dynamic loading.
+Bash will use the value of the <code>BASH_LOADABLES_PATH</code> variable as a
+colon-separated list of directories in which to search for <var>filename</var>.
+The default is system-dependent.
The <samp>-d</samp> option will delete a builtin loaded with <samp>-f</samp>.
</p>
<p>If there are no options, a list of the shell builtins is displayed.
builtins. If <samp>-s</samp> is used with <samp>-f</samp>, the new builtin becomes
a special builtin (see <a href="#Special-Builtins">Special Builtins</a>).
</p>
+<p>If no options are supplied and a <var>name</var> is not a shell builtin,
+<code>enable</code> will attempt to load <var>name</var> from a shared object named
+<var>name</var>, as if the command were
+‘<samp>enable -f <var>name</var> <var>name</var></samp>’.
+</p>
<p>The return status is zero unless a <var>name</var> is not a shell builtin
or there is an error loading a new builtin from a shared object.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>help</code></dt>
-<dd><span id="index-help"></span>
-<div class="example">
+<dt id='index-help'><span><code>help</code><a href='#index-help' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt>
+<dd><div class="example">
<pre class="example">help [-dms] [<var>pattern</var>]
</pre></div>
<p>Options, if supplied, have the following meanings:
</p>
<dl compact="compact">
-<dt><code>-d</code></dt>
+<dt><span><code>-d</code></span></dt>
<dd><p>Display a short description of each <var>pattern</var>
</p></dd>
-<dt><code>-m</code></dt>
+<dt><span><code>-m</code></span></dt>
<dd><p>Display the description of each <var>pattern</var> in a manpage-like format
</p></dd>
-<dt><code>-s</code></dt>
+<dt><span><code>-s</code></span></dt>
<dd><p>Display only a short usage synopsis for each <var>pattern</var>
</p></dd>
</dl>
<p>The return status is zero unless no command matches <var>pattern</var>.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>let</code></dt>
-<dd><span id="index-let"></span>
-<div class="example">
+<dt id='index-let'><span><code>let</code><a href='#index-let' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt>
+<dd><div class="example">
<pre class="example">let <var>expression</var> [<var>expression</var> …]
</pre></div>
otherwise 0 is returned.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>local</code></dt>
-<dd><span id="index-local"></span>
-<div class="example">
+<dt id='index-local'><span><code>local</code><a href='#index-local' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt>
+<dd><div class="example">
<pre class="example">local [<var>option</var>] <var>name</var>[=<var>value</var>] …
</pre></div>
readonly variable.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>logout</code></dt>
-<dd><span id="index-logout"></span>
-<div class="example">
+<dt id='index-logout'><span><code>logout</code><a href='#index-logout' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt>
+<dd><div class="example">
<pre class="example">logout [<var>n</var>]
</pre></div>
parent.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>mapfile</code></dt>
-<dd><span id="index-mapfile"></span>
-<div class="example">
+<dt id='index-mapfile'><span><code>mapfile</code><a href='#index-mapfile' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt>
+<dd><div class="example">
<pre class="example">mapfile [-d <var>delim</var>] [-n <var>count</var>] [-O <var>origin</var>] [-s <var>count</var>]
[-t] [-u <var>fd</var>] [-C <var>callback</var>] [-c <var>quantum</var>] [<var>array</var>]
</pre></div>
Options, if supplied, have the following meanings:
</p>
<dl compact="compact">
-<dt><code>-d</code></dt>
+<dt><span><code>-d</code></span></dt>
<dd><p>The first character of <var>delim</var> is used to terminate each input line,
rather than newline.
If <var>delim</var> is the empty string, <code>mapfile</code> will terminate a line
when it reads a NUL character.
</p></dd>
-<dt><code>-n</code></dt>
+<dt><span><code>-n</code></span></dt>
<dd><p>Copy at most <var>count</var> lines. If <var>count</var> is 0, all lines are copied.
</p></dd>
-<dt><code>-O</code></dt>
+<dt><span><code>-O</code></span></dt>
<dd><p>Begin assigning to <var>array</var> at index <var>origin</var>.
The default index is 0.
</p></dd>
-<dt><code>-s</code></dt>
+<dt><span><code>-s</code></span></dt>
<dd><p>Discard the first <var>count</var> lines read.
</p></dd>
-<dt><code>-t</code></dt>
+<dt><span><code>-t</code></span></dt>
<dd><p>Remove a trailing <var>delim</var> (default newline) from each line read.
</p></dd>
-<dt><code>-u</code></dt>
+<dt><span><code>-u</code></span></dt>
<dd><p>Read lines from file descriptor <var>fd</var> instead of the standard input.
</p></dd>
-<dt><code>-C</code></dt>
+<dt><span><code>-C</code></span></dt>
<dd><p>Evaluate <var>callback</var> each time <var>quantum</var> lines are read.
The <samp>-c</samp> option specifies <var>quantum</var>.
</p></dd>
-<dt><code>-c</code></dt>
+<dt><span><code>-c</code></span></dt>
<dd><p>Specify the number of lines read between each call to <var>callback</var>.
</p></dd>
</dl>
is not an indexed array.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>printf</code></dt>
-<dd><span id="index-printf"></span>
-<div class="example">
+<dt id='index-printf'><span><code>printf</code><a href='#index-printf' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt>
+<dd><div class="example">
<pre class="example">printf [-v <var>var</var>] <var>format</var> [<var>arguments</var>]
</pre></div>
interprets the following extensions:
</p>
<dl compact="compact">
-<dt><code>%b</code></dt>
+<dt><span><code>%b</code></span></dt>
<dd><p>Causes <code>printf</code> to expand backslash escape sequences in the
corresponding <var>argument</var> in the same way as <code>echo -e</code>
-(see <a href="#Bash-Builtins">Bash Builtins</a>).
+(see <a href="#Bash-Builtins">Bash Builtin Commands</a>).
</p></dd>
-<dt><code>%q</code></dt>
+<dt><span><code>%q</code></span></dt>
<dd><p>Causes <code>printf</code> to output the
corresponding <var>argument</var> in a format that can be reused as shell input.
</p></dd>
-<dt><code>%(<var>datefmt</var>)T</code></dt>
+<dt><span><code>%Q</code></span></dt>
+<dd><p>like <code>%q</code>, but applies any supplied precision to the <var>argument</var>
+before quoting it.
+</p></dd>
+<dt><span><code>%(<var>datefmt</var>)T</code></span></dt>
<dd><p>Causes <code>printf</code> to output the date-time string resulting from using
<var>datefmt</var> as a format string for <code>strftime</code>(3).
The corresponding <var>argument</var> is an integer representing the number of
non-zero on failure.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>read</code></dt>
-<dd><span id="index-read"></span>
-<div class="example">
+<dt id='index-read'><span><code>read</code><a href='#index-read' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt>
+<dd><div class="example">
<pre class="example">read [-ers] [-a <var>aname</var>] [-d <var>delim</var>] [-i <var>text</var>] [-n <var>nchars</var>]
[-N <var>nchars</var>] [-p <var>prompt</var>] [-t <var>timeout</var>] [-u <var>fd</var>] [<var>name</var> …]
</pre></div>
<p>Options, if supplied, have the following meanings:
</p>
<dl compact="compact">
-<dt><code>-a <var>aname</var></code></dt>
+<dt><span><code>-a <var>aname</var></code></span></dt>
<dd><p>The words are assigned to sequential indices of the array variable
<var>aname</var>, starting at 0.
All elements are removed from <var>aname</var> before the assignment.
Other <var>name</var> arguments are ignored.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>-d <var>delim</var></code></dt>
+<dt><span><code>-d <var>delim</var></code></span></dt>
<dd><p>The first character of <var>delim</var> is used to terminate the input line,
rather than newline.
If <var>delim</var> is the empty string, <code>read</code> will terminate a line
when it reads a NUL character.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>-e</code></dt>
+<dt><span><code>-e</code></span></dt>
<dd><p>Readline (see <a href="#Command-Line-Editing">Command Line Editing</a>) is used to obtain the line.
Readline uses the current (or default, if line editing was not previously
active) editing settings, but uses Readline’s default filename completion.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>-i <var>text</var></code></dt>
+<dt><span><code>-i <var>text</var></code></span></dt>
<dd><p>If Readline is being used to read the line, <var>text</var> is placed into
the editing buffer before editing begins.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>-n <var>nchars</var></code></dt>
+<dt><span><code>-n <var>nchars</var></code></span></dt>
<dd><p><code>read</code> returns after reading <var>nchars</var> characters rather than
waiting for a complete line of input, but honors a delimiter if fewer
than <var>nchars</var> characters are read before the delimiter.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>-N <var>nchars</var></code></dt>
+<dt><span><code>-N <var>nchars</var></code></span></dt>
<dd><p><code>read</code> returns after reading exactly <var>nchars</var> characters rather
than waiting for a complete line of input, unless EOF is encountered or
<code>read</code> times out.
(with the exception of backslash; see the <samp>-r</samp> option below).
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>-p <var>prompt</var></code></dt>
+<dt><span><code>-p <var>prompt</var></code></span></dt>
<dd><p>Display <var>prompt</var>, without a trailing newline, before attempting
to read any input.
The prompt is displayed only if input is coming from a terminal.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>-r</code></dt>
+<dt><span><code>-r</code></span></dt>
<dd><p>If this option is given, backslash does not act as an escape character.
The backslash is considered to be part of the line.
In particular, a backslash-newline pair may not then be used as a line
continuation.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>-s</code></dt>
+<dt><span><code>-s</code></span></dt>
<dd><p>Silent mode. If input is coming from a terminal, characters are
not echoed.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>-t <var>timeout</var></code></dt>
+<dt><span><code>-t <var>timeout</var></code></span></dt>
<dd><p>Cause <code>read</code> to time out and return failure if a complete line of
input (or a specified number of characters)
is not read within <var>timeout</var> seconds.
The exit status is greater than 128 if the timeout is exceeded.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>-u <var>fd</var></code></dt>
+<dt><span><code>-u <var>fd</var></code></span></dt>
<dd><p>Read input from file descriptor <var>fd</var>.
</p></dd>
</dl>
or an invalid file descriptor is supplied as the argument to <samp>-u</samp>.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>readarray</code></dt>
-<dd><span id="index-readarray"></span>
-<div class="example">
+<dt id='index-readarray'><span><code>readarray</code><a href='#index-readarray' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt>
+<dd><div class="example">
<pre class="example">readarray [-d <var>delim</var>] [-n <var>count</var>] [-O <var>origin</var>] [-s <var>count</var>]
[-t] [-u <var>fd</var>] [-C <var>callback</var>] [-c <var>quantum</var>] [<var>array</var>]
</pre></div>
<p>A synonym for <code>mapfile</code>.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>source</code></dt>
-<dd><span id="index-source"></span>
-<div class="example">
+<dt id='index-source'><span><code>source</code><a href='#index-source' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt>
+<dd><div class="example">
<pre class="example">source <var>filename</var>
</pre></div>
<p>A synonym for <code>.</code> (see <a href="#Bourne-Shell-Builtins">Bourne Shell Builtins</a>).
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>type</code></dt>
-<dd><span id="index-type"></span>
-<div class="example">
+<dt id='index-type'><span><code>type</code><a href='#index-type' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt>
+<dd><div class="example">
<pre class="example">type [-afptP] [<var>name</var> …]
</pre></div>
<p>If the <samp>-f</samp> option is used, <code>type</code> does not attempt to find
shell functions, as with the <code>command</code> builtin.
</p>
-<p>The return status is zero if all of the <var>names</var> are found, non-zero
+<p>The return status is zero if all of the <var>name</var>s are found, non-zero
if any are not found.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>typeset</code></dt>
-<dd><span id="index-typeset"></span>
-<div class="example">
+<dt id='index-typeset'><span><code>typeset</code><a href='#index-typeset' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt>
+<dd><div class="example">
<pre class="example">typeset [-afFgrxilnrtux] [-p] [<var>name</var>[=<var>value</var>] …]
</pre></div>
It is a synonym for the <code>declare</code> builtin command.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>ulimit</code></dt>
-<dd><span id="index-ulimit"></span>
-<div class="example">
+<dt id='index-ulimit'><span><code>ulimit</code><a href='#index-ulimit' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt>
+<dd><div class="example">
<pre class="example">ulimit [-HS] -a
ulimit [-HS] [-bcdefiklmnpqrstuvxPRT] [<var>limit</var>]
</pre></div>
option is given, it is interpreted as follows:
</p>
<dl compact="compact">
-<dt><code>-S</code></dt>
+<dt><span><code>-S</code></span></dt>
<dd><p>Change and report the soft limit associated with a resource.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>-H</code></dt>
+<dt><span><code>-H</code></span></dt>
<dd><p>Change and report the hard limit associated with a resource.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>-a</code></dt>
+<dt><span><code>-a</code></span></dt>
<dd><p>All current limits are reported; no limits are set.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>-b</code></dt>
+<dt><span><code>-b</code></span></dt>
<dd><p>The maximum socket buffer size.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>-c</code></dt>
+<dt><span><code>-c</code></span></dt>
<dd><p>The maximum size of core files created.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>-d</code></dt>
+<dt><span><code>-d</code></span></dt>
<dd><p>The maximum size of a process’s data segment.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>-e</code></dt>
+<dt><span><code>-e</code></span></dt>
<dd><p>The maximum scheduling priority ("nice").
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>-f</code></dt>
+<dt><span><code>-f</code></span></dt>
<dd><p>The maximum size of files written by the shell and its children.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>-i</code></dt>
+<dt><span><code>-i</code></span></dt>
<dd><p>The maximum number of pending signals.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>-k</code></dt>
+<dt><span><code>-k</code></span></dt>
<dd><p>The maximum number of kqueues that may be allocated.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>-l</code></dt>
+<dt><span><code>-l</code></span></dt>
<dd><p>The maximum size that may be locked into memory.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>-m</code></dt>
+<dt><span><code>-m</code></span></dt>
<dd><p>The maximum resident set size (many systems do not honor this limit).
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>-n</code></dt>
+<dt><span><code>-n</code></span></dt>
<dd><p>The maximum number of open file descriptors (most systems do not
allow this value to be set).
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>-p</code></dt>
+<dt><span><code>-p</code></span></dt>
<dd><p>The pipe buffer size.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>-q</code></dt>
+<dt><span><code>-q</code></span></dt>
<dd><p>The maximum number of bytes in <small>POSIX</small> message queues.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>-r</code></dt>
+<dt><span><code>-r</code></span></dt>
<dd><p>The maximum real-time scheduling priority.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>-s</code></dt>
+<dt><span><code>-s</code></span></dt>
<dd><p>The maximum stack size.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>-t</code></dt>
+<dt><span><code>-t</code></span></dt>
<dd><p>The maximum amount of cpu time in seconds.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>-u</code></dt>
+<dt><span><code>-u</code></span></dt>
<dd><p>The maximum number of processes available to a single user.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>-v</code></dt>
+<dt><span><code>-v</code></span></dt>
<dd><p>The maximum amount of virtual memory available to the shell, and, on
some systems, to its children.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>-x</code></dt>
+<dt><span><code>-x</code></span></dt>
<dd><p>The maximum number of file locks.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>-P</code></dt>
+<dt><span><code>-P</code></span></dt>
<dd><p>The maximum number of pseudoterminals.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>-R</code></dt>
+<dt><span><code>-R</code></span></dt>
<dd><p>The maximum time a real-time process can run before blocking, in microseconds.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>-T</code></dt>
+<dt><span><code>-T</code></span></dt>
<dd><p>The maximum number of threads.
</p></dd>
</dl>
or an error occurs while setting a new limit.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>unalias</code></dt>
-<dd><span id="index-unalias"></span>
-<div class="example">
+<dt id='index-unalias'><span><code>unalias</code><a href='#index-unalias' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt>
+<dd><div class="example">
<pre class="example">unalias [-a] [<var>name</var> … ]
</pre></div>
</dl>
<hr>
-<span id="Modifying-Shell-Behavior"></span><div class="header">
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="Modifying-Shell-Behavior">
+<div class="header">
<p>
-Next: <a href="#Special-Builtins" accesskey="n" rel="next">Special Builtins</a>, Previous: <a href="#Bash-Builtins" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Bash Builtins</a>, Up: <a href="#Shell-Builtin-Commands" accesskey="u" rel="up">Shell Builtin Commands</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Indexes" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+Next: <a href="#Special-Builtins" accesskey="n" rel="next">Special Builtins</a>, Previous: <a href="#Bash-Builtins" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Bash Builtin
Commands</a>, Up: <a href="#Shell-Builtin-Commands" accesskey="u" rel="up">Shell Builtin Commands</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Indexes" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<span id="Modifying-Shell-Behavior-1"></span><h3 class="section">4.3 Modifying Shell Behavior</h3>
-<table class="menu" border="0" cellspacing="0">
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#The-Set-Builtin" accesskey="1">The Set Builtin</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Change the values of shell attributes and
- positional parameters.
-</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#The-Shopt-Builtin" accesskey="2">The Shopt Builtin</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Modify shell optional behavior.
-</td></tr>
-</table>
+<ul class="section-toc">
+<li><a href="#The-Set-Builtin" accesskey="1">The Set Builtin</a></li>
+<li><a href="#The-Shopt-Builtin" accesskey="2">The Shopt Builtin</a></li>
+</ul>
<hr>
-<span id="The-Set-Builtin"></span><div class="header">
+<div class="subsection" id="The-Set-Builtin">
+<div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#The-Shopt-Builtin" accesskey="n" rel="next">The Shopt Builtin</a>, Up: <a href="#Modifying-Shell-Behavior" accesskey="u" rel="up">Modifying Shell Behavior</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Indexes" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
parameters, or to display the names and values of shell variables.
</p>
<dl compact="compact">
-<dt><code>set</code></dt>
-<dd><span id="index-set"></span>
-<div class="example">
+<dt id='index-set'><span><code>set</code><a href='#index-set' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt>
+<dd><div class="example">
<pre class="example">set [--abefhkmnptuvxBCEHPT] [-o <var>option-name</var>] [<var>argument</var> …]
set [+abefhkmnptuvxBCEHPT] [+o <var>option-name</var>] [<var>argument</var> …]
</pre></div>
Options, if specified, have the following meanings:
</p>
<dl compact="compact">
-<dt><code>-a</code></dt>
+<dt><span><code>-a</code></span></dt>
<dd><p>Each variable or function that is created or modified is given the
export attribute and marked for export to the environment of
subsequent commands.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>-b</code></dt>
+<dt><span><code>-b</code></span></dt>
<dd><p>Cause the status of terminated background jobs to be reported
immediately, rather than before printing the next primary prompt.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>-e</code></dt>
+<dt><span><code>-e</code></span></dt>
<dd><p>Exit immediately if
a pipeline (see <a href="#Pipelines">Pipelines</a>), which may consist of a single simple command
(see <a href="#Simple-Commands">Simple Commands</a>),
-a list (see <a href="#Lists">Lists</a>),
+a list (see <a href="#Lists">Lists of Commands</a>),
or a compound command (see <a href="#Compound-Commands">Compound Commands</a>)
returns a non-zero status.
The shell does not exit if the command that fails is part of the
call completes.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>-f</code></dt>
+<dt><span><code>-f</code></span></dt>
<dd><p>Disable filename expansion (globbing).
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>-h</code></dt>
+<dt><span><code>-h</code></span></dt>
<dd><p>Locate and remember (hash) commands as they are looked up for execution.
This option is enabled by default.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>-k</code></dt>
+<dt><span><code>-k</code></span></dt>
<dd><p>All arguments in the form of assignment statements are placed
in the environment for a command, not just those that precede
the command name.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>-m</code></dt>
+<dt><span><code>-m</code></span></dt>
<dd><p>Job control is enabled (see <a href="#Job-Control">Job Control</a>).
All processes run in a separate process group.
When a background job completes, the shell prints a line
containing its exit status.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>-n</code></dt>
+<dt><span><code>-n</code></span></dt>
<dd><p>Read commands but do not execute them.
This may be used to check a script for syntax errors.
This option is ignored by interactive shells.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>-o <var>option-name</var></code></dt>
+<dt><span><code>-o <var>option-name</var></code></span></dt>
<dd>
<p>Set the option corresponding to <var>option-name</var>:
</p>
<dl compact="compact">
-<dt><code>allexport</code></dt>
+<dt><span><code>allexport</code></span></dt>
<dd><p>Same as <code>-a</code>.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>braceexpand</code></dt>
+<dt><span><code>braceexpand</code></span></dt>
<dd><p>Same as <code>-B</code>.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>emacs</code></dt>
+<dt><span><code>emacs</code></span></dt>
<dd><p>Use an <code>emacs</code>-style line editing interface (see <a href="#Command-Line-Editing">Command Line Editing</a>).
This also affects the editing interface used for <code>read -e</code>.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>errexit</code></dt>
+<dt><span><code>errexit</code></span></dt>
<dd><p>Same as <code>-e</code>.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>errtrace</code></dt>
+<dt><span><code>errtrace</code></span></dt>
<dd><p>Same as <code>-E</code>.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>functrace</code></dt>
+<dt><span><code>functrace</code></span></dt>
<dd><p>Same as <code>-T</code>.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>hashall</code></dt>
+<dt><span><code>hashall</code></span></dt>
<dd><p>Same as <code>-h</code>.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>histexpand</code></dt>
+<dt><span><code>histexpand</code></span></dt>
<dd><p>Same as <code>-H</code>.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>history</code></dt>
+<dt><span><code>history</code></span></dt>
<dd><p>Enable command history, as described in <a href="#Bash-History-Facilities">Bash History Facilities</a>.
This option is on by default in interactive shells.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>ignoreeof</code></dt>
+<dt><span><code>ignoreeof</code></span></dt>
<dd><p>An interactive shell will not exit upon reading EOF.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>keyword</code></dt>
+<dt><span><code>keyword</code></span></dt>
<dd><p>Same as <code>-k</code>.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>monitor</code></dt>
+<dt><span><code>monitor</code></span></dt>
<dd><p>Same as <code>-m</code>.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>noclobber</code></dt>
+<dt><span><code>noclobber</code></span></dt>
<dd><p>Same as <code>-C</code>.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>noexec</code></dt>
+<dt><span><code>noexec</code></span></dt>
<dd><p>Same as <code>-n</code>.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>noglob</code></dt>
+<dt><span><code>noglob</code></span></dt>
<dd><p>Same as <code>-f</code>.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>nolog</code></dt>
+<dt><span><code>nolog</code></span></dt>
<dd><p>Currently ignored.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>notify</code></dt>
+<dt><span><code>notify</code></span></dt>
<dd><p>Same as <code>-b</code>.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>nounset</code></dt>
+<dt><span><code>nounset</code></span></dt>
<dd><p>Same as <code>-u</code>.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>onecmd</code></dt>
+<dt><span><code>onecmd</code></span></dt>
<dd><p>Same as <code>-t</code>.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>physical</code></dt>
+<dt><span><code>physical</code></span></dt>
<dd><p>Same as <code>-P</code>.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>pipefail</code></dt>
+<dt><span><code>pipefail</code></span></dt>
<dd><p>If set, the return value of a pipeline is the value of the last
(rightmost) command to exit with a non-zero status, or zero if all
commands in the pipeline exit successfully.
This option is disabled by default.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>posix</code></dt>
+<dt><span><code>posix</code></span></dt>
<dd><p>Change the behavior of Bash where the default operation differs
from the <small>POSIX</small> standard to match the standard
(see <a href="#Bash-POSIX-Mode">Bash POSIX Mode</a>).
standard.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>privileged</code></dt>
+<dt><span><code>privileged</code></span></dt>
<dd><p>Same as <code>-p</code>.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>verbose</code></dt>
+<dt><span><code>verbose</code></span></dt>
<dd><p>Same as <code>-v</code>.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>vi</code></dt>
+<dt><span><code>vi</code></span></dt>
<dd><p>Use a <code>vi</code>-style line editing interface.
This also affects the editing interface used for <code>read -e</code>.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>xtrace</code></dt>
+<dt><span><code>xtrace</code></span></dt>
<dd><p>Same as <code>-x</code>.
</p></dd>
</dl>
</dd>
-<dt><code>-p</code></dt>
+<dt><span><code>-p</code></span></dt>
<dd><p>Turn on privileged mode.
In this mode, the <code>$BASH_ENV</code> and <code>$ENV</code> files are not
processed, shell functions are not inherited from the environment,
and group ids to be set to the real user and group ids.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>-t</code></dt>
+<dt><span><code>-t</code></span></dt>
<dd><p>Exit after reading and executing one command.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>-u</code></dt>
+<dt><span><code>-u</code></span></dt>
<dd><p>Treat unset variables and parameters other than the special parameters
‘<samp>@</samp>’ or ‘<samp>*</samp>’ as an error when performing parameter expansion.
An error message will be written to the standard error, and a non-interactive
shell will exit.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>-v</code></dt>
+<dt><span><code>-v</code></span></dt>
<dd><p>Print shell input lines as they are read.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>-x</code></dt>
+<dt><span><code>-x</code></span></dt>
<dd><p>Print a trace of simple commands, <code>for</code> commands, <code>case</code>
commands, <code>select</code> commands, and arithmetic <code>for</code> commands
and their arguments or associated word lists after they are
the command and its expanded arguments.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>-B</code></dt>
+<dt><span><code>-B</code></span></dt>
<dd><p>The shell will perform brace expansion (see <a href="#Brace-Expansion">Brace Expansion</a>).
This option is on by default.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>-C</code></dt>
+<dt><span><code>-C</code></span></dt>
<dd><p>Prevent output redirection using ‘<samp>></samp>’, ‘<samp>>&</samp>’, and ‘<samp><></samp>’
from overwriting existing files.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>-E</code></dt>
+<dt><span><code>-E</code></span></dt>
<dd><p>If set, any trap on <code>ERR</code> is inherited by shell functions, command
substitutions, and commands executed in a subshell environment.
The <code>ERR</code> trap is normally not inherited in such cases.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>-H</code></dt>
-<dd><p>Enable ‘<samp>!</samp>’ style history substitution (see <a href="#History-Interaction">History Interaction</a>).
+<dt><span><code>-H</code></span></dt>
+<dd><p>Enable ‘<samp>!</samp>’ style history substitution (see <a href="#History-Interaction">History Expansion</a>).
This option is on by default for interactive shells.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>-P</code></dt>
+<dt><span><code>-P</code></span></dt>
<dd><p>If set, do not resolve symbolic links when performing commands such as
<code>cd</code> which change the current directory. The physical directory
is used instead. By default, Bash follows
</pre></div>
</dd>
-<dt><code>-T</code></dt>
+<dt><span><code>-T</code></span></dt>
<dd><p>If set, any trap on <code>DEBUG</code> and <code>RETURN</code> are inherited by
shell functions, command substitutions, and commands executed
in a subshell environment.
in such cases.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>--</code></dt>
+<dt><span><code>--</code></span></dt>
<dd><p>If no arguments follow this option, then the positional parameters are
unset. Otherwise, the positional parameters are set to the
<var>arguments</var>, even if some of them begin with a ‘<samp>-</samp>’.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>-</code></dt>
+<dt><span><code>-</code></span></dt>
<dd><p>Signal the end of options, cause all remaining <var>arguments</var>
to be assigned to the positional parameters. The <samp>-x</samp>
and <samp>-v</samp> options are turned off.
</dl>
<hr>
-<span id="The-Shopt-Builtin"></span><div class="header">
+</div>
+<div class="subsection" id="The-Shopt-Builtin">
+<div class="header">
<p>
Previous: <a href="#The-Set-Builtin" accesskey="p" rel="prev">The Set Builtin</a>, Up: <a href="#Modifying-Shell-Behavior" accesskey="u" rel="up">Modifying Shell Behavior</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Indexes" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<p>This builtin allows you to change additional shell optional behavior.
</p>
<dl compact="compact">
-<dt><code>shopt</code></dt>
-<dd><span id="index-shopt"></span>
-<div class="example">
+<dt id='index-shopt'><span><code>shopt</code><a href='#index-shopt' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt>
+<dd><div class="example">
<pre class="example">shopt [-pqsu] [-o] [<var>optname</var> …]
</pre></div>
option to the <code>set</code> builtin command (see <a href="#The-Set-Builtin">The Set Builtin</a>).
With no options, or with the <samp>-p</samp> option, a list of all settable
options is displayed, with an indication of whether or not each is set;
-if <var>optnames</var> are supplied, the output is restricted to those options.
+if <var>optname</var>s are supplied, the output is restricted to those options.
The <samp>-p</samp> option causes output to be displayed in a form that
may be reused as input.
Other options have the following meanings:
</p>
<dl compact="compact">
-<dt><code>-s</code></dt>
+<dt><span><code>-s</code></span></dt>
<dd><p>Enable (set) each <var>optname</var>.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>-u</code></dt>
+<dt><span><code>-u</code></span></dt>
<dd><p>Disable (unset) each <var>optname</var>.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>-q</code></dt>
+<dt><span><code>-q</code></span></dt>
<dd><p>Suppresses normal output; the return status
indicates whether the <var>optname</var> is set or unset.
If multiple <var>optname</var> arguments are given with <samp>-q</samp>,
-the return status is zero if all <var>optnames</var> are enabled;
+the return status is zero if all <var>optname</var>s are enabled;
non-zero otherwise.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>-o</code></dt>
+<dt><span><code>-o</code></span></dt>
<dd><p>Restricts the values of
<var>optname</var> to be those defined for the <samp>-o</samp> option to the
<code>set</code> builtin (see <a href="#The-Set-Builtin">The Set Builtin</a>).
<p>Unless otherwise noted, the <code>shopt</code> options are disabled (off)
by default.
</p>
-<p>The return status when listing options is zero if all <var>optnames</var>
+<p>The return status when listing options is zero if all <var>optname</var>s
are enabled, non-zero otherwise. When setting or unsetting options,
the return status is zero unless an <var>optname</var> is not a valid shell
option.
</p>
<p>The list of <code>shopt</code> options is:
</p><dl compact="compact">
-<dt><code>assoc_expand_once</code></dt>
+<dt><span><code>assoc_expand_once</code></span></dt>
<dd><p>If set, the shell suppresses multiple evaluation of associative array
subscripts during arithmetic expression evaluation, while executing
builtins that can perform variable assignments,
and while executing builtins that perform array dereferencing.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>autocd</code></dt>
+<dt><span><code>autocd</code></span></dt>
<dd><p>If set, a command name that is the name of a directory is executed as if
it were the argument to the <code>cd</code> command.
This option is only used by interactive shells.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>cdable_vars</code></dt>
+<dt><span><code>cdable_vars</code></span></dt>
<dd><p>If this is set, an argument to the <code>cd</code> builtin command that
is not a directory is assumed to be the name of a variable whose
value is the directory to change to.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>cdspell</code></dt>
+<dt><span><code>cdspell</code></span></dt>
<dd><p>If set, minor errors in the spelling of a directory component in a
<code>cd</code> command will be corrected.
The errors checked for are transposed characters,
This option is only used by interactive shells.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>checkhash</code></dt>
+<dt><span><code>checkhash</code></span></dt>
<dd><p>If this is set, Bash checks that a command found in the hash
table exists before trying to execute it. If a hashed command no
longer exists, a normal path search is performed.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>checkjobs</code></dt>
+<dt><span><code>checkjobs</code></span></dt>
<dd><p>If set, Bash lists the status of any stopped and running jobs before
exiting an interactive shell. If any jobs are running, this causes
the exit to be deferred until a second exit is attempted without an
The shell always postpones exiting if any jobs are stopped.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>checkwinsize</code></dt>
+<dt><span><code>checkwinsize</code></span></dt>
<dd><p>If set, Bash checks the window size after each external (non-builtin)
command and, if necessary, updates the values of
<code>LINES</code> and <code>COLUMNS</code>.
This option is enabled by default.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>cmdhist</code></dt>
+<dt><span><code>cmdhist</code></span></dt>
<dd><p>If set, Bash
attempts to save all lines of a multiple-line
command in the same history entry. This allows
history is enabled (see <a href="#Bash-History-Facilities">Bash History Facilities</a>).
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>compat31</code></dt>
-<dt><code>compat32</code></dt>
-<dt><code>compat40</code></dt>
-<dt><code>compat41</code></dt>
-<dt><code>compat42</code></dt>
-<dt><code>compat43</code></dt>
-<dt><code>compat44</code></dt>
+<dt><span><code>compat31</code></span></dt>
+<dt><span><code>compat32</code></span></dt>
+<dt><span><code>compat40</code></span></dt>
+<dt><span><code>compat41</code></span></dt>
+<dt><span><code>compat42</code></span></dt>
+<dt><span><code>compat43</code></span></dt>
+<dt><span><code>compat44</code></span></dt>
<dd><p>These control aspects of the shell’s compatibility mode
(see <a href="#Shell-Compatibility-Mode">Shell Compatibility Mode</a>).
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>complete_fullquote</code></dt>
+<dt><span><code>complete_fullquote</code></span></dt>
<dd><p>If set, Bash
quotes all shell metacharacters in filenames and directory names when
performing completion.
versions through 4.2.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>direxpand</code></dt>
+<dt><span><code>direxpand</code></span></dt>
<dd><p>If set, Bash
replaces directory names with the results of word expansion when performing
filename completion. This changes the contents of the readline editing
If not set, Bash attempts to preserve what the user typed.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>dirspell</code></dt>
+<dt><span><code>dirspell</code></span></dt>
<dd><p>If set, Bash
attempts spelling correction on directory names during word completion
if the directory name initially supplied does not exist.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>dotglob</code></dt>
+<dt><span><code>dotglob</code></span></dt>
<dd><p>If set, Bash includes filenames beginning with a ‘.’ in
the results of filename expansion.
The filenames ‘<samp>.</samp>’ and ‘<samp>..</samp>’ must always be matched explicitly,
even if <code>dotglob</code> is set.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>execfail</code></dt>
+<dt><span><code>execfail</code></span></dt>
<dd><p>If this is set, a non-interactive shell will not exit if
it cannot execute the file specified as an argument to the <code>exec</code>
builtin command. An interactive shell does not exit if <code>exec</code>
fails.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>expand_aliases</code></dt>
+<dt><span><code>expand_aliases</code></span></dt>
<dd><p>If set, aliases are expanded as described below under Aliases,
<a href="#Aliases">Aliases</a>.
This option is enabled by default for interactive shells.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>extdebug</code></dt>
+<dt><span><code>extdebug</code></span></dt>
<dd><p>If set at shell invocation,
or in a shell startup file,
arrange to execute the debugger profile
If set after invocation, behavior intended for use by debuggers is enabled:
</p>
<ol>
-<li> The <samp>-F</samp> option to the <code>declare</code> builtin (see <a href="#Bash-Builtins">Bash Builtins</a>)
+<li> The <samp>-F</samp> option to the <code>declare</code> builtin (see <a href="#Bash-Builtins">Bash Builtin Commands</a>)
displays the source file name and line number corresponding to each function
name supplied as an argument.
</li></ol>
</dd>
-<dt><code>extglob</code></dt>
+<dt><span><code>extglob</code></span></dt>
<dd><p>If set, the extended pattern matching features described above
(see <a href="#Pattern-Matching">Pattern Matching</a>) are enabled.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>extquote</code></dt>
+<dt><span><code>extquote</code></span></dt>
<dd><p>If set, <code>$'<var>string</var>'</code> and <code>$"<var>string</var>"</code> quoting is
performed within <code>${<var>parameter</var>}</code> expansions
enclosed in double quotes. This option is enabled by default.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>failglob</code></dt>
+<dt><span><code>failglob</code></span></dt>
<dd><p>If set, patterns which fail to match filenames during filename expansion
result in an expansion error.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>force_fignore</code></dt>
+<dt><span><code>force_fignore</code></span></dt>
<dd><p>If set, the suffixes specified by the <code>FIGNORE</code> shell variable
cause words to be ignored when performing word completion even if
the ignored words are the only possible completions.
This option is enabled by default.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>globasciiranges</code></dt>
+<dt><span><code>globasciiranges</code></span></dt>
<dd><p>If set, range expressions used in pattern matching bracket expressions
(see <a href="#Pattern-Matching">Pattern Matching</a>)
behave as if in the traditional C locale when performing
and upper-case and lower-case ASCII characters will collate together.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>globstar</code></dt>
+<dt><span><code>globstar</code></span></dt>
<dd><p>If set, the pattern ‘<samp>**</samp>’ used in a filename expansion context will
match all files and zero or more directories and subdirectories.
If the pattern is followed by a ‘<samp>/</samp>’, only directories and
subdirectories match.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>gnu_errfmt</code></dt>
+<dt><span><code>gnu_errfmt</code></span></dt>
<dd><p>If set, shell error messages are written in the standard <small>GNU</small> error
message format.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>histappend</code></dt>
+<dt><span><code>histappend</code></span></dt>
<dd><p>If set, the history list is appended to the file named by the value
of the <code>HISTFILE</code>
variable when the shell exits, rather than overwriting the file.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>histreedit</code></dt>
+<dt><span><code>histreedit</code></span></dt>
<dd><p>If set, and Readline
is being used, a user is given the opportunity to re-edit a
failed history substitution.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>histverify</code></dt>
+<dt><span><code>histverify</code></span></dt>
<dd><p>If set, and Readline
is being used, the results of history substitution are not immediately
passed to the shell parser. Instead, the resulting line is loaded into
the Readline editing buffer, allowing further modification.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>hostcomplete</code></dt>
+<dt><span><code>hostcomplete</code></span></dt>
<dd><p>If set, and Readline is being used, Bash will attempt to perform
hostname completion when a word containing a ‘<samp>@</samp>’ is being
-completed (see <a href="#Commands-For-Completion">Commands For Completion</a>). This option is enabled
+completed (see <a href="#Commands-For-Completion">Letting Readline Type For You</a>). This option is enabled
by default.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>huponexit</code></dt>
+<dt><span><code>huponexit</code></span></dt>
<dd><p>If set, Bash will send <code>SIGHUP</code> to all jobs when an interactive
login shell exits (see <a href="#Signals">Signals</a>).
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>inherit_errexit</code></dt>
+<dt><span><code>inherit_errexit</code></span></dt>
<dd><p>If set, command substitution inherits the value of the <code>errexit</code> option,
instead of unsetting it in the subshell environment.
This option is enabled when <small>POSIX</small> mode is enabled.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>interactive_comments</code></dt>
+<dt><span><code>interactive_comments</code></span></dt>
<dd><p>Allow a word beginning with ‘<samp>#</samp>’
to cause that word and all remaining characters on that
line to be ignored in an interactive shell.
This option is enabled by default.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>lastpipe</code></dt>
+<dt><span><code>lastpipe</code></span></dt>
<dd><p>If set, and job control is not active, the shell runs the last command of
a pipeline not executed in the background in the current shell environment.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>lithist</code></dt>
+<dt><span><code>lithist</code></span></dt>
<dd><p>If enabled, and the <code>cmdhist</code>
option is enabled, multi-line commands are saved to the history with
embedded newlines rather than using semicolon separators where possible.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>localvar_inherit</code></dt>
+<dt><span><code>localvar_inherit</code></span></dt>
<dd><p>If set, local variables inherit the value and attributes of a variable of
the same name that exists at a previous scope before any new value is
-assigned. The <var>nameref</var> attribute is not inherited.
+assigned. The <code>nameref</code> attribute is not inherited.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>localvar_unset</code></dt>
+<dt><span><code>localvar_unset</code></span></dt>
<dd><p>If set, calling <code>unset</code> on local variables in previous function scopes
marks them so subsequent lookups find them unset until that function
returns. This is identical to the behavior of unsetting local variables
at the current function scope.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>login_shell</code></dt>
+<dt><span><code>login_shell</code></span></dt>
<dd><p>The shell sets this option if it is started as a login shell
(see <a href="#Invoking-Bash">Invoking Bash</a>).
The value may not be changed.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>mailwarn</code></dt>
+<dt><span><code>mailwarn</code></span></dt>
<dd><p>If set, and a file that Bash is checking for mail has been
accessed since the last time it was checked, the message
<code>"The mail in <var>mailfile</var> has been read"</code> is displayed.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>no_empty_cmd_completion</code></dt>
+<dt><span><code>no_empty_cmd_completion</code></span></dt>
<dd><p>If set, and Readline is being used, Bash will not attempt to search
the <code>PATH</code> for possible completions when completion is attempted
on an empty line.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>nocaseglob</code></dt>
+<dt><span><code>nocaseglob</code></span></dt>
<dd><p>If set, Bash matches filenames in a case-insensitive fashion when
performing filename expansion.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>nocasematch</code></dt>
+<dt><span><code>nocasematch</code></span></dt>
<dd><p>If set, Bash matches patterns in a case-insensitive fashion when
performing matching while executing <code>case</code> or <code>[[</code>
-conditional commands,
+conditional commands (see <a href="#Conditional-Constructs">Conditional Constructs</a>,
when performing pattern substitution word expansions,
or when filtering possible completions as part of programmable completion.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>nullglob</code></dt>
+<dt><span><code>noexpand_translation</code></span></dt>
+<dd><p>If set, Bash
+encloses the translated results of $"..." quoting in single quotes
+instead of double quotes.
+If the string is not translated, this has no effect.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><span><code>nullglob</code></span></dt>
<dd><p>If set, Bash allows filename patterns which match no
files to expand to a null string, rather than themselves.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>progcomp</code></dt>
+<dt><span><code>patsub_replacement</code></span></dt>
+<dd><p>If set, Bash
+expands occurrences of ‘<samp>&</samp>’ in the replacement string of pattern
+substitution to the text matched by the pattern, as described
+above (see <a href="#Shell-Parameter-Expansion">Shell Parameter Expansion</a>).
+This option is enabled by default.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><span><code>progcomp</code></span></dt>
<dd><p>If set, the programmable completion facilities
(see <a href="#Programmable-Completion">Programmable Completion</a>) are enabled.
This option is enabled by default.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>progcomp_alias</code></dt>
+<dt><span><code>progcomp_alias</code></span></dt>
<dd><p>If set, and programmable completion is enabled, Bash treats a command
name that doesn’t have any completions as a possible alias and attempts
alias expansion. If it has an alias, Bash attempts programmable
completion using the command word resulting from the expanded alias.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>promptvars</code></dt>
+<dt><span><code>promptvars</code></span></dt>
<dd><p>If set, prompt strings undergo
parameter expansion, command substitution, arithmetic
expansion, and quote removal after being expanded
This option is enabled by default.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>restricted_shell</code></dt>
+<dt><span><code>restricted_shell</code></span></dt>
<dd><p>The shell sets this option if it is started in restricted mode
(see <a href="#The-Restricted-Shell">The Restricted Shell</a>).
The value may not be changed.
the startup files to discover whether or not a shell is restricted.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>shift_verbose</code></dt>
+<dt><span><code>shift_verbose</code></span></dt>
<dd><p>If this is set, the <code>shift</code>
builtin prints an error message when the shift count exceeds the
number of positional parameters.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>sourcepath</code></dt>
-<dd><p>If set, the <code>source</code> builtin uses the value of <code>PATH</code>
+<dt><span><code>sourcepath</code></span></dt>
+<dd><p>If set, the <code>.</code> (<code>source</code>) builtin uses the value of <code>PATH</code>
to find the directory containing the file supplied as an argument.
This option is enabled by default.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>xpg_echo</code></dt>
+<dt><span><code>varredir_close</code></span></dt>
+<dd><p>If set, the shell automatically closes file descriptors assigned using the
+<code>{varname}</code> redirection syntax (see <a href="#Redirections">Redirections</a>) instead of
+leaving them open when the command completes.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><span><code>xpg_echo</code></span></dt>
<dd><p>If set, the <code>echo</code> builtin expands backslash-escape sequences
by default.
</p>
</dl>
<hr>
-<span id="Special-Builtins"></span><div class="header">
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="Special-Builtins">
+<div class="header">
<p>
Previous: <a href="#Modifying-Shell-Behavior" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Modifying Shell Behavior</a>, Up: <a href="#Shell-Builtin-Commands" accesskey="u" rel="up">Shell Builtin Commands</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Indexes" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
</pre></div>
<hr>
-<span id="Shell-Variables"></span><div class="header">
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="chapter" id="Shell-Variables">
+<div class="header">
<p>
-Next: <a href="#Bash-Features" accesskey="n" rel="next">Bash Features</a>, Previous: <a href="#Shell-Builtin-Commands" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Shell Builtin Commands</a>, Up: <a href="#Top" accesskey="u" rel="up">
Top</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Indexes" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+Next: <a href="#Bash-Features" accesskey="n" rel="next">Bash Features</a>, Previous: <a href="#Shell-Builtin-Commands" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Shell Builtin Commands</a>, Up: <a href="#Top" accesskey="u" rel="up">
Bash Features</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Indexes" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<span id="Shell-Variables-1"></span><h2 class="chapter">5 Shell Variables</h2>
-<table class="menu" border="0" cellspacing="0">
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#Bourne-Shell-Variables" accesskey="1">Bourne Shell Variables</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Variables which Bash uses in the same way
- as the Bourne Shell.
-</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#Bash-Variables" accesskey="2">Bash Variables</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">List of variables that exist in Bash.
-</td></tr>
-</table>
<p>This chapter describes the shell variables that Bash uses.
Bash automatically assigns default values to a number of variables.
</p>
+<ul class="section-toc">
+<li><a href="#Bourne-Shell-Variables" accesskey="1">Bourne Shell Variables</a></li>
+<li><a href="#Bash-Variables" accesskey="2">Bash Variables</a></li>
+</ul>
<hr>
-<span id="Bourne-Shell-Variables"></span><div class="header">
+<div class="section" id="Bourne-Shell-Variables">
+<div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#Bash-Variables" accesskey="n" rel="next">Bash Variables</a>, Up: <a href="#Shell-Variables" accesskey="u" rel="up">Shell Variables</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Indexes" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
In some cases, Bash assigns a default value to the variable.
</p>
<dl compact="compact">
-<dt><code>CDPATH</code>
-<span id="index-CDPATH"></span>
-</dt>
+<dt id='index-CDPATH'><span><code>CDPATH</code><a href='#index-CDPATH' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>A colon-separated list of directories used as a search path for
the <code>cd</code> builtin command.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>HOME</code>
-<span id="index-HOME"></span>
-</dt>
+<dt id='index-HOME'><span><code>HOME</code><a href='#index-HOME' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>The current user’s home directory; the default for the <code>cd</code> builtin
command.
The value of this variable is also used by tilde expansion
(see <a href="#Tilde-Expansion">Tilde Expansion</a>).
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>IFS</code>
-<span id="index-IFS"></span>
-</dt>
+<dt id='index-IFS'><span><code>IFS</code><a href='#index-IFS' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>A list of characters that separate fields; used when the shell splits
words as part of expansion.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>MAIL</code>
-<span id="index-MAIL"></span>
-</dt>
+<dt id='index-MAIL'><span><code>MAIL</code><a href='#index-MAIL' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>If this parameter is set to a filename or directory name
and the <code>MAILPATH</code> variable
is not set, Bash informs the user of the arrival of mail in
the specified file or Maildir-format directory.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>MAILPATH</code>
-<span id="index-MAILPATH"></span>
-</dt>
+<dt id='index-MAILPATH'><span><code>MAILPATH</code><a href='#index-MAILPATH' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>A colon-separated list of filenames which the shell periodically checks
for new mail.
Each list entry can specify the message that is printed when new mail
the current mail file.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>OPTARG</code>
-<span id="index-OPTARG"></span>
-</dt>
+<dt id='index-OPTARG'><span><code>OPTARG</code><a href='#index-OPTARG' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>The value of the last option argument processed by the <code>getopts</code> builtin.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>OPTIND</code>
-<span id="index-OPTIND"></span>
-</dt>
+<dt id='index-OPTIND'><span><code>OPTIND</code><a href='#index-OPTIND' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>The index of the last option argument processed by the <code>getopts</code> builtin.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>PATH</code>
-<span id="index-PATH"></span>
-</dt>
+<dt id='index-PATH'><span><code>PATH</code><a href='#index-PATH' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>A colon-separated list of directories in which the shell looks for
commands.
A zero-length (null) directory name in the value of <code>PATH</code> indicates the
or trailing colon.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>PS1</code>
-<span id="index-PS1"></span>
-</dt>
+<dt id='index-PS1'><span><code>PS1</code><a href='#index-PS1' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>The primary prompt string. The default value is ‘<samp>\s-\v\$ </samp>’.
See <a href="#Controlling-the-Prompt">Controlling the Prompt</a>, for the complete list of escape
sequences that are expanded before <code>PS1</code> is displayed.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>PS2</code>
-<span id="index-PS2"></span>
-</dt>
+<dt id='index-PS2'><span><code>PS2</code><a href='#index-PS2' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>The secondary prompt string. The default value is ‘<samp>> </samp>’.
<code>PS2</code> is expanded in the same way as <code>PS1</code> before being
displayed.
</dl>
<hr>
-<span id="Bash-Variables"></span><div class="header">
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="Bash-Variables">
+<div class="header">
<p>
Previous: <a href="#Bourne-Shell-Variables" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Bourne Shell Variables</a>, Up: <a href="#Shell-Variables" accesskey="u" rel="up">Shell Variables</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Indexes" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
(see <a href="#Job-Control-Variables">Job Control Variables</a>).
</p>
<dl compact="compact">
-<dt><code>_</code>
-<span id="index-_005f"></span>
-</dt>
+<dt id='index-_005f'><span><code>_</code><a href='#index-_005f' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt>
<dd><span id="index-_0024_005f"></span>
<p>($_, an underscore.)
At shell startup, set to the pathname used to invoke the
When checking mail, this parameter holds the name of the mail file.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>BASH</code>
-<span id="index-BASH"></span>
-</dt>
+<dt id='index-BASH'><span><code>BASH</code><a href='#index-BASH' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>The full pathname used to execute the current instance of Bash.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>BASHOPTS</code>
-<span id="index-BASHOPTS"></span>
-</dt>
+<dt id='index-BASHOPTS'><span><code>BASHOPTS</code><a href='#index-BASHOPTS' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>A colon-separated list of enabled shell options. Each word in
the list is a valid argument for the <samp>-s</samp> option to the
<code>shopt</code> builtin command (see <a href="#The-Shopt-Builtin">The Shopt Builtin</a>).
reading any startup files. This variable is readonly.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>BASHPID</code>
-<span id="index-BASHPID"></span>
-</dt>
+<dt id='index-BASHPID'><span><code>BASHPID</code><a href='#index-BASHPID' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>Expands to the process ID of the current Bash process.
This differs from <code>$$</code> under certain circumstances, such as subshells
that do not require Bash to be re-initialized.
subsequently reset.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>BASH_ALIASES</code>
-<span id="index-BASH_005fALIASES"></span>
-</dt>
+<dt id='index-BASH_005fALIASES'><span><code>BASH_ALIASES</code><a href='#index-BASH_005fALIASES' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>An associative array variable whose members correspond to the internal
list of aliases as maintained by the <code>alias</code> builtin.
(see <a href="#Bourne-Shell-Builtins">Bourne Shell Builtins</a>).
subsequently reset.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>BASH_ARGC</code>
-<span id="index-BASH_005fARGC"></span>
-</dt>
+<dt id='index-BASH_005fARGC'><span><code>BASH_ARGC</code><a href='#index-BASH_005fARGC' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>An array variable whose values are the number of parameters in each
frame of the current bash execution call stack. The number of
parameters to the current subroutine (shell function or script executed
may result in inconsistent values.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>BASH_ARGV</code>
-<span id="index-BASH_005fARGV"></span>
-</dt>
+<dt id='index-BASH_005fARGV'><span><code>BASH_ARGV</code><a href='#index-BASH_005fARGV' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>An array variable containing all of the parameters in the current bash
execution call stack. The final parameter of the last subroutine call
is at the top of the stack; the first parameter of the initial call is
may result in inconsistent values.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>BASH_ARGV0</code>
-<span id="index-BASH_005fARGV0"></span>
-</dt>
+<dt id='index-BASH_005fARGV0'><span><code>BASH_ARGV0</code><a href='#index-BASH_005fARGV0' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>When referenced, this variable expands to the name of the shell or shell
script (identical to <code>$0</code>; See <a href="#Special-Parameters">Special Parameters</a>,
for the description of special parameter 0).
subsequently reset.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>BASH_CMDS</code>
-<span id="index-BASH_005fCMDS"></span>
-</dt>
+<dt id='index-BASH_005fCMDS'><span><code>BASH_CMDS</code><a href='#index-BASH_005fCMDS' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>An associative array variable whose members correspond to the internal
hash table of commands as maintained by the <code>hash</code> builtin
(see <a href="#Bourne-Shell-Builtins">Bourne Shell Builtins</a>).
subsequently reset.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>BASH_COMMAND</code>
-<span id="index-BASH_005fCOMMAND"></span>
-</dt>
+<dt id='index-BASH_005fCOMMAND'><span><code>BASH_COMMAND</code><a href='#index-BASH_005fCOMMAND' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>The command currently being executed or about to be executed, unless the
shell is executing a command as the result of a trap,
in which case it is the command executing at the time of the trap.
subsequently reset.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>BASH_COMPAT</code>
-<span id="index-BASH_005fCOMPAT"></span>
-</dt>
+<dt id='index-BASH_005fCOMPAT'><span><code>BASH_COMPAT</code><a href='#index-BASH_005fCOMPAT' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>The value is used to set the shell’s compatibility level.
See <a href="#Shell-Compatibility-Mode">Shell Compatibility Mode</a>, for a description of the various
compatibility levels and their effects.
The current version is also a valid value.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>BASH_ENV</code>
-<span id="index-BASH_005fENV"></span>
-</dt>
+<dt id='index-BASH_005fENV'><span><code>BASH_ENV</code><a href='#index-BASH_005fENV' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>If this variable is set when Bash is invoked to execute a shell
script, its value is expanded and used as the name of a startup file
to read before executing the script. See <a href="#Bash-Startup-Files">Bash Startup Files</a>.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>BASH_EXECUTION_STRING</code>
-<span id="index-BASH_005fEXECUTION_005fSTRING"></span>
-</dt>
+<dt id='index-BASH_005fEXECUTION_005fSTRING'><span><code>BASH_EXECUTION_STRING</code><a href='#index-BASH_005fEXECUTION_005fSTRING' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>The command argument to the <samp>-c</samp> invocation option.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>BASH_LINENO</code>
-<span id="index-BASH_005fLINENO"></span>
-</dt>
+<dt id='index-BASH_005fLINENO'><span><code>BASH_LINENO</code><a href='#index-BASH_005fLINENO' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>An array variable whose members are the line numbers in source files
-where each corresponding member of <var>FUNCNAME</var> was invoked.
+where each corresponding member of <code>FUNCNAME</code> was invoked.
<code>${BASH_LINENO[$i]}</code> is the line number in the source file
(<code>${BASH_SOURCE[$i+1]}</code>) where
<code>${FUNCNAME[$i]}</code> was called (or <code>${BASH_LINENO[$i-1]}</code> if
Use <code>LINENO</code> to obtain the current line number.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>BASH_LOADABLES_PATH</code>
-<span id="index-BASH_005fLOADABLES_005fPATH"></span>
-</dt>
+<dt id='index-BASH_005fLOADABLES_005fPATH'><span><code>BASH_LOADABLES_PATH</code><a href='#index-BASH_005fLOADABLES_005fPATH' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>A colon-separated list of directories in which the shell looks for
dynamically loadable builtins specified by the
<code>enable</code> command.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>BASH_REMATCH</code>
-<span id="index-BASH_005fREMATCH"></span>
-</dt>
+<dt id='index-BASH_005fREMATCH'><span><code>BASH_REMATCH</code><a href='#index-BASH_005fREMATCH' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>An array variable whose members are assigned by the ‘<samp>=~</samp>’ binary
operator to the <code>[[</code> conditional command
(see <a href="#Conditional-Constructs">Conditional Constructs</a>).
string matching the <var>n</var>th parenthesized subexpression.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>BASH_SOURCE</code>
-<span id="index-BASH_005fSOURCE"></span>
-</dt>
+<dt id='index-BASH_005fSOURCE'><span><code>BASH_SOURCE</code><a href='#index-BASH_005fSOURCE' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>An array variable whose members are the source filenames where the
corresponding shell function names in the <code>FUNCNAME</code> array
variable are defined.
<code>${BASH_SOURCE[$i]}</code> and called from <code>${BASH_SOURCE[$i+1]}</code>
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>BASH_SUBSHELL</code>
-<span id="index-BASH_005fSUBSHELL"></span>
-</dt>
+<dt id='index-BASH_005fSUBSHELL'><span><code>BASH_SUBSHELL</code><a href='#index-BASH_005fSUBSHELL' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>Incremented by one within each subshell or subshell environment when
the shell begins executing in that environment.
The initial value is 0.
subsequently reset.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>BASH_VERSINFO</code>
-<span id="index-BASH_005fVERSINFO"></span>
-</dt>
+<dt id='index-BASH_005fVERSINFO'><span><code>BASH_VERSINFO</code><a href='#index-BASH_005fVERSINFO' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>A readonly array variable (see <a href="#Arrays">Arrays</a>)
whose members hold version information for this instance of Bash.
The values assigned to the array members are as follows:
</p>
<dl compact="compact">
-<dt><code>BASH_VERSINFO[0]</code></dt>
-<dd><p>The major version number (the <var>release</var>).
+<dt><span><code>BASH_VERSINFO[0]</code></span></dt>
+<dd><p>The major version number (the <em>release</em>).
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>BASH_VERSINFO[1]</code></dt>
-<dd><p>The minor version number (the <var>version</var>).
+<dt><span><code>BASH_VERSINFO[1]</code></span></dt>
+<dd><p>The minor version number (the <em>version</em>).
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>BASH_VERSINFO[2]</code></dt>
+<dt><span><code>BASH_VERSINFO[2]</code></span></dt>
<dd><p>The patch level.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>BASH_VERSINFO[3]</code></dt>
+<dt><span><code>BASH_VERSINFO[3]</code></span></dt>
<dd><p>The build version.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>BASH_VERSINFO[4]</code></dt>
-<dd><p>The release status (e.g., <var>beta1</var>).
+<dt><span><code>BASH_VERSINFO[4]</code></span></dt>
+<dd><p>The release status (e.g., <code>beta1</code>).
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>BASH_VERSINFO[5]</code></dt>
+<dt><span><code>BASH_VERSINFO[5]</code></span></dt>
<dd><p>The value of <code>MACHTYPE</code>.
</p></dd>
</dl>
</dd>
-<dt><code>BASH_VERSION</code>
-<span id="index-BASH_005fVERSION"></span>
-</dt>
+<dt id='index-BASH_005fVERSION'><span><code>BASH_VERSION</code><a href='#index-BASH_005fVERSION' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>The version number of the current instance of Bash.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>BASH_XTRACEFD</code>
-<span id="index-BASH_005fXTRACEFD"></span>
-</dt>
+<dt id='index-BASH_005fXTRACEFD'><span><code>BASH_XTRACEFD</code><a href='#index-BASH_005fXTRACEFD' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>If set to an integer corresponding to a valid file descriptor, Bash
will write the trace output generated when ‘<samp>set -x</samp>’
is enabled to that file descriptor.
being closed.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>CHILD_MAX</code>
-<span id="index-CHILD_005fMAX"></span>
-</dt>
+<dt id='index-CHILD_005fMAX'><span><code>CHILD_MAX</code><a href='#index-CHILD_005fMAX' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>Set the number of exited child status values for the shell to remember.
Bash will not allow this value to be decreased below a <small>POSIX</small>-mandated
minimum, and there is a maximum value (currently 8192) that this may
The minimum value is system-dependent.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>COLUMNS</code>
-<span id="index-COLUMNS"></span>
-</dt>
+<dt id='index-COLUMNS'><span><code>COLUMNS</code><a href='#index-COLUMNS' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>Used by the <code>select</code> command to determine the terminal width
when printing selection lists.
Automatically set if the <code>checkwinsize</code> option is enabled
<code>SIGWINCH</code>.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>COMP_CWORD</code>
-<span id="index-COMP_005fCWORD"></span>
-</dt>
+<dt id='index-COMP_005fCWORD'><span><code>COMP_CWORD</code><a href='#index-COMP_005fCWORD' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>An index into <code>${COMP_WORDS}</code> of the word containing the current
cursor position.
This variable is available only in shell functions invoked by the
programmable completion facilities (see <a href="#Programmable-Completion">Programmable Completion</a>).
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>COMP_LINE</code>
-<span id="index-COMP_005fLINE"></span>
-</dt>
+<dt id='index-COMP_005fLINE'><span><code>COMP_LINE</code><a href='#index-COMP_005fLINE' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>The current command line.
This variable is available only in shell functions and external
commands invoked by the
programmable completion facilities (see <a href="#Programmable-Completion">Programmable Completion</a>).
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>COMP_POINT</code>
-<span id="index-COMP_005fPOINT"></span>
-</dt>
+<dt id='index-COMP_005fPOINT'><span><code>COMP_POINT</code><a href='#index-COMP_005fPOINT' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>The index of the current cursor position relative to the beginning of
the current command.
If the current cursor position is at the end of the current command,
programmable completion facilities (see <a href="#Programmable-Completion">Programmable Completion</a>).
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>COMP_TYPE</code>
-<span id="index-COMP_005fTYPE"></span>
-</dt>
+<dt id='index-COMP_005fTYPE'><span><code>COMP_TYPE</code><a href='#index-COMP_005fTYPE' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>Set to an integer value corresponding to the type of completion attempted
that caused a completion function to be called:
-<var>TAB</var>, for normal completion,
+<tt class="key">TAB</tt>, for normal completion,
‘<samp>?</samp>’, for listing completions after successive tabs,
‘<samp>!</samp>’, for listing alternatives on partial word completion,
‘<samp>@</samp>’, to list completions if the word is not unmodified,
programmable completion facilities (see <a href="#Programmable-Completion">Programmable Completion</a>).
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>COMP_KEY</code>
-<span id="index-COMP_005fKEY"></span>
-</dt>
+<dt id='index-COMP_005fKEY'><span><code>COMP_KEY</code><a href='#index-COMP_005fKEY' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>The key (or final key of a key sequence) used to invoke the current
completion function.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>COMP_WORDBREAKS</code>
-<span id="index-COMP_005fWORDBREAKS"></span>
-</dt>
+<dt id='index-COMP_005fWORDBREAKS'><span><code>COMP_WORDBREAKS</code><a href='#index-COMP_005fWORDBREAKS' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>The set of characters that the Readline library treats as word
separators when performing word completion.
If <code>COMP_WORDBREAKS</code>
even if it is subsequently reset.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>COMP_WORDS</code>
-<span id="index-COMP_005fWORDS"></span>
-</dt>
+<dt id='index-COMP_005fWORDS'><span><code>COMP_WORDS</code><a href='#index-COMP_005fWORDS' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>An array variable consisting of the individual
words in the current command line.
The line is split into words as Readline would split it, using
programmable completion facilities (see <a href="#Programmable-Completion">Programmable Completion</a>).
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>COMPREPLY</code>
-<span id="index-COMPREPLY"></span>
-</dt>
+<dt id='index-COMPREPLY'><span><code>COMPREPLY</code><a href='#index-COMPREPLY' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>An array variable from which Bash reads the possible completions
generated by a shell function invoked by the programmable completion
facility (see <a href="#Programmable-Completion">Programmable Completion</a>).
Each array element contains one possible completion.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>COPROC</code>
-<span id="index-COPROC"></span>
-</dt>
+<dt id='index-COPROC'><span><code>COPROC</code><a href='#index-COPROC' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>An array variable created to hold the file descriptors
for output from and input to an unnamed coprocess (see <a href="#Coprocesses">Coprocesses</a>).
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>DIRSTACK</code>
-<span id="index-DIRSTACK"></span>
-</dt>
+<dt id='index-DIRSTACK'><span><code>DIRSTACK</code><a href='#index-DIRSTACK' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>An array variable containing the current contents of the directory stack.
Directories appear in the stack in the order they are displayed by the
<code>dirs</code> builtin.
it is subsequently reset.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>EMACS</code>
-<span id="index-EMACS"></span>
-</dt>
+<dt id='index-EMACS'><span><code>EMACS</code><a href='#index-EMACS' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>If Bash finds this variable in the environment when the shell
starts with value ‘<samp>t</samp>’, it assumes that the shell is running in an
Emacs shell buffer and disables line editing.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>ENV</code>
-<span id="index-ENV"></span>
-</dt>
+<dt id='index-ENV'><span><code>ENV</code><a href='#index-ENV' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>Expanded and executed similarlty to <code>BASH_ENV</code>
(see <a href="#Bash-Startup-Files">Bash Startup Files</a>)
when an interactive shell is invoked in
<small>POSIX</small> Mode (see <a href="#Bash-POSIX-Mode">Bash POSIX Mode</a>).
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>EPOCHREALTIME</code>
-<span id="index-EPOCHREALTIME"></span>
-</dt>
+<dt id='index-EPOCHREALTIME'><span><code>EPOCHREALTIME</code><a href='#index-EPOCHREALTIME' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>Each time this parameter is referenced, it expands to the number of seconds
since the Unix Epoch as a floating point value with micro-second granularity
-(see the documentation for the C library function <var>time</var> for the
+(see the documentation for the C library function <code>time</code> for the
definition of Epoch).
Assignments to <code>EPOCHREALTIME</code> are ignored.
If <code>EPOCHREALTIME</code>
it is subsequently reset.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>EPOCHSECONDS</code>
-<span id="index-EPOCHSECONDS"></span>
-</dt>
+<dt id='index-EPOCHSECONDS'><span><code>EPOCHSECONDS</code><a href='#index-EPOCHSECONDS' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>Each time this parameter is referenced, it expands to the number of seconds
since the Unix Epoch (see the documentation for the C library function
-<var>time</var> for the definition of Epoch).
+<code>time</code> for the definition of Epoch).
Assignments to <code>EPOCHSECONDS</code> are ignored.
If <code>EPOCHSECONDS</code>
is unset, it loses its special properties, even if
it is subsequently reset.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>EUID</code>
-<span id="index-EUID"></span>
-</dt>
+<dt id='index-EUID'><span><code>EUID</code><a href='#index-EUID' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>The numeric effective user id of the current user. This variable
is readonly.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>EXECIGNORE</code>
-<span id="index-EXECIGNORE"></span>
-</dt>
+<dt id='index-EXECIGNORE'><span><code>EXECIGNORE</code><a href='#index-EXECIGNORE' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>A colon-separated list of shell patterns (see <a href="#Pattern-Matching">Pattern Matching</a>)
defining the list of filenames to be ignored by command search using
<code>PATH</code>.
option.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>FCEDIT</code>
-<span id="index-FCEDIT"></span>
-</dt>
+<dt id='index-FCEDIT'><span><code>FCEDIT</code><a href='#index-FCEDIT' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>The editor used as a default by the <samp>-e</samp> option to the <code>fc</code>
builtin command.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>FIGNORE</code>
-<span id="index-FIGNORE"></span>
-</dt>
+<dt id='index-FIGNORE'><span><code>FIGNORE</code><a href='#index-FIGNORE' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>A colon-separated list of suffixes to ignore when performing
filename completion.
A filename whose suffix matches one of the entries in
value is ‘<samp>.o:~</samp>’
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>FUNCNAME</code>
-<span id="index-FUNCNAME"></span>
-</dt>
+<dt id='index-FUNCNAME'><span><code>FUNCNAME</code><a href='#index-FUNCNAME' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>An array variable containing the names of all shell functions
currently in the execution call stack.
The element with index 0 is the name of any currently-executing
information.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>FUNCNEST</code>
-<span id="index-FUNCNEST"></span>
-</dt>
+<dt id='index-FUNCNEST'><span><code>FUNCNEST</code><a href='#index-FUNCNEST' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>If set to a numeric value greater than 0, defines a maximum function
nesting level. Function invocations that exceed this nesting level
will cause the current command to abort.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>GLOBIGNORE</code>
-<span id="index-GLOBIGNORE"></span>
-</dt>
+<dt id='index-GLOBIGNORE'><span><code>GLOBIGNORE</code><a href='#index-GLOBIGNORE' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>A colon-separated list of patterns defining the set of file names to
be ignored by filename expansion.
If a file name matched by a filename expansion pattern also matches one
option.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>GROUPS</code>
-<span id="index-GROUPS"></span>
-</dt>
+<dt id='index-GROUPS'><span><code>GROUPS</code><a href='#index-GROUPS' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>An array variable containing the list of groups of which the current
user is a member.
Assignments to <code>GROUPS</code> have no effect.
subsequently reset.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>histchars</code>
-<span id="index-histchars"></span>
-</dt>
+<dt id='index-histchars'><span><code>histchars</code><a href='#index-histchars' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>Up to three characters which control history expansion, quick
-substitution, and tokenization (see <a href="#History-Interaction">History Interaction</a>).
+substitution, and tokenization (see <a href="#History-Interaction">History Expansion</a>).
The first character is the
-<var>history expansion</var> character, that is, the character which signifies the
+<em>history expansion</em> character, that is, the character which signifies the
start of a history expansion, normally ‘<samp>!</samp>’. The second character is the
character which signifies ‘quick substitution’ when seen as the first
character on a line, normally ‘<samp>^</samp>’. The optional third character is the
parser to treat the rest of the line as a comment.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>HISTCMD</code>
-<span id="index-HISTCMD"></span>
-</dt>
+<dt id='index-HISTCMD'><span><code>HISTCMD</code><a href='#index-HISTCMD' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>The history number, or index in the history list, of the current
command.
Assignments to <code>HISTCMD</code> are ignored.
even if it is subsequently reset.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>HISTCONTROL</code>
-<span id="index-HISTCONTROL"></span>
-</dt>
+<dt id='index-HISTCONTROL'><span><code>HISTCONTROL</code><a href='#index-HISTCONTROL' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>A colon-separated list of values controlling how commands are saved on
the history list.
If the list of values includes ‘<samp>ignorespace</samp>’, lines which begin
<code>HISTCONTROL</code>.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>HISTFILE</code>
-<span id="index-HISTFILE"></span>
-</dt>
+<dt id='index-HISTFILE'><span><code>HISTFILE</code><a href='#index-HISTFILE' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>The name of the file to which the command history is saved. The
default value is <samp>~/.bash_history</samp>.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>HISTFILESIZE</code>
-<span id="index-HISTFILESIZE"></span>
-</dt>
+<dt id='index-HISTFILESIZE'><span><code>HISTFILESIZE</code><a href='#index-HISTFILESIZE' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>The maximum number of lines contained in the history file.
When this variable is assigned a value, the history file is truncated,
if necessary, to contain no more than that number of lines
after reading any startup files.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>HISTIGNORE</code>
-<span id="index-HISTIGNORE"></span>
-</dt>
+<dt id='index-HISTIGNORE'><span><code>HISTIGNORE</code><a href='#index-HISTIGNORE' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>A colon-separated list of patterns used to decide which command
lines should be saved on the history list. Each pattern is
anchored at the beginning of the line and must match the complete
provides the functionality of <code>ignoreboth</code>.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>HISTSIZE</code>
-<span id="index-HISTSIZE"></span>
-</dt>
+<dt id='index-HISTSIZE'><span><code>HISTSIZE</code><a href='#index-HISTSIZE' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>The maximum number of commands to remember on the history list.
If the value is 0, commands are not saved in the history list.
Numeric values less than zero result in every command being saved
The shell sets the default value to 500 after reading any startup files.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>HISTTIMEFORMAT</code>
-<span id="index-HISTTIMEFORMAT"></span>
-</dt>
+<dt id='index-HISTTIMEFORMAT'><span><code>HISTTIMEFORMAT</code><a href='#index-HISTTIMEFORMAT' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>If this variable is set and not null, its value is used as a format string
-for <var>strftime</var> to print the time stamp associated with each history
+for <code>strftime</code> to print the time stamp associated with each history
entry displayed by the <code>history</code> builtin.
If this variable is set, time stamps are written to the history file so
they may be preserved across shell sessions.
other history lines.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>HOSTFILE</code>
-<span id="index-HOSTFILE"></span>
-</dt>
+<dt id='index-HOSTFILE'><span><code>HOSTFILE</code><a href='#index-HOSTFILE' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>Contains the name of a file in the same format as <samp>/etc/hosts</samp> that
should be read when the shell needs to complete a hostname.
The list of possible hostname completions may be changed while the shell
When <code>HOSTFILE</code> is unset, the hostname list is cleared.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>HOSTNAME</code>
-<span id="index-HOSTNAME"></span>
-</dt>
+<dt id='index-HOSTNAME'><span><code>HOSTNAME</code><a href='#index-HOSTNAME' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>The name of the current host.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>HOSTTYPE</code>
-<span id="index-HOSTTYPE"></span>
-</dt>
+<dt id='index-HOSTTYPE'><span><code>HOSTTYPE</code><a href='#index-HOSTTYPE' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>A string describing the machine Bash is running on.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>IGNOREEOF</code>
-<span id="index-IGNOREEOF"></span>
-</dt>
+<dt id='index-IGNOREEOF'><span><code>IGNOREEOF</code><a href='#index-IGNOREEOF' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>Controls the action of the shell on receipt of an <code>EOF</code> character
as the sole input. If set, the value denotes the number
of consecutive <code>EOF</code> characters that can be read as the
input to the shell. This is only in effect for interactive shells.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>INPUTRC</code>
-<span id="index-INPUTRC"></span>
-</dt>
+<dt id='index-INPUTRC'><span><code>INPUTRC</code><a href='#index-INPUTRC' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>The name of the Readline initialization file, overriding the default
of <samp>~/.inputrc</samp>.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>INSIDE_EMACS</code>
-<span id="index-INSIDE_005fEMACS"></span>
-</dt>
+<dt id='index-INSIDE_005fEMACS'><span><code>INSIDE_EMACS</code><a href='#index-INSIDE_005fEMACS' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>If Bash finds this variable in the environment when the shell
starts, it assumes that the shell is running in an Emacs shell buffer
and may disable line editing depending on the value of <code>TERM</code>.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>LANG</code>
-<span id="index-LANG"></span>
-</dt>
+<dt id='index-LANG-1'><span><code>LANG</code><a href='#index-LANG-1' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>Used to determine the locale category for any category not specifically
selected with a variable starting with <code>LC_</code>.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>LC_ALL</code>
-<span id="index-LC_005fALL"></span>
-</dt>
+<dt id='index-LC_005fALL'><span><code>LC_ALL</code><a href='#index-LC_005fALL' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>This variable overrides the value of <code>LANG</code> and any other
<code>LC_</code> variable specifying a locale category.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>LC_COLLATE</code>
-<span id="index-LC_005fCOLLATE"></span>
-</dt>
+<dt id='index-LC_005fCOLLATE'><span><code>LC_COLLATE</code><a href='#index-LC_005fCOLLATE' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>This variable determines the collation order used when sorting the
results of filename expansion, and
determines the behavior of range expressions, equivalence classes,
(see <a href="#Filename-Expansion">Filename Expansion</a>).
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>LC_CTYPE</code>
-<span id="index-LC_005fCTYPE"></span>
-</dt>
+<dt id='index-LC_005fCTYPE'><span><code>LC_CTYPE</code><a href='#index-LC_005fCTYPE' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>This variable determines the interpretation of characters and the
behavior of character classes within filename expansion and pattern
matching (see <a href="#Filename-Expansion">Filename Expansion</a>).
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>LC_MESSAGES</code>
-<span id="index-LC_005fMESSAGES-1"></span>
-</dt>
+<dt id='index-LC_005fMESSAGES-1'><span><code>LC_MESSAGES</code><a href='#index-LC_005fMESSAGES-1' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>This variable determines the locale used to translate double-quoted
-strings preceded by a ‘<samp>$</samp>’ (see <a href="#Locale-Translation">Locale Translation</a>).
+strings preceded by a ‘<samp>$</samp>’ (see <a href="#Locale-Translation">Locale-Specific Translation</a>).
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>LC_NUMERIC</code>
-<span id="index-LC_005fNUMERIC"></span>
-</dt>
+<dt id='index-LC_005fNUMERIC'><span><code>LC_NUMERIC</code><a href='#index-LC_005fNUMERIC' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>This variable determines the locale category used for number formatting.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>LC_TIME</code>
-<span id="index-LC_005fTIME"></span>
-</dt>
+<dt id='index-LC_005fTIME'><span><code>LC_TIME</code><a href='#index-LC_005fTIME' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>This variable determines the locale category used for data and time
formatting.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>LINENO</code>
-<span id="index-LINENO"></span>
-</dt>
+<dt id='index-LINENO'><span><code>LINENO</code><a href='#index-LINENO' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>The line number in the script or shell function currently executing.
If <code>LINENO</code>
is unset, it loses its special properties, even if it is
subsequently reset.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>LINES</code>
-<span id="index-LINES"></span>
-</dt>
+<dt id='index-LINES'><span><code>LINES</code><a href='#index-LINES' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>Used by the <code>select</code> command to determine the column length
for printing selection lists.
Automatically set if the <code>checkwinsize</code> option is enabled
<code>SIGWINCH</code>.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>MACHTYPE</code>
-<span id="index-MACHTYPE"></span>
-</dt>
+<dt id='index-MACHTYPE'><span><code>MACHTYPE</code><a href='#index-MACHTYPE' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>A string that fully describes the system type on which Bash
is executing, in the standard <small>GNU</small> <var>cpu-company-system</var> format.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>MAILCHECK</code>
-<span id="index-MAILCHECK"></span>
-</dt>
+<dt id='index-MAILCHECK'><span><code>MAILCHECK</code><a href='#index-MAILCHECK' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>How often (in seconds) that the shell should check for mail in the
files specified in the <code>MAILPATH</code> or <code>MAIL</code> variables.
The default is 60 seconds. When it is time to check
greater than or equal to zero, the shell disables mail checking.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>MAPFILE</code>
-<span id="index-MAPFILE"></span>
-</dt>
+<dt id='index-MAPFILE'><span><code>MAPFILE</code><a href='#index-MAPFILE' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>An array variable created to hold the text read by the
<code>mapfile</code> builtin when no variable name is supplied.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>OLDPWD</code>
-<span id="index-OLDPWD"></span>
-</dt>
+<dt id='index-OLDPWD'><span><code>OLDPWD</code><a href='#index-OLDPWD' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>The previous working directory as set by the <code>cd</code> builtin.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>OPTERR</code>
-<span id="index-OPTERR"></span>
-</dt>
+<dt id='index-OPTERR'><span><code>OPTERR</code><a href='#index-OPTERR' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>If set to the value 1, Bash displays error messages
generated by the <code>getopts</code> builtin command.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>OSTYPE</code>
-<span id="index-OSTYPE"></span>
-</dt>
+<dt id='index-OSTYPE'><span><code>OSTYPE</code><a href='#index-OSTYPE' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>A string describing the operating system Bash is running on.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>PIPESTATUS</code>
-<span id="index-PIPESTATUS"></span>
-</dt>
+<dt id='index-PIPESTATUS'><span><code>PIPESTATUS</code><a href='#index-PIPESTATUS' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>An array variable (see <a href="#Arrays">Arrays</a>)
containing a list of exit status values from the processes
in the most-recently-executed foreground pipeline (which may
contain only a single command).
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>POSIXLY_CORRECT</code>
-<span id="index-POSIXLY_005fCORRECT"></span>
-</dt>
+<dt id='index-POSIXLY_005fCORRECT'><span><code>POSIXLY_CORRECT</code><a href='#index-POSIXLY_005fCORRECT' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>If this variable is in the environment when Bash starts, the shell
enters <small>POSIX</small> mode (see <a href="#Bash-POSIX-Mode">Bash POSIX Mode</a>) before reading the
startup files, as if the <samp>--posix</samp> invocation option had been supplied.
not already set.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>PPID</code>
-<span id="index-PPID"></span>
-</dt>
+<dt id='index-PPID'><span><code>PPID</code><a href='#index-PPID' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>The process <small>ID</small> of the shell’s parent process. This variable
is readonly.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>PROMPT_COMMAND</code>
-<span id="index-PROMPT_005fCOMMAND"></span>
-</dt>
+<dt id='index-PROMPT_005fCOMMAND'><span><code>PROMPT_COMMAND</code><a href='#index-PROMPT_005fCOMMAND' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>If this variable is set, and is an array,
the value of each set element is interpreted as a command to execute
before printing the primary prompt (<code>$PS1</code>).
its value is used as a command to execute instead.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>PROMPT_DIRTRIM</code>
-<span id="index-PROMPT_005fDIRTRIM"></span>
-</dt>
+<dt id='index-PROMPT_005fDIRTRIM'><span><code>PROMPT_DIRTRIM</code><a href='#index-PROMPT_005fDIRTRIM' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>If set to a number greater than zero, the value is used as the number of
trailing directory components to retain when expanding the <code>\w</code> and
<code>\W</code> prompt string escapes (see <a href="#Controlling-the-Prompt">Controlling the Prompt</a>).
Characters removed are replaced with an ellipsis.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>PS0</code>
-<span id="index-PS0"></span>
-</dt>
+<dt id='index-PS0'><span><code>PS0</code><a href='#index-PS0' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>The value of this parameter is expanded like <code>PS1</code>
and displayed by interactive shells after reading a command
and before the command is executed.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>PS3</code>
-<span id="index-PS3"></span>
-</dt>
+<dt id='index-PS3'><span><code>PS3</code><a href='#index-PS3' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>The value of this variable is used as the prompt for the
<code>select</code> command. If this variable is not set, the
<code>select</code> command prompts with ‘<samp>#? </samp>’
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>PS4</code>
-<span id="index-PS4"></span>
-</dt>
-<dd><p>The value of this parameter is expanded like <var>PS1</var>
+<dt id='index-PS4'><span><code>PS4</code><a href='#index-PS4' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt>
+<dd><p>The value of this parameter is expanded like <code>PS1</code>
and the expanded value is the prompt printed before the command line
is echoed when the <samp>-x</samp> option is set (see <a href="#The-Set-Builtin">The Set Builtin</a>).
The first character of the expanded value is replicated multiple times,
The default is ‘<samp>+ </samp>’.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>PWD</code>
-<span id="index-PWD"></span>
-</dt>
+<dt id='index-PWD'><span><code>PWD</code><a href='#index-PWD' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>The current working directory as set by the <code>cd</code> builtin.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>RANDOM</code>
-<span id="index-RANDOM"></span>
-</dt>
+<dt id='index-RANDOM'><span><code>RANDOM</code><a href='#index-RANDOM' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>Each time this parameter is referenced, it expands to a random integer
between 0 and 32767. Assigning a value to this
variable seeds the random number generator.
subsequently reset.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>READLINE_LINE</code>
-<span id="index-READLINE_005fLINE"></span>
-</dt>
+<dt id='index-READLINE_005fARGUMENT'><span><code>READLINE_ARGUMENT</code><a href='#index-READLINE_005fARGUMENT' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt>
+<dd><p>Any numeric argument given to a Readline command that was defined using
+‘<samp>bind -x</samp>’ (see <a href="#Bash-Builtins">Bash Builtin Commands</a>
+when it was invoked.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt id='index-READLINE_005fLINE'><span><code>READLINE_LINE</code><a href='#index-READLINE_005fLINE' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>The contents of the Readline line buffer, for use
-with ‘<samp>bind -x</samp>’ (see <a href="#Bash-Builtins">Bash Builtins</a>).
+with ‘<samp>bind -x</samp>’ (see <a href="#Bash-Builtins">Bash Builtin Commands</a>).
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>READLINE_MARK</code>
-<span id="index-READLINE_005fMARK"></span>
-</dt>
-<dd><p>The position of the <var>mark</var> (saved insertion point) in the
+<dt id='index-READLINE_005fMARK'><span><code>READLINE_MARK</code><a href='#index-READLINE_005fMARK' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt>
+<dd><p>The position of the <em>mark</em> (saved insertion point) in the
Readline line buffer, for use
-with ‘<samp>bind -x</samp>’ (see <a href="#Bash-Builtins">Bash Builtins</a>).
+with ‘<samp>bind -x</samp>’ (see <a href="#Bash-Builtins">Bash Builtin Commands</a>).
The characters between the insertion point and the mark are often
-called the <var>region</var>.
+called the <em>region</em>.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>READLINE_POINT</code>
-<span id="index-READLINE_005fPOINT"></span>
-</dt>
+<dt id='index-READLINE_005fPOINT'><span><code>READLINE_POINT</code><a href='#index-READLINE_005fPOINT' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>The position of the insertion point in the Readline line buffer, for use
-with ‘<samp>bind -x</samp>’ (see <a href="#Bash-Builtins">Bash Builtins</a>).
+with ‘<samp>bind -x</samp>’ (see <a href="#Bash-Builtins">Bash Builtin Commands</a>).
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>REPLY</code>
-<span id="index-REPLY"></span>
-</dt>
+<dt id='index-REPLY'><span><code>REPLY</code><a href='#index-REPLY' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>The default variable for the <code>read</code> builtin.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>SECONDS</code>
-<span id="index-SECONDS"></span>
-</dt>
+<dt id='index-SECONDS'><span><code>SECONDS</code><a href='#index-SECONDS' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>This variable expands to the number of seconds since the
shell was started. Assignment to this variable resets
the count to the value assigned, and the expanded value
even if it is subsequently reset.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>SHELL</code>
-<span id="index-SHELL"></span>
-</dt>
+<dt id='index-SHELL'><span><code>SHELL</code><a href='#index-SHELL' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>This environment variable expands to the full pathname to the shell.
If it is not set when the shell starts,
Bash assigns to it the full pathname of the current user’s login shell.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>SHELLOPTS</code>
-<span id="index-SHELLOPTS"></span>
-</dt>
+<dt id='index-SHELLOPTS'><span><code>SHELLOPTS</code><a href='#index-SHELLOPTS' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>A colon-separated list of enabled shell options. Each word in
the list is a valid argument for the <samp>-o</samp> option to the
<code>set</code> builtin command (see <a href="#The-Set-Builtin">The Set Builtin</a>).
reading any startup files. This variable is readonly.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>SHLVL</code>
-<span id="index-SHLVL"></span>
-</dt>
+<dt id='index-SHLVL'><span><code>SHLVL</code><a href='#index-SHLVL' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>Incremented by one each time a new instance of Bash is started. This is
intended to be a count of how deeply your Bash shells are nested.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>SRANDOM</code>
-<span id="index-SRANDOM"></span>
-</dt>
+<dt id='index-SRANDOM'><span><code>SRANDOM</code><a href='#index-SRANDOM' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>This variable expands to a 32-bit pseudo-random number each time it is
referenced. The random number generator is not linear on systems that
support <samp>/dev/urandom</samp> or <code>arc4random</code>, so each returned number
even if it is subsequently reset.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>TIMEFORMAT</code>
-<span id="index-TIMEFORMAT"></span>
-</dt>
+<dt id='index-TIMEFORMAT'><span><code>TIMEFORMAT</code><a href='#index-TIMEFORMAT' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>The value of this parameter is used as a format string specifying
how the timing information for pipelines prefixed with the <code>time</code>
reserved word should be displayed.
follows; the braces denote optional portions.
</p>
<dl compact="compact">
-<dt><code>%%</code></dt>
+<dt><span><code>%%</code></span></dt>
<dd><p>A literal ‘<samp>%</samp>’.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>%[<var>p</var>][l]R</code></dt>
+<dt><span><code>%[<var>p</var>][l]R</code></span></dt>
<dd><p>The elapsed time in seconds.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>%[<var>p</var>][l]U</code></dt>
+<dt><span><code>%[<var>p</var>][l]U</code></span></dt>
<dd><p>The number of CPU seconds spent in user mode.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>%[<var>p</var>][l]S</code></dt>
+<dt><span><code>%[<var>p</var>][l]S</code></span></dt>
<dd><p>The number of CPU seconds spent in system mode.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>%P</code></dt>
+<dt><span><code>%P</code></span></dt>
<dd><p>The CPU percentage, computed as (%U + %S) / %R.
</p></dd>
</dl>
A trailing newline is added when the format string is displayed.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>TMOUT</code>
-<span id="index-TMOUT"></span>
-</dt>
+<dt id='index-TMOUT'><span><code>TMOUT</code><a href='#index-TMOUT' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>If set to a value greater than zero, <code>TMOUT</code> is treated as the
-default timeout for the <code>read</code> builtin (see <a href="#Bash-Builtins">Bash Builtins</a>).
+default timeout for the <code>read</code> builtin (see <a href="#Bash-Builtins">Bash Builtin Commands</a>).
The <code>select</code> command (see <a href="#Conditional-Constructs">Conditional Constructs</a>) terminates
if input does not arrive after <code>TMOUT</code> seconds when input is coming
from a terminal.
line of input does not arrive.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>TMPDIR</code>
-<span id="index-TMPDIR"></span>
-</dt>
+<dt id='index-TMPDIR'><span><code>TMPDIR</code><a href='#index-TMPDIR' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>If set, Bash uses its value as the name of a directory in which
Bash creates temporary files for the shell’s use.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>UID</code>
-<span id="index-UID"></span>
-</dt>
+<dt id='index-UID'><span><code>UID</code><a href='#index-UID' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>The numeric real user id of the current user. This variable is readonly.
</p>
</dd>
</dl>
<hr>
-<span id="Bash-Features"></span><div class="header">
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="chapter" id="Bash-Features">
+<div class="header">
<p>
-Next: <a href="#Job-Control" accesskey="n" rel="next">Job Control</a>, Previous: <a href="#Shell-Variables" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Shell Variables</a>, Up: <a href="#Top" accesskey="u" rel="up">
Top</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Indexes" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+Next: <a href="#Job-Control" accesskey="n" rel="next">Job Control</a>, Previous: <a href="#Shell-Variables" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Shell Variables</a>, Up: <a href="#Top" accesskey="u" rel="up">
Bash Features</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Indexes" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<span id="Bash-Features-2"></span><h2 class="chapter">6 Bash Features</h2>
<p>This chapter describes features unique to Bash.
</p>
-<table class="menu" border="0" cellspacing="0">
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#Invoking-Bash" accesskey="1">Invoking Bash</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Command line options that you can give
- to Bash.
-</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#Bash-Startup-Files" accesskey="2">Bash Startup Files</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">When and how Bash executes scripts.
-</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#Interactive-Shells" accesskey="3">Interactive Shells</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">What an interactive shell is.
-</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#Bash-Conditional-Expressions" accesskey="4">Bash Conditional Expressions</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Primitives used in composing expressions for
- the <code>test</code> builtin.
-</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#Shell-Arithmetic" accesskey="5">Shell Arithmetic</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Arithmetic on shell variables.
-</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#Aliases" accesskey="6">Aliases</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Substituting one command for another.
-</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#Arrays" accesskey="7">Arrays</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Array Variables.
-</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#The-Directory-Stack" accesskey="8">The Directory Stack</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">History of visited directories.
-</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#Controlling-the-Prompt" accesskey="9">Controlling the Prompt</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Customizing the various prompt strings.
-</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#The-Restricted-Shell">The Restricted Shell</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">A more controlled mode of shell execution.
-</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#Bash-POSIX-Mode">Bash POSIX Mode</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Making Bash behave more closely to what
- the POSIX standard specifies.
-</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#Shell-Compatibility-Mode">Shell Compatibility Mode</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">How Bash supports behavior that was present
- in earlier versions and has changed.
-</td></tr>
-</table>
+<ul class="section-toc">
+<li><a href="#Invoking-Bash" accesskey="1">Invoking Bash</a></li>
+<li><a href="#Bash-Startup-Files" accesskey="2">Bash Startup Files</a></li>
+<li><a href="#Interactive-Shells" accesskey="3">Interactive Shells</a></li>
+<li><a href="#Bash-Conditional-Expressions" accesskey="4">Bash Conditional Expressions</a></li>
+<li><a href="#Shell-Arithmetic" accesskey="5">Shell Arithmetic</a></li>
+<li><a href="#Aliases" accesskey="6">Aliases</a></li>
+<li><a href="#Arrays" accesskey="7">Arrays</a></li>
+<li><a href="#The-Directory-Stack" accesskey="8">The Directory Stack</a></li>
+<li><a href="#Controlling-the-Prompt" accesskey="9">Controlling the Prompt</a></li>
+<li><a href="#The-Restricted-Shell">The Restricted Shell</a></li>
+<li><a href="#Bash-POSIX-Mode">Bash POSIX Mode</a></li>
+<li><a href="#Shell-Compatibility-Mode">Shell Compatibility Mode</a></li>
+</ul>
<hr>
-<span id="Invoking-Bash"></span><div class="header">
+<div class="section" id="Invoking-Bash">
+<div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#Bash-Startup-Files" accesskey="n" rel="next">Bash Startup Files</a>, Up: <a href="#Bash-Features" accesskey="u" rel="up">Bash Features</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Indexes" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
line before the single-character options to be recognized.
</p>
<dl compact="compact">
-<dt><code>--debugger</code></dt>
+<dt><span><code>--debugger</code></span></dt>
<dd><p>Arrange for the debugger profile to be executed before the shell
starts. Turns on extended debugging mode (see <a href="#The-Shopt-Builtin">The Shopt Builtin</a>
for a description of the <code>extdebug</code> option to the <code>shopt</code>
builtin).
