From: Chet Ramey Date: Fri, 17 Jun 2022 13:54:51 +0000 (-0400) Subject: Bash-5.2-rc1 release X-Git-Tag: bash-5.2-rc3~2 X-Git-Url: http://git.ipfire.org/?a=commitdiff_plain;h=6c1407d2a9ae12dfba6538f92f5826f15868bcfb;p=thirdparty%2Fbash.git Bash-5.2-rc1 release --- diff --git a/CHANGES b/CHANGES index ed8561829..8304d4263 100644 --- a/CHANGES +++ b/CHANGES @@ -1,3 +1,55 @@ +This document details the changes between this version, bash-5.2-rc1, and +the previous version, bash-5.2-beta. + +1. Changes to Bash + +a. Changes to `wait -p' and how it sets the variable name in the presence of + valid and invalid PID arguments. + +b. Fixed a bug that caused compgen to dump core if the completion engine was + not initialized. + +c. Fixed a memory leak in the variable name programmable completion code. + +d. Here-documents and here-strings use tempfiles if the shell compatibility + level is 50 or lower. + +e. Non-interactive shells exit on a syntax error encountered while parsing a + command substitution. + +f. Fixed a bug with inherited parser state while parsing a command substitution. + +g. Fixed a bug that caused the shell not to check for terminating signals + after executing the command_string supplied with `-c' and before executing + the exit trap. + +h. Changes to avoid a make race condition while generating builtins.c. + +i. Make it explicit that BASH_REMATCH is always a global variable, and that + local copies are (currently) ignored. + +j. Fixed a bug that caused an ambiguous redirection (>&word) to be printed + incorrectly (>&word) if no file descriptor was supplied. + +2. Changes to Readline + +a. Fixed a bug that caused rl_eof_found to be set prematurely while reading a + multi-character key sequence in callback mode. + +3. New Features in Bash + +a. In posix mode, the `printf' builtin checks for the `L' length modifier and + uses long double for floating point conversion specifiers if it's present, + double otherwise. + +b. The `globbing' completion code now takes the `globstar' option into account. + +c. `suspend -f' now forces the shell to suspend even if job control is not + currently enabled. + +4. New Features in Readline + +------------------------------------------------------------------------------ This document details the changes between this version, bash-5.2-beta, and the previous version, bash-5.2-alpha. @@ -291,10 +343,10 @@ h. The `unset' builtin now attempts to treat arguments as array subscripts i. There is a default value for $BASH_LOADABLES_PATH in config-top.h. j. Associative array assignment and certain instances of referencing (e.g., - `test -v' now allow `@' and `*' to be used as keys. + `test -v') now allow `@' and `*' to be used as keys. -k. Bash attempts to expand indexed array subscripts only once when executing - shell constructs and word expansions. +k. Bash attempts to expand indexed and associative array subscripts only + once when executing shell constructs and word expansions. l. The `unset' builtin allows a subscript of `@' or `*' to unset a key with that value for associative arrays instead of unsetting the entire array diff --git a/COMPAT b/COMPAT index aa25f19d8..091371cd2 100644 --- a/COMPAT +++ b/COMPAT @@ -550,6 +550,9 @@ compat50 (set using BASH_COMPAT) printed an informational message to that effect even when writing output in a format that can be reused as input (-l). Bash-5.1 suppresses that message if -l is supplied + - Bash-5.1 and later use pipes for here-documents and here-strings if + they are smaller than the pipe capacity. If the shell compatibility + level is set to 50 or lower, it reverts to using temporary files. compat51 (set using BASH_COMPAT) - The `unset' builtin will unset the array a given an argument like @@ -560,6 +563,10 @@ compat51 (set using BASH_COMPAT) for statement can be expanded more than once - expressions used as arguments to arithmetic operators in the [[ conditional command can be expanded more than once + - indexed and associative array subscripts used as arguments to the + operators in the [[ conditional command (e.g., `[[ -v') can be + expanded more than once. Bash-5.2 behaves as if the + `assoc_expand_once' option were enabled. - the expressions in substring parameter brace expansion can be expanded more than once - the expressions in the $(( ... )) word expansion can be expanded diff --git a/CWRU/changelog b/CWRU/changelog index 66d3cd6b4..ee45b9c48 100644 --- a/CWRU/changelog +++ b/CWRU/changelog @@ -2870,7 +2870,7 @@ subst.c - parameter_brace_expand: when expanding an indirect variable, extend the special case for array[@] and array[*] (set -u/no positional parameters, obeying the baroque quoting rules) to the value of the - indirection. Report amd fix from konsolebox + indirection. Report and fix from konsolebox 12/31 ----- @@ -3449,3 +3449,240 @@ lib/readline/{complete,histfile,histsearch,isearch,terminal}.c --- configure.ac - bumped version to bash-5.2-beta + +[bash-5.2-beta frozen] + + 4/8 + --- +lib/readline/input.c + - _rl_orig_sigset: need extern declaration if HAVE_SELECT is defined. + From https://savannah.gnu.org/support/?110634 + +examples/loadables/seq.c + - PRIdMAX: redefine if PRI_MACROS_BROKEN is defined. + From https://savannah.gnu.org/support/index.php?110635 + + 4/11 + ---- +configure.ac + - BASH_FUNC_STRTOIMAX: replace strtoimax if the system doesn't provide + a declaration in a standard header file. Uses new m4/strtoimax.m4. + From https://savannah.gnu.org/support/index.php?110633 + +builtins/printf.def + - getdouble: new function, parses string into `double' using strtod + - printf_builtin: check for the `L' length modifier and use long + doubles for the floating point conversion specifiers. If it's not + supplied, use `double' when in posix mode (as posix specifies) and + long double (if it's available, double if not) in default mode. + From a report from Paul Eggert + + 4/12 + ---- +lib/sh/oslib.c + - bzero: update function signature to modern BSD version + + 4/14 + ---- +lib/sh/oslib.c + - bcopy, gethostname, mkfifo: update function signatures to modern + versions + + 4/15 + ---- +jobs.c,nojobs.c + - wait_for_single_pid: if the pid or job argument is invalid -- isn't + a child of this shell -- return 257, which is out of the range of + valid 8-bit status values + +execute_cmd.c + - execute_pipeline: if wait_for_single_pid returns > 256, set it to + 127 (invalid process) + +jobs.c + - wait_for_background_pids: if wait_for_single_pid returns > 256, set + the status we return in PS to 127 (what it was before) + +builtins/wait.def + - wait_builtin: if wait_for_single_pid returns > 256, treat it as an + error and set pstat.pid to NO_PID + - wait_builtin: if -p supplied, and we get to the end of the argument + list with PSTAT.PID != NO_PID (which we assume means that the return + value is set from PSTAT.STATUS), set the variable name to PSTAT.PID. + From a report by Robert Elz + - wait_builtin: for compatibility with the netbsd sh, leave the variable + name specified with `-p' unset if there are no PID arguments. + From a report by Robert Elz + + 4/17 + ---- +parse.y + - xparse_dolparen: if (flags & SX_NOLONGJMP), don't call + jump_to_top_level() on errors + +bashline.c + - bash_quote_filename: don't call quote_word_break_chars() unless we + have word break chars initialized. Fixes bug reported by + Sam James + + 4/18 + ---- +pcomplete.c + - gen_globpat_matches: call glob_filename with the GX_GLOBSTAR flag if + the `globstar' shell option is enabled. From a report by + Steve + +lib/malloc/malloc.c + - internal_free: remove the GLIBC21 code (!) + - internal_free: make the code that tests against memtop and calls + lesscore depend on USE_LESSCORE being defined, which it is by + default + +lib/malloc/imalloc.h + - USE_LESSCORE: define + +parse.y,shell.h + - token_buffer_size and its corresponding saved value in the shell's + parser state are now size_t instead of int + +stringlib.c + - strsub,strcreplace: use size_t instead of int for local length and + indexing variables + +lib/sh/zmapfd.c + - zmapfd: use size_t instead of int for local length and indexing + variables + +lib/sh/zgetline.c + - zgetline: use size_t instead of int for local length and indexing + variables + + 4/20 + ---- +pcomplete.c + - init_itemlist_from_varlist: free VLIST after assigning it from + *SVFUNC and after we get the variable names and values out of it. + Report from Robert E. Griffith + + 4/25 + ---- +redir.c + - here_document_to_fd: if the shell compatibility level is bash-5.0 or + earlier, use tempfiles for all here-documents and here-strings. From + a bug-bash discussion started by Sam Liddicott + + 4/26 + ---- +parse.y + - parse_comsub: non-interactive shells exit on a syntax error while + parsing the command substitution + - parse_comsub: unset additional PARSER_STATE flags before calling + yyparse(). Inspired by https://bugs.gentoo.org/837203; unsetting + PST_COMPASSIGN is the fix for that bug + - parse_string_to_word_list: use save_parser_state/restore_parser_state + instead of saving pieces of the shell state in individual variables + - parse_compound_assignment: use save_parser_state/restore_parser_state + instead of saving pieces of the shell state in individual variables + - parse_compound_assignment: unset additional PARSER_STATE flags before + calling read_token(); set esacs_needed_count and expecting_in_token + to 0 like in parse_comsub() since read_token can use them + + 4/27 + ---- +lib/sh/strvis.c + - sh_charvis: changes to handle being compiled without multibyte support + + 4/29 + ---- +lib/readline/callback.c + - rl_callback_read_char: don't set rl_eof_found unless eof is > 0, + since it can be -3 if we need to read more input in a multi-key + sequence. Report from Andrew Burgess + +examples/loadables/Makefile.sample.in + - new file, containing the rules to build the example shared object + - includes Makefile.inc from wherever it's installed. Suggested by + Robert E. Griffith + +examples/loadables/Makefile.inc.in + - remove rules that create the example shared object + + 4/30 + ---- +builtins/evalstring.c + - parse_and_execute: check for terminating signals before returning, + after any longjmp, to improve responsiveness and fix the -c code + path before running any exit trap. Report from + Emanuele Torre + + 5/17 + ---- +builtins/suspend.def + - suspend_builtin: the -f option now forces a suspend even if job + control is not enabled. Inspired by a discussion with + Robert Elz + +doc/{bash.1,bashref.texi} + - suspend: updated description to include expanded -f behavior + + 5/25 + ---- +builtins/mkbuiltins.c + - -includefile: new argument, specifies extern filename to insert + into the #include statement in the structfile (builtins.c) and + the filename in the comment in the extern file (builtext.h). + From Alexander Kanavin via + https://savannah.gnu.org/patch/?10210 + +builtins/Makefile.in + - builtins.c: change call to mkbuiltins to add -includefile option + - builtins.c: change recipe to run all the commands in the same shell + invocation + - builtins.c: change recipe to specify new filenames in the call to + mkbuiltins and move them onto builtins.c/builtext.h if the new ones + are different; make the new filenames use the current make recipe + shell pid in the filename ($$RECPID). + Inspired by Alexander Kanavin via + https://savannah.gnu.org/patch/?10210 + + 6/2 + --- +builtins/common.c + - builtin_find_indexed_array: new function, factored common code out + of mapfile and read builtins to find an in-scope indexed array or + create one + +builtins/common.h + - builtin_find_indexed_array: extern declaration + +builtins/{mapfile,read}.def + - change callers to use builtin_find_indexed_array + +variables.c + - unbind_global_variable, unbind_global_variable_noref: new functions + that remove variables from the global_variables table + +lib/sh/shmatch.c + - sh_regmatch: use unbind_global_variable_noref to make sure we act on + the copy of BASH_REMATCH in the global scope all the time, ignoring + any local variables that might exist. Tentative fix for memory leak + report from Emanuele Torre + +doc/{bash.1,bashref.texi} + - BASH_REMATCH: add caveat about making it a local variable + + 6/6 + --- +print_cmd.c + - print_redirection: if the redirectee for r_duplicating_output_word + (r_duplicating_input_word) is 1 (0), don't print it; only print a + non-default file descriptor number + - print_redirection_list: remove the code that tries to temporarily + translate a >&word redirection to >&word now that we won't print a + non-default file descriptor number. Fixes issue with `declare -f' and + function export reported by Namikaze Minato + + 6/13 + ---- +configure.ac + - bumped version to bash-5.2-rc1 diff --git a/MANIFEST b/MANIFEST index 4fe2e46c3..61ff12dd6 100644 --- a/MANIFEST +++ b/MANIFEST @@ -206,7 +206,7 @@ builtins/umask.def f builtins/wait.def f builtins/psize.c f builtins/psize.sh f -builtins/inlib.def f +#builtins/inlib.def f builtins/bashgetopt.c f builtins/common.h f builtins/bashgetopt.h f @@ -484,6 +484,7 @@ lib/tilde/Makefile.in f lib/tilde/tilde.c f lib/tilde/tilde.h f lib/tilde/shell.c f +m4/strtoimax.m4 f m4/stat-time.m4 f m4/timespec.m4 f m4/codeset.m4 f @@ -716,6 +717,7 @@ examples/loadables/template.c f examples/loadables/loadables.h f examples/loadables/Makefile.in f examples/loadables/Makefile.inc.in f +examples/loadables/Makefile.sample.in f examples/loadables/necho.c f examples/loadables/hello.c f examples/loadables/asort.c f @@ -825,6 +827,7 @@ examples/functions/which f #examples/scripts/adventure.sh f #examples/scripts/bash-hexdump.sh f #examples/scripts/bcsh.sh f +examples/scripts/bcalc f examples/scripts/cat.sh f examples/scripts/center f #examples/scripts/dd-ex.sh f @@ -1012,6 +1015,7 @@ tests/comsub-posix1.sub f tests/comsub-posix2.sub f tests/comsub-posix3.sub f tests/comsub-posix5.sub f +tests/comsub-posix6.sub f tests/cond.tests f tests/cond.right f tests/cond-regexp1.sub f diff --git a/Makefile.in b/Makefile.in index ef26d7083..5fc3644cf 100644 --- a/Makefile.in +++ b/Makefile.in @@ -468,7 +468,8 @@ INSTALLED_HEADERS = shell.h bashjmp.h command.h syntax.h general.h error.h \ make_cmd.h subst.h sig.h externs.h builtins.h \ bashtypes.h xmalloc.h config-top.h config-bot.h \ bashintl.h bashansi.h bashjmp.h alias.h hashlib.h \ - conftypes.h unwind_prot.h jobs.h siglist.h + conftypes.h unwind_prot.h jobs.h siglist.h \ + execute_cmd.h INSTALLED_BUILTINS_HEADERS = bashgetopt.h common.h getopt.h INSTALLED_INCFILES = posixstat.h ansi_stdlib.h filecntl.h posixdir.h \ memalloc.h stdc.h posixjmp.h posixwait.h posixtime.h systimes.h \ @@ -570,7 +571,7 @@ CREATED_MAKEFILES = Makefile builtins/Makefile doc/Makefile \ lib/readline/Makefile lib/glob/Makefile \ lib/sh/Makefile lib/tilde/Makefile lib/malloc/Makefile \ lib/termcap/Makefile examples/loadables/Makefile \ - examples/loadables/Makefile.inc \ + examples/loadables/Makefile.inc examples/loadables/Makefile.sample \ examples/loadables/perl/Makefile support/Makefile \ lib/intl/Makefile po/Makefile po/Makefile.in CREATED_HEADERS = signames.h config.h pathnames.h version.h y.tab.h \ diff --git a/NEWS b/NEWS index d742247b1..42c3fc643 100644 --- a/NEWS +++ b/NEWS @@ -100,6 +100,15 @@ bb. Array references using `@' and `*' that are the value of nameref variables cc. There is a new bindable readline command name: `vi-edit-and-execute-command'. +dd. In posix mode, the `printf' builtin checks for the `L' length modifier and + uses long double for floating point conversion specifiers if it's present, + double otherwise. + +ee. The `globbing' completion code now takes the `globstar' option into account. + +ff. `suspend -f' now forces the shell to suspend even if job control is not + currently enabled. + 2. New Features in Readline a. There is now an HS_HISTORY_VERSION containing the version number of the diff --git a/POSIX b/POSIX index d9368a2ff..3fd3c8828 100644 --- a/POSIX +++ b/POSIX @@ -240,7 +240,12 @@ The following list is what's changed when 'POSIX mode' is in effect: 'read', the trap handler executes and 'read' returns an exit status greater than 128. - 60. Bash removes an exited background process's status from the list + 60. The 'printf' builting uses 'double' (via 'strtod') to convert + arguments corresponding to floating point conversion specifiers, + instead of 'long double' if it's available. The 'L' length + modifier forces 'printf' to use 'long double' if it's available. + + 61. Bash removes an exited background process's status from the list of such statuses after the 'wait' builtin is used to obtain it. There is other POSIX behavior that Bash does not implement by default diff --git a/bashline.c b/bashline.c index f9fce251a..c85b05b69 100644 --- a/bashline.c +++ b/bashline.c @@ -4341,7 +4341,7 @@ bash_quote_filename (s, rtype, qcp) /* We may need to quote additional characters: those that readline treats as word breaks that are not quoted by backslash_quote. */ /* XXX - test complete_fullquote here? */ - if (rtext && cs == COMPLETE_BSQUOTE) + if (rtext && cs == COMPLETE_BSQUOTE && rl_completer_word_break_characters) { mtext = quote_word_break_chars (rtext); free (rtext); diff --git a/bashline.h b/bashline.h index 48c9fecfb..d40228e29 100644 --- a/bashline.h +++ b/bashline.h @@ -53,7 +53,7 @@ extern int unbind_unix_command PARAMS((char *)); extern char **bash_default_completion PARAMS((const char *, int, int, int, int)); -void set_directory_hook PARAMS((void)); +extern void set_directory_hook PARAMS((void)); /* Used by programmable completion code. */ extern char *command_word_completion_function PARAMS((const char *, int)); diff --git a/builtins/Makefile.in b/builtins/Makefile.in index 313ea54f6..642878c6c 100644 --- a/builtins/Makefile.in +++ b/builtins/Makefile.in @@ -1,6 +1,6 @@ # This Makefile for building libbuiltins.a is in -*- text -*- for Emacs. # -# Copyright (C) 1996-2021 Free Software Foundation, Inc. +# Copyright (C) 1996-2022 Free Software Foundation, Inc. # This program is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify # it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by @@ -186,20 +186,22 @@ gen-helpfiles: tmpbuiltins.o gen-helpfiles.o $(CC_FOR_BUILD) $(LDFLAGS_FOR_BUILD) -o $@ gen-helpfiles.o tmpbuiltins.o $(LIBS_FOR_BUILD) builtext.h builtins.c: $(MKBUILTINS) $(DEFSRC) - @-if test -f builtins.c; then mv -f builtins.c old-builtins.c; fi - @-if test -f builtext.h; then mv -f builtext.h old-builtext.h; fi - ./$(MKBUILTINS) -externfile builtext.h -structfile builtins.c \ - -noproduction $(DIRECTDEFINE) $(HELPDIRDEFINE) $(HELPSTRINGS) $(DEFSRC) - @-if cmp -s old-builtext.h builtext.h 2>/dev/null; then \ - mv old-builtext.h builtext.h; \ - else \ - $(RM) old-builtext.h; \ - fi - @-if cmp -s old-builtins.c builtins.c 2>/dev/null; then \ - mv old-builtins.c builtins.c; \ - else \ - $(RM) old-builtins.c; \ - fi + @RECPID=$$$$ ; \ + NEW_BUILTEXT=builtext-$$RECPID.h NEW_BUILTINS=builtins-$$RECPID.c ; \ + ./$(MKBUILTINS) -externfile $$NEW_BUILTEXT \ + -includefile builtext.h \ + -structfile $$NEW_BUILTINS \ + -noproduction $(DIRECTDEFINE) $(HELPDIRDEFINE) $(HELPSTRINGS) $(DEFSRC) ; \ + if cmp -s $$NEW_BUILTEXT builtext.h 2>/dev/null; then \ + $(RM) $$NEW_BUILTEXT; \ + else \ + mv $$NEW_BUILTEXT builtext.h; \ + fi ; \ + if cmp -s $$NEW_BUILTINS builtins.c 2>/dev/null; then \ + $(RM) $$NEW_BUILTINS ; \ + else \ + mv $$NEW_BUILTINS builtins.c; \ + fi helpdoc: gen-helpfiles ./gen-helpfiles ${HELPDIRDEFINE} diff --git a/builtins/common.c b/builtins/common.c index 7b80a3c76..19b00c4d0 100644 --- a/builtins/common.c +++ b/builtins/common.c @@ -1024,6 +1024,40 @@ builtin_bind_var_to_int (name, val, flags) return v; } +#if defined (ARRAY_VARS) +SHELL_VAR * +builtin_find_indexed_array (array_name, flags) + char *array_name; + int flags; +{ + SHELL_VAR *entry; + + if ((flags & 2) && legal_identifier (array_name) == 0) + { + sh_invalidid (array_name); + return (SHELL_VAR *)NULL; + } + + entry = find_or_make_array_variable (array_name, 1); + /* With flags argument & 1, find_or_make_array_variable checks for readonly + and noassign variables and prints error messages. */ + if (entry == 0) + return entry; + else if (array_p (entry) == 0) + { + builtin_error (_("%s: not an indexed array"), array_name); + return (SHELL_VAR *)NULL; + } + else if (invisible_p (entry)) + VUNSETATTR (entry, att_invisible); /* no longer invisible */ + + if (flags & 1) + array_flush (array_cell (entry)); + + return entry; +} +#endif /* ARRAY_VARS */ + /* Like check_unbind_variable, but for use by builtins (only matters for error messages). */ int diff --git a/builtins/common.h b/builtins/common.h index 1cec62fc2..f5cd87f08 100644 --- a/builtins/common.h +++ b/builtins/common.h @@ -235,6 +235,7 @@ extern SHELL_VAR *builtin_bind_variable PARAMS((char *, char *, int)); extern SHELL_VAR *builtin_bind_var_to_int PARAMS((char *, intmax_t, int)); extern int builtin_unbind_variable PARAMS((const char *)); +extern SHELL_VAR *builtin_find_indexed_array PARAMS((char *, int)); extern int builtin_arrayref_flags PARAMS((WORD_DESC *, int)); /* variables from evalfile.c */ diff --git a/builtins/evalstring.c b/builtins/evalstring.c index 5088151a6..7023eb320 100644 --- a/builtins/evalstring.c +++ b/builtins/evalstring.c @@ -426,7 +426,7 @@ parse_and_execute (string, from_file, flags) break; } } - + if (parse_command () == 0) { if ((flags & SEVAL_PARSEONLY) || (interactive_shell == 0 && read_but_dont_execute)) @@ -561,6 +561,8 @@ parse_and_execute (string, from_file, flags) throw_to_top_level (); } + CHECK_TERMSIG; + if (should_jump_to_top_level) jump_to_top_level (code); @@ -594,7 +596,6 @@ parse_string (string, from_file, flags, cmdp, endp) sigprocmask (SIG_BLOCK, (sigset_t *)NULL, (sigset_t *)&ps_sigmask); #endif -/*itrace("parse_string: `%s'", string);*/ /* Reset the line number if the caller wants us to. If we don't reset the line number, we have to subtract one, because we will add one just before executing the next command (resetting the line number sets it to diff --git a/builtins/mapfile.def b/builtins/mapfile.def index c17fc5c56..4ddd72338 100644 --- a/builtins/mapfile.def +++ b/builtins/mapfile.def @@ -167,24 +167,9 @@ mapfile (fd, line_count_goal, origin, nskip, callback_quantum, callback, array_n /* The following check should be done before reading any lines. Doing it here allows us to call bind_array_element instead of bind_array_variable and skip the variable lookup on every call. */ - entry = find_or_make_array_variable (array_name, 1); - if (entry == 0 || readonly_p (entry) || noassign_p (entry)) - { - if (entry && readonly_p (entry)) - err_readonly (array_name); - - return (EXECUTION_FAILURE); - } - else if (array_p (entry) == 0) - { - builtin_error (_("%s: not an indexed array"), array_name); - return (EXECUTION_FAILURE); - } - else if (invisible_p (entry)) - VUNSETATTR (entry, att_invisible); /* no longer invisible */ - - if (flags & MAPF_CLEARARRAY) - array_flush (array_cell (entry)); + entry = builtin_find_indexed_array (array_name, flags & MAPF_CLEARARRAY); + if (entry == 0) + return EXECUTION_FAILURE; #ifndef __CYGWIN__ /* If the delimiter is a newline, turn on unbuffered reads for pipes diff --git a/builtins/mkbuiltins.c b/builtins/mkbuiltins.c index f21b76b98..f505ebde1 100644 --- a/builtins/mkbuiltins.c +++ b/builtins/mkbuiltins.c @@ -1,7 +1,7 @@ /* mkbuiltins.c - Create builtins.c, builtext.h, and builtdoc.c from a single source file called builtins.def. */ -/* Copyright (C) 1987-2021 Free Software Foundation, Inc. +/* Copyright (C) 1987-2022 Free Software Foundation, Inc. This file is part of GNU Bash, the Bourne Again SHell. @@ -113,6 +113,12 @@ char *struct_filename = (char *)NULL; /* The name of the external declaration file. */ char *extern_filename = (char *)NULL; +/* The name of the include file to write into the structure file, if it's + different from extern_filename. */ +char *include_filename = (char *)NULL; + +/* The name of the include file to put into the generated struct filename. */ + /* Here is a structure for manipulating arrays of data. */ typedef struct { int size; /* Number of slots allocated to array. */ @@ -241,6 +247,8 @@ main (argc, argv) if (strcmp (arg, "-externfile") == 0) extern_filename = argv[arg_index++]; + else if (strcmp (arg, "-includefile") == 0) + include_filename = argv[arg_index++]; else if (strcmp (arg, "-structfile") == 0) struct_filename = argv[arg_index++]; else if (strcmp (arg, "-noproduction") == 0) @@ -284,6 +292,9 @@ main (argc, argv) } } + if (include_filename == 0) + include_filename = extern_filename; + /* If there are no files to process, just quit now. */ if (arg_index == argc) exit (0); @@ -1125,7 +1136,7 @@ char *structfile_header[] = { "/* This file is manufactured by ./mkbuiltins, and should not be", " edited by hand. See the source to mkbuiltins for details. */", "", - "/* Copyright (C) 1987-2021 Free Software Foundation, Inc.", + "/* Copyright (C) 1987-2022 Free Software Foundation, Inc.", "", " This file is part of GNU Bash, the Bourne Again SHell.", "", @@ -1187,7 +1198,7 @@ write_file_headers (structfile, externfile) fprintf (structfile, "%s\n", structfile_header[i]); fprintf (structfile, "#include \"%s\"\n", - extern_filename ? extern_filename : "builtext.h"); + include_filename ? include_filename : "builtext.h"); fprintf (structfile, "#include \"bashintl.h\"\n"); @@ -1197,7 +1208,7 @@ write_file_headers (structfile, externfile) if (externfile) fprintf (externfile, "/* %s - The list of builtins found in libbuiltins.a. */\n", - extern_filename ? extern_filename : "builtext.h"); + include_filename ? include_filename : "builtext.h"); } /* Write out any necessary closing information for diff --git a/builtins/printf.def b/builtins/printf.def index 251454480..22560991d 100644 --- a/builtins/printf.def +++ b/builtins/printf.def @@ -215,13 +215,16 @@ static uintmax_t getuintmax PARAMS((void)); #if defined (HAVE_LONG_DOUBLE) && HAVE_DECL_STRTOLD && !defined(STRTOLD_BROKEN) typedef long double floatmax_t; +# define USE_LONG_DOUBLE 1 # define FLOATMAX_CONV "L" # define strtofltmax strtold #else typedef double floatmax_t; +# define USE_LONG_DOUBLE 0 # define FLOATMAX_CONV "" # define strtofltmax strtod #endif +static double getdouble PARAMS((void)); static floatmax_t getfloatmax PARAMS((void)); static intmax_t asciicode PARAMS((void)); @@ -247,7 +250,7 @@ printf_builtin (list) WORD_LIST *list; { int ch, fieldwidth, precision; - int have_fieldwidth, have_precision; + int have_fieldwidth, have_precision, use_Lmod; char convch, thisch, nextch, *format, *modstart, *precstart, *fmt, *start; #if defined (HANDLE_MULTIBYTE) char mbch[25]; /* 25 > MB_LEN_MAX, plus can handle 4-byte UTF-8 and large Unicode characters*/ @@ -422,8 +425,12 @@ printf_builtin (list) /* skip possible format modifiers */ modstart = fmt; + use_Lmod = 0; while (*fmt && strchr (LENMODS, *fmt)) - fmt++; + { + use_Lmod |= USE_LONG_DOUBLE && *fmt == 'L'; + fmt++; + } if (*fmt == 0) { @@ -694,11 +701,24 @@ printf_builtin (list) #endif { char *f; - floatmax_t p; - p = getfloatmax (); - f = mklong (start, FLOATMAX_CONV, sizeof(FLOATMAX_CONV) - 1); - PF (f, p); + if (use_Lmod || posixly_correct == 0) + { + floatmax_t p; + + p = getfloatmax (); + f = mklong (start, "L", 1); + PF (f, p); + } + else /* posixly_correct */ + { + double p; + + p = getdouble (); + f = mklong (start, "", 0); + PF (f, p); + } + break; } @@ -1248,6 +1268,33 @@ getuintmax () return (ret); } +static double +getdouble () +{ + double ret; + char *ep; + + if (garglist == 0) + return (0); + + if (garglist->word->word[0] == '\'' || garglist->word->word[0] == '"') + return asciicode (); + + errno = 0; + ret = strtod (garglist->word->word, &ep); + + if (*ep) + { + sh_invalidnum (garglist->word->word); + conversion_error = 1; + } + else if (errno == ERANGE) + printf_erange (garglist->word->word); + + garglist = garglist->next; + return (ret); +} + static floatmax_t getfloatmax () { diff --git a/builtins/read.def b/builtins/read.def index 8c889deb1..3c38bc027 100644 --- a/builtins/read.def +++ b/builtins/read.def @@ -869,28 +869,14 @@ assign_vars: an assign them to `arrayname' in turn. */ if (arrayname) { - if (legal_identifier (arrayname) == 0) - { - sh_invalidid (arrayname); - free (input_string); - return (EXECUTION_FAILURE); - } - - var = find_or_make_array_variable (arrayname, 1); + /* pass 1 for flags arg to clear the existing array + 2 to check for a + valid identifier. */ + var = builtin_find_indexed_array (arrayname, 3); if (var == 0) { free (input_string); return EXECUTION_FAILURE; /* readonly or noassign */ } - if (assoc_p (var)) - { - builtin_error (_("%s: cannot convert associative to indexed array"), arrayname); - free (input_string); - return EXECUTION_FAILURE; /* existing associative array */ - } - else if (invisible_p (var)) - VUNSETATTR (var, att_invisible); - array_flush (array_cell (var)); alist = list_string (input_string, ifs_chars, 0); if (alist) diff --git a/builtins/suspend.def b/builtins/suspend.def index e99fd26b5..4f3a56c9c 100644 --- a/builtins/suspend.def +++ b/builtins/suspend.def @@ -1,7 +1,7 @@ This file is suspend.def, from which is created suspend.c. It implements the builtin "suspend" in Bash. -Copyright (C) 1987-2020 Free Software Foundation, Inc. +Copyright (C) 1987-2022 Free Software Foundation, Inc. This file is part of GNU Bash, the Bourne Again SHell. @@ -27,10 +27,12 @@ $SHORT_DOC suspend [-f] Suspend shell execution. Suspend the execution of this shell until it receives a SIGCONT signal. -Unless forced, login shells cannot be suspended. +Unless forced, login shells and shells without job control cannot be +suspended. Options: - -f force the suspend, even if the shell is a login shell + -f force the suspend, even if the shell is a login shell or job + control is not enabled. Exit Status: Returns success unless job control is not enabled or an error occurs. @@ -96,16 +98,15 @@ suspend_builtin (list) } list = loptend; - - if (job_control == 0) - { - sh_nojobs (_("cannot suspend")); - return (EXECUTION_FAILURE); - } + no_args (list); if (force == 0) { - no_args (list); + if (job_control == 0) + { + sh_nojobs (_("cannot suspend")); + return (EXECUTION_FAILURE); + } if (login_shell) { diff --git a/builtins/wait.def b/builtins/wait.def index 9bde1660e..b066d78d0 100644 --- a/builtins/wait.def +++ b/builtins/wait.def @@ -1,4 +1,4 @@ -This file is wait.def, from which is created wait.c. +'This file is wait.def, from which is created wait.c. It implements the builtin "wait" in Bash. Copyright (C) 1987-2021 Free Software Foundation, Inc. @@ -236,8 +236,12 @@ wait_builtin (list) if (list == 0) { opt = wait_for_background_pids (&pstat); +#if 0 + /* Compatibility with NetBSD sh: don't set VNAME since it doesn't + correspond to the return status. */ if (vname && opt) builtin_bind_var_to_int (vname, pstat.pid, bindflags); +#endif WAIT_RETURN (EXECUTION_SUCCESS); } @@ -255,8 +259,11 @@ wait_builtin (list) { pid = (pid_t)pid_value; status = wait_for_single_pid (pid, wflags|JWAIT_PERROR); - pstat.pid = pid; - pstat.status = status; + /* status > 256 means pid error */ + pstat.pid = (status > 256) ? NO_PID : pid; + pstat.status = (status > 256) ? 127 : status; + if (status > 256) + status = 127; } else { @@ -313,6 +320,9 @@ wait_builtin (list) list = list->next; } + if (vname && pstat.pid != NO_PID) + builtin_bind_var_to_int (vname, pstat.pid, bindflags); + WAIT_RETURN (status); } diff --git a/configure b/configure index 0835ffa43..dbacea7fa 100755 --- a/configure +++ b/configure @@ -1,7 +1,7 @@ #! /bin/sh -# From configure.ac for Bash 5.2, version 5.039. +# From configure.ac for Bash 5.2, version 5.041. # Guess values for system-dependent variables and create Makefiles. -# Generated by GNU Autoconf 2.71 for bash 5.2-beta. +# Generated by GNU Autoconf 2.71 for bash 5.2-rc1. # # Report bugs to . # @@ -612,8 +612,8 @@ MAKEFLAGS= # Identity of this package. PACKAGE_NAME='bash' PACKAGE_TARNAME='bash' -PACKAGE_VERSION='5.2-beta' -PACKAGE_STRING='bash 5.2-beta' +PACKAGE_VERSION='5.2-rc1' +PACKAGE_STRING='bash 5.2-rc1' PACKAGE_BUGREPORT='bug-bash@gnu.org' PACKAGE_URL='' @@ -1467,7 +1467,7 @@ if test "$ac_init_help" = "long"; then # Omit some internal or obsolete options to make the list less imposing. # This message is too long to be a string in the A/UX 3.1 sh. cat <<_ACEOF -\`configure' configures bash 5.2-beta to adapt to many kinds of systems. +\`configure' configures bash 5.2-rc1 to adapt to many kinds of systems. Usage: $0 [OPTION]... [VAR=VALUE]... @@ -1533,7 +1533,7 @@ fi if test -n "$ac_init_help"; then case $ac_init_help in - short | recursive ) echo "Configuration of bash 5.2-beta:";; + short | recursive ) echo "Configuration of bash 5.2-rc1:";; esac cat <<\_ACEOF @@ -1740,7 +1740,7 @@ fi test -n "$ac_init_help" && exit $ac_status if $ac_init_version; then cat <<\_ACEOF -bash configure 5.2-beta +bash configure 5.2-rc1 generated by GNU Autoconf 2.71 Copyright (C) 2021 Free Software Foundation, Inc. @@ -2397,7 +2397,7 @@ cat >config.log <<_ACEOF This file contains any messages produced by compilers while running configure, to aid debugging if configure makes a mistake. -It was created by bash $as_me 5.2-beta, which was +It was created by bash $as_me 5.2-rc1, which was generated by GNU Autoconf 2.71. Invocation command line was $ $0$ac_configure_args_raw @@ -3176,7 +3176,7 @@ ac_config_headers="$ac_config_headers config.h" BASHVERS=5.2 -RELSTATUS=beta +RELSTATUS=rc1 case "$RELSTATUS" in alp*|bet*|dev*|rc*|releng*|maint*) DEBUG='-DDEBUG' MALLOC_DEBUG='-DMALLOC_DEBUG' ;; @@ -6659,6 +6659,11 @@ fi + + + + + # codeset.m4 serial 5 (gettext-0.18.2) @@ -15503,19 +15508,6 @@ else $as_nop ;; esac -fi -ac_fn_c_check_func "$LINENO" "strtoimax" "ac_cv_func_strtoimax" -if test "x$ac_cv_func_strtoimax" = xyes -then : - printf "%s\n" "#define HAVE_STRTOIMAX 1" >>confdefs.h - -else $as_nop - case " $LIBOBJS " in - *" strtoimax.$ac_objext "* ) ;; - *) LIBOBJS="$LIBOBJS strtoimax.$ac_objext" - ;; -esac - fi ac_fn_c_check_func "$LINENO" "strtoumax" "ac_cv_func_strtoumax" if test "x$ac_cv_func_strtoumax" = xyes @@ -15711,15 +15703,6 @@ printf "%s\n" "$bash_cv_strtold_broken" >&6; } fi -ac_fn_check_decl "$LINENO" "strtoimax" "ac_cv_have_decl_strtoimax" "$ac_includes_default" "$ac_c_undeclared_builtin_options" "CFLAGS" -if test "x$ac_cv_have_decl_strtoimax" = xyes -then : - ac_have_decl=1 -else $as_nop - ac_have_decl=0 -fi -printf "%s\n" "#define HAVE_DECL_STRTOIMAX $ac_have_decl" >>confdefs.h - ac_fn_check_decl "$LINENO" "strtol" "ac_cv_have_decl_strtol" "$ac_includes_default" "$ac_c_undeclared_builtin_options" "CFLAGS" if test "x$ac_cv_have_decl_strtol" = xyes then : @@ -20417,6 +20400,60 @@ printf "%s\n" "#define HAVE_VSNPRINTF 0" >>confdefs.h +{ printf "%s\n" "$as_me:${as_lineno-$LINENO}: checking for usable strtoimax" >&5 +printf %s "checking for usable strtoimax... " >&6; } +if test ${bash_cv_func_strtoimax+y} +then : + printf %s "(cached) " >&6 +else $as_nop + + HAVE_STRTOIMAX=0 HAVE_DECL_STRTOIMAX=0 + + ac_fn_c_check_func "$LINENO" "strtoimax" "ac_cv_func_strtoimax" +if test "x$ac_cv_func_strtoimax" = xyes +then : + printf "%s\n" "#define HAVE_STRTOIMAX 1" >>confdefs.h + +fi + + ac_fn_check_decl "$LINENO" "strtoimax" "ac_cv_have_decl_strtoimax" "$ac_includes_default" "$ac_c_undeclared_builtin_options" "CFLAGS" +if test "x$ac_cv_have_decl_strtoimax" = xyes +then : + ac_have_decl=1 +else $as_nop + ac_have_decl=0 +fi +printf "%s\n" "#define HAVE_DECL_STRTOIMAX $ac_have_decl" >>confdefs.h + + + if test "$ac_cv_func_strtoimax" = "yes" ; then + HAVE_STRTOIMAX=1 + fi + if test "$ac_cv_have_decl_strtoimax" = "yes" ; then + HAVE_DECL_STRTOIMAX=1 + fi + + if test "$HAVE_STRTOIMAX" = 0 || test "$HAVE_DECL_STRTOIMAX" = 0 ; then + bash_cv_func_strtoimax=no REPLACE_STRTOIMAX=1 + else + bash_cv_func_strtoimax=yes + fi + +fi + +{ printf "%s\n" "$as_me:${as_lineno-$LINENO}: result: $bash_cv_func_strtoimax" >&5 +printf "%s\n" "$bash_cv_func_strtoimax" >&6; } +if test $bash_cv_func_strtoimax = yes; then +case " $LIBOBJS " in + *" strtoimax.$ac_objext "* ) ;; + *) LIBOBJS="$LIBOBJS strtoimax.$ac_objext" + ;; +esac + +fi + + + if test "$ac_cv_func_putenv" = "yes"; then @@ -21826,7 +21863,7 @@ fi #AC_SUBST(ALLOCA_SOURCE) #AC_SUBST(ALLOCA_OBJECT) -ac_config_files="$ac_config_files Makefile builtins/Makefile lib/readline/Makefile lib/glob/Makefile lib/intl/Makefile lib/malloc/Makefile lib/sh/Makefile lib/termcap/Makefile lib/tilde/Makefile doc/Makefile support/Makefile po/Makefile.in examples/loadables/Makefile examples/loadables/Makefile.inc examples/loadables/perl/Makefile support/bash.pc support/bashbug.sh" +ac_config_files="$ac_config_files Makefile builtins/Makefile lib/readline/Makefile lib/glob/Makefile lib/intl/Makefile lib/malloc/Makefile lib/sh/Makefile lib/termcap/Makefile lib/tilde/Makefile doc/Makefile support/Makefile po/Makefile.in examples/loadables/Makefile examples/loadables/Makefile.inc examples/loadables/Makefile.sample examples/loadables/perl/Makefile support/bash.pc support/bashbug.sh" ac_config_commands="$ac_config_commands stamp-h" @@ -22332,7 +22369,7 @@ cat >>$CONFIG_STATUS <<\_ACEOF || ac_write_fail=1 # report actual input values of CONFIG_FILES etc. instead of their # values after options handling. ac_log=" -This file was extended by bash $as_me 5.2-beta, which was +This file was extended by bash $as_me 5.2-rc1, which was generated by GNU Autoconf 2.71. Invocation command line was CONFIG_FILES = $CONFIG_FILES @@ -22400,7 +22437,7 @@ ac_cs_config_escaped=`printf "%s\n" "$ac_cs_config" | sed "s/^ //; s/'/'\\\\\\\\ cat >>$CONFIG_STATUS <<_ACEOF || ac_write_fail=1 ac_cs_config='$ac_cs_config_escaped' ac_cs_version="\\ -bash config.status 5.2-beta +bash config.status 5.2-rc1 configured by $0, generated by GNU Autoconf 2.71, with options \\"\$ac_cs_config\\" @@ -22549,6 +22586,7 @@ do "po/Makefile.in") CONFIG_FILES="$CONFIG_FILES po/Makefile.in" ;; "examples/loadables/Makefile") CONFIG_FILES="$CONFIG_FILES examples/loadables/Makefile" ;; "examples/loadables/Makefile.inc") CONFIG_FILES="$CONFIG_FILES examples/loadables/Makefile.inc" ;; + "examples/loadables/Makefile.sample") CONFIG_FILES="$CONFIG_FILES examples/loadables/Makefile.sample" ;; "examples/loadables/perl/Makefile") CONFIG_FILES="$CONFIG_FILES examples/loadables/perl/Makefile" ;; "support/bash.pc") CONFIG_FILES="$CONFIG_FILES support/bash.pc" ;; "support/bashbug.sh") CONFIG_FILES="$CONFIG_FILES support/bashbug.sh" ;; diff --git a/configure.ac b/configure.ac index 2cae05e34..417e89a56 100644 --- a/configure.ac +++ b/configure.ac @@ -21,10 +21,10 @@ dnl Process this file with autoconf to produce a configure script. # You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License # along with this program. If not, see . -AC_REVISION([for Bash 5.2, version 5.039])dnl +AC_REVISION([for Bash 5.2, version 5.041])dnl define(bashvers, 5.2) -define(relstatus, beta) +define(relstatus, rc1) AC_INIT([bash], bashvers-relstatus, [bug-bash@gnu.org]) @@ -713,6 +713,8 @@ AC_SUBST(SIZE) m4_include([m4/stat-time.m4]) m4_include([m4/timespec.m4]) +m4_include([m4/strtoimax.m4]) + dnl include files for gettext m4_include([m4/codeset.m4]) @@ -859,7 +861,7 @@ AC_CHECK_FUNCS(arc4random) AC_REPLACE_FUNCS(getcwd memset) AC_REPLACE_FUNCS(strcasecmp strcasestr strerror strftime strnlen strpbrk strstr) -AC_REPLACE_FUNCS(strtod strtol strtoul strtoll strtoull strtoimax strtoumax) +AC_REPLACE_FUNCS(strtod strtol strtoul strtoll strtoull strtoumax) AC_REPLACE_FUNCS(dprintf) AC_REPLACE_FUNCS(strchrnul) AC_REPLACE_FUNCS(strdup) @@ -894,7 +896,6 @@ AC_CHECK_DECLS([strtold], [ fi ]) -AC_CHECK_DECLS(strtoimax) AC_CHECK_DECLS(strtol) AC_CHECK_DECLS(strtoll) AC_CHECK_DECLS(strtoul) @@ -1068,6 +1069,8 @@ BASH_FUNC_STRCOLL BASH_FUNC_SNPRINTF BASH_FUNC_VSNPRINTF +BASH_FUNC_STRTOIMAX + dnl If putenv or unsetenv is not present, set the right define so the dnl prototype and declaration in lib/sh/getenv.c will be standard-conformant @@ -1313,6 +1316,7 @@ AC_CONFIG_FILES([Makefile builtins/Makefile lib/readline/Makefile \ lib/tilde/Makefile doc/Makefile support/Makefile \ po/Makefile.in examples/loadables/Makefile \ examples/loadables/Makefile.inc \ + examples/loadables/Makefile.sample \ examples/loadables/perl/Makefile \ support/bash.pc support/bashbug.sh]) diff --git a/doc/bash.0 b/doc/bash.0 index d39ecf87b..4e3d97bb2 100644 --- a/doc/bash.0 +++ b/doc/bash.0 @@ -191,14 +191,14 @@ IINNVVOOCCAATTIIOONN startup files are read. BBaasshh attempts to determine when it is being run with its standard input - connected to a network connection, as when executed by the remote shell - daemon, usually _r_s_h_d, or the secure shell daemon _s_s_h_d. If bbaasshh deter- - mines it is being run in this fashion, it reads and executes commands - from _~_/_._b_a_s_h_r_c, if that file exists and is readable. It will not do - this if invoked as sshh. The ----nnoorrcc option may be used to inhibit this - behavior, and the ----rrccffiillee option may be used to force another file to - be read, but neither _r_s_h_d nor _s_s_h_d generally invoke the shell with - those options or allow them to be specified. + connected to a network connection, as when executed by the historical + remote shell daemon, usually _r_s_h_d, or the secure shell daemon _s_s_h_d. If + bbaasshh determines it is being run non-interactively in this fashion, it + reads and executes commands from _~_/_._b_a_s_h_r_c, if that file exists and is + readable. It will not do this if invoked as sshh. The ----nnoorrcc option may + be used to inhibit this behavior, and the ----rrccffiillee option may be used + to force another file to be read, but neither _r_s_h_d nor _s_s_h_d generally + invoke the shell with those options or allow them to be specified. If the shell is started with the effective user (group) id not equal to the real user (group) id, and the --pp option is not supplied, no startup @@ -288,12 +288,12 @@ SSHHEELLLL GGRRAAMMMMAARR by the shell and its children. The TTIIMMEEFFOORRMMAATT variable may be used to specify the format of the time information. - Each command in a pipeline is executed in a _s_u_b_s_h_e_l_l, which is a sepa- - rate process. See CCOOMMMMAANNDD EEXXEECCUUTTIIOONN EENNVVIIRROONNMMEENNTT for a description of - subshells and a subshell environment. If the llaassttppiippee option is en- - abled using the sshhoopptt builtin (see the description of sshhoopptt below), the - last element of a pipeline may be run by the shell process when job - control is not active. + Each command in a multi-command pipeline, where pipes are created, is + executed in a _s_u_b_s_h_e_l_l, which is a separate process. See CCOOMMMMAANNDD EEXXEE-- + CCUUTTIIOONN EENNVVIIRROONNMMEENNTT for a description of subshells and a subshell envi- + ronment. If the llaassttppiippee option is enabled using the sshhoopptt builtin + (see the description of sshhoopptt below), the last element of a pipeline + may be run by the shell process when job control is not active. LLiissttss A _l_i_s_t is a sequence of one or more pipelines separated by one of the @@ -415,7 +415,9 @@ SSHHEELLLL GGRRAAMMMMAARR Substrings matched by parenthesized subexpressions within the regular expression are saved in the remaining BBAASSHH__RREEMMAATTCCHH in- dices. The element of BBAASSHH__RREEMMAATTCCHH with index _n is the portion - of the string matching the _nth parenthesized subexpression. + of the string matching the _nth parenthesized subexpression. + Bash sets BBAASSHH__RREEMMAATTCCHH in the global scope; declaring it as a + local variable will lead to unexpected results. Expressions may be combined using the following operators, listed in decreasing order of precedence: @@ -2107,37 +2109,38 @@ EEXXPPAANNSSIIOONN quence and character set, is matched. If the first char- acter following the [[ is a !! or a ^^ then any character not enclosed is matched. The sorting order of characters - in range expressions is determined by the current locale - and the values of the LLCC__CCOOLLLLAATTEE or LLCC__AALLLL shell vari- - ables, if set. To obtain the traditional interpretation - of range expressions, where [[aa--dd]] is equivalent to - [[aabbccdd]], set value of the LLCC__AALLLL shell variable to CC, or - enable the gglloobbaasscciiiirraannggeess shell option. A -- may be - matched by including it as the first or last character in - the set. A ]] may be matched by including it as the first - character in the set. - - Within [[ and ]], _c_h_a_r_a_c_t_e_r _c_l_a_s_s_e_s can be specified using + in range expressions, and the characters included in the + range, are determined by the current locale and the val- + ues of the LLCC__CCOOLLLLAATTEE or LLCC__AALLLL shell variables, if set. + To obtain the traditional interpretation of range expres- + sions, where [[aa--dd]] is equivalent to [[aabbccdd]], set value of + the LLCC__AALLLL shell variable to CC, or enable the gglloobbaassccii-- + iirraannggeess shell option. A -- may be matched by including it + as the first or last character in the set. A ]] may be + matched by including it as the first character in the + set. + + Within [[ and ]], _c_h_a_r_a_c_t_e_r _c_l_a_s_s_e_s can be specified using the syntax [[::_c_l_a_s_s::]], where _c_l_a_s_s is one of the following classes defined in the POSIX standard: - aallnnuumm aallpphhaa aasscciiii bbllaannkk ccnnttrrll ddiiggiitt ggrraapphh lloowweerr pprriinntt + aallnnuumm aallpphhaa aasscciiii bbllaannkk ccnnttrrll ddiiggiitt ggrraapphh lloowweerr pprriinntt ppuunncctt ssppaaccee uuppppeerr wwoorrdd xxddiiggiitt A character class matches any character belonging to that class. The wwoorrdd character class matches letters, digits, and the character _. Within [[ and ]], an _e_q_u_i_v_a_l_e_n_c_e _c_l_a_s_s can be specified us- - ing the syntax [[==_c==]], which matches all characters with - the same collation weight (as defined by the current lo- + ing the syntax [[==_c==]], which matches all characters with + the same collation weight (as defined by the current lo- cale) as the character _c. Within [[ and ]], the syntax [[.._s_y_m_b_o_l..]] matches the collat- ing symbol _s_y_m_b_o_l. - If the eexxttgglloobb shell option is enabled using the sshhoopptt builtin, the - shell recognizes several extended pattern matching operators. In the + If the eexxttgglloobb shell option is enabled using the sshhoopptt builtin, the + shell recognizes several extended pattern matching operators. In the following description, a _p_a_t_t_e_r_n_-_l_i_s_t is a list of one or more patterns - separated by a ||. Composite patterns may be formed using one or more + separated by a ||. Composite patterns may be formed using one or more of the following sub-patterns: ??((_p_a_t_t_e_r_n_-_l_i_s_t)) @@ -2152,78 +2155,78 @@ EEXXPPAANNSSIIOONN Matches anything except one of the given patterns When matching filenames, the ddoottgglloobb shell option determines the set of - filenames that are tested: when ddoottgglloobb is enabled, the set of file- - names includes all files beginning with ``.'', but ``.'' and ``..'' - must be matched by a pattern or sub-pattern that begins with a dot; - when it is disabled, the set does not include any filenames beginning - with ``.'' unless the pattern or sub-pattern begins with a ``.''. As + filenames that are tested: when ddoottgglloobb is enabled, the set of file- + names includes all files beginning with ``.'', but ``.'' and ``..'' + must be matched by a pattern or sub-pattern that begins with a dot; + when it is disabled, the set does not include any filenames beginning + with ``.'' unless the pattern or sub-pattern begins with a ``.''. As above, ``.'' only has a special meaning when matching filenames. Complicated extended pattern matching against long strings is slow, es- pecially when the patterns contain alternations and the strings contain - multiple matches. Using separate matches against shorter strings, or + multiple matches. Using separate matches against shorter strings, or using arrays of strings instead of a single long string, may be faster. QQuuoottee RReemmoovvaall After the preceding expansions, all unquoted occurrences of the charac- - ters \\, '', and "" that did not result from one of the above expansions + ters \\, '', and "" that did not result from one of the above expansions are removed. RREEDDIIRREECCTTIIOONN - Before a command is executed, its input and output may be _r_e_d_i_r_e_c_t_e_d - using a special notation interpreted by the shell. _R_e_d_i_r_e_c_t_i_o_n allows - commands' file handles to be duplicated, opened, closed, made to refer + Before a command is executed, its input and output may be _r_e_d_i_r_e_c_t_e_d + using a special notation interpreted by the shell. _R_e_d_i_r_e_c_t_i_o_n allows + commands' file handles to be duplicated, opened, closed, made to refer to different files, and can change the files the command reads from and - writes to. Redirection may also be used to modify file handles in the - current shell execution environment. The following redirection opera- + writes to. Redirection may also be used to modify file handles in the + current shell execution environment. The following redirection opera- tors may precede or appear anywhere within a _s_i_m_p_l_e _c_o_m_m_a_n_d or may fol- - low a _c_o_m_m_a_n_d. Redirections are processed in the order they appear, + low a _c_o_m_m_a_n_d. Redirections are processed in the order they appear, from left to right. - Each redirection that may be preceded by a file descriptor number may + Each redirection that may be preceded by a file descriptor number may instead be preceded by a word of the form {_v_a_r_n_a_m_e}. In this case, for each redirection operator except >&- and <&-, the shell will allocate a - file descriptor greater than or equal to 10 and assign it to _v_a_r_n_a_m_e. - If >&- or <&- is preceded by {_v_a_r_n_a_m_e}, the value of _v_a_r_n_a_m_e defines - the file descriptor to close. If {_v_a_r_n_a_m_e} is supplied, the redirect- - ion persists beyond the scope of the command, allowing the shell pro- + file descriptor greater than or equal to 10 and assign it to _v_a_r_n_a_m_e. + If >&- or <&- is preceded by {_v_a_r_n_a_m_e}, the value of _v_a_r_n_a_m_e defines + the file descriptor to close. If {_v_a_r_n_a_m_e} is supplied, the redirect- + ion persists beyond the scope of the command, allowing the shell pro- grammer to manage the file descriptor's lifetime manually. The vvaarrrreeddiirr__cclloossee shell option manages this behavior. - In the following descriptions, if the file descriptor number is omit- - ted, and the first character of the redirection operator is <<, the re- - direction refers to the standard input (file descriptor 0). If the - first character of the redirection operator is >>, the redirection + In the following descriptions, if the file descriptor number is omit- + ted, and the first character of the redirection operator is <<, the re- + direction refers to the standard input (file descriptor 0). If the + first character of the redirection operator is >>, the redirection refers to the standard output (file descriptor 1). - The word following the redirection operator in the following descrip- - tions, unless otherwise noted, is subjected to brace expansion, tilde - expansion, parameter and variable expansion, command substitution, - arithmetic expansion, quote removal, pathname expansion, and word + The word following the redirection operator in the following descrip- + tions, unless otherwise noted, is subjected to brace expansion, tilde + expansion, parameter and variable expansion, command substitution, + arithmetic expansion, quote removal, pathname expansion, and word splitting. If it expands to more than one word, bbaasshh reports an error. - Note that the order of redirections is significant. For example, the + Note that the order of redirections is significant. For example, the command ls >> dirlist 2>>&&1 - directs both standard output and standard error to the file _d_i_r_l_i_s_t, + directs both standard output and standard error to the file _d_i_r_l_i_s_t, while the command ls 2>>&&1 >> dirlist - directs only the standard output to file _d_i_r_l_i_s_t, because the standard - error was duplicated from the standard output before the standard out- + directs only the standard output to file _d_i_r_l_i_s_t, because the standard + error was duplicated from the standard output before the standard out- put was redirected to _d_i_r_l_i_s_t. BBaasshh handles several filenames specially when they are used in redirec- tions, as described in the following table. If the operating system on which bbaasshh is running provides these special files, bash will use them; - otherwise it will emulate them internally with the behavior described + otherwise it will emulate them internally with the behavior described below. //ddeevv//ffdd//_f_d - If _f_d is a valid integer, file descriptor _f_d is dupli- + If _f_d is a valid integer, file descriptor _f_d is dupli- cated. //ddeevv//ssttddiinn File descriptor 0 is duplicated. @@ -2233,22 +2236,22 @@ RREEDDIIRREECCTTIIOONN File descriptor 2 is duplicated. //ddeevv//ttccpp//_h_o_s_t//_p_o_r_t If _h_o_s_t is a valid hostname or Internet address, and _p_o_r_t - is an integer port number or service name, bbaasshh attempts + is an integer port number or service name, bbaasshh attempts to open the corresponding TCP socket. //ddeevv//uuddpp//_h_o_s_t//_p_o_r_t If _h_o_s_t is a valid hostname or Internet address, and _p_o_r_t - is an integer port number or service name, bbaasshh attempts + is an integer port number or service name, bbaasshh attempts to open the corresponding UDP socket. A failure to open or create a file causes the redirection to fail. - Redirections using file descriptors greater than 9 should be used with - care, as they may conflict with file descriptors the shell uses inter- + Redirections using file descriptors greater than 9 should be used with + care, as they may conflict with file descriptors the shell uses inter- nally. RReeddiirreeccttiinngg IInnppuutt Redirection of input causes the file whose name results from the expan- - sion of _w_o_r_d to be opened for reading on file descriptor _n, or the + sion of _w_o_r_d to be opened for reading on file descriptor _n, or the standard input (file descriptor 0) if _n is not specified. The general format for redirecting input is: @@ -2256,27 +2259,27 @@ RREEDDIIRREECCTTIIOONN [_n]<<_w_o_r_d RReeddiirreeccttiinngg OOuuttppuutt - Redirection of output causes the file whose name results from the ex- - pansion of _w_o_r_d to be opened for writing on file descriptor _n, or the + Redirection of output causes the file whose name results from the ex- + pansion of _w_o_r_d to be opened for writing on file descriptor _n, or the standard output (file descriptor 1) if _n is not specified. If the file - does not exist it is created; if it does exist it is truncated to zero + does not exist it is created; if it does exist it is truncated to zero size. The general format for redirecting output is: [_n]>>_w_o_r_d - If the redirection operator is >>, and the nnoocclloobbbbeerr option to the sseett - builtin has been enabled, the redirection will fail if the file whose - name results from the expansion of _w_o_r_d exists and is a regular file. + If the redirection operator is >>, and the nnoocclloobbbbeerr option to the sseett + builtin has been enabled, the redirection will fail if the file whose + name results from the expansion of _w_o_r_d exists and is a regular file. If the redirection operator is >>||, or the redirection operator is >> and the nnoocclloobbbbeerr option to the sseett builtin command is not enabled, the re- direction is attempted even if the file named by _w_o_r_d exists. AAppppeennddiinngg RReeddiirreecctteedd OOuuttppuutt - Redirection of output in this fashion causes the file whose name re- + Redirection of output in this fashion causes the file whose name re- sults from the expansion of _w_o_r_d to be opened for appending on file de- - scriptor _n, or the standard output (file descriptor 1) if _n is not + scriptor _n, or the standard output (file descriptor 1) if _n is not specified. If the file does not exist it is created. The general format for appending output is: @@ -2284,11 +2287,11 @@ RREEDDIIRREECCTTIIOONN [_n]>>>>_w_o_r_d RReeddiirreeccttiinngg SSttaannddaarrdd OOuuttppuutt aanndd SSttaannddaarrdd EErrrroorr - This construct allows both the standard output (file descriptor 1) and - the standard error output (file descriptor 2) to be redirected to the + This construct allows both the standard output (file descriptor 1) and + the standard error output (file descriptor 2) to be redirected to the file whose name is the expansion of _w_o_r_d. - There are two formats for redirecting standard output and standard er- + There are two formats for redirecting standard output and standard er- ror: &&>>_w_o_r_d @@ -2300,13 +2303,13 @@ RREEDDIIRREECCTTIIOONN >>_w_o_r_d 2>>&&1 - When using the second form, _w_o_r_d may not expand to a number or --. If - it does, other redirection operators apply (see DDuupplliiccaattiinngg FFiillee DDee-- + When using the second form, _w_o_r_d may not expand to a number or --. If + it does, other redirection operators apply (see DDuupplliiccaattiinngg FFiillee DDee-- ssccrriippttoorrss below) for compatibility reasons. AAppppeennddiinngg SSttaannddaarrdd OOuuttppuutt aanndd SSttaannddaarrdd EErrrroorr - This construct allows both the standard output (file descriptor 1) and - the standard error output (file descriptor 2) to be appended to the + This construct allows both the standard output (file descriptor 1) and + the standard error output (file descriptor 2) to be appended to the file whose name is the expansion of _w_o_r_d. The format for appending standard output and standard error is: @@ -2320,10 +2323,10 @@ RREEDDIIRREECCTTIIOONN (see DDuupplliiccaattiinngg FFiillee DDeessccrriippttoorrss below). HHeerree DDooccuummeennttss - This type of redirection instructs the shell to read input from the + This type of redirection instructs the shell to read input from the current source until a line containing only _d_e_l_i_m_i_t_e_r (with no trailing - blanks) is seen. All of the lines read up to that point are then used - as the standard input (or file descriptor _n if _n is specified) for a + blanks) is seen. All of the lines read up to that point are then used + as the standard input (or file descriptor _n if _n is specified) for a command. The format of here-documents is: @@ -2332,18 +2335,18 @@ RREEDDIIRREECCTTIIOONN _h_e_r_e_-_d_o_c_u_m_e_n_t _d_e_l_i_m_i_t_e_r - No parameter and variable expansion, command substitution, arithmetic - expansion, or pathname expansion is performed on _w_o_r_d. If any part of - _w_o_r_d is quoted, the _d_e_l_i_m_i_t_e_r is the result of quote removal on _w_o_r_d, - and the lines in the here-document are not expanded. If _w_o_r_d is un- - quoted, all lines of the here-document are subjected to parameter ex- - pansion, command substitution, and arithmetic expansion, the character + No parameter and variable expansion, command substitution, arithmetic + expansion, or pathname expansion is performed on _w_o_r_d. If any part of + _w_o_r_d is quoted, the _d_e_l_i_m_i_t_e_r is the result of quote removal on _w_o_r_d, + and the lines in the here-document are not expanded. If _w_o_r_d is un- + quoted, all lines of the here-document are subjected to parameter ex- + pansion, command substitution, and arithmetic expansion, the character sequence \\<> is ignored, and \\ must be used to quote the charac- ters \\, $$, and ``. If the redirection operator is <<<<--, then all leading tab characters are - stripped from input lines and the line containing _d_e_l_i_m_i_t_e_r. This al- - lows here-documents within shell scripts to be indented in a natural + stripped from input lines and the line containing _d_e_l_i_m_i_t_e_r. This al- + lows here-documents within shell scripts to be indented in a natural fashion. HHeerree SSttrriinnggss @@ -2351,9 +2354,9 @@ RREEDDIIRREECCTTIIOONN [_n]<<<<<<_w_o_r_d - The _w_o_r_d undergoes tilde expansion, parameter and variable expansion, - command substitution, arithmetic expansion, and quote removal. Path- - name expansion and word splitting are not performed. The result is + The _w_o_r_d undergoes tilde expansion, parameter and variable expansion, + command substitution, arithmetic expansion, and quote removal. Path- + name expansion and word splitting are not performed. The result is supplied as a single string, with a newline appended, to the command on its standard input (or file descriptor _n if _n is specified). @@ -2363,8 +2366,8 @@ RREEDDIIRREECCTTIIOONN [_n]<<&&_w_o_r_d is used to duplicate input file descriptors. If _w_o_r_d expands to one or - more digits, the file descriptor denoted by _n is made to be a copy of - that file descriptor. If the digits in _w_o_r_d do not specify a file de- + more digits, the file descriptor denoted by _n is made to be a copy of + that file descriptor. If the digits in _w_o_r_d do not specify a file de- scriptor open for input, a redirection error occurs. If _w_o_r_d evaluates to --, file descriptor _n is closed. If _n is not specified, the standard input (file descriptor 0) is used. @@ -2373,12 +2376,12 @@ RREEDDIIRREECCTTIIOONN [_n]>>&&_w_o_r_d - is used similarly to duplicate output file descriptors. If _n is not - specified, the standard output (file descriptor 1) is used. If the - digits in _w_o_r_d do not specify a file descriptor open for output, a re- - direction error occurs. If _w_o_r_d evaluates to --, file descriptor _n is - closed. As a special case, if _n is omitted, and _w_o_r_d does not expand - to one or more digits or --, the standard output and standard error are + is used similarly to duplicate output file descriptors. If _n is not + specified, the standard output (file descriptor 1) is used. If the + digits in _w_o_r_d do not specify a file descriptor open for output, a re- + direction error occurs. If _w_o_r_d evaluates to --, file descriptor _n is + closed. As a special case, if _n is omitted, and _w_o_r_d does not expand + to one or more digits or --, the standard output and standard error are redirected as described previously. MMoovviinngg FFiillee DDeessccrriippttoorrss @@ -2386,7 +2389,7 @@ RREEDDIIRREECCTTIIOONN [_n]<<&&_d_i_g_i_t-- - moves the file descriptor _d_i_g_i_t to file descriptor _n, or the standard + moves the file descriptor _d_i_g_i_t to file descriptor _n, or the standard input (file descriptor 0) if _n is not specified. _d_i_g_i_t is closed after being duplicated to _n. @@ -2394,7 +2397,7 @@ RREEDDIIRREECCTTIIOONN [_n]>>&&_d_i_g_i_t-- - moves the file descriptor _d_i_g_i_t to file descriptor _n, or the standard + moves the file descriptor _d_i_g_i_t to file descriptor _n, or the standard output (file descriptor 1) if _n is not specified. OOppeenniinngg FFiillee DDeessccrriippttoorrss ffoorr RReeaaddiinngg aanndd WWrriittiinngg @@ -2402,153 +2405,153 @@ RREEDDIIRREECCTTIIOONN [_n]<<>>_w_o_r_d - causes the file whose name is the expansion of _w_o_r_d to be opened for - both reading and writing on file descriptor _n, or on file descriptor 0 + causes the file whose name is the expansion of _w_o_r_d to be opened for + both reading and writing on file descriptor _n, or on file descriptor 0 if _n is not specified. If the file does not exist, it is created. AALLIIAASSEESS - _A_l_i_a_s_e_s allow a string to be substituted for a word when it is used as - the first word of a simple command. The shell maintains a list of - aliases that may be set and unset with the aalliiaass and uunnaalliiaass builtin - commands (see SSHHEELLLL BBUUIILLTTIINN CCOOMMMMAANNDDSS below). The first word of each - simple command, if unquoted, is checked to see if it has an alias. If - so, that word is replaced by the text of the alias. The characters //, - $$, ``, and == and any of the shell _m_e_t_a_c_h_a_r_a_c_t_e_r_s or quoting characters + _A_l_i_a_s_e_s allow a string to be substituted for a word when it is used as + the first word of a simple command. The shell maintains a list of + aliases that may be set and unset with the aalliiaass and uunnaalliiaass builtin + commands (see SSHHEELLLL BBUUIILLTTIINN CCOOMMMMAANNDDSS below). The first word of each + simple command, if unquoted, is checked to see if it has an alias. If + so, that word is replaced by the text of the alias. The characters //, + $$, ``, and == and any of the shell _m_e_t_a_c_h_a_r_a_c_t_e_r_s or quoting characters listed above may not appear in an alias name. The replacement text may - contain any valid shell input, including shell metacharacters. The - first word of the replacement text is tested for aliases, but a word - that is identical to an alias being expanded is not expanded a second - time. This means that one may alias llss to llss --FF, for instance, and - bbaasshh does not try to recursively expand the replacement text. If the - last character of the alias value is a _b_l_a_n_k, then the next command + contain any valid shell input, including shell metacharacters. The + first word of the replacement text is tested for aliases, but a word + that is identical to an alias being expanded is not expanded a second + time. This means that one may alias llss to llss --FF, for instance, and + bbaasshh does not try to recursively expand the replacement text. If the + last character of the alias value is a _b_l_a_n_k, then the next command word following the alias is also checked for alias expansion. Aliases are created and listed with the aalliiaass command, and removed with the uunnaalliiaass command. - There is no mechanism for using arguments in the replacement text. If + There is no mechanism for using arguments in the replacement text. If arguments are needed, use a shell function (see FFUUNNCCTTIIOONNSS below). - Aliases are not expanded when the shell is not interactive, unless the - eexxppaanndd__aalliiaasseess shell option is set using sshhoopptt (see the description of + Aliases are not expanded when the shell is not interactive, unless the + eexxppaanndd__aalliiaasseess shell option is set using sshhoopptt (see the description of sshhoopptt under SSHHEELLLL BBUUIILLTTIINN CCOOMMMMAANNDDSS below). - The rules concerning the definition and use of aliases are somewhat - confusing. BBaasshh always reads at least one complete line of input, and - all lines that make up a compound command, before executing any of the - commands on that line or the compound command. Aliases are expanded - when a command is read, not when it is executed. Therefore, an alias - definition appearing on the same line as another command does not take - effect until the next line of input is read. The commands following - the alias definition on that line are not affected by the new alias. - This behavior is also an issue when functions are executed. Aliases - are expanded when a function definition is read, not when the function - is executed, because a function definition is itself a command. As a - consequence, aliases defined in a function are not available until af- - ter that function is executed. To be safe, always put alias defini- + The rules concerning the definition and use of aliases are somewhat + confusing. BBaasshh always reads at least one complete line of input, and + all lines that make up a compound command, before executing any of the + commands on that line or the compound command. Aliases are expanded + when a command is read, not when it is executed. Therefore, an alias + definition appearing on the same line as another command does not take + effect until the next line of input is read. The commands following + the alias definition on that line are not affected by the new alias. + This behavior is also an issue when functions are executed. Aliases + are expanded when a function definition is read, not when the function + is executed, because a function definition is itself a command. As a + consequence, aliases defined in a function are not available until af- + ter that function is executed. To be safe, always put alias defini- tions on a separate line, and do not use aalliiaass in compound commands. For almost every purpose, aliases are superseded by shell functions. FFUUNNCCTTIIOONNSS - A shell function, defined as described above under SSHHEELLLL GGRRAAMMMMAARR, - stores a series of commands for later execution. When the name of a - shell function is used as a simple command name, the list of commands + A shell function, defined as described above under SSHHEELLLL GGRRAAMMMMAARR, + stores a series of commands for later execution. When the name of a + shell function is used as a simple command name, the list of commands associated with that function name is executed. Functions are executed - in the context of the current shell; no new process is created to in- - terpret them (contrast this with the execution of a shell script). - When a function is executed, the arguments to the function become the + in the context of the current shell; no new process is created to in- + terpret them (contrast this with the execution of a shell script). + When a function is executed, the arguments to the function become the positional parameters during its execution. The special parameter ## is - updated to reflect the change. Special parameter 00 is unchanged. The - first element of the FFUUNNCCNNAAMMEE variable is set to the name of the func- + updated to reflect the change. Special parameter 00 is unchanged. The + first element of the FFUUNNCCNNAAMMEE variable is set to the name of the func- tion while the function is executing. - All other aspects of the shell execution environment are identical be- - tween a function and its caller with these exceptions: the DDEEBBUUGG and - RREETTUURRNN traps (see the description of the ttrraapp builtin under SSHHEELLLL - BBUUIILLTTIINN CCOOMMMMAANNDDSS below) are not inherited unless the function has been - given the ttrraaccee attribute (see the description of the ddeeccllaarree builtin - below) or the --oo ffuunnccttrraaccee shell option has been enabled with the sseett - builtin (in which case all functions inherit the DDEEBBUUGG and RREETTUURRNN - traps), and the EERRRR trap is not inherited unless the --oo eerrrrttrraaccee shell + All other aspects of the shell execution environment are identical be- + tween a function and its caller with these exceptions: the DDEEBBUUGG and + RREETTUURRNN traps (see the description of the ttrraapp builtin under SSHHEELLLL + BBUUIILLTTIINN CCOOMMMMAANNDDSS below) are not inherited unless the function has been + given the ttrraaccee attribute (see the description of the ddeeccllaarree builtin + below) or the --oo ffuunnccttrraaccee shell option has been enabled with the sseett + builtin (in which case all functions inherit the DDEEBBUUGG and RREETTUURRNN + traps), and the EERRRR trap is not inherited unless the --oo eerrrrttrraaccee shell option has been enabled. - Variables local to the function may be declared with the llooccaall builtin - command (_l_o_c_a_l _v_a_r_i_a_b_l_e_s). Ordinarily, variables and their values are - shared between the function and its caller. If a variable is declared - llooccaall, the variable's visible scope is restricted to that function and + Variables local to the function may be declared with the llooccaall builtin + command (_l_o_c_a_l _v_a_r_i_a_b_l_e_s). Ordinarily, variables and their values are + shared between the function and its caller. If a variable is declared + llooccaall, the variable's visible scope is restricted to that function and its children (including the functions it calls). In the following description, the _c_u_r_r_e_n_t _s_c_o_p_e is a currently- execut- ing function. Previous scopes consist of that function's caller and so - on, back to the "global" scope, where the shell is not executing any + on, back to the "global" scope, where the shell is not executing any shell function. Consequently, a local variable at the current scope is a variable declared using the llooccaall or ddeeccllaarree builtins in the function that is currently executing. - Local variables "shadow" variables with the same name declared at pre- - vious scopes. For instance, a local variable declared in a function - hides a global variable of the same name: references and assignments - refer to the local variable, leaving the global variable unmodified. + Local variables "shadow" variables with the same name declared at pre- + vious scopes. For instance, a local variable declared in a function + hides a global variable of the same name: references and assignments + refer to the local variable, leaving the global variable unmodified. When the function returns, the global variable is once again visible. - The shell uses _d_y_n_a_m_i_c _s_c_o_p_i_n_g to control a variable's visibility - within functions. With dynamic scoping, visible variables and their - values are a result of the sequence of function calls that caused exe- - cution to reach the current function. The value of a variable that a - function sees depends on its value within its caller, if any, whether - that caller is the "global" scope or another shell function. This is - also the value that a local variable declaration "shadows", and the + The shell uses _d_y_n_a_m_i_c _s_c_o_p_i_n_g to control a variable's visibility + within functions. With dynamic scoping, visible variables and their + values are a result of the sequence of function calls that caused exe- + cution to reach the current function. The value of a variable that a + function sees depends on its value within its caller, if any, whether + that caller is the "global" scope or another shell function. This is + also the value