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>--dump-po-strings</code></dt>
+<dt><span><code>--dump-po-strings</code></span></dt>
<dd><p>A list of all double-quoted strings preceded by ‘<samp>$</samp>’
is printed on the standard output
in the <small>GNU</small> <code>gettext</code> PO (portable object) file format.
Equivalent to <samp>-D</samp> except for the output format.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>--dump-strings</code></dt>
+<dt><span><code>--dump-strings</code></span></dt>
<dd><p>Equivalent to <samp>-D</samp>.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>--help</code></dt>
+<dt><span><code>--help</code></span></dt>
<dd><p>Display a usage message on standard output and exit successfully.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>--init-file <var>filename</var></code></dt>
-<dt><code>--rcfile <var>filename</var></code></dt>
+<dt><span><code>--init-file <var>filename</var></code></span></dt>
+<dt><span><code>--rcfile <var>filename</var></code></span></dt>
<dd><p>Execute commands from <var>filename</var> (instead of <samp>~/.bashrc</samp>)
in an interactive shell.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>--login</code></dt>
+<dt><span><code>--login</code></span></dt>
<dd><p>Equivalent to <samp>-l</samp>.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>--noediting</code></dt>
+<dt><span><code>--noediting</code></span></dt>
<dd><p>Do not use the <small>GNU</small> Readline library (see <a href="#Command-Line-Editing">Command Line Editing</a>)
to read command lines when the shell is interactive.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>--noprofile</code></dt>
+<dt><span><code>--noprofile</code></span></dt>
<dd><p>Don’t load the system-wide startup file <samp>/etc/profile</samp>
or any of the personal initialization files
<samp>~/.bash_profile</samp>, <samp>~/.bash_login</samp>, or <samp>~/.profile</samp>
when Bash is invoked as a login shell.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>--norc</code></dt>
+<dt><span><code>--norc</code></span></dt>
<dd><p>Don’t read the <samp>~/.bashrc</samp> initialization file in an
interactive shell. This is on by default if the shell is
invoked as <code>sh</code>.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>--posix</code></dt>
+<dt><span><code>--posix</code></span></dt>
<dd><p>Change the behavior of Bash where the default operation differs
from the <small>POSIX</small> standard to match the standard. This
is intended to make Bash behave as a strict superset of that
<small>POSIX</small> mode.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>--restricted</code></dt>
+<dt><span><code>--restricted</code></span></dt>
<dd><p>Make the shell a restricted shell (see <a href="#The-Restricted-Shell">The Restricted Shell</a>).
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>--verbose</code></dt>
+<dt><span><code>--verbose</code></span></dt>
<dd><p>Equivalent to <samp>-v</samp>. Print shell input lines as they’re read.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>--version</code></dt>
+<dt><span><code>--version</code></span></dt>
<dd><p>Show version information for this instance of
Bash on the standard output and exit successfully.
</p></dd>
invocation which are not available with the <code>set</code> builtin.
</p>
<dl compact="compact">
-<dt><code>-c</code></dt>
+<dt><span><code>-c</code></span></dt>
<dd><p>Read and execute commands from the first non-option argument
<var>command_string</var>, then exit.
If there are arguments after the <var>command_string</var>,
in warning and error messages.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>-i</code></dt>
+<dt><span><code>-i</code></span></dt>
<dd><p>Force the shell to run interactively. Interactive shells are
described in <a href="#Interactive-Shells">Interactive Shells</a>.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>-l</code></dt>
+<dt><span><code>-l</code></span></dt>
<dd><p>Make this shell act as if it had been directly invoked by login.
When the shell is interactive, this is equivalent to starting a
login shell with ‘<samp>exec -l bash</samp>’.
of a login shell.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>-r</code></dt>
+<dt><span><code>-r</code></span></dt>
<dd><p>Make the shell a restricted shell (see <a href="#The-Restricted-Shell">The Restricted Shell</a>).
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>-s</code></dt>
+<dt><span><code>-s</code></span></dt>
<dd><p>If this option is present, or if no arguments remain after option
processing, then commands are read from the standard input.
This option allows the positional parameters to be set
through a pipe.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>-D</code></dt>
+<dt><span><code>-D</code></span></dt>
<dd><p>A list of all double-quoted strings preceded by ‘<samp>$</samp>’
is printed on the standard output.
These are the strings that
are subject to language translation when the current locale
-is not <code>C</code> or <code>POSIX</code> (see <a href="#Locale-Translation">Locale Translation</a>).
+is not <code>C</code> or <code>POSIX</code> (see <a href="#Locale-Translation">Locale-Specific Translation</a>).
This implies the <samp>-n</samp> option; no commands will be executed.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>[-+]O [<var>shopt_option</var>]</code></dt>
+<dt><span><code>[-+]O [<var>shopt_option</var>]</code></span></dt>
<dd><p><var>shopt_option</var> is one of the shell options accepted by the
<code>shopt</code> builtin (see <a href="#The-Shopt-Builtin">The Shopt Builtin</a>).
If <var>shopt_option</var> is present, <samp>-O</samp> sets the value of that option;
that may be reused as input.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>--</code></dt>
+<dt><span><code>--</code></span></dt>
<dd><p>A <code>--</code> signals the end of options and disables further option
processing.
Any arguments after the <code>--</code> are treated as filenames and arguments.
in the script. If no commands are executed, the exit status is 0.
</p>
<hr>
-<span id="Bash-Startup-Files"></span><div class="header">
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="Bash-Startup-Files">
+<div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#Interactive-Shells" accesskey="n" rel="next">Interactive Shells</a>, Previous: <a href="#Invoking-Bash" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Invoking Bash</a>, Up: <a href="#Bash-Features" accesskey="u" rel="up">Bash Features</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Indexes" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
the same, but the effective user id is not reset.
</p>
<hr>
-<span id="Interactive-Shells"></span><div class="header">
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="Interactive-Shells">
+<div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#Bash-Conditional-Expressions" accesskey="n" rel="next">Bash Conditional Expressions</a>, Previous: <a href="#Bash-Startup-Files" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Bash Startup Files</a>, Up: <a href="#Bash-Features" accesskey="u" rel="up">Bash Features</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Indexes" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<span id="index-interactive-shell-1"></span>
<span id="index-shell_002c-interactive"></span>
-<table class="menu" border="0" cellspacing="0">
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#What-is-an-Interactive-Shell_003f" accesskey="1">What is an Interactive Shell?</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">What determines whether a shell is Interactive.
-</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#Is-this-Shell-Interactive_003f" accesskey="2">Is this Shell Interactive?</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">How to tell if a shell is interactive.
-</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#Interactive-Shell-Behavior" accesskey="3">Interactive Shell Behavior</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">What changes in a interactive shell?
-</td></tr>
-</table>
+<ul class="section-toc">
+<li><a href="#What-is-an-Interactive-Shell_003f" accesskey="1">What is an Interactive Shell?</a></li>
+<li><a href="#Is-this-Shell-Interactive_003f" accesskey="2">Is this Shell Interactive?</a></li>
+<li><a href="#Interactive-Shell-Behavior" accesskey="3">Interactive Shell Behavior</a></li>
+</ul>
<hr>
-<span id="What-is-an-Interactive-Shell_003f"></span><div class="header">
+<div class="subsection" id="What-is-an-Interactive-Shell_003f">
+<div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#Is-this-Shell-Interactive_003f" accesskey="n" rel="next">Is this Shell Interactive?</a>, Up: <a href="#Interactive-Shells" accesskey="u" rel="up">Interactive Shells</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Indexes" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
when an interactive shell is started.
</p>
<hr>
-<span id="Is-this-Shell-Interactive_003f"></span><div class="header">
+</div>
+<div class="subsection" id="Is-this-Shell-Interactive_003f">
+<div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#Interactive-Shell-Behavior" accesskey="n" rel="next">Interactive Shell Behavior</a>, Previous: <a href="#What-is-an-Interactive-Shell_003f" accesskey="p" rel="prev">What is an Interactive Shell?</a>, Up: <a href="#Interactive-Shells" accesskey="u" rel="up">Interactive Shells</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Indexes" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
</pre></div>
<hr>
-<span id="Interactive-Shell-Behavior"></span><div class="header">
+</div>
+<div class="subsection" id="Interactive-Shell-Behavior">
+<div class="header">
<p>
Previous: <a href="#Is-this-Shell-Interactive_003f" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Is this Shell Interactive?</a>, Up: <a href="#Interactive-Shells" accesskey="u" rel="up">Interactive Shells</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Indexes" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
standard input when reading a command (see <a href="#The-Set-Builtin">The Set Builtin</a>).
</li><li> Command history (see <a href="#Bash-History-Facilities">Bash History Facilities</a>)
-and history expansion (see <a href="#History-Interaction">History Interaction</a>)
+and history expansion (see <a href="#History-Interaction">History Expansion</a>)
are enabled by default.
Bash will save the command history to the file named by <code>$HISTFILE</code>
when a shell with history enabled exits.
</li></ol>
<hr>
-<span id="Bash-Conditional-Expressions"></span><div class="header">
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="Bash-Conditional-Expressions">
+<div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#Shell-Arithmetic" accesskey="n" rel="next">Shell Arithmetic</a>, Previous: <a href="#Interactive-Shells" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Interactive Shells</a>, Up: <a href="#Bash-Features" accesskey="u" rel="up">Bash Features</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Indexes" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<span id="index-expressions_002c-conditional"></span>
<p>Conditional expressions are used by the <code>[[</code> compound command
-and the <code>test</code> and <code>[</code> builtin commands. The <code>test</code>
+(see <a href="#Conditional-Constructs">Conditional Constructs</a>)
+and the <code>test</code> and <code>[</code> builtin commands
+(see <a href="#Bourne-Shell-Builtins">Bourne Shell Builtins</a>).
+The <code>test</code>
and <code>[</code> commands determine their behavior based on the number
of arguments; see the descriptions of those commands for any other
command-specific actions.
links and operate on the target of the link, rather than the link itself.
</p>
<dl compact="compact">
-<dt><code>-a <var>file</var></code></dt>
+<dt><span><code>-a <var>file</var></code></span></dt>
<dd><p>True if <var>file</var> exists.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>-b <var>file</var></code></dt>
+<dt><span><code>-b <var>file</var></code></span></dt>
<dd><p>True if <var>file</var> exists and is a block special file.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>-c <var>file</var></code></dt>
+<dt><span><code>-c <var>file</var></code></span></dt>
<dd><p>True if <var>file</var> exists and is a character special file.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>-d <var>file</var></code></dt>
+<dt><span><code>-d <var>file</var></code></span></dt>
<dd><p>True if <var>file</var> exists and is a directory.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>-e <var>file</var></code></dt>
+<dt><span><code>-e <var>file</var></code></span></dt>
<dd><p>True if <var>file</var> exists.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>-f <var>file</var></code></dt>
+<dt><span><code>-f <var>file</var></code></span></dt>
<dd><p>True if <var>file</var> exists and is a regular file.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>-g <var>file</var></code></dt>
+<dt><span><code>-g <var>file</var></code></span></dt>
<dd><p>True if <var>file</var> exists and its set-group-id bit is set.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>-h <var>file</var></code></dt>
+<dt><span><code>-h <var>file</var></code></span></dt>
<dd><p>True if <var>file</var> exists and is a symbolic link.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>-k <var>file</var></code></dt>
+<dt><span><code>-k <var>file</var></code></span></dt>
<dd><p>True if <var>file</var> exists and its "sticky" bit is set.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>-p <var>file</var></code></dt>
+<dt><span><code>-p <var>file</var></code></span></dt>
<dd><p>True if <var>file</var> exists and is a named pipe (FIFO).
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>-r <var>file</var></code></dt>
+<dt><span><code>-r <var>file</var></code></span></dt>
<dd><p>True if <var>file</var> exists and is readable.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>-s <var>file</var></code></dt>
+<dt><span><code>-s <var>file</var></code></span></dt>
<dd><p>True if <var>file</var> exists and has a size greater than zero.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>-t <var>fd</var></code></dt>
+<dt><span><code>-t <var>fd</var></code></span></dt>
<dd><p>True if file descriptor <var>fd</var> is open and refers to a terminal.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>-u <var>file</var></code></dt>
+<dt><span><code>-u <var>file</var></code></span></dt>
<dd><p>True if <var>file</var> exists and its set-user-id bit is set.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>-w <var>file</var></code></dt>
+<dt><span><code>-w <var>file</var></code></span></dt>
<dd><p>True if <var>file</var> exists and is writable.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>-x <var>file</var></code></dt>
+<dt><span><code>-x <var>file</var></code></span></dt>
<dd><p>True if <var>file</var> exists and is executable.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>-G <var>file</var></code></dt>
+<dt><span><code>-G <var>file</var></code></span></dt>
<dd><p>True if <var>file</var> exists and is owned by the effective group id.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>-L <var>file</var></code></dt>
+<dt><span><code>-L <var>file</var></code></span></dt>
<dd><p>True if <var>file</var> exists and is a symbolic link.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>-N <var>file</var></code></dt>
+<dt><span><code>-N <var>file</var></code></span></dt>
<dd><p>True if <var>file</var> exists and has been modified since it was last read.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>-O <var>file</var></code></dt>
+<dt><span><code>-O <var>file</var></code></span></dt>
<dd><p>True if <var>file</var> exists and is owned by the effective user id.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>-S <var>file</var></code></dt>
+<dt><span><code>-S <var>file</var></code></span></dt>
<dd><p>True if <var>file</var> exists and is a socket.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code><var>file1</var> -ef <var>file2</var></code></dt>
+<dt><span><code><var>file1</var> -ef <var>file2</var></code></span></dt>
<dd><p>True if <var>file1</var> and <var>file2</var> refer to the same device and
inode numbers.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code><var>file1</var> -nt <var>file2</var></code></dt>
+<dt><span><code><var>file1</var> -nt <var>file2</var></code></span></dt>
<dd><p>True if <var>file1</var> is newer (according to modification date)
than <var>file2</var>, or if <var>file1</var> exists and <var>file2</var> does not.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code><var>file1</var> -ot <var>file2</var></code></dt>
+<dt><span><code><var>file1</var> -ot <var>file2</var></code></span></dt>
<dd><p>True if <var>file1</var> is older than <var>file2</var>,
or if <var>file2</var> exists and <var>file1</var> does not.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>-o <var>optname</var></code></dt>
+<dt><span><code>-o <var>optname</var></code></span></dt>
<dd><p>True if the shell option <var>optname</var> is enabled.
The list of options appears in the description of the <samp>-o</samp>
option to the <code>set</code> builtin (see <a href="#The-Set-Builtin">The Set Builtin</a>).
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>-v <var>varname</var></code></dt>
+<dt><span><code>-v <var>varname</var></code></span></dt>
<dd><p>True if the shell variable <var>varname</var> is set (has been assigned a value).
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>-R <var>varname</var></code></dt>
+<dt><span><code>-R <var>varname</var></code></span></dt>
<dd><p>True if the shell variable <var>varname</var> is set and is a name reference.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>-z <var>string</var></code></dt>
+<dt><span><code>-z <var>string</var></code></span></dt>
<dd><p>True if the length of <var>string</var> is zero.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>-n <var>string</var></code></dt>
-<dt><code><var>string</var></code></dt>
+<dt><span><code>-n <var>string</var></code></span></dt>
+<dt><span><code><var>string</var></code></span></dt>
<dd><p>True if the length of <var>string</var> is non-zero.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code><var>string1</var> == <var>string2</var></code></dt>
-<dt><code><var>string1</var> = <var>string2</var></code></dt>
+<dt><span><code><var>string1</var> == <var>string2</var></code></span></dt>
+<dt><span><code><var>string1</var> = <var>string2</var></code></span></dt>
<dd><p>True if the strings are equal.
When used with the <code>[[</code> command, this performs pattern matching as
described above (see <a href="#Conditional-Constructs">Conditional Constructs</a>).
<p>‘<samp>=</samp>’ should be used with the <code>test</code> command for <small>POSIX</small> conformance.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code><var>string1</var> != <var>string2</var></code></dt>
+<dt><span><code><var>string1</var> != <var>string2</var></code></span></dt>
<dd><p>True if the strings are not equal.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code><var>string1</var> < <var>string2</var></code></dt>
+<dt><span><code><var>string1</var> < <var>string2</var></code></span></dt>
<dd><p>True if <var>string1</var> sorts before <var>string2</var> lexicographically.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code><var>string1</var> > <var>string2</var></code></dt>
+<dt><span><code><var>string1</var> > <var>string2</var></code></span></dt>
<dd><p>True if <var>string1</var> sorts after <var>string2</var> lexicographically.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code><var>arg1</var> OP <var>arg2</var></code></dt>
+<dt><span><code><var>arg1</var> OP <var>arg2</var></code></span></dt>
<dd><p><code>OP</code> is one of
‘<samp>-eq</samp>’, ‘<samp>-ne</samp>’, ‘<samp>-lt</samp>’, ‘<samp>-le</samp>’, ‘<samp>-gt</samp>’, or ‘<samp>-ge</samp>’.
These arithmetic binary operators return true if <var>arg1</var>
</dl>
<hr>
-<span id="Shell-Arithmetic"></span><div class="header">
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="Shell-Arithmetic">
+<div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#Aliases" accesskey="n" rel="next">Aliases</a>, Previous: <a href="#Bash-Conditional-Expressions" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Bash Conditional Expressions</a>, Up: <a href="#Bash-Features" accesskey="u" rel="up">Bash Features</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Indexes" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
The levels are listed in order of decreasing precedence.
</p>
<dl compact="compact">
-<dt><code><var>id</var>++ <var>id</var>--</code></dt>
+<dt><span><code><var>id</var>++ <var>id</var>--</code></span></dt>
<dd><p>variable post-increment and post-decrement
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>++<var>id</var> --<var>id</var></code></dt>
+<dt><span><code>++<var>id</var> --<var>id</var></code></span></dt>
<dd><p>variable pre-increment and pre-decrement
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>- +</code></dt>
+<dt><span><code>- +</code></span></dt>
<dd><p>unary minus and plus
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>! ~</code></dt>
+<dt><span><code>! ~</code></span></dt>
<dd><p>logical and bitwise negation
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>**</code></dt>
+<dt><span><code>**</code></span></dt>
<dd><p>exponentiation
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>* / %</code></dt>
+<dt><span><code>* / %</code></span></dt>
<dd><p>multiplication, division, remainder
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>+ -</code></dt>
+<dt><span><code>+ -</code></span></dt>
<dd><p>addition, subtraction
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code><< >></code></dt>
+<dt><span><code><< >></code></span></dt>
<dd><p>left and right bitwise shifts
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code><= >= < ></code></dt>
+<dt><span><code><= >= < ></code></span></dt>
<dd><p>comparison
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>== !=</code></dt>
+<dt><span><code>== !=</code></span></dt>
<dd><p>equality and inequality
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>&</code></dt>
+<dt><span><code>&</code></span></dt>
<dd><p>bitwise AND
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>^</code></dt>
+<dt><span><code>^</code></span></dt>
<dd><p>bitwise exclusive OR
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>|</code></dt>
+<dt><span><code>|</code></span></dt>
<dd><p>bitwise OR
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>&&</code></dt>
+<dt><span><code>&&</code></span></dt>
<dd><p>logical AND
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>||</code></dt>
+<dt><span><code>||</code></span></dt>
<dd><p>logical OR
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>expr ? expr : expr</code></dt>
+<dt><span><code>expr ? expr : expr</code></span></dt>
<dd><p>conditional operator
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>= *= /= %= += -= <<= >>= &= ^= |=</code></dt>
+<dt><span><code>= *= /= %= += -= <<= >>= &= ^= |=</code></span></dt>
<dd><p>assignment
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>expr1 , expr2</code></dt>
+<dt><span><code>expr1 , expr2</code></span></dt>
<dd><p>comma
</p></dd>
</dl>
by name without using the parameter expansion syntax.
The value of a variable is evaluated as an arithmetic expression
when it is referenced, or when a variable which has been given the
-<var>integer</var> attribute using ‘<samp>declare -i</samp>’ is assigned a value.
+<code>integer</code> attribute using ‘<samp>declare -i</samp>’ is assigned a value.
A null value evaluates to 0.
-A shell variable need not have its <var>integer</var> attribute turned on
+A shell variable need not have its <code>integer</code> attribute turned on
to be used in an expression.
</p>
<p>Integer constants follow the C language definition, without suffixes or
rules above.
</p>
<hr>
-<span id="Aliases"></span><div class="header">
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="Aliases">
+<div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#Arrays" accesskey="n" rel="next">Arrays</a>, Previous: <a href="#Shell-Arithmetic" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Shell Arithmetic</a>, Up: <a href="#Bash-Features" accesskey="u" rel="up">Bash Features</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Indexes" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<span id="Aliases-1"></span><h3 class="section">6.6 Aliases</h3>
<span id="index-alias-expansion"></span>
-<p><var>Aliases</var> allow a string to be substituted for a word when it is used
+<p><em>Aliases</em> allow a string to be substituted for a word when it is used
as the first word of a simple command.
The shell maintains a list of aliases that may be set and unset with
the <code>alias</code> and <code>unalias</code> builtin commands.
for instance, and Bash does not try to recursively expand the
replacement text.
If the last character of the alias value is a
-<var>blank</var>, then the next command word following the
+<code>blank</code>, then the next command word following the
alias is also checked for alias expansion.
</p>
<p>Aliases are created and listed with the <code>alias</code>
</p>
<p>There is no mechanism for using arguments in the replacement text,
as in <code>csh</code>.
-If arguments are needed, a shell function should be used
+If arguments are needed, use a shell function
(see <a href="#Shell-Functions">Shell Functions</a>).
</p>
<p>Aliases are not expanded when the shell is not interactive,
<p>For almost every purpose, shell functions are preferred over aliases.
</p>
<hr>
-<span id="Arrays"></span><div class="header">
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="Arrays">
+<div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#The-Directory-Stack" accesskey="n" rel="next">The Directory Stack</a>, Previous: <a href="#Aliases" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Aliases</a>, Up: <a href="#Bash-Features" accesskey="u" rel="up">Bash Features</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Indexes" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
reused as input.
</p>
<hr>
-<span id="The-Directory-Stack"></span><div class="header">
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="The-Directory-Stack">
+<div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#Controlling-the-Prompt" accesskey="n" rel="next">Controlling the Prompt</a>, Previous: <a href="#Arrays" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Arrays</a>, Up: <a href="#Bash-Features" accesskey="u" rel="up">Bash Features</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Indexes" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<span id="The-Directory-Stack-1"></span><h3 class="section">6.8 The Directory Stack</h3>
<span id="index-directory-stack"></span>
-<table class="menu" border="0" cellspacing="0">
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#Directory-Stack-Builtins" accesskey="1">Directory Stack Builtins</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Bash builtin commands to manipulate
- the directory stack.
-</td></tr>
-</table>
<p>The directory stack is a list of recently-visited directories. The
<code>pushd</code> builtin adds directories to the stack as it changes
<p>The contents of the directory stack are also visible
as the value of the <code>DIRSTACK</code> shell variable.
</p>
+<ul class="section-toc">
+<li><a href="#Directory-Stack-Builtins" accesskey="1">Directory Stack Builtins</a></li>
+</ul>
<hr>
-<span id="Directory-Stack-Builtins"></span><div class="header">
+<div class="subsection" id="Directory-Stack-Builtins">
+<div class="header">
<p>
Up: <a href="#The-Directory-Stack" accesskey="u" rel="up">The Directory Stack</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Indexes" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<span id="Directory-Stack-Builtins-1"></span><h4 class="subsection">6.8.1 Directory Stack Builtins</h4>
<dl compact="compact">
-<dt><code>dirs</code></dt>
-<dd><span id="index-dirs"></span>
-<div class="example">
+<dt id='index-dirs'><span><code>dirs</code><a href='#index-dirs' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt>
+<dd><div class="example">
<pre class="example">dirs [-clpv] [+<var>N</var> | -<var>N</var>]
</pre></div>
The current directory is always the first directory in the stack.
</p>
<dl compact="compact">
-<dt><code>-c</code></dt>
+<dt><span><code>-c</code></span></dt>
<dd><p>Clears the directory stack by deleting all of the elements.
</p></dd>
-<dt><code>-l</code></dt>
+<dt><span><code>-l</code></span></dt>
<dd><p>Produces a listing using full pathnames;
the default listing format uses a tilde to denote the home directory.
</p></dd>
-<dt><code>-p</code></dt>
+<dt><span><code>-p</code></span></dt>
<dd><p>Causes <code>dirs</code> to print the directory stack with one entry per
line.
</p></dd>
-<dt><code>-v</code></dt>
+<dt><span><code>-v</code></span></dt>
<dd><p>Causes <code>dirs</code> to print the directory stack with one entry per
line, prefixing each entry with its index in the stack.
</p></dd>
-<dt><code>+<var>N</var></code></dt>
+<dt><span><code>+<var>N</var></code></span></dt>
<dd><p>Displays the <var>N</var>th directory (counting from the left of the
list printed by <code>dirs</code> when invoked without options), starting
with zero.
</p></dd>
-<dt><code>-<var>N</var></code></dt>
+<dt><span><code>-<var>N</var></code></span></dt>
<dd><p>Displays the <var>N</var>th directory (counting from the right of the
list printed by <code>dirs</code> when invoked without options), starting
with zero.
</dl>
</dd>
-<dt><code>popd</code></dt>
-<dd><span id="index-popd"></span>
-<div class="example">
+<dt id='index-popd'><span><code>popd</code><a href='#index-popd' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt>
+<dd><div class="example">
<pre class="example">popd [-n] [+<var>N</var> | -<var>N</var>]
</pre></div>
-<p>When no arguments are given, <code>popd</code>
-removes the top directory from the stack and
-performs a <code>cd</code> to the new top directory.
+<p>Removes elements from the directory stack.
The elements are numbered from 0 starting at the first directory
-listed with <code>dirs</code>; that is, <code>popd</code> is equivalent to <code>popd +0</code>.
+listed by <code>dirs</code>;
+that is, <code>popd</code> is equivalent to <code>popd +0</code>.
+</p>
+<p>When no arguments are given, <code>popd</code>
+removes the top directory from the stack and changes to
+the new top directory.
+</p>
+<p>Arguments, if supplied, have the following meanings:
</p>
<dl compact="compact">
-<dt><code>-n</code></dt>
+<dt><span><code>-n</code></span></dt>
<dd><p>Suppresses the normal change of directory when removing directories
from the stack, so that only the stack is manipulated.
</p></dd>
-<dt><code>+<var>N</var></code></dt>
+<dt><span><code>+<var>N</var></code></span></dt>
<dd><p>Removes the <var>N</var>th directory (counting from the left of the
-list printed by <code>dirs</code>), starting with zero.
+list printed by <code>dirs</code>), starting with zero, from the stack.
</p></dd>
-<dt><code>-<var>N</var></code></dt>
+<dt><span><code>-<var>N</var></code></span></dt>
<dd><p>Removes the <var>N</var>th directory (counting from the right of the
-list printed by <code>dirs</code>), starting with zero.
+list printed by <code>dirs</code>), starting with zero, from the stack.
</p></dd>
</dl>
+<p>If the top element of the directory stack is modified, and
+the <samp>-n</samp> option was not supplied, <code>popd</code> uses the <code>cd</code>
+builtin to change to the directory at the top of the stack.
+If the <code>cd</code> fails, <code>popd</code> returns a non-zero value.
+</p>
+<p>Otherwise, <code>popd</code> returns an unsuccessful status if
+an invalid option is encountered, the directory stack
+is empty, or a non-existent directory stack entry is specified.
+</p>
+<p>If the <code>popd</code> command is successful,
+Bash runs <code>dirs</code> to show the final contents of the directory stack,
+and the return status is 0.
+</p>
<span id="index-pushd"></span>
</dd>
-<dt><code>pushd</code></dt>
+<dt><span><code>pushd</code></span></dt>
<dd><div class="example">
<pre class="example">pushd [-n] [<var>+N</var> | <var>-N</var> | <var>dir</var>]
</pre></div>
-<p>Save the current directory on the top of the directory stack
-and then <code>cd</code> to <var>dir</var>.
-With no arguments, <code>pushd</code> exchanges the top two directories
-and makes the new top the current directory.
+<p>Adds a directory to the top of the directory stack, or rotates
+the stack, making the new top of the stack the current working
+directory.
+With no arguments, <code>pushd</code> exchanges the top two elements
+of the directory stack.
+</p>
+<p>Arguments, if supplied, have the following meanings:
</p>
<dl compact="compact">
-<dt><code>-n</code></dt>
+<dt><span><code>-n</code></span></dt>
<dd><p>Suppresses the normal change of directory when rotating or
adding directories to the stack, so that only the stack is manipulated.
</p></dd>
-<dt><code>+<var>N</var></code></dt>
+<dt><span><code>+<var>N</var></code></span></dt>
<dd><p>Brings the <var>N</var>th directory (counting from the left of the
list printed by <code>dirs</code>, starting with zero) to the top of
the list by rotating the stack.
</p></dd>
-<dt><code>-<var>N</var></code></dt>
+<dt><span><code>-<var>N</var></code></span></dt>
<dd><p>Brings the <var>N</var>th directory (counting from the right of the
list printed by <code>dirs</code>, starting with zero) to the top of
the list by rotating the stack.
</p></dd>
-<dt><code><var>dir</var></code></dt>
-<dd><p>Makes <var>dir</var> be the top of the stack, making
-it the new current directory as if it had been supplied as an argument
-to the <code>cd</code> builtin.
+<dt><span><code><var>dir</var></code></span></dt>
+<dd><p>Makes <var>dir</var> be the top of the stack.
</p></dd>
</dl>
+
+<p>After the stack has been modified, if the <samp>-n</samp> option was not
+supplied, <code>pushd</code> uses the <code>cd</code> builtin to change to the
+directory at the top of the stack.
+If the <code>cd</code> fails, <code>pushd</code> returns a non-zero value.
+</p>
+<p>Otherwise, if no arguments are supplied, <code>pushd</code> returns 0 unless the
+directory stack is empty.
+When rotating the directory stack, <code>pushd</code> returns 0 unless
+the directory stack is empty or a non-existent directory stack element
+is specified.
+</p>
+<p>If the <code>pushd</code> command is successful,
+Bash runs <code>dirs</code> to show the final contents of the directory stack.
+</p>
</dd>
</dl>
<hr>
-<span id="Controlling-the-Prompt"></span><div class="header">
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="Controlling-the-Prompt">
+<div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#The-Restricted-Shell" accesskey="n" rel="next">The Restricted Shell</a>, Previous: <a href="#The-Directory-Stack" accesskey="p" rel="prev">The Directory Stack</a>, Up: <a href="#Bash-Features" accesskey="u" rel="up">Bash Features</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Indexes" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<code>PS4</code>:
</p>
<dl compact="compact">
-<dt><code>\a</code></dt>
+<dt><span><code>\a</code></span></dt>
<dd><p>A bell character.
</p></dd>
-<dt><code>\d</code></dt>
+<dt><span><code>\d</code></span></dt>
<dd><p>The date, in "Weekday Month Date" format (e.g., "Tue May 26").
</p></dd>
-<dt><code>\D{<var>format</var>}</code></dt>
+<dt><span><code>\D{<var>format</var>}</code></span></dt>
<dd><p>The <var>format</var> is passed to <code>strftime</code>(3) and the result is inserted
into the prompt string; an empty <var>format</var> results in a locale-specific
time representation. The braces are required.
</p></dd>
-<dt><code>\e</code></dt>
+<dt><span><code>\e</code></span></dt>
<dd><p>An escape character.
</p></dd>
-<dt><code>\h</code></dt>
+<dt><span><code>\h</code></span></dt>
<dd><p>The hostname, up to the first ‘.’.
</p></dd>
-<dt><code>\H</code></dt>
+<dt><span><code>\H</code></span></dt>
<dd><p>The hostname.
</p></dd>
-<dt><code>\j</code></dt>
+<dt><span><code>\j</code></span></dt>
<dd><p>The number of jobs currently managed by the shell.
</p></dd>
-<dt><code>\l</code></dt>
+<dt><span><code>\l</code></span></dt>
<dd><p>The basename of the shell’s terminal device name.
</p></dd>
-<dt><code>\n</code></dt>
+<dt><span><code>\n</code></span></dt>
<dd><p>A newline.
</p></dd>
-<dt><code>\r</code></dt>
+<dt><span><code>\r</code></span></dt>
<dd><p>A carriage return.
</p></dd>
-<dt><code>\s</code></dt>
+<dt><span><code>\s</code></span></dt>
<dd><p>The name of the shell, the basename of <code>$0</code> (the portion
following the final slash).
</p></dd>
-<dt><code>\t</code></dt>
+<dt><span><code>\t</code></span></dt>
<dd><p>The time, in 24-hour HH:MM:SS format.
</p></dd>
-<dt><code>\T</code></dt>
+<dt><span><code>\T</code></span></dt>
<dd><p>The time, in 12-hour HH:MM:SS format.
</p></dd>
-<dt><code>\@</code></dt>
+<dt><span><code>\@</code></span></dt>
<dd><p>The time, in 12-hour am/pm format.
</p></dd>
-<dt><code>\A</code></dt>
+<dt><span><code>\A</code></span></dt>
<dd><p>The time, in 24-hour HH:MM format.
</p></dd>
-<dt><code>\u</code></dt>
+<dt><span><code>\u</code></span></dt>
<dd><p>The username of the current user.
</p></dd>
-<dt><code>\v</code></dt>
+<dt><span><code>\v</code></span></dt>
<dd><p>The version of Bash (e.g., 2.00)
</p></dd>
-<dt><code>\V</code></dt>
+<dt><span><code>\V</code></span></dt>
<dd><p>The release of Bash, version + patchlevel (e.g., 2.00.0)
</p></dd>
-<dt><code>\w</code></dt>
-<dd><p>The current working directory, with <code>$HOME</code> abbreviated with a tilde
+<dt><span><code>\w</code></span></dt>
+<dd><p>The value of the <code>PWD</code> shell variable (<code>$PWD</code>),
+with <code>$HOME</code> abbreviated with a tilde
(uses the <code>$PROMPT_DIRTRIM</code> variable).
</p></dd>
-<dt><code>\W</code></dt>
+<dt><span><code>\W</code></span></dt>
<dd><p>The basename of <code>$PWD</code>, with <code>$HOME</code> abbreviated with a tilde.
</p></dd>
-<dt><code>\!</code></dt>
+<dt><span><code>\!</code></span></dt>
<dd><p>The history number of this command.
</p></dd>
-<dt><code>\#</code></dt>
+<dt><span><code>\#</code></span></dt>
<dd><p>The command number of this command.
</p></dd>
-<dt><code>\$</code></dt>
+<dt><span><code>\$</code></span></dt>
<dd><p>If the effective uid is 0, <code>#</code>, otherwise <code>$</code>.
</p></dd>
-<dt><code>\<var>nnn</var></code></dt>
+<dt><span><code>\<var>nnn</var></code></span></dt>
<dd><p>The character whose ASCII code is the octal value <var>nnn</var>.
</p></dd>
-<dt><code>\\</code></dt>
+<dt><span><code>\\</code></span></dt>
<dd><p>A backslash.
</p></dd>
-<dt><code>\[</code></dt>
+<dt><span><code>\[</code></span></dt>
<dd><p>Begin a sequence of non-printing characters. This could be used to
embed a terminal control sequence into the prompt.
</p></dd>
-<dt><code>\]</code></dt>
+<dt><span><code>\]</code></span></dt>
<dd><p>End a sequence of non-printing characters.
</p></dd>
</dl>
word expansion.
</p>
<hr>
-<span id="The-Restricted-Shell"></span><div class="header">
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="The-Restricted-Shell">
+<div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#Bash-POSIX-Mode" accesskey="n" rel="next">Bash POSIX Mode</a>, Previous: <a href="#Controlling-the-Prompt" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Controlling the Prompt</a>, Up: <a href="#Bash-Features" accesskey="u" rel="up">Bash Features</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Indexes" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<p>The restricted shell mode is only one component of a useful restricted
environment. It should be accompanied by setting <code>PATH</code> to a value
that allows execution of only a few verified commands (commands that
-allow shell escapes are particularly vulnerable), leaving the user
-in a non-writable directory other than his home directory after login,
+allow shell escapes are particularly vulnerable), changing the current
+directory to a non-writable directory other than <code>$HOME</code> after login,
not allowing the restricted shell to execute shell scripts, and cleaning
the environment of variables that cause some commands to modify their
behavior (e.g., <code>VISUAL</code> or <code>PAGER</code>).
</p>
<hr>
-<span id="Bash-POSIX-Mode"></span><div class="header">
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="Bash-POSIX-Mode">
+<div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#Shell-Compatibility-Mode" accesskey="n" rel="next">Shell Compatibility Mode</a>, Previous: <a href="#The-Restricted-Shell" accesskey="p" rel="prev">The Restricted Shell</a>, Up: <a href="#Bash-Features" accesskey="u" rel="up">Bash Features</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Indexes" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
</li><li> A non-interactive shell exits with an error status if a variable
assignment error occurs in an assignment statement preceding a special
-builtin, but not with any other simple command.
+builtin, but not with any other simple command. For any other simple
+command, the shell aborts execution of that command, and execution continues
+at the top level ("the shell shall not perform any further processing of the
+command in which the error occurred").
</li><li> A non-interactive shell exits with an error status if the iteration
variable in a <code>for</code> statement or the selection variable in a
variable values without quotes, unless they contain shell metacharacters,
even if the result contains nonprinting characters.
-</li><li> When the <code>cd</code> builtin is invoked in <var>logical</var> mode, and the pathname
+</li><li> When the <code>cd</code> builtin is invoked in logical mode, and the pathname
constructed from <code>$PWD</code> and the directory name supplied as an argument
does not refer to an existing directory, <code>cd</code> will fail instead of
-falling back to <var>physical</var> mode.
+falling back to physical mode.
</li><li> When the <code>cd</code> builtin cannot change a directory because the
length of the pathname
constructed from <code>$PWD</code> and the directory name supplied as an argument
-exceeds <var>PATH_MAX</var> when all symbolic links are expanded, <code>cd</code> will
+exceeds <code>PATH_MAX</code> when all symbolic links are expanded, <code>cd</code> will
fail instead of attempting to use only the supplied directory name.
</li><li> The <code>pwd</code> builtin verifies that the value it prints is the same as the
(see <a href="#Optional-Features">Optional Features</a>).
</p>
<hr>
-<span id="Shell-Compatibility-Mode"></span><div class="header">
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="Shell-Compatibility-Mode">
+<div class="header">
<p>
Previous: <a href="#Bash-POSIX-Mode" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Bash POSIX Mode</a>, Up: <a href="#Bash-Features" accesskey="u" rel="up">Bash Features</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Indexes" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
and it is required for bash-5.1 and later versions.
</p>
<dl compact="compact">
-<dt><code>compat31</code></dt>
+<dt><span><code>compat31</code></span></dt>
<dd><ul>
<li> quoting the rhs of the <code>[[</code> command’s regexp matching operator (=~)
has no special effect
</li></ul>
</dd>
-<dt><code>compat32</code></dt>
+<dt><span><code>compat32</code></span></dt>
<dd><ul>
<li> interrupting a command list such as "a ; b ; c" causes the execution
of the next command in the list (in bash-4.0 and later versions,
</li></ul>
</dd>
-<dt><code>compat40</code></dt>
+<dt><span><code>compat40</code></span></dt>
<dd><ul>
<li> the ‘<samp><</samp>’ and ‘<samp>></samp>’ operators to the <code>[[</code> command do not
consider the current locale when comparing strings; they use ASCII
</li></ul>
</dd>
-<dt><code>compat41</code></dt>
+<dt><span><code>compat41</code></span></dt>
<dd><ul>
<li> in posix mode, <code>time</code> may be followed by options and still be
recognized as a reserved word (this is <small>POSIX</small> interpretation 267)
</li></ul>
</dd>
-<dt><code>compat42</code></dt>
+<dt><span><code>compat42</code></span></dt>
<dd><ul>
<li> the replacement string in double-quoted pattern substitution does not
undergo quote removal, as it does in versions after bash-4.2
</li></ul>
</dd>
-<dt><code>compat43</code></dt>
+<dt><span><code>compat43</code></span></dt>
<dd><ul>
<li> the shell does not print a warning message if an attempt is made to
use a quoted compound assignment as an argument to declare
</li></ul>
</dd>
-<dt><code>compat44</code></dt>
+<dt><span><code>compat44</code></span></dt>
<dd><ul>
<li> the shell sets up the values used by <code>BASH_ARGV</code> and <code>BASH_ARGC</code>
so they can expand to the shell’s positional parameters even if extended
</li></ul>
</dd>
-<dt><code>compat50 (set using BASH_COMPAT)</code></dt>
+<dt><span><code>compat50 (set using BASH_COMPAT)</code></span></dt>
<dd><ul>
<li> Bash-5.1 changed the way <code>$RANDOM</code> is generated to introduce slightly
more randomness. If the shell compatibility level is set to 50 or
</dl>
<hr>
-<span id="Job-Control"></span><div class="header">
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="chapter" id="Job-Control">
+<div class="header">
<p>
-Next: <a href="#Command-Line-Editing" accesskey="n" rel="next">Command Line Editing</a>, Previous: <a href="#Bash-Features" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Bash Features</a>, Up: <a href="#Top" accesskey="u" rel="up">
Top</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Indexes" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+Next: <a href="#Command-Line-Editing" accesskey="n" rel="next">Command Line Editing</a>, Previous: <a href="#Bash-Features" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Bash Features</a>, Up: <a href="#Top" accesskey="u" rel="up">
Bash Features</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Indexes" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<span id="Job-Control-1"></span><h2 class="chapter">7 Job Control</h2>
<p>This chapter discusses what job control is, how it works, and how
Bash allows you to access its facilities.
</p>
-<table class="menu" border="0" cellspacing="0">
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#Job-Control-Basics" accesskey="1">Job Control Basics</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">How job control works.
-</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#Job-Control-Builtins" accesskey="2">Job Control Builtins</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Bash builtin commands used to interact
- with job control.
-</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#Job-Control-Variables" accesskey="3">Job Control Variables</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Variables Bash uses to customize job
- control.
-</td></tr>
-</table>
+<ul class="section-toc">
+<li><a href="#Job-Control-Basics" accesskey="1">Job Control Basics</a></li>
+<li><a href="#Job-Control-Builtins" accesskey="2">Job Control Builtins</a></li>
+<li><a href="#Job-Control-Variables" accesskey="3">Job Control Variables</a></li>
+</ul>
<hr>
-<span id="Job-Control-Basics"></span><div class="header">
+<div class="section" id="Job-Control-Basics">
+<div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#Job-Control-Builtins" accesskey="n" rel="next">Job Control Builtins</a>, Up: <a href="#Job-Control" accesskey="u" rel="up">Job Control</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Indexes" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
</p>
<p>If the operating system on which Bash is running supports
job control, Bash contains facilities to use it. Typing the
-<var>suspend</var> character (typically ‘<samp>^Z</samp>’, Control-Z) while a
+<em>suspend</em> character (typically ‘<samp>^Z</samp>’, Control-Z) while a
process is running causes that process to be stopped and returns
-control to Bash. Typing the <var>delayed suspend</var> character
+control to Bash. Typing the <em>delayed suspend</em> character
(typically ‘<samp>^Y</samp>’, Control-Y) causes the process to be stopped
when it attempts to read input from the terminal, and control to
be returned to Bash. The user then manipulates the state of
causing pending output and typeahead to be discarded.
</p>
<p>There are a number of ways to refer to a job in the shell. The
-character ‘<samp>%</samp>’ introduces a job specification (<var>jobspec</var>).
+character ‘<samp>%</samp>’ introduces a job specification (<em>jobspec</em>).
</p>
<p>Job number <code>n</code> may be referred to as ‘<samp>%n</samp>’.
The symbols ‘<samp>%%</samp>’ and ‘<samp>%+</samp>’ refer to the shell’s notion of the
until the job or process terminates before returning.
</p>
<hr>
-<span id="Job-Control-Builtins"></span><div class="header">
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="Job-Control-Builtins">
+<div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#Job-Control-Variables" accesskey="n" rel="next">Job Control Variables</a>, Previous: <a href="#Job-Control-Basics" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Job Control Basics</a>, Up: <a href="#Job-Control" accesskey="u" rel="up">Job Control</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Indexes" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<span id="Job-Control-Builtins-1"></span><h3 class="section">7.2 Job Control Builtins</h3>
<dl compact="compact">
-<dt><code>bg</code></dt>
-<dd><span id="index-bg"></span>
-<div class="example">
+<dt id='index-bg'><span><code>bg</code><a href='#index-bg' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt>
+<dd><div class="example">
<pre class="example">bg [<var>jobspec</var> …]
</pre></div>
that was started without job control.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>fg</code></dt>
-<dd><span id="index-fg"></span>
-<div class="example">
+<dt id='index-fg'><span><code>fg</code><a href='#index-fg' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt>
+<dd><div class="example">
<pre class="example">fg [<var>jobspec</var>]
</pre></div>
<var>jobspec</var> specifies a job that was started without job control.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>jobs</code></dt>
-<dd><span id="index-jobs"></span>
-<div class="example">
+<dt id='index-jobs'><span><code>jobs</code><a href='#index-jobs' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt>
+<dd><div class="example">
<pre class="example">jobs [-lnprs] [<var>jobspec</var>]
jobs -x <var>command</var> [<var>arguments</var>]
</pre></div>
following meanings:
</p>
<dl compact="compact">
-<dt><code>-l</code></dt>
+<dt><span><code>-l</code></span></dt>
<dd><p>List process <small>ID</small>s in addition to the normal information.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>-n</code></dt>
+<dt><span><code>-n</code></span></dt>
<dd><p>Display information only about jobs that have changed status since
the user was last notified of their status.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>-p</code></dt>
+<dt><span><code>-p</code></span></dt>
<dd><p>List only the process <small>ID</small> of the job’s process group leader.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>-r</code></dt>
+<dt><span><code>-r</code></span></dt>
<dd><p>Display only running jobs.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>-s</code></dt>
+<dt><span><code>-s</code></span></dt>
<dd><p>Display only stopped jobs.
</p></dd>
</dl>
passing it <var>argument</var>s, returning its exit status.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>kill</code></dt>
-<dd><span id="index-kill"></span>
-<div class="example">
+<dt id='index-kill'><span><code>kill</code><a href='#index-kill' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt>
+<dd><div class="example">
<pre class="example">kill [-s <var>sigspec</var>] [-n <var>signum</var>] [-<var>sigspec</var>] <var>jobspec</var> or <var>pid</var>
kill -l|-L [<var>exit_status</var>]
</pre></div>
or non-zero if an error occurs or an invalid option is encountered.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>wait</code></dt>
-<dd><span id="index-wait"></span>
-<div class="example">
+<dt id='index-wait'><span><code>wait</code><a href='#index-wait' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt>
+<dd><div class="example">
<pre class="example">wait [-fn] [-p <var>varname</var>] [<var>jobspec</var> or <var>pid</var> …]
</pre></div>
<var>$!</var>,
and the return status is zero.
If the <samp>-n</samp> option is supplied, <code>wait</code> waits for a single job
-from the list of <var>pids</var> or <var>jobspecs</var> or, if no arguments are
+from the list of <var>pid</var>s or <var>jobspec</var>s or, if no arguments are
supplied, any job,
to complete and returns its exit status.
If none of the supplied arguments is a child of the shell, or if no arguments
of the shell, the return status is 127.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>disown</code></dt>
-<dd><span id="index-disown"></span>
-<div class="example">
+<dt id='index-disown'><span><code>disown</code><a href='#index-disown' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt>
+<dd><div class="example">
<pre class="example">disown [-ar] [-h] [<var>jobspec</var> … | <var>pid</var> … ]
</pre></div>
argument restricts operation to running jobs.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>suspend</code></dt>
-<dd><span id="index-suspend"></span>
-<div class="example">
+<dt id='index-suspend'><span><code>suspend</code><a href='#index-suspend' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt>
+<dd><div class="example">
<pre class="example">suspend [-f]
</pre></div>
supplied process <small>ID</small>s.
</p>
<hr>
-<span id="Job-Control-Variables"></span><div class="header">
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="Job-Control-Variables">
+<div class="header">
<p>
Previous: <a href="#Job-Control-Builtins" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Job Control Builtins</a>, Up: <a href="#Job-Control" accesskey="u" rel="up">Job Control</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Indexes" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<span id="Job-Control-Variables-1"></span><h3 class="section">7.3 Job Control Variables</h3>
<dl compact="compact">
-<dt><code>auto_resume</code>
-<span id="index-auto_005fresume"></span>
-</dt>
+<dt id='index-auto_005fresume'><span><code>auto_resume</code><a href='#index-auto_005fresume' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>This variable controls how the shell interacts with the user and
job control. If this variable exists then single word simple
commands without redirections are treated as candidates for resumption
<hr>
-<span id="Command-Line-Editing"></span><div class="header">
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="chapter" id="Command-Line-Editing">
+<div class="header">
<p>
-Next: <a href="#Using-History-Interactively" accesskey="n" rel="next">Using History Interactively</a>, Previous: <a href="#Job-Control" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Job Control</a>, Up: <a href="#Top" accesskey="u" rel="up">
Top</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Indexes" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+Next: <a href="#Using-History-Interactively" accesskey="n" rel="next">Using History Interactively</a>, Previous: <a href="#Job-Control" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Job Control</a>, Up: <a href="#Top" accesskey="u" rel="up">
Bash Features</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Indexes" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<span id="Command-Line-Editing-1"></span><h2 class="chapter">8 Command Line Editing</h2>
Command line editing is enabled by default when using an interactive shell,
unless the <samp>--noediting</samp> option is supplied at shell invocation.
Line editing is also used when using the <samp>-e</samp> option to the
-<code>read</code> builtin command (see <a href="#Bash-Builtins">Bash Builtins</a>).
+<code>read</code> builtin command (see <a href="#Bash-Builtins">Bash Builtin Commands</a>).
By default, the line editing commands are similar to those of Emacs.
A vi-style line editing interface is also available.
Line editing can be enabled at any time using the <samp>-o emacs</samp> or
(see <a href="#The-Set-Builtin">The Set Builtin</a>), or disabled using the <samp>+o emacs</samp> or
<samp>+o vi</samp> options to <code>set</code>.
</p>
-<table class="menu" border="0" cellspacing="0">
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#Introduction-and-Notation" accesskey="1">Introduction and Notation</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Notation used in this text.
-</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#Readline-Interaction" accesskey="2">Readline Interaction</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">The minimum set of commands for editing a line.
-</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#Readline-Init-File" accesskey="3">Readline Init File</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Customizing Readline from a user’s view.
-</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#Bindable-Readline-Commands" accesskey="4">Bindable Readline Commands</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">A description of most of the Readline commands
- available for binding
-</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#Readline-vi-Mode" accesskey="5">Readline vi Mode</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">A short description of how to make Readline
- behave like the vi editor.
-</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#Programmable-Completion" accesskey="6">Programmable Completion</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">How to specify the possible completions for
- a specific command.
-</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#Programmable-Completion-Builtins" accesskey="7">Programmable Completion Builtins</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Builtin commands to specify how to
- complete arguments for a particular command.
-</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#A-Programmable-Completion-Example" accesskey="8">A Programmable Completion Example</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">An example shell function for
- generating possible completions.
-</td></tr>
-</table>
+<ul class="section-toc">
+<li><a href="#Introduction-and-Notation" accesskey="1">Introduction to Line Editing</a></li>
+<li><a href="#Readline-Interaction" accesskey="2">Readline Interaction</a></li>
+<li><a href="#Readline-Init-File" accesskey="3">Readline Init File</a></li>
+<li><a href="#Bindable-Readline-Commands" accesskey="4">Bindable Readline Commands</a></li>
+<li><a href="#Readline-vi-Mode" accesskey="5">Readline vi Mode</a></li>
+<li><a href="#Programmable-Completion" accesskey="6">Programmable Completion</a></li>
+<li><a href="#Programmable-Completion-Builtins" accesskey="7">Programmable Completion Builtins</a></li>
+<li><a href="#A-Programmable-Completion-Example" accesskey="8">A Programmable Completion Example</a></li>
+</ul>
<hr>
-<span id="Introduction-and-Notation"></span><div class="header">
+<div class="section" id="Introduction-and-Notation">
+<div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#Readline-Interaction" accesskey="n" rel="next">Readline Interaction</a>, Up: <a href="#Command-Line-Editing" accesskey="u" rel="up">Command Line Editing</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Indexes" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
some keyboards.
</p>
<hr>
-<span id="Readline-Interaction"></span><div class="header">
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="Readline-Interaction">
+<div class="header">
<p>
-Next: <a href="#Readline-Init-File" accesskey="n" rel="next">Readline Init File</a>, Previous: <a href="#Introduction-and-Notation" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Introduction
and Notation</a>, Up: <a href="#Command-Line-Editing" accesskey="u" rel="up">Command Line Editing</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Indexes" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+Next: <a href="#Readline-Init-File" accesskey="n" rel="next">Readline Init File</a>, Previous: <a href="#Introduction-and-Notation" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Introduction
to Line Editing</a>, Up: <a href="#Command-Line-Editing" accesskey="u" rel="up">Command Line Editing</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Indexes" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<span id="Readline-Interaction-1"></span><h3 class="section">8.2 Readline Interaction</h3>
<span id="index-interaction_002c-readline"></span>
end of the line to press <tt class="key">RET</tt>; the entire line is accepted
regardless of the location of the cursor within the line.
</p>
-<table class="menu" border="0" cellspacing="0">
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#Readline-Bare-Essentials" accesskey="1">Readline Bare Essentials</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">The least you need to know about Readline.
-</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#Readline-Movement-Commands" accesskey="2">Readline Movement Commands</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Moving about the input line.
-</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#Readline-Killing-Commands" accesskey="3">Readline Killing Commands</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">How to delete text, and how to get it back!
-</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#Readline-Arguments" accesskey="4">Readline Arguments</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Giving numeric arguments to commands.
-</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#Searching" accesskey="5">Searching</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Searching through previous lines.
-</td></tr>
-</table>
+<ul class="section-toc">
+<li><a href="#Readline-Bare-Essentials" accesskey="1">Readline Bare Essentials</a></li>
+<li><a href="#Readline-Movement-Commands" accesskey="2">Readline Movement Commands</a></li>
+<li><a href="#Readline-Killing-Commands" accesskey="3">Readline Killing Commands</a></li>
+<li><a href="#Readline-Arguments" accesskey="4">Readline Arguments</a></li>
+<li><a href="#Searching" accesskey="5">Searching for Commands in the History</a></li>
+</ul>
<hr>
-<span id="Readline-Bare-Essentials"></span><div class="header">
+<div class="subsection" id="Readline-Bare-Essentials">
+<div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#Readline-Movement-Commands" accesskey="n" rel="next">Readline Movement Commands</a>, Up: <a href="#Readline-Interaction" accesskey="u" rel="up">Readline Interaction</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Indexes" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
essentials for editing the text of an input line follows.
</p>
<dl compact="compact">
-<dt><kbd>C-b</kbd></dt>
+<dt><span><kbd>C-b</kbd></span></dt>
<dd><p>Move back one character.
</p></dd>
-<dt><kbd>C-f</kbd></dt>
+<dt><span><kbd>C-f</kbd></span></dt>
<dd><p>Move forward one character.
</p></dd>
-<dt><tt class="key">DEL</tt> or <tt class="key">Backspace</tt></dt>
+<dt><span><tt class="key">DEL</tt> or <tt class="key">Backspace</tt></span></dt>
<dd><p>Delete the character to the left of the cursor.
</p></dd>
-<dt><kbd>C-d</kbd></dt>
+<dt><span><kbd>C-d</kbd></span></dt>
<dd><p>Delete the character underneath the cursor.
</p></dd>
-<dt>Printing characters<!-- /@w --></dt>
+<dt><span>Printing characters<!-- /@w --></span></dt>
<dd><p>Insert the character into the line at the cursor.
</p></dd>
-<dt><kbd>C-_</kbd> or <kbd>C-x C-u</kbd></dt>
+<dt><span><kbd>C-_</kbd> or <kbd>C-x C-u</kbd></span></dt>
<dd><p>Undo the last editing command. You can undo all the way back to an
empty line.
</p></dd>
than the character to the left of the cursor.)
</p>
<hr>
-<span id="Readline-Movement-Commands"></span><div class="header">
+</div>
+<div class="subsection" id="Readline-Movement-Commands">
+<div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#Readline-Killing-Commands" accesskey="n" rel="next">Readline Killing Commands</a>, Previous: <a href="#Readline-Bare-Essentials" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Readline Bare Essentials</a>, Up: <a href="#Readline-Interaction" accesskey="u" rel="up">Readline Interaction</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Indexes" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
about the line.
</p>
<dl compact="compact">
-<dt><kbd>C-a</kbd></dt>
+<dt><span><kbd>C-a</kbd></span></dt>
<dd><p>Move to the start of the line.
</p></dd>
-<dt><kbd>C-e</kbd></dt>
+<dt><span><kbd>C-e</kbd></span></dt>
<dd><p>Move to the end of the line.
</p></dd>
-<dt><kbd>M-f</kbd></dt>
+<dt><span><kbd>M-f</kbd></span></dt>
<dd><p>Move forward a word, where a word is composed of letters and digits.
</p></dd>
-<dt><kbd>M-b</kbd></dt>
+<dt><span><kbd>M-b</kbd></span></dt>
<dd><p>Move backward a word.
</p></dd>
-<dt><kbd>C-l</kbd></dt>
+<dt><span><kbd>C-l</kbd></span></dt>
<dd><p>Clear the screen, reprinting the current line at the top.
</p></dd>
</dl>
operate on characters while meta keystrokes operate on words.
</p>
<hr>
-<span id="Readline-Killing-Commands"></span><div class="header">
+</div>
+<div class="subsection" id="Readline-Killing-Commands">
+<div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#Readline-Arguments" accesskey="n" rel="next">Readline Arguments</a>, Previous: <a href="#Readline-Movement-Commands" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Readline Movement Commands</a>, Up: <a href="#Readline-Interaction" accesskey="u" rel="up">Readline Interaction</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Indexes" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<p>Here is the list of commands for killing text.
</p>
<dl compact="compact">
-<dt><kbd>C-k</kbd></dt>
+<dt><span><kbd>C-k</kbd></span></dt>
<dd><p>Kill the text from the current cursor position to the end of the line.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><kbd>M-d</kbd></dt>
+<dt><span><kbd>M-d</kbd></span></dt>
<dd><p>Kill from the cursor to the end of the current word, or, if between
words, to the end of the next word.
Word boundaries are the same as those used by <kbd>M-f</kbd>.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><kbd>M-<span class="key">DEL</span></kbd></dt>
+<dt><span><kbd>M-<span class="key">DEL</span></kbd></span></dt>
<dd><p>Kill from the cursor the start of the current word, or, if between
words, to the start of the previous word.
Word boundaries are the same as those used by <kbd>M-b</kbd>.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><kbd>C-w</kbd></dt>
+<dt><span><kbd>C-w</kbd></span></dt>
<dd><p>Kill from the cursor to the previous whitespace. This is different than
<kbd>M-<span class="key">DEL</span></kbd> because the word boundaries differ.
</p>
means to copy the most-recently-killed text from the kill buffer.
</p>
<dl compact="compact">
-<dt><kbd>C-y</kbd></dt>
+<dt><span><kbd>C-y</kbd></span></dt>
<dd><p>Yank the most recently killed text back into the buffer at the cursor.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><kbd>M-y</kbd></dt>
+<dt><span><kbd>M-y</kbd></span></dt>
<dd><p>Rotate the kill-ring, and yank the new top. You can only do this if
the prior command is <kbd>C-y</kbd> or <kbd>M-y</kbd>.
</p></dd>
</dl>
<hr>
-<span id="Readline-Arguments"></span><div class="header">
+</div>
+<div class="subsection" id="Readline-Arguments">
+<div class="header">
<p>
-Next: <a href="#Searching" accesskey="n" rel="next">Searching</a>, Previous: <a href="#Readline-Killing-Commands" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Readline Killing Commands</a>, Up: <a href="#Readline-Interaction" accesskey="u" rel="up">Readline Interaction</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Indexes" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+Next: <a href="#Searching" accesskey="n" rel="next">Searching
for Commands in the History</a>, Previous: <a href="#Readline-Killing-Commands" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Readline Killing Commands</a>, Up: <a href="#Readline-Interaction" accesskey="u" rel="up">Readline Interaction</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Indexes" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<span id="Readline-Arguments-1"></span><h4 class="subsection">8.2.4 Readline Arguments</h4>
which will delete the next ten characters on the input line.
</p>
<hr>
-<span id="Searching"></span><div class="header">
+</div>
+<div class="subsection" id="Searching">
+<div class="header">
<p>
Previous: <a href="#Readline-Arguments" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Readline Arguments</a>, Up: <a href="#Readline-Interaction" accesskey="u" rel="up">Readline Interaction</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Indexes" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
typed by the user or be part of the contents of the current line.
</p>
<hr>
-<span id="Readline-Init-File"></span><div class="header">
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="Readline-Init-File">
+<div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#Bindable-Readline-Commands" accesskey="n" rel="next">Bindable Readline Commands</a>, Previous: <a href="#Readline-Interaction" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Readline Interaction</a>, Up: <a href="#Command-Line-Editing" accesskey="u" rel="up">Command Line Editing</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Indexes" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
keybindings installed by default, it is possible to use a different set
of keybindings.
Any user can customize programs that use Readline by putting
-commands in an <em>inputrc</em> file, conventionally in his home directory.
+commands in an <em>inputrc</em> file,
+conventionally in their home directory.
The name of this
file is taken from the value of the shell variable <code>INPUTRC</code>. If
that variable is unset, the default is <samp>~/.inputrc</samp>. If that
<samp>/etc/inputrc</samp>.
The <code>bind</code><!-- /@w --> builtin command can also be used to set Readline
keybindings and variables.
-See <a href="#Bash-Builtins">Bash Builtins</a>.
+See <a href="#Bash-Builtins">Bash Builtin Commands</a>.
</p>
<p>When a program which uses the Readline library starts up, the
init file is read, and the key bindings are set.
<p>In addition, the <code>C-x C-r</code> command re-reads this init file, thus
incorporating any changes that you might have made to it.
</p>
-<table class="menu" border="0" cellspacing="0">
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#Readline-Init-File-Syntax" accesskey="1">Readline Init File Syntax</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Syntax for the commands in the inputrc file.
-</td></tr>
-<tr><th colspan="3" align="left" valign="top"><pre class="menu-comment">
-
-</pre></th></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#Conditional-Init-Constructs" accesskey="2">Conditional Init Constructs</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Conditional key bindings in the inputrc file.
-</td></tr>
-<tr><th colspan="3" align="left" valign="top"><pre class="menu-comment">
-
-</pre></th></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#Sample-Init-File" accesskey="3">Sample Init File</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">An example inputrc file.
-</td></tr>
-</table>
+<ul class="section-toc">
+<li><a href="#Readline-Init-File-Syntax" accesskey="1">Readline Init File Syntax</a></li>
+<li><a href="#Conditional-Init-Constructs" accesskey="2">Conditional Init Constructs</a></li>
+<li><a href="#Sample-Init-File" accesskey="3">Sample Init File</a></li>
+</ul>
<hr>
-<span id="Readline-Init-File-Syntax"></span><div class="header">
+<div class="subsection" id="Readline-Init-File-Syntax">
+<div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#Conditional-Init-Constructs" accesskey="n" rel="next">Conditional Init Constructs</a>, Up: <a href="#Readline-Init-File" accesskey="u" rel="up">Readline Init File</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Indexes" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
denote variable settings and key bindings.
</p>
<dl compact="compact">
-<dt>Variable Settings</dt>
+<dt><span>Variable Settings</span></dt>
<dd><p>You can modify the run-time behavior of Readline by
altering the values of variables in Readline
using the <code>set</code> command within the init file.
value results in the variable being set to off.
</p>
<p>The <code>bind <span class="nolinebreak">-V</span></code><!-- /@w --> command lists the current Readline variable names
-and values. See <a href="#Bash-Builtins">Bash Builtins</a>.
+and values. See <a href="#Bash-Builtins">Bash Builtin Commands</a>.
</p>
<p>A great deal of run-time behavior is changeable with the following
variables.
</p>
<span id="index-variables_002c-readline"></span>
<dl compact="compact">
-<dt><code>bell-style</code></dt>
-<dd><span id="index-bell_002dstyle"></span>
-<p>Controls what happens when Readline wants to ring the terminal bell.
+<dt id='index-bell_002dstyle'><span><code>bell-style</code><a href='#index-bell_002dstyle' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt>
+<dd><p>Controls what happens when Readline wants to ring the terminal bell.
If set to ‘<samp>none</samp>’, Readline never rings the bell. If set to
‘<samp>visible</samp>’, Readline uses a visible bell if one is available.
If set to ‘<samp>audible</samp>’ (the default), Readline attempts to ring
the terminal’s bell.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>bind-tty-special-chars</code></dt>
-<dd><span id="index-bind_002dtty_002dspecial_002dchars"></span>
-<p>If set to ‘<samp>on</samp>’ (the default), Readline attempts to bind the control
+<dt id='index-bind_002dtty_002dspecial_002dchars'><span><code>bind-tty-special-chars</code><a href='#index-bind_002dtty_002dspecial_002dchars' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt>
+<dd><p>If set to ‘<samp>on</samp>’ (the default), Readline attempts to bind the control
characters treated specially by the kernel’s terminal driver to their
Readline equivalents.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>blink-matching-paren</code></dt>
-<dd><span id="index-blink_002dmatching_002dparen"></span>
-<p>If set to ‘<samp>on</samp>’, Readline attempts to briefly move the cursor to an
+<dt id='index-blink_002dmatching_002dparen'><span><code>blink-matching-paren</code><a href='#index-blink_002dmatching_002dparen' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt>
+<dd><p>If set to ‘<samp>on</samp>’, Readline attempts to briefly move the cursor to an
opening parenthesis when a closing parenthesis is inserted. The default
is ‘<samp>off</samp>’.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>colored-completion-prefix</code></dt>
-<dd><span id="index-colored_002dcompletion_002dprefix"></span>
-<p>If set to ‘<samp>on</samp>’, when listing completions, Readline displays the
+<dt id='index-colored_002dcompletion_002dprefix'><span><code>colored-completion-prefix</code><a href='#index-colored_002dcompletion_002dprefix' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt>
+<dd><p>If set to ‘<samp>on</samp>’, when listing completions, Readline displays the
common prefix of the set of possible completions using a different color.
The color definitions are taken from the value of the <code>LS_COLORS</code>
environment variable.
The default is ‘<samp>off</samp>’.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>colored-stats</code></dt>
-<dd><span id="index-colored_002dstats"></span>
-<p>If set to ‘<samp>on</samp>’, Readline displays possible completions using different
+<dt id='index-colored_002dstats'><span><code>colored-stats</code><a href='#index-colored_002dstats' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt>
+<dd><p>If set to ‘<samp>on</samp>’, Readline displays possible completions using different
colors to indicate their file type.
The color definitions are taken from the value of the <code>LS_COLORS</code>
environment variable.
The default is ‘<samp>off</samp>’.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>comment-begin</code></dt>
-<dd><span id="index-comment_002dbegin"></span>
-<p>The string to insert at the beginning of the line when the
+<dt id='index-comment_002dbegin'><span><code>comment-begin</code><a href='#index-comment_002dbegin' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt>
+<dd><p>The string to insert at the beginning of the line when the
<code>insert-comment</code> command is executed. The default value
is <code>"#"</code>.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>completion-display-width</code></dt>
-<dd><span id="index-completion_002ddisplay_002dwidth"></span>
-<p>The number of screen columns used to display possible matches
+<dt id='index-completion_002ddisplay_002dwidth'><span><code>completion-display-width</code><a href='#index-completion_002ddisplay_002dwidth' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt>
+<dd><p>The number of screen columns used to display possible matches
when performing completion.
The value is ignored if it is less than 0 or greater than the terminal
screen width.
The default value is -1.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>completion-ignore-case</code></dt>
-<dd><span id="index-completion_002dignore_002dcase"></span>
-<p>If set to ‘<samp>on</samp>’, Readline performs filename matching and completion
+<dt id='index-completion_002dignore_002dcase'><span><code>completion-ignore-case</code><a href='#index-completion_002dignore_002dcase' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt>
+<dd><p>If set to ‘<samp>on</samp>’, Readline performs filename matching and completion
in a case-insensitive fashion.
The default value is ‘<samp>off</samp>’.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>completion-map-case</code></dt>
-<dd><span id="index-completion_002dmap_002dcase"></span>
-<p>If set to ‘<samp>on</samp>’, and <var>completion-ignore-case</var> is enabled, Readline
+<dt id='index-completion_002dmap_002dcase'><span><code>completion-map-case</code><a href='#index-completion_002dmap_002dcase' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt>
+<dd><p>If set to ‘<samp>on</samp>’, and <var>completion-ignore-case</var> is enabled, Readline
treats hyphens (‘<samp>-</samp>’) and underscores (‘<samp>_</samp>’) as equivalent when
performing case-insensitive filename matching and completion.
The default value is ‘<samp>off</samp>’.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>completion-prefix-display-length</code></dt>
-<dd><span id="index-completion_002dprefix_002ddisplay_002dlength"></span>
-<p>The length in characters of the common prefix of a list of possible
+<dt id='index-completion_002dprefix_002ddisplay_002dlength'><span><code>completion-prefix-display-length</code><a href='#index-completion_002dprefix_002ddisplay_002dlength' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt>
+<dd><p>The length in characters of the common prefix of a list of possible
completions that is displayed without modification. When set to a
value greater than zero, common prefixes longer than this value are
replaced with an ellipsis when displaying possible completions.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>completion-query-items</code></dt>
-<dd><span id="index-completion_002dquery_002ditems"></span>
-<p>The number of possible completions that determines when the user is
+<dt id='index-completion_002dquery_002ditems'><span><code>completion-query-items</code><a href='#index-completion_002dquery_002ditems' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt>
+<dd><p>The number of possible completions that determines when the user is
asked whether the list of possibilities should be displayed.
If the number of possible completions is greater than or equal to this value,
Readline will ask whether or not the user wishes to view them;
otherwise, they are simply listed.
-This variable must be set to an integer value greater than or equal to 0.
-A negative value means Readline should never ask.
+This variable must be set to an integer value greater than or equal to zero.
+A zero value means Readline should never ask; negative values are
+treated as zero.
The default limit is <code>100</code>.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>convert-meta</code></dt>
-<dd><span id="index-convert_002dmeta"></span>
-<p>If set to ‘<samp>on</samp>’, Readline will convert characters with the
+<dt id='index-convert_002dmeta'><span><code>convert-meta</code><a href='#index-convert_002dmeta' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt>
+<dd><p>If set to ‘<samp>on</samp>’, Readline will convert characters with the
eighth bit set to an <small>ASCII</small> key sequence by stripping the eighth
bit and prefixing an <tt class="key">ESC</tt> character, converting them to a
meta-prefixed key sequence. The default value is ‘<samp>on</samp>’, but
eight-bit characters.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>disable-completion</code></dt>
-<dd><span id="index-disable_002dcompletion"></span>
-<p>If set to ‘<samp>On</samp>’, Readline will inhibit word completion.
+<dt id='index-disable_002dcompletion'><span><code>disable-completion</code><a href='#index-disable_002dcompletion' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt>
+<dd><p>If set to ‘<samp>On</samp>’, Readline will inhibit word completion.
Completion characters will be inserted into the line as if they had
been mapped to <code>self-insert</code>. The default is ‘<samp>off</samp>’.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>echo-control-characters</code></dt>
-<dd><span id="index-echo_002dcontrol_002dcharacters"></span>
-<p>When set to ‘<samp>on</samp>’, on operating systems that indicate they support it,
+<dt id='index-echo_002dcontrol_002dcharacters'><span><code>echo-control-characters</code><a href='#index-echo_002dcontrol_002dcharacters' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt>
+<dd><p>When set to ‘<samp>on</samp>’, on operating systems that indicate they support it,
readline echoes a character corresponding to a signal generated from the
keyboard. The default is ‘<samp>on</samp>’.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>editing-mode</code></dt>
-<dd><span id="index-editing_002dmode"></span>
-<p>The <code>editing-mode</code> variable controls which default set of
+<dt id='index-editing_002dmode'><span><code>editing-mode</code><a href='#index-editing_002dmode' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt>
+<dd><p>The <code>editing-mode</code> variable controls which default set of
key bindings is used. By default, Readline starts up in Emacs editing
mode, where the keystrokes are most similar to Emacs. This variable can be
set to either ‘<samp>emacs</samp>’ or ‘<samp>vi</samp>’.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>emacs-mode-string</code></dt>
-<dd><span id="index-emacs_002dmode_002dstring"></span>
-<p>If the <var>show-mode-in-prompt</var> variable is enabled,
+<dt id='index-emacs_002dmode_002dstring'><span><code>emacs-mode-string</code><a href='#index-emacs_002dmode_002dstring' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt>
+<dd><p>If the <var>show-mode-in-prompt</var> variable is enabled,
this string is displayed immediately before the last line of the primary
prompt when emacs editing mode is active. The value is expanded like a
key binding, so the standard set of meta- and control prefixes and
The default is ‘<samp>@</samp>’.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>enable-bracketed-paste</code></dt>
-<dd><span id="index-enable_002dbracketed_002dpaste"></span>
-<p>When set to ‘<samp>On</samp>’, Readline will configure the terminal in a way
+<dt id='index-enable_002dactive_002dregion'><span><code>enable-active-region</code><a href='#index-enable_002dactive_002dregion' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt>
+<dd><p>The <em>point</em> is the current cursor position, and <em>mark</em> refers
+to a saved cursor position (see <a href="#Commands-For-Moving">Commands For Moving</a>).
+The text between the point and mark is referred to as the <em>region</em>.
+When this variable is set to ‘<samp>On</samp>’, Readline allows certain commands
+to designate the region as <em>active</em>.
+When the region is active, Readline highlights the text in the region using
+the terminal’s standout mode.
+The active region shows the text inserted by bracketed-paste and any
+matching text found by incremental and non-incremental history searches.
+The default is ‘<samp>On</samp>’.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt id='index-enable_002dbracketed_002dpaste'><span><code>enable-bracketed-paste</code><a href='#index-enable_002dbracketed_002dpaste' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt>
+<dd><p>When set to ‘<samp>On</samp>’, Readline will configure the terminal in a way
that will enable it to insert each paste into the editing buffer as a
single string of characters, instead of treating each character as if
it had been read from the keyboard. This can prevent pasted characters
from being interpreted as editing commands. The default is ‘<samp>On</samp>’.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>enable-keypad</code></dt>
-<dd><span id="index-enable_002dkeypad"></span>
-<p>When set to ‘<samp>on</samp>’, Readline will try to enable the application
+<dt id='index-enable_002dkeypad'><span><code>enable-keypad</code><a href='#index-enable_002dkeypad' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt>
+<dd><p>When set to ‘<samp>on</samp>’, Readline will try to enable the application
keypad when it is called. Some systems need this to enable the
arrow keys. The default is ‘<samp>off</samp>’.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>enable-meta-key</code></dt>
+<dt><span><code>enable-meta-key</code></span></dt>
<dd><p>When set to ‘<samp>on</samp>’, Readline will try to enable any meta modifier
key the terminal claims to support when it is called. On many terminals,
the meta key is used to send eight-bit characters.
The default is ‘<samp>on</samp>’.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>expand-tilde</code></dt>
-<dd><span id="index-expand_002dtilde"></span>
-<p>If set to ‘<samp>on</samp>’, tilde expansion is performed when Readline
+<dt id='index-expand_002dtilde'><span><code>expand-tilde</code><a href='#index-expand_002dtilde' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt>
+<dd><p>If set to ‘<samp>on</samp>’, tilde expansion is performed when Readline
attempts word completion. The default is ‘<samp>off</samp>’.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>history-preserve-point</code></dt>
-<dd><span id="index-history_002dpreserve_002dpoint"></span>
-<p>If set to ‘<samp>on</samp>’, the history code attempts to place the point (the
+<dt id='index-history_002dpreserve_002dpoint'><span><code>history-preserve-point</code><a href='#index-history_002dpreserve_002dpoint' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt>
+<dd><p>If set to ‘<samp>on</samp>’, the history code attempts to place the point (the
current cursor position) at the
same location on each history line retrieved with <code>previous-history</code>
or <code>next-history</code>. The default is ‘<samp>off</samp>’.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>history-size</code></dt>
-<dd><span id="index-history_002dsize"></span>
-<p>Set the maximum number of history entries saved in the history list.
+<dt id='index-history_002dsize'><span><code>history-size</code><a href='#index-history_002dsize' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt>
+<dd><p>Set the maximum number of history entries saved in the history list.
If set to zero, any existing history entries are deleted and no new entries
are saved.
If set to a value less than zero, the number of history entries is not
the maximum number of history entries will be set to 500.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>horizontal-scroll-mode</code></dt>
-<dd><span id="index-horizontal_002dscroll_002dmode"></span>
-<p>This variable can be set to either ‘<samp>on</samp>’ or ‘<samp>off</samp>’. Setting it
+<dt id='index-horizontal_002dscroll_002dmode'><span><code>horizontal-scroll-mode</code><a href='#index-horizontal_002dscroll_002dmode' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt>
+<dd><p>This variable can be set to either ‘<samp>on</samp>’ or ‘<samp>off</samp>’. Setting it
to ‘<samp>on</samp>’ means that the text of the lines being edited will scroll
horizontally on a single screen line when they are longer than the width
of the screen, instead of wrapping onto a new screen line.
By default, this variable is set to ‘<samp>off</samp>’.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>input-meta</code></dt>
-<dd><span id="index-input_002dmeta"></span>
-<span id="index-meta_002dflag"></span>
+<dt id='index-input_002dmeta'><span><code>input-meta</code><a href='#index-input_002dmeta' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt>
+<dd><span id="index-meta_002dflag"></span>
<p>If set to ‘<samp>on</samp>’, Readline will enable eight-bit input (it
will not clear the eighth bit in the characters it reads),
regardless of what the terminal claims it can support. The
The name <code>meta-flag</code> is a synonym for this variable.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>isearch-terminators</code></dt>
-<dd><span id="index-isearch_002dterminators"></span>
-<p>The string of characters that should terminate an incremental search without
-subsequently executing the character as a command (see <a href="#Searching">Searching</a>).
+<dt id='index-isearch_002dterminators'><span><code>isearch-terminators</code><a href='#index-isearch_002dterminators' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt>
+<dd><p>The string of characters that should terminate an incremental search without
+subsequently executing the character as a command (see <a href="#Searching">Searching for Commands in the History</a>).
If this variable has not been given a value, the characters <tt class="key">ESC</tt> and
<kbd>C-J</kbd> will terminate an incremental search.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>keymap</code></dt>
-<dd><span id="index-keymap"></span>
-<p>Sets Readline’s idea of the current keymap for key binding commands.
+<dt id='index-keymap'><span><code>keymap</code><a href='#index-keymap' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt>
+<dd><p>Sets Readline’s idea of the current keymap for key binding commands.
Built-in <code>keymap</code> names are
<code>emacs</code>,
<code>emacs-standard</code>,
default keymap.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>keyseq-timeout</code></dt>
+<dt><span><code>keyseq-timeout</code></span></dt>
<dd><p>Specifies the duration Readline will wait for a character when reading an
ambiguous key sequence (one that can form a complete key sequence using
the input read so far, or can take additional input to complete a longer
The default value is <code>500</code>.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>mark-directories</code></dt>
+<dt><span><code>mark-directories</code></span></dt>
<dd><p>If set to ‘<samp>on</samp>’, completed directory names have a slash
appended. The default is ‘<samp>on</samp>’.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>mark-modified-lines</code></dt>
-<dd><span id="index-mark_002dmodified_002dlines"></span>
-<p>This variable, when set to ‘<samp>on</samp>’, causes Readline to display an
+<dt id='index-mark_002dmodified_002dlines'><span><code>mark-modified-lines</code><a href='#index-mark_002dmodified_002dlines' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt>
+<dd><p>This variable, when set to ‘<samp>on</samp>’, causes Readline to display an
asterisk (‘<samp>*</samp>’) at the start of history lines which have been modified.
This variable is ‘<samp>off</samp>’ by default.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>mark-symlinked-directories</code></dt>
-<dd><span id="index-mark_002dsymlinked_002ddirectories"></span>
-<p>If set to ‘<samp>on</samp>’, completed names which are symbolic links
+<dt id='index-mark_002dsymlinked_002ddirectories'><span><code>mark-symlinked-directories</code><a href='#index-mark_002dsymlinked_002ddirectories' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt>
+<dd><p>If set to ‘<samp>on</samp>’, completed names which are symbolic links
to directories have a slash appended (subject to the value of
<code>mark-directories</code>).
The default is ‘<samp>off</samp>’.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>match-hidden-files</code></dt>
-<dd><span id="index-match_002dhidden_002dfiles"></span>
-<p>This variable, when set to ‘<samp>on</samp>’, causes Readline to match files whose
+<dt id='index-match_002dhidden_002dfiles'><span><code>match-hidden-files</code><a href='#index-match_002dhidden_002dfiles' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt>
+<dd><p>This variable, when set to ‘<samp>on</samp>’, causes Readline to match files whose
names begin with a ‘<samp>.</samp>’ (hidden files) when performing filename
completion.
If set to ‘<samp>off</samp>’, the leading ‘<samp>.</samp>’ must be
This variable is ‘<samp>on</samp>’ by default.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>menu-complete-display-prefix</code></dt>
-<dd><span id="index-menu_002dcomplete_002ddisplay_002dprefix"></span>
-<p>If set to ‘<samp>on</samp>’, menu completion displays the common prefix of the
+<dt id='index-menu_002dcomplete_002ddisplay_002dprefix'><span><code>menu-complete-display-prefix</code><a href='#index-menu_002dcomplete_002ddisplay_002dprefix' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt>
+<dd><p>If set to ‘<samp>on</samp>’, menu completion displays the common prefix of the
list of possible completions (which may be empty) before cycling through
the list. The default is ‘<samp>off</samp>’.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>output-meta</code></dt>
-<dd><span id="index-output_002dmeta"></span>
-<p>If set to ‘<samp>on</samp>’, Readline will display characters with the
+<dt id='index-output_002dmeta'><span><code>output-meta</code><a href='#index-output_002dmeta' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt>
+<dd><p>If set to ‘<samp>on</samp>’, Readline will display characters with the
eighth bit set directly rather than as a meta-prefixed escape
sequence.
The default is ‘<samp>off</samp>’, but Readline will set it to ‘<samp>on</samp>’ if the
locale contains eight-bit characters.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>page-completions</code></dt>
-<dd><span id="index-page_002dcompletions"></span>
-<p>If set to ‘<samp>on</samp>’, Readline uses an internal <code>more</code>-like pager
+<dt id='index-page_002dcompletions'><span><code>page-completions</code><a href='#index-page_002dcompletions' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt>
+<dd><p>If set to ‘<samp>on</samp>’, Readline uses an internal <code>more</code>-like pager
to display a screenful of possible completions at a time.
This variable is ‘<samp>on</samp>’ by default.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>print-completions-horizontally</code></dt>
+<dt><span><code>print-completions-horizontally</code></span></dt>
<dd><p>If set to ‘<samp>on</samp>’, Readline will display completions with matches
sorted horizontally in alphabetical order, rather than down the screen.
The default is ‘<samp>off</samp>’.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>revert-all-at-newline</code></dt>
-<dd><span id="index-revert_002dall_002dat_002dnewline"></span>
-<p>If set to ‘<samp>on</samp>’, Readline will undo all changes to history lines
+<dt id='index-revert_002dall_002dat_002dnewline'><span><code>revert-all-at-newline</code><a href='#index-revert_002dall_002dat_002dnewline' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt>
+<dd><p>If set to ‘<samp>on</samp>’, Readline will undo all changes to history lines
before returning when <code>accept-line</code> is executed. By default,
history lines may be modified and retain individual undo lists across
calls to <code>readline</code>. The default is ‘<samp>off</samp>’.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>show-all-if-ambiguous</code></dt>
-<dd><span id="index-show_002dall_002dif_002dambiguous"></span>
-<p>This alters the default behavior of the completion functions. If
+<dt id='index-show_002dall_002dif_002dambiguous'><span><code>show-all-if-ambiguous</code><a href='#index-show_002dall_002dif_002dambiguous' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt>
+<dd><p>This alters the default behavior of the completion functions. If
set to ‘<samp>on</samp>’,
words which have more than one possible completion cause the
matches to be listed immediately instead of ringing the bell.
The default value is ‘<samp>off</samp>’.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>show-all-if-unmodified</code></dt>
-<dd><span id="index-show_002dall_002dif_002dunmodified"></span>
-<p>This alters the default behavior of the completion functions in
+<dt id='index-show_002dall_002dif_002dunmodified'><span><code>show-all-if-unmodified</code><a href='#index-show_002dall_002dif_002dunmodified' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt>
+<dd><p>This alters the default behavior of the completion functions in
a fashion similar to <var>show-all-if-ambiguous</var>.
If set to ‘<samp>on</samp>’,
words which have more than one possible completion without any
The default value is ‘<samp>off</samp>’.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>show-mode-in-prompt</code></dt>
-<dd><span id="index-show_002dmode_002din_002dprompt"></span>
-<p>If set to ‘<samp>on</samp>’, add a string to the beginning of the prompt
+<dt id='index-show_002dmode_002din_002dprompt'><span><code>show-mode-in-prompt</code><a href='#index-show_002dmode_002din_002dprompt' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt>
+<dd><p>If set to ‘<samp>on</samp>’, add a string to the beginning of the prompt
indicating the editing mode: emacs, vi command, or vi insertion.
The mode strings are user-settable (e.g., <var>emacs-mode-string</var>).
The default value is ‘<samp>off</samp>’.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>skip-completed-text</code></dt>
-<dd><span id="index-skip_002dcompleted_002dtext"></span>
-<p>If set to ‘<samp>on</samp>’, this alters the default completion behavior when
+<dt id='index-skip_002dcompleted_002dtext'><span><code>skip-completed-text</code><a href='#index-skip_002dcompleted_002dtext' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt>
+<dd><p>If set to ‘<samp>on</samp>’, this alters the default completion behavior when
inserting a single match into the line. It’s only active when
performing completion in the middle of a word. If enabled, readline
does not insert characters from the completion that match characters
The default value is ‘<samp>off</samp>’.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>vi-cmd-mode-string</code></dt>
-<dd><span id="index-vi_002dcmd_002dmode_002dstring"></span>
-<p>If the <var>show-mode-in-prompt</var> variable is enabled,
+<dt id='index-vi_002dcmd_002dmode_002dstring'><span><code>vi-cmd-mode-string</code><a href='#index-vi_002dcmd_002dmode_002dstring' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt>
+<dd><p>If the <var>show-mode-in-prompt</var> variable is enabled,
this string is displayed immediately before the last line of the primary
prompt when vi editing mode is active and in command mode.
The value is expanded like a
The default is ‘<samp>(cmd)</samp>’.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>vi-ins-mode-string</code></dt>
-<dd><span id="index-vi_002dins_002dmode_002dstring"></span>
-<p>If the <var>show-mode-in-prompt</var> variable is enabled,
+<dt id='index-vi_002dins_002dmode_002dstring'><span><code>vi-ins-mode-string</code><a href='#index-vi_002dins_002dmode_002dstring' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt>
+<dd><p>If the <var>show-mode-in-prompt</var> variable is enabled,
this string is displayed immediately before the last line of the primary
prompt when vi editing mode is active and in insertion mode.
The value is expanded like a
The default is ‘<samp>(ins)</samp>’.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>visible-stats</code></dt>
-<dd><span id="index-visible_002dstats"></span>
-<p>If set to ‘<samp>on</samp>’, a character denoting a file’s type
+<dt id='index-visible_002dstats'><span><code>visible-stats</code><a href='#index-visible_002dstats' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt>
+<dd><p>If set to ‘<samp>on</samp>’, a character denoting a file’s type
is appended to the filename when listing possible
completions. The default is ‘<samp>off</samp>’.
</p>
</dl>
</dd>
-<dt>Key Bindings</dt>
+<dt><span>Key Bindings</span></dt>
<dd><p>The syntax for controlling key bindings in the init file is
simple. First you need to find the name of the command that you
want to change. The following sections contain tables of the command
</p>
<p>The <code>bind <span class="nolinebreak">-p</span></code><!-- /@w --> command displays Readline function names and
bindings in a format that can put directly into an initialization file.
-See <a href="#Bash-Builtins">Bash Builtins</a>.
+See <a href="#Bash-Builtins">Bash Builtin Commands</a>.
</p>
<dl compact="compact">
-<dt><var>keyname</var>: <var><span class="nolinebreak">function-name</span></var> or <var>macro</var><!-- /@w --></dt>
+<dt><span><var>keyname</var>: <var><span class="nolinebreak">function-name</span></var> or <var>macro</var><!-- /@w --></span></dt>
<dd><p><var>keyname</var> is the name of a key spelled out in English. For example:
</p><div class="example">
<pre class="example">Control-u: universal-argument
<var>TAB</var>.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt>"<var>keyseq</var>": <var><span class="nolinebreak">function-name</span></var> or <var>macro</var><!-- /@w --></dt>
+<dt><span>"<var>keyseq</var>": <var><span class="nolinebreak">function-name</span></var> or <var>macro</var><!-- /@w --></span></dt>
<dd><p><var>keyseq</var> differs from <var>keyname</var> above in that strings
denoting an entire key sequence can be specified, by placing
the key sequence in double quotes. Some <small>GNU</small> Emacs style key
specifying key sequences:
</p>
<dl compact="compact">
-<dt><code><kbd>\C-</kbd></code></dt>
+<dt><span><code><kbd>\C-</kbd></code></span></dt>
<dd><p>control prefix
</p></dd>
-<dt><code><kbd>\M-</kbd></code></dt>
+<dt><span><code><kbd>\M-</kbd></code></span></dt>
<dd><p>meta prefix
</p></dd>
-<dt><code><kbd>\e</kbd></code></dt>
+<dt><span><code><kbd>\e</kbd></code></span></dt>
<dd><p>an escape character
</p></dd>
-<dt><code><kbd>\\</kbd></code></dt>
+<dt><span><code><kbd>\\</kbd></code></span></dt>
<dd><p>backslash
</p></dd>
-<dt><code><kbd>\"</kbd></code></dt>
+<dt><span><code><kbd>\"</kbd></code></span></dt>
<dd><p><tt class="key">"</tt>, a double quotation mark
</p></dd>
-<dt><code><kbd>\'</kbd></code></dt>
+<dt><span><code><kbd>\'</kbd></code></span></dt>
<dd><p><tt class="key">'</tt>, a single quote or apostrophe
</p></dd>
</dl>
set of backslash escapes is available:
</p>
<dl compact="compact">
-<dt><code>\a</code></dt>
+<dt><span><code>\a</code></span></dt>
<dd><p>alert (bell)
</p></dd>
-<dt><code>\b</code></dt>
+<dt><span><code>\b</code></span></dt>
<dd><p>backspace
</p></dd>
-<dt><code>\d</code></dt>
+<dt><span><code>\d</code></span></dt>
<dd><p>delete
</p></dd>
-<dt><code>\f</code></dt>
+<dt><span><code>\f</code></span></dt>
<dd><p>form feed
</p></dd>
-<dt><code>\n</code></dt>
+<dt><span><code>\n</code></span></dt>
<dd><p>newline
</p></dd>
-<dt><code>\r</code></dt>
+<dt><span><code>\r</code></span></dt>
<dd><p>carriage return
</p></dd>
-<dt><code>\t</code></dt>
+<dt><span><code>\t</code></span></dt>
<dd><p>horizontal tab
</p></dd>
-<dt><code>\v</code></dt>
+<dt><span><code>\v</code></span></dt>
<dd><p>vertical tab
</p></dd>
-<dt><code>\<var>nnn</var></code></dt>
+<dt><span><code>\<var>nnn</var></code></span></dt>
<dd><p>the eight-bit character whose value is the octal value <var>nnn</var>
(one to three digits)
</p></dd>
-<dt><code>\x<var>HH</var></code></dt>
+<dt><span><code>\x<var>HH</var></code></span></dt>
<dd><p>the eight-bit character whose value is the hexadecimal value <var>HH</var>
(one or two hex digits)
</p></dd>
</dl>
<hr>
-<span id="Conditional-Init-Constructs"></span><div class="header">
+</div>
+<div class="subsection" id="Conditional-Init-Constructs">
+<div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#Sample-Init-File" accesskey="n" rel="next">Sample Init File</a>, Previous: <a href="#Readline-Init-File-Syntax" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Readline Init File Syntax</a>, Up: <a href="#Readline-Init-File" accesskey="u" rel="up">Readline Init File</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Indexes" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
of tests. There are four parser directives used.
</p>
<dl compact="compact">
-<dt><code>$if</code></dt>
+<dt><span><code>$if</code></span></dt>
<dd><p>The <code>$if</code> construct allows bindings to be made based on the
editing mode, the terminal being used, or the application using
Readline. The text of the test, after any comparison operator,
unless otherwise noted, no characters are required to isolate it.
</p>
<dl compact="compact">
-<dt><code>mode</code></dt>
+<dt><span><code>mode</code></span></dt>
<dd><p>The <code>mode=</code> form of the <code>$if</code> directive is used to test
whether Readline is in <code>emacs</code> or <code>vi</code> mode.
This may be used in conjunction
Readline is starting out in <code>emacs</code> mode.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>term</code></dt>
+<dt><span><code>term</code></span></dt>
<dd><p>The <code>term=</code> form may be used to include terminal-specific
key bindings, perhaps to bind the key sequences output by the
terminal’s function keys. The word on the right side of the
for instance.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>version</code></dt>
+<dt><span><code>version</code></span></dt>
<dd><p>The <code>version</code> test may be used to perform comparisons against
specific Readline versions.
The <code>version</code> expands to the current Readline version.
</pre></div>
</dd>
-<dt><code>application</code></dt>
+<dt><span><code>application</code></span></dt>
<dd><p>The <var>application</var> construct is used to include
application-specific settings. Each program using the Readline
library sets the <var>application name</var>, and you can test for
</pre></div>
</dd>
-<dt><code>variable</code></dt>
+<dt><span><code>variable</code></span></dt>
<dd><p>The <var>variable</var> construct provides simple equality tests for Readline
variables and values.
The permitted comparison operators are ‘<samp>=</samp>’, ‘<samp>==</samp>’, and ‘<samp>!=</samp>’.
</dl>
</dd>
-<dt><code>$endif</code></dt>
+<dt><span><code>$endif</code></span></dt>
<dd><p>This command, as seen in the previous example, terminates an
<code>$if</code> command.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>$else</code></dt>
+<dt><span><code>$else</code></span></dt>
<dd><p>Commands in this branch of the <code>$if</code> directive are executed if
the test fails.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>$include</code></dt>
+<dt><span><code>$include</code></span></dt>
<dd><p>This directive takes a single filename as an argument and reads commands
and bindings from that file.
For example, the following directive reads from <samp>/etc/inputrc</samp>:
</dl>
<hr>
-<span id="Sample-Init-File"></span><div class="header">
+</div>
+<div class="subsection" id="Sample-Init-File">
+<div class="header">
<p>
Previous: <a href="#Conditional-Init-Constructs" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Conditional Init Constructs</a>, Up: <a href="#Readline-Init-File" accesskey="u" rel="up">Readline Init File</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Indexes" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
</pre></div>
<hr>
-<span id="Bindable-Readline-Commands"></span><div class="header">
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="Bindable-Readline-Commands">
+<div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#Readline-vi-Mode" accesskey="n" rel="next">Readline vi Mode</a>, Previous: <a href="#Readline-Init-File" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Readline Init File</a>, Up: <a href="#Command-Line-Editing" accesskey="u" rel="up">Command Line Editing</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Indexes" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<span id="Bindable-Readline-Commands-1"></span><h3 class="section">8.4 Bindable Readline Commands</h3>
-<table class="menu" border="0" cellspacing="0">
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#Commands-For-Moving" accesskey="1">Commands For Moving</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Moving about the line.
-</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#Commands-For-History" accesskey="2">Commands For History</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Getting at previous lines.
-</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#Commands-For-Text" accesskey="3">Commands For Text</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Commands for changing text.
-</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#Commands-For-Killing" accesskey="4">Commands For Killing</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Commands for killing and yanking.
-</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#Numeric-Arguments" accesskey="5">Numeric Arguments</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Specifying numeric arguments, repeat counts.
-</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#Commands-For-Completion" accesskey="6">Commands For Completion</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Getting Readline to do the typing for you.
-</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#Keyboard-Macros" accesskey="7">Keyboard Macros</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Saving and re-executing typed characters
-</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#Miscellaneous-Commands" accesskey="8">Miscellaneous Commands</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Other miscellaneous commands.
-</td></tr>
-</table>
<p>This section describes Readline commands that may be bound to key
sequences.
You can list your key bindings by executing
<code>bind <span class="nolinebreak">-P</span></code><!-- /@w --> or, for a more terse format, suitable for an
-<var>inputrc</var> file, <code>bind <span class="nolinebreak">-p</span></code><!-- /@w -->. (See <a href="#Bash-Builtins">Bash Builtins</a>.)
+<var>inputrc</var> file, <code>bind <span class="nolinebreak">-p</span></code><!-- /@w -->. (See <a href="#Bash-Builtins">Bash Builtin Commands</a>.)
Command names without an accompanying key sequence are unbound by default.
</p>
<p>In the following descriptions, <em>point</em> refers to the current cursor
<code>set-mark</code> command.
The text between the point and mark is referred to as the <em>region</em>.
</p>
+<ul class="section-toc">
+<li><a href="#Commands-For-Moving" accesskey="1">Commands For Moving</a></li>
+<li><a href="#Commands-For-History" accesskey="2">Commands For Manipulating The History</a></li>
+<li><a href="#Commands-For-Text" accesskey="3">Commands For Changing Text</a></li>
+<li><a href="#Commands-For-Killing" accesskey="4">Killing And Yanking</a></li>
+<li><a href="#Numeric-Arguments" accesskey="5">Specifying Numeric Arguments</a></li>
+<li><a href="#Commands-For-Completion" accesskey="6">Letting Readline Type For You</a></li>
+<li><a href="#Keyboard-Macros" accesskey="7">Keyboard Macros</a></li>
+<li><a href="#Miscellaneous-Commands" accesskey="8">Some Miscellaneous Commands</a></li>
+</ul>
<hr>
-<span id="Commands-For-Moving"></span><div class="header">
+<div class="subsection" id="Commands-For-Moving">
+<div class="header">
<p>
-Next: <a href="#Commands-For-History" accesskey="n" rel="next">Commands For History</a>, Up: <a href="#Bindable-Readline-Commands" accesskey="u" rel="up">Bindable Readline Commands</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Indexes" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+Next: <a href="#Commands-For-History" accesskey="n" rel="next">Commands For
Manipulating The History</a>, Up: <a href="#Bindable-Readline-Commands" accesskey="u" rel="up">Bindable Readline Commands</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Indexes" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<span id="Commands-For-Moving-1"></span><h4 class="subsection">8.4.1 Commands For Moving</h4>
<dl compact="compact">
-<dt><code>beginning-of-line (C-a)</code>
-<span id="index-beginning_002dof_002dline-_0028C_002da_0029"></span>
-</dt>
+<dt id='index-beginning_002dof_002dline-_0028C_002da_0029'><span><code>beginning-of-line (C-a)</code><a href='#index-beginning_002dof_002dline-_0028C_002da_0029' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>Move to the start of the current line.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>end-of-line (C-e)</code>
-<span id="index-end_002dof_002dline-_0028C_002de_0029"></span>
-</dt>
+<dt id='index-end_002dof_002dline-_0028C_002de_0029'><span><code>end-of-line (C-e)</code><a href='#index-end_002dof_002dline-_0028C_002de_0029' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>Move to the end of the line.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>forward-char (C-f)</code>
-<span id="index-forward_002dchar-_0028C_002df_0029"></span>
-</dt>
+<dt id='index-forward_002dchar-_0028C_002df_0029'><span><code>forward-char (C-f)</code><a href='#index-forward_002dchar-_0028C_002df_0029' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>Move forward a character.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>backward-char (C-b)</code>
-<span id="index-backward_002dchar-_0028C_002db_0029"></span>
-</dt>
+<dt id='index-backward_002dchar-_0028C_002db_0029'><span><code>backward-char (C-b)</code><a href='#index-backward_002dchar-_0028C_002db_0029' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>Move back a character.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>forward-word (M-f)</code>
-<span id="index-forward_002dword-_0028M_002df_0029"></span>
-</dt>
+<dt id='index-forward_002dword-_0028M_002df_0029'><span><code>forward-word (M-f)</code><a href='#index-forward_002dword-_0028M_002df_0029' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>Move forward to the end of the next word.
Words are composed of letters and digits.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>backward-word (M-b)</code>
-<span id="index-backward_002dword-_0028M_002db_0029"></span>
-</dt>
+<dt id='index-backward_002dword-_0028M_002db_0029'><span><code>backward-word (M-b)</code><a href='#index-backward_002dword-_0028M_002db_0029' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>Move back to the start of the current or previous word.
Words are composed of letters and digits.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>shell-forward-word (M-C-f)</code>
-<span id="index-shell_002dforward_002dword-_0028M_002dC_002df_0029"></span>
-</dt>
+<dt id='index-shell_002dforward_002dword-_0028M_002dC_002df_0029'><span><code>shell-forward-word (M-C-f)</code><a href='#index-shell_002dforward_002dword-_0028M_002dC_002df_0029' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>Move forward to the end of the next word.
Words are delimited by non-quoted shell metacharacters.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>shell-backward-word (M-C-b)</code>
-<span id="index-shell_002dbackward_002dword-_0028M_002dC_002db_0029"></span>
-</dt>
+<dt id='index-shell_002dbackward_002dword-_0028M_002dC_002db_0029'><span><code>shell-backward-word (M-C-b)</code><a href='#index-shell_002dbackward_002dword-_0028M_002dC_002db_0029' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>Move back to the start of the current or previous word.
Words are delimited by non-quoted shell metacharacters.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>previous-screen-line ()</code>
-<span id="index-previous_002dscreen_002dline-_0028_0029"></span>
-</dt>
+<dt id='index-previous_002dscreen_002dline-_0028_0029'><span><code>previous-screen-line ()</code><a href='#index-previous_002dscreen_002dline-_0028_0029' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>Attempt to move point to the same physical screen column on the previous
physical screen line. This will not have the desired effect if the current
Readline line does not take up more than one physical line or if point is not
greater than the length of the prompt plus the screen width.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>next-screen-line ()</code>
-<span id="index-next_002dscreen_002dline-_0028_0029"></span>
-</dt>
+<dt id='index-next_002dscreen_002dline-_0028_0029'><span><code>next-screen-line ()</code><a href='#index-next_002dscreen_002dline-_0028_0029' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>Attempt to move point to the same physical screen column on the next
physical screen line. This will not have the desired effect if the current
Readline line does not take up more than one physical line or if the length
plus the screen width.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>clear-display (M-C-l)</code>
-<span id="index-clear_002ddisplay-_0028M_002dC_002dl_0029"></span>
-</dt>
+<dt id='index-clear_002ddisplay-_0028M_002dC_002dl_0029'><span><code>clear-display (M-C-l)</code><a href='#index-clear_002ddisplay-_0028M_002dC_002dl_0029' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>Clear the screen and, if possible, the terminal’s scrollback buffer,
then redraw the current line,
leaving the current line at the top of the screen.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>clear-screen (C-l)</code>
-<span id="index-clear_002dscreen-_0028C_002dl_0029"></span>
-</dt>
+<dt id='index-clear_002dscreen-_0028C_002dl_0029'><span><code>clear-screen (C-l)</code><a href='#index-clear_002dscreen-_0028C_002dl_0029' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>Clear the screen,
then redraw the current line,
leaving the current line at the top of the screen.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>redraw-current-line ()</code>
-<span id="index-redraw_002dcurrent_002dline-_0028_0029"></span>
-</dt>
+<dt id='index-redraw_002dcurrent_002dline-_0028_0029'><span><code>redraw-current-line ()</code><a href='#index-redraw_002dcurrent_002dline-_0028_0029' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>Refresh the current line. By default, this is unbound.
</p>
</dd>
</dl>
<hr>
-<span id="Commands-For-History"></span><div class="header">
+</div>
+<div class="subsection" id="Commands-For-History">
+<div class="header">
<p>
-Next: <a href="#Commands-For-Text" accesskey="n" rel="next">Commands For Text</a>, Previous: <a href="#Commands-For-Moving" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Commands For Moving</a>, Up: <a href="#Bindable-Readline-Commands" accesskey="u" rel="up">Bindable Readline Commands</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Indexes" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+Next: <a href="#Commands-For-Text" accesskey="n" rel="next">Commands For
Changing Text</a>, Previous: <a href="#Commands-For-Moving" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Commands For Moving</a>, Up: <a href="#Bindable-Readline-Commands" accesskey="u" rel="up">Bindable Readline Commands</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Indexes" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<span id="Commands-For-Manipulating-The-History"></span><h4 class="subsection">8.4.2 Commands For Manipulating The History</h4>
<dl compact="compact">
-<dt><code>accept-line (Newline or Return)</code>
-<span id="index-accept_002dline-_0028Newline-or-Return_0029"></span>
-</dt>
+<dt id='index-accept_002dline-_0028Newline-or-Return_0029'><span><code>accept-line (Newline or Return)</code><a href='#index-accept_002dline-_0028Newline-or-Return_0029' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>Accept the line regardless of where the cursor is.
If this line is
non-empty, add it to the history list according to the setting of
to its original state.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>previous-history (C-p)</code>
-<span id="index-previous_002dhistory-_0028C_002dp_0029"></span>
-</dt>
+<dt id='index-previous_002dhistory-_0028C_002dp_0029'><span><code>previous-history (C-p)</code><a href='#index-previous_002dhistory-_0028C_002dp_0029' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>Move ‘back’ through the history list, fetching the previous command.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>next-history (C-n)</code>
-<span id="index-next_002dhistory-_0028C_002dn_0029"></span>
-</dt>
+<dt id='index-next_002dhistory-_0028C_002dn_0029'><span><code>next-history (C-n)</code><a href='#index-next_002dhistory-_0028C_002dn_0029' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>Move ‘forward’ through the history list, fetching the next command.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>beginning-of-history (M-<)</code>
-<span id="index-beginning_002dof_002dhistory-_0028M_002d_003c_0029"></span>
-</dt>
+<dt id='index-beginning_002dof_002dhistory-_0028M_002d_003c_0029'><span><code>beginning-of-history (M-<)</code><a href='#index-beginning_002dof_002dhistory-_0028M_002d_003c_0029' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>Move to the first line in the history.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>end-of-history (M->)</code>
-<span id="index-end_002dof_002dhistory-_0028M_002d_003e_0029"></span>
-</dt>
+<dt id='index-end_002dof_002dhistory-_0028M_002d_003e_0029'><span><code>end-of-history (M->)</code><a href='#index-end_002dof_002dhistory-_0028M_002d_003e_0029' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>Move to the end of the input history, i.e., the line currently
being entered.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>reverse-search-history (C-r)</code>
-<span id="index-reverse_002dsearch_002dhistory-_0028C_002dr_0029"></span>
-</dt>
+<dt id='index-reverse_002dsearch_002dhistory-_0028C_002dr_0029'><span><code>reverse-search-history (C-r)</code><a href='#index-reverse_002dsearch_002dhistory-_0028C_002dr_0029' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>Search backward starting at the current line and moving ‘up’ through
the history as necessary. This is an incremental search.
This command sets the region to the matched text and activates the mark.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>forward-search-history (C-s)</code>
-<span id="index-forward_002dsearch_002dhistory-_0028C_002ds_0029"></span>
-</dt>
+<dt id='index-forward_002dsearch_002dhistory-_0028C_002ds_0029'><span><code>forward-search-history (C-s)</code><a href='#index-forward_002dsearch_002dhistory-_0028C_002ds_0029' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>Search forward starting at the current line and moving ‘down’ through
the history as necessary. This is an incremental search.
This command sets the region to the matched text and activates the mark.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>non-incremental-reverse-search-history (M-p)</code>
-<span id="index-non_002dincremental_002dreverse_002dsearch_002dhistory-_0028M_002dp_0029"></span>
-</dt>
+<dt id='index-non_002dincremental_002dreverse_002dsearch_002dhistory-_0028M_002dp_0029'><span><code>non-incremental-reverse-search-history (M-p)</code><a href='#index-non_002dincremental_002dreverse_002dsearch_002dhistory-_0028M_002dp_0029' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>Search backward starting at the current line and moving ‘up’
through the history as necessary using a non-incremental search
for a string supplied by the user.
The search string may match anywhere in a history line.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>non-incremental-forward-search-history (M-n)</code>
-<span id="index-non_002dincremental_002dforward_002dsearch_002dhistory-_0028M_002dn_0029"></span>
-</dt>
+<dt id='index-non_002dincremental_002dforward_002dsearch_002dhistory-_0028M_002dn_0029'><span><code>non-incremental-forward-search-history (M-n)</code><a href='#index-non_002dincremental_002dforward_002dsearch_002dhistory-_0028M_002dn_0029' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>Search forward starting at the current line and moving ‘down’
through the history as necessary using a non-incremental search
for a string supplied by the user.
The search string may match anywhere in a history line.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>history-search-forward ()</code>
-<span id="index-history_002dsearch_002dforward-_0028_0029"></span>
-</dt>
+<dt id='index-history_002dsearch_002dforward-_0028_0029'><span><code>history-search-forward ()</code><a href='#index-history_002dsearch_002dforward-_0028_0029' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>Search forward through the history for the string of characters
between the start of the current line and the point.
The search string must match at the beginning of a history line.
By default, this command is unbound.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>history-search-backward ()</code>
-<span id="index-history_002dsearch_002dbackward-_0028_0029"></span>
-</dt>
+<dt id='index-history_002dsearch_002dbackward-_0028_0029'><span><code>history-search-backward ()</code><a href='#index-history_002dsearch_002dbackward-_0028_0029' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>Search backward through the history for the string of characters
between the start of the current line and the point.
The search string must match at the beginning of a history line.
By default, this command is unbound.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>history-substring-search-forward ()</code>
-<span id="index-history_002dsubstring_002dsearch_002dforward-_0028_0029"></span>
-</dt>
+<dt id='index-history_002dsubstring_002dsearch_002dforward-_0028_0029'><span><code>history-substring-search-forward ()</code><a href='#index-history_002dsubstring_002dsearch_002dforward-_0028_0029' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>Search forward through the history for the string of characters
between the start of the current line and the point.
The search string may match anywhere in a history line.
By default, this command is unbound.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>history-substring-search-backward ()</code>
-<span id="index-history_002dsubstring_002dsearch_002dbackward-_0028_0029"></span>
-</dt>
+<dt id='index-history_002dsubstring_002dsearch_002dbackward-_0028_0029'><span><code>history-substring-search-backward ()</code><a href='#index-history_002dsubstring_002dsearch_002dbackward-_0028_0029' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>Search backward through the history for the string of characters
between the start of the current line and the point.
The search string may match anywhere in a history line.
By default, this command is unbound.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>yank-nth-arg (M-C-y)</code>
-<span id="index-yank_002dnth_002darg-_0028M_002dC_002dy_0029"></span>
-</dt>
+<dt id='index-yank_002dnth_002darg-_0028M_002dC_002dy_0029'><span><code>yank-nth-arg (M-C-y)</code><a href='#index-yank_002dnth_002darg-_0028M_002dC_002dy_0029' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>Insert the first argument to the previous command (usually
the second word on the previous line) at point.
With an argument <var>n</var>,
as if the ‘<samp>!<var>n</var></samp>’ history expansion had been specified.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>yank-last-arg (M-. or M-_)</code>
-<span id="index-yank_002dlast_002darg-_0028M_002d_002e-or-M_002d_005f_0029"></span>
-</dt>
+<dt id='index-yank_002dlast_002darg-_0028M_002d_002e-or-M_002d_005f_0029'><span><code>yank-last-arg (M-. or M-_)</code><a href='#index-yank_002dlast_002darg-_0028M_002d_002e-or-M_002d_005f_0029' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>Insert last argument to the previous command (the last word of the
previous history entry).
With a numeric argument, behave exactly like <code>yank-nth-arg</code>.
as if the ‘<samp>!$</samp>’ history expansion had been specified.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>operate-and-get-next (C-o)</code>
-<span id="index-operate_002dand_002dget_002dnext-_0028C_002do_0029"></span>
-</dt>
+<dt id='index-operate_002dand_002dget_002dnext-_0028C_002do_0029'><span><code>operate-and-get-next (C-o)</code><a href='#index-operate_002dand_002dget_002dnext-_0028C_002do_0029' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>Accept the current line for return to the calling application as if a
newline had been entered,
and fetch the next line relative to the current line from the history
of the current line.
</p>
</dd>
+<dt id='index-fetch_002dhistory-_0028_0029'><span><code>fetch-history ()</code><a href='#index-fetch_002dhistory-_0028_0029' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt>
+<dd><p>With a numeric argument, fetch that entry from the history list
+and make it the current line.
+Without an argument, move back to the first entry in the history list.
+</p>
+</dd>
</dl>
<hr>
-<span id="Commands-For-Text"></span><div class="header">
+</div>
+<div class="subsection" id="Commands-For-Text">
+<div class="header">
<p>
-Next: <a href="#Commands-For-Killing" accesskey="n" rel="next">
Commands For Killing</a>, Previous: <a href="#Commands-For-History" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Commands For History</a>, Up: <a href="#Bindable-Readline-Commands" accesskey="u" rel="up">Bindable Readline Commands</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Indexes" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+Next: <a href="#Commands-For-Killing" accesskey="n" rel="next">
Killing And Yanking</a>, Previous: <a href="#Commands-For-History" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Commands For Manipulating The History</a>, Up: <a href="#Bindable-Readline-Commands" accesskey="u" rel="up">Bindable Readline Commands</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Indexes" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<span id="Commands-For-Changing-Text"></span><h4 class="subsection">8.4.3 Commands For Changing Text</h4>
<dl compact="compact">
-<dt><code><i>end-of-file</i> (usually C-d)</code>
-<span id="index-end_002dof_002dfile-_0028usually-C_002dd_0029"></span>
-</dt>
+<dt id='index-end_002dof_002dfile-_0028usually-C_002dd_0029'><span><code><i>end-of-file</i> (usually C-d)</code><a href='#index-end_002dof_002dfile-_0028usually-C_002dd_0029' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>The character indicating end-of-file as set, for example, by
<code>stty</code>. If this character is read when there are no characters
on the line, and point is at the beginning of the line, Readline
interprets it as the end of input and returns <small>EOF</small>.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>delete-char (C-d)</code>
-<span id="index-delete_002dchar-_0028C_002dd_0029"></span>
-</dt>
+<dt id='index-delete_002dchar-_0028C_002dd_0029'><span><code>delete-char (C-d)</code><a href='#index-delete_002dchar-_0028C_002dd_0029' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>Delete the character at point. If this function is bound to the
same character as the tty <small>EOF</small> character, as <kbd>C-d</kbd>
commonly is, see above for the effects.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>backward-delete-char (Rubout)</code>
-<span id="index-backward_002ddelete_002dchar-_0028Rubout_0029"></span>
-</dt>
+<dt id='index-backward_002ddelete_002dchar-_0028Rubout_0029'><span><code>backward-delete-char (Rubout)</code><a href='#index-backward_002ddelete_002dchar-_0028Rubout_0029' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>Delete the character behind the cursor. A numeric argument means
to kill the characters instead of deleting them.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>forward-backward-delete-char ()</code>
-<span id="index-forward_002dbackward_002ddelete_002dchar-_0028_0029"></span>
-</dt>
+<dt id='index-forward_002dbackward_002ddelete_002dchar-_0028_0029'><span><code>forward-backward-delete-char ()</code><a href='#index-forward_002dbackward_002ddelete_002dchar-_0028_0029' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>Delete the character under the cursor, unless the cursor is at the
end of the line, in which case the character behind the cursor is
deleted. By default, this is not bound to a key.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>quoted-insert (C-q or C-v)</code>
-<span id="index-quoted_002dinsert-_0028C_002dq-or-C_002dv_0029"></span>
-</dt>
+<dt id='index-quoted_002dinsert-_0028C_002dq-or-C_002dv_0029'><span><code>quoted-insert (C-q or C-v)</code><a href='#index-quoted_002dinsert-_0028C_002dq-or-C_002dv_0029' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>Add the next character typed to the line verbatim. This is
how to insert key sequences like <kbd>C-q</kbd>, for example.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>self-insert (a, b, A, 1, !, …)</code>
-<span id="index-self_002dinsert-_0028a_002c-b_002c-A_002c-1_002c-_0021_002c-_2026_0029"></span>
-</dt>
+<dt id='index-self_002dinsert-_0028a_002c-b_002c-A_002c-1_002c-_0021_002c-_2026_0029'><span><code>self-insert (a, b, A, 1, !, …)</code><a href='#index-self_002dinsert-_0028a_002c-b_002c-A_002c-1_002c-_0021_002c-_2026_0029' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>Insert yourself.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>bracketed-paste-begin ()</code>
-<span id="index-bracketed_002dpaste_002dbegin-_0028_0029"></span>
-</dt>
+<dt id='index-bracketed_002dpaste_002dbegin-_0028_0029'><span><code>bracketed-paste-begin ()</code><a href='#index-bracketed_002dpaste_002dbegin-_0028_0029' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>This function is intended to be bound to the "bracketed paste" escape
sequence sent by some terminals, and such a binding is assigned by default.
It allows Readline to insert the pasted text as a single unit without treating
denote the region.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>transpose-chars (C-t)</code>
-<span id="index-transpose_002dchars-_0028C_002dt_0029"></span>
-</dt>
+<dt id='index-transpose_002dchars-_0028C_002dt_0029'><span><code>transpose-chars (C-t)</code><a href='#index-transpose_002dchars-_0028C_002dt_0029' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>Drag the character before the cursor forward over
the character at the cursor, moving the
cursor forward as well. If the insertion point
Negative arguments have no effect.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>transpose-words (M-t)</code>
-<span id="index-transpose_002dwords-_0028M_002dt_0029"></span>
-</dt>
+<dt id='index-transpose_002dwords-_0028M_002dt_0029'><span><code>transpose-words (M-t)</code><a href='#index-transpose_002dwords-_0028M_002dt_0029' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>Drag the word before point past the word after point,
moving point past that word as well.
If the insertion point is at the end of the line, this transposes
the last two words on the line.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>upcase-word (M-u)</code>
-<span id="index-upcase_002dword-_0028M_002du_0029"></span>
-</dt>
+<dt id='index-upcase_002dword-_0028M_002du_0029'><span><code>upcase-word (M-u)</code><a href='#index-upcase_002dword-_0028M_002du_0029' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>Uppercase the current (or following) word. With a negative argument,
uppercase the previous word, but do not move the cursor.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>downcase-word (M-l)</code>
-<span id="index-downcase_002dword-_0028M_002dl_0029"></span>
-</dt>
+<dt id='index-downcase_002dword-_0028M_002dl_0029'><span><code>downcase-word (M-l)</code><a href='#index-downcase_002dword-_0028M_002dl_0029' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>Lowercase the current (or following) word. With a negative argument,
lowercase the previous word, but do not move the cursor.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>capitalize-word (M-c)</code>
-<span id="index-capitalize_002dword-_0028M_002dc_0029"></span>
-</dt>
+<dt id='index-capitalize_002dword-_0028M_002dc_0029'><span><code>capitalize-word (M-c)</code><a href='#index-capitalize_002dword-_0028M_002dc_0029' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>Capitalize the current (or following) word. With a negative argument,
capitalize the previous word, but do not move the cursor.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>overwrite-mode ()</code>
-<span id="index-overwrite_002dmode-_0028_0029"></span>
-</dt>
+<dt id='index-overwrite_002dmode-_0028_0029'><span><code>overwrite-mode ()</code><a href='#index-overwrite_002dmode-_0028_0029' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>Toggle overwrite mode. With an explicit positive numeric argument,
switches to overwrite mode. With an explicit non-positive numeric
argument, switches to insert mode. This command affects only
</dl>
<hr>
-<span id="Commands-For-Killing"></span><div class="header">
+</div>
+<div class="subsection" id="Commands-For-Killing">
+<div class="header">
<p>
-Next: <a href="#Numeric-Arguments" accesskey="n" rel="next">
Numeric Arguments</a>, Previous: <a href="#Commands-For-Text" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Commands For Text</a>, Up: <a href="#Bindable-Readline-Commands" accesskey="u" rel="up">Bindable Readline Commands</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Indexes" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+Next: <a href="#Numeric-Arguments" accesskey="n" rel="next">
Specifying Numeric Arguments</a>, Previous: <a href="#Commands-For-Text" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Commands For Changing Text</a>, Up: <a href="#Bindable-Readline-Commands" accesskey="u" rel="up">Bindable Readline Commands</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Indexes" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<span id="Killing-And-Yanking"></span><h4 class="subsection">8.4.4 Killing And Yanking</h4>
<dl compact="compact">
-<dt><code>kill-line (C-k)</code>
-<span id="index-kill_002dline-_0028C_002dk_0029"></span>
-</dt>
+<dt id='index-kill_002dline-_0028C_002dk_0029'><span><code>kill-line (C-k)</code><a href='#index-kill_002dline-_0028C_002dk_0029' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>Kill the text from point to the end of the line.
With a negative numeric argument, kill backward from the cursor to the
beginning of the current line.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>backward-kill-line (C-x Rubout)</code>
-<span id="index-backward_002dkill_002dline-_0028C_002dx-Rubout_0029"></span>
-</dt>
+<dt id='index-backward_002dkill_002dline-_0028C_002dx-Rubout_0029'><span><code>backward-kill-line (C-x Rubout)</code><a href='#index-backward_002dkill_002dline-_0028C_002dx-Rubout_0029' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>Kill backward from the cursor to the beginning of the current line.
With a negative numeric argument, kill forward from the cursor to the
end of the current line.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>unix-line-discard (C-u)</code>
-<span id="index-unix_002dline_002ddiscard-_0028C_002du_0029"></span>
-</dt>
+<dt id='index-unix_002dline_002ddiscard-_0028C_002du_0029'><span><code>unix-line-discard (C-u)</code><a href='#index-unix_002dline_002ddiscard-_0028C_002du_0029' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>Kill backward from the cursor to the beginning of the current line.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>kill-whole-line ()</code>
-<span id="index-kill_002dwhole_002dline-_0028_0029"></span>
-</dt>
+<dt id='index-kill_002dwhole_002dline-_0028_0029'><span><code>kill-whole-line ()</code><a href='#index-kill_002dwhole_002dline-_0028_0029' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>Kill all characters on the current line, no matter where point is.
By default, this is unbound.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>kill-word (M-d)</code>
-<span id="index-kill_002dword-_0028M_002dd_0029"></span>
-</dt>
+<dt id='index-kill_002dword-_0028M_002dd_0029'><span><code>kill-word (M-d)</code><a href='#index-kill_002dword-_0028M_002dd_0029' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>Kill from point to the end of the current word, or if between
words, to the end of the next word.
Word boundaries are the same as <code>forward-word</code>.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>backward-kill-word (M-<span class="key">DEL</span>)</code>
-<span id="index-backward_002dkill_002dword-_0028M_002dDEL_0029"></span>
-</dt>
+<dt id='index-backward_002dkill_002dword-_0028M_002dDEL_0029'><span><code>backward-kill-word (M-<span class="key">DEL</span>)</code><a href='#index-backward_002dkill_002dword-_0028M_002dDEL_0029' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>Kill the word behind point.
Word boundaries are the same as <code>backward-word</code>.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>shell-kill-word (M-C-d)</code>
-<span id="index-shell_002dkill_002dword-_0028M_002dC_002dd_0029"></span>
-</dt>
+<dt id='index-shell_002dkill_002dword-_0028M_002dC_002dd_0029'><span><code>shell-kill-word (M-C-d)</code><a href='#index-shell_002dkill_002dword-_0028M_002dC_002dd_0029' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>Kill from point to the end of the current word, or if between
words, to the end of the next word.
Word boundaries are the same as <code>shell-forward-word</code>.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>shell-backward-kill-word ()</code>
-<span id="index-shell_002dbackward_002dkill_002dword-_0028_0029"></span>
-</dt>
+<dt id='index-shell_002dbackward_002dkill_002dword-_0028_0029'><span><code>shell-backward-kill-word ()</code><a href='#index-shell_002dbackward_002dkill_002dword-_0028_0029' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>Kill the word behind point.
Word boundaries are the same as <code>shell-backward-word</code>.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>shell-transpose-words (M-C-t)</code>
-<span id="index-shell_002dtranspose_002dwords-_0028M_002dC_002dt_0029"></span>
-</dt>
+<dt id='index-shell_002dtranspose_002dwords-_0028M_002dC_002dt_0029'><span><code>shell-transpose-words (M-C-t)</code><a href='#index-shell_002dtranspose_002dwords-_0028M_002dC_002dt_0029' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>Drag the word before point past the word after point,
moving point past that word as well.
If the insertion point is at the end of the line, this transposes
<code>shell-backward-word</code>.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>unix-word-rubout (C-w)</code>
-<span id="index-unix_002dword_002drubout-_0028C_002dw_0029"></span>
-</dt>
+<dt id='index-unix_002dword_002drubout-_0028C_002dw_0029'><span><code>unix-word-rubout (C-w)</code><a href='#index-unix_002dword_002drubout-_0028C_002dw_0029' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>Kill the word behind point, using white space as a word boundary.
The killed text is saved on the kill-ring.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>unix-filename-rubout ()</code>
-<span id="index-unix_002dfilename_002drubout-_0028_0029"></span>
-</dt>
+<dt id='index-unix_002dfilename_002drubout-_0028_0029'><span><code>unix-filename-rubout ()</code><a href='#index-unix_002dfilename_002drubout-_0028_0029' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>Kill the word behind point, using white space and the slash character
as the word boundaries.
The killed text is saved on the kill-ring.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>delete-horizontal-space ()</code>
-<span id="index-delete_002dhorizontal_002dspace-_0028_0029"></span>
-</dt>
+<dt id='index-delete_002dhorizontal_002dspace-_0028_0029'><span><code>delete-horizontal-space ()</code><a href='#index-delete_002dhorizontal_002dspace-_0028_0029' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>Delete all spaces and tabs around point. By default, this is unbound.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>kill-region ()</code>
-<span id="index-kill_002dregion-_0028_0029"></span>
-</dt>
+<dt id='index-kill_002dregion-_0028_0029'><span><code>kill-region ()</code><a href='#index-kill_002dregion-_0028_0029' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>Kill the text in the current region.
By default, this command is unbound.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>copy-region-as-kill ()</code>
-<span id="index-copy_002dregion_002das_002dkill-_0028_0029"></span>
-</dt>
+<dt id='index-copy_002dregion_002das_002dkill-_0028_0029'><span><code>copy-region-as-kill ()</code><a href='#index-copy_002dregion_002das_002dkill-_0028_0029' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>Copy the text in the region to the kill buffer, so it can be yanked
right away. By default, this command is unbound.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>copy-backward-word ()</code>
-<span id="index-copy_002dbackward_002dword-_0028_0029"></span>
-</dt>
+<dt id='index-copy_002dbackward_002dword-_0028_0029'><span><code>copy-backward-word ()</code><a href='#index-copy_002dbackward_002dword-_0028_0029' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>Copy the word before point to the kill buffer.
The word boundaries are the same as <code>backward-word</code>.
By default, this command is unbound.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>copy-forward-word ()</code>
-<span id="index-copy_002dforward_002dword-_0028_0029"></span>
-</dt>
+<dt id='index-copy_002dforward_002dword-_0028_0029'><span><code>copy-forward-word ()</code><a href='#index-copy_002dforward_002dword-_0028_0029' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>Copy the word following point to the kill buffer.
The word boundaries are the same as <code>forward-word</code>.
By default, this command is unbound.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>yank (C-y)</code>
-<span id="index-yank-_0028C_002dy_0029"></span>
-</dt>
+<dt id='index-yank-_0028C_002dy_0029'><span><code>yank (C-y)</code><a href='#index-yank-_0028C_002dy_0029' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>Yank the top of the kill ring into the buffer at point.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>yank-pop (M-y)</code>
-<span id="index-yank_002dpop-_0028M_002dy_0029"></span>
-</dt>
+<dt id='index-yank_002dpop-_0028M_002dy_0029'><span><code>yank-pop (M-y)</code><a href='#index-yank_002dpop-_0028M_002dy_0029' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>Rotate the kill-ring, and yank the new top. You can only do this if
the prior command is <code>yank</code> or <code>yank-pop</code>.
</p></dd>
</dl>
<hr>
-<span id="Numeric-Arguments"></span><div class="header">
+</div>
+<div class="subsection" id="Numeric-Arguments">
+<div class="header">
<p>
-Next: <a href="#Commands-For-Completion" accesskey="n" rel="next">
Commands For Completion</a>, Previous: <a href="#Commands-For-Killing" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Commands For Killing</a>, Up: <a href="#Bindable-Readline-Commands" accesskey="u" rel="up">Bindable Readline Commands</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Indexes" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+Next: <a href="#Commands-For-Completion" accesskey="n" rel="next">
Letting Readline Type For You</a>, Previous: <a href="#Commands-For-Killing" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Killing And Yanking</a>, Up: <a href="#Bindable-Readline-Commands" accesskey="u" rel="up">Bindable Readline Commands</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Indexes" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<span id="Specifying-Numeric-Arguments"></span><h4 class="subsection">8.4.5 Specifying Numeric Arguments</h4>
<dl compact="compact">
-<dt><code>digit-argument (<kbd>M-0</kbd>, <kbd>M-1</kbd>, … <kbd>M--</kbd>)</code>
-<span id="index-digit_002dargument-_0028M_002d0_002c-M_002d1_002c-_2026-M_002d_002d_0029"></span>
-</dt>
+<dt id='index-digit_002dargument-_0028M_002d0_002c-M_002d1_002c-_2026-M_002d_002d_0029'><span><code>digit-argument (<kbd>M-0</kbd>, <kbd>M-1</kbd>, … <kbd>M--</kbd>)</code><a href='#index-digit_002dargument-_0028M_002d0_002c-M_002d1_002c-_2026-M_002d_002d_0029' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>Add this digit to the argument already accumulating, or start a new
argument. <kbd>M--</kbd> starts a negative argument.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>universal-argument ()</code>
-<span id="index-universal_002dargument-_0028_0029"></span>
-</dt>
+<dt id='index-universal_002dargument-_0028_0029'><span><code>universal-argument ()</code><a href='#index-universal_002dargument-_0028_0029' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>This is another way to specify an argument.
If this command is followed by one or more digits, optionally with a
leading minus sign, those digits define the argument.
</dl>
<hr>
-<span id="Commands-For-Completion"></span><div class="header">
+</div>
+<div class="subsection" id="Commands-For-Completion">
+<div class="header">
<p>
-Next: <a href="#Keyboard-Macros" accesskey="n" rel="next">Keyboard Macros</a>, Previous: <a href="#Numeric-Arguments" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Numeric Arguments</a>, Up: <a href="#Bindable-Readline-Commands" accesskey="u" rel="up">Bindable Readline Commands</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Indexes" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+Next: <a href="#Keyboard-Macros" accesskey="n" rel="next">Keyboard Macros</a>, Previous: <a href="#Numeric-Arguments" accesskey="p" rel="prev">
Specifying Numeric Arguments</a>, Up: <a href="#Bindable-Readline-Commands" accesskey="u" rel="up">Bindable Readline Commands</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Indexes" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<span id="Letting-Readline-Type-For-You"></span><h4 class="subsection">8.4.6 Letting Readline Type For You</h4>
<dl compact="compact">
-<dt><code>complete (<span class="key">TAB</span>)</code>
-<span id="index-complete-_0028TAB_0029"></span>
-</dt>
+<dt id='index-complete-_0028TAB_0029'><span><code>complete (<span class="key">TAB</span>)</code><a href='#index-complete-_0028TAB_0029' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>Attempt to perform completion on the text before point.
The actual completion performed is application-specific.
Bash attempts completion treating the text as a variable (if the
of these produces a match, filename completion is attempted.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>possible-completions (M-?)</code>
-<span id="index-possible_002dcompletions-_0028M_002d_003f_0029"></span>
-</dt>
+<dt id='index-possible_002dcompletions-_0028M_002d_003f_0029'><span><code>possible-completions (M-?)</code><a href='#index-possible_002dcompletions-_0028M_002d_003f_0029' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>List the possible completions of the text before point.
When displaying completions, Readline sets the number of columns used
for display to the value of <code>completion-display-width</code>, the value of
the environment variable <code>COLUMNS</code>, or the screen width, in that order.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>insert-completions (M-*)</code>
-<span id="index-insert_002dcompletions-_0028M_002d_002a_0029"></span>
-</dt>
+<dt id='index-insert_002dcompletions-_0028M_002d_002a_0029'><span><code>insert-completions (M-*)</code><a href='#index-insert_002dcompletions-_0028M_002d_002a_0029' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>Insert all completions of the text before point that would have
been generated by <code>possible-completions</code>.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>menu-complete ()</code>
-<span id="index-menu_002dcomplete-_0028_0029"></span>
-</dt>
+<dt id='index-menu_002dcomplete-_0028_0029'><span><code>menu-complete ()</code><a href='#index-menu_002dcomplete-_0028_0029' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>Similar to <code>complete</code>, but replaces the word to be completed
with a single match from the list of possible completions.
Repeated execution of <code>menu-complete</code> steps through the list
by default.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>menu-complete-backward ()</code>
-<span id="index-menu_002dcomplete_002dbackward-_0028_0029"></span>
-</dt>
+<dt id='index-menu_002dcomplete_002dbackward-_0028_0029'><span><code>menu-complete-backward ()</code><a href='#index-menu_002dcomplete_002dbackward-_0028_0029' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>Identical to <code>menu-complete</code>, but moves backward through the list
of possible completions, as if <code>menu-complete</code> had been given a
negative argument.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>delete-char-or-list ()</code>
-<span id="index-delete_002dchar_002dor_002dlist-_0028_0029"></span>
-</dt>
+<dt id='index-delete_002dchar_002dor_002dlist-_0028_0029'><span><code>delete-char-or-list ()</code><a href='#index-delete_002dchar_002dor_002dlist-_0028_0029' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>Deletes the character under the cursor if not at the beginning or
end of the line (like <code>delete-char</code>).
If at the end of the line, behaves identically to
This command is unbound by default.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>complete-filename (M-/)</code>
-<span id="index-complete_002dfilename-_0028M_002d_002f_0029"></span>
-</dt>
+<dt id='index-complete_002dfilename-_0028M_002d_002f_0029'><span><code>complete-filename (M-/)</code><a href='#index-complete_002dfilename-_0028M_002d_002f_0029' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>Attempt filename completion on the text before point.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>possible-filename-completions (C-x /)</code>
-<span id="index-possible_002dfilename_002dcompletions-_0028C_002dx-_002f_0029"></span>
-</dt>
+<dt id='index-possible_002dfilename_002dcompletions-_0028C_002dx-_002f_0029'><span><code>possible-filename-completions (C-x /)</code><a href='#index-possible_002dfilename_002dcompletions-_0028C_002dx-_002f_0029' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>List the possible completions of the text before point,
treating it as a filename.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>complete-username (M-~)</code>
-<span id="index-complete_002dusername-_0028M_002d_007e_0029"></span>
-</dt>
+<dt id='index-complete_002dusername-_0028M_002d_007e_0029'><span><code>complete-username (M-~)</code><a href='#index-complete_002dusername-_0028M_002d_007e_0029' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>Attempt completion on the text before point, treating
it as a username.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>possible-username-completions (C-x ~)</code>
-<span id="index-possible_002dusername_002dcompletions-_0028C_002dx-_007e_0029"></span>
-</dt>
+<dt id='index-possible_002dusername_002dcompletions-_0028C_002dx-_007e_0029'><span><code>possible-username-completions (C-x ~)</code><a href='#index-possible_002dusername_002dcompletions-_0028C_002dx-_007e_0029' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>List the possible completions of the text before point,
treating it as a username.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>complete-variable (M-$)</code>
-<span id="index-complete_002dvariable-_0028M_002d_0024_0029"></span>
-</dt>
+<dt id='index-complete_002dvariable-_0028M_002d_0024_0029'><span><code>complete-variable (M-$)</code><a href='#index-complete_002dvariable-_0028M_002d_0024_0029' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>Attempt completion on the text before point, treating
it as a shell variable.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>possible-variable-completions (C-x $)</code>
-<span id="index-possible_002dvariable_002dcompletions-_0028C_002dx-_0024_0029"></span>
-</dt>
+<dt id='index-possible_002dvariable_002dcompletions-_0028C_002dx-_0024_0029'><span><code>possible-variable-completions (C-x $)</code><a href='#index-possible_002dvariable_002dcompletions-_0028C_002dx-_0024_0029' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>List the possible completions of the text before point,
treating it as a shell variable.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>complete-hostname (M-@)</code>
-<span id="index-complete_002dhostname-_0028M_002d_0040_0029"></span>
-</dt>
+<dt id='index-complete_002dhostname-_0028M_002d_0040_0029'><span><code>complete-hostname (M-@)</code><a href='#index-complete_002dhostname-_0028M_002d_0040_0029' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>Attempt completion on the text before point, treating
it as a hostname.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>possible-hostname-completions (C-x @)</code>
-<span id="index-possible_002dhostname_002dcompletions-_0028C_002dx-_0040_0029"></span>
-</dt>
+<dt id='index-possible_002dhostname_002dcompletions-_0028C_002dx-_0040_0029'><span><code>possible-hostname-completions (C-x @)</code><a href='#index-possible_002dhostname_002dcompletions-_0028C_002dx-_0040_0029' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>List the possible completions of the text before point,
treating it as a hostname.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>complete-command (M-!)</code>
-<span id="index-complete_002dcommand-_0028M_002d_0021_0029"></span>
-</dt>
+<dt id='index-complete_002dcommand-_0028M_002d_0021_0029'><span><code>complete-command (M-!)</code><a href='#index-complete_002dcommand-_0028M_002d_0021_0029' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>Attempt completion on the text before point, treating
it as a command name. Command completion attempts to
match the text against aliases, reserved words, shell
in that order.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>possible-command-completions (C-x !)</code>
-<span id="index-possible_002dcommand_002dcompletions-_0028C_002dx-_0021_0029"></span>
-</dt>
+<dt id='index-possible_002dcommand_002dcompletions-_0028C_002dx-_0021_0029'><span><code>possible-command-completions (C-x !)</code><a href='#index-possible_002dcommand_002dcompletions-_0028C_002dx-_0021_0029' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>List the possible completions of the text before point,
treating it as a command name.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>dynamic-complete-history (M-<span class="key">TAB</span>)</code>
-<span id="index-dynamic_002dcomplete_002dhistory-_0028M_002dTAB_0029"></span>
-</dt>
+<dt id='index-dynamic_002dcomplete_002dhistory-_0028M_002dTAB_0029'><span><code>dynamic-complete-history (M-<span class="key">TAB</span>)</code><a href='#index-dynamic_002dcomplete_002dhistory-_0028M_002dTAB_0029' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>Attempt completion on the text before point, comparing
the text against lines from the history list for possible
completion matches.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>dabbrev-expand ()</code>
-<span id="index-dabbrev_002dexpand-_0028_0029"></span>
-</dt>
+<dt id='index-dabbrev_002dexpand-_0028_0029'><span><code>dabbrev-expand ()</code><a href='#index-dabbrev_002dexpand-_0028_0029' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>Attempt menu completion on the text before point, comparing
the text against lines from the history list for possible
completion matches.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>complete-into-braces (M-{)</code>
-<span id="index-complete_002dinto_002dbraces-_0028M_002d_007b_0029"></span>
-</dt>
+<dt id='index-complete_002dinto_002dbraces-_0028M_002d_007b_0029'><span><code>complete-into-braces (M-{)</code><a href='#index-complete_002dinto_002dbraces-_0028M_002d_007b_0029' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>Perform filename completion and insert the list of possible completions
enclosed within braces so the list is available to the shell
(see <a href="#Brace-Expansion">Brace Expansion</a>).
</dl>
<hr>
-<span id="Keyboard-Macros"></span><div class="header">
+</div>
+<div class="subsection" id="Keyboard-Macros">
+<div class="header">
<p>
-Next: <a href="#Miscellaneous-Commands" accesskey="n" rel="next">
Miscellaneous Commands</a>, Previous: <a href="#Commands-For-Completion" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Commands For Completion</a>, Up: <a href="#Bindable-Readline-Commands" accesskey="u" rel="up">Bindable Readline Commands</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Indexes" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+Next: <a href="#Miscellaneous-Commands" accesskey="n" rel="next">
Some Miscellaneous Commands</a>, Previous: <a href="#Commands-For-Completion" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Letting Readline Type For You</a>, Up: <a href="#Bindable-Readline-Commands" accesskey="u" rel="up">Bindable Readline Commands</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Indexes" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<span id="Keyboard-Macros-1"></span><h4 class="subsection">8.4.7 Keyboard Macros</h4>
<dl compact="compact">
-<dt><code>start-kbd-macro (C-x ()</code>
-<span id="index-start_002dkbd_002dmacro-_0028C_002dx-_0028_0029"></span>
-</dt>
+<dt id='index-start_002dkbd_002dmacro-_0028C_002dx-_0028_0029'><span><code>start-kbd-macro (C-x ()</code><a href='#index-start_002dkbd_002dmacro-_0028C_002dx-_0028_0029' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>Begin saving the characters typed into the current keyboard macro.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>end-kbd-macro (C-x ))</code>
-<span id="index-end_002dkbd_002dmacro-_0028C_002dx-_0029_0029"></span>
-</dt>
+<dt id='index-end_002dkbd_002dmacro-_0028C_002dx-_0029_0029'><span><code>end-kbd-macro (C-x ))</code><a href='#index-end_002dkbd_002dmacro-_0028C_002dx-_0029_0029' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>Stop saving the characters typed into the current keyboard macro
and save the definition.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>call-last-kbd-macro (C-x e)</code>
-<span id="index-call_002dlast_002dkbd_002dmacro-_0028C_002dx-e_0029"></span>
-</dt>
+<dt id='index-call_002dlast_002dkbd_002dmacro-_0028C_002dx-e_0029'><span><code>call-last-kbd-macro (C-x e)</code><a href='#index-call_002dlast_002dkbd_002dmacro-_0028C_002dx-e_0029' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>Re-execute the last keyboard macro defined, by making the characters
in the macro appear as if typed at the keyboard.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>print-last-kbd-macro ()</code>
-<span id="index-print_002dlast_002dkbd_002dmacro-_0028_0029"></span>
-</dt>
+<dt id='index-print_002dlast_002dkbd_002dmacro-_0028_0029'><span><code>print-last-kbd-macro ()</code><a href='#index-print_002dlast_002dkbd_002dmacro-_0028_0029' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>Print the last keboard macro defined in a format suitable for the
<var>inputrc</var> file.
</p>
</dl>
<hr>
-<span id="Miscellaneous-Commands"></span><div class="header">
+</div>
+<div class="subsection" id="Miscellaneous-Commands">
+<div class="header">
<p>
Previous: <a href="#Keyboard-Macros" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Keyboard Macros</a>, Up: <a href="#Bindable-Readline-Commands" accesskey="u" rel="up">Bindable Readline Commands</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Indexes" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<span id="Some-Miscellaneous-Commands"></span><h4 class="subsection">8.4.8 Some Miscellaneous Commands</h4>
<dl compact="compact">
-<dt><code>re-read-init-file (C-x C-r)</code>
-<span id="index-re_002dread_002dinit_002dfile-_0028C_002dx-C_002dr_0029"></span>
-</dt>
+<dt id='index-re_002dread_002dinit_002dfile-_0028C_002dx-C_002dr_0029'><span><code>re-read-init-file (C-x C-r)</code><a href='#index-re_002dread_002dinit_002dfile-_0028C_002dx-C_002dr_0029' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>Read in the contents of the <var>inputrc</var> file, and incorporate
any bindings or variable assignments found there.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>abort (C-g)</code>
-<span id="index-abort-_0028C_002dg_0029"></span>
-</dt>
+<dt id='index-abort-_0028C_002dg_0029'><span><code>abort (C-g)</code><a href='#index-abort-_0028C_002dg_0029' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>Abort the current editing command and
ring the terminal’s bell (subject to the setting of
<code>bell-style</code>).
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>do-lowercase-version (M-A, M-B, M-<var>x</var>, …)</code>
-<span id="index-do_002dlowercase_002dversion-_0028M_002dA_002c-M_002dB_002c-M_002dx_002c-_2026_0029"></span>
-</dt>
+<dt id='index-do_002dlowercase_002dversion-_0028M_002dA_002c-M_002dB_002c-M_002dx_002c-_2026_0029'><span><code>do-lowercase-version (M-A, M-B, M-<var>x</var>, …)</code><a href='#index-do_002dlowercase_002dversion-_0028M_002dA_002c-M_002dB_002c-M_002dx_002c-_2026_0029' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>If the metafied character <var>x</var> is upper case, run the command
that is bound to the corresponding metafied lower case character.
The behavior is undefined if <var>x</var> is already lower case.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>prefix-meta (<span class="key">ESC</span>)</code>
-<span id="index-prefix_002dmeta-_0028ESC_0029"></span>
-</dt>
+<dt id='index-prefix_002dmeta-_0028ESC_0029'><span><code>prefix-meta (<span class="key">ESC</span>)</code><a href='#index-prefix_002dmeta-_0028ESC_0029' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>Metafy the next character typed. This is for keyboards
without a meta key. Typing ‘<samp><span class="key">ESC</span> f</samp>’ is equivalent to typing
<kbd>M-f</kbd>.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>undo (C-_ or C-x C-u)</code>
-<span id="index-undo-_0028C_002d_005f-or-C_002dx-C_002du_0029"></span>
-</dt>
+<dt id='index-undo-_0028C_002d_005f-or-C_002dx-C_002du_0029'><span><code>undo (C-_ or C-x C-u)</code><a href='#index-undo-_0028C_002d_005f-or-C_002dx-C_002du_0029' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>Incremental undo, separately remembered for each line.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>revert-line (M-r)</code>
-<span id="index-revert_002dline-_0028M_002dr_0029"></span>
-</dt>
+<dt id='index-revert_002dline-_0028M_002dr_0029'><span><code>revert-line (M-r)</code><a href='#index-revert_002dline-_0028M_002dr_0029' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>Undo all changes made to this line. This is like executing the <code>undo</code>
command enough times to get back to the beginning.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>tilde-expand (M-&)</code>
-<span id="index-tilde_002dexpand-_0028M_002d_0026_0029"></span>
-</dt>
+<dt id='index-tilde_002dexpand-_0028M_002d_0026_0029'><span><code>tilde-expand (M-&)</code><a href='#index-tilde_002dexpand-_0028M_002d_0026_0029' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>Perform tilde expansion on the current word.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>set-mark (C-@)</code>
-<span id="index-set_002dmark-_0028C_002d_0040_0029"></span>
-</dt>
+<dt id='index-set_002dmark-_0028C_002d_0040_0029'><span><code>set-mark (C-@)</code><a href='#index-set_002dmark-_0028C_002d_0040_0029' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>Set the mark to the point. If a
numeric argument is supplied, the mark is set to that position.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>exchange-point-and-mark (C-x C-x)</code>
-<span id="index-exchange_002dpoint_002dand_002dmark-_0028C_002dx-C_002dx_0029"></span>
-</dt>
+<dt id='index-exchange_002dpoint_002dand_002dmark-_0028C_002dx-C_002dx_0029'><span><code>exchange-point-and-mark (C-x C-x)</code><a href='#index-exchange_002dpoint_002dand_002dmark-_0028C_002dx-C_002dx_0029' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>Swap the point with the mark. The current cursor position is set to
the saved position, and the old cursor position is saved as the mark.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>character-search (C-])</code>
-<span id="index-character_002dsearch-_0028C_002d_005d_0029"></span>
-</dt>
+<dt id='index-character_002dsearch-_0028C_002d_005d_0029'><span><code>character-search (C-])</code><a href='#index-character_002dsearch-_0028C_002d_005d_0029' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>A character is read and point is moved to the next occurrence of that
character. A negative count searches for previous occurrences.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>character-search-backward (M-C-])</code>
-<span id="index-character_002dsearch_002dbackward-_0028M_002dC_002d_005d_0029"></span>
-</dt>
+<dt id='index-character_002dsearch_002dbackward-_0028M_002dC_002d_005d_0029'><span><code>character-search-backward (M-C-])</code><a href='#index-character_002dsearch_002dbackward-_0028M_002dC_002d_005d_0029' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>A character is read and point is moved to the previous occurrence
of that character. A negative count searches for subsequent
occurrences.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>skip-csi-sequence ()</code>
-<span id="index-skip_002dcsi_002dsequence-_0028_0029"></span>
-</dt>
+<dt id='index-skip_002dcsi_002dsequence-_0028_0029'><span><code>skip-csi-sequence ()</code><a href='#index-skip_002dcsi_002dsequence-_0028_0029' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>Read enough characters to consume a multi-key sequence such as those
defined for keys like Home and End. Such sequences begin with a
Control Sequence Indicator (CSI), usually ESC-[. If this sequence is
but usually bound to ESC-[.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>insert-comment (M-#)</code>
-<span id="index-insert_002dcomment-_0028M_002d_0023_0029"></span>
-</dt>
+<dt id='index-insert_002dcomment-_0028M_002d_0023_0029'><span><code>insert-comment (M-#)</code><a href='#index-insert_002dcomment-_0028M_002d_0023_0029' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>Without a numeric argument, the value of the <code>comment-begin</code>
variable is inserted at the beginning of the current line.
If a numeric argument is supplied, this command acts as a toggle: if
will be executed by the shell.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>dump-functions ()</code>
-<span id="index-dump_002dfunctions-_0028_0029"></span>
-</dt>
+<dt id='index-dump_002dfunctions-_0028_0029'><span><code>dump-functions ()</code><a href='#index-dump_002dfunctions-_0028_0029' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>Print all of the functions and their key bindings to the
Readline output stream. If a numeric argument is supplied,
the output is formatted in such a way that it can be made part
of an <var>inputrc</var> file. This command is unbound by default.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>dump-variables ()</code>
-<span id="index-dump_002dvariables-_0028_0029"></span>
-</dt>
+<dt id='index-dump_002dvariables-_0028_0029'><span><code>dump-variables ()</code><a href='#index-dump_002dvariables-_0028_0029' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>Print all of the settable variables and their values to the
Readline output stream. If a numeric argument is supplied,
the output is formatted in such a way that it can be made part
of an <var>inputrc</var> file. This command is unbound by default.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>dump-macros ()</code>
-<span id="index-dump_002dmacros-_0028_0029"></span>
-</dt>
+<dt id='index-dump_002dmacros-_0028_0029'><span><code>dump-macros ()</code><a href='#index-dump_002dmacros-_0028_0029' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>Print all of the Readline key sequences bound to macros and the
strings they output. If a numeric argument is supplied,
the output is formatted in such a way that it can be made part
of an <var>inputrc</var> file. This command is unbound by default.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>glob-complete-word (M-g)</code>
-<span id="index-glob_002dcomplete_002dword-_0028M_002dg_0029"></span>
-</dt>
+<dt id='index-spell_002dcorrect_002dword-_0028C_002dx-s_0029'><span><code>spell-correct-word (C-x s)</code><a href='#index-spell_002dcorrect_002dword-_0028C_002dx-s_0029' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt>
+<dd><p>Perform spelling correction on the current word, treating it as a directory
+or filename, in the same way as the <code>cdspell</code> shell option.
+Word boundaries are the same as those used by <code>shell-forward-word</code>.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt id='index-glob_002dcomplete_002dword-_0028M_002dg_0029'><span><code>glob-complete-word (M-g)</code><a href='#index-glob_002dcomplete_002dword-_0028M_002dg_0029' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>The word before point is treated as a pattern for pathname expansion,
with an asterisk implicitly appended. This pattern is used to
generate a list of matching file names for possible completions.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>glob-expand-word (C-x *)</code>
-<span id="index-glob_002dexpand_002dword-_0028C_002dx-_002a_0029"></span>
-</dt>
+<dt id='index-glob_002dexpand_002dword-_0028C_002dx-_002a_0029'><span><code>glob-expand-word (C-x *)</code><a href='#index-glob_002dexpand_002dword-_0028C_002dx-_002a_0029' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>The word before point is treated as a pattern for pathname expansion,
and the list of matching file names is inserted, replacing the word.
If a numeric argument is supplied, a ‘<samp>*</samp>’ is appended before
pathname expansion.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>glob-list-expansions (C-x g)</code>
-<span id="index-glob_002dlist_002dexpansions-_0028C_002dx-g_0029"></span>
-</dt>
+<dt id='index-glob_002dlist_002dexpansions-_0028C_002dx-g_0029'><span><code>glob-list-expansions (C-x g)</code><a href='#index-glob_002dlist_002dexpansions-_0028C_002dx-g_0029' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>The list of expansions that would have been generated by
<code>glob-expand-word</code> is displayed, and the line is redrawn.
If a numeric argument is supplied, a ‘<samp>*</samp>’ is appended before
pathname expansion.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>display-shell-version (C-x C-v)</code>
-<span id="index-display_002dshell_002dversion-_0028C_002dx-C_002dv_0029"></span>
-</dt>
+<dt id='index-display_002dshell_002dversion-_0028C_002dx-C_002dv_0029'><span><code>display-shell-version (C-x C-v)</code><a href='#index-display_002dshell_002dversion-_0028C_002dx-C_002dv_0029' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>Display version information about the current instance of Bash.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>shell-expand-line (M-C-e)</code>
-<span id="index-shell_002dexpand_002dline-_0028M_002dC_002de_0029"></span>
-</dt>
+<dt id='index-shell_002dexpand_002dline-_0028M_002dC_002de_0029'><span><code>shell-expand-line (M-C-e)</code><a href='#index-shell_002dexpand_002dline-_0028M_002dC_002de_0029' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>Expand the line as the shell does.
This performs alias and history expansion as well as all of the shell
word expansions (see <a href="#Shell-Expansions">Shell Expansions</a>).
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>history-expand-line (M-^)</code>
-<span id="index-history_002dexpand_002dline-_0028M_002d_005e_0029"></span>
-</dt>
+<dt id='index-history_002dexpand_002dline-_0028M_002d_005e_0029'><span><code>history-expand-line (M-^)</code><a href='#index-history_002dexpand_002dline-_0028M_002d_005e_0029' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>Perform history expansion on the current line.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>magic-space ()</code>
-<span id="index-magic_002dspace-_0028_0029"></span>
-</dt>
+<dt id='index-magic_002dspace-_0028_0029'><span><code>magic-space ()</code><a href='#index-magic_002dspace-_0028_0029' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>Perform history expansion on the current line and insert a space
-(see <a href="#History-Interaction">History Interaction</a>).
+(see <a href="#History-Interaction">History Expansion</a>).
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>alias-expand-line ()</code>
-<span id="index-alias_002dexpand_002dline-_0028_0029"></span>
-</dt>
+<dt id='index-alias_002dexpand_002dline-_0028_0029'><span><code>alias-expand-line ()</code><a href='#index-alias_002dexpand_002dline-_0028_0029' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>Perform alias expansion on the current line (see <a href="#Aliases">Aliases</a>).
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>history-and-alias-expand-line ()</code>
-<span id="index-history_002dand_002dalias_002dexpand_002dline-_0028_0029"></span>
-</dt>
+<dt id='index-history_002dand_002dalias_002dexpand_002dline-_0028_0029'><span><code>history-and-alias-expand-line ()</code><a href='#index-history_002dand_002dalias_002dexpand_002dline-_0028_0029' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>Perform history and alias expansion on the current line.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>insert-last-argument (M-. or M-_)</code>
-<span id="index-insert_002dlast_002dargument-_0028M_002d_002e-or-M_002d_005f_0029"></span>
-</dt>
+<dt id='index-insert_002dlast_002dargument-_0028M_002d_002e-or-M_002d_005f_0029'><span><code>insert-last-argument (M-. or M-_)</code><a href='#index-insert_002dlast_002dargument-_0028M_002d_002e-or-M_002d_005f_0029' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>A synonym for <code>yank-last-arg</code>.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>edit-and-execute-command (C-x C-e)</code>
-<span id="index-edit_002dand_002dexecute_002dcommand-_0028C_002dx-C_002de_0029"></span>
-</dt>
+<dt id='index-edit_002dand_002dexecute_002dcommand-_0028C_002dx-C_002de_0029'><span><code>edit-and-execute-command (C-x C-e)</code><a href='#index-edit_002dand_002dexecute_002dcommand-_0028C_002dx-C_002de_0029' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>Invoke an editor on the current command line, and execute the result as shell
commands.
Bash attempts to invoke
</dl>
<hr>
-<span id="Readline-vi-Mode"></span><div class="header">
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="Readline-vi-Mode">
+<div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#Programmable-Completion" accesskey="n" rel="next">Programmable Completion</a>, Previous: <a href="#Bindable-Readline-Commands" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Bindable Readline Commands</a>, Up: <a href="#Command-Line-Editing" accesskey="u" rel="up">Command Line Editing</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Indexes" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
so forth.
</p>
<hr>
-<span id="Programmable-Completion"></span><div class="header">
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="Programmable-Completion">
+<div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#Programmable-Completion-Builtins" accesskey="n" rel="next">Programmable Completion Builtins</a>, Previous: <a href="#Readline-vi-Mode" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Readline vi Mode</a>, Up: <a href="#Command-Line-Editing" accesskey="u" rel="up">Command Line Editing</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Indexes" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<p>Once a compspec has been found, it is used to generate the list of
matching words.
If a compspec is not found, the default Bash completion
-described above (see <a href="#Commands-For-Completion">Commands For Completion</a>) is performed.
+described above (see <a href="#Commands-For-Completion">Letting Readline Type For You</a>) is performed.
</p>
<p>First, the actions specified by the compspec are used.
Only matches which are prefixed by the word being completed are
</pre></div>
<hr>
-<span id="Programmable-Completion-Builtins"></span><div class="header">
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="Programmable-Completion-Builtins">
+<div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#A-Programmable-Completion-Example" accesskey="n" rel="next">A Programmable Completion Example</a>, Previous: <a href="#Programmable-Completion" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Programmable Completion</a>, Up: <a href="#Command-Line-Editing" accesskey="u" rel="up">Command Line Editing</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Indexes" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
be completed, and two to modify the completion as it is happening.
</p>
<dl compact="compact">
-<dt><code>compgen</code></dt>
-<dd><span id="index-compgen"></span>
-<div class="example">
+<dt id='index-compgen'><span><code>compgen</code><a href='#index-compgen' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt>
+<dd><div class="example">
<pre class="example"><code>compgen [<var>option</var>] [<var>word</var>]</code>
</pre></div>
matches were generated.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>complete</code></dt>
-<dd><span id="index-complete"></span>
-<div class="example">
+<dt id='index-complete'><span><code>complete</code><a href='#index-complete' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt>
+<dd><div class="example">
<pre class="example"><code>complete [-abcdefgjksuv] [-o <var>comp-option</var>] [-DEI] [-A <var>action</var>] [-G <var>globpat</var>]
[-W <var>wordlist</var>] [-F <var>function</var>] [-C <var>command</var>] [-X <var>filterpat</var>]
[-P <var>prefix</var>] [-S <var>suffix</var>] <var>name</var> [<var>name</var> …]</code>
</p>
<dl compact="compact">
-<dt><code>-o <var>comp-option</var></code></dt>
+<dt><span><code>-o <var>comp-option</var></code></span></dt>
<dd><p>The <var>comp-option</var> controls several aspects of the compspec’s behavior
beyond the simple generation of completions.
<var>comp-option</var> may be one of:
</p>
<dl compact="compact">
-<dt><code>bashdefault</code></dt>
+<dt><span><code>bashdefault</code></span></dt>
<dd><p>Perform the rest of the default Bash completions if the compspec
generates no matches.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>default</code></dt>
+<dt><span><code>default</code></span></dt>
<dd><p>Use Readline’s default filename completion if the compspec generates
no matches.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>dirnames</code></dt>
+<dt><span><code>dirnames</code></span></dt>
<dd><p>Perform directory name completion if the compspec generates no matches.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>filenames</code></dt>
+<dt><span><code>filenames</code></span></dt>
<dd><p>Tell Readline that the compspec generates filenames, so it can perform any
filename-specific processing (like adding a slash to directory names,
quoting special characters, or suppressing trailing spaces).
with <samp>-F</samp>.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>noquote</code></dt>
+<dt><span><code>noquote</code></span></dt>
<dd><p>Tell Readline not to quote the completed words if they are filenames
(quoting filenames is the default).
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>nosort</code></dt>
+<dt><span><code>nosort</code></span></dt>
<dd><p>Tell Readline not to sort the list of possible completions alphabetically.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>nospace</code></dt>
+<dt><span><code>nospace</code></span></dt>
<dd><p>Tell Readline not to append a space (the default) to words completed at
the end of the line.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>plusdirs</code></dt>
+<dt><span><code>plusdirs</code></span></dt>
<dd><p>After any matches defined by the compspec are generated,
directory name completion is attempted and any
matches are added to the results of the other actions.
</dl>
</dd>
-<dt><code>-A <var>action</var></code></dt>
+<dt><span><code>-A <var>action</var></code></span></dt>
<dd><p>The <var>action</var> may be one of the following to generate a list of possible
completions:
</p>
<dl compact="compact">
-<dt><code>alias</code></dt>
+<dt><span><code>alias</code></span></dt>
<dd><p>Alias names. May also be specified as <samp>-a</samp>.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>arrayvar</code></dt>
+<dt><span><code>arrayvar</code></span></dt>
<dd><p>Array variable names.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>binding</code></dt>
+<dt><span><code>binding</code></span></dt>
<dd><p>Readline key binding names (see <a href="#Bindable-Readline-Commands">Bindable Readline Commands</a>).
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>builtin</code></dt>
+<dt><span><code>builtin</code></span></dt>
<dd><p>Names of shell builtin commands. May also be specified as <samp>-b</samp>.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>command</code></dt>
+<dt><span><code>command</code></span></dt>
<dd><p>Command names. May also be specified as <samp>-c</samp>.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>directory</code></dt>
+<dt><span><code>directory</code></span></dt>
<dd><p>Directory names. May also be specified as <samp>-d</samp>.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>disabled</code></dt>
+<dt><span><code>disabled</code></span></dt>
<dd><p>Names of disabled shell builtins.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>enabled</code></dt>
+<dt><span><code>enabled</code></span></dt>
<dd><p>Names of enabled shell builtins.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>export</code></dt>
+<dt><span><code>export</code></span></dt>
<dd><p>Names of exported shell variables. May also be specified as <samp>-e</samp>.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>file</code></dt>
+<dt><span><code>file</code></span></dt>
<dd><p>File names. May also be specified as <samp>-f</samp>.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>function</code></dt>
+<dt><span><code>function</code></span></dt>
<dd><p>Names of shell functions.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>group</code></dt>
+<dt><span><code>group</code></span></dt>
<dd><p>Group names. May also be specified as <samp>-g</samp>.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>helptopic</code></dt>
-<dd><p>Help topics as accepted by the <code>help</code> builtin (see <a href="#Bash-Builtins">Bash Builtins</a>).
+<dt><span><code>helptopic</code></span></dt>
+<dd><p>Help topics as accepted by the <code>help</code> builtin (see <a href="#Bash-Builtins">Bash Builtin Commands</a>).
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>hostname</code></dt>
+<dt><span><code>hostname</code></span></dt>
<dd><p>Hostnames, as taken from the file specified by the
<code>HOSTFILE</code> shell variable (see <a href="#Bash-Variables">Bash Variables</a>).
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>job</code></dt>
+<dt><span><code>job</code></span></dt>
<dd><p>Job names, if job control is active. May also be specified as <samp>-j</samp>.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>keyword</code></dt>
+<dt><span><code>keyword</code></span></dt>
<dd><p>Shell reserved words. May also be specified as <samp>-k</samp>.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>running</code></dt>
+<dt><span><code>running</code></span></dt>
<dd><p>Names of running jobs, if job control is active.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>service</code></dt>
+<dt><span><code>service</code></span></dt>
<dd><p>Service names. May also be specified as <samp>-s</samp>.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>setopt</code></dt>
+<dt><span><code>setopt</code></span></dt>
<dd><p>Valid arguments for the <samp>-o</samp> option to the <code>set</code> builtin
(see <a href="#The-Set-Builtin">The Set Builtin</a>).
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>shopt</code></dt>
+<dt><span><code>shopt</code></span></dt>
<dd><p>Shell option names as accepted by the <code>shopt</code> builtin
-(see <a href="#Bash-Builtins">Bash Builtins</a>).
+(see <a href="#Bash-Builtins">Bash Builtin Commands</a>).
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>signal</code></dt>
+<dt><span><code>signal</code></span></dt>
<dd><p>Signal names.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>stopped</code></dt>
+<dt><span><code>stopped</code></span></dt>
<dd><p>Names of stopped jobs, if job control is active.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>user</code></dt>
+<dt><span><code>user</code></span></dt>
<dd><p>User names. May also be specified as <samp>-u</samp>.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>variable</code></dt>
+<dt><span><code>variable</code></span></dt>
<dd><p>Names of all shell variables. May also be specified as <samp>-v</samp>.
</p></dd>
</dl>
</dd>
-<dt><code>-C <var>command</var></code></dt>
+<dt><span><code>-C <var>command</var></code></span></dt>
<dd><p><var>command</var> is executed in a subshell environment, and its output is
used as the possible completions.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>-F <var>function</var></code></dt>
+<dt><span><code>-F <var>function</var></code></span></dt>
<dd><p>The shell function <var>function</var> is executed in the current shell
environment.
When it is executed, $1 is the name of the command whose arguments are
of the <code>COMPREPLY</code> array variable.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>-G <var>globpat</var></code></dt>
+<dt><span><code>-G <var>globpat</var></code></span></dt>
<dd><p>The filename expansion pattern <var>globpat</var> is expanded to generate
the possible completions.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>-P <var>prefix</var></code></dt>
+<dt><span><code>-P <var>prefix</var></code></span></dt>
<dd><p><var>prefix</var> is added at the beginning of each possible completion
after all other options have been applied.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>-S <var>suffix</var></code></dt>
+<dt><span><code>-S <var>suffix</var></code></span></dt>
<dd><p><var>suffix</var> is appended to each possible completion
after all other options have been applied.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>-W <var>wordlist</var></code></dt>
+<dt><span><code>-W <var>wordlist</var></code></span></dt>
<dd><p>The <var>wordlist</var> is split using the characters in the
<code>IFS</code> special variable as delimiters, and each resultant word
is expanded.
match the word being completed.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>-X <var>filterpat</var></code></dt>
+<dt><span><code>-X <var>filterpat</var></code></span></dt>
<dd><p><var>filterpat</var> is a pattern as used for filename expansion.
It is applied to the list of possible completions generated by the
preceding options and arguments, and each completion matching
an error occurs adding a completion specification.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>compopt</code></dt>
-<dd><span id="index-compopt"></span>
-<div class="example">
+<dt id='index-compopt'><span><code>compopt</code><a href='#index-compopt' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt>
+<dd><div class="example">
<pre class="example"><code>compopt</code> [-o <var>option</var>] [-DEI] [+o <var>option</var>] [<var>name</var>]
</pre></div>
<p>Modify completion options for each <var>name</var> according to the
</dl>
<hr>
-<span id="A-Programmable-Completion-Example"></span><div class="header">
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="A-Programmable-Completion-Example">
+<div class="header">
<p>
Previous: <a href="#Programmable-Completion-Builtins" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Programmable Completion Builtins</a>, Up: <a href="#Command-Line-Editing" accesskey="u" rel="up">Command Line Editing</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Indexes" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<span id="index-History_002c-how-to-use"></span>
<hr>
-<span id="Using-History-Interactively"></span><div class="header">
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="chapter" id="Using-History-Interactively">
+<div class="header">
<p>
-Next: <a href="#Installing-Bash" accesskey="n" rel="next">Installing Bash</a>, Previous: <a href="#Command-Line-Editing" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Command Line Editing</a>, Up: <a href="#Top" accesskey="u" rel="up">
Top</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Indexes" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+Next: <a href="#Installing-Bash" accesskey="n" rel="next">Installing Bash</a>, Previous: <a href="#Command-Line-Editing" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Command Line Editing</a>, Up: <a href="#Top" accesskey="u" rel="up">
Bash Features</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Indexes" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<span id="Using-History-Interactively-1"></span><h2 class="chapter">9 Using History Interactively</h2>
For information on using the <small>GNU</small> History Library in other programs,
see the <small>GNU</small> Readline Library Manual.
</p>
-<table class="menu" border="0" cellspacing="0">
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#Bash-History-Facilities" accesskey="1">Bash History Facilities</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">How Bash lets you manipulate your command
- history.
-</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#Bash-History-Builtins" accesskey="2">Bash History Builtins</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">The Bash builtin commands that manipulate
- the command history.
-</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#History-Interaction" accesskey="3">History Interaction</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">What it feels like using History as a user.
-</td></tr>
-</table>
+<ul class="section-toc">
+<li><a href="#Bash-History-Facilities" accesskey="1">Bash History Facilities</a></li>
+<li><a href="#Bash-History-Builtins" accesskey="2">Bash History Builtins</a></li>
+<li><a href="#History-Interaction" accesskey="3">History Expansion</a></li>
+</ul>
<hr>
-<span id="Bash-History-Facilities"></span><div class="header">
+<div class="section" id="Bash-History-Facilities">
+<div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#Bash-History-Builtins" accesskey="n" rel="next">Bash History Builtins</a>, Up: <a href="#Using-History-Interactively" accesskey="u" rel="up">Using History Interactively</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Indexes" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
When a shell with history enabled exits, the last
<code>$HISTSIZE</code> lines are copied from the history list to the file
named by <code>$HISTFILE</code>.
-If the <code>histappend</code> shell option is set (see <a href="#Bash-Builtins">Bash Builtins</a>),
+If the <code>histappend</code> shell option is set (see <a href="#Bash-Builtins">Bash Builtin Commands</a>),
the lines are appended to the history file,
otherwise the history file is overwritten.
If <code>HISTFILE</code>
list and manipulate the history file.
When using command-line editing, search commands
are available in each editing mode that provide access to the
-history list (see <a href="#Commands-For-History">Commands For History</a>).
+history list (see <a href="#Commands-For-History">Commands For Manipulating The History</a>).
</p>
<p>The shell allows control over which commands are saved on the history
list. The <code>HISTCONTROL</code> and <code>HISTIGNORE</code>
See <a href="#The-Shopt-Builtin">The Shopt Builtin</a>, for a description of <code>shopt</code>.
</p>
<hr>
-<span id="Bash-History-Builtins"></span><div class="header">
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="Bash-History-Builtins">
+<div class="header">
<p>
-Next: <a href="#History-Interaction" accesskey="n" rel="next">History
Interaction</a>, Previous: <a href="#Bash-History-Facilities" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Bash History Facilities</a>, Up: <a href="#Using-History-Interactively" accesskey="u" rel="up">Using History Interactively</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Indexes" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+Next: <a href="#History-Interaction" accesskey="n" rel="next">History
Expansion</a>, Previous: <a href="#Bash-History-Facilities" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Bash History Facilities</a>, Up: <a href="#Using-History-Interactively" accesskey="u" rel="up">Using History Interactively</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Indexes" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<span id="Bash-History-Builtins-1"></span><h3 class="section">9.2 Bash History Builtins</h3>
<span id="index-history-builtins"></span>
history list and history file.
</p>
<dl compact="compact">
-<dt><code>fc</code></dt>
-<dd><span id="index-fc"></span>
-<div class="example">
+<dt id='index-fc'><span><code>fc</code><a href='#index-fc' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt>
+<dd><div class="example">
<pre class="example"><code>fc [-e <var>ename</var>] [-lnr] [<var>first</var>] [<var>last</var>]</code>
<code>fc -s [<var>pat</var>=<var>rep</var>] [<var>command</var>]</code>
</pre></div>
and typing ‘<samp>r</samp>’ re-executes the last command (see <a href="#Aliases">Aliases</a>).
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>history</code></dt>
-<dd><span id="index-history"></span>
-<div class="example">
+<dt id='index-history'><span><code>history</code><a href='#index-history' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt>
+<dd><div class="example">
<pre class="example">history [<var>n</var>]
history -c
history -d <var>offset</var>
<p>Options, if supplied, have the following meanings:
</p>
<dl compact="compact">
-<dt><code>-c</code></dt>
+<dt><span><code>-c</code></span></dt>
<dd><p>Clear the history list. This may be combined
with the other options to replace the history list completely.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>-d <var>offset</var></code></dt>
+<dt><span><code>-d <var>offset</var></code></span></dt>
<dd><p>Delete the history entry at position <var>offset</var>.
If <var>offset</var> is positive, it should be specified as it appears when
the history is displayed.
<code>history -d</code> command.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>-d <var>start</var>-<var>end</var></code></dt>
-<dd><p>Delete the history entries between positions <var>start</var> and <var>end</var>,
-inclusive. Positive and negative values for <var>start</var> and <var>end</var>
+<dt><span><code>-d <var>start</var>-<var>end</var></code></span></dt>
+<dd><p>Delete the range of history entries between positions <var>start</var> and
+<var>end</var>, inclusive.
+Positive and negative values for <var>start</var> and <var>end</var>
are interpreted as described above.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>-a</code></dt>
+<dt><span><code>-a</code></span></dt>
<dd><p>Append the new history lines to the history file.
These are history lines entered since the beginning of the current
Bash session, but not already appended to the history file.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>-n</code></dt>
+<dt><span><code>-n</code></span></dt>
<dd><p>Append the history lines not already read from the history file
to the current history list. These are lines appended to the history
file since the beginning of the current Bash session.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>-r</code></dt>
+<dt><span><code>-r</code></span></dt>
<dd><p>Read the history file and append its contents to
the history list.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>-w</code></dt>
+<dt><span><code>-w</code></span></dt>
<dd><p>Write out the current history list to the history file.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>-p</code></dt>
+<dt><span><code>-p</code></span></dt>
<dd><p>Perform history substitution on the <var>arg</var>s and display the result
on the standard output, without storing the results in the history list.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>-s</code></dt>
+<dt><span><code>-s</code></span></dt>
<dd><p>The <var>arg</var>s are added to the end of
the history list as a single entry.
</p>
is given, then it is used as the history file. If not, then
the value of the <code>HISTFILE</code> variable is used.
</p>
+<p>The return value is 0 unless an invalid option is encountered, an
+error occurs while reading or writing the history file, an invalid
+<var>offset</var> or range is supplied as an argument to <samp>-d</samp>, or the
+history expansion supplied as an argument to <samp>-p</samp> fails.
+</p>
</dd>
</dl>
<hr>
-<span id="History-Interaction"></span><div class="header">
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="History-Interaction">
+<div class="header">
<p>
Previous: <a href="#Bash-History-Builtins" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Bash History Builtins</a>, Up: <a href="#Using-History-Interactively" accesskey="u" rel="up">Using History Interactively</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Indexes" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
the history comment character to mark history timestamps when
writing the history file.
</p>
-<table class="menu" border="0" cellspacing="0">
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#Event-Designators" accesskey="1">Event Designators</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">How to specify which history line to use.
-</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#Word-Designators" accesskey="2">Word Designators</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Specifying which words are of interest.
-</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#Modifiers" accesskey="3">Modifiers</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Modifying the results of substitution.
-</td></tr>
-</table>
+<ul class="section-toc">
+<li><a href="#Event-Designators" accesskey="1">Event Designators</a></li>
+<li><a href="#Word-Designators" accesskey="2">Word Designators</a></li>
+<li><a href="#Modifiers" accesskey="3">Modifiers</a></li>
+</ul>
<hr>
-<span id="Event-Designators"></span><div class="header">
+<div class="subsection" id="Event-Designators">
+<div class="header">
<p>
-Next: <a href="#Word-Designators" accesskey="n" rel="next">Word Designators</a>, Up: <a href="#History-Interaction" accesskey="u" rel="up">History
Interaction</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Indexes" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+Next: <a href="#Word-Designators" accesskey="n" rel="next">Word Designators</a>, Up: <a href="#History-Interaction" accesskey="u" rel="up">History
Expansion</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Indexes" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<span id="Event-Designators-1"></span><h4 class="subsection">9.3.1 Event Designators</h4>
<span id="index-event-designators"></span>
<span id="index-history-events"></span>
</p>
<dl compact="compact">
-<dt><code>!</code></dt>
+<dt><span><code>!</code></span></dt>
<dd><p>Start a history substitution, except when followed by a space, tab,
the end of the line, ‘<samp>=</samp>’ or ‘<samp>(</samp>’ (when the
<code>extglob</code> shell option is enabled using the <code>shopt</code> builtin).
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>!<var>n</var></code></dt>
+<dt><span><code>!<var>n</var></code></span></dt>
<dd><p>Refer to command line <var>n</var>.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>!-<var>n</var></code></dt>
+<dt><span><code>!-<var>n</var></code></span></dt>
<dd><p>Refer to the command <var>n</var> lines back.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>!!</code></dt>
+<dt><span><code>!!</code></span></dt>
<dd><p>Refer to the previous command. This is a synonym for ‘<samp>!-1</samp>’.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>!<var>string</var></code></dt>
+<dt><span><code>!<var>string</var></code></span></dt>
<dd><p>Refer to the most recent command
preceding the current position in the history list
starting with <var>string</var>.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>!?<var>string</var>[?]</code></dt>
+<dt><span><code>!?<var>string</var>[?]</code></span></dt>
<dd><p>Refer to the most recent command
preceding the current position in the history list
containing <var>string</var>.
it is an error if there is no previous search string.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>^<var>string1</var>^<var>string2</var>^</code></dt>
+<dt><span><code>^<var>string1</var>^<var>string2</var>^</code></span></dt>
<dd><p>Quick Substitution. Repeat the last command, replacing <var>string1</var>
with <var>string2</var>. Equivalent to
<code>!!:s^<var>string1</var>^<var>string2</var>^</code>.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>!#</code></dt>
+<dt><span><code>!#</code></span></dt>
<dd><p>The entire command line typed so far.
</p>
</dd>
</dl>
<hr>
-<span id="Word-Designators"></span><div class="header">
+</div>
+<div class="subsection" id="Word-Designators">
+<div class="header">
<p>
-Next: <a href="#Modifiers" accesskey="n" rel="next">Modifiers</a>, Previous: <a href="#Event-Designators" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Event Designators</a>, Up: <a href="#History-Interaction" accesskey="u" rel="up">History
Interaction</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Indexes" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+Next: <a href="#Modifiers" accesskey="n" rel="next">Modifiers</a>, Previous: <a href="#Event-Designators" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Event Designators</a>, Up: <a href="#History-Interaction" accesskey="u" rel="up">History
Expansion</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Indexes" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<span id="Word-Designators-1"></span><h4 class="subsection">9.3.2 Word Designators</h4>
<p>For example,
</p>
<dl compact="compact">
-<dt><code>!!</code></dt>
+<dt><span><code>!!</code></span></dt>
<dd><p>designates the preceding command. When you type this, the preceding
command is repeated in toto.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>!!:$</code></dt>
+<dt><span><code>!!:$</code></span></dt>
<dd><p>designates the last argument of the preceding command. This may be
shortened to <code>!$</code>.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>!fi:2</code></dt>
+<dt><span><code>!fi:2</code></span></dt>
<dd><p>designates the second argument of the most recent command starting with
the letters <code>fi</code>.
</p></dd>
<p>Here are the word designators:
</p>
<dl compact="compact">
-<dt><code>0 (zero)</code></dt>
+<dt><span><code>0 (zero)</code></span></dt>
<dd><p>The <code>0</code>th word. For many applications, this is the command word.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code><var>n</var></code></dt>
+<dt><span><code><var>n</var></code></span></dt>
<dd><p>The <var>n</var>th word.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>^</code></dt>
+<dt><span><code>^</code></span></dt>
<dd><p>The first argument; that is, word 1.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>$</code></dt>
+<dt><span><code>$</code></span></dt>
<dd><p>The last argument.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>%</code></dt>
+<dt><span><code>%</code></span></dt>
<dd><p>The first word matched by the most recent ‘<samp>?<var>string</var>?</samp>’ search,
if the search string begins with a character that is part of a word.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code><var>x</var>-<var>y</var></code></dt>
+<dt><span><code><var>x</var>-<var>y</var></code></span></dt>
<dd><p>A range of words; ‘<samp>-<var>y</var></samp>’ abbreviates ‘<samp>0-<var>y</var></samp>’.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>*</code></dt>
+<dt><span><code>*</code></span></dt>
<dd><p>All of the words, except the <code>0</code>th. This is a synonym for ‘<samp>1-$</samp>’.
It is not an error to use ‘<samp>*</samp>’ if there is just one word in the event;
the empty string is returned in that case.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code><var>x</var>*</code></dt>
+<dt><span><code><var>x</var>*</code></span></dt>
<dd><p>Abbreviates ‘<samp><var>x</var>-$</samp>’
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code><var>x</var>-</code></dt>
+<dt><span><code><var>x</var>-</code></span></dt>
<dd><p>Abbreviates ‘<samp><var>x</var>-$</samp>’ like ‘<samp><var>x</var>*</samp>’, but omits the last word.
If ‘<samp>x</samp>’ is missing, it defaults to 0.
</p>
previous command is used as the event.
</p>
<hr>
-<span id="Modifiers"></span><div class="header">
+</div>
+<div class="subsection" id="Modifiers">
+<div class="header">
<p>
-Previous: <a href="#Word-Designators" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Word Designators</a>, Up: <a href="#History-Interaction" accesskey="u" rel="up">History
Interaction</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Indexes" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+Previous: <a href="#Word-Designators" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Word Designators</a>, Up: <a href="#History-Interaction" accesskey="u" rel="up">History
Expansion</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Indexes" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<span id="Modifiers-1"></span><h4 class="subsection">9.3.3 Modifiers</h4>
These modify, or edit, the word or words selected from the history event.
</p>
<dl compact="compact">
-<dt><code>h</code></dt>
+<dt><span><code>h</code></span></dt>
<dd><p>Remove a trailing pathname component, leaving only the head.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>t</code></dt>
+<dt><span><code>t</code></span></dt>
<dd><p>Remove all leading pathname components, leaving the tail.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>r</code></dt>
+<dt><span><code>r</code></span></dt>
<dd><p>Remove a trailing suffix of the form ‘<samp>.<var>suffix</var></samp>’, leaving
the basename.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>e</code></dt>
+<dt><span><code>e</code></span></dt>
<dd><p>Remove all but the trailing suffix.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>p</code></dt>
+<dt><span><code>p</code></span></dt>
<dd><p>Print the new command but do not execute it.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>q</code></dt>
+<dt><span><code>q</code></span></dt>
<dd><p>Quote the substituted words, escaping further substitutions.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>x</code></dt>
+<dt><span><code>x</code></span></dt>
<dd><p>Quote the substituted words as with ‘<samp>q</samp>’,
but break into words at spaces, tabs, and newlines.
The ‘<samp>q</samp>’ and ‘<samp>x</samp>’ modifiers are mutually exclusive; the last one
supplied is used.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>s/<var>old</var>/<var>new</var>/</code></dt>
+<dt><span><code>s/<var>old</var>/<var>new</var>/</code></span></dt>
<dd><p>Substitute <var>new</var> for the first occurrence of <var>old</var> in the
event line.
Any character may be used as the delimiter in place of ‘<samp>/</samp>’.
character on the input line.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>&</code></dt>
+<dt><span><code>&</code></span></dt>
<dd><p>Repeat the previous substitution.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>g</code></dt>
-<dt><code>a</code></dt>
+<dt><span><code>g</code></span></dt>
+<dt><span><code>a</code></span></dt>
<dd><p>Cause changes to be applied over the entire event line. Used in
conjunction with ‘<samp>s</samp>’, as in <code>gs/<var>old</var>/<var>new</var>/</code>,
or with ‘<samp>&</samp>’.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>G</code></dt>
+<dt><span><code>G</code></span></dt>
<dd><p>Apply the following ‘<samp>s</samp>’ or ‘<samp>&</samp>’ modifier once to each word
in the event.
</p>
</dl>
<hr>
-<span id="Installing-Bash"></span><div class="header">
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="chapter" id="Installing-Bash">
+<div class="header">
<p>
-Next: <a href="#Reporting-Bugs" accesskey="n" rel="next">Reporting Bugs</a>, Previous: <a href="#Using-History-Interactively" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Using History Interactively</a>, Up: <a href="#Top" accesskey="u" rel="up">
Top</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Indexes" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+Next: <a href="#Reporting-Bugs" accesskey="n" rel="next">Reporting Bugs</a>, Previous: <a href="#Using-History-Interactively" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Using History Interactively</a>, Up: <a href="#Top" accesskey="u" rel="up">
Bash Features</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Indexes" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<span id="Installing-Bash-1"></span><h2 class="chapter">10 Installing Bash</h2>
Other independent ports exist for
<small>MS-DOS</small>, <small>OS/2</small>, and Windows platforms.
</p>
-<table class="menu" border="0" cellspacing="0">
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#Basic-Installation" accesskey="1">Basic Installation</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Installation instructions.
-</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#Compilers-and-Options" accesskey="2">Compilers and Options</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">How to set special options for various
- systems.
-</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#Compiling-For-Multiple-Architectures" accesskey="3">Compiling For Multiple Architectures</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">How to compile Bash for more
- than one kind of system from
- the same source tree.
-</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#Installation-Names" accesskey="4">Installation Names</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">How to set the various paths used by the installation.
-</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#Specifying-the-System-Type" accesskey="5">Specifying the System Type</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">How to configure Bash for a particular system.
-</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#Sharing-Defaults" accesskey="6">Sharing Defaults</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">How to share default configuration values among GNU
- programs.