that a local variable declaration "shadows", and the value that is restored when the function returns. - For example, if a variable _v_a_r is declared as local in function _f_u_n_c_1, - and _f_u_n_c_1 calls another function _f_u_n_c_2, references to _v_a_r made from + For example, if a variable _v_a_r is declared as local in function _f_u_n_c_1, + and _f_u_n_c_1 calls another function _f_u_n_c_2, references to _v_a_r made from within _f_u_n_c_2 will resolve to the local variable _v_a_r from _f_u_n_c_1, shadow- ing any global variable named _v_a_r. The uunnsseett builtin also acts using the same dynamic scope: if a variable is local to the current scope, uunnsseett will unset it; otherwise the unset - will refer to the variable found in any calling scope as described - above. If a variable at the current local scope is unset, it will re- - main so (appearing as unset) until it is reset in that scope or until - the function returns. Once the function returns, any instance of the + will refer to the variable found in any calling scope as described + above. If a variable at the current local scope is unset, it will re- + main so (appearing as unset) until it is reset in that scope or until + the function returns. Once the function returns, any instance of the variable at a previous scope will become visible. If the unset acts on - a variable at a previous scope, any instance of a variable with that - name that had been shadowed will become visible (see below how the lloo-- + a variable at a previous scope, any instance of a variable with that + name that had been shadowed will become visible (see below how the lloo-- ccaallvvaarr__uunnsseett shell option changes this behavior). - The FFUUNNCCNNEESSTT variable, if set to a numeric value greater than 0, de- - fines a maximum function nesting level. Function invocations that ex- + The FFUUNNCCNNEESSTT variable, if set to a numeric value greater than 0, de- + fines a maximum function nesting level. Function invocations that ex- ceed the limit cause the entire command to abort. - If the builtin command rreettuurrnn is executed in a function, the function - completes and execution resumes with the next command after the func- + If the builtin command rreettuurrnn is executed in a function, the function + completes and execution resumes with the next command after the func- tion call. Any command associated with the RREETTUURRNN trap is executed be- - fore execution resumes. When a function completes, the values of the - positional parameters and the special parameter ## are restored to the + fore execution resumes. When a function completes, the values of the + positional parameters and the special parameter ## are restored to the values they had prior to the function's execution. - Function names and definitions may be listed with the --ff option to the + Function names and definitions may be listed with the --ff option to the ddeeccllaarree or ttyyppeesseett builtin commands. The --FF option to ddeeccllaarree or ttyyppee-- - sseett will list the function names only (and optionally the source file - and line number, if the eexxttddeebbuugg shell option is enabled). Functions - may be exported so that child shell processes (those created when exe- - cuting a separate shell invocation) automatically have them defined + sseett will list the function names only (and optionally the source file + and line number, if the eexxttddeebbuugg shell option is enabled). Functions + may be exported so that child shell processes (those created when exe- + cuting a separate shell invocation) automatically have them defined with the --ff option to the eexxppoorrtt builtin. A function definition may be deleted using the --ff option to the uunnsseett builtin. Functions may be recursive. The FFUUNNCCNNEESSTT variable may be used to limit - the depth of the function call stack and restrict the number of func- + the depth of the function call stack and restrict the number of func- tion invocations. By default, no limit is imposed on the number of re- cursive calls. AARRIITTHHMMEETTIICC EEVVAALLUUAATTIIOONN - The shell allows arithmetic expressions to be evaluated, under certain - circumstances (see the lleett and ddeeccllaarree builtin commands, the (((( com- + The shell allows arithmetic expressions to be evaluated, under certain + circumstances (see the lleett and ddeeccllaarree builtin commands, the (((( com- pound command, and AArriitthhmmeettiicc EExxppaannssiioonn). Evaluation is done in fixed- - width integers with no check for overflow, though division by 0 is - trapped and flagged as an error. The operators and their precedence, - associativity, and values are the same as in the C language. The fol- + width integers with no check for overflow, though division by 0 is + trapped and flagged as an error. The operators and their precedence, + associativity, and values are the same as in the C language. The fol- lowing list of operators is grouped into levels of equal-precedence op- erators. The levels are listed in order of decreasing precedence. @@ -2577,55 +2580,55 @@ AARRIITTHHMMEETTIICC EEVVAALLUUAATTIIOONN _e_x_p_r_1 ,, _e_x_p_r_2 comma - Shell variables are allowed as operands; parameter expansion is per- + Shell variables are allowed as operands; parameter expansion is per- formed before the expression is evaluated. Within an expression, shell - variables may also be referenced by name without using the parameter - expansion syntax. A shell variable that is null or unset evaluates to + variables may also be referenced by name without using the parameter + expansion syntax. A shell variable that is null or unset evaluates to 0 when referenced by name without using the parameter expansion syntax. - The value of a variable is evaluated as an arithmetic expression when - it is referenced, or when a variable which has been given the _i_n_t_e_g_e_r + The value of a variable is evaluated as an arithmetic expression when + it is referenced, or when a variable which has been given the _i_n_t_e_g_e_r attribute using ddeeccllaarree --ii is assigned a value. A null value evaluates - to 0. A shell variable need not have its _i_n_t_e_g_e_r attribute turned on + to 0. A shell variable need not have its _i_n_t_e_g_e_r attribute turned on to be used in an expression. Integer constants follow the C language definition, without suffixes or character constants. Constants with a leading 0 are interpreted as oc- - tal numbers. A leading 0x or 0X denotes hexadecimal. Otherwise, num- - bers take the form [_b_a_s_e_#]n, where the optional _b_a_s_e is a decimal num- - ber between 2 and 64 representing the arithmetic base, and _n is a num- - ber in that base. If _b_a_s_e_# is omitted, then base 10 is used. When + tal numbers. A leading 0x or 0X denotes hexadecimal. Otherwise, num- + bers take the form [_b_a_s_e_#]n, where the optional _b_a_s_e is a decimal num- + ber between 2 and 64 representing the arithmetic base, and _n is a num- + ber in that base. If _b_a_s_e_# is omitted, then base 10 is used. When specifying _n, if a non-digit is required, the digits greater than 9 are - represented by the lowercase letters, the uppercase letters, @, and _, - in that order. If _b_a_s_e is less than or equal to 36, lowercase and up- - percase letters may be used interchangeably to represent numbers be- + represented by the lowercase letters, the uppercase letters, @, and _, + in that order. If _b_a_s_e is less than or equal to 36, lowercase and up- + percase letters may be used interchangeably to represent numbers be- tween 10 and 35. - Operators are evaluated in order of precedence. Sub-expressions in - parentheses are evaluated first and may override the precedence rules + Operators are evaluated in order of precedence. Sub-expressions in + parentheses are evaluated first and may override the precedence rules above. CCOONNDDIITTIIOONNAALL EEXXPPRREESSSSIIOONNSS - Conditional expressions are used by the [[[[ compound command and the - tteesstt and [[ builtin commands to test file attributes and perform string - and arithmetic comparisons. The tteesstt and [[ commands determine their - behavior based on the number of arguments; see the descriptions of + Conditional expressions are used by the [[[[ compound command and the + tteesstt and [[ builtin commands to test file attributes and perform string + and arithmetic comparisons. The tteesstt and [[ commands determine their + behavior based on the number of arguments; see the descriptions of those commands for any other command-specific actions. - Expressions are formed from the following unary or binary primaries. - BBaasshh handles several filenames specially when they are used in expres- + Expressions are formed from the following unary or binary primaries. + BBaasshh handles several filenames specially when they are used in expres- sions. If the operating system on which bbaasshh is running provides these - special files, bash will use them; otherwise it will emulate them in- - ternally with this behavior: If any _f_i_l_e argument to one of the pri- + special files, bash will use them; otherwise it will emulate them in- + ternally with this behavior: If any _f_i_l_e argument to one of the pri- maries is of the form _/_d_e_v_/_f_d_/_n, then file descriptor _n is checked. If - the _f_i_l_e argument to one of the primaries is one of _/_d_e_v_/_s_t_d_i_n, - _/_d_e_v_/_s_t_d_o_u_t, or _/_d_e_v_/_s_t_d_e_r_r, file descriptor 0, 1, or 2, respectively, + the _f_i_l_e argument to one of the primaries is one of _/_d_e_v_/_s_t_d_i_n, + _/_d_e_v_/_s_t_d_o_u_t, or _/_d_e_v_/_s_t_d_e_r_r, file descriptor 0, 1, or 2, respectively, is checked. Unless otherwise specified, primaries that operate on files follow sym- bolic links and operate on the target of the link, rather than the link itself. - When used with [[[[, the << and >> operators sort lexicographically using + When used with [[[[, the << and >> operators sort lexicographically using the current locale. The tteesstt command sorts using ASCII ordering. --aa _f_i_l_e @@ -2664,30 +2667,30 @@ CCOONNDDIITTIIOONNAALL EEXXPPRREESSSSIIOONNSS --LL _f_i_l_e True if _f_i_l_e exists and is a symbolic link. --NN _f_i_l_e - True if _f_i_l_e exists and has been modified since it was last + True if _f_i_l_e exists and has been modified since it was last read. --OO _f_i_l_e True if _f_i_l_e exists and is owned by the effective user id. --SS _f_i_l_e True if _f_i_l_e exists and is a socket. _f_i_l_e_1 --eeff _f_i_l_e_2 - True if _f_i_l_e_1 and _f_i_l_e_2 refer to the same device and inode num- + True if _f_i_l_e_1 and _f_i_l_e_2 refer to the same device and inode num- bers. _f_i_l_e_1 -nntt _f_i_l_e_2 - True if _f_i_l_e_1 is newer (according to modification date) than + True if _f_i_l_e_1 is newer (according to modification date) than _f_i_l_e_2, or if _f_i_l_e_1 exists and _f_i_l_e_2 does not. _f_i_l_e_1 -oott _f_i_l_e_2 - True if _f_i_l_e_1 is older than _f_i_l_e_2, or if _f_i_l_e_2 exists and _f_i_l_e_1 + True if _f_i_l_e_1 is older than _f_i_l_e_2, or if _f_i_l_e_2 exists and _f_i_l_e_1 does not. --oo _o_p_t_n_a_m_e - True if the shell option _o_p_t_n_a_m_e is enabled. See the list of - options under the description of the --oo option to the sseett + True if the shell option _o_p_t_n_a_m_e is enabled. See the list of + options under the description of the --oo option to the sseett builtin below. --vv _v_a_r_n_a_m_e - True if the shell variable _v_a_r_n_a_m_e is set (has been assigned a + True if the shell variable _v_a_r_n_a_m_e is set (has been assigned a value). --RR _v_a_r_n_a_m_e - True if the shell variable _v_a_r_n_a_m_e is set and is a name refer- + True if the shell variable _v_a_r_n_a_m_e is set and is a name refer- ence. --zz _s_t_r_i_n_g True if the length of _s_t_r_i_n_g is zero. @@ -2697,8 +2700,8 @@ CCOONNDDIITTIIOONNAALL EEXXPPRREESSSSIIOONNSS _s_t_r_i_n_g_1 ==== _s_t_r_i_n_g_2 _s_t_r_i_n_g_1 == _s_t_r_i_n_g_2 - True if the strings are equal. == should be used with the tteesstt - command for POSIX conformance. When used with the [[[[ command, + True if the strings are equal. == should be used with the tteesstt + command for POSIX conformance. When used with the [[[[ command, this performs pattern matching as described above (CCoommppoouunndd CCoomm-- mmaannddss). @@ -2712,113 +2715,113 @@ CCOONNDDIITTIIOONNAALL EEXXPPRREESSSSIIOONNSS True if _s_t_r_i_n_g_1 sorts after _s_t_r_i_n_g_2 lexicographically. _a_r_g_1 OOPP _a_r_g_2 - OOPP is one of --eeqq, --nnee, --lltt, --llee, --ggtt, or --ggee. These arithmetic - binary operators return true if _a_r_g_1 is equal to, not equal to, - less than, less than or equal to, greater than, or greater than - or equal to _a_r_g_2, respectively. _A_r_g_1 and _a_r_g_2 may be positive - or negative integers. When used with the [[[[ command, _A_r_g_1 and - _A_r_g_2 are evaluated as arithmetic expressions (see AARRIITTHHMMEETTIICC + OOPP is one of --eeqq, --nnee, --lltt, --llee, --ggtt, or --ggee. These arithmetic + binary operators return true if _a_r_g_1 is equal to, not equal to, + less than, less than or equal to, greater than, or greater than + or equal to _a_r_g_2, respectively. _A_r_g_1 and _a_r_g_2 may be positive + or negative integers. When used with the [[[[ command, _A_r_g_1 and + _A_r_g_2 are evaluated as arithmetic expressions (see AARRIITTHHMMEETTIICC EEVVAALLUUAATTIIOONN above). SSIIMMPPLLEE CCOOMMMMAANNDD EEXXPPAANNSSIIOONN When a simple command is executed, the shell performs the following ex- - pansions, assignments, and redirections, from left to right, in the + pansions, assignments, and redirections, from left to right, in the following order. - 1. The words that the parser has marked as variable assignments - (those preceding the command name) and redirections are saved + 1. The words that the parser has marked as variable assignments + (those preceding the command name) and redirections are saved for later processing. - 2. The words that are not variable assignments or redirections are - expanded. If any words remain after expansion, the first word - is taken to be the name of the command and the remaining words + 2. The words that are not variable assignments or redirections are + expanded. If any words remain after expansion, the first word + is taken to be the name of the command and the remaining words are the arguments. 3. Redirections are performed as described above under RREEDDIIRREECCTTIIOONN. 4. The text after the == in each variable assignment undergoes tilde expansion, parameter expansion, command substitution, arithmetic - expansion, and quote removal before being assigned to the vari- + expansion, and quote removal before being assigned to the vari- able. If no command name results, the variable assignments affect the current - shell environment. In the case of such a command (one that consists - only of assignment statements and redirections), assignment statements - are performed before redirections. Otherwise, the variables are added - to the environment of the executed command and do not affect the cur- + shell environment. In the case of such a command (one that consists + only of assignment statements and redirections), assignment statements + are performed before redirections. Otherwise, the variables are added + to the environment of the executed command and do not affect the cur- rent shell environment. If any of the assignments attempts to assign a - value to a readonly variable, an error occurs, and the command exits + value to a readonly variable, an error occurs, and the command exits with a non-zero status. - If no command name results, redirections are performed, but do not af- - fect the current shell environment. A redirection error causes the + If no command name results, redirections are performed, but do not af- + fect the current shell environment. A redirection error causes the command to exit with a non-zero status. - If there is a command name left after expansion, execution proceeds as - described below. Otherwise, the command exits. If one of the expan- - sions contained a command substitution, the exit status of the command - is the exit status of the last command substitution performed. If + If there is a command name left after expansion, execution proceeds as + described below. Otherwise, the command exits. If one of the expan- + sions contained a command substitution, the exit status of the command + is the exit status of the last command substitution performed. If there were no command substitutions, the command exits with a status of zero. CCOOMMMMAANNDD EEXXEECCUUTTIIOONN - After a command has been split into words, if it results in a simple - command and an optional list of arguments, the following actions are + After a command has been split into words, if it results in a simple + command and an optional list of arguments, the following actions are taken. - If the command name contains no slashes, the shell attempts to locate - it. If there exists a shell function by that name, that function is - invoked as described above in FFUUNNCCTTIIOONNSS. If the name does not match a - function, the shell searches for it in the list of shell builtins. If + If the command name contains no slashes, the shell attempts to locate + it. If there exists a shell function by that name, that function is + invoked as described above in FFUUNNCCTTIIOONNSS. If the name does not match a + function, the shell searches for it in the list of shell builtins. If a match is found, that builtin is invoked. - If the name is neither a shell function nor a builtin, and contains no - slashes, bbaasshh searches each element of the PPAATTHH for a directory con- + If the name is neither a shell function nor a builtin, and contains no + slashes, bbaasshh searches each element of the PPAATTHH for a directory con- taining an executable file by that name. BBaasshh uses a hash table to re- - member the full pathnames of executable files (see hhaasshh under SSHHEELLLL - BBUUIILLTTIINN CCOOMMMMAANNDDSS below). A full search of the directories in PPAATTHH is - performed only if the command is not found in the hash table. If the + member the full pathnames of executable files (see hhaasshh under SSHHEELLLL + BBUUIILLTTIINN CCOOMMMMAANNDDSS below). A full search of the directories in PPAATTHH is + performed only if the command is not found in the hash table. If the search is unsuccessful, the shell searches for a defined shell function named ccoommmmaanndd__nnoott__ffoouunndd__hhaannddllee. If that function exists, it is invoked - in a separate execution environment with the original command and the - original command's arguments as its arguments, and the function's exit - status becomes the exit status of that subshell. If that function is + in a separate execution environment with the original command and the + original command's arguments as its arguments, and the function's exit + status becomes the exit status of that subshell. If that function is not defined, the shell prints an error message and returns an exit sta- tus of 127. - If the search is successful, or if the command name contains one or + If the search is successful, or if the command name contains one or more slashes, the shell executes the named program in a separate execu- tion environment. Argument 0 is set to the name given, and the remain- ing arguments to the command are set to the arguments given, if any. - If this execution fails because the file is not in executable format, - and the file is not a directory, it is assumed to be a _s_h_e_l_l _s_c_r_i_p_t, a + If this execution fails because the file is not in executable format, + and the file is not a directory, it is assumed to be a _s_h_e_l_l _s_c_r_i_p_t, a file containing shell commands, and the shell creates a new instance of - itself to execute it. This subshell reinitializes itself, so that the + itself to execute it. This subshell reinitializes itself, so that the effect is as if a new shell had been invoked to handle the script, with - the exception that the locations of commands remembered by the parent - (see hhaasshh below under SSHHEELLLL BBUUIILLTTIINN CCOOMMMMAANNDDSS) are retained by the + the exception that the locations of commands remembered by the parent + (see hhaasshh below under SSHHEELLLL BBUUIILLTTIINN CCOOMMMMAANNDDSS) are retained by the child. - If the program is a file beginning with ##!!, the remainder of the first - line specifies an interpreter for the program. The shell executes the + If the program is a file beginning with ##!!, the remainder of the first + line specifies an interpreter for the program. The shell executes the specified interpreter on operating systems that do not handle this exe- cutable format themselves. The arguments to the interpreter consist of - a single optional argument following the interpreter name on the first - line of the program, followed by the name of the program, followed by + a single optional argument following the interpreter name on the first + line of the program, followed by the name of the program, followed by the command arguments, if any. CCOOMMMMAANNDD EEXXEECCUUTTIIOONN EENNVVIIRROONNMMEENNTT - The shell has an _e_x_e_c_u_t_i_o_n _e_n_v_i_r_o_n_m_e_n_t, which consists of the follow- + The shell has an _e_x_e_c_u_t_i_o_n _e_n_v_i_r_o_n_m_e_n_t, which consists of the follow- ing: - +o open files inherited by the shell at invocation, as modified by + +o open files inherited by the shell at invocation, as modified by redirections supplied to the eexxeecc builtin - +o the current working directory as set by ccdd, ppuusshhdd, or ppooppdd, or + +o the current working directory as set by ccdd, ppuusshhdd, or ppooppdd, or inherited by the shell at invocation - +o the file creation mode mask as set by uummaasskk or inherited from + +o the file creation mode mask as set by uummaasskk or inherited from the shell's parent +o current traps set by ttrraapp @@ -2826,282 +2829,282 @@ CCOOMMMMAANNDD EEXXEECCUUTTIIOONN EENNVVIIRROONNMMEENN +o shell parameters that are set by variable assignment or with sseett or inherited from the shell's parent in the environment - +o shell functions defined during execution or inherited from the + +o shell functions defined during execution or inherited from the shell's parent in the environment - +o options enabled at invocation (either by default or with com- + +o options enabled at invocation (either by default or with com- mand-line arguments) or by sseett +o options enabled by sshhoopptt +o shell aliases defined with aalliiaass - +o various process IDs, including those of background jobs, the + +o various process IDs, including those of background jobs, the value of $$$$, and the value of PPPPIIDD - When a simple command other than a builtin or shell function is to be - executed, it is invoked in a separate execution environment that con- - sists of the following. Unless otherwise noted, the values are inher- + When a simple command other than a builtin or shell function is to be + executed, it is invoked in a separate execution environment that con- + sists of the following. Unless otherwise noted, the values are inher- ited from the shell. - +o the shell's open files, plus any modifications and additions + +o the shell's open files, plus any modifications and additions specified by redirections to the command +o the current working directory +o the file creation mode mask - +o shell variables and functions marked for export, along with + +o shell variables and functions marked for export, along with variables exported for the command, passed in the environment +o traps caught by the shell are reset to the values inherited from the shell's parent, and traps ignored by the shell are ignored - A command invoked in this separate environment cannot affect the + A command invoked in this separate environment cannot affect the shell's execution environment. A _s_u_b_s_h_e_l_l is a copy of the shell process. - Command substitution, commands grouped with parentheses, and asynchro- + Command substitution, commands grouped with parentheses, and asynchro- nous commands are invoked in a subshell environment that is a duplicate of the shell environment, except that traps caught by the shell are re- - set to the values that the shell inherited from its parent at invoca- + set to the values that the shell inherited from its parent at invoca- tion. Builtin commands that are invoked as part of a pipeline are also executed in a subshell environment. Changes made to the subshell envi- ronment cannot affect the shell's execution environment. Subshells spawned to execute command substitutions inherit the value of - the --ee option from the parent shell. When not in _p_o_s_i_x _m_o_d_e, bbaasshh + the --ee option from the parent shell. When not in _p_o_s_i_x _m_o_d_e, bbaasshh clears the --ee option in such subshells. - If a command is followed by a && and job control is not active, the de- + If a command is followed by a && and job control is not active, the de- fault standard input for the command is the empty file _/_d_e_v_/_n_u_l_l. Oth- - erwise, the invoked command inherits the file descriptors of the call- + erwise, the invoked command inherits the file descriptors of the call- ing shell as modified by redirections. EENNVVIIRROONNMMEENNTT - When a program is invoked it is given an array of strings called the + When a program is invoked it is given an array of strings called the _e_n_v_i_r_o_n_m_e_n_t. This is a list of _n_a_m_e-_v_a_l_u_e pairs, of the form _n_a_m_e=_v_a_l_u_e. - The shell provides several ways to manipulate the environment. On in- - vocation, the shell scans its own environment and creates a parameter - for each name found, automatically marking it for _e_x_p_o_r_t to child pro- + The shell provides several ways to manipulate the environment. On in- + vocation, the shell scans its own environment and creates a parameter + for each name found, automatically marking it for _e_x_p_o_r_t to child pro- cesses. Executed commands inherit the environment. The eexxppoorrtt and ddee-- - ccllaarree --xx commands allow parameters and functions to be added to and + ccllaarree --xx commands allow parameters and functions to be added to and deleted from the environment. If the value of a parameter in the envi- ronment is modified, the new value becomes part of the environment, re- - placing the old. The environment inherited by any executed command - consists of the shell's initial environment, whose values may be modi- - fied in the shell, less any pairs removed by the uunnsseett command, plus + placing the old. The environment inherited by any executed command + consists of the shell's initial environment, whose values may be modi- + fied in the shell, less any pairs removed by the uunnsseett command, plus any additions via the eexxppoorrtt and ddeeccllaarree --xx commands. - The environment for any _s_i_m_p_l_e _c_o_m_m_a_n_d or function may be augmented - temporarily by prefixing it with parameter assignments, as described + The environment for any _s_i_m_p_l_e _c_o_m_m_a_n_d or function may be augmented + temporarily by prefixing it with parameter assignments, as described above in PPAARRAAMMEETTEERRSS. These assignment statements affect only the envi- ronment seen by that command. - If the --kk option is set (see the sseett builtin command below), then _a_l_l - parameter assignments are placed in the environment for a command, not + If the --kk option is set (see the sseett builtin command below), then _a_l_l + parameter assignments are placed in the environment for a command, not just those that precede the command name. - When bbaasshh invokes an external command, the variable __ is set to the + When bbaasshh invokes an external command, the variable __ is set to the full filename of the command and passed to that command in its environ- ment. EEXXIITT SSTTAATTUUSS - The exit status of an executed command is the value returned by the + The exit status of an executed command is the value returned by the _w_a_i_t_p_i_d system call or equivalent function. Exit statuses fall between - 0 and 255, though, as explained below, the shell may use values above + 0 and 255, though, as explained below, the shell may use values above 125 specially. Exit statuses from shell builtins and compound commands are also limited to this range. Under certain circumstances, the shell will use special values to indicate specific failure modes. For the shell's purposes, a command which exits with a zero exit status - has succeeded. An exit status of zero indicates success. A non-zero - exit status indicates failure. When a command terminates on a fatal + has succeeded. An exit status of zero indicates success. A non-zero + exit status indicates failure. When a command terminates on a fatal signal _N, bbaasshh uses the value of 128+_N as the exit status. - If a command is not found, the child process created to execute it re- - turns a status of 127. If a command is found but is not executable, + If a command is not found, the child process created to execute it re- + turns a status of 127. If a command is found but is not executable, the return status is 126. If a command fails because of an error during expansion or redirection, the exit status is greater than zero. - Shell builtin commands return a status of 0 (_t_r_u_e) if successful, and - non-zero (_f_a_l_s_e) if an error occurs while they execute. All builtins - return an exit status of 2 to indicate incorrect usage, generally in- + Shell builtin commands return a status of 0 (_t_r_u_e) if successful, and + non-zero (_f_a_l_s_e) if an error occurs while they execute. All builtins + return an exit status of 2 to indicate incorrect usage, generally in- valid options or missing arguments. The exit status of the last command is available in the special parame- ter $?. - BBaasshh itself returns the exit status of the last command executed, un- - less a syntax error occurs, in which case it exits with a non-zero + BBaasshh itself returns the exit status of the last command executed, un- + less a syntax error occurs, in which case it exits with a non-zero value. See also the eexxiitt builtin command below. SSIIGGNNAALLSS - When bbaasshh is interactive, in the absence of any traps, it ignores + When bbaasshh is interactive, in the absence of any traps, it ignores SSIIGGTTEERRMM (so that kkiillll 00 does not kill an interactive shell), and SSIIGGIINNTT - is caught and handled (so that the wwaaiitt builtin is interruptible). In + is caught and handled (so that the wwaaiitt builtin is interruptible). In all cases, bbaasshh ignores SSIIGGQQUUIITT. If job control is in effect, bbaasshh ig- nores SSIIGGTTTTIINN, SSIIGGTTTTOOUU, and SSIIGGTTSSTTPP. Non-builtin commands run by bbaasshh have signal handlers set to the values inherited by the shell from its parent. When job control is not in ef- - fect, asynchronous commands ignore SSIIGGIINNTT and SSIIGGQQUUIITT in addition to - these inherited handlers. Commands run as a result of command substi- + fect, asynchronous commands ignore SSIIGGIINNTT and SSIIGGQQUUIITT in addition to + these inherited handlers. Commands run as a result of command substi- tution ignore the keyboard-generated job control signals SSIIGGTTTTIINN, SSIIGGTT-- TTOOUU, and SSIIGGTTSSTTPP. - The shell exits by default upon receipt of a SSIIGGHHUUPP. Before exiting, - an interactive shell resends the SSIIGGHHUUPP to all jobs, running or + The shell exits by default upon receipt of a SSIIGGHHUUPP. Before exiting, + an interactive shell resends the SSIIGGHHUUPP to all jobs, running or stopped. Stopped jobs are sent SSIIGGCCOONNTT to ensure that they receive the - SSIIGGHHUUPP. To prevent the shell from sending the signal to a particular - job, it should be removed from the jobs table with the ddiissoowwnn builtin - (see SSHHEELLLL BBUUIILLTTIINN CCOOMMMMAANNDDSS below) or marked to not receive SSIIGGHHUUPP us- + SSIIGGHHUUPP. To prevent the shell from sending the signal to a particular + job, it should be removed from the jobs table with the ddiissoowwnn builtin + (see SSHHEELLLL BBUUIILLTTIINN CCOOMMMMAANNDDSS below) or marked to not receive SSIIGGHHUUPP us- ing ddiissoowwnn --hh. - If the hhuuppoonneexxiitt shell option has been set with sshhoopptt, bbaasshh sends a + If the hhuuppoonneexxiitt shell option has been set with sshhoopptt, bbaasshh sends a SSIIGGHHUUPP to all jobs when an interactive login shell exits. - If bbaasshh is waiting for a command to complete and receives a signal for + If bbaasshh is waiting for a command to complete and receives a signal for which a trap has been set, the trap will not be executed until the com- - mand completes. When bbaasshh is waiting for an asynchronous command via - the wwaaiitt builtin, the reception of a signal for which a trap has been + mand completes. When bbaasshh is waiting for an asynchronous command via + the wwaaiitt builtin, the reception of a signal for which a trap has been set will cause the wwaaiitt builtin to return immediately with an exit sta- tus greater than 128, immediately after which the trap is executed. - When job control is not enabled, and bbaasshh is waiting for a foreground + When job control is not enabled, and bbaasshh is waiting for a foreground command to complete, the shell receives keyboard-generated signals such - as SSIIGGIINNTT (usually generated by ^^CC) that users commonly intend to send + as SSIIGGIINNTT (usually generated by ^^CC) that users commonly intend to send to that command. This happens because the shell and the command are in the same process group as the terminal, and ^^CC sends SSIIGGIINNTT to all pro- cesses in that process group. - When bbaasshh is running without job control enabled and receives SSIIGGIINNTT - while waiting for a foreground command, it waits until that foreground + When bbaasshh is running without job control enabled and receives SSIIGGIINNTT + while waiting for a foreground command, it waits until that foreground command terminates and then decides what to do about the SSIIGGIINNTT: 1. If the command terminates due to the SSIIGGIINNTT, bbaasshh concludes that - the user meant to end the entire script, and acts on the SSIIGGIINNTT + the user meant to end the entire script, and acts on the SSIIGGIINNTT (e.g., by running a SSIIGGIINNTT trap or exiting itself); - 2. If the command does not terminate due to SSIIGGIINNTT, the program - handled the SSIIGGIINNTT itself and did not treat it as a fatal sig- - nal. In that case, bbaasshh does not treat SSIIGGIINNTT as a fatal sig- - nal, either, instead assuming that the SSIIGGIINNTT was used as part - of the program's normal operation (e.g., emacs uses it to abort + 2. If the command does not terminate due to SSIIGGIINNTT, the program + handled the SSIIGGIINNTT itself and did not treat it as a fatal sig- + nal. In that case, bbaasshh does not treat SSIIGGIINNTT as a fatal sig- + nal, either, instead assuming that the SSIIGGIINNTT was used as part + of the program's normal operation (e.g., emacs uses it to abort editing commands) or deliberately discarded. However, bbaasshh will - run any trap set on SSIIGGIINNTT, as it does with any other trapped - signal it receives while it is waiting for the foreground com- + run any trap set on SSIIGGIINNTT, as it does with any other trapped + signal it receives while it is waiting for the foreground com- mand to complete, for compatibility. JJOOBB CCOONNTTRROOLL _J_o_b _c_o_n_t_r_o_l refers to the ability to selectively stop (_s_u_s_p_e_n_d) the ex- - ecution of processes and continue (_r_e_s_u_m_e) their execution at a later - point. A user typically employs this facility via an interactive in- - terface supplied jointly by the operating system kernel's terminal + ecution of processes and continue (_r_e_s_u_m_e) their execution at a later + point. A user typically employs this facility via an interactive in- + terface supplied jointly by the operating system kernel's terminal driver and bbaasshh. - The shell associates a _j_o_b with each pipeline. It keeps a table of - currently executing jobs, which may be listed with the jjoobbss command. - When bbaasshh starts a job asynchronously (in the _b_a_c_k_g_r_o_u_n_d), it prints a + The shell associates a _j_o_b with each pipeline. It keeps a table of + currently executing jobs, which may be listed with the jjoobbss command. + When bbaasshh starts a job asynchronously (in the _b_a_c_k_g_r_o_u_n_d), it prints a line that looks like: [1] 25647 indicating that this job is job number 1 and that the process ID of the last process in the pipeline associated with this job is 25647. All of - the processes in a single pipeline are members of the same job. BBaasshh + the processes in a single pipeline are members of the same job. BBaasshh uses the _j_o_b abstraction as the basis for job control. - To facilitate the implementation of the user interface to job control, + To facilitate the implementation of the user interface to job control, the operating system maintains the notion of a _c_u_r_r_e_n_t _t_e_r_m_i_n_a_l _p_r_o_c_e_s_s _g_r_o_u_p _I_D. Members of this process group (processes whose process group ID is equal to the current terminal process group ID) receive keyboard- - generated signals such as SSIIGGIINNTT. These processes are said to be in - the _f_o_r_e_g_r_o_u_n_d. _B_a_c_k_g_r_o_u_n_d processes are those whose process group ID + generated signals such as SSIIGGIINNTT. These processes are said to be in + the _f_o_r_e_g_r_o_u_n_d. _B_a_c_k_g_r_o_u_n_d processes are those whose process group ID differs from the terminal's; such processes are immune to keyboard-gen- erated signals. Only foreground processes are allowed to read from or, - if the user so specifies with stty tostop, write to the terminal. - Background processes which attempt to read from (write to when stty - tostop is in effect) the terminal are sent a SSIIGGTTTTIINN ((SSIIGGTTTTOOUU)) signal - by the kernel's terminal driver, which, unless caught, suspends the + if the user so specifies with stty tostop, write to the terminal. + Background processes which attempt to read from (write to when stty + tostop is in effect) the terminal are sent a SSIIGGTTTTIINN ((SSIIGGTTTTOOUU)) signal + by the kernel's terminal driver, which, unless caught, suspends the process. - If the operating system on which bbaasshh is running supports job control, + If the operating system on which bbaasshh is running supports job control, bbaasshh contains facilities to use it. Typing the _s_u_s_p_e_n_d character (typ- ically ^^ZZ, Control-Z) while a process is running causes that process to - be stopped and returns control to bbaasshh. Typing the _d_e_l_a_y_e_d _s_u_s_p_e_n_d - character (typically ^^YY, Control-Y) causes the process to be stopped + be stopped and returns control to bbaasshh. Typing the _d_e_l_a_y_e_d _s_u_s_p_e_n_d + character (typically ^^YY, Control-Y) causes the process to be stopped when it attempts to read input from the terminal, and control to be re- - turned to bbaasshh. The user may then manipulate the state of this job, - using the bbgg command to continue it in the background, the ffgg command + turned to bbaasshh. The user may then manipulate the state of this job, + using the bbgg command to continue it in the background, the ffgg command to continue it in the foreground, or the kkiillll command to kill it. A ^^ZZ takes effect immediately, and has the additional side effect of causing pending output and typeahead to be discarded. There are a number of ways to refer to a job in the shell. The charac- - ter %% introduces a job specification (_j_o_b_s_p_e_c). Job number _n may be + ter %% introduces a job specification (_j_o_b_s_p_e_c). Job number _n may be referred to as %%nn. A job may also be referred to using a prefix of the name used to start it, or using a substring that appears in its command - line. For example, %%ccee refers to a stopped job whose command name be- - gins with ccee. If a prefix matches more than one job, bbaasshh reports an + line. For example, %%ccee refers to a stopped job whose command name be- + gins with ccee. If a prefix matches more than one job, bbaasshh reports an error. Using %%??ccee, on the other hand, refers to any job containing the - string ccee in its command line. If the substring matches more than one + string ccee in its command line. If the substring matches more than one job, bbaasshh reports an error. The symbols %%%% and %%++ refer to the shell's - notion of the _c_u_r_r_e_n_t _j_o_b, which is the last job stopped while it was - in the foreground or started in the background. The _p_r_e_v_i_o_u_s _j_o_b may - be referenced using %%--. If there is only a single job, %%++ and %%-- can + notion of the _c_u_r_r_e_n_t _j_o_b, which is the last job stopped while it was + in the foreground or started in the background. The _p_r_e_v_i_o_u_s _j_o_b may + be referenced using %%--. If there is only a single job, %%++ and %%-- can both be used to refer to that job. In output pertaining to jobs (e.g., the output of the jjoobbss command), the current job is always flagged with - a ++, and the previous job with a --. A single % (with no accompanying + a ++, and the previous job with a --. A single % (with no accompanying job specification) also refers to the current job. - Simply naming a job can be used to bring it into the foreground: %%11 is - a synonym for ````ffgg %%11'''', bringing job 1 from the background into the - foreground. Similarly, ````%%11 &&'''' resumes job 1 in the background, + Simply naming a job can be used to bring it into the foreground: %%11 is + a synonym for ````ffgg %%11'''', bringing job 1 from the background into the + foreground. Similarly, ````%%11 &&'''' resumes job 1 in the background, equivalent to ````bbgg %%11''''. - The shell learns immediately whenever a job changes state. Normally, + The shell learns immediately whenever a job changes state. Normally, bbaasshh waits until it is about to print a prompt before reporting changes - in a job's status so as to not interrupt any other output. If the --bb + in a job's status so as to not interrupt any other output. If the --bb option to the sseett builtin command is enabled, bbaasshh reports such changes - immediately. Any trap on SSIIGGCCHHLLDD is executed for each child that ex- + immediately. Any trap on SSIIGGCCHHLLDD is executed for each child that ex- its. - If an attempt to exit bbaasshh is made while jobs are stopped (or, if the - cchheecckkjjoobbss shell option has been enabled using the sshhoopptt builtin, run- + If an attempt to exit bbaasshh is made while jobs are stopped (or, if the + cchheecckkjjoobbss shell option has been enabled using the sshhoopptt builtin, run- ning), the shell prints a warning message, and, if the cchheecckkjjoobbss option - is enabled, lists the jobs and their statuses. The jjoobbss command may - then be used to inspect their status. If a second attempt to exit is - made without an intervening command, the shell does not print another + is enabled, lists the jobs and their statuses. The jjoobbss command may + then be used to inspect their status. If a second attempt to exit is + made without an intervening command, the shell does not print another warning, and any stopped jobs are terminated. - When the shell is waiting for a job or process using the wwaaiitt builtin, - and job control is enabled, wwaaiitt will return when the job changes - state. The --ff option causes wwaaiitt to wait until the job or process ter- + When the shell is waiting for a job or process using the wwaaiitt builtin, + and job control is enabled, wwaaiitt will return when the job changes + state. The --ff option causes wwaaiitt to wait until the job or process ter- minates before returning. PPRROOMMPPTTIINNGG When executing interactively, bbaasshh displays the primary prompt PPSS11 when - it is ready to read a command, and the secondary prompt PPSS22 when it - needs more input to complete a command. BBaasshh displays PPSS00 after it - reads a command but before executing it. BBaasshh displays PPSS44 as de- - scribed above before tracing each command when the --xx option is en- - abled. BBaasshh allows these prompt strings to be customized by inserting - a number of backslash-escaped special characters that are decoded as + it is ready to read a command, and the secondary prompt PPSS22 when it + needs more input to complete a command. BBaasshh displays PPSS00 after it + reads a command but before executing it. BBaasshh displays PPSS44 as de- + scribed above before tracing each command when the --xx option is en- + abled. BBaasshh allows these prompt strings to be customized by inserting + a number of backslash-escaped special characters that are decoded as follows: \\aa an ASCII bell character (07) - \\dd the date in "Weekday Month Date" format (e.g., "Tue May + \\dd the date in "Weekday Month Date" format (e.g., "Tue May 26") \\DD{{_f_o_r_m_a_t}} the _f_o_r_m_a_t is passed to _s_t_r_f_t_i_m_e(3) and the result is in- serted into the prompt string; an empty _f_o_r_m_a_t results in - a locale-specific time representation. The braces are + a locale-specific time representation. The braces are required \\ee an ASCII escape character (033) \\hh the hostname up to the first `.' @@ -3110,7 +3113,7 @@ PPRROOMMPPTTIINNGG \\ll the basename of the shell's terminal device name \\nn newline \\rr carriage return - \\ss the name of the shell, the basename of $$00 (the portion + \\ss the name of the shell, the basename of $$00 (the portion following the final slash) \\tt the current time in 24-hour HH:MM:SS format \\TT the current time in 12-hour HH:MM:SS format @@ -3119,8 +3122,8 @@ PPRROOMMPPTTIINNGG \\uu the username of the current user \\vv the version of bbaasshh (e.g., 2.00) \\VV the release of bbaasshh, version + patch level (e.g., 2.00.0) - \\ww the value of the PPWWDD shell variable ($$PPWWDD), with $$HHOOMMEE - abbreviated with a tilde (uses the value of the + \\ww the value of the PPWWDD shell variable ($$PPWWDD), with $$HHOOMMEE + abbreviated with a tilde (uses the value of the PPRROOMMPPTT__DDIIRRTTRRIIMM variable) \\WW the basename of $$PPWWDD, with $$HHOOMMEE abbreviated with a tilde \\!! the history number of this command @@ -3128,70 +3131,70 @@ PPRROOMMPPTTIINNGG \\$$ if the effective UID is 0, a ##, otherwise a $$ \\_n_n_n the character corresponding to the octal number _n_n_n \\\\ a backslash - \\[[ begin a sequence of non-printing characters, which could - be used to embed a terminal control sequence into the + \\[[ begin a sequence of non-printing characters, which could + be used to embed a terminal control sequence into the prompt \\]] end a sequence of non-printing characters - The command number and the history number are usually different: the - history number of a command is its position in the history list, which - may include commands restored from the history file (see HHIISSTTOORRYY be- - low), while the command number is the position in the sequence of com- - mands executed during the current shell session. After the string is - decoded, it is expanded via parameter expansion, command substitution, - arithmetic expansion, and quote removal, subject to the value of the + The command number and the history number are usually different: the + history number of a command is its position in the history list, which + may include commands restored from the history file (see HHIISSTTOORRYY be- + low), while the command number is the position in the sequence of com- + mands executed during the current shell session. After the string is + decoded, it is expanded via parameter expansion, command substitution, + arithmetic expansion, and quote removal, subject to the value of the pprroommppttvvaarrss shell option (see the description of the sshhoopptt command under - SSHHEELLLL BBUUIILLTTIINN CCOOMMMMAANNDDSS below). This can have unwanted side effects if - escaped portions of the string appear within command substitution or + SSHHEELLLL BBUUIILLTTIINN CCOOMMMMAANNDDSS below). This can have unwanted side effects if + escaped portions of the string appear within command substitution or contain characters special to word expansion. RREEAADDLLIINNEE - This is the library that handles reading input when using an interac- + This is the library that handles reading input when using an interac- tive shell, unless the ----nnooeeddiittiinngg option is given at shell invocation. Line editing is also used when using the --ee option to the rreeaadd builtin. By default, the line editing commands are similar to those of Emacs. A vi-style line editing interface is also available. Line editing can be - enabled at any time using the --oo eemmaaccss or --oo vvii options to the sseett - builtin (see SSHHEELLLL BBUUIILLTTIINN CCOOMMMMAANNDDSS below). To turn off line editing - after the shell is running, use the ++oo eemmaaccss or ++oo vvii options to the + enabled at any time using the --oo eemmaaccss or --oo vvii options to the sseett + builtin (see SSHHEELLLL BBUUIILLTTIINN CCOOMMMMAANNDDSS below). To turn off line editing + after the shell is running, use the ++oo eemmaaccss or ++oo vvii options to the sseett builtin. RReeaaddlliinnee NNoottaattiioonn In this section, the Emacs-style notation is used to denote keystrokes. - Control keys are denoted by C-_k_e_y, e.g., C-n means Control-N. Simi- - larly, _m_e_t_a keys are denoted by M-_k_e_y, so M-x means Meta-X. (On key- - boards without a _m_e_t_a key, M-_x means ESC _x, i.e., press the Escape key + Control keys are denoted by C-_k_e_y, e.g., C-n means Control-N. Simi- + larly, _m_e_t_a keys are denoted by M-_k_e_y, so M-x means Meta-X. (On key- + boards without a _m_e_t_a key, M-_x means ESC _x, i.e., press the Escape key then the _x key. This makes ESC the _m_e_t_a _p_r_e_f_i_x. The combination M-C-_x - means ESC-Control-_x, or press the Escape key then hold the Control key + means ESC-Control-_x, or press the Escape key then hold the Control key while pressing the _x key.) Readline commands may be given numeric _a_r_g_u_m_e_n_t_s, which normally act as - a repeat count. Sometimes, however, it is the sign of the argument - that is significant. Passing a negative argument to a command that - acts in the forward direction (e.g., kkiillll--lliinnee) causes that command to - act in a backward direction. Commands whose behavior with arguments + a repeat count. Sometimes, however, it is the sign of the argument + that is significant. Passing a negative argument to a command that + acts in the forward direction (e.g., kkiillll--lliinnee) causes that command to + act in a backward direction. Commands whose behavior with arguments deviates from this are noted below. - When a command is described as _k_i_l_l_i_n_g text, the text deleted is saved + When a command is described as _k_i_l_l_i_n_g text, the text deleted is saved for possible future retrieval (_y_a_n_k_i_n_g). The killed text is saved in a _k_i_l_l _r_i_n_g. Consecutive kills cause the text to be accumulated into one unit, which can be yanked all at once. Commands which do not kill text separate the chunks of text on the kill ring. RReeaaddlliinnee IInniittiiaalliizzaattiioonn - Readline is customized by putting commands in an initialization file - (the _i_n_p_u_t_r_c file). The name of this file is taken from the value of + Readline is customized by putting commands in an initialization file + (the _i_n_p_u_t_r_c file). The name of this file is taken from the value of the IINNPPUUTTRRCC variable. If that variable is unset, the default is _~_/_._i_n_- - _p_u_t_r_c. If that file does not exist or cannot be read, the ultimate - default is _/_e_t_c_/_i_n_p_u_t_r_c. When a program which uses the readline li- - brary starts up, the initialization file is read, and the key bindings - and variables are set. There are only a few basic constructs allowed - in the readline initialization file. Blank lines are ignored. Lines - beginning with a ## are comments. Lines beginning with a $$ indicate - conditional constructs. Other lines denote key bindings and variable + _p_u_t_r_c. If that file does not exist or cannot be read, the ultimate + default is _/_e_t_c_/_i_n_p_u_t_r_c. When a program which uses the readline li- + brary starts up, the initialization file is read, and the key bindings + and variables are set. There are only a few basic constructs allowed + in the readline initialization file. Blank lines are ignored. Lines + beginning with a ## are comments. Lines beginning with a $$ indicate + conditional constructs. Other lines denote key bindings and variable settings. - The default key-bindings may be changed with an _i_n_p_u_t_r_c file. Other + The default key-bindings may be changed with an _i_n_p_u_t_r_c file. Other programs that use this library may add their own commands and bindings. For example, placing @@ -3199,18 +3202,18 @@ RREEAADDLLIINNEE M-Control-u: universal-argument or C-Meta-u: universal-argument - into the _i_n_p_u_t_r_c would make M-C-u execute the readline command _u_n_i_v_e_r_- + into the _i_n_p_u_t_r_c would make M-C-u execute the readline command _u_n_i_v_e_r_- _s_a_l_-_a_r_g_u_m_e_n_t. - The following symbolic character names are recognized: _R_U_B_O_U_T, _D_E_L, + The following symbolic character names are recognized: _R_U_B_O_U_T, _D_E_L, _E_S_C, _L_F_D, _N_E_W_L_I_N_E, _R_E_T, _R_E_T_U_R_N, _S_P_C, _S_P_A_C_E, and _T_A_B. - In addition to command names, readline allows keys to be bound to a + In addition to command names, readline allows keys to be bound to a string that is inserted when the key is pressed (a _m_a_c_r_o). RReeaaddlliinnee KKeeyy BBiinnddiinnggss - The syntax for controlling key bindings in the _i_n_p_u_t_r_c file is simple. - All that is required is the name of the command or the text of a macro + The syntax for controlling key bindings in the _i_n_p_u_t_r_c file is simple. + All that is required is the name of the command or the text of a macro and a key sequence to which it should be bound. The name may be speci- fied in one of two ways: as a symbolic key name, possibly with _M_e_t_a_- or _C_o_n_t_r_o_l_- prefixes, or as a key sequence. @@ -3222,15 +3225,15 @@ RREEAADDLLIINNEE Meta-Rubout: backward-kill-word Control-o: "> output" - In the above example, _C_-_u is bound to the function uunniivveerrssaall--aarrgguummeenntt, - _M_-_D_E_L is bound to the function bbaacckkwwaarrdd--kkiillll--wwoorrdd, and _C_-_o is bound to - run the macro expressed on the right hand side (that is, to insert the + In the above example, _C_-_u is bound to the function uunniivveerrssaall--aarrgguummeenntt, + _M_-_D_E_L is bound to the function bbaacckkwwaarrdd--kkiillll--wwoorrdd, and _C_-_o is bound to + run the macro expressed on the right hand side (that is, to insert the text ``> output'' into the line). - In the second form, ""kkeeyysseeqq"":_f_u_n_c_t_i_o_n_-_n_a_m_e or _m_a_c_r_o, kkeeyysseeqq differs - from kkeeyynnaammee above in that strings denoting an entire key sequence may - be specified by placing the sequence within double quotes. Some GNU - Emacs style key escapes can be used, as in the following example, but + In the second form, ""kkeeyysseeqq"":_f_u_n_c_t_i_o_n_-_n_a_m_e or _m_a_c_r_o, kkeeyysseeqq differs + from kkeeyynnaammee above in that strings denoting an entire key sequence may + be specified by placing the sequence within double quotes. Some GNU + Emacs style key escapes can be used, as in the following example, but the symbolic character names are not recognized. "\C-u": universal-argument @@ -3238,7 +3241,7 @@ RREEAADDLLIINNEE "\e[11~": "Function Key 1" In this example, _C_-_u is again bound to the function uunniivveerrssaall--aarrgguummeenntt. - _C_-_x _C_-_r is bound to the function rree--rreeaadd--iinniitt--ffiillee, and _E_S_C _[ _1 _1 _~ is + _C_-_x _C_-_r is bound to the function rree--rreeaadd--iinniitt--ffiillee, and _E_S_C _[ _1 _1 _~ is bound to insert the text ``Function Key 1''. The full set of GNU Emacs style escape sequences is @@ -3249,7 +3252,7 @@ RREEAADDLLIINNEE \\"" literal " \\'' literal ' - In addition to the GNU Emacs style escape sequences, a second set of + In addition to the GNU Emacs style escape sequences, a second set of backslash escapes is available: \\aa alert (bell) \\bb backspace @@ -3259,20 +3262,20 @@ RREEAADDLLIINNEE \\rr carriage return \\tt horizontal tab \\vv vertical tab - \\_n_n_n the eight-bit character whose value is the octal value + \\_n_n_n the eight-bit character whose value is the octal value _n_n_n (one to three digits) - \\xx_H_H the eight-bit character whose value is the hexadecimal + \\xx_H_H the eight-bit character whose value is the hexadecimal value _H_H (one or two hex digits) When entering the text of a macro, single or double quotes must be used to indicate a macro definition. Unquoted text is assumed to be a func- - tion name. In the macro body, the backslash escapes described above - are expanded. Backslash will quote any other character in the macro + tion name. In the macro body, the backslash escapes described above + are expanded. Backslash will quote any other character in the macro text, including " and '. - BBaasshh allows the current readline key bindings to be displayed or modi- - fied with the bbiinndd builtin command. The editing mode may be switched - during interactive use by using the --oo option to the sseett builtin com- + BBaasshh allows the current readline key bindings to be displayed or modi- + fied with the bbiinndd builtin command. The editing mode may be switched + during interactive use by using the --oo option to the sseett builtin com- mand (see SSHHEELLLL BBUUIILLTTIINN CCOOMMMMAANNDDSS below). RReeaaddlliinnee VVaarriiaabblleess @@ -3283,104 +3286,104 @@ RREEAADDLLIINNEE sseett _v_a_r_i_a_b_l_e_-_n_a_m_e _v_a_l_u_e or using the bbiinndd builtin command (see SSHHEELLLL BBUUIILLTTIINN CCOOMMMMAANNDDSS below). - Except where noted, readline variables can take the values OOnn or OOffff - (without regard to case). Unrecognized variable names are ignored. - When a variable value is read, empty or null values, "on" (case-insen- + Except where noted, readline variables can take the values OOnn or OOffff + (without regard to case). Unrecognized variable names are ignored. + When a variable value is read, empty or null values, "on" (case-insen- sitive), and "1" are equivalent to OOnn. All other values are equivalent to OOffff. The variables and their default values are: aaccttiivvee--rreeggiioonn--ssttaarrtt--ccoolloorr - A string variable that controls the text color and background - when displaying the text in the active region (see the descrip- - tion of eennaabbllee--aaccttiivvee--rreeggiioonn below). This string must not take + A string variable that controls the text color and background + when displaying the text in the active region (see the descrip- + tion of eennaabbllee--aaccttiivvee--rreeggiioonn below). This string must not take up any physical character positions on the display, so it should - consist only of terminal escape sequences. It is output to the - terminal before displaying the text in the active region. This - variable is reset to the default value whenever the terminal - type changes. The default value is the string that puts the - terminal in standout mode, as obtained from the terminal's ter- + consist only of terminal escape sequences. It is output to the + terminal before displaying the text in the active region. This + variable is reset to the default value whenever the terminal + type changes. The default value is the string that puts the + terminal in standout mode, as obtained from the terminal's ter- minfo description. A sample value might be "\e[01;33m". aaccttiivvee--rreeggiioonn--eenndd--ccoolloorr - A string variable that "undoes" the effects of aaccttiivvee--rree-- - ggiioonn--ssttaarrtt--ccoolloorr and restores "normal" terminal display appear- - ance after displaying text in the active region. This string - must not take up any physical character positions on the dis- - play, so it should consist only of terminal escape sequences. - It is output to the terminal after displaying the text in the - active region. This variable is reset to the default value - whenever the terminal type changes. The default value is the - string that restores the terminal from standout mode, as ob- + A string variable that "undoes" the effects of aaccttiivvee--rree-- + ggiioonn--ssttaarrtt--ccoolloorr and restores "normal" terminal display appear- + ance after displaying text in the active region. This string + must not take up any physical character positions on the dis- + play, so it should consist only of terminal escape sequences. + It is output to the terminal after displaying the text in the + active region. This variable is reset to the default value + whenever the terminal type changes. The default value is the + string that restores the terminal from standout mode, as ob- tained from the terminal's terminfo description. A sample value might be "\e[0m". bbeellll--ssttyyllee ((aauuddiibbllee)) - Controls what happens when readline wants to ring the terminal + Controls what happens when readline wants to ring the terminal bell. If set to nnoonnee, readline never rings the bell. If set to - vviissiibbllee, readline uses a visible bell if one is available. If + vviissiibbllee, readline uses a visible bell if one is available. If set to aauuddiibbllee, readline attempts to ring the terminal's bell. bbiinndd--ttttyy--ssppeecciiaall--cchhaarrss ((OOnn)) - If set to OOnn, readline attempts to bind the control characters + If set to OOnn, readline attempts to bind the control characters treated specially by the kernel's terminal driver to their read- line equivalents. bblliinnkk--mmaattcchhiinngg--ppaarreenn ((OOffff)) If set to OOnn, readline attempts to briefly move the cursor to an opening parenthesis when a closing parenthesis is inserted. ccoolloorreedd--ccoommpplleettiioonn--pprreeffiixx ((OOffff)) - If set to OOnn, when listing completions, readline displays the + If set to OOnn, when listing completions, readline displays the common prefix of the set of possible completions using a differ- - ent color. The color definitions are taken from the value of + ent color. The color definitions are taken from the value of the LLSS__CCOOLLOORRSS environment variable. If there is a color defini- - tion in $$LLSS__CCOOLLOORRSS for the custom suffix "readline-colored-com- - pletion-prefix", readline uses this color for the common prefix + tion in $$LLSS__CCOOLLOORRSS for the custom suffix "readline-colored-com- + pletion-prefix", readline uses this color for the common prefix instead of its default. ccoolloorreedd--ssttaattss ((OOffff)) - If set to OOnn, readline displays possible completions using dif- - ferent colors to indicate their file type. The color defini- - tions are taken from the value of the LLSS__CCOOLLOORRSS environment + If set to OOnn, readline displays possible completions using dif- + ferent colors to indicate their file type. The color defini- + tions are taken from the value of the LLSS__CCOOLLOORRSS environment variable. ccoommmmeenntt--bbeeggiinn ((````##'''')) - The string that is inserted when the readline iinnsseerrtt--ccoommmmeenntt + The string that is inserted when the readline iinnsseerrtt--ccoommmmeenntt command is executed. This command is bound to MM--## in emacs mode and to ## in vi command mode. ccoommpplleettiioonn--ddiissppllaayy--wwiiddtthh ((--11)) - The number of screen columns used to display possible matches - when performing completion. The value is ignored if it is less - than 0 or greater than the terminal screen width. A value of 0 - will cause matches to be displayed one per line. The default + The number of screen columns used to display possible matches + when performing completion. The value is ignored if it is less + than 0 or greater than the terminal screen width. A value of 0 + will cause matches to be displayed one per line. The default value is -1. ccoommpplleettiioonn--iiggnnoorree--ccaassee ((OOffff)) If set to OOnn, readline performs filename matching and completion in a case-insensitive fashion. ccoommpplleettiioonn--mmaapp--ccaassee ((OOffff)) - If set to OOnn, and ccoommpplleettiioonn--iiggnnoorree--ccaassee is enabled, readline - treats hyphens (_-) and underscores (__) as equivalent when per- + If set to OOnn, and ccoommpplleettiioonn--iiggnnoorree--ccaassee is enabled, readline + treats hyphens (_-) and underscores (__) as equivalent when per- forming case-insensitive filename matching and completion. ccoommpplleettiioonn--pprreeffiixx--ddiissppllaayy--lleennggtthh ((00)) - The length in characters of the common prefix of a list of pos- - sible completions that is displayed without modification. When - set to a value greater than zero, common prefixes longer than - this value are replaced with an ellipsis when displaying possi- + The length in characters of the common prefix of a list of pos- + sible completions that is displayed without modification. When + set to a value greater than zero, common prefixes longer than + this value are replaced with an ellipsis when displaying possi- ble completions. ccoommpplleettiioonn--qquueerryy--iitteemmss ((110000)) - This determines when the user is queried about viewing the num- - ber of possible completions generated by the ppoossssiibbllee--ccoommppllee-- - ttiioonnss command. It may be set to any integer value greater than - or equal to zero. If the number of possible completions is - greater than or equal to the value of this variable, readline - will ask whether or not the user wishes to view them; otherwise - they are simply listed on the terminal. A zero value means + This determines when the user is queried about viewing the num- + ber of possible completions generated by the ppoossssiibbllee--ccoommppllee-- + ttiioonnss command. It may be set to any integer value greater than + or equal to zero. If the number of possible completions is + greater than or equal to the value of this variable, readline + will ask whether or not the user wishes to view them; otherwise + they are simply listed on the terminal. A zero value means readline should never ask; negative values are treated as zero. ccoonnvveerrtt--mmeettaa ((OOnn)) - If set to OOnn, readline will convert characters with the eighth + If set to OOnn, readline will convert characters with the eighth bit set to an ASCII key sequence by stripping the eighth bit and - prefixing an escape character (in effect, using escape as the - _m_e_t_a _p_r_e_f_i_x). The default is _O_n, but readline will set it to + prefixing an escape character (in effect, using escape as the + _m_e_t_a _p_r_e_f_i_x). The default is _O_n, but readline will set it to _O_f_f if the locale contains eight-bit characters. ddiissaabbllee--ccoommpplleettiioonn ((OOffff)) If set to OOnn, readline will inhibit word completion. Completion - characters will be inserted into the line as if they had been + characters will be inserted into the line as if they had been mapped to sseellff--iinnsseerrtt. eecchhoo--ccoonnttrrooll--cchhaarraacctteerrss ((OOnn)) - When set to OOnn, on operating systems that indicate they support + When set to OOnn, on operating systems that indicate they support it, readline echoes a character corresponding to a signal gener- ated from the keyboard. eeddiittiinngg--mmooddee ((eemmaaccss)) @@ -3388,29 +3391,29 @@ RREEAADDLLIINNEE ilar to _E_m_a_c_s or _v_i. eeddiittiinngg--mmooddee can be set to either eemmaaccss or vvii. eemmaaccss--mmooddee--ssttrriinngg ((@@)) - If the _s_h_o_w_-_m_o_d_e_-_i_n_-_p_r_o_m_p_t variable is enabled, this string is + If the _s_h_o_w_-_m_o_d_e_-_i_n_-_p_r_o_m_p_t variable is enabled, this string is displayed immediately before the last line of the primary prompt when emacs editing mode is active. The value is expanded like a - key binding, so the standard set of meta- and control prefixes - and backslash escape sequences is available. Use the \1 and \2 - escapes to begin and end sequences of non-printing characters, - which can be used to embed a terminal control sequence into the + key binding, so the standard set of meta- and control prefixes + and backslash escape sequences is available. Use the \1 and \2 + escapes to begin and end sequences of non-printing characters, + which can be used to embed a terminal control sequence into the mode string. eennaabbllee--aaccttiivvee--rreeggiioonn ((OOnn)) - The _p_o_i_n_t is the current cursor position, and _m_a_r_k refers to a - saved cursor position. The text between the point and mark is - referred to as the _r_e_g_i_o_n. When this variable is set to _O_n, - readline allows certain commands to designate the region as _a_c_- - _t_i_v_e. When the region is active, readline highlights the text - in the region using the value of the aaccttiivvee--rreeggiioonn--ssttaarrtt--ccoolloorr, - which defaults to the string that enables the terminal's stand- - out mode. The active region shows the text inserted by brack- - eted-paste and any matching text found by incremental and non- + The _p_o_i_n_t is the current cursor position, and _m_a_r_k refers to a + saved cursor position. The text between the point and mark is + referred to as the _r_e_g_i_o_n. When this variable is set to _O_n, + readline allows certain commands to designate the region as _a_c_- + _t_i_v_e. When the region is active, readline highlights the text + in the region using the value of the aaccttiivvee--rreeggiioonn--ssttaarrtt--ccoolloorr, + which defaults to the string that enables the terminal's stand- + out mode. The active region shows the text inserted by brack- + eted-paste and any matching text found by incremental and non- incremental history searches. eennaabbllee--bbrraacckkeetteedd--ppaassttee ((OOnn)) - When set to OOnn, readline configures the terminal to insert each - paste into the editing buffer as a single string of characters, - instead of treating each character as if it had been read from + When set to OOnn, readline configures the terminal to insert each + paste into the editing buffer as a single string of characters, + instead of treating each character as if it had been read from the keyboard. This prevents readline from executing any editing commands bound to key sequences appearing in the pasted text. eennaabbllee--kkeeyyppaadd ((OOffff)) @@ -3418,189 +3421,189 @@ RREEAADDLLIINNEE pad when it is called. Some systems need this to enable the ar- row keys. eennaabbllee--mmeettaa--kkeeyy ((OOnn)) - When set to OOnn, readline will try to enable any meta modifier - key the terminal claims to support when it is called. On many + When set to OOnn, readline will try to enable any meta modifier + key the terminal claims to support when it is called. On many terminals, the meta key is used to send eight-bit characters. eexxppaanndd--ttiillddee ((OOffff)) - If set to OOnn, tilde expansion is performed when readline at- + If set to OOnn, tilde expansion is performed when readline at- tempts word completion. hhiissttoorryy--pprreesseerrvvee--ppooiinntt ((OOffff)) - If set to OOnn, the history code attempts to place point at the - same location on each history line retrieved with pprreevviioouuss--hhiiss-- + If set to OOnn, the history code attempts to place point at the + same location on each history line retrieved with pprreevviioouuss--hhiiss-- ttoorryy or nneexxtt--hhiissttoorryy. hhiissttoorryy--ssiizzee ((uunnsseett)) - Set the maximum number of history entries saved in the history - list. If set to zero, any existing history entries are deleted + Set the maximum number of history entries saved in the history + list. If set to zero, any existing history entries are deleted and no new entries are saved. If set to a value less than zero, - the number of history entries is not limited. By default, the - number of history entries is set to the value of the HHIISSTTSSIIZZEE - shell variable. If an attempt is made to set _h_i_s_t_o_r_y_-_s_i_z_e to a + the number of history entries is not limited. By default, the + number of history entries is set to the value of the HHIISSTTSSIIZZEE + shell variable. If an attempt is made to set _h_i_s_t_o_r_y_-_s_i_z_e to a non-numeric value, the maximum number of history entries will be set to 500. hhoorriizzoonnttaall--ssccrroollll--mmooddee ((OOffff)) - When set to OOnn, makes readline use a single line for display, + When set to OOnn, makes readline use a single line for display, scrolling the input horizontally on a single screen line when it - becomes longer than the screen width rather than wrapping to a - new line. This setting is automatically enabled for terminals + becomes longer than the screen width rather than wrapping to a + new line. This setting is automatically enabled for terminals of height 1. iinnppuutt--mmeettaa ((OOffff)) - If set to OOnn, readline will enable eight-bit input (that is, it + If set to OOnn, readline will enable eight-bit input (that is, it will not strip the eighth bit from the characters it reads), re- - gardless of what the terminal claims it can support. The name - mmeettaa--ffllaagg is a synonym for this variable. The default is _O_f_f, - but readline will set it to _O_n if the locale contains eight-bit + gardless of what the terminal claims it can support. The name + mmeettaa--ffllaagg is a synonym for this variable. The default is _O_f_f, + but readline will set it to _O_n if the locale contains eight-bit characters. iisseeaarrcchh--tteerrmmiinnaattoorrss ((````CC--[[CC--JJ'''')) - The string of characters that should terminate an incremental - search without subsequently executing the character as a com- - mand. If this variable has not been given a value, the