-</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#Operation-Controls" accesskey="7">Operation Controls</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Options recognized by the configuration program.
-</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#Optional-Features" accesskey="8">Optional Features</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">How to enable and disable optional features when
- building Bash.
-</td></tr>
-</table>
+<ul class="section-toc">
+<li><a href="#Basic-Installation" accesskey="1">Basic Installation</a></li>
+<li><a href="#Compilers-and-Options" accesskey="2">Compilers and Options</a></li>
+<li><a href="#Compiling-For-Multiple-Architectures" accesskey="3">Compiling For Multiple Architectures</a></li>
+<li><a href="#Installation-Names" accesskey="4">Installation Names</a></li>
+<li><a href="#Specifying-the-System-Type" accesskey="5">Specifying the System Type</a></li>
+<li><a href="#Sharing-Defaults" accesskey="6">Sharing Defaults</a></li>
+<li><a href="#Operation-Controls" accesskey="7">Operation Controls</a></li>
+<li><a href="#Optional-Features" accesskey="8">Optional Features</a></li>
+</ul>
<hr>
-<span id="Basic-Installation"></span><div class="header">
+<div class="section" id="Basic-Installation">
+<div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#Compilers-and-Options" accesskey="n" rel="next">Compilers and Options</a>, Up: <a href="#Installing-Bash" accesskey="u" rel="up">Installing Bash</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Indexes" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
</li><li> Optionally, type ‘<samp>make tests</samp>’ to run the Bash test suite.
</li><li> Type ‘<samp>make install</samp>’ to install <code>bash</code> and <code>bashbug</code>.
-This will also install the manual pages and Info file.
+This will also install the manual pages and Info file, message translation
+files, some supplemental documentation, a number of example loadable
+builtin commands, and a set of header files for developing loadable
+builtins.
+You may need additional privileges to install <code>bash</code> to your
+desired destination, so ‘<samp>sudo make install</samp>’ might be required.
+More information about controlling the locations where <code>bash</code> and
+other files are installed is below (see <a href="#Installation-Names">Installation Names</a>).
</li></ol>
values for various system-dependent variables used during
compilation. It uses those values to create a <samp>Makefile</samp> in
each directory of the package (the top directory, the
-<samp>builtins</samp>, <samp>doc</samp>, and <samp>support</samp> directories,
+<samp>builtins</samp>, <samp>doc</samp>, <samp>po</samp>, and <samp>support</samp> directories,
each directory under <samp>lib</samp>, and several others). It also creates a
<samp>config.h</samp> file containing system-dependent definitions.
Finally, it creates a shell script named <code>config.status</code> that you
considered for the next release.
</p>
<p>The file <samp>configure.ac</samp> is used to create <code>configure</code>
-by a program called Autoconf. You only need
-<samp>configure.ac</samp> if you want to change it or regenerate
-<code>configure</code> using a newer version of Autoconf. If
-you do this, make sure you are using Autoconf version 2.50 or
+by a program called Autoconf.
+You only need <samp>configure.ac</samp> if you want to change it or regenerate
+<code>configure</code> using a newer version of Autoconf.
+If you do this, make sure you are using Autoconf version 2.69 or
newer.
</p>
<p>You can remove the program binaries and object files from the
a different kind of computer), type ‘<samp>make distclean</samp>’.
</p>
<hr>
-<span id="Compilers-and-Options"></span><div class="header">
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="Compilers-and-Options">
+<div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#Compiling-For-Multiple-Architectures" accesskey="n" rel="next">Compiling For Multiple Architectures</a>, Previous: <a href="#Basic-Installation" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Basic Installation</a>, Up: <a href="#Installing-Bash" accesskey="u" rel="up">Installing Bash</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Indexes" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
is available.
</p>
<hr>
-<span id="Compiling-For-Multiple-Architectures"></span><div class="header">
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="Compiling-For-Multiple-Architectures">
+<div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#Installation-Names" accesskey="n" rel="next">Installation Names</a>, Previous: <a href="#Compilers-and-Options" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Compilers and Options</a>, Up: <a href="#Installing-Bash" accesskey="u" rel="up">Installing Bash</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Indexes" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
directories for other architectures.
</p>
<hr>
-<span id="Installation-Names"></span><div class="header">
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="Installation-Names">
+<div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#Specifying-the-System-Type" accesskey="n" rel="next">Specifying the System Type</a>, Previous: <a href="#Compiling-For-Multiple-Architectures" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Compiling For Multiple Architectures</a>, Up: <a href="#Installing-Bash" accesskey="u" rel="up">Installing Bash</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Indexes" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<span id="Installation-Names-1"></span><h3 class="section">10.4 Installation Names</h3>
<p>By default, ‘<samp>make install</samp>’ will install into
-<samp>/usr/local/bin</samp>, <samp>/usr/local/man</samp>, etc. You can
-specify an installation prefix other than <samp>/usr/local</samp> by
+<samp>/usr/local/bin</samp>, <samp>/usr/local/man</samp>, etc.;
+that is, the <em>installation prefix</em> defaults to <samp>/usr/local</samp>.
+You can specify an installation prefix other than <samp>/usr/local</samp> by
giving <code>configure</code> the option <samp>--prefix=<var>PATH</var></samp>,
-or by specifying a value for the <code>DESTDIR</code> ‘<samp>make</samp>’
-variable when running ‘<samp>make install</samp>’.
+or by specifying a value for the <code>prefix</code> ‘<samp>make</samp>’
+variable when running ‘<samp>make install</samp>’
+(e.g., ‘<samp>make install prefix=<var>PATH</var></samp>’).
+The <code>prefix</code> variable provides a default for <code>exec_prefix</code> and
+other variables used when installing bash.
</p>
<p>You can specify separate installation prefixes for
architecture-specific files and architecture-independent files.
If you give <code>configure</code> the option
<samp>--exec-prefix=<var>PATH</var></samp>, ‘<samp>make install</samp>’ will use
<var>PATH</var> as the prefix for installing programs and libraries.
-Documentation and other data files will still use the regular prefix.
+Documentation and other data files will still use the regular prefix.
+</p>
+<p>If you would like to change the installation locations for a single run,
+you can specify these variables as arguments to <code>make</code>:
+‘<samp>make install exec_prefix=/</samp>’ will install <code>bash</code> and
+<code>bashbug</code> into <samp>/bin</samp> instead of the default <samp>/usr/local/bin</samp>.
+</p>
+<p>If you want to see the files bash will install and where it will install
+them without changing anything on your system, specify the variable
+<code>DESTDIR</code> as an argument to <code>make</code>. Its value should be the
+absolute directory path you’d like to use as the root of your sample
+installation tree. For example,
+</p>
+<div class="example">
+<pre class="example">mkdir /fs1/bash-install
+make install DESTDIR=/fs1/bash-install
+</pre></div>
+
+<p>will install <code>bash</code> into <samp>/fs1/bash-install/usr/local/bin/bash</samp>,
+the documentation into directories within
+<samp>/fs1/bash-install/usr/local/share</samp>, the example loadable builtins into
+<samp>/fs1/bash-install/usr/local/lib/bash</samp>, and so on.
+You can use the usual <code>exec_prefix</code> and <code>prefix</code> variables to alter
+the directory paths beneath the value of <code>DESTDIR</code>.
+</p>
+<p>The GNU Makefile standards provide a more complete description of these
+variables and their effects.
</p>
<hr>
-<span id="Specifying-the-System-Type"></span><div class="header">
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="Specifying-the-System-Type">
+<div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#Sharing-Defaults" accesskey="n" rel="next">Sharing Defaults</a>, Previous: <a href="#Installation-Names" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Installation Names</a>, Up: <a href="#Installing-Bash" accesskey="u" rel="up">Installing Bash</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Indexes" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
values of each field.
</p>
<hr>
-<span id="Sharing-Defaults"></span><div class="header">
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="Sharing-Defaults">
+<div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#Operation-Controls" accesskey="n" rel="next">Operation Controls</a>, Previous: <a href="#Specifying-the-System-Type" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Specifying the System Type</a>, Up: <a href="#Installing-Bash" accesskey="u" rel="up">Installing Bash</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Indexes" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
but not all <code>configure</code> scripts do.
</p>
<hr>
-<span id="Operation-Controls"></span><div class="header">
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="Operation-Controls">
+<div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#Optional-Features" accesskey="n" rel="next">Optional Features</a>, Previous: <a href="#Sharing-Defaults" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Sharing Defaults</a>, Up: <a href="#Installing-Bash" accesskey="u" rel="up">Installing Bash</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Indexes" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
operates.
</p>
<dl compact="compact">
-<dt><code>--cache-file=<var>file</var></code></dt>
+<dt><span><code>--cache-file=<var>file</var></code></span></dt>
<dd><p>Use and save the results of the tests in
<var>file</var> instead of <samp>./config.cache</samp>. Set <var>file</var> to
<samp>/dev/null</samp> to disable caching, for debugging
<code>configure</code>.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>--help</code></dt>
+<dt><span><code>--help</code></span></dt>
<dd><p>Print a summary of the options to <code>configure</code>, and exit.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>--quiet</code></dt>
-<dt><code>--silent</code></dt>
-<dt><code>-q</code></dt>
+<dt><span><code>--quiet</code></span></dt>
+<dt><span><code>--silent</code></span></dt>
+<dt><span><code>-q</code></span></dt>
<dd><p>Do not print messages saying which checks are being made.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>--srcdir=<var>dir</var></code></dt>
+<dt><span><code>--srcdir=<var>dir</var></code></span></dt>
<dd><p>Look for the Bash source code in directory <var>dir</var>. Usually
<code>configure</code> can determine that directory automatically.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>--version</code></dt>
+<dt><span><code>--version</code></span></dt>
<dd><p>Print the version of Autoconf used to generate the <code>configure</code>
script, and exit.
</p></dd>
options. ‘<samp>configure --help</samp>’ prints the complete list.
</p>
<hr>
-<span id="Optional-Features"></span><div class="header">
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="Optional-Features">
+<div class="header">
<p>
Previous: <a href="#Operation-Controls" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Operation Controls</a>, Up: <a href="#Installing-Bash" accesskey="u" rel="up">Installing Bash</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Indexes" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<samp>--with-</samp> options that the Bash <code>configure</code> recognizes.
</p>
<dl compact="compact">
-<dt><code>--with-afs</code></dt>
+<dt><span><code>--with-afs</code></span></dt>
<dd><p>Define if you are using the Andrew File System from Transarc.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>--with-bash-malloc</code></dt>
+<dt><span><code>--with-bash-malloc</code></span></dt>
<dd><p>Use the Bash version of
<code>malloc</code> in the directory <samp>lib/malloc</samp>. This is not the same
<code>malloc</code> that appears in <small>GNU</small> libc, but an older version
option automatically for a number of systems.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>--with-curses</code></dt>
+<dt><span><code>--with-curses</code></span></dt>
<dd><p>Use the curses library instead of the termcap library. This should
be supplied if your system has an inadequate or incomplete termcap
database.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>--with-gnu-malloc</code></dt>
+<dt><span><code>--with-gnu-malloc</code></span></dt>
<dd><p>A synonym for <code>--with-bash-malloc</code>.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>--with-installed-readline[=<var>PREFIX</var>]</code></dt>
+<dt><span><code>--with-installed-readline[=<var>PREFIX</var>]</code></span></dt>
<dd><p>Define this to make Bash link with a locally-installed version of Readline
rather than the version in <samp>lib/readline</samp>. This works only with
Readline 5.0 and later versions. If <var>PREFIX</var> is <code>yes</code> or not
<var>PREFIX</var>/<code>lib</code>).
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>--with-libintl-prefix[=<var>PREFIX</var>]</code></dt>
+<dt><span><code>--with-libintl-prefix[=<var>PREFIX</var>]</code></span></dt>
<dd><p>Define this to make Bash link with a locally-installed version of the
libintl library instead ofthe version in <samp>lib/intl</samp>.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>--with-libiconv-prefix[=<var>PREFIX</var>]</code></dt>
+<dt><span><code>--with-libiconv-prefix[=<var>PREFIX</var>]</code></span></dt>
<dd><p>Define this to make Bash look for libiconv in <var>PREFIX</var> instead of the
standard system locations. There is no version included with Bash.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>--enable-minimal-config</code></dt>
+<dt><span><code>--enable-minimal-config</code></span></dt>
<dd><p>This produces a shell with minimal features, close to the historical
Bourne shell.
</p></dd>
compiled, linked, and installed, rather than changing run-time features.
</p>
<dl compact="compact">
-<dt><code>--enable-largefile</code></dt>
+<dt><span><code>--enable-largefile</code></span></dt>
<dd><p>Enable support for <a href="http://www.unix.org/version2/whatsnew/lfs20mar.html">large files</a> if the operating system requires special compiler options
to build programs which can access large files. This is enabled by
default, if the operating system provides large file support.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>--enable-profiling</code></dt>
+<dt><span><code>--enable-profiling</code></span></dt>
<dd><p>This builds a Bash binary that produces profiling information to be
processed by <code>gprof</code> each time it is executed.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>--enable-separate-helpfiles</code></dt>
+<dt><span><code>--enable-separate-helpfiles</code></span></dt>
<dd><p>Use external files for the documentation displayed by the <code>help</code> builtin
instead of storing the text internally.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>--enable-static-link</code></dt>
+<dt><span><code>--enable-static-link</code></span></dt>
<dd><p>This causes Bash to be linked statically, if <code>gcc</code> is being used.
This could be used to build a version to use as root’s shell.
</p>
the following options, but it is processed first, so individual
options may be enabled using ‘<samp>enable-<var>feature</var></samp>’.
</p>
-<p>All of the following options except for ‘<samp>disabled-builtins</samp>’,
+<p>All of the following options except for
+‘<samp>alt-array-implementation</samp>’,
+‘<samp>disabled-builtins</samp>’,
‘<samp>direxpand-default</samp>’,
‘<samp>strict-posix-default</samp>’,
and
necessary support.
</p>
<dl compact="compact">
-<dt><code>--enable-alias</code></dt>
+<dt><span><code>--enable-alias</code></span></dt>
<dd><p>Allow alias expansion and include the <code>alias</code> and <code>unalias</code>
builtins (see <a href="#Aliases">Aliases</a>).
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>--enable-arith-for-command</code></dt>
+<dt><span><code>--enable-alt-array-implementation</code></span></dt>
+<dd><p>This builds bash using an alternate implementation of arrays
+(see <a href="#Arrays">Arrays</a>) that provides faster access at the expense of using
+more memory (sometimes many times more, depending on how sparse an array is).
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><span><code>--enable-arith-for-command</code></span></dt>
<dd><p>Include support for the alternate form of the <code>for</code> command
that behaves like the C language <code>for</code> statement
(see <a href="#Looping-Constructs">Looping Constructs</a>).
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>--enable-array-variables</code></dt>
+<dt><span><code>--enable-array-variables</code></span></dt>
<dd><p>Include support for one-dimensional array shell variables
(see <a href="#Arrays">Arrays</a>).
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>--enable-bang-history</code></dt>
+<dt><span><code>--enable-bang-history</code></span></dt>
<dd><p>Include support for <code>csh</code>-like history substitution
-(see <a href="#History-Interaction">History Interaction</a>).
+(see <a href="#History-Interaction">History Expansion</a>).
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>--enable-brace-expansion</code></dt>
+<dt><span><code>--enable-brace-expansion</code></span></dt>
<dd><p>Include <code>csh</code>-like brace expansion
( <code>b{a,b}c</code> → <code>bac bbc</code> ).
See <a href="#Brace-Expansion">Brace Expansion</a>, for a complete description.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>--enable-casemod-attributes</code></dt>
+<dt><span><code>--enable-casemod-attributes</code></span></dt>
<dd><p>Include support for case-modifying attributes in the <code>declare</code> builtin
-and assignment statements. Variables with the <var>uppercase</var> attribute,
+and assignment statements. Variables with the <code>uppercase</code> attribute,
for example, will have their values converted to uppercase upon assignment.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>--enable-casemod-expansion</code></dt>
+<dt><span><code>--enable-casemod-expansion</code></span></dt>
<dd><p>Include support for case-modifying word expansions.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>--enable-command-timing</code></dt>
+<dt><span><code>--enable-command-timing</code></span></dt>
<dd><p>Include support for recognizing <code>time</code> as a reserved word and for
displaying timing statistics for the pipeline following <code>time</code>
(see <a href="#Pipelines">Pipelines</a>).
This allows pipelines as well as shell builtins and functions to be timed.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>--enable-cond-command</code></dt>
+<dt><span><code>--enable-cond-command</code></span></dt>
<dd><p>Include support for the <code>[[</code> conditional command.
(see <a href="#Conditional-Constructs">Conditional Constructs</a>).
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>--enable-cond-regexp</code></dt>
+<dt><span><code>--enable-cond-regexp</code></span></dt>
<dd><p>Include support for matching <small>POSIX</small> regular expressions using the
‘<samp>=~</samp>’ binary operator in the <code>[[</code> conditional command.
(see <a href="#Conditional-Constructs">Conditional Constructs</a>).
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>--enable-coprocesses</code></dt>
+<dt><span><code>--enable-coprocesses</code></span></dt>
<dd><p>Include support for coprocesses and the <code>coproc</code> reserved word
(see <a href="#Pipelines">Pipelines</a>).
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>--enable-debugger</code></dt>
+<dt><span><code>--enable-debugger</code></span></dt>
<dd><p>Include support for the bash debugger (distributed separately).
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>--enable-dev-fd-stat-broken</code></dt>
+<dt><span><code>--enable-dev-fd-stat-broken</code></span></dt>
<dd><p>If calling <code>stat</code> on /dev/fd/<var>N</var> returns different results than
calling <code>fstat</code> on file descriptor <var>N</var>, supply this option to
enable a workaround.
This has implications for conditional commands that test file attributes.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>--enable-direxpand-default</code></dt>
+<dt><span><code>--enable-direxpand-default</code></span></dt>
<dd><p>Cause the <code>direxpand</code> shell option (see <a href="#The-Shopt-Builtin">The Shopt Builtin</a>)
to be enabled by default when the shell starts.
It is normally disabled by default.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>--enable-directory-stack</code></dt>
+<dt><span><code>--enable-directory-stack</code></span></dt>
<dd><p>Include support for a <code>csh</code>-like directory stack and the
<code>pushd</code>, <code>popd</code>, and <code>dirs</code> builtins
(see <a href="#The-Directory-Stack">The Directory Stack</a>).
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>--enable-disabled-builtins</code></dt>
+<dt><span><code>--enable-disabled-builtins</code></span></dt>
<dd><p>Allow builtin commands to be invoked via ‘<samp>builtin xxx</samp>’
even after <code>xxx</code> has been disabled using ‘<samp>enable -n xxx</samp>’.
-See <a href="#Bash-Builtins">Bash Builtins</a>, for details of the <code>builtin</code> and
+See <a href="#Bash-Builtins">Bash Builtin Commands</a>, for details of the <code>builtin</code> and
<code>enable</code> builtin commands.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>--enable-dparen-arithmetic</code></dt>
+<dt><span><code>--enable-dparen-arithmetic</code></span></dt>
<dd><p>Include support for the <code>((…))</code> command
(see <a href="#Conditional-Constructs">Conditional Constructs</a>).
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>--enable-extended-glob</code></dt>
+<dt><span><code>--enable-extended-glob</code></span></dt>
<dd><p>Include support for the extended pattern matching features described
above under <a href="#Pattern-Matching">Pattern Matching</a>.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>--enable-extended-glob-default</code></dt>
-<dd><p>Set the default value of the <var>extglob</var> shell option described
+<dt><span><code>--enable-extended-glob-default</code></span></dt>
+<dd><p>Set the default value of the <code>extglob</code> shell option described
above under <a href="#The-Shopt-Builtin">The Shopt Builtin</a> to be enabled.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>--enable-function-import</code></dt>
+<dt><span><code>--enable-function-import</code></span></dt>
<dd><p>Include support for importing function definitions exported by another
instance of the shell from the environment. This option is enabled by
default.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>--enable-glob-asciirange-default</code></dt>
-<dd><p>Set the default value of the <var>globasciiranges</var> shell option described
+<dt><span><code>--enable-glob-asciirange-default</code></span></dt>
+<dd><p>Set the default value of the <code>globasciiranges</code> shell option described
above under <a href="#The-Shopt-Builtin">The Shopt Builtin</a> to be enabled.
This controls the behavior of character ranges when used in pattern matching
bracket expressions.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>--enable-help-builtin</code></dt>
+<dt><span><code>--enable-help-builtin</code></span></dt>
<dd><p>Include the <code>help</code> builtin, which displays help on shell builtins and
-variables (see <a href="#Bash-Builtins">Bash Builtins</a>).
+variables (see <a href="#Bash-Builtins">Bash Builtin Commands</a>).
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>--enable-history</code></dt>
+<dt><span><code>--enable-history</code></span></dt>
<dd><p>Include command history and the <code>fc</code> and <code>history</code>
builtin commands (see <a href="#Bash-History-Facilities">Bash History Facilities</a>).
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>--enable-job-control</code></dt>
+<dt><span><code>--enable-job-control</code></span></dt>
<dd><p>This enables the job control features (see <a href="#Job-Control">Job Control</a>),
if the operating system supports them.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>--enable-multibyte</code></dt>
+<dt><span><code>--enable-multibyte</code></span></dt>
<dd><p>This enables support for multibyte characters if the operating
system provides the necessary support.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>--enable-net-redirections</code></dt>
+<dt><span><code>--enable-net-redirections</code></span></dt>
<dd><p>This enables the special handling of filenames of the form
<code>/dev/tcp/<var>host</var>/<var>port</var></code> and
<code>/dev/udp/<var>host</var>/<var>port</var></code>
when used in redirections (see <a href="#Redirections">Redirections</a>).
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>--enable-process-substitution</code></dt>
+<dt><span><code>--enable-process-substitution</code></span></dt>
<dd><p>This enables process substitution (see <a href="#Process-Substitution">Process Substitution</a>) if
the operating system provides the necessary support.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>--enable-progcomp</code></dt>
+<dt><span><code>--enable-progcomp</code></span></dt>
<dd><p>Enable the programmable completion facilities
(see <a href="#Programmable-Completion">Programmable Completion</a>).
If Readline is not enabled, this option has no effect.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>--enable-prompt-string-decoding</code></dt>
+<dt><span><code>--enable-prompt-string-decoding</code></span></dt>
<dd><p>Turn on the interpretation of a number of backslash-escaped characters
in the <code>$PS0</code>, <code>$PS1</code>, <code>$PS2</code>, and <code>$PS4</code> prompt
strings. See <a href="#Controlling-the-Prompt">Controlling the Prompt</a>, for a complete list of prompt
string escape sequences.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>--enable-readline</code></dt>
+<dt><span><code>--enable-readline</code></span></dt>
<dd><p>Include support for command-line editing and history with the Bash
version of the Readline library (see <a href="#Command-Line-Editing">Command Line Editing</a>).
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>--enable-restricted</code></dt>
+<dt><span><code>--enable-restricted</code></span></dt>
<dd><p>Include support for a <em>restricted shell</em>. If this is enabled, Bash,
when called as <code>rbash</code>, enters a restricted mode. See
<a href="#The-Restricted-Shell">The Restricted Shell</a>, for a description of restricted mode.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>--enable-select</code></dt>
+<dt><span><code>--enable-select</code></span></dt>
<dd><p>Include the <code>select</code> compound command, which allows the generation of
simple menus (see <a href="#Conditional-Constructs">Conditional Constructs</a>).
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>--enable-single-help-strings</code></dt>
+<dt><span><code>--enable-single-help-strings</code></span></dt>
<dd><p>Store the text displayed by the <code>help</code> builtin as a single string for
each help topic. This aids in translating the text to different languages.
You may need to disable this if your compiler cannot handle very long string
literals.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>--enable-strict-posix-default</code></dt>
+<dt><span><code>--enable-strict-posix-default</code></span></dt>
<dd><p>Make Bash <small>POSIX</small>-conformant by default (see <a href="#Bash-POSIX-Mode">Bash POSIX Mode</a>).
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>--enable-usg-echo-default</code></dt>
+<dt><span><code>--enable-usg-echo-default</code></span></dt>
<dd><p>A synonym for <code>--enable-xpg-echo-default</code>.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>--enable-xpg-echo-default</code></dt>
+<dt><span><code>--enable-xpg-echo-default</code></span></dt>
<dd><p>Make the <code>echo</code> builtin expand backslash-escaped characters by default,
without requiring the <samp>-e</samp> option.
This sets the default value of the <code>xpg_echo</code> shell option to <code>on</code>,
which makes the Bash <code>echo</code> behave more like the version specified in
the Single Unix Specification, version 3.
-See <a href="#Bash-Builtins">Bash Builtins</a>, for a description of the escape sequences that
+See <a href="#Bash-Builtins">Bash Builtin Commands</a>, for a description of the escape sequences that
<code>echo</code> recognizes.
</p></dd>
</dl>
information about its effect.
</p>
<hr>
-<span id="Reporting-Bugs"></span><div class="header">
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="appendix" id="Reporting-Bugs">
+<div class="header">
<p>
-Next: <a href="#Major-Differences-From-The-Bourne-Shell" accesskey="n" rel="next">Major Differences From The Bourne Shell</a>, Previous: <a href="#Installing-Bash" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Installing Bash</a>, Up: <a href="#Top" accesskey="u" rel="up">
Top</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Indexes" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+Next: <a href="#Major-Differences-From-The-Bourne-Shell" accesskey="n" rel="next">Major Differences From The Bourne Shell</a>, Previous: <a href="#Installing-Bash" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Installing Bash</a>, Up: <a href="#Top" accesskey="u" rel="up">
Bash Features</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Indexes" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<span id="Reporting-Bugs-1"></span><h2 class="appendix">Appendix A Reporting Bugs</h2>
make sure that it really is a bug, and that it appears in the latest
version of Bash.
The latest version of Bash is always available for FTP from
-<a href="ftp://ftp.gnu.org/pub/gnu/bash/">ftp://ftp.gnu.org/pub/gnu/bash/</a>.
+<a href="ftp://ftp.gnu.org/pub/gnu/bash/">ftp://ftp.gnu.org/pub/gnu/bash/</a> and from
+<a href="http://git.savannah.gnu.org/cgit/bash.git/snapshot/bash-master.tar.gz">http://git.savannah.gnu.org/cgit/bash.git/snapshot/bash-master.tar.gz</a>.
</p>
<p>Once you have determined that a bug actually exists, use the
<code>bashbug</code> command to submit a bug report.
<a href="mailto:bug-bash@gnu.org">bug-bash@gnu.org</a>.
</p>
<hr>
-<span id="Major-Differences-From-The-Bourne-Shell"></span><div class="header">
+</div>
+<div class="appendix" id="Major-Differences-From-The-Bourne-Shell">
+<div class="header">
<p>
-Next: <a href="#GNU-Free-Documentation-License" accesskey="n" rel="next">GNU Free Documentation License</a>, Previous: <a href="#Reporting-Bugs" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Reporting Bugs</a>, Up: <a href="#Top" accesskey="u" rel="up">
Top</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Indexes" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+Next: <a href="#GNU-Free-Documentation-License" accesskey="n" rel="next">GNU Free Documentation License</a>, Previous: <a href="#Reporting-Bugs" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Reporting Bugs</a>, Up: <a href="#Top" accesskey="u" rel="up">
Bash Features</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Indexes" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<span id="Major-Differences-From-The-Bourne-Shell-1"></span><h2 class="appendix">Appendix B Major Differences From The Bourne Shell</h2>
value of the <code>HISTTIMEFORMAT</code> variable to display it.
</li><li> Bash implements <code>csh</code>-like history expansion
-(see <a href="#History-Interaction">History Interaction</a>).
+(see <a href="#History-Interaction">History Expansion</a>).
</li><li> Bash has one-dimensional array variables (see <a href="#Arrays">Arrays</a>), and the
appropriate variable expansions and assignment syntax to use them.
locale-specific translation of the characters between the double
quotes. The <samp>-D</samp>, <samp>--dump-strings</samp>, and <samp>--dump-po-strings</samp>
invocation options list the translatable strings found in a script
-(see <a href="#Locale-Translation">Locale Translation</a>).
+(see <a href="#Locale-Translation">Locale-Specific Translation</a>).
</li><li> Bash implements the <code>!</code> keyword to negate the return value of
a pipeline (see <a href="#Pipelines">Pipelines</a>).
(see <a href="#Shell-Parameter-Expansion">Shell Parameter Expansion</a>).
</li><li> The expansion
-<code>${var/[/]</code><var>pattern</var><code>[/</code><var>replacement</var><code>]}</code>,
+<code>${<var>var</var>/[/]</code><var>pattern</var><code>[/</code><var>replacement</var><code>]}</code>,
which matches <var>pattern</var> and replaces it with <var>replacement</var> in
-the value of <
code>var</code>, is available (see <a href="#Shell-Parameter-Expansion">Shell Parameter Expansion</a>).
+the value of <
var>var</var>, is available (see <a href="#Shell-Parameter-Expansion">Shell Parameter Expansion</a>).
</li><li> The expansion <code>${!<var>prefix</var>*}</code> expansion, which expands to
the names of all shell variables whose names begin with <var>prefix</var>,
is available (see <a href="#Shell-Parameter-Expansion">Shell Parameter Expansion</a>).
-</li><li> Bash has <var>indirect</var> variable expansion using <code>${!word}</code>
+</li><li> Bash has indirect variable expansion using <code>${!word}</code>
(see <a href="#Shell-Parameter-Expansion">Shell Parameter Expansion</a>).
</li><li> Bash can expand positional parameters beyond <code>$9</code> using
The Bourne shell uses only ‘<samp>!</samp>’.
</li><li> Bash implements the full set of <small>POSIX</small> filename expansion operators,
-including <var>character classes</var>, <var>equivalence classes</var>, and
-
<var>collating symbols</var> (see <a href="#Filename-Expansion">Filename Expansion</a>).
+including character classes, equivalence classes, and
+
collating symbols (see <a href="#Filename-Expansion">Filename Expansion</a>).
</li><li> Bash implements extended pattern matching features when the <code>extglob</code>
shell option is enabled (see <a href="#Pattern-Matching">Pattern Matching</a>).
</li><li> Bash functions are permitted to have local variables using the
<code>local</code> builtin, and thus useful recursive functions may be written
-(see <a href="#Bash-Builtins">Bash Builtins</a>).
+(see <a href="#Bash-Builtins">Bash Builtin Commands</a>).
</li><li> Variable assignments preceding commands affect only that command, even
builtins and functions (see <a href="#Environment">Environment</a>).
</li><li> Bash allows a function to override a builtin with the same name, and provides
access to that builtin’s functionality within the function via the
-<code>builtin</code> and <code>command</code> builtins (see <a href="#Bash-Builtins">Bash Builtins</a>).
+<code>builtin</code> and <code>command</code> builtins (see <a href="#Bash-Builtins">Bash Builtin Commands</a>).
</li><li> The <code>command</code> builtin allows selective disabling of functions
-when command lookup is performed (see <a href="#Bash-Builtins">Bash Builtins</a>).
+when command lookup is performed (see <a href="#Bash-Builtins">Bash Builtin Commands</a>).
</li><li> Individual builtins may be enabled or disabled using the <code>enable</code>
-builtin (see <a href="#Bash-Builtins">Bash Builtins</a>).
+builtin (see <a href="#Bash-Builtins">Bash Builtin Commands</a>).
</li><li> The Bash <code>exec</code> builtin takes additional options that allow users
to control the contents of the environment passed to the executed
(see <a href="#Bourne-Shell-Builtins">Bourne Shell Builtins</a>).
</li><li> Bash includes a <code>help</code> builtin for quick reference to shell
-facilities (see <a href="#Bash-Builtins">Bash Builtins</a>).
+facilities (see <a href="#Bash-Builtins">Bash Builtin Commands</a>).
</li><li> The <code>printf</code> builtin is available to display formatted output
-(see <a href="#Bash-Builtins">Bash Builtins</a>).
+(see <a href="#Bash-Builtins">Bash Builtin Commands</a>).
-</li><li> The Bash <code>read</code> builtin (see <a href="#Bash-Builtins">Bash Builtins</a>)
+</li><li> The Bash <code>read</code> builtin (see <a href="#Bash-Builtins">Bash Builtin Commands</a>)
will read a line ending in ‘<samp>\</samp>’ with
the <samp>-r</samp> option, and will use the <code>REPLY</code> variable as a
default if no non-option arguments are supplied.
</li><li> Bash includes the <code>caller</code> builtin, which displays the context of
any active subroutine call (a shell function or a script executed with
-the <code>.</code> or <code>source</code> builtins). This supports the bash
+the <code>.</code> or <code>source</code> builtins). This supports the Bash
debugger.
</li><li> The <code>trap</code> builtin (see <a href="#Bourne-Shell-Builtins">Bourne Shell Builtins</a>) allows a
<code>functrace</code> option has been enabled using the <code>shopt</code> builtin.
</p>
</li><li> The Bash <code>type</code> builtin is more extensive and gives more information
-about the names it finds (see <a href="#Bash-Builtins">Bash Builtins</a>).
+about the names it finds (see <a href="#Bash-Builtins">Bash Builtin Commands</a>).
</li><li> The Bash <code>umask</code> builtin permits a <samp>-p</samp> option to cause
the output to be displayed in the form of a <code>umask</code> command
<p>More features unique to Bash may be found in <a href="#Bash-Features">Bash Features</a>.
</p>
-<span id="Implementation-Differences-From-The-SVR4_002e2-Shell"></span><h3 class="appendixsec">B.1 Implementation Differences From The SVR4.2 Shell</h3>
+<ul class="section-toc">
+<li><a href="#Implementation-Differences-From-The-SVR4_002e2-Shell" accesskey="1">Implementation Differences From The SVR4.2 Shell</a></li>
+</ul>
+<div class="appendixsec" id="Implementation-Differences-From-The-SVR4_002e2-Shell">
+<h3 class="appendixsec">B.1 Implementation Differences From The SVR4.2 Shell</h3>
<p>Since Bash is a completely new implementation, it does not suffer from
many of the limitations of the SVR4.2 shell. For instance:
</li></ul>
<hr>
-<span id="GNU-Free-Documentation-License"></span><div class="header">
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="appendix" id="GNU-Free-Documentation-License">
+<div class="header">
<p>
-Next: <a href="#Indexes" accesskey="n" rel="next">Indexes</a>, Previous: <a href="#Major-Differences-From-The-Bourne-Shell" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Major Differences From The Bourne Shell</a>, Up: <a href="#Top" accesskey="u" rel="up">
Top</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Indexes" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+Next: <a href="#Indexes" accesskey="n" rel="next">Indexes</a>, Previous: <a href="#Major-Differences-From-The-Bourne-Shell" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Major Differences From The Bourne Shell</a>, Up: <a href="#Top" accesskey="u" rel="up">
Bash Features</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Indexes" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<span id="GNU-Free-Documentation-License-1"></span><h2 class="appendix">Appendix C GNU Free Documentation License</h2>
<hr>
-<span id="Indexes"></span><div class="header">
+</div>
+<div class="appendix" id="Indexes">
+<div class="header">
<p>
-Previous: <a href="#GNU-Free-Documentation-License" accesskey="p" rel="prev">GNU Free Documentation License</a>, Up: <a href="#Top" accesskey="u" rel="up">
Top</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Indexes" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+Previous: <a href="#GNU-Free-Documentation-License" accesskey="p" rel="prev">GNU Free Documentation License</a>, Up: <a href="#Top" accesskey="u" rel="up">
Bash Features</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Indexes" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<span id="Indexes-1"></span><h2 class="appendix">Appendix D Indexes</h2>
-<table class="menu" border="0" cellspacing="0">
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#Builtin-Index" rel="index" accesskey="1">Builtin Index</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Index of Bash builtin commands.
-</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#Reserved-Word-Index" rel="index" accesskey="2">Reserved Word Index</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Index of Bash reserved words.
-</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#Variable-Index" rel="index" accesskey="3">Variable Index</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Quick reference helps you find the
- variable you want.
-</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#Function-Index" rel="index" accesskey="4">Function Index</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Index of bindable Readline functions.
-</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#Concept-Index" rel="index" accesskey="5">Concept Index</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">General index for concepts described in
- this manual.
-</td></tr>
-</table>
+<ul class="section-toc">
+<li><a href="#Builtin-Index" accesskey="1">Index of Shell Builtin Commands</a></li>
+<li><a href="#Reserved-Word-Index" accesskey="2">Index of Shell Reserved Words</a></li>
+<li><a href="#Variable-Index" accesskey="3">Parameter and Variable Index</a></li>
+<li><a href="#Function-Index" accesskey="4">Function Index</a></li>
+<li><a href="#Concept-Index" accesskey="5">Concept Index</a></li>
+</ul>
<hr>
-<span id="Builtin-Index"></span><div class="header">
+<div class="appendixsec" id="Builtin-Index">
+<div class="header">
<p>
-Next: <a href="#Reserved-Word-Index" accesskey="n" rel="next">
Reserved Word Index</a>, Up: <a href="#Indexes" accesskey="u" rel="up">Indexes</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Indexes" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+Next: <a href="#Reserved-Word-Index" accesskey="n" rel="next">
Index of Shell Reserved Words</a>, Up: <a href="#Indexes" accesskey="u" rel="up">Indexes</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Indexes" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<span id="Index-of-Shell-Builtin-Commands"></span><h3 class="appendixsec">D.1 Index of Shell Builtin Commands</h3>
<table><tr><th valign="top">Jump to: </th><td><a class="summary-letter" href="#Builtin-Index_bt_symbol-1"><b>.</b></a>
</td></tr></table>
<hr>
-<span id="Reserved-Word-Index"></span><div class="header">
+</div>
+<div class="appendixsec" id="Reserved-Word-Index">
+<div class="header">
<p>
-Next: <a href="#Variable-Index" accesskey="n" rel="next">
Variable Index</a>, Previous: <a href="#Builtin-Index" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Builtin Index</a>, Up: <a href="#Indexes" accesskey="u" rel="up">Indexes</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Indexes" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+Next: <a href="#Variable-Index" accesskey="n" rel="next">
Parameter and Variable Index</a>, Previous: <a href="#Builtin-Index" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Index of Shell Builtin Commands</a>, Up: <a href="#Indexes" accesskey="u" rel="up">Indexes</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Indexes" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<span id="Index-of-Shell-Reserved-Words"></span><h3 class="appendixsec">D.2 Index of Shell Reserved Words</h3>
<table><tr><th valign="top">Jump to: </th><td><a class="summary-letter" href="#Reserved-Word-Index_rw_symbol-1"><b>!</b></a>
</td></tr></table>
<hr>
-<span id="Variable-Index"></span><div class="header">
+</div>
+<div class="appendixsec" id="Variable-Index">
+<div class="header">
<p>
-Next: <a href="#Function-Index" accesskey="n" rel="next">Function Index</a>, Previous: <a href="#Reserved-Word-Index" accesskey="p" rel="prev">
Reserved Word Index</a>, Up: <a href="#Indexes" accesskey="u" rel="up">Indexes</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Indexes" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+Next: <a href="#Function-Index" accesskey="n" rel="next">Function Index</a>, Previous: <a href="#Reserved-Word-Index" accesskey="p" rel="prev">
Index of Shell Reserved Words</a>, Up: <a href="#Indexes" accesskey="u" rel="up">Indexes</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Indexes" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<span id="Parameter-and-Variable-Index"></span><h3 class="appendixsec">D.3 Parameter and Variable Index</h3>
<table><tr><th valign="top">Jump to: </th><td><a class="summary-letter" href="#Variable-Index_vr_symbol-1"><b>!</b></a>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-editing_002dmode"><code>editing-mode</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Readline-Init-File-Syntax">Readline Init File Syntax</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-EMACS"><code>EMACS</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Bash-Variables">Bash Variables</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-emacs_002dmode_002dstring"><code>emacs-mode-string</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Readline-Init-File-Syntax">Readline Init File Syntax</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-enable_002dactive_002dregion"><code>enable-active-region</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Readline-Init-File-Syntax">Readline Init File Syntax</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-enable_002dbracketed_002dpaste"><code>enable-bracketed-paste</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Readline-Init-File-Syntax">Readline Init File Syntax</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-enable_002dkeypad"><code>enable-keypad</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Readline-Init-File-Syntax">Readline Init File Syntax</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-ENV"><code>ENV</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Bash-Variables">Bash Variables</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-keymap"><code>keymap</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Readline-Init-File-Syntax">Readline Init File Syntax</a></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr>
<tr><th id="Variable-Index_vr_letter-L">L</th><td></td><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-LANG"><code>LANG</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Bash-Variables">Bash Variables</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-LANG"><code>LANG</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Creating-Internationalized-Scripts">Creating Internationalized Scripts</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-LANG-1"><code>LANG</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Bash-Variables">Bash Variables</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-LC_005fALL"><code>LC_ALL</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Bash-Variables">Bash Variables</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-LC_005fCOLLATE"><code>LC_COLLATE</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Bash-Variables">Bash Variables</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-LC_005fCTYPE"><code>LC_CTYPE</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Bash-Variables">Bash Variables</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-LC_005fMESSAGES"><code>LC_MESSAGES</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Locale-Translation">Locale Translation</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-LC_005fMESSAGES"><code>LC_MESSAGES</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Creating-Internationalized-Scripts">Creating Internationalized Scripts</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-LC_005fMESSAGES-1"><code>LC_MESSAGES</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Bash-Variables">Bash Variables</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-LC_005fNUMERIC"><code>LC_NUMERIC</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Bash-Variables">Bash Variables</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-LC_005fTIME"><code>LC_TIME</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Bash-Variables">Bash Variables</a></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr>
<tr><th id="Variable-Index_vr_letter-R">R</th><td></td><td></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-RANDOM"><code>RANDOM</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Bash-Variables">Bash Variables</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-READLINE_005fARGUMENT"><code>READLINE_ARGUMENT</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Bash-Variables">Bash Variables</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-READLINE_005fLINE"><code>READLINE_LINE</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Bash-Variables">Bash Variables</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-READLINE_005fMARK"><code>READLINE_MARK</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Bash-Variables">Bash Variables</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-READLINE_005fPOINT"><code>READLINE_POINT</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Bash-Variables">Bash Variables</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-SRANDOM"><code>SRANDOM</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Bash-Variables">Bash Variables</a></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr>
<tr><th id="Variable-Index_vr_letter-T">T</th><td></td><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-TEXTDOMAIN"><code>TEXTDOMAIN</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Locale-Translation">Locale Translation</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-TEXTDOMAINDIR"><code>TEXTDOMAINDIR</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Locale-Translation">Locale Translation</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-TEXTDOMAIN"><code>TEXTDOMAIN</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Creating-Internationalized-Scripts">Creating Internationalized Scripts</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-TEXTDOMAINDIR"><code>TEXTDOMAINDIR</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Creating-Internationalized-Scripts">Creating Internationalized Scripts</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-TIMEFORMAT"><code>TIMEFORMAT</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Bash-Variables">Bash Variables</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-TMOUT"><code>TMOUT</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Bash-Variables">Bash Variables</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-TMPDIR"><code>TMPDIR</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Bash-Variables">Bash Variables</a></td></tr>
</td></tr></table>
<hr>
-<span id="Function-Index"></span><div class="header">
+</div>
+<div class="appendixsec" id="Function-Index">
+<div class="header">
<p>
-Next: <a href="#Concept-Index" accesskey="n" rel="next">Concept Index</a>, Previous: <a href="#Variable-Index" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Variable Index</a>, Up: <a href="#Indexes" accesskey="u" rel="up">Indexes</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Indexes" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+Next: <a href="#Concept-Index" accesskey="n" rel="next">Concept Index</a>, Previous: <a href="#Variable-Index" accesskey="p" rel="prev">
Parameter and Variable Index</a>, Up: <a href="#Indexes" accesskey="u" rel="up">Indexes</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Indexes" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<span id="Function-Index-1"></span><h3 class="appendixsec">D.4 Function Index</h3>
<table><tr><th valign="top">Jump to: </th><td><a class="summary-letter" href="#Function-Index_fn_letter-A"><b>A</b></a>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-exchange_002dpoint_002dand_002dmark-_0028C_002dx-C_002dx_0029"><code>exchange-point-and-mark (C-x C-x)</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Miscellaneous-Commands">Miscellaneous Commands</a></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr>
<tr><th id="Function-Index_fn_letter-F">F</th><td></td><td></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-fetch_002dhistory-_0028_0029"><code>fetch-history ()</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Commands-For-History">Commands For History</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-forward_002dbackward_002ddelete_002dchar-_0028_0029"><code>forward-backward-delete-char ()</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Commands-For-Text">Commands For Text</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-forward_002dchar-_0028C_002df_0029"><code>forward-char (C-f)</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Commands-For-Moving">Commands For Moving</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-forward_002dsearch_002dhistory-_0028C_002ds_0029"><code>forward-search-history (C-s)</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Commands-For-History">Commands For History</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-shell_002dkill_002dword-_0028M_002dC_002dd_0029"><code>shell-kill-word (M-C-d)</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Commands-For-Killing">Commands For Killing</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-shell_002dtranspose_002dwords-_0028M_002dC_002dt_0029"><code>shell-transpose-words (M-C-t)</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Commands-For-Killing">Commands For Killing</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-skip_002dcsi_002dsequence-_0028_0029"><code>skip-csi-sequence ()</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Miscellaneous-Commands">Miscellaneous Commands</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-spell_002dcorrect_002dword-_0028C_002dx-s_0029"><code>spell-correct-word (C-x s)</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Miscellaneous-Commands">Miscellaneous Commands</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-start_002dkbd_002dmacro-_0028C_002dx-_0028_0029"><code>start-kbd-macro (C-x ()</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Keyboard-Macros">Keyboard Macros</a></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr>
<tr><th id="Function-Index_fn_letter-T">T</th><td></td><td></td></tr>
</td></tr></table>
<hr>
-<span id="Concept-Index"></span><div class="header">
+</div>
+<div class="appendixsec" id="Concept-Index">
+<div class="header">
<p>
Previous: <a href="#Function-Index" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Function Index</a>, Up: <a href="#Indexes" accesskey="u" rel="up">Indexes</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Indexes" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-interactive-shell">interactive shell</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Invoking-Bash">Invoking Bash</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-interactive-shell-1">interactive shell</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Interactive-Shells">Interactive Shells</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-internationalization">internationalization</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Locale-Translation">Locale Translation</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-internationalized-scripts">internationalized scripts</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Creating-Internationalized-Scripts">Creating Internationalized Scripts</a></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr>
<tr><th id="Concept-Index_cp_letter-J">J</th><td></td><td></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-job">job</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Definitions">Definitions</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-special-builtin">special builtin</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Definitions">Definitions</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-special-builtin-1">special builtin</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Special-Builtins">Special Builtins</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-startup-files">startup files</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Bash-Startup-Files">Bash Startup Files</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-string-translations">string translations</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Creating-Internationalized-Scripts">Creating Internationalized Scripts</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-suspending-jobs">suspending jobs</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Job-Control-Basics">Job Control Basics</a></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr>
<tr><th id="Concept-Index_cp_letter-T">T</th><td></td><td></td></tr>
</td></tr></table>
-<hr>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
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-[23] [24] [25] [26] [27] [28] [29] [30] [31] [32] [33] [34] [35] [36] [37]
-[38] [39] [40] [41] [42] Chapter 4 [43]
+[9] [10] [11] [12] [13] [14] [15] [16] [17] [18] [19] [20] [21] [22] [23]
+[24] [25] [26] [27] [28] [29] [30] [31] [32] [33] [34] [35] [36] [37] [38]
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-[66] [67] [68] [69] [70] [71] Chapter 5 [72] [73] [74] [75] [76] [77] [78]
-[79] [80] [81] [82] [83] [84] Chapter 6 [85] [86] [87] [88] [89] [90] [91]
-[92] [93] [94] [95] [96] [97] [98] [99] [100] [101] [102] [103] [104] [105]
-Chapter 7 [106] [107] [108] [109]
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+[52] [53] [54] [55] [56] [57] [58] [59] [60] [61] [62] [63] [64] [65] [66]
+[67] [68] [69] [70] [71] [72] [73] [74] [75] Chapter 5 [76] [77] [78] [79]
+[80] [81] [82] [83] [84] [85] [86] [87] [88] Chapter 6 [89] [90] [91] [92]
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-Appendix C [166]
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userdict /end-hook known{end-hook}if
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-@numsecentry{Bash POSIX Mode}{6.11}{Bash POSIX Mode}{101}
-@numsecentry{Shell Compatibility Mode}{6.12}{Shell Compatibility Mode}{104}
-@numchapentry{Job Control}{7}{Job Control}{107}
-@numsecentry{Job Control Basics}{7.1}{Job Control Basics}{107}
-@numsecentry{Job Control Builtins}{7.2}{Job Control Builtins}{108}
-@numsecentry{Job Control Variables}{7.3}{Job Control Variables}{110}
-@numchapentry{Command Line Editing}{8}{Command Line Editing}{111}
-@numsecentry{Introduction to Line Editing}{8.1}{Introduction and Notation}{111}
-@numsecentry{Readline Interaction}{8.2}{Readline Interaction}{111}
-@numsubsecentry{Readline Bare Essentials}{8.2.1}{Readline Bare Essentials}{112}
-@numsubsecentry{Readline Movement Commands}{8.2.2}{Readline Movement Commands}{112}
-@numsubsecentry{Readline Killing Commands}{8.2.3}{Readline Killing Commands}{113}
-@numsubsecentry{Readline Arguments}{8.2.4}{Readline Arguments}{113}
-@numsubsecentry{Searching for Commands in the History}{8.2.5}{Searching}{113}
-@numsecentry{Readline Init File}{8.3}{Readline Init File}{114}
-@numsubsecentry{Readline Init File Syntax}{8.3.1}{Readline Init File Syntax}{114}
-@numsubsecentry{Conditional Init Constructs}{8.3.2}{Conditional Init Constructs}{122}
-@numsubsecentry{Sample Init File}{8.3.3}{Sample Init File}{124}
-@numsecentry{Bindable Readline Commands}{8.4}{Bindable Readline Commands}{127}
-@numsubsecentry{Commands For Moving}{8.4.1}{Commands For Moving}{127}
-@numsubsecentry{Commands For Manipulating The History}{8.4.2}{Commands For History}{128}
-@numsubsecentry{Commands For Changing Text}{8.4.3}{Commands For Text}{130}
-@numsubsecentry{Killing And Yanking}{8.4.4}{Commands For Killing}{131}
-@numsubsecentry{Specifying Numeric Arguments}{8.4.5}{Numeric Arguments}{132}
-@numsubsecentry{Letting Readline Type For You}{8.4.6}{Commands For Completion}{133}
-@numsubsecentry{Keyboard Macros}{8.4.7}{Keyboard Macros}{134}
-@numsubsecentry{Some Miscellaneous Commands}{8.4.8}{Miscellaneous Commands}{135}
-@numsecentry{Readline vi Mode}{8.5}{Readline vi Mode}{137}
-@numsecentry{Programmable Completion}{8.6}{Programmable Completion}{137}
-@numsecentry{Programmable Completion Builtins}{8.7}{Programmable Completion Builtins}{139}
-@numsecentry{A Programmable Completion Example}{8.8}{A Programmable Completion Example}{143}
-@numchapentry{Using History Interactively}{9}{Using History Interactively}{146}
-@numsecentry{Bash History Facilities}{9.1}{Bash History Facilities}{146}
-@numsecentry{Bash History Builtins}{9.2}{Bash History Builtins}{146}
-@numsecentry{History Expansion}{9.3}{History Interaction}{148}
-@numsubsecentry{Event Designators}{9.3.1}{Event Designators}{149}
-@numsubsecentry{Word Designators}{9.3.2}{Word Designators}{150}
-@numsubsecentry{Modifiers}{9.3.3}{Modifiers}{150}
-@numchapentry{Installing Bash}{10}{Installing Bash}{152}
-@numsecentry{Basic Installation}{10.1}{Basic Installation}{152}
-@numsecentry{Compilers and Options}{10.2}{Compilers and Options}{153}
-@numsecentry{Compiling For Multiple Architectures}{10.3}{Compiling For Multiple Architectures}{153}
-@numsecentry{Installation Names}{10.4}{Installation Names}{153}
-@numsecentry{Specifying the System Type}{10.5}{Specifying the System Type}{154}
-@numsecentry{Sharing Defaults}{10.6}{Sharing Defaults}{154}
-@numsecentry{Operation Controls}{10.7}{Operation Controls}{154}
-@numsecentry{Optional Features}{10.8}{Optional Features}{155}
-@appentry{Reporting Bugs}{A}{Reporting Bugs}{160}
-@appentry{Major Differences From The Bourne Shell}{B}{Major Differences From The Bourne Shell}{161}
-@appsecentry{Implementation Differences From The SVR4.2 Shell}{B.1}{}{165}
-@appentry{GNU Free Documentation License}{C}{GNU Free Documentation License}{167}
-@appentry{Indexes}{D}{Indexes}{175}
-@appsecentry{Index of Shell Builtin Commands}{D.1}{Builtin Index}{175}
-@appsecentry{Index of Shell Reserved Words}{D.2}{Reserved Word Index}{176}
-@appsecentry{Parameter and Variable Index}{D.3}{Variable Index}{177}
-@appsecentry{Function Index}{D.4}{Function Index}{179}
-@appsecentry{Concept Index}{D.5}{Concept Index}{181}
+@numsubsecentry{Comments}{3.1.3}{Comments}{9}
+@numsecentry{Shell Commands}{3.2}{Shell Commands}{9}
+@numsubsecentry{Reserved Words}{3.2.1}{Reserved Words}{9}
+@numsubsecentry{Simple Commands}{3.2.2}{Simple Commands}{9}
+@numsubsecentry{Pipelines}{3.2.3}{Pipelines}{10}
+@numsubsecentry{Lists of Commands}{3.2.4}{Lists}{10}
+@numsubsecentry{Compound Commands}{3.2.5}{Compound Commands}{11}
+@numsubsubsecentry{Looping Constructs}{3.2.5.1}{Looping Constructs}{11}
+@numsubsubsecentry{Conditional Constructs}{3.2.5.2}{Conditional Constructs}{12}
+@numsubsubsecentry{Grouping Commands}{3.2.5.3}{Command Grouping}{17}
+@numsubsecentry{Coprocesses}{3.2.6}{Coprocesses}{18}
+@numsubsecentry{GNU Parallel}{3.2.7}{GNU Parallel}{19}
+@numsecentry{Shell Functions}{3.3}{Shell Functions}{19}
+@numsecentry{Shell Parameters}{3.4}{Shell Parameters}{21}
+@numsubsecentry{Positional Parameters}{3.4.1}{Positional Parameters}{22}
+@numsubsecentry{Special Parameters}{3.4.2}{Special Parameters}{23}
+@numsecentry{Shell Expansions}{3.5}{Shell Expansions}{24}
+@numsubsecentry{Brace Expansion}{3.5.1}{Brace Expansion}{24}
+@numsubsecentry{Tilde Expansion}{3.5.2}{Tilde Expansion}{25}
+@numsubsecentry{Shell Parameter Expansion}{3.5.3}{Shell Parameter Expansion}{26}
+@numsubsecentry{Command Substitution}{3.5.4}{Command Substitution}{33}
+@numsubsecentry{Arithmetic Expansion}{3.5.5}{Arithmetic Expansion}{34}
+@numsubsecentry{Process Substitution}{3.5.6}{Process Substitution}{34}
+@numsubsecentry{Word Splitting}{3.5.7}{Word Splitting}{34}
+@numsubsecentry{Filename Expansion}{3.5.8}{Filename Expansion}{35}
+@numsubsubsecentry{Pattern Matching}{3.5.8.1}{Pattern Matching}{36}
+@numsubsecentry{Quote Removal}{3.5.9}{Quote Removal}{37}
+@numsecentry{Redirections}{3.6}{Redirections}{37}
+@numsubsecentry{Redirecting Input}{3.6.1}{}{39}
+@numsubsecentry{Redirecting Output}{3.6.2}{}{39}
+@numsubsecentry{Appending Redirected Output}{3.6.3}{}{39}
+@numsubsecentry{Redirecting Standard Output and Standard Error}{3.6.4}{}{39}
+@numsubsecentry{Appending Standard Output and Standard Error}{3.6.5}{}{39}
+@numsubsecentry{Here Documents}{3.6.6}{}{40}
+@numsubsecentry{Here Strings}{3.6.7}{}{40}
+@numsubsecentry{Duplicating File Descriptors}{3.6.8}{}{40}
+@numsubsecentry{Moving File Descriptors}{3.6.9}{}{41}
+@numsubsecentry{Opening File Descriptors for Reading and Writing}{3.6.10}{}{41}
+@numsecentry{Executing Commands}{3.7}{Executing Commands}{41}
+@numsubsecentry{Simple Command Expansion}{3.7.1}{Simple Command Expansion}{41}
+@numsubsecentry{Command Search and Execution}{3.7.2}{Command Search and Execution}{42}
+@numsubsecentry{Command Execution Environment}{3.7.3}{Command Execution Environment}{42}
+@numsubsecentry{Environment}{3.7.4}{Environment}{43}
+@numsubsecentry{Exit Status}{3.7.5}{Exit Status}{44}
+@numsubsecentry{Signals}{3.7.6}{Signals}{44}
+@numsecentry{Shell Scripts}{3.8}{Shell Scripts}{45}
+@numchapentry{Shell Builtin Commands}{4}{Shell Builtin Commands}{47}
+@numsecentry{Bourne Shell Builtins}{4.1}{Bourne Shell Builtins}{47}
+@numsecentry{Bash Builtin Commands}{4.2}{Bash Builtins}{54}
+@numsecentry{Modifying Shell Behavior}{4.3}{Modifying Shell Behavior}{66}
+@numsubsecentry{The Set Builtin}{4.3.1}{The Set Builtin}{66}
+@numsubsecentry{The Shopt Builtin}{4.3.2}{The Shopt Builtin}{70}
+@numsecentry{Special Builtins}{4.4}{Special Builtins}{76}
+@numchapentry{Shell Variables}{5}{Shell Variables}{77}
+@numsecentry{Bourne Shell Variables}{5.1}{Bourne Shell Variables}{77}
+@numsecentry{Bash Variables}{5.2}{Bash Variables}{77}
+@numchapentry{Bash Features}{6}{Bash Features}{90}
+@numsecentry{Invoking Bash}{6.1}{Invoking Bash}{90}
+@numsecentry{Bash Startup Files}{6.2}{Bash Startup Files}{92}
+@numsecentry{Interactive Shells}{6.3}{Interactive Shells}{93}
+@numsubsecentry{What is an Interactive Shell?}{6.3.1}{What is an Interactive Shell?}{94}
+@numsubsecentry{Is this Shell Interactive?}{6.3.2}{Is this Shell Interactive?}{94}
+@numsubsecentry{Interactive Shell Behavior}{6.3.3}{Interactive Shell Behavior}{94}
+@numsecentry{Bash Conditional Expressions}{6.4}{Bash Conditional Expressions}{95}
+@numsecentry{Shell Arithmetic}{6.5}{Shell Arithmetic}{97}
+@numsecentry{Aliases}{6.6}{Aliases}{99}
+@numsecentry{Arrays}{6.7}{Arrays}{99}
+@numsecentry{The Directory Stack}{6.8}{The Directory Stack}{101}
+@numsubsecentry{Directory Stack Builtins}{6.8.1}{Directory Stack Builtins}{101}
+@numsecentry{Controlling the Prompt}{6.9}{Controlling the Prompt}{103}
+@numsecentry{The Restricted Shell}{6.10}{The Restricted Shell}{104}
+@numsecentry{Bash POSIX Mode}{6.11}{Bash POSIX Mode}{105}
+@numsecentry{Shell Compatibility Mode}{6.12}{Shell Compatibility Mode}{108}
+@numchapentry{Job Control}{7}{Job Control}{111}
+@numsecentry{Job Control Basics}{7.1}{Job Control Basics}{111}
+@numsecentry{Job Control Builtins}{7.2}{Job Control Builtins}{112}
+@numsecentry{Job Control Variables}{7.3}{Job Control Variables}{114}
+@numchapentry{Command Line Editing}{8}{Command Line Editing}{115}
+@numsecentry{Introduction to Line Editing}{8.1}{Introduction and Notation}{115}
+@numsecentry{Readline Interaction}{8.2}{Readline Interaction}{115}
+@numsubsecentry{Readline Bare Essentials}{8.2.1}{Readline Bare Essentials}{116}
+@numsubsecentry{Readline Movement Commands}{8.2.2}{Readline Movement Commands}{116}
+@numsubsecentry{Readline Killing Commands}{8.2.3}{Readline Killing Commands}{117}
+@numsubsecentry{Readline Arguments}{8.2.4}{Readline Arguments}{117}
+@numsubsecentry{Searching for Commands in the History}{8.2.5}{Searching}{117}
+@numsecentry{Readline Init File}{8.3}{Readline Init File}{118}
+@numsubsecentry{Readline Init File Syntax}{8.3.1}{Readline Init File Syntax}{118}
+@numsubsecentry{Conditional Init Constructs}{8.3.2}{Conditional Init Constructs}{126}
+@numsubsecentry{Sample Init File}{8.3.3}{Sample Init File}{128}
+@numsecentry{Bindable Readline Commands}{8.4}{Bindable Readline Commands}{131}
+@numsubsecentry{Commands For Moving}{8.4.1}{Commands For Moving}{131}
+@numsubsecentry{Commands For Manipulating The History}{8.4.2}{Commands For History}{132}
+@numsubsecentry{Commands For Changing Text}{8.4.3}{Commands For Text}{134}
+@numsubsecentry{Killing And Yanking}{8.4.4}{Commands For Killing}{135}
+@numsubsecentry{Specifying Numeric Arguments}{8.4.5}{Numeric Arguments}{136}
+@numsubsecentry{Letting Readline Type For You}{8.4.6}{Commands For Completion}{137}
+@numsubsecentry{Keyboard Macros}{8.4.7}{Keyboard Macros}{138}
+@numsubsecentry{Some Miscellaneous Commands}{8.4.8}{Miscellaneous Commands}{139}
+@numsecentry{Readline vi Mode}{8.5}{Readline vi Mode}{141}
+@numsecentry{Programmable Completion}{8.6}{Programmable Completion}{141}
+@numsecentry{Programmable Completion Builtins}{8.7}{Programmable Completion Builtins}{144}
+@numsecentry{A Programmable Completion Example}{8.8}{A Programmable Completion Example}{148}
+@numchapentry{Using History Interactively}{9}{Using History Interactively}{150}
+@numsecentry{Bash History Facilities}{9.1}{Bash History Facilities}{150}
+@numsecentry{Bash History Builtins}{9.2}{Bash History Builtins}{150}
+@numsecentry{History Expansion}{9.3}{History Interaction}{152}
+@numsubsecentry{Event Designators}{9.3.1}{Event Designators}{153}
+@numsubsecentry{Word Designators}{9.3.2}{Word Designators}{154}
+@numsubsecentry{Modifiers}{9.3.3}{Modifiers}{154}
+@numchapentry{Installing Bash}{10}{Installing Bash}{156}
+@numsecentry{Basic Installation}{10.1}{Basic Installation}{156}
+@numsecentry{Compilers and Options}{10.2}{Compilers and Options}{157}
+@numsecentry{Compiling For Multiple Architectures}{10.3}{Compiling For Multiple Architectures}{157}
+@numsecentry{Installation Names}{10.4}{Installation Names}{158}
+@numsecentry{Specifying the System Type}{10.5}{Specifying the System Type}{158}
+@numsecentry{Sharing Defaults}{10.6}{Sharing Defaults}{158}
+@numsecentry{Operation Controls}{10.7}{Operation Controls}{159}
+@numsecentry{Optional Features}{10.8}{Optional Features}{159}
+@appentry{Reporting Bugs}{A}{Reporting Bugs}{164}
+@appentry{Major Differences From The Bourne Shell}{B}{Major Differences From The Bourne Shell}{165}
+@appsecentry{Implementation Differences From The SVR4.2 Shell}{B.1}{}{169}
+@appentry{GNU Free Documentation License}{C}{GNU Free Documentation License}{171}
+@appentry{Indexes}{D}{Indexes}{179}
+@appsecentry{Index of Shell Builtin Commands}{D.1}{Builtin Index}{179}
+@appsecentry{Index of Shell Reserved Words}{D.2}{Reserved Word Index}{180}
+@appsecentry{Parameter and Variable Index}{D.3}{Variable Index}{181}
+@appsecentry{Function Index}{D.4}{Function Index}{183}
+@appsecentry{Concept Index}{D.5}{Concept Index}{185}
-\entry{LC_MESSAGES}{7}{\code {LC_MESSAGES}}
-\entry{TEXTDOMAIN}{7}{\code {TEXTDOMAIN}}
-\entry{TEXTDOMAINDIR}{7}{\code {TEXTDOMAINDIR}}
-\entry{*}{22}{\code {*}}
-\entry{$*}{22}{\code {$*}}
-\entry{@}{22}{\code {@}}
-\entry{$@}{22}{\code {$@}}
-\entry{#}{22}{\code {#}}
-\entry{$#}{22}{\code {$#}}
-\entry{?}{22}{\code {?}}
-\entry{$?}{22}{\code {$?}}
-\entry{-}{22}{\code {-}}
-\entry{$-}{22}{\code {$-}}
-\entry{$}{22}{\code {$}}
-\entry{$$}{22}{\code {$$}}
-\entry{!}{22}{\code {!}}
-\entry{$!}{22}{\code {$!}}
-\entry{0}{22}{\code {0}}
-\entry{$0}{22}{\code {$0}}
-\entry{CDPATH}{73}{\code {CDPATH}}
-\entry{HOME}{73}{\code {HOME}}
-\entry{IFS}{73}{\code {IFS}}
-\entry{MAIL}{73}{\code {MAIL}}
-\entry{MAILPATH}{73}{\code {MAILPATH}}
-\entry{OPTARG}{73}{\code {OPTARG}}
-\entry{OPTIND}{73}{\code {OPTIND}}
-\entry{PATH}{73}{\code {PATH}}
-\entry{PS1}{73}{\code {PS1}}
-\entry{PS2}{73}{\code {PS2}}
-\entry{_}{73}{\code {_}}
-\entry{$_}{73}{\code {$_}}
-\entry{BASH}{74}{\code {BASH}}
-\entry{BASHOPTS}{74}{\code {BASHOPTS}}
-\entry{BASHPID}{74}{\code {BASHPID}}
-\entry{BASH_ALIASES}{74}{\code {BASH_ALIASES}}
-\entry{BASH_ARGC}{74}{\code {BASH_ARGC}}
-\entry{BASH_ARGV}{74}{\code {BASH_ARGV}}
-\entry{BASH_ARGV0}{75}{\code {BASH_ARGV0}}
-\entry{BASH_CMDS}{75}{\code {BASH_CMDS}}
-\entry{BASH_COMMAND}{75}{\code {BASH_COMMAND}}
-\entry{BASH_COMPAT}{75}{\code {BASH_COMPAT}}
-\entry{BASH_ENV}{75}{\code {BASH_ENV}}
-\entry{BASH_EXECUTION_STRING}{75}{\code {BASH_EXECUTION_STRING}}
-\entry{BASH_LINENO}{75}{\code {BASH_LINENO}}
-\entry{BASH_LOADABLES_PATH}{76}{\code {BASH_LOADABLES_PATH}}
-\entry{BASH_REMATCH}{76}{\code {BASH_REMATCH}}
-\entry{BASH_SOURCE}{76}{\code {BASH_SOURCE}}
-\entry{BASH_SUBSHELL}{76}{\code {BASH_SUBSHELL}}
-\entry{BASH_VERSINFO}{76}{\code {BASH_VERSINFO}}
-\entry{BASH_VERSION}{76}{\code {BASH_VERSION}}
-\entry{BASH_XTRACEFD}{76}{\code {BASH_XTRACEFD}}
-\entry{CHILD_MAX}{77}{\code {CHILD_MAX}}
-\entry{COLUMNS}{77}{\code {COLUMNS}}
-\entry{COMP_CWORD}{77}{\code {COMP_CWORD}}
-\entry{COMP_LINE}{77}{\code {COMP_LINE}}
-\entry{COMP_POINT}{77}{\code {COMP_POINT}}
-\entry{COMP_TYPE}{77}{\code {COMP_TYPE}}
-\entry{COMP_KEY}{77}{\code {COMP_KEY}}
-\entry{COMP_WORDBREAKS}{77}{\code {COMP_WORDBREAKS}}
-\entry{COMP_WORDS}{77}{\code {COMP_WORDS}}
-\entry{COMPREPLY}{78}{\code {COMPREPLY}}
-\entry{COPROC}{78}{\code {COPROC}}
-\entry{DIRSTACK}{78}{\code {DIRSTACK}}
-\entry{EMACS}{78}{\code {EMACS}}
-\entry{ENV}{78}{\code {ENV}}
-\entry{EPOCHREALTIME}{78}{\code {EPOCHREALTIME}}
-\entry{EPOCHSECONDS}{78}{\code {EPOCHSECONDS}}
-\entry{EUID}{78}{\code {EUID}}
-\entry{EXECIGNORE}{78}{\code {EXECIGNORE}}
-\entry{FCEDIT}{79}{\code {FCEDIT}}
-\entry{FIGNORE}{79}{\code {FIGNORE}}
-\entry{FUNCNAME}{79}{\code {FUNCNAME}}
-\entry{FUNCNEST}{79}{\code {FUNCNEST}}
-\entry{GLOBIGNORE}{79}{\code {GLOBIGNORE}}
-\entry{GROUPS}{79}{\code {GROUPS}}
-\entry{histchars}{79}{\code {histchars}}
-\entry{HISTCMD}{79}{\code {HISTCMD}}
-\entry{HISTCONTROL}{80}{\code {HISTCONTROL}}
-\entry{HISTFILE}{80}{\code {HISTFILE}}
-\entry{HISTFILESIZE}{80}{\code {HISTFILESIZE}}
-\entry{HISTIGNORE}{80}{\code {HISTIGNORE}}
-\entry{HISTSIZE}{80}{\code {HISTSIZE}}
-\entry{HISTTIMEFORMAT}{80}{\code {HISTTIMEFORMAT}}
-\entry{HOSTFILE}{81}{\code {HOSTFILE}}
-\entry{HOSTNAME}{81}{\code {HOSTNAME}}
-\entry{HOSTTYPE}{81}{\code {HOSTTYPE}}
-\entry{IGNOREEOF}{81}{\code {IGNOREEOF}}
-\entry{INPUTRC}{81}{\code {INPUTRC}}
-\entry{INSIDE_EMACS}{81}{\code {INSIDE_EMACS}}
-\entry{LANG}{81}{\code {LANG}}
-\entry{LC_ALL}{81}{\code {LC_ALL}}
-\entry{LC_COLLATE}{81}{\code {LC_COLLATE}}
-\entry{LC_CTYPE}{81}{\code {LC_CTYPE}}
-\entry{LC_MESSAGES}{81}{\code {LC_MESSAGES}}
-\entry{LC_NUMERIC}{82}{\code {LC_NUMERIC}}
-\entry{LC_TIME}{82}{\code {LC_TIME}}
-\entry{LINENO}{82}{\code {LINENO}}
-\entry{LINES}{82}{\code {LINES}}
-\entry{MACHTYPE}{82}{\code {MACHTYPE}}
-\entry{MAILCHECK}{82}{\code {MAILCHECK}}
-\entry{MAPFILE}{82}{\code {MAPFILE}}
-\entry{OLDPWD}{82}{\code {OLDPWD}}
-\entry{OPTERR}{82}{\code {OPTERR}}
-\entry{OSTYPE}{82}{\code {OSTYPE}}
-\entry{PIPESTATUS}{82}{\code {PIPESTATUS}}
-\entry{POSIXLY_CORRECT}{82}{\code {POSIXLY_CORRECT}}
-\entry{PPID}{82}{\code {PPID}}
-\entry{PROMPT_COMMAND}{82}{\code {PROMPT_COMMAND}}
-\entry{PROMPT_DIRTRIM}{83}{\code {PROMPT_DIRTRIM}}
-\entry{PS0}{83}{\code {PS0}}
-\entry{PS3}{83}{\code {PS3}}
-\entry{PS4}{83}{\code {PS4}}
-\entry{PWD}{83}{\code {PWD}}
-\entry{RANDOM}{83}{\code {RANDOM}}
-\entry{READLINE_LINE}{83}{\code {READLINE_LINE}}
-\entry{READLINE_MARK}{83}{\code {READLINE_MARK}}
-\entry{READLINE_POINT}{83}{\code {READLINE_POINT}}
-\entry{REPLY}{83}{\code {REPLY}}
-\entry{SECONDS}{83}{\code {SECONDS}}
-\entry{SHELL}{83}{\code {SHELL}}
-\entry{SHELLOPTS}{83}{\code {SHELLOPTS}}
-\entry{SHLVL}{84}{\code {SHLVL}}
-\entry{SRANDOM}{84}{\code {SRANDOM}}
-\entry{TIMEFORMAT}{84}{\code {TIMEFORMAT}}
-\entry{TMOUT}{84}{\code {TMOUT}}
-\entry{TMPDIR}{85}{\code {TMPDIR}}
-\entry{UID}{85}{\code {UID}}
-\entry{auto_resume}{110}{\code {auto_resume}}
-\entry{bell-style}{115}{\code {bell-style}}
-\entry{bind-tty-special-chars}{115}{\code {bind-tty-special-chars}}
-\entry{blink-matching-paren}{115}{\code {blink-matching-paren}}
-\entry{colored-completion-prefix}{115}{\code {colored-completion-prefix}}
-\entry{colored-stats}{115}{\code {colored-stats}}
-\entry{comment-begin}{115}{\code {comment-begin}}
-\entry{completion-display-width}{115}{\code {completion-display-width}}
-\entry{completion-ignore-case}{116}{\code {completion-ignore-case}}
-\entry{completion-map-case}{116}{\code {completion-map-case}}
-\entry{completion-prefix-display-length}{116}{\code {completion-prefix-display-length}}
-\entry{completion-query-items}{116}{\code {completion-query-items}}
-\entry{convert-meta}{116}{\code {convert-meta}}
-\entry{disable-completion}{116}{\code {disable-completion}}
-\entry{echo-control-characters}{116}{\code {echo-control-characters}}
-\entry{editing-mode}{116}{\code {editing-mode}}
-\entry{emacs-mode-string}{117}{\code {emacs-mode-string}}
-\entry{enable-bracketed-paste}{117}{\code {enable-bracketed-paste}}
-\entry{enable-keypad}{117}{\code {enable-keypad}}
-\entry{expand-tilde}{117}{\code {expand-tilde}}
-\entry{history-preserve-point}{117}{\code {history-preserve-point}}
-\entry{history-size}{117}{\code {history-size}}
-\entry{horizontal-scroll-mode}{117}{\code {horizontal-scroll-mode}}
-\entry{input-meta}{118}{\code {input-meta}}
-\entry{meta-flag}{118}{\code {meta-flag}}
-\entry{isearch-terminators}{118}{\code {isearch-terminators}}
-\entry{keymap}{118}{\code {keymap}}
-\entry{mark-modified-lines}{118}{\code {mark-modified-lines}}
-\entry{mark-symlinked-directories}{119}{\code {mark-symlinked-directories}}
-\entry{match-hidden-files}{119}{\code {match-hidden-files}}
-\entry{menu-complete-display-prefix}{119}{\code {menu-complete-display-prefix}}
-\entry{output-meta}{119}{\code {output-meta}}
-\entry{page-completions}{119}{\code {page-completions}}
-\entry{revert-all-at-newline}{119}{\code {revert-all-at-newline}}
-\entry{show-all-if-ambiguous}{119}{\code {show-all-if-ambiguous}}
-\entry{show-all-if-unmodified}{119}{\code {show-all-if-unmodified}}
-\entry{show-mode-in-prompt}{120}{\code {show-mode-in-prompt}}
-\entry{skip-completed-text}{120}{\code {skip-completed-text}}
-\entry{vi-cmd-mode-string}{120}{\code {vi-cmd-mode-string}}
-\entry{vi-ins-mode-string}{120}{\code {vi-ins-mode-string}}
-\entry{visible-stats}{120}{\code {visible-stats}}
+\entry{LANG}{8}{\code {LANG}}
+\entry{LC_MESSAGES}{8}{\code {LC_MESSAGES}}
+\entry{TEXTDOMAIN}{8}{\code {TEXTDOMAIN}}
+\entry{TEXTDOMAINDIR}{8}{\code {TEXTDOMAINDIR}}
+\entry{*}{23}{\code {*}}
+\entry{$*}{23}{\code {$*}}
+\entry{@}{23}{\code {@}}
+\entry{$@}{23}{\code {$@}}
+\entry{#}{23}{\code {#}}
+\entry{$#}{23}{\code {$#}}
+\entry{?}{23}{\code {?}}
+\entry{$?}{23}{\code {$?}}
+\entry{-}{23}{\code {-}}
+\entry{$-}{23}{\code {$-}}
+\entry{$}{23}{\code {$}}
+\entry{$$}{23}{\code {$$}}
+\entry{!}{23}{\code {!}}
+\entry{$!}{23}{\code {$!}}
+\entry{0}{23}{\code {0}}
+\entry{$0}{23}{\code {$0}}
+\entry{CDPATH}{77}{\code {CDPATH}}
+\entry{HOME}{77}{\code {HOME}}
+\entry{IFS}{77}{\code {IFS}}
+\entry{MAIL}{77}{\code {MAIL}}
+\entry{MAILPATH}{77}{\code {MAILPATH}}
+\entry{OPTARG}{77}{\code {OPTARG}}
+\entry{OPTIND}{77}{\code {OPTIND}}
+\entry{PATH}{77}{\code {PATH}}
+\entry{PS1}{77}{\code {PS1}}
+\entry{PS2}{77}{\code {PS2}}
+\entry{_}{77}{\code {_}}
+\entry{$_}{77}{\code {$_}}
+\entry{BASH}{78}{\code {BASH}}
+\entry{BASHOPTS}{78}{\code {BASHOPTS}}
+\entry{BASHPID}{78}{\code {BASHPID}}
+\entry{BASH_ALIASES}{78}{\code {BASH_ALIASES}}
+\entry{BASH_ARGC}{78}{\code {BASH_ARGC}}
+\entry{BASH_ARGV}{78}{\code {BASH_ARGV}}
+\entry{BASH_ARGV0}{79}{\code {BASH_ARGV0}}
+\entry{BASH_CMDS}{79}{\code {BASH_CMDS}}
+\entry{BASH_COMMAND}{79}{\code {BASH_COMMAND}}
+\entry{BASH_COMPAT}{79}{\code {BASH_COMPAT}}
+\entry{BASH_ENV}{79}{\code {BASH_ENV}}
+\entry{BASH_EXECUTION_STRING}{79}{\code {BASH_EXECUTION_STRING}}
+\entry{BASH_LINENO}{79}{\code {BASH_LINENO}}
+\entry{BASH_LOADABLES_PATH}{80}{\code {BASH_LOADABLES_PATH}}
+\entry{BASH_REMATCH}{80}{\code {BASH_REMATCH}}
+\entry{BASH_SOURCE}{80}{\code {BASH_SOURCE}}
+\entry{BASH_SUBSHELL}{80}{\code {BASH_SUBSHELL}}
+\entry{BASH_VERSINFO}{80}{\code {BASH_VERSINFO}}
+\entry{BASH_VERSION}{80}{\code {BASH_VERSION}}
+\entry{BASH_XTRACEFD}{80}{\code {BASH_XTRACEFD}}
+\entry{CHILD_MAX}{81}{\code {CHILD_MAX}}
+\entry{COLUMNS}{81}{\code {COLUMNS}}
+\entry{COMP_CWORD}{81}{\code {COMP_CWORD}}
+\entry{COMP_LINE}{81}{\code {COMP_LINE}}
+\entry{COMP_POINT}{81}{\code {COMP_POINT}}
+\entry{COMP_TYPE}{81}{\code {COMP_TYPE}}
+\entry{COMP_KEY}{81}{\code {COMP_KEY}}
+\entry{COMP_WORDBREAKS}{81}{\code {COMP_WORDBREAKS}}
+\entry{COMP_WORDS}{81}{\code {COMP_WORDS}}
+\entry{COMPREPLY}{82}{\code {COMPREPLY}}
+\entry{COPROC}{82}{\code {COPROC}}
+\entry{DIRSTACK}{82}{\code {DIRSTACK}}
+\entry{EMACS}{82}{\code {EMACS}}
+\entry{ENV}{82}{\code {ENV}}
+\entry{EPOCHREALTIME}{82}{\code {EPOCHREALTIME}}
+\entry{EPOCHSECONDS}{82}{\code {EPOCHSECONDS}}
+\entry{EUID}{82}{\code {EUID}}
+\entry{EXECIGNORE}{82}{\code {EXECIGNORE}}
+\entry{FCEDIT}{83}{\code {FCEDIT}}
+\entry{FIGNORE}{83}{\code {FIGNORE}}
+\entry{FUNCNAME}{83}{\code {FUNCNAME}}
+\entry{FUNCNEST}{83}{\code {FUNCNEST}}
+\entry{GLOBIGNORE}{83}{\code {GLOBIGNORE}}
+\entry{GROUPS}{83}{\code {GROUPS}}
+\entry{histchars}{83}{\code {histchars}}
+\entry{HISTCMD}{83}{\code {HISTCMD}}
+\entry{HISTCONTROL}{84}{\code {HISTCONTROL}}
+\entry{HISTFILE}{84}{\code {HISTFILE}}
+\entry{HISTFILESIZE}{84}{\code {HISTFILESIZE}}
+\entry{HISTIGNORE}{84}{\code {HISTIGNORE}}
+\entry{HISTSIZE}{84}{\code {HISTSIZE}}
+\entry{HISTTIMEFORMAT}{84}{\code {HISTTIMEFORMAT}}
+\entry{HOSTFILE}{85}{\code {HOSTFILE}}
+\entry{HOSTNAME}{85}{\code {HOSTNAME}}
+\entry{HOSTTYPE}{85}{\code {HOSTTYPE}}
+\entry{IGNOREEOF}{85}{\code {IGNOREEOF}}
+\entry{INPUTRC}{85}{\code {INPUTRC}}
+\entry{INSIDE_EMACS}{85}{\code {INSIDE_EMACS}}
+\entry{LANG}{85}{\code {LANG}}
+\entry{LC_ALL}{85}{\code {LC_ALL}}
+\entry{LC_COLLATE}{85}{\code {LC_COLLATE}}
+\entry{LC_CTYPE}{85}{\code {LC_CTYPE}}
+\entry{LC_MESSAGES}{85}{\code {LC_MESSAGES}}
+\entry{LC_NUMERIC}{86}{\code {LC_NUMERIC}}
+\entry{LC_TIME}{86}{\code {LC_TIME}}
+\entry{LINENO}{86}{\code {LINENO}}
+\entry{LINES}{86}{\code {LINES}}
+\entry{MACHTYPE}{86}{\code {MACHTYPE}}
+\entry{MAILCHECK}{86}{\code {MAILCHECK}}
+\entry{MAPFILE}{86}{\code {MAPFILE}}
+\entry{OLDPWD}{86}{\code {OLDPWD}}
+\entry{OPTERR}{86}{\code {OPTERR}}
+\entry{OSTYPE}{86}{\code {OSTYPE}}
+\entry{PIPESTATUS}{86}{\code {PIPESTATUS}}
+\entry{POSIXLY_CORRECT}{86}{\code {POSIXLY_CORRECT}}
+\entry{PPID}{86}{\code {PPID}}
+\entry{PROMPT_COMMAND}{86}{\code {PROMPT_COMMAND}}
+\entry{PROMPT_DIRTRIM}{87}{\code {PROMPT_DIRTRIM}}
+\entry{PS0}{87}{\code {PS0}}
+\entry{PS3}{87}{\code {PS3}}
+\entry{PS4}{87}{\code {PS4}}
+\entry{PWD}{87}{\code {PWD}}
+\entry{RANDOM}{87}{\code {RANDOM}}
+\entry{READLINE_ARGUMENT}{87}{\code {READLINE_ARGUMENT}}
+\entry{READLINE_LINE}{87}{\code {READLINE_LINE}}
+\entry{READLINE_MARK}{87}{\code {READLINE_MARK}}
+\entry{READLINE_POINT}{87}{\code {READLINE_POINT}}
+\entry{REPLY}{87}{\code {REPLY}}
+\entry{SECONDS}{87}{\code {SECONDS}}
+\entry{SHELL}{87}{\code {SHELL}}
+\entry{SHELLOPTS}{88}{\code {SHELLOPTS}}
+\entry{SHLVL}{88}{\code {SHLVL}}
+\entry{SRANDOM}{88}{\code {SRANDOM}}
+\entry{TIMEFORMAT}{88}{\code {TIMEFORMAT}}
+\entry{TMOUT}{88}{\code {TMOUT}}
+\entry{TMPDIR}{89}{\code {TMPDIR}}
+\entry{UID}{89}{\code {UID}}
+\entry{auto_resume}{114}{\code {auto_resume}}
+\entry{bell-style}{119}{\code {bell-style}}
+\entry{bind-tty-special-chars}{119}{\code {bind-tty-special-chars}}
+\entry{blink-matching-paren}{119}{\code {blink-matching-paren}}
+\entry{colored-completion-prefix}{119}{\code {colored-completion-prefix}}
+\entry{colored-stats}{119}{\code {colored-stats}}
+\entry{comment-begin}{119}{\code {comment-begin}}
+\entry{completion-display-width}{119}{\code {completion-display-width}}
+\entry{completion-ignore-case}{120}{\code {completion-ignore-case}}
+\entry{completion-map-case}{120}{\code {completion-map-case}}
+\entry{completion-prefix-display-length}{120}{\code {completion-prefix-display-length}}
+\entry{completion-query-items}{120}{\code {completion-query-items}}
+\entry{convert-meta}{120}{\code {convert-meta}}
+\entry{disable-completion}{120}{\code {disable-completion}}
+\entry{echo-control-characters}{120}{\code {echo-control-characters}}
+\entry{editing-mode}{120}{\code {editing-mode}}
+\entry{emacs-mode-string}{121}{\code {emacs-mode-string}}
+\entry{enable-active-region}{121}{\code {enable-active-region}}
+\entry{enable-bracketed-paste}{121}{\code {enable-bracketed-paste}}
+\entry{enable-keypad}{121}{\code {enable-keypad}}
+\entry{expand-tilde}{121}{\code {expand-tilde}}
+\entry{history-preserve-point}{121}{\code {history-preserve-point}}
+\entry{history-size}{122}{\code {history-size}}
+\entry{horizontal-scroll-mode}{122}{\code {horizontal-scroll-mode}}
+\entry{input-meta}{122}{\code {input-meta}}
+\entry{meta-flag}{122}{\code {meta-flag}}
+\entry{isearch-terminators}{122}{\code {isearch-terminators}}
+\entry{keymap}{122}{\code {keymap}}
+\entry{mark-modified-lines}{123}{\code {mark-modified-lines}}
+\entry{mark-symlinked-directories}{123}{\code {mark-symlinked-directories}}
+\entry{match-hidden-files}{123}{\code {match-hidden-files}}
+\entry{menu-complete-display-prefix}{123}{\code {menu-complete-display-prefix}}
+\entry{output-meta}{123}{\code {output-meta}}
+\entry{page-completions}{123}{\code {page-completions}}
+\entry{revert-all-at-newline}{123}{\code {revert-all-at-newline}}
+\entry{show-all-if-ambiguous}{124}{\code {show-all-if-ambiguous}}
+\entry{show-all-if-unmodified}{124}{\code {show-all-if-unmodified}}
+\entry{show-mode-in-prompt}{124}{\code {show-mode-in-prompt}}
+\entry{skip-completed-text}{124}{\code {skip-completed-text}}
+\entry{vi-cmd-mode-string}{124}{\code {vi-cmd-mode-string}}
+\entry{vi-ins-mode-string}{124}{\code {vi-ins-mode-string}}
+\entry{visible-stats}{125}{\code {visible-stats}}
\initial {!}
-\entry{\code {!}}{22}
+\entry{\code {!}}{23}
\initial {#}
-\entry{\code {#}}{22}
+\entry{\code {#}}{23}
\initial {$}
-\entry{\code {$}}{22}
-\entry{\code {$!}}{22}
-\entry{\code {$#}}{22}
-\entry{\code {$$}}{22}
-\entry{\code {$*}}{22}
-\entry{\code {$-}}{22}
-\entry{\code {$?}}{22}
-\entry{\code {$@}}{22}
-\entry{\code {$_}}{73}
-\entry{\code {$0}}{22}
+\entry{\code {$}}{23}
+\entry{\code {$!}}{23}
+\entry{\code {$#}}{23}
+\entry{\code {$$}}{23}
+\entry{\code {$*}}{23}
+\entry{\code {$-}}{23}
+\entry{\code {$?}}{23}
+\entry{\code {$@}}{23}
+\entry{\code {$_}}{77}
+\entry{\code {$0}}{23}
\initial {*}
-\entry{\code {*}}{22}
+\entry{\code {*}}{23}
\initial {-}
-\entry{\code {-}}{22}
+\entry{\code {-}}{23}
\initial {?}
-\entry{\code {?}}{22}
+\entry{\code {?}}{23}
\initial {@}
-\entry{\code {@}}{22}
+\entry{\code {@}}{23}
\initial {_}
-\entry{\code {_}}{73}
+\entry{\code {_}}{77}
\initial {0}
-\entry{\code {0}}{22}
+\entry{\code {0}}{23}
\initial {A}
-\entry{\code {auto_resume}}{110}
+\entry{\code {auto_resume}}{114}
\initial {B}
-\entry{\code {BASH}}{74}
-\entry{\code {BASH_ALIASES}}{74}
-\entry{\code {BASH_ARGC}}{74}
-\entry{\code {BASH_ARGV}}{74}
-\entry{\code {BASH_ARGV0}}{75}
-\entry{\code {BASH_CMDS}}{75}
-\entry{\code {BASH_COMMAND}}{75}
-\entry{\code {BASH_COMPAT}}{75}
-\entry{\code {BASH_ENV}}{75}
-\entry{\code {BASH_EXECUTION_STRING}}{75}
-\entry{\code {BASH_LINENO}}{75}
-\entry{\code {BASH_LOADABLES_PATH}}{76}
-\entry{\code {BASH_REMATCH}}{76}
-\entry{\code {BASH_SOURCE}}{76}
-\entry{\code {BASH_SUBSHELL}}{76}
-\entry{\code {BASH_VERSINFO}}{76}
-\entry{\code {BASH_VERSION}}{76}
-\entry{\code {BASH_XTRACEFD}}{76}
-\entry{\code {BASHOPTS}}{74}
-\entry{\code {BASHPID}}{74}
-\entry{\code {bell-style}}{115}
-\entry{\code {bind-tty-special-chars}}{115}
-\entry{\code {blink-matching-paren}}{115}
+\entry{\code {BASH}}{78}
+\entry{\code {BASH_ALIASES}}{78}
+\entry{\code {BASH_ARGC}}{78}
+\entry{\code {BASH_ARGV}}{78}
+\entry{\code {BASH_ARGV0}}{79}
+\entry{\code {BASH_CMDS}}{79}
+\entry{\code {BASH_COMMAND}}{79}
+\entry{\code {BASH_COMPAT}}{79}
+\entry{\code {BASH_ENV}}{79}
+\entry{\code {BASH_EXECUTION_STRING}}{79}
+\entry{\code {BASH_LINENO}}{79}
+\entry{\code {BASH_LOADABLES_PATH}}{80}
+\entry{\code {BASH_REMATCH}}{80}
+\entry{\code {BASH_SOURCE}}{80}
+\entry{\code {BASH_SUBSHELL}}{80}
+\entry{\code {BASH_VERSINFO}}{80}
+\entry{\code {BASH_VERSION}}{80}
+\entry{\code {BASH_XTRACEFD}}{80}
+\entry{\code {BASHOPTS}}{78}
+\entry{\code {BASHPID}}{78}
+\entry{\code {bell-style}}{119}
+\entry{\code {bind-tty-special-chars}}{119}
+\entry{\code {blink-matching-paren}}{119}
\initial {C}
-\entry{\code {CDPATH}}{73}
-\entry{\code {CHILD_MAX}}{77}
-\entry{\code {colored-completion-prefix}}{115}
-\entry{\code {colored-stats}}{115}
-\entry{\code {COLUMNS}}{77}
-\entry{\code {comment-begin}}{115}
-\entry{\code {COMP_CWORD}}{77}
-\entry{\code {COMP_KEY}}{77}
-\entry{\code {COMP_LINE}}{77}
-\entry{\code {COMP_POINT}}{77}
-\entry{\code {COMP_TYPE}}{77}
-\entry{\code {COMP_WORDBREAKS}}{77}
-\entry{\code {COMP_WORDS}}{77}
-\entry{\code {completion-display-width}}{115}
-\entry{\code {completion-ignore-case}}{116}
-\entry{\code {completion-map-case}}{116}
-\entry{\code {completion-prefix-display-length}}{116}
-\entry{\code {completion-query-items}}{116}
-\entry{\code {COMPREPLY}}{78}
-\entry{\code {convert-meta}}{116}
-\entry{\code {COPROC}}{78}
+\entry{\code {CDPATH}}{77}
+\entry{\code {CHILD_MAX}}{81}
+\entry{\code {colored-completion-prefix}}{119}
+\entry{\code {colored-stats}}{119}
+\entry{\code {COLUMNS}}{81}
+\entry{\code {comment-begin}}{119}
+\entry{\code {COMP_CWORD}}{81}
+\entry{\code {COMP_KEY}}{81}
+\entry{\code {COMP_LINE}}{81}
+\entry{\code {COMP_POINT}}{81}
+\entry{\code {COMP_TYPE}}{81}
+\entry{\code {COMP_WORDBREAKS}}{81}
+\entry{\code {COMP_WORDS}}{81}
+\entry{\code {completion-display-width}}{119}
+\entry{\code {completion-ignore-case}}{120}
+\entry{\code {completion-map-case}}{120}
+\entry{\code {completion-prefix-display-length}}{120}
+\entry{\code {completion-query-items}}{120}
+\entry{\code {COMPREPLY}}{82}
+\entry{\code {convert-meta}}{120}
+\entry{\code {COPROC}}{82}
\initial {D}
-\entry{\code {DIRSTACK}}{78}
-\entry{\code {disable-completion}}{116}
+\entry{\code {DIRSTACK}}{82}
+\entry{\code {disable-completion}}{120}
\initial {E}
-\entry{\code {echo-control-characters}}{116}
-\entry{\code {editing-mode}}{116}
-\entry{\code {emacs-mode-string}}{117}
-\entry{\code {EMACS}}{78}
-\entry{\code {enable-bracketed-paste}}{117}
-\entry{\code {enable-keypad}}{117}
-\entry{\code {ENV}}{78}
-\entry{\code {EPOCHREALTIME}}{78}
-\entry{\code {EPOCHSECONDS}}{78}
-\entry{\code {EUID}}{78}
-\entry{\code {EXECIGNORE}}{78}
-\entry{\code {expand-tilde}}{117}
+\entry{\code {echo-control-characters}}{120}
+\entry{\code {editing-mode}}{120}
+\entry{\code {emacs-mode-string}}{121}
+\entry{\code {EMACS}}{82}
+\entry{\code {enable-active-region}}{121}
+\entry{\code {enable-bracketed-paste}}{121}
+\entry{\code {enable-keypad}}{121}
+\entry{\code {ENV}}{82}
+\entry{\code {EPOCHREALTIME}}{82}
+\entry{\code {EPOCHSECONDS}}{82}
+\entry{\code {EUID}}{82}
+\entry{\code {EXECIGNORE}}{82}
+\entry{\code {expand-tilde}}{121}
\initial {F}
-\entry{\code {FCEDIT}}{79}
-\entry{\code {FIGNORE}}{79}
-\entry{\code {FUNCNAME}}{79}
-\entry{\code {FUNCNEST}}{79}
+\entry{\code {FCEDIT}}{83}
+\entry{\code {FIGNORE}}{83}
+\entry{\code {FUNCNAME}}{83}
+\entry{\code {FUNCNEST}}{83}
\initial {G}
-\entry{\code {GLOBIGNORE}}{79}
-\entry{\code {GROUPS}}{79}
+\entry{\code {GLOBIGNORE}}{83}
+\entry{\code {GROUPS}}{83}
\initial {H}
-\entry{\code {histchars}}{79}
-\entry{\code {HISTCMD}}{79}
-\entry{\code {HISTCONTROL}}{80}
-\entry{\code {HISTFILE}}{80}
-\entry{\code {HISTFILESIZE}}{80}
-\entry{\code {HISTIGNORE}}{80}
-\entry{\code {history-preserve-point}}{117}
-\entry{\code {history-size}}{117}
-\entry{\code {HISTSIZE}}{80}
-\entry{\code {HISTTIMEFORMAT}}{80}
-\entry{\code {HOME}}{73}
-\entry{\code {horizontal-scroll-mode}}{117}
-\entry{\code {HOSTFILE}}{81}
-\entry{\code {HOSTNAME}}{81}
-\entry{\code {HOSTTYPE}}{81}
+\entry{\code {histchars}}{83}
+\entry{\code {HISTCMD}}{83}
+\entry{\code {HISTCONTROL}}{84}
+\entry{\code {HISTFILE}}{84}
+\entry{\code {HISTFILESIZE}}{84}
+\entry{\code {HISTIGNORE}}{84}
+\entry{\code {history-preserve-point}}{121}
+\entry{\code {history-size}}{122}
+\entry{\code {HISTSIZE}}{84}
+\entry{\code {HISTTIMEFORMAT}}{84}
+\entry{\code {HOME}}{77}
+\entry{\code {horizontal-scroll-mode}}{122}
+\entry{\code {HOSTFILE}}{85}
+\entry{\code {HOSTNAME}}{85}
+\entry{\code {HOSTTYPE}}{85}
\initial {I}
-\entry{\code {IFS}}{73}
-\entry{\code {IGNOREEOF}}{81}
-\entry{\code {input-meta}}{118}
-\entry{\code {INPUTRC}}{81}
-\entry{\code {INSIDE_EMACS}}{81}
-\entry{\code {isearch-terminators}}{118}
+\entry{\code {IFS}}{77}
+\entry{\code {IGNOREEOF}}{85}
+\entry{\code {input-meta}}{122}
+\entry{\code {INPUTRC}}{85}
+\entry{\code {INSIDE_EMACS}}{85}
+\entry{\code {isearch-terminators}}{122}
\initial {K}
-\entry{\code {keymap}}{118}
+\entry{\code {keymap}}{122}
\initial {L}
-\entry{\code {LANG}}{81}
-\entry{\code {LC_ALL}}{81}
-\entry{\code {LC_COLLATE}}{81}
-\entry{\code {LC_CTYPE}}{81}
-\entry{\code {LC_MESSAGES}}{7, 81}
-\entry{\code {LC_NUMERIC}}{82}
-\entry{\code {LC_TIME}}{82}
-\entry{\code {LINENO}}{82}
-\entry{\code {LINES}}{82}
+\entry{\code {LANG}}{8, 85}
+\entry{\code {LC_ALL}}{85}
+\entry{\code {LC_COLLATE}}{85}
+\entry{\code {LC_CTYPE}}{85}
+\entry{\code {LC_MESSAGES}}{8, 85}
+\entry{\code {LC_NUMERIC}}{86}
+\entry{\code {LC_TIME}}{86}
+\entry{\code {LINENO}}{86}
+\entry{\code {LINES}}{86}
\initial {M}
-\entry{\code {MACHTYPE}}{82}
-\entry{\code {MAIL}}{73}
-\entry{\code {MAILCHECK}}{82}
-\entry{\code {MAILPATH}}{73}
-\entry{\code {MAPFILE}}{82}
-\entry{\code {mark-modified-lines}}{118}
-\entry{\code {mark-symlinked-directories}}{119}
-\entry{\code {match-hidden-files}}{119}
-\entry{\code {menu-complete-display-prefix}}{119}
-\entry{\code {meta-flag}}{118}
+\entry{\code {MACHTYPE}}{86}
+\entry{\code {MAIL}}{77}
+\entry{\code {MAILCHECK}}{86}
+\entry{\code {MAILPATH}}{77}
+\entry{\code {MAPFILE}}{86}
+\entry{\code {mark-modified-lines}}{123}
+\entry{\code {mark-symlinked-directories}}{123}
+\entry{\code {match-hidden-files}}{123}
+\entry{\code {menu-complete-display-prefix}}{123}
+\entry{\code {meta-flag}}{122}
\initial {O}
-\entry{\code {OLDPWD}}{82}
-\entry{\code {OPTARG}}{73}
-\entry{\code {OPTERR}}{82}
-\entry{\code {OPTIND}}{73}
-\entry{\code {OSTYPE}}{82}
-\entry{\code {output-meta}}{119}
+\entry{\code {OLDPWD}}{86}
+\entry{\code {OPTARG}}{77}
+\entry{\code {OPTERR}}{86}
+\entry{\code {OPTIND}}{77}
+\entry{\code {OSTYPE}}{86}
+\entry{\code {output-meta}}{123}
\initial {P}
-\entry{\code {page-completions}}{119}
-\entry{\code {PATH}}{73}
-\entry{\code {PIPESTATUS}}{82}
-\entry{\code {POSIXLY_CORRECT}}{82}
-\entry{\code {PPID}}{82}
-\entry{\code {PROMPT_COMMAND}}{82}
-\entry{\code {PROMPT_DIRTRIM}}{83}
-\entry{\code {PS0}}{83}
-\entry{\code {PS1}}{73}
-\entry{\code {PS2}}{73}
-\entry{\code {PS3}}{83}
-\entry{\code {PS4}}{83}
-\entry{\code {PWD}}{83}
+\entry{\code {page-completions}}{123}
+\entry{\code {PATH}}{77}
+\entry{\code {PIPESTATUS}}{86}
+\entry{\code {POSIXLY_CORRECT}}{86}
+\entry{\code {PPID}}{86}
+\entry{\code {PROMPT_COMMAND}}{86}
+\entry{\code {PROMPT_DIRTRIM}}{87}
+\entry{\code {PS0}}{87}
+\entry{\code {PS1}}{77}
+\entry{\code {PS2}}{77}
+\entry{\code {PS3}}{87}
+\entry{\code {PS4}}{87}
+\entry{\code {PWD}}{87}
\initial {R}
-\entry{\code {RANDOM}}{83}
-\entry{\code {READLINE_LINE}}{83}
-\entry{\code {READLINE_MARK}}{83}
-\entry{\code {READLINE_POINT}}{83}
-\entry{\code {REPLY}}{83}
-\entry{\code {revert-all-at-newline}}{119}
+\entry{\code {RANDOM}}{87}
+\entry{\code {READLINE_ARGUMENT}}{87}
+\entry{\code {READLINE_LINE}}{87}
+\entry{\code {READLINE_MARK}}{87}
+\entry{\code {READLINE_POINT}}{87}
+\entry{\code {REPLY}}{87}
+\entry{\code {revert-all-at-newline}}{123}
\initial {S}
-\entry{\code {SECONDS}}{83}
-\entry{\code {SHELL}}{83}
-\entry{\code {SHELLOPTS}}{83}
-\entry{\code {SHLVL}}{84}
-\entry{\code {show-all-if-ambiguous}}{119}
-\entry{\code {show-all-if-unmodified}}{119}
-\entry{\code {show-mode-in-prompt}}{120}
-\entry{\code {skip-completed-text}}{120}
-\entry{\code {SRANDOM}}{84}
+\entry{\code {SECONDS}}{87}
+\entry{\code {SHELL}}{87}
+\entry{\code {SHELLOPTS}}{88}
+\entry{\code {SHLVL}}{88}
+\entry{\code {show-all-if-ambiguous}}{124}
+\entry{\code {show-all-if-unmodified}}{124}
+\entry{\code {show-mode-in-prompt}}{124}
+\entry{\code {skip-completed-text}}{124}
+\entry{\code {SRANDOM}}{88}
\initial {T}
-\entry{\code {TEXTDOMAIN}}{7}
-\entry{\code {TEXTDOMAINDIR}}{7}
-\entry{\code {TIMEFORMAT}}{84}
-\entry{\code {TMOUT}}{84}
-\entry{\code {TMPDIR}}{85}
+\entry{\code {TEXTDOMAIN}}{8}
+\entry{\code {TEXTDOMAINDIR}}{8}
+\entry{\code {TIMEFORMAT}}{88}
+\entry{\code {TMOUT}}{88}
+\entry{\code {TMPDIR}}{89}
\initial {U}
-\entry{\code {UID}}{85}
+\entry{\code {UID}}{89}
\initial {V}
-\entry{\code {vi-cmd-mode-string}}{120}
-\entry{\code {vi-ins-mode-string}}{120}
-\entry{\code {visible-stats}}{120}
+\entry{\code {vi-cmd-mode-string}}{124}
+\entry{\code {vi-ins-mode-string}}{124}
+\entry{\code {visible-stats}}{125}
N\bNA\bAM\bME\bE
- bash, :, ., [, alias, bg, bind, break, builtin, caller, cd, command,
- compgen, complete, compopt, continue, declare, dirs, disown, echo, en-
- able, eval, exec, exit, export, false, fc, fg, getopts, hash, help,
- history, jobs, kill, let, local, logout, mapfile, popd, printf, pushd,
- pwd, read, readonly, return, set, shift, shopt, source, suspend, test,
+ :, ., [, alias, bg, bind, break, builtin, caller, cd, command, compgen,
+ complete, compopt, continue, declare, dirs, disown, echo, enable, eval,
+ exec, exit, export, false, fc, fg, getopts, hash, help, history, jobs,
+ kill, let, local, logout, mapfile, popd, printf, pushd, pwd, read,
+ readarray, readonly, return, set, shift, shopt, source, suspend, test,
times, trap, true, type, typeset, ulimit, umask, unalias, unset, wait -
bash built-in commands, see b\bba\bas\bsh\bh(1)
vironment and return the exit status of the last command exe-
cuted from _\bf_\bi_\bl_\be_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be. If _\bf_\bi_\bl_\be_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be does not contain a slash,
filenames in P\bPA\bAT\bTH\bH are used to find the directory containing
- _\bf_\bi_\bl_\be_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be. The file searched for in P\bPA\bAT\bTH\bH need not be executable.
- When b\bba\bas\bsh\bh is not in _\bp_\bo_\bs_\bi_\bx _\bm_\bo_\bd_\be, the current directory is
- searched if no file is found in P\bPA\bAT\bTH\bH. If the s\bso\bou\bur\brc\bce\bep\bpa\bat\bth\bh option
- to the s\bsh\bho\bop\bpt\bt builtin command is turned off, the P\bPA\bAT\bTH\bH is not
- searched. If any _\ba_\br_\bg_\bu_\bm_\be_\bn_\bt_\bs are supplied, they become the posi-
- tional parameters when _\bf_\bi_\bl_\be_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be is executed. Otherwise the po-
- sitional parameters are unchanged. If the -\b-T\bT option is enabled,
- s\bso\bou\bur\brc\bce\be inherits any trap on D\bDE\bEB\bBU\bUG\bG; if it is not, any D\bDE\bEB\bBU\bUG\bG trap
- string is saved and restored around the call to s\bso\bou\bur\brc\bce\be, and
- s\bso\bou\bur\brc\bce\be unsets the D\bDE\bEB\bBU\bUG\bG trap while it executes. If -\b-T\bT is not
- set, and the sourced file changes the D\bDE\bEB\bBU\bUG\bG trap, the new value
- is retained when s\bso\bou\bur\brc\bce\be completes. The return status is the
- status of the last command exited within the script (0 if no
- commands are executed), and false if _\bf_\bi_\bl_\be_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be is not found or
- cannot be read.
+ _\bf_\bi_\bl_\be_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be, but _\bf_\bi_\bl_\be_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be does not need to be executable. The file
+ searched for in P\bPA\bAT\bTH\bH need not be executable. When b\bba\bas\bsh\bh is not
+ in _\bp_\bo_\bs_\bi_\bx _\bm_\bo_\bd_\be, the current directory is searched if no file is
+ found in P\bPA\bAT\bTH\bH. If the s\bso\bou\bur\brc\bce\bep\bpa\bat\bth\bh option to the s\bsh\bho\bop\bpt\bt builtin
+ command is turned off, the P\bPA\bAT\bTH\bH is not searched. If any _\ba_\br_\bg_\bu_\b-
+ _\bm_\be_\bn_\bt_\bs are supplied, they become the positional parameters when
+ _\bf_\bi_\bl_\be_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be is executed. Otherwise the positional parameters are
+ unchanged. If the -\b-T\bT option is enabled, .\b. inherits any trap on
+ D\bDE\bEB\bBU\bUG\bG; if it is not, any D\bDE\bEB\bBU\bUG\bG trap string is saved and restored
+ around the call to .\b., and .\b. unsets the D\bDE\bEB\bBU\bUG\bG trap while it exe-
+ cutes. If -\b-T\bT is not set, and the sourced file changes the D\bDE\bEB\bBU\bUG\bG
+ trap, the new value is retained when .\b. completes. The return
+ status is the status of the last command exited within the
+ script (0 if no commands are executed), and false if _\bf_\bi_\bl_\be_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be is
+ not found or cannot be read.
a\bal\bli\bia\bas\bs [-\b-p\bp] [_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be[=_\bv_\ba_\bl_\bu_\be] ...]
A\bAl\bli\bia\bas\bs with no arguments or with the -\b-p\bp option prints the list of
b\bbi\bin\bnd\bd [-\b-m\bm _\bk_\be_\by_\bm_\ba_\bp] -\b-x\bx _\bk_\be_\by_\bs_\be_\bq:_\bs_\bh_\be_\bl_\bl_\b-_\bc_\bo_\bm_\bm_\ba_\bn_\bd
b\bbi\bin\bnd\bd [-\b-m\bm _\bk_\be_\by_\bm_\ba_\bp] _\bk_\be_\by_\bs_\be_\bq:_\bf_\bu_\bn_\bc_\bt_\bi_\bo_\bn_\b-_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be
b\bbi\bin\bnd\bd [-\b-m\bm _\bk_\be_\by_\bm_\ba_\bp] _\bk_\be_\by_\bs_\be_\bq:_\br_\be_\ba_\bd_\bl_\bi_\bn_\be_\b-_\bc_\bo_\bm_\bm_\ba_\bn_\bd
+ b\bbi\bin\bnd\bd _\br_\be_\ba_\bd_\bl_\bi_\bn_\be_\b-_\bc_\bo_\bm_\bm_\ba_\bn_\bd_\b-_\bl_\bi_\bn_\be
Display current r\bre\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be key and function bindings, bind a key
sequence to a r\bre\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be function or macro, or set a r\bre\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be
variable. Each non-option argument is a command as it would ap-
- pear in _\b._\bi_\bn_\bp_\bu_\bt_\br_\bc, but each binding or command must be passed as
- a separate argument; e.g., '"\C-x\C-r": re-read-init-file'. Op-
- tions, if supplied, have the following meanings:
+ pear in a r\bre\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be initialization file such as _\b._\bi_\bn_\bp_\bu_\bt_\br_\bc, but
+ each binding or command must be passed as a separate argument;
+ e.g., '"\C-x\C-r": re-read-init-file'. Options, if supplied,
+ have the following meanings:
-\b-m\bm _\bk_\be_\by_\bm_\ba_\bp
Use _\bk_\be_\by_\bm_\ba_\bp as the keymap to be affected by the subsequent
bindings. Acceptable _\bk_\be_\by_\bm_\ba_\bp names are _\be_\bm_\ba_\bc_\bs_\b, _\be_\bm_\ba_\bc_\bs_\b-_\bs_\bt_\ba_\bn_\b-
- _\bd_\ba_\br_\bd_\b, _\be_\bm_\ba_\bc_\bs_\b-_\bm_\be_\bt_\ba_\b, _\be_\bm_\ba_\bc_\bs_\b-_\bc_\bt_\bl_\bx_\b, _\bv_\bi_\b, _\bv_\bi_\b-_\bm_\bo_\bv_\be_\b, _\bv_\bi_\b-_\bc_\bo_\bm_\bm_\ba_\bn_\bd,
- and _\bv_\bi_\b-_\bi_\bn_\bs_\be_\br_\bt. _\bv_\bi is equivalent to _\bv_\bi_\b-_\bc_\bo_\bm_\bm_\ba_\bn_\bd (_\bv_\bi_\b-_\bm_\bo_\bv_\be
- is also a synonym); _\be_\bm_\ba_\bc_\bs is equivalent to _\be_\bm_\ba_\bc_\bs_\b-_\bs_\bt_\ba_\bn_\b-
+ _\bd_\ba_\br_\bd_\b, _\be_\bm_\ba_\bc_\bs_\b-_\bm_\be_\bt_\ba_\b, _\be_\bm_\ba_\bc_\bs_\b-_\bc_\bt_\bl_\bx_\b, _\bv_\bi_\b, _\bv_\bi_\b-_\bm_\bo_\bv_\be_\b, _\bv_\bi_\b-_\bc_\bo_\bm_\bm_\ba_\bn_\bd,
+ and _\bv_\bi_\b-_\bi_\bn_\bs_\be_\br_\bt. _\bv_\bi is equivalent to _\bv_\bi_\b-_\bc_\bo_\bm_\bm_\ba_\bn_\bd (_\bv_\bi_\b-_\bm_\bo_\bv_\be
+ is also a synonym); _\be_\bm_\ba_\bc_\bs is equivalent to _\be_\bm_\ba_\bc_\bs_\b-_\bs_\bt_\ba_\bn_\b-
_\bd_\ba_\br_\bd.
-\b-l\bl List the names of all r\bre\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be functions.
- -\b-p\bp Display r\bre\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be function names and bindings in such a
+ -\b-p\bp Display r\bre\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be function names and bindings in such a
way that they can be re-read.
-\b-P\bP List current r\bre\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be function names and bindings.
- -\b-s\bs Display r\bre\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be key sequences bound to macros and the
- strings they output in such a way that they can be re-
+ -\b-s\bs Display r\bre\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be key sequences bound to macros and the
+ strings they output in such a way that they can be re-
read.
- -\b-S\bS Display r\bre\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be key sequences bound to macros and the
+ -\b-S\bS Display r\bre\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be key sequences bound to macros and the
strings they output.
- -\b-v\bv Display r\bre\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be variable names and values in such a way
+ -\b-v\bv Display r\bre\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be variable names and values in such a way
that they can be re-read.
-\b-V\bV List current r\bre\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be variable names and values.
-\b-f\bf _\bf_\bi_\bl_\be_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be
Remove any current binding for _\bk_\be_\by_\bs_\be_\bq.
-\b-x\bx _\bk_\be_\by_\bs_\be_\bq:\b:_\bs_\bh_\be_\bl_\bl_\b-_\bc_\bo_\bm_\bm_\ba_\bn_\bd
Cause _\bs_\bh_\be_\bl_\bl_\b-_\bc_\bo_\bm_\bm_\ba_\bn_\bd to be executed whenever _\bk_\be_\by_\bs_\be_\bq is en-
- tered. When _\bs_\bh_\be_\bl_\bl_\b-_\bc_\bo_\bm_\bm_\ba_\bn_\bd is executed, the shell sets
- the R\bRE\bEA\bAD\bDL\bLI\bIN\bNE\bE_\b_L\bLI\bIN\bNE\bE variable to the contents of the r\bre\bea\bad\bd-\b-
+ tered. When _\bs_\bh_\be_\bl_\bl_\b-_\bc_\bo_\bm_\bm_\ba_\bn_\bd is executed, the shell sets
+ the R\bRE\bEA\bAD\bDL\bLI\bIN\bNE\bE_\b_L\bLI\bIN\bNE\bE variable to the contents of the r\bre\bea\bad\bd-\b-
l\bli\bin\bne\be line buffer and the R\bRE\bEA\bAD\bDL\bLI\bIN\bNE\bE_\b_P\bPO\bOI\bIN\bNT\bT and R\bRE\bEA\bAD\bDL\bLI\bIN\bNE\bE_\b_M\bMA\bAR\bRK\bK
- variables to the current location of the insertion point
- and the saved insertion point (the mark), respectively.
- If the executed command changes the value of any of R\bRE\bEA\bAD\bD-\b-
- L\bLI\bIN\bNE\bE_\b_L\bLI\bIN\bNE\bE, R\bRE\bEA\bAD\bDL\bLI\bIN\bNE\bE_\b_P\bPO\bOI\bIN\bNT\bT, or R\bRE\bEA\bAD\bDL\bLI\bIN\bNE\bE_\b_M\bMA\bAR\bRK\bK, those new
- values will be reflected in the editing state.
+ variables to the current location of the insertion point
+ and the saved insertion point (the mark), respectively.
+ The shell assigns any numeric argument the user supplied
+ to the R\bRE\bEA\bAD\bDL\bLI\bIN\bNE\bE_\b_A\bAR\bRG\bGU\bUM\bME\bEN\bNT\bT variable. If there was no argu-
+ ment, that variable is not set. If the executed command
+ changes the value of any of R\bRE\bEA\bAD\bDL\bLI\bIN\bNE\bE_\b_L\bLI\bIN\bNE\bE, R\bRE\bEA\bAD\bD-\b-
+ L\bLI\bIN\bNE\bE_\b_P\bPO\bOI\bIN\bNT\bT, or R\bRE\bEA\bAD\bDL\bLI\bIN\bNE\bE_\b_M\bMA\bAR\bRK\bK, those new values will be
+ reflected in the editing state.
-\b-X\bX List all key sequences bound to shell commands and the
associated commands in a format that can be reused as in-
put.
c\bcd\bd [-\b-L\bL|[-\b-P\bP [-\b-e\be]] [-@]] [_\bd_\bi_\br]
Change the current directory to _\bd_\bi_\br. if _\bd_\bi_\br is not supplied,
- the value of the H\bHO\bOM\bME\bE shell variable is the default. Any addi-
- tional arguments following _\bd_\bi_\br are ignored. The variable C\bCD\bDP\bPA\bAT\bTH\bH
- defines the search path for the directory containing _\bd_\bi_\br: each
- directory name in C\bCD\bDP\bPA\bAT\bTH\bH is searched for _\bd_\bi_\br. Alternative di-
- rectory names in C\bCD\bDP\bPA\bAT\bTH\bH are separated by a colon (:). A null
- directory name in C\bCD\bDP\bPA\bAT\bTH\bH is the same as the current directory,
- i.e., ``.\b.''. If _\bd_\bi_\br begins with a slash (/), then C\bCD\bDP\bPA\bAT\bTH\bH is not
- used. The -\b-P\bP option causes c\bcd\bd to use the physical directory
- structure by resolving symbolic links while traversing _\bd_\bi_\br and
- before processing instances of _\b._\b. in _\bd_\bi_\br (see also the -\b-P\bP option
- to the s\bse\bet\bt builtin command); the -\b-L\bL option forces symbolic links
- to be followed by resolving the link after processing instances
- of _\b._\b. in _\bd_\bi_\br. If _\b._\b. appears in _\bd_\bi_\br, it is processed by removing
- the immediately previous pathname component from _\bd_\bi_\br, back to a
- slash or the beginning of _\bd_\bi_\br. If the -\b-e\be option is supplied
- with -\b-P\bP, and the current working directory cannot be success-
- fully determined after a successful directory change, c\bcd\bd will
- return an unsuccessful status. On systems that support it, the
- -\b-@\b@ option presents the extended attributes associated with a
- file as a directory. An argument of -\b- is converted to $\b$O\bOL\bLD\bDP\bPW\bWD\bD
- before the directory change is attempted. If a non-empty direc-
- tory name from C\bCD\bDP\bPA\bAT\bTH\bH is used, or if -\b- is the first argument,
- and the directory change is successful, the absolute pathname of
- the new working directory is written to the standard output.
- The return value is true if the directory was successfully
- changed; false otherwise.
+ the value of the H\bHO\bOM\bME\bE shell variable is the default. The vari-
+ able C\bCD\bDP\bPA\bAT\bTH\bH defines the search path for the directory containing
+ _\bd_\bi_\br: each directory name in C\bCD\bDP\bPA\bAT\bTH\bH is searched for _\bd_\bi_\br. Alter-
+ native directory names in C\bCD\bDP\bPA\bAT\bTH\bH are separated by a colon (:).
+ A null directory name in C\bCD\bDP\bPA\bAT\bTH\bH is the same as the current di-
+ rectory, i.e., ``.\b.''. If _\bd_\bi_\br begins with a slash (/), then C\bCD\bD-\b-
+ P\bPA\bAT\bTH\bH is not used. The -\b-P\bP option causes c\bcd\bd to use the physical
+ directory structure by resolving symbolic links while traversing
+ _\bd_\bi_\br and before processing instances of _\b._\b. in _\bd_\bi_\br (see also the
+ -\b-P\bP option to the s\bse\bet\bt builtin command); the -\b-L\bL option forces sym-
+ bolic links to be followed by resolving the link after process-
+ ing instances of _\b._\b. in _\bd_\bi_\br. If _\b._\b. appears in _\bd_\bi_\br, it is pro-
+ cessed by removing the immediately previous pathname component
+ from _\bd_\bi_\br, back to a slash or the beginning of _\bd_\bi_\br. If the -\b-e\be
+ option is supplied with -\b-P\bP, and the current working directory
+ cannot be successfully determined after a successful directory
+ change, c\bcd\bd will return an unsuccessful status. On systems that
+ support it, the -\b-@\b@ option presents the extended attributes asso-
+ ciated with a file as a directory. An argument of -\b- is con-
+ verted to $\b$O\bOL\bLD\bDP\bPW\bWD\bD before the directory change is attempted. If
+ a non-empty directory name from C\bCD\bDP\bPA\bAT\bTH\bH is used, or if -\b- is the
+ first argument, and the directory change is successful, the ab-
+ solute pathname of the new working directory is written to the
+ standard output. If the directory change is successful, c\bcd\bd sets
+ the value of the P\bPW\bWD\bD environment variable to the new directory
+ name, and sets the O\bOL\bLD\bDP\bPW\bWD\bD environment variable to the value of
+ the current working directory before the change. The return
+ value is true if the directory was successfully changed; false
+ otherwise.
c\bco\bom\bmm\bma\ban\bnd\bd [-\b-p\bpV\bVv\bv] _\bc_\bo_\bm_\bm_\ba_\bn_\bd [_\ba_\br_\bg ...]
- Run _\bc_\bo_\bm_\bm_\ba_\bn_\bd with _\ba_\br_\bg_\bs suppressing the normal shell function
+ Run _\bc_\bo_\bm_\bm_\ba_\bn_\bd with _\ba_\br_\bg_\bs suppressing the normal shell function
lookup. Only builtin commands or commands found in the P\bPA\bAT\bTH\bH are
- executed. If the -\b-p\bp option is given, the search for _\bc_\bo_\bm_\bm_\ba_\bn_\bd is
- performed using a default value for P\bPA\bAT\bTH\bH that is guaranteed to
- find all of the standard utilities. If either the -\b-V\bV or -\b-v\bv op-
- tion is supplied, a description of _\bc_\bo_\bm_\bm_\ba_\bn_\bd is printed. The -\b-v\bv
- option causes a single word indicating the command or filename
+ executed. If the -\b-p\bp option is given, the search for _\bc_\bo_\bm_\bm_\ba_\bn_\bd is
+ performed using a default value for P\bPA\bAT\bTH\bH that is guaranteed to
+ find all of the standard utilities. If either the -\b-V\bV or -\b-v\bv op-
+ tion is supplied, a description of _\bc_\bo_\bm_\bm_\ba_\bn_\bd is printed. The -\b-v\bv
+ option causes a single word indicating the command or filename
used to invoke _\bc_\bo_\bm_\bm_\ba_\bn_\bd to be displayed; the -\b-V\bV option produces a
- more verbose description. If the -\b-V\bV or -\b-v\bv option is supplied,
- the exit status is 0 if _\bc_\bo_\bm_\bm_\ba_\bn_\bd was found, and 1 if not. If
+ more verbose description. If the -\b-V\bV or -\b-v\bv option is supplied,
+ the exit status is 0 if _\bc_\bo_\bm_\bm_\ba_\bn_\bd was found, and 1 if not. If
neither option is supplied and an error occurred or _\bc_\bo_\bm_\bm_\ba_\bn_\bd can-
- not be found, the exit status is 127. Otherwise, the exit sta-
+ not be found, the exit status is 127. Otherwise, the exit sta-
tus of the c\bco\bom\bmm\bma\ban\bnd\bd builtin is the exit status of _\bc_\bo_\bm_\bm_\ba_\bn_\bd.
c\bco\bom\bmp\bpg\bge\ben\bn [_\bo_\bp_\bt_\bi_\bo_\bn] [_\bw_\bo_\br_\bd]
- Generate possible completion matches for _\bw_\bo_\br_\bd according to the
- _\bo_\bp_\bt_\bi_\bo_\bns, which may be any option accepted by the c\bco\bom\bmp\bpl\ble\bet\bte\be
- builtin with the exception of -\b-p\bp and -\b-r\br, and write the matches
- to the standard output. When using the -\b-F\bF or -\b-C\bC options, the
- various shell variables set by the programmable completion fa-
+ Generate possible completion matches for _\bw_\bo_\br_\bd according to the
+ _\bo_\bp_\bt_\bi_\bo_\bns, which may be any option accepted by the c\bco\bom\bmp\bpl\ble\bet\bte\be
+ builtin with the exception of -\b-p\bp and -\b-r\br, and write the matches
+ to the standard output. When using the -\b-F\bF or -\b-C\bC options, the
+ various shell variables set by the programmable completion fa-
cilities, while available, will not have useful values.
The matches will be generated in the same way as if the program-
mable completion code had generated them directly from a comple-
- tion specification with the same flags. If _\bw_\bo_\br_\bd is specified,
+ tion specification with the same flags. If _\bw_\bo_\br_\bd is specified,
only those completions matching _\bw_\bo_\br_\bd will be displayed.
- The return value is true unless an invalid option is supplied,
+ The return value is true unless an invalid option is supplied,
or no matches were generated.
- c\bco\bom\bmp\bpl\ble\bet\bte\be [-\b-a\bab\bbc\bcd\bde\bef\bfg\bgj\bjk\bks\bsu\buv\bv] [-\b-o\bo _\bc_\bo_\bm_\bp_\b-_\bo_\bp_\bt_\bi_\bo_\bn] [-\b-D\bDE\bEI\bI] [-\b-A\bA _\ba_\bc_\bt_\bi_\bo_\bn] [-\b-G\bG _\bg_\bl_\bo_\bb_\b-
+ c\bco\bom\bmp\bpl\ble\bet\bte\be [-\b-a\bab\bbc\bcd\bde\bef\bfg\bgj\bjk\bks\bsu\buv\bv] [-\b-o\bo _\bc_\bo_\bm_\bp_\b-_\bo_\bp_\bt_\bi_\bo_\bn] [-\b-D\bDE\bEI\bI] [-\b-A\bA _\ba_\bc_\bt_\bi_\bo_\bn] [-\b-G\bG _\bg_\bl_\bo_\bb_\b-
_\bp_\ba_\bt] [-\b-W\bW _\bw_\bo_\br_\bd_\bl_\bi_\bs_\bt]
- [-\b-F\bF _\bf_\bu_\bn_\bc_\bt_\bi_\bo_\bn] [-\b-C\bC _\bc_\bo_\bm_\bm_\ba_\bn_\bd] [-\b-X\bX _\bf_\bi_\bl_\bt_\be_\br_\bp_\ba_\bt] [-\b-P\bP _\bp_\br_\be_\bf_\bi_\bx] [-\b-S\bS _\bs_\bu_\bf_\b-
+ [-\b-F\bF _\bf_\bu_\bn_\bc_\bt_\bi_\bo_\bn] [-\b-C\bC _\bc_\bo_\bm_\bm_\ba_\bn_\bd] [-\b-X\bX _\bf_\bi_\bl_\bt_\be_\br_\bp_\ba_\bt] [-\b-P\bP _\bp_\br_\be_\bf_\bi_\bx] [-\b-S\bS _\bs_\bu_\bf_\b-
_\bf_\bi_\bx] _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be [_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be _\b._\b._\b.]
c\bco\bom\bmp\bpl\ble\bet\bte\be -\b-p\bpr\br [-\b-D\bDE\bEI\bI] [_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be ...]
- Specify how arguments to each _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be should be completed. If the
- -\b-p\bp option is supplied, or if no options are supplied, existing
- completion specifications are printed in a way that allows them
+ Specify how arguments to each _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be should be completed. If the
+ -\b-p\bp option is supplied, or if no options are supplied, existing
+ completion specifications are printed in a way that allows them
to be reused as input. The -\b-r\br option removes a completion spec-
- ification for each _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be, or, if no _\bn_\ba_\bm_\bes are supplied, all com-
+ ification for each _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be, or, if no _\bn_\ba_\bm_\bes are supplied, all com-
pletion specifications. The -\b-D\bD option indicates that other sup-
- plied options and actions should apply to the ``default'' com-
- mand completion; that is, completion attempted on a command for
- which no completion has previously been defined. The -\b-E\bE option
- indicates that other supplied options and actions should apply
- to ``empty'' command completion; that is, completion attempted
- on a blank line. The -\b-I\bI option indicates that other supplied
- options and actions should apply to completion on the initial
- non-assignment word on the line, or after a command delimiter
- such as ;\b; or |\b|, which is usually command name completion. If
- multiple options are supplied, the -\b-D\bD option takes precedence
+ plied options and actions should apply to the ``default'' com-
+ mand completion; that is, completion attempted on a command for
+ which no completion has previously been defined. The -\b-E\bE option
+ indicates that other supplied options and actions should apply
+ to ``empty'' command completion; that is, completion attempted
+ on a blank line. The -\b-I\bI option indicates that other supplied
+ options and actions should apply to completion on the initial
+ non-assignment word on the line, or after a command delimiter
+ such as ;\b; or |\b|, which is usually command name completion. If
+ multiple options are supplied, the -\b-D\bD option takes precedence
over -\b-E\bE, and both take precedence over -\b-I\bI. If any of -\b-D\bD, -\b-E\bE, or
- -\b-I\bI are supplied, any other _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be arguments are ignored; these
+ -\b-I\bI are supplied, any other _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be arguments are ignored; these
completions only apply to the case specified by the option.
- The process of applying these completion specifications when
- word completion is attempted is described above under P\bPr\bro\bog\bgr\bra\bam\bm-\b-
+ The process of applying these completion specifications when
+ word completion is attempted is described above under P\bPr\bro\bog\bgr\bra\bam\bm-\b-
m\bma\bab\bbl\ble\be C\bCo\bom\bmp\bpl\ble\bet\bti\bio\bon\bn.
- Other options, if specified, have the following meanings. The
- arguments to the -\b-G\bG, -\b-W\bW, and -\b-X\bX options (and, if necessary, the
- -\b-P\bP and -\b-S\bS options) should be quoted to protect them from expan-
+ Other options, if specified, have the following meanings. The
+ arguments to the -\b-G\bG, -\b-W\bW, and -\b-X\bX options (and, if necessary, the
+ -\b-P\bP and -\b-S\bS options) should be quoted to protect them from expan-
sion before the c\bco\bom\bmp\bpl\ble\bet\bte\be builtin is invoked.
-\b-o\bo _\bc_\bo_\bm_\bp_\b-_\bo_\bp_\bt_\bi_\bo_\bn
- The _\bc_\bo_\bm_\bp_\b-_\bo_\bp_\bt_\bi_\bo_\bn controls several aspects of the comp-
- spec's behavior beyond the simple generation of comple-
+ The _\bc_\bo_\bm_\bp_\b-_\bo_\bp_\bt_\bi_\bo_\bn controls several aspects of the comp-
+ spec's behavior beyond the simple generation of comple-
tions. _\bc_\bo_\bm_\bp_\b-_\bo_\bp_\bt_\bi_\bo_\bn may be one of:
b\bba\bas\bsh\bhd\bde\bef\bfa\bau\bul\blt\bt
Perform the rest of the default b\bba\bas\bsh\bh completions
if the compspec generates no matches.
- d\bde\bef\bfa\bau\bul\blt\bt Use readline's default filename completion if
+ d\bde\bef\bfa\bau\bul\blt\bt Use readline's default filename completion if
the compspec generates no matches.
d\bdi\bir\brn\bna\bam\bme\bes\bs
- Perform directory name completion if the comp-
+ Perform directory name completion if the comp-
spec generates no matches.
f\bfi\bil\ble\ben\bna\bam\bme\bes\bs
- Tell readline that the compspec generates file-
- names, so it can perform any filename-specific
- processing (like adding a slash to directory
- names, quoting special characters, or suppress-
- ing trailing spaces). Intended to be used with
+ Tell readline that the compspec generates file-
+ names, so it can perform any filename-specific
+ processing (like adding a slash to directory
+ names, quoting special characters, or suppress-
+ ing trailing spaces). Intended to be used with
shell functions.
- n\bno\boq\bqu\buo\bot\bte\be Tell readline not to quote the completed words
- if they are filenames (quoting filenames is the
+ n\bno\boq\bqu\buo\bot\bte\be Tell readline not to quote the completed words
+ if they are filenames (quoting filenames is the
default).
- n\bno\bos\bso\bor\brt\bt Tell readline not to sort the list of possible
+ n\bno\bos\bso\bor\brt\bt Tell readline not to sort the list of possible
completions alphabetically.
- n\bno\bos\bsp\bpa\bac\bce\be Tell readline not to append a space (the de-
- fault) to words completed at the end of the
+ n\bno\bos\bsp\bpa\bac\bce\be Tell readline not to append a space (the de-
+ fault) to words completed at the end of the
line.
p\bpl\blu\bus\bsd\bdi\bir\brs\bs
- After any matches defined by the compspec are
+ After any matches defined by the compspec are
generated, directory name completion is at-
tempted and any matches are added to the results
of the other actions.
-\b-A\bA _\ba_\bc_\bt_\bi_\bo_\bn
- The _\ba_\bc_\bt_\bi_\bo_\bn may be one of the following to generate a
+ The _\ba_\bc_\bt_\bi_\bo_\bn may be one of the following to generate a
list of possible completions:
a\bal\bli\bia\bas\bs Alias names. May also be specified as -\b-a\ba.
a\bar\brr\bra\bay\byv\bva\bar\br
Array variable names.
b\bbi\bin\bnd\bdi\bin\bng\bg R\bRe\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be key binding names.
- b\bbu\bui\bil\blt\bti\bin\bn Names of shell builtin commands. May also be
+ b\bbu\bui\bil\blt\bti\bin\bn Names of shell builtin commands. May also be
specified as -\b-b\bb.
c\bco\bom\bmm\bma\ban\bnd\bd Command names. May also be specified as -\b-c\bc.
d\bdi\bir\bre\bec\bct\bto\bor\bry\by
d\bdi\bis\bsa\bab\bbl\ble\bed\bd
Names of disabled shell builtins.
e\ben\bna\bab\bbl\ble\bed\bd Names of enabled shell builtins.
- e\bex\bxp\bpo\bor\brt\bt Names of exported shell variables. May also be
+ e\bex\bxp\bpo\bor\brt\bt Names of exported shell variables. May also be
specified as -\b-e\be.
f\bfi\bil\ble\be File names. May also be specified as -\b-f\bf.
f\bfu\bun\bnc\bct\bti\bio\bon\bn
h\bhe\bel\blp\bpt\bto\bop\bpi\bic\bc
Help topics as accepted by the h\bhe\bel\blp\bp builtin.
h\bho\bos\bst\btn\bna\bam\bme\be
- Hostnames, as taken from the file specified by
+ Hostnames, as taken from the file specified by
the H\bHO\bOS\bST\bTF\bFI\bIL\bLE\bE shell variable.
- j\bjo\bob\bb Job names, if job control is active. May also
+ j\bjo\bob\bb Job names, if job control is active. May also
be specified as -\b-j\bj.
- k\bke\bey\byw\bwo\bor\brd\bd Shell reserved words. May also be specified as
+ k\bke\bey\byw\bwo\bor\brd\bd Shell reserved words. May also be specified as
-\b-k\bk.
r\bru\bun\bnn\bni\bin\bng\bg Names of running jobs, if job control is active.
s\bse\ber\brv\bvi\bic\bce\be Service names. May also be specified as -\b-s\bs.
- s\bse\bet\bto\bop\bpt\bt Valid arguments for the -\b-o\bo option to the s\bse\bet\bt
+ s\bse\bet\bto\bop\bpt\bt Valid arguments for the -\b-o\bo option to the s\bse\bet\bt
builtin.
- s\bsh\bho\bop\bpt\bt Shell option names as accepted by the s\bsh\bho\bop\bpt\bt
+ s\bsh\bho\bop\bpt\bt Shell option names as accepted by the s\bsh\bho\bop\bpt\bt
builtin.
s\bsi\big\bgn\bna\bal\bl Signal names.
s\bst\bto\bop\bpp\bpe\bed\bd Names of stopped jobs, if job control is active.
Names of all shell variables. May also be spec-
ified as -\b-v\bv.
-\b-C\bC _\bc_\bo_\bm_\bm_\ba_\bn_\bd
- _\bc_\bo_\bm_\bm_\ba_\bn_\bd is executed in a subshell environment, and its
+ _\bc_\bo_\bm_\bm_\ba_\bn_\bd is executed in a subshell environment, and its
output is used as the possible completions.
-\b-F\bF _\bf_\bu_\bn_\bc_\bt_\bi_\bo_\bn
- The shell function _\bf_\bu_\bn_\bc_\bt_\bi_\bo_\bn is executed in the current
- shell environment. When the function is executed, the
+ The shell function _\bf_\bu_\bn_\bc_\bt_\bi_\bo_\bn is executed in the current
+ shell environment. When the function is executed, the
first argument ($\b$1\b1) is the name of the command whose ar-
guments are being completed, the second argument ($\b$2\b2) is
the word being completed, and the third argument ($\b$3\b3) is
- the word preceding the word being completed on the cur-
- rent command line. When it finishes, the possible com-
- pletions are retrieved from the value of the C\bCO\bOM\bMP\bPR\bRE\bEP\bPL\bLY\bY
+ the word preceding the word being completed on the cur-
+ rent command line. When it finishes, the possible com-
+ pletions are retrieved from the value of the C\bCO\bOM\bMP\bPR\bRE\bEP\bPL\bLY\bY
array variable.
-\b-G\bG _\bg_\bl_\bo_\bb_\bp_\ba_\bt
- The pathname expansion pattern _\bg_\bl_\bo_\bb_\bp_\ba_\bt is expanded to
+ The pathname expansion pattern _\bg_\bl_\bo_\bb_\bp_\ba_\bt is expanded to
generate the possible completions.
-\b-P\bP _\bp_\br_\be_\bf_\bi_\bx
- _\bp_\br_\be_\bf_\bi_\bx is added at the beginning of each possible com-
+ _\bp_\br_\be_\bf_\bi_\bx is added at the beginning of each possible com-
pletion after all other options have been applied.
-\b-S\bS _\bs_\bu_\bf_\bf_\bi_\bx
_\bs_\bu_\bf_\bf_\bi_\bx is appended to each possible completion after all
other options have been applied.
-\b-W\bW _\bw_\bo_\br_\bd_\bl_\bi_\bs_\bt
- The _\bw_\bo_\br_\bd_\bl_\bi_\bs_\bt is split using the characters in the I\bIF\bFS\bS
- special variable as delimiters, and each resultant word
- is expanded. Shell quoting is honored within _\bw_\bo_\br_\bd_\bl_\bi_\bs_\bt,
+ The _\bw_\bo_\br_\bd_\bl_\bi_\bs_\bt is split using the characters in the I\bIF\bFS\bS
+ special variable as delimiters, and each resultant word
+ is expanded. Shell quoting is honored within _\bw_\bo_\br_\bd_\bl_\bi_\bs_\bt,
in order to provide a mechanism for the words to contain
- shell metacharacters or characters in the value of I\bIF\bFS\bS.
- The possible completions are the members of the resul-
+ shell metacharacters or characters in the value of I\bIF\bFS\bS.
+ The possible completions are the members of the resul-
tant list which match the word being completed.
-\b-X\bX _\bf_\bi_\bl_\bt_\be_\br_\bp_\ba_\bt
- _\bf_\bi_\bl_\bt_\be_\br_\bp_\ba_\bt is a pattern as used for pathname expansion.
+ _\bf_\bi_\bl_\bt_\be_\br_\bp_\ba_\bt is a pattern as used for pathname expansion.
It is applied to the list of possible completions gener-
- ated by the preceding options and arguments, and each
- completion matching _\bf_\bi_\bl_\bt_\be_\br_\bp_\ba_\bt is removed from the list.
- A leading !\b! in _\bf_\bi_\bl_\bt_\be_\br_\bp_\ba_\bt negates the pattern; in this
+ ated by the preceding options and arguments, and each
+ completion matching _\bf_\bi_\bl_\bt_\be_\br_\bp_\ba_\bt is removed from the list.
+ A leading !\b! in _\bf_\bi_\bl_\bt_\be_\br_\bp_\ba_\bt negates the pattern; in this
case, any completion not matching _\bf_\bi_\bl_\bt_\be_\br_\bp_\ba_\bt is removed.
- The return value is true unless an invalid option is supplied,
- an option other than -\b-p\bp or -\b-r\br is supplied without a _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be argu-
- ment, an attempt is made to remove a completion specification
+ The return value is true unless an invalid option is supplied,
+ an option other than -\b-p\bp or -\b-r\br is supplied without a _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be argu-
+ ment, an attempt is made to remove a completion specification
for a _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be for which no specification exists, or an error occurs
adding a completion specification.
c\bco\bom\bmp\bpo\bop\bpt\bt [-\b-o\bo _\bo_\bp_\bt_\bi_\bo_\bn] [-\b-D\bDE\bEI\bI] [+\b+o\bo _\bo_\bp_\bt_\bi_\bo_\bn] [_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be]
- Modify completion options for each _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be according to the _\bo_\bp_\b-
+ Modify completion options for each _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be according to the _\bo_\bp_\b-
_\bt_\bi_\bo_\bns, or for the currently-executing completion if no _\bn_\ba_\bm_\bes are
- supplied. If no _\bo_\bp_\bt_\bi_\bo_\bns are given, display the completion op-
- tions for each _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be or the current completion. The possible
- values of _\bo_\bp_\bt_\bi_\bo_\bn are those valid for the c\bco\bom\bmp\bpl\ble\bet\bte\be builtin de-
- scribed above. The -\b-D\bD option indicates that other supplied op-
- tions should apply to the ``default'' command completion; that
- is, completion attempted on a command for which no completion
+ supplied. If no _\bo_\bp_\bt_\bi_\bo_\bns are given, display the completion op-
+ tions for each _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be or the current completion. The possible
+ values of _\bo_\bp_\bt_\bi_\bo_\bn are those valid for the c\bco\bom\bmp\bpl\ble\bet\bte\be builtin de-
+ scribed above. The -\b-D\bD option indicates that other supplied op-
+ tions should apply to the ``default'' command completion; that
+ is, completion attempted on a command for which no completion
has previously been defined. The -\b-E\bE option indicates that other
- supplied options should apply to ``empty'' command completion;
- that is, completion attempted on a blank line. The -\b-I\bI option
+ supplied options should apply to ``empty'' command completion;
+ that is, completion attempted on a blank line. The -\b-I\bI option
indicates that other supplied options should apply to completion
- on the initial non-assignment word on the line, or after a com-
- mand delimiter such as ;\b; or |\b|, which is usually command name
+ on the initial non-assignment word on the line, or after a com-
+ mand delimiter such as ;\b; or |\b|, which is usually command name
completion.
- The return value is true unless an invalid option is supplied,
+ The return value is true unless an invalid option is supplied,
an attempt is made to modify the options for a _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be for which no
completion specification exists, or an output error occurs.
c\bco\bon\bnt\bti\bin\bnu\bue\be [_\bn]
Resume the next iteration of the enclosing f\bfo\bor\br, w\bwh\bhi\bil\ble\be, u\bun\bnt\bti\bil\bl, or
- s\bse\bel\ble\bec\bct\bt loop. If _\bn is specified, resume at the _\bnth enclosing
- loop. _\bn must be >= 1. If _\bn is greater than the number of en-
- closing loops, the last enclosing loop (the ``top-level'' loop)
- is resumed. The return value is 0 unless _\bn is not greater than
+ s\bse\bel\ble\bec\bct\bt loop. If _\bn is specified, resume at the _\bnth enclosing
+ loop. _\bn must be >= 1. If _\bn is greater than the number of en-
+ closing loops, the last enclosing loop (the ``top-level'' loop)
+ is resumed. The return value is 0 unless _\bn is not greater than
or equal to 1.
d\bde\bec\bcl\bla\bar\bre\be [-\b-a\baA\bAf\bfF\bFg\bgi\biI\bIl\bln\bnr\brt\btu\bux\bx] [-\b-p\bp] [_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be[=_\bv_\ba_\bl_\bu_\be] ...]
t\bty\byp\bpe\bes\bse\bet\bt [-\b-a\baA\bAf\bfF\bFg\bgi\biI\bIl\bln\bnr\brt\btu\bux\bx] [-\b-p\bp] [_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be[=_\bv_\ba_\bl_\bu_\be] ...]
- Declare variables and/or give them attributes. If no _\bn_\ba_\bm_\bes are
- given then display the values of variables. The -\b-p\bp option will
+ Declare variables and/or give them attributes. If no _\bn_\ba_\bm_\bes are
+ given then display the values of variables. The -\b-p\bp option will
display the attributes and values of each _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be. When -\b-p\bp is used
- with _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be arguments, additional options, other than -\b-f\bf and -\b-F\bF,
- are ignored. When -\b-p\bp is supplied without _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be arguments, it
- will display the attributes and values of all variables having
+ with _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be arguments, additional options, other than -\b-f\bf and -\b-F\bF,
+ are ignored. When -\b-p\bp is supplied without _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be arguments, it
+ will display the attributes and values of all variables having
the attributes specified by the additional options. If no other
- options are supplied with -\b-p\bp, d\bde\bec\bcl\bla\bar\bre\be will display the at-
- tributes and values of all shell variables. The -\b-f\bf option will
+ options are supplied with -\b-p\bp, d\bde\bec\bcl\bla\bar\bre\be will display the at-
+ tributes and values of all shell variables. The -\b-f\bf option will
restrict the display to shell functions. The -\b-F\bF option inhibits
- the display of function definitions; only the function name and
+ the display of function definitions; only the function name and
attributes are printed. If the e\bex\bxt\btd\bde\beb\bbu\bug\bg shell option is enabled
- using s\bsh\bho\bop\bpt\bt, the source file name and line number where each
- _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be is defined are displayed as well. The -\b-F\bF option implies
+ using s\bsh\bho\bop\bpt\bt, the source file name and line number where each
+ _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be is defined are displayed as well. The -\b-F\bF option implies
-\b-f\bf. The -\b-g\bg option forces variables to be created or modified at
the global scope, even when d\bde\bec\bcl\bla\bar\bre\be is executed in a shell func-
- tion. It is ignored in all other cases. The -\b-I\bI option causes
- local variables to inherit the attributes (except the _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be_\br_\be_\bf
+ tion. It is ignored in all other cases. The -\b-I\bI option causes
+ local variables to inherit the attributes (except the _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be_\br_\be_\bf
attribute) and value of any existing variable with the same _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be
- at a surrounding scope. If there is no existing variable, the
+ at a surrounding scope. If there is no existing variable, the
local variable is initially unset. The following options can be
- used to restrict output to variables with the specified attri-
+ used to restrict output to variables with the specified attri-
bute or to give variables attributes:
- -\b-a\ba Each _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be is an indexed array variable (see A\bAr\brr\bra\bay\bys\bs
+ -\b-a\ba Each _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be is an indexed array variable (see A\bAr\brr\bra\bay\bys\bs
above).
- -\b-A\bA Each _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be is an associative array variable (see A\bAr\brr\bra\bay\bys\bs
+ -\b-A\bA Each _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be is an associative array variable (see A\bAr\brr\bra\bay\bys\bs
above).
-\b-f\bf Use function names only.
-\b-i\bi The variable is treated as an integer; arithmetic evalua-
- tion (see A\bAR\bRI\bIT\bTH\bHM\bME\bET\bTI\bIC\bC E\bEV\bVA\bAL\bLU\bUA\bAT\bTI\bIO\bON\bN above) is performed when
+ tion (see A\bAR\bRI\bIT\bTH\bHM\bME\bET\bTI\bIC\bC E\bEV\bVA\bAL\bLU\bUA\bAT\bTI\bIO\bON\bN above) is performed when
the variable is assigned a value.
- -\b-l\bl When the variable is assigned a value, all upper-case
- characters are converted to lower-case. The upper-case
+ -\b-l\bl When the variable is assigned a value, all upper-case
+ characters are converted to lower-case. The upper-case
attribute is disabled.
- -\b-n\bn Give each _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be the _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be_\br_\be_\bf attribute, making it a name
- reference to another variable. That other variable is
- defined by the value of _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be. All references, assign-
- ments, and attribute modifications to _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be, except those
- using or changing the -\b-n\bn attribute itself, are performed
- on the variable referenced by _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be's value. The nameref
+ -\b-n\bn Give each _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be the _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be_\br_\be_\bf attribute, making it a name
+ reference to another variable. That other variable is
+ defined by the value of _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be. All references, assign-
+ ments, and attribute modifications to _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be, except those
+ using or changing the -\b-n\bn attribute itself, are performed
+ on the variable referenced by _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be's value. The nameref
attribute cannot be applied to array variables.
-\b-r\br Make _\bn_\ba_\bm_\bes readonly. These names cannot then be assigned
values by subsequent assignment statements or unset.
-\b-t\bt Give each _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be the _\bt_\br_\ba_\bc_\be attribute. Traced functions in-
- herit the D\bDE\bEB\bBU\bUG\bG and R\bRE\bET\bTU\bUR\bRN\bN traps from the calling shell.
+ herit the D\bDE\bEB\bBU\bUG\bG and R\bRE\bET\bTU\bUR\bRN\bN traps from the calling shell.
The trace attribute has no special meaning for variables.
- -\b-u\bu When the variable is assigned a value, all lower-case
- characters are converted to upper-case. The lower-case
+ -\b-u\bu When the variable is assigned a value, all lower-case
+ characters are converted to upper-case. The lower-case
attribute is disabled.
- -\b-x\bx Mark _\bn_\ba_\bm_\bes for export to subsequent commands via the en-
+ -\b-x\bx Mark _\bn_\ba_\bm_\bes for export to subsequent commands via the en-
vironment.
- Using `+' instead of `-' turns off the attribute instead, with
- the exceptions that +\b+a\ba and +\b+A\bA may not be used to destroy array
- variables and +\b+r\br will not remove the readonly attribute. When
+ Using `+' instead of `-' turns off the attribute instead, with
+ the exceptions that +\b+a\ba and +\b+A\bA may not be used to destroy array
+ variables and +\b+r\br will not remove the readonly attribute. When
used in a function, d\bde\bec\bcl\bla\bar\bre\be and t\bty\byp\bpe\bes\bse\bet\bt make each _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be local, as
- with the l\blo\boc\bca\bal\bl command, unless the -\b-g\bg option is supplied. If a
- variable name is followed by =_\bv_\ba_\bl_\bu_\be, the value of the variable
- is set to _\bv_\ba_\bl_\bu_\be. When using -\b-a\ba or -\b-A\bA and the compound assign-
- ment syntax to create array variables, additional attributes do
- not take effect until subsequent assignments. The return value
+ with the l\blo\boc\bca\bal\bl command, unless the -\b-g\bg option is supplied. If a
+ variable name is followed by =_\bv_\ba_\bl_\bu_\be, the value of the variable
+ is set to _\bv_\ba_\bl_\bu_\be. When using -\b-a\ba or -\b-A\bA and the compound assign-
+ ment syntax to create array variables, additional attributes do
+ not take effect until subsequent assignments. The return value
is 0 unless an invalid option is encountered, an attempt is made
to define a function using ``-f foo=bar'', an attempt is made to
assign a value to a readonly variable, an attempt is made to as-
sign a value to an array variable without using the compound as-
- signment syntax (see A\bAr\brr\bra\bay\bys\bs above), one of the _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be_\bs is not a
- valid shell variable name, an attempt is made to turn off read-
- only status for a readonly variable, an attempt is made to turn
+ signment syntax (see A\bAr\brr\bra\bay\bys\bs above), one of the _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be_\bs is not a
+ valid shell variable name, an attempt is made to turn off read-
+ only status for a readonly variable, an attempt is made to turn
off array status for an array variable, or an attempt is made to
display a non-existent function with -\b-f\bf.
d\bdi\bir\brs\bs [\b[-\b-c\bcl\blp\bpv\bv]\b] [\b[+\b+_\bn]\b] [\b[-\b-_\bn]\b]
- Without options, displays the list of currently remembered di-
- rectories. The default display is on a single line with direc-
- tory names separated by spaces. Directories are added to the
- list with the p\bpu\bus\bsh\bhd\bd command; the p\bpo\bop\bpd\bd command removes entries
+ Without options, displays the list of currently remembered di-
+ rectories. The default display is on a single line with direc-
+ tory names separated by spaces. Directories are added to the
+ list with the p\bpu\bus\bsh\bhd\bd command; the p\bpo\bop\bpd\bd command removes entries
from the list. The current directory is always the first direc-
tory in the stack.
- -\b-c\bc Clears the directory stack by deleting all of the en-
+ -\b-c\bc Clears the directory stack by deleting all of the en-
tries.
- -\b-l\bl Produces a listing using full pathnames; the default
+ -\b-l\bl Produces a listing using full pathnames; the default
listing format uses a tilde to denote the home directory.
-\b-p\bp Print the directory stack with one entry per line.
- -\b-v\bv Print the directory stack with one entry per line, pre-
+ -\b-v\bv Print the directory stack with one entry per line, pre-
fixing each entry with its index in the stack.
+\b+_\bn Displays the _\bnth entry counting from the left of the list
shown by d\bdi\bir\brs\bs when invoked without options, starting with
zero.
- -\b-_\bn Displays the _\bnth entry counting from the right of the
+ -\b-_\bn Displays the _\bnth entry counting from the right of the
list shown by d\bdi\bir\brs\bs when invoked without options, starting
with zero.
- The return value is 0 unless an invalid option is supplied or _\bn
+ The return value is 0 unless an invalid option is supplied or _\bn
indexes beyond the end of the directory stack.
d\bdi\bis\bso\bow\bwn\bn [-\b-a\bar\br] [-\b-h\bh] [_\bj_\bo_\bb_\bs_\bp_\be_\bc ... | _\bp_\bi_\bd ... ]
- Without options, remove each _\bj_\bo_\bb_\bs_\bp_\be_\bc from the table of active
- jobs. If _\bj_\bo_\bb_\bs_\bp_\be_\bc is not present, and neither the -\b-a\ba nor the -\b-r\br
- option is supplied, the _\bc_\bu_\br_\br_\be_\bn_\bt _\bj_\bo_\bb is used. If the -\b-h\bh option
- is given, each _\bj_\bo_\bb_\bs_\bp_\be_\bc is not removed from the table, but is
- marked so that S\bSI\bIG\bGH\bHU\bUP\bP is not sent to the job if the shell re-
+ Without options, remove each _\bj_\bo_\bb_\bs_\bp_\be_\bc from the table of active
+ jobs. If _\bj_\bo_\bb_\bs_\bp_\be_\bc is not present, and neither the -\b-a\ba nor the -\b-r\br
+ option is supplied, the _\bc_\bu_\br_\br_\be_\bn_\bt _\bj_\bo_\bb is used. If the -\b-h\bh option
+ is given, each _\bj_\bo_\bb_\bs_\bp_\be_\bc is not removed from the table, but is
+ marked so that S\bSI\bIG\bGH\bHU\bUP\bP is not sent to the job if the shell re-
ceives a S\bSI\bIG\bGH\bHU\bUP\bP. If no _\bj_\bo_\bb_\bs_\bp_\be_\bc is supplied, the -\b-a\ba option means
- to remove or mark all jobs; the -\b-r\br option without a _\bj_\bo_\bb_\bs_\bp_\be_\bc ar-
+ to remove or mark all jobs; the -\b-r\br option without a _\bj_\bo_\bb_\bs_\bp_\be_\bc ar-
gument restricts operation to running jobs. The return value is
0 unless a _\bj_\bo_\bb_\bs_\bp_\be_\bc does not specify a valid job.
e\bec\bch\bho\bo [-\b-n\bne\beE\bE] [_\ba_\br_\bg ...]
- Output the _\ba_\br_\bgs, separated by spaces, followed by a newline.
- The return status is 0 unless a write error occurs. If -\b-n\bn is
+ Output the _\ba_\br_\bgs, separated by spaces, followed by a newline.
+ The return status is 0 unless a write error occurs. If -\b-n\bn is
specified, the trailing newline is suppressed. If the -\b-e\be option
- is given, interpretation of the following backslash-escaped
- characters is enabled. The -\b-E\bE option disables the interpreta-
- tion of these escape characters, even on systems where they are
- interpreted by default. The x\bxp\bpg\bg_\b_e\bec\bch\bho\bo shell option may be used
- to dynamically determine whether or not e\bec\bch\bho\bo expands these es-
- cape characters by default. e\bec\bch\bho\bo does not interpret -\b--\b- to mean
- the end of options. e\bec\bch\bho\bo interprets the following escape se-
+ is given, interpretation of the following backslash-escaped
+ characters is enabled. The -\b-E\bE option disables the interpreta-
+ tion of these escape characters, even on systems where they are
+ interpreted by default. The x\bxp\bpg\bg_\b_e\bec\bch\bho\bo shell option may be used
+ to dynamically determine whether or not e\bec\bch\bho\bo expands these es-
+ cape characters by default. e\bec\bch\bho\bo does not interpret -\b--\b- to mean
+ the end of options. e\bec\bch\bho\bo interprets the following escape se-
quences:
\\b\a\ba alert (bell)
\\b\b\bb backspace
\\b\t\bt horizontal tab
\\b\v\bv vertical tab
\\b\\\b\ backslash
- \\b\0\b0_\bn_\bn_\bn the eight-bit character whose value is the octal value
+ \\b\0\b0_\bn_\bn_\bn the eight-bit character whose value is the octal value
_\bn_\bn_\bn (zero to three octal digits)
- \\b\x\bx_\bH_\bH the eight-bit character whose value is the hexadecimal
+ \\b\x\bx_\bH_\bH the eight-bit character whose value is the hexadecimal
value _\bH_\bH (one or two hex digits)
- \\b\u\bu_\bH_\bH_\bH_\bH the Unicode (ISO/IEC 10646) character whose value is the
+ \\b\u\bu_\bH_\bH_\bH_\bH the Unicode (ISO/IEC 10646) character whose value is the
hexadecimal value _\bH_\bH_\bH_\bH (one to four hex digits)
\\b\U\bU_\bH_\bH_\bH_\bH_\bH_\bH_\bH_\bH
- the Unicode (ISO/IEC 10646) character whose value is the
+ the Unicode (ISO/IEC 10646) character whose value is the
hexadecimal value _\bH_\bH_\bH_\bH_\bH_\bH_\bH_\bH (one to eight hex digits)
e\ben\bna\bab\bbl\ble\be [-\b-a\ba] [-\b-d\bdn\bnp\bps\bs] [-\b-f\bf _\bf_\bi_\bl_\be_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be] [_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be ...]
- Enable and disable builtin shell commands. Disabling a builtin
+ Enable and disable builtin shell commands. Disabling a builtin
allows a disk command which has the same name as a shell builtin
- to be executed without specifying a full pathname, even though
- the shell normally searches for builtins before disk commands.
- If -\b-n\bn is used, each _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be is disabled; otherwise, _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be_\bs are en-
- abled. For example, to use the t\bte\bes\bst\bt binary found via the P\bPA\bAT\bTH\bH
- instead of the shell builtin version, run ``enable -n test''.
- The -\b-f\bf option means to load the new builtin command _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be from
+ to be executed without specifying a full pathname, even though
+ the shell normally searches for builtins before disk commands.
+ If -\b-n\bn is used, each _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be is disabled; otherwise, _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be_\bs are en-
+ abled. For example, to use the t\bte\bes\bst\bt binary found via the P\bPA\bAT\bTH\bH
+ instead of the shell builtin version, run ``enable -n test''.
+ The -\b-f\bf option means to load the new builtin command _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be from
shared object _\bf_\bi_\bl_\be_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be, on systems that support dynamic loading.
- The -\b-d\bd option will delete a builtin previously loaded with -\b-f\bf.
- If no _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be arguments are given, or if the -\b-p\bp option is supplied,
- a list of shell builtins is printed. With no other option argu-
- ments, the list consists of all enabled shell builtins. If -\b-n\bn
- is supplied, only disabled builtins are printed. If -\b-a\ba is sup-
- plied, the list printed includes all builtins, with an indica-
- tion of whether or not each is enabled. If -\b-s\bs is supplied, the
- output is restricted to the POSIX _\bs_\bp_\be_\bc_\bi_\ba_\bl builtins. The return
- value is 0 unless a _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be is not a shell builtin or there is an
- error loading a new builtin from a shared object.
+ Bash will use the value of the B\bBA\bAS\bSH\bH_\b_L\bLO\bOA\bAD\bDA\bAB\bBL\bLE\bES\bS_\b_P\bPA\bAT\bTH\bH variable as a
+ colon-separated list of directories in which to search for _\bf_\bi_\bl_\be_\b-
+ _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be. The default is system-dependent. The -\b-d\bd option will
+ delete a builtin previously loaded with -\b-f\bf. If no _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be argu-
+ ments are given, or if the -\b-p\bp option is supplied, a list of
+ shell builtins is printed. With no other option arguments, the
+ list consists of all enabled shell builtins. If -\b-n\bn is supplied,
+ only disabled builtins are printed. If -\b-a\ba is supplied, the list
+ printed includes all builtins, with an indication of whether or
+ not each is enabled. If -\b-s\bs is supplied, the output is re-
+ stricted to the POSIX _\bs_\bp_\be_\bc_\bi_\ba_\bl builtins. If no options are sup-
+ plied and a _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be is not a shell builtin, e\ben\bna\bab\bbl\ble\be will attempt to
+ load _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be from a shared object named _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be, as if the command
+ were ``enable -f _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be . The return value is 0 unless a
+ _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be is not a shell builtin or there is an error loading a new
+ builtin from a shared object.
e\bev\bva\bal\bl [_\ba_\br_\bg ...]
- The _\ba_\br_\bgs are read and concatenated together into a single com-
- mand. This command is then read and executed by the shell, and
- its exit status is returned as the value of e\bev\bva\bal\bl. If there are
+ The _\ba_\br_\bgs are read and concatenated together into a single com-
+ mand. This command is then read and executed by the shell, and
+ its exit status is returned as the value of e\bev\bva\bal\bl. If there are
no _\ba_\br_\bg_\bs, or only null arguments, e\bev\bva\bal\bl returns 0.
e\bex\bxe\bec\bc [-\b-c\bcl\bl] [-\b-a\ba _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be] [_\bc_\bo_\bm_\bm_\ba_\bn_\bd [_\ba_\br_\bg_\bu_\bm_\be_\bn_\bt_\bs]]
- If _\bc_\bo_\bm_\bm_\ba_\bn_\bd is specified, it replaces the shell. No new process
- is created. The _\ba_\br_\bg_\bu_\bm_\be_\bn_\bt_\bs become the arguments to _\bc_\bo_\bm_\bm_\ba_\bn_\bd. If
+ If _\bc_\bo_\bm_\bm_\ba_\bn_\bd is specified, it replaces the shell. No new process
+ is created. The _\ba_\br_\bg_\bu_\bm_\be_\bn_\bt_\bs become the arguments to _\bc_\bo_\bm_\bm_\ba_\bn_\bd. If
the -\b-l\bl option is supplied, the shell places a dash at the begin-
ning of the zeroth argument passed to _\bc_\bo_\bm_\bm_\ba_\bn_\bd. This is what _\bl_\bo_\b-
- _\bg_\bi_\bn(1) does. The -\b-c\bc option causes _\bc_\bo_\bm_\bm_\ba_\bn_\bd to be executed with
- an empty environment. If -\b-a\ba is supplied, the shell passes _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be
+ _\bg_\bi_\bn(1) does. The -\b-c\bc option causes _\bc_\bo_\bm_\bm_\ba_\bn_\bd to be executed with
+ an empty environment. If -\b-a\ba is supplied, the shell passes _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be
as the zeroth argument to the executed command. If _\bc_\bo_\bm_\bm_\ba_\bn_\bd can-
- not be executed for some reason, a non-interactive shell exits,
- unless the e\bex\bxe\bec\bcf\bfa\bai\bil\bl shell option is enabled. In that case, it
- returns failure. An interactive shell returns failure if the
- file cannot be executed. A subshell exits unconditionally if
- e\bex\bxe\bec\bc fails. If _\bc_\bo_\bm_\bm_\ba_\bn_\bd is not specified, any redirections take
- effect in the current shell, and the return status is 0. If
+ not be executed for some reason, a non-interactive shell exits,
+ unless the e\bex\bxe\bec\bcf\bfa\bai\bil\bl shell option is enabled. In that case, it
+ returns failure. An interactive shell returns failure if the
+ file cannot be executed. A subshell exits unconditionally if
+ e\bex\bxe\bec\bc fails. If _\bc_\bo_\bm_\bm_\ba_\bn_\bd is not specified, any redirections take
+ effect in the current shell, and the return status is 0. If
there is a redirection error, the return status is 1.
e\bex\bxi\bit\bt [_\bn]
- Cause the shell to exit with a status of _\bn. If _\bn is omitted,
+ Cause the shell to exit with a status of _\bn. If _\bn is omitted,
the exit status is that of the last command executed. A trap on
E\bEX\bXI\bIT\bT is executed before the shell terminates.
e\bex\bxp\bpo\bor\brt\bt [-\b-f\bfn\bn] [_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be[=_\bw_\bo_\br_\bd]] ...
e\bex\bxp\bpo\bor\brt\bt -\b-p\bp
- The supplied _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be_\bs are marked for automatic export to the envi-
- ronment of subsequently executed commands. If the -\b-f\bf option is
- given, the _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be_\bs refer to functions. If no _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be_\bs are given, or
- if the -\b-p\bp option is supplied, a list of names of all exported
- variables is printed. The -\b-n\bn option causes the export property
+ The supplied _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be_\bs are marked for automatic export to the envi-
+ ronment of subsequently executed commands. If the -\b-f\bf option is
+ given, the _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be_\bs refer to functions. If no _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be_\bs are given, or
+ if the -\b-p\bp option is supplied, a list of names of all exported
+ variables is printed. The -\b-n\bn option causes the export property
to be removed from each _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be. If a variable name is followed by
=_\bw_\bo_\br_\bd, the value of the variable is set to _\bw_\bo_\br_\bd. e\bex\bxp\bpo\bor\brt\bt returns
an exit status of 0 unless an invalid option is encountered, one
- of the _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be_\bs is not a valid shell variable name, or -\b-f\bf is sup-
+ of the _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be_\bs is not a valid shell variable name, or -\b-f\bf is sup-
plied with a _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be that is not a function.
f\bfc\bc [-\b-e\be _\be_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be] [-\b-l\bln\bnr\br] [_\bf_\bi_\br_\bs_\bt] [_\bl_\ba_\bs_\bt]
f\bfc\bc -\b-s\bs [_\bp_\ba_\bt=_\br_\be_\bp] [_\bc_\bm_\bd]
- The first form selects a range of commands from _\bf_\bi_\br_\bs_\bt to _\bl_\ba_\bs_\bt
- from the history list and displays or edits and re-executes
- them. _\bF_\bi_\br_\bs_\bt and _\bl_\ba_\bs_\bt may be specified as a string (to locate
- the last command beginning with that string) or as a number (an
- index into the history list, where a negative number is used as
- an offset from the current command number). When listing, a
- _\bf_\bi_\br_\bs_\bt or _\bl_\ba_\bs_\bt of 0 is equivalent to -1 and -0 is equivalent to
- the current command (usually the f\bfc\bc command); otherwise 0 is
- equivalent to -1 and -0 is invalid. If _\bl_\ba_\bs_\bt is not specified,
- it is set to the current command for listing (so that ``fc -l
- -10'' prints the last 10 commands) and to _\bf_\bi_\br_\bs_\bt otherwise. If
- _\bf_\bi_\br_\bs_\bt is not specified, it is set to the previous command for
+ The first form selects a range of commands from _\bf_\bi_\br_\bs_\bt to _\bl_\ba_\bs_\bt
+ from the history list and displays or edits and re-executes
+ them. _\bF_\bi_\br_\bs_\bt and _\bl_\ba_\bs_\bt may be specified as a string (to locate
+ the last command beginning with that string) or as a number (an
+ index into the history list, where a negative number is used as
+ an offset from the current command number). When listing, a
+ _\bf_\bi_\br_\bs_\bt or _\bl_\ba_\bs_\bt of 0 is equivalent to -1 and -0 is equivalent to
+ the current command (usually the f\bfc\bc command); otherwise 0 is
+ equivalent to -1 and -0 is invalid. If _\bl_\ba_\bs_\bt is not specified,
+ it is set to the current command for listing (so that ``fc -l
+ -10'' prints the last 10 commands) and to _\bf_\bi_\br_\bs_\bt otherwise. If
+ _\bf_\bi_\br_\bs_\bt is not specified, it is set to the previous command for
editing and -16 for listing.
- The -\b-n\bn option suppresses the command numbers when listing. The
- -\b-r\br option reverses the order of the commands. If the -\b-l\bl option
- is given, the commands are listed on standard output. Other-
- wise, the editor given by _\be_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be is invoked on a file containing
- those commands. If _\be_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be is not given, the value of the F\bFC\bCE\bED\bDI\bIT\bT
- variable is used, and the value of E\bED\bDI\bIT\bTO\bOR\bR if F\bFC\bCE\bED\bDI\bIT\bT is not set.
- If neither variable is set, _\bv_\bi is used. When editing is com-
+ The -\b-n\bn option suppresses the command numbers when listing. The
+ -\b-r\br option reverses the order of the commands. If the -\b-l\bl option
+ is given, the commands are listed on standard output. Other-
+ wise, the editor given by _\be_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be is invoked on a file containing
+ those commands. If _\be_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be is not given, the value of the F\bFC\bCE\bED\bDI\bIT\bT
+ variable is used, and the value of E\bED\bDI\bIT\bTO\bOR\bR if F\bFC\bCE\bED\bDI\bIT\bT is not set.
+ If neither variable is set, _\bv_\bi is used. When editing is com-
plete, the edited commands are echoed and executed.
- In the second form, _\bc_\bo_\bm_\bm_\ba_\bn_\bd is re-executed after each instance
- of _\bp_\ba_\bt is replaced by _\br_\be_\bp. _\bC_\bo_\bm_\bm_\ba_\bn_\bd is interpreted the same as
- _\bf_\bi_\br_\bs_\bt above. A useful alias to use with this is ``r="fc -s"'',
- so that typing ``r cc'' runs the last command beginning with
+ In the second form, _\bc_\bo_\bm_\bm_\ba_\bn_\bd is re-executed after each instance
+ of _\bp_\ba_\bt is replaced by _\br_\be_\bp. _\bC_\bo_\bm_\bm_\ba_\bn_\bd is interpreted the same as
+ _\bf_\bi_\br_\bs_\bt above. A useful alias to use with this is ``r="fc -s"'',
+ so that typing ``r cc'' runs the last command beginning with
``cc'' and typing ``r'' re-executes the last command.
- If the first form is used, the return value is 0 unless an in-
- valid option is encountered or _\bf_\bi_\br_\bs_\bt or _\bl_\ba_\bs_\bt specify history
- lines out of range. If the -\b-e\be option is supplied, the return
+ If the first form is used, the return value is 0 unless an in-
+ valid option is encountered or _\bf_\bi_\br_\bs_\bt or _\bl_\ba_\bs_\bt specify history
+ lines out of range. If the -\b-e\be option is supplied, the return
value is the value of the last command executed or failure if an
error occurs with the temporary file of commands. If the second
- form is used, the return status is that of the command re-exe-
- cuted, unless _\bc_\bm_\bd does not specify a valid history line, in
+ form is used, the return status is that of the command re-exe-
+ cuted, unless _\bc_\bm_\bd does not specify a valid history line, in
which case f\bfc\bc returns failure.
f\bfg\bg [_\bj_\bo_\bb_\bs_\bp_\be_\bc]
- Resume _\bj_\bo_\bb_\bs_\bp_\be_\bc in the foreground, and make it the current job.
+ Resume _\bj_\bo_\bb_\bs_\bp_\be_\bc in the foreground, and make it the current job.
If _\bj_\bo_\bb_\bs_\bp_\be_\bc is not present, the shell's notion of the _\bc_\bu_\br_\br_\be_\bn_\bt _\bj_\bo_\bb
- is used. The return value is that of the command placed into
- the foreground, or failure if run when job control is disabled
+ is used. The return value is that of the command placed into
+ the foreground, or failure if run when job control is disabled
or, when run with job control enabled, if _\bj_\bo_\bb_\bs_\bp_\be_\bc does not spec-
- ify a valid job or _\bj_\bo_\bb_\bs_\bp_\be_\bc specifies a job that was started
+ ify a valid job or _\bj_\bo_\bb_\bs_\bp_\be_\bc specifies a job that was started
without job control.
g\bge\bet\bto\bop\bpt\bts\bs _\bo_\bp_\bt_\bs_\bt_\br_\bi_\bn_\bg _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be [_\ba_\br_\bg _\b._\b._\b.]
- g\bge\bet\bto\bop\bpt\bts\bs is used by shell procedures to parse positional parame-
- ters. _\bo_\bp_\bt_\bs_\bt_\br_\bi_\bn_\bg contains the option characters to be recog-
- nized; if a character is followed by a colon, the option is ex-
+ g\bge\bet\bto\bop\bpt\bts\bs is used by shell procedures to parse positional parame-
+ ters. _\bo_\bp_\bt_\bs_\bt_\br_\bi_\bn_\bg contains the option characters to be recog-
+ nized; if a character is followed by a colon, the option is ex-
pected to have an argument, which should be separated from it by
- white space. The colon and question mark characters may not be
- used as option characters. Each time it is invoked, g\bge\bet\bto\bop\bpt\bts\bs
- places the next option in the shell variable _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be, initializing
+ white space. The colon and question mark characters may not be
+ used as option characters. Each time it is invoked, g\bge\bet\bto\bop\bpt\bts\bs
+ places the next option in the shell variable _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be, initializing
_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be if it does not exist, and the index of the next argument to
be processed into the variable O\bOP\bPT\bTI\bIN\bND\bD. O\bOP\bPT\bTI\bIN\bND\bD is initialized to
1 each time the shell or a shell script is invoked. When an op-
tion requires an argument, g\bge\bet\bto\bop\bpt\bts\bs places that argument into the
variable O\bOP\bPT\bTA\bAR\bRG\bG. The shell does not reset O\bOP\bPT\bTI\bIN\bND\bD automatically;
- it must be manually reset between multiple calls to g\bge\bet\bto\bop\bpt\bts\bs
- within the same shell invocation if a new set of parameters is
+ it must be manually reset between multiple calls to g\bge\bet\bto\bop\bpt\bts\bs
+ within the same shell invocation if a new set of parameters is
to be used.
When the end of options is encountered, g\bge\bet\bto\bop\bpt\bts\bs exits with a re-
turn value greater than zero. O\bOP\bPT\bTI\bIN\bND\bD is set to the index of the
first non-option argument, and _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be is set to ?.
- g\bge\bet\bto\bop\bpt\bts\bs normally parses the positional parameters, but if more
- arguments are supplied as _\ba_\br_\bg values, g\bge\bet\bto\bop\bpt\bts\bs parses those in-
+ g\bge\bet\bto\bop\bpt\bts\bs normally parses the positional parameters, but if more
+ arguments are supplied as _\ba_\br_\bg values, g\bge\bet\bto\bop\bpt\bts\bs parses those in-
stead.
- g\bge\bet\bto\bop\bpt\bts\bs can report errors in two ways. If the first character
- of _\bo_\bp_\bt_\bs_\bt_\br_\bi_\bn_\bg is a colon, _\bs_\bi_\bl_\be_\bn_\bt error reporting is used. In
- normal operation, diagnostic messages are printed when invalid
- options or missing option arguments are encountered. If the
- variable O\bOP\bPT\bTE\bER\bRR\bR is set to 0, no error messages will be dis-
+ g\bge\bet\bto\bop\bpt\bts\bs can report errors in two ways. If the first character
+ of _\bo_\bp_\bt_\bs_\bt_\br_\bi_\bn_\bg is a colon, _\bs_\bi_\bl_\be_\bn_\bt error reporting is used. In
+ normal operation, diagnostic messages are printed when invalid
+ options or missing option arguments are encountered. If the
+ variable O\bOP\bPT\bTE\bER\bRR\bR is set to 0, no error messages will be dis-
played, even if the first character of _\bo_\bp_\bt_\bs_\bt_\br_\bi_\bn_\bg is not a colon.
If an invalid option is seen, g\bge\bet\bto\bop\bpt\bts\bs places ? into _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be and, if
- not silent, prints an error message and unsets O\bOP\bPT\bTA\bAR\bRG\bG. If
- g\bge\bet\bto\bop\bpt\bts\bs is silent, the option character found is placed in O\bOP\bP-\b-
+ not silent, prints an error message and unsets O\bOP\bPT\bTA\bAR\bRG\bG. If
+ g\bge\bet\bto\bop\bpt\bts\bs is silent, the option character found is placed in O\bOP\bP-\b-
T\bTA\bAR\bRG\bG and no diagnostic message is printed.
- If a required argument is not found, and g\bge\bet\bto\bop\bpt\bts\bs is not silent,
- a question mark (?\b?) is placed in _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be, O\bOP\bPT\bTA\bAR\bRG\bG is unset, and a
- diagnostic message is printed. If g\bge\bet\bto\bop\bpt\bts\bs is silent, then a
- colon (:\b:) is placed in _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be and O\bOP\bPT\bTA\bAR\bRG\bG is set to the option
+ If a required argument is not found, and g\bge\bet\bto\bop\bpt\bts\bs is not silent,
+ a question mark (?\b?) is placed in _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be, O\bOP\bPT\bTA\bAR\bRG\bG is unset, and a
+ diagnostic message is printed. If g\bge\bet\bto\bop\bpt\bts\bs is silent, then a
+ colon (:\b:) is placed in _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be and O\bOP\bPT\bTA\bAR\bRG\bG is set to the option
character found.
- g\bge\bet\bto\bop\bpt\bts\bs returns true if an option, specified or unspecified, is
+ g\bge\bet\bto\bop\bpt\bts\bs returns true if an option, specified or unspecified, is
found. It returns false if the end of options is encountered or
an error occurs.
h\bha\bas\bsh\bh [-\b-l\blr\br] [-\b-p\bp _\bf_\bi_\bl_\be_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be] [-\b-d\bdt\bt] [_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be]
Each time h\bha\bas\bsh\bh is invoked, the full pathname of the command _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be
- is determined by searching the directories in $\b$P\bPA\bAT\bTH\bH and remem-
+ is determined by searching the directories in $\b$P\bPA\bAT\bTH\bH and remem-
bered. Any previously-remembered pathname is discarded. If the
-\b-p\bp option is supplied, no path search is performed, and _\bf_\bi_\bl_\be_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be
- is used as the full filename of the command. The -\b-r\br option
+ is used as the full filename of the command. The -\b-r\br option
causes the shell to forget all remembered locations. The -\b-d\bd op-
- tion causes the shell to forget the remembered location of each
- _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be. If the -\b-t\bt option is supplied, the full pathname to which
- each _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be corresponds is printed. If multiple _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be arguments
+ tion causes the shell to forget the remembered location of each
+ _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be. If the -\b-t\bt option is supplied, the full pathname to which
+ each _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be corresponds is printed. If multiple _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be arguments
are supplied with -\b-t\bt, the _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be is printed before the hashed full
pathname. The -\b-l\bl option causes output to be displayed in a for-
- mat that may be reused as input. If no arguments are given, or
+ mat that may be reused as input. If no arguments are given, or
if only -\b-l\bl is supplied, information about remembered commands is
- printed. The return status is true unless a _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be is not found
+ printed. The return status is true unless a _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be is not found
or an invalid option is supplied.
h\bhe\bel\blp\bp [-\b-d\bdm\bms\bs] [_\bp_\ba_\bt_\bt_\be_\br_\bn]
- Display helpful information about builtin commands. If _\bp_\ba_\bt_\bt_\be_\br_\bn
- is specified, h\bhe\bel\blp\bp gives detailed help on all commands matching
- _\bp_\ba_\bt_\bt_\be_\br_\bn; otherwise help for all the builtins and shell control
+ Display helpful information about builtin commands. If _\bp_\ba_\bt_\bt_\be_\br_\bn
+ is specified, h\bhe\bel\blp\bp gives detailed help on all commands matching
+ _\bp_\ba_\bt_\bt_\be_\br_\bn; otherwise help for all the builtins and shell control
structures is printed.
-\b-d\bd Display a short description of each _\bp_\ba_\bt_\bt_\be_\br_\bn
-\b-m\bm Display the description of each _\bp_\ba_\bt_\bt_\be_\br_\bn in a manpage-like
h\bhi\bis\bst\bto\bor\bry\by -\b-s\bs _\ba_\br_\bg [_\ba_\br_\bg _\b._\b._\b.]
With no options, display the command history list with line num-
bers. Lines listed with a *\b* have been modified. An argument of
- _\bn lists only the last _\bn lines. If the shell variable H\bHI\bIS\bST\bTT\bTI\bIM\bME\bE-\b-
- F\bFO\bOR\bRM\bMA\bAT\bT is set and not null, it is used as a format string for
- _\bs_\bt_\br_\bf_\bt_\bi_\bm_\be(3) to display the time stamp associated with each dis-
- played history entry. No intervening blank is printed between
- the formatted time stamp and the history line. If _\bf_\bi_\bl_\be_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be is
- supplied, it is used as the name of the history file; if not,
- the value of H\bHI\bIS\bST\bTF\bFI\bIL\bLE\bE is used. Options, if supplied, have the
+ _\bn lists only the last _\bn lines. If the shell variable H\bHI\bIS\bST\bTT\bTI\bIM\bME\bE-\b-
+ F\bFO\bOR\bRM\bMA\bAT\bT is set and not null, it is used as a format string for
+ _\bs_\bt_\br_\bf_\bt_\bi_\bm_\be(3) to display the time stamp associated with each dis-
+ played history entry. No intervening blank is printed between
+ the formatted time stamp and the history line. If _\bf_\bi_\bl_\be_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be is
+ supplied, it is used as the name of the history file; if not,
+ the value of H\bHI\bIS\bST\bTF\bFI\bIL\bLE\bE is used. Options, if supplied, have the
following meanings:
-\b-c\bc Clear the history list by deleting all the entries.
-\b-d\bd _\bo_\bf_\bf_\bs_\be_\bt
- Delete the history entry at position _\bo_\bf_\bf_\bs_\be_\bt. If _\bo_\bf_\bf_\bs_\be_\bt
+ Delete the history entry at position _\bo_\bf_\bf_\bs_\be_\bt. If _\bo_\bf_\bf_\bs_\be_\bt
is negative, it is interpreted as relative to one greater
than the last history position, so negative indices count
- back from the end of the history, and an index of -1
+ back from the end of the history, and an index of -1
refers to the current h\bhi\bis\bst\bto\bor\bry\by -\b-d\bd command.
-\b-d\bd _\bs_\bt_\ba_\br_\bt-_\be_\bn_\bd
- Delete the history entries between positions _\bs_\bt_\ba_\br_\bt and
- _\be_\bn_\bd, inclusive. Positive and negative values for _\bs_\bt_\ba_\br_\bt
- and _\be_\bn_\bd are interpreted as described above.
- -\b-a\ba Append the ``new'' history lines to the history file.
- These are history lines entered since the beginning of
+ Delete the range of history entries between positions
+ _\bs_\bt_\ba_\br_\bt and _\be_\bn_\bd, inclusive. Positive and negative values
+ for _\bs_\bt_\ba_\br_\bt and _\be_\bn_\bd are interpreted as described above.
+ -\b-a\ba Append the ``new'' history lines to the history file.
+ These are history lines entered since the beginning of
the current b\bba\bas\bsh\bh session, but not already appended to the
history file.
- -\b-n\bn Read the history lines not already read from the history
- file into the current history list. These are lines ap-
- pended to the history file since the beginning of the
+ -\b-n\bn Read the history lines not already read from the history
+ file into the current history list. These are lines ap-
+ pended to the history file since the beginning of the
current b\bba\bas\bsh\bh session.
- -\b-r\br Read the contents of the history file and append them to
+ -\b-r\br Read the contents of the history file and append them to
the current history list.
-\b-w\bw Write the current history list to the history file, over-
writing the history file's contents.
- -\b-p\bp Perform history substitution on the following _\ba_\br_\bg_\bs and
- display the result on the standard output. Does not
- store the results in the history list. Each _\ba_\br_\bg must be
+ -\b-p\bp Perform history substitution on the following _\ba_\br_\bg_\bs and
+ display the result on the standard output. Does not
+ store the results in the history list. Each _\ba_\br_\bg must be
quoted to disable normal history expansion.
- -\b-s\bs Store the _\ba_\br_\bg_\bs in the history list as a single entry.
- The last command in the history list is removed before
+ -\b-s\bs Store the _\ba_\br_\bg_\bs in the history list as a single entry.
+ The last command in the history list is removed before
the _\ba_\br_\bg_\bs are added.