charac- + The string of characters that should terminate an incremental + search without subsequently executing the character as a com- + mand. If this variable has not been given a value, the charac- ters _E_S_C and _C_-_J will terminate an incremental search. kkeeyymmaapp ((eemmaaccss)) - Set the current readline keymap. The set of valid keymap names - is _e_m_a_c_s_, _e_m_a_c_s_-_s_t_a_n_d_a_r_d_, _e_m_a_c_s_-_m_e_t_a_, _e_m_a_c_s_-_c_t_l_x_, _v_i_, _v_i_-_c_o_m_- - _m_a_n_d, and _v_i_-_i_n_s_e_r_t. _v_i is equivalent to _v_i_-_c_o_m_m_a_n_d; _e_m_a_c_s is - equivalent to _e_m_a_c_s_-_s_t_a_n_d_a_r_d. The default value is _e_m_a_c_s; the + Set the current readline keymap. The set of valid keymap names + is _e_m_a_c_s_, _e_m_a_c_s_-_s_t_a_n_d_a_r_d_, _e_m_a_c_s_-_m_e_t_a_, _e_m_a_c_s_-_c_t_l_x_, _v_i_, _v_i_-_c_o_m_- + _m_a_n_d, and _v_i_-_i_n_s_e_r_t. _v_i is equivalent to _v_i_-_c_o_m_m_a_n_d; _e_m_a_c_s is + equivalent to _e_m_a_c_s_-_s_t_a_n_d_a_r_d. The default value is _e_m_a_c_s; the value of eeddiittiinngg--mmooddee also affects the default keymap. kkeeyysseeqq--ttiimmeeoouutt ((550000)) - Specifies the duration _r_e_a_d_l_i_n_e will wait for a character when - reading an ambiguous key sequence (one that can form a complete + Specifies the duration _r_e_a_d_l_i_n_e will wait for a character when + reading an ambiguous key sequence (one that can form a complete key sequence using the input read so far, or can take additional - input to complete a longer key sequence). If no input is re- - ceived within the timeout, _r_e_a_d_l_i_n_e will use the shorter but - complete key sequence. The value is specified in milliseconds, - so a value of 1000 means that _r_e_a_d_l_i_n_e will wait one second for - additional input. If this variable is set to a value less than - or equal to zero, or to a non-numeric value, _r_e_a_d_l_i_n_e will wait - until another key is pressed to decide which key sequence to + input to complete a longer key sequence). If no input is re- + ceived within the timeout, _r_e_a_d_l_i_n_e will use the shorter but + complete key sequence. The value is specified in milliseconds, + so a value of 1000 means that _r_e_a_d_l_i_n_e will wait one second for + additional input. If this variable is set to a value less than + or equal to zero, or to a non-numeric value, _r_e_a_d_l_i_n_e will wait + until another key is pressed to decide which key sequence to complete. mmaarrkk--ddiirreeccttoorriieess ((OOnn)) If set to OOnn, completed directory names have a slash appended. mmaarrkk--mmooddiiffiieedd--lliinneess ((OOffff)) - If set to OOnn, history lines that have been modified are dis- + If set to OOnn, history lines that have been modified are dis- played with a preceding asterisk (**). mmaarrkk--ssyymmlliinnkkeedd--ddiirreeccttoorriieess ((OOffff)) If set to OOnn, completed names which are symbolic links to direc- - tories have a slash appended (subject to the value of mmaarrkk--ddii-- + tories have a slash appended (subject to the value of mmaarrkk--ddii-- rreeccttoorriieess). mmaattcchh--hhiiddddeenn--ffiilleess ((OOnn)) - This variable, when set to OOnn, causes readline to match files - whose names begin with a `.' (hidden files) when performing - filename completion. If set to OOffff, the leading `.' must be + This variable, when set to OOnn, causes readline to match files + whose names begin with a `.' (hidden files) when performing + filename completion. If set to OOffff, the leading `.' must be supplied by the user in the filename to be completed. mmeennuu--ccoommpplleettee--ddiissppllaayy--pprreeffiixx ((OOffff)) - If set to OOnn, menu completion displays the common prefix of the + If set to OOnn, menu completion displays the common prefix of the list of possible completions (which may be empty) before cycling through the list. oouuttppuutt--mmeettaa ((OOffff)) - If set to OOnn, readline will display characters with the eighth + If set to OOnn, readline will display characters with the eighth bit set directly rather than as a meta-prefixed escape sequence. The default is _O_f_f, but readline will set it to _O_n if the locale contains eight-bit characters. ppaaggee--ccoommpplleettiioonnss ((OOnn)) - If set to OOnn, readline uses an internal _m_o_r_e-like pager to dis- + If set to OOnn, readline uses an internal _m_o_r_e-like pager to dis- play a screenful of possible completions at a time. pprriinntt--ccoommpplleettiioonnss--hhoorriizzoonnttaallllyy ((OOffff)) - If set to OOnn, readline will display completions with matches - sorted horizontally in alphabetical order, rather than down the + If set to OOnn, readline will display completions with matches + sorted horizontally in alphabetical order, rather than down the screen. rreevveerrtt--aallll--aatt--nneewwlliinnee ((OOffff)) - If set to OOnn, readline will undo all changes to history lines + If set to OOnn, readline will undo all changes to history lines before returning when aacccceepptt--lliinnee is executed. By default, his- - tory lines may be modified and retain individual undo lists + tory lines may be modified and retain individual undo lists across calls to rreeaaddlliinnee. sshhooww--aallll--iiff--aammbbiigguuoouuss ((OOffff)) - This alters the default behavior of the completion functions. + This alters the default behavior of the completion functions. If set to OOnn, words which have more than one possible completion - cause the matches to be listed immediately instead of ringing + cause the matches to be listed immediately instead of ringing the bell. sshhooww--aallll--iiff--uunnmmooddiiffiieedd ((OOffff)) - This alters the default behavior of the completion functions in + This alters the default behavior of the completion functions in a fashion similar to sshhooww--aallll--iiff--aammbbiigguuoouuss. If set to OOnn, words - which have more than one possible completion without any possi- - ble partial completion (the possible completions don't share a - common prefix) cause the matches to be listed immediately in- + which have more than one possible completion without any possi- + ble partial completion (the possible completions don't share a + common prefix) cause the matches to be listed immediately in- stead of ringing the bell. sshhooww--mmooddee--iinn--pprroommpptt ((OOffff)) - If set to OOnn, add a string to the beginning of the prompt indi- - cating the editing mode: emacs, vi command, or vi insertion. + If set to OOnn, add a string to the beginning of the prompt indi- + cating the editing mode: emacs, vi command, or vi insertion. The mode strings are user-settable (e.g., _e_m_a_c_s_-_m_o_d_e_-_s_t_r_i_n_g). sskkiipp--ccoommpplleetteedd--tteexxtt ((OOffff)) - If set to OOnn, this alters the default completion behavior when - inserting a single match into the line. It's only active when - performing completion in the middle of a word. If enabled, - readline does not insert characters from the completion that - match characters after point in the word being completed, so + If set to OOnn, this alters the default completion behavior when + inserting a single match into the line. It's only active when + performing completion in the middle of a word. If enabled, + readline does not insert characters from the completion that + match characters after point in the word being completed, so portions of the word following the cursor are not duplicated. vvii--ccmmdd--mmooddee--ssttrriinngg ((((ccmmdd)))) - If the _s_h_o_w_-_m_o_d_e_-_i_n_-_p_r_o_m_p_t variable is enabled, this string is + If the _s_h_o_w_-_m_o_d_e_-_i_n_-_p_r_o_m_p_t variable is enabled, this string is displayed immediately before the last line of the primary prompt - when vi editing mode is active and in command mode. The value + when vi editing mode is active and in command mode. The value is expanded like a key binding, so the standard set of meta- and - control prefixes and backslash escape sequences is available. - Use the \1 and \2 escapes to begin and end sequences of non- - printing characters, which can be used to embed a terminal con- + control prefixes and backslash escape sequences is available. + Use the \1 and \2 escapes to begin and end sequences of non- + printing characters, which can be used to embed a terminal con- trol sequence into the mode string. vvii--iinnss--mmooddee--ssttrriinngg ((((iinnss)))) - If the _s_h_o_w_-_m_o_d_e_-_i_n_-_p_r_o_m_p_t variable is enabled, this string is + If the _s_h_o_w_-_m_o_d_e_-_i_n_-_p_r_o_m_p_t variable is enabled, this string is displayed immediately before the last line of the primary prompt when vi editing mode is active and in insertion mode. The value is expanded like a key binding, so the standard set of meta- and - control prefixes and backslash escape sequences is available. - Use the \1 and \2 escapes to begin and end sequences of non- - printing characters, which can be used to embed a terminal con- + control prefixes and backslash escape sequences is available. + Use the \1 and \2 escapes to begin and end sequences of non- + printing characters, which can be used to embed a terminal con- trol sequence into the mode string. vviissiibbllee--ssttaattss ((OOffff)) - If set to OOnn, a character denoting a file's type as reported by - _s_t_a_t(2) is appended to the filename when listing possible com- + If set to OOnn, a character denoting a file's type as reported by + _s_t_a_t(2) is appended to the filename when listing possible com- pletions. RReeaaddlliinnee CCoonnddiittiioonnaall CCoonnssttrruuccttss - Readline implements a facility similar in spirit to the conditional - compilation features of the C preprocessor which allows key bindings - and variable settings to be performed as the result of tests. There + Readline implements a facility similar in spirit to the conditional + compilation features of the C preprocessor which allows key bindings + and variable settings to be performed as the result of tests. There are four parser directives used. - $$iiff The $$iiff construct allows bindings to be made based on the edit- - ing mode, the terminal being used, or the application using + $$iiff The $$iiff construct allows bindings to be made based on the edit- + ing mode, the terminal being used, or the application using readline. The text of the test, after any comparison operator, - extends to the end of the line; unless otherwise noted, no + extends to the end of the line; unless otherwise noted, no characters are required to isolate it. - mmooddee The mmooddee== form of the $$iiff directive is used to test - whether readline is in emacs or vi mode. This may be - used in conjunction with the sseett kkeeyymmaapp command, for in- - stance, to set bindings in the _e_m_a_c_s_-_s_t_a_n_d_a_r_d and - _e_m_a_c_s_-_c_t_l_x keymaps only if readline is starting out in + mmooddee The mmooddee== form of the $$iiff directive is used to test + whether readline is in emacs or vi mode. This may be + used in conjunction with the sseett kkeeyymmaapp command, for in- + stance, to set bindings in the _e_m_a_c_s_-_s_t_a_n_d_a_r_d and + _e_m_a_c_s_-_c_t_l_x keymaps only if readline is starting out in emacs mode. - tteerrmm The tteerrmm== form may be used to include terminal-specific + tteerrmm The tteerrmm== form may be used to include terminal-specific key bindings, perhaps to bind the key sequences output by the terminal's function keys. The word on the right side of the == is tested against both the full name of the ter- - minal and the portion of the terminal name before the - first --. This allows _s_u_n to match both _s_u_n and _s_u_n_-_c_m_d, + minal and the portion of the terminal name before the + first --. This allows _s_u_n to match both _s_u_n and _s_u_n_-_c_m_d, for instance. vveerrssiioonn - The vveerrssiioonn test may be used to perform comparisons - against specific readline versions. The vveerrssiioonn expands - to the current readline version. The set of comparison - operators includes ==, (and ====), !!==, <<==, >>==, <<, and >>. - The version number supplied on the right side of the op- - erator consists of a major version number, an optional + The vveerrssiioonn test may be used to perform comparisons + against specific readline versions. The vveerrssiioonn expands + to the current readline version. The set of comparison + operators includes ==, (and ====), !!==, <<==, >>==, <<, and >>. + The version number supplied on the right side of the op- + erator consists of a major version number, an optional decimal point, and an optional minor version (e.g., 77..11). - If the minor version is omitted, it is assumed to be 00. + If the minor version is omitted, it is assumed to be 00. The operator may be separated from the string vveerrssiioonn and from the version number argument by whitespace. aapppplliiccaattiioonn The aapppplliiccaattiioonn construct is used to include application- - specific settings. Each program using the readline li- - brary sets the _a_p_p_l_i_c_a_t_i_o_n _n_a_m_e, and an initialization + specific settings. Each program using the readline li- + brary sets the _a_p_p_l_i_c_a_t_i_o_n _n_a_m_e, and an initialization file can test for a particular value. This could be used - to bind key sequences to functions useful for a specific - program. For instance, the following command adds a key - sequence that quotes the current or previous word in + to bind key sequences to functions useful for a specific + program. For instance, the following command adds a key + sequence that quotes the current or previous word in bbaasshh: $$iiff Bash @@ -3610,12 +3613,12 @@ RREEAADDLLIINNEE _v_a_r_i_a_b_l_e The _v_a_r_i_a_b_l_e construct provides simple equality tests for - readline variables and values. The permitted comparison - operators are _=, _=_=, and _!_=. The variable name must be + readline variables and values. The permitted comparison + operators are _=, _=_=, and _!_=. The variable name must be separated from the comparison operator by whitespace; the - operator may be separated from the value on the right - hand side by whitespace. Both string and boolean vari- - ables may be tested. Boolean variables must be tested + operator may be separated from the value on the right + hand side by whitespace. Both string and boolean vari- + ables may be tested. Boolean variables must be tested against the values _o_n and _o_f_f. $$eennddiiff This command, as seen in the previous example, terminates an $$iiff @@ -3625,51 +3628,51 @@ RREEAADDLLIINNEE test fails. $$iinncclluuddee - This directive takes a single filename as an argument and reads - commands and bindings from that file. For example, the follow- + This directive takes a single filename as an argument and reads + commands and bindings from that file. For example, the follow- ing directive would read _/_e_t_c_/_i_n_p_u_t_r_c: $$iinncclluuddee _/_e_t_c_/_i_n_p_u_t_r_c SSeeaarrcchhiinngg - Readline provides commands for searching through the command history + Readline provides commands for searching through the command history (see HHIISSTTOORRYY below) for lines containing a specified string. There are two search modes: _i_n_c_r_e_m_e_n_t_a_l and _n_o_n_-_i_n_c_r_e_m_e_n_t_a_l. - Incremental searches begin before the user has finished typing the - search string. As each character of the search string is typed, read- + Incremental searches begin before the user has finished typing the + search string. As each character of the search string is typed, read- line displays the next entry from the history matching the string typed - so far. An incremental search requires only as many characters as - needed to find the desired history entry. The characters present in - the value of the iisseeaarrcchh--tteerrmmiinnaattoorrss variable are used to terminate an + so far. An incremental search requires only as many characters as + needed to find the desired history entry. The characters present in + the value of the iisseeaarrcchh--tteerrmmiinnaattoorrss variable are used to terminate an incremental search. If that variable has not been assigned a value the - Escape and Control-J characters will terminate an incremental search. - Control-G will abort an incremental search and restore the original - line. When the search is terminated, the history entry containing the + Escape and Control-J characters will terminate an incremental search. + Control-G will abort an incremental search and restore the original + line. When the search is terminated, the history entry containing the search string becomes the current line. - To find other matching entries in the history list, type Control-S or - Control-R as appropriate. This will search backward or forward in the - history for the next entry matching the search string typed so far. - Any other key sequence bound to a readline command will terminate the - search and execute that command. For instance, a _n_e_w_l_i_n_e will termi- + To find other matching entries in the history list, type Control-S or + Control-R as appropriate. This will search backward or forward in the + history for the next entry matching the search string typed so far. + Any other key sequence bound to a readline command will terminate the + search and execute that command. For instance, a _n_e_w_l_i_n_e will termi- nate the search and accept the line, thereby executing the command from the history list. Readline remembers the last incremental search string. If two Control- - Rs are typed without any intervening characters defining a new search + Rs are typed without any intervening characters defining a new search string, any remembered search string is used. - Non-incremental searches read the entire search string before starting - to search for matching history lines. The search string may be typed + Non-incremental searches read the entire search string before starting + to search for matching history lines. The search string may be typed by the user or be part of the contents of the current line. RReeaaddlliinnee CCoommmmaanndd NNaammeess - The following is a list of the names of the commands and the default + The following is a list of the names of the commands and the default key sequences to which they are bound. Command names without an accom- panying key sequence are unbound by default. In the following descrip- - tions, _p_o_i_n_t refers to the current cursor position, and _m_a_r_k refers to - a cursor position saved by the sseett--mmaarrkk command. The text between the + tions, _p_o_i_n_t refers to the current cursor position, and _m_a_r_k refers to + a cursor position saved by the sseett--mmaarrkk command. The text between the point and mark is referred to as the _r_e_g_i_o_n. CCoommmmaannddss ffoorr MMoovviinngg @@ -3685,33 +3688,33 @@ RREEAADDLLIINNEE Move forward to the end of the next word. Words are composed of alphanumeric characters (letters and digits). bbaacckkwwaarrdd--wwoorrdd ((MM--bb)) - Move back to the start of the current or previous word. Words + Move back to the start of the current or previous word. Words are composed of alphanumeric characters (letters and digits). sshheellll--ffoorrwwaarrdd--wwoorrdd - Move forward to the end of the next word. Words are delimited + Move forward to the end of the next word. Words are delimited by non-quoted shell metacharacters. sshheellll--bbaacckkwwaarrdd--wwoorrdd - Move back to the start of the current or previous word. Words + Move back to the start of the current or previous word. Words are delimited by non-quoted shell metacharacters. pprreevviioouuss--ssccrreeeenn--lliinnee - Attempt to move point to the same physical screen column on the - previous physical screen line. This will not have the desired - effect if the current Readline line does not take up more than - one physical line or if point is not greater than the length of + Attempt to move point to the same physical screen column on the + previous physical screen line. This will not have the desired + effect if the current Readline line does not take up more than + one physical line or if point is not greater than the length of the prompt plus the screen width. nneexxtt--ssccrreeeenn--lliinnee - Attempt to move point to the same physical screen column on the + Attempt to move point to the same physical screen column on the next physical screen line. This will not have the desired effect - if the current Readline line does not take up more than one - physical line or if the length of the current Readline line is + if the current Readline line does not take up more than one + physical line or if the length of the current Readline line is not greater than the length of the prompt plus the screen width. cclleeaarr--ddiissppllaayy ((MM--CC--ll)) - Clear the screen and, if possible, the terminal's scrollback - buffer, then redraw the current line, leaving the current line + Clear the screen and, if possible, the terminal's scrollback + buffer, then redraw the current line, leaving the current line at the top of the screen. cclleeaarr--ssccrreeeenn ((CC--ll)) Clear the screen, then redraw the current line, leaving the cur- - rent line at the top of the screen. With an argument, refresh + rent line at the top of the screen. With an argument, refresh the current line without clearing the screen. rreeddrraaww--ccuurrrreenntt--lliinnee Refresh the current line. @@ -3719,79 +3722,79 @@ RREEAADDLLIINNEE CCoommmmaannddss ffoorr MMaanniippuullaattiinngg tthhee HHiissttoorryy aacccceepptt--lliinnee ((NNeewwlliinnee,, RReettuurrnn)) Accept the line regardless of where the cursor is. If this line - is non-empty, add it to the history list according to the state - of the HHIISSTTCCOONNTTRROOLL variable. If the line is a modified history + is non-empty, add it to the history list according to the state + of the HHIISSTTCCOONNTTRROOLL variable. If the line is a modified history line, then restore the history line to its original state. pprreevviioouuss--hhiissttoorryy ((CC--pp)) Fetch the previous command from the history list, moving back in the list. nneexxtt--hhiissttoorryy ((CC--nn)) - Fetch the next command from the history list, moving forward in + Fetch the next command from the history list, moving forward in the list. bbeeggiinnnniinngg--ooff--hhiissttoorryy ((MM--<<)) Move to the first line in the history. eenndd--ooff--hhiissttoorryy ((MM-->>)) - Move to the end of the input history, i.e., the line currently + Move to the end of the input history, i.e., the line currently being entered. ooppeerraattee--aanndd--ggeett--nneexxtt ((CC--oo)) - Accept the current line for execution and fetch the next line - relative to the current line from the history for editing. A - numeric argument, if supplied, specifies the history entry to + Accept the current line for execution and fetch the next line + relative to the current line from the history for editing. A + numeric argument, if supplied, specifies the history entry to use instead of the current line. ffeettcchh--hhiissttoorryy - With a numeric argument, fetch that entry from the history list + With a numeric argument, fetch that entry from the history list and make it the current line. Without an argument, move back to the first entry in the history list. rreevveerrssee--sseeaarrcchh--hhiissttoorryy ((CC--rr)) - Search backward starting at the current line and moving `up' - through the history as necessary. This is an incremental + Search backward starting at the current line and moving `up' + through the history as necessary. This is an incremental search. ffoorrwwaarrdd--sseeaarrcchh--hhiissttoorryy ((CC--ss)) - Search forward starting at the current line and moving `down' - through the history as necessary. This is an incremental + Search forward starting at the current line and moving `down' + through the history as necessary. This is an incremental search. nnoonn--iinnccrreemmeennttaall--rreevveerrssee--sseeaarrcchh--hhiissttoorryy ((MM--pp)) Search backward through the history starting at the current line - using a non-incremental search for a string supplied by the + using a non-incremental search for a string supplied by the user. nnoonn--iinnccrreemmeennttaall--ffoorrwwaarrdd--sseeaarrcchh--hhiissttoorryy ((MM--nn)) - Search forward through the history using a non-incremental + Search forward through the history using a non-incremental search for a string supplied by the user. hhiissttoorryy--sseeaarrcchh--ffoorrwwaarrdd - Search forward through the history for the string of characters - between the start of the current line and the point. This is a + Search forward through the history for the string of characters + between the start of the current line and the point. This is a non-incremental search. hhiissttoorryy--sseeaarrcchh--bbaacckkwwaarrdd Search backward through the history for the string of characters - between the start of the current line and the point. This is a + between the start of the current line and the point. This is a non-incremental search. hhiissttoorryy--ssuubbssttrriinngg--sseeaarrcchh--bbaacckkwwaarrdd Search backward through the history for the string of characters between the start of the current line and the current cursor po- - sition (the _p_o_i_n_t). The search string may match anywhere in a + sition (the _p_o_i_n_t). The search string may match anywhere in a history line. This is a non-incremental search. hhiissttoorryy--ssuubbssttrriinngg--sseeaarrcchh--ffoorrwwaarrdd - Search forward through the history for the string of characters + Search forward through the history for the string of characters between the start of the current line and the point. The search - string may match anywhere in a history line. This is a non-in- + string may match anywhere in a history line. This is a non-in- cremental search. yyaannkk--nntthh--aarrgg ((MM--CC--yy)) - Insert the first argument to the previous command (usually the + Insert the first argument to the previous command (usually the second word on the previous line) at point. With an argument _n, - insert the _nth word from the previous command (the words in the - previous command begin with word 0). A negative argument in- - serts the _nth word from the end of the previous command. Once - the argument _n is computed, the argument is extracted as if the + insert the _nth word from the previous command (the words in the + previous command begin with word 0). A negative argument in- + serts the _nth word from the end of the previous command. Once + the argument _n is computed, the argument is extracted as if the "!_n" history expansion had been specified. yyaannkk--llaasstt--aarrgg ((MM--..,, MM--__)) - Insert the last argument to the previous command (the last word + Insert the last argument to the previous command (the last word of the previous history entry). With a numeric argument, behave - exactly like yyaannkk--nntthh--aarrgg. Successive calls to yyaannkk--llaasstt--aarrgg - move back through the history list, inserting the last word (or - the word specified by the argument to the first call) of each + exactly like yyaannkk--nntthh--aarrgg. Successive calls to yyaannkk--llaasstt--aarrgg + move back through the history list, inserting the last word (or + the word specified by the argument to the first call) of each line in turn. Any numeric argument supplied to these successive - calls determines the direction to move through the history. A - negative argument switches the direction through the history + calls determines the direction to move through the history. A + negative argument switches the direction through the history (back or forward). The history expansion facilities are used to extract the last word, as if the "!$" history expansion had been specified. @@ -3800,75 +3803,75 @@ RREEAADDLLIINNEE tory expansion as well as all of the shell word expansions. See HHIISSTTOORRYY EEXXPPAANNSSIIOONN below for a description of history expansion. hhiissttoorryy--eexxppaanndd--lliinnee ((MM--^^)) - Perform history expansion on the current line. See HHIISSTTOORRYY EEXX-- + Perform history expansion on the current line. See HHIISSTTOORRYY EEXX-- PPAANNSSIIOONN below for a description of history expansion. mmaaggiicc--ssppaaccee - Perform history expansion on the current line and insert a + Perform history expansion on the current line and insert a space. See HHIISSTTOORRYY EEXXPPAANNSSIIOONN below for a description of history expansion. aalliiaass--eexxppaanndd--lliinnee - Perform alias expansion on the current line. See AALLIIAASSEESS above + Perform alias expansion on the current line. See AALLIIAASSEESS above for a description of alias expansion. hhiissttoorryy--aanndd--aalliiaass--eexxppaanndd--lliinnee Perform history and alias expansion on the current line. iinnsseerrtt--llaasstt--aarrgguummeenntt ((MM--..,, MM--__)) A synonym for yyaannkk--llaasstt--aarrgg. eeddiitt--aanndd--eexxeeccuuttee--ccoommmmaanndd ((CC--xx CC--ee)) - Invoke an editor on the current command line, and execute the + Invoke an editor on the current command line, and execute the result as shell commands. BBaasshh attempts to invoke $$VVIISSUUAALL, $$EEDD-- IITTOORR, and _e_m_a_c_s as the editor, in that order. CCoommmmaannddss ffoorr CChhaannggiinngg TTeexxtt _e_n_d_-_o_f_-_f_i_l_e ((uussuuaallllyy CC--dd)) - The character indicating end-of-file as set, for example, by - ``stty''. If this character is read when there are no charac- - ters on the line, and point is at the beginning of the line, + The character indicating end-of-file as set, for example, by + ``stty''. If this character is read when there are no charac- + ters on the line, and point is at the beginning of the line, Readline interprets it as the end of input and returns EEOOFF. ddeelleettee--cchhaarr ((CC--dd)) Delete the character at point. If this function is bound to the same character as the tty EEOOFF character, as CC--dd commonly is, see above for the effects. bbaacckkwwaarrdd--ddeelleettee--cchhaarr ((RRuubboouutt)) - Delete the character behind the cursor. When given a numeric + Delete the character behind the cursor. When given a numeric argument, save the deleted text on the kill ring. ffoorrwwaarrdd--bbaacckkwwaarrdd--ddeelleettee--cchhaarr - Delete the character under the cursor, unless the cursor is at + Delete the character under the cursor, unless the cursor is at the end of the line, in which case the character behind the cur- sor is deleted. qquuootteedd--iinnsseerrtt ((CC--qq,, CC--vv)) - Add the next character typed to the line verbatim. This is how + Add the next character typed to the line verbatim. This is how to insert characters like CC--qq, for example. ttaabb--iinnsseerrtt ((CC--vv TTAABB)) Insert a tab character. sseellff--iinnsseerrtt ((aa,, bb,, AA,, 11,, !!,, ......)) Insert the character typed. ttrraannssppoossee--cchhaarrss ((CC--tt)) - Drag the character before point forward over the character at - point, moving point forward as well. If point is at the end of - the line, then this transposes the two characters before point. + Drag the character before point forward over the character at + point, moving point forward as well. If point is at the end of + the line, then this transposes the two characters before point. Negative arguments have no effect. ttrraannssppoossee--wwoorrddss ((MM--tt)) - Drag the word before point past the word after point, moving - point over that word as well. If point is at the end of the + Drag the word before point past the word after point, moving + point over that word as well. If point is at the end of the line, this transposes the last two words on the line. uuppccaassee--wwoorrdd ((MM--uu)) - Uppercase the current (or following) word. With a negative ar- + Uppercase the current (or following) word. With a negative ar- gument, uppercase the previous word, but do not move point. ddoowwnnccaassee--wwoorrdd ((MM--ll)) - Lowercase the current (or following) word. With a negative ar- + Lowercase the current (or following) word. With a negative ar- gument, lowercase the previous word, but do not move point. ccaappiittaalliizzee--wwoorrdd ((MM--cc)) Capitalize the current (or following) word. With a negative ar- gument, capitalize the previous word, but do not move point. oovveerrwwrriittee--mmooddee - Toggle overwrite mode. With an explicit positive numeric argu- + Toggle overwrite mode. With an explicit positive numeric argu- ment, switches to overwrite mode. With an explicit non-positive numeric argument, switches to insert mode. This command affects - only eemmaaccss mode; vvii mode does overwrite differently. Each call + only eemmaaccss mode; vvii mode does overwrite differently. Each call to _r_e_a_d_l_i_n_e_(_) starts in insert mode. In overwrite mode, charac- - ters bound to sseellff--iinnsseerrtt replace the text at point rather than - pushing the text to the right. Characters bound to bbaacckk-- - wwaarrdd--ddeelleettee--cchhaarr replace the character before point with a + ters bound to sseellff--iinnsseerrtt replace the text at point rather than + pushing the text to the right. Characters bound to bbaacckk-- + wwaarrdd--ddeelleettee--cchhaarr replace the character before point with a space. By default, this command is unbound. KKiilllliinngg aanndd YYaannkkiinngg @@ -3877,31 +3880,31 @@ RREEAADDLLIINNEE bbaacckkwwaarrdd--kkiillll--lliinnee ((CC--xx RRuubboouutt)) Kill backward to the beginning of the line. uunniixx--lliinnee--ddiissccaarrdd ((CC--uu)) - Kill backward from point to the beginning of the line. The + Kill backward from point to the beginning of the line. The killed text is saved on the kill-ring. kkiillll--wwhhoollee--lliinnee - Kill all characters on the current line, no matter where point + Kill all characters on the current line, no matter where point is. kkiillll--wwoorrdd ((MM--dd)) - Kill from point to the end of the current word, or if between - words, to the end of the next word. Word boundaries are the + Kill from point to the end of the current word, or if between + words, to the end of the next word. Word boundaries are the same as those used by ffoorrwwaarrdd--wwoorrdd. bbaacckkwwaarrdd--kkiillll--wwoorrdd ((MM--RRuubboouutt)) - Kill the word behind point. Word boundaries are the same as + Kill the word behind point. Word boundaries are the same as those used by bbaacckkwwaarrdd--wwoorrdd. sshheellll--kkiillll--wwoorrdd - Kill from point to the end of the current word, or if between - words, to the end of the next word. Word boundaries are the + Kill from point to the end of the current word, or if between + words, to the end of the next word. Word boundaries are the same as those used by sshheellll--ffoorrwwaarrdd--wwoorrdd. sshheellll--bbaacckkwwaarrdd--kkiillll--wwoorrdd - Kill the word behind point. Word boundaries are the same as + Kill the word behind point. Word boundaries are the same as those used by sshheellll--bbaacckkwwaarrdd--wwoorrdd. uunniixx--wwoorrdd--rruubboouutt ((CC--ww)) - Kill the word behind point, using white space as a word bound- + Kill the word behind point, using white space as a word bound- ary. The killed text is saved on the kill-ring. uunniixx--ffiilleennaammee--rruubboouutt - Kill the word behind point, using white space and the slash - character as the word boundaries. The killed text is saved on + Kill the word behind point, using white space and the slash + character as the word boundaries. The killed text is saved on the kill-ring. ddeelleettee--hhoorriizzoonnttaall--ssppaaccee ((MM--\\)) Delete all spaces and tabs around point. @@ -3910,64 +3913,64 @@ RREEAADDLLIINNEE ccooppyy--rreeggiioonn--aass--kkiillll Copy the text in the region to the kill buffer. ccooppyy--bbaacckkwwaarrdd--wwoorrdd - Copy the word before point to the kill buffer. The word bound- + Copy the word before point to the kill buffer. The word bound- aries are the same as bbaacckkwwaarrdd--wwoorrdd. ccooppyy--ffoorrwwaarrdd--wwoorrdd - Copy the word following point to the kill buffer. The word + Copy the word following point to the kill buffer. The word boundaries are the same as ffoorrwwaarrdd--wwoorrdd. yyaannkk ((CC--yy)) Yank the top of the kill ring into the buffer at point. yyaannkk--ppoopp ((MM--yy)) - Rotate the kill ring, and yank the new top. Only works follow- + Rotate the kill ring, and yank the new top. Only works follow- ing yyaannkk or yyaannkk--ppoopp. NNuummeerriicc AArrgguummeennttss ddiiggiitt--aarrgguummeenntt ((MM--00,, MM--11,, ......,, MM----)) - Add this digit to the argument already accumulating, or start a + Add this digit to the argument already accumulating, or start a new argument. M-- starts a negative argument. uunniivveerrssaall--aarrgguummeenntt - This is another way to specify an argument. If this command is - followed by one or more digits, optionally with a leading minus - sign, those digits define the argument. If the command is fol- + This is another way to specify an argument. If this command is + followed by one or more digits, optionally with a leading minus + sign, those digits define the argument. If the command is fol- lowed by digits, executing uunniivveerrssaall--aarrgguummeenntt again ends the nu- meric argument, but is otherwise ignored. As a special case, if this command is immediately followed by a character that is nei- - ther a digit nor minus sign, the argument count for the next - command is multiplied by four. The argument count is initially - one, so executing this function the first time makes the argu- + ther a digit nor minus sign, the argument count for the next + command is multiplied by four. The argument count is initially + one, so executing this function the first time makes the argu- ment count four, a second time makes the argument count sixteen, and so on. CCoommpplleettiinngg ccoommpplleettee ((TTAABB)) - Attempt to perform completion on the text before point. BBaasshh + Attempt to perform completion on the text before point. BBaasshh attempts completion treating the text as a variable (if the text - begins with $$), username (if the text begins with ~~), hostname - (if the text begins with @@), or command (including aliases and + begins with $$), username (if the text begins with ~~), hostname + (if the text begins with @@), or command (including aliases and functions) in turn. If none of these produces a match, filename completion is attempted. ppoossssiibbllee--ccoommpplleettiioonnss ((MM--??)) List the possible completions of the text before point. iinnsseerrtt--ccoommpplleettiioonnss ((MM--**)) - Insert all completions of the text before point that would have + Insert all completions of the text before point that would have been generated by ppoossssiibbllee--ccoommpplleettiioonnss. mmeennuu--ccoommpplleettee - Similar to ccoommpplleettee, but replaces the word to be completed with - a single match from the list of possible completions. Repeated - execution of mmeennuu--ccoommpplleettee steps through the list of possible - completions, inserting each match in turn. At the end of the + Similar to ccoommpplleettee, but replaces the word to be completed with + a single match from the list of possible completions. Repeated + execution of mmeennuu--ccoommpplleettee steps through the list of possible + completions, inserting each match in turn. At the end of the list of completions, the bell is rung (subject to the setting of bbeellll--ssttyyllee) and the original text is restored. An argument of _n moves _n positions forward in the list of matches; a negative ar- gument may be used to move backward through the list. This com- mand is intended to be bound to TTAABB, but is unbound by default. mmeennuu--ccoommpplleettee--bbaacckkwwaarrdd - Identical to mmeennuu--ccoommpplleettee, but moves backward through the list - of possible completions, as if mmeennuu--ccoommpplleettee had been given a + Identical to mmeennuu--ccoommpplleettee, but moves backward through the list + of possible completions, as if mmeennuu--ccoommpplleettee had been given a negative argument. This command is unbound by default. ddeelleettee--cchhaarr--oorr--lliisstt - Deletes the character under the cursor if not at the beginning - or end of the line (like ddeelleettee--cchhaarr). If at the end of the + Deletes the character under the cursor if not at the beginning + or end of the line (like ddeelleettee--cchhaarr). If at the end of the line, behaves identically to ppoossssiibbllee--ccoommpplleettiioonnss. This command is unbound by default. ccoommpplleettee--ffiilleennaammee ((MM--//)) @@ -3976,67 +3979,67 @@ RREEAADDLLIINNEE List the possible completions of the text before point, treating it as a filename. ccoommpplleettee--uusseerrnnaammee ((MM--~~)) - Attempt completion on the text before point, treating it as a + Attempt completion on the text before point, treating it as a username. ppoossssiibbllee--uusseerrnnaammee--ccoommpplleettiioonnss ((CC--xx ~~)) List the possible completions of the text before point, treating it as a username. ccoommpplleettee--vvaarriiaabbllee ((MM--$$)) - Attempt completion on the text before point, treating it as a + Attempt completion on the text before point, treating it as a shell variable. ppoossssiibbllee--vvaarriiaabbllee--ccoommpplleettiioonnss ((CC--xx $$)) List the possible completions of the text before point, treating it as a shell variable. ccoommpplleettee--hhoossttnnaammee ((MM--@@)) - Attempt completion on the text before point, treating it as a + Attempt completion on the text before point, treating it as a hostname. ppoossssiibbllee--hhoossttnnaammee--ccoommpplleettiioonnss ((CC--xx @@)) List the possible completions of the text before point, treating it as a hostname. ccoommpplleettee--ccoommmmaanndd ((MM--!!)) - Attempt completion on the text before point, treating it as a - command name. Command completion attempts to match the text - against aliases, reserved words, shell functions, shell + Attempt completion on the text before point, treating it as a + command name. Command completion attempts to match the text + against aliases, reserved words, shell functions, shell builtins, and finally executable filenames, in that order. ppoossssiibbllee--ccoommmmaanndd--ccoommpplleettiioonnss ((CC--xx !!)) List the possible completions of the text before point, treating it as a command name. ddyynnaammiicc--ccoommpplleettee--hhiissttoorryy ((MM--TTAABB)) - Attempt completion on the text before point, comparing the text - against lines from the history list for possible completion + Attempt completion on the text before point, comparing the text + against lines from the history list for possible completion matches. ddaabbbbrreevv--eexxppaanndd - Attempt menu completion on the text before point, comparing the + Attempt menu completion on the text before point, comparing the text against lines from the history list for possible completion matches. ccoommpplleettee--iinnttoo--bbrraacceess ((MM--{{)) Perform filename completion and insert the list of possible com- - pletions enclosed within braces so the list is available to the + pletions enclosed within braces so the list is available to the shell (see BBrraaccee EExxppaannssiioonn above). KKeeyybbooaarrdd MMaaccrrooss ssttaarrtt--kkbbdd--mmaaccrroo ((CC--xx (()) - Begin saving the characters typed into the current keyboard + Begin saving the characters typed into the current keyboard macro. eenndd--kkbbdd--mmaaccrroo ((CC--xx )))) Stop saving the characters typed into the current keyboard macro and store the definition. ccaallll--llaasstt--kkbbdd--mmaaccrroo ((CC--xx ee)) - Re-execute the last keyboard macro defined, by making the char- + Re-execute the last keyboard macro defined, by making the char- acters in the macro appear as if typed at the keyboard. pprriinntt--llaasstt--kkbbdd--mmaaccrroo (()) - Print the last keyboard macro defined in a format suitable for + Print the last keyboard macro defined in a format suitable for the _i_n_p_u_t_r_c file. MMiisscceellllaanneeoouuss rree--rreeaadd--iinniitt--ffiillee ((CC--xx CC--rr)) - Read in the contents of the _i_n_p_u_t_r_c file, and incorporate any + Read in the contents of the _i_n_p_u_t_r_c file, and incorporate any bindings or variable assignments found there. aabboorrtt ((CC--gg)) - Abort the current editing command and ring the terminal's bell + Abort the current editing command and ring the terminal's bell (subject to the setting of bbeellll--ssttyyllee). ddoo--lloowweerrccaassee--vveerrssiioonn ((MM--AA,, MM--BB,, MM--_x,, ......)) - If the metafied character _x is uppercase, run the command that + If the metafied character _x is uppercase, run the command that is bound to the corresponding metafied lowercase character. The behavior is undefined if _x is already lowercase. pprreeffiixx--mmeettaa ((EESSCC)) @@ -4044,204 +4047,204 @@ RREEAADDLLIINNEE uunnddoo ((CC--__,, CC--xx CC--uu)) Incremental undo, separately remembered for each line. rreevveerrtt--lliinnee ((MM--rr)) - Undo all changes made to this line. This is like executing the - uunnddoo command enough times to return the line to its initial + Undo all changes made to this line. This is like executing the + uunnddoo command enough times to return the line to its initial state. ttiillddee--eexxppaanndd ((MM--&&)) Perform tilde expansion on the current word. sseett--mmaarrkk ((CC--@@,, MM--<>)) - Set the mark to the point. If a numeric argument is supplied, + Set the mark to the point. If a numeric argument is supplied, the mark is set to that position. eexxcchhaannggee--ppooiinntt--aanndd--mmaarrkk ((CC--xx CC--xx)) - Swap the point with the mark. The current cursor position is - set to the saved position, and the old cursor position is saved + Swap the point with the mark. The current cursor position is + set to the saved position, and the old cursor position is saved as the mark. cchhaarraacctteerr--sseeaarrcchh ((CC--]])) A character is read and point is moved to the next occurrence of - that character. A negative count searches for previous occur- + that character. A negative count searches for previous occur- rences. cchhaarraacctteerr--sseeaarrcchh--bbaacckkwwaarrdd ((MM--CC--]])) - A character is read and point is moved to the previous occur- - rence of that character. A negative count searches for subse- + A character is read and point is moved to the previous occur- + rence of that character. A negative count searches for subse- quent occurrences. sskkiipp--ccssii--sseeqquueennccee - Read enough characters to consume a multi-key sequence such as - those defined for keys like Home and End. Such sequences begin + Read enough characters to consume a multi-key sequence such as + those defined for keys like Home and End. Such sequences begin with a Control Sequence Indicator (CSI), usually ESC-[. If this - sequence is bound to "\[", keys producing such sequences will - have no effect unless explicitly bound to a readline command, - instead of inserting stray characters into the editing buffer. + sequence is bound to "\[", keys producing such sequences will + have no effect unless explicitly bound to a readline command, + instead of inserting stray characters into the editing buffer. This is unbound by default, but usually bound to ESC-[. iinnsseerrtt--ccoommmmeenntt ((MM--##)) - Without a numeric argument, the value of the readline ccoomm-- - mmeenntt--bbeeggiinn variable is inserted at the beginning of the current + Without a numeric argument, the value of the readline ccoomm-- + mmeenntt--bbeeggiinn variable is inserted at the beginning of the current line. If a numeric argument is supplied, this command acts as a - toggle: if the characters at the beginning of the line do not - match the value of ccoommmmeenntt--bbeeggiinn, the value is inserted, other- + toggle: if the characters at the beginning of the line do not + match the value of ccoommmmeenntt--bbeeggiinn, the value is inserted, other- wise the characters in ccoommmmeenntt--bbeeggiinn are deleted from the begin- - ning of the line. In either case, the line is accepted as if a - newline had been typed. The default value of ccoommmmeenntt--bbeeggiinn - causes this command to make the current line a shell comment. - If a numeric argument causes the comment character to be re- + ning of the line. In either case, the line is accepted as if a + newline had been typed. The default value of ccoommmmeenntt--bbeeggiinn + causes this command to make the current line a shell comment. + If a numeric argument causes the comment character to be re- moved, the line will be executed by the shell. ssppeellll--ccoorrrreecctt--wwoorrdd ((CC--xx ss)) - Perform spelling correction on the current word, treating it as - a directory or filename, in the same way as the ccddssppeellll shell - option. Word boundaries are the same as those used by + Perform spelling correction on the current word, treating it as + a directory or filename, in the same way as the ccddssppeellll shell + option. Word boundaries are the same as those used by sshheellll--ffoorrwwaarrdd--wwoorrdd. gglloobb--ccoommpplleettee--wwoorrdd ((MM--gg)) - The word before point is treated as a pattern for pathname ex- - pansion, with an asterisk implicitly appended. This pattern is - used to generate a list of matching filenames for possible com- + The word before point is treated as a pattern for pathname ex- + pansion, with an asterisk implicitly appended. This pattern is + used to generate a list of matching filenames for possible com- pletions. gglloobb--eexxppaanndd--wwoorrdd ((CC--xx **)) - The word before point is treated as a pattern for pathname ex- + The word before point is treated as a pattern for pathname ex- pansion, and the list of matching filenames is inserted, replac- ing the word. If a numeric argument is supplied, an asterisk is appended before pathname expansion. gglloobb--lliisstt--eexxppaannssiioonnss ((CC--xx gg)) - The list of expansions that would have been generated by - gglloobb--eexxppaanndd--wwoorrdd is displayed, and the line is redrawn. If a - numeric argument is supplied, an asterisk is appended before + The list of expansions that would have been generated by + gglloobb--eexxppaanndd--wwoorrdd is displayed, and the line is redrawn. If a + numeric argument is supplied, an asterisk is appended before pathname expansion. dduummpp--ffuunnccttiioonnss - Print all of the functions and their key bindings to the read- + Print all of the functions and their key bindings to the read- line output stream. If a numeric argument is supplied, the out- - put is formatted in such a way that it can be made part of an + put is formatted in such a way that it can be made part of an _i_n_p_u_t_r_c file. dduummpp--vvaarriiaabblleess Print all of the settable readline variables and their values to - the readline output stream. If a numeric argument is supplied, - the output is formatted in such a way that it can be made part + the readline output stream. If a numeric argument is supplied, + the output is formatted in such a way that it can be made part of an _i_n_p_u_t_r_c file. dduummpp--mmaaccrrooss - Print all of the readline key sequences bound to macros and the - strings they output. If a numeric argument is supplied, the + Print all of the readline key sequences bound to macros and the + strings they output. If a numeric argument is supplied, the output is formatted in such a way that it can be made part of an _i_n_p_u_t_r_c file. ddiissppllaayy--sshheellll--vveerrssiioonn ((CC--xx CC--vv)) Display version information about the current instance of bbaasshh. PPrrooggrraammmmaabbllee CCoommpplleettiioonn - When word completion is attempted for an argument to a command for - which a completion specification (a _c_o_m_p_s_p_e_c) has been defined using - the ccoommpplleettee builtin (see SSHHEELLLL BBUUIILLTTIINN CCOOMMMMAANNDDSS below), the program- + When word completion is attempted for an argument to a command for + which a completion specification (a _c_o_m_p_s_p_e_c) has been defined using + the ccoommpplleettee builtin (see SSHHEELLLL BBUUIILLTTIINN CCOOMMMMAANNDDSS below), the program- mable completion facilities are invoked. - First, the command name is identified. If the command word is the - empty string (completion attempted at the beginning of an empty line), - any compspec defined with the --EE option to ccoommpplleettee is used. If a - compspec has been defined for that command, the compspec is used to + First, the command name is identified. If the command word is the + empty string (completion attempted at the beginning of an empty line), + any compspec defined with the --EE option to ccoommpplleettee is used. If a + compspec has been defined for that command, the compspec is used to generate the list of possible completions for the word. If the command - word is a full pathname, a compspec for the full pathname is searched - for first. If no compspec is found for the full pathname, an attempt - is made to find a compspec for the portion following the final slash. - If those searches do not result in a compspec, any compspec defined - with the --DD option to ccoommpplleettee is used as the default. If there is no - default compspec, bbaasshh attempts alias expansion on the command word as - a final resort, and attempts to find a compspec for the command word + word is a full pathname, a compspec for the full pathname is searched + for first. If no compspec is found for the full pathname, an attempt + is made to find a compspec for the portion following the final slash. + If those searches do not result in a compspec, any compspec defined + with the --DD option to ccoommpplleettee is used as the default. If there is no + default compspec, bbaasshh attempts alias expansion on the command word as + a final resort, and attempts to find a compspec for the command word from any successful expansion. - Once a compspec has been found, it is used to generate the list of - matching words. If a compspec is not found, the default bbaasshh comple- + Once a compspec has been found, it is used to generate the list of + matching words. If a compspec is not found, the default bbaasshh comple- tion as described above under CCoommpplleettiinngg is performed. - First, the actions specified by the compspec are used. Only matches - which are prefixed by the word being completed are returned. When the - --ff or --dd option is used for filename or directory name completion, the + First, the actions specified by the compspec are used. Only matches + which are prefixed by the word being completed are returned. When the + --ff or --dd option is used for filename or directory name completion, the shell variable FFIIGGNNOORREE is used to filter the matches. Any completions specified by a pathname expansion pattern to the --GG op- - tion are generated next. The words generated by the pattern need not - match the word being completed. The GGLLOOBBIIGGNNOORREE shell variable is not + tion are generated next. The words generated by the pattern need not + match the word being completed. The GGLLOOBBIIGGNNOORREE shell variable is not used to filter the matches, but the FFIIGGNNOORREE variable is used. - Next, the string specified as the argument to the --WW option is consid- - ered. The string is first split using the characters in the IIFFSS spe- - cial variable as delimiters. Shell quoting is honored. Each word is - then expanded using brace expansion, tilde expansion, parameter and - variable expansion, command substitution, and arithmetic expansion, as + Next, the string specified as the argument to the --WW option is consid- + ered. The string is first split using the characters in the IIFFSS spe- + cial variable as delimiters. Shell quoting is honored. Each word is + then expanded using brace expansion, tilde expansion, parameter and + variable expansion, command substitution, and arithmetic expansion, as described above under EEXXPPAANNSSIIOONN. The results are split using the rules described above under WWoorrdd SSpplliittttiinngg. The results of the expansion are prefix-matched against the word being completed, and the matching words become the possible completions. - After these matches have been generated, any shell function or command - specified with the --FF and --CC options is invoked. When the command or + After these matches have been generated, any shell function or command + specified with the --FF and --CC options is invoked. When the command or function is invoked, the CCOOMMPP__LLIINNEE, CCOOMMPP__PPOOIINNTT, CCOOMMPP__KKEEYY, and CCOOMMPP__TTYYPPEE variables are assigned values as described above under SShheellll VVaarriiaabblleess. - If a shell function is being invoked, the CCOOMMPP__WWOORRDDSS and CCOOMMPP__CCWWOORRDD - variables are also set. When the function or command is invoked, the - first argument ($$11) is the name of the command whose arguments are be- - ing completed, the second argument ($$22) is the word being completed, - and the third argument ($$33) is the word preceding the word being com- + If a shell function is being invoked, the CCOOMMPP__WWOORRDDSS and CCOOMMPP__CCWWOORRDD + variables are also set. When the function or command is invoked, the + first argument ($$11) is the name of the command whose arguments are be- + ing completed, the second argument ($$22) is the word being completed, + and the third argument ($$33) is the word preceding the word being com- pleted on the current command line. No filtering of the generated com- pletions against the word being completed is performed; the function or command has complete freedom in generating the matches. - Any function specified with --FF is invoked first. The function may use - any of the shell facilities, including the ccoommppggeenn builtin described - below, to generate the matches. It must put the possible completions + Any function specified with --FF is invoked first. The function may use + any of the shell facilities, including the ccoommppggeenn builtin described + below, to generate the matches. It must put the possible completions in the CCOOMMPPRREEPPLLYY array variable, one per array element. - Next, any command specified with the --CC option is invoked in an envi- - ronment equivalent to command substitution. It should print a list of - completions, one per line, to the standard output. Backslash may be + Next, any command specified with the --CC option is invoked in an envi- + ronment equivalent to command substitution. It should print a list of + completions, one per line, to the standard output. Backslash may be used to escape a newline, if necessary. - After all of the possible completions are generated, any filter speci- - fied with the --XX option is applied to the list. The filter is a pat- - tern as used for pathname expansion; a && in the pattern is replaced - with the text of the word being completed. A literal && may be escaped - with a backslash; the backslash is removed before attempting a match. - Any completion that matches the pattern will be removed from the list. + After all of the possible completions are generated, any filter speci- + fied with the --XX option is applied to the list. The filter is a pat- + tern as used for pathname expansion; a && in the pattern is replaced + with the text of the word being completed. A literal && may be escaped + with a backslash; the backslash is removed before attempting a match. + Any completion that matches the pattern will be removed from the list. A leading !! negates the pattern; in this case any completion not match- - ing the pattern will be removed. If the nnooccaasseemmaattcchh shell option is - enabled, the match is performed without regard to the case of alpha- + ing the pattern will be removed. If the nnooccaasseemmaattcchh shell option is + enabled, the match is performed without regard to the case of alpha- betic characters. Finally, any prefix and suffix specified with the --PP and --SS options are added to each member of the completion list, and the result is returned to the readline completion code as the list of possible completions. - If the previously-applied actions do not generate any matches, and the - --oo ddiirrnnaammeess option was supplied to ccoommpplleettee when the compspec was de- + If the previously-applied actions do not generate any matches, and the + --oo ddiirrnnaammeess option was supplied to ccoommpplleettee when the compspec was de- fined, directory name completion is attempted. - If the --oo pplluussddiirrss option was supplied to ccoommpplleettee when the compspec + If the --oo pplluussddiirrss option was supplied to ccoommpplleettee when the compspec was defined, directory name completion is attempted and any matches are added to the results of the other actions. - By default, if a compspec is found, whatever it generates is returned - to the completion code as the full set of possible completions. The + By default, if a compspec is found, whatever it generates is returned + to the completion code as the full set of possible completions. The default bbaasshh completions are not attempted, and the readline default of filename completion is disabled. If the --oo bbaasshhddeeffaauulltt option was sup- - plied to ccoommpplleettee when the compspec was defined, the bbaasshh default com- + plied to ccoommpplleettee when the compspec was defined, the bbaasshh default com- pletions are attempted if the compspec generates no matches. If the --oo - ddeeffaauulltt option was supplied to ccoommpplleettee when the compspec was defined, - readline's default completion will be performed if the compspec (and, + ddeeffaauulltt option was supplied to ccoommpplleettee when the compspec was defined, + readline's default completion will be performed if the compspec (and, if attempted, the default bbaasshh completions) generate no matches. - When a compspec indicates that directory name completion is desired, - the programmable completion functions force readline to append a slash - to completed names which are symbolic links to directories, subject to - the value of the mmaarrkk--ddiirreeccttoorriieess readline variable, regardless of the + When a compspec indicates that directory name completion is desired, + the programmable completion functions force readline to append a slash + to completed names which are symbolic links to directories, subject to + the value of the mmaarrkk--ddiirreeccttoorriieess readline variable, regardless of the setting of the mmaarrkk--ssyymmlliinnkkeedd--ddiirreeccttoorriieess readline variable. - There is some support for dynamically modifying completions. This is - most useful when used in combination with a default completion speci- - fied with ccoommpplleettee --DD. It's possible for shell functions executed as - completion handlers to indicate that completion should be retried by - returning an exit status of 124. If a shell function returns 124, and + There is some support for dynamically modifying completions. This is + most useful when used in combination with a default completion speci- + fied with ccoommpplleettee --DD. It's possible for shell functions executed as + completion handlers to indicate that completion should be retried by + returning an exit status of 124. If a shell function returns 124, and changes the compspec associated with the command on which completion is - being attempted (supplied as the first argument when the function is + being attempted (supplied as the first argument when the function is executed), programmable completion restarts from the beginning, with an - attempt to find a new compspec for that command. This allows a set of - completions to be built dynamically as completion is attempted, rather + attempt to find a new compspec for that command. This allows a set of + completions to be built dynamically as completion is attempted, rather than being loaded all at once. - For instance, assuming that there is a library of compspecs, each kept - in a file corresponding to the name of the command, the following de- + For instance, assuming that there is a library of compspecs, each kept + in a file corresponding to the name of the command, the following de- fault completion function would load completions dynamically: _completion_loader() @@ -4252,167 +4255,167 @@ RREEAADDLLIINNEE HHIISSTTOORRYY - When the --oo hhiissttoorryy option to the sseett builtin is enabled, the shell + When the --oo hhiissttoorryy option to the sseett builtin is enabled, the shell provides access to the _c_o_m_m_a_n_d _h_i_s_t_o_r_y, the list of commands previously - typed. The value of the HHIISSTTSSIIZZEE variable is used as the number of + typed. The value of the HHIISSTTSSIIZZEE variable is used as the number of commands to save in a history list. The text of the last HHIISSTTSSIIZZEE com- - mands (default 500) is saved. The shell stores each command in the - history list prior to parameter and variable expansion (see EEXXPPAANNSSIIOONN - above) but after history expansion is performed, subject to the values + mands (default 500) is saved. The shell stores each command in the + history list prior to parameter and variable expansion (see EEXXPPAANNSSIIOONN + above) but after history expansion is performed, subject to the values of the shell variables HHIISSTTIIGGNNOORREE and HHIISSTTCCOONNTTRROOLL. On startup, the history is initialized from the file named by the vari- - able HHIISSTTFFIILLEE (default _~_/_._b_a_s_h___h_i_s_t_o_r_y). The file named by the value - of HHIISSTTFFIILLEE is truncated, if necessary, to contain no more than the - number of lines specified by the value of HHIISSTTFFIILLEESSIIZZEE. If HHIISSTTFFIILLEE-- - SSIIZZEE is unset, or set to null, a non-numeric value, or a numeric value - less than zero, the history file is not truncated. When the history - file is read, lines beginning with the history comment character fol- + able HHIISSTTFFIILLEE (default _~_/_._b_a_s_h___h_i_s_t_o_r_y). The file named by the value + of HHIISSTTFFIILLEE is truncated, if necessary, to contain no more than the + number of lines specified by the value of HHIISSTTFFIILLEESSIIZZEE. If HHIISSTTFFIILLEE-- + SSIIZZEE is unset, or set to null, a non-numeric value, or a numeric value + less than zero, the history file is not truncated. When the history + file is read, lines beginning with the history comment character fol- lowed immediately by a digit are interpreted as timestamps for the fol- lowing history line. These timestamps are optionally displayed depend- - ing on the value of the HHIISSTTTTIIMMEEFFOORRMMAATT variable. When a shell with - history enabled exits, the last $$HHIISSTTSSIIZZEE lines are copied from the - history list to $$HHIISSTTFFIILLEE. If the hhiissttaappppeenndd shell option is enabled - (see the description of sshhoopptt under SSHHEELLLL BBUUIILLTTIINN CCOOMMMMAANNDDSS below), the - lines are appended to the history file, otherwise the history file is - overwritten. If HHIISSTTFFIILLEE is unset, or if the history file is un- - writable, the history is not saved. If the HHIISSTTTTIIMMEEFFOORRMMAATT variable is - set, time stamps are written to the history file, marked with the his- + ing on the value of the HHIISSTTTTIIMMEEFFOORRMMAATT variable. When a shell with + history enabled exits, the last $$HHIISSTTSSIIZZEE lines are copied from the + history list to $$HHIISSTTFFIILLEE. If the hhiissttaappppeenndd shell option is enabled + (see the description of sshhoopptt under SSHHEELLLL BBUUIILLTTIINN CCOOMMMMAANNDDSS below), the + lines are appended to the history file, otherwise the history file is + overwritten. If HHIISSTTFFIILLEE is unset, or if the history file is un- + writable, the history is not saved. If the HHIISSTTTTIIMMEEFFOORRMMAATT variable is + set, time stamps are written to the history file, marked with the his- tory comment character, so they may be preserved across shell sessions. - This uses the history comment character to distinguish timestamps from - other history lines. After saving the history, the history file is - truncated to contain no more than HHIISSTTFFIILLEESSIIZZEE lines. If HHIISSTTFFIILLEESSIIZZEE - is unset, or set to null, a non-numeric value, or a numeric value less + This uses the history comment character to distinguish timestamps from + other history lines. After saving the history, the history file is + truncated to contain no more than HHIISSTTFFIILLEESSIIZZEE lines. If HHIISSTTFFIILLEESSIIZZEE + is unset, or set to null, a non-numeric value, or a numeric value less than zero, the history file is not truncated. - The builtin command ffcc (see SSHHEELLLL BBUUIILLTTIINN CCOOMMMMAANNDDSS below) may be used + The builtin command ffcc (see SSHHEELLLL BBUUIILLTTIINN CCOOMMMMAANNDDSS below) may be used to list or edit and re-execute a portion of the history list. The hhiiss-- - ttoorryy builtin may be used to display or modify the history list and ma- - nipulate the history file. When using command-line editing, search - commands are available in each editing mode that provide access to the + ttoorryy builtin may be used to display or modify the history list and ma- + nipulate the history file. When using command-line editing, search + commands are available in each editing mode that provide access to the history list. - The shell allows control over which commands are saved on the history + The shell allows control over which commands are saved on the history list. The HHIISSTTCCOONNTTRROOLL and HHIISSTTIIGGNNOORREE variables may be set to cause the shell to save only a subset of the commands entered. The ccmmddhhiisstt shell - option, if enabled, causes the shell to attempt to save each line of a - multi-line command in the same history entry, adding semicolons where - necessary to preserve syntactic correctness. The lliitthhiisstt shell option - causes the shell to save the command with embedded newlines instead of + option, if enabled, causes the shell to attempt to save each line of a + multi-line command in the same history entry, adding semicolons where + necessary to preserve syntactic correctness. The lliitthhiisstt shell option + causes the shell to save the command with embedded newlines instead of semicolons. See the description of the sshhoopptt builtin below under SSHHEELLLL - BBUUIILLTTIINN CCOOMMMMAANNDDSS for information on setting and unsetting shell op- + BBUUIILLTTIINN CCOOMMMMAANNDDSS for information on setting and unsetting shell op- tions. HHIISSTTOORRYY EEXXPPAANNSSIIOONN - The shell supports a history expansion feature that is similar to the - history expansion in ccsshh. This section describes what syntax features - are available. This feature is enabled by default for interactive + The shell supports a history expansion feature that is similar to the + history expansion in ccsshh. This section describes what syntax features + are available. This feature is enabled by default for interactive shells, and can be disabled using the ++HH option to the sseett builtin com- mand (see SSHHEELLLL BBUUIILLTTIINN CCOOMMMMAANNDDSS below). Non-interactive shells do not perform history expansion by default. History expansions introduce words from the history list into the input - stream, making it easy to repeat commands, insert the arguments to a + stream, making it easy to repeat commands, insert the arguments to a previous command into the current input line, or fix errors in previous commands quickly. - History expansion is performed immediately after a complete line is - read, before the shell breaks it into words, and is performed on each - line individually without taking quoting on previous lines into ac- - count. It takes place in two parts. The first is to determine which - line from the history list to use during substitution. The second is - to select portions of that line for inclusion into the current one. - The line selected from the history is the _e_v_e_n_t, and the portions of - that line that are acted upon are _w_o_r_d_s. Various _m_o_d_i_f_i_e_r_s are avail- - able to manipulate the selected words. The line is broken into words - in the same fashion as when reading input, so that several _m_e_t_a_c_h_a_r_a_c_- + History expansion is performed immediately after a complete line is + read, before the shell breaks it into words, and is performed on each + line individually without taking quoting on previous lines into ac- + count. It takes place in two parts. The first is to determine which + line from the history list to use during substitution. The second is + to select portions of that line for inclusion into the current one. + The line selected from the history is the _e_v_e_n_t, and the portions of + that line that are acted upon are _w_o_r_d_s. Various _m_o_d_i_f_i_e_r_s are avail- + able to manipulate the selected words. The line is broken into words + in the same fashion as when reading input, so that several _m_e_t_a_c_h_a_r_a_c_- _t_e_r-separated words surrounded by quotes are considered one word. His- - tory expansions are introduced by the appearance of the history expan- - sion character, which is !! by default. Only backslash (\\) and single - quotes can quote the history expansion character, but the history ex- - pansion character is also treated as quoted if it immediately precedes + tory expansions are introduced by the appearance of the history expan- + sion character, which is !! by default. Only backslash (\\) and single + quotes can quote the history expansion character, but the history ex- + pansion character is also treated as quoted if it immediately precedes the closing double quote in a double-quoted string. - Several characters inhibit history expansion if found immediately fol- - lowing the history expansion character, even if it is unquoted: space, - tab, newline, carriage return, and ==. If the eexxttgglloobb shell option is + Several characters inhibit history expansion if found immediately fol- + lowing the history expansion character, even if it is unquoted: space, + tab, newline, carriage return, and ==. If the eexxttgglloobb shell option is enabled, (( will also inhibit expansion. - Several shell options settable with the sshhoopptt builtin may be used to - tailor the behavior of history expansion. If the hhiissttvveerriiffyy shell op- - tion is enabled (see the description of the sshhoopptt builtin below), and - rreeaaddlliinnee is being used, history substitutions are not immediately - passed to the shell parser. Instead, the expanded line is reloaded + Several shell options settable with the sshhoopptt builtin may be used to + tailor the behavior of history expansion. If the hhiissttvveerriiffyy shell op- + tion is enabled (see the description of the sshhoopptt builtin below), and + rreeaaddlliinnee is being used, history substitutions are not immediately + passed to the shell parser. Instead, the expanded line is reloaded into the rreeaaddlliinnee editing buffer for further modification. If rreeaaddlliinnee - is being used, and the hhiissttrreeeeddiitt shell option is enabled, a failed - history substitution will be reloaded into the rreeaaddlliinnee editing buffer - for correction. The --pp option to the hhiissttoorryy builtin command may be - used to see what a history expansion will do before using it. The --ss + is being used, and the hhiissttrreeeeddiitt shell option is enabled, a failed + history substitution will be reloaded into the rreeaaddlliinnee editing buffer + for correction. The --pp option to the hhiissttoorryy builtin command may be + used to see what a history expansion will do before using it. The --ss option to the hhiissttoorryy builtin may be used to add commands to the end of - the history list without actually executing them, so that they are + the history list without actually executing them, so that they are available for subsequent recall. - The shell allows control of the various characters used by the history + The shell allows control of the various characters used by the history expansion mechanism (see the description of hhiissttcchhaarrss above under SShheellll - VVaarriiaabblleess). The shell uses the history comment character to mark his- + VVaarriiaabblleess). The shell uses the history comment character to mark his- tory timestamps when writing the history file. EEvveenntt DDeessiiggnnaattoorrss - An event designator is a reference to a command line entry in the his- - tory list. Unless the reference is absolute, events are relative to + An event designator is a reference to a command line entry in the his- + tory list. Unless the reference is absolute, events are relative to the current position in the history list. - !! Start a history substitution, except when followed by a bbllaannkk, - newline, carriage return, = or ( (when the eexxttgglloobb shell option + !! Start a history substitution, except when followed by a bbllaannkk, + newline, carriage return, = or ( (when the eexxttgglloobb shell option is enabled using the sshhoopptt builtin). !!