- If the H\bHI\bIS\bST\bTT\bTI\bIM\bME\bEF\bFO\bOR\bRM\bMA\bAT\bT variable is set, the time stamp informa-
- tion associated with each history entry is written to the his-
- tory file, marked with the history comment character. When the
- history file is read, lines beginning with the history comment
- character followed immediately by a digit are interpreted as
+ If the H\bHI\bIS\bST\bTT\bTI\bIM\bME\bEF\bFO\bOR\bRM\bMA\bAT\bT variable is set, the time stamp informa-
+ tion associated with each history entry is written to the his-
+ tory file, marked with the history comment character. When the
+ history file is read, lines beginning with the history comment
+ character followed immediately by a digit are interpreted as
timestamps for the following history entry. The return value is
0 unless an invalid option is encountered, an error occurs while
- reading or writing the history file, an invalid _\bo_\bf_\bf_\bs_\be_\bt is sup-
- plied as an argument to -\b-d\bd, or the history expansion supplied as
- an argument to -\b-p\bp fails.
+ reading or writing the history file, an invalid _\bo_\bf_\bf_\bs_\be_\bt or range
+ is supplied as an argument to -\b-d\bd, or the history expansion sup-
+ plied as an argument to -\b-p\bp fails.
j\bjo\bob\bbs\bs [-\b-l\bln\bnp\bpr\brs\bs] [ _\bj_\bo_\bb_\bs_\bp_\be_\bc ... ]
j\bjo\bob\bbs\bs -\b-x\bx _\bc_\bo_\bm_\bm_\ba_\bn_\bd [ _\ba_\br_\bg_\bs ... ]
The first form lists the active jobs. The options have the fol-
lowing meanings:
-\b-l\bl List process IDs in addition to the normal information.
- -\b-n\bn Display information only about jobs that have changed
+ -\b-n\bn Display information only about jobs that have changed
status since the user was last notified of their status.
- -\b-p\bp List only the process ID of the job's process group
+ -\b-p\bp List only the process ID of the job's process group
leader.
-\b-r\br Display only running jobs.
-\b-s\bs Display only stopped jobs.
- If _\bj_\bo_\bb_\bs_\bp_\be_\bc is given, output is restricted to information about
- that job. The return status is 0 unless an invalid option is
+ If _\bj_\bo_\bb_\bs_\bp_\be_\bc is given, output is restricted to information about
+ that job. The return status is 0 unless an invalid option is
encountered or an invalid _\bj_\bo_\bb_\bs_\bp_\be_\bc is supplied.
If the -\b-x\bx option is supplied, j\bjo\bob\bbs\bs replaces any _\bj_\bo_\bb_\bs_\bp_\be_\bc found in
k\bki\bil\bll\bl [-\b-s\bs _\bs_\bi_\bg_\bs_\bp_\be_\bc | -\b-n\bn _\bs_\bi_\bg_\bn_\bu_\bm | -\b-_\bs_\bi_\bg_\bs_\bp_\be_\bc] [_\bp_\bi_\bd | _\bj_\bo_\bb_\bs_\bp_\be_\bc] ...
k\bki\bil\bll\bl -\b-l\bl|-\b-L\bL [_\bs_\bi_\bg_\bs_\bp_\be_\bc | _\be_\bx_\bi_\bt_\b__\bs_\bt_\ba_\bt_\bu_\bs]
- Send the signal named by _\bs_\bi_\bg_\bs_\bp_\be_\bc or _\bs_\bi_\bg_\bn_\bu_\bm to the processes
- named by _\bp_\bi_\bd or _\bj_\bo_\bb_\bs_\bp_\be_\bc. _\bs_\bi_\bg_\bs_\bp_\be_\bc is either a case-insensitive
- signal name such as S\bSI\bIG\bGK\bKI\bIL\bLL\bL (with or without the S\bSI\bIG\bG prefix) or
- a signal number; _\bs_\bi_\bg_\bn_\bu_\bm is a signal number. If _\bs_\bi_\bg_\bs_\bp_\be_\bc is not
- present, then S\bSI\bIG\bGT\bTE\bER\bRM\bM is assumed. An argument of -\b-l\bl lists the
- signal names. If any arguments are supplied when -\b-l\bl is given,
- the names of the signals corresponding to the arguments are
+ Send the signal named by _\bs_\bi_\bg_\bs_\bp_\be_\bc or _\bs_\bi_\bg_\bn_\bu_\bm to the processes
+ named by _\bp_\bi_\bd or _\bj_\bo_\bb_\bs_\bp_\be_\bc. _\bs_\bi_\bg_\bs_\bp_\be_\bc is either a case-insensitive
+ signal name such as S\bSI\bIG\bGK\bKI\bIL\bLL\bL (with or without the S\bSI\bIG\bG prefix) or
+ a signal number; _\bs_\bi_\bg_\bn_\bu_\bm is a signal number. If _\bs_\bi_\bg_\bs_\bp_\be_\bc is not
+ present, then S\bSI\bIG\bGT\bTE\bER\bRM\bM is assumed. An argument of -\b-l\bl lists the
+ signal names. If any arguments are supplied when -\b-l\bl is given,
+ the names of the signals corresponding to the arguments are
listed, and the return status is 0. The _\be_\bx_\bi_\bt_\b__\bs_\bt_\ba_\bt_\bu_\bs argument to
- -\b-l\bl is a number specifying either a signal number or the exit
- status of a process terminated by a signal. The -\b-L\bL option is
- equivalent to -\b-l\bl. k\bki\bil\bll\bl returns true if at least one signal was
+ -\b-l\bl is a number specifying either a signal number or the exit
+ status of a process terminated by a signal. The -\b-L\bL option is
+ equivalent to -\b-l\bl. k\bki\bil\bll\bl returns true if at least one signal was
successfully sent, or false if an error occurs or an invalid op-
tion is encountered.
l\ble\bet\bt _\ba_\br_\bg [_\ba_\br_\bg ...]
Each _\ba_\br_\bg is an arithmetic expression to be evaluated (see A\bAR\bRI\bIT\bTH\bH-\b-
- M\bME\bET\bTI\bIC\bC E\bEV\bVA\bAL\bLU\bUA\bAT\bTI\bIO\bON\bN above). If the last _\ba_\br_\bg evaluates to 0, l\ble\bet\bt
+ M\bME\bET\bTI\bIC\bC E\bEV\bVA\bAL\bLU\bUA\bAT\bTI\bIO\bON\bN above). If the last _\ba_\br_\bg evaluates to 0, l\ble\bet\bt
returns 1; 0 is returned otherwise.
l\blo\boc\bca\bal\bl [_\bo_\bp_\bt_\bi_\bo_\bn] [_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be[=_\bv_\ba_\bl_\bu_\be] ... | - ]
- For each argument, a local variable named _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be is created, and
- assigned _\bv_\ba_\bl_\bu_\be. The _\bo_\bp_\bt_\bi_\bo_\bn can be any of the options accepted
+ For each argument, a local variable named _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be is created, and
+ assigned _\bv_\ba_\bl_\bu_\be. The _\bo_\bp_\bt_\bi_\bo_\bn can be any of the options accepted
by d\bde\bec\bcl\bla\bar\bre\be. When l\blo\boc\bca\bal\bl is used within a function, it causes the
- variable _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be to have a visible scope restricted to that func-
- tion and its children. If _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be is -, the set of shell options
- is made local to the function in which l\blo\boc\bca\bal\bl is invoked: shell
- options changed using the s\bse\bet\bt builtin inside the function are
- restored to their original values when the function returns.
+ variable _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be to have a visible scope restricted to that func-
+ tion and its children. If _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be is -, the set of shell options
+ is made local to the function in which l\blo\boc\bca\bal\bl is invoked: shell
+ options changed using the s\bse\bet\bt builtin inside the function are
+ restored to their original values when the function returns.
The restore is effected as if a series of s\bse\bet\bt commands were exe-
- cuted to restore the values that were in place before the func-
- tion. With no operands, l\blo\boc\bca\bal\bl writes a list of local variables
- to the standard output. It is an error to use l\blo\boc\bca\bal\bl when not
- within a function. The return status is 0 unless l\blo\boc\bca\bal\bl is used
- outside a function, an invalid _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be is supplied, or _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be is a
+ cuted to restore the values that were in place before the func-
+ tion. With no operands, l\blo\boc\bca\bal\bl writes a list of local variables
+ to the standard output. It is an error to use l\blo\boc\bca\bal\bl when not
+ within a function. The return status is 0 unless l\blo\boc\bca\bal\bl is used
+ outside a function, an invalid _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be is supplied, or _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be is a
readonly variable.
l\blo\bog\bgo\bou\but\bt Exit a login shell.
- m\bma\bap\bpf\bfi\bil\ble\be [-\b-d\bd _\bd_\be_\bl_\bi_\bm] [-\b-n\bn _\bc_\bo_\bu_\bn_\bt] [-\b-O\bO _\bo_\br_\bi_\bg_\bi_\bn] [-\b-s\bs _\bc_\bo_\bu_\bn_\bt] [-\b-t\bt] [-\b-u\bu _\bf_\bd] [-\b-C\bC
+ m\bma\bap\bpf\bfi\bil\ble\be [-\b-d\bd _\bd_\be_\bl_\bi_\bm] [-\b-n\bn _\bc_\bo_\bu_\bn_\bt] [-\b-O\bO _\bo_\br_\bi_\bg_\bi_\bn] [-\b-s\bs _\bc_\bo_\bu_\bn_\bt] [-\b-t\bt] [-\b-u\bu _\bf_\bd] [-\b-C\bC
_\bc_\ba_\bl_\bl_\bb_\ba_\bc_\bk] [-\b-c\bc _\bq_\bu_\ba_\bn_\bt_\bu_\bm] [_\ba_\br_\br_\ba_\by]
r\bre\bea\bad\bda\bar\brr\bra\bay\by [-\b-d\bd _\bd_\be_\bl_\bi_\bm] [-\b-n\bn _\bc_\bo_\bu_\bn_\bt] [-\b-O\bO _\bo_\br_\bi_\bg_\bi_\bn] [-\b-s\bs _\bc_\bo_\bu_\bn_\bt] [-\b-t\bt] [-\b-u\bu _\bf_\bd] [-\b-C\bC
_\bc_\ba_\bl_\bl_\bb_\ba_\bc_\bk] [-\b-c\bc _\bq_\bu_\ba_\bn_\bt_\bu_\bm] [_\ba_\br_\br_\ba_\by]
- Read lines from the standard input into the indexed array vari-
- able _\ba_\br_\br_\ba_\by, or from file descriptor _\bf_\bd if the -\b-u\bu option is sup-
- plied. The variable M\bMA\bAP\bPF\bFI\bIL\bLE\bE is the default _\ba_\br_\br_\ba_\by. Options, if
+ Read lines from the standard input into the indexed array vari-
+ able _\ba_\br_\br_\ba_\by, or from file descriptor _\bf_\bd if the -\b-u\bu option is sup-
+ plied. The variable M\bMA\bAP\bPF\bFI\bIL\bLE\bE is the default _\ba_\br_\br_\ba_\by. Options, if
supplied, have the following meanings:
- -\b-d\bd The first character of _\bd_\be_\bl_\bi_\bm is used to terminate each
- input line, rather than newline. If _\bd_\be_\bl_\bi_\bm is the empty
+ -\b-d\bd The first character of _\bd_\be_\bl_\bi_\bm is used to terminate each
+ input line, rather than newline. If _\bd_\be_\bl_\bi_\bm is the empty
string, m\bma\bap\bpf\bfi\bil\ble\be will terminate a line when it reads a NUL
character.
- -\b-n\bn Copy at most _\bc_\bo_\bu_\bn_\bt lines. If _\bc_\bo_\bu_\bn_\bt is 0, all lines are
+ -\b-n\bn Copy at most _\bc_\bo_\bu_\bn_\bt lines. If _\bc_\bo_\bu_\bn_\bt is 0, all lines are
copied.
- -\b-O\bO Begin assigning to _\ba_\br_\br_\ba_\by at index _\bo_\br_\bi_\bg_\bi_\bn. The default
+ -\b-O\bO Begin assigning to _\ba_\br_\br_\ba_\by at index _\bo_\br_\bi_\bg_\bi_\bn. The default
index is 0.
-\b-s\bs Discard the first _\bc_\bo_\bu_\bn_\bt lines read.
- -\b-t\bt Remove a trailing _\bd_\be_\bl_\bi_\bm (default newline) from each line
+ -\b-t\bt Remove a trailing _\bd_\be_\bl_\bi_\bm (default newline) from each line
read.
- -\b-u\bu Read lines from file descriptor _\bf_\bd instead of the stan-
+ -\b-u\bu Read lines from file descriptor _\bf_\bd instead of the stan-
dard input.
- -\b-C\bC Evaluate _\bc_\ba_\bl_\bl_\bb_\ba_\bc_\bk each time _\bq_\bu_\ba_\bn_\bt_\bu_\bm lines are read. The
+ -\b-C\bC Evaluate _\bc_\ba_\bl_\bl_\bb_\ba_\bc_\bk each time _\bq_\bu_\ba_\bn_\bt_\bu_\bm lines are read. The
-\b-c\bc option specifies _\bq_\bu_\ba_\bn_\bt_\bu_\bm.
- -\b-c\bc Specify the number of lines read between each call to
+ -\b-c\bc Specify the number of lines read between each call to
_\bc_\ba_\bl_\bl_\bb_\ba_\bc_\bk.
- If -\b-C\bC is specified without -\b-c\bc, the default quantum is 5000.
+ If -\b-C\bC is specified without -\b-c\bc, the default quantum is 5000.
When _\bc_\ba_\bl_\bl_\bb_\ba_\bc_\bk is evaluated, it is supplied the index of the next
array element to be assigned and the line to be assigned to that
- element as additional arguments. _\bc_\ba_\bl_\bl_\bb_\ba_\bc_\bk is evaluated after
+ element as additional arguments. _\bc_\ba_\bl_\bl_\bb_\ba_\bc_\bk is evaluated after
the line is read but before the array element is assigned.
- If not supplied with an explicit origin, m\bma\bap\bpf\bfi\bil\ble\be will clear _\ba_\br_\b-
+ If not supplied with an explicit origin, m\bma\bap\bpf\bfi\bil\ble\be will clear _\ba_\br_\b-
_\br_\ba_\by before assigning to it.
- m\bma\bap\bpf\bfi\bil\ble\be returns successfully unless an invalid option or option
- argument is supplied, _\ba_\br_\br_\ba_\by is invalid or unassignable, or if
+ m\bma\bap\bpf\bfi\bil\ble\be returns successfully unless an invalid option or option
+ argument is supplied, _\ba_\br_\br_\ba_\by is invalid or unassignable, or if
_\ba_\br_\br_\ba_\by is not an indexed array.
p\bpo\bop\bpd\bd [-n\bn] [+_\bn] [-_\bn]
- Removes entries from the directory stack. With no arguments,
- removes the top directory from the stack, and performs a c\bcd\bd to
- the new top directory. Arguments, if supplied, have the follow-
- ing meanings:
+ Removes entries from the directory stack. The elements are num-
+ bered from 0 starting at the first directory listed by d\bdi\bir\brs\bs.
+ With no arguments, p\bpo\bop\bpd\bd removes the top directory from the
+ stack, and changes to the new top directory. Arguments, if sup-
+ plied, have the following meanings:
-\b-n\bn Suppresses the normal change of directory when removing
directories from the stack, so that only the stack is ma-
nipulated.
+\b+_\bn Removes the _\bnth entry counting from the left of the list
- shown by d\bdi\bir\brs\bs, starting with zero. For example: ``popd
- +0'' removes the first directory, ``popd +1'' the second.
+ shown by d\bdi\bir\brs\bs, starting with zero, from the stack. For
+ example: ``popd +0'' removes the first directory, ``popd
+ +1'' the second.
-\b-_\bn Removes the _\bnth entry counting from the right of the list
- shown by d\bdi\bir\brs\bs, starting with zero. For example: ``popd
- -0'' removes the last directory, ``popd -1'' the next to
+ shown by d\bdi\bir\brs\bs, starting with zero. For example: ``popd
+ -0'' removes the last directory, ``popd -1'' the next to
last.
- If the p\bpo\bop\bpd\bd command is successful, a d\bdi\bir\brs\bs is performed as well,
- and the return status is 0. p\bpo\bop\bpd\bd returns false if an invalid
- option is encountered, the directory stack is empty, a non-exis-
- tent directory stack entry is specified, or the directory change
- fails.
+ If the top element of the directory stack is modified, and the
+ _\b-_\bn option was not supplied, p\bpo\bop\bpd\bd uses the c\bcd\bd builtin to change
+ to the directory at the top of the stack. If the c\bcd\bd fails, p\bpo\bop\bpd\bd
+ returns a non-zero value.
+
+ Otherwise, p\bpo\bop\bpd\bd returns false if an invalid option is encoun-
+ tered, the directory stack is empty, or a non-existent directory
+ stack entry is specified.
+
+ If the p\bpo\bop\bpd\bd command is successful, bash runs d\bdi\bir\brs\bs to show the
+ final contents of the directory stack, and the return status is
+ 0.
p\bpr\bri\bin\bnt\btf\bf [-\b-v\bv _\bv_\ba_\br] _\bf_\bo_\br_\bm_\ba_\bt [_\ba_\br_\bg_\bu_\bm_\be_\bn_\bt_\bs]
Write the formatted _\ba_\br_\bg_\bu_\bm_\be_\bn_\bt_\bs to the standard output under the
corresponding _\ba_\br_\bg_\bu_\bm_\be_\bn_\bt in the same way as e\bec\bch\bho\bo -\b-e\be.
%\b%q\bq causes p\bpr\bri\bin\bnt\btf\bf to output the corresponding _\ba_\br_\bg_\bu_\bm_\be_\bn_\bt in a
format that can be reused as shell input.
+ %\b%Q\bQ like %\b%q\bq, but applies any supplied precision to the _\ba_\br_\bg_\bu_\b-
+ _\bm_\be_\bn_\bt before quoting it.
%\b%(\b(_\bd_\ba_\bt_\be_\bf_\bm_\bt)\b)T\bT
- causes p\bpr\bri\bin\bnt\btf\bf to output the date-time string resulting
- from using _\bd_\ba_\bt_\be_\bf_\bm_\bt as a format string for _\bs_\bt_\br_\bf_\bt_\bi_\bm_\be(3).
+ causes p\bpr\bri\bin\bnt\btf\bf to output the date-time string resulting
+ from using _\bd_\ba_\bt_\be_\bf_\bm_\bt as a format string for _\bs_\bt_\br_\bf_\bt_\bi_\bm_\be(3).
The corresponding _\ba_\br_\bg_\bu_\bm_\be_\bn_\bt is an integer representing the
- number of seconds since the epoch. Two special argument
- values may be used: -1 represents the current time, and
- -2 represents the time the shell was invoked. If no ar-
+ number of seconds since the epoch. Two special argument
+ values may be used: -1 represents the current time, and
+ -2 represents the time the shell was invoked. If no ar-
gument is specified, conversion behaves as if -1 had been
- given. This is an exception to the usual p\bpr\bri\bin\bnt\btf\bf behav-
+ given. This is an exception to the usual p\bpr\bri\bin\bnt\btf\bf behav-
ior.
The %b, %q, and %T directives all use the field width and preci-
bytes from (or use that wide a field for) the expanded argument,
which usually contains more characters than the original.
- Arguments to non-string format specifiers are treated as C con-
+ Arguments to non-string format specifiers are treated as C con-
stants, except that a leading plus or minus sign is allowed, and
- if the leading character is a single or double quote, the value
+ if the leading character is a single or double quote, the value
is the ASCII value of the following character.
- The _\bf_\bo_\br_\bm_\ba_\bt is reused as necessary to consume all of the _\ba_\br_\bg_\bu_\b-
+ The _\bf_\bo_\br_\bm_\ba_\bt is reused as necessary to consume all of the _\ba_\br_\bg_\bu_\b-
_\bm_\be_\bn_\bt_\bs. If the _\bf_\bo_\br_\bm_\ba_\bt requires more _\ba_\br_\bg_\bu_\bm_\be_\bn_\bt_\bs than are supplied,
- the extra format specifications behave as if a zero value or
- null string, as appropriate, had been supplied. The return
+ the extra format specifications behave as if a zero value or
+ null string, as appropriate, had been supplied. The return
value is zero on success, non-zero on failure.
p\bpu\bus\bsh\bhd\bd [-\b-n\bn] [+_\bn] [-_\bn]
p\bpu\bus\bsh\bhd\bd [-\b-n\bn] [_\bd_\bi_\br]
- Adds a directory to the top of the directory stack, or rotates
- the stack, making the new top of the stack the current working
- directory. With no arguments, p\bpu\bus\bsh\bhd\bd exchanges the top two di-
- rectories and returns 0, unless the directory stack is empty.
- Arguments, if supplied, have the following meanings:
- -\b-n\bn Suppresses the normal change of directory when rotating
- or adding directories to the stack, so that only the
+ Adds a directory to the top of the directory stack, or rotates
+ the stack, making the new top of the stack the current working
+ directory. With no arguments, p\bpu\bus\bsh\bhd\bd exchanges the top two ele-
+ ments of the directory stack. Arguments, if supplied, have the
+ following meanings:
+ -\b-n\bn Suppresses the normal change of directory when rotating
+ or adding directories to the stack, so that only the
stack is manipulated.
- +\b+_\bn Rotates the stack so that the _\bnth directory (counting
- from the left of the list shown by d\bdi\bir\brs\bs, starting with
+ +\b+_\bn Rotates the stack so that the _\bnth directory (counting
+ from the left of the list shown by d\bdi\bir\brs\bs, starting with
zero) is at the top.
- -\b-_\bn Rotates the stack so that the _\bnth directory (counting
- from the right of the list shown by d\bdi\bir\brs\bs, starting with
+ -\b-_\bn Rotates the stack so that the _\bnth directory (counting
+ from the right of the list shown by d\bdi\bir\brs\bs, starting with
zero) is at the top.
- _\bd_\bi_\br Adds _\bd_\bi_\br to the directory stack at the top, making it the
- new current working directory as if it had been supplied
- as the argument to the c\bcd\bd builtin.
+ _\bd_\bi_\br Adds _\bd_\bi_\br to the directory stack at the top
+
+ After the stack has been modified, if the -\b-n\bn option was not sup-
+ plied, p\bpu\bus\bsh\bhd\bd uses the c\bcd\bd builtin to change to the directory at
+ the top of the stack. If the c\bcd\bd fails, p\bpu\bus\bsh\bhd\bd returns a non-zero
+ value.
+
+ Otherwise, if no arguments are supplied, p\bpu\bus\bsh\bhd\bd returns 0 unless
+ the directory stack is empty. When rotating the directory
+ stack, p\bpu\bus\bsh\bhd\bd returns 0 unless the directory stack is empty or a
+ non-existent directory stack element is specified.
- If the p\bpu\bus\bsh\bhd\bd command is successful, a d\bdi\bir\brs\bs is performed as well.
- If the first form is used, p\bpu\bus\bsh\bhd\bd returns 0 unless the cd to _\bd_\bi_\br
- fails. With the second form, p\bpu\bus\bsh\bhd\bd returns 0 unless the direc-
- tory stack is empty, a non-existent directory stack element is
- specified, or the directory change to the specified new current
- directory fails.
+ If the p\bpu\bus\bsh\bhd\bd command is successful, bash runs d\bdi\bir\brs\bs to show the
+ final contents of the directory stack.
p\bpw\bwd\bd [-\b-L\bLP\bP]
- Print the absolute pathname of the current working directory.
+ Print the absolute pathname of the current working directory.
The pathname printed contains no symbolic links if the -\b-P\bP option
is supplied or the -\b-o\bo p\bph\bhy\bys\bsi\bic\bca\bal\bl option to the s\bse\bet\bt builtin command
- is enabled. If the -\b-L\bL option is used, the pathname printed may
- contain symbolic links. The return status is 0 unless an error
+ is enabled. If the -\b-L\bL option is used, the pathname printed may
+ contain symbolic links. The return status is 0 unless an error
occurs while reading the name of the current directory or an in-
valid option is supplied.
r\bre\bea\bad\bd [-\b-e\ber\brs\bs] [-\b-a\ba _\ba_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be] [-\b-d\bd _\bd_\be_\bl_\bi_\bm] [-\b-i\bi _\bt_\be_\bx_\bt] [-\b-n\bn _\bn_\bc_\bh_\ba_\br_\bs] [-\b-N\bN _\bn_\bc_\bh_\ba_\br_\bs] [-\b-p\bp
_\bp_\br_\bo_\bm_\bp_\bt] [-\b-t\bt _\bt_\bi_\bm_\be_\bo_\bu_\bt] [-\b-u\bu _\bf_\bd] [_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be ...]
- One line is read from the standard input, or from the file de-
+ One line is read from the standard input, or from the file de-
scriptor _\bf_\bd supplied as an argument to the -\b-u\bu option, split into
- words as described above under W\bWo\bor\brd\bd S\bSp\bpl\bli\bit\btt\bti\bin\bng\bg, and the first
- word is assigned to the first _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be, the second word to the sec-
- ond _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be, and so on. If there are more words than names, the
+ words as described above under W\bWo\bor\brd\bd S\bSp\bpl\bli\bit\btt\bti\bin\bng\bg, and the first
+ word is assigned to the first _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be, the second word to the sec-
+ ond _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be, and so on. If there are more words than names, the
remaining words and their intervening delimiters are assigned to
- the last _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be. If there are fewer words read from the input
- stream than names, the remaining names are assigned empty val-
- ues. The characters in I\bIF\bFS\bS are used to split the line into
- words using the same rules the shell uses for expansion (de-
- scribed above under W\bWo\bor\brd\bd S\bSp\bpl\bli\bit\btt\bti\bin\bng\bg). The backslash character
+ the last _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be. If there are fewer words read from the input
+ stream than names, the remaining names are assigned empty val-
+ ues. The characters in I\bIF\bFS\bS are used to split the line into
+ words using the same rules the shell uses for expansion (de-
+ scribed above under W\bWo\bor\brd\bd S\bSp\bpl\bli\bit\btt\bti\bin\bng\bg). The backslash character
(\\b\) may be used to remove any special meaning for the next char-
- acter read and for line continuation. Options, if supplied,
+ acter read and for line continuation. Options, if supplied,
have the following meanings:
-\b-a\ba _\ba_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be
The words are assigned to sequential indices of the array
variable _\ba_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be, starting at 0. _\ba_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be is unset before any
- new values are assigned. Other _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be arguments are ig-
+ new values are assigned. Other _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be arguments are ig-
nored.
-\b-d\bd _\bd_\be_\bl_\bi_\bm
The first character of _\bd_\be_\bl_\bi_\bm is used to terminate the in-
- put line, rather than newline. If _\bd_\be_\bl_\bi_\bm is the empty
- string, r\bre\bea\bad\bd will terminate a line when it reads a NUL
+ put line, rather than newline. If _\bd_\be_\bl_\bi_\bm is the empty
+ string, r\bre\bea\bad\bd will terminate a line when it reads a NUL
character.
-\b-e\be If the standard input is coming from a terminal, r\bre\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be
- (see R\bRE\bEA\bAD\bDL\bLI\bIN\bNE\bE above) is used to obtain the line. Read-
- line uses the current (or default, if line editing was
- not previously active) editing settings, but uses Read-
+ (see R\bRE\bEA\bAD\bDL\bLI\bIN\bNE\bE above) is used to obtain the line. Read-
+ line uses the current (or default, if line editing was
+ not previously active) editing settings, but uses Read-
line's default filename completion.
-\b-i\bi _\bt_\be_\bx_\bt
- If r\bre\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be is being used to read the line, _\bt_\be_\bx_\bt is
+ If r\bre\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be is being used to read the line, _\bt_\be_\bx_\bt is
placed into the editing buffer before editing begins.
-\b-n\bn _\bn_\bc_\bh_\ba_\br_\bs
- r\bre\bea\bad\bd returns after reading _\bn_\bc_\bh_\ba_\br_\bs characters rather than
+ r\bre\bea\bad\bd returns after reading _\bn_\bc_\bh_\ba_\br_\bs characters rather than
waiting for a complete line of input, but honors a delim-
- iter if fewer than _\bn_\bc_\bh_\ba_\br_\bs characters are read before the
+ iter if fewer than _\bn_\bc_\bh_\ba_\br_\bs characters are read before the
delimiter.
-\b-N\bN _\bn_\bc_\bh_\ba_\br_\bs
- r\bre\bea\bad\bd returns after reading exactly _\bn_\bc_\bh_\ba_\br_\bs characters
- rather than waiting for a complete line of input, unless
- EOF is encountered or r\bre\bea\bad\bd times out. Delimiter charac-
- ters encountered in the input are not treated specially
- and do not cause r\bre\bea\bad\bd to return until _\bn_\bc_\bh_\ba_\br_\bs characters
- are read. The result is not split on the characters in
- I\bIF\bFS\bS; the intent is that the variable is assigned exactly
+ r\bre\bea\bad\bd returns after reading exactly _\bn_\bc_\bh_\ba_\br_\bs characters
+ rather than waiting for a complete line of input, unless
+ EOF is encountered or r\bre\bea\bad\bd times out. Delimiter charac-
+ ters encountered in the input are not treated specially
+ and do not cause r\bre\bea\bad\bd to return until _\bn_\bc_\bh_\ba_\br_\bs characters
+ are read. The result is not split on the characters in
+ I\bIF\bFS\bS; the intent is that the variable is assigned exactly
the characters read (with the exception of backslash; see
the -\b-r\br option below).
-\b-p\bp _\bp_\br_\bo_\bm_\bp_\bt
line, before attempting to read any input. The prompt is
displayed only if input is coming from a terminal.
-\b-r\br Backslash does not act as an escape character. The back-
- slash is considered to be part of the line. In particu-
- lar, a backslash-newline pair may not then be used as a
+ slash is considered to be part of the line. In particu-
+ lar, a backslash-newline pair may not then be used as a
line continuation.
-\b-s\bs Silent mode. If input is coming from a terminal, charac-
ters are not echoed.
-\b-t\bt _\bt_\bi_\bm_\be_\bo_\bu_\bt
- Cause r\bre\bea\bad\bd to time out and return failure if a complete
- line of input (or a specified number of characters) is
- not read within _\bt_\bi_\bm_\be_\bo_\bu_\bt seconds. _\bt_\bi_\bm_\be_\bo_\bu_\bt may be a deci-
- mal number with a fractional portion following the deci-
- mal point. This option is only effective if r\bre\bea\bad\bd is
- reading input from a terminal, pipe, or other special
- file; it has no effect when reading from regular files.
+ Cause r\bre\bea\bad\bd to time out and return failure if a complete
+ line of input (or a specified number of characters) is
+ not read within _\bt_\bi_\bm_\be_\bo_\bu_\bt seconds. _\bt_\bi_\bm_\be_\bo_\bu_\bt may be a deci-
+ mal number with a fractional portion following the deci-
+ mal point. This option is only effective if r\bre\bea\bad\bd is
+ reading input from a terminal, pipe, or other special
+ file; it has no effect when reading from regular files.
If r\bre\bea\bad\bd times out, r\bre\bea\bad\bd saves any partial input read into
- the specified variable _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be. If _\bt_\bi_\bm_\be_\bo_\bu_\bt is 0, r\bre\bea\bad\bd re-
- turns immediately, without trying to read any data. The
- exit status is 0 if input is available on the specified
- file descriptor, non-zero otherwise. The exit status is
+ the specified variable _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be. If _\bt_\bi_\bm_\be_\bo_\bu_\bt is 0, r\bre\bea\bad\bd re-
+ turns immediately, without trying to read any data. The
+ exit status is 0 if input is available on the specified
+ file descriptor, non-zero otherwise. The exit status is
greater than 128 if the timeout is exceeded.
-\b-u\bu _\bf_\bd Read input from file descriptor _\bf_\bd.
- If no _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be_\bs are supplied, the line read, without the ending de-
- limiter but otherwise unmodified, is assigned to the variable
- R\bRE\bEP\bPL\bLY\bY. The exit status is zero, unless end-of-file is encoun-
- tered, r\bre\bea\bad\bd times out (in which case the status is greater than
- 128), a variable assignment error (such as assigning to a read-
+ If no _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be_\bs are supplied, the line read, without the ending de-
+ limiter but otherwise unmodified, is assigned to the variable
+ R\bRE\bEP\bPL\bLY\bY. The exit status is zero, unless end-of-file is encoun-
+ tered, r\bre\bea\bad\bd times out (in which case the status is greater than
+ 128), a variable assignment error (such as assigning to a read-
only variable) occurs, or an invalid file descriptor is supplied
as the argument to -\b-u\bu.
r\bre\bea\bad\bdo\bon\bnl\bly\by [-\b-a\baA\bAf\bf] [-\b-p\bp] [_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be[=_\bw_\bo_\br_\bd] ...]
- The given _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be_\bs are marked readonly; the values of these _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be_\bs
- may not be changed by subsequent assignment. If the -\b-f\bf option
- is supplied, the functions corresponding to the _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be_\bs are so
- marked. The -\b-a\ba option restricts the variables to indexed ar-
- rays; the -\b-A\bA option restricts the variables to associative ar-
+ The given _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be_\bs are marked readonly; the values of these _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be_\bs
+ may not be changed by subsequent assignment. If the -\b-f\bf option
+ is supplied, the functions corresponding to the _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be_\bs are so
+ marked. The -\b-a\ba option restricts the variables to indexed ar-
+ rays; the -\b-A\bA option restricts the variables to associative ar-
rays. If both options are supplied, -\b-A\bA takes precedence. If no
- _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be arguments are given, or if the -\b-p\bp option is supplied, a
+ _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be arguments are given, or if the -\b-p\bp option is supplied, a
list of all readonly names is printed. The other options may be
- used to restrict the output to a subset of the set of readonly
- names. The -\b-p\bp option causes output to be displayed in a format
- that may be reused as input. If a variable name is followed by
- =_\bw_\bo_\br_\bd, the value of the variable is set to _\bw_\bo_\br_\bd. The return
- status is 0 unless an invalid option is encountered, one of the
+ used to restrict the output to a subset of the set of readonly
+ names. The -\b-p\bp option causes output to be displayed in a format
+ that may be reused as input. If a variable name is followed by
+ =_\bw_\bo_\br_\bd, the value of the variable is set to _\bw_\bo_\br_\bd. The return
+ status is 0 unless an invalid option is encountered, one of the
_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be_\bs is not a valid shell variable name, or -\b-f\bf is supplied with
a _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be that is not a function.
r\bre\bet\btu\bur\brn\bn [_\bn]
- Causes a function to stop executing and return the value speci-
- fied by _\bn to its caller. If _\bn is omitted, the return status is
- that of the last command executed in the function body. If r\bre\be-\b-
+ Causes a function to stop executing and return the value speci-
+ fied by _\bn to its caller. If _\bn is omitted, the return status is
+ that of the last command executed in the function body. If r\bre\be-\b-
t\btu\bur\brn\bn is executed by a trap handler, the last command used to de-
- termine the status is the last command executed before the trap
- handler. If r\bre\bet\btu\bur\brn\bn is executed during a D\bDE\bEB\bBU\bUG\bG trap, the last
- command used to determine the status is the last command exe-
- cuted by the trap handler before r\bre\bet\btu\bur\brn\bn was invoked. If r\bre\bet\btu\bur\brn\bn
- is used outside a function, but during execution of a script by
- the .\b. (s\bso\bou\bur\brc\bce\be) command, it causes the shell to stop executing
- that script and return either _\bn or the exit status of the last
- command executed within the script as the exit status of the
+ termine the status is the last command executed before the trap
+ handler. If r\bre\bet\btu\bur\brn\bn is executed during a D\bDE\bEB\bBU\bUG\bG trap, the last
+ command used to determine the status is the last command exe-
+ cuted by the trap handler before r\bre\bet\btu\bur\brn\bn was invoked. If r\bre\bet\btu\bur\brn\bn
+ is used outside a function, but during execution of a script by
+ the .\b. (s\bso\bou\bur\brc\bce\be) command, it causes the shell to stop executing
+ that script and return either _\bn or the exit status of the last
+ command executed within the script as the exit status of the
script. If _\bn is supplied, the return value is its least signif-
- icant 8 bits. The return status is non-zero if r\bre\bet\btu\bur\brn\bn is sup-
- plied a non-numeric argument, or is used outside a function and
- not during execution of a script by .\b. or s\bso\bou\bur\brc\bce\be. Any command
+ icant 8 bits. The return status is non-zero if r\bre\bet\btu\bur\brn\bn is sup-
+ plied a non-numeric argument, or is used outside a function and
+ not during execution of a script by .\b. or s\bso\bou\bur\brc\bce\be. Any command
associated with the R\bRE\bET\bTU\bUR\bRN\bN trap is executed before execution re-
sumes after the function or script.
s\bse\bet\bt [-\b--\b-a\bab\bbe\bef\bfh\bhk\bkm\bmn\bnp\bpt\btu\buv\bvx\bxB\bBC\bCE\bEH\bHP\bPT\bT] [-\b-o\bo _\bo_\bp_\bt_\bi_\bo_\bn_\b-_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be] [_\ba_\br_\bg ...]
s\bse\bet\bt [+\b+a\bab\bbe\bef\bfh\bhk\bkm\bmn\bnp\bpt\btu\buv\bvx\bxB\bBC\bCE\bEH\bHP\bPT\bT] [+\b+o\bo _\bo_\bp_\bt_\bi_\bo_\bn_\b-_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be] [_\ba_\br_\bg ...]
- Without options, the name and value of each shell variable are
+ Without options, the name and value of each shell variable are
displayed in a format that can be reused as input for setting or
resetting the currently-set variables. Read-only variables can-
- not be reset. In _\bp_\bo_\bs_\bi_\bx _\bm_\bo_\bd_\be, only shell variables are listed.
- The output is sorted according to the current locale. When op-
- tions are specified, they set or unset shell attributes. Any
- arguments remaining after option processing are treated as val-
+ not be reset. In _\bp_\bo_\bs_\bi_\bx _\bm_\bo_\bd_\be, only shell variables are listed.
+ The output is sorted according to the current locale. When op-
+ tions are specified, they set or unset shell attributes. Any
+ arguments remaining after option processing are treated as val-
ues for the positional parameters and are assigned, in order, to
- $\b$1\b1, $\b$2\b2, .\b..\b..\b. $\b$_\bn. Options, if specified, have the following
+ $\b$1\b1, $\b$2\b2, .\b..\b..\b. $\b$_\bn. Options, if specified, have the following
meanings:
-\b-a\ba Each variable or function that is created or modified is
- given the export attribute and marked for export to the
+ given the export attribute and marked for export to the
environment of subsequent commands.
- -\b-b\bb Report the status of terminated background jobs immedi-
+ -\b-b\bb Report the status of terminated background jobs immedi-
ately, rather than before the next primary prompt. This
is effective only when job control is enabled.
- -\b-e\be Exit immediately if a _\bp_\bi_\bp_\be_\bl_\bi_\bn_\be (which may consist of a
- single _\bs_\bi_\bm_\bp_\bl_\be _\bc_\bo_\bm_\bm_\ba_\bn_\bd), a _\bl_\bi_\bs_\bt, or a _\bc_\bo_\bm_\bp_\bo_\bu_\bn_\bd _\bc_\bo_\bm_\bm_\ba_\bn_\bd
+ -\b-e\be Exit immediately if a _\bp_\bi_\bp_\be_\bl_\bi_\bn_\be (which may consist of a
+ single _\bs_\bi_\bm_\bp_\bl_\be _\bc_\bo_\bm_\bm_\ba_\bn_\bd), a _\bl_\bi_\bs_\bt, or a _\bc_\bo_\bm_\bp_\bo_\bu_\bn_\bd _\bc_\bo_\bm_\bm_\ba_\bn_\bd
(see S\bSH\bHE\bEL\bLL\bL G\bGR\bRA\bAM\bMM\bMA\bAR\bR above), exits with a non-zero status.
- The shell does not exit if the command that fails is
- part of the command list immediately following a w\bwh\bhi\bil\ble\be
- or u\bun\bnt\bti\bil\bl keyword, part of the test following the i\bif\bf or
- e\bel\bli\bif\bf reserved words, part of any command executed in a
- &\b&&\b& or |\b||\b| list except the command following the final &\b&&\b&
+ The shell does not exit if the command that fails is
+ part of the command list immediately following a w\bwh\bhi\bil\ble\be
+ or u\bun\bnt\bti\bil\bl keyword, part of the test following the i\bif\bf or
+ e\bel\bli\bif\bf reserved words, part of any command executed in a
+ &\b&&\b& or |\b||\b| list except the command following the final &\b&&\b&
or |\b||\b|, any command in a pipeline but the last, or if the
- command's return value is being inverted with !\b!. If a
- compound command other than a subshell returns a non-
- zero status because a command failed while -\b-e\be was being
- ignored, the shell does not exit. A trap on E\bER\bRR\bR, if
- set, is executed before the shell exits. This option
+ command's return value is being inverted with !\b!. If a
+ compound command other than a subshell returns a non-
+ zero status because a command failed while -\b-e\be was being
+ ignored, the shell does not exit. A trap on E\bER\bRR\bR, if
+ set, is executed before the shell exits. This option
applies to the shell environment and each subshell envi-
- ronment separately (see C\bCO\bOM\bMM\bMA\bAN\bND\bD E\bEX\bXE\bEC\bCU\bUT\bTI\bIO\bON\bN E\bEN\bNV\bVI\bIR\bRO\bON\bNM\bME\bEN\bNT\bT
+ ronment separately (see C\bCO\bOM\bMM\bMA\bAN\bND\bD E\bEX\bXE\bEC\bCU\bUT\bTI\bIO\bON\bN E\bEN\bNV\bVI\bIR\bRO\bON\bNM\bME\bEN\bNT\bT
above), and may cause subshells to exit before executing
all the commands in the subshell.
- If a compound command or shell function executes in a
- context where -\b-e\be is being ignored, none of the commands
- executed within the compound command or function body
- will be affected by the -\b-e\be setting, even if -\b-e\be is set
- and a command returns a failure status. If a compound
- command or shell function sets -\b-e\be while executing in a
- context where -\b-e\be is ignored, that setting will not have
- any effect until the compound command or the command
+ If a compound command or shell function executes in a
+ context where -\b-e\be is being ignored, none of the commands
+ executed within the compound command or function body
+ will be affected by the -\b-e\be setting, even if -\b-e\be is set
+ and a command returns a failure status. If a compound
+ command or shell function sets -\b-e\be while executing in a
+ context where -\b-e\be is ignored, that setting will not have
+ any effect until the compound command or the command
containing the function call completes.
-\b-f\bf Disable pathname expansion.
- -\b-h\bh Remember the location of commands as they are looked up
+ -\b-h\bh Remember the location of commands as they are looked up
for execution. This is enabled by default.
- -\b-k\bk All arguments in the form of assignment statements are
- placed in the environment for a command, not just those
+ -\b-k\bk All arguments in the form of assignment statements are
+ placed in the environment for a command, not just those
that precede the command name.
- -\b-m\bm Monitor mode. Job control is enabled. This option is
- on by default for interactive shells on systems that
- support it (see J\bJO\bOB\bB C\bCO\bON\bNT\bTR\bRO\bOL\bL above). All processes run
+ -\b-m\bm Monitor mode. Job control is enabled. This option is
+ on by default for interactive shells on systems that
+ support it (see J\bJO\bOB\bB C\bCO\bON\bNT\bTR\bRO\bOL\bL above). All processes run
in a separate process group. When a background job com-
pletes, the shell prints a line containing its exit sta-
tus.
-\b-n\bn Read commands but do not execute them. This may be used
- to check a shell script for syntax errors. This is ig-
+ to check a shell script for syntax errors. This is ig-
nored by interactive shells.
-\b-o\bo _\bo_\bp_\bt_\bi_\bo_\bn_\b-_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be
The _\bo_\bp_\bt_\bi_\bo_\bn_\b-_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be can be one of the following:
Same as -\b-a\ba.
b\bbr\bra\bac\bce\bee\bex\bxp\bpa\ban\bnd\bd
Same as -\b-B\bB.
- e\bem\bma\bac\bcs\bs Use an emacs-style command line editing inter-
+ e\bem\bma\bac\bcs\bs Use an emacs-style command line editing inter-
face. This is enabled by default when the shell
is interactive, unless the shell is started with
- the -\b--\b-n\bno\boe\bed\bdi\bit\bti\bin\bng\bg option. This also affects the
+ the -\b--\b-n\bno\boe\bed\bdi\bit\bti\bin\bng\bg option. This also affects the
editing interface used for r\bre\bea\bad\bd -\b-e\be.
e\ber\brr\bre\bex\bxi\bit\bt Same as -\b-e\be.
e\ber\brr\brt\btr\bra\bac\bce\be
H\bHI\bIS\bST\bTO\bOR\bRY\bY. This option is on by default in inter-
active shells.
i\big\bgn\bno\bor\bre\bee\beo\bof\bf
- The effect is as if the shell command ``IG-
- NOREEOF=10'' had been executed (see S\bSh\bhe\bel\bll\bl V\bVa\bar\bri\bi-\b-
+ The effect is as if the shell command ``IG-
+ NOREEOF=10'' had been executed (see S\bSh\bhe\bel\bll\bl V\bVa\bar\bri\bi-\b-
a\bab\bbl\ble\bes\bs above).
k\bke\bey\byw\bwo\bor\brd\bd Same as -\b-k\bk.
m\bmo\bon\bni\bit\bto\bor\br Same as -\b-m\bm.
p\bph\bhy\bys\bsi\bic\bca\bal\bl
Same as -\b-P\bP.
p\bpi\bip\bpe\bef\bfa\bai\bil\bl
- If set, the return value of a pipeline is the
- value of the last (rightmost) command to exit
- with a non-zero status, or zero if all commands
- in the pipeline exit successfully. This option
+ If set, the return value of a pipeline is the
+ value of the last (rightmost) command to exit
+ with a non-zero status, or zero if all commands
+ in the pipeline exit successfully. This option
is disabled by default.
- p\bpo\bos\bsi\bix\bx Change the behavior of b\bba\bas\bsh\bh where the default
- operation differs from the POSIX standard to
- match the standard (_\bp_\bo_\bs_\bi_\bx _\bm_\bo_\bd_\be). See S\bSE\bEE\bE A\bAL\bLS\bSO\bO
+ p\bpo\bos\bsi\bix\bx Change the behavior of b\bba\bas\bsh\bh where the default
+ operation differs from the POSIX standard to
+ match the standard (_\bp_\bo_\bs_\bi_\bx _\bm_\bo_\bd_\be). See S\bSE\bEE\bE A\bAL\bLS\bSO\bO
below for a reference to a document that details
how posix mode affects bash's behavior.
p\bpr\bri\biv\bvi\bil\ble\beg\bge\bed\bd
Same as -\b-p\bp.
v\bve\ber\brb\bbo\bos\bse\be Same as -\b-v\bv.
- v\bvi\bi Use a vi-style command line editing interface.
+ v\bvi\bi Use a vi-style command line editing interface.
This also affects the editing interface used for
r\bre\bea\bad\bd -\b-e\be.
x\bxt\btr\bra\bac\bce\be Same as -\b-x\bx.
If -\b-o\bo is supplied with no _\bo_\bp_\bt_\bi_\bo_\bn_\b-_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be, the values of the
- current options are printed. If +\b+o\bo is supplied with no
- _\bo_\bp_\bt_\bi_\bo_\bn_\b-_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be, a series of s\bse\bet\bt commands to recreate the
- current option settings is displayed on the standard
+ current options are printed. If +\b+o\bo is supplied with no
+ _\bo_\bp_\bt_\bi_\bo_\bn_\b-_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be, a series of s\bse\bet\bt commands to recreate the
+ current option settings is displayed on the standard
output.
- -\b-p\bp Turn on _\bp_\br_\bi_\bv_\bi_\bl_\be_\bg_\be_\bd mode. In this mode, the $\b$E\bEN\bNV\bV and
- $\b$B\bBA\bAS\bSH\bH_\b_E\bEN\bNV\bV files are not processed, shell functions are
- not inherited from the environment, and the S\bSH\bHE\bEL\bLL\bLO\bOP\bPT\bTS\bS,
- B\bBA\bAS\bSH\bHO\bOP\bPT\bTS\bS, C\bCD\bDP\bPA\bAT\bTH\bH, and G\bGL\bLO\bOB\bBI\bIG\bGN\bNO\bOR\bRE\bE variables, if they ap-
- pear in the environment, are ignored. If the shell is
- started with the effective user (group) id not equal to
- the real user (group) id, and the -\b-p\bp option is not sup-
+ -\b-p\bp Turn on _\bp_\br_\bi_\bv_\bi_\bl_\be_\bg_\be_\bd mode. In this mode, the $\b$E\bEN\bNV\bV and
+ $\b$B\bBA\bAS\bSH\bH_\b_E\bEN\bNV\bV files are not processed, shell functions are
+ not inherited from the environment, and the S\bSH\bHE\bEL\bLL\bLO\bOP\bPT\bTS\bS,
+ B\bBA\bAS\bSH\bHO\bOP\bPT\bTS\bS, C\bCD\bDP\bPA\bAT\bTH\bH, and G\bGL\bLO\bOB\bBI\bIG\bGN\bNO\bOR\bRE\bE variables, if they ap-
+ pear in the environment, are ignored. If the shell is
+ started with the effective user (group) id not equal to
+ the real user (group) id, and the -\b-p\bp option is not sup-
plied, these actions are taken and the effective user id
- is set to the real user id. If the -\b-p\bp option is sup-
- plied at startup, the effective user id is not reset.
- Turning this option off causes the effective user and
+ is set to the real user id. If the -\b-p\bp option is sup-
+ plied at startup, the effective user id is not reset.
+ Turning this option off causes the effective user and
group ids to be set to the real user and group ids.
-\b-t\bt Exit after reading and executing one command.
-\b-u\bu Treat unset variables and parameters other than the spe-
- cial parameters "@" and "*" as an error when performing
- parameter expansion. If expansion is attempted on an
- unset variable or parameter, the shell prints an error
- message, and, if not interactive, exits with a non-zero
+ cial parameters "@" and "*" as an error when performing
+ parameter expansion. If expansion is attempted on an
+ unset variable or parameter, the shell prints an error
+ message, and, if not interactive, exits with a non-zero
status.
-\b-v\bv Print shell input lines as they are read.
- -\b-x\bx After expanding each _\bs_\bi_\bm_\bp_\bl_\be _\bc_\bo_\bm_\bm_\ba_\bn_\bd, f\bfo\bor\br command, c\bca\bas\bse\be
+ -\b-x\bx After expanding each _\bs_\bi_\bm_\bp_\bl_\be _\bc_\bo_\bm_\bm_\ba_\bn_\bd, f\bfo\bor\br command, c\bca\bas\bse\be
command, s\bse\bel\ble\bec\bct\bt command, or arithmetic f\bfo\bor\br command, dis-
- play the expanded value of P\bPS\bS4\b4, followed by the command
+ play the expanded value of P\bPS\bS4\b4, followed by the command
and its expanded arguments or associated word list.
- -\b-B\bB The shell performs brace expansion (see B\bBr\bra\bac\bce\be E\bEx\bxp\bpa\ban\bns\bsi\bio\bon\bn
+ -\b-B\bB The shell performs brace expansion (see B\bBr\bra\bac\bce\be E\bEx\bxp\bpa\ban\bns\bsi\bio\bon\bn
above). This is on by default.
- -\b-C\bC If set, b\bba\bas\bsh\bh does not overwrite an existing file with
- the >\b>, >\b>&\b&, and <\b<>\b> redirection operators. This may be
+ -\b-C\bC If set, b\bba\bas\bsh\bh does not overwrite an existing file with
+ the >\b>, >\b>&\b&, and <\b<>\b> redirection operators. This may be
overridden when creating output files by using the redi-
rection operator >\b>|\b| instead of >\b>.
-\b-E\bE If set, any trap on E\bER\bRR\bR is inherited by shell functions,
- command substitutions, and commands executed in a sub-
- shell environment. The E\bER\bRR\bR trap is normally not inher-
+ command substitutions, and commands executed in a sub-
+ shell environment. The E\bER\bRR\bR trap is normally not inher-
ited in such cases.
-\b-H\bH Enable !\b! style history substitution. This option is on
by default when the shell is interactive.
- -\b-P\bP If set, the shell does not resolve symbolic links when
- executing commands such as c\bcd\bd that change the current
+ -\b-P\bP If set, the shell does not resolve symbolic links when
+ executing commands such as c\bcd\bd that change the current
working directory. It uses the physical directory
structure instead. By default, b\bba\bas\bsh\bh follows the logical
- chain of directories when performing commands which
+ chain of directories when performing commands which
change the current directory.
- -\b-T\bT If set, any traps on D\bDE\bEB\bBU\bUG\bG and R\bRE\bET\bTU\bUR\bRN\bN are inherited by
+ -\b-T\bT If set, any traps on D\bDE\bEB\bBU\bUG\bG and R\bRE\bET\bTU\bUR\bRN\bN are inherited by
shell functions, command substitutions, and commands ex-
- ecuted in a subshell environment. The D\bDE\bEB\bBU\bUG\bG and R\bRE\bET\bTU\bUR\bRN\bN
+ ecuted in a subshell environment. The D\bDE\bEB\bBU\bUG\bG and R\bRE\bET\bTU\bUR\bRN\bN
traps are normally not inherited in such cases.
- -\b--\b- If no arguments follow this option, then the positional
+ -\b--\b- If no arguments follow this option, then the positional
parameters are unset. Otherwise, the positional parame-
- ters are set to the _\ba_\br_\bgs, even if some of them begin
+ ters are set to the _\ba_\br_\bgs, even if some of them begin
with a -\b-.
- -\b- Signal the end of options, cause all remaining _\ba_\br_\bgs to
+ -\b- Signal the end of options, cause all remaining _\ba_\br_\bgs to
be assigned to the positional parameters. The -\b-x\bx and -\b-v\bv
options are turned off. If there are no _\ba_\br_\bgs, the posi-
tional parameters remain unchanged.
- The options are off by default unless otherwise noted. Using +
- rather than - causes these options to be turned off. The op-
+ The options are off by default unless otherwise noted. Using +
+ rather than - causes these options to be turned off. The op-
tions can also be specified as arguments to an invocation of the
- shell. The current set of options may be found in $\b$-\b-. The re-
- turn status is always true unless an invalid option is encoun-
+ shell. The current set of options may be found in $\b$-\b-. The re-
+ turn status is always true unless an invalid option is encoun-
tered.
s\bsh\bhi\bif\bft\bt [_\bn]
- The positional parameters from _\bn+1 ... are renamed to $\b$1\b1 .\b..\b..\b..\b.
- Parameters represented by the numbers $\b$#\b# down to $\b$#\b#-_\bn+1 are un-
- set. _\bn must be a non-negative number less than or equal to $\b$#\b#.
- If _\bn is 0, no parameters are changed. If _\bn is not given, it is
+ The positional parameters from _\bn+1 ... are renamed to $\b$1\b1 .\b..\b..\b..\b.
+ Parameters represented by the numbers $\b$#\b# down to $\b$#\b#-_\bn+1 are un-
+ set. _\bn must be a non-negative number less than or equal to $\b$#\b#.
+ If _\bn is 0, no parameters are changed. If _\bn is not given, it is
assumed to be 1. If _\bn is greater than $\b$#\b#, the positional param-
- eters are not changed. The return status is greater than zero
+ eters are not changed. The return status is greater than zero
if _\bn is greater than $\b$#\b# or less than zero; otherwise 0.
s\bsh\bho\bop\bpt\bt [-\b-p\bpq\bqs\bsu\bu] [-\b-o\bo] [_\bo_\bp_\bt_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be ...]
- Toggle the values of settings controlling optional shell behav-
- ior. The settings can be either those listed below, or, if the
+ Toggle the values of settings controlling optional shell behav-
+ ior. The settings can be either those listed below, or, if the
-\b-o\bo option is used, those available with the -\b-o\bo option to the s\bse\bet\bt
builtin command. With no options, or with the -\b-p\bp option, a list
- of all settable options is displayed, with an indication of
+ of all settable options is displayed, with an indication of
whether or not each is set; if _\bo_\bp_\bt_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be_\bs are supplied, the output
- is restricted to those options. The -\b-p\bp option causes output to
- be displayed in a form that may be reused as input. Other op-
+ is restricted to those options. The -\b-p\bp option causes output to
+ be displayed in a form that may be reused as input. Other op-
tions have the following meanings:
-\b-s\bs Enable (set) each _\bo_\bp_\bt_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be.
-\b-u\bu Disable (unset) each _\bo_\bp_\bt_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be.
- -\b-q\bq Suppresses normal output (quiet mode); the return status
+ -\b-q\bq Suppresses normal output (quiet mode); the return status
indicates whether the _\bo_\bp_\bt_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be is set or unset. If multi-
- ple _\bo_\bp_\bt_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be arguments are given with -\b-q\bq, the return sta-
- tus is zero if all _\bo_\bp_\bt_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be_\bs are enabled; non-zero other-
+ ple _\bo_\bp_\bt_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be arguments are given with -\b-q\bq, the return sta-
+ tus is zero if all _\bo_\bp_\bt_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be_\bs are enabled; non-zero other-
wise.
- -\b-o\bo Restricts the values of _\bo_\bp_\bt_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be to be those defined for
+ -\b-o\bo Restricts the values of _\bo_\bp_\bt_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be to be those defined for
the -\b-o\bo option to the s\bse\bet\bt builtin.
- If either -\b-s\bs or -\b-u\bu is used with no _\bo_\bp_\bt_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be arguments, s\bsh\bho\bop\bpt\bt
- shows only those options which are set or unset, respectively.
- Unless otherwise noted, the s\bsh\bho\bop\bpt\bt options are disabled (unset)
+ If either -\b-s\bs or -\b-u\bu is used with no _\bo_\bp_\bt_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be arguments, s\bsh\bho\bop\bpt\bt
+ shows only those options which are set or unset, respectively.
+ Unless otherwise noted, the s\bsh\bho\bop\bpt\bt options are disabled (unset)
by default.
- The return status when listing options is zero if all _\bo_\bp_\bt_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be_\bs
- are enabled, non-zero otherwise. When setting or unsetting op-
- tions, the return status is zero unless an _\bo_\bp_\bt_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be is not a
+ The return status when listing options is zero if all _\bo_\bp_\bt_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be_\bs
+ are enabled, non-zero otherwise. When setting or unsetting op-
+ tions, the return status is zero unless an _\bo_\bp_\bt_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be is not a
valid shell option.
The list of s\bsh\bho\bop\bpt\bt options is:
a\bas\bss\bso\boc\bc_\b_e\bex\bxp\bpa\ban\bnd\bd_\b_o\bon\bnc\bce\be
- If set, the shell suppresses multiple evaluation of as-
- sociative array subscripts during arithmetic expression
- evaluation, while executing builtins that can perform
- variable assignments, and while executing builtins that
+ If set, the shell suppresses multiple evaluation of as-
+ sociative array subscripts during arithmetic expression
+ evaluation, while executing builtins that can perform
+ variable assignments, and while executing builtins that
perform array dereferencing.
- a\bau\but\bto\boc\bcd\bd If set, a command name that is the name of a directory
- is executed as if it were the argument to the c\bcd\bd com-
+ a\bau\but\bto\boc\bcd\bd If set, a command name that is the name of a directory
+ is executed as if it were the argument to the c\bcd\bd com-
mand. This option is only used by interactive shells.
c\bcd\bda\bab\bbl\ble\be_\b_v\bva\bar\brs\bs
- If set, an argument to the c\bcd\bd builtin command that is
- not a directory is assumed to be the name of a variable
+ If set, an argument to the c\bcd\bd builtin command that is
+ not a directory is assumed to be the name of a variable
whose value is the directory to change to.
c\bcd\bds\bsp\bpe\bel\bll\bl If set, minor errors in the spelling of a directory com-
- ponent in a c\bcd\bd command will be corrected. The errors
+ ponent in a c\bcd\bd command will be corrected. The errors
checked for are transposed characters, a missing charac-
- ter, and one character too many. If a correction is
- found, the corrected filename is printed, and the com-
- mand proceeds. This option is only used by interactive
+ ter, and one character too many. If a correction is
+ found, the corrected filename is printed, and the com-
+ mand proceeds. This option is only used by interactive
shells.
c\bch\bhe\bec\bck\bkh\bha\bas\bsh\bh
If set, b\bba\bas\bsh\bh checks that a command found in the hash ta-
- ble exists before trying to execute it. If a hashed
- command no longer exists, a normal path search is per-
+ ble exists before trying to execute it. If a hashed
+ command no longer exists, a normal path search is per-
formed.
c\bch\bhe\bec\bck\bkj\bjo\bob\bbs\bs
If set, b\bba\bas\bsh\bh lists the status of any stopped and running
- jobs before exiting an interactive shell. If any jobs
+ jobs before exiting an interactive shell. If any jobs
are running, this causes the exit to be deferred until a
- second exit is attempted without an intervening command
+ second exit is attempted without an intervening command
(see J\bJO\bOB\bB C\bCO\bON\bNT\bTR\bRO\bOL\bL above). The shell always postpones ex-
iting if any jobs are stopped.
c\bch\bhe\bec\bck\bkw\bwi\bin\bns\bsi\biz\bze\be
- If set, b\bba\bas\bsh\bh checks the window size after each external
- (non-builtin) command and, if necessary, updates the
- values of L\bLI\bIN\bNE\bES\bS and C\bCO\bOL\bLU\bUM\bMN\bNS\bS. This option is enabled by
+ If set, b\bba\bas\bsh\bh checks the window size after each external
+ (non-builtin) command and, if necessary, updates the
+ values of L\bLI\bIN\bNE\bES\bS and C\bCO\bOL\bLU\bUM\bMN\bNS\bS. This option is enabled by
default.
- c\bcm\bmd\bdh\bhi\bis\bst\bt If set, b\bba\bas\bsh\bh attempts to save all lines of a multiple-
- line command in the same history entry. This allows
- easy re-editing of multi-line commands. This option is
- enabled by default, but only has an effect if command
+ c\bcm\bmd\bdh\bhi\bis\bst\bt If set, b\bba\bas\bsh\bh attempts to save all lines of a multiple-
+ line command in the same history entry. This allows
+ easy re-editing of multi-line commands. This option is
+ enabled by default, but only has an effect if command
history is enabled, as described above under H\bHI\bIS\bST\bTO\bOR\bRY\bY.
c\bco\bom\bmp\bpa\bat\bt3\b31\b1
c\bco\bom\bmp\bpa\bat\bt3\b32\b2
c\bco\bom\bmp\bpa\bat\bt4\b42\b2
c\bco\bom\bmp\bpa\bat\bt4\b43\b3
c\bco\bom\bmp\bpa\bat\bt4\b44\b4
- These control aspects of the shell's compatibility mode
+ c\bco\bom\bmp\bpa\bat\bt5\b50\b0
+ These control aspects of the shell's compatibility mode
(see S\bSH\bHE\bEL\bLL\bL C\bCO\bOM\bMP\bPA\bAT\bTI\bIB\bBI\bIL\bLI\bIT\bTY\bY M\bMO\bOD\bDE\bE below).
c\bco\bom\bmp\bpl\ble\bet\bte\be_\b_f\bfu\bul\bll\blq\bqu\buo\bot\bte\be
- If set, b\bba\bas\bsh\bh quotes all shell metacharacters in file-
- names and directory names when performing completion.
+ If set, b\bba\bas\bsh\bh quotes all shell metacharacters in file-
+ names and directory names when performing completion.
If not set, b\bba\bas\bsh\bh removes metacharacters such as the dol-
- lar sign from the set of characters that will be quoted
- in completed filenames when these metacharacters appear
- in shell variable references in words to be completed.
- This means that dollar signs in variable names that ex-
- pand to directories will not be quoted; however, any
- dollar signs appearing in filenames will not be quoted,
- either. This is active only when bash is using back-
- slashes to quote completed filenames. This variable is
- set by default, which is the default bash behavior in
+ lar sign from the set of characters that will be quoted
+ in completed filenames when these metacharacters appear
+ in shell variable references in words to be completed.
+ This means that dollar signs in variable names that ex-
+ pand to directories will not be quoted; however, any
+ dollar signs appearing in filenames will not be quoted,
+ either. This is active only when bash is using back-
+ slashes to quote completed filenames. This variable is
+ set by default, which is the default bash behavior in
versions through 4.2.
d\bdi\bir\bre\bex\bxp\bpa\ban\bnd\bd
- If set, b\bba\bas\bsh\bh replaces directory names with the results
- of word expansion when performing filename completion.
- This changes the contents of the readline editing buf-
- fer. If not set, b\bba\bas\bsh\bh attempts to preserve what the
+ If set, b\bba\bas\bsh\bh replaces directory names with the results
+ of word expansion when performing filename completion.
+ This changes the contents of the readline editing buf-
+ fer. If not set, b\bba\bas\bsh\bh attempts to preserve what the
user typed.
d\bdi\bir\brs\bsp\bpe\bel\bll\bl
- If set, b\bba\bas\bsh\bh attempts spelling correction on directory
- names during word completion if the directory name ini-
+ If set, b\bba\bas\bsh\bh attempts spelling correction on directory
+ names during word completion if the directory name ini-
tially supplied does not exist.
- d\bdo\bot\btg\bgl\blo\bob\bb If set, b\bba\bas\bsh\bh includes filenames beginning with a `.' in
- the results of pathname expansion. The filenames `\b``\b`.\b.'\b''\b'
- and `\b``\b`.\b..\b.'\b''\b' must always be matched explicitly, even if
+ d\bdo\bot\btg\bgl\blo\bob\bb If set, b\bba\bas\bsh\bh includes filenames beginning with a `.' in
+ the results of pathname expansion. The filenames `\b``\b`.\b.'\b''\b'
+ and `\b``\b`.\b..\b.'\b''\b' must always be matched explicitly, even if
d\bdo\bot\btg\bgl\blo\bob\bb is set.
e\bex\bxe\bec\bcf\bfa\bai\bil\bl
If set, a non-interactive shell will not exit if it can-
- not execute the file specified as an argument to the
- e\bex\bxe\bec\bc builtin command. An interactive shell does not
+ not execute the file specified as an argument to the
+ e\bex\bxe\bec\bc builtin command. An interactive shell does not
exit if e\bex\bxe\bec\bc fails.
e\bex\bxp\bpa\ban\bnd\bd_\b_a\bal\bli\bia\bas\bse\bes\bs
- If set, aliases are expanded as described above under
+ If set, aliases are expanded as described above under
A\bAL\bLI\bIA\bAS\bSE\bES\bS. This option is enabled by default for interac-
tive shells.
e\bex\bxt\btd\bde\beb\bbu\bug\bg
- If set at shell invocation, or in a shell startup file,
+ If set at shell invocation, or in a shell startup file,
arrange to execute the debugger profile before the shell
- starts, identical to the -\b--\b-d\bde\beb\bbu\bug\bgg\bge\ber\br option. If set af-
- ter invocation, behavior intended for use by debuggers
+ starts, identical to the -\b--\b-d\bde\beb\bbu\bug\bgg\bge\ber\br option. If set af-
+ ter invocation, behavior intended for use by debuggers
is enabled:
1\b1.\b. The -\b-F\bF option to the d\bde\bec\bcl\bla\bar\bre\be builtin displays the
source file name and line number corresponding to
each function name supplied as an argument.
- 2\b2.\b. If the command run by the D\bDE\bEB\bBU\bUG\bG trap returns a
- non-zero value, the next command is skipped and
+ 2\b2.\b. If the command run by the D\bDE\bEB\bBU\bUG\bG trap returns a
+ non-zero value, the next command is skipped and
not executed.
- 3\b3.\b. If the command run by the D\bDE\bEB\bBU\bUG\bG trap returns a
- value of 2, and the shell is executing in a sub-
- routine (a shell function or a shell script exe-
- cuted by the .\b. or s\bso\bou\bur\brc\bce\be builtins), the shell
+ 3\b3.\b. If the command run by the D\bDE\bEB\bBU\bUG\bG trap returns a
+ value of 2, and the shell is executing in a sub-
+ routine (a shell function or a shell script exe-
+ cuted by the .\b. or s\bso\bou\bur\brc\bce\be builtins), the shell
simulates a call to r\bre\bet\btu\bur\brn\bn.
- 4\b4.\b. B\bBA\bAS\bSH\bH_\b_A\bAR\bRG\bGC\bC and B\bBA\bAS\bSH\bH_\b_A\bAR\bRG\bGV\bV are updated as described
+ 4\b4.\b. B\bBA\bAS\bSH\bH_\b_A\bAR\bRG\bGC\bC and B\bBA\bAS\bSH\bH_\b_A\bAR\bRG\bGV\bV are updated as described
in their descriptions above.
- 5\b5.\b. Function tracing is enabled: command substitu-
+ 5\b5.\b. Function tracing is enabled: command substitu-
tion, shell functions, and subshells invoked with
(\b( _\bc_\bo_\bm_\bm_\ba_\bn_\bd )\b) inherit the D\bDE\bEB\bBU\bUG\bG and R\bRE\bET\bTU\bUR\bRN\bN traps.
- 6\b6.\b. Error tracing is enabled: command substitution,
- shell functions, and subshells invoked with (\b(
+ 6\b6.\b. Error tracing is enabled: command substitution,
+ shell functions, and subshells invoked with (\b(
_\bc_\bo_\bm_\bm_\ba_\bn_\bd )\b) inherit the E\bER\bRR\bR trap.
e\bex\bxt\btg\bgl\blo\bob\bb If set, the extended pattern matching features described
above under P\bPa\bat\bth\bhn\bna\bam\bme\be E\bEx\bxp\bpa\ban\bns\bsi\bio\bon\bn are enabled.
e\bex\bxt\btq\bqu\buo\bot\bte\be
- If set, $\b$'_\bs_\bt_\br_\bi_\bn_\bg' and $\b$"_\bs_\bt_\br_\bi_\bn_\bg" quoting is performed
- within $\b${\b{_\bp_\ba_\br_\ba_\bm_\be_\bt_\be_\br}\b} expansions enclosed in double
+ If set, $\b$'_\bs_\bt_\br_\bi_\bn_\bg' and $\b$"_\bs_\bt_\br_\bi_\bn_\bg" quoting is performed
+ within $\b${\b{_\bp_\ba_\br_\ba_\bm_\be_\bt_\be_\br}\b} expansions enclosed in double
quotes. This option is enabled by default.
f\bfa\bai\bil\blg\bgl\blo\bob\bb
- If set, patterns which fail to match filenames during
+ If set, patterns which fail to match filenames during
pathname expansion result in an expansion error.
f\bfo\bor\brc\bce\be_\b_f\bfi\big\bgn\bno\bor\bre\be
- If set, the suffixes specified by the F\bFI\bIG\bGN\bNO\bOR\bRE\bE shell
- variable cause words to be ignored when performing word
+ If set, the suffixes specified by the F\bFI\bIG\bGN\bNO\bOR\bRE\bE shell
+ variable cause words to be ignored when performing word
completion even if the ignored words are the only possi-
- ble completions. See S\bSH\bHE\bEL\bLL\bL V\bVA\bAR\bRI\bIA\bAB\bBL\bLE\bES\bS above for a de-
- scription of F\bFI\bIG\bGN\bNO\bOR\bRE\bE. This option is enabled by de-
+ ble completions. See S\bSH\bHE\bEL\bLL\bL V\bVA\bAR\bRI\bIA\bAB\bBL\bLE\bES\bS above for a de-
+ scription of F\bFI\bIG\bGN\bNO\bOR\bRE\bE. This option is enabled by de-
fault.
g\bgl\blo\bob\bba\bas\bsc\bci\bii\bir\bra\ban\bng\bge\bes\bs
- If set, range expressions used in pattern matching
- bracket expressions (see P\bPa\bat\btt\bte\ber\brn\bn M\bMa\bat\btc\bch\bhi\bin\bng\bg above) behave
- as if in the traditional C locale when performing com-
- parisons. That is, the current locale's collating se-
- quence is not taken into account, so b\bb will not collate
- between A\bA and B\bB, and upper-case and lower-case ASCII
+ If set, range expressions used in pattern matching
+ bracket expressions (see P\bPa\bat\btt\bte\ber\brn\bn M\bMa\bat\btc\bch\bhi\bin\bng\bg above) behave
+ as if in the traditional C locale when performing com-
+ parisons. That is, the current locale's collating se-
+ quence is not taken into account, so b\bb will not collate
+ between A\bA and B\bB, and upper-case and lower-case ASCII
characters will collate together.
g\bgl\blo\bob\bbs\bst\bta\bar\br
If set, the pattern *\b**\b* used in a pathname expansion con-
- text will match all files and zero or more directories
- and subdirectories. If the pattern is followed by a /\b/,
+ text will match all files and zero or more directories
+ and subdirectories. If the pattern is followed by a /\b/,
only directories and subdirectories match.
g\bgn\bnu\bu_\b_e\ber\brr\brf\bfm\bmt\bt
GNU error message format.
h\bhi\bis\bst\bta\bap\bpp\bpe\ben\bnd\bd
- If set, the history list is appended to the file named
+ If set, the history list is appended to the file named
by the value of the H\bHI\bIS\bST\bTF\bFI\bIL\bLE\bE variable when the shell ex-
its, rather than overwriting the file.
h\bhi\bis\bst\btr\bre\bee\bed\bdi\bit\bt
- If set, and r\bre\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be is being used, a user is given the
+ If set, and r\bre\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be is being used, a user is given the
opportunity to re-edit a failed history substitution.
h\bhi\bis\bst\btv\bve\ber\bri\bif\bfy\by
- If set, and r\bre\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be is being used, the results of his-
- tory substitution are not immediately passed to the
- shell parser. Instead, the resulting line is loaded
+ If set, and r\bre\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be is being used, the results of his-
+ tory substitution are not immediately passed to the
+ shell parser. Instead, the resulting line is loaded
into the r\bre\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be editing buffer, allowing further modi-
fication.
h\bho\bos\bst\btc\bco\bom\bmp\bpl\ble\bet\bte\be
If set, and r\bre\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be is being used, b\bba\bas\bsh\bh will attempt to
- perform hostname completion when a word containing a @\b@
- is being completed (see C\bCo\bom\bmp\bpl\ble\bet\bti\bin\bng\bg under R\bRE\bEA\bAD\bDL\bLI\bIN\bNE\bE
+ perform hostname completion when a word containing a @\b@
+ is being completed (see C\bCo\bom\bmp\bpl\ble\bet\bti\bin\bng\bg under R\bRE\bEA\bAD\bDL\bLI\bIN\bNE\bE
above). This is enabled by default.
h\bhu\bup\bpo\bon\bne\bex\bxi\bit\bt
active login shell exits.
i\bin\bnh\bhe\ber\bri\bit\bt_\b_e\ber\brr\bre\bex\bxi\bit\bt
- If set, command substitution inherits the value of the
- e\ber\brr\bre\bex\bxi\bit\bt option, instead of unsetting it in the subshell
- environment. This option is enabled when _\bp_\bo_\bs_\bi_\bx _\bm_\bo_\bd_\be is
+ If set, command substitution inherits the value of the
+ e\ber\brr\bre\bex\bxi\bit\bt option, instead of unsetting it in the subshell
+ environment. This option is enabled when _\bp_\bo_\bs_\bi_\bx _\bm_\bo_\bd_\be is
enabled.
i\bin\bnt\bte\ber\bra\bac\bct\bti\biv\bve\be_\b_c\bco\bom\bmm\bme\ben\bnt\bts\bs
If set, allow a word beginning with #\b# to cause that word
- and all remaining characters on that line to be ignored
- in an interactive shell (see C\bCO\bOM\bMM\bME\bEN\bNT\bTS\bS above). This op-
+ and all remaining characters on that line to be ignored
+ in an interactive shell (see C\bCO\bOM\bMM\bME\bEN\bNT\bTS\bS above). This op-
tion is enabled by default.
l\bla\bas\bst\btp\bpi\bip\bpe\be
- If set, and job control is not active, the shell runs
+ If set, and job control is not active, the shell runs
the last command of a pipeline not executed in the back-
ground in the current shell environment.
- l\bli\bit\bth\bhi\bis\bst\bt If set, and the c\bcm\bmd\bdh\bhi\bis\bst\bt option is enabled, multi-line
+ l\bli\bit\bth\bhi\bis\bst\bt If set, and the c\bcm\bmd\bdh\bhi\bis\bst\bt option is enabled, multi-line
commands are saved to the history with embedded newlines
rather than using semicolon separators where possible.
tribute is not inherited.
l\blo\boc\bca\bal\blv\bva\bar\br_\b_u\bun\bns\bse\bet\bt
- If set, calling u\bun\bns\bse\bet\bt on local variables in previous
- function scopes marks them so subsequent lookups find
- them unset until that function returns. This is identi-
- cal to the behavior of unsetting local variables at the
+ If set, calling u\bun\bns\bse\bet\bt on local variables in previous
+ function scopes marks them so subsequent lookups find
+ them unset until that function returns. This is identi-
+ cal to the behavior of unsetting local variables at the
current function scope.
l\blo\bog\bgi\bin\bn_\b_s\bsh\bhe\bel\bll\bl
- The shell sets this option if it is started as a login
- shell (see I\bIN\bNV\bVO\bOC\bCA\bAT\bTI\bIO\bON\bN above). The value may not be
+ The shell sets this option if it is started as a login
+ shell (see I\bIN\bNV\bVO\bOC\bCA\bAT\bTI\bIO\bON\bN above). The value may not be
changed.
m\bma\bai\bil\blw\bwa\bar\brn\bn
- If set, and a file that b\bba\bas\bsh\bh is checking for mail has
- been accessed since the last time it was checked, the
- message ``The mail in _\bm_\ba_\bi_\bl_\bf_\bi_\bl_\be has been read'' is dis-
+ If set, and a file that b\bba\bas\bsh\bh is checking for mail has
+ been accessed since the last time it was checked, the
+ message ``The mail in _\bm_\ba_\bi_\bl_\bf_\bi_\bl_\be has been read'' is dis-
played.
n\bno\bo_\b_e\bem\bmp\bpt\bty\by_\b_c\bcm\bmd\bd_\b_c\bco\bom\bmp\bpl\ble\bet\bti\bio\bon\bn
- If set, and r\bre\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be is being used, b\bba\bas\bsh\bh will not at-
- tempt to search the P\bPA\bAT\bTH\bH for possible completions when
+ If set, and r\bre\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be is being used, b\bba\bas\bsh\bh will not at-
+ tempt to search the P\bPA\bAT\bTH\bH for possible completions when
completion is attempted on an empty line.
n\bno\boc\bca\bas\bse\beg\bgl\blo\bob\bb
- If set, b\bba\bas\bsh\bh matches filenames in a case-insensitive
+ If set, b\bba\bas\bsh\bh matches filenames in a case-insensitive
fashion when performing pathname expansion (see P\bPa\bat\bth\bhn\bna\bam\bme\be
E\bEx\bxp\bpa\ban\bns\bsi\bio\bon\bn above).
n\bno\boc\bca\bas\bse\bem\bma\bat\btc\bch\bh
- If set, b\bba\bas\bsh\bh matches patterns in a case-insensitive
+ If set, b\bba\bas\bsh\bh matches patterns in a case-insensitive
fashion when performing matching while executing c\bca\bas\bse\be or
[\b[[\b[ conditional commands, when performing pattern substi-
- tution word expansions, or when filtering possible com-
+ tution word expansions, or when filtering possible com-
pletions as part of programmable completion.
+ n\bno\boe\bex\bxp\bpa\ban\bnd\bd_\b_t\btr\bra\ban\bns\bsl\bla\bat\bti\bio\bon\bn
+ If set, b\bba\bas\bsh\bh encloses the translated results of $"..."
+ quoting in single quotes instead of double quotes. If
+ the string is not translated, this has no effect.
+
n\bnu\bul\bll\blg\bgl\blo\bob\bb
- If set, b\bba\bas\bsh\bh allows patterns which match no files (see
- P\bPa\bat\bth\bhn\bna\bam\bme\be E\bEx\bxp\bpa\ban\bns\bsi\bio\bon\bn above) to expand to a null string,
+ If set, b\bba\bas\bsh\bh allows patterns which match no files (see
+ P\bPa\bat\bth\bhn\bna\bam\bme\be E\bEx\bxp\bpa\ban\bns\bsi\bio\bon\bn above) to expand to a null string,
rather than themselves.
+ p\bpa\bat\bts\bsu\bub\bb_\b_r\bre\bep\bpl\bla\bac\bce\bem\bme\ben\bnt\bt
+ If set, b\bba\bas\bsh\bh expands occurrences of &\b& in the replacement
+ string of pattern substitution to the text matched by
+ the pattern, as described under P\bPa\bar\bra\bam\bme\bet\bte\ber\br E\bEx\bxp\bpa\ban\bns\bsi\bio\bon\bn
+ above. This option is enabled by default.
+
p\bpr\bro\bog\bgc\bco\bom\bmp\bp
If set, the programmable completion facilities (see P\bPr\bro\bo-\b-
g\bgr\bra\bam\bmm\bma\bab\bbl\ble\be C\bCo\bom\bmp\bpl\ble\bet\bti\bio\bon\bn above) are enabled. This option is
ters.
s\bso\bou\bur\brc\bce\bep\bpa\bat\bth\bh
- If set, the s\bso\bou\bur\brc\bce\be (.\b.) builtin uses the value of P\bPA\bAT\bTH\bH to
+ If set, the .\b. (s\bso\bou\bur\brc\bce\be) builtin uses the value of P\bPA\bAT\bTH\bH to
find the directory containing the file supplied as an
argument. This option is enabled by default.
+ v\bva\bar\brr\bre\bed\bdi\bir\br_\b_c\bcl\blo\bos\bse\be
+ If set, the shell automatically closes file descriptors
+ assigned using the _\b{_\bv_\ba_\br_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be_\b} redirection syntax (see R\bRE\bE-\b-
+ D\bDI\bIR\bRE\bEC\bCT\bTI\bIO\bON\bN above) instead of leaving them open when the
+ command completes.
+
x\bxp\bpg\bg_\b_e\bec\bch\bho\bo
- If set, the e\bec\bch\bho\bo builtin expands backslash-escape se-
+ If set, the e\bec\bch\bho\bo builtin expands backslash-escape se-
quences by default.
s\bsu\bus\bsp\bpe\ben\bnd\bd [-\b-f\bf]
- Suspend the execution of this shell until it receives a S\bSI\bIG\bGC\bCO\bON\bNT\bT
+ Suspend the execution of this shell until it receives a S\bSI\bIG\bGC\bCO\bON\bNT\bT
signal. A login shell cannot be suspended; the -\b-f\bf option can be
used to override this and force the suspension. The return sta-
- tus is 0 unless the shell is a login shell and -\b-f\bf is not sup-
+ tus is 0 unless the shell is a login shell and -\b-f\bf is not sup-
plied, or if job control is not enabled.
t\bte\bes\bst\bt _\be_\bx_\bp_\br
[\b[ _\be_\bx_\bp_\br ]\b]
Return a status of 0 (true) or 1 (false) depending on the evalu-
ation of the conditional expression _\be_\bx_\bp_\br. Each operator and op-
- erand must be a separate argument. Expressions are composed of
- the primaries described in the b\bba\bas\bsh\bh manual page under C\bCO\bON\bND\bDI\bI-\b-
- T\bTI\bIO\bON\bNA\bAL\bL E\bEX\bXP\bPR\bRE\bES\bSS\bSI\bIO\bON\bNS\bS. t\bte\bes\bst\bt does not accept any options, nor does
- it accept and ignore an argument of -\b--\b- as signifying the end of
+ erand must be a separate argument. Expressions are composed of
+ the primaries described in the b\bba\bas\bsh\bh manual page under C\bCO\bON\bND\bDI\bI-\b-
+ T\bTI\bIO\bON\bNA\bAL\bL E\bEX\bXP\bPR\bRE\bES\bSS\bSI\bIO\bON\bNS\bS. t\bte\bes\bst\bt does not accept any options, nor does
+ it accept and ignore an argument of -\b--\b- as signifying the end of
options.
- Expressions may be combined using the following operators,
- listed in decreasing order of precedence. The evaluation de-
- pends on the number of arguments; see below. Operator prece-
+ Expressions may be combined using the following operators,
+ listed in decreasing order of precedence. The evaluation de-
+ pends on the number of arguments; see below. Operator prece-
dence is used when there are five or more arguments.
!\b! _\be_\bx_\bp_\br True if _\be_\bx_\bp_\br is false.
(\b( _\be_\bx_\bp_\br )\b)
- Returns the value of _\be_\bx_\bp_\br. This may be used to override
+ Returns the value of _\be_\bx_\bp_\br. This may be used to override
the normal precedence of operators.
_\be_\bx_\bp_\br_\b1 -a\ba _\be_\bx_\bp_\br_\b2
True if both _\be_\bx_\bp_\br_\b1 and _\be_\bx_\bp_\br_\b2 are true.
null.
2 arguments
If the first argument is !\b!, the expression is true if and
- only if the second argument is null. If the first argu-
- ment is one of the unary conditional operators listed
- above under C\bCO\bON\bND\bDI\bIT\bTI\bIO\bON\bNA\bAL\bL E\bEX\bXP\bPR\bRE\bES\bSS\bSI\bIO\bON\bNS\bS, the expression is
+ only if the second argument is null. If the first argu-
+ ment is one of the unary conditional operators listed
+ above under C\bCO\bON\bND\bDI\bIT\bTI\bIO\bON\bNA\bAL\bL E\bEX\bXP\bPR\bRE\bES\bSS\bSI\bIO\bON\bNS\bS, the expression is
true if the unary test is true. If the first argument is
not a valid unary conditional operator, the expression is
false.
3 arguments
The following conditions are applied in the order listed.
- If the second argument is one of the binary conditional
+ If the second argument is one of the binary conditional
operators listed above under C\bCO\bON\bND\bDI\bIT\bTI\bIO\bON\bNA\bAL\bL E\bEX\bXP\bPR\bRE\bES\bSS\bSI\bIO\bON\bNS\bS, the
result of the expression is the result of the binary test
- using the first and third arguments as operands. The -\b-a\ba
- and -\b-o\bo operators are considered binary operators when
- there are three arguments. If the first argument is !\b!,
- the value is the negation of the two-argument test using
+ using the first and third arguments as operands. The -\b-a\ba
+ and -\b-o\bo operators are considered binary operators when
+ there are three arguments. If the first argument is !\b!,
+ the value is the negation of the two-argument test using
the second and third arguments. If the first argument is
exactly (\b( and the third argument is exactly )\b), the result
- is the one-argument test of the second argument. Other-
+ is the one-argument test of the second argument. Other-
wise, the expression is false.
4 arguments
+ The following conditions are applied in the order listed.
If the first argument is !\b!, the result is the negation of
the three-argument expression composed of the remaining
- arguments. Otherwise, the expression is parsed and eval-
- uated according to precedence using the rules listed
- above.
+ arguments. the two-argument test using the second and
+ third arguments. If the first argument is exactly (\b( and
+ the fourth argument is exactly )\b), the result is the two-
+ argument test of the second and third arguments. Other-
+ wise, the expression is parsed and evaluated according to
+ precedence using the rules listed above.
5 or more arguments
- The expression is parsed and evaluated according to
+ The expression is parsed and evaluated according to
precedence using the rules listed above.
- When used with t\bte\bes\bst\bt or [\b[, the <\b< and >\b> operators sort lexico-
+ When used with t\bte\bes\bst\bt or [\b[, the <\b< and >\b> operators sort lexico-
graphically using ASCII ordering.
- t\bti\bim\bme\bes\bs Print the accumulated user and system times for the shell and
+ t\bti\bim\bme\bes\bs Print the accumulated user and system times for the shell and
for processes run from the shell. The return status is 0.
t\btr\bra\bap\bp [-\b-l\blp\bp] [[_\ba_\br_\bg] _\bs_\bi_\bg_\bs_\bp_\be_\bc ...]
- The command _\ba_\br_\bg is to be read and executed when the shell re-
+ The command _\ba_\br_\bg is to be read and executed when the shell re-
ceives signal(s) _\bs_\bi_\bg_\bs_\bp_\be_\bc. If _\ba_\br_\bg is absent (and there is a sin-
- gle _\bs_\bi_\bg_\bs_\bp_\be_\bc) or -\b-, each specified signal is reset to its origi-
- nal disposition (the value it had upon entrance to the shell).
- If _\ba_\br_\bg is the null string the signal specified by each _\bs_\bi_\bg_\bs_\bp_\be_\bc
- is ignored by the shell and by the commands it invokes. If _\ba_\br_\bg
- is not present and -\b-p\bp has been supplied, then the trap commands
+ gle _\bs_\bi_\bg_\bs_\bp_\be_\bc) or -\b-, each specified signal is reset to its origi-
+ nal disposition (the value it had upon entrance to the shell).
+ If _\ba_\br_\bg is the null string the signal specified by each _\bs_\bi_\bg_\bs_\bp_\be_\bc
+ is ignored by the shell and by the commands it invokes. If _\ba_\br_\bg
+ is not present and -\b-p\bp has been supplied, then the trap commands
associated with each _\bs_\bi_\bg_\bs_\bp_\be_\bc are displayed. If no arguments are
- supplied or if only -\b-p\bp is given, t\btr\bra\bap\bp prints the list of com-
- mands associated with each signal. The -\b-l\bl option causes the
- shell to print a list of signal names and their corresponding
- numbers. Each _\bs_\bi_\bg_\bs_\bp_\be_\bc is either a signal name defined in <_\bs_\bi_\bg_\b-
- _\bn_\ba_\bl_\b._\bh>, or a signal number. Signal names are case insensitive
+ supplied or if only -\b-p\bp is given, t\btr\bra\bap\bp prints the list of com-
+ mands associated with each signal. The -\b-l\bl option causes the
+ shell to print a list of signal names and their corresponding
+ numbers. Each _\bs_\bi_\bg_\bs_\bp_\be_\bc is either a signal name defined in <_\bs_\bi_\bg_\b-
+ _\bn_\ba_\bl_\b._\bh>, or a signal number. Signal names are case insensitive
and the S\bSI\bIG\bG prefix is optional.
- If a _\bs_\bi_\bg_\bs_\bp_\be_\bc is E\bEX\bXI\bIT\bT (0) the command _\ba_\br_\bg is executed on exit
- from the shell. If a _\bs_\bi_\bg_\bs_\bp_\be_\bc is D\bDE\bEB\bBU\bUG\bG, the command _\ba_\br_\bg is exe-
- cuted before every _\bs_\bi_\bm_\bp_\bl_\be _\bc_\bo_\bm_\bm_\ba_\bn_\bd, _\bf_\bo_\br command, _\bc_\ba_\bs_\be command,
- _\bs_\be_\bl_\be_\bc_\bt command, every arithmetic _\bf_\bo_\br command, and before the
- first command executes in a shell function (see S\bSH\bHE\bEL\bLL\bL G\bGR\bRA\bAM\bMM\bMA\bAR\bR
- above). Refer to the description of the e\bex\bxt\btd\bde\beb\bbu\bug\bg option to the
+ If a _\bs_\bi_\bg_\bs_\bp_\be_\bc is E\bEX\bXI\bIT\bT (0) the command _\ba_\br_\bg is executed on exit
+ from the shell. If a _\bs_\bi_\bg_\bs_\bp_\be_\bc is D\bDE\bEB\bBU\bUG\bG, the command _\ba_\br_\bg is exe-
+ cuted before every _\bs_\bi_\bm_\bp_\bl_\be _\bc_\bo_\bm_\bm_\ba_\bn_\bd, _\bf_\bo_\br command, _\bc_\ba_\bs_\be command,
+ _\bs_\be_\bl_\be_\bc_\bt command, every arithmetic _\bf_\bo_\br command, and before the
+ first command executes in a shell function (see S\bSH\bHE\bEL\bLL\bL G\bGR\bRA\bAM\bMM\bMA\bAR\bR
+ above). Refer to the description of the e\bex\bxt\btd\bde\beb\bbu\bug\bg option to the
s\bsh\bho\bop\bpt\bt builtin for details of its effect on the D\bDE\bEB\bBU\bUG\bG trap. If a
_\bs_\bi_\bg_\bs_\bp_\be_\bc is R\bRE\bET\bTU\bUR\bRN\bN, the command _\ba_\br_\bg is executed each time a shell
function or a script executed with the .\b. or s\bso\bou\bur\brc\bce\be builtins fin-
ishes executing.
- If a _\bs_\bi_\bg_\bs_\bp_\be_\bc is E\bER\bRR\bR, the command _\ba_\br_\bg is executed whenever a
+ If a _\bs_\bi_\bg_\bs_\bp_\be_\bc is E\bER\bRR\bR, the command _\ba_\br_\bg is executed whenever a
pipeline (which may consist of a single simple command), a list,
or a compound command returns a non-zero exit status, subject to
- the following conditions. The E\bER\bRR\bR trap is not executed if the
+ the following conditions. The E\bER\bRR\bR trap is not executed if the
failed command is part of the command list immediately following
- a w\bwh\bhi\bil\ble\be or u\bun\bnt\bti\bil\bl keyword, part of the test in an _\bi_\bf statement,
+ a w\bwh\bhi\bil\ble\be or u\bun\bnt\bti\bil\bl keyword, part of the test in an _\bi_\bf statement,
part of a command executed in a &\b&&\b& or |\b||\b| list except the command
- following the final &\b&&\b& or |\b||\b|, any command in a pipeline but the
- last, or if the command's return value is being inverted using
+ following the final &\b&&\b& or |\b||\b|, any command in a pipeline but the
+ last, or if the command's return value is being inverted using
!\b!. These are the same conditions obeyed by the e\ber\brr\bre\bex\bxi\bit\bt (-\b-e\be) op-
tion.