_n Refer to command line _n. !!--_n Refer to the current command minus _n. !!!! Refer to the previous command. This is a synonym for `!-1'. !!_s_t_r_i_n_g - Refer to the most recent command preceding the current position + Refer to the most recent command preceding the current position in the history list starting with _s_t_r_i_n_g. !!??_s_t_r_i_n_g[[??]] - Refer to the most recent command preceding the current position - in the history list containing _s_t_r_i_n_g. The trailing ?? may be - omitted if _s_t_r_i_n_g is followed immediately by a newline. If - _s_t_r_i_n_g is missing, the string from the most recent search is + Refer to the most recent command preceding the current position + in the history list containing _s_t_r_i_n_g. The trailing ?? may be + omitted if _s_t_r_i_n_g is followed immediately by a newline. If + _s_t_r_i_n_g is missing, the string from the most recent search is used; it is an error if there is no previous search string. ^^_s_t_r_i_n_g_1^^_s_t_r_i_n_g_2^^ - Quick substitution. Repeat the previous command, replacing - _s_t_r_i_n_g_1 with _s_t_r_i_n_g_2. Equivalent to ``!!:s^_s_t_r_i_n_g_1^_s_t_r_i_n_g_2^'' + Quick substitution. Repeat the previous command, replacing + _s_t_r_i_n_g_1 with _s_t_r_i_n_g_2. Equivalent to ``!!:s^_s_t_r_i_n_g_1^_s_t_r_i_n_g_2^'' (see MMooddiiffiieerrss below). !!## The entire command line typed so far. WWoorrdd DDeessiiggnnaattoorrss - Word designators are used to select desired words from the event. A :: - separates the event specification from the word designator. It may be - omitted if the word designator begins with a ^^, $$, **, --, or %%. Words - are numbered from the beginning of the line, with the first word being - denoted by 0 (zero). Words are inserted into the current line sepa- + Word designators are used to select desired words from the event. A :: + separates the event specification from the word designator. It may be + omitted if the word designator begins with a ^^, $$, **, --, or %%. Words + are numbered from the beginning of the line, with the first word being + denoted by 0 (zero). Words are inserted into the current line sepa- rated by single spaces. 00 ((zzeerroo)) The zeroth word. For the shell, this is the command word. _n The _nth word. ^^ The first argument. That is, word 1. - $$ The last word. This is usually the last argument, but will ex- + $$ The last word. This is usually the last argument, but will ex- pand to the zeroth word if there is only one word in the line. - %% The first word matched by the most recent `?_s_t_r_i_n_g?' search, if - the search string begins with a character that is part of a + %% The first word matched by the most recent `?_s_t_r_i_n_g?' search, if + the search string begins with a character that is part of a word. _x--_y A range of words; `-_y' abbreviates `0-_y'. - ** All of the words but the zeroth. This is a synonym for `_1_-_$'. - It is not an error to use ** if there is just one word in the + ** All of the words but the zeroth. This is a synonym for `_1_-_$'. + It is not an error to use ** if there is just one word in the event; the empty string is returned in that case. xx** Abbreviates _x_-_$. xx-- Abbreviates _x_-_$ like xx**, but omits the last word. If xx is miss- ing, it defaults to 0. - If a word designator is supplied without an event specification, the + If a word designator is supplied without an event specification, the previous command is used as the event. MMooddiiffiieerrss - After the optional word designator, there may appear a sequence of one + After the optional word designator, there may appear a sequence of one or more of the following modifiers, each preceded by a `:'. These mod- ify, or edit, the word or words selected from the history event. @@ -4422,24 +4425,24 @@ HHIISSTTOORRYY EEXXPPAANNSSIIOONN ee Remove all but the trailing suffix. pp Print the new command but do not execute it. qq Quote the substituted words, escaping further substitutions. - xx Quote the substituted words as with qq, but break into words at - bbllaannkkss and newlines. The qq and xx modifiers are mutually exclu- + xx Quote the substituted words as with qq, but break into words at + bbllaannkkss and newlines. The qq and xx modifiers are mutually exclu- sive; the last one supplied is used. ss//_o_l_d//_n_e_w// - Substitute _n_e_w for the first occurrence of _o_l_d in the event + Substitute _n_e_w for the first occurrence of _o_l_d in the event line. Any character may be used as the delimiter in place of /. - The final delimiter is optional if it is the last character of + The final delimiter is optional if it is the last character of the event line. The delimiter may be quoted in _o_l_d and _n_e_w with a single backslash. If & appears in _n_e_w, it is replaced by _o_l_d. - A single backslash will quote the &. If _o_l_d is null, it is set - to the last _o_l_d substituted, or, if no previous history substi- - tutions took place, the last _s_t_r_i_n_g in a !!??_s_t_r_i_n_g[[??]] search. + A single backslash will quote the &. If _o_l_d is null, it is set + to the last _o_l_d substituted, or, if no previous history substi- + tutions took place, the last _s_t_r_i_n_g in a !!??_s_t_r_i_n_g[[??]] search. If _n_e_w is null, each matching _o_l_d is deleted. && Repeat the previous substitution. gg Cause changes to be applied over the entire event line. This is - used in conjunction with `::ss' (e.g., `::ggss//_o_l_d//_n_e_w//') or `::&&'. - If used with `::ss', any delimiter can be used in place of /, and - the final delimiter is optional if it is the last character of + used in conjunction with `::ss' (e.g., `::ggss//_o_l_d//_n_e_w//') or `::&&'. + If used with `::ss', any delimiter can be used in place of /, and + the final delimiter is optional if it is the last character of the event line. An aa may be used as a synonym for gg. GG Apply the following `ss' or `&&' modifier once to each word in the event line. @@ -4448,56 +4451,56 @@ SSHHEELLLL BBUUIILLTTIINN CCOOMMMMAANNDDSS Unless otherwise noted, each builtin command documented in this section as accepting options preceded by -- accepts ---- to signify the end of the options. The ::, ttrruuee, ffaallssee, and tteesstt/[[ builtins do not accept options - and do not treat ---- specially. The eexxiitt, llooggoouutt, rreettuurrnn, bbrreeaakk, ccoonn-- - ttiinnuuee, lleett, and sshhiifftt builtins accept and process arguments beginning - with -- without requiring ----. Other builtins that accept arguments but - are not specified as accepting options interpret arguments beginning - with -- as invalid options and require ---- to prevent this interpreta- + and do not treat ---- specially. The eexxiitt, llooggoouutt, rreettuurrnn, bbrreeaakk, ccoonn-- + ttiinnuuee, lleett, and sshhiifftt builtins accept and process arguments beginning + with -- without requiring ----. Other builtins that accept arguments but + are not specified as accepting options interpret arguments beginning + with -- as invalid options and require ---- to prevent this interpreta- tion. :: [_a_r_g_u_m_e_n_t_s] - No effect; the command does nothing beyond expanding _a_r_g_u_m_e_n_t_s + No effect; the command does nothing beyond expanding _a_r_g_u_m_e_n_t_s and performing any specified redirections. The return status is zero. .. _f_i_l_e_n_a_m_e [_a_r_g_u_m_e_n_t_s] ssoouurrccee _f_i_l_e_n_a_m_e [_a_r_g_u_m_e_n_t_s] Read and execute commands from _f_i_l_e_n_a_m_e in the current shell en- - vironment and return the exit status of the last command exe- - cuted from _f_i_l_e_n_a_m_e. If _f_i_l_e_n_a_m_e does not contain a slash, - filenames in PPAATTHH are used to find the directory containing + vironment and return the exit status of the last command exe- + cuted from _f_i_l_e_n_a_m_e. If _f_i_l_e_n_a_m_e does not contain a slash, + filenames in PPAATTHH are used to find the directory containing _f_i_l_e_n_a_m_e, but _f_i_l_e_n_a_m_e does not need to be executable. The file - searched for in PPAATTHH need not be executable. When bbaasshh is not - in _p_o_s_i_x _m_o_d_e, the current directory is searched if no file is - found in PPAATTHH. If the ssoouurrcceeppaatthh option to the sshhoopptt builtin - command is turned off, the PPAATTHH is not searched. If any _a_r_g_u_- - _m_e_n_t_s are supplied, they become the positional parameters when - _f_i_l_e_n_a_m_e is executed. Otherwise the positional parameters are - unchanged. If the --TT option is enabled, .. inherits any trap on + searched for in PPAATTHH need not be executable. When bbaasshh is not + in _p_o_s_i_x _m_o_d_e, the current directory is searched if no file is + found in PPAATTHH. If the ssoouurrcceeppaatthh option to the sshhoopptt builtin + command is turned off, the PPAATTHH is not searched. If any _a_r_g_u_- + _m_e_n_t_s are supplied, they become the positional parameters when + _f_i_l_e_n_a_m_e is executed. Otherwise the positional parameters are + unchanged. If the --TT option is enabled, .. inherits any trap on DDEEBBUUGG; if it is not, any DDEEBBUUGG trap string is saved and restored - around the call to .., and .. unsets the DDEEBBUUGG trap while it exe- + around the call to .., and .. unsets the DDEEBBUUGG trap while it exe- cutes. If --TT is not set, and the sourced file changes the DDEEBBUUGG - trap, the new value is retained when .. completes. The return - status is the status of the last command exited within the + trap, the new value is retained when .. completes. The return + status is the status of the last command exited within the script (0 if no commands are executed), and false if _f_i_l_e_n_a_m_e is not found or cannot be read. aalliiaass [--pp] [_n_a_m_e[=_v_a_l_u_e] ...] AAlliiaass with no arguments or with the --pp option prints the list of - aliases in the form aalliiaass _n_a_m_e=_v_a_l_u_e on standard output. When - arguments are supplied, an alias is defined for each _n_a_m_e whose - _v_a_l_u_e is given. A trailing space in _v_a_l_u_e causes the next word + aliases in the form aalliiaass _n_a_m_e=_v_a_l_u_e on standard output. When + arguments are supplied, an alias is defined for each _n_a_m_e whose + _v_a_l_u_e is given. A trailing space in _v_a_l_u_e causes the next word to be checked for alias substitution when the alias is expanded. - For each _n_a_m_e in the argument list for which no _v_a_l_u_e is sup- - plied, the name and value of the alias is printed. AAlliiaass re- - turns true unless a _n_a_m_e is given for which no alias has been + For each _n_a_m_e in the argument list for which no _v_a_l_u_e is sup- + plied, the name and value of the alias is printed. AAlliiaass re- + turns true unless a _n_a_m_e is given for which no alias has been defined. bbgg [_j_o_b_s_p_e_c ...] - Resume each suspended job _j_o_b_s_p_e_c in the background, as if it + Resume each suspended job _j_o_b_s_p_e_c in the background, as if it had been started with &&. If _j_o_b_s_p_e_c is not present, the shell's - notion of the _c_u_r_r_e_n_t _j_o_b is used. bbgg _j_o_b_s_p_e_c returns 0 unless - run when job control is disabled or, when run with job control - enabled, any specified _j_o_b_s_p_e_c was not found or was started + notion of the _c_u_r_r_e_n_t _j_o_b is used. bbgg _j_o_b_s_p_e_c returns 0 unless + run when job control is disabled or, when run with job control + enabled, any specified _j_o_b_s_p_e_c was not found or was started without job control. bbiinndd [--mm _k_e_y_m_a_p] [--llppssvvPPSSVVXX] @@ -4507,30 +4510,30 @@ SSHHEELLLL BBUUIILLTTIINN CCOOMMMMAANNDDSS bbiinndd [--mm _k_e_y_m_a_p] _k_e_y_s_e_q:_f_u_n_c_t_i_o_n_-_n_a_m_e bbiinndd [--mm _k_e_y_m_a_p] _k_e_y_s_e_q:_r_e_a_d_l_i_n_e_-_c_o_m_m_a_n_d bbiinndd _r_e_a_d_l_i_n_e_-_c_o_m_m_a_n_d_-_l_i_n_e - Display current rreeaaddlliinnee key and function bindings, bind a key - sequence to a rreeaaddlliinnee function or macro, or set a rreeaaddlliinnee + Display current rreeaaddlliinnee key and function bindings, bind a key + sequence to a rreeaaddlliinnee function or macro, or set a rreeaaddlliinnee variable. Each non-option argument is a command as it would ap- - pear in a rreeaaddlliinnee initialization file such as _._i_n_p_u_t_r_c, but - each binding or command must be passed as a separate argument; - e.g., '"\C-x\C-r": re-read-init-file'. Options, if supplied, + pear in a rreeaaddlliinnee initialization file such as _._i_n_p_u_t_r_c, but + each binding or command must be passed as a separate argument; + e.g., '"\C-x\C-r": re-read-init-file'. Options, if supplied, have the following meanings: --mm _k_e_y_m_a_p Use _k_e_y_m_a_p as the keymap to be affected by the subsequent bindings. Acceptable _k_e_y_m_a_p names are _e_m_a_c_s_, _e_m_a_c_s_-_s_t_a_n_- - _d_a_r_d_, _e_m_a_c_s_-_m_e_t_a_, _e_m_a_c_s_-_c_t_l_x_, _v_i_, _v_i_-_m_o_v_e_, _v_i_-_c_o_m_m_a_n_d, - and _v_i_-_i_n_s_e_r_t. _v_i is equivalent to _v_i_-_c_o_m_m_a_n_d (_v_i_-_m_o_v_e - is also a synonym); _e_m_a_c_s is equivalent to _e_m_a_c_s_-_s_t_a_n_- + _d_a_r_d_, _e_m_a_c_s_-_m_e_t_a_, _e_m_a_c_s_-_c_t_l_x_, _v_i_, _v_i_-_m_o_v_e_, _v_i_-_c_o_m_m_a_n_d, + and _v_i_-_i_n_s_e_r_t. _v_i is equivalent to _v_i_-_c_o_m_m_a_n_d (_v_i_-_m_o_v_e + is also a synonym); _e_m_a_c_s is equivalent to _e_m_a_c_s_-_s_t_a_n_- _d_a_r_d. --ll List the names of all rreeaaddlliinnee functions. - --pp Display rreeaaddlliinnee function names and bindings in such a + --pp Display rreeaaddlliinnee function names and bindings in such a way that they can be re-read. --PP List current rreeaaddlliinnee function names and bindings. - --ss Display rreeaaddlliinnee key sequences bound to macros and the - strings they output in such a way that they can be re- + --ss Display rreeaaddlliinnee key sequences bound to macros and the + strings they output in such a way that they can be re- read. - --SS Display rreeaaddlliinnee key sequences bound to macros and the + --SS Display rreeaaddlliinnee key sequences bound to macros and the strings they output. - --vv Display rreeaaddlliinnee variable names and values in such a way + --vv Display rreeaaddlliinnee variable names and values in such a way that they can be re-read. --VV List current rreeaaddlliinnee variable names and values. --ff _f_i_l_e_n_a_m_e @@ -4543,188 +4546,188 @@ SSHHEELLLL BBUUIILLTTIINN CCOOMMMMAANNDDSS Remove any current binding for _k_e_y_s_e_q. --xx _k_e_y_s_e_q::_s_h_e_l_l_-_c_o_m_m_a_n_d Cause _s_h_e_l_l_-_c_o_m_m_a_n_d to be executed whenever _k_e_y_s_e_q is en- - tered. When _s_h_e_l_l_-_c_o_m_m_a_n_d is executed, the shell sets - the RREEAADDLLIINNEE__LLIINNEE variable to the contents of the rreeaadd-- + tered. When _s_h_e_l_l_-_c_o_m_m_a_n_d is executed, the shell sets + the RREEAADDLLIINNEE__LLIINNEE variable to the contents of the rreeaadd-- lliinnee line buffer and the RREEAADDLLIINNEE__PPOOIINNTT and RREEAADDLLIINNEE__MMAARRKK - variables to the current location of the insertion point - and the saved insertion point (the mark), respectively. - The shell assigns any numeric argument the user supplied + variables to the current location of the insertion point + and the saved insertion point (the mark), respectively. + The shell assigns any numeric argument the user supplied to the RREEAADDLLIINNEE__AARRGGUUMMEENNTT variable. If there was no argu- - ment, that variable is not set. If the executed command - changes the value of any of RREEAADDLLIINNEE__LLIINNEE, RREEAADD-- - LLIINNEE__PPOOIINNTT, or RREEAADDLLIINNEE__MMAARRKK, those new values will be + ment, that variable is not set. If the executed command + changes the value of any of RREEAADDLLIINNEE__LLIINNEE, RREEAADD-- + LLIINNEE__PPOOIINNTT, or RREEAADDLLIINNEE__MMAARRKK, those new values will be reflected in the editing state. - --XX List all key sequences bound to shell commands and the + --XX List all key sequences bound to shell commands and the associated commands in a format that can be reused as in- put. - The return value is 0 unless an unrecognized option is given or + The return value is 0 unless an unrecognized option is given or an error occurred. bbrreeaakk [_n] - Exit from within a ffoorr, wwhhiillee, uunnttiill, or sseelleecctt loop. If _n is - specified, break _n levels. _n must be >= 1. If _n is greater - than the number of enclosing loops, all enclosing loops are ex- - ited. The return value is 0 unless _n is not greater than or + Exit from within a ffoorr, wwhhiillee, uunnttiill, or sseelleecctt loop. If _n is + specified, break _n levels. _n must be >= 1. If _n is greater + than the number of enclosing loops, all enclosing loops are ex- + ited. The return value is 0 unless _n is not greater than or equal to 1. bbuuiillttiinn _s_h_e_l_l_-_b_u_i_l_t_i_n [_a_r_g_u_m_e_n_t_s] - Execute the specified shell builtin, passing it _a_r_g_u_m_e_n_t_s, and + Execute the specified shell builtin, passing it _a_r_g_u_m_e_n_t_s, and return its exit status. This is useful when defining a function - whose name is the same as a shell builtin, retaining the func- + whose name is the same as a shell builtin, retaining the func- tionality of the builtin within the function. The ccdd builtin is - commonly redefined this way. The return status is false if + commonly redefined this way. The return status is false if _s_h_e_l_l_-_b_u_i_l_t_i_n is not a shell builtin command. ccaalllleerr [_e_x_p_r] Returns the context of any active subroutine call (a shell func- tion or a script executed with the .. or ssoouurrccee builtins). With- out _e_x_p_r, ccaalllleerr displays the line number and source filename of - the current subroutine call. If a non-negative integer is sup- + the current subroutine call. If a non-negative integer is sup- plied as _e_x_p_r, ccaalllleerr displays the line number, subroutine name, - and source file corresponding to that position in the current - execution call stack. This extra information may be used, for - example, to print a stack trace. The current frame is frame 0. - The return value is 0 unless the shell is not executing a sub- - routine call or _e_x_p_r does not correspond to a valid position in + and source file corresponding to that position in the current + execution call stack. This extra information may be used, for + example, to print a stack trace. The current frame is frame 0. + The return value is 0 unless the shell is not executing a sub- + routine call or _e_x_p_r does not correspond to a valid position in the call stack. ccdd [--LL|[--PP [--ee]] [-@]] [_d_i_r] - Change the current directory to _d_i_r. if _d_i_r is not supplied, - the value of the HHOOMMEE shell variable is the default. The vari- + Change the current directory to _d_i_r. if _d_i_r is not supplied, + the value of the HHOOMMEE shell variable is the default. The vari- able CCDDPPAATTHH defines the search path for the directory containing - _d_i_r: each directory name in CCDDPPAATTHH is searched for _d_i_r. Alter- - native directory names in CCDDPPAATTHH are separated by a colon (:). - A null directory name in CCDDPPAATTHH is the same as the current di- - rectory, i.e., ``..''. If _d_i_r begins with a slash (/), then CCDD-- - PPAATTHH is not used. The --PP option causes ccdd to use the physical + _d_i_r: each directory name in CCDDPPAATTHH is searched for _d_i_r. Alter- + native directory names in CCDDPPAATTHH are separated by a colon (:). + A null directory name in CCDDPPAATTHH is the same as the current di- + rectory, i.e., ``..''. If _d_i_r begins with a slash (/), then CCDD-- + PPAATTHH is not used. The --PP option causes ccdd to use the physical directory structure by resolving symbolic links while traversing - _d_i_r and before processing instances of _._. in _d_i_r (see also the + _d_i_r and before processing instances of _._. in _d_i_r (see also the --PP option to the sseett builtin command); the --LL option forces sym- - bolic links to be followed by resolving the link after process- - ing instances of _._. in _d_i_r. If _._. appears in _d_i_r, it is pro- - cessed by removing the immediately previous pathname component - from _d_i_r, back to a slash or the beginning of _d_i_r. If the --ee - option is supplied with --PP, and the current working directory - cannot be successfully determined after a successful directory - change, ccdd will return an unsuccessful status. On systems that + bolic links to be followed by resolving the link after process- + ing instances of _._. in _d_i_r. If _._. appears in _d_i_r, it is pro- + cessed by removing the immediately previous pathname component + from _d_i_r, back to a slash or the beginning of _d_i_r. If the --ee + option is supplied with --PP, and the current working directory + cannot be successfully determined after a successful directory + change, ccdd will return an unsuccessful status. On systems that support it, the --@@ option presents the extended attributes asso- - ciated with a file as a directory. An argument of -- is con- - verted to $$OOLLDDPPWWDD before the directory change is attempted. If - a non-empty directory name from CCDDPPAATTHH is used, or if -- is the - first argument, and the directory change is successful, the ab- - solute pathname of the new working directory is written to the + ciated with a file as a directory. An argument of -- is con- + verted to $$OOLLDDPPWWDD before the directory change is attempted. If + a non-empty directory name from CCDDPPAATTHH is used, or if -- is the + first argument, and the directory change is successful, the ab- + solute pathname of the new working directory is written to the standard output. If the directory change is successful, ccdd sets - the value of the PPWWDD environment variable to the new directory - name, and sets the OOLLDDPPWWDD environment variable to the value of - the current working directory before the change. The return - value is true if the directory was successfully changed; false + the value of the PPWWDD environment variable to the new directory + name, and sets the OOLLDDPPWWDD environment variable to the value of + the current working directory before the change. The return + value is true if the directory was successfully changed; false otherwise. ccoommmmaanndd [--ppVVvv] _c_o_m_m_a_n_d [_a_r_g ...] - Run _c_o_m_m_a_n_d with _a_r_g_s suppressing the normal shell function + Run _c_o_m_m_a_n_d with _a_r_g_s suppressing the normal shell function lookup. Only builtin commands or commands found in the PPAATTHH are - executed. If the --pp option is given, the search for _c_o_m_m_a_n_d is - performed using a default value for PPAATTHH that is guaranteed to - find all of the standard utilities. If either the --VV or --vv op- - tion is supplied, a description of _c_o_m_m_a_n_d is printed. The --vv - option causes a single word indicating the command or filename + executed. If the --pp option is given, the search for _c_o_m_m_a_n_d is + performed using a default value for PPAATTHH that is guaranteed to + find all of the standard utilities. If either the --VV or --vv op- + tion is supplied, a description of _c_o_m_m_a_n_d is printed. The --vv + option causes a single word indicating the command or filename used to invoke _c_o_m_m_a_n_d to be displayed; the --VV option produces a - more verbose description. If the --VV or --vv option is supplied, - the exit status is 0 if _c_o_m_m_a_n_d was found, and 1 if not. If + more verbose description. If the --VV or --vv option is supplied, + the exit status is 0 if _c_o_m_m_a_n_d was found, and 1 if not. If neither option is supplied and an error occurred or _c_o_m_m_a_n_d can- - not be found, the exit status is 127. Otherwise, the exit sta- + not be found, the exit status is 127. Otherwise, the exit sta- tus of the ccoommmmaanndd builtin is the exit status of _c_o_m_m_a_n_d. ccoommppggeenn [_o_p_t_i_o_n] [_w_o_r_d] - Generate possible completion matches for _w_o_r_d according to the - _o_p_t_i_o_ns, which may be any option accepted by the ccoommpplleettee - builtin with the exception of --pp and --rr, and write the matches - to the standard output. When using the --FF or --CC options, the - various shell variables set by the programmable completion fa- + Generate possible completion matches for _w_o_r_d according to the + _o_p_t_i_o_ns, which may be any option accepted by the ccoommpplleettee + builtin with the exception of --pp and --rr, and write the matches + to the standard output. When using the --FF or --CC options, the + various shell variables set by the programmable completion fa- cilities, while available, will not have useful values. The matches will be generated in the same way as if the program- mable completion code had generated them directly from a comple- - tion specification with the same flags. If _w_o_r_d is specified, + tion specification with the same flags. If _w_o_r_d is specified, only those completions matching _w_o_r_d will be displayed. - The return value is true unless an invalid option is supplied, + The return value is true unless an invalid option is supplied, or no matches were generated. - ccoommpplleettee [--aabbccddeeffggjjkkssuuvv] [--oo _c_o_m_p_-_o_p_t_i_o_n] [--DDEEII] [--AA _a_c_t_i_o_n] [--GG _g_l_o_b_- + ccoommpplleettee [--aabbccddeeffggjjkkssuuvv] [--oo _c_o_m_p_-_o_p_t_i_o_n] [--DDEEII] [--AA _a_c_t_i_o_n] [--GG _g_l_o_b_- _p_a_t] [--WW _w_o_r_d_l_i_s_t] - [--FF _f_u_n_c_t_i_o_n] [--CC _c_o_m_m_a_n_d] [--XX _f_i_l_t_e_r_p_a_t] [--PP _p_r_e_f_i_x] [--SS _s_u_f_- + [--FF _f_u_n_c_t_i_o_n] [--CC _c_o_m_m_a_n_d] [--XX _f_i_l_t_e_r_p_a_t] [--PP _p_r_e_f_i_x] [--SS _s_u_f_- _f_i_x] _n_a_m_e [_n_a_m_e _._._.] ccoommpplleettee --pprr [--DDEEII] [_n_a_m_e ...] - Specify how arguments to each _n_a_m_e should be completed. If the - --pp option is supplied, or if no options are supplied, existing - completion specifications are printed in a way that allows them + Specify how arguments to each _n_a_m_e should be completed. If the + --pp option is supplied, or if no options are supplied, existing + completion specifications are printed in a way that allows them to be reused as input. The --rr option removes a completion spec- - ification for each _n_a_m_e, or, if no _n_a_m_es are supplied, all com- + ification for each _n_a_m_e, or, if no _n_a_m_es are supplied, all com- pletion specifications. The --DD option indicates that other sup- - plied options and actions should apply to the ``default'' com- - mand completion; that is, completion attempted on a command for - which no completion has previously been defined. The --EE option - indicates that other supplied options and actions should apply - to ``empty'' command completion; that is, completion attempted - on a blank line. The --II option indicates that other supplied - options and actions should apply to completion on the initial - non-assignment word on the line, or after a command delimiter - such as ;; or ||, which is usually command name completion. If - multiple options are supplied, the --DD option takes precedence + plied options and actions should apply to the ``default'' com- + mand completion; that is, completion attempted on a command for + which no completion has previously been defined. The --EE option + indicates that other supplied options and actions should apply + to ``empty'' command completion; that is, completion attempted + on a blank line. The --II option indicates that other supplied + options and actions should apply to completion on the initial + non-assignment word on the line, or after a command delimiter + such as ;; or ||, which is usually command name completion. If + multiple options are supplied, the --DD option takes precedence over --EE, and both take precedence over --II. If any of --DD, --EE, or - --II are supplied, any other _n_a_m_e arguments are ignored; these + --II are supplied, any other _n_a_m_e arguments are ignored; these completions only apply to the case specified by the option. - The process of applying these completion specifications when - word completion is attempted is described above under PPrrooggrraamm-- + The process of applying these completion specifications when + word completion is attempted is described above under PPrrooggrraamm-- mmaabbllee CCoommpplleettiioonn. - Other options, if specified, have the following meanings. The - arguments to the --GG, --WW, and --XX options (and, if necessary, the - --PP and --SS options) should be quoted to protect them from expan- + Other options, if specified, have the following meanings. The + arguments to the --GG, --WW, and --XX options (and, if necessary, the + --PP and --SS options) should be quoted to protect them from expan- sion before the ccoommpplleettee builtin is invoked. --oo _c_o_m_p_-_o_p_t_i_o_n - The _c_o_m_p_-_o_p_t_i_o_n controls several aspects of the comp- - spec's behavior beyond the simple generation of comple- + The _c_o_m_p_-_o_p_t_i_o_n controls several aspects of the comp- + spec's behavior beyond the simple generation of comple- tions. _c_o_m_p_-_o_p_t_i_o_n may be one of: bbaasshhddeeffaauulltt Perform the rest of the default bbaasshh completions if the compspec generates no matches. - ddeeffaauulltt Use readline's default filename completion if + ddeeffaauulltt Use readline's default filename completion if the compspec generates no matches. ddiirrnnaammeess - Perform directory name completion if the comp- + Perform directory name completion if the comp- spec generates no matches. ffiilleennaammeess - Tell readline that the compspec generates file- - names, so it can perform any filename-specific - processing (like adding a slash to directory - names, quoting special characters, or suppress- - ing trailing spaces). Intended to be used with + Tell readline that the compspec generates file- + names, so it can perform any filename-specific + processing (like adding a slash to directory + names, quoting special characters, or suppress- + ing trailing spaces). Intended to be used with shell functions. - nnooqquuoottee Tell readline not to quote the completed words - if they are filenames (quoting filenames is the + nnooqquuoottee Tell readline not to quote the completed words + if they are filenames (quoting filenames is the default). - nnoossoorrtt Tell readline not to sort the list of possible + nnoossoorrtt Tell readline not to sort the list of possible completions alphabetically. - nnoossppaaccee Tell readline not to append a space (the de- - fault) to words completed at the end of the + nnoossppaaccee Tell readline not to append a space (the de- + fault) to words completed at the end of the line. pplluussddiirrss - After any matches defined by the compspec are + After any matches defined by the compspec are generated, directory name completion is at- tempted and any matches are added to the results of the other actions. --AA _a_c_t_i_o_n - The _a_c_t_i_o_n may be one of the following to generate a + The _a_c_t_i_o_n may be one of the following to generate a list of possible completions: aalliiaass Alias names. May also be specified as --aa. aarrrraayyvvaarr Array variable names. bbiinnddiinngg RReeaaddlliinnee key binding names. - bbuuiillttiinn Names of shell builtin commands. May also be + bbuuiillttiinn Names of shell builtin commands. May also be specified as --bb. ccoommmmaanndd Command names. May also be specified as --cc. ddiirreeccttoorryy @@ -4732,7 +4735,7 @@ SSHHEELLLL BBUUIILLTTIINN CCOOMMMMAANNDDSS ddiissaabblleedd Names of disabled shell builtins. eennaabblleedd Names of enabled shell builtins. - eexxppoorrtt Names of exported shell variables. May also be + eexxppoorrtt Names of exported shell variables. May also be specified as --ee. ffiillee File names. May also be specified as --ff. ffuunnccttiioonn @@ -4741,17 +4744,17 @@ SSHHEELLLL BBUUIILLTTIINN CCOOMMMMAANNDDSS hheellppttooppiicc Help topics as accepted by the hheellpp builtin. hhoossttnnaammee - Hostnames, as taken from the file specified by + Hostnames, as taken from the file specified by the HHOOSSTTFFIILLEE shell variable. - jjoobb Job names, if job control is active. May also + jjoobb Job names, if job control is active. May also be specified as --jj. - kkeeyywwoorrdd Shell reserved words. May also be specified as + kkeeyywwoorrdd Shell reserved words. May also be specified as --kk. rruunnnniinngg Names of running jobs, if job control is active. sseerrvviiccee Service names. May also be specified as --ss. - sseettoopptt Valid arguments for the --oo option to the sseett + sseettoopptt Valid arguments for the --oo option to the sseett builtin. - sshhoopptt Shell option names as accepted by the sshhoopptt + sshhoopptt Shell option names as accepted by the sshhoopptt builtin. ssiiggnnaall Signal names. ssttooppppeedd Names of stopped jobs, if job control is active. @@ -4760,197 +4763,197 @@ SSHHEELLLL BBUUIILLTTIINN CCOOMMMMAANNDDSS Names of all shell variables. May also be spec- ified as --vv. --CC _c_o_m_m_a_n_d - _c_o_m_m_a_n_d is executed in a subshell environment, and its + _c_o_m_m_a_n_d is executed in a subshell environment, and its output is used as the possible completions. --FF _f_u_n_c_t_i_o_n - The shell function _f_u_n_c_t_i_o_n is executed in the current - shell environment. When the function is executed, the + The shell function _f_u_n_c_t_i_o_n is executed in the current + shell environment. When the function is executed, the first argument ($$11) is the name of the command whose ar- guments are being completed, the second argument ($$22) is the word being completed, and the third argument ($$33) is - the word preceding the word being completed on the cur- - rent command line. When it finishes, the possible com- - pletions are retrieved from the value of the CCOOMMPPRREEPPLLYY + the word preceding the word being completed on the cur- + rent command line. When it finishes, the possible com- + pletions are retrieved from the value of the CCOOMMPPRREEPPLLYY array variable. --GG _g_l_o_b_p_a_t - The pathname expansion pattern _g_l_o_b_p_a_t is expanded to + The pathname expansion pattern _g_l_o_b_p_a_t is expanded to generate the possible completions. --PP _p_r_e_f_i_x - _p_r_e_f_i_x is added at the beginning of each possible com- + _p_r_e_f_i_x is added at the beginning of each possible com- pletion after all other options have been applied. --SS _s_u_f_f_i_x _s_u_f_f_i_x is appended to each possible completion after all other options have been applied. --WW _w_o_r_d_l_i_s_t - The _w_o_r_d_l_i_s_t is split using the characters in the IIFFSS - special variable as delimiters, and each resultant word - is expanded. Shell quoting is honored within _w_o_r_d_l_i_s_t, + The _w_o_r_d_l_i_s_t is split using the characters in the IIFFSS + special variable as delimiters, and each resultant word + is expanded. Shell quoting is honored within _w_o_r_d_l_i_s_t, in order to provide a mechanism for the words to contain - shell metacharacters or characters in the value of IIFFSS. - The possible completions are the members of the resul- + shell metacharacters or characters in the value of IIFFSS. + The possible completions are the members of the resul- tant list which match the word being completed. --XX _f_i_l_t_e_r_p_a_t - _f_i_l_t_e_r_p_a_t is a pattern as used for pathname expansion. + _f_i_l_t_e_r_p_a_t is a pattern as used for pathname expansion. It is applied to the list of possible completions gener- - ated by the preceding options and arguments, and each - completion matching _f_i_l_t_e_r_p_a_t is removed from the list. - A leading !! in _f_i_l_t_e_r_p_a_t negates the pattern; in this + ated by the preceding options and arguments, and each + completion matching _f_i_l_t_e_r_p_a_t is removed from the list. + A leading !! in _f_i_l_t_e_r_p_a_t negates the pattern; in this case, any completion not matching _f_i_l_t_e_r_p_a_t is removed. - The return value is true unless an invalid option is supplied, - an option other than --pp or --rr is supplied without a _n_a_m_e argu- - ment, an attempt is made to remove a completion specification + The return value is true unless an invalid option is supplied, + an option other than --pp or --rr is supplied without a _n_a_m_e argu- + ment, an attempt is made to remove a completion specification for a _n_a_m_e for which no specification exists, or an error occurs adding a completion specification. ccoommppoopptt [--oo _o_p_t_i_o_n] [--DDEEII] [++oo _o_p_t_i_o_n] [_n_a_m_e] - Modify completion options for each _n_a_m_e according to the _o_p_- + Modify completion options for each _n_a_m_e according to the _o_p_- _t_i_o_ns, or for the currently-executing completion if no _n_a_m_es are - supplied. If no _o_p_t_i_o_ns are given, display the completion op- - tions for each _n_a_m_e or the current completion. The possible - values of _o_p_t_i_o_n are those valid for the ccoommpplleettee builtin de- - scribed above. The --DD option indicates that other supplied op- - tions should apply to the ``default'' command completion; that - is, completion attempted on a command for which no completion + supplied. If no _o_p_t_i_o_ns are given, display the completion op- + tions for each _n_a_m_e or the current completion. The possible + values of _o_p_t_i_o_n are those valid for the ccoommpplleettee builtin de- + scribed above. The --DD option indicates that other supplied op- + tions should apply to the ``default'' command completion; that + is, completion attempted on a command for which no completion has previously been defined. The --EE option indicates that other - supplied options should apply to ``empty'' command completion; - that is, completion attempted on a blank line. The --II option + supplied options should apply to ``empty'' command completion; + that is, completion attempted on a blank line. The --II option indicates that other supplied options should apply to completion - on the initial non-assignment word on the line, or after a com- - mand delimiter such as ;; or ||, which is usually command name + on the initial non-assignment word on the line, or after a com- + mand delimiter such as ;; or ||, which is usually command name completion. - The return value is true unless an invalid option is supplied, + The return value is true unless an invalid option is supplied, an attempt is made to modify the options for a _n_a_m_e for which no completion specification exists, or an output error occurs. ccoonnttiinnuuee [_n] Resume the next iteration of the enclosing ffoorr, wwhhiillee, uunnttiill, or - sseelleecctt loop. If _n is specified, resume at the _nth enclosing - loop. _n must be >= 1. If _n is greater than the number of en- - closing loops, the last enclosing loop (the ``top-level'' loop) - is resumed. The return value is 0 unless _n is not greater than + sseelleecctt loop. If _n is specified, resume at the _nth enclosing + loop. _n must be >= 1. If _n is greater than the number of en- + closing loops, the last enclosing loop (the ``top-level'' loop) + is resumed. The return value is 0 unless _n is not greater than or equal to 1. ddeeccllaarree [--aaAAffFFggiiIIllnnrrttuuxx] [--pp] [_n_a_m_e[=_v_a_l_u_e] ...] ttyyppeesseett [--aaAAffFFggiiIIllnnrrttuuxx] [--pp] [_n_a_m_e[=_v_a_l_u_e] ...] - Declare variables and/or give them attributes. If no _n_a_m_es are - given then display the values of variables. The --pp option will + Declare variables and/or give them attributes. If no _n_a_m_es are + given then display the values of variables. The --pp option will display the attributes and values of each _n_a_m_e. When --pp is used - with _n_a_m_e arguments, additional options, other than --ff and --FF, - are ignored. When --pp is supplied without _n_a_m_e arguments, it - will display the attributes and values of all variables having + with _n_a_m_e arguments, additional options, other than --ff and --FF, + are ignored. When --pp is supplied without _n_a_m_e arguments, it + will display the attributes and values of all variables having the attributes specified by the additional options. If no other - options are supplied with --pp, ddeeccllaarree will display the at- - tributes and values of all shell variables. The --ff option will + options are supplied with --pp, ddeeccllaarree will display the at- + tributes and values of all shell variables. The --ff option will restrict the display to shell functions. The --FF option inhibits - the display of function definitions; only the function name and + the display of function definitions; only the function name and attributes are printed. If the eexxttddeebbuugg shell option is enabled - using sshhoopptt, the source file name and line number where each - _n_a_m_e is defined are displayed as well. The --FF option implies + using sshhoopptt, the source file name and line number where each + _n_a_m_e is defined are displayed as well. The --FF option implies --ff. The --gg option forces variables to be created or modified at the global scope, even when ddeeccllaarree is executed in a shell func- - tion. It is ignored in all other cases. The --II option causes - local variables to inherit the attributes (except the _n_a_m_e_r_e_f + tion. It is ignored in all other cases. The --II option causes + local variables to inherit the attributes (except the _n_a_m_e_r_e_f attribute) and value of any existing variable with the same _n_a_m_e - at a surrounding scope. If there is no existing variable, the + at a surrounding scope. If there is no existing variable, the local variable is initially unset. The following options can be - used to restrict output to variables with the specified attri- + used to restrict output to variables with the specified attri- bute or to give variables attributes: - --aa Each _n_a_m_e is an indexed array variable (see AArrrraayyss + --aa Each _n_a_m_e is an indexed array variable (see AArrrraayyss above). - --AA Each _n_a_m_e is an associative array variable (see AArrrraayyss + --AA Each _n_a_m_e is an associative array variable (see AArrrraayyss above). --ff Use function names only. --ii The variable is treated as an integer; arithmetic evalua- - tion (see AARRIITTHHMMEETTIICC EEVVAALLUUAATTIIOONN above) is performed when + tion (see AARRIITTHHMMEETTIICC EEVVAALLUUAATTIIOONN above) is performed when the variable is assigned a value. - --ll When the variable is assigned a value, all upper-case - characters are converted to lower-case. The upper-case + --ll When the variable is assigned a value, all upper-case + characters are converted to lower-case. The upper-case attribute is disabled. - --nn Give each _n_a_m_e the _n_a_m_e_r_e_f attribute, making it a name - reference to another variable. That other variable is - defined by the value of _n_a_m_e. All references, assign- - ments, and attribute modifications to _n_a_m_e, except those - using or changing the --nn attribute itself, are performed - on the variable referenced by _n_a_m_e's value. The nameref + --nn Give each _n_a_m_e the _n_a_m_e_r_e_f attribute, making it a name + reference to another variable. That other variable is + defined by the value of _n_a_m_e. All references, assign- + ments, and attribute modifications to _n_a_m_e, except those + using or changing the --nn attribute itself, are performed + on the variable referenced by _n_a_m_e's value. The nameref attribute cannot be applied to array variables. --rr Make _n_a_m_es readonly. These names cannot then be assigned values by subsequent assignment statements or unset. --tt Give each _n_a_m_e the _t_r_a_c_e attribute. Traced functions in- - herit the DDEEBBUUGG and RREETTUURRNN traps from the calling shell. + herit the DDEEBBUUGG and RREETTUURRNN traps from the calling shell. The trace attribute has no special meaning for variables. - --uu When the variable is assigned a value, all lower-case - characters are converted to upper-case. The lower-case + --uu When the variable is assigned a value, all lower-case + characters are converted to upper-case. The lower-case attribute is disabled. - --xx Mark _n_a_m_es for export to subsequent commands via the en- + --xx Mark _n_a_m_es for export to subsequent commands via the en- vironment. - Using `+' instead of `-' turns off the attribute instead, with - the exceptions that ++aa and ++AA may not be used to destroy array - variables and ++rr will not remove the readonly attribute. When + Using `+' instead of `-' turns off the attribute instead, with + the exceptions that ++aa and ++AA may not be used to destroy array + variables and ++rr will not remove the readonly attribute. When used in a function, ddeeccllaarree and ttyyppeesseett make each _n_a_m_e local, as - with the llooccaall command, unless the --gg option is supplied. If a - variable name is followed by =_v_a_l_u_e, the value of the variable - is set to _v_a_l_u_e. When using --aa or --AA and the compound assign- - ment syntax to create array variables, additional attributes do - not take effect until subsequent assignments. The return value + with the llooccaall command, unless the --gg option is supplied. If a + variable name is followed by =_v_a_l_u_e, the value of the variable + is set to _v_a_l_u_e. When using --aa or --AA and the compound assign- + ment syntax to create array variables, additional attributes do + not take effect until subsequent assignments. The return value is 0 unless an invalid option is encountered, an attempt is made to define a function using ``-f foo=bar'', an attempt is made to assign a value to a readonly variable, an attempt is made to as- sign a value to an array variable without using the compound as- - signment syntax (see AArrrraayyss above), one of the _n_a_m_e_s is not a - valid shell variable name, an attempt is made to turn off read- - only status for a readonly variable, an attempt is made to turn + signment syntax (see AArrrraayyss above), one of the _n_a_m_e_s is not a + valid shell variable name, an attempt is made to turn off read- + only status for a readonly variable, an attempt is made to turn off array status for an array variable, or an attempt is made to display a non-existent function with --ff. ddiirrss [[--ccllppvv]] [[++_n]] [[--_n]] - Without options, displays the list of currently remembered di- - rectories. The default display is on a single line with direc- - tory names separated by spaces. Directories are added to the - list with the ppuusshhdd command; the ppooppdd command removes entries + Without options, displays the list of currently remembered di- + rectories. The default display is on a single line with direc- + tory names separated by spaces. Directories are added to the + list with the ppuusshhdd command; the ppooppdd command removes entries from the list. The current directory is always the first direc- tory in the stack. - --cc Clears the directory stack by deleting all of the en- + --cc Clears the directory stack by deleting all of the en- tries. - --ll Produces a listing using full pathnames; the default + --ll Produces a listing using full pathnames; the default listing format uses a tilde to denote the home directory. --pp Print the directory stack with one entry per line. - --vv Print the directory stack with one entry per line, pre- + --vv Print the directory stack with one entry per line, pre- fixing each entry with its index in the stack. ++_n Displays the _nth entry counting from the left of the list shown by ddiirrss when invoked without options, starting with zero. - --_n Displays the _nth entry counting from the right of the + --_n Displays the _nth entry counting from the right of the list shown by ddiirrss when invoked without options, starting with zero. - The return value is 0 unless an invalid option is supplied or _n + The return value is 0 unless an invalid option is supplied or _n indexes beyond the end of the directory stack. ddiissoowwnn [--aarr] [--hh] [_j_o_b_s_p_e_c ... | _p_i_d ... ] - Without options, remove each _j_o_b_s_p_e_c from the table of active - jobs. If _j_o_b_s_p_e_c is not present, and neither the --aa nor the --rr - option is supplied, the _c_u_r_r_e_n_t _j_o_b is used. If the --hh option - is given, each _j_o_b_s_p_e_c is not removed from the table, but is - marked so that SSIIGGHHUUPP is not sent to the job if the shell re- + Without options, remove each _j_o_b_s_p_e_c from the table of active + jobs. If _j_o_b_s_p_e_c is not present, and neither the --aa nor the --rr + option is supplied, the _c_u_r_r_e_n_t _j_o_b is used. If the --hh option + is given, each _j_o_b_s_p_e_c is not removed from the table, but is + marked so that SSIIGGHHUUPP is not sent to the job if the shell re- ceives a SSIIGGHHUUPP. If no _j_o_b_s_p_e_c is supplied, the --aa option means - to remove or mark all jobs; the --rr option without a _j_o_b_s_p_e_c ar- + to remove or mark all jobs; the --rr option without a _j_o_b_s_p_e_c ar- gument restricts operation to running jobs. The return value is 0 unless a _j_o_b_s_p_e_c does not specify a valid job. eecchhoo [--nneeEE] [_a_r_g ...] - Output the _a_r_gs, separated by spaces, followed by a newline. - The return status is 0 unless a write error occurs. If --nn is + Output the _a_r_gs, separated by spaces, followed by a newline. + The return status is 0 unless a write error occurs. If --nn is specified, the trailing newline is suppressed. If the --ee option - is given, interpretation of the following backslash-escaped - characters is enabled. The --EE option disables the interpreta- - tion of these escape characters, even on systems where they are - interpreted by default. The xxppgg__eecchhoo shell option may be used - to dynamically determine whether or not eecchhoo expands these es- - cape characters by default. eecchhoo does not interpret ---- to mean - the end of options. eecchhoo interprets the following escape se- + is given, interpretation of the following backslash-escaped + characters is enabled. The --EE option disables the interpreta- + tion of these escape characters, even on systems where they are + interpreted by default. The xxppgg__eecchhoo shell option may be used + to dynamically determine whether or not eecchhoo expands these es- + cape characters by default. eecchhoo does not interpret ---- to mean + the end of options. eecchhoo interprets the following escape se- quences: \\aa alert (bell) \\bb backspace @@ -4963,200 +4966,200 @@ SSHHEELLLL BBUUIILLTTIINN CCOOMMMMAANNDDSS \\tt horizontal tab \\vv vertical tab \\\\ backslash - \\00_n_n_n the eight-bit character whose value is the octal value + \\00_n_n_n the eight-bit character whose value is the octal value _n_n_n (zero to three octal digits) - \\xx_H_H the eight-bit character whose value is the hexadecimal + \\xx_H_H the eight-bit character whose value is the hexadecimal value _H_H (one or two hex digits) - \\uu_H_H_H_H the Unicode (ISO/IEC 10646) character whose value is the + \\uu_H_H_H_H the Unicode (ISO/IEC 10646) character whose value is the hexadecimal value _H_H_H_H (one to four hex digits) \\UU_H_H_H_H_H_H_H_H - the Unicode (ISO/IEC 10646) character whose value is the + the Unicode (ISO/IEC 10646) character whose value is the hexadecimal value _H_H_H_H_H_H_H_H (one to eight hex digits) eennaabbllee [--aa] [--ddnnppss] [--ff _f_i_l_e_n_a_m_e] [_n_a_m_e ...] - Enable and disable builtin shell commands. Disabling a builtin + Enable and disable builtin shell commands. Disabling a builtin allows a disk command which has the same name as a shell builtin - to be executed without specifying a full pathname, even though - the shell normally searches for builtins before disk commands. - If --nn is used, each _n_a_m_e is disabled; otherwise, _n_a_m_e_s are en- - abled. For example, to use the tteesstt binary found via the PPAATTHH - instead of the shell builtin version, run ``enable -n test''. - The --ff option means to load the new builtin command _n_a_m_e from + to be executed without specifying a full pathname, even though + the shell normally searches for builtins before disk commands. + If --nn is used, each _n_a_m_e is disabled; otherwise, _n_a_m_e_s are en- + abled. For example, to use the tteesstt binary found via the PPAATTHH + instead of the shell builtin version, run ``enable -n test''. + The --ff option means to load the new builtin command _n_a_m_e from shared object _f_i_l_e_n_a_m_e, on systems that support dynamic loading. Bash will use the value of the BBAASSHH__LLOOAADDAABBLLEESS__PPAATTHH variable as a colon-separated list of directories in which to search for _f_i_l_e_- - _n_a_m_e. The default is system-dependent. The --dd option will - delete a builtin previously loaded with --ff. If no _n_a_m_e argu- - ments are given, or if the --pp option is supplied, a list of - shell builtins is printed. With no other option arguments, the + _n_a_m_e. The default is system-dependent. The --dd option will + delete a builtin previously loaded with --ff. If no _n_a_m_e argu- + ments are given, or if the --pp option is supplied, a list of + shell builtins is printed. With no other option arguments, the list consists of all enabled shell builtins. If --nn is supplied, only disabled builtins are printed. If --aa is supplied, the list - printed includes all builtins, with an indication of whether or - not each is enabled. If --ss is supplied, the output is re- - stricted to the POSIX _s_p_e_c_i_a_l builtins. If no options are sup- - plied and a _n_a_m_e is not a shell builtin, eennaabbllee will attempt to - load _n_a_m_e from a shared object named _n_a_m_e, as if the command - were ``enable -f _n_a_m_e _n_a_m_e . The return value is 0 unless a - _n_a_m_e is not a shell builtin or there is an error loading a new + printed includes all builtins, with an indication of whether or + not each is enabled. If --ss is supplied, the output is re- + stricted to the POSIX _s_p_e_c_i_a_l builtins. If no options are sup- + plied and a _n_a_m_e is not a shell builtin, eennaabbllee will attempt to + load _n_a_m_e from a shared object named _n_a_m_e, as if the command + were ``enable -f _n_a_m_e _n_a_m_e . The return value is 0 unless a + _n_a_m_e is not a shell builtin or there is an error loading a new builtin from a shared object. eevvaall [_a_r_g ...] - The _a_r_gs are read and concatenated together into a single com- - mand. This command is then read and executed by the shell, and - its exit status is returned as the value of eevvaall. If there are + The _a_r_gs are read and concatenated together into a single com- + mand. This command is then read and executed by the shell, and + its exit status is returned as the value of eevvaall. If there are no _a_r_g_s, or only null arguments, eevvaall returns 0. eexxeecc [--ccll] [--aa _n_a_m_e] [_c_o_m_m_a_n_d [_a_r_g_u_m_e_n_t_s]] - If _c_o_m_m_a_n_d is specified, it replaces the shell. No new process - is created. The _a_r_g_u_m_e_n_t_s become the arguments to _c_o_m_m_a_n_d. If + If _c_o_m_m_a_n_d is specified, it replaces the shell. No new process + is created. The _a_r_g_u_m_e_n_t_s become the arguments to _c_o_m_m_a_n_d. If the --ll option is supplied, the shell places a dash at the begin- ning of the zeroth argument passed to _c_o_m_m_a_n_d. This is what _l_o_- - _g_i_n(1) does. The --cc option causes _c_o_m_m_a_n_d to be executed with - an empty environment. If --aa is supplied, the shell passes _n_a_m_e + _g_i_n(1) does. The --cc option causes _c_o_m_m_a_n_d to be executed with + an empty environment. If --aa is supplied, the shell passes _n_a_m_e as the zeroth argument to the executed command. If _c_o_m_m_a_n_d can- - not be executed for some reason, a non-interactive shell exits, - unless the eexxeeccffaaiill shell option is enabled. In that case, it - returns failure. An interactive shell returns failure if the - file cannot be executed. A subshell exits unconditionally if - eexxeecc fails. If _c_o_m_m_a_n_d is not specified, any redirections take - effect in the current shell, and the return status is 0. If + not be executed for some reason, a non-interactive shell exits, + unless the eexxeeccffaaiill shell option is enabled. In that case, it + returns failure. An interactive shell returns failure if the + file cannot be executed. A subshell exits unconditionally if + eexxeecc fails. If _c_o_m_m_a_n_d is not specified, any redirections take + effect in the current shell, and the return status is 0. If there is a redirection error, the return status is 1. eexxiitt [_n] - Cause the shell to exit with a status of _n. If _n is omitted, + Cause the shell to exit with a status of _n. If _n is omitted, the exit status is that of the last command executed. A trap on EEXXIITT is executed before the shell terminates. eexxppoorrtt [--ffnn] [_n_a_m_e[=_w_o_r_d]] ... eexxppoorrtt --pp - The supplied _n_a_m_e_s are marked for automatic export to the envi- - ronment of subsequently executed commands. If the --ff option is - given, the _n_a_m_e_s refer to functions. If no _n_a_m_e_s are given, or - if the --pp option is supplied, a list of names of all exported - variables is printed. The --nn option causes the export property + The supplied _n_a_m_e_s are marked for automatic export to the envi- + ronment of subsequently executed commands. If the --ff option is + given, the _n_a_m_e_s refer to functions. If no _n_a_m_e_s are given, or + if the --pp option is supplied, a list of names of all exported + variables is printed. The --nn option causes the export property to be removed from each _n_a_m_e. If a variable name is followed by =_w_o_r_d, the value of the variable is set to _w_o_r_d. eexxppoorrtt returns an exit status of 0 unless an invalid option is encountered, one - of the _n_a_m_e_s is not a valid shell variable name, or --ff is sup- + of the _n_a_m_e_s is not a valid shell variable name, or --ff is sup- plied with a _n_a_m_e that is not a function. ffcc [--ee _e_n_a_m_e] [--llnnrr] [_f_i_r_s_t] [_l_a_s_t] ffcc --ss [_p_a_t=_r_e_p] [_c_m_d] - The first form selects a range of commands from _f_i_r_s_t to _l_a_s_t - from the history list and displays or edits and re-executes - them. _F_i_r_s_t and _l_a_s_t may be specified as a string (to locate - the last command beginning with that string) or as a number (an - index into the history list, where a negative number is used as - an offset from the current command number). When listing, a - _f_i_r_s_t or _l_a_s_t of 0 is equivalent to -1 and -0 is equivalent to - the current command (usually the ffcc command); otherwise 0 is - equivalent to -1 and -0 is invalid. If _l_a_s_t is not specified, - it is set to the current command for listing (so that ``fc -l - -10'' prints the last 10 commands) and to _f_i_r_s_t otherwise. If - _f_i_r_s_t is not specified, it is set to the previous command for + The first form selects a range of commands from _f_i_r_s_t to _l_a_s_t + from the history list and displays or edits and re-executes + them. _F_i_r_s_t and _l_a_s_t may be specified as a string (to locate + the last command beginning with that string) or as a number (an + index into the history list, where a negative number is used as + an offset from the current command number). When listing, a + _f_i_r_s_t or _l_a_s_t of 0 is equivalent to -1 and -0 is equivalent to + the current command (usually the ffcc command); otherwise 0 is + equivalent to -1 and -0 is invalid. If _l_a_s_t is not specified, + it is set to the current command for listing (so that ``fc -l + -10'' prints the last 10 commands) and to _f_i_r_s_t otherwise. If + _f_i_r_s_t is not specified, it is set to the previous command for editing and -16 for listing. - The --nn option suppresses the command numbers when listing. The - --rr option reverses the order of the commands. If the --ll option - is given, the commands are listed on standard output. Other- - wise, the editor given by _e_n_a_m_e is invoked on a file containing - those commands. If _e_n_a_m_e is not given, the value of the FFCCEEDDIITT - variable is used, and the value of EEDDIITTOORR if FFCCEEDDIITT is not set. - If neither variable is set, _v_i is used. When editing is com- + The --nn option suppresses the command numbers when listing. The + --rr option reverses the order of the commands. If the --ll option + is given, the commands are listed on standard output. Other- + wise, the editor given by _e_n_a_m_e is invoked on a file containing + those commands. If _e_n_a_m_e is not given, the value of the FFCCEEDDIITT + variable is used, and the value of EEDDIITTOORR if FFCCEEDDIITT is not set. + If neither variable is set, _v_i is used. When editing is com- plete, the edited commands are echoed and executed. - In the second form, _c_o_m_m_a_n_d is re-executed after each instance - of _p_a_t is replaced by _r_e_p. _C_o_m_m_a_n_d is interpreted the same as - _f_i_r_s_t above. A useful alias to use with this is ``r="fc -s"'', - so that typing ``r cc'' runs the last command beginning with + In the second form, _c_o_m_m_a_n_d is re-executed after each instance + of _p_a_t is replaced by _r_e_p. _C_o_m_m_a_n_d is interpreted the same as + _f_i_r_s_t above. A useful alias to use with this is ``r="fc -s"'', + so that typing ``r cc'' runs the last command beginning with ``cc'' and typing ``r'' re-executes the last command. - If the first form is used, the return value is 0 unless an in- - valid option is encountered or _f_i_r_s_t or _l_a_s_t specify history - lines out of range. If the --ee option is supplied, the return + If the first form is used, the return value is 0 unless an in- + valid option is encountered or _f_i_r_s_t or _l_a_s_t specify history + lines out of range. If the --ee option is supplied, the return value is the value of the last command executed or failure if an error occurs with the temporary file of commands. If the second - form is used, the return status is that of the command re-exe- - cuted, unless _c_m_d does not specify a valid history line, in + form is used, the return status is that of the command re-exe- + cuted, unless _c_m_d does not specify a valid history line, in which case ffcc returns failure. ffgg [_j_o_b_s_p_e_c] - Resume _j_o_b_s_p_e_c in the foreground, and make it the current job. + Resume _j_o_b_s_p_e_c in the foreground, and make it the current job. If _j_o_b_s_p_e_c is not present, the shell's notion of the _c_u_r_r_e_n_t _j_o_b - is used. The return value is that of the command placed into - the foreground, or failure if run when job control is disabled + is used. The return value is that of the command placed into + the foreground, or failure if run when job control is disabled or, when run with job control enabled, if _j_o_b_s_p_e_c does not spec- - ify a valid job or _j_o_b_s_p_e_c specifies a job that was started + ify a valid job or _j_o_b_s_p_e_c specifies a job that was started without job control. ggeettooppttss _o_p_t_s_t_r_i_n_g _n_a_m_e [_a_r_g _._._.] - ggeettooppttss is used by shell procedures to parse positional parame- - ters. _o_p_t_s_t_r_i_n_g contains the option characters to be recog- - nized; if a character is followed by a colon, the option is ex- + ggeettooppttss is used by shell procedures to parse positional parame- + ters. _o_p_t_s_t_r_i_n_g contains the option characters to be recog- + nized; if a character is followed by a colon, the option is ex- pected to have an argument, which should be separated from it by - white space. The colon and question mark characters may not be - used as option characters. Each time it is invoked, ggeettooppttss - places the next option in the shell variable _n_a_m_e, initializing + white space. The colon and question mark characters may not be + used as option characters. Each time it is invoked, ggeettooppttss + places the next option in the shell variable _n_a_m_e, initializing _n_a_m_e if it does not exist, and the index of the next argument to be processed into the variable OOPPTTIINNDD. OOPPTTIINNDD is initialized to 1 each time the shell or a shell script is invoked. When an op- tion requires an argument, ggeettooppttss places that argument into the variable OOPPTTAARRGG. The shell does not reset OOPPTTIINNDD automatically; - it must be manually reset between multiple calls to ggeettooppttss - within the same shell invocation if a new set of parameters is + it must be manually reset between multiple calls to ggeettooppttss + within the same shell invocation if a new set of parameters is to be used. When the end of options is encountered, ggeettooppttss exits with a re- turn value greater than zero. OOPPTTIINNDD is set to the index of the first non-option argument, and _n_a_m_e is set to ?. - ggeettooppttss normally parses the positional parameters, but if more - arguments are supplied as _a_r_g values, ggeettooppttss parses those in- + ggeettooppttss normally parses the positional parameters, but if more + arguments are supplied as _a_r_g values, ggeettooppttss parses those in- stead. - ggeettooppttss can report errors in two ways. If the first character - of _o_p_t_s_t_r_i_n_g is a colon, _s_i_l_e_n_t error reporting is used. In - normal operation, diagnostic messages are printed when invalid - options or missing option arguments are encountered. If the - variable OOPPTTEERRRR is set to 0, no error messages will be dis- + ggeettooppttss can report errors in two ways. If the first character + of _o_p_t_s_t_r_i_n_g is a colon, _s_i_l_e_n_t error reporting is used. In + normal operation, diagnostic messages are printed when invalid + options or missing option arguments are encountered. If the + variable OOPPTTEERRRR is set to 0, no error messages will be dis- played, even if the first character of _o_p_t_s_t_r_i_n_g is not a colon. If an invalid option is seen, ggeettooppttss places ? into _n_a_m_e and, if - not silent, prints an error message and unsets OOPPTTAARRGG. If - ggeettooppttss is silent, the option character found is placed in OOPP-- + not silent, prints an error message and unsets OOPPTTAARRGG. If + ggeettooppttss is silent, the option character found is placed in OOPP-- TTAARRGG and no diagnostic message is printed. - If a required argument is not found, and ggeettooppttss is not silent, - a question mark (??) is placed in _n_a_m_e, OOPPTTAARRGG is unset, and a - diagnostic message is printed. If ggeettooppttss is silent, then a - colon (::) is placed in _n_a_m_e and OOPPTTAARRGG is set to the option + If a required argument is not found, and ggeettooppttss is not silent, + a question mark (??) is placed in _n_a_m_e, OOPPTTAARRGG is unset, and a + diagnostic message is printed. If ggeettooppttss is silent, then a + colon (::) is placed in _n_a_m_e and OOPPTTAARRGG is set to the option character found. - ggeettooppttss returns true if an option, specified or unspecified, is + ggeettooppttss returns true if an option, specified or unspecified, is found. It returns false if the end of options is encountered or an error occurs. hhaasshh [--llrr] [--pp _f_i_l_e_n_a_m_e] [--ddtt] [_n_a_m_e] Each time hhaasshh is invoked, the full pathname of the command _n_a_m_e - is determined by searching the directories in $$PPAATTHH and remem- + is determined by searching the directories in $$PPAATTHH and remem- bered. Any previously-remembered pathname is discarded. If the --pp option is supplied, no path search is performed, and _f_i_l_e_n_a_m_e - is used as the full filename of the command. The --rr option + is used as the full filename of the command. The --rr option causes the shell to forget all remembered locations. The --dd op- - tion causes the shell to forget the remembered location of each - _n_a_m_e. If the --tt option is supplied, the full pathname to which - each _n_a_m_e corresponds is printed. If multiple _n_a_m_e arguments + tion causes the shell to forget the remembered location of each + _n_a_m_e. If the --tt option is supplied, the full pathname to which + each _n_a_m_e corresponds is printed. If multiple _n_a_m_e arguments are supplied with --tt, the _n_a_m_e is printed before the hashed full pathname. The --ll option causes output to be displayed in a for- - mat that may be reused as input. If no arguments are given, or + mat that may be reused as input. If no arguments are given, or if only --ll is supplied, information about remembered commands is - printed. The return status is true unless a _n_a_m_e is not found + printed. The return status is true unless a _n_a_m_e is not found or an invalid option is supplied. hheellpp [--ddmmss] [_p_a_t_t_e_r_n] - Display helpful information about builtin commands. If _p_a_t_t_e_r_n - is specified, hheellpp gives detailed help on all commands matching - _p_a_t_t_e_r_n; otherwise help for all the builtins and shell control + Display helpful information about builtin commands. If _p_a_t_t_e_r_n + is specified, hheellpp gives detailed help on all commands matching + _p_a_t_t_e_r_n; otherwise help for all the builtins and shell control structures is printed. --dd Display a short description of each _p_a_t_t_e_r_n --mm Display the description of each _p_a_t_t_e_r_n in a manpage-like @@ -5174,54 +5177,54 @@ SSHHEELLLL BBUUIILLTTIINN CCOOMMMMAANNDDSS hhiissttoorryy --ss _a_r_g [_a_r_g _._._.] With no options, display the command history list with line num- bers. Lines listed with a ** have been modified. An argument of - _n lists only the last _n lines. If the shell variable HHIISSTTTTIIMMEE-- - FFOORRMMAATT is set and not null, it is used as a format string for - _s_t_r_f_t_i_m_e(3) to display the time stamp associated with each dis- - played history entry. No intervening blank is printed between - the formatted time stamp and the history line. If _f_i_l_e_n_a_m_e is - supplied, it is used as the name of the history file; if not, - the value of HHIISSTTFFIILLEE is used. Options, if supplied, have the + _n lists only the last _n lines. If the shell variable HHIISSTTTTIIMMEE-- + FFOORRMMAATT is set and not null, it is used as a format string for + _s_t_r_f_t_i_m_e(3) to display the time stamp associated with each dis- + played history entry. No intervening blank is printed between + the formatted time stamp and the history line. If _f_i_l_e_n_a_m_e is + supplied, it is used as the name of the history file; if not, + the value of HHIISSTTFFIILLEE is used. Options, if supplied, have the following meanings: --cc Clear the history list by deleting all the entries. --dd _o_f_f_s_e_t - Delete the history entry at position _o_f_f_s_e_t. If _o_f_f_s_e_t + Delete the history entry at position _o_f_f_s_e_t. If _o_f_f_s_e_t is negative, it is interpreted as relative to one greater than the last history position, so negative indices count - back from the end of the history, and an index of -1 + back from the end of the history, and an index of -1 refers to the current hhiissttoorryy --dd command. --dd _s_t_a_r_t-_e_n_d - Delete the range of history entries between positions - _s_t_a_r_t and _e_n_d, inclusive. Positive and negative values + Delete the range of history entries between positions + _s_t_a_r_t and _e_n_d, inclusive. Positive and negative values for _s_t_a_r_t and _e_n_d are interpreted as described above. - --aa Append the ``new'' history lines to the history file. - These are history lines entered since the beginning of + --aa Append the ``new'' history lines to the history file. + These are history lines entered since the beginning of the current bbaasshh session, but not already appended to the history file. - --nn Read the history lines not already read from the history - file into the current history list. These are lines ap- - pended to the history file since the beginning of the + --nn Read the history lines not already read from the history + file into the current history list. These are lines ap- + pended to the history file since the beginning of the current bbaasshh session. - --rr Read the contents of the history file and append them to + --rr Read the contents of the history file and append them to the current history list. --ww Write the current history list to the history file, over- writing the history file's contents. - --pp Perform history substitution on the following _a_r_g_s and - display the result on the standard output. Does not - store the results in the history list. Each _a_r_g must be + --pp Perform history substitution on the following _a_r_g_s and + display the result on the standard output. Does not + store the results in the history list. Each _a_r_g must be quoted to disable normal history expansion. - --ss Store the _a_r_g_s in the history list as a single entry. - The last command in the history list is removed before + --ss Store the _a_r_g_s in the history list as a single entry. + The last command in the history list is removed before the _a_r_g_s are added. - If the HHIISSTTTTIIMMEEFFOORRMMAATT variable is set, the time stamp informa- - tion associated with each history entry is written to the his- - tory file, marked with the history comment character. When the - history file is read, lines beginning with the history comment - character followed immediately by a digit are interpreted as + If the HHIISSTTTTIIMMEEFFOORRMMAATT variable is set, the time stamp informa- + tion associated with each history entry is written to the his- + tory file, marked with the history comment character. When the + history file is read, lines beginning with the history comment + character followed immediately by a digit are interpreted as timestamps for the following history entry. The return value is 0 unless an invalid option is encountered, an error occurs while - reading or writing the history file, an invalid _o_f_f_s_e_t or range - is supplied as an argument to --dd, or the history expansion sup- + reading or writing the history file, an invalid _o_f_f_s_e_t or range + is supplied as an argument to --dd, or the history expansion sup- plied as an argument to --pp fails. jjoobbss [--llnnpprrss] [ _j_o_b_s_p_e_c ... ] @@ -5229,15 +5232,15 @@ SSHHEELLLL BBUUIILLTTIINN CCOOMMMMAANNDDSS The first form lists the active jobs. The options have the fol- lowing meanings: --ll List process IDs in addition to the normal information. - --nn Display information only about jobs that have changed + --nn Display information only about jobs that have changed status since the user was last notified of their status. - --pp List only the process ID of the job's process group + --pp List only the process ID of the job's process group leader. --rr Display only running jobs. --ss Display only stopped jobs. - If _j_o_b_s_p_e_c is given, output is restricted to information about - that job. The return status is 0 unless an invalid option is + If _j_o_b_s_p_e_c is given, output is restricted to information about + that job. The return status is 0 unless an invalid option is encountered or an invalid _j_o_b_s_p_e_c is supplied. If the --xx option is supplied, jjoobbss replaces any _j_o_b_s_p_e_c found in @@ -5246,142 +5249,142 @@ SSHHEELLLL BBUUIILLTTIINN CCOOMMMMAANNDDSS kkiillll [--ss _s_i_g_s_p_e_c | --nn _s_i_g_n_u_m | --_s_i_g_s_p_e_c] [_p_i_d | _j_o_b_s_p_e_c] ... kkiillll --ll|--LL [_s_i_g_s_p_e_c | _e_x_i_t___s_t_a_t_u_s] - Send the signal named by _s_i_g_s_p_e_c or _s_i_g_n_u_m to the processes - named by _p_i_d or _j_o_b_s_p_e_c. _s_i_g_s_p_e_c is either a case-insensitive - signal name such as SSIIGGKKIILLLL (with or without the SSIIGG prefix) or - a signal number; _s_i_g_n_u_m is a signal number. If _s_i_g_s_p_e_c is not - present, then SSIIGGTTEERRMM is assumed. An argument of --ll lists the - signal names. If any arguments are supplied when --ll is given, - the names of the signals corresponding to the arguments are + Send the signal named by _s_i_g_s_p_e_c or _s_i_g_n_u_m to the processes + named by _p_i_d or _j_o_b_s_p_e_c. _s_i_g_s_p_e_c is either a case-insensitive + signal name such as SSIIGGKKIILLLL (with or without the SSIIGG prefix) or + a signal number; _s_i_g_n_u_m is a signal number. If _s_i_g_s_p_e_c is not + present, then SSIIGGTTEERRMM is assumed. An argument of --ll lists the + signal names. If any arguments are supplied when --ll is given, + the names of the signals corresponding to the arguments are listed, and the return status is 0. The _e_x_i_t___s_t_a_t_u_s argument to - --ll is a number specifying either a signal number or the exit - status of a process terminated by a signal. The --LL option is - equivalent to --ll. kkiillll returns true if at least one signal was + --ll is a number specifying either a signal number or the exit + status of a process terminated by a signal. The --LL option is + equivalent to --ll. kkiillll returns true if at least one signal was successfully sent, or false if an error occurs or an invalid op- tion is encountered. lleett _a_r_g [_a_r_g ...] Each _a_r_g is an arithmetic expression to be evaluated (see AARRIITTHH-- - MMEETTIICC EEVVAALLUUAATTIIOONN above). If the last _a_r_g evaluates to 0, lleett + MMEETTIICC EEVVAALLUUAATTIIOONN above). If the last _a_r_g evaluates to 0, lleett returns 1; 0 is returned otherwise. llooccaall [_o_p_t_i_o_n] [_n_a_m_e[=_v_a_l_u_e] ... | - ] - For each argument, a local variable named _n_a_m_e is created, and - assigned _v_a_l_u_e. The _o_p_t_i_o_n can be any of the options accepted + For each argument, a local variable named _n_a_m_e is created, and + assigned _v_a_l_u_e. The _o_p_t_i_o_n can be any of the options accepted by ddeeccllaarree. When llooccaall is used within a function, it causes the - variable _n_a_m_e to have a visible scope restricted to that func- - tion and its children. If _n_a_m_e is -, the set of shell options - is made local to the function in which llooccaall is invoked: shell - options changed using the sseett builtin inside the function are - restored to their original values when the function returns. + variable _n_a_m_e to have a visible scope restricted to that func- + tion and its children. If _n_a_m_e is -, the set of shell options + is made local to the function in which llooccaall is invoked: shell + options changed using the sseett builtin inside the function are + restored to their original values when the function returns. The restore is effected as if a series of sseett commands were exe- - cuted to restore the values that were in place before the func- - tion. With no operands, llooccaall writes a list of local variables - to the standard output. It is an error to use llooccaall when not - within a function. The return status is 0 unless llooccaall is used - outside a function, an invalid _n_a_m_e is supplied, or _n_a_m_e is a + cuted to restore the values that were in place before the func- + tion. With no operands, llooccaall writes a list of local variables + to the standard output. It is an error to use llooccaall when not + within a function. The return status is 0 unless llooccaall is used + outside a function, an invalid _n_a_m_e is supplied, or _n_a_m_e is a readonly variable. llooggoouutt Exit a login shell. - mmaappffiillee [--dd _d_e_l_i_m] [--nn _c_o_u_n_t] [--OO _o_r_i_g_i_n] [--ss _c_o_u_n_t] [--tt] [--uu _f_d] [--CC + mmaappffiillee [--dd _d_e_l_i_m] [--nn _c_o_u_n_t] [--OO _o_r_i_g_i_n] [--ss _c_o_u_n_t] [--tt] [--uu _f_d] [--CC _c_a_l_l_b_a_c_k] [--cc _q_u_a_n_t_u_m] [_a_r_r_a_y] rreeaaddaarrrraayy [--dd _d_e_l_i_m] [--nn _c_o_u_n_t] [--OO _o_r_i_g_i_n] [--ss _c_o_u_n_t] [--tt] [--uu _f_d] [--CC _c_a_l_l_b_a_c_k] [--cc _q_u_a_n_t_u_m] [_a_r_r_a_y] - Read lines from the standard input into the indexed array vari- - able _a_r_r_a_y, or from file descriptor _f_d if the --uu option is sup- - plied. The variable MMAAPPFFIILLEE is the default _a_r_r_a_y. Options, if + Read lines from the standard input into the indexed array vari- + able _a_r_r_a_y, or from file descriptor _f_d if the --uu option is sup- + plied. The variable MMAAPPFFIILLEE is the default _a_r_r_a_y. Options, if supplied, have the following meanings: - --dd The first character of _d_e_l_i_m is used to terminate each - input line, rather than newline. If _d_e_l_i_m is the empty + --dd The first character of _d_e_l_i_m is used to terminate each + input line, rather than newline. If _d_e_l_i_m is the empty string, mmaappffiillee will terminate a line when it reads a NUL character. - --nn Copy at most _c_o_u_n_t lines. If _c_o_u_n_t is 0, all lines are + --nn Copy at most _c_o_u_n_t lines. If _c_o_u_n_t is 0, all lines are copied. - --OO Begin assigning to _a_r_r_a_y at index _o_r_i_g_i_n. The default + --OO Begin assigning to _a_r_r_a_y at index _o_r_i_g_i_n. The default index is 0. --ss Discard the first _c_o_u_n_t lines read. - --tt Remove a trailing _d_e_l_i_m (default newline) from each line + --tt Remove a trailing _d_e_l_i_m (default newline) from each line read. - --uu Read lines from file descriptor _f_d instead of the stan- + --uu Read lines from file descriptor _f_d instead of the stan- dard input. - --CC Evaluate _c_a_l_l_b_a_c_k each time _q_u_a_n_t_u_m lines are read. The + --CC Evaluate _c_a_l_l_b_a_c_k each time _q_u_a_n_t_u_m lines are read. The --cc option specifies _q_u_a_n_t_u_m. - --cc Specify the number of lines read between each call to + --cc Specify the number of lines read between each call to _c_a_l_l_b_a_c_k. - If --CC is specified without --cc, the default quantum is 5000. + If --CC is specified without --cc, the default quantum is 5000. When _c_a_l_l_b_a_c_k is evaluated, it is supplied the index of the next array element to be assigned and the line to be assigned to that - element as additional arguments. _c_a_l_l_b_a_c_k is evaluated after + element as additional arguments. _c_a_l_l_b_a_c_k is evaluated after the line is read but before the array element is assigned. - If not supplied with an explicit origin, mmaappffiillee will clear _a_r_- + If not supplied with an explicit origin, mmaappffiillee will clear _a_r_- _r_a_y before assigning to it. - mmaappffiillee returns successfully unless an invalid option or option - argument is supplied, _a_r_r_a_y is invalid or unassignable, or if + mmaappffiillee returns successfully unless an invalid option or option + argument is supplied, _a_r_r_a_y is invalid or unassignable, or if _a_r_r_a_y is not an indexed array. ppooppdd [-nn] [+_n] [-_n] Removes entries from the directory stack. The elements are num- - bered from 0 starting at the first directory listed by ddiirrss. - With no arguments, ppooppdd removes the top directory from the + bered from 0 starting at the first directory listed by ddiirrss. + With no arguments, ppooppdd removes the top directory from the stack, and changes to the new top directory. Arguments, if sup- plied, have the following meanings: - --nn Suppresses the normal change of directory when removing + --nn Suppresses the normal change of directory when removing directories from the stack, so that only the stack is ma- nipulated. - ++_n Removes the _nth entry counting from the left of the list - shown by ddiirrss, starting with zero, from the stack. For - example: ``popd +0'' removes the first directory, ``popd + ++_n Removes the _nth entry counting from the left of the list + shown by ddiirrss, starting with zero, from the stack. For + example: ``popd +0'' removes the first directory, ``popd +1'' the second. --_n Removes the _nth entry counting from the right of the list - shown by ddiirrss, starting with zero. For example: ``popd - -0'' removes the last directory, ``popd -1'' the next to + shown by ddiirrss, starting with zero. For example: ``popd + -0'' removes the last directory, ``popd -1'' the next to last. - If the top element of the directory stack is modified, and the - _-_n option was not supplied, ppooppdd uses the ccdd builtin to change + If the top element of the directory stack is modified, and the + _-_n option was not supplied, ppooppdd uses the ccdd builtin to change to the directory at the top of the stack. If the ccdd fails, ppooppdd returns a non-zero value. - Otherwise, ppooppdd returns false if an invalid option is encoun- + Otherwise, ppooppdd returns false if an invalid option is encoun- tered, the directory stack is empty, or a non-existent directory stack entry is specified. - If the ppooppdd command is successful, bash runs ddiirrss to show the - final contents of the directory stack, and the return status is + If the ppooppdd command is successful, bash runs ddiirrss to show the + final contents of the directory stack, and the return status is 0. pprriinnttff [--vv _v_a_r] _f_o_r_m_a_t [_a_r_g_u_m_e_n_t_s] - Write the formatted _a_r_g_u_m_e_n_t_s to the standard output under the - control of the _f_o_r_m_a_t. The --vv option causes the output to be - assigned to the variable _v_a_r rather than being printed to the + Write the formatted _a_r_g_u_m_e_n_t_s to the standard output under the + control of the _f_o_r_m_a_t. The --vv option causes the output to be + assigned to the variable _v_a_r rather than being printed to the standard output. - The _f_o_r_m_a_t is a character string which contains three types of - objects: plain characters, which are simply copied to standard - output, character escape sequences, which are converted and - copied to the standard output, and format specifications, each - of which causes printing of the next successive _a_r_g_u_m_e_n_t. In + The _f_o_r_m_a_t is a character string which contains three types of + objects: plain characters, which are simply copied to standard + output, character escape sequences, which are converted and + copied to the standard output, and format specifications, each + of which causes printing of the next successive _a_r_g_u_m_e_n_t. In addition to the standard _p_r_i_n_t_f(1) format specifications, pprriinnttff interprets the following extensions: %%bb causes pprriinnttff to expand backslash escape sequences in the corresponding _a_r_g_u_m_e_n_t in the same way as eecchhoo --ee. - %%qq causes pprriinnttff to output the corresponding _a_r_g_u_m_e_n_t in a + %%qq causes pprriinnttff to output the corresponding _a_r_g_u_m_e_n_t in a format that can be reused as shell input. - %%QQ like %%qq, but applies any supplied precision to the _a_r_g_u_- + %%QQ like %%qq, but applies any supplied precision to the _a_r_g_u_- _m_e_n_t before quoting it. %%((_d_a_t_e_f_m_t))TT - causes pprriinnttff to output the date-time string resulting - from using _d_a_t_e_f_m_t as a format string for _s_t_r_f_t_i_m_e(3). + causes pprriinnttff to output the date-time string resulting + from using _d_a_t_e_f_m_t as a format string for _s_t_r_f_t_i_m_e(3). The corresponding _a_r_g_u_m_e_n_t is an integer representing the - number of seconds since the epoch. Two special argument - values may be used: -1 represents the current time, and - -2 represents the time the shell was invoked. If no ar- + number of seconds since the epoch. Two special argument + values may be used: -1 represents the current time, and + -2 represents the time the shell was invoked. If no ar- gument is specified, conversion behaves as if -1 had been - given. This is an exception to the usual pprriinnttff behav- + given. This is an exception to the usual pprriinnttff behav- ior. The %b, %q, and %T directives all use the field width and preci- @@ -5389,104 +5392,104 @@ SSHHEELLLL BBUUIILLTTIINN CCOOMMMMAANNDDSS bytes from (or use that wide a field for) the expanded argument, which usually contains more characters than the original. - Arguments to non-string format specifiers are treated as C con- + Arguments to non-string format specifiers are treated as C con- stants, except that a leading plus or minus sign is allowed, and - if the leading character is a single or double quote, the value + if the leading character is a single or double quote, the value is the ASCII value of the following character. - The _f_o_r_m_a_t is reused as necessary to consume all of the _a_r_g_u_- + The _f_o_r_m_a_t is reused as necessary to consume all of the _a_r_g_u_- _m_e_n_t_s. If the _f_o_r_m_a_t requires more _a_r_g_u_m_e_n_t_s than are supplied, - the extra format specifications behave as if a zero value or - null string, as appropriate, had been supplied. The return + the extra format specifications behave as if a zero value or + null string, as appropriate, had been supplied. The return value is zero on success, non-zero on failure. ppuusshhdd [--nn] [+_n] [-_n] ppuusshhdd [--nn] [_d_i_r] - Adds a directory to the top of the directory stack, or rotates - the stack, making the new top of the stack the current working - directory. With no arguments, ppuusshhdd exchanges the top two ele- - ments of the directory stack. Arguments, if supplied, have the + Adds a directory to the top of the directory stack, or rotates + the stack, making the new top of the stack the current working + directory. With no arguments, ppuusshhdd exchanges the top two ele- + ments of the directory stack. Arguments, if supplied, have the following meanings: - --nn Suppresses the normal change of directory when rotating - or adding directories to the stack, so that only the + --nn Suppresses the normal change of directory when rotating + or adding directories to the stack, so that only the stack is manipulated. - ++_n Rotates the stack so that the _nth directory (counting - from the left of the list shown by ddiirrss, starting with + ++_n Rotates the stack so that the _nth directory (counting + from the left of the list shown by ddiirrss, starting with zero) is at the top. - --_n Rotates the stack so that the _nth directory (counting - from the right of the list shown by ddiirrss, starting with + --_n Rotates the stack so that the _nth directory (counting + from the right of the list shown by ddiirrss, starting with zero) is at the top. _d_i_r Adds _d_i_r to the directory stack at the top After the stack has been modified, if the --nn option was not sup- - plied, ppuusshhdd uses the ccdd builtin to change to the directory at + plied, ppuusshhdd uses the ccdd builtin to change to the directory at the top of the stack. If the ccdd fails, ppuusshhdd returns a non-zero value. - Otherwise, if no arguments are supplied, ppuusshhdd returns 0 unless - the directory stack is empty. When rotating the directory - stack, ppuusshhdd returns 0 unless the directory stack is empty or a + Otherwise, if no arguments are supplied, ppuusshhdd returns 0 unless + the directory stack is empty. When rotating the directory + stack, ppuusshhdd returns 0 unless the directory stack is empty or a non-existent directory stack element is specified. - If the ppuusshhdd command is successful, bash runs ddiirrss to show the + If the ppuusshhdd command is successful, bash runs ddiirrss to show the final contents of the directory stack. ppwwdd [--LLPP] - Print the absolute pathname of the current working directory. + Print the absolute pathname of the current working directory. The pathname printed contains no symbolic links if the --PP option is supplied or the --oo pphhyyssiiccaall option to the sseett builtin command - is enabled. If the --LL option is used, the pathname printed may - contain symbolic links. The return status is 0 unless an error + is enabled. If the --LL option is used, the pathname printed may + contain symbolic links. The return status is 0 unless an error occurs while reading the name of the current directory or an in- valid option is supplied. rreeaadd [--eerrss] [--aa _a_n_a_m_e] [--dd _d_e_l_i_m] [--ii _t_e_x_t] [--nn _n_c_h_a_r_s] [--NN _n_c_h_a_r_s] [--pp _p_r_o_m_p_t] [--tt _t_i_m_e_o_u_t] [--uu _f_d] [_n_a_m_e ...] - One line is read from the standard input, or from the file de- + One line is read from the standard input, or from the file de- scriptor _f_d supplied as an argument to the --uu option, split into - words as described above under WWoorrdd SSpplliittttiinngg, and the first - word is assigned to the first _n_a_m_e, the second word to the sec- - ond _n_a_m_e, and so on. If there are more words than names, the + words as described above under WWoorrdd SSpplliittttiinngg, and the first + word is assigned to the first _n_a_m_e, the second word to the sec- + ond _n_a_m_e, and so on. If there are more words than names, the remaining words and their intervening delimiters are assigned to - the last _n_a_m_e. If there are fewer words read from the input - stream than names, the remaining names are assigned empty val- - ues. The characters in IIFFSS are used to split the line into - words using the same rules the shell uses for expansion (de- - scribed above under WWoorrdd SSpplliittttiinngg). The backslash character + the last _n_a_m_e. If there are fewer words read from the input + stream than names, the remaining names are assigned empty val- + ues. The characters in IIFFSS are used to split the line into + words using the same rules the shell uses for expansion (de- + scribed above under WWoorrdd SSpplliittttiinngg). The backslash character (\\) may be used to remove any special meaning for the next char- - acter read and for line continuation. Options, if supplied, + acter read and for line continuation. Options, if supplied, have the following meanings: --aa _a_n_a_m_e The words are assigned to sequential indices of the array variable _a_n_a_m_e, starting at 0. _a_n_a_m_e is unset before any - new values are assigned. Other _n_a_m_e arguments are ig- + new values are assigned. Other _n_a_m_e arguments are ig- nored. --dd _d_e_l_i_m The first character of _d_e_l_i_m is used to terminate the in- - put line, rather than newline. If _d_e_l_i_m is the empty - string, rreeaadd will terminate a line when it reads a NUL + put line, rather than newline. If _d_e_l_i_m is the empty + string, rreeaadd will terminate a line when it reads a NUL character. --ee If the standard input is coming from a terminal, rreeaaddlliinnee - (see RREEAADDLLIINNEE above) is used to obtain the line. Read- - line uses the current (or default, if line editing was - not previously active) editing settings, but uses Read- + (see RREEAADDLLIINNEE above) is used to obtain the line. Read- + line uses the current (or default, if line editing was + not previously active) editing settings, but uses Read- line's default filename completion. --ii _t_e_x_t - If rreeaaddlliinnee is being used to read the line, _t_e_x_t is + If rreeaaddlliinnee is being used to read the line, _t_e_x_t is placed into the editing buffer before editing begins. --nn _n_c_h_a_r_s - rreeaadd returns after reading _n_c_h_a_r_s characters rather than + rreeaadd returns after reading _n_c_h_a_r_s characters rather than waiting for a complete line of input, but honors a delim- - iter if fewer than _n_c_h_a_r_s characters are read before the + iter if fewer than _n_c_h_a_r_s characters are read before the delimiter. --NN _n_c_h_a_r_s - rreeaadd returns after reading exactly _n_c_h_a_r_s characters - rather than waiting for a complete line of input, unless - EOF is encountered or rreeaadd times out. Delimiter charac- - ters encountered in the input are not treated specially - and do not cause rreeaadd to return until _n_c_h_a_r_s characters - are read. The result is not split on the characters in - IIFFSS; the intent is that the variable is assigned exactly + rreeaadd returns after reading exactly _n_c_h_a_r_s characters + rather than waiting for a complete line of input, unless + EOF is encountered or rreeaadd times out. Delimiter charac- + ters encountered in the input are not treated specially + and do not cause rreeaadd to return until _n_c_h_a_r_s characters + are read. The result is not split on the characters in + IIFFSS; the intent is that the variable is assigned exactly the characters read (with the exception of backslash; see the --rr option below). --pp _p_r_o_m_p_t @@ -5494,133 +5497,133 @@ SSHHEELLLL BBUUIILLTTIINN CCOOMMMMAANNDDSS line, before attempting to read any input. The prompt is displayed only if input is coming from a terminal. --rr Backslash does not act as an escape character. The back- - slash is considered to be part of the line. In particu- - lar, a backslash-newline pair may not then be used as a + slash is considered to be part of the line. In particu- + lar, a backslash-newline pair may not then be used as a line continuation. --ss Silent mode. If input is coming from a terminal, charac- ters are not echoed. --tt _t_i_m_e_o_u_t - Cause rreeaadd to time out and return failure if a complete - line of input (or a specified number of characters) is - not read within _t_i_m_e_o_u_t seconds. _t_i_m_e_o_u_t may be a deci- - mal number with a fractional portion following the deci- - mal point. This option is only effective if rreeaadd is - reading input from a terminal, pipe, or other special - file; it has no effect when reading from regular files. + Cause rreeaadd to time out and return failure if a complete + line of input (or a specified number of characters) is + not read within _t_i_m_e_o_u_t seconds. _t_i_m_e_o_u_t may be a deci- + mal number with a fractional portion following the deci- + mal point. This option is only effective if rreeaadd is + reading input from a terminal, pipe, or other special + file; it has no effect when reading from regular files. If rreeaadd times out, rreeaadd saves any partial input read into - the specified variable _n_a_m_e. If _t_i_m_e_o_u_t is 0, rreeaadd re- - turns immediately, without trying to read any data. The - exit status is 0 if input is available on the specified - file descriptor, or the read will return EOF, non-zero - otherwise. The exit status is greater than 128 if the + the specified variable _n_a_m_e. If _t_i_m_e_o_u_t is 0, rreeaadd re- + turns immediately, without trying to read any data. The + exit status is 0 if input is available on the specified + file descriptor, or the read will return EOF, non-zero + otherwise. The exit status is greater than 128 if the timeout is exceeded. --uu _f_d Read input from file descriptor _f_d. - If no _n_a_m_e_s are supplied, the line read, without the ending de- - limiter but otherwise unmodified, is assigned to the variable - RREEPPLLYY. The exit status is zero, unless end-of-file is encoun- - tered, rreeaadd times out (in which case the status is greater than - 128), a variable assignment error (such as assigning to a read- + If no _n_a_m_e_s are supplied, the line read, without the ending de- + limiter but otherwise unmodified, is assigned to the variable + RREEPPLLYY. The exit status is zero, unless end-of-file is encoun- + tered, rreeaadd times out (in which case the status is greater than + 128), a variable assignment error (such as assigning to a read- only variable) occurs, or an invalid file descriptor is supplied as the argument to --uu. rreeaaddoonnllyy [--aaAAff] [--pp] [_n_a_m_e[=_w_o_r_d] ...] - The given _n_a_m_e_s are marked readonly; the values of these _n_a_m_e_s - may not be changed by subsequent assignment. If the --ff option - is supplied, the functions corresponding to the _n_a_m_e_s are so - marked. The --aa option restricts the variables to indexed ar- - rays; the --AA option restricts the variables to associative ar- + The given _n_a_m_e_s are marked readonly; the values of these _n_a_m_e_s + may not be changed by subsequent assignment. If the --ff option + is supplied, the functions corresponding to the _n_a_m_e_s are so + marked. The --aa option restricts the variables to indexed ar- + rays; the --AA option restricts the variables to associative ar- rays. If both options are supplied, --AA takes precedence. If no - _n_a_m_e arguments are given, or if the --pp option is supplied, a + _n_a_m_e arguments are given, or if the --pp option is supplied, a list of all readonly names is printed. The other options may be - used to restrict the output to a subset of the set of readonly - names. The --pp option causes output to be displayed in a format - that may be reused as input. If a variable name is followed by - =_w_o_r_d, the value of the variable is set to _w_o_r_d. The return - status is 0 unless an invalid option is encountered, one of the + used to restrict the output to a subset of the set of readonly + names. The --pp option causes output to be displayed in a format + that may be reused as input. If a variable name is followed by + =_w_o_r_d, the value of the variable is set to _w_o_r_d. The return + status is 0 unless an invalid option is encountered, one of the _n_a_m_e_s is not a valid shell variable name, or --ff is supplied with a _n_a_m_e that is not a function. rreettuurrnn [_n] - Causes a function to stop executing and return the value speci- - fied by _n to its caller. If _n is omitted, the return status is - that of the last command executed in the function body. If rree-- + Causes a function to stop executing and return the value speci- + fied by _n to its caller. If _n is omitted, the return status is + that of the last command executed in the function body. If rree-- ttuurrnn is executed by a trap handler, the last command used to de- - termine the status is the last command executed before the trap - handler. If rreettuurrnn is executed during a DDEEBBUUGG trap, the last - command used to determine the status is the last command exe- - cuted by the trap handler before rreettuurrnn was invoked. If rreettuurrnn - is used outside a function, but during execution of a script by - the .. (ssoouurrccee) command, it causes the shell to stop executing - that script and return either _n or the exit status of the last - command executed within the script as the exit status of the + termine the status is the last command executed before the trap + handler. If rreettuurrnn is executed during a DDEEBBUUGG trap, the last + command used to determine the status is the last command exe- + cuted by the trap handler before rreettuurrnn was invoked. If rreettuurrnn + is used outside a function, but during execution of a script by + the .. (ssoouurrccee) command, it causes the shell to stop executing + that script and return either _n or the exit status of the last + command executed within the script as the exit status of the script. If _n is supplied, the return value is its least signif- - icant 8 bits. The return status is non-zero if rreettuurrnn is sup- - plied a non-numeric argument, or is used outside a function and - not during execution of a script by .. or ssoouurrccee. Any command + icant 8 bits. The return status is non-zero if rreettuurrnn is sup- + plied a non-numeric argument, or is used outside a function and + not during execution of a script by .. or ssoouurrccee. Any command associated with the RREETTUURRNN trap is executed before execution re- sumes after the function or script. sseett [--aabbeeffhhkkmmnnppttuuvvxxBBCCEEHHPPTT] [--oo _o_p_t_i_o_n_-_n_a_m_e] [----] [--] [_a_r_g ...] sseett [++aabbeeffhhkkmmnnppttuuvvxxBBCCEEHHPPTT] [++oo _o_p_t_i_o_n_-_n_a_m_e] [----] [--] [_a_r_g ...] - Without options, display the name and value of each shell vari- - able in a format that can be reused as input for setting or re- + Without options, display the name and value of each shell vari- + able in a format that can be reused as input for setting or re- setting the currently-set variables. Read-only variables cannot - be reset. In _p_o_s_i_x _m_o_d_e, only shell variables are listed. The - output is sorted according to the current locale. When options - are specified, they set or unset shell attributes. Any argu- - ments remaining after option processing are treated as values + be reset. In _p_o_s_i_x _m_o_d_e, only shell variables are listed. The + output is sorted according to the current locale. When options + are specified, they set or unset shell attributes. Any argu- + ments remaining after option processing are treated as values for the positional parameters and are assigned, in order, to $$11, - $$22, ...... $$_n. Options, if specified, have the following mean- + $$22, ...... $$_n. Options, if specified, have the following mean- ings: --aa Each variable or function that is created or modified is - given the export attribute and marked for export to the + given the export attribute and marked for export to the environment of subsequent commands. - --bb Report the status of terminated background jobs immedi- + --bb Report the status of terminated background jobs immedi- ately, rather than before the next primary prompt. This is effective only when job control is enabled. - --ee Exit immediately if a _p_i_p_e_l_i_n_e (which may consist of a - single _s_i_m_p_l_e _c_o_m_m_a_n_d), a _l_i_s_t, or a _c_o_m_p_o_u_n_d _c_o_m_m_a_n_d + --ee Exit immediately if a _p_i_p_e_l_i_n_e (which may consist of a + single _s_i_m_p_l_e _c_o_m_m_a_n_d), a _l_i_s_t, or a _c_o_m_p_o_u_n_d _c_o_m_m_a_n_d (see SSHHEELLLL GGRRAAMMMMAARR above), exits with a non-zero status. - The shell does not exit if the command that fails is - part of the command list immediately following a wwhhiillee - or uunnttiill keyword, part of the test following the iiff or - eelliiff reserved words, part of any command executed in a - &&&& or |||| list except the command following the final &&&& + The shell does not exit if the command that fails is + part of the command list immediately following a wwhhiillee + or uunnttiill keyword, part of the test following the iiff or + eelliiff reserved words, part of any command executed in a + &&&& or |||| list except the command following the final &&&& or ||||, any command in a pipeline but the last, or if the - command's return value is being inverted with !!. If a - compound command other than a subshell returns a non- - zero status because a command failed while --ee was being - ignored, the shell does not exit. A trap on EERRRR, if - set, is executed before the shell exits. This option + command's return value is being inverted with !!. If a + compound command other than a subshell returns a non- + zero status because a command failed while --ee was being + ignored, the shell does not exit. A trap on EERRRR, if + set, is executed before the shell exits. This option applies to the shell environment and each subshell envi- - ronment separately (see CCOOMMMMAANNDD EEXXEECCUUTTIIOONN EENNVVIIRROONNMMEENNTT + ronment separately (see CCOOMMMMAANNDD EEXXEECCUUTTIIOONN EENNVVIIRROONNMMEENNTT above), and may cause subshells to exit before executing all the commands in the subshell. - If a compound command or shell function executes in a - context where --ee is being ignored, none of the commands - executed within the compound command or function body - will be affected by the --ee setting, even if --ee is set - and a command returns a failure status. If a compound - command or shell function sets --ee while executing in a - context where --ee is ignored, that setting will not have - any effect until the compound command or the command + If a compound command or shell function executes in a + context where --ee is being ignored, none of the commands + executed within the compound command or function body + will be affected by the --ee setting, even if --ee is set + and a command returns a failure status. If a compound + command or shell function sets --ee while executing in a + context where --ee is ignored, that setting will not have + any effect until the compound command or the command containing the function call completes. --ff Disable pathname expansion. - --hh Remember the location of commands as they are looked up + --hh Remember the location of commands as they are looked up for execution. This is enabled by default. - --kk All arguments in the form of assignment statements are - placed in the environment for a command, not just those + --kk All arguments in the form of assignment statements are + placed in the environment for a command, not just those that precede the command name. - --mm Monitor mode. Job control is enabled. This option is - on by default for interactive shells on systems that - support it (see JJOOBB CCOONNTTRROOLL above). All processes run + --mm Monitor mode. Job control is enabled. This option is + on by default for interactive shells on systems that + support it (see JJOOBB CCOONNTTRROOLL above). All processes run in a separate process group. When a background job com- pletes, the shell prints a line containing its exit sta- tus. --nn Read commands but do not execute them. This may be used - to check a shell script for syntax errors. This is ig- + to check a shell script for syntax errors. This is ig- nored by interactive shells. --oo _o_p_t_i_o_n_-_n_a_m_e The _o_p_t_i_o_n_-_n_a_m_e can be one of the following: @@ -5628,10 +5631,10 @@ SSHHEELLLL BBUUIILLTTIINN CCOOMMMMAANNDDSS Same as --aa. bbrraacceeeexxppaanndd Same as --BB. - eemmaaccss Use an emacs-style command line editing inter- + eemmaaccss Use an emacs-style command line editing inter- face. This is enabled by default when the shell is interactive, unless the shell is started with - the ----nnooeeddiittiinngg option. This also affects the + the ----nnooeeddiittiinngg option. This also affects the editing interface used for rreeaadd --ee. eerrrreexxiitt Same as --ee. eerrrrttrraaccee @@ -5645,8 +5648,8 @@ SSHHEELLLL BBUUIILLTTIINN CCOOMMMMAANNDDSS HHIISSTTOORRYY. This option is on by default in inter- active shells. iiggnnoorreeeeooff - The effect is as if the shell command ``IG- - NOREEOF=10'' had been executed (see SShheellll VVaarrii-- + The effect is as if the shell command ``IG- + NOREEOF=10'' had been executed (see SShheellll VVaarrii-- aabblleess above). kkeeyywwoorrdd Same as --kk. mmoonniittoorr Same as --mm. @@ -5661,175 +5664,175 @@ SSHHEELLLL BBUUIILLTTIINN CCOOMMMMAANNDDSS pphhyyssiiccaall Same as --PP. ppiippeeffaaiill - If set, the return value of a pipeline is the - value of the last (rightmost) command to exit - with a non-zero status, or zero if all commands - in the pipeline exit successfully. This option + If set, the return value of a pipeline is the + value of the last (rightmost) command to exit + with a non-zero status, or zero if all commands + in the pipeline exit successfully. This option is disabled by default. - ppoossiixx Change the behavior of bbaasshh where the default - operation differs from the POSIX standard to - match the standard (_p_o_s_i_x _m_o_d_e). See SSEEEE AALLSSOO + ppoossiixx Change the behavior of bbaasshh where the default + operation differs from the POSIX standard to + match the standard (_p_o_s_i_x _m_o_d_e). See SSEEEE AALLSSOO below for a reference to a document that details how posix mode affects bash's behavior. pprriivviilleeggeedd Same as --pp. vveerrbboossee Same as --vv. - vvii Use a vi-style command line editing interface. + vvii Use a vi-style command line editing interface. This also affects the editing interface used for rreeaadd --ee. xxttrraaccee Same as --xx. If --oo is supplied with no _o_p_t_i_o_n_-_n_a_m_e, the values of the - current options are printed. If ++oo is supplied with no - _o_p_t_i_o_n_-_n_a_m_e, a series of sseett commands to recreate the - current option settings is displayed on the standard + current options are printed. If ++oo is supplied with no + _o_p_t_i_o_n_-_n_a_m_e, a series of sseett commands to recreate the + current option settings is displayed on the standard output. - --pp Turn on _p_r_i_v_i_l_e_g_e_d mode. In this mode, the $$EENNVV and - $$BBAASSHH__EENNVV files are not processed, shell functions are - not inherited from the environment, and the SSHHEELLLLOOPPTTSS, - BBAASSHHOOPPTTSS, CCDDPPAATTHH, and GGLLOOBBIIGGNNOORREE variables, if they ap- - pear in the environment, are ignored. If the shell is - started with the effective user (group) id not equal to - the real user (group) id, and the --pp option is not sup- + --pp Turn on _p_r_i_v_i_l_e_g_e_d mode. In this mode, the $$EENNVV and + $$BBAASSHH__EENNVV files are not processed, shell functions are + not inherited from the environment, and the SSHHEELLLLOOPPTTSS, + BBAASSHHOOPPTTSS, CCDDPPAATTHH, and GGLLOOBBIIGGNNOORREE variables, if they ap- + pear in the environment, are ignored. If the shell is + started with the effective user (group) id not equal to + the real user (group) id, and the --pp option is not sup- plied, these actions are taken and the effective user id - is set to the real user id. If the --pp option is sup- - plied at startup, the effective user id is not reset. - Turning this option off causes the effective user and + is set to the real user id. If the --pp option is sup- + plied at startup, the effective user id is not reset. + Turning this option off causes the effective user and group ids to be set to the real user and group ids. --rr Enable restricted shell mode. This option cannot be un- set once it has been set. --tt Exit after reading and executing one command. --uu Treat unset variables and parameters other than the spe- - cial parameters "@" and "*", or array variables sub- - scripted with "@" or "*", as an error when performing - parameter expansion. If expansion is attempted on an - unset variable or parameter, the shell prints an error - message, and, if not interactive, exits with a non-zero + cial parameters "@" and "*", or array variables sub- + scripted with "@" or "*", as an error when performing + parameter expansion. If expansion is attempted on an + unset variable or parameter, the shell prints an error + message, and, if not interactive, exits with a non-zero status. --vv Print shell input lines as they are read. - --xx After expanding each _s_i_m_p_l_e _c_o_m_m_a_n_d, ffoorr command, ccaassee + --xx After expanding each _s_i_m_p_l_e _c_o_m_m_a_n_d, ffoorr command, ccaassee command, sseelleecctt command, or arithmetic ffoorr command, dis- - play the expanded value of PPSS44, followed by the command + play the expanded value of PPSS44, followed by the command and its expanded arguments or associated word list. - --BB The shell performs brace expansion (see BBrraaccee EExxppaannssiioonn + --BB The shell performs brace expansion (see BBrraaccee EExxppaannssiioonn above). This is on by default. - --CC If set, bbaasshh does not overwrite an existing file with - the >>, >>&&, and <<>> redirection operators. This may be + --CC If set, bbaasshh does not overwrite an existing file with + the >>, >>&&, and <<>> redirection operators. This may be overridden when creating output files by using the redi- rection operator >>|| instead of >>. --EE If set, any trap on EERRRR is inherited by shell functions, - command substitutions, and commands executed in a sub- - shell environment. The EERRRR trap is normally not inher- + command substitutions, and commands executed in a sub- + shell environment. The EERRRR trap is normally not inher- ited in such cases. --HH Enable !! style history substitution. This option is on by default when the shell is interactive. - --PP If set, the shell does not resolve symbolic links when - executing commands such as ccdd that change the current + --PP If set, the shell does not resolve symbolic links when + executing commands such as ccdd that change the current working directory. It uses the physical directory structure instead. By default, bbaasshh follows the logical - chain of directories when performing commands which + chain of directories when performing commands which change the current directory. - --TT If set, any traps on DDEEBBUUGG and RREETTUURRNN are inherited by + --TT If set, any traps on DDEEBBUUGG and RREETTUURRNN are inherited by shell functions, command substitutions, and commands ex- - ecuted in a subshell environment. The DDEEBBUUGG and RREETTUURRNN + ecuted in a subshell environment. The DDEEBBUUGG and RREETTUURRNN traps are normally not inherited in such cases. - ---- If no arguments follow this option, then the positional + ---- If no arguments follow this option, then the positional parameters are unset. Otherwise, the positional parame- - ters are set to the _a_r_gs, even if some of them begin + ters are set to the _a_r_gs, even if some of them begin with a --. - -- Signal the end of options, cause all remaining _a_r_gs to + -- Signal the end of options, cause all remaining _a_r_gs to be assigned to the positional parameters. The --xx and --vv options are turned off. If there are no _a_r_gs, the posi- tional parameters remain unchanged. - The options are off by default unless otherwise noted. Using + - rather than - causes these options to be turned off. The op- + The options are off by default unless otherwise noted. Using + + rather than - causes these options to be turned off. The op- tions can also be specified as arguments to an invocation of the - shell. The current set of options may be found in $$--. The re- - turn status is always true unless an invalid option is encoun- + shell. The current set of options may be found in $$--. The re- + turn status is always true unless an invalid option is encoun- tered. sshhiifftt [_n] - The positional parameters from _n+1 ... are renamed to $$11 ........ - Parameters represented by the numbers $$## down to $$##-_n+1 are un- - set. _n must be a non-negative number less than or equal to $$##. - If _n is 0, no parameters are changed. If _n is not given, it is + The positional parameters from _n+1 ... are renamed to $$11 ........ + Parameters represented by the numbers $$## down to $$##-_n+1 are un- + set. _n must be a non-negative number less than or equal to $$##. + If _n is 0, no parameters are changed. If _n is not given, it is assumed to be 1. If _n is greater than $$##, the positional param- - eters are not changed. The return status is greater than zero + eters are not changed. The return status is greater than zero if _n is greater than $$## or less than zero; otherwise 0. sshhoopptt [--ppqqssuu] [--oo] [_o_p_t_n_a_m_e ...] - Toggle the values of settings controlling optional shell behav- - ior. The settings can be either those listed below, or, if the + Toggle the values of settings controlling optional shell behav- + ior. The settings can be either those listed below, or, if the --oo option is used, those available with the --oo option to the sseett builtin command. With no options, or with the --pp option, a list - of all settable options is displayed, with an indication of + of all settable options is displayed, with an indication of whether or not each is set; if _o_p_t_n_a_m_e_s are supplied, the output - is restricted to those options. The --pp option causes output to - be displayed in a form that may be reused as input. Other op- + is restricted to those options. The --pp option causes output to + be displayed in a form that may be reused as input. Other op- tions have the following meanings: --ss Enable (set) each _o_p_t_n_a_m_e. --uu Disable (unset) each _o_p_t_n_a_m_e. - --qq Suppresses normal output (quiet mode); the return status + --qq Suppresses normal output (quiet mode); the return status indicates whether the _o_p_t_n_a_m_e is set or unset. If multi- - ple _o_p_t_n_a_m_e arguments are given with --qq, the return sta- - tus is zero if all _o_p_t_n_a_m_e_s are enabled; non-zero other- + ple _o_p_t_n_a_m_e arguments are given with --qq, the return sta- + tus is zero if all _o_p_t_n_a_m_e_s are enabled; non-zero other- wise. - --oo Restricts the values of _o_p_t_n_a_m_e to be those defined for + --oo Restricts the values of _o_p_t_n_a_m_e to be those defined for the --oo option to the sseett builtin. - If either --ss or --uu is used with no _o_p_t_n_a_m_e arguments, sshhoopptt - shows only those options which are set or unset, respectively. - Unless otherwise noted, the sshhoopptt options are disabled (unset) + If either --ss or --uu is used with no _o_p_t_n_a_m_e arguments, sshhoopptt + shows only those options which are set or unset, respectively. + Unless otherwise noted, the sshhoopptt options are disabled (unset) by default. - The return status when listing options is zero if all _o_p_t_n_a_m_e_s - are enabled, non-zero otherwise. When setting or unsetting op- - tions, the return status is zero unless an _o_p_t_n_a_m_e is not a + The return status when listing options is zero if all _o_p_t_n_a_m_e_s + are enabled, non-zero otherwise. When setting or unsetting op- + tions, the return status is zero unless an _o_p_t_n_a_m_e is not a valid shell option. The list of sshhoopptt options is: aassssoocc__eexxppaanndd__oonnccee - If set, the shell suppresses multiple evaluation of as- - sociative array subscripts during arithmetic expression - evaluation, while executing builtins that can perform - variable assignments, and while executing builtins that + If set, the shell suppresses multiple evaluation of as- + sociative array subscripts during arithmetic expression + evaluation, while executing builtins that can perform + variable assignments, and while executing builtins that perform array dereferencing. - aauuttooccdd If set, a command name that is the name of a directory - is executed as if it were the argument to the ccdd com- + aauuttooccdd If set, a command name that is the name of a directory + is executed as if it were the argument to the ccdd com- mand. This option is only used by interactive shells. ccddaabbllee__vvaarrss - If set, an argument to the ccdd builtin command that is - not a directory is assumed to be the name of a variable + If set, an argument to the ccdd builtin command that is + not a directory is assumed to be the name of a variable whose value is the directory to change to. ccddssppeellll If set, minor errors in the spelling of a directory com- - ponent in a ccdd command will be corrected. The errors + ponent in a ccdd command will be corrected. The errors checked for are transposed characters, a missing charac- - ter, and one character too many. If a correction is - found, the corrected filename is printed, and the com- - mand proceeds. This option is only used by interactive + ter, and one character too many. If a correction is + found, the corrected filename is printed, and the com- + mand proceeds. This option is only used by interactive shells. cchheecckkhhaasshh If set, bbaasshh checks that a command found in the hash ta- - ble exists before trying to execute it. If a hashed - command no longer exists, a normal path search is per- + ble exists before trying to execute it. If a hashed + command no longer exists, a normal path search is per- formed. cchheecckkjjoobbss If set, bbaasshh lists the status of any stopped and running - jobs before exiting an interactive shell. If any jobs + jobs before exiting an interactive shell. If any jobs are running, this causes the exit to be deferred until a - second exit is attempted without an intervening command + second exit is attempted without an intervening command (see JJOOBB CCOONNTTRROOLL above). The shell always postpones ex- iting if any jobs are stopped. cchheecckkwwiinnssiizzee - If set, bbaasshh checks the window size after each external - (non-builtin) command and, if necessary, updates the - values of LLIINNEESS and CCOOLLUUMMNNSS. This option is enabled by + If set, bbaasshh checks the window size after each external + (non-builtin) command and, if necessary, updates the + values of LLIINNEESS and CCOOLLUUMMNNSS. This option is enabled by default. - ccmmddhhiisstt If set, bbaasshh attempts to save all lines of a multiple- - line command in the same history entry. This allows - easy re-editing of multi-line commands. This option is - enabled by default, but only has an effect if command + ccmmddhhiisstt If set, bbaasshh attempts to save all lines of a multiple- + line command in the same history entry. This allows + easy re-editing of multi-line commands. This option is + enabled by default, but only has an effect if command history is enabled, as described above under HHIISSTTOORRYY. ccoommppaatt3311 ccoommppaatt3322 @@ -5839,122 +5842,122 @@ SSHHEELLLL BBUUIILLTTIINN CCOOMMMMAANNDDSS ccoommppaatt4433 ccoommppaatt4444 ccoommppaatt5500 - These control aspects of the shell's compatibility mode + These control aspects of the shell's compatibility mode (see SSHHEELLLL CCOOMMPPAATTIIBBIILLIITTYY MMOODDEE below). ccoommpplleettee__ffuullllqquuoottee - If set, bbaasshh quotes all shell metacharacters in file- - names and directory names when performing completion. + If set, bbaasshh quotes all shell metacharacters in file- + names and directory names when performing completion. If not set, bbaasshh removes metacharacters such as the dol- - lar sign from the set of characters that will be quoted - in completed filenames when these metacharacters appear - in shell variable references in words to be completed. - This means that dollar signs in variable names that ex- - pand to directories will not be quoted; however, any - dollar signs appearing in filenames will not be quoted, - either. This is active only when bash is using back- - slashes to quote completed filenames. This variable is - set by default, which is the default bash behavior in + lar sign from the set of characters that will be quoted + in completed filenames when these metacharacters appear + in shell variable references in words to be completed. + This means that dollar signs in variable names that ex- + pand to directories will not be quoted; however, any + dollar signs appearing in filenames will not be quoted, + either. This is active only when bash is using back- + slashes to quote completed filenames. This variable is + set by default, which is the default bash behavior in versions through 4.2. ddiirreexxppaanndd - If set, bbaasshh replaces directory names with the results - of word expansion when performing filename completion. - This changes the contents of the readline editing buf- - fer. If not set, bbaasshh attempts to preserve what the + If set, bbaasshh replaces directory names with the results + of word expansion when performing filename completion. + This changes the contents of the readline editing buf- + fer. If not set, bbaasshh attempts to preserve what the user typed. ddiirrssppeellll - If set, bbaasshh attempts spelling correction on directory - names during word completion if the directory name ini- + If set, bbaasshh attempts spelling correction on directory + names during word completion if the directory name ini- tially supplied does not exist. - ddoottgglloobb If set, bbaasshh includes filenames beginning with a `.' in - the results of pathname expansion. The filenames ````..'''' - and ````....'''' must always be matched explicitly, even if + ddoottgglloobb If set, bbaasshh includes filenames beginning with a `.' in + the results of pathname expansion. The filenames ````..'''' + and ````....'''' must always be matched explicitly, even if ddoottgglloobb is set. eexxeeccffaaiill If set, a non-interactive shell will not exit if it can- - not execute the file specified as an argument to the - eexxeecc builtin command. An interactive shell does not + not execute the file specified as an argument to the + eexxeecc builtin command. An interactive shell does not exit if eexxeecc fails. eexxppaanndd__aalliiaasseess - If set, aliases are expanded as described above under + If set, aliases are expanded as described above under AALLIIAASSEESS. This option is enabled by default for interac- tive shells. eexxttddeebbuugg - If set at shell invocation, or in a shell startup file, + If set at shell invocation, or in a shell startup file, arrange to execute the debugger profile before the shell - starts, identical to the ----ddeebbuuggggeerr option. If set af- - ter invocation, behavior intended for use by debuggers + starts, identical to the ----ddeebbuuggggeerr option. If set af- + ter invocation, behavior intended for use by debuggers is enabled: 11.. The --FF option to the ddeeccllaarree builtin displays the source file name and line number corresponding to each function name supplied as an argument. - 22.. If the command run by the DDEEBBUUGG trap returns a - non-zero value, the next command is skipped and + 22.. If the command run by the DDEEBBUUGG trap returns a + non-zero value, the next command is skipped and not executed. - 33.. If the command run by the DDEEBBUUGG trap returns a - value of 2, and the shell is executing in a sub- - routine (a shell function or a shell script exe- - cuted by the .. or ssoouurrccee builtins), the shell + 33.. If the command run by the DDEEBBUUGG trap returns a + value of 2, and the shell is executing in a sub- + routine (a shell function or a shell script exe- + cuted by the .. or ssoouurrccee builtins), the shell simulates a call to rreettuurrnn. - 44.. BBAASSHH__AARRGGCC and BBAASSHH__AARRGGVV are updated as described + 44.. BBAASSHH__AARRGGCC and BBAASSHH__AARRGGVV are updated as described in their descriptions above. - 55.. Function tracing is enabled: command substitu- + 55.. Function tracing is enabled: command substitu- tion, shell functions, and subshells invoked with (( _c_o_m_m_a_n_d )) inherit the DDEEBBUUGG and RREETTUURRNN traps. - 66.. Error tracing is enabled: command substitution, - shell functions, and subshells invoked with (( + 66.. Error tracing is enabled: command substitution, + shell functions, and subshells invoked with (( _c_o_m_m_a_n_d )) inherit the EERRRR trap. eexxttgglloobb If set, the extended pattern matching features described above under PPaatthhnnaammee EExxppaannssiioonn are enabled. eexxttqquuoottee - If set, $$'_s_t_r_i_n_g' and $$"_s_t_r_i_n_g" quoting is performed - within $${{_p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r}} expansions enclosed in double + If set, $$'_s_t_r_i_n_g' and $$"_s_t_r_i_n_g" quoting is performed + within $${{_p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r}} expansions enclosed in double quotes. This option is enabled by default. ffaaiillgglloobb - If set, patterns which fail to match filenames during + If set, patterns which fail to match filenames during pathname expansion result in an expansion error. ffoorrccee__ffiiggnnoorree - If set, the suffixes specified by the FFIIGGNNOORREE shell - variable cause words to be ignored when performing word + If set, the suffixes specified by the FFIIGGNNOORREE shell + variable cause words to be ignored when performing word completion even if the ignored words are the only possi- - ble completions. See SSHHEELLLL VVAARRIIAABBLLEESS above for a de- - scription of FFIIGGNNOORREE. This option is enabled by de- + ble completions. See SSHHEELLLL VVAARRIIAABBLLEESS above for a de- + scription of FFIIGGNNOORREE. This option is enabled by de- fault. gglloobbaasscciiiirraannggeess - If set, range expressions used in pattern matching - bracket expressions (see PPaatttteerrnn MMaattcchhiinngg above) behave - as if in the traditional C locale when performing com- - parisons. That is, the current locale's collating se- - quence is not taken into account, so bb will not collate - between AA and BB, and upper-case and lower-case ASCII + If set, range expressions used in pattern matching + bracket expressions (see PPaatttteerrnn MMaattcchhiinngg above) behave + as if in the traditional C locale when performing com- + parisons. That is, the current locale's collating se- + quence is not taken into account, so bb will not collate + between AA and BB, and upper-case and lower-case ASCII characters will collate together. gglloobbsskkiippddoottss - If set, pathname expansion will never match the file- + If set, pathname expansion will never match the file- names ````..'''' and ````....'''', even if the pattern begins with a ````..''''. This option is enabled by default. gglloobbssttaarr If set, the pattern **** used in a pathname expansion con- - text will match all files and zero or more directories - and subdirectories. If the pattern is followed by a //, + text will match all files and zero or more directories + and subdirectories. If the pattern is followed by a //, only directories and subdirectories match. ggnnuu__eerrrrffmmtt @@ -5962,25 +5965,25 @@ SSHHEELLLL BBUUIILLTTIINN CCOOMMMMAANNDDSS GNU error message format. hhiissttaappppeenndd - If set, the history list is appended to the file named + If set, the history list is appended to the file named by the value of the HHIISSTTFFIILLEE variable when the shell ex- its, rather than overwriting the file. hhiissttrreeeeddiitt - If set, and rreeaaddlliinnee is being used, a user is given the + If set, and rreeaaddlliinnee is being used, a user is given the opportunity to re-edit a failed history substitution. hhiissttvveerriiffyy - If set, and rreeaaddlliinnee is being used, the results of his- - tory substitution are not immediately passed to the - shell parser. Instead, the resulting line is loaded + If set, and rreeaaddlliinnee is being used, the results of his- + tory substitution are not immediately passed to the + shell parser. Instead, the resulting line is loaded into the rreeaaddlliinnee editing buffer, allowing further modi- fication. hhoossttccoommpplleettee If set, and rreeaaddlliinnee is being used, bbaasshh will attempt to - perform hostname completion when a word containing a @@ - is being completed (see CCoommpplleettiinngg under RREEAADDLLIINNEE + perform hostname completion when a word containing a @@ + is being completed (see CCoommpplleettiinngg under RREEAADDLLIINNEE above). This is enabled by default. hhuuppoonneexxiitt @@ -5988,23 +5991,23 @@ SSHHEELLLL BBUUIILLTTIINN CCOOMMMMAANNDDSS active login shell exits. iinnhheerriitt__eerrrreexxiitt - If set, command substitution inherits the value of the - eerrrreexxiitt option, instead of unsetting it in the subshell - environment. This option is enabled when _p_o_s_i_x _m_o_d_e is + If set, command substitution inherits the value of the + eerrrreexxiitt option, instead of unsetting it in the subshell + environment. This option is enabled when _p_o_s_i_x _m_o_d_e is enabled. iinntteerraaccttiivvee__ccoommmmeennttss If set, allow a word beginning with ## to cause that word - and all remaining characters on that line to be ignored - in an interactive shell (see CCOOMMMMEENNTTSS above). This op- + and all remaining characters on that line to be ignored + in an interactive shell (see CCOOMMMMEENNTTSS above). This op- tion is enabled by default. llaassttppiippee - If set, and job control is not active, the shell runs + If set, and job control is not active, the shell runs the last command of a pipeline not executed in the back- ground in the current shell environment. - lliitthhiisstt If set, and the ccmmddhhiisstt option is enabled, multi-line + lliitthhiisstt If set, and the ccmmddhhiisstt option is enabled, multi-line commands are saved to the history with embedded newlines rather than using semicolon separators where possible. @@ -6015,54 +6018,54 @@ SSHHEELLLL BBUUIILLTTIINN CCOOMMMMAANNDDSS tribute is not inherited. llooccaallvvaarr__uunnsseett - If set, calling uunnsseett on local variables in previous - function scopes marks them so subsequent lookups find - them unset until that function returns. This is identi- - cal to the behavior of unsetting local variables at the + If set, calling uunnsseett on local variables in previous + function scopes marks them so subsequent lookups find + them unset until that function returns. This is identi- + cal to the behavior of unsetting local variables at the current function scope. llooggiinn__sshheellll - The shell sets this option if it is started as a login - shell (see IINNVVOOCCAATTIIOONN above). The value may not be + The shell sets this option if it is started as a login + shell (see IINNVVOOCCAATTIIOONN above). The value may not be changed. mmaaiillwwaarrnn - If set, and a file that bbaasshh is checking for mail has - been accessed since the last time it was checked, the - message ``The mail in _m_a_i_l_f_i_l_e has been read'' is dis- + If set, and a file that bbaasshh is checking for mail has + been accessed since the last time it was checked, the + message ``The mail in _m_a_i_l_f_i_l_e has been read'' is dis- played. nnoo__eemmppttyy__ccmmdd__ccoommpplleettiioonn - If set, and rreeaaddlliinnee is being used, bbaasshh will not at- - tempt to search the PPAATTHH for possible completions when + If set, and rreeaaddlliinnee is being used, bbaasshh will not at- + tempt to search the PPAATTHH for possible completions when completion is attempted on an empty line. nnooccaasseegglloobb - If set, bbaasshh matches filenames in a case-insensitive + If set, bbaasshh matches filenames in a case-insensitive fashion when performing pathname expansion (see PPaatthhnnaammee EExxppaannssiioonn above). nnooccaasseemmaattcchh - If set, bbaasshh matches patterns in a case-insensitive + If set, bbaasshh matches patterns in a case-insensitive fashion when performing matching while executing ccaassee or [[[[ conditional commands, when performing pattern substi- - tution word expansions, or when filtering possible com- + tution word expansions, or when filtering possible com- pletions as part of programmable completion. nnooeexxppaanndd__ttrraannssllaattiioonn - If set, bbaasshh encloses the translated results of $"..." - quoting in single quotes instead of double quotes. If + If set, bbaasshh encloses the translated results of $"..." + quoting in single quotes instead of double quotes. If the string is not translated, this has no effect. nnuullllgglloobb - If set, bbaasshh allows patterns which match no files (see - PPaatthhnnaammee EExxppaannssiioonn above) to expand to a null string, + If set, bbaasshh allows patterns which match no files (see + PPaatthhnnaammee EExxppaannssiioonn above) to expand to a null string, rather than themselves. ppaattssuubb__rreeppllaacceemmeenntt If set, bbaasshh expands occurrences of && in the replacement - string of pattern substitution to the text matched by - the pattern, as described under PPaarraammeetteerr EExxppaannssiioonn + string of pattern substitution to the text matched by + the pattern, as described under PPaarraammeetteerr EExxppaannssiioonn above. This option is enabled by default. pprrooggccoommpp @@ -6071,51 +6074,52 @@ SSHHEELLLL BBUUIILLTTIINN CCOOMMMMAANNDDSS enabled by default. pprrooggccoommpp__aalliiaass - If set, and programmable completion is enabled, bbaasshh - treats a command name that doesn't have any completions - as a possible alias and attempts alias expansion. If it - has an alias, bbaasshh attempts programmable completion us- + If set, and programmable completion is enabled, bbaasshh + treats a command name that doesn't have any completions + as a possible alias and attempts alias expansion. If it + has an alias, bbaasshh attempts programmable completion us- ing the command word resulting from the expanded alias. pprroommppttvvaarrss If set, prompt strings undergo parameter expansion, com- - mand substitution, arithmetic expansion, and quote re- - moval after being expanded as described in PPRROOMMPPTTIINNGG + mand substitution, arithmetic expansion, and quote re- + moval after being expanded as described in PPRROOMMPPTTIINNGG above. This option is enabled by default. rreessttrriicctteedd__sshheellll - The shell sets this option if it is started in re- - stricted mode (see RREESSTTRRIICCTTEEDD SSHHEELLLL below). The value - may not be changed. This is not reset when the startup - files are executed, allowing the startup files to dis- + The shell sets this option if it is started in re- + stricted mode (see RREESSTTRRIICCTTEEDD SSHHEELLLL below). The value + may not be changed. This is not reset when the startup + files are executed, allowing the startup files to dis- cover whether or not a shell is restricted. sshhiifftt__vveerrbboossee - If set, the sshhiifftt builtin prints an error message when + If set, the sshhiifftt builtin prints an error message when the shift count exceeds the number of positional parame- ters. ssoouurrcceeppaatthh If set, the .. (ssoouurrccee) builtin uses the value of PPAATTHH to - find the directory containing the file supplied as an + find the directory containing the file supplied as an argument. This option is enabled by default. vvaarrrreeddiirr__cclloossee - If set, the shell automatically closes file descriptors + If set, the shell automatically closes file descriptors assigned using the _{_v_a_r_n_a_m_e_} redirection syntax (see RREE-- - DDIIRREECCTTIIOONN above) instead of leaving them open when the + DDIIRREECCTTIIOONN above) instead of leaving them open when the command completes. xxppgg__eecchhoo - If set, the eecchhoo builtin expands backslash-escape se- + If set, the eecchhoo builtin expands backslash-escape se- quences by default. ssuussppeenndd [--ff] - Suspend the execution of this shell until it receives a SSIIGGCCOONNTT - signal. A login shell cannot be suspended; the --ff option can be - used to override this and force the suspension. The return sta- - tus is 0 unless the shell is a login shell and --ff is not sup- - plied, or if job control is not enabled. + Suspend the execution of this shell until it receives a SSIIGGCCOONNTT + signal. A login shell, or a shell without job control enabled, + cannot be suspended; the --ff option can be used to override this + and force the suspension. The return status is 0 unless the + shell is a login shell or job control is not enabled and --ff is + not supplied. tteesstt _e_x_p_r [[ _e_x_p_r ]] @@ -6643,4 +6647,4 @@ BBUUGGSS -GNU Bash 5.2 2022 March 11 BASH(1) +GNU Bash 5.2 2022 June 3 BASH(1) diff --git a/doc/bash.1 b/doc/bash.1 index 1026fac76..ceb0b224b 100644 --- a/doc/bash.1 +++ b/doc/bash.1 @@ -5,12 +5,12 @@ .\" Case Western Reserve University .\" chet.ramey@case.edu .\" -.\" Last Change: Fri Mar 11 10:16:50 EST 2022 +.\" Last Change: Fri Jun 3 10:47:26 EDT 2022 .\" .\" bash_builtins, strip all but Built-Ins section .if \n(zZ=1 .ig zZ .if \n(zY=1 .ig zY -.TH BASH 1 "2022 March 11" "GNU Bash 5.2" +.TH BASH 1 "2022 June 3" "GNU Bash 5.2" .\" .\" There's some problem with having a `@' .\" in a tagged paragraph with the BSD man macros. @@ -420,12 +420,14 @@ No other startup files are read. .PP .B Bash attempts to determine when it is being run with its standard input -connected to a network connection, as when executed by the remote shell -daemon, usually \fIrshd\fP, or the secure shell daemon \fIsshd\fP. +connected to a network connection, as when executed by +the historical remote shell daemon, usually \fIrshd\fP, +or the secure shell daemon \fIsshd\fP. If .B bash -determines it is being run in this fashion, it reads and executes -commands from \fI~/.bashrc\fP, if that file exists and is readable. +determines it is being run non-interactively in this fashion, +it reads and executes commands from \fI~/.bashrc\fP, +if that file exists and is readable. It will not do this if invoked as \fBsh\fP. The .B \-\-norc @@ -589,7 +591,9 @@ The variable may be used to specify the format of the time information. .PP -Each command in a pipeline is executed in a \fIsubshell\fP, which is a +Each command in a multi-command pipeline, +where pipes are created, +is executed in a \fIsubshell\fP, which is a separate process. See .SM @@ -787,6 +791,11 @@ indices. The element of .B BASH_REMATCH with index \fIn\fP is the portion of the string matching the \fIn\fPth parenthesized subexpression. +Bash sets +.SM +.B BASH_REMATCH +in the global scope; declaring it as a local variable will lead to +unexpected results. .if t .sp 0.5 .if n .sp 1 Expressions may be combined using the following operators, listed @@ -3874,7 +3883,9 @@ is a or a .B ^ then any character not enclosed is matched. -The sorting order of characters in range expressions is determined by +The sorting order of characters in range expressions, +and the characters included in the range, +are determined by the current locale and the values of the .SM .B LC_COLLATE @@ -10638,12 +10649,16 @@ by default. Suspend the execution of this shell until it receives a .SM .B SIGCONT -signal. A login shell cannot be suspended; the +signal. A login shell, +or a shell without job control enabled, +cannot be suspended; the .B \-f option can be used to override this and force the suspension. -The return status is 0 unless the shell is a login shell and +The return status is 0 unless the shell is a login shell +or job control is not enabled +and .B \-f -is not supplied, or if job control is not enabled. +is not supplied. .TP \fBtest\fP \fIexpr\fP .PD 0 diff --git a/doc/bash.html b/doc/bash.html index 06f042bdb..1b9468311 100644 --- a/doc/bash.html +++ b/doc/bash.html @@ -3,7 +3,7 @@ -
BASH(1)2022 March 11BASH(1) +BASH(1)2022 June 3BASH(1)

Index @@ -556,13 +556,15 @@ No other startup files are read. Bash attempts to determine when it is being run with its standard input -connected to a network connection, as when executed by the remote shell -daemon, usually rshd, or the secure shell daemon sshd. +connected to a network connection, as when executed by +the historical remote shell daemon, usually rshd, +or the secure shell daemon sshd. If bash -determines it is being run in this fashion, it reads and executes -commands from ~/.bashrc, if that file exists and is readable. +determines it is being run non-interactively in this fashion, +it reads and executes commands from ~/.bashrc, +if that file exists and is readable. It will not do this if invoked as sh. The --norc @@ -787,7 +789,9 @@ variable may be used to specify the format of the time information.