Signals ignored upon entry to the shell cannot be trapped or re-
- set. Trapped signals that are not being ignored are reset to
+ set. Trapped signals that are not being ignored are reset to
their original values in a subshell or subshell environment when
- one is created. The return status is false if any _\bs_\bi_\bg_\bs_\bp_\be_\bc is
+ one is created. The return status is false if any _\bs_\bi_\bg_\bs_\bp_\be_\bc is
invalid; otherwise t\btr\bra\bap\bp returns true.
t\bty\byp\bpe\be [-\b-a\baf\bft\btp\bpP\bP] _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be [_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be ...]
- With no options, indicate how each _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be would be interpreted if
+ With no options, indicate how each _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be would be interpreted if
used as a command name. If the -\b-t\bt option is used, t\bty\byp\bpe\be prints a
- string which is one of _\ba_\bl_\bi_\ba_\bs, _\bk_\be_\by_\bw_\bo_\br_\bd, _\bf_\bu_\bn_\bc_\bt_\bi_\bo_\bn, _\bb_\bu_\bi_\bl_\bt_\bi_\bn, or
- _\bf_\bi_\bl_\be if _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be is an alias, shell reserved word, function,
- builtin, or disk file, respectively. If the _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be is not found,
- then nothing is printed, and an exit status of false is re-
- turned. If the -\b-p\bp option is used, t\bty\byp\bpe\be either returns the name
- of the disk file that would be executed if _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be were specified
- as a command name, or nothing if ``type -t name'' would not re-
- turn _\bf_\bi_\bl_\be. The -\b-P\bP option forces a P\bPA\bAT\bTH\bH search for each _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be,
+ string which is one of _\ba_\bl_\bi_\ba_\bs, _\bk_\be_\by_\bw_\bo_\br_\bd, _\bf_\bu_\bn_\bc_\bt_\bi_\bo_\bn, _\bb_\bu_\bi_\bl_\bt_\bi_\bn, or
+ _\bf_\bi_\bl_\be if _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be is an alias, shell reserved word, function,
+ builtin, or disk file, respectively. If the _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be is not found,
+ then nothing is printed, and an exit status of false is re-
+ turned. If the -\b-p\bp option is used, t\bty\byp\bpe\be either returns the name
+ of the disk file that would be executed if _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be were specified
+ as a command name, or nothing if ``type -t name'' would not re-
+ turn _\bf_\bi_\bl_\be. The -\b-P\bP option forces a P\bPA\bAT\bTH\bH search for each _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be,
even if ``type -t name'' would not return _\bf_\bi_\bl_\be. If a command is
hashed, -\b-p\bp and -\b-P\bP print the hashed value, which is not necessar-
- ily the file that appears first in P\bPA\bAT\bTH\bH. If the -\b-a\ba option is
- used, t\bty\byp\bpe\be prints all of the places that contain an executable
+ ily the file that appears first in P\bPA\bAT\bTH\bH. If the -\b-a\ba option is
+ used, t\bty\byp\bpe\be prints all of the places that contain an executable
named _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be. This includes aliases and functions, if and only if
the -\b-p\bp option is not also used. The table of hashed commands is
- not consulted when using -\b-a\ba. The -\b-f\bf option suppresses shell
+ not consulted when using -\b-a\ba. The -\b-f\bf option suppresses shell
function lookup, as with the c\bco\bom\bmm\bma\ban\bnd\bd builtin. t\bty\byp\bpe\be returns true
if all of the arguments are found, false if any are not found.
u\bul\bli\bim\bmi\bit\bt [-\b-H\bHS\bS] -\b-a\ba
u\bul\bli\bim\bmi\bit\bt [-\b-H\bHS\bS] [-\b-b\bbc\bcd\bde\bef\bfi\bik\bkl\blm\bmn\bnp\bpq\bqr\brs\bst\btu\buv\bvx\bxP\bPR\bRT\bT [_\bl_\bi_\bm_\bi_\bt]]
- Provides control over the resources available to the shell and
- to processes started by it, on systems that allow such control.
+ Provides control over the resources available to the shell and
+ to processes started by it, on systems that allow such control.
The -\b-H\bH and -\b-S\bS options specify that the hard or soft limit is set
- for the given resource. A hard limit cannot be increased by a
- non-root user once it is set; a soft limit may be increased up
- to the value of the hard limit. If neither -\b-H\bH nor -\b-S\bS is speci-
+ for the given resource. A hard limit cannot be increased by a
+ non-root user once it is set; a soft limit may be increased up
+ to the value of the hard limit. If neither -\b-H\bH nor -\b-S\bS is speci-
fied, both the soft and hard limits are set. The value of _\bl_\bi_\bm_\bi_\bt
can be a number in the unit specified for the resource or one of
the special values h\bha\bar\brd\bd, s\bso\bof\bft\bt, or u\bun\bnl\bli\bim\bmi\bit\bte\bed\bd, which stand for the
- current hard limit, the current soft limit, and no limit, re-
- spectively. If _\bl_\bi_\bm_\bi_\bt is omitted, the current value of the soft
+ current hard limit, the current soft limit, and no limit, re-
+ spectively. If _\bl_\bi_\bm_\bi_\bt is omitted, the current value of the soft
limit of the resource is printed, unless the -\b-H\bH option is given.
- When more than one resource is specified, the limit name and
- unit, if appropriate, are printed before the value. Other op-
+ When more than one resource is specified, the limit name and
+ unit, if appropriate, are printed before the value. Other op-
tions are interpreted as follows:
-\b-a\ba All current limits are reported; no limits are set
-\b-b\bb The maximum socket buffer size
-\b-c\bc The maximum size of core files created
-\b-d\bd The maximum size of a process's data segment
-\b-e\be The maximum scheduling priority ("nice")
- -\b-f\bf The maximum size of files written by the shell and its
+ -\b-f\bf The maximum size of files written by the shell and its
children
-\b-i\bi The maximum number of pending signals
-\b-k\bk The maximum number of kqueues that may be allocated
-\b-l\bl The maximum size that may be locked into memory
- -\b-m\bm The maximum resident set size (many systems do not honor
+ -\b-m\bm The maximum resident set size (many systems do not honor
this limit)
-\b-n\bn The maximum number of open file descriptors (most systems
do not allow this value to be set)
-\b-r\br The maximum real-time scheduling priority
-\b-s\bs The maximum stack size
-\b-t\bt The maximum amount of cpu time in seconds
- -\b-u\bu The maximum number of processes available to a single
+ -\b-u\bu The maximum number of processes available to a single
user
- -\b-v\bv The maximum amount of virtual memory available to the
+ -\b-v\bv The maximum amount of virtual memory available to the
shell and, on some systems, to its children
-\b-x\bx The maximum number of file locks
-\b-P\bP The maximum number of pseudoterminals
- -\b-R\bR The maximum time a real-time process can run before
+ -\b-R\bR The maximum time a real-time process can run before
blocking, in microseconds
-\b-T\bT The maximum number of threads
- If _\bl_\bi_\bm_\bi_\bt is given, and the -\b-a\ba option is not used, _\bl_\bi_\bm_\bi_\bt is the
- new value of the specified resource. If no option is given,
- then -\b-f\bf is assumed. Values are in 1024-byte increments, except
- for -\b-t\bt, which is in seconds; -\b-R\bR, which is in microseconds; -\b-p\bp,
- which is in units of 512-byte blocks; -\b-P\bP, -\b-T\bT, -\b-b\bb, -\b-k\bk, -\b-n\bn, and
- -\b-u\bu, which are unscaled values; and, when in posix mode, -\b-c\bc and
- -\b-f\bf, which are in 512-byte increments. The return status is 0
- unless an invalid option or argument is supplied, or an error
+ If _\bl_\bi_\bm_\bi_\bt is given, and the -\b-a\ba option is not used, _\bl_\bi_\bm_\bi_\bt is the
+ new value of the specified resource. If no option is given,
+ then -\b-f\bf is assumed. Values are in 1024-byte increments, except
+ for -\b-t\bt, which is in seconds; -\b-R\bR, which is in microseconds; -\b-p\bp,
+ which is in units of 512-byte blocks; -\b-P\bP, -\b-T\bT, -\b-b\bb, -\b-k\bk, -\b-n\bn, and
+ -\b-u\bu, which are unscaled values; and, when in posix mode, -\b-c\bc and
+ -\b-f\bf, which are in 512-byte increments. The return status is 0
+ unless an invalid option or argument is supplied, or an error
occurs while setting a new limit.
u\bum\bma\bas\bsk\bk [-\b-p\bp] [-\b-S\bS] [_\bm_\bo_\bd_\be]
The user file-creation mask is set to _\bm_\bo_\bd_\be. If _\bm_\bo_\bd_\be begins with
- a digit, it is interpreted as an octal number; otherwise it is
- interpreted as a symbolic mode mask similar to that accepted by
- _\bc_\bh_\bm_\bo_\bd(1). If _\bm_\bo_\bd_\be is omitted, the current value of the mask is
- printed. The -\b-S\bS option causes the mask to be printed in sym-
- bolic form; the default output is an octal number. If the -\b-p\bp
+ a digit, it is interpreted as an octal number; otherwise it is
+ interpreted as a symbolic mode mask similar to that accepted by
+ _\bc_\bh_\bm_\bo_\bd(1). If _\bm_\bo_\bd_\be is omitted, the current value of the mask is
+ printed. The -\b-S\bS option causes the mask to be printed in sym-
+ bolic form; the default output is an octal number. If the -\b-p\bp
option is supplied, and _\bm_\bo_\bd_\be is omitted, the output is in a form
that may be reused as input. The return status is 0 if the mode
- was successfully changed or if no _\bm_\bo_\bd_\be argument was supplied,
+ was successfully changed or if no _\bm_\bo_\bd_\be argument was supplied,
and false otherwise.
u\bun\bna\bal\bli\bia\bas\bs [-a\ba] [_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be ...]
- Remove each _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be from the list of defined aliases. If -\b-a\ba is
- supplied, all alias definitions are removed. The return value
+ Remove each _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be from the list of defined aliases. If -\b-a\ba is
+ supplied, all alias definitions are removed. The return value
is true unless a supplied _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be is not a defined alias.
u\bun\bns\bse\bet\bt [-f\bfv\bv] [-n\bn] [_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be ...]
- For each _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be, remove the corresponding variable or function.
+ For each _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be, remove the corresponding variable or function.
If the -\b-v\bv option is given, each _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be refers to a shell variable,
- and that variable is removed. Read-only variables may not be
- unset. If -\b-f\bf is specified, each _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be refers to a shell func-
- tion, and the function definition is removed. If the -\b-n\bn option
- is supplied, and _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be is a variable with the _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be_\br_\be_\bf attribute,
- _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be will be unset rather than the variable it references. -\b-n\bn
- has no effect if the -\b-f\bf option is supplied. If no options are
- supplied, each _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be refers to a variable; if there is no vari-
- able by that name, a function with that name, if any, is unset.
- Each unset variable or function is removed from the environment
- passed to subsequent commands. If any of B\bBA\bAS\bSH\bH_\b_A\bAL\bLI\bIA\bAS\bSE\bES\bS,
+ and that variable is removed. Read-only variables may not be
+ unset. If -\b-f\bf is specified, each _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be refers to a shell func-
+ tion, and the function definition is removed. If the -\b-n\bn option
+ is supplied, and _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be is a variable with the _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be_\br_\be_\bf attribute,
+ _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be will be unset rather than the variable it references. -\b-n\bn
+ has no effect if the -\b-f\bf option is supplied. If no options are
+ supplied, each _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be refers to a variable; if there is no vari-
+ able by that name, a function with that name, if any, is unset.
+ Each unset variable or function is removed from the environment
+ passed to subsequent commands. If any of B\bBA\bAS\bSH\bH_\b_A\bAL\bLI\bIA\bAS\bSE\bES\bS,
B\bBA\bAS\bSH\bH_\b_A\bAR\bRG\bGV\bV0\b0, B\bBA\bAS\bSH\bH_\b_C\bCM\bMD\bDS\bS, B\bBA\bAS\bSH\bH_\b_C\bCO\bOM\bMM\bMA\bAN\bND\bD, B\bBA\bAS\bSH\bH_\b_S\bSU\bUB\bBS\bSH\bHE\bEL\bLL\bL, B\bBA\bAS\bSH\bHP\bPI\bID\bD,
- C\bCO\bOM\bMP\bP_\b_W\bWO\bOR\bRD\bDB\bBR\bRE\bEA\bAK\bKS\bS, D\bDI\bIR\bRS\bST\bTA\bAC\bCK\bK, E\bEP\bPO\bOC\bCH\bHR\bRE\bEA\bAL\bLT\bTI\bIM\bME\bE, E\bEP\bPO\bOC\bCH\bHS\bSE\bEC\bCO\bON\bND\bDS\bS, F\bFU\bUN\bNC\bC-\b-
- N\bNA\bAM\bME\bE, G\bGR\bRO\bOU\bUP\bPS\bS, H\bHI\bIS\bST\bTC\bCM\bMD\bD, L\bLI\bIN\bNE\bEN\bNO\bO, R\bRA\bAN\bND\bDO\bOM\bM, S\bSE\bEC\bCO\bON\bND\bDS\bS, or S\bSR\bRA\bAN\bND\bDO\bOM\bM are
+ C\bCO\bOM\bMP\bP_\b_W\bWO\bOR\bRD\bDB\bBR\bRE\bEA\bAK\bKS\bS, D\bDI\bIR\bRS\bST\bTA\bAC\bCK\bK, E\bEP\bPO\bOC\bCH\bHR\bRE\bEA\bAL\bLT\bTI\bIM\bME\bE, E\bEP\bPO\bOC\bCH\bHS\bSE\bEC\bCO\bON\bND\bDS\bS, F\bFU\bUN\bNC\bC-\b-
+ N\bNA\bAM\bME\bE, G\bGR\bRO\bOU\bUP\bPS\bS, H\bHI\bIS\bST\bTC\bCM\bMD\bD, L\bLI\bIN\bNE\bEN\bNO\bO, R\bRA\bAN\bND\bDO\bOM\bM, S\bSE\bEC\bCO\bON\bND\bDS\bS, or S\bSR\bRA\bAN\bND\bDO\bOM\bM are
unset, they lose their special properties, even if they are sub-
sequently reset. The exit status is true unless a _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be is read-
- only.
+ only or may not be unset.
w\bwa\bai\bit\bt [-\b-f\bfn\bn] [-\b-p\bp _\bv_\ba_\br_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be] [_\bi_\bd _\b._\b._\b.]
Wait for each specified child process and return its termination
- status. Each _\bi_\bd may be a process ID or a job specification; if
- a job spec is given, all processes in that job's pipeline are
- waited for. If _\bi_\bd is not given, w\bwa\bai\bit\bt waits for all running
- background jobs and the last-executed process substitution, if
+ status. Each _\bi_\bd may be a process ID or a job specification; if
+ a job spec is given, all processes in that job's pipeline are
+ waited for. If _\bi_\bd is not given, w\bwa\bai\bit\bt waits for all running
+ background jobs and the last-executed process substitution, if
its process id is the same as $\b$!\b!, and the return status is zero.
- If the -\b-n\bn option is supplied, w\bwa\bai\bit\bt waits for a single job from
+ If the -\b-n\bn option is supplied, w\bwa\bai\bit\bt waits for a single job from
the list of _\bi_\bds or, if no _\bi_\bds are supplied, any job, to complete
- and returns its exit status. If none of the supplied arguments
+ and returns its exit status. If none of the supplied arguments
is a child of the shell, or if no arguments are supplied and the
- shell has no unwaited-for children, the exit status is 127. If
- the -\b-p\bp option is supplied, the process or job identifier of the
- job for which the exit status is returned is assigned to the
- variable _\bv_\ba_\br_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be named by the option argument. The variable
- will be unset initially, before any assignment. This is useful
- only when the -\b-n\bn option is supplied. Supplying the -\b-f\bf option,
- when job control is enabled, forces w\bwa\bai\bit\bt to wait for _\bi_\bd to ter-
+ shell has no unwaited-for children, the exit status is 127. If
+ the -\b-p\bp option is supplied, the process or job identifier of the
+ job for which the exit status is returned is assigned to the
+ variable _\bv_\ba_\br_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be named by the option argument. The variable
+ will be unset initially, before any assignment. This is useful
+ only when the -\b-n\bn option is supplied. Supplying the -\b-f\bf option,
+ when job control is enabled, forces w\bwa\bai\bit\bt to wait for _\bi_\bd to ter-
minate before returning its status, instead of returning when it
- changes status. If _\bi_\bd specifies a non-existent process or job,
- the return status is 127. Otherwise, the return status is the
+ changes status. If _\bi_\bd specifies a non-existent process or job,
+ the return status is 127. Otherwise, the return status is the
exit status of the last process or job waited for.
S\bSH\bHE\bEL\bLL\bL C\bCO\bOM\bMP\bPA\bAT\bTI\bIB\bBI\bIL\bLI\bIT\bTY\bY M\bMO\bOD\bDE\bE
Bash-4.0 introduced the concept of a `shell compatibility level', spec-
ified as a set of options to the shopt builtin c\bco\bom\bmp\bpa\bat\bt3\b31\b1, c\bco\bom\bmp\bpa\bat\bt3\b32\b2, c\bco\bom\bm-\b-
- p\bpa\bat\bt4\b40\b0, c\bco\bom\bmp\bpa\bat\bt4\b41\b1, and so on). There is only one current compatibility
+ p\bpa\bat\bt4\b40\b0, c\bco\bom\bmp\bpa\bat\bt4\b41\b1, and so on). There is only one current compatibility
level -- each option is mutually exclusive. The compatibility level is
- intended to allow users to select behavior from previous versions that
- is incompatible with newer versions while they migrate scripts to use
- current features and behavior. It's intended to be a temporary solu-
+ intended to allow users to select behavior from previous versions that
+ is incompatible with newer versions while they migrate scripts to use
+ current features and behavior. It's intended to be a temporary solu-
tion.
- This section does not mention behavior that is standard for a particu-
- lar version (e.g., setting c\bco\bom\bmp\bpa\bat\bt3\b32\b2 means that quoting the rhs of the
- regexp matching operator quotes special regexp characters in the word,
+ This section does not mention behavior that is standard for a particu-
+ lar version (e.g., setting c\bco\bom\bmp\bpa\bat\bt3\b32\b2 means that quoting the rhs of the
+ regexp matching operator quotes special regexp characters in the word,
which is default behavior in bash-3.2 and above).
- If a user enables, say, c\bco\bom\bmp\bpa\bat\bt3\b32\b2, it may affect the behavior of other
- compatibility levels up to and including the current compatibility
- level. The idea is that each compatibility level controls behavior
- that changed in that version of b\bba\bas\bsh\bh, but that behavior may have been
- present in earlier versions. For instance, the change to use locale-
- based comparisons with the [\b[[\b[ command came in bash-4.1, and earlier
+ If a user enables, say, c\bco\bom\bmp\bpa\bat\bt3\b32\b2, it may affect the behavior of other
+ compatibility levels up to and including the current compatibility
+ level. The idea is that each compatibility level controls behavior
+ that changed in that version of b\bba\bas\bsh\bh, but that behavior may have been
+ present in earlier versions. For instance, the change to use locale-
+ based comparisons with the [\b[[\b[ command came in bash-4.1, and earlier
versions used ASCII-based comparisons, so enabling c\bco\bom\bmp\bpa\bat\bt3\b32\b2 will enable
- ASCII-based comparisons as well. That granularity may not be suffi-
- cient for all uses, and as a result users should employ compatibility
- levels carefully. Read the documentation for a particular feature to
+ ASCII-based comparisons as well. That granularity may not be suffi-
+ cient for all uses, and as a result users should employ compatibility
+ levels carefully. Read the documentation for a particular feature to
find out the current behavior.
- Bash-4.3 introduced a new shell variable: B\bBA\bAS\bSH\bH_\b_C\bCO\bOM\bMP\bPA\bAT\bT. The value as-
+ Bash-4.3 introduced a new shell variable: B\bBA\bAS\bSH\bH_\b_C\bCO\bOM\bMP\bPA\bAT\bT. The value as-
signed to this variable (a decimal version number like 4.2, or an inte-
- ger corresponding to the c\bco\bom\bmp\bpa\bat\bt_\bN_\bN option, like 42) determines the com-
+ ger corresponding to the c\bco\bom\bmp\bpa\bat\bt_\bN_\bN option, like 42) determines the com-
patibility level.
- Starting with bash-4.4, Bash has begun deprecating older compatibility
- levels. Eventually, the options will be removed in favor of B\bBA\bAS\bSH\bH_\b_C\bCO\bOM\bM-\b-
+ Starting with bash-4.4, Bash has begun deprecating older compatibility
+ levels. Eventually, the options will be removed in favor of B\bBA\bAS\bSH\bH_\b_C\bCO\bOM\bM-\b-
P\bPA\bAT\bT.
- Bash-5.0 is the final version for which there will be an individual
- shopt option for the previous version. Users should use B\bBA\bAS\bSH\bH_\b_C\bCO\bOM\bMP\bPA\bAT\bT on
+ Bash-5.0 is the final version for which there will be an individual
+ shopt option for the previous version. Users should use B\bBA\bAS\bSH\bH_\b_C\bCO\bOM\bMP\bPA\bAT\bT on
bash-5.0 and later versions.
- The following table describes the behavior changes controlled by each
+ The following table describes the behavior changes controlled by each
compatibility level setting. The c\bco\bom\bmp\bpa\bat\bt_\bN_\bN tag is used as shorthand for
setting the compatibility level to _\bN_\bN using one of the following mecha-
- nisms. For versions prior to bash-5.0, the compatibility level may be
- set using the corresponding c\bco\bom\bmp\bpa\bat\bt_\bN_\bN shopt option. For bash-4.3 and
- later versions, the B\bBA\bAS\bSH\bH_\b_C\bCO\bOM\bMP\bPA\bAT\bT variable is preferred, and it is re-
+ nisms. For versions prior to bash-5.0, the compatibility level may be
+ set using the corresponding c\bco\bom\bmp\bpa\bat\bt_\bN_\bN shopt option. For bash-4.3 and
+ later versions, the B\bBA\bAS\bSH\bH_\b_C\bCO\bOM\bMP\bPA\bAT\bT variable is preferred, and it is re-
quired for bash-5.1 and later versions.
c\bco\bom\bmp\bpa\bat\bt3\b31\b1
ator (=~) has no special effect
c\bco\bom\bmp\bpa\bat\bt3\b32\b2
- +\bo interrupting a command list such as "a ; b ; c" causes
- the execution of the next command in the list (in
- bash-4.0 and later versions, the shell acts as if it re-
- ceived the interrupt, so interrupting one command in a
+ +\bo interrupting a command list such as "a ; b ; c" causes
+ the execution of the next command in the list (in
+ bash-4.0 and later versions, the shell acts as if it re-
+ ceived the interrupt, so interrupting one command in a
list aborts the execution of the entire list)
c\bco\bom\bmp\bpa\bat\bt4\b40\b0
- +\bo the <\b< and >\b> operators to the [\b[[\b[ command do not consider
+ +\bo the <\b< and >\b> operators to the [\b[[\b[ command do not consider
the current locale when comparing strings; they use ASCII
ordering. Bash versions prior to bash-4.1 use ASCII col-
- lation and _\bs_\bt_\br_\bc_\bm_\bp(3); bash-4.1 and later use the current
+ lation and _\bs_\bt_\br_\bc_\bm_\bp(3); bash-4.1 and later use the current
locale's collation sequence and _\bs_\bt_\br_\bc_\bo_\bl_\bl(3).
c\bco\bom\bmp\bpa\bat\bt4\b41\b1
- +\bo in _\bp_\bo_\bs_\bi_\bx mode, t\bti\bim\bme\be may be followed by options and still
+ +\bo in _\bp_\bo_\bs_\bi_\bx mode, t\bti\bim\bme\be may be followed by options and still
be recognized as a reserved word (this is POSIX interpre-
tation 267)
+\bo in _\bp_\bo_\bs_\bi_\bx mode, the parser requires that an even number of
- single quotes occur in the _\bw_\bo_\br_\bd portion of a double-
- quoted parameter expansion and treats them specially, so
- that characters within the single quotes are considered
+ single quotes occur in the _\bw_\bo_\br_\bd portion of a double-
+ quoted parameter expansion and treats them specially, so
+ that characters within the single quotes are considered
quoted (this is POSIX interpretation 221)
c\bco\bom\bmp\bpa\bat\bt4\b42\b2
+\bo the replacement string in double-quoted pattern substitu-
- tion does not undergo quote removal, as it does in ver-
+ tion does not undergo quote removal, as it does in ver-
sions after bash-4.2
- +\bo in posix mode, single quotes are considered special when
- expanding the _\bw_\bo_\br_\bd portion of a double-quoted parameter
- expansion and can be used to quote a closing brace or
- other special character (this is part of POSIX interpre-
- tation 221); in later versions, single quotes are not
+ +\bo in posix mode, single quotes are considered special when
+ expanding the _\bw_\bo_\br_\bd portion of a double-quoted parameter
+ expansion and can be used to quote a closing brace or
+ other special character (this is part of POSIX interpre-
+ tation 221); in later versions, single quotes are not
special within double-quoted word expansions
c\bco\bom\bmp\bpa\bat\bt4\b43\b3
- +\bo the shell does not print a warning message if an attempt
- is made to use a quoted compound assignment as an argu-
- ment to declare (declare -a foo='(1 2)'). Later versions
+ +\bo the shell does not print a warning message if an attempt
+ is made to use a quoted compound assignment as an argu-
+ ment to declare (declare -a foo='(1 2)'). Later versions
warn that this usage is deprecated
- +\bo word expansion errors are considered non-fatal errors
- that cause the current command to fail, even in posix
- mode (the default behavior is to make them fatal errors
+ +\bo word expansion errors are considered non-fatal errors
+ that cause the current command to fail, even in posix
+ mode (the default behavior is to make them fatal errors
that cause the shell to exit)
- +\bo when executing a shell function, the loop state
+ +\bo when executing a shell function, the loop state
(while/until/etc.) is not reset, so b\bbr\bre\bea\bak\bk or c\bco\bon\bnt\bti\bin\bnu\bue\be in
that function will break or continue loops in the calling
- context. Bash-4.4 and later reset the loop state to pre-
+ context. Bash-4.4 and later reset the loop state to pre-
vent this
c\bco\bom\bmp\bpa\bat\bt4\b44\b4
- +\bo the shell sets up the values used by B\bBA\bAS\bSH\bH_\b_A\bAR\bRG\bGV\bV and
- B\bBA\bAS\bSH\bH_\b_A\bAR\bRG\bGC\bC so they can expand to the shell's positional
+ +\bo the shell sets up the values used by B\bBA\bAS\bSH\bH_\b_A\bAR\bRG\bGV\bV and
+ B\bBA\bAS\bSH\bH_\b_A\bAR\bRG\bGC\bC so they can expand to the shell's positional
parameters even if extended debugging mode is not enabled
- +\bo a subshell inherits loops from its parent context, so
- b\bbr\bre\bea\bak\bk or c\bco\bon\bnt\bti\bin\bnu\bue\be will cause the subshell to exit.
- Bash-5.0 and later reset the loop state to prevent the
+ +\bo a subshell inherits loops from its parent context, so
+ b\bbr\bre\bea\bak\bk or c\bco\bon\bnt\bti\bin\bnu\bue\be will cause the subshell to exit.
+ Bash-5.0 and later reset the loop state to prevent the
exit
- +\bo variable assignments preceding builtins like e\bex\bxp\bpo\bor\brt\bt and
+ +\bo variable assignments preceding builtins like e\bex\bxp\bpo\bor\brt\bt and
r\bre\bea\bad\bdo\bon\bnl\bly\by that set attributes continue to affect variables
with the same name in the calling environment even if the
shell is not in posix mode
c\bco\bom\bmp\bpa\bat\bt5\b50\b0
- +\bo Bash-5.1 changed the way $\b$R\bRA\bAN\bND\bDO\bOM\bM is generated to intro-
+ +\bo Bash-5.1 changed the way $\b$R\bRA\bAN\bND\bDO\bOM\bM is generated to intro-
duce slightly more randomness. If the shell compatibility
- level is set to 50 or lower, it reverts to the method
- from bash-5.0 and previous versions, so seeding the ran-
- dom number generator by assigning a value to R\bRA\bAN\bND\bDO\bOM\bM will
+ level is set to 50 or lower, it reverts to the method
+ from bash-5.0 and previous versions, so seeding the ran-
+ dom number generator by assigning a value to R\bRA\bAN\bND\bDO\bOM\bM will
produce the same sequence as in bash-5.0
- +\bo If the command hash table is empty, bash versions prior
- to bash-5.1 printed an informational message to that ef-
- fect, even when producing output that can be reused as
- input. Bash-5.1 suppresses that message when the -\b-l\bl op-
+ +\bo If the command hash table is empty, bash versions prior
+ to bash-5.1 printed an informational message to that ef-
+ fect, even when producing output that can be reused as
+ input. Bash-5.1 suppresses that message when the -\b-l\bl op-
tion is supplied.
S\bSE\bEE\bE A\bAL\bLS\bSO\bO
-GNU Bash 5.0 2004 Apr 20 BASH_BUILTINS(1)
+GNU Bash 5.1 2021 September 30 BASH_BUILTINS(1)
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+.458(irectory name, and sets the)-2.958 F F1(OLDPWD)2.957 E F0(en)2.957
+E .457(vironment v)-.4 F(ari-)-.25 E .125(able to the v)144 300 R .125
+(alue of the current w)-.25 F .126(orking directory before the change.)
+-.1 F .126(The return v)5.126 F .126(alue is true if the)-.25 F
+(directory w)144 312 Q(as successfully changed; f)-.1 E(alse otherwise.)
+-.1 E F1(command)108 328.8 Q F0([)2.5 E F1(\255pVv)A F0(])A F2(command)
+2.5 E F0([)2.5 E F2(ar)A(g)-.37 E F0(...])2.5 E(Run)144 340.8 Q F2
+(command)2.765 E F0(with)3.335 E F2(ar)2.895 E(gs)-.37 E F0 .065
(suppressing the normal shell function lookup.)2.835 F .064(Only b)5.064
-F .064(uiltin commands or)-.2 F .501(commands found in the)144 292.8 R
-F2 -.666(PA)3.001 G(TH)-.189 E F0 .502(are e)2.751 F -.15(xe)-.15 G
-3.002(cuted. If).15 F(the)3.002 E F
3<ad70>3.002 E F0 .502(option is gi)
-3.002 F -.15(ve)-.25 G .502(n, the search for).15 F F1(command)3.202 E
-F0(is)3.772 E .4(performed using a def)144 304.8 R .4(ault v)-.1 F .4
-(alue for)-.25 F F2 -.666(PA)2.9 G(TH)-.189 E F0 .399
+F .064(uiltin commands or)-.2 F .501(commands found in the)144 352.8 R
+F3 -.666(PA)3.001 G(TH)-.189 E F0 .502(are e)2.751 F -.15(xe)-.15 G
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1<ad70>3.002 E F0 .502(option is gi)
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+F0(is)3.772 E .4(performed using a def)144 364.8 R .4(ault v)-.1 F .4
+(alue for)-.25 F F3 -.666(PA)2.9 G(TH)-.189 E F0 .399
(that is guaranteed to \214nd all of the standard utilities.)2.649 F(If)
-5.399 E .174(either the)144 316.8 R F3<ad56>2.674 E F0(or)2.674 E F3
-<ad76>2.674 E F0 .175(option is supplied, a description of)2.674 F F1
-(command)2.875 E F0 .175(is printed.)3.445 F(The)5.175 E F
3<ad76>2.675 E
-F0 .175(option causes)2.675 F 3.318(as)144 328.8 S .818(ingle w)-3.318 F
+5.399 E .174(either the)144 376.8 R F1<ad56>2.674 E F0(or)2.674 E F1
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+(command)2.875 E F0 .175(is printed.)3.445 F(The)5.175 E F
1<ad76>2.675 E
+F0 .175(option causes)2.675 F 3.318(as)144 388.8 S .818(ingle w)-3.318 F
.817(ord indicating the command or \214lename used to in)-.1 F -.2(vo)
--.4 G -.1(ke).2 G F1(command)3.617 E F0 .817(to be displayed; the)4.087
-F F3<ad56>144 340.8 Q F0 .249(option produces a more v)2.749 F .249
-(erbose description.)-.15 F .249(If the)5.249 F F
3<ad56>2.749 E F0(or)
-2.749 E F
3<ad76>2.75 E F0 .25(option is supplied, the e)2.75 F .25
-(xit status)-.15 F 1.005(is 0 if)144 352.8 R F1(command)3.705 E F0 -.1
+-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G F2(command)3.617 E F0 .817(to be displayed; the)4.087
+F F1<ad56>144 400.8 Q F0 .249(option produces a more v)2.749 F .249
+(erbose description.)-.15 F .249(If the)5.249 F F
1<ad56>2.749 E F0(or)
+2.749 E F
1<ad76>2.75 E F0 .25(option is supplied, the e)2.75 F .25
+(xit status)-.15 F 1.005(is 0 if)144 412.8 R F2(command)3.705 E F0 -.1
(wa)4.275 G 3.505(sf).1 G 1.005(ound, and 1 if not.)-3.505 F 1.004
-(If neither option is supplied and an error occurred or)6.005 F F1
-(command)144.2 364.8 Q F0 1.598(cannot be found, the e)4.868 F 1.599
+(If neither option is supplied and an error occurred or)6.005 F F2
+(command)144.2 424.8 Q F0 1.598(cannot be found, the e)4.868 F 1.599
(xit status is 127.)-.15 F 1.599(Otherwise, the e)6.599 F 1.599
-(xit status of the)-.15 F F3(command)4.099 E F0 -.2(bu)144 376.8 S
-(iltin is the e).2 E(xit status of)-.15 E F1(command)2.7 E F0(.).77 E F3
-(compgen)108 393.6 Q F0([)2.5 E F1(option)A F0 2.5(][)C F1(wor)-2.5 E(d)
--.37 E F0(])A .013(Generate possible completion matches for)144 405.6 R
-F1(wor)2.513 E(d)-.37 E F0 .013(according to the)2.513 F F1(option)2.513
+(xit status of the)-.15 F F1(command)4.099 E F0 -.2(bu)144 436.8 S
+(iltin is the e).2 E(xit status of)-.15 E F2(command)2.7 E F0(.).77 E F1
+(compgen)108 453.6 Q F0([)2.5 E F2(option)A F0 2.5(][)C F2(wor)-2.5 E(d)
+-.37 E F0(])A .013(Generate possible completion matches for)144 465.6 R
+F2(wor)2.513 E(d)-.37 E F0 .013(according to the)2.513 F F2(option)2.513
E F0 .013(s, which may be an)B 2.512(yo)-.15 G(ption)-2.512 E .981
-(accepted by the)144 417.6 R F3(complete)3.481 E F0 -.2(bu)3.481 G .981
-(iltin with the e).2 F .981(xception of)-.15 F F
3<ad70>3.481 E F0(and)
-3.481 E F
3<ad72>3.481 E F0 3.481(,a)C .982(nd write the matches to the)
--3.481 F .131(standard output.)144 429.6 R .131(When using the)5.131 F
-F
3<ad46>2.631 E F0(or)2.631 E F3<ad43>2.631 E F0 .131(options, the v)
+(accepted by the)144 477.6 R F1(complete)3.481 E F0 -.2(bu)3.481 G .981
+(iltin with the e).2 F .981(xception of)-.15 F F
1<ad70>3.481 E F0(and)
+3.481 E F
1<ad72>3.481 E F0 3.481(,a)C .982(nd write the matches to the)
+-3.481 F .131(standard output.)144 489.6 R .131(When using the)5.131 F
+F
1<ad46>2.631 E F0(or)2.631 E F1<ad43>2.631 E F0 .131(options, the v)
2.631 F .13(arious shell v)-.25 F .13(ariables set by the program-)-.25
-F(mable completion f)144 441.6 Q(acilities, while a)-.1 E -.25(va)-.2 G
+F(mable completion f)144 501.6 Q(acilities, while a)-.1 E -.25(va)-.2 G
(ilable, will not ha).25 E .3 -.15(ve u)-.2 H(seful v).15 E(alues.)-.25
-E .352(The matches will be generated in the same w)144 465.6 R .352
+E .352(The matches will be generated in the same w)144 525.6 R .352
(ay as if the programmable completion code had gen-)-.1 F .02(erated th\
em directly from a completion speci\214cation with the same \215ags.)144
-477.6 R(If)5.02 E F1(wor)2.52 E(d)-.37 E F0 .02(is speci\214ed, only)
-2.52 F(those completions matching)144 489.6 Q F1(wor)2.5 E(d)-.37 E F0
-(will be displayed.)2.5 E(The return v)144 513.6 Q
+537.6 R(If)5.02 E F2(wor)2.52 E(d)-.37 E F0 .02(is speci\214ed, only)
+2.52 F(those completions matching)144 549.6 Q F2(wor)2.5 E(d)-.37 E F0
+(will be displayed.)2.5 E(The return v)144 573.6 Q
(alue is true unless an in)-.25 E -.25(va)-.4 G
-(lid option is supplied, or no matches were generated.).25 E F3
-(complete)108 530.4 Q F0([)2.5 E F3(\255abcdefgjksuv)A F0 2.5(][)C F3
-<ad6f>-2.5 E F1(comp-option)2.5 E F0 2.5(][)C F3(\255DEI)-2.5 E F0 2.5
-(][)C F3<ad41>-2.5 E F1(action)2.5 E F0 2.5(][)C F3<ad47>-2.5 E F1
-(globpat)2.5 E F0 2.5(][)C F3<ad57>-2.5 E F1(wor)2.5 E(dlist)-.37 E F0
-(])A([)144
542.4 Q F3<ad46>A F1(function)2.5 E F0 2.5(][)C F3<ad43>-2.5
-E F1(command)2.5 E F0 2.5(][)C F3<ad58>-2.5 E F1(\214lterpat)2.5 E F0
-2.5(][)C F
3<ad50>-2.5 E F1(pr)2.5 E(e\214x)-.37 E F0 2.5(][)C F3<ad53>
--2.5 E F1(suf)2.5 E<8c78>-.18 E F0(])A F1(name)2.5 E F0([)2.5 E F1
-(name ...)A F0(])A F3(complete \255pr)108 554.4 Q F0([)2.5 E F3(\255DEI)
-A F0 2.5(][)C F1(name)-2.5 E F0(...])2.5 E .633(Specify ho)144 566.4 R
-3.133(wa)-.25 G -.18(rg)-3.133 G .633(uments to each).18 F F1(name)3.133
-E F0 .633(should be completed.)3.133 F .634(If the)5.634 F F
3<ad70>3.134
+(lid option is supplied, or no matches were generated.).25 E F1
+(complete)108 590.4 Q F0([)2.5 E F1(\255abcdefgjksuv)A F0 2.5(][)C F1
+<ad6f>-2.5 E F2(comp-option)2.5 E F0 2.5(][)C F1(\255DEI)-2.5 E F0 2.5
+(][)C F1<ad41>-2.5 E F2(action)2.5 E F0 2.5(][)C F1<ad47>-2.5 E F2
+(globpat)2.5 E F0 2.5(][)C F1<ad57>-2.5 E F2(wor)2.5 E(dlist)-.37 E F0
+(])A([)144
602.4 Q F1<ad46>A F2(function)2.5 E F0 2.5(][)C F1<ad43>-2.5
+E F2(command)2.5 E F0 2.5(][)C F1<ad58>-2.5 E F2(\214lterpat)2.5 E F0
+2.5(][)C F
1<ad50>-2.5 E F2(pr)2.5 E(e\214x)-.37 E F0 2.5(][)C F1<ad53>
+-2.5 E F2(suf)2.5 E<8c78>-.18 E F0(])A F2(name)2.5 E F0([)2.5 E F2
+(name ...)A F0(])A F1(complete \255pr)108 614.4 Q F0([)2.5 E F1(\255DEI)
+A F0 2.5(][)C F2(name)-2.5 E F0(...])2.5 E .633(Specify ho)144 626.4 R
+3.133(wa)-.25 G -.18(rg)-3.133 G .633(uments to each).18 F F2(name)3.133
+E F0 .633(should be completed.)3.133 F .634(If the)5.634 F F
1<ad70>3.134
E F0 .634(option is supplied, or if no)3.134 F .14
-(options are supplied, e)144 578.4 R .139
+(options are supplied, e)144 638.4 R .139
(xisting completion speci\214cations are printed in a w)-.15 F .139
(ay that allo)-.1 F .139(ws them to be)-.25 F .31(reused as input.)144
-
590.4 R(The)5.31 E F3<ad72>2.81 E F0 .31(option remo)2.81 F -.15(ve)-.15
-G 2.81(sac).15 G .31(ompletion speci\214cation for each)-2.81 F F1(name)
-2.81 E F0 2.81(,o)C 1.11 -.4(r, i)-2.81 H 2.81(fn).4 G(o)-2.81 E F1
+
650.4 R(The)5.31 E F1<ad72>2.81 E F0 .31(option remo)2.81 F -.15(ve)-.15
+G 2.81(sac).15 G .31(ompletion speci\214cation for each)-2.81 F F2(name)
+2.81 E F0 2.81(,o)C 1.11 -.4(r, i)-2.81 H 2.81(fn).4 G(o)-2.81 E F2
(name)2.81 E F0(s)A 1.208
-(are supplied, all completion speci\214cations.)144 602.4 R(The)6.208 E
-F
3<ad44>3.708 E F0 1.207(option indicates that other supplied options)
-3.707 F .5(and actions should apply to the `)144 614.4 R(`def)-.74 E
+(are supplied, all completion speci\214cations.)144 662.4 R(The)6.208 E
+F
1<ad44>3.708 E F0 1.207(option indicates that other supplied options)
+3.707 F .5(and actions should apply to the `)144 674.4 R(`def)-.74 E
(ault')-.1 E 3('c)-.74 G .5
(ommand completion; that is, completion attempted on)-3 F 3.455(ac)144
-626.4 S .955(ommand for which no completion has pre)-3.455 F .955
-(viously been de\214ned.)-.25 F(The)5.955 E F
3<ad45>3.455 E F0 .955
+686.4 S .955(ommand for which no completion has pre)-3.455 F .955
+(viously been de\214ned.)-.25 F(The)5.955 E F
1<ad45>3.455 E F0 .955
(option indicates that)3.455 F .876
-(other supplied options and actions should apply to `)144 638.4 R
+(other supplied options and actions should apply to `)144 698.4 R
(`empty')-.74 E 3.376('c)-.74 G .876(ommand completion; that is, com-)
--3.376 F .448(pletion attempted on a blank line.)144 650.4 R(The)5.447 E
-F3<ad49>2.947 E F0 .447
-(option indicates that other supplied options and actions)2.947 F .123
-(should apply to completion on the initial non-assignment w)144 662.4 R
-.123(ord on the line, or after a command de-)-.1 F 1.021
-(limiter such as)144 674.4 R F3(;)3.521 E F0(or)3.521 E F3(|)3.521 E F0
-3.521(,w)C 1.021(hich is usually command name completion.)-3.521 F 1.02
-(If multiple options are sup-)6.02 F .707(plied, the)144 686.4 R F3
-<ad44>3.207 E F0 .707(option tak)3.207 F .707(es precedence o)-.1 F -.15
-(ve)-.15 G(r).15 E F3<ad45>3.208 E F0 3.208(,a)C .708(nd both tak)-3.208
-F 3.208(ep)-.1 G .708(recedence o)-3.208 F -.15(ve)-.15 G(r).15 E F3
-<ad49>3.208 E F0 5.708(.I)C 3.208(fa)-5.708 G 1.008 -.15(ny o)-3.208 H
-(f).15 E F3<ad44>3.208 E F0(,)A F3<ad45>144 698.4 Q F0 2.604(,o)C(r)
--2.604 E F3<ad49>2.604 E F0 .103(are supplied, an)2.603 F 2.603(yo)-.15
-G(ther)-2.603 E F1(name)2.603 E F0(ar)2.603 E .103
-(guments are ignored; these completions only apply to the)-.18 F
-(case speci\214ed by the option.)144 710.4 Q(GNU Bash 5.0)72 768 Q
-(2004 Apr 20)149.565 E(3)203.725 E 0 Cg EP
+-3.376 F .448(pletion attempted on a blank line.)144 710.4 R(The)5.447 E
+F1<ad49>2.947 E F0 .447
+(option indicates that other supplied options and actions)2.947 F 1.149
+(should apply to completion on the initial non-assignment w)144 722.4 R
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+(2021 September 30)135.955 E(3)190.115 E 0 Cg EP
%%Page: 4 4
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/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S(SH_B).35 E(UIL)-.1 E 87.61
(TINS\(1\) General)-.92 F(Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)90.11 G(SH_B).35
-E(UIL)-.1 E(TINS\(1\))-.92 E .152
-(The process of applying these completion speci\214cations when w)144 84
-R .153(ord completion is attempted is de-)-.1 F(scribed abo)144 96 Q .3
--.15(ve u)-.15 H(nder).15 E/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(Pr)2.5 E
-(ogrammable Completion)-.18 E F0(.)A .556
-(Other options, if speci\214ed, ha)144 120 R .856 -.15(ve t)-.2 H .555
-(he follo).15 F .555(wing meanings.)-.25 F .555(The ar)5.555 F .555
-(guments to the)-.18 F F1<ad47>3.055 E F0(,)A F1<ad57>3.055 E F0 3.055
-(,a)C(nd)-3.055 E F1<ad58>3.055 E F0 .722(options \(and, if necessary)
-144 132 R 3.222(,t)-.65 G(he)-3.222 E F1<ad50>3.222 E F0(and)3.222 E F1
-<ad53>3.222 E F0 .723(options\) should be quoted to protect them from e)
-3.222 F(xpan-)-.15 E(sion before the)144 144 Q F1(complete)2.5 E F0 -.2
-(bu)2.5 G(iltin is in).2 E -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G(d.).1 E F1<ad6f>144
-156 Q/F2 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(comp-option)2.5 E F0(The)184 168 Q F2
-(comp-option)2.791 E F0 .291(controls se)2.791 F -.15(ve)-.25 G .291
-(ral aspects of the compspec').15 F 2.791(sb)-.55 G(eha)-2.791 E .291
-(vior be)-.2 F .291(yond the simple)-.15 F(generation of completions.)
-184 180 Q F2(comp-option)5 E F0(may be one of:)2.5 E F1(bashdefault)184
-192 Q F0 .281(Perform the rest of the def)224 204 R(ault)-.1 E F1(bash)
-2.781 E F0 .281(completions if the compspec generates no)2.781 F
-(matches.)224 216 Q F1(default)184 228 Q F0 2.876(Use readline')224 228
-R 5.376(sd)-.55 G(ef)-5.376 E 2.875
+E(UIL)-.1 E(TINS\(1\))-.92 E .431(delimiter such as)144 84 R/F1 10
+/Times-Bold@0 SF(;)2.931 E F0(or)2.931 E F1(|)2.931 E F0 2.931(,w)C .431
+(hich is usually command name completion.)-2.931 F .43
+(If multiple options are sup-)5.43 F .707(plied, the)144 96 R F1<ad44>
+3.207 E F0 .707(option tak)3.207 F .707(es precedence o)-.1 F -.15(ve)
+-.15 G(r).15 E F1<ad45>3.208 E F0 3.208(,a)C .708(nd both tak)-3.208 F
+3.208(ep)-.1 G .708(recedence o)-3.208 F -.15(ve)-.15 G(r).15 E F1<ad49>
+3.208 E F0 5.708(.I)C 3.208(fa)-5.708 G 1.008 -.15(ny o)-3.208 H(f).15 E
+F1<ad44>3.208 E F0(,)A F1<ad45>144 108 Q F0 2.604(,o)C(r)-2.604 E F1
+<ad49>2.604 E F0 .103(are supplied, an)2.603 F 2.603(yo)-.15 G(ther)
+-2.603 E/F2 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(name)2.603 E F0(ar)2.603 E .103
+(guments are ignored; these completions only apply to the)-.18 F
+(case speci\214ed by the option.)144 120 Q .152
+(The process of applying these completion speci\214cations when w)144
+144 R .153(ord completion is attempted is de-)-.1 F(scribed abo)144 156
+Q .3 -.15(ve u)-.15 H(nder).15 E F1(Pr)2.5 E(ogrammable Completion)-.18
+E F0(.)A .556(Other options, if speci\214ed, ha)144 180 R .856 -.15
+(ve t)-.2 H .555(he follo).15 F .555(wing meanings.)-.25 F .555(The ar)
+5.555 F .555(guments to the)-.18 F F1<ad47>3.055 E F0(,)A F1<ad57>3.055
+E F0 3.055(,a)C(nd)-3.055 E F1<ad58>3.055 E F0 .722
+(options \(and, if necessary)144 192 R 3.222(,t)-.65 G(he)-3.222 E F1
+<ad50>3.222 E F0(and)3.222 E F1<ad53>3.222 E F0 .723
+(options\) should be quoted to protect them from e)3.222 F(xpan-)-.15 E
+(sion before the)144 204 Q F1(complete)2.5 E F0 -.2(bu)2.5 G
+(iltin is in).2 E -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G(d.).1 E F1<ad6f>144 216 Q F2
+(comp-option)2.5 E F0(The)184 228 Q F2(comp-option)2.791 E F0 .291
+(controls se)2.791 F -.15(ve)-.25 G .291(ral aspects of the compspec')
+.15 F 2.791(sb)-.55 G(eha)-2.791 E .291(vior be)-.2 F .291
+(yond the simple)-.15 F(generation of completions.)184 240 Q F2
+(comp-option)5 E F0(may be one of:)2.5 E F1(bashdefault)184 252 Q F0
+.281(Perform the rest of the def)224 264 R(ault)-.1 E F1(bash)2.781 E F0
+.281(completions if the compspec generates no)2.781 F(matches.)224 276 Q
+F1(default)184 288 Q F0 2.876(Use readline')224 288 R 5.376(sd)-.55 G
+(ef)-5.376 E 2.875
(ault \214lename completion if the compspec generates no)-.1 F(matches.)
-224 240 Q F1(dir)184 252 Q(names)-.15 E F0(Perform directory name compl\
-etion if the compspec generates no matches.)224 264 Q F1(\214lenames)184
-276 Q F0 -.7(Te)224 288 S .137(ll readline that the compspec generates \
+224 300 Q F1(dir)184 312 Q(names)-.15 E F0(Perform directory name compl\
+etion if the compspec generates no matches.)224 324 Q F1(\214lenames)184
+336 Q F0 -.7(Te)224 348 S .137(ll readline that the compspec generates \
\214lenames, so it can perform an).7 F 2.637<798c>-.15 G(le-)-2.637 E
-.134(name\255speci\214c processing \(lik)224 300 R 2.634(ea)-.1 G .134
+.134(name\255speci\214c processing \(lik)224 360 R 2.634(ea)-.1 G .134
(dding a slash to directory names, quoting spe-)-2.634 F .45
-(cial characters, or suppressing trailing spaces\).)224 312 R .45
-(Intended to be used with shell)5.45 F(functions.)224 324 Q F1(noquote)
-184 336 Q F0 -.7(Te)224 336 S .814
+(cial characters, or suppressing trailing spaces\).)224 372 R .45
+(Intended to be used with shell)5.45 F(functions.)224 384 Q F1(noquote)
+184 396 Q F0 -.7(Te)224 396 S .814
(ll readline not to quote the completed w).7 F .814(ords if the)-.1 F
3.314(ya)-.15 G .814(re \214lenames \(quoting)-3.314 F
-(\214lenames is the def)224 348 Q(ault\).)-.1 E F1(nosort)184 360 Q F0
--.7(Te)224 360 S(ll readline not to sort the list of possible completio\
-ns alphabetically).7 E(.)-.65 E F1(nospace)184 372 Q F0 -.7(Te)224 372 S
+(\214lenames is the def)224 408 Q(ault\).)-.1 E F1(nosort)184 420 Q F0
+-.7(Te)224 420 S(ll readline not to sort the list of possible completio\
+ns alphabetically).7 E(.)-.65 E F1(nospace)184 432 Q F0 -.7(Te)224 432 S
.22(ll readline not to append a space \(the def).7 F .22(ault\) to w)-.1
-F .22(ords completed at the end)-.1 F(of the line.)224 384 Q F1
-(plusdirs)184 396 Q F0 1.985(After an)224 396 R 4.485(ym)-.15 G 1.985
+F .22(ords completed at the end)-.1 F(of the line.)224 444 Q F1
+(plusdirs)184 456 Q F0 1.985(After an)224 456 R 4.485(ym)-.15 G 1.985
(atches de\214ned by the compspec are generated, directory name)-4.485 F
-.583(completion is attempted and an)224 408 R 3.084(ym)-.15 G .584
-(atches are added to the results of the other)-3.084 F(actions.)224 420
-Q F1<ad41>144 432 Q F2(action)2.5 E F0(The)184 444 Q F2(action)2.5 E F0
+.583(completion is attempted and an)224 468 R 3.084(ym)-.15 G .584
+(atches are added to the results of the other)-3.084 F(actions.)224 480
+Q F1<ad41>144 492 Q F2(action)2.5 E F0(The)184 504 Q F2(action)2.5 E F0
(may be one of the follo)2.5 E
(wing to generate a list of possible completions:)-.25 E F1(alias)184
-
456 Q F0(Alias names.)224 456 Q(May also be speci\214ed as)5 E F1<ad61>
-2.5 E F0(.)A F1(arrayv)184 468 Q(ar)-.1 E F0(Array v)224 480 Q
-(ariable names.)-.25 E F1(binding)184 492 Q(Readline)224 492 Q F0 -.1
-(ke)2.5 G 2.5(yb)-.05 G(inding names.)-2.5 E F1 -.2(bu)184 504 S(iltin)
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28 Q(May also be speci\214ed as)5 E F1<ad63>2.5
-E F0(.)A F1(dir)184 540 Q(ectory)-.18 E F0(Directory names.)224 552 Q
-(May also be speci\214ed as)5 E F1<ad64>2.5 E F0(.)A F1(disabled)184 564
-Q F0(Names of disabled shell b)224 576 Q(uiltins.)-.2 E F1(enabled)184
-588 Q F0(Names of enabled shell b)224 588 Q(uiltins.)-.2 E F1(export)184
-600 Q F0(Names of e)224 600 Q(xported shell v)-.15 E 2.5(ariables. May)
+
516 Q F0(Alias names.)224 516 Q(May also be speci\214ed as)5 E F1<ad61>
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88 Q(May also be speci\214ed as)5 E F1<ad63>2.5
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(vironment, and its output is used as the possible)-.4 F(completions.)
-184 228 Q F1<ad46>144 240 Q F2(function)2.5 E F0 .113
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($1)A F0 3.316(\)i)C 3.316(st)-3.316 G .816
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-(are being completed, the second ar)184 276 R 1.407(gument \()-.18 F F1
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($2)A F0 3.907(\)i)C 3.907(st)-3.907 G 1.407(he w)-3.907 F 1.407
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-(ord being completed on the current com-)-.1 F .101(mand line.)184 300 R
+(ord being completed on the current com-)-.1 F .101(mand line.)184 360 R
.101(When it \214nishes, the possible completions are retrie)5.101 F
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-E(ariable.)-.25 E F1<ad47>144 324 Q F2(globpat)2.5 E F0 1.008
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-E F0 1.007(is e)3.507 F 1.007(xpanded to generate the possible comple-)
--.15 F(tions.)184 348 Q F1<ad50>144 360 Q F2(pr)2.5 E(e\214x)-.37 E(pr)
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+F1<ad50>144 420 Q F3(pr)2.5 E(e\214x)-.37 E(pr)184 432 Q(e\214x)-.37 E
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(ginning of each possible completion after all other options ha)-.15 F
--.15(ve)-.2 G(been applied.)184 384 Q F1<ad53>144 396 Q F2(suf)2.5 E
-<8c78>-.18 E(suf)184 396 Q<8c78>-.18 E F0
+-.15(ve)-.2 G(been applied.)184 444 Q F1<ad53>144 456 Q F3(suf)2.5 E
+<8c78>-.18 E(suf)184 456 Q<8c78>-.18 E F0
(is appended to each possible completion after all other options ha)2.5
-E .3 -.15(ve b)-.2 H(een applied.).15 E F1<ad57>144 408 Q F2(wor)2.5 E
-(dlist)-.37 E F0(The)184 420 Q F2(wor)3.64 E(dlist)-.37 E F0 1.14
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(special v)3.39 F 1.139(ariable as delimiters, and)-.25 F .98
-(each resultant w)184 432 R .98(ord is e)-.1 F 3.481(xpanded. Shell)-.15
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(vide a mechanism for the w)-.15 F .765
(ords to contain shell metacharacters or characters in the)-.1 F -.25
-(va)184 456 S 1.964(lue of).25 F F3(IFS)4.464 E/F4 9/Times-Roman@0 SF(.)
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A F0 1.964
(The possible completions are the members of the resultant list which)
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-Q F2(\214lterpat)2.5 E(\214lterpat)184 492 Q F0 .456
+6.464 F(match the w)184 528 Q(ord being completed.)-.1 E F1<ad58>144 540
+Q F3(\214lterpat)2.5 E(\214lterpat)184 552 Q F0 .456
(is a pattern as used for pathname e)2.956 F 2.956(xpansion. It)-.15 F
.455(is applied to the list of possible)2.956 F 1.596
-(completions generated by the preceding options and ar)184 504 R 1.596
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3.205 E F0 .705(is remo)3.205 F -.15(ve)-.15 G 3.205(df).15 G .704
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(alue is true unless an in)-.25 F -.25(va)-.4 G .466
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-(plied without a)144 556.8 R F2(name)3.862 E F0(ar)3.862 E 1.361
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+1.361(ompletion speci\214cation for a).15 F F3(name)144 628.8 Q F0
(for which no speci\214cation e)2.5 E
(xists, or an error occurs adding a completion speci\214cation.)-.15 E
-F1(compopt)108 585.6 Q F0([)2.5 E F1<ad6f>A F2(option)2.5 E F0 2.5(][)C
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-R F2(name)2.947 E F0 .447(according to the)2.947 F F2(option)2.947 E F0
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3.223 E F0 .723(or the current completion.)3.223 F .724(The possible v)
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2.678 G .178(iltin described abo).2 F -.15(ve)-.15 G 5.178(.T).15 G(he)
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(option indicates that other supplied options should apply to)2.678 F
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-(Clears the directory stack by deleting all of the entries.)180 160.8 Q
-F1<ad6c>144 172.8 Q F0 .881
-(Produces a listing using full pathnames; the def)180 172.8 R .882
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(ault listing format uses a tilde to denote)-.1 F(the home directory)180
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-(Print the directory stack with one entry per line.)180
196.8 Q F1<ad76>
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+(riable as a colon-separated list of).25 F .549
+(directories in which to search for)144 256.8 R F2(\214lename)3.049 E F0
+5.549(.T)C .549(he def)-5.549 F .548(ault is system-dependent.)-.1 F
+(The)5.548 E F1<ad64>3.048 E F0 .548(option will)3.048 F .546
+(delete a b)144 268.8 R .546(uiltin pre)-.2 F .546(viously loaded with)
+-.25 F F1<ad66>3.046 E F0 5.547(.I)C 3.047(fn)-5.547 G(o)-3.047 E F2
+(name)3.047 E F0(ar)3.047 E .547(guments are gi)-.18 F -.15(ve)-.25 G
+.547(n, or if the).15 F F1<ad70>3.047 E F0 .547(option is)3.047 F .546
+(supplied, a list of shell b)144 280.8 R .545(uiltins is printed.)-.2 F
+-.4(Wi)5.545 G .545(th no other option ar).4 F .545
+(guments, the list consists of all)-.18 F .695(enabled shell b)144 292.8
+R 3.195(uiltins. If)-.2 F F1<ad6e>3.195 E F0 .695
+(is supplied, only disabled b)3.195 F .695(uiltins are printed.)-.2 F
+(If)5.695 E F1<ad61>3.195 E F0 .695(is supplied, the)3.195 F .262
+(list printed includes all b)144 304.8 R .261
+(uiltins, with an indication of whether or not each is enabled.)-.2 F
+(If)5.261 E F1<ad73>2.761 E F0 .261(is sup-)2.761 F .268
+(plied, the output is restricted to the POSIX)144 316.8 R F2(special)
+2.768 E F0 -.2(bu)2.768 G 2.768(iltins. If).2 F .269
+(no options are supplied and a)2.768 F F2(name)2.769 E F0 .285
+(is not a shell b)144 328.8 R(uiltin,)-.2 E F1(enable)2.784 E F0 .284
+(will attempt to load)2.784 F F2(name)2.784 E F0 .284
+(from a shared object named)2.784 F F2(name)2.784 E F0 2.784(,a)C 2.784
+(si)-2.784 G 2.784(ft)-2.784 G(he)-2.784 E 1.41(command were)144 340.8 R
+F4 1.41(enable \255f)3.91 F F2 1.41(name name)3.91 F F0 6.41(.T)3.91 G
+1.41(he return v)-6.41 F 1.41(alue is 0 unless a)-.25 F F2(name)4.27 E
+F0 1.41(is not a shell)4.09 F -.2(bu)144 352.8 S
+(iltin or there is an error loading a ne).2 E 2.5(wb)-.25 G
+(uiltin from a shared object.)-2.7 E F1 -2.3 -.15(ev a)108 369.6 T(l).15
+E F0([)2.5 E F2(ar)A(g)-.37 E F0(...])2.5 E(The)144 381.6 Q F2(ar)3.171
+E(g)-.37 E F0 3.171(sa)C .671
(re read and concatenated together into a single command.)-3.171 F .67
-(This command is then read)5.67 F .478(and e)144 268.8 R -.15(xe)-.15 G
+(This command is then read)5.67 F .478(and e)144 393.6 R -.15(xe)-.15 G
.478(cuted by the shell, and its e).15 F .478
(xit status is returned as the v)-.15 F .479(alue of)-.25 F F1 -2.3 -.15
(ev a)2.979 H(l).15 E F0 5.479(.I)C 2.979(ft)-5.479 G .479(here are no)
--2.979 F F2(ar)3.309 E(gs)-.37 E F0(,).27 E(or only null ar)144 280.8 Q
+-2.979 F F2(ar)3.309 E(gs)-.37 E F0(,).27 E(or only null ar)144 405.6 Q
(guments,)-.18 E F1 -2.3 -.15(ev a)2.5 H(l).15 E F0(returns 0.)2.5 E F1
-(exec)108
297.6 Q F0([)2.5 E F1(\255cl)A F0 2.5(][)C F1<ad61>-2.5 E F2
+(exec)108
422.4 Q F0([)2.5 E F1(\255cl)A F0 2.5(][)C F1<ad61>-2.5 E F2
(name)2.5 E F0 2.5(][)C F2(command)-2.5 E F0([)2.5 E F2(ar)A(guments)
--.37 E F0(]])A(If)144 309.6 Q F2(command)3.006 E F0 .306
+-.37 E F0(]])A(If)144 434.4 Q F2(command)3.006 E F0 .306
(is speci\214ed, it replaces the shell.)3.576 F .305(No ne)5.305 F 2.805
(wp)-.25 G .305(rocess is created.)-2.805 F(The)5.305 E F2(ar)3.135 E
-(guments)-.37 E F0(become)3.075 E .176(the ar)144 321.6 R .176
+(guments)-.37 E F0(become)3.075 E .176(the ar)144 446.4 R .176
(guments to)-.18 F F2(command)2.676 E F0 5.176(.I)C 2.676(ft)-5.176 G
(he)-2.676 E F1<ad6c>2.676 E F0 .176
(option is supplied, the shell places a dash at the be)2.676 F .177
-(ginning of)-.15 F .48(the zeroth ar)144 333.6 R .48(gument passed to)
+(ginning of)-.15 F .48(the zeroth ar)144 458.4 R .48(gument passed to)
-.18 F F2(command)3.18 E F0 5.48(.T).77 G .48(his is what)-5.48 F F2(lo)
3.07 E(gin)-.1 E F0 .48(\(1\) does.).24 F(The)5.48 E F1<ad63>2.98 E F0
-.48(option causes)2.98 F F2(com-)3.18 E(mand)144 345.6 Q F0 .638
+.48(option causes)2.98 F F2(com-)3.18 E(mand)144 470.4 Q F0 .638
(to be e)3.908 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .638(cuted with an empty en).15 F 3.138
(vironment. If)-.4 F F1<ad61>3.138 E F0 .638
(is supplied, the shell passes)3.138 F F2(name)3.499 E F0 .639(as the)
-3.319 F 1.078(zeroth ar)144 357.6 R 1.077(gument to the e)-.18 F -.15
+3.319 F 1.078(zeroth ar)144 482.4 R 1.077(gument to the e)-.18 F -.15
(xe)-.15 G 1.077(cuted command.).15 F(If)6.077 E F2(command)3.777 E F0
1.077(cannot be e)4.347 F -.15(xe)-.15 G 1.077(cuted for some reason, a)
-.15 F(non-interacti)144 369.6 Q .876 -.15(ve s)-.25 H .576(hell e).15 F
+.15 F(non-interacti)144 494.4 Q .876 -.15(ve s)-.25 H .576(hell e).15 F
.576(xits, unless the)-.15 F F1(execfail)3.076 E F0 .577
(shell option is enabled.)3.077 F .577(In that case, it returns f)5.577
-F(ail-)-.1 E 3.32(ure. An)144 381.6 R(interacti)3.32 E 1.12 -.15(ve s)
+F(ail-)-.1 E 3.32(ure. An)144 506.4 R(interacti)3.32 E 1.12 -.15(ve s)
-.25 H .82(hell returns f).15 F .82(ailure if the \214le cannot be e)-.1
F -.15(xe)-.15 G 3.32(cuted. A).15 F .82(subshell e)3.32 F .82
-(xits uncondi-)-.15 F .287(tionally if)144 393.6 R F1(exec)2.787 E F0
+(xits uncondi-)-.15 F .287(tionally if)144 518.4 R F1(exec)2.787 E F0
-.1(fa)2.787 G 2.787(ils. If).1 F F2(command)2.987 E F0 .287
(is not speci\214ed, an)3.557 F 2.788(yr)-.15 G .288(edirections tak)
-2.788 F 2.788(ee)-.1 G -.25(ff)-2.788 G .288(ect in the current shell,)
-.25 F(and the return status is 0.)144 405.6 Q
+.25 F(and the return status is 0.)144 530.4 Q
(If there is a redirection error)5 E 2.5(,t)-.4 G
-(he return status is 1.)-2.5 E F1(exit)108 422.4 Q F0([)2.5 E F2(n)A F0
-(])A .096(Cause the shell to e)144 422.4 R .096(xit with a status of)
+(he return status is 1.)-2.5 E F1(exit)108 547.2 Q F0([)2.5 E F2(n)A F0
+(])A .096(Cause the shell to e)144 547.2 R .096(xit with a status of)
-.15 F F2(n)2.596 E F0 5.096(.I)C(f)-5.096 E F2(n)2.955 E F0 .095
(is omitted, the e)2.835 F .095(xit status is that of the last command)
--.15 F -.15(exe)144 434.4 S 2.5(cuted. A).15 F(trap on)2.5 E F3(EXIT)2.5
+-.15 F -.15(exe)144 559.2 S 2.5(cuted. A).15 F(trap on)2.5 E F3(EXIT)2.5
E F0(is e)2.25 E -.15(xe)-.15 G(cuted before the shell terminates.).15 E
-F1(export)108 451.2 Q F0([)2.5 E F1(\255fn)A F0 2.5(][).833 G F2(name)
--2.5 E F0([=)A F2(wor)A(d)-.37 E F0(]] ...)A F1(export \255p)108 463.2 Q
-F0 .256(The supplied)144 475.2 R F2(names)3.117 E F0 .257(are mark)3.027
-F .257(ed for automatic e)-.1 F .257(xport to the en)-.15 F .257
+F1(export)108 576 Q F0([)2.5 E F1(\255fn)A F0 2.5(][).833 G F2(name)-2.5
+E F0([=)A F2(wor)A(d)-.37 E F0(]] ...)A F1(export \255p)108 588 Q F0
+.256(The supplied)144 600 R F2(names)3.117 E F0 .257(are mark)3.027 F
+.257(ed for automatic e)-.1 F .257(xport to the en)-.15 F .257
(vironment of subsequently e)-.4 F -.15(xe)-.15 G(cuted).15 E 2.627
-(commands. If)144
487.2 R(the)2.627 E F1<ad66>2.627 E F0 .127
+(commands. If)144
612 R(the)2.627 E F1<ad66>2.627 E F0 .127
(option is gi)2.627 F -.15(ve)-.25 G .127(n, the).15 F F2(names)2.987 E
F0 .127(refer to functions.)2.897 F .127(If no)5.127 F F2(names)2.987 E
F0 .127(are gi)2.897 F -.15(ve)-.25 G .126(n, or if the).15 F F1<ad70>
-144 499.2 Q F0 .048(option is supplied, a list of names of all e)2.547 F
+144 624 Q F0 .048(option is supplied, a list of names of all e)2.547 F
.048(xported v)-.15 F .048(ariables is printed.)-.25 F(The)5.048 E F1
-<ad6e>2.548 E F0 .048(option causes the)2.548 F -.15(ex)144 511.2 S
-1.447(port property to be remo).15 F -.15(ve)-.15 G 3.947(df).15 G 1.447
+<ad6e>2.548 E F0 .048(option causes the)2.548 F -.15(ex)144 636 S 1.447
+(port property to be remo).15 F -.15(ve)-.15 G 3.947(df).15 G 1.447
(rom each)-3.947 F F2(name)3.947 E F0 6.447(.I)C 3.947(fav)-6.447 G
1.447(ariable name is follo)-4.197 F 1.447(wed by =)-.25 F F2(wor)A(d)
--.37 E F0 3.946(,t)C(he)-3.946 E -.25(va)144 523.2 S .741(lue of the v)
-.25 F .741(ariable is set to)-.25 F F2(wor)3.241 E(d)-.37 E F0(.)A F1
+-.37 E F0 3.946(,t)C(he)-3.946 E -.25(va)144 648 S .741(lue of the v).25
+F .741(ariable is set to)-.25 F F2(wor)3.241 E(d)-.37 E F0(.)A F1
(export)5.741 E F0 .742(returns an e)3.242 F .742
(xit status of 0 unless an in)-.15 F -.25(va)-.4 G .742(lid option is)
-.25 F .032(encountered, one of the)144 535.2 R F2(names)2.532 E F0 .032
+.25 F .032(encountered, one of the)144 660 R F2(names)2.532 E F0 .032
(is not a v)2.532 F .032(alid shell v)-.25 F .032(ariable name, or)-.25
F F1<ad66>2.531 E F0 .031(is supplied with a)2.531 F F2(name)2.891 E F0
-(that)2.711 E(is not a function.)144 547.2 Q F1(fc)108 564 Q F0([)2.5 E
+(that)2.711 E(is not a function.)144 672 Q F1(fc)108 688.8 Q F0([)2.5 E
F1<ad65>A F2(ename)2.5 E F0 2.5(][)C F1(\255lnr)-2.5 E F0 2.5(][)C F2
<8c72>-2.5 E(st)-.1 E F0 2.5(][)C F2(last)-2.5 E F0(])A F1(fc \255s)108
-576 Q F0([)2.5 E F2(pat)A F0(=)A F2 -.37(re)C(p).37 E F0 2.5(][)C F2
+700.8 Q F0([)2.5 E F2(pat)A F0(=)A F2 -.37(re)C(p).37 E F0 2.5(][)C F2
(cmd)-2.5 E F0(])A .431
-(The \214rst form selects a range of commands from)144 588 R F2<8c72>
+(The \214rst form selects a range of commands from)144 712.8 R F2<8c72>
4.842 E(st)-.1 E F0(to)3.612 E F2(last)3.022 E F0 .432
(from the history list and displays or)3.612 F .142(edits and re-e)144
-600 R -.15(xe)-.15 G .142(cutes them.).15 F F2 -.45(Fi)5.141 G -.1(rs)
+724.8 R -.15(xe)-.15 G .142(cutes them.).15 F F2 -.45(Fi)5.141 G -.1(rs)
.45 G(t).1 E F0(and)3.321 E F2(last)2.731 E F0 .141
-(may be speci\214ed as a string \(to locate the last command)3.321 F(be)
-144 612 Q .31(ginning with that string\) or as a number \(an inde)-.15 F
-2.811(xi)-.15 G .311(nto the history list, where a ne)-2.811 F -.05(ga)
--.15 G(ti).05 E .611 -.15(ve n)-.25 H(umber).15 E .071(is used as an of)
-144 624 R .071(fset from the current command number\).)-.25 F .071
-(When listing, a)5.071 F F2<8c72>2.571 E(st)-.1 E F0(or)2.571 E F2(last)
-2.571 E F0 .071(of 0 is equi)2.571 F -.25(va)-.25 G(-).25 E .653
-(lent to \2551 and \2550 is equi)144 636 R -.25(va)-.25 G .653
-(lent to the current command \(usually the).25 F F1(fc)3.153 E F0 .653
-(command\); otherwise 0 is)3.153 F(equi)144 648 Q -.25(va)-.25 G .242
-(lent to \2551 and \2550 is in).25 F -.25(va)-.4 G 2.742(lid. If).25 F
-F2(last)2.832 E F0 .242
-(is not speci\214ed, it is set to the current command for list-)3.422 F
-.092(ing \(so that)144 660 R F4 .092(fc \255l \25510)2.592 F F0 .093
-(prints the last 10 commands\) and to)2.592 F F2<8c72>4.503 E(st)-.1 E
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-(is not speci-)3.273 F(\214ed, it is set to the pre)144 672 Q
-(vious command for editing and \25516 for listing.)-.25 E(The)144 696 Q
-F1<ad6e>2.522 E F0 .022
-(option suppresses the command numbers when listing.)2.522 F(The)5.022 E
-F1<ad72>2.522 E F0 .022(option re)2.522 F -.15(ve)-.25 G .022
-(rses the order of).15 F .438(the commands.)144 708 R .438(If the)5.438
-F F1<ad6c>2.938 E F0 .438(option is gi)2.938 F -.15(ve)-.25 G .438
-(n, the commands are listed on standard output.).15 F(Otherwise,)5.438 E
-.335(the editor gi)144 720 R -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.835(nb).15 G(y)-2.835 E F2
-(ename)3.025 E F0 .335(is in)3.015 F -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G 2.835(do)
-.1 G 2.835(na\214)-2.835 G .335(le containing those commands.)-2.835 F
-(If)5.334 E F2(ename)3.024 E F0 .334(is not gi)3.014 F -.15(ve)-.25 G
-(n,).15 E(GNU Bash 5.0)72 768 Q(2004 Apr 20)149.565 E(8)203.725 E 0 Cg
-EP
+(may be speci\214ed as a string \(to locate the last command)3.321 F
+(GNU Bash 5.1)72 768 Q(2021 September 30)135.955 E(8)190.115 E 0 Cg EP
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-E(UIL)-.1 E(TINS\(1\))-.92 E .63(the v)144 84 R .63(alue of the)-.25 F
-/F1 9/Times-Bold@0 SF(FCEDIT)3.13 E F0 -.25(va)2.88 G .631
-(riable is used, and the v).25 F .631(alue of)-.25 F F1(EDIT)3.131 E(OR)
--.162 E F0(if)2.881 E F1(FCEDIT)3.131 E F0 .631(is not set.)2.881 F .631
-(If nei-)5.631 F .006(ther v)144 96 R .006(ariable is set,)-.25 F/F2 10
-/Times-Italic@0 SF(vi)4.171 E F0 .005(is used.)4.171 F .005
-(When editing is complete, the edited commands are echoed and e)5.005 F
-(x-)-.15 E(ecuted.)144 108 Q .788(In the second form,)144 132 R F2
-(command)3.288 E F0 .788(is re-e)3.288 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .788
-(cuted after each instance of).15 F F2(pat)3.288 E F0 .788
-(is replaced by)3.288 F F2 -.37(re)3.289 G(p).37 E F0(.)A F2(Com-)5.789
-E(mand)144 144 Q F0 .172(is interpreted the same as)2.672 F F2<8c72>
+E(UIL)-.1 E(TINS\(1\))-.92 E(be)144 84 Q .31
+(ginning with that string\) or as a number \(an inde)-.15 F 2.811(xi)
+-.15 G .311(nto the history list, where a ne)-2.811 F -.05(ga)-.15 G(ti)
+.05 E .611 -.15(ve n)-.25 H(umber).15 E .071(is used as an of)144 96 R
+.071(fset from the current command number\).)-.25 F .071
+(When listing, a)5.071 F/F1 10/Times-Italic@0 SF<8c72>2.571 E(st)-.1 E
+F0(or)2.571 E F1(last)2.571 E F0 .071(of 0 is equi)2.571 F -.25(va)-.25
+G(-).25 E .653(lent to \2551 and \2550 is equi)144 108 R -.25(va)-.25 G
+.653(lent to the current command \(usually the).25 F/F2 10/Times-Bold@0
+SF(fc)3.153 E F0 .653(command\); otherwise 0 is)3.153 F(equi)144 120 Q
+-.25(va)-.25 G .242(lent to \2551 and \2550 is in).25 F -.25(va)-.4 G
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+.092(ing \(so that)144 132 R/F3 10/Courier@0 SF .092(fc \255l \25510)
+2.592 F F0 .093(prints the last 10 commands\) and to)2.592 F F1<8c72>
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+F0 .093(is not speci-)3.273 F(\214ed, it is set to the pre)144 144 Q
+(vious command for editing and \25516 for listing.)-.25 E(The)144 168 Q
+F2<ad6e>2.522 E F0 .022
+(option suppresses the command numbers when listing.)2.522 F(The)5.022 E
+F2<ad72>2.522 E F0 .022(option re)2.522 F -.15(ve)-.25 G .022
+(rses the order of).15 F .438(the commands.)144 180 R .438(If the)5.438
+F F2<ad6c>2.938 E F0 .438(option is gi)2.938 F -.15(ve)-.25 G .438
+(n, the commands are listed on standard output.).15 F(Otherwise,)5.438 E
+.335(the editor gi)144 192 R -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.835(nb).15 G(y)-2.835 E F1
+(ename)3.025 E F0 .335(is in)3.015 F -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G 2.835(do)
+.1 G 2.835(na\214)-2.835 G .335(le containing those commands.)-2.835 F
+(If)5.334 E F1(ename)3.024 E F0 .334(is not gi)3.014 F -.15(ve)-.25 G
+(n,).15 E .63(the v)144 204 R .63(alue of the)-.25 F/F4 9/Times-Bold@0
+SF(FCEDIT)3.13 E F0 -.25(va)2.88 G .631(riable is used, and the v).25 F
+.631(alue of)-.25 F F4(EDIT)3.131 E(OR)-.162 E F0(if)2.881 E F4(FCEDIT)
+3.131 E F0 .631(is not set.)2.881 F .631(If nei-)5.631 F .006(ther v)144
+216 R .006(ariable is set,)-.25 F F1(vi)4.171 E F0 .005(is used.)4.171 F
+.005(When editing is complete, the edited commands are echoed and e)
+5.005 F(x-)-.15 E(ecuted.)144 228 Q .788(In the second form,)144 252 R
+F1(command)3.288 E F0 .788(is re-e)3.288 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .788
+(cuted after each instance of).15 F F1(pat)3.288 E F0 .788
+(is replaced by)3.288 F F1 -.37(re)3.289 G(p).37 E F0(.)A F1(Com-)5.789
+E(mand)144 264 Q F0 .172(is interpreted the same as)2.672 F F1<8c72>
2.672 E(st)-.1 E F0(abo)2.672 E -.15(ve)-.15 G 5.172(.A).15 G .171
-(useful alias to use with this is)-2.5 F/F3 10/Courier@0 SF .171
-(r='fc \255s')2.671 F F0 2.671(,s)C 2.671(ot)-2.671 G(hat)-2.671 E
-(typing)144 156 Q F3 7.165(rc)3.665 G(c)-7.165 E F0 1.165
-(runs the last command be)3.665 F 1.166(ginning with)-.15 F F3(cc)3.666
-E F0 1.166(and typing)3.666 F F3(r)3.666 E F0(re-e)3.666 E -.15(xe)-.15
-G 1.166(cutes the last com-).15 F(mand.)144 168 Q .142
-(If the \214rst form is used, the return v)144 192 R .142
-(alue is 0 unless an in)-.25 F -.25(va)-.4 G .142
-(lid option is encountered or).25 F F2<8c72>4.552 E(st)-.1 E F0(or)3.322
-E F2(last)2.732 E F0 .454(specify history lines out of range.)144 204 R
-.454(If the)5.454 F/F4 10/Times-Bold@0 SF<ad65>2.954 E F0 .454
+(useful alias to use with this is)-2.5 F F3 .171(r='fc \255s')2.671 F F0
+2.671(,s)C 2.671(ot)-2.671 G(hat)-2.671 E(typing)144 276 Q F3 7.165(rc)
+3.665 G(c)-7.165 E F0 1.165(runs the last command be)3.665 F 1.166
+(ginning with)-.15 F F3(cc)3.666 E F0 1.166(and typing)3.666 F F3(r)
+3.666 E F0(re-e)3.666 E -.15(xe)-.15 G 1.166(cutes the last com-).15 F
+(mand.)144 288 Q .142(If the \214rst form is used, the return v)144 312
+R .142(alue is 0 unless an in)-.25 F -.25(va)-.4 G .142
+(lid option is encountered or).25 F F1<8c72>4.552 E(st)-.1 E F0(or)3.322
+E F1(last)2.732 E F0 .454(specify history lines out of range.)144 324 R
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(option is supplied, the return v)2.954 F .455(alue is the v)-.25 F .455
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--.15(ve a)-.2 H(n).15 E(ar)144 357.6 Q .578
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(The colon and question mark char)5.579 F(-)-.2 E .636
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+(time stamp and the history line.)144 559.2 R(If)5.176 E F2(\214lename)
2.676 E F0 .176
(is supplied, it is used as the name of the history \214le; if)2.676 F
-(not, the v)144 470.4 Q(alue of)-.25 E F3(HISTFILE)2.5 E F0(is used.)
+(not, the v)144 571.2 Q(alue of)-.25 E F3(HISTFILE)2.5 E F0(is used.)
2.25 E(Options, if supplied, ha)5 E .3 -.15(ve t)-.2 H(he follo).15 E
-(wing meanings:)-.25 E F1<ad63>144 482.4 Q F0
-(Clear the history list by deleting all the entries.)180 482.4 Q F1
-<ad64>144 494.4 Q F2(of)2.5 E(fset)-.18 E F0 .39
-(Delete the history entry at position)180 506.4 R F2(of)2.889 E(fset)
+(wing meanings:)-.25 E F1<ad63>144 583.2 Q F0
+(Clear the history list by deleting all the entries.)180 583.2 Q F1
+<ad64>144 595.2 Q F2(of)2.5 E(fset)-.18 E F0 .39
+(Delete the history entry at position)180 607.2 R F2(of)2.889 E(fset)
-.18 E F0 5.389(.I)C(f)-5.389 E F2(of)2.889 E(fset)-.18 E F0 .389(is ne)
2.889 F -.05(ga)-.15 G(ti).05 E -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.889(,i).15 G 2.889(ti)
-2.889 G 2.889(si)-2.889 G .389(nterpreted as relati)-2.889 F -.15(ve)
-.25 G .598(to one greater than the last history position, so ne)180
-518.4 R -.05(ga)-.15 G(ti).05 E .899 -.15(ve i)-.25 H .599
-(ndices count back from the end).15 F(of the history)180 530.4 Q 2.5(,a)
+619.2 R -.05(ga)-.15 G(ti).05 E .899 -.15(ve i)-.25 H .599
+(ndices count back from the end).15 F(of the history)180 631.2 Q 2.5(,a)
-.65 G(nd an inde)-2.5 E 2.5(xo)-.15 G 2.5<66ad>-2.5 G 2.5(1r)-2.5 G
(efers to the current)-2.5 E F1(history -d)2.5 E F0(command.)2.5 E F1
-<ad64>144 542.4 Q F2(start)2.5 E F0<ad>A F2(end)A F0 .758
-(Delete the history entries between positions)180 554.4 R F2(start)3.258
-E F0(and)3.257 E F2(end)3.257 E F0 3.257(,i)C(nclusi)-3.257 E -.15(ve)
--.25 G 5.757(.P).15 G(ositi)-5.757 E 1.057 -.15(ve a)-.25 H .757(nd ne)
-.15 F -.05(ga)-.15 G(-).05 E(ti)180 566.4 Q .3 -.15(ve v)-.25 H
-(alues for)-.1 E F2(start)2.5 E F0(and)2.5 E F2(end)2.5 E F0
+<ad64>144 643.2 Q F2(start)2.5 E F0<ad>A F2(end)A F0 1.25
+(Delete the range of history entries between positions)180 655.2 R F2
+(start)3.75 E F0(and)3.75 E F2(end)3.75 E F0 3.75(,i)C(nclusi)-3.75 E
+-.15(ve)-.25 G 6.25(.P).15 G(ositi)-6.25 E -.15(ve)-.25 G(and ne)180
+667.2 Q -.05(ga)-.15 G(ti).05 E .3 -.15(ve v)-.25 H(alues for)-.1 E F2
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(are interpreted as described abo)2.5 E -.15(ve)-.15 G(.).15 E F1<ad61>
-144 578.4 Q F0 .564(Append the `)180 578.4 R(`ne)-.74 E(w')-.25 E 3.064
+144 679.2 Q F0 .564(Append the `)180 679.2 R(`ne)-.74 E(w')-.25 E 3.064
('h)-.74 G .564(istory lines to the history \214le.)-3.064 F .565
-(These are history lines entered since)5.564 F(the be)180 590.4 Q
+(These are history lines entered since)5.564 F(the be)180 691.2 Q
(ginning of the current)-.15 E F1(bash)2.5 E F0(session, b)2.5 E
-(ut not already appended to the history \214le.)-.2 E F1<ad6e>144 602.4
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Q F0 .854(Read the history lines not already read from the history \214\
-le into the current history list.)180 602.4 R .772
-(These are lines appended to the history \214le since the be)180 614.4 R
+le into the current history list.)180 703.2 R .772
+(These are lines appended to the history \214le since the be)180 715.2 R
.773(ginning of the current)-.15 F F1(bash)3.273 E F0(ses-)3.273 E
-(sion.)180 626.4 Q F1<ad72>144 638.4 Q F0(Read the contents of the hist\
-ory \214le and append them to the current history list.)180 638.4 Q F1
-<ad77>144 650.4 Q F0
-(Write the current history list to the history \214le, o)180 650.4 Q
--.15(ve)-.15 G(rwriting the history \214le').15 E 2.5(sc)-.55 G
-(ontents.)-2.5 E F1<ad70>144 662.4 Q F0 .626
-(Perform history substitution on the follo)180 662.4 R(wing)-.25 E F2
-(ar)3.125 E(gs)-.37 E F0 .625(and display the result on the standard)
-3.125 F 2.975(output. Does)180 674.4 R .475
-(not store the results in the history list.)2.975 F(Each)5.475 E F2(ar)
-2.975 E(g)-.37 E F0 .475(must be quoted to disable)2.975 F
-(normal history e)180 686.4 Q(xpansion.)-.15 E F1<ad73>144 698.4 Q F0
-.363(Store the)180 698.4 R F2(ar)3.193 E(gs)-.37 E F0 .363
-(in the history list as a single entry)3.133 F 5.363(.T)-.65 G .362
-(he last command in the history list is)-5.363 F(remo)180 710.4 Q -.15
-(ve)-.15 G 2.5(db).15 G(efore the)-2.5 E F2(ar)2.83 E(gs)-.37 E F0
-(are added.)2.77 E .145(If the)144 727.2 R F3(HISTTIMEFORMA)2.645 E(T)
--.855 E F0 -.25(va)2.395 G .145
-(riable is set, the time stamp information associated with each history)
-.25 F(GNU Bash 5.0)72 768 Q(2004 Apr 20)149.565 E(10)198.725 E 0 Cg EP
+(sion.)180 727.2 Q(GNU Bash 5.1)72 768 Q(2021 September 30)135.955 E(10)
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%%Page: 11 11
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/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S(SH_B).35 E(UIL)-.1 E 87.61
(TINS\(1\) General)-.92 F(Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)90.11 G(SH_B).35
-E(UIL)-.1 E(TINS\(1\))-.92 E .669
-(entry is written to the history \214le, mark)144 84 R .669
+E(UIL)-.1 E(TINS\(1\))-.92 E/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 SF<ad72>144 84 Q F0(Rea\
+d the contents of the history \214le and append them to the current his\
+tory list.)180 84 Q F1<ad77>144 96 Q F0
+(Write the current history list to the history \214le, o)180 96 Q -.15
+(ve)-.15 G(rwriting the history \214le').15 E 2.5(sc)-.55 G(ontents.)
+-2.5 E F1<ad70>144 108 Q F0 .626
+(Perform history substitution on the follo)180 108 R(wing)-.25 E/F2 10
+/Times-Italic@0 SF(ar)3.125 E(gs)-.37 E F0 .625
+(and display the result on the standard)3.125 F 2.975(output. Does)180
+120 R .475(not store the results in the history list.)2.975 F(Each)5.475
+E F2(ar)2.975 E(g)-.37 E F0 .475(must be quoted to disable)2.975 F
+(normal history e)180 132 Q(xpansion.)-.15 E F1<ad73>144 144 Q F0 .363
+(Store the)180 144 R F2(ar)3.193 E(gs)-.37 E F0 .363
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+-.15 G 2.5(db).15 G(efore the)-2.5 E F2(ar)2.83 E(gs)-.37 E F0
+(are added.)2.77 E .145(If the)144 172.8 R/F3 9/Times-Bold@0 SF
+(HISTTIMEFORMA)2.645 E(T)-.855 E F0 -.25(va)2.395 G .145
+(riable is set, the time stamp information associated with each history)
+.25 F .669(entry is written to the history \214le, mark)144 184.8 R .669
(ed with the history comment character)-.1 F 5.668(.W)-.55 G .668
-(hen the history)-5.668 F .955(\214le is read, lines be)144 96 R .956
+(hen the history)-5.668 F .955(\214le is read, lines be)144 196.8 R .956
(ginning with the history comment character follo)-.15 F .956
(wed immediately by a digit)-.25 F .833
-(are interpreted as timestamps for the follo)144 108 R .833
+(are interpreted as timestamps for the follo)144 208.8 R .833
(wing history entry)-.25 F 5.832(.T)-.65 G .832(he return v)-5.832 F
-.832(alue is 0 unless an in-)-.25 F -.25(va)144 120 S .168(lid option i\
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-\214le, an in).25 F -.25(va)-.4 G(lid).25 E/F1 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(of)
-2.669 E(f-)-.18 E(set)144 132 Q F0(is supplied as an ar)2.5 E(gument to)
--.18 E/F2 10/Times-Bold@0 SF<ad64>2.5 E F0 2.5(,o)C 2.5(rt)-2.5 G
-(he history e)-2.5 E(xpansion supplied as an ar)-.15 E(gument to)-.18 E
-F2<ad70>2.5 E F0 -.1(fa)2.5 G(ils.).1 E F2(jobs)108 148.8 Q F0([)2.5 E
-F2(\255lnprs)A F0 2.5(][)C F1(jobspec)A F0(... ])2.5 E F2(jobs \255x)108
-160.8 Q F1(command)2.5 E F0([)2.5 E F1(ar)2.5 E(gs)-.37 E F0(... ])2.5 E
-(The \214rst form lists the acti)144 172.8 Q .3 -.15(ve j)-.25 H 2.5
-(obs. The).15 F(options ha)2.5 E .3 -.15(ve t)-.2 H(he follo).15 E
-(wing meanings:)-.25 E F2<ad6c>144 184.8 Q F0
-(List process IDs in addition to the normal information.)180 184.8 Q F2
-<ad6e>144 196.8 Q F0 .194(Display information only about jobs that ha)
-180 196.8 R .494 -.15(ve c)-.2 H .193(hanged status since the user w).15
-F .19
3(as last noti-)-.1 F(\214ed of their status.)180 208.8 Q F2<ad70>
-144 220.8 Q F0(List only the process ID of the job')180 220.8 Q 2.5(sp)
--.55 G(rocess group leader)-2.5 E(.)-.55 E F2<ad72>144 232.8 Q F0
-(Display only running jobs.)180 232.8 Q F2<ad73>144 244.8 Q F0
-(Display only stopped jobs.)180 244.8 Q(If)144 261.6 Q F1(jobspec)4.553
-E F0 .313(is gi)3.123 F -.15(ve)-.25 G .313
-(n, output is restricted to information about that job).15 F 5.314(.T)
--.4 G .314(he return status is 0 unless)-5.314 F(an in)144 273.6 Q -.25
+.832(alue is 0 unless an in-)-.25 F -.25(va)144 220.8 S .168(lid option\
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+\214le, an in).25 F -.25(va)-.4 G(lid).25 E F2(of)2.669 E(f-)-.18 E(set)
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+(he history e)-2.84 F .34(xpansion supplied as an ar)-.15 F .34
+(gument to)-.18 F F1<ad70>144 244.8 Q F0 -.1(fa)2.5 G(ils.).1 E F1(jobs)
+108 261.6 Q F0([)2.5 E F1(\255lnprs)A F0 2.5(][)C F2(jobspec)A F0(... ])
+2.5 E F1(jobs \255x)108 273.6 Q F2(command)2.5 E F0([)2.5 E F2(ar)2.5 E
+(gs)-.37 E F0(... ])2.5 E(The \214rst form lists the acti)144 285.6 Q .3
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+(he follo).15 E(wing meanings:)-.25 E F1<ad6c>144 297.6 Q F0
+(List process IDs in addition to the normal information.)180 297.6 Q F1
+<ad6e>144 309.6 Q F0 .193(Display information only about jobs that ha)
+180 309.6 R .494 -.15(ve c)-.2 H .194(hanged status since the user w).15
+F .19
4(as last noti-)-.1 F(\214ed of their status.)180 321.6 Q F1<ad70>
+144 333.6 Q F0(List only the process ID of the job')180 333.6 Q 2.5(sp)
+-.55 G(rocess group leader)-2.5 E(.)-.55 E F1<ad72>144 345.6 Q F0
+(Display only running jobs.)180 345.6 Q F1<ad73>144 357.6 Q F0
+(Display only stopped jobs.)180 357.6 Q(If)144 374.4 Q F2(jobspec)4.554
+E F0 .314(is gi)3.124 F -.15(ve)-.25 G .314
+(n, output is restricted to information about that job).15 F 5.313(.T)
+-.4 G .313(he return status is 0 unless)-5.313 F(an in)144 386.4 Q -.25
(va)-.4 G(lid option is encountered or an in).25 E -.25(va)-.4 G(lid).25
-E F1(jobspec)4.24 E F0(is supplied.)2.81 E .395(If the)144 290.4 R F2
-<ad78>2.895 E F0 .394(option is supplied,)2.894 F F2(jobs)2.894 E F0
-.394(replaces an)2.894 F(y)-.15 E F1(jobspec)4.634 E F0 .394(found in)
-3.204 F F1(command)3.094 E F0(or)3.664 E F1(ar)3.224 E(gs)-.37 E F0 .394
-(with the corre-)3.164 F(sponding process group ID, and e)144 302.4 Q
--.15(xe)-.15 G(cutes).15 E F1(command)2.7 E F0(passing it)3.27 E F1(ar)
+E F2(jobspec)4.24 E F0(is supplied.)2.81 E .394(If the)144 403.2 R F1
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+(with the corre-)3.164 F(sponding process group ID, and e)144 415.2 Q
+-.15(xe)-.15 G(cutes).15 E F2(command)2.7 E F0(passing it)3.27 E F2(ar)
2.83 E(gs)-.37 E F0 2.5(,r).27 G(eturning its e)-2.5 E(xit status.)-.15
-E F2(kill)108 319.2 Q F0([)2.5 E F2<ad73>A F1(sigspec)2.5 E F0(|)2.5 E
-F2<ad6e>2.5 E F1(signum)2.5 E F0(|)2.5 E F2<ad>2.5 E F1(sigspec)A F0 2.5
-(][)C F1(pid)-2.5 E F0(|)2.5 E F1(jobspec)2.5 E F0 2.5(].)C(..)-2.5 E F2
-(kill \255l)108 331.2 Q F0(|)A F2<ad4c>A F0([)2.5 E F1(sigspec)A F0(|)
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-(Send the signal named by)144 343.2 R F1(sigspec)2.857 E F0(or)2.827 E
-F1(signum)2.857 E F0 .017(to the processes named by)2.837 F F1(pid)3.767
-E F0(or)3.287 E F1(jobspec)4.257 E F0(.).31 E F1(sigspec)5.357 E F0(is)
-2.828 E .319(either a case-insensiti)144 355.2 R .619 -.15(ve s)-.25 H
-.319(ignal name such as).15 F/F3 9/Times-Bold@0 SF(SIGKILL)2.819 E F0
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-(pre\214x\) or a signal)2.568 F(number;)144 367.2 Q F1(signum)3.267 E F0
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+E F1(kill)108 432 Q F0([)2.5 E F1<ad73>A F2(sigspec)2.5 E F0(|)2.5 E F1
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+(ignal name such as).15 F F3(SIGKILL)2.818 E F0 .319
+(\(with or without the)2.569 F F3(SIG)2.819 E F0 .319
+(pre\214x\) or a signal)2.569 F(number;)144 480 Q F2(signum)3.268 E F0
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3.267 E F0 .427(is not present, then)3.237 F F3(SIGTERM)2.927 E F0 .427
-(is assumed.)2.677 F .428(An ar)5.427 F(-)-.2 E .314(gument of)144 379.2
-R F2<ad6c>2.814 E F0 .314(lists the signal names.)2.814 F .314(If an)
-5.314 F 2.814(ya)-.15 G -.18(rg)-2.814 G .314(uments are supplied when)
-.18 F F2<ad6c>2.814 E F0 .314(is gi)2.814 F -.15(ve)-.25 G .313
-(n, the names of).15 F .119(the signals corresponding to the ar)144
-391.2 R .119(guments are listed, and the return status is 0.)-.18 F(The)
-5.12 E F1 -.2(ex)2.62 G(it_status).2 E F0(ar)2.62 E(-)-.2 E .8
-(gument to)144 403.2 R F2<ad6c>3.3 E F0 .8
-(is a number specifying either a signal number or the e)3.3 F .799
-(xit status of a process termi-)-.15 F .962(nated by a signal.)144 415.2
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--.25 G .962(lent to).25 F F2<ad6c>3.462 E F0(.)A F2(kill)5.962 E F0 .962
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+F 2.814(ya)-.15 G -.18(rg)-2.814 G .314(uments are supplied when).18 F
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+(n, the names of).15 F .12(the signals corresponding to the ar)144 504 R
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+(xit status of a process termi-)-.15 F .963(nated by a signal.)144 528 R
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(returns true if at least one signal w)3.462 F(as)-.1 E
-(successfully sent, or f)144 427.2 Q(alse if an error occurs or an in)
--.1 E -.25(va)-.4 G(lid option is encountered.).25 E F2(let)108 444 Q F1
-(ar)2.5 E(g)-.37 E F0([)2.5 E F1(ar)A(g)-.37 E F0(...])2.5 E(Each)144
-456 Q F1(ar)3.027 E(g)-.37 E F0 .197(is an arithmetic e)2.917 F .197
-(xpression to be e)-.15 F -.25(va)-.25 G .196(luated \(see).25 F F3 .196
-(ARITHMETIC EV)2.696 F(ALU)-1.215 E -.855(AT)-.54 G(ION).855 E F0(abo)
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-E(g)-.37 E F0 -.25(eva)2.72 G(luates to 0,).25 E F2(let)2.5 E F0
-(returns 1; 0 is returned otherwise.)2.5 E F2(local)108 484.8 Q F0([)2.5
-E F1(option)A F0 2.5(][)C F1(name)-2.5 E F0([=)A F1(value)A F0 2.5(].)C
-(.. | \255 ])-2.5 E -.15(Fo)144 496.8 S 2.541(re).15 G .041(ach ar)
--2.541 F .042(gument, a local v)-.18 F .042(ariable named)-.25 F F1
-(name)2.902 E F0 .042(is created, and assigned)2.722 F F1(value)2.832 E
-F0 5.042(.T).18 G(he)-5.042 E F1(option)2.542 E F0 .042(can be)2.542 F
-(an)144 508.8 Q 3.153(yo)-.15 G 3.153(ft)-3.153 G .653
-(he options accepted by)-3.153 F F2(declar)3.153 E(e)-.18 E F0 5.652(.W)
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+E -.25(va)-.4 G(lid option is encountered.).25 E F1(let)108 556.8 Q F2
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+568.8 Q F2(ar)3.026 E(g)-.37 E F0 .196(is an arithmetic e)2.916 F .197
+(xpression to be e)-.15 F -.25(va)-.25 G .197(luated \(see).25 F F3 .197
+(ARITHMETIC EV)2.697 F(ALU)-1.215 E -.855(AT)-.54 G(ION).855 E F0(abo)
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+(returns 1; 0 is returned otherwise.)2.5 E F1(local)108 597.6 Q F0([)2.5
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+(.. | \255 ])-2.5 E -.15(Fo)144 609.6 S 2.542(re).15 G .042(ach ar)
+-2.542 F .042(gument, a local v)-.18 F .042(ariable named)-.25 F F2
+(name)2.902 E F0 .042(is created, and assigned)2.722 F F2(value)2.832 E
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(ytes from \(or use that wide a \214eld for\) the e)-2.857 F .358
(xpanded ar)-.15 F(gument,)-.18 E
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-(Ar)144 722.4 Q .464(guments to non-string format speci\214ers are trea\
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-(si).15 G 3.066(faz)-3.066 G .566(ero v)-3.066 F .566
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-(])A .64(Adds a directory to the top of the directory stack, or rotates\
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-E F0 -.15(ex)2.916 G .416(changes the top tw).15 F 2.917(od)-.1 G
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-(and returns 0, unless the directory stack is empty)144 201.6 R 6.625
-(.A)-.65 G -.18(rg)-6.625 G 1.625(uments, if supplied, ha).18 F 1.925
--.15(ve t)-.2 H 1.625(he follo).15 F(wing)-.25 E(meanings:)144 213.6 Q
-F2<ad6e>144 225.6 Q F0 1.811(Suppresses the normal change of directory \
-when rotating or adding directories to the)180 225.6 R
-(stack, so that only the stack is manipulated.)180 237.6 Q F2(+)144
-249.6 Q F1(n)A F0 1.268(Rotates the stack so that the)180 249.6 R F1(n)
-3.768 E F0 1.267(th directory \(counting from the left of the list sho)B
-1.267(wn by)-.25 F F2(dirs)180 261.6 Q F0 2.5(,s)C
-(tarting with zero\) is at the top.)-2.5 E F2<ad>144 273.6 Q F1(n)A F0
-.92(Rotates the stack so that the)180 273.6 R F1(n)3.42 E F0 .92
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+E(guments)-.37 E F0 5.015(.I)C 2.514(ft)-5.015 G(he)-2.514 E F2(format)
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(th directory \(counting from the right of the list sho)B .92(wn by)-.25
-F F2(dirs)180 285.6 Q F0 2.5(,s)C(tarting with zero\) is at the top.)
--2.5 E F1(dir)144.35 297.6 Q F0(Adds)180 297.6 Q F1(dir)3.138 E F0 .288
-(to the directory stack at the top, making it the ne)3.518 F 2.787(wc)
--.25 G .287(urrent w)-2.787 F .287(orking directory as)-.1 F
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-(cd)2.5 E F0 -.2(bu)2.5 G(iltin.).2 E .488(If the)144 326.4 R F2(pushd)
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-(stack is empty)144 350.4 R 3.346(,an)-.65 G(on-e)-3.346 E .847(xistent\
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--.15 F(speci\214ed ne)144 362.4 Q 2.5(wc)-.25 G(urrent directory f)-2.5
-E(ails.)-.1 E F2(pwd)108 379.2 Q F0([)2.5 E F2(\255LP)A F0(])A .845
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-F .763(The return)5.763 F .405(status is 0 unless an error occurs while\
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--.4 G .405(lid op-).25 F(tion is supplied.)144 439.2 Q F2 -.18(re)108
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-3.817(][)C F2<ad69>-3.817 E F1(te)3.817 E(xt)-.2 E F0 3.817(][)C F2
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-F1(name)A F0(...])2.5 E .516(One line is read from the standard input, \
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-(supplied as an ar)3.016 F .517(gument to)-.18 F(the)144 492 Q F2<ad75>
-2.936 E F0 .436(option, split into w)2.936 F .435(ords as described abo)
--.1 F .735 -.15(ve u)-.15 H(nder).15 E F2 -.75(Wo)2.935 G .435
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-(ord is as-)-.1 F .375(signed to the \214rst)144 504 R F1(name)3.235 E
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-(than names, the remaining w)144 516 R .237(ords and their interv)-.1 F
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-5.236(.I).18 G(f)-5.236 E .874(there are fe)144 528 R .874(wer w)-.25 F
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-(characters in)3.018 F/F3 9/Times-Bold@0 SF(IFS)3.018 E F0 .518
-(are used to split the line into w)2.768 F .517
-(ords using the same rules the)-.1 F .026(shell uses for e)144 552 R
-.026(xpansion \(described abo)-.15 F .326 -.15(ve u)-.15 H(nder).15 E F2
--.75(Wo)2.526 G .026(rd Splitting).75 F F0 2.526(\). The)B .026
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-(be used to remo)144 564 R .788 -.15(ve a)-.15 H .788 -.15(ny s).15 H
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-(xt character read and for line continuation.)-.15 F(Op-)5.488 E
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-180 600 R 1.026(ords are assigned to sequential indices of the array v)
--.1 F(ariable)-.25 E F1(aname)3.856 E F0 3.526(,s).18 G 1.026
-(tarting at 0.)-3.526 F F1(aname)180.33 612 Q F0(is unset before an)2.68
-E 2.5(yn)-.15 G .5 -.25(ew va)-2.5 H(lues are assigned.).25 E(Other)5 E
-F1(name)2.5 E F0(ar)2.5 E(guments are ignored.)-.18 E F2<ad64>144 624 Q
-F1(delim)2.5 E F0 .281(The \214rst character of)180 636 R F1(delim)2.781
-E F0 .281(is used to terminate the input line, rather than ne)2.781 F
-2.78(wline. If)-.25 F F1(de-)2.78 E(lim)180 648 Q F0
-(is the empty string,)2.5 E F2 -.18(re)2.5 G(ad).18 E F0
-(will terminate a line when it reads a NUL character)2.5 E(.)-.55 E F2
-<ad65>144 660 Q F0 .372
-(If the standard input is coming from a terminal,)180 660 R F2 -.18(re)
-2.873 G(adline).18 E F0(\(see)2.873 E F3(READLINE)2.873 E F0(abo)2.623 E
--.15(ve)-.15 G 2.873(\)i).15 G 2.873(su)-2.873 G(sed)-2.873 E .218
-(to obtain the line.)180 672 R .218(Readline uses the current \(or def)
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-(viously)-.25 E(acti)180 684 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.5(\)e).15 G
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-E(ault \214lename completion.)-.1 E F2<ad69>144 696 Q F1(te)2.5 E(xt)-.2
-E F0(If)180 696 Q F2 -.18(re)2.715 G(adline).18 E F0 .216
-(is being used to read the line,)2.715 F F1(te)2.716 E(xt)-.2 E F0 .216
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--.25 F(ing be)180 708 Q(gins.)-.15 E(GNU Bash 5.0)72 768 Q(2004 Apr 20)
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+F F1(dirs)180 475.2 Q F0 2.5(,s)C(tarting with zero\) is at the top.)
+-2.5 E F2(dir)144.35 487.2 Q F0(Adds)180 487.2 Q F2(dir)2.85 E F0
+(to the directory stack at the top)3.23 E .434
+(After the stack has been modi\214ed, if the)144 504 R F1<ad6e>2.934 E
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+(change to the directory at the top of the stack.)144 516 Q(If the)5 E
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+(When rotating the directory stack,)144 544.8 R F1(pushd)2.592 E F0 .093
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+-.15 E(istent directory stack element is speci\214ed.)144 556.8 Q 1.278
+(If the)144 573.6 R F1(pushd)3.778 E F0 1.278
+(command is successful, bash runs)3.778 F F1(dirs)3.778 E F0 1.277
+(to sho)3.777 F 3.777(wt)-.25 G 1.277
+(he \214nal contents of the directory)-3.777 F(stack.)144 585.6 Q F1
+(pwd)108 602.4 Q F0([)2.5 E F1(\255LP)A F0(])A .844
+(Print the absolute pathname of the current w)144 614.4 R .845
+(orking directory)-.1 F 5.845(.T)-.65 G .845
+(he pathname printed contains no)-5.845 F .182(symbolic links if the)144
+626.4 R F1<ad50>2.681 E F0 .181(option is supplied or the)2.681 F F1
+.181(\255o ph)2.681 F(ysical)-.15 E F0 .181(option to the)2.681 F F1
+(set)2.681 E F0 -.2(bu)2.681 G .181(iltin command is).2 F 3.263
+(enabled. If)144 638.4 R(the)3.263 E F1<ad4c>3.263 E F0 .763
+(option is used, the pathname printed may contain symbolic links.)3.263
+F .764(The return)5.764 F .405(status is 0 unless an error occurs while\
+ reading the name of the current directory or an in)144 650.4 R -.25(va)
+-.4 G .405(lid op-).25 F(tion is supplied.)144 662.4 Q F1 -.18(re)108
+679.2 S(ad).18 E F0([)3.816 E F1(\255ers)A F0 3.816(][)C F1<ad61>-3.816
+E F2(aname)3.816 E F0 3.816(][)C F1<ad64>-3.816 E F2(delim)3.816 E F0
+3.816(][)C F1<ad69>-3.816 E F2(te)3.816 E(xt)-.2 E F0 3.816(][)C F1
+<ad6e>-3.816 E F2(nc)3.816 E(har)-.15 E(s)-.1 E F0 3.817(][)C F1<ad4e>
+-3.817 E F2(nc)3.817 E(har)-.15 E(s)-.1 E F0 3.817(][)C F1<ad70>-3.817 E
+F2(pr)3.817 E(ompt)-.45 E F0 3.817(][)C F1<ad74>-3.817 E F2(timeout)
+3.817 E F0 3.817(][)C F1<ad75>-3.817 E F2(fd)3.817 E F0(])A([)108 691.2
+Q F2(name)A F0(...])2.5 E .516(One line is read from the standard input\
+, or from the \214le descriptor)144 703.2 R F2(fd)3.016 E F0 .516
+(supplied as an ar)3.016 F .516(gument to)-.18 F(the)144 715.2 Q F1
+<ad75>2.935 E F0 .435(option, split into w)2.935 F .435
+(ords as described abo)-.1 F .735 -.15(ve u)-.15 H(nder).15 E F1 -.75
+(Wo)2.935 G .435(rd Splitting).75 F F0 2.935(,a)C .436(nd the \214rst w)
+-2.935 F .436(ord is as-)-.1 F .376(signed to the \214rst)144 727.2 R F2
+(name)3.236 E F0 2.876(,t).18 G .376(he second w)-2.876 F .376
+(ord to the second)-.1 F F2(name)3.236 E F0 2.876(,a).18 G .376
+(nd so on.)-2.876 F .375(If there are more w)5.376 F(ords)-.1 E
+(GNU Bash 5.1)72 768 Q(2021 September 30)135.955 E(13)185.115 E 0 Cg EP
%%Page: 14 14
%%BeginPageSetup
BP
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/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S(SH_B).35 E(UIL)-.1 E 87.61
(TINS\(1\) General)-.92 F(Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)90.11 G(SH_B).35
-E(UIL)-.1 E(TINS\(1\))-.92 E/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 SF<ad6e>144 84 Q/F2 10
-/Times-Italic@0 SF(nc)2.5 E(har)-.15 E(s)-.1 E F1 -.18(re)180 96 S(ad)
-.18 E F0 .323(returns after reading)2.823 F F2(nc)2.823 E(har)-.15 E(s)
--.1 E F0 .323(characters rather than w)2.823 F .323
-(aiting for a complete line of in-)-.1 F(put, b)180 108 Q
-(ut honors a delimiter if fe)-.2 E(wer than)-.25 E F2(nc)2.5 E(har)-.15
-E(s)-.1 E F0(characters are read before the delimiter)2.5 E(.)-.55 E F1
-<ad4e>144 120 Q F2(nc)2.5 E(har)-.15 E(s)-.1 E F1 -.18(re)180 132 S(ad)
-.18 E F0 1.269(returns after reading e)3.769 F(xactly)-.15 E F2(nc)3.769
-E(har)-.15 E(s)-.1 E F0 1.269(characters rather than w)3.769 F 1.27
-(aiting for a complete)-.1 F .275
-(line of input, unless EOF is encountered or)180 144 R F1 -.18(re)2.775
-G(ad).18 E F0 .274(times out.)2.774 F .274(Delimiter characters encoun-)
-5.274 F 1.002
-(tered in the input are not treated specially and do not cause)180 156 R
-F1 -.18(re)3.503 G(ad).18 E F0 1.003(to return until)3.503 F F2(nc)3.503
-E(har)-.15 E(s)-.1 E F0 .609(characters are read.)180 168 R .608
-(The result is not split on the characters in)5.609 F F1(IFS)3.108 E F0
-3.108(;t)C .608(he intent is that the)-3.108 F -.25(va)180 180 S .669
+E(UIL)-.1 E(TINS\(1\))-.92 E .236(than names, the remaining w)144 84 R
+.237(ords and their interv)-.1 F .237
+(ening delimiters are assigned to the last)-.15 F/F1 10/Times-Italic@0
+SF(name)3.097 E F0 5.237(.I).18 G(f)-5.237 E .875(there are fe)144 96 R
+.875(wer w)-.25 F .875(ords read from the input stream than names, the \
+remaining names are assigned)-.1 F .517(empty v)144 108 R 3.017
+(alues. The)-.25 F .517(characters in)3.017 F/F2 9/Times-Bold@0 SF(IFS)
+3.017 E F0 .518(are used to split the line into w)2.767 F .518
+(ords using the same rules the)-.1 F .027(shell uses for e)144 120 R
+.026(xpansion \(described abo)-.15 F .326 -.15(ve u)-.15 H(nder).15 E/F3
+10/Times-Bold@0 SF -.75(Wo)2.526 G .026(rd Splitting).75 F F0 2.526
+(\). The)B .026(backslash character \()2.526 F F3(\\)A F0 2.526(\)m)C
+(ay)-2.526 E .488(be used to remo)144 132 R .788 -.15(ve a)-.15 H .788
+-.15(ny s).15 H .488(pecial meaning for the ne).15 F .488
+(xt character read and for line continuation.)-.15 F(Op-)5.489 E
+(tions, if supplied, ha)144 144 Q .3 -.15(ve t)-.2 H(he follo).15 E
+(wing meanings:)-.25 E F3<ad61>144 156 Q F1(aname)2.5 E F0 1.026(The w)
+180 168 R 1.026(ords are assigned to sequential indices of the array v)
+-.1 F(ariable)-.25 E F1(aname)3.855 E F0 3.525(,s).18 G 1.025
+(tarting at 0.)-3.525 F F1(aname)180.33 180 Q F0(is unset before an)2.68
+E 2.5(yn)-.15 G .5 -.25(ew va)-2.5 H(lues are assigned.).25 E(Other)5 E
+F1(name)2.5 E F0(ar)2.5 E(guments are ignored.)-.18 E F3<ad64>144 192 Q
+F1(delim)2.5 E F0 .28(The \214rst character of)180 204 R F1(delim)2.78 E
+F0 .281(is used to terminate the input line, rather than ne)2.78 F 2.781
+(wline. If)-.25 F F1(de-)2.781 E(lim)180 216 Q F0(is the empty string,)
+2.5 E F3 -.18(re)2.5 G(ad).18 E F0
+(will terminate a line when it reads a NUL character)2.5 E(.)-.55 E F3
+<ad65>144 228 Q F0 .373
+(If the standard input is coming from a terminal,)180 228 R F3 -.18(re)
+2.873 G(adline).18 E F0(\(see)2.873 E F2(READLINE)2.872 E F0(abo)2.622 E
+-.15(ve)-.15 G 2.872(\)i).15 G 2.872(su)-2.872 G(sed)-2.872 E .218
+(to obtain the line.)180 240 R .218(Readline uses the current \(or def)
+5.218 F .218(ault, if line editing w)-.1 F .218(as not pre)-.1 F
+(viously)-.25 E(acti)180 252 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.5(\)e).15 G
+(diting settings, b)-2.5 E(ut uses Readline')-.2 E 2.5(sd)-.55 G(ef)-2.5
+E(ault \214lename completion.)-.1 E F3<ad69>144 264 Q F1(te)2.5 E(xt)-.2
+E F0(If)180 264 Q F3 -.18(re)2.716 G(adline).18 E F0 .216
+(is being used to read the line,)2.716 F F1(te)2.716 E(xt)-.2 E F0 .216
+(is placed into the editing b)2.716 F(uf)-.2 E .215(fer before edit-)
+-.25 F(ing be)180 276 Q(gins.)-.15 E F3<ad6e>144 288 Q F1(nc)2.5 E(har)
+-.15 E(s)-.1 E F3 -.18(re)180 300 S(ad).18 E F0 .322
+(returns after reading)2.822 F F1(nc)2.823 E(har)-.15 E(s)-.1 E F0 .323
+(characters rather than w)2.823 F .323
+(aiting for a complete line of in-)-.1 F(put, b)180 312 Q
+(ut honors a delimiter if fe)-.2 E(wer than)-.25 E F1(nc)2.5 E(har)-.15
+E(s)-.1 E F0(characters are read before the delimiter)2.5 E(.)-.55 E F3
+<ad4e>144 324 Q F1(nc)2.5 E(har)-.15 E(s)-.1 E F3 -.18(re)180 336 S(ad)
+.18 E F0 1.269(returns after reading e)3.77 F(xactly)-.15 E F1(nc)3.769
+E(har)-.15 E(s)-.1 E F0 1.269(characters rather than w)3.769 F 1.269
+(aiting for a complete)-.1 F .274
+(line of input, unless EOF is encountered or)180 348 R F3 -.18(re)2.775
+G(ad).18 E F0 .275(times out.)2.775 F .275(Delimiter characters encoun-)
+5.275 F 1.003
+(tered in the input are not treated specially and do not cause)180 360 R
+F3 -.18(re)3.502 G(ad).18 E F0 1.002(to return until)3.502 F F1(nc)3.502
+E(har)-.15 E(s)-.1 E F0 .608(characters are read.)180 372 R .608
+(The result is not split on the characters in)5.608 F F3(IFS)3.108 E F0
+3.108(;t)C .609(he intent is that the)-3.108 F -.25(va)180 384 S .67
(riable is assigned e).25 F .669
-(xactly the characters read \(with the e)-.15 F .67
-(xception of backslash; see the)-.15 F F1<ad72>180 192 Q F0(option belo)
-2.5 E(w\).)-.25 E F1<ad70>144 204 Q F2(pr)2.5 E(ompt)-.45 E F0(Display)
-180 216 Q F2(pr)3.661 E(ompt)-.45 E F0 1.161(on standard error)3.661 F
+(xactly the characters read \(with the e)-.15 F .669
+(xception of backslash; see the)-.15 F F3<ad72>180 396 Q F0(option belo)
+2.5 E(w\).)-.25 E F3<ad70>144 408 Q F1(pr)2.5 E(ompt)-.45 E F0(Display)
+180 420 Q F1(pr)3.66 E(ompt)-.45 E F0 1.161(on standard error)3.66 F
3.661(,w)-.4 G 1.161(ithout a trailing ne)-3.661 F 1.161
-(wline, before attempting to read)-.25 F(an)180 228 Q 2.5(yi)-.15 G 2.5
+(wline, before attempting to read)-.25 F(an)180 432 Q 2.5(yi)-.15 G 2.5
(nput. The)-2.5 F
-(prompt is displayed only if input is coming from a terminal.)2.5 E F1
-<ad72>144 240 Q F0 .543(Backslash does not act as an escape character)
-180 240 R 5.543(.T)-.55 G .544(he backslash is considered to be part of)
--5.543 F .493(the line.)180 252 R .493(In particular)5.493 F 2.993(,ab)
--.4 G(ackslash-ne)-2.993 E .493
+(prompt is displayed only if input is coming from a terminal.)2.5 E F3
+<ad72>144 444 Q F0 .544(Backslash does not act as an escape character)
+180 444 R 5.543(.T)-.55 G .543(he backslash is considered to be part of)
+-5.543 F .492(the line.)180 456 R .492(In particular)5.492 F 2.992(,ab)
+-.4 G(ackslash-ne)-2.992 E .493
(wline pair may not then be used as a line continua-)-.25 F(tion.)180
-264 Q F1<ad73>144 276 Q F0(Silent mode.)180 276 Q
-(If input is coming from a terminal, characters are not echoed.)5 E F1
-<ad74>144 288 Q F2(timeout)2.5 E F0(Cause)180 300 Q F1 -.18(re)2.928 G
-(ad).18 E F0 .428(to time out and return f)2.928 F .428
-(ailure if a complete line of input \(or a speci\214ed num-)-.1 F .561
-(ber of characters\) is not read within)180 312 R F2(timeout)3.061 E F0
-(seconds.)3.061 E F2(timeout)5.561 E F0 .56(may be a decimal number)
-3.061 F(with a fractional portion follo)180 324 Q
+468 Q F3<ad73>144 480 Q F0(Silent mode.)180 480 Q
+(If input is coming from a terminal, characters are not echoed.)5 E F3
+<ad74>144 492 Q F1(timeout)2.5 E F0(Cause)180 504 Q F3 -.18(re)2.929 G
+(ad).18 E F0 .428(to time out and return f)2.929 F .428
+(ailure if a complete line of input \(or a speci\214ed num-)-.1 F .56
+(ber of characters\) is not read within)180 516 R F1(timeout)3.061 E F0
+(seconds.)3.061 E F1(timeout)5.561 E F0 .561(may be a decimal number)
+3.061 F(with a fractional portion follo)180 528 Q
(wing the decimal point.)-.25 E(This option is only ef)5 E(fecti)-.25 E
-.3 -.15(ve i)-.25 H(f).15 E F1 -.18(re)2.5 G(ad).18 E F0 .506(is readin\
+.3 -.15(ve i)-.25 H(f).15 E F3 -.18(re)2.5 G(ad).18 E F0 .506(is readin\
g input from a terminal, pipe, or other special \214le; it has no ef)180
-336 R .505(fect when reading)-.25 F .589(from re)180 348 R .589
-(gular \214les.)-.15 F(If)5.589 E F1 -.18(re)3.089 G(ad).18 E F0 .589
-(times out,)3.089 F F1 -.18(re)3.089 G(ad).18 E F0(sa)3.089 E -.15(ve)
--.2 G 3.089(sa).15 G .889 -.15(ny p)-3.089 H .59
-(artial input read into the speci\214ed).15 F -.25(va)180 360 S(riable)
-.25 E F2(name)2.77 E F0 5.27(.I)C(f)-5.27 E F2(timeout)2.77 E F0 .27
-(is 0,)2.77 F F1 -.18(re)2.77 G(ad).18 E F0 .27(returns immediately)2.77
+540 R .506(fect when reading)-.25 F .59(from re)180 552 R .59
+(gular \214les.)-.15 F(If)5.59 E F3 -.18(re)3.09 G(ad).18 E F0 .589
+(times out,)3.09 F F3 -.18(re)3.089 G(ad).18 E F0(sa)3.089 E -.15(ve)-.2
+G 3.089(sa).15 G .889 -.15(ny p)-3.089 H .589
+(artial input read into the speci\214ed).15 F -.25(va)180 564 S(riable)
+.25 E F1(name)2.77 E F0 5.27(.I)C(f)-5.27 E F1(timeout)2.77 E F0 .27
+(is 0,)2.77 F F3 -.18(re)2.77 G(ad).18 E F0 .27(returns immediately)2.77
F 2.77(,w)-.65 G .27(ithout trying to read an)-2.77 F 2.77(yd)-.15 G
-(ata.)-2.77 E 1.12(The e)180 372 R 1.12(xit status is 0 if input is a)
+(ata.)-2.77 E 1.12(The e)180 576 R 1.12(xit status is 0 if input is a)
-.15 F -.25(va)-.2 G 1.12(ilable on the speci\214ed \214le descriptor)
.25 F 3.62(,n)-.4 G 1.12(on-zero other)-3.62 F(-)-.2 E 2.5(wise. The)180
-384 R -.15(ex)2.5 G(it status is greater than 128 if the timeout is e)
-.15 E(xceeded.)-.15 E F1<ad75>144 396 Q F2(fd)2.5 E F0
-(Read input from \214le descriptor)180 396 Q F2(fd)2.5 E F0(.)A .522
-(If no)144 412.8 R F2(names)3.382 E F0 .522
+588 R -.15(ex)2.5 G(it status is greater than 128 if the timeout is e)
+.15 E(xceeded.)-.15 E F3<ad75>144 600 Q F1(fd)2.5 E F0
+(Read input from \214le descriptor)180 600 Q F1(fd)2.5 E F0(.)A .522
+(If no)144 616.8 R F1(names)3.382 E F0 .522
(are supplied, the line read, without the ending delimiter b)3.292 F
-.522(ut otherwise unmodi\214ed, is)-.2 F 1.186(assigned to the v)144
-424.8 R(ariable)-.25 E/F3 9/Times-Bold@0 SF(REPL)3.686 E(Y)-.828 E/F4 9
-/Times-Roman@0 SF(.)A F0 1.186(The e)5.686 F 1.186
-(xit status is zero, unless end-of-\214le is encountered,)-.15 F F1 -.18
-(re)3.687 G(ad).18 E F0 .961
+.522(ut otherwise unmodi\214ed, is)-.2 F 1.187(assigned to the v)144
+628.8 R(ariable)-.25 E F2(REPL)3.686 E(Y)-.828 E/F4 9/Times-Roman@0 SF
+(.)A F0 1.186(The e)5.686 F 1.186
+(xit status is zero, unless end-of-\214le is encountered,)-.15 F F3 -.18
+(re)3.686 G(ad).18 E F0 .96
(times out \(in which case the status is greater than 128\), a v)144
-436.8 R .96(ariable assignment error \(such as as-)-.25 F .706
-(signing to a readonly v)144 448.8 R .706(ariable\) occurs, or an in)
+640.8 R .961(ariable assignment error \(such as as-)-.25 F .707
+(signing to a readonly v)144 652.8 R .706(ariable\) occurs, or an in)
-.25 F -.25(va)-.4 G .706(lid \214le descriptor is supplied as the ar)
-.25 F .707(gument to)-.18 F F1<ad75>144 460.8 Q F0(.)A F1 -.18(re)108
-
477.6 S(adonly).18 E F0([)2.5 E F1(\255aAf)A F0 2.5(][)C F1<ad70>-2.5 E
-F0 2.5(][)C F2(name)-2.5 E F0([=)A F2(wor)A(d)-.37 E F0 2.5(].)C(..])
--2.5 E .77(The gi)144 489.6 R -.15(ve)-.25 G(n).15 E F2(names)3.27 E F0
+.25 F .706(gument to)-.18 F F3<ad75>144 664.8 Q F0(.)A F3 -.18(re)108
+
681.6 S(adonly).18 E F0([)2.5 E F3(\255aAf)A F0 2.5(][)C F3<ad70>-2.5 E
+F0 2.5(][)C F1(name)-2.5 E F0([=)A F1(wor)A(d)-.37 E F0 2.5(].)C(..])
+-2.5 E .77(The gi)144 693.6 R -.15(ve)-.25 G(n).15 E F1(names)3.27 E F0
.77(are mark)3.27 F .77(ed readonly; the v)-.1 F .77(alues of these)-.25
-F F2(names)3.63 E F0 .77(may not be changed by subse-)3.54 F 1.096
-(quent assignment.)144 501.6 R 1.096(If the)6.096 F F1<ad66>3.596 E F0
-1.097(option is supplied, the functions corresponding to the)3.596 F F2
-(names)3.597 E F0 1.097(are so)3.597 F(mark)144 513.6 Q 3.334(ed. The)
--.1 F F
1<ad61>3.334 E F0 .834(option restricts the v)3.334 F .834
+F F1(names)3.63 E F0 .77(may not be changed by subse-)3.54 F 1.097
+(quent assignment.)144 705.6 R 1.097(If the)6.097 F F3<ad66>3.597 E F0
+1.097(option is supplied, the functions corresponding to the)3.597 F F1
+(names)3.596 E F0 1.096(are so)3.596 F(mark)144 717.6 Q 3.334(ed. The)
+-.1 F F
3<ad61>3.334 E F0 .834(option restricts the v)3.334 F .834
(ariables to inde)-.25 F -.15(xe)-.15 G 3.334(da).15 G .834(rrays; the)
--3.334 F F1<ad41>3.334 E F0 .834(option restricts the v)3.334 F(ari-)
--.25 E .776(ables to associati)144 525.6 R 1.076 -.15(ve a)-.25 H 3.276
-(rrays. If).15 F .777(both options are supplied,)3.276 F F1<ad41>3.277 E
-F0(tak)3.277 E .777(es precedence.)-.1 F .777(If no)5.777 F F2(name)
-3.637 E F0(ar)3.457 E(gu-)-.18 E .522(ments are gi)144 537.6 R -.15(ve)
--.25 G .521(n, or if the).15 F F1<ad70>3.021 E F0 .521
-(option is supplied, a list of all readonly names is printed.)3.021 F
-.521(The other)5.521 F .295(options may be used to restrict the output \
-to a subset of the set of readonly names.)144 549.6 R(The)5.296 E F1
-<ad70>2.796 E F0(option)2.796 E .786
-(causes output to be displayed in a format that may be reused as input.)
-144 561.6 R .786(If a v)5.786 F .785(ariable name is fol-)-.25 F(lo)144
-573.6 Q .717(wed by =)-.25 F F2(wor)A(d)-.37 E F0 3.218(,t)C .718(he v)
--3.218 F .718(alue of the v)-.25 F .718(ariable is set to)-.25 F F2(wor)
-3.218 E(d)-.37 E F0 5.718(.T)C .718(he return status is 0 unless an in)
--5.718 F -.25(va)-.4 G(lid).25 E .26(option is encountered, one of the)
-144 585.6 R F2(names)3.12 E F0 .26(is not a v)3.03 F .26(alid shell v)
--.25 F .26(ariable name, or)-.25 F F1<ad66>2.76 E F0 .26
-(is supplied with a)2.76 F F2(name)144.36 597.6 Q F0
-(that is not a function.)2.68 E F1 -.18(re)108 614.4 S(tur).18 E(n)-.15
-E F0([)2.5 E F2(n)A F0(])A .02(Causes a function to stop e)144 626.4 R
--.15(xe)-.15 G .02(cuting and return the v).15 F .021
-(alue speci\214ed by)-.25 F F2(n)2.881 E F0 .021(to its caller)2.761 F
-5.021(.I)-.55 G(f)-5.021 E F2(n)2.881 E F0 .021(is omitted,)2.761 F .597
-(the return status is that of the last command e)144 638.4 R -.15(xe)
--.15 G .596(cuted in the function body).15 F 5.596(.I)-.65 G(f)-5.596 E
-F1 -.18(re)3.096 G(tur).18 E(n)-.15 E F0 .596(is e)3.096 F -.15(xe)-.15
-G(cuted).15 E .267(by a trap handler)144 650.4 R 2.767(,t)-.4 G .267
-(he last command used to determine the status is the last command e)
--2.767 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .268(cuted be-).15 F .02(fore the trap handler)
-144 662.4 R 5.02(.I)-.55 G(f)-5.02 E F1 -.18(re)2.52 G(tur).18 E(n)-.15
-E F0 .02(is e)2.52 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .02(cuted during a).15 F F1(DEB)2.52
-E(UG)-.1 E F0 .02(trap, the last command used to deter)2.52 F(-)-.2 E
-.885(mine the status is the last command e)144 674.4 R -.15(xe)-.15 G
-.886(cuted by the trap handler before).15 F F1 -.18(re)3.386 G(tur).18 E
-(n)-.15 E F0 -.1(wa)3.386 G 3.386(si).1 G -1.9 -.4(nv o)-3.386 H -.1(ke)
-.4 G 3.386(d. If).1 F F1 -.18(re)144 686.4 S(tur).18 E(n)-.15 E F0 .628
-(is used outside a function, b)3.128 F .628(ut during e)-.2 F -.15(xe)
--.15 G .628(cution of a script by the).15 F F1(.)3.127 E F0(\()5.627 E
-F1(sour)A(ce)-.18 E F0 3.127(\)c)C .627(ommand, it)-3.127 F .588
-(causes the shell to stop e)144 698.4 R -.15(xe)-.15 G .588
-(cuting that script and return either).15 F F2(n)3.448 E F0 .589
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--.15(ny e).15 H -.25(ff).15 G .653(ect until the compound command).25 F
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-(This may be used to check a shell script for)5.653 F(syntax errors.)184
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-(.I)-.65 G 3.952(tu)-6.453 G 1.452(ses the ph)-3.952 F 1.452
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+.15 F(tor)184 390 Q F1(>|)2.5 E F0(instead of)2.5 E F1(>)2.5 E F0(.)A F1
+<ad45>144 402 Q F0 .103(If set, an)184 402 R 2.603(yt)-.15 G .103
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+<ad48>144 438 Q F0(Enable)184 438 Q F1(!)3.031 E F0 .531
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+F .532(ault when the shell is inter)-.1 F(-)-.2 E(acti)184 450 Q -.15
+(ve)-.25 G(.).15 E F1<ad50>144 462 Q F0 .96
+(If set, the shell does not resolv)184 462 R 3.459(es)-.15 G .959
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+(cuting commands such as).15 F F1(cd)3.459 E F0 1.452
+(that change the current w)184 474 R 1.452(orking directory)-.1 F 6.452
+(.I)-.65 G 3.953(tu)-6.452 G 1.453(ses the ph)-3.953 F 1.453
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(ws the logical chain of directories when performing com-)-.25 F
-(mands which change the current directory)184
288 Q(.)-.65 E F1<ad54>144
-300 Q F0 .89(If set, an)184 300 R 3.39(yt)-.15 G .89(raps on)-3.39 F F1
+(mands which change the current directory)184
498 Q(.)-.65 E F1<ad54>144
+510 Q F0 .89(If set, an)184 510 R 3.39(yt)-.15 G .89(raps on)-3.39 F F1
(DEB)3.39 E(UG)-.1 E F0(and)3.39 E F1(RETURN)3.39 E F0 .89
(are inherited by shell functions, command)3.39 F 1.932
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(cuted in a subshell en).15 F 4.432(vironment. The)-.4 F F1(DEB)4.432 E
-(UG)-.1 E F0(and)4.432 E F1(RETURN)184 324 Q F0
-(traps are normally not inherited in such cases.)2.5 E F1<adad>144 336 Q
-F0 .401(If no ar)184 336 R .401(guments follo)-.18 F 2.901(wt)-.25 G
-.401(his option, then the positional parameters are unset.)-2.901 F
-(Otherwise,)5.4 E(the positional parameters are set to the)184 348 Q F2
-(ar)2.5 E(g)-.37 E F0(s, e)A -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.5(ni).15 G 2.5(fs)-2.5 G
+(UG)-.1 E F0(and)4.432 E F1(RETURN)184 534 Q F0
+(traps are normally not inherited in such cases.)2.5 E F1<adad>144 546 Q
+F0 .4(If no ar)184 546 R .401(guments follo)-.18 F 2.901(wt)-.25 G .401
+(his option, then the positional parameters are unset.)-2.901 F
+(Otherwise,)5.401 E(the positional parameters are set to the)184 558 Q
+F2(ar)2.5 E(g)-.37 E F0(s, e)A -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.5(ni).15 G 2.5(fs)-2.5 G
(ome of them be)-2.5 E(gin with a)-.15 E F1<ad>2.5 E F0(.)A F1<ad>144
-360 Q F0 .796(Signal the end of options, cause all remaining)184 360 R
-F2(ar)3.297 E(g)-.37 E F0 3.297(st)C 3.297(ob)-3.297 G 3.297(ea)-3.297 G
-.797(ssigned to the positional pa-)-3.297 F 3.022(rameters. The)184 372
-R F1<ad78>3.02
2 E F0(and)3.022 E F1<ad76>3.022 E F0 .522
+570 Q F0 .797(Signal the end of options, cause all remaining)184 570 R
+F2(ar)3.297 E(g)-.37 E F0 3.297(st)C 3.297(ob)-3.297 G 3.296(ea)-3.297 G
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+R F1<ad78>3.02
1 E F0(and)3.022 E F1<ad76>3.022 E F0 .522
(options are turned of)3.022 F 3.022(f. If)-.25 F .522(there are no)
-3.022 F F2(ar)3.022 E(g)-.37 E F0 .521(s, the positional pa-)B
-(rameters remain unchanged.)184 384 Q .425(The options are of)144 400.8
+3.022 F F2(ar)3.022 E(g)-.37 E F0 .522(s, the positional pa-)B
+(rameters remain unchanged.)184 594 Q .425(The options are of)144 610.8
R 2.925(fb)-.25 G 2.925(yd)-2.925 G(ef)-2.925 E .425
(ault unless otherwise noted.)-.1 F .425
-(Using + rather than \255 causes these options)5.425 F .178
-(to be turned of)144 412.8 R 2.678(f. The)-.25 F .178
+(Using + rather than \255 causes these options)5.425 F .177
+(to be turned of)144 622.8 R 2.677(f. The)-.25 F .178
(options can also be speci\214ed as ar)2.678 F .178(guments to an in)
--.18 F -.2(vo)-.4 G .177(cation of the shell.).2 F(The)5.177 E .066
-(current set of options may be found in)144 424.8 R F1<24ad>2.566 E F0
+-.18 F -.2(vo)-.4 G .178(cation of the shell.).2 F(The)5.178 E .066
+(current set of options may be found in)144 634.8 R F1<24ad>2.566 E F0
5.066(.T)C .066(he return status is al)-5.066 F -.1(wa)-.1 G .066
-(ys true unless an in).1 F -.25(va)-.4 G .067(lid option).25 F
-(is encountered.)144 436.8 Q F1(shift)108 453.6 Q F0([)2.5 E F2(n)A F0
-(])A .429(The positional parameters from)144 465.6 R F2(n)2.929 E F0
-.429(+1 ... are renamed to)B F1 .429($1 ....)2.929 F F0 -.15(Pa)5.428 G
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-E F0(do)2.582 E .082(wn to)-.25 F F1($#)2.582 E F0<ad>A F2(n)A F0 .082
-(+1 are unset.)B F2(n)5.442 E F0 .082(must be a non-ne)2.822 F -.05(ga)
--.15 G(ti).05 E .383 -.15(ve n)-.25 H .083(umber less than or equal to)
-.15 F F1($#)2.583 E F0 5.083(.I)C(f)-5.083 E F2(n)2.943 E F0 .06
-(is 0, no parameters are changed.)144 489.6 R(If)5.06 E F2(n)2.92 E F0
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+(])A .428(The positional parameters from)144 675.6 R F2(n)2.928 E F0
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+E F0(do)2.583 E .083(wn to)-.25 F F1($#)2.583 E F0<ad>A F2(n)A F0 .083
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+(is 0, no parameters are changed.)144 699.6 R(If)5.06 E F2(n)2.92 E F0
.06(is not gi)2.8 F -.15(ve)-.25 G .06(n, it is assumed to be 1.).15 F
(If)5.06 E F2(n)2.92 E F0 .06(is greater than)2.8 F F1($#)2.56 E F0 2.56
-(,t)C(he)-2.56 E .143(positional parameters are not changed.)144 501.6 R
-.144(The return status is greater than zero if)5.143 F F2(n)3.004 E F0
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-(or less than zero; otherwise 0.)144 513.6 Q F1(shopt)108 530.4 Q F0([)
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-(alues of settings controlling optional shell beha)-.25 F(vior)-.2 E
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-(listed belo)144 554.4 R 1.674 -.65(w, o)-.25 H 1.174 -.4(r, i).65 H
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-(option is used, those a)2.875 F -.25(va)-.2 G .375(ilable with the).25
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-614.4 Q F2(optname)2.5 E F0(.)A F1<ad75>144 626.4 Q F0
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+.144(The return status is greater than zero if)5.144 F F2(n)3.003 E F0
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+(Other)5.605 E(options ha)144 156 Q .3 -.15(ve t)-.2 H(he follo).15 E
+(wing meanings:)-.25 E F1<ad73>144 168 Q F0(Enable \(set\) each)180 168
+Q F2(optname)2.5 E F0(.)A F1<ad75>144 180 Q F0(Disable \(unset\) each)
+180 180 Q F2(optname)2.5 E F0(.)A F1<ad71>144 192 Q F0 .003(Suppresses \
+normal output \(quiet mode\); the return status indicates whether the)
+180 192 R F2(optname)2.503 E F0(is)2.503 E .255(set or unset.)180 204 R
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+(guments are gi)-.18 F -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.756(nw).15 G(ith)-2.756 E F1
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+(all)180 216 Q F2(optnames)2.5 E F0(are enabled; non-zero otherwise.)2.5
+E F1<ad6f>144 228 Q F0(Restricts the v)180 228 Q(alues of)-.25 E F2
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+(options are disabled \(unset\) by de-)3.484 F -.1(fa)144 268.8 S(ult.)
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(When setting or unsetting options, the return status is zero unless an)
-144 96 R F1(optname)3.196 E F0 .696(is not a v)3.196 F .695(alid shell)
--.25 F(option.)144 108 Q(The list of)144 124.8 Q/F2 10/Times-Bold@0 SF
-(shopt)2.5 E F0(options is:)2.5 E F2(assoc_expand_once)144 142.8 Q F0
-1.944(If set, the shell suppresses multiple e)184 154.8 R -.25(va)-.25 G
-1.945(luation of associati).25 F 2.245 -.15(ve a)-.25 H 1.945
-(rray subscripts during).15 F .885(arithmetic e)184 166.8 R .885
+144 297.6 R F2(optname)3.196 E F0 .696(is not a v)3.196 F .696
+(alid shell)-.25 F(option.)144 309.6 Q(The list of)144 326.4 Q F1(shopt)
+2.5 E F0(options is:)2.5 E F1(assoc_expand_once)144 344.4 Q F0 1.945
+(If set, the shell suppresses multiple e)184 356.4 R -.25(va)-.25 G
+1.944(luation of associati).25 F 2.244 -.15(ve a)-.25 H 1.944
+(rray subscripts during).15 F .885(arithmetic e)184 368.4 R .885
(xpression e)-.15 F -.25(va)-.25 G .885(luation, while e).25 F -.15(xe)
-.15 G .885(cuting b).15 F .885(uiltins that can perform v)-.2 F .885
-(ariable as-)-.25 F(signments, and while e)184 178.8 Q -.15(xe)-.15 G
-(cuting b).15 E(uiltins that perform array dereferencing.)-.2 E F2
-(autocd)144 190.8 Q F0 .199
-(If set, a command name that is the name of a directory is e)184 190.8 R
--.15(xe)-.15 G .2(cuted as if it were the ar).15 F(gu-)-.18 E
-(ment to the)184 202.8 Q F2(cd)2.5 E F0 2.5(command. This)2.5 F
+(ariable as-)-.25 F(signments, and while e)184 380.4 Q -.15(xe)-.15 G
+(cuting b).15 E(uiltins that perform array dereferencing.)-.2 E F1
+(autocd)144 392.4 Q F0 .2
+(If set, a command name that is the name of a directory is e)184 392.4 R
+-.15(xe)-.15 G .199(cuted as if it were the ar).15 F(gu-)-.18 E
+(ment to the)184 404.4 Q F1(cd)2.5 E F0 2.5(command. This)2.5 F
(option is only used by interacti)2.5 E .3 -.15(ve s)-.25 H(hells.).15 E
-F2(cdable_v)144 214.8 Q(ars)-.1 E F0 .156(If set, an ar)184 226.8 R .156
-(gument to the)-.18 F F2(cd)2.656 E F0 -.2(bu)2.656 G .155
+F1(cdable_v)144 416.4 Q(ars)-.1 E F0 .155(If set, an ar)184 428.4 R .155
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(iltin command that is not a directory is assumed to be the).2 F
-(name of a v)184 238.8 Q(ariable whose v)-.25 E
-(alue is the directory to change to.)-.25 E F2(cdspell)144 250.8 Q F0
+(name of a v)184 440.4 Q(ariable whose v)-.25 E
+(alue is the directory to change to.)-.25 E F1(cdspell)144 452.4 Q F0
1.055
(If set, minor errors in the spelling of a directory component in a)184
-250.8 R F2(cd)3.555 E F0 1.055(command will be)3.555 F 3.988
-(corrected. The)184 262.8 R 1.488(errors check)3.988 F 1.487
-(ed for are transposed characters, a missing character)-.1 F 3.987(,a)
--.4 G(nd)-3.987 E .77(one character too man)184 274.8 R 4.57 -.65(y. I)
+452.4 R F1(cd)3.555 E F0 1.055(command will be)3.555 F 3.987
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+(ed for are transposed characters, a missing character)-.1 F 3.988(,a)
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(orrection is found, the corrected \214lename is printed, and)-3.27 F
-(the command proceeds.)184 286.8 Q
+(the command proceeds.)184 488.4 Q
(This option is only used by interacti)5 E .3 -.15(ve s)-.25 H(hells.)
-.15 E F2(checkhash)144 298.8 Q F0 .737(If set,)184 310.8 R F2(bash)3.237
-E F0 .736(checks that a command found in the hash table e)3.237 F .736
+.15 E F1(checkhash)144 500.4 Q F0 .736(If set,)184 512.4 R F1(bash)3.236
+E F0 .736(checks that a command found in the hash table e)3.236 F .737
(xists before trying to e)-.15 F -.15(xe)-.15 G(-).15 E(cute it.)184
-322.8 Q(If a hashed command no longer e)5 E
-(xists, a normal path search is performed.)-.15 E F2(checkjobs)144 334.8
-Q F0 .448(If set,)184 346.8 R F2(bash)2.948 E F0 .448
-(lists the status of an)2.948 F 2.949(ys)-.15 G .449
-(topped and running jobs before e)-2.949 F .449(xiting an interacti)-.15
-F -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.662(shell. If)184 358.8 R(an)2.662 E 2.661(yj)-.15 G
+524.4 Q(If a hashed command no longer e)5 E
+(xists, a normal path search is performed.)-.15 E F1(checkjobs)144 536.4
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+(topped and running jobs before e)-2.949 F .448(xiting an interacti)-.15
+F -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.661(shell. If)184 560.4 R(an)2.661 E 2.661(yj)-.15 G
.161(obs are running, this causes the e)-2.661 F .161
-(xit to be deferred until a second e)-.15 F .161(xit is at-)-.15 F 1.472
-(tempted without an interv)184 370.8 R 1.473(ening command \(see)-.15 F
+(xit to be deferred until a second e)-.15 F .162(xit is at-)-.15 F 1.473
+(tempted without an interv)184 572.4 R 1.473(ening command \(see)-.15 F
/F3 9/Times-Bold@0 SF 1.473(JOB CONTR)3.973 F(OL)-.27 E F0(abo)3.723 E
--.15(ve)-.15 G 3.973(\). The).15 F 1.473(shell al-)3.973 F -.1(wa)184
-382.8 S(ys postpones e).1 E(xiting if an)-.15 E 2.5(yj)-.15 G
-(obs are stopped.)-2.5 E F2(checkwinsize)144 394.8 Q F0 1.09(If set,)184
-406.8 R F2(bash)3.59 E F0 1.09(checks the windo)3.59 F 3.59(ws)-.25 G
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388.8 R F1<ad61>3.723 E F0 6.223(.T)C(he)-6.223 E F1<ad66>3.723 E F0
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132 R F3<ad61>3.723 E F0 6.223(.T)C(he)-6.223 E F3<ad66>3.723 E F0
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(ilable to the shell and to processes started by it, on systems).25 F
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-5.023(.I)-.65 G(f)-5.023 E F2(limit)2.613 E F0 .023
+.742(of the special v)144 256.8 R(alues)-.25 E F3(hard)3.242 E F0(,)A F3
+(soft)3.241 E F0 3.241(,o)C(r)-3.241 E F3(unlimited)3.241 E F0 3.241(,w)
+C .741(hich stand for the current hard limit, the current)-3.241 F .023
+(soft limit, and no limit, respecti)144 268.8 R -.15(ve)-.25 G(ly).15 E
+5.023(.I)-.65 G(f)-5.023 E F1(limit)2.613 E F0 .023
(is omitted, the current v)3.203 F .023
-(alue of the soft limit of the re-)-.25 F .984
-(source is printed, unless the)144 537.6 R F1<ad48>3.484 E F0 .984
-(option is gi)3.484 F -.15(ve)-.25 G 3.484(n. When).15 F .985
+(alue of the soft limit of the re-)-.25 F .985
+(source is printed, unless the)144 280.8 R F3<ad48>3.485 E F0 .984
+(option is gi)3.485 F -.15(ve)-.25 G 3.484(n. When).15 F .984
(more than one resource is speci\214ed, the)3.484 F .7
-(limit name and unit, if appropriate, are printed before the v)144 549.6
+(limit name and unit, if appropriate, are printed before the v)144 292.8
R 3.2(alue. Other)-.25 F .7(options are interpreted as)3.2 F(follo)144
-561.6 Q(ws:)-.25 E F1<ad61>144 573.6 Q F0
-(All current limits are reported; no limits are set)180
573.6 Q F1<ad62>
-144 585.6 Q F0(The maximum sock)180 585.6 Q(et b)-.1 E(uf)-.2 E
-(fer size)-.25 E F1<ad63>144 597.6 Q F0
-(The maximum size of core \214les created)180 597.6 Q F1<ad64>144 609.6
-Q F0(The maximum size of a process')180 609.6 Q 2.5(sd)-.55 G(ata se)
--2.5 E(gment)-.15 E F1<ad65>144 621.6 Q F0
-(The maximum scheduling priority \("nice"\))180
621.6 Q F1<ad66>144
-633.6 Q F0
+304.8 Q(ws:)-.25 E F3<ad61>144 316.8 Q F0
+(All current limits are reported; no limits are set)180
316.8 Q F3<ad62>
+144 328.8 Q F0(The maximum sock)180 328.8 Q(et b)-.1 E(uf)-.2 E
+(fer size)-.25 E F3<ad63>144 340.8 Q F0
+(The maximum size of core \214les created)180 340.8 Q F3<ad64>144 352.8
+Q F0(The maximum size of a process')180 352.8 Q 2.5(sd)-.55 G(ata se)
+-2.5 E(gment)-.15 E F3<ad65>144 364.8 Q F0
+(The maximum scheduling priority \("nice"\))180
364.8 Q F3<ad66>144
+376.8 Q F0
(The maximum size of \214les written by the shell and its children)180
-633.6 Q F1<ad69>144 645.6 Q F0(The maximum number of pending signals)180
-645.6 Q F1<ad6b>144 657.6 Q F0
-(The maximum number of kqueues that may be allocated)180 657.6 Q F1
-<ad6c>144 669.6 Q F0(The maximum size that may be lock)180 669.6 Q
-(ed into memory)-.1 E F1<ad6d>144 681.6 Q F0
-(The maximum resident set size \(man)180 681.6 Q 2.5(ys)-.15 G
-(ystems do not honor this limit\))-2.5 E F1<ad6e>144 693.6 Q F0 .791(Th\
+376.8 Q F3<ad69>144 388.8 Q F0(The maximum number of pending signals)180
+388.8 Q F3<ad6b>144 400.8 Q F0
+(The maximum number of kqueues that may be allocated)180 400.8 Q F3
+<ad6c>144 412.8 Q F0(The maximum size that may be lock)180 412.8 Q
+(ed into memory)-.1 E F3<ad6d>144 424.8 Q F0
+(The maximum resident set size \(man)180 424.8 Q 2.5(ys)-.15 G
+(ystems do not honor this limit\))-2.5 E F3<ad6e>144 436.8 Q F0 .791(Th\
e maximum number of open \214le descriptors \(most systems do not allo)
-180 693.6 R 3.291(wt)-.25 G .791(his v)-3.291 F .791(alue to)-.25 F
-(be set\))180 705.6 Q F1<ad70>144 717.6 Q F0
-(The pipe size in 512-byte blocks \(this may not be set\))180 717.6 Q
-(GNU Bash 5.0)72 768 Q(2004 Apr 20)149.565 E(23)198.725 E 0 Cg EP
-%%Page: 24 24
+180 436.8 R 3.29(wt)-.25 G .79(his v)-3.29 F .79(alue to)-.25 F
+(be set\))180 448.8 Q F3<ad70>144 460.8 Q F0
+(The pipe size in 512-byte blocks \(this may not be set\))180 460.8 Q F3
+<ad71>144 472.8 Q F0
+(The maximum number of bytes in POSIX message queues)180 472.8 Q F3
+<ad72>144 484.8 Q F0(The maximum real-time scheduling priority)180 484.8
+Q F3<ad73>144 496.8 Q F0(The maximum stack size)180 496.8 Q F3<ad74>144
+508.8 Q F0(The maximum amount of cpu time in seconds)180 508.8 Q F3
+<ad75>144 520.8 Q F0(The maximum number of processes a)180 520.8 Q -.25
+(va)-.2 G(ilable to a single user).25 E F3<ad76>144 532.8 Q F0 .47
+(The maximum amount of virtual memory a)180 532.8 R -.25(va)-.2 G .47
+(ilable to the shell and, on some systems, to).25 F(its children)180
+544.8 Q F3<ad78>144 556.8 Q F0(The maximum number of \214le locks)180
+556.8 Q F3<ad50>144 568.8 Q F0(The maximum number of pseudoterminals)180
+568.8 Q F3<ad52>144 580.8 Q F0(The maximum time a real-time process can\
+ run before blocking, in microseconds)180 580.8 Q F3<ad54>144 592.8 Q F0
+(The maximum number of threads)180 592.8 Q(If)144 609.6 Q F1(limit)3.058
+E F0 .468(is gi)3.648 F -.15(ve)-.25 G .468(n, and the).15 F F3<ad61>
+2.968 E F0 .468(option is not used,)2.968 F F1(limit)2.968 E F0 .468
+(is the ne)2.968 F 2.968(wv)-.25 G .468
+(alue of the speci\214ed resource.)-3.218 F(If)5.468 E .044
+(no option is gi)144 621.6 R -.15(ve)-.25 G .044(n, then).15 F F3<ad66>
+2.544 E F0 .045(is assumed.)2.545 F -1.11(Va)5.045 G .045
+(lues are in 1024-byte increments, e)1.11 F .045(xcept for)-.15 F F3
+<ad74>2.545 E F0 2.545(,w)C .045(hich is)-2.545 F .67(in seconds;)144
+633.6 R F3<ad52>3.17 E F0 3.17(,w)C .67(hich is in microseconds;)-3.17 F
+F3<ad70>3.17 E F0 3.17(,w)C .67(hich is in units of 512-byte blocks;)
+-3.17 F F3<ad50>3.17 E F0(,)A F3<ad54>3.17 E F0(,)A F3<ad62>3.17 E F0(,)
+A F3<ad6b>144 645.6 Q F0(,)A F3<ad6e>3.736 E F0 3.736(,a)C(nd)-3.736 E
+F3<ad75>3.736 E F0 3.736(,w)C 1.236(hich are unscaled v)-3.736 F 1.236
+(alues; and, when in posix mode,)-.25 F F3<ad63>3.736 E F0(and)3.736 E
+F3<ad66>3.736 E F0 3.736(,w)C 1.237(hich are in)-3.736 F .239
+(512-byte increments.)144 657.6 R .238
+(The return status is 0 unless an in)5.239 F -.25(va)-.4 G .238
+(lid option or ar).25 F .238(gument is supplied, or an)-.18 F
+(error occurs while setting a ne)144 669.6 Q 2.5(wl)-.25 G(imit.)-2.5 E
+F3(umask)108 686.4 Q F0([)2.5 E F3<ad70>A F0 2.5(][)C F3<ad53>-2.5 E F0
+2.5(][)C F1(mode)-2.5 E F0(])A .18
+(The user \214le-creation mask is set to)144 698.4 R F1(mode)3.06 E F0
+5.18(.I).18 G(f)-5.18 E F1(mode)3.06 E F0(be)2.86 E .18
+(gins with a digit, it is interpreted as an octal)-.15 F .066(number; o\
+therwise it is interpreted as a symbolic mode mask similar to that acce\
+pted by)144 710.4 R F1 -.15(ch)2.566 G(mod).15 E F0(\(1\).).77 E(If)144
+722.4 Q F1(mode)3.262 E F0 .382(is omitted, the current v)3.062 F .382
+(alue of the mask is printed.)-.25 F(The)5.382 E F3<ad53>2.882 E F0 .382
+(option causes the mask to be)2.882 F(GNU Bash 5.1)72 768 Q
+(2021 September 30)135.955 E(24)185.115 E 0 Cg EP
+%%Page: 25 25
%%BeginPageSetup
BP
%%EndPageSetup
/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S(SH_B).35 E(UIL)-.1 E 87.61
(TINS\(1\) General)-.92 F(Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)90.11 G(SH_B).35
-E(UIL)-.1 E(TINS\(1\))-.92 E/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 SF<ad71>144 84 Q F0
-(The maximum number of bytes in POSIX message queues)180 84 Q F1<ad72>
-144 96 Q F0(The maximum real-time scheduling priority)180 96 Q F1<ad73>
-144 108 Q F0(The maximum stack size)180 108 Q F1<ad74>144 120 Q F0
-(The maximum amount of cpu time in seconds)180 120 Q F1<ad75>144 132 Q
-F0(The maximum number of processes a)180 132 Q -.25(va)-.2 G
-(ilable to a single user).25 E F1<ad76>144 144 Q F0 .47
-(The maximum amount of virtual memory a)180 144 R -.25(va)-.2 G .47
-(ilable to the shell and, on some systems, to).25 F(its children)180 156
-Q F1<ad78>144 168 Q F0(The maximum number of \214le locks)180 168 Q F1
-<ad50>144 180 Q F0(The maximum number of pseudoterminals)180 180 Q F1
-<ad52>144 192 Q F0(The maximum time a real-time process can run before \
-blocking, in microseconds)180 192 Q F1<ad54>144 204 Q F0
-(The maximum number of threads)180 204 Q(If)144 220.8 Q/F2 10
-/Times-Italic@0 SF(limit)3.058 E F0 .468(is gi)3.648 F -.15(ve)-.25 G
-.468(n, and the).15 F F1<ad61>2.968 E F0 .468(option is not used,)2.968
-F F2(limit)2.968 E F0 .468(is the ne)2.968 F 2.968(wv)-.25 G .468
-(alue of the speci\214ed resource.)-3.218 F(If)5.468 E .045
-(no option is gi)144 232.8 R -.15(ve)-.25 G .045(n, then).15 F F1<ad66>
-2.545 E F0 .045(is assumed.)2.545 F -1.11(Va)5.045 G .045
-(lues are in 1024-byte increments, e)1.11 F .044(xcept for)-.15 F F1
-<ad74>2.544 E F0 2.544(,w)C .044(hich is)-2.544 F .67(in seconds;)144
-244.8 R F1<ad52>3.17 E F0 3.17(,w)C .67(hich is in microseconds;)-3.17 F
-F1<ad70>3.17 E F0 3.17(,w)C .67(hich is in units of 512-byte blocks;)
--3.17 F F1<ad50>3.17 E F0(,)A F1<ad54>3.17 E F0(,)A F1<ad62>3.17 E F0(,)
-A F1<ad6b>144 256.8 Q F0(,)A F1<ad6e>3.737 E F0 3.737(,a)C(nd)-3.737 E
-F1<ad75>3.736 E F0 3.736(,w)C 1.236(hich are unscaled v)-3.736 F 1.236
-(alues; and, when in posix mode,)-.25 F F1<ad63>3.736 E F0(and)3.736 E
-F1<ad66>3.736 E F0 3.736(,w)C 1.236(hich are in)-3.736 F .238
-(512-byte increments.)144 268.8 R .238
-(The return status is 0 unless an in)5.238 F -.25(va)-.4 G .238
-(lid option or ar).25 F .238(gument is supplied, or an)-.18 F
-(error occurs while setting a ne)144 280.8 Q 2.5(wl)-.25 G(imit.)-2.5 E
-F1(umask)108 297.6 Q F0([)2.5 E F1<ad70>A F0 2.5(][)C F1<ad53>-2.5 E F0
-2.5(][)C F2(mode)-2.5 E F0(])A .18
-(The user \214le-creation mask is set to)144 309.6 R F2(mode)3.06 E F0
-5.18(.I).18 G(f)-5.18 E F2(mode)3.06 E F0(be)2.86 E .18
-(gins with a digit, it is interpreted as an octal)-.15 F .066(number; o\
-therwise it is interpreted as a symbolic mode mask similar to that acce\
-pted by)144 321.6 R F2 -.15(ch)2.566 G(mod).15 E F0(\(1\).).77 E(If)144
-333.6 Q F2(mode)3.263 E F0 .382(is omitted, the current v)3.063 F .382
-(alue of the mask is printed.)-.25 F(The)5.382 E F1<ad53>2.882 E F0 .382
-(option causes the mask to be)2.882 F .547
-(printed in symbolic form; the def)144 345.6 R .547
-(ault output is an octal number)-.1 F 5.547(.I)-.55 G 3.047(ft)-5.547 G
-(he)-3.047 E F1<ad70>3.047 E F0 .547(option is supplied, and)3.047 F F2
-(mode)144.38 357.6 Q F0 .552
-(is omitted, the output is in a form that may be reused as input.)3.232
-F .551(The return status is 0 if the)5.551 F(mode w)144 369.6 Q
+E(UIL)-.1 E(TINS\(1\))-.92 E .547(printed in symbolic form; the def)144
+84 R .547(ault output is an octal number)-.1 F 5.547(.I)-.55 G 3.047(ft)
+-5.547 G(he)-3.047 E/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 SF<ad70>3.047 E F0 .547
+(option is supplied, and)3.047 F/F2 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(mode)144.38 96
+Q F0 .551
+(is omitted, the output is in a form that may be reused as input.)3.231
+F .552(The return status is 0 if the)5.552 F(mode w)144 108 Q
(as successfully changed or if no)-.1 E F2(mode)2.5 E F0(ar)2.5 E
(gument w)-.18 E(as supplied, and f)-.1 E(alse otherwise.)-.1 E F1
-(unalias)108 386.4 Q F0<5bad>2.5 E F1(a)A F0 2.5(][)C F2(name)-2.5 E F0
-(...])2.5 E(Remo)144 398.4 Q 1.057 -.15(ve e)-.15 H(ach).15 E F2(name)
-3.257 E F0 .757(from the list of de\214ned aliases.)3.257 F(If)5.758 E
-F1<ad61>3.258 E F0 .758(is supplied, all alias de\214nitions are re-)
-3.258 F(mo)144 410.4 Q -.15(ve)-.15 G 2.5(d. The).15 F(return v)2.5 E
+(unalias)108 124.8 Q F0<5bad>2.5 E F1(a)A F0 2.5(][)C F2(name)-2.5 E F0
+(...])2.5 E(Remo)144 136.8 Q 1.058 -.15(ve e)-.15 H(ach).15 E F2(name)
+3.258 E F0 .758(from the list of de\214ned aliases.)3.258 F(If)5.758 E
+F1<ad61>3.258 E F0 .757(is supplied, all alias de\214nitions are re-)
+3.258 F(mo)144 148.8 Q -.15(ve)-.15 G 2.5(d. The).15 F(return v)2.5 E
(alue is true unless a supplied)-.25 E F2(name)2.86 E F0
-(is not a de\214ned alias.)2.68 E F1(unset)108 427.2 Q F0<5bad>2.5 E F1
+(is not a de\214ned alias.)2.68 E F1(unset)108 165.6 Q F0<5bad>2.5 E F1
(fv)A F0 2.5(][)C<ad>-2.5 E F1(n)A F0 2.5(][)C F2(name)-2.5 E F0(...])
-2.5 E -.15(Fo)144 439.2 S 3.804(re).15 G(ach)-3.804 E F2(name)4.164 E F0
-3.804(,r).18 G(emo)-3.804 E 1.604 -.15(ve t)-.15 H 1.304
+2.5 E -.15(Fo)144 177.6 S 3.803(re).15 G(ach)-3.803 E F2(name)4.163 E F0
+3.803(,r).18 G(emo)-3.803 E 1.603 -.15(ve t)-.15 H 1.303
(he corresponding v).15 F 1.303(ariable or function.)-.25 F 1.303
-(If the)6.303 F F1<ad76>3.803 E F0 1.303(option is gi)3.803 F -.15(ve)
--.25 G 1.303(n, each).15 F F2(name)144.36 451.2 Q F0 .464
-(refers to a shell v)3.144 F .464(ariable, and that v)-.25 F .464
-(ariable is remo)-.25 F -.15(ve)-.15 G 2.965(d. Read-only).15 F -.25(va)
-2.965 G .465(riables may not be un-).25 F 2.769(set. If)144 463.2 R F1
-<ad66>2.769 E F0 .269(is speci\214ed, each)2.769 F F2(name)3.129 E F0
+(If the)6.303 F F1<ad76>3.804 E F0 1.304(option is gi)3.804 F -.15(ve)
+-.25 G 1.304(n, each).15 F F2(name)144.36 189.6 Q F0 .465
+(refers to a shell v)3.145 F .464(ariable, and that v)-.25 F .464
+(ariable is remo)-.25 F -.15(ve)-.15 G 2.964(d. Read-only).15 F -.25(va)
+2.964 G .464(riables may not be un-).25 F 2.768(set. If)144 201.6 R F1
+<ad66>2.768 E F0 .269(is speci\214ed, each)2.768 F F2(name)3.129 E F0
.269(refers to a shell function, and the function de\214nition is remo)
-2.949 F -.15(ve)-.15 G(d.).15 E .403(If the)144 475.2 R F1<ad6e>2.903 E
+2.949 F -.15(ve)-.15 G(d.).15 E .404(If the)144 213.6 R F1<ad6e>2.904 E
F0 .404(option is supplied, and)2.904 F F2(name)2.904 E F0 .404(is a v)
2.904 F .404(ariable with the)-.25 F F2(namer)2.904 E(ef)-.37 E F0
-(attrib)2.904 E(ute,)-.2 E F2(name)2.904 E F0 .404(will be unset)2.904 F
-.72(rather than the v)144 487.2 R .72(ariable it references.)-.25 F F1
-<ad6e>5.7
2 E F0 .72(has no ef)3.22 F .719(fect if the)-.25 F F1<ad66>
-3.219 E F0 .719(option is supplied.)3.219 F .719(If no options)5.719 F
-.736(are supplied, each)144 499.2 R F2(name)3.236 E F0 .736
-(refers to a v)3.236 F .737(ariable; if there is no v)-.25 F .737
-(ariable by that name, a function with)-.25 F 1.762(that name, if an)144
-511.2 R 3.062 -.65(y, i)-.15 H 4.262(su).65 G 4.261(nset. Each)-4.262 F
+(attrib)2.904 E(ute,)-.2 E F2(name)2.904 E F0 .403(will be unset)2.904 F
+.719(rather than the v)144 225.6 R .719(ariable it references.)-.25 F F1
+<ad6e>5.7
19 E F0 .719(has no ef)3.219 F .719(fect if the)-.25 F F1<ad66>
+3.22 E F0 .72(option is supplied.)3.22 F .72(If no options)5.72 F .737
+(are supplied, each)144 237.6 R F2(name)3.237 E F0 .737(refers to a v)
+3.237 F .737(ariable; if there is no v)-.25 F .736
+(ariable by that name, a function with)-.25 F 1.761(that name, if an)144
+249.6 R 3.061 -.65(y, i)-.15 H 4.261(su).65 G 4.261(nset. Each)-4.261 F
1.761(unset v)4.261 F 1.761(ariable or function is remo)-.25 F -.15(ve)
--.15 G 4.261(df).15 G 1.761(rom the en)-4.261 F(vironment)-.4 E 3.171
-(passed to subsequent commands.)144 523.2 R 3.172(If an)8.172 F 5.672
+-.15 G 4.262(df).15 G 1.762(rom the en)-4.262 F(vironment)-.4 E 3.172
+(passed to subsequent commands.)144 261.6 R 3.172(If an)8.172 F 5.672
(yo)-.15 G(f)-5.672 E/F3 9/Times-Bold@0 SF -.27(BA)5.672 G(SH_ALIASES)
-.27 E/F4 9/Times-Roman@0 SF(,)A F3 -.27(BA)5.422 G(SH_ARGV0).27 E F4(,)A
-F3 -.27(BA)5.422 G(SH_CMDS).27 E F4(,)A F3 -.27(BA)144 535.2 S
-(SH_COMMAND).27 E F4(,)A F3 -.27(BA)11.482 G(SH_SUBSHELL).27 E F4(,)A F3
+.27 E/F4 9/Times-Roman@0 SF(,)A F3 -.27(BA)5.421 G(SH_ARGV0).27 E F4(,)A
+F3 -.27(BA)5.421 G(SH_CMDS).27 E F4(,)A F3 -.27(BA)144 273.6 S
+(SH_COMMAND).27 E F4(,)A F3 -.27(BA)11.481 G(SH_SUBSHELL).27 E F4(,)A F3
-.27(BA)11.482 G(SHPID).27 E F4(,)A F3(COMP_W)11.482 E(ORDBREAKS)-.09 E
-F4(,)A F3(DIRST)11.481 E -.495(AC)-.81 G(K).495 E F4(,)A F3(EPOCHREAL)
-144 547.2 Q(TIME)-.828 E F4(,)A F3(EPOCHSECONDS)2.67 E F4(,)A F3(FUNCN)
+F4(,)A F3(DIRST)11.482 E -.495(AC)-.81 G(K).495 E F4(,)A F3(EPOCHREAL)
+144 285.6 Q(TIME)-.828 E F4(,)A F3(EPOCHSECONDS)2.67 E F4(,)A F3(FUNCN)
2.67 E(AME)-.18 E F4(,)A F3(GR)2.67 E(OUPS)-.27 E F4(,)A F3(HISTCMD)2.67
E F4(,)A F3(LINENO)2.67 E F4(,)A F3(RANDOM)2.67 E F4(,)A F3(SECONDS)144
-559.2 Q F4(,)A F0(or)4.03 E F3(SRANDOM)4.28 E F0 1.779(are unset, the)
-4.03 F 4.279(yl)-.15 G 1.779(ose their special properties, e)-4.279 F
--.15(ve)-.25 G 4.279(ni).15 G 4.279(ft)-4.279 G(he)-4.279 E 4.279(ya)
--.15 G 1.779(re subse-)-4.279 F(quently reset.)144 571.2 Q(The e)5 E
-(xit status is true unless a)-.15 E F2(name)2.86 E F0(is readonly)2.68 E
-(.)-.65 E F1(wait)108 588 Q F0([)2.5 E F1(\255fn)A F0 2.5(][)C F1<ad70>
--2.5 E F2(varname)2.5 E F0 2.5(][)C F2(id ...)-2.5 E F0(])A -.8(Wa)144
-600 S .659(it for each speci\214ed child process and return its termina\
-tion status.).8 F(Each)5.659 E F2(id)3.169 E F0 .659(may be a process)
-3.929 F .009(ID or a job speci\214cation; if a job spec is gi)144 612 R
--.15(ve)-.25 G .008(n, all processes in that job').15 F 2.508(sp)-.55 G
-.008(ipeline are w)-2.508 F .008(aited for)-.1 F 5.008(.I)-.55 G(f)
--5.008 E F2(id)144.01 624 Q F0 .441(is not gi)3.711 F -.15(ve)-.25 G(n,)
-.15 E F1(wait)2.941 E F0 -.1(wa)2.941 G .441
+297.6 Q F4(,)A F0(or)4.029 E F3(SRANDOM)4.279 E F0 1.779(are unset, the)
+4.029 F 4.279(yl)-.15 G 1.779(ose their special properties, e)-4.279 F
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-(xpansion and treats them specially)-.15 F 2.781(,s)-.65 G 2.781(ot)
--2.781 G .281(hat charac-)-2.781 F(ters within the single quotes are co\
-nsidered quoted \(this is POSIX interpretation 221\))180 688.8 Q F3
-(compat42)108 705.6 Q F0<83>144 717.6 Q 1.055(the replacement string in\
- double-quoted pattern substitution does not under)180 717.6 R 1.056
-(go quote re-)-.18 F(mo)180 729.6 Q -.25(va)-.15 G(l, as it does in v)
-.25 E(ersions after bash-4.2)-.15 E(GNU Bash 5.0)72 768 Q(2004 Apr 20)
-149.565 E(25)198.725 E 0 Cg EP
-%%Page: 26 26
-%%BeginPageSetup
-BP
-%%EndPageSetup
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+(ed)-.15 E -.1(wo)180 376.8 S(rd \(this is POSIX interpretation 267\)).1
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+(xpansion and treats them specially)-.15 F 2.782(,s)-.65 G 2.782(ot)
+-2.782 G .282(hat charac-)-2.782 F(ters within the single quotes are co\
+nsidered quoted \(this is POSIX interpretation 221\))180 412.8 Q F3
+(compat42)108 429.6 Q F0<83>144 441.6 Q 1.056(the replacement string in\
+ double-quoted pattern substitution does not under)180 441.6 R 1.055
+(go quote re-)-.18 F(mo)180 453.6 Q -.25(va)-.15 G(l, as it does in v)
+.25 E(ersions after bash-4.2)-.15 E<83>144 465.6 Q .021
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+2.521 F .018(double-quoted parameter e)180 477.6 R .017
(xpansion and can be used to quote a closing brace or other spe-)-.15 F
-.999(cial character \(this is part of POSIX interpretation 221\); in la\
-ter v)180 108 R .998(ersions, single quotes)-.15 F
-(are not special within double-quoted w)180 120 Q(ord e)-.1 E(xpansions)
--.15 E/F2 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(compat43)108 136.8 Q F0<83>144 148.8 Q 1.07
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-(ersions w)-.15 F(arn)-.1 E(that this usage is deprecated)180 172.8 Q
-<83>144 184.8 Q -.1(wo)180 184.8 S .5(rd e).1 F .501
+.998(cial character \(this is part of POSIX interpretation 221\); in la\
+ter v)180 489.6 R .999(ersions, single quotes)-.15 F
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+<83>144 566.4 Q -.1(wo)180 566.4 S .501(rd e).1 F .501
(xpansion errors are considered non-f)-.15 F .501
-(atal errors that cause the current command to)-.1 F -.1(fa)180 196.8 S
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.605(il, e).1 F -.15(ve)-.25 G 3.105(ni).15 G 3.105(np)-3.105 G .605
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-(continue)180 232.8 Q F0 .052
+(atal errors that cause the)-.1 F(shell to e)180 590.4 Q(xit\))-.15 E
+<83>144 602.4 Q .355(when e)180 602.4 R -.15(xe)-.15 G .354
+(cuting a shell function, the loop state \(while/until/etc.\)).15 F .354
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+(continue)180 614.4 Q F0 .052
(in that function will break or continue loops in the calling conte)
-2.553 F .052(xt. Bash-4.4 and)-.15 F(later reset the loop state to pre)
-180 244.8 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G(nt this).15 E F2(compat44)108 261.6 Q F0<83>
-144 273.6 Q .719(the shell sets up the v)180 273.6 R .719(alues used by)
--.25 F/F3 9/Times-Bold@0 SF -.27(BA)3.219 G(SH_ARGV).27 E F0(and)2.969 E
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+180 626.4 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G(nt this).15 E F3(compat44)108 643.2 Q F0<83>
+144 655.2 Q .719(the shell sets up the v)180 655.2 R .719(alues used by)
+-.25 F F1 -.27(BA)3.219 G(SH_ARGV).27 E F0(and)2.969 E F1 -.27(BA)3.219
+G(SH_ARGC).27 E F0 .719(so the)2.969 F 3.218(yc)-.15 G .718(an e)-3.218
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(ositional parameters e)-2.5 E -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.5(ni).15 G 2.5(fe)-2.5 G
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-2.635(as)180 297.6 S .135(ubshell inherits loops from its parent conte)
--2.635 F .135(xt, so)-.15 F F2(br)2.635 E(eak)-.18 E F0(or)2.635 E F2
-(continue)2.634 E F0 .134(will cause the sub-)2.634 F(shell to e)180
-309.6 Q 2.5(xit. Bash-5.0)-.15 F(and later reset the loop state to pre)
-2.5 E -.15(ve)-.25 G(nt the e).15 E(xit)-.15 E<83>144 321.6 Q -.25(va)
-180 321.6 S .618(riable assignments preceding b).25 F .618(uiltins lik)
--.2 F(e)-.1 E F2(export)3.118 E F0(and)3.118 E F2 -.18(re)3.118 G
-(adonly).18 E F0 .618(that set attrib)3.118 F .619(utes con-)-.2 F .12
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-(ariables with the same name in the calling en)-.25 F .119(vironment e)
--.4 F -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.619(ni).15 G 2.619(ft)-2.619 G .119(he shell is)
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+(continue)2.635 E F0 .135(will cause the sub-)2.635 F(shell to e)180
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+180 703.2 S .619(riable assignments preceding b).25 F .618(uiltins lik)
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+(adonly).18 E F0 .618(that set attrib)3.118 F .618(utes con-)-.2 F .119
+(tinue to af)180 715.2 R .119(fect v)-.25 F .119
+(ariables with the same name in the calling en)-.25 F .12(vironment e)
+-.4 F -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.62(ni).15 G 2.62(ft)-2.62 G .12(he shell is)-2.62
+F(not in posix mode)180 727.2 Q(GNU Bash 5.1)72 768 Q(2021 September 30)
+135.955 E(26)185.115 E 0 Cg EP
+%%Page: 27 27
+%%BeginPageSetup
+BP
+%%EndPageSetup
+/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S(SH_B).35 E(UIL)-.1 E 87.61
+(TINS\(1\) General)-.92 F(Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)90.11 G(SH_B).35
+E(UIL)-.1 E(TINS\(1\))-.92 E/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(compat50)108 84 Q F0
+<83>144 96 Q 1.209(Bash-5.1 changed the w)180 96 R(ay)-.1 E/F2 9
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--.25(va)180 410.4 S(lue to).25 E F3(RANDOM)2.5 E F0
-(will produce the same sequence as in bash-5.0)2.25 E<83>144 422.4 Q
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-(ash v)-3.196 F .695(ersions prior to bash-5.1 printed an informa-)-.15
-F 1.32(tional message to that ef)180 434.4 R 1.321(fect, e)-.25 F -.15
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(ve)-.25 G 3.821(nw).15 G 1.321
(hen producing output that can be reused as input.)-3.821 F
-(Bash-5.1 suppresses that message when the)180
446.4 Q F2<ad6c>2.5 E F0
-(option is supplied.)2.5 E/F4 10.95/Times-Bold@0 SF(SEE ALSO)72 463.2 Q
-F0(bash\(1\), sh\(1\))108 475.2 Q(GNU Bash 5.0)72 768 Q(2004 Apr 20)
-149.565 E(26)198.725 E 0 Cg EP
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168 Q F1<ad6c>2.5 E F0
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+F0(bash\(1\), sh\(1\))108 196.8 Q(GNU Bash 5.1)72 768 Q
+(2021 September 30)135.955 E(27)185.115 E 0 Cg EP
%%Trailer
end
%%EOF
%!PS-Adobe-3.0
%%Creator: groff version 1.22.4
-%%CreationDate: Wed Nov 18 15:13:06 2020
+%%CreationDate: Mon Nov 8 11:14:02 2021
%%DocumentNeededResources: font Times-Roman
%%+ font Times-Bold
%%DocumentSuppliedResources: procset grops 1.22 4
/*
* realpath -- canonicalize pathnames, resolving symlinks
*
- * usage: realpath [-csv] pathname [pathname...]
+ * usage: realpath [-csv] [-a name] pathname [pathname...]
*
- * options: -c check whether or not each resolved path exists
+ * options: -a name assign each canonicalized pathname to indexed array
+ * variable NAME
+ * -c check whether or not each resolved path exists
* -s no output, exit status determines whether path is valid
* -v produce verbose output
*
*/
/*
- Copyright (C) 1999-2009 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
+ Copyright (C) 1999-2009,2021 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
This file is part of GNU Bash.
Bash is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
realpath_builtin(list)
WORD_LIST *list;
{
- int opt, cflag, vflag, sflag, es;
+ int opt, cflag, vflag, sflag, aflag, es;
char *r, realbuf[PATH_MAX], *p;
struct stat sb;
+#if defined (ARRAY_VARS)
+ arrayind_t ind;
+ char *aname;
+ SHELL_VAR *v;
+#endif
if (list == 0) {
builtin_usage();
return (EX_USAGE);
}
- vflag = cflag = sflag = 0;
+ vflag = cflag = sflag = aflag = 0;
+#if defined (ARRAY_VARS)
+ aname = NULL;
+ v = NULL;
+ ind = 0;
+#endif
reset_internal_getopt();
- while ((opt = internal_getopt (list, "csv")) != -1) {
+ while ((opt = internal_getopt (list, "a:csv")) != -1) {
switch (opt) {
+#if defined (ARRAY_VARS)
+ case 'a':
+ aflag = 1;
+ aname = list_optarg;
+ break;
+#endif
case 'c':
cflag = 1;
break;
return (EX_USAGE);
}
+#if defined (ARRAY_VARS)
+ if (aflag && legal_identifier (aname) == 0) {
+ sh_invalidid(aname);
+ return (EXECUTION_FAILURE);
+ }
+ if (aname && builtin_unbind_variable (aname) == -2)
+ return (EXECUTION_FAILURE);
+ if (aname) {
+ v = find_or_make_array_variable (aname, 1);
+ if (v == 0 || readonly_p (v) || noassign_p (v)) {
+ if (v && readonly_p (v))
+ err_readonly (aname);
+ return (EXECUTION_FAILURE);
+ } else if (array_p (v) == 0) {
+ builtin_error ("%s: not an indexed array", aname);
+ return (EXECUTION_FAILURE);
+ }
+ if (invisible_p (v))
+ VUNSETATTR (v, att_invisible);
+ array_flush (array_cell (v));
+ }
+#endif
+
for (es = EXECUTION_SUCCESS; list; list = list->next) {
p = list->word->word;
r = sh_realpath(p, realbuf);
continue;
}
if (sflag == 0) {
- if (vflag)
- printf ("%s -> ", p);
- printf("%s\n", realbuf);
+ if (aflag) {
+ bind_array_element (v, ind, realbuf, 0);
+ ind++;
+ } else {
+ if (vflag)
+ printf ("%s -> ", p);
+ printf("%s\n", realbuf);
+ }
}
}
return es;
static bool is_colored (enum indicator_no type);
static void restore_default_color (void);
+#define RL_COLOR_PREFIX_EXTENSION "readline-colored-completion-prefix"
+
COLOR_EXT_TYPE *_rl_color_ext_list = 0;
/* Output a color indicator (which may contain nulls). */
}
}
+static struct bin_str *
+_rl_custom_readline_prefix (void)
+{
+ size_t len;
+ COLOR_EXT_TYPE *ext;
+
+ len = strlen (RL_COLOR_PREFIX_EXTENSION);
+ for (ext = _rl_color_ext_list; ext; ext = ext->next)
+ if (ext->ext.len == len && STREQ (ext->ext.string, RL_COLOR_PREFIX_EXTENSION))
+ return (&ext->seq);
+ return (NULL);
+}
+
bool
_rl_print_prefix_color (void)
{
struct bin_str *s;
/* What do we want to use for the prefix? Let's try cyan first, see colors.h */
- s = &_rl_color_indicator[C_PREFIX];
+ s = _rl_custom_readline_prefix ();
+ if (s == 0)
+ s = &_rl_color_indicator[C_PREFIX];
if (s->string != NULL)
{
if (is_colored (C_NORM))
.\" Case Western Reserve University
.\" chet.ramey@case.edu
.\"
-.\" Last Change: Wed Jun 16 09:49:37 EDT 2021
+.\" Last Change: Mon Nov 15 17:06:54 EST 2021
.\"
-.TH READLINE 3 "2021 June 16" "GNU Readline 8.1"
+.TH READLINE 3 "2021 November 15" "GNU Readline 8.1"
.\"
.\" File Name macro. This used to be `.PN', for Path Name,
.\" but Sun doesn't seem to like that very much.
common prefix of the set of possible completions using a different color.
The color definitions are taken from the value of the \fBLS_COLORS\fP
environment variable.
+If there is a color definition in \fB$LS_COLORS\fP for the custom suffix
+"readline-colored-completion-prefix", readline uses this color for
+the common prefix instead of its default.
.TP
.B colored\-stats (Off)
If set to \fBOn\fP, readline displays possible completions using different
common prefix of the set of possible completions using a different color.
The color definitions are taken from the value of the @env{LS_COLORS}
environment variable.
+If there is a color definition in @env{LS_COLORS} for the custom suffix
+@samp{readline-colored-completion-prefix}, Readline uses this color for
+the common prefix instead of its default.
The default is @samp{off}.
@item colored-stats
@set EDITION 8.1
@set VERSION 8.1
-@set UPDATED 16 June 2021
-@set UPDATED-MONTH June 2021
+@set UPDATED 15 November 2021
+@set UPDATED-MONTH November 2021
-@set LASTCHANGE Wed Jun 16 09:50:11 EDT 2021
+@set LASTCHANGE Mon Nov 15 17:05:28 EST 2021
projects / thirdparty / bash.git / commitdiff