-Each command in a pipeline is executed in a subshell, which is a +Each command in a multi-command pipeline, +where pipes are created, +is executed in a subshell, which is a separate process. See COMMAND EXECUTION ENVIRONMENT @@ -1024,6 +1028,12 @@ indices. The element of with index n is the portion of the string matching the nth parenthesized subexpression. +Bash sets +BASH_REMATCH + + +in the global scope; declaring it as a local variable will lead to +unexpected results.

@@ -4856,7 +4866,9 @@ or a ^ then any character not enclosed is matched. -The sorting order of characters in range expressions is determined by +The sorting order of characters in range expressions, +and the characters included in the range, +are determined by the current locale and the values of the LC_COLLATE @@ -13396,14 +13408,18 @@ Suspend the execution of this shell until it receives a SIGCONT -signal. A login shell cannot be suspended; the +signal. A login shell, +or a shell without job control enabled, +cannot be suspended; the -f option can be used to override this and force the suspension. -The return status is 0 unless the shell is a login shell and +The return status is 0 unless the shell is a login shell +or job control is not enabled +and -f -is not supplied, or if job control is not enabled. +is not supplied.

test expr
[ expr ]
@@ -14677,7 +14693,7 @@ There may be only one active coprocess at a time.
-
GNU Bash 5.22022 March 11BASH(1) +GNU Bash 5.22022 June 3BASH(1)
@@ -14783,7 +14799,7 @@ There may be only one active coprocess at a time.
BUGS
-This document was created by man2html from bash.1.
-Time: 08 April 2022 15:46:17 EDT +This document was created by man2html from /usr/local/src/bash/bash-20220609/doc/bash.1.
+Time: 13 June 2022 11:04:39 EDT diff --git a/doc/bash.info b/doc/bash.info index d88eff3e5..ad48774bb 100644 --- a/doc/bash.info +++ b/doc/bash.info @@ -1,9 +1,9 @@ This is bash.info, produced by makeinfo version 6.8 from bashref.texi. This text is a brief description of the features that are present in the -Bash shell (version 5.2, 24 February 2022). +Bash shell (version 5.2, 3 June 2022). - This is Edition 5.2, last updated 24 February 2022, of 'The GNU Bash + This is Edition 5.2, last updated 3 June 2022, of 'The GNU Bash Reference Manual', for 'Bash', Version 5.2. Copyright (C) 1988-2022 Free Software Foundation, Inc. @@ -26,10 +26,10 @@ Bash Features ************* This text is a brief description of the features that are present in the -Bash shell (version 5.2, 24 February 2022). The Bash home page is +Bash shell (version 5.2, 3 June 2022). The Bash home page is . - This is Edition 5.2, last updated 24 February 2022, of 'The GNU Bash + This is Edition 5.2, last updated 3 June 2022, of 'The GNU Bash Reference Manual', for 'Bash', Version 5.2. Bash contains features that appear in other popular shells, and some @@ -704,11 +704,12 @@ information. If the pipeline is not executed asynchronously (*note Lists::), the shell waits for all commands in the pipeline to complete. - Each command in a pipeline is executed in its own "subshell", which -is a separate process (*note Command Execution Environment::). If the -'lastpipe' option is enabled using the 'shopt' builtin (*note The Shopt -Builtin::), the last element of a pipeline may be run by the shell -process when job control is not active. + Each command in a multi-command pipeline, where pipes are created, is +executed in its own "subshell", which is a separate process (*note +Command Execution Environment::). If the 'lastpipe' option is enabled +using the 'shopt' builtin (*note The Shopt Builtin::), the last element +of a pipeline may be run by the shell process when job control is not +active. The exit status of a pipeline is the exit status of the last command in the pipeline, unless the 'pipefail' option is enabled (*note The Set @@ -1143,6 +1144,9 @@ File: bash.info, Node: Conditional Constructs, Next: Command Grouping, Prev: is the portion of the string matching the Nth parenthesized subexpression. + Bash sets 'BASH_REMATCH' in the global scope; declaring it as a + local variable will lead to unexpected results. + Expressions may be combined using the following operators, listed in decreasing order of precedence: @@ -2431,9 +2435,10 @@ characters must be quoted if they are to be matched literally. character not enclosed is matched. A '-' may be matched by including it as the first or last character in the set. A ']' may be matched by including it as the first character in the set. The - sorting order of characters in range expressions is determined by - the current locale and the values of the 'LC_COLLATE' and 'LC_ALL' - shell variables, if set. + sorting order of characters in range expressions, and the + characters included in the range, are determined by the current + locale and the values of the 'LC_COLLATE' and 'LC_ALL' shell + variables, if set. For example, in the default C locale, '[a-dx-z]' is equivalent to '[abcdxyz]'. Many locales sort characters in dictionary order, and @@ -6146,14 +6151,15 @@ Invoked by remote shell daemon .............................. Bash attempts to determine when it is being run with its standard input -connected to a network connection, as when executed by the remote shell -daemon, usually 'rshd', or the secure shell daemon 'sshd'. If Bash -determines it is being run in this fashion, it reads and executes -commands from '~/.bashrc', if that file exists and is readable. It will -not do this if invoked as 'sh'. The '--norc' option may be used to -inhibit this behavior, and the '--rcfile' option may be used to force -another file to be read, but neither 'rshd' nor 'sshd' generally invoke -the shell with those options or allow them to be specified. +connected to a network connection, as when executed by the historical +remote shell daemon, usually 'rshd', or the secure shell daemon 'sshd'. +If Bash determines it is being run non-interactively in this fashion, it +reads and executes commands from '~/.bashrc', if that file exists and is +readable. It will not do this if invoked as 'sh'. The '--norc' option +may be used to inhibit this behavior, and the '--rcfile' option may be +used to force another file to be read, but neither 'rshd' nor 'sshd' +generally invoke the shell with those options or allow them to be +specified. Invoked with unequal effective and real UID/GIDs ................................................ @@ -7248,7 +7254,12 @@ startup files. 'read', the trap handler executes and 'read' returns an exit status greater than 128. - 60. Bash removes an exited background process's status from the list + 60. The 'printf' builting uses 'double' (via 'strtod') to convert + arguments corresponding to floating point conversion specifiers, + instead of 'long double' if it's available. The 'L' length + modifier forces 'printf' to use 'long double' if it's available. + + 61. Bash removes an exited background process's status from the list of such statuses after the 'wait' builtin is used to obtain it. There is other POSIX behavior that Bash does not implement by default @@ -7645,8 +7656,11 @@ File: bash.info, Node: Job Control Builtins, Next: Job Control Variables, Pre suspend [-f] Suspend the execution of this shell until it receives a 'SIGCONT' - signal. A login shell cannot be suspended; the '-f' option can be - used to override this and force the suspension. + signal. A login shell, or a shell without job control enabled, + cannot be suspended; the '-f' option can be used to override this + and force the suspension. The return status is 0 unless the shell + is a login shell or job control is not enabled and '-f' is not + supplied. When job control is not active, the 'kill' and 'wait' builtins do not accept JOBSPEC arguments. They must be supplied process IDs. @@ -12494,138 +12508,138 @@ D.5 Concept Index  Tag Table: -Node: Top894 -Node: Introduction2811 -Node: What is Bash?3024 -Node: What is a shell?4135 -Node: Definitions6670 -Node: Basic Shell Features9618 -Node: Shell Syntax10834 -Node: Shell Operation11857 -Node: Quoting13147 -Node: Escape Character14448 -Node: Single Quotes14930 -Node: Double Quotes15275 -Node: ANSI-C Quoting16550 -Node: Locale Translation17857 -Node: Creating Internationalized Scripts19165 -Node: Comments23279 -Node: Shell Commands23894 -Node: Reserved Words24829 -Node: Simple Commands25582 -Node: Pipelines26233 -Node: Lists29189 -Node: Compound Commands30981 -Node: Looping Constructs31990 -Node: Conditional Constructs34482 -Node: Command Grouping48823 -Node: Coprocesses50298 -Node: GNU Parallel52958 -Node: Shell Functions53872 -Node: Shell Parameters61754 -Node: Positional Parameters66139 -Node: Special Parameters67038 -Node: Shell Expansions70249 -Node: Brace Expansion72373 -Node: Tilde Expansion75104 -Node: Shell Parameter Expansion77722 -Node: Command Substitution96070 -Node: Arithmetic Expansion97422 -Node: Process Substitution98387 -Node: Word Splitting99504 -Node: Filename Expansion101445 -Node: Pattern Matching104191 -Node: Quote Removal108796 -Node: Redirections109088 -Node: Executing Commands118745 -Node: Simple Command Expansion119412 -Node: Command Search and Execution121519 -Node: Command Execution Environment123894 -Node: Environment126926 -Node: Exit Status128586 -Node: Signals130367 -Node: Shell Scripts133813 -Node: Shell Builtin Commands136837 -Node: Bourne Shell Builtins138872 -Node: Bash Builtins160330 -Node: Modifying Shell Behavior191183 -Node: The Set Builtin191525 -Node: The Shopt Builtin202123 -Node: Special Builtins218032 -Node: Shell Variables219008 -Node: Bourne Shell Variables219442 -Node: Bash Variables221543 -Node: Bash Features254356 -Node: Invoking Bash255366 -Node: Bash Startup Files261376 -Node: Interactive Shells266476 -Node: What is an Interactive Shell?266883 -Node: Is this Shell Interactive?267529 -Node: Interactive Shell Behavior268341 -Node: Bash Conditional Expressions271967 -Node: Shell Arithmetic276606 -Node: Aliases279547 -Node: Arrays282157 -Node: The Directory Stack288545 -Node: Directory Stack Builtins289326 -Node: Controlling the Prompt293583 -Node: The Restricted Shell296545 -Node: Bash POSIX Mode299152 -Node: Shell Compatibility Mode310799 -Node: Job Control318825 -Node: Job Control Basics319282 -Node: Job Control Builtins324281 -Node: Job Control Variables329678 -Node: Command Line Editing330831 -Node: Introduction and Notation332499 -Node: Readline Interaction334119 -Node: Readline Bare Essentials335307 -Node: Readline Movement Commands337087 -Node: Readline Killing Commands338044 -Node: Readline Arguments339959 -Node: Searching341000 -Node: Readline Init File343183 -Node: Readline Init File Syntax344441 -Node: Conditional Init Constructs367637 -Node: Sample Init File371830 -Node: Bindable Readline Commands374951 -Node: Commands For Moving376152 -Node: Commands For History378200 -Node: Commands For Text383191 -Node: Commands For Killing386837 -Node: Numeric Arguments389867 -Node: Commands For Completion391003 -Node: Keyboard Macros395191 -Node: Miscellaneous Commands395875 -Node: Readline vi Mode401811 -Node: Programmable Completion402715 -Node: Programmable Completion Builtins410492 -Node: A Programmable Completion Example421184 -Node: Using History Interactively426428 -Node: Bash History Facilities427109 -Node: Bash History Builtins430111 -Node: History Interaction435116 -Node: Event Designators438733 -Node: Word Designators440084 -Node: Modifiers441841 -Node: Installing Bash443649 -Node: Basic Installation444783 -Node: Compilers and Options448502 -Node: Compiling For Multiple Architectures449240 -Node: Installation Names450930 -Node: Specifying the System Type453036 -Node: Sharing Defaults453749 -Node: Operation Controls454419 -Node: Optional Features455374 -Node: Reporting Bugs466589 -Node: Major Differences From The Bourne Shell467861 -Node: GNU Free Documentation License484708 -Node: Indexes509882 -Node: Builtin Index510333 -Node: Reserved Word Index517157 -Node: Variable Index519602 -Node: Function Index536373 -Node: Concept Index550154 +Node: Top884 +Node: Introduction2791 +Node: What is Bash?3004 +Node: What is a shell?4115 +Node: Definitions6650 +Node: Basic Shell Features9598 +Node: Shell Syntax10814 +Node: Shell Operation11837 +Node: Quoting13127 +Node: Escape Character14428 +Node: Single Quotes14910 +Node: Double Quotes15255 +Node: ANSI-C Quoting16530 +Node: Locale Translation17837 +Node: Creating Internationalized Scripts19145 +Node: Comments23259 +Node: Shell Commands23874 +Node: Reserved Words24809 +Node: Simple Commands25562 +Node: Pipelines26213 +Node: Lists29209 +Node: Compound Commands31001 +Node: Looping Constructs32010 +Node: Conditional Constructs34502 +Node: Command Grouping48966 +Node: Coprocesses50441 +Node: GNU Parallel53101 +Node: Shell Functions54015 +Node: Shell Parameters61897 +Node: Positional Parameters66282 +Node: Special Parameters67181 +Node: Shell Expansions70392 +Node: Brace Expansion72516 +Node: Tilde Expansion75247 +Node: Shell Parameter Expansion77865 +Node: Command Substitution96213 +Node: Arithmetic Expansion97565 +Node: Process Substitution98530 +Node: Word Splitting99647 +Node: Filename Expansion101588 +Node: Pattern Matching104334 +Node: Quote Removal108988 +Node: Redirections109280 +Node: Executing Commands118937 +Node: Simple Command Expansion119604 +Node: Command Search and Execution121711 +Node: Command Execution Environment124086 +Node: Environment127118 +Node: Exit Status128778 +Node: Signals130559 +Node: Shell Scripts134005 +Node: Shell Builtin Commands137029 +Node: Bourne Shell Builtins139064 +Node: Bash Builtins160522 +Node: Modifying Shell Behavior191375 +Node: The Set Builtin191717 +Node: The Shopt Builtin202315 +Node: Special Builtins218224 +Node: Shell Variables219200 +Node: Bourne Shell Variables219634 +Node: Bash Variables221735 +Node: Bash Features254548 +Node: Invoking Bash255558 +Node: Bash Startup Files261568 +Node: Interactive Shells266696 +Node: What is an Interactive Shell?267103 +Node: Is this Shell Interactive?267749 +Node: Interactive Shell Behavior268561 +Node: Bash Conditional Expressions272187 +Node: Shell Arithmetic276826 +Node: Aliases279767 +Node: Arrays282377 +Node: The Directory Stack288765 +Node: Directory Stack Builtins289546 +Node: Controlling the Prompt293803 +Node: The Restricted Shell296765 +Node: Bash POSIX Mode299372 +Node: Shell Compatibility Mode311293 +Node: Job Control319319 +Node: Job Control Basics319776 +Node: Job Control Builtins324775 +Node: Job Control Variables330342 +Node: Command Line Editing331495 +Node: Introduction and Notation333163 +Node: Readline Interaction334783 +Node: Readline Bare Essentials335971 +Node: Readline Movement Commands337751 +Node: Readline Killing Commands338708 +Node: Readline Arguments340623 +Node: Searching341664 +Node: Readline Init File343847 +Node: Readline Init File Syntax345105 +Node: Conditional Init Constructs368301 +Node: Sample Init File372494 +Node: Bindable Readline Commands375615 +Node: Commands For Moving376816 +Node: Commands For History378864 +Node: Commands For Text383855 +Node: Commands For Killing387501 +Node: Numeric Arguments390531 +Node: Commands For Completion391667 +Node: Keyboard Macros395855 +Node: Miscellaneous Commands396539 +Node: Readline vi Mode402475 +Node: Programmable Completion403379 +Node: Programmable Completion Builtins411156 +Node: A Programmable Completion Example421848 +Node: Using History Interactively427092 +Node: Bash History Facilities427773 +Node: Bash History Builtins430775 +Node: History Interaction435780 +Node: Event Designators439397 +Node: Word Designators440748 +Node: Modifiers442505 +Node: Installing Bash444313 +Node: Basic Installation445447 +Node: Compilers and Options449166 +Node: Compiling For Multiple Architectures449904 +Node: Installation Names451594 +Node: Specifying the System Type453700 +Node: Sharing Defaults454413 +Node: Operation Controls455083 +Node: Optional Features456038 +Node: Reporting Bugs467253 +Node: Major Differences From The Bourne Shell468525 +Node: GNU Free Documentation License485372 +Node: Indexes510546 +Node: Builtin Index510997 +Node: Reserved Word Index517821 +Node: Variable Index520266 +Node: Function Index537037 +Node: Concept Index550818  End Tag Table diff --git a/doc/bash.pdf b/doc/bash.pdf index 50b5575c7..76109d7a0 100644 Binary files a/doc/bash.pdf and b/doc/bash.pdf differ diff --git a/doc/bash.ps b/doc/bash.ps index ac18a31e9..888910243 100644 --- a/doc/bash.ps +++ b/doc/bash.ps @@ -1,6 +1,6 @@ %!PS-Adobe-3.0 %%Creator: groff version 1.22.4 -%%CreationDate: Fri Apr 8 15:46:03 2022 +%%CreationDate: Mon Jun 13 11:04:34 2022 %%DocumentNeededResources: font Times-Roman %%+ font Times-Bold %%+ font Times-Italic @@ -340,7 +340,7 @@ F .475(xtended deb)-.15 F(ug-)-.2 E (~/.bashr)3.598 E(c)-.37 E F0 1.598(if the)4.408 F(shell is interacti) 144 710.4 Q .3 -.15(ve \()-.25 H(see).15 E F4(INV)2.5 E(OCA)-.405 E (TION)-.855 E F0(belo)2.25 E(w\).)-.25 E(GNU Bash 5.2)72 768 Q -(2022 March 11)144.29 E(1)198.45 E 0 Cg EP +(2022 June 3)150.675 E(1)204.835 E 0 Cg EP %%Page: 2 2 %%BeginPageSetup BP @@ -463,7 +463,7 @@ F2(~/.bashr)108 691.2 Q(c)-.37 E F0 2.535(,i)C 2.535(ft)-2.535 G .035 Q F1(bash)5.306 E F0 2.806(is started non-interacti)5.306 F -.15(ve)-.25 G(ly).15 E 5.306(,t)-.65 G 5.306(or)-5.306 G 2.806 (un a shell script, for e)-5.306 F 2.805(xample, it looks for the v)-.15 -F(ariable)-.25 E(GNU Bash 5.2)72 768 Q(2022 March 11)144.29 E(2)198.45 E +F(ariable)-.25 E(GNU Bash 5.2)72 768 Q(2022 June 3)150.675 E(2)204.835 E 0 Cg EP %%Page: 3 3 %%BeginPageSetup @@ -527,24 +527,25 @@ F .341(xpand the)-.15 F F1(ENV)2.841 E F0 -.25(va)2.591 G .342 (cuted from the \214le whose name is the e).15 E(xpanded v)-.15 E 2.5 (alue. 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If).15 F .154(the e)2.654 F .154(xpansion of the items)-.15 F -(follo)144 357.6 Q(wing)-.25 E F3(in)2.5 E F0 +(PA)3.149 G(RAMETERS).666 E F0(belo)2.899 E(w\).)-.25 E .154 +(The return status is the e)144 357.6 R .153 +(xit status of the last command that e)-.15 F -.15(xe)-.15 G 2.653 +(cutes. If).15 F .153(the e)2.653 F .153(xpansion of the items)-.15 F +(follo)144 369.6 Q(wing)-.25 E F3(in)2.5 E F0 (results in an empty list, no commands are e)2.5 E -.15(xe)-.15 G -(cuted, and the return status is 0.).15 E F3 -.25(fo)108 374.4 S(r).25 E +(cuted, and the return status is 0.).15 E F3 -.25(fo)108 386.4 S(r).25 E F0(\(\()2.5 E F2 -.2(ex)2.5 G(pr1).2 E F0(;)2.5 E F2 -.2(ex)2.5 G(pr2).2 E F0(;)2.5 E F2 -.2(ex)2.5 G(pr3).2 E F0(\)\) ;)2.5 E F3(do)2.5 E F2 -(list)2.5 E F0(;)2.5 E F3(done)2.5 E F0 1.236(First, the arithmetic e) -144 386.4 R(xpression)-.15 E F2 -.2(ex)3.736 G(pr1).2 E F0 1.235(is e) -3.736 F -.25(va)-.25 G 1.235 -(luated according to the rules described belo).25 F 3.735(wu)-.25 G -(nder)-3.735 E F1 .561(ARITHMETIC EV)144 398.4 R(ALU)-1.215 E -.855(AT) --.54 G(ION).855 E/F4 9/Times-Roman@0 SF(.)A F0 .561(The arithmetic e) -5.061 F(xpression)-.15 E F2 -.2(ex)3.061 G(pr2).2 E F0 .562(is then e) -3.062 F -.25(va)-.25 G .562(luated repeatedly until).25 F .592(it e)144 -410.4 R -.25(va)-.25 G .592(luates to zero.).25 F .592(Each time)5.592 F +(list)2.5 E F0(;)2.5 E F3(done)2.5 E F0 1.235(First, the arithmetic e) +144 398.4 R(xpression)-.15 E F2 -.2(ex)3.735 G(pr1).2 E F0 1.235(is e) +3.735 F -.25(va)-.25 G 1.236 +(luated according to the rules described belo).25 F 3.736(wu)-.25 G +(nder)-3.736 E F1 .562(ARITHMETIC EV)144 410.4 R(ALU)-1.215 E -.855(AT) +-.54 G(ION).855 E/F4 9/Times-Roman@0 SF(.)A F0 .562(The arithmetic e) +5.062 F(xpression)-.15 E F2 -.2(ex)3.062 G(pr2).2 E F0 .561(is then e) +3.061 F -.25(va)-.25 G .561(luated repeatedly until).25 F .591(it e)144 +422.4 R -.25(va)-.25 G .591(luates to zero.).25 F .592(Each time)5.591 F F2 -.2(ex)3.092 G(pr2).2 E F0 -.25(eva)3.092 G .592 -(luates to a non-zero v).25 F(alue,)-.25 E F2(list)3.092 E F0 .591(is e) -3.092 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .591(cuted and the arith-).15 F .228(metic e)144 -422.4 R(xpression)-.15 E F2 -.2(ex)2.728 G(pr3).2 E F0 .229(is e)2.728 F +(luates to a non-zero v).25 F(alue,)-.25 E F2(list)3.092 E F0 .592(is e) +3.092 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .592(cuted and the arith-).15 F .229(metic e)144 +434.4 R(xpression)-.15 E F2 -.2(ex)2.729 G(pr3).2 E F0 .229(is e)2.729 F -.25(va)-.25 G 2.729(luated. If).25 F(an)2.729 E 2.729(ye)-.15 G .229 (xpression is omitted, it beha)-2.879 F -.15(ve)-.2 G 2.729(sa).15 G -2.729(si)-2.729 G 2.729(fi)-2.729 G 2.729(te)-2.729 G -.25(va)-2.979 G -.229(luates to 1.).25 F .228(The return v)144 434.4 R .228 -(alue is the e)-.25 F .228(xit status of the last command in)-.15 F F2 -(list)2.728 E F0 .227(that is e)2.728 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .227(cuted, or f) -.15 F .227(alse if an)-.1 F 2.727(yo)-.15 G 2.727(ft)-2.727 G(he)-2.727 -E -.15(ex)144 446.4 S(pressions is in).15 E -.25(va)-.4 G(lid.).25 E F3 -(select)108 463.2 Q F2(name)2.5 E F0([)2.5 E F3(in)2.5 E F2(wor)2.5 E(d) +2.729(si)-2.729 G 2.729(fi)-2.729 G 2.728(te)-2.729 G -.25(va)-2.978 G +.228(luates to 1.).25 F .227(The return v)144 446.4 R .227 +(alue is the e)-.25 F .227(xit status of the last command in)-.15 F F2 +(list)2.728 E F0 .228(that is e)2.728 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .228(cuted, or f) +.15 F .228(alse if an)-.1 F 2.728(yo)-.15 G 2.728(ft)-2.728 G(he)-2.728 +E -.15(ex)144 458.4 S(pressions is in).15 E -.25(va)-.4 G(lid.).25 E F3 +(select)108 475.2 Q F2(name)2.5 E F0([)2.5 E F3(in)2.5 E F2(wor)2.5 E(d) -.37 E F0 2.5(];)2.5 G F3(do)A F2(list)2.5 E F0(;)2.5 E F3(done)2.5 E F0 -.432(The list of w)144 475.2 R .432(ords follo)-.1 F(wing)-.25 E F3(in) -2.932 E F0 .432(is e)2.932 F .432(xpanded, generating a list of items.) --.15 F .433(The set of e)5.433 F .433(xpanded w)-.15 F(ords)-.1 E .843 -(is printed on the standard error)144 487.2 R 3.342(,e)-.4 G .842 +.433(The list of w)144 487.2 R .433(ords follo)-.1 F(wing)-.25 E F3(in) +2.933 E F0 .432(is e)2.933 F .432(xpanded, generating a list of items.) +-.15 F .432(The set of e)5.432 F .432(xpanded w)-.15 F(ords)-.1 E .842 +(is printed on the standard error)144 499.2 R 3.342(,e)-.4 G .842 (ach preceded by a number)-3.342 F 5.842(.I)-.55 G 3.342(ft)-5.842 G(he) --3.342 E F3(in)3.342 E F2(wor)3.342 E(d)-.37 E F0 .842 -(is omitted, the posi-)3.342 F .201(tional parameters are printed \(see) -144 499.2 R F1 -.666(PA)2.701 G(RAMETERS).666 E F0(belo)2.451 E 2.701 +-3.342 E F3(in)3.342 E F2(wor)3.342 E(d)-.37 E F0 .843 +(is omitted, the posi-)3.343 F .201(tional parameters are printed \(see) +144 511.2 R F1 -.666(PA)2.701 G(RAMETERS).666 E F0(belo)2.451 E 2.701 (w\). The)-.25 F F1(PS3)2.701 E F0 .201(prompt is then displayed and a) -2.451 F .214(line read from the standard input.)144 511.2 R .213 -(If the line consists of a number corresponding to one of the dis-)5.214 -F 1.537(played w)144 523.2 R 1.537(ords, then the v)-.1 F 1.537(alue of) --.25 F F2(name)4.397 E F0 1.537(is set to that w)4.217 F 4.037(ord. If) --.1 F 1.538(the line is empty)4.038 F 4.038(,t)-.65 G 1.538(he w)-4.038 -F 1.538(ords and)-.1 F .066(prompt are displayed ag)144 535.2 R 2.566 -(ain. If)-.05 F .065(EOF is read, the command completes.)2.566 F(An) -5.065 E 2.565(yo)-.15 G .065(ther v)-2.565 F .065(alue read causes)-.25 -F F2(name)144.36 547.2 Q F0 .953(to be set to null.)3.633 F .953 -(The line read is sa)5.953 F -.15(ve)-.2 G 3.454(di).15 G 3.454(nt) --3.454 G .954(he v)-3.454 F(ariable)-.25 E F1(REPL)3.454 E(Y)-.828 E F4 -(.)A F0(The)5.454 E F2(list)3.544 E F0 .954(is e)4.134 F -.15(xe)-.15 G -.954(cuted after).15 F .072(each selection until a)144 559.2 R F3(br) +2.451 F .213(line read from the standard input.)144 523.2 R .213 +(If the line consists of a number corresponding to one of the dis-)5.213 +F 1.538(played w)144 535.2 R 1.538(ords, then the v)-.1 F 1.538(alue of) +-.25 F F2(name)4.398 E F0 1.537(is set to that w)4.218 F 4.037(ord. If) +-.1 F 1.537(the line is empty)4.037 F 4.037(,t)-.65 G 1.537(he w)-4.037 +F 1.537(ords and)-.1 F .065(prompt are displayed ag)144 547.2 R 2.565 +(ain. If)-.05 F .065(EOF is read, the command completes.)2.565 F(An) +5.066 E 2.566(yo)-.15 G .066(ther v)-2.566 F .066(alue read causes)-.25 +F F2(name)144.36 559.2 Q F0 .954(to be set to null.)3.634 F .954 +(The line read is sa)5.954 F -.15(ve)-.2 G 3.453(di).15 G 3.453(nt) +-3.453 G .953(he v)-3.453 F(ariable)-.25 E F1(REPL)3.453 E(Y)-.828 E F4 +(.)A F0(The)5.453 E F2(list)3.543 E F0 .953(is e)4.133 F -.15(xe)-.15 G +.953(cuted after).15 F .071(each selection until a)144 571.2 R F3(br) 2.571 E(eak)-.18 E F0 .071(command is e)2.571 F -.15(xe)-.15 G 2.571 (cuted. The).15 F -.15(ex)2.571 G .071(it status of).15 F F3(select) -2.571 E F0 .071(is the e)2.571 F .071(xit status of the)-.15 F -(last command e)144 571.2 Q -.15(xe)-.15 G(cuted in).15 E F2(list)2.59 E +2.571 E F0 .071(is the e)2.571 F .072(xit status of the)-.15 F +(last command e)144 583.2 Q -.15(xe)-.15 G(cuted in).15 E F2(list)2.59 E F0 2.5(,o).68 G 2.5(rz)-2.5 G(ero if no commands were e)-2.5 E -.15(xe) --.15 G(cuted.).15 E F3(case)108 588 Q F2(wor)2.5 E(d)-.37 E F3(in)2.5 E +-.15 G(cuted.).15 E F3(case)108 600 Q F2(wor)2.5 E(d)-.37 E F3(in)2.5 E F0 2.5([[)2.5 G(\(])-2.5 E F2(pattern)2.5 E F0([)2.5 E F3(|)2.5 E F2 (pattern)2.5 E F0 2.5(].)2.5 G(.. \))-2.5 E F2(list)2.5 E F0(;; ] ...) -2.5 E F3(esac)2.5 E F0(A)144 600 Q F3(case)3.264 E F0 .764 -(command \214rst e)3.264 F(xpands)-.15 E F2(wor)3.264 E(d)-.37 E F0 +2.5 E F3(esac)2.5 E F0(A)144 612 Q F3(case)3.265 E F0 .764 +(command \214rst e)3.265 F(xpands)-.15 E F2(wor)3.264 E(d)-.37 E F0 3.264(,a)C .764(nd tries to match it ag)-3.264 F .764(ainst each)-.05 F -F2(pattern)3.264 E F0 .765(in turn, using the)3.264 F .884 -(matching rules described under)144 612 R F3 -.1(Pa)3.384 G(tter).1 E +F2(pattern)3.264 E F0 .764(in turn, using the)3.264 F .883 +(matching rules described under)144 624 R F3 -.1(Pa)3.384 G(tter).1 E 3.384(nM)-.15 G(atching)-3.384 E F0(belo)3.384 E 4.684 -.65(w. T)-.25 H -(he).65 E F2(wor)3.384 E(d)-.37 E F0 .884(is e)3.384 F .883 +(he).65 E F2(wor)3.384 E(d)-.37 E F0 .884(is e)3.384 F .884 (xpanded using tilde e)-.15 F(x-)-.15 E .95(pansion, parameter and v)144 -624 R .95(ariable e)-.25 F .95(xpansion, arithmetic e)-.15 F .95 -(xpansion, command substitution, process)-.15 F .181 -(substitution and quote remo)144 636 R -.25(va)-.15 G 2.681(l. Each).25 +636 R .95(ariable e)-.25 F .95(xpansion, arithmetic e)-.15 F .95 +(xpansion, command substitution, process)-.15 F .18 +(substitution and quote remo)144 648 R -.25(va)-.15 G 2.681(l. Each).25 F F2(pattern)2.681 E F0 -.15(ex)2.681 G .181(amined is e).15 F .181 -(xpanded using tilde e)-.15 F .18(xpansion, param-)-.15 F .103 -(eter and v)144 648 R .103(ariable e)-.25 F .103(xpansion, arithmetic e) +(xpanded using tilde e)-.15 F .181(xpansion, param-)-.15 F .103 +(eter and v)144 660 R .103(ariable e)-.25 F .103(xpansion, arithmetic e) -.15 F .103(xpansion, command substitution, process substitution, and) --.15 F .139(quote remo)144 660 R -.25(va)-.15 G 2.639(l. If).25 F(the) -2.639 E F3(nocasematch)2.639 E F0 .138 -(shell option is enabled, the match is performed without re)2.639 F -.05 -(ga)-.15 G(rd).05 E .208(to the case of alphabetic characters.)144 672 R -.209(When a match is found, the corresponding)5.209 F F2(list)2.709 E F0 -.209(is e)2.709 F -.15(xe)-.15 G 2.709(cuted. If).15 F(the)144 684 Q F3 -(;;)3.35 E F0 .849(operator is used, no subsequent matches are attempte\ -d after the \214rst pattern match.)3.35 F(Using)5.849 E F3(;&)144 696 Q -F0 .253(in place of)2.753 F F3(;;)2.754 E F0 .254(causes e)2.754 F -.15 +-.15 F .138(quote remo)144 672 R -.25(va)-.15 G 2.638(l. If).25 F(the) +2.638 E F3(nocasematch)2.638 E F0 .139 +(shell option is enabled, the match is performed without re)2.638 F -.05 +(ga)-.15 G(rd).05 E .209(to the case of alphabetic characters.)144 684 R +.209(When a match is found, the corresponding)5.209 F F2(list)2.708 E F0 +.208(is e)2.708 F -.15(xe)-.15 G 2.708(cuted. If).15 F(the)144 696 Q F3 +(;;)3.349 E F0 .849(operator is used, no subsequent matches are attempt\ +ed after the \214rst pattern match.)3.349 F(Using)5.85 E F3(;&)144 708 Q +F0 .254(in place of)2.754 F F3(;;)2.754 E F0 .254(causes e)2.754 F -.15 (xe)-.15 G .254(cution to continue with the).15 F F2(list)2.754 E F0 -.254(associated with the ne)2.754 F .254(xt set of patterns.)-.15 F -(Using)144 708 Q F3(;;&)2.617 E F0 .117(in place of)2.617 F F3(;;)2.616 -E F0 .116(causes the shell to test the ne)2.616 F .116 -(xt pattern list in the statement, if an)-.15 F 1.416 -.65(y, a)-.15 H -.116(nd e).65 F(x-)-.15 E .768(ecute an)144 720 R 3.268(ya)-.15 G -(ssociated)-3.268 E F2(list)3.268 E F0 .768 -(on a successful match, continuing the case statement e)3.268 F -.15(xe) --.15 G .768(cution as if the).15 F(GNU Bash 5.2)72 768 Q(2022 March 11) -144.29 E(6)198.45 E 0 Cg EP +.254(associated with the ne)2.754 F .253(xt set of patterns.)-.15 F +(Using)144 720 Q F3(;;&)3.378 E F0 .878(in place of)3.378 F F3(;;)3.378 +E F0 .878(causes the shell to test the ne)3.378 F .878 +(xt pattern list in the statement, if an)-.15 F 2.178 -.65(y, a)-.15 H +(nd).65 E(GNU Bash 5.2)72 768 Q(2022 June 3)150.675 E(6)204.835 E 0 Cg +EP %%Page: 7 7 %%BeginPageSetup BP %%EndPageSetup /F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 137.14(SH\(1\) General).35 F -(Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E .183 -(pattern list had not matched.)144 84 R .183(The e)5.183 F .183 -(xit status is zero if no pattern matches.)-.15 F .182 +(Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E -.15(exe)144 84 S +.159(cute an).15 F 2.659(ya)-.15 G(ssociated)-2.659 E/F1 10 +/Times-Italic@0 SF(list)2.659 E F0 .159 +(on a successful match, continuing the case statement e)2.659 F -.15(xe) +-.15 G .158(cution as if the).15 F .182(pattern list had not matched.) +144 96 R .183(The e)5.183 F .183 +(xit status is zero if no pattern matches.)-.15 F .183 (Otherwise, it is the e)5.183 F(xit)-.15 E(status of the last command e) -144 96 Q -.15(xe)-.15 G(cuted in).15 E/F1 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(list)2.5 -E F0(.)A/F2 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(if)108 112.8 Q F1(list)2.5 E F0(;)A F2 -(then)2.5 E F1(list)2.5 E F0 2.5(;[)C F2(elif)A F1(list)2.5 E F0(;)A F2 -(then)2.5 E F1(list)2.5 E F0 2.5(;].)C(.. [)-2.5 E F2(else)2.5 E F1 -(list)2.5 E F0 2.5(;])C F2<8c>A F0(The)144 124.8 Q F2(if)2.977 E F1 -(list)3.067 E F0 .478(is e)3.658 F -.15(xe)-.15 G 2.978(cuted. If).15 F -.478(its e)2.978 F .478(xit status is zero, the)-.15 F F2(then)2.978 E -F1(list)2.978 E F0 .478(is e)2.978 F -.15(xe)-.15 G 2.978 -(cuted. Otherwise,).15 F(each)2.978 E F2(elif)2.978 E F1(list)2.978 E F0 -1.088(is e)144 136.8 R -.15(xe)-.15 G 1.088(cuted in turn, and if its e) -.15 F 1.087(xit status is zero, the corresponding)-.15 F F2(then)3.587 E -F1(list)3.587 E F0 1.087(is e)3.587 F -.15(xe)-.15 G 1.087 -(cuted and the).15 F .103(command completes.)144 148.8 R .103 -(Otherwise, the)5.103 F F2(else)2.603 E F1(list)2.603 E F0 .103(is e) -2.603 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .103(cuted, if present.).15 F .103(The e)5.103 F -.103(xit status is the e)-.15 F .104(xit sta-)-.15 F -(tus of the last command e)144 160.8 Q -.15(xe)-.15 G -(cuted, or zero if no condition tested true.).15 E F2(while)108 177.6 Q -F1(list-1)2.5 E F0(;)A F2(do)2.5 E F1(list-2)2.5 E F0(;)A F2(done)2.5 E -(until)108 189.6 Q F1(list-1)2.5 E F0(;)A F2(do)2.5 E F1(list-2)2.5 E F0 -(;)A F2(done)2.5 E F0(The)144 201.6 Q F2(while)3.45 E F0 .95 -(command continuously e)3.45 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .95(cutes the list).15 F -F1(list-2)3.45 E F0 .95(as long as the last command in the list)3.45 F -F1(list-1)144 213.6 Q F0 .205(returns an e)2.705 F .205 +144 108 Q -.15(xe)-.15 G(cuted in).15 E F1(list)2.5 E F0(.)A/F2 10 +/Times-Bold@0 SF(if)108 124.8 Q F1(list)2.5 E F0(;)A F2(then)2.5 E F1 +(list)2.5 E F0 2.5(;[)C F2(elif)A F1(list)2.5 E F0(;)A F2(then)2.5 E F1 +(list)2.5 E F0 2.5(;].)C(.. [)-2.5 E F2(else)2.5 E F1(list)2.5 E F0 2.5 +(;])C F2<8c>A F0(The)144 136.8 Q F2(if)2.978 E F1(list)3.068 E F0 .478 +(is e)3.658 F -.15(xe)-.15 G 2.978(cuted. If).15 F .478(its e)2.978 F +.478(xit status is zero, the)-.15 F F2(then)2.978 E F1(list)2.978 E F0 +.478(is e)2.978 F -.15(xe)-.15 G 2.978(cuted. Otherwise,).15 F(each) +2.978 E F2(elif)2.977 E F1(list)2.977 E F0 1.087(is e)144 148.8 R -.15 +(xe)-.15 G 1.087(cuted in turn, and if its e).15 F 1.087 +(xit status is zero, the corresponding)-.15 F F2(then)3.587 E F1(list) +3.587 E F0 1.088(is e)3.588 F -.15(xe)-.15 G 1.088(cuted and the).15 F +.104(command completes.)144 160.8 R .103(Otherwise, the)5.104 F F2(else) +2.603 E F1(list)2.603 E F0 .103(is e)2.603 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .103 +(cuted, if present.).15 F .103(The e)5.103 F .103(xit status is the e) +-.15 F .103(xit sta-)-.15 F(tus of the last command e)144 172.8 Q -.15 +(xe)-.15 G(cuted, or zero if no condition tested true.).15 E F2(while) +108 189.6 Q F1(list-1)2.5 E F0(;)A F2(do)2.5 E F1(list-2)2.5 E F0(;)A F2 +(done)2.5 E(until)108 201.6 Q F1(list-1)2.5 E F0(;)A F2(do)2.5 E F1 +(list-2)2.5 E F0(;)A F2(done)2.5 E F0(The)144 213.6 Q F2(while)3.45 E F0 +.95(command continuously e)3.45 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .95(cutes the list).15 +F F1(list-2)3.45 E F0 .95(as long as the last command in the list)3.45 F +F1(list-1)144 225.6 Q F0 .205(returns an e)2.705 F .205 (xit status of zero.)-.15 F(The)5.205 E F2(until)2.705 E F0 .205 (command is identical to the)2.705 F F2(while)2.705 E F0 .205 -(command, e)2.705 F(xcept)-.15 E .6(that the test is ne)144 225.6 R -.05 -(ga)-.15 G(ted:).05 E F1(list-2)3.19 E F0 .6(is e)3.12 F -.15(xe)-.15 G -.599(cuted as long as the last command in).15 F F1(list-1)3.189 E F0 -.599(returns a non-zero)3.099 F -.15(ex)144 237.6 S .204(it status.).15 -F .204(The e)5.204 F .204(xit status of the)-.15 F F2(while)2.704 E F0 -(and)2.704 E F2(until)2.704 E F0 .205(commands is the e)2.704 F .205 -(xit status of the last command)-.15 F -.15(exe)144 249.6 S(cuted in).15 +(command, e)2.705 F(xcept)-.15 E .599(that the test is ne)144 237.6 R +-.05(ga)-.15 G(ted:).05 E F1(list-2)3.189 E F0 .599(is e)3.119 F -.15 +(xe)-.15 G .6(cuted as long as the last command in).15 F F1(list-1)3.19 +E F0 .6(returns a non-zero)3.1 F -.15(ex)144 249.6 S .205(it status.).15 +F .205(The e)5.205 F .205(xit status of the)-.15 F F2(while)2.705 E F0 +(and)2.705 E F2(until)2.704 E F0 .204(commands is the e)2.704 F .204 +(xit status of the last command)-.15 F -.15(exe)144 261.6 S(cuted in).15 E F1(list-2)2.5 E F0 2.5(,o)C 2.5(rz)-2.5 G(ero if none w)-2.5 E(as e) --.1 E -.15(xe)-.15 G(cuted.).15 E F2(Copr)87 266.4 Q(ocesses)-.18 E F0 -(A)108 278.4 Q F1(copr)3.713 E(ocess)-.45 E F0 1.213 -(is a shell command preceded by the)3.713 F F2(copr)3.712 E(oc)-.18 E F0 -(reserv)3.712 E 1.212(ed w)-.15 F 3.712(ord. A)-.1 F 1.212 -(coprocess is e)3.712 F -.15(xe)-.15 G 1.212(cuted asyn-).15 F .574(chr\ +-.1 E -.15(xe)-.15 G(cuted.).15 E F2(Copr)87 278.4 Q(ocesses)-.18 E F0 +(A)108 290.4 Q F1(copr)3.712 E(ocess)-.45 E F0 1.212 +(is a shell command preceded by the)3.712 F F2(copr)3.713 E(oc)-.18 E F0 +(reserv)3.713 E 1.213(ed w)-.15 F 3.713(ord. A)-.1 F 1.213 +(coprocess is e)3.713 F -.15(xe)-.15 G 1.213(cuted asyn-).15 F .575(chr\ onously in a subshell, as if the command had been terminated with the) -108 290.4 R F2(&)3.075 E F0 .575(control operator)3.075 F 3.075(,w)-.4 G -.575(ith a tw)-3.075 F(o-)-.1 E -.1(wa)108 302.4 S 2.5(yp).1 G +108 302.4 R F2(&)3.074 E F0 .574(control operator)3.074 F 3.074(,w)-.4 G +.574(ith a tw)-3.074 F(o-)-.1 E -.1(wa)108 314.4 S 2.5(yp).1 G (ipe established between the e)-2.5 E -.15(xe)-.15 G (cuting shell and the coprocess.).15 E(The syntax for a coprocess is:) -108 319.2 Q F2(copr)144 336 Q(oc)-.18 E F0([)2.5 E F1 -.27(NA)C(ME).27 E +108 331.2 Q F2(copr)144 348 Q(oc)-.18 E F0([)2.5 E F1 -.27(NA)C(ME).27 E F0(])A F1(command)2.5 E F0([)2.5 E F1 -.37(re)C(dir).37 E(ections)-.37 E -F0(])A .599(This creates a coprocess named)108 352.8 R F1 -.27(NA)3.099 +F0(])A .598(This creates a coprocess named)108 364.8 R F1 -.27(NA)3.099 G(ME).27 E F0(.)A F1(command)5.599 E F0 .599 (may be either a simple command or a compound com-)3.099 F 1.4 -(mand \(see abo)108 364.8 R -.15(ve)-.15 G(\).).15 E F1 -.27(NA)6.4 G +(mand \(see abo)108 376.8 R -.15(ve)-.15 G(\).).15 E F1 -.27(NA)6.4 G (ME).27 E F0 1.4(is a shell v)3.9 F 1.4(ariable name.)-.25 F(If)6.4 E F1 -.27(NA)3.9 G(ME).27 E F0 1.4(is not supplied, the def)3.9 F 1.4 -(ault name is)-.1 F F2(CO-)3.9 E(PR)108 376.8 Q(OC)-.3 E F0(.)A -(The recommended form to use for a coprocess is)108 393.6 Q F2(copr)144 -410.4 Q(oc)-.18 E F1 -.27(NA)2.5 G(ME).27 E F0({)2.5 E F1(command)2.5 E +(ault name is)-.1 F F2(CO-)3.9 E(PR)108 388.8 Q(OC)-.3 E F0(.)A +(The recommended form to use for a coprocess is)108 405.6 Q F2(copr)144 +422.4 Q(oc)-.18 E F1 -.27(NA)2.5 G(ME).27 E F0({)2.5 E F1(command)2.5 E F0([)2.5 E F1 -.37(re)C(dir).37 E(ections)-.37 E F0(]; })A 1.313(This f\ orm is recommended because simple commands result in the coprocess al) -108 427.2 R -.1(wa)-.1 G 1.313(ys being named).1 F F2(CO-)3.812 E(PR)108 -439.2 Q(OC)-.3 E F0 2.5(,a)C(nd it is simpler to use and more complete \ -than the other compound commands.)-2.5 E(If)108 456 Q F1(command)3.061 E -F0 .561(is a compound command,)3.061 F F1 -.27(NA)3.061 G(ME).27 E F0 -.562(is optional. The w)3.061 F .562(ord follo)-.1 F(wing)-.25 E F2 -(copr)3.062 E(oc)-.18 E F0 .562(determines whether)3.062 F .339(that w) -108 468 R .339(ord is interpreted as a v)-.1 F .339 +108 439.2 R -.1(wa)-.1 G 1.313(ys being named).1 F F2(CO-)3.813 E(PR)108 +451.2 Q(OC)-.3 E F0 2.5(,a)C(nd it is simpler to use and more complete \ +than the other compound commands.)-2.5 E(If)108 468 Q F1(command)3.062 E +F0 .562(is a compound command,)3.062 F F1 -.27(NA)3.062 G(ME).27 E F0 +.561(is optional. The w)3.061 F .561(ord follo)-.1 F(wing)-.25 E F2 +(copr)3.061 E(oc)-.18 E F0 .561(determines whether)3.061 F .338(that w) +108 480 R .338(ord is interpreted as a v)-.1 F .338 (ariable name: it is interpreted as)-.25 F F1 -.27(NA)2.839 G(ME).27 E -F0 .338(if it is not a reserv)2.838 F .338(ed w)-.15 F .338 -(ord that intro-)-.1 F 1.121(duces a compound command.)108 480 R(If) +F0 .339(if it is not a reserv)2.839 F .339(ed w)-.15 F .339 +(ord that intro-)-.1 F 1.122(duces a compound command.)108 492 R(If) 6.121 E F1(command)3.621 E F0 1.121(is a simple command,)3.621 F F1 -.27 -(NA)3.621 G(ME).27 E F0 1.121(is not allo)3.621 F 1.122 -(wed; this is to a)-.25 F -.2(vo)-.2 G(id).2 E(confusion between)108 492 +(NA)3.621 G(ME).27 E F0 1.121(is not allo)3.621 F 1.121 +(wed; this is to a)-.25 F -.2(vo)-.2 G(id).2 E(confusion between)108 504 Q F1 -.27(NA)2.5 G(ME).27 E F0(and the \214rst w)2.5 E -(ord of the simple command.)-.1 E .09(When the coprocess is e)108 508.8 +(ord of the simple command.)-.1 E .09(When the coprocess is e)108 520.8 R -.15(xe)-.15 G .09(cuted, the shell creates an array v).15 F .09 (ariable \(see)-.25 F F2(Arrays)2.59 E F0(belo)2.59 E .09(w\) named)-.25 -F F1 -.27(NA)2.59 G(ME).27 E F0 .09(in the)2.59 F(conte)108 520.8 Q .302 -(xt of the e)-.15 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .302(cuting shell.).15 F .302 +F F1 -.27(NA)2.59 G(ME).27 E F0 .09(in the)2.59 F(conte)108 532.8 Q .303 +(xt of the e)-.15 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .303(cuting shell.).15 F .302 (The standard output of)5.302 F F1(command)3.002 E F0 .302 -(is connected via a pipe to a \214le descriptor)3.572 F .588(in the e) -108 532.8 R -.15(xe)-.15 G .587 +(is connected via a pipe to a \214le descriptor)3.572 F .587(in the e) +108 544.8 R -.15(xe)-.15 G .587 (cuting shell, and that \214le descriptor is assigned to).15 F F1 -.27 (NA)3.087 G(ME).27 E F0 3.087([0]. The)B .587(standard input of)3.087 F -F1(command)3.287 E F0(is)3.857 E 2.029 -(connected via a pipe to a \214le descriptor in the e)108 544.8 R -.15 +F1(command)3.287 E F0(is)3.858 E 2.029 +(connected via a pipe to a \214le descriptor in the e)108 556.8 R -.15 (xe)-.15 G 2.029 (cuting shell, and that \214le descriptor is assigned to).15 F F1 -.27 -(NA)108 556.8 S(ME).27 E F0 2.879([1]. This)B .379 +(NA)108 568.8 S(ME).27 E F0 2.879([1]. This)B .379 (pipe is established before an)2.879 F 2.879(yr)-.15 G .379 (edirections speci\214ed by the command \(see)-2.879 F/F3 9/Times-Bold@0 -SF(REDIRECTION)2.879 E F0(belo)108 568.8 Q 3.425(w\). The)-.25 F .925 -(\214le descriptors can be utilized as ar)3.425 F .926 +SF(REDIRECTION)2.879 E F0(belo)108 580.8 Q 3.426(w\). The)-.25 F .926 +(\214le descriptors can be utilized as ar)3.426 F .925 (guments to shell commands and redirections using stan-)-.18 F .286 -(dard w)108 580.8 R .286(ord e)-.1 F 2.786(xpansions. Other)-.15 F .286 +(dard w)108 592.8 R .286(ord e)-.1 F 2.786(xpansions. Other)-.15 F .286 (than those created to e)2.786 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .286 (cute command and process substitutions, the \214le de-).15 F -(scriptors are not a)108 592.8 Q -.25(va)-.2 G(ilable in subshells.).25 -E 1.676(The process ID of the shell spa)108 609.6 R 1.676(wned to e)-.15 +(scriptors are not a)108 604.8 Q -.25(va)-.2 G(ilable in subshells.).25 +E 1.676(The process ID of the shell spa)108 621.6 R 1.676(wned to e)-.15 F -.15(xe)-.15 G 1.676(cute the coprocess is a).15 F -.25(va)-.2 G 1.676 -(ilable as the v).25 F 1.677(alue of the v)-.25 F(ariable)-.25 E F1 -.27 -(NA)108 621.6 S(ME).27 E F0 2.5(_PID. The)B F2(wait)2.5 E F0 -.2(bu)2.5 +(ilable as the v).25 F 1.676(alue of the v)-.25 F(ariable)-.25 E F1 -.27 +(NA)108 633.6 S(ME).27 E F0 2.5(_PID. The)B F2(wait)2.5 E F0 -.2(bu)2.5 G(iltin command may be used to w).2 E (ait for the coprocess to terminate.)-.1 E .336 (Since the coprocess is created as an asynchronous command, the)108 -638.4 R F2(copr)2.836 E(oc)-.18 E F0 .335(command al)2.835 F -.1(wa)-.1 -G .335(ys returns success.).1 F -(The return status of a coprocess is the e)108 650.4 Q(xit status of) --.15 E F1(command)2.5 E F0(.)A F2(Shell Function De\214nitions)87 667.2 -Q F0 2.697(As)108 679.2 S .198 -(hell function is an object that is called lik)-2.697 F 2.698(eas)-.1 G -.198(imple command and e)-2.698 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .198 -(cutes a compound command with).15 F 2.5(an)108 691.2 S .5 -.25(ew s) +650.4 R F2(copr)2.836 E(oc)-.18 E F0 .336(command al)2.836 F -.1(wa)-.1 +G .336(ys returns success.).1 F +(The return status of a coprocess is the e)108 662.4 Q(xit status of) +-.15 E F1(command)2.5 E F0(.)A F2(Shell Function De\214nitions)87 679.2 +Q F0 2.698(As)108 691.2 S .198 +(hell function is an object that is called lik)-2.698 F 2.698(eas)-.1 G +.198(imple command and e)-2.698 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .197 +(cutes a compound command with).15 F 2.5(an)108 703.2 S .5 -.25(ew s) -2.5 H(et of positional parameters.).25 E (Shell functions are declared as follo)5 E(ws:)-.25 E(GNU Bash 5.2)72 -768 Q(2022 March 11)144.29 E(7)198.45 E 0 Cg EP +768 Q(2022 June 3)150.675 E(7)204.835 E 0 Cg EP %%Page: 8 8 %%BeginPageSetup BP @@ -1130,10 +1134,10 @@ BP 2.5 E F0([)2.5 E F1 -.37(re)C(dir).37 E(ection)-.37 E F0(])A/F2 10 /Times-Bold@0 SF(function)108 96 Q F1(fname)2.5 E F0([\(\)])2.5 E F1 (compound\255command)2.5 E F0([)2.5 E F1 -.37(re)C(dir).37 E(ection)-.37 -E F0(])A .217(This de\214nes a function named)144 108 R F1(fname)2.717 E +E F0(])A .216(This de\214nes a function named)144 108 R F1(fname)2.716 E F0 5.217(.T)C .217(he reserv)-5.217 F .217(ed w)-.15 F(ord)-.1 E F2 -(function)2.717 E F0 .216(is optional.)2.717 F .216(If the)5.216 F F2 -(function)2.716 E F0(re-)2.716 E(serv)144 120 Q .68(ed w)-.15 F .68 +(function)2.717 E F0 .217(is optional.)2.717 F .217(If the)5.217 F F2 +(function)2.717 E F0(re-)2.717 E(serv)144 120 Q .68(ed w)-.15 F .68 (ord is supplied, the parentheses are optional.)-.1 F(The)5.68 E F1 (body)3.18 E F0 .68(of the function is the compound)3.18 F(command)144 132 Q F1(compound\255command)2.784 E F0(\(see)3.354 E F2 .084 @@ -1141,119 +1145,119 @@ F0 5.217(.T)C .217(he reserv)-5.217 F .217(ed w)-.15 F(ord)-.1 E F2 .15 F .084(command is usually a)2.584 F F1(list)144 144 Q F0 .044 (of commands between { and }, b)2.544 F .044(ut may be an)-.2 F 2.544 (yc)-.15 G .044(ommand listed under)-2.544 F F2 .044(Compound Commands) -2.544 F F0(abo)144 156 Q -.15(ve)-.15 G 5.532(.I).15 G 3.032(ft)-5.532 G -(he)-3.032 E F2(function)3.032 E F0(reserv)3.032 E .532(ed w)-.15 F .532 +2.544 F F0(abo)144 156 Q -.15(ve)-.15 G 5.531(.I).15 G 3.031(ft)-5.531 G +(he)-3.031 E F2(function)3.032 E F0(reserv)3.032 E .532(ed w)-.15 F .532 (ord is used, b)-.1 F .532 (ut the parentheses are not supplied, the braces are)-.2 F(recommended.) -144 168 Q F1(compound\255command)6.253 E F0 1.253(is e)3.753 F -.15(xe) --.15 G 1.253(cuted whene).15 F -.15(ve)-.25 G(r).15 E F1(fname)3.753 E -F0 1.254(is speci\214ed as the name of a)3.753 F 1.253(simple command.) -144 180 R 1.253(When in)6.253 F F1 1.253(posix mode)3.753 F F0(,)A F1 -(fname)3.753 E F0 1.252(must be a v)3.752 F 1.252(alid shell)-.25 F F1 -(name)3.752 E F0 1.252(and may not be the)3.752 F .088 +144 168 Q F1(compound\255command)6.254 E F0 1.254(is e)3.754 F -.15(xe) +-.15 G 1.254(cuted whene).15 F -.15(ve)-.25 G(r).15 E F1(fname)3.753 E +F0 1.253(is speci\214ed as the name of a)3.753 F 1.252(simple command.) +144 180 R 1.252(When in)6.252 F F1 1.252(posix mode)3.752 F F0(,)A F1 +(fname)3.752 E F0 1.252(must be a v)3.752 F 1.252(alid shell)-.25 F F1 +(name)3.753 E F0 1.253(and may not be the)3.753 F .089 (name of one of the POSIX)144 192 R F1 .089(special b)2.589 F(uiltins) -.2 E F0 5.089(.I)C 2.589(nd)-5.089 G(ef)-2.589 E .089 -(ault mode, a function name can be an)-.1 F 2.589(yu)-.15 G(nquoted) --2.589 E .165(shell w)144 204 R .165(ord that does not contain)-.1 F F2 +(ault mode, a function name can be an)-.1 F 2.588(yu)-.15 G(nquoted) +-2.588 E .164(shell w)144 204 R .164(ord that does not contain)-.1 F F2 ($)2.665 E F0 5.165(.A)C .465 -.15(ny r)-5.165 H .165(edirections \(see) -.15 F/F3 9/Times-Bold@0 SF(REDIRECTION)2.665 E F0(belo)2.415 E .164 -(w\) speci\214ed when a)-.25 F .06 +.15 F/F3 9/Times-Bold@0 SF(REDIRECTION)2.665 E F0(belo)2.415 E .165 +(w\) speci\214ed when a)-.25 F .061 (function is de\214ned are performed when the function is e)144 216 R --.15(xe)-.15 G 2.561(cuted. The).15 F -.15(ex)2.561 G .061 +-.15(xe)-.15 G 2.561(cuted. The).15 F -.15(ex)2.56 G .06 (it status of a function de\214-).15 F .579(nition is zero unless a syn\ tax error occurs or a readonly function with the same name already e)144 -228 R(x-)-.15 E 2.592(ists. When)144 240 R -.15(exe)2.592 G .092 +228 R(x-)-.15 E 2.593(ists. When)144 240 R -.15(exe)2.593 G .093 (cuted, the e).15 F .093(xit status of a function is the e)-.15 F .093 -(xit status of the last command e)-.15 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .093(cuted in) +(xit status of the last command e)-.15 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .092(cuted in) .15 F(the body)144 252 Q 5(.\()-.65 G(See)-5 E F3(FUNCTIONS)2.5 E F0 (belo)2.25 E -.65(w.)-.25 G(\)).65 E/F4 10.95/Times-Bold@0 SF(COMMENTS) 72 268.8 Q F0 .982(In a non-interacti)108 280.8 R 1.282 -.15(ve s)-.25 H .982(hell, or an interacti).15 F 1.282 -.15(ve s)-.25 H .982 (hell in which the).15 F F2(interacti)3.482 E -.1(ve)-.1 G(_comments).1 E F0 .982(option to the)3.482 F F2(shopt)3.482 E F0 -.2(bu)108 292.8 S -.951(iltin is enabled \(see).2 F F3 .952(SHELL B)3.451 F(UIL)-.09 E .952 +.952(iltin is enabled \(see).2 F F3 .952(SHELL B)3.452 F(UIL)-.09 E .952 (TIN COMMANDS)-.828 F F0(belo)3.202 E .952(w\), a w)-.25 F .952(ord be) --.1 F .952(ginning with)-.15 F F2(#)3.452 E F0 .952(causes that w)3.452 -F(ord)-.1 E .605 +-.1 F .952(ginning with)-.15 F F2(#)3.451 E F0 .951(causes that w)3.451 +F(ord)-.1 E .604 (and all remaining characters on that line to be ignored.)108 304.8 R -.604(An interacti)5.605 F .904 -.15(ve s)-.25 H .604(hell without the) -.15 F F2(interacti)3.104 E -.1(ve)-.1 G(_com-).1 E(ments)108 316.8 Q F0 +.605(An interacti)5.605 F .905 -.15(ve s)-.25 H .605(hell without the) +.15 F F2(interacti)3.105 E -.1(ve)-.1 G(_com-).1 E(ments)108 316.8 Q F0 .34(option enabled does not allo)2.84 F 2.84(wc)-.25 G 2.84 (omments. The)-2.84 F F2(interacti)2.84 E -.1(ve)-.1 G(_comments).1 E F0 .34(option is on by def)2.84 F .34(ault in in-)-.1 F(teracti)108 328.8 Q .3 -.15(ve s)-.25 H(hells.).15 E F4 -.11(QU)72 345.6 S -.438(OT).11 G -(ING).438 E F1(Quoting)108 357.6 Q F0 .478(is used to remo)2.978 F .777 +(ING).438 E F1(Quoting)108 357.6 Q F0 .477(is used to remo)2.977 F .777 -.15(ve t)-.15 H .477(he special meaning of certain characters or w).15 -F .477(ords to the shell.)-.1 F .477(Quoting can be)5.477 F .184 +F .477(ords to the shell.)-.1 F .478(Quoting can be)5.478 F .185 (used to disable special treatment for special characters, to pre)108 -369.6 R -.15(ve)-.25 G .185(nt reserv).15 F .185(ed w)-.15 F .185 +369.6 R -.15(ve)-.25 G .185(nt reserv).15 F .184(ed w)-.15 F .184 (ords from being recognized as)-.1 F(such, and to pre)108 381.6 Q -.15 -(ve)-.25 G(nt parameter e).15 E(xpansion.)-.15 E .289(Each of the)108 -398.4 R F1(metac)2.789 E(har)-.15 E(acter)-.15 E(s)-.1 E F0 .288 -(listed abo)2.789 F .588 -.15(ve u)-.15 H(nder).15 E F3(DEFINITIONS) +(ve)-.25 G(nt parameter e).15 E(xpansion.)-.15 E .288(Each of the)108 +398.4 R F1(metac)2.788 E(har)-.15 E(acter)-.15 E(s)-.1 E F0 .288 +(listed abo)2.788 F .588 -.15(ve u)-.15 H(nder).15 E F3(DEFINITIONS) 2.788 E F0 .288(has special meaning to the shell and must be)2.538 F -(quoted if it is to represent itself.)108 410.4 Q 1.344 +(quoted if it is to represent itself.)108 410.4 Q 1.345 (When the command history e)108 427.2 R 1.344(xpansion f)-.15 F 1.344 (acilities are being used \(see)-.1 F F3(HIST)3.844 E(OR)-.162 E 3.594 -(YE)-.315 G(XP)-3.594 E(ANSION)-.666 E F0(belo)3.595 E 1.345(w\), the) +(YE)-.315 G(XP)-3.594 E(ANSION)-.666 E F0(belo)3.594 E 1.344(w\), the) -.25 F F1(history e)108 439.2 Q(xpansion)-.2 E F0(character)2.5 E 2.5 (,u)-.4 G(sually)-2.5 E F2(!)2.5 E F0 2.5(,m)C(ust be quoted to pre)-2.5 E -.15(ve)-.25 G(nt history e).15 E(xpansion.)-.15 E (There are three quoting mechanisms: the)108 456 Q F1(escape c)2.69 E (har)-.15 E(acter)-.15 E F0 2.5(,s).73 G -(ingle quotes, and double quotes.)-2.5 E 2.963(An)108 472.8 S .463 -(on-quoted backslash \()-2.963 F F2(\\)A F0 2.963(\)i)C 2.963(st)-2.963 +(ingle quotes, and double quotes.)-2.5 E 2.962(An)108 472.8 S .463 +(on-quoted backslash \()-2.962 F F2(\\)A F0 2.963(\)i)C 2.963(st)-2.963 G(he)-2.963 E F1 .463(escape c)3.153 F(har)-.15 E(acter)-.15 E F0 5.463 (.I).73 G 2.963(tp)-5.463 G(reserv)-2.963 E .463(es the literal v)-.15 F .463(alue of the ne)-.25 F .463(xt character that)-.15 F(follo)108 484.8 -Q 1.553(ws, with the e)-.25 F 1.553(xception of . If)-.25 F(a)4.053 E F2(\\)4.053 E F0( pair appears, and the backslash is not itself)-.25 F .348 -(quoted, the)108 496.8 R F2(\\)2.848 E F0( pair appears, and the backslash is not itself)-.25 F .347 +(quoted, the)108 496.8 R F2(\\)2.847 E F0( is treated as a line continuation \(that is, it is remo)-.25 F --.15(ve)-.15 G 2.847(df).15 G .347(rom the input stream and ef-)-2.847 F +-.15(ve)-.15 G 2.848(df).15 G .348(rom the input stream and ef-)-2.848 F (fecti)108 508.8 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G(ly ignored\).).15 E .295 (Enclosing characters in single quotes preserv)108 525.6 R .295 (es the literal v)-.15 F .295(alue of each character within the quotes.) -.25 F 2.795(As)5.295 G(in-)-2.795 E (gle quote may not occur between single quotes, e)108 537.6 Q -.15(ve) --.25 G 2.5(nw).15 G(hen preceded by a backslash.)-2.5 E .034 +-.25 G 2.5(nw).15 G(hen preceded by a backslash.)-2.5 E .033 (Enclosing characters in double quotes preserv)108 554.4 R .034 (es the literal v)-.15 F .034 (alue of all characters within the quotes, with the)-.25 F -.15(ex)108 -566.4 S .107(ception of).15 F F2($)2.607 E F0(,)A F2<92>2.607 E F0(,)A -F2(\\)2.607 E F0 2.607(,a)C .107(nd, when history e)-2.607 F .107 +566.4 S .108(ception of).15 F F2($)2.608 E F0(,)A F2<92>2.608 E F0(,)A +F2(\\)2.608 E F0 2.608(,a)C .107(nd, when history e)-2.608 F .107 (xpansion is enabled,)-.15 F F2(!)2.607 E F0 5.107(.W)C .107 -(hen the shell is in)-5.107 F F1 .108(posix mode)2.608 F F0 2.608(,t)C -(he)-2.608 E F2(!)2.608 E F0 .108(has no)2.608 F .46 +(hen the shell is in)-5.107 F F1 .107(posix mode)2.607 F F0 2.607(,t)C +(he)-2.607 E F2(!)2.607 E F0 .107(has no)2.607 F .46 (special meaning within double quotes, e)108 578.4 R -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.96 (nw).15 G .46(hen history e)-2.96 F .46(xpansion is enabled.)-.15 F .46 (The characters)5.46 F F2($)2.96 E F0(and)2.96 E F2<92>2.96 E F0(re-) -2.96 E .562(tain their special meaning within double quotes.)108 590.4 R -.563(The backslash retains its special meaning only when fol-)5.563 F -(lo)108 602.4 Q .602(wed by one of the follo)-.25 F .602 +2.96 E .563(tain their special meaning within double quotes.)108 590.4 R +.562(The backslash retains its special meaning only when fol-)5.563 F +(lo)108 602.4 Q .601(wed by one of the follo)-.25 F .602 (wing characters:)-.25 F F2($)3.102 E F0(,)A F2<92>3.102 E F0(,)A F2(") 3.935 E F0(,).833 E F2(\\)3.102 E F0 3.102(,o)C(r)-3.102 E F2() -3.102 E F0 5.602(.A)C .601(double quote may be quoted within)-2.5 F .13 +3.102 E F0 5.602(.A)C .602(double quote may be quoted within)-2.5 F .131 (double quotes by preceding it with a backslash.)108 614.4 R .131 -(If enabled, history e)5.131 F .131 -(xpansion will be performed unless an)-.15 F F2(!)2.631 E F0 +(If enabled, history e)5.131 F .13(xpansion will be performed unless an) +-.15 F F2(!)2.63 E F0 (appearing in double quotes is escaped using a backslash.)108 626.4 Q (The backslash preceding the)5 E F2(!)2.5 E F0(is not remo)5 E -.15(ve) -.15 G(d.).15 E(The special parameters)108 643.2 Q F2(*)2.5 E F0(and)2.5 E F2(@)2.5 E F0(ha)2.5 E .3 -.15(ve s)-.2 H (pecial meaning when in double quotes \(see).15 E F3 -.666(PA)2.5 G -(RAMETERS).666 E F0(belo)2.25 E(w\).)-.25 E .149 +(RAMETERS).666 E F0(belo)2.25 E(w\).)-.25 E .148 (Character sequences of the form)108 660 R F2($)2.649 E F0<08>A F1 (string)A F0 2.649<0861>C .149(re treated as a special v)-2.649 F .149 -(ariant of single quotes.)-.25 F .148(The sequence e)5.148 F(x-)-.15 E -.527(pands to)108 672 R F1(string)3.027 E F0 3.027(,w)C .527 -(ith backslash-escaped characters in)-3.027 F F1(string)3.027 E F0 .528 +(ariant of single quotes.)-.25 F .149(The sequence e)5.149 F(x-)-.15 E +.528(pands to)108 672 R F1(string)3.028 E F0 3.028(,w)C .528 +(ith backslash-escaped characters in)-3.028 F F1(string)3.027 E F0 .527 (replaced as speci\214ed by the ANSI C standard.)3.027 F (Backslash escape sequences, if present, are decoded as follo)108 684 Q (ws:)-.25 E F2(\\a)144 696 Q F0(alert \(bell\))180 696 Q F2(\\b)144 708 -Q F0(backspace)180 708 Q(GNU Bash 5.2)72 768 Q(2022 March 11)144.29 E(8) -198.45 E 0 Cg EP +Q F0(backspace)180 708 Q(GNU Bash 5.2)72 768 Q(2022 June 3)150.675 E(8) +204.835 E 0 Cg EP %%Page: 9 9 %%BeginPageSetup BP @@ -1273,244 +1277,244 @@ SF(\\e)144 84 Q(\\E)144 96 Q F0(an escape character)180 96 Q F1(\\f)144 (the eight-bit character whose v)180 228 Q(alue is the he)-.25 E (xadecimal v)-.15 E(alue)-.25 E F2(HH)2.5 E F0(\(one or tw)2.5 E 2.5(oh) -.1 G .3 -.15(ex d)-2.5 H(igits\)).15 E F1(\\u)144 240 Q F2(HHHH)A F0 -1.507(the Unicode \(ISO/IEC 10646\) character whose v)180 252 R 1.506 -(alue is the he)-.25 F 1.506(xadecimal v)-.15 F(alue)-.25 E F2(HHHH) -4.006 E F0(\(one to four he)180 264 Q 2.5(xd)-.15 G(igits\))-2.5 E F1 -(\\U)144 276 Q F2(HHHHHHHH)A F0 .547 +1.506(the Unicode \(ISO/IEC 10646\) character whose v)180 252 R 1.507 +(alue is the he)-.25 F 1.507(xadecimal v)-.15 F(alue)-.25 E F2(HHHH) +4.007 E F0(\(one to four he)180 264 Q 2.5(xd)-.15 G(igits\))-2.5 E F1 +(\\U)144 276 Q F2(HHHHHHHH)A F0 .548 (the Unicode \(ISO/IEC 10646\) character whose v)180 288 R .547 -(alue is the he)-.25 F .548(xadecimal v)-.15 F(alue)-.25 E F2(HHHHH-) -3.048 E(HHH)180 300 Q F0(\(one to eight he)2.5 E 2.5(xd)-.15 G(igits\)) +(alue is the he)-.25 F .547(xadecimal v)-.15 F(alue)-.25 E F2(HHHHH-) +3.047 E(HHH)180 300 Q F0(\(one to eight he)2.5 E 2.5(xd)-.15 G(igits\)) -2.5 E F1(\\c)144 312 Q F2(x)A F0 2.5(ac)180 312 S(ontrol-)-2.5 E F2(x)A F0(character)2.5 E(The e)108 328.8 Q(xpanded result is single-quoted, a\ s if the dollar sign had not been present.)-.15 E 2.64(Ad)108 345.6 S .14(ouble-quoted string preceded by a dollar sign \()-2.64 F F1($)A F0 (")A F2(string)A F0 .14 -("\) will cause the string to be translated according)B .784 -(to the current locale.)108 357.6 R(The)5.784 E F2 -.1(ge)3.284 G(tte).1 +("\) will cause the string to be translated according)B .785 +(to the current locale.)108 357.6 R(The)5.785 E F2 -.1(ge)3.284 G(tte).1 E(xt)-.2 E F0 .784 (infrastructure performs the lookup and translation, using the)3.284 F -F1(LC_MES-)3.285 E(SA)108 369.6 Q(GES)-.55 E F0(,)A F1(TEXTDOMAINDIR) -2.761 E F0 2.761(,a)C(nd)-2.761 E F1(TEXTDOMAIN)2.761 E F0 .261(shell v) +F1(LC_MES-)3.284 E(SA)108 369.6 Q(GES)-.55 E F0(,)A F1(TEXTDOMAINDIR) +2.76 E F0 2.76(,a)C(nd)-2.76 E F1(TEXTDOMAIN)2.76 E F0 .261(shell v) 2.761 F 2.761(ariables. If)-.25 F .261(the current locale is)2.761 F F1 -(C)2.76 E F0(or)2.76 E F1(POSIX)2.76 E F0(,)A .791 -(if there are no translations a)108 381.6 R -.25(va)-.2 G .792(ilable, \ +(C)2.761 E F0(or)2.761 E F1(POSIX)2.761 E F0(,)A .792 +(if there are no translations a)108 381.6 R -.25(va)-.2 G .791(ilable, \ or if the string is not translated, the dollar sign is ignored.).25 F -.792(This is a)5.792 F .535 +.791(This is a)5.791 F .534 (form of double quoting, so the string remains double-quoted by def)108 -393.6 R .534(ault, whether or not it is translated and)-.1 F 2.797 -(replaced. If)108 405.6 R(the)2.797 E F1(noexpand_translation)2.797 E F0 +393.6 R .535(ault, whether or not it is translated and)-.1 F 2.798 +(replaced. If)108 405.6 R(the)2.798 E F1(noexpand_translation)2.797 E F0 .297(option is enabled using the)2.797 F F1(shopt)2.797 E F0 -.2(bu) -2.797 G .297(iltin, translated strings are sin-).2 F 2.045 +2.797 G .297(iltin, translated strings are sin-).2 F 2.044 (gle-quoted instead of double-quoted.)108 417.6 R 2.044 -(See the description of)7.045 F F1(shopt)4.544 E F0(belo)4.544 E 4.544 -(wu)-.25 G(nder)-4.544 E/F3 9/Times-Bold@0 SF(SHELL)4.544 E/F4 9 +(See the description of)7.044 F F1(shopt)4.545 E F0(belo)4.545 E 4.545 +(wu)-.25 G(nder)-4.545 E/F3 9/Times-Bold@0 SF(SHELL)4.545 E/F4 9 /Times-Roman@0 SF -.09(BU)C(IL).09 E(TIN)-.828 E F3(COM-)A(MANDS)108 429.6 Q F4(.)A/F5 10.95/Times-Bold@0 SF -.81(PA)72 446.4 S(RAMETERS).81 -E F0(A)108 458.4 Q F2(par)4.574 E(ameter)-.15 E F0 .824 -(is an entity that stores v)4.054 F 3.324(alues. It)-.25 F .824 -(can be a)3.324 F F2(name)3.685 E F0 3.325(,an).18 G(umber)-3.325 E -3.325(,o)-.4 G 3.325(ro)-3.325 G .825(ne of the special characters) --3.325 F .802(listed belo)108 470.4 R 3.302(wu)-.25 G(nder)-3.302 E F1 -.802(Special P)3.302 F(arameters)-.1 E F0 5.802(.A)C F2(variable)-2.21 E -F0 .802(is a parameter denoted by a)3.482 F F2(name)3.662 E F0 5.801(.A) -.18 G -.25(va)-2.5 G .801(riable has a).25 F F2(value)108 482.4 Q F0 -.368(and zero or more)2.868 F F2(attrib)2.868 E(utes)-.2 E F0 5.369(.A)C -(ttrib)-5.369 E .369(utes are assigned using the)-.2 F F1(declar)2.869 E -(e)-.18 E F0 -.2(bu)2.869 G .369(iltin command \(see).2 F F1(declar) -2.869 E(e)-.18 E F0(belo)108 494.4 Q 2.5(wi)-.25 G(n)-2.5 E F3(SHELL B) -2.5 E(UIL)-.09 E(TIN COMMANDS)-.828 E F4(\).)A F0 2.755(Ap)108 511.2 S -.255(arameter is set if it has been assigned a v)-2.755 F 2.754 -(alue. The)-.25 F .254(null string is a v)2.754 F .254(alid v)-.25 F -2.754(alue. Once)-.25 F 2.754(av)2.754 G .254(ariable is set, it)-3.004 +E F0(A)108 458.4 Q F2(par)4.575 E(ameter)-.15 E F0 .825 +(is an entity that stores v)4.055 F 3.325(alues. It)-.25 F .825 +(can be a)3.325 F F2(name)3.684 E F0 3.324(,an).18 G(umber)-3.324 E +3.324(,o)-.4 G 3.324(ro)-3.324 G .824(ne of the special characters) +-3.324 F .801(listed belo)108 470.4 R 3.301(wu)-.25 G(nder)-3.301 E F1 +.801(Special P)3.301 F(arameters)-.1 E F0 5.802(.A)C F2(variable)-2.21 E +F0 .802(is a parameter denoted by a)3.482 F F2(name)3.662 E F0 5.802(.A) +.18 G -.25(va)-2.5 G .802(riable has a).25 F F2(value)108 482.4 Q F0 +.369(and zero or more)2.869 F F2(attrib)2.869 E(utes)-.2 E F0 5.369(.A)C +(ttrib)-5.369 E .369(utes are assigned using the)-.2 F F1(declar)2.868 E +(e)-.18 E F0 -.2(bu)2.868 G .368(iltin command \(see).2 F F1(declar) +2.868 E(e)-.18 E F0(belo)108 494.4 Q 2.5(wi)-.25 G(n)-2.5 E F3(SHELL B) +2.5 E(UIL)-.09 E(TIN COMMANDS)-.828 E F4(\).)A F0 2.754(Ap)108 511.2 S +.254(arameter is set if it has been assigned a v)-2.754 F 2.754 +(alue. The)-.25 F .254(null string is a v)2.754 F .255(alid v)-.25 F +2.755(alue. Once)-.25 F 2.755(av)2.755 G .255(ariable is set, it)-3.005 F(may be unset only by using the)108 523.2 Q F1(unset)2.5 E F0 -.2(bu) 2.5 G(iltin command \(see).2 E F3(SHELL B)2.5 E(UIL)-.09 E(TIN COMMANDS) -.828 E F0(belo)2.25 E(w\).)-.25 E(A)108 540 Q F2(variable)2.79 E F0 (may be assigned to by a statement of the form)2.68 E F2(name)144 556.8 -Q F0(=[)A F2(value)A F0(])A(If)108 573.6 Q F2(value)3.022 E F0 .232 -(is not gi)2.912 F -.15(ve)-.25 G .232(n, the v).15 F .232 -(ariable is assigned the null string.)-.25 F(All)5.233 E F2(values)3.023 -E F0(under)3.003 E .233(go tilde e)-.18 F .233(xpansion, parameter)-.15 +Q F0(=[)A F2(value)A F0(])A(If)108 573.6 Q F2(value)3.023 E F0 .233 +(is not gi)2.913 F -.15(ve)-.25 G .233(n, the v).15 F .232 +(ariable is assigned the null string.)-.25 F(All)5.232 E F2(values)3.022 +E F0(under)3.002 E .232(go tilde e)-.18 F .232(xpansion, parameter)-.15 F .515(and v)108 585.6 R .515(ariable e)-.25 F .515 (xpansion, command substitution, arithmetic e)-.15 F .515 (xpansion, and quote remo)-.15 F -.25(va)-.15 G 3.015(l\().25 G(see) --3.015 E F3(EXP)3.015 E(ANSION)-.666 E F0(belo)108 597.6 Q 2.698 -(w\). If)-.25 F .198(the v)2.698 F .198(ariable has its)-.25 F F1 +-3.015 E F3(EXP)3.015 E(ANSION)-.666 E F0(belo)108 597.6 Q 2.699 +(w\). If)-.25 F .199(the v)2.699 F .199(ariable has its)-.25 F F1 (integer)2.698 E F0(attrib)2.698 E .198(ute set, then)-.2 F F2(value) -2.988 E F0 .198(is e)2.878 F -.25(va)-.25 G .199 -(luated as an arithmetic e).25 F .199(xpression e)-.15 F -.15(ve)-.25 G -(n).15 E .746(if the $\(\(...\)\) e)108 609.6 R .746 +2.988 E F0 .198(is e)2.878 F -.25(va)-.25 G .198 +(luated as an arithmetic e).25 F .198(xpression e)-.15 F -.15(ve)-.25 G +(n).15 E .745(if the $\(\(...\)\) e)108 609.6 R .745 (xpansion is not used \(see)-.15 F F1 .745(Arithmetic Expansion)3.245 F -F0(belo)3.245 E 3.245(w\). W)-.25 F .745(ord splitting and pathname e) --.8 F(x-)-.15 E 1.363(pansion are not performed.)108 621.6 R 1.364 -(Assignment statements may also appear as ar)6.363 F 1.364 -(guments to the)-.18 F F1(alias)3.864 E F0(,)A F1(declar)3.864 E(e)-.18 -E F0(,)A F1(typeset)108 633.6 Q F0(,)A F1(export)3.965 E F0(,)A F1 -.18 -(re)3.965 G(adonly).18 E F0 3.964(,a)C(nd)-3.964 E F1(local)3.964 E F0 +F0(belo)3.245 E 3.246(w\). W)-.25 F .746(ord splitting and pathname e) +-.8 F(x-)-.15 E 1.364(pansion are not performed.)108 621.6 R 1.364 +(Assignment statements may also appear as ar)6.364 F 1.363 +(guments to the)-.18 F F1(alias)3.863 E F0(,)A F1(declar)3.863 E(e)-.18 +E F0(,)A F1(typeset)108 633.6 Q F0(,)A F1(export)3.964 E F0(,)A F1 -.18 +(re)3.964 G(adonly).18 E F0 3.964(,a)C(nd)-3.964 E F1(local)3.964 E F0 -.2(bu)3.964 G 1.464(iltin commands \().2 F F2(declar)A(ation)-.15 E F0 -3.964(commands\). When)3.964 F(in)3.964 E F2 1.464(posix mode)3.964 F F0 -(,)A 1.141(these b)108 645.6 R 1.142 +3.964(commands\). When)3.964 F(in)3.964 E F2 1.465(posix mode)3.965 F F0 +(,)A 1.142(these b)108 645.6 R 1.142 (uiltins may appear in a command after one or more instances of the)-.2 -F F1(command)3.642 E F0 -.2(bu)3.642 G 1.142(iltin and retain).2 F -(these assignment statement properties.)108 657.6 Q .377(In the conte) -108 674.4 R .377(xt where an assignment statement is assigning a v)-.15 -F .376(alue to a shell v)-.25 F .376(ariable or array inde)-.25 F .376 -(x, the +=)-.15 F 1.63 +F F1(command)3.641 E F0 -.2(bu)3.641 G 1.141(iltin and retain).2 F +(these assignment statement properties.)108 657.6 Q .376(In the conte) +108 674.4 R .376(xt where an assignment statement is assigning a v)-.15 +F .376(alue to a shell v)-.25 F .377(ariable or array inde)-.25 F .377 +(x, the +=)-.15 F 1.631 (operator can be used to append to or add to the v)108 686.4 R(ariable') --.25 E 4.131(sp)-.55 G(re)-4.131 E 1.631(vious v)-.25 F 4.131 -(alue. This)-.25 F 1.631(includes ar)4.131 F 1.631(guments to)-.18 F -.2 -(bu)108 698.4 S .164(iltin commands such as).2 F F1(declar)2.664 E(e) --.18 E F0 .164(that accept assignment statements \()2.664 F F2(declar)A -(ation)-.15 E F0 2.664(commands\). When)2.664 F .163(+= is)2.663 F .131 -(applied to a v)108 710.4 R .131(ariable for which the)-.25 F F1 +-.25 E 4.13(sp)-.55 G(re)-4.13 E 1.63(vious v)-.25 F 4.13(alue. This) +-.25 F 1.63(includes ar)4.13 F 1.63(guments to)-.18 F -.2(bu)108 698.4 S +.163(iltin commands such as).2 F F1(declar)2.664 E(e)-.18 E F0 .164 +(that accept assignment statements \()2.664 F F2(declar)A(ation)-.15 E +F0 2.664(commands\). When)2.664 F .164(+= is)2.664 F .132 +(applied to a v)108 710.4 R .132(ariable for which the)-.25 F F1 (integer)2.632 E F0(attrib)2.632 E .132(ute has been set,)-.2 F F2 -(value)2.632 E F0 .132(is e)2.632 F -.25(va)-.25 G .132 -(luated as an arithmetic e).25 F(xpres-)-.15 E 1.227 -(sion and added to the v)108 722.4 R(ariable')-.25 E 3.727(sc)-.55 G -1.227(urrent v)-3.727 F 1.227(alue, which is also e)-.25 F -.25(va)-.25 -G 3.727(luated. When).25 F 1.226(+= is applied to an array)3.726 F -(GNU Bash 5.2)72 768 Q(2022 March 11)144.29 E(9)198.45 E 0 Cg EP +(value)2.632 E F0 .131(is e)2.631 F -.25(va)-.25 G .131 +(luated as an arithmetic e).25 F(xpres-)-.15 E 1.226 +(sion and added to the v)108 722.4 R(ariable')-.25 E 3.726(sc)-.55 G +1.227(urrent v)-3.726 F 1.227(alue, which is also e)-.25 F -.25(va)-.25 +G 3.727(luated. When).25 F 1.227(+= is applied to an array)3.727 F +(GNU Bash 5.2)72 768 Q(2022 June 3)150.675 E(9)204.835 E 0 Cg EP %%Page: 10 10 %%BeginPageSetup BP %%EndPageSetup /F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 137.14(SH\(1\) General).35 F (Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E -.25(va)108 84 S -.114(riable using compound assignment \(see).25 F/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 SF -(Arrays)2.614 E F0(belo)2.615 E .115(w\), the v)-.25 F(ariable')-.25 E -2.615(sv)-.55 G .115(alue is not unset \(as it is when us-)-2.865 F .388 -(ing =\), and ne)108 96 R 2.888(wv)-.25 G .388 -(alues are appended to the array be)-3.138 F .388 -(ginning at one greater than the array')-.15 F 2.887(sm)-.55 G .387 -(aximum inde)-2.887 F(x)-.15 E 1.596(\(for inde)108 108 R -.15(xe)-.15 G -4.096(da).15 G 1.596(rrays\) or added as additional k)-4.096 F -.15(ey) +.115(riable using compound assignment \(see).25 F/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 SF +(Arrays)2.615 E F0(belo)2.615 E .115(w\), the v)-.25 F(ariable')-.25 E +2.615(sv)-.55 G .114(alue is not unset \(as it is when us-)-2.865 F .387 +(ing =\), and ne)108 96 R 2.887(wv)-.25 G .388 +(alues are appended to the array be)-3.137 F .388 +(ginning at one greater than the array')-.15 F 2.888(sm)-.55 G .388 +(aximum inde)-2.888 F(x)-.15 E 1.597(\(for inde)108 108 R -.15(xe)-.15 G +4.097(da).15 G 1.596(rrays\) or added as additional k)-4.097 F -.15(ey) -.1 G.15 E 1.596(alue pairs in an associati)-.25 F 1.896 -.15 -(ve a)-.25 H(rray).15 E 6.597(.W)-.65 G 1.597(hen applied to a)-6.597 F +(ve a)-.25 H(rray).15 E 6.596(.W)-.65 G 1.596(hen applied to a)-6.596 F (string-v)108 120 Q(alued v)-.25 E(ariable,)-.25 E/F2 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(value)2.5 E F0(is e)2.5 E(xpanded and appended to the v)-.15 E -(ariable')-.25 E 2.5(sv)-.55 G(alue.)-2.75 E 3.383(Av)108 136.8 S .883 -(ariable can be assigned the)-3.633 F F2(namer)3.382 E(ef)-.37 E F0 +(ariable')-.25 E 2.5(sv)-.55 G(alue.)-2.75 E 3.382(Av)108 136.8 S .882 +(ariable can be assigned the)-3.632 F F2(namer)3.382 E(ef)-.37 E F0 (attrib)3.382 E .882(ute using the)-.2 F F13.382 E F0 .882 -(option to the)3.382 F F1(declar)3.382 E(e)-.18 E F0(or)3.382 E F1 -(local)3.382 E F0 -.2(bu)3.382 G .882(iltin com-).2 F .315 -(mands \(see the descriptions of)108 148.8 R F1(declar)2.815 E(e)-.18 E -F0(and)2.815 E F1(local)2.815 E F0(belo)2.815 E .316(w\) to create a) --.25 F F2(namer)2.816 E(ef)-.37 E F0 2.816(,o)C 2.816(rar)-2.816 G .316 -(eference to another v)-2.816 F(ari-)-.25 E 2.919(able. This)108 160.8 R -(allo)2.919 E .419(ws v)-.25 F .419 +(option to the)3.382 F F1(declar)3.382 E(e)-.18 E F0(or)3.383 E F1 +(local)3.383 E F0 -.2(bu)3.383 G .883(iltin com-).2 F .316 +(mands \(see the descriptions of)108 148.8 R F1(declar)2.816 E(e)-.18 E +F0(and)2.816 E F1(local)2.816 E F0(belo)2.816 E .316(w\) to create a) +-.25 F F2(namer)2.815 E(ef)-.37 E F0 2.815(,o)C 2.815(rar)-2.815 G .315 +(eference to another v)-2.815 F(ari-)-.25 E 2.918(able. This)108 160.8 R +(allo)2.918 E .418(ws v)-.25 F .418 (ariables to be manipulated indirectly)-.25 F 5.419(.W)-.65 G(hene) --5.419 E -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.918(rt).15 G .418(he nameref v)-2.918 F .418 -(ariable is referenced, as-)-.25 F .132 +-5.419 E -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.919(rt).15 G .419(he nameref v)-2.919 F .419 +(ariable is referenced, as-)-.25 F .133 (signed to, unset, or has its attrib)108 172.8 R .132 -(utes modi\214ed \(other than using or changing the)-.2 F F2(namer)2.633 -E(ef)-.37 E F0(attrib)2.633 E .133(ute itself\), the)-.2 F 1.357 +(utes modi\214ed \(other than using or changing the)-.2 F F2(namer)2.632 +E(ef)-.37 E F0(attrib)2.632 E .132(ute itself\), the)-.2 F 1.356 (operation is actually performed on the v)108 184.8 R 1.357 -(ariable speci\214ed by the nameref v)-.25 F(ariable')-.25 E 3.856(sv) --.55 G 3.856(alue. A)-4.106 F 1.356(nameref is)3.856 F .971 -(commonly used within shell functions to refer to a v)108 196.8 R .972 -(ariable whose name is passed as an ar)-.25 F .972(gument to the)-.18 F +(ariable speci\214ed by the nameref v)-.25 F(ariable')-.25 E 3.857(sv) +-.55 G 3.857(alue. A)-4.107 F 1.357(nameref is)3.857 F .972 +(commonly used within shell functions to refer to a v)108 196.8 R .971 +(ariable whose name is passed as an ar)-.25 F .971(gument to the)-.18 F 2.5(function. F)108 208.8 R(or instance, if a v)-.15 E (ariable name is passed to a shell function as its \214rst ar)-.25 E (gument, running)-.18 E/F3 10/Courier@0 SF(declare -n ref=$1)144 226.8 Q -F0 .303(inside the function creates a nameref v)108 244.8 R(ariable)-.25 +F0 .302(inside the function creates a nameref v)108 244.8 R(ariable)-.25 E F1 -.18(re)2.803 G(f).18 E F0 .303(whose v)2.803 F .303(alue is the v) --.25 F .302(ariable name passed as the \214rst ar)-.25 F(gu-)-.18 E +-.25 F .303(ariable name passed as the \214rst ar)-.25 F(gu-)-.18 E 3.592(ment. References)108 256.8 R 1.092(and assignments to)3.592 F F1 -.18(re)3.592 G(f).18 E F0 3.592(,a)C 1.092(nd changes to its attrib) --3.592 F 1.092(utes, are treated as references, assign-)-.2 F .144 +-3.592 F 1.092(utes, are treated as references, assign-)-.2 F .143 (ments, and attrib)108 268.8 R .144(ute modi\214cations to the v)-.2 F .144(ariable whose name w)-.25 F .144(as passed as)-.1 F F1($1)2.644 E -F0 5.144(.I)C 2.644(ft)-5.144 G .144(he control v)-2.644 F .143 -(ariable in a)-.25 F F1 -.25(fo)108 280.8 S(r).25 E F0 .867 -(loop has the nameref attrib)3.367 F .867(ute, the list of w)-.2 F .868 -(ords can be a list of shell v)-.1 F .868 +F0 5.144(.I)C 2.644(ft)-5.144 G .144(he control v)-2.644 F .144 +(ariable in a)-.25 F F1 -.25(fo)108 280.8 S(r).25 E F0 .868 +(loop has the nameref attrib)3.368 F .868(ute, the list of w)-.2 F .867 +(ords can be a list of shell v)-.1 F .867 (ariables, and a name reference)-.25 F .509 (will be established for each w)108 292.8 R .509 (ord in the list, in turn, when the loop is e)-.1 F -.15(xe)-.15 G 3.009 (cuted. Array).15 F -.25(va)3.009 G .509(riables cannot be).25 F(gi)108 -304.8 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G 3.031(nt).15 G(he)-3.031 E F1(namer)3.031 E(ef) --.18 E F0(attrib)3.031 E 3.031(ute. Ho)-.2 F(we)-.25 E -.15(ve)-.25 G -1.331 -.4(r, n).15 H .531(ameref v).4 F .532 -(ariables can reference array v)-.25 F .532(ariables and subscripted ar) --.25 F(-)-.2 E .534(ray v)108 316.8 R 3.034(ariables. Namerefs)-.25 F -.534(can be unset using the)3.034 F F13.033 E F0 .533 -(option to the)3.033 F F1(unset)3.033 E F0 -.2(bu)3.033 G 3.033 -(iltin. Otherwise,).2 F(if)3.033 E F1(unset)3.033 E F0 .533(is e)3.033 F --.15(xe)-.15 G(-).15 E .442(cuted with the name of a nameref v)108 328.8 -R .442(ariable as an ar)-.25 F .442(gument, the v)-.18 F .443 +304.8 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G 3.032(nt).15 G(he)-3.032 E F1(namer)3.032 E(ef) +-.18 E F0(attrib)3.032 E 3.032(ute. Ho)-.2 F(we)-.25 E -.15(ve)-.25 G +1.332 -.4(r, n).15 H .532(ameref v).4 F .531 +(ariables can reference array v)-.25 F .531(ariables and subscripted ar) +-.25 F(-)-.2 E .533(ray v)108 316.8 R 3.033(ariables. Namerefs)-.25 F +.533(can be unset using the)3.033 F F13.033 E F0 .533 +(option to the)3.033 F F1(unset)3.033 E F0 -.2(bu)3.034 G 3.034 +(iltin. Otherwise,).2 F(if)3.034 E F1(unset)3.034 E F0 .534(is e)3.034 F +-.15(xe)-.15 G(-).15 E .443(cuted with the name of a nameref v)108 328.8 +R .442(ariable as an ar)-.25 F .442(gument, the v)-.18 F .442 (ariable referenced by the nameref v)-.25 F(ariable)-.25 E (will be unset.)108 340.8 Q F1 -.2(Po)87 357.6 S(sitional P).2 E -(arameters)-.1 E F0(A)108 369.6 Q F2 .706(positional par)4.456 F(ameter) +(arameters)-.1 E F0(A)108 369.6 Q F2 .705(positional par)4.455 F(ameter) -.15 E F0 .706(is a parameter denoted by one or more digits, other than\ - the single digit 0.)3.936 F(Posi-)5.705 E .444 + the single digit 0.)3.935 F(Posi-)5.706 E .445 (tional parameters are assigned from the shell')108 381.6 R 2.944(sa) -.55 G -.18(rg)-2.944 G .444(uments when it is in).18 F -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1 -(ke).2 G .445(d, and may be reassigned using).1 F(the)108 393.6 Q F1 -(set)3.334 E F0 -.2(bu)3.334 G .834(iltin command.).2 F .833(Positional\ - parameters may not be assigned to with assignment statements.)5.834 F -(The)5.833 E(positional parameters are temporarily replaced when a shel\ +(ke).2 G .444(d, and may be reassigned using).1 F(the)108 393.6 Q F1 +(set)3.333 E F0 -.2(bu)3.333 G .833(iltin command.).2 F .834(Positional\ + parameters may not be assigned to with assignment statements.)5.833 F +(The)5.834 E(positional parameters are temporarily replaced when a shel\ l function is e)108 405.6 Q -.15(xe)-.15 G(cuted \(see).15 E/F4 9 -/Times-Bold@0 SF(FUNCTIONS)2.5 E F0(belo)2.25 E(w\).)-.25 E 1.403(When \ +/Times-Bold@0 SF(FUNCTIONS)2.5 E F0(belo)2.25 E(w\).)-.25 E 1.404(When \ a positional parameter consisting of more than a single digit is e)108 -422.4 R 1.404(xpanded, it must be enclosed in)-.15 F(braces \(see)108 +422.4 R 1.403(xpanded, it must be enclosed in)-.15 F(braces \(see)108 434.4 Q F4(EXP)2.5 E(ANSION)-.666 E F0(belo)2.25 E(w\).)-.25 E F1 -(Special P)87 451.2 Q(arameters)-.1 E F0 1.675(The shell treats se)108 -463.2 R -.15(ve)-.25 G 1.675(ral parameters specially).15 F 6.675(.T) --.65 G 1.674(hese parameters may only be referenced; assignment to) +(Special P)87 451.2 Q(arameters)-.1 E F0 1.674(The shell treats se)108 +463.2 R -.15(ve)-.25 G 1.674(ral parameters specially).15 F 6.675(.T) +-.65 G 1.675(hese parameters may only be referenced; assignment to) -6.675 F(them is not allo)108 475.2 Q(wed.)-.25 E F1(*)108 487.2 Q F0 -.223(Expands to the positional parameters, starting from one.)144 487.2 -R .224(When the e)5.224 F .224(xpansion is not within double)-.15 F .663 +.224(Expands to the positional parameters, starting from one.)144 487.2 +R .223(When the e)5.224 F .223(xpansion is not within double)-.15 F .662 (quotes, each positional parameter e)144 499.2 R .662 (xpands to a separate w)-.15 F 3.162(ord. In)-.1 F(conte)3.162 E .662 -(xts where it is performed,)-.15 F 1.081(those w)144 511.2 R 1.081 -(ords are subject to further w)-.1 F 1.082(ord splitting and pathname e) --.1 F 3.582(xpansion. When)-.15 F 1.082(the e)3.582 F(xpansion)-.15 E -.915(occurs within double quotes, it e)144 523.2 R .914 -(xpands to a single w)-.15 F .914(ord with the v)-.1 F .914 -(alue of each parameter sepa-)-.25 F .89 +(xts where it is performed,)-.15 F 1.082(those w)144 511.2 R 1.082 +(ords are subject to further w)-.1 F 1.081(ord splitting and pathname e) +-.1 F 3.581(xpansion. When)-.15 F 1.081(the e)3.581 F(xpansion)-.15 E +.914(occurs within double quotes, it e)144 523.2 R .914 +(xpands to a single w)-.15 F .915(ord with the v)-.1 F .915 +(alue of each parameter sepa-)-.25 F .891 (rated by the \214rst character of the)144 535.2 R F4(IFS)3.39 E F0 .89 -(special v)3.14 F 3.39(ariable. That)-.25 F .891(is, ")3.391 F F1($*)A -F0 3.391("i)C 3.391(se)-3.391 G(qui)-3.391 E -.25(va)-.25 G .891 -(lent to ").25 F F1($1)A F2(c)A F1($2)A F2(c)A F1(...)A F0(",)A(where) -144 547.2 Q F2(c)3.533 E F0 .832(is the \214rst character of the v)3.643 -F .832(alue of the)-.25 F F4(IFS)3.332 E F0 -.25(va)3.082 G 3.332 -(riable. If).25 F F4(IFS)3.332 E F0 .832(is unset, the parameters are) -3.082 F(separated by spaces.)144 559.2 Q(If)5 E F4(IFS)2.5 E F0 +(special v)3.14 F 3.39(ariable. That)-.25 F .89(is, ")3.39 F F1($*)A F0 +3.39("i)C 3.39(se)-3.39 G(qui)-3.39 E -.25(va)-.25 G .89(lent to ").25 F +F1($1)A F2(c)A F1($2)A F2(c)A F1(...)A F0(",)A(where)144 547.2 Q F2(c) +3.532 E F0 .832(is the \214rst character of the v)3.642 F .832 +(alue of the)-.25 F F4(IFS)3.332 E F0 -.25(va)3.082 G 3.332(riable. If) +.25 F F4(IFS)3.332 E F0 .833(is unset, the parameters are)3.082 F +(separated by spaces.)144 559.2 Q(If)5 E F4(IFS)2.5 E F0 (is null, the parameters are joined without interv)2.25 E (ening separators.)-.15 E F1(@)108 571.2 Q F0 .722 (Expands to the positional parameters, starting from one.)144 571.2 R -.722(In conte)5.722 F .722(xts where w)-.15 F .723(ord splitting is per) +.722(In conte)5.722 F .722(xts where w)-.15 F .722(ord splitting is per) -.1 F(-)-.2 E 1.165(formed, this e)144 583.2 R 1.165 (xpands each positional parameter to a separate w)-.15 F 1.165 -(ord; if not within double quotes,)-.1 F .654(these w)144 595.2 R .654 +(ord; if not within double quotes,)-.1 F .655(these w)144 595.2 R .655 (ords are subject to w)-.1 F .655(ord splitting.)-.1 F .655(In conte) -5.655 F .655(xts where w)-.15 F .655 +5.655 F .655(xts where w)-.15 F .654 (ord splitting is not performed, this)-.1 F -.15(ex)144 607.2 S .748 (pands to a single w).15 F .748 (ord with each positional parameter separated by a space.)-.1 F .748 -(When the e)5.748 F(xpan-)-.15 E 1.09 +(When the e)5.748 F(xpan-)-.15 E 1.091 (sion occurs within double quotes, each parameter e)144 619.2 R 1.091 -(xpands to a separate w)-.15 F 3.591(ord. That)-.1 F 1.091(is, ")3.591 F -F1($@)A F0 3.591("i)C(s)-3.591 E(equi)144 631.2 Q -.25(va)-.25 G .413 -(lent to ").25 F F1($1)A F0 2.913("")C F1($2)-2.913 E F0 2.913(".)C -2.913(.. If)-2.913 F .413(the double-quoted e)2.913 F .413 -(xpansion occurs within a w)-.15 F .412(ord, the e)-.1 F .412 -(xpansion of)-.15 F .379(the \214rst parameter is joined with the be)144 -643.2 R .379(ginning part of the original w)-.15 F .38(ord, and the e) --.1 F .38(xpansion of the)-.15 F .771 +(xpands to a separate w)-.15 F 3.59(ord. That)-.1 F 1.09(is, ")3.59 F F1 +($@)A F0 3.59("i)C(s)-3.59 E(equi)144 631.2 Q -.25(va)-.25 G .412 +(lent to ").25 F F1($1)A F0 2.912("")C F1($2)-2.912 E F0 2.912(".)C +2.912(.. If)-2.912 F .413(the double-quoted e)2.913 F .413 +(xpansion occurs within a w)-.15 F .413(ord, the e)-.1 F .413 +(xpansion of)-.15 F .38(the \214rst parameter is joined with the be)144 +643.2 R .379(ginning part of the original w)-.15 F .379(ord, and the e) +-.1 F .379(xpansion of the)-.15 F .771 (last parameter is joined with the last part of the original w)144 655.2 -R 3.271(ord. When)-.1 F .771(there are no positional pa-)3.271 F +R 3.271(ord. When)-.1 F .772(there are no positional pa-)3.271 F (rameters, ")144 667.2 Q F1($@)A F0 2.5("a)C(nd)-2.5 E F1($@)2.5 E F0 -.15(ex)2.5 G(pand to nothing \(i.e., the).15 E 2.5(ya)-.15 G(re remo) -2.5 E -.15(ve)-.15 G(d\).).15 E F1(#)108 679.2 Q F0 (Expands to the number of positional parameters in decimal.)144 679.2 Q F1(?)108 691.2 Q F0(Expands to the e)144 691.2 Q (xit status of the most recently e)-.15 E -.15(xe)-.15 G(cuted fore).15 -E(ground pipeline.)-.15 E F1108 703.2 Q F0 .881 +E(ground pipeline.)-.15 E F1108 703.2 Q F0 .882 (Expands to the current option \215ags as speci\214ed upon in)144 703.2 -R -.2(vo)-.4 G .881(cation, by the).2 F F1(set)3.382 E F0 -.2(bu)3.382 G -.882(iltin command, or).2 F(those set by the shell itself \(such as the) +R -.2(vo)-.4 G .881(cation, by the).2 F F1(set)3.381 E F0 -.2(bu)3.381 G +.881(iltin command, or).2 F(those set by the shell itself \(such as the) 144 715.2 Q F12.5 E F0(option\).)2.5 E(GNU Bash 5.2)72 768 Q -(2022 March 11)144.29 E(10)193.45 E 0 Cg EP +(2022 June 3)150.675 E(10)199.835 E 0 Cg EP %%Page: 11 11 %%BeginPageSetup BP @@ -1525,56 +1529,56 @@ e process ID of the job most recently placed into the background, wheth\ er e)144 108 R -.15(xe)-.15 G(cuted).15 E (as an asynchronous command or using the)144 120 Q F1(bg)2.5 E F0 -.2 (bu)2.5 G(iltin \(see).2 E/F2 9/Times-Bold@0 SF(JOB CONTR)2.5 E(OL)-.27 -E F0(belo)2.25 E(w\).)-.25 E F1(0)108 132 Q F0 .887 +E F0(belo)2.25 E(w\).)-.25 E F1(0)108 132 Q F0 .886 (Expands to the name of the shell or shell script.)144 132 R .886 -(This is set at shell initialization.)5.886 F(If)5.886 E F1(bash)3.386 E -F0 .886(is in-)3.386 F -.2(vo)144 144 S -.1(ke).2 G 2.667(dw).1 G .167 -(ith a \214le of commands,)-2.667 F F1($0)2.667 E F0 .167 +(This is set at shell initialization.)5.886 F(If)5.887 E F1(bash)3.387 E +F0 .887(is in-)3.387 F -.2(vo)144 144 S -.1(ke).2 G 2.668(dw).1 G .168 +(ith a \214le of commands,)-2.668 F F1($0)2.668 E F0 .167 (is set to the name of that \214le.)2.667 F(If)5.167 E F1(bash)2.667 E -F0 .168(is started with the)2.668 F F12.668 E F0(op-)2.668 E .896 -(tion, then)144 156 R F1($0)3.396 E F0 .895(is set to the \214rst ar) -3.396 F .895(gument after the string to be e)-.18 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .895 -(cuted, if one is present.).15 F(Other)5.895 E(-)-.2 E +F0 .167(is started with the)2.667 F F12.667 E F0(op-)2.667 E .895 +(tion, then)144 156 R F1($0)3.395 E F0 .895(is set to the \214rst ar) +3.395 F .895(gument after the string to be e)-.18 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .896 +(cuted, if one is present.).15 F(Other)5.896 E(-)-.2 E (wise, it is set to the \214lename used to in)144 168 Q -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1 (ke).2 G F1(bash)2.6 E F0 2.5(,a)C 2.5(sg)-2.5 G -2.15 -.25(iv e)-2.5 H 2.5(nb).25 G 2.5(ya)-2.5 G -.18(rg)-2.5 G(ument zero.).18 E F1(Shell V) 87 184.8 Q(ariables)-.92 E F0(The follo)108 196.8 Q(wing v)-.25 E -(ariables are set by the shell:)-.25 E F1(_)108 213.6 Q F0 1.525 +(ariables are set by the shell:)-.25 E F1(_)108 213.6 Q F0 1.526 (At shell startup, set to the pathname used to in)144 213.6 R -.2(vo)-.4 -G 1.725 -.1(ke t).2 H 1.526(he shell or shell script being e).1 F -.15 -(xe)-.15 G 1.526(cuted as).15 F .174(passed in the en)144 225.6 R .174 +G 1.725 -.1(ke t).2 H 1.525(he shell or shell script being e).1 F -.15 +(xe)-.15 G 1.525(cuted as).15 F .173(passed in the en)144 225.6 R .173 (vironment or ar)-.4 F .173(gument list.)-.18 F(Subsequently)5.173 E -2.673(,e)-.65 G .173(xpands to the last ar)-2.823 F .173 -(gument to the pre-)-.18 F .336(vious simple command e)144 237.6 R -.15 -(xe)-.15 G .336(cuted in the fore).15 F .336(ground, after e)-.15 F -2.837(xpansion. Also)-.15 F .337(set to the full pathname)2.837 F .366 -(used to in)144 249.6 R -.2(vo)-.4 G .566 -.1(ke e).2 H .366 +2.673(,e)-.65 G .173(xpands to the last ar)-2.823 F .174 +(gument to the pre-)-.18 F .337(vious simple command e)144 237.6 R -.15 +(xe)-.15 G .337(cuted in the fore).15 F .336(ground, after e)-.15 F +2.836(xpansion. Also)-.15 F .336(set to the full pathname)2.836 F .365 +(used to in)144 249.6 R -.2(vo)-.4 G .565 -.1(ke e).2 H .365 (ach command e).1 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .366(cuted and placed in the en).15 F -.365(vironment e)-.4 F .365(xported to that command.)-.15 F(When checki\ +.366(vironment e)-.4 F .366(xported to that command.)-.15 F(When checki\ ng mail, this parameter holds the name of the mail \214le currently bei\ ng check)144 261.6 Q(ed.)-.1 E F1 -.3(BA)108 273.6 S(SH).3 E F0 (Expands to the full \214lename used to in)144 273.6 Q -.2(vo)-.4 G .2 -.1(ke t).2 H(his instance of).1 E F1(bash)2.5 E F0(.)A F1 -.3(BA)108 -285.6 S(SHOPTS).3 E F0 2.548(Ac)144 297.6 S .049 -(olon-separated list of enabled shell options.)-2.548 F .049(Each w) +285.6 S(SHOPTS).3 E F0 2.549(Ac)144 297.6 S .049 +(olon-separated list of enabled shell options.)-2.549 F .049(Each w) 5.049 F .049(ord in the list is a v)-.1 F .049(alid ar)-.25 F .049 -(gument for the)-.18 F F12.549 E F0 .116(option to the)144 309.6 R +(gument for the)-.18 F F12.548 E F0 .115(option to the)144 309.6 R F1(shopt)2.616 E F0 -.2(bu)2.616 G .116(iltin command \(see).2 F F2 .116 (SHELL B)2.616 F(UIL)-.09 E .116(TIN COMMANDS)-.828 F F0(belo)2.366 E -2.616(w\). The)-.25 F .115(options ap-)2.615 F 1.066(pearing in)144 -321.6 R F2 -.27(BA)3.566 G(SHOPTS).27 E F0 1.066(are those reported as) -3.316 F/F3 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(on)3.796 E F0(by)3.807 E F1(shopt)3.567 -E F0 6.067(.I)C 3.567(ft)-6.067 G 1.067(his v)-3.567 F 1.067 +2.616(w\). The)-.25 F .116(options ap-)2.616 F 1.067(pearing in)144 +321.6 R F2 -.27(BA)3.567 G(SHOPTS).27 E F0 1.067(are those reported as) +3.317 F/F3 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(on)3.797 E F0(by)3.807 E F1(shopt)3.567 +E F0 6.066(.I)C 3.566(ft)-6.066 G 1.066(his v)-3.566 F 1.066 (ariable is in the en)-.25 F(vironment)-.4 E(when)144 333.6 Q F1(bash) -3.142 E F0 .642(starts up, each shell option in the list will be enable\ -d before reading an)3.142 F 3.141(ys)-.15 G .641(tartup \214les.)-3.141 +3.141 E F0 .642(starts up, each shell option in the list will be enable\ +d before reading an)3.141 F 3.142(ys)-.15 G .642(tartup \214les.)-3.142 F(This v)144 345.6 Q(ariable is read-only)-.25 E(.)-.65 E F1 -.3(BA)108 -357.6 S(SHPID).3 E F0 .187(Expands to the process ID of the current)144 -369.6 R F1(bash)2.687 E F0 2.688(process. This)2.688 F(dif)2.688 E .188 -(fers from)-.25 F F1($$)2.688 E F0 .188(under certain circum-)2.688 F +357.6 S(SHPID).3 E F0 .188(Expands to the process ID of the current)144 +369.6 R F1(bash)2.688 E F0 2.687(process. This)2.687 F(dif)2.687 E .187 +(fers from)-.25 F F1($$)2.687 E F0 .187(under certain circum-)2.687 F .548(stances, such as subshells that do not require)144 381.6 R F1(bash) -3.048 E F0 .548(to be re-initialized.)3.048 F .548(Assignments to)5.548 -F F2 -.27(BA)3.048 G(SHPID).27 E F0(ha)144 393.6 Q .3 -.15(ve n)-.2 H +3.048 E F0 .548(to be re-initialized.)3.048 F .549(Assignments to)5.549 +F F2 -.27(BA)3.049 G(SHPID).27 E F0(ha)144 393.6 Q .3 -.15(ve n)-.2 H 2.5(oe).15 G -.25(ff)-2.5 G 2.5(ect. If).25 F F1 -.3(BA)2.5 G(SHPID).3 E F0(is unset, it loses its special properties, e)2.5 E -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.5 (ni).15 G 2.5(fi)-2.5 G 2.5(ti)-2.5 G 2.5(ss)-2.5 G(ubsequently reset.) @@ -1587,95 +1591,95 @@ embers correspond to the internal list of aliases as main-)-.25 F .16 (ve)-.25 G .96 -.4(r, u).15 H(nsetting).4 E 4.503 (array elements currently does not cause aliases to be remo)144 441.6 R -.15(ve)-.15 G 7.003(df).15 G 4.503(rom the alias list.)-7.003 F(If) -9.503 E F1 -.3(BA)144 453.6 S(SH_ALIASES).3 E F0 +9.502 E F1 -.3(BA)144 453.6 S(SH_ALIASES).3 E F0 (is unset, it loses its special properties, e)2.5 E -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.5 (ni).15 G 2.5(fi)-2.5 G 2.5(ti)-2.5 G 2.5(ss)-2.5 G(ubsequently reset.) --2.5 E F1 -.3(BA)108 465.6 S(SH_ARGC).3 E F0 .935(An array v)144 477.6 R -.935(ariable whose v)-.25 F .934 +-2.5 E F1 -.3(BA)108 465.6 S(SH_ARGC).3 E F0 .934(An array v)144 477.6 R +.934(ariable whose v)-.25 F .934 (alues are the number of parameters in each frame of the current)-.25 F -F1(bash)3.434 E F0 -.15(exe)144 489.6 S .535(cution call stack.).15 F +F1(bash)3.435 E F0 -.15(exe)144 489.6 S .535(cution call stack.).15 F .535(The number of parameters to the current subroutine \(shell functio\ -n or script)5.535 F -.15(exe)144 501.6 S .142(cuted with).15 F F1(.) -2.642 E F0(or)2.642 E F1(sour)2.642 E(ce)-.18 E F0 2.642(\)i)C 2.642(sa) --2.642 G 2.642(tt)-2.642 G .142(he top of the stack.)-2.642 F .141 -(When a subroutine is e)5.141 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .141 +n or script)5.535 F -.15(exe)144 501.6 S .141(cuted with).15 F F1(.) +2.641 E F0(or)2.641 E F1(sour)2.641 E(ce)-.18 E F0 2.641(\)i)C 2.641(sa) +-2.641 G 2.641(tt)-2.641 G .142(he top of the stack.)-2.641 F .142 +(When a subroutine is e)5.142 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .142 (cuted, the number of).15 F 1.265(parameters passed is pushed onto)144 513.6 R F2 -.27(BA)3.765 G(SH_ARGC).27 E/F4 9/Times-Roman@0 SF(.)A F0 1.265(The shell sets)5.765 F F2 -.27(BA)3.765 G(SH_ARGC).27 E F0 1.265 -(only when in e)3.515 F(x-)-.15 E .948(tended deb)144 525.6 R .947 +(only when in e)3.515 F(x-)-.15 E .947(tended deb)144 525.6 R .947 (ugging mode \(see the description of the)-.2 F F1(extdeb)3.447 E(ug)-.2 -E F0 .947(option to the)3.447 F F1(shopt)3.447 E F0 -.2(bu)3.447 G .947 -(iltin belo).2 F(w\).)-.25 E(Setting)144 537.6 Q F1(extdeb)3.362 E(ug) --.2 E F0 .862(after the shell has started to e)3.362 F -.15(xe)-.15 G -.863(cute a script, or referencing this v).15 F .863(ariable when)-.25 F +E F0 .947(option to the)3.447 F F1(shopt)3.447 E F0 -.2(bu)3.448 G .948 +(iltin belo).2 F(w\).)-.25 E(Setting)144 537.6 Q F1(extdeb)3.363 E(ug) +-.2 E F0 .863(after the shell has started to e)3.363 F -.15(xe)-.15 G +.862(cute a script, or referencing this v).15 F .862(ariable when)-.25 F F1(extdeb)144 549.6 Q(ug)-.2 E F0 (is not set, may result in inconsistent v)2.5 E(alues.)-.25 E F1 -.3(BA) -108 561.6 S(SH_ARGV).3 E F0 .207(An array v)144 573.6 R .206 +108 561.6 S(SH_ARGV).3 E F0 .206(An array v)144 573.6 R .206 (ariable containing all of the parameters in the current)-.25 F F1(bash) -2.706 E F0 -.15(exe)2.706 G .206(cution call stack.).15 F .206 -(The \214-)5.206 F .567(nal parameter of the last subroutine call is at\ +2.706 E F0 -.15(exe)2.706 G .207(cution call stack.).15 F .207 +(The \214-)5.207 F .567(nal parameter of the last subroutine call is at\ the top of the stack; the \214rst parameter of the initial)144 585.6 R 1.424(call is at the bottom.)144 597.6 R 1.424(When a subroutine is e) 6.424 F -.15(xe)-.15 G 1.424 (cuted, the parameters supplied are pushed onto).15 F F2 -.27(BA)144 -609.6 S(SH_ARGV).27 E F4(.)A F0 .853(The shell sets)5.353 F F2 -.27(BA) -3.353 G(SH_ARGV).27 E F0 .853(only when in e)3.103 F .854(xtended deb) --.15 F .854(ugging mode \(see the de-)-.2 F .476(scription of the)144 -621.6 R F1(extdeb)2.976 E(ug)-.2 E F0 .476(option to the)2.976 F F1 +609.6 S(SH_ARGV).27 E F4(.)A F0 .854(The shell sets)5.354 F F2 -.27(BA) +3.354 G(SH_ARGV).27 E F0 .853(only when in e)3.104 F .853(xtended deb) +-.15 F .853(ugging mode \(see the de-)-.2 F .475(scription of the)144 +621.6 R F1(extdeb)2.975 E(ug)-.2 E F0 .475(option to the)2.975 F F1 (shopt)2.975 E F0 -.2(bu)2.975 G .475(iltin belo).2 F 2.975 -(w\). Setting)-.25 F F1(extdeb)2.975 E(ug)-.2 E F0 .475 -(after the shell has)2.975 F .45(started to e)144 633.6 R -.15(xe)-.15 G +(w\). Setting)-.25 F F1(extdeb)2.976 E(ug)-.2 E F0 .476 +(after the shell has)2.976 F .45(started to e)144 633.6 R -.15(xe)-.15 G .45(cute a script, or referencing this v).15 F .45(ariable when)-.25 F F1(extdeb)2.95 E(ug)-.2 E F0 .45(is not set, may result in in-)2.95 F (consistent v)144 645.6 Q(alues.)-.25 E F1 -.3(BA)108 657.6 S(SH_ARGV0) -.3 E F0 .251(When referenced, this v)144 669.6 R .251(ariable e)-.25 F +.3 E F0 .25(When referenced, this v)144 669.6 R .25(ariable e)-.25 F .251(xpands to the name of the shell or shell script \(identical to)-.15 -F F1($0)2.75 E F0 2.75(;s)C(ee)-2.75 E .04 +F F1($0)2.751 E F0 2.751(;s)C(ee)-2.751 E .041 (the description of special parameter 0 abo)144 681.6 R -.15(ve)-.15 G 2.541(\). Assignment).15 F(to)2.541 E F1 -.3(BA)2.541 G(SH_ARGV0).3 E F0 -.041(causes the v)2.541 F .041(alue as-)-.25 F .216 +.04(causes the v)2.541 F .04(alue as-)-.25 F .216 (signed to also be assigned to)144 693.6 R F1($0)2.716 E F0 5.216(.I)C (f)-5.216 E F1 -.3(BA)2.716 G(SH_ARGV0).3 E F0 .216 (is unset, it loses its special properties, e)2.716 F -.15(ve)-.25 G -2.715(ni).15 G(f)-2.715 E(it is subsequently reset.)144 705.6 Q -(GNU Bash 5.2)72 768 Q(2022 March 11)144.29 E(11)193.45 E 0 Cg EP +2.716(ni).15 G(f)-2.716 E(it is subsequently reset.)144 705.6 Q +(GNU Bash 5.2)72 768 Q(2022 June 3)150.675 E(11)199.835 E 0 Cg EP %%Page: 12 12 %%BeginPageSetup BP %%EndPageSetup /F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 137.14(SH\(1\) General).35 F (Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 -SF -.3(BA)108 84 S(SH_CMDS).3 E F0 .667(An associati)144 96 R .967 -.15 -(ve a)-.25 H .667(rray v).15 F .668(ariable whose members correspond to\ - the internal hash table of commands)-.25 F .196(as maintained by the) -144 108 R F1(hash)2.696 E F0 -.2(bu)2.696 G 2.696(iltin. Elements).2 F -.195(added to this array appear in the hash table; ho)2.696 F(we)-.25 E +SF -.3(BA)108 84 S(SH_CMDS).3 E F0 .668(An associati)144 96 R .968 -.15 +(ve a)-.25 H .668(rray v).15 F .668(ariable whose members correspond to\ + the internal hash table of commands)-.25 F .195(as maintained by the) +144 108 R F1(hash)2.695 E F0 -.2(bu)2.695 G 2.695(iltin. Elements).2 F +.196(added to this array appear in the hash table; ho)2.696 F(we)-.25 E -.15(ve)-.25 G -.4(r,).15 G .852(unsetting array elements currently doe\ s not cause command names to be remo)144 120 R -.15(ve)-.15 G 3.352(df) -.15 G .853(rom the hash)-3.352 F 2.5(table. If)144 132 R F1 -.3(BA)2.5 G +.15 G .852(rom the hash)-3.352 F 2.5(table. If)144 132 R F1 -.3(BA)2.5 G (SH_CMDS).3 E F0(is unset, it loses its special properties, e)2.5 E -.15 (ve)-.25 G 2.5(ni).15 G 2.5(fi)-2.5 G 2.5(ti)-2.5 G 2.5(ss)-2.5 G -(ubsequently reset.)-2.5 E F1 -.3(BA)108 144 S(SH_COMMAND).3 E F0 1.243 +(ubsequently reset.)-2.5 E F1 -.3(BA)108 144 S(SH_COMMAND).3 E F0 1.242 (The command currently being e)144 156 R -.15(xe)-.15 G 1.243 -(cuted or about to be e).15 F -.15(xe)-.15 G 1.242 -(cuted, unless the shell is e).15 F -.15(xe)-.15 G 1.242(cuting a).15 F -.262(command as the result of a trap, in which case it is the command e) -144 168 R -.15(xe)-.15 G .263(cuting at the time of the trap.).15 F(If) +(cuted or about to be e).15 F -.15(xe)-.15 G 1.243 +(cuted, unless the shell is e).15 F -.15(xe)-.15 G 1.243(cuting a).15 F +.263(command as the result of a trap, in which case it is the command e) +144 168 R -.15(xe)-.15 G .262(cuting at the time of the trap.).15 F(If) 144 180 Q F1 -.3(BA)2.5 G(SH_COMMAND).3 E F0 (is unset, it loses its special properties, e)2.5 E -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.5 (ni).15 G 2.5(fi)-2.5 G 2.5(ti)-2.5 G 2.5(ss)-2.5 G(ubsequently reset.) -2.5 E F1 -.3(BA)108 192 S(SH_EXECUTION_STRING).3 E F0(The command ar) 144 204 Q(gument to the)-.18 E F12.5 E F0(in)2.5 E -.2(vo)-.4 G -(cation option.).2 E F1 -.3(BA)108 216 S(SH_LINENO).3 E F0 .693 +(cation option.).2 E F1 -.3(BA)108 216 S(SH_LINENO).3 E F0 .692 (An array v)144 228 R .692(ariable whose members are the line numbers i\ -n source \214les where each corresponding)-.25 F .969(member of)144 240 -R/F2 9/Times-Bold@0 SF(FUNCN)3.469 E(AME)-.18 E F0 -.1(wa)3.219 G 3.469 -(si).1 G -1.9 -.4(nv o)-3.469 H -.1(ke).4 G(d.).1 E F1(${B)5.969 E -(ASH_LINENO[)-.3 E/F3 10/Times-Italic@0 SF($i)A F1(]})A F0 .97 -(is the line number in the source)3.469 F 14.672(\214le \()144 252 R F1 -(${B)A(ASH_SOURCE[)-.3 E F3($i+1)A F1(]})A F0 17.172(\)w)C(here)-17.172 +n source \214les where each corresponding)-.25 F .97(member of)144 240 R +/F2 9/Times-Bold@0 SF(FUNCN)3.47 E(AME)-.18 E F0 -.1(wa)3.22 G 3.47(si) +.1 G -1.9 -.4(nv o)-3.47 H -.1(ke).4 G(d.).1 E F1(${B)5.969 E +(ASH_LINENO[)-.3 E/F3 10/Times-Italic@0 SF($i)A F1(]})A F0 .969 +(is the line number in the source)3.469 F 14.671(\214le \()144 252 R F1 +(${B)A(ASH_SOURCE[)-.3 E F3($i+1)A F1(]})A F0 17.171(\)w)C(here)-17.171 E F1(${FUNCN)17.172 E(AME[)-.2 E F3($i)A F1(]})A F0 -.1(wa)17.172 G -17.171(sc).1 G 14.671(alled \(or)-17.171 F F1(${B)144 264 Q(ASH_LINENO[) +17.172(sc).1 G 14.672(alled \(or)-17.172 F F1(${B)144 264 Q(ASH_LINENO[) -.3 E F3($i-1)A F1(]})A F0 .115 (if referenced within another shell function\).)2.615 F(Use)5.115 E F2 (LINENO)2.615 E F0 .115(to obtain the)2.365 F(current line number)144 @@ -1683,35 +1687,34 @@ E F1(${FUNCN)17.172 E(AME[)-.2 E F3($i)A F1(]})A F0 -.1(wa)17.172 G -.95(AT)-.74 G(H).95 E F0 4.07(Ac)144 300 S 1.57(olon-separated list of\ directories in which the shell looks for dynamically loadable b)-4.07 F (uiltins)-.2 E(speci\214ed by the)144 312 Q F1(enable)2.5 E F0(command.) -2.5 E F1 -.3(BA)108 324 S(SH_REMA).3 E(TCH)-.95 E F0 .005(An array v)144 -336 R .005(ariable whose members are assigned by the)-.25 F F1(=~)2.506 -E F0 .006(binary operator to the)2.506 F F1([[)2.506 E F0 .006 -(conditional com-)2.506 F 2.507(mand. The)144 348 R .007 -(element with inde)2.507 F 2.507(x0i)-.15 G 2.507(st)-2.507 G .007 -(he portion of the string matching the entire re)-2.507 F .006(gular e) --.15 F(xpression.)-.15 E .997(The element with inde)144 360 R(x)-.15 E -F3(n)3.497 E F0 .997(is the portion of the string matching the)3.497 F -F3(n)3.498 E F0 .998(th parenthesized sube)B(xpres-)-.15 E(sion.)144 372 -Q F1 -.3(BA)108 384 S(SH_SOURCE).3 E F0 .126(An array v)144 396 R .125(\ +2.5 E F1 -.3(BA)108 324 S(SH_REMA).3 E(TCH)-.95 E F0 .006(An array v)144 +336 R .006(ariable whose members are assigned by the)-.25 F F1(=~)2.506 +E F0 .005(binary operator to the)2.506 F F1([[)2.505 E F0 .005 +(conditional com-)2.505 F 2.506(mand. The)144 348 R .007 +(element with inde)2.506 F 2.507(x0i)-.15 G 2.507(st)-2.507 G .007 +(he portion of the string matching the entire re)-2.507 F .007(gular e) +-.15 F(xpression.)-.15 E .998(The element with inde)144 360 R(x)-.15 E +F3(n)3.498 E F0 .997(is the portion of the string matching the)3.498 F +F3(n)3.497 E F0 .997(th parenthesized sube)B(xpres-)-.15 E(sion.)144 372 +Q F1 -.3(BA)108 384 S(SH_SOURCE).3 E F0 .125(An array v)144 396 R .125(\ ariable whose members are the source \214lenames where the correspondin\ -g shell function)-.25 F .78(names in the)144 408 R F2(FUNCN)3.28 E(AME) +g shell function)-.25 F .781(names in the)144 408 R F2(FUNCN)3.28 E(AME) -.18 E F0 .78(array v)3.03 F .78(ariable are de\214ned.)-.25 F .78 -(The shell function)5.78 F F1(${FUNCN)3.281 E(AME[)-.2 E F3($i)A F1(]})A -F0(is)3.281 E(de\214ned in the \214le)144 420 Q F1(${B)2.5 E -(ASH_SOURCE[)-.3 E F3($i)A F1(]})A F0(and called from)2.5 E F1(${B)2.5 E -(ASH_SOURCE[)-.3 E F3($i+1)A F1(]})A F0(.)A F1 -.3(BA)108 432 S -(SH_SUBSHELL).3 E F0 .296 -(Incremented by one within each subshell or subshell en)144 444 R .296 -(vironment when the shell be)-.4 F .296(gins e)-.15 F -.15(xe)-.15 G -(cuting).15 E 1.276(in that en)144 456 R 3.776(vironment. The)-.4 F -1.276(initial v)3.776 F 1.277(alue is 0.)-.25 F(If)6.277 E F1 -.3(BA) -3.777 G(SH_SUBSHELL).3 E F0 1.277(is unset, it loses its special)3.777 F +(The shell function)5.78 F F1(${FUNCN)3.28 E(AME[)-.2 E F3($i)A F1(]})A +F0(is)3.28 E(de\214ned in the \214le)144 420 Q F1(${B)2.5 E(ASH_SOURCE[) +-.3 E F3($i)A F1(]})A F0(and called from)2.5 E F1(${B)2.5 E(ASH_SOURCE[) +-.3 E F3($i+1)A F1(]})A F0(.)A F1 -.3(BA)108 432 S(SH_SUBSHELL).3 E F0 +.296(Incremented by one within each subshell or subshell en)144 444 R +.296(vironment when the shell be)-.4 F .297(gins e)-.15 F -.15(xe)-.15 G +(cuting).15 E 1.277(in that en)144 456 R 3.777(vironment. The)-.4 F +1.277(initial v)3.777 F 1.277(alue is 0.)-.25 F(If)6.277 E F1 -.3(BA) +3.777 G(SH_SUBSHELL).3 E F0 1.276(is unset, it loses its special)3.777 F (properties, e)144 468 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.5(ni).15 G 2.5(fi)-2.5 G 2.5 (ti)-2.5 G 2.5(ss)-2.5 G(ubsequently reset.)-2.5 E F1 -.3(BA)108 480 S -(SH_VERSINFO).3 E F0 2.645(Ar)144 492 S .145(eadonly array v)-2.645 F +(SH_VERSINFO).3 E F0 2.644(Ar)144 492 S .144(eadonly array v)-2.644 F .144(ariable whose members hold v)-.25 F .144 -(ersion information for this instance of)-.15 F F1(bash)2.644 E F0 5.144 -(.T)C(he)-5.144 E -.25(va)144 504 S +(ersion information for this instance of)-.15 F F1(bash)2.645 E F0 5.145 +(.T)C(he)-5.145 E -.25(va)144 504 S (lues assigned to the array members are as follo).25 E(ws:)-.25 E F1 -.3 (BA)144 522 S(SH_VERSINFO[).3 E F0(0)A F1(])A F0(The major v)264 522 Q (ersion number \(the)-.15 E F3 -.37(re)2.5 G(lease).37 E F0(\).)A F1 -.3 @@ -1726,211 +1729,211 @@ F3(beta1)2.5 E F0(\).)A F1 -.3(BA)144 582 S(SH_VERSINFO[).3 E F0(5)A F1 /Times-Roman@0 SF(.)A F1 -.3(BA)108 594 S(SH_VERSION).3 E F0 (Expands to a string describing the v)144 606 Q (ersion of this instance of)-.15 E F1(bash)2.5 E F0(.)A F1(COMP_CW)108 -618 Q(ORD)-.1 E F0 .396(An inde)144 630 R 2.896(xi)-.15 G(nto)-2.896 E +618 Q(ORD)-.1 E F0 .397(An inde)144 630 R 2.897(xi)-.15 G(nto)-2.897 E F1(${COMP_W)2.896 E(ORDS})-.1 E F0 .396(of the w)2.896 F .396 -(ord containing the current cursor position.)-.1 F .397(This v)5.397 F -(ari-)-.25 E 1.181(able is a)144 642 R -.25(va)-.2 G 1.181 +(ord containing the current cursor position.)-.1 F .396(This v)5.396 F +(ari-)-.25 E 1.18(able is a)144 642 R -.25(va)-.2 G 1.181 (ilable only in shell functions in).25 F -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G 3.681 -(db).1 G 3.681(yt)-3.681 G 1.18(he programmable completion f)-3.681 F -1.18(acilities \(see)-.1 F F1(Pr)144 654 Q(ogrammable Completion)-.18 E +(db).1 G 3.681(yt)-3.681 G 1.181(he programmable completion f)-3.681 F +1.181(acilities \(see)-.1 F F1(Pr)144 654 Q(ogrammable Completion)-.18 E F0(belo)2.5 E(w\).)-.25 E F1(COMP_KEY)108 666 Q F0(The k)144 678 Q .3 -.15(ey \()-.1 H(or \214nal k).15 E .3 -.15(ey o)-.1 H 2.5(fak).15 G .3 -.15(ey s)-2.6 H(equence\) used to in).15 E -.2(vo)-.4 G .2 -.1(ke t).2 -H(he current completion function.).1 E F1(COMP_LINE)108 690 Q F0 1.207 +H(he current completion function.).1 E F1(COMP_LINE)108 690 Q F0 1.208 (The current command line.)144 702 R 1.208(This v)6.208 F 1.208 (ariable is a)-.25 F -.25(va)-.2 G 1.208 -(ilable only in shell functions and e).25 F 1.208(xternal com-)-.15 F +(ilable only in shell functions and e).25 F 1.207(xternal com-)-.15 F 1.037(mands in)144 714 R -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G 3.537(db).1 G 3.537 (yt)-3.537 G 1.037(he programmable completion f)-3.537 F 1.037 (acilities \(see)-.1 F F1(Pr)3.537 E 1.037(ogrammable Completion)-.18 F F0(be-)3.537 E(lo)144 726 Q(w\).)-.25 E(GNU Bash 5.2)72 768 Q -(2022 March 11)144.29 E(12)193.45 E 0 Cg EP +(2022 June 3)150.675 E(12)199.835 E 0 Cg EP %%Page: 13 13 %%BeginPageSetup BP %%EndPageSetup /F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 137.14(SH\(1\) General).35 F (Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 -SF(COMP_POINT)108 84 Q F0 .666(The inde)144 96 R 3.166(xo)-.15 G 3.166 -(ft)-3.166 G .666(he current cursor position relati)-3.166 F .966 -.15 +SF(COMP_POINT)108 84 Q F0 .667(The inde)144 96 R 3.167(xo)-.15 G 3.167 +(ft)-3.167 G .666(he current cursor position relati)-3.167 F .966 -.15 (ve t)-.25 H 3.166(ot).15 G .666(he be)-3.166 F .666 -(ginning of the current command.)-.15 F .667(If the)5.667 F .535 +(ginning of the current command.)-.15 F .666(If the)5.666 F .534 (current cursor position is at the end of the current command, the v)144 -108 R .534(alue of this v)-.25 F .534(ariable is equal to)-.25 F F1 -(${#COMP_LINE})144 120 Q F0 5.704(.T)C .704(his v)-5.704 F .704 +108 R .535(alue of this v)-.25 F .535(ariable is equal to)-.25 F F1 +(${#COMP_LINE})144 120 Q F0 5.705(.T)C .705(his v)-5.705 F .704 (ariable is a)-.25 F -.25(va)-.2 G .704 -(ilable only in shell functions and e).25 F .705(xternal commands in-) +(ilable only in shell functions and e).25 F .704(xternal commands in-) -.15 F -.2(vo)144 132 S -.1(ke).2 G 2.5(db).1 G 2.5(yt)-2.5 G (he programmable completion f)-2.5 E(acilities \(see)-.1 E F1(Pr)2.5 E (ogrammable Completion)-.18 E F0(belo)2.5 E(w\).)-.25 E F1(COMP_TYPE)108 -144 Q F0 .042(Set to an inte)144 156 R .042(ger v)-.15 F .041(alue corr\ +144 Q F0 .041(Set to an inte)144 156 R .041(ger v)-.15 F .041(alue corr\ esponding to the type of completion attempted that caused a completion) --.25 F .337(function to be called:)144 168 R/F2 10/Times-Italic@0 SF -.5 +-.25 F .338(function to be called:)144 168 R/F2 10/Times-Italic@0 SF -.5 (TA)2.837 G(B).5 E F0 2.837(,f)C .337(or normal completion,)-2.837 F F2 (?)2.837 E F0 2.837(,f)C .337(or listing completions after successi) --2.837 F .638 -.15(ve t)-.25 H(abs,).15 E F2(!)144 180 Q F0 3.068(,f)C -.567(or listing alternati)-3.068 F -.15(ve)-.25 G 3.067(so).15 G 3.067 +-2.837 F .637 -.15(ve t)-.25 H(abs,).15 E F2(!)144 180 Q F0 3.067(,f)C +.567(or listing alternati)-3.067 F -.15(ve)-.25 G 3.067(so).15 G 3.067 (np)-3.067 G .567(artial w)-3.067 F .567(ord completion,)-.1 F F2(@) 3.067 E F0 3.067(,t)C 3.067(ol)-3.067 G .567(ist completions if the w) --3.067 F .567(ord is not un-)-.1 F .417(modi\214ed, or)144 192 R F2(%) -2.917 E F0 2.917(,f)C .417(or menu completion.)-2.917 F .417(This v) -5.417 F .417(ariable is a)-.25 F -.25(va)-.2 G .418 +-3.067 F .567(ord is not un-)-.1 F .418(modi\214ed, or)144 192 R F2(%) +2.918 E F0 2.918(,f)C .418(or menu completion.)-2.918 F .417(This v) +5.417 F .417(ariable is a)-.25 F -.25(va)-.2 G .417 (ilable only in shell functions and e).25 F(xter)-.15 E(-)-.2 E .704 (nal commands in)144 204 R -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G 3.204(db).1 G 3.204 (yt)-3.204 G .704(he programmable completion f)-3.204 F .704 (acilities \(see)-.1 F F1(Pr)3.204 E .704(ogrammable Comple-)-.18 F (tion)144 216 Q F0(belo)2.5 E(w\).)-.25 E F1(COMP_W)108 228 Q(ORDBREAKS) --.1 E F0 1.335(The set of characters that the)144 240 R F1 -.18(re)3.836 -G(adline).18 E F0 1.336(library treats as w)3.836 F 1.336 -(ord separators when performing w)-.1 F(ord)-.1 E 3.126(completion. If) -144 252 R/F3 9/Times-Bold@0 SF(COMP_W)3.126 E(ORDBREAKS)-.09 E F0 .626 -(is unset, it loses its special properties, e)2.876 F -.15(ve)-.25 G -3.125(ni).15 G 3.125(fi)-3.125 G 3.125(ti)-3.125 G 3.125(ss)-3.125 G -(ubse-)-3.125 E(quently reset.)144 264 Q F1(COMP_W)108 276 Q(ORDS)-.1 E -F0 .653(An array v)144 288 R .653(ariable \(see)-.25 F F1(Arrays)3.153 E -F0(belo)3.153 E .654(w\) consisting of the indi)-.25 F .654(vidual w) --.25 F .654(ords in the current command)-.1 F 3.192(line. The)144 300 R +-.1 E F0 1.336(The set of characters that the)144 240 R F1 -.18(re)3.836 +G(adline).18 E F0 1.336(library treats as w)3.836 F 1.335 +(ord separators when performing w)-.1 F(ord)-.1 E 3.125(completion. If) +144 252 R/F3 9/Times-Bold@0 SF(COMP_W)3.125 E(ORDBREAKS)-.09 E F0 .626 +(is unset, it loses its special properties, e)2.875 F -.15(ve)-.25 G +3.126(ni).15 G 3.126(fi)-3.126 G 3.126(ti)-3.126 G 3.126(ss)-3.126 G +(ubse-)-3.126 E(quently reset.)144 264 Q F1(COMP_W)108 276 Q(ORDS)-.1 E +F0 .654(An array v)144 288 R .654(ariable \(see)-.25 F F1(Arrays)3.154 E +F0(belo)3.154 E .654(w\) consisting of the indi)-.25 F .653(vidual w) +-.25 F .653(ords in the current command)-.1 F 3.191(line. The)144 300 R .692(line is split into w)3.192 F .692(ords as)-.1 F F1 -.18(re)3.192 G (adline).18 E F0 -.1(wo)3.192 G .692(uld split it, using).1 F F3(COMP_W) -3.192 E(ORDBREAKS)-.09 E F0 .691(as de-)2.942 F 1.557(scribed abo)144 -312 R -.15(ve)-.15 G 6.557(.T).15 G 1.557(his v)-6.557 F 1.557 +3.192 E(ORDBREAKS)-.09 E F0 .692(as de-)2.942 F 1.558(scribed abo)144 +312 R -.15(ve)-.15 G 6.558(.T).15 G 1.558(his v)-6.558 F 1.558 (ariable is a)-.25 F -.25(va)-.2 G 1.558 -(ilable only in shell functions in).25 F -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G 4.058 -(db).1 G 4.058(yt)-4.058 G 1.558(he programmable)-4.058 F(completion f) +(ilable only in shell functions in).25 F -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G 4.057 +(db).1 G 4.057(yt)-4.057 G 1.557(he programmable)-4.057 F(completion f) 144 324 Q(acilities \(see)-.1 E F1(Pr)2.5 E(ogrammable Completion)-.18 E -F0(belo)2.5 E(w\).)-.25 E F1(COPR)108 336 Q(OC)-.3 E F0 .169(An array v) -144 348 R .169(ariable \(see)-.25 F F1(Arrays)2.669 E F0(belo)2.669 E +F0(belo)2.5 E(w\).)-.25 E F1(COPR)108 336 Q(OC)-.3 E F0 .168(An array v) +144 348 R .168(ariable \(see)-.25 F F1(Arrays)2.668 E F0(belo)2.669 E .169 (w\) created to hold the \214le descriptors for output from and input) -.25 F(to an unnamed coprocess \(see)144 360 Q F1(Copr)2.5 E(ocesses) -.18 E F0(abo)2.5 E -.15(ve)-.15 G(\).).15 E F1(DIRST)108 372 Q -.55(AC) --.9 G(K).55 E F0 .789(An array v)144 384 R .789(ariable \(see)-.25 F F1 -(Arrays)3.289 E F0(belo)3.289 E .789 +-.9 G(K).55 E F0 .79(An array v)144 384 R .79(ariable \(see)-.25 F F1 +(Arrays)3.29 E F0(belo)3.289 E .789 (w\) containing the current contents of the directory stack.)-.25 F(Di-) -5.79 E .099(rectories appear in the stack in the order the)144 396 R +5.789 E .099(rectories appear in the stack in the order the)144 396 R 2.599(ya)-.15 G .099(re displayed by the)-2.599 F F1(dirs)2.599 E F0 -.2 -(bu)2.599 G 2.598(iltin. Assigning).2 F .098(to mem-)2.598 F .84 +(bu)2.599 G 2.599(iltin. Assigning).2 F .099(to mem-)2.599 F .84 (bers of this array v)144 408 R .84 (ariable may be used to modify directories already in the stack, b)-.25 -F .84(ut the)-.2 F F1(pushd)3.34 E F0(and)144 420 Q F1(popd)3.451 E F0 --.2(bu)3.451 G .951(iltins must be used to add and remo).2 F 1.251 -.15 -(ve d)-.15 H 3.45(irectories. Assignment).15 F .95(to this v)3.45 F .95 -(ariable will)-.25 F .378(not change the current directory)144 432 R -5.378(.I)-.65 G(f)-5.378 E F3(DIRST)2.878 E -.495(AC)-.81 G(K).495 E F0 -.379(is unset, it loses its special properties, e)2.628 F -.15(ve)-.25 G -2.879(ni).15 G 2.879(fi)-2.879 G 2.879(ti)-2.879 G(s)-2.879 E +F .84(ut the)-.2 F F1(pushd)3.34 E F0(and)144 420 Q F1(popd)3.45 E F0 +-.2(bu)3.45 G .951(iltins must be used to add and remo).2 F 1.251 -.15 +(ve d)-.15 H 3.451(irectories. Assignment).15 F .951(to this v)3.451 F +.951(ariable will)-.25 F .379(not change the current directory)144 432 R +5.379(.I)-.65 G(f)-5.379 E F3(DIRST)2.879 E -.495(AC)-.81 G(K).495 E F0 +.378(is unset, it loses its special properties, e)2.629 F -.15(ve)-.25 G +2.878(ni).15 G 2.878(fi)-2.878 G 2.878(ti)-2.878 G(s)-2.878 E (subsequently reset.)144 444 Q F1(EPOCHREAL)108 456 Q(TIME)-.92 E F0 -.338(Each time this parameter is referenced, it e)144 468 R .337 +.337(Each time this parameter is referenced, it e)144 468 R .338 (xpands to the number of seconds since the Unix Epoch)-.15 F(\(see)144 -480 Q F2(time)2.916 E F0 .416(\(3\)\) as a \215oating point v)B .417 -(alue with micro-second granularity)-.25 F 5.417(.A)-.65 G .417 -(ssignments to)-5.417 F F3(EPOCHRE-)2.917 E(AL)144 492 Q(TIME)-.828 E F0 -1.091(are ignored.)3.341 F(If)6.091 E F3(EPOCHREAL)3.59 E(TIME)-.828 E -F0 1.09(is unset, it loses its special properties, e)3.34 F -.15(ve)-.25 -G 3.59(ni).15 G 3.59(fi)-3.59 G 3.59(ti)-3.59 G(s)-3.59 E -(subsequently reset.)144 504 Q F1(EPOCHSECONDS)108 516 Q F0 .337 -(Each time this parameter is referenced, it e)144 528 R .338 +480 Q F2(time)2.917 E F0 .417(\(3\)\) as a \215oating point v)B .416 +(alue with micro-second granularity)-.25 F 5.416(.A)-.65 G .416 +(ssignments to)-5.416 F F3(EPOCHRE-)2.916 E(AL)144 492 Q(TIME)-.828 E F0 +1.09(are ignored.)3.34 F(If)6.09 E F3(EPOCHREAL)3.59 E(TIME)-.828 E F0 +1.09(is unset, it loses its special properties, e)3.34 F -.15(ve)-.25 G +3.591(ni).15 G 3.591(fi)-3.591 G 3.591(ti)-3.591 G(s)-3.591 E +(subsequently reset.)144 504 Q F1(EPOCHSECONDS)108 516 Q F0 .338 +(Each time this parameter is referenced, it e)144 528 R .337 (xpands to the number of seconds since the Unix Epoch)-.15 F(\(see)144 -540 Q F2(time)4.042 E F0 4.042(\(3\)\). Assignments)B(to)4.042 E F3 -(EPOCHSECONDS)4.042 E F0 1.542(are ignored.)3.792 F(If)6.542 E F3 -(EPOCHSECONDS)4.041 E F0 1.541(is unset, it)3.791 F +540 Q F2(time)4.041 E F0 4.041(\(3\)\). Assignments)B(to)4.041 E F3 +(EPOCHSECONDS)4.041 E F0 1.542(are ignored.)3.792 F(If)6.542 E F3 +(EPOCHSECONDS)4.042 E F0 1.542(is unset, it)3.792 F (loses its special properties, e)144 552 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.5(ni).15 G 2.5(fi)-2.5 G 2.5(ti)-2.5 G 2.5(ss)-2.5 G(ubsequently reset.)-2.5 E F1 -(EUID)108 564 Q F0 1.103(Expands to the ef)144 564 R(fecti)-.25 E 1.403 +(EUID)108 564 Q F0 1.104(Expands to the ef)144 564 R(fecti)-.25 E 1.403 -.15(ve u)-.25 H 1.103(ser ID of the current user).15 F 3.603(,i)-.4 G -1.103(nitialized at shell startup.)-3.603 F 1.104(This v)6.103 F 1.104 +1.103(nitialized at shell startup.)-3.603 F 1.103(This v)6.103 F 1.103 (ariable is)-.25 F(readonly)144 576 Q(.)-.65 E F1(FUNCN)108 588 Q(AME) --.2 E F0 .479(An array v)144 600 R .479 +-.2 E F0 .478(An array v)144 600 R .479 (ariable containing the names of all shell functions currently in the e) --.25 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .478(cution call stack.).15 F .276 -(The element with inde)144 612 R 2.776(x0i)-.15 G 2.776(st)-2.776 G .276 -(he name of an)-2.776 F 2.777(yc)-.15 G(urrently-e)-2.777 E -.15(xe)-.15 -G .277(cuting shell function.).15 F .277(The bottom-most)5.277 F .385 +-.25 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .479(cution call stack.).15 F .277 +(The element with inde)144 612 R 2.777(x0i)-.15 G 2.777(st)-2.777 G .276 +(he name of an)-2.777 F 2.776(yc)-.15 G(urrently-e)-2.776 E -.15(xe)-.15 +G .276(cuting shell function.).15 F .276(The bottom-most)5.276 F .384 (element \(the one with the highest inde)144 624 R .384(x\) is)-.15 F/F4 -10/Courier@0 SF("main")2.884 E F0 5.384(.T)C .384(his v)-5.384 F .384 -(ariable e)-.25 F .384(xists only when a shell func-)-.15 F .075 -(tion is e)144 636 R -.15(xe)-.15 G 2.575(cuting. Assignments).15 F(to) -2.575 E F3(FUNCN)2.575 E(AME)-.18 E F0(ha)2.325 E .376 -.15(ve n)-.2 H -2.576(oe).15 G -.25(ff)-2.576 G 2.576(ect. If).25 F F3(FUNCN)2.576 E -(AME)-.18 E F0 .076(is unset, it loses its)2.326 F +10/Courier@0 SF("main")2.884 E F0 5.384(.T)C .384(his v)-5.384 F .385 +(ariable e)-.25 F .385(xists only when a shell func-)-.15 F .076 +(tion is e)144 636 R -.15(xe)-.15 G 2.576(cuting. Assignments).15 F(to) +2.576 E F3(FUNCN)2.576 E(AME)-.18 E F0(ha)2.326 E .376 -.15(ve n)-.2 H +2.576(oe).15 G -.25(ff)-2.576 G 2.576(ect. If).25 F F3(FUNCN)2.575 E +(AME)-.18 E F0 .075(is unset, it loses its)2.325 F (special properties, e)144 648 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.5(ni).15 G 2.5(fi)-2.5 -G 2.5(ti)-2.5 G 2.5(ss)-2.5 G(ubsequently reset.)-2.5 E .111(This v)144 +G 2.5(ti)-2.5 G 2.5(ss)-2.5 G(ubsequently reset.)-2.5 E .11(This v)144 666 R .111(ariable can be used with)-.25 F F1 -.3(BA)2.611 G(SH_LINENO) .3 E F0(and)2.611 E F1 -.3(BA)2.611 G(SH_SOURCE).3 E F0 5.111(.E)C .111 -(ach element of)-5.111 F F1(FUNC-)2.61 E -.2(NA)144 678 S(ME).2 E F0 +(ach element of)-5.111 F F1(FUNC-)2.611 E -.2(NA)144 678 S(ME).2 E F0 1.404(has corresponding elements in)3.904 F F1 -.3(BA)3.904 G(SH_LINENO) .3 E F0(and)3.904 E F1 -.3(BA)3.904 G(SH_SOURCE).3 E F0 1.404 (to describe the)3.904 F .012(call stack.)144 690 R -.15(Fo)5.012 G 2.512(ri).15 G(nstance,)-2.512 E F1(${FUNCN)2.512 E(AME[)-.2 E F2($i)A F1(]})A F0 -.1(wa)2.512 G 2.512(sc).1 G .012(alled from the \214le) --2.512 F F1(${B)2.512 E(ASH_SOURCE[)-.3 E F2($i+1)A F1(]})A F0 1.183 -(at line number)144 702 R F1(${B)3.683 E(ASH_LINENO[)-.3 E F2($i)A F1 -(]})A F0 6.183(.T)C(he)-6.183 E F1(caller)3.683 E F0 -.2(bu)3.683 G -1.184(iltin displays the current call stack using).2 F -(this information.)144 714 Q(GNU Bash 5.2)72 768 Q(2022 March 11)144.29 -E(13)193.45 E 0 Cg EP +-2.512 F F1(${B)2.512 E(ASH_SOURCE[)-.3 E F2($i+1)A F1(]})A F0 1.184 +(at line number)144 702 R F1(${B)3.684 E(ASH_LINENO[)-.3 E F2($i)A F1 +(]})A F0 6.184(.T)C(he)-6.184 E F1(caller)3.683 E F0 -.2(bu)3.683 G +1.183(iltin displays the current call stack using).2 F +(this information.)144 714 Q(GNU Bash 5.2)72 768 Q(2022 June 3)150.675 E +(13)199.835 E 0 Cg EP %%Page: 14 14 %%BeginPageSetup BP %%EndPageSetup /F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 137.14(SH\(1\) General).35 F (Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 -SF(GR)108 84 Q(OUPS)-.3 E F0 1.229(An array v)144 96 R 1.228(ariable co\ +SF(GR)108 84 Q(OUPS)-.3 E F0 1.228(An array v)144 96 R 1.228(ariable co\ ntaining the list of groups of which the current user is a member)-.25 F -6.228(.A)-.55 G(ssign-)-6.228 E .571(ments to)144 108 R/F2 9 -/Times-Bold@0 SF(GR)3.071 E(OUPS)-.27 E F0(ha)2.822 E .872 -.15(ve n)-.2 +6.229(.A)-.55 G(ssign-)-6.229 E .572(ments to)144 108 R/F2 9 +/Times-Bold@0 SF(GR)3.072 E(OUPS)-.27 E F0(ha)2.822 E .872 -.15(ve n)-.2 H 3.072(oe).15 G -.25(ff)-3.072 G 3.072(ect. If).25 F F2(GR)3.072 E (OUPS)-.27 E F0 .572(is unset, it loses its special properties, e)2.822 -F -.15(ve)-.25 G 3.072(ni).15 G 3.072(fi)-3.072 G 3.072(ti)-3.072 G(s) --3.072 E(subsequently reset.)144 120 Q F1(HISTCMD)108 132 Q F0 2.811 -(The history number)144 144 R 5.311(,o)-.4 G 5.311(ri)-5.311 G(nde) --5.311 E 5.311(xi)-.15 G 5.311(nt)-5.311 G 2.811 -(he history list, of the current command.)-5.311 F 2.81(Assignments to) -7.81 F F2(HISTCMD)144 156 Q F0 1.134(are ignored.)3.384 F(If)6.134 E F2 -(HISTCMD)3.634 E F0 1.135(is unset, it loses its special properties, e) -3.385 F -.15(ve)-.25 G 3.635(ni).15 G 3.635(fi)-3.635 G 3.635(ti)-3.635 -G 3.635(ss)-3.635 G(ubse-)-3.635 E(quently reset.)144 168 Q F1(HOSTN)108 +F -.15(ve)-.25 G 3.072(ni).15 G 3.071(fi)-3.072 G 3.071(ti)-3.071 G(s) +-3.071 E(subsequently reset.)144 120 Q F1(HISTCMD)108 132 Q F0 2.81 +(The history number)144 144 R 5.31(,o)-.4 G 5.31(ri)-5.31 G(nde)-5.31 E +5.311(xi)-.15 G 5.311(nt)-5.311 G 2.811 +(he history list, of the current command.)-5.311 F 2.811(Assignments to) +7.811 F F2(HISTCMD)144 156 Q F0 1.135(are ignored.)3.385 F(If)6.135 E F2 +(HISTCMD)3.635 E F0 1.135(is unset, it loses its special properties, e) +3.385 F -.15(ve)-.25 G 3.634(ni).15 G 3.634(fi)-3.634 G 3.634(ti)-3.634 +G 3.634(ss)-3.634 G(ubse-)-3.634 E(quently reset.)144 168 Q F1(HOSTN)108 180 Q(AME)-.2 E F0(Automatically set to the name of the current host.) -144 192 Q F1(HOSTTYPE)108 204 Q F0 .223(Automatically set to a string t\ +144 192 Q F1(HOSTTYPE)108 204 Q F0 .222(Automatically set to a string t\ hat uniquely describes the type of machine on which)144 216 R F1(bash) -2.722 E F0 .222(is e)2.722 F -.15(xe)-.15 G(cut-).15 E 2.5(ing. The)144 +2.723 E F0 .223(is e)2.723 F -.15(xe)-.15 G(cut-).15 E 2.5(ing. The)144 228 R(def)2.5 E(ault is system-dependent.)-.1 E F1(LINENO)108 240 Q F0 1.408(Each time this parameter is referenced, the shell substitutes a d\ ecimal number representing the)144 252 R .078(current sequential line n\ -umber \(starting with 1\) within a script or function.)144 264 R .078 -(When not in a script or)5.078 F .306(function, the v)144 276 R .306 -(alue substituted is not guaranteed to be meaningful.)-.25 F(If)5.307 E -F2(LINENO)2.807 E F0 .307(is unset, it loses its)2.557 F +umber \(starting with 1\) within a script or function.)144 264 R .079 +(When not in a script or)5.078 F .307(function, the v)144 276 R .307 +(alue substituted is not guaranteed to be meaningful.)-.25 F(If)5.306 E +F2(LINENO)2.806 E F0 .306(is unset, it loses its)2.556 F (special properties, e)144 288 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.5(ni).15 G 2.5(fi)-2.5 G 2.5(ti)-2.5 G 2.5(ss)-2.5 G(ubsequently reset.)-2.5 E F1(MA)108 300 Q (CHTYPE)-.55 E F0 .898(Automatically set to a string that fully describ\ -es the system type on which)144 312 R F1(bash)3.398 E F0 .898(is e)3.398 -F -.15(xe)-.15 G .898(cuting, in).15 F(the standard GNU)144 324 Q/F3 10 +es the system type on which)144 312 R F1(bash)3.398 E F0 .899(is e)3.398 +F -.15(xe)-.15 G .899(cuting, in).15 F(the standard GNU)144 324 Q/F3 10 /Times-Italic@0 SF(cpu-company-system)2.5 E F0 2.5(format. The)2.5 F -(def)2.5 E(ault is system-dependent.)-.1 E F1(MAPFILE)108 336 Q F0 .293 -(An array v)144 348 R .293(ariable \(see)-.25 F F1(Arrays)2.793 E F0 -(belo)2.793 E .293(w\) created to hold the te)-.25 F .294 -(xt read by the)-.15 F F1(map\214le)2.794 E F0 -.2(bu)2.794 G .294 +(def)2.5 E(ault is system-dependent.)-.1 E F1(MAPFILE)108 336 Q F0 .294 +(An array v)144 348 R .294(ariable \(see)-.25 F F1(Arrays)2.794 E F0 +(belo)2.794 E .294(w\) created to hold the te)-.25 F .293 +(xt read by the)-.15 F F1(map\214le)2.793 E F0 -.2(bu)2.793 G .293 (iltin when no).2 F -.25(va)144 360 S(riable name is supplied.).25 E F1 (OLDPWD)108 372 Q F0(The pre)144 384 Q(vious w)-.25 E (orking directory as set by the)-.1 E F1(cd)2.5 E F0(command.)2.5 E F1 -(OPT)108 396 Q(ARG)-.9 E F0 1.627(The v)144 408 R 1.627 +(OPT)108 396 Q(ARG)-.9 E F0 1.626(The v)144 408 R 1.627 (alue of the last option ar)-.25 F 1.627(gument processed by the)-.18 F -F1(getopts)4.127 E F0 -.2(bu)4.127 G 1.626(iltin command \(see).2 F F2 -(SHELL)4.126 E -.09(BU)144 420 S(IL).09 E(TIN COMMANDS)-.828 E F0(belo) -2.25 E(w\).)-.25 E F1(OPTIND)108 432 Q F0 1.651(The inde)144 444 R 4.151 -(xo)-.15 G 4.151(ft)-4.151 G 1.651(he ne)-4.151 F 1.651(xt ar)-.15 F -1.652(gument to be processed by the)-.18 F F1(getopts)4.152 E F0 -.2(bu) -4.152 G 1.652(iltin command \(see).2 F F2(SHELL)4.152 E -.09(BU)144 456 +F1(getopts)4.127 E F0 -.2(bu)4.127 G 1.627(iltin command \(see).2 F F2 +(SHELL)4.127 E -.09(BU)144 420 S(IL).09 E(TIN COMMANDS)-.828 E F0(belo) +2.25 E(w\).)-.25 E F1(OPTIND)108 432 Q F0 1.652(The inde)144 444 R 4.152 +(xo)-.15 G 4.152(ft)-4.152 G 1.652(he ne)-4.152 F 1.652(xt ar)-.15 F +1.652(gument to be processed by the)-.18 F F1(getopts)4.151 E F0 -.2(bu) +4.151 G 1.651(iltin command \(see).2 F F2(SHELL)4.151 E -.09(BU)144 456 S(IL).09 E(TIN COMMANDS)-.828 E F0(belo)2.25 E(w\).)-.25 E F1(OSTYPE)108 468 Q F0 .329(Automatically set to a string that describes the operatin\ -g system on which)144 480 R F1(bash)2.829 E F0 .329(is e)2.829 F -.15 -(xe)-.15 G 2.829(cuting. The).15 F(def)144 492 Q -(ault is system-dependent.)-.1 E F1(PIPEST)108 504 Q -.95(AT)-.9 G(US) -.95 E F0 .61(An array v)144 516 R .61(ariable \(see)-.25 F F1(Arrays) -3.11 E F0(belo)3.11 E .61(w\) containing a list of e)-.25 F .61 -(xit status v)-.15 F .61(alues from the processes in)-.25 F -(the most-recently-e)144 528 Q -.15(xe)-.15 G(cuted fore).15 E +g system on which)144 480 R F1(bash)2.83 E F0 .33(is e)2.83 F -.15(xe) +-.15 G 2.83(cuting. The).15 F(def)144 492 Q(ault is system-dependent.) +-.1 E F1(PIPEST)108 504 Q -.95(AT)-.9 G(US).95 E F0 .61(An array v)144 +516 R .61(ariable \(see)-.25 F F1(Arrays)3.11 E F0(belo)3.11 E .61 +(w\) containing a list of e)-.25 F .61(xit status v)-.15 F .61 +(alues from the processes in)-.25 F(the most-recently-e)144 528 Q -.15 +(xe)-.15 G(cuted fore).15 E (ground pipeline \(which may contain only a single command\).)-.15 E F1 (PPID)108 540 Q F0(The process ID of the shell')144 540 Q 2.5(sp)-.55 G 2.5(arent. This)-2.5 F -.25(va)2.5 G(riable is readonly).25 E(.)-.65 E @@ -1938,155 +1941,154 @@ F1(PWD)108 552 Q F0(The current w)144 552 Q (orking directory as set by the)-.1 E F1(cd)2.5 E F0(command.)2.5 E F1 (RANDOM)108 564 Q F0 .417(Each time this parameter is referenced, it e) 144 576 R .417(xpands to a random inte)-.15 F .417 -(ger between 0 and 32767.)-.15 F(As-)5.416 E .55(signing a v)144 588 R -.55(alue to)-.25 F F2(RANDOM)3.05 E F0 .551 -(initializes \(seeds\) the sequence of random numbers.)2.801 F(If)5.551 -E F2(RANDOM)3.051 E F0(is)2.801 E -(unset, it loses its special properties, e)144 600 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.5 -(ni).15 G 2.5(fi)-2.5 G 2.5(ti)-2.5 G 2.5(ss)-2.5 G(ubsequently reset.) --2.5 E F1(READLINE_ARGUMENT)108 612 Q F0(An)144 624 Q 4.456(yn)-.15 G -1.956(umeric ar)-4.456 F 1.956(gument gi)-.18 F -.15(ve)-.25 G 4.456(nt) -.15 G 4.456(oaR)-4.456 G 1.956(eadline command that w)-4.456 F 1.956 -(as de\214ned using)-.1 F/F4 10/Courier@0 SF 1.955(bind -x)4.455 F F0 -(\(see)4.455 E F2(SHELL B)144 636 Q(UIL)-.09 E(TIN COMMANDS)-.828 E F0 -(belo)2.25 E(w\) when it w)-.25 E(as in)-.1 E -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G -(d.).1 E F1(READLINE_LINE)108 648 Q F0 1.546(The contents of the)144 660 -R F1 -.18(re)4.047 G(adline).18 E F0 1.547(line b)4.047 F(uf)-.2 E(fer) --.25 E 4.047(,f)-.4 G 1.547(or use with)-4.047 F F4 1.547(bind -x)4.047 -F F0(\(see)4.047 E F2 1.547(SHELL B)4.047 F(UIL)-.09 E 1.547(TIN COM-) --.828 F(MANDS)144 672 Q F0(belo)2.25 E(w\).)-.25 E F1(READLINE_MARK)108 -684 Q F0 .107(The position of the mark \(sa)144 696 R -.15(ve)-.2 G -2.607(di).15 G .107(nsertion point\) in the)-2.607 F F1 -.18(re)2.606 G -(adline).18 E F0 .106(line b)2.606 F(uf)-.2 E(fer)-.25 E 2.606(,f)-.4 G -.106(or use with)-2.606 F F4 .106(bind -x)2.606 F F0(\(see)144 708 Q F2 -1.016(SHELL B)3.516 F(UIL)-.09 E 1.016(TIN COMMANDS)-.828 F F0(belo) -3.266 E 3.516(w\). The)-.25 F 1.017 -(characters between the insertion point and the)3.516 F -(mark are often called the)144 720 Q F3 -.37(re)2.5 G(gion)-.03 E F0(.)A -(GNU Bash 5.2)72 768 Q(2022 March 11)144.29 E(14)193.45 E 0 Cg EP +(ger between 0 and 32767.)-.15 F(As-)5.417 E .551(signing a v)144 588 R +.551(alue to)-.25 F F2(RANDOM)3.051 E F0 .551 +(initializes \(seeds\) the sequence of random numbers.)2.801 F(If)5.55 E +F2(RANDOM)3.05 E F0(is)2.8 E(unset, it loses its special properties, e) +144 600 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.5(ni).15 G 2.5(fi)-2.5 G 2.5(ti)-2.5 G 2.5 +(ss)-2.5 G(ubsequently reset.)-2.5 E F1(READLINE_ARGUMENT)108 612 Q F0 +(An)144 624 Q 4.455(yn)-.15 G 1.955(umeric ar)-4.455 F 1.955(gument gi) +-.18 F -.15(ve)-.25 G 4.455(nt).15 G 4.456(oaR)-4.455 G 1.956 +(eadline command that w)-4.456 F 1.956(as de\214ned using)-.1 F/F4 10 +/Courier@0 SF 1.956(bind -x)4.456 F F0(\(see)4.456 E F2(SHELL B)144 636 +Q(UIL)-.09 E(TIN COMMANDS)-.828 E F0(belo)2.25 E(w\) when it w)-.25 E +(as in)-.1 E -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G(d.).1 E F1(READLINE_LINE)108 648 Q +F0 1.547(The contents of the)144 660 R F1 -.18(re)4.047 G(adline).18 E +F0 1.547(line b)4.047 F(uf)-.2 E(fer)-.25 E 4.047(,f)-.4 G 1.547 +(or use with)-4.047 F F4 1.547(bind -x)4.047 F F0(\(see)4.047 E F2 1.546 +(SHELL B)4.047 F(UIL)-.09 E 1.546(TIN COM-)-.828 F(MANDS)144 672 Q F0 +(belo)2.25 E(w\).)-.25 E F1(READLINE_MARK)108 684 Q F0 .106 +(The position of the mark \(sa)144 696 R -.15(ve)-.2 G 2.606(di).15 G +.106(nsertion point\) in the)-2.606 F F1 -.18(re)2.607 G(adline).18 E F0 +.107(line b)2.607 F(uf)-.2 E(fer)-.25 E 2.607(,f)-.4 G .107(or use with) +-2.607 F F4 .107(bind -x)2.607 F F0(\(see)144 708 Q F2 1.017(SHELL B) +3.517 F(UIL)-.09 E 1.017(TIN COMMANDS)-.828 F F0(belo)3.267 E 3.516 +(w\). The)-.25 F 1.016(characters between the insertion point and the) +3.516 F(mark are often called the)144 720 Q F3 -.37(re)2.5 G(gion)-.03 E +F0(.)A(GNU Bash 5.2)72 768 Q(2022 June 3)150.675 E(14)199.835 E 0 Cg EP %%Page: 15 15 %%BeginPageSetup BP %%EndPageSetup /F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 137.14(SH\(1\) General).35 F (Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 -SF(READLINE_POINT)108 84 Q F0 .314 +SF(READLINE_POINT)108 84 Q F0 .313 (The position of the insertion point in the)144 96 R F1 -.18(re)2.813 G (adline).18 E F0 .313(line b)2.813 F(uf)-.2 E(fer)-.25 E 2.813(,f)-.4 G -.313(or use with)-2.813 F/F2 10/Courier@0 SF .313(bind -x)2.813 F F0 -(\(see)2.813 E/F3 9/Times-Bold@0 SF(SHELL)2.813 E -.09(BU)144 108 S(IL) +.313(or use with)-2.813 F/F2 10/Courier@0 SF .314(bind -x)2.814 F F0 +(\(see)2.814 E/F3 9/Times-Bold@0 SF(SHELL)2.814 E -.09(BU)144 108 S(IL) .09 E(TIN COMMANDS)-.828 E F0(belo)2.25 E(w\).)-.25 E F1(REPL)108 120 Q (Y)-.92 E F0(Set to the line of input read by the)144 132 Q F1 -.18(re) 2.5 G(ad).18 E F0 -.2(bu)2.5 G(iltin command when no ar).2 E -(guments are supplied.)-.18 E F1(SECONDS)108 144 Q F0 .177 -(Each time this parameter is referenced, it e)144 156 R .178 +(guments are supplied.)-.18 E F1(SECONDS)108 144 Q F0 .178 +(Each time this parameter is referenced, it e)144 156 R .177 (xpands to the number of seconds since shell in)-.15 F -.2(vo)-.4 G -(cation.).2 E .713(If a v)144 168 R .712(alue is assigned to)-.25 F F3 +(cation.).2 E .712(If a v)144 168 R .712(alue is assigned to)-.25 F F3 (SECONDS)3.212 E/F4 9/Times-Roman@0 SF(,)A F0 .712(the v)2.962 F .712 -(alue returned upon subsequent references is the number)-.25 F .627 +(alue returned upon subsequent references is the number)-.25 F .628 (of seconds since the assignment plus the v)144 180 R .627 -(alue assigned.)-.25 F .628(The number of seconds at shell in)5.627 F --.2(vo)-.4 G(ca-).2 E .112(tion and the current time are al)144 192 R +(alue assigned.)-.25 F .627(The number of seconds at shell in)5.627 F +-.2(vo)-.4 G(ca-).2 E .111(tion and the current time are al)144 192 R -.1(wa)-.1 G .111(ys determined by querying the system clock.).1 F(If) -5.111 E F3(SECONDS)2.611 E F0 .111(is un-)2.361 F +5.112 E F3(SECONDS)2.612 E F0 .112(is un-)2.362 F (set, it loses its special properties, e)144 204 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.5 (ni).15 G 2.5(fi)-2.5 G 2.5(ti)-2.5 G 2.5(ss)-2.5 G(ubsequently reset.) --2.5 E F1(SHELLOPTS)108 216 Q F0 3.262(Ac)144 228 S .763 -(olon-separated list of enabled shell options.)-3.262 F .763(Each w) +-2.5 E F1(SHELLOPTS)108 216 Q F0 3.263(Ac)144 228 S .763 +(olon-separated list of enabled shell options.)-3.263 F .763(Each w) 5.763 F .763(ord in the list is a v)-.1 F .763(alid ar)-.25 F .763 -(gument for the)-.18 F F1144 240 Q F0 1.174(option to the)3.674 F -F1(set)3.674 E F0 -.2(bu)3.674 G 1.174(iltin command \(see).2 F F3 1.173 -(SHELL B)3.673 F(UIL)-.09 E 1.173(TIN COMMANDS)-.828 F F0(belo)3.423 E -3.673(w\). The)-.25 F(options)3.673 E .019(appearing in)144 252 R F3 -(SHELLOPTS)2.519 E F0 .019(are those reported as)2.269 F/F5 10 +(gument for the)-.18 F F1144 240 Q F0 1.173(option to the)3.673 F +F1(set)3.673 E F0 -.2(bu)3.673 G 1.173(iltin command \(see).2 F F3 1.174 +(SHELL B)3.674 F(UIL)-.09 E 1.174(TIN COMMANDS)-.828 F F0(belo)3.424 E +3.674(w\). The)-.25 F(options)3.674 E .02(appearing in)144 252 R F3 +(SHELLOPTS)2.52 E F0 .019(are those reported as)2.27 F/F5 10 /Times-Italic@0 SF(on)2.749 E F0(by)2.759 E F1 .019(set \255o)2.519 F F0 -5.019(.I)C 2.519(ft)-5.019 G .019(his v)-2.519 F .02 +5.019(.I)C 2.519(ft)-5.019 G .019(his v)-2.519 F .019 (ariable is in the en)-.25 F(vironment)-.4 E(when)144 264 Q F1(bash) -3.142 E F0 .642(starts up, each shell option in the list will be enable\ -d before reading an)3.142 F 3.141(ys)-.15 G .641(tartup \214les.)-3.141 +3.141 E F0 .642(starts up, each shell option in the list will be enable\ +d before reading an)3.141 F 3.142(ys)-.15 G .642(tartup \214les.)-3.142 F(This v)144 276 Q(ariable is read-only)-.25 E(.)-.65 E F1(SHL)108 288 Q (VL)-.92 E F0(Incremented by one each time an instance of)144 300 Q F1 -(bash)2.5 E F0(is started.)2.5 E F1(SRANDOM)108 312 Q F0 .76(This v)144 -324 R .76(ariable e)-.25 F .761(xpands to a 32-bit pseudo-random number\ - each time it is referenced. The random)-.15 F .565 +(bash)2.5 E F0(is started.)2.5 E F1(SRANDOM)108 312 Q F0 .761(This v)144 +324 R .761(ariable e)-.25 F .761(xpands to a 32-bit pseudo-random numbe\ +r each time it is referenced. The random)-.15 F .564 (number generator is not linear on systems that support)144 336 R F2 -(/dev/urandom)3.064 E F0(or)3.064 E F5(ar)3.064 E(c4r)-.37 E(andom)-.15 -E F0 3.064(,s)C 3.064(oe)-3.064 G(ach)-3.064 E .788 +(/dev/urandom)3.065 E F0(or)3.065 E F5(ar)3.065 E(c4r)-.37 E(andom)-.15 +E F0 3.065(,s)C 3.065(oe)-3.065 G(ach)-3.065 E .788 (returned number has no relationship to the numbers preceding it.)144 -348 R .788(The random number generator)5.788 F .088 +348 R .787(The random number generator)5.787 F .087 (cannot be seeded, so assignments to this v)144 360 R .087(ariable ha) --.25 F .387 -.15(ve n)-.2 H 2.587(oe).15 G -.25(ff)-2.587 G 2.587 -(ect. If).25 F F3(SRANDOM)2.587 E F0 .087(is unset, it loses its)2.337 F +-.25 F .387 -.15(ve n)-.2 H 2.587(oe).15 G -.25(ff)-2.587 G 2.588 +(ect. If).25 F F3(SRANDOM)2.588 E F0 .088(is unset, it loses its)2.338 F (special properties, e)144 372 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.5(ni).15 G 2.5(fi)-2.5 G 2.5(ti)-2.5 G 2.5(ss)-2.5 G(ubsequently reset.)-2.5 E F1(UID)108 384 Q F0(Expands to the user ID of the current user)144 384 Q 2.5(,i)-.4 G (nitialized at shell startup.)-2.5 E(This v)5 E(ariable is readonly)-.25 -E(.)-.65 E .993(The follo)108 400.8 R .993(wing v)-.25 F .994 +E(.)-.65 E .994(The follo)108 400.8 R .994(wing v)-.25 F .994 (ariables are used by the shell.)-.25 F .994(In some cases,)5.994 F F1 -(bash)3.494 E F0 .994(assigns a def)3.494 F .994(ault v)-.1 F .994 +(bash)3.494 E F0 .994(assigns a def)3.494 F .994(ault v)-.1 F .993 (alue to a v)-.25 F(ariable;)-.25 E(these cases are noted belo)108 412.8 Q -.65(w.)-.25 G F1 -.3(BA)108 429.6 S(SH_COMP).3 E -.95(AT)-.74 G F0 -.503(The v)144 441.6 R .502(alue is used to set the shell')-.25 F 3.002 +.502(The v)144 441.6 R .502(alue is used to set the shell')-.25 F 3.002 (sc)-.55 G .502(ompatibility le)-3.002 F -.15(ve)-.25 G 3.002(l. See).15 -F F3 .502(SHELL COMP)3.002 F -.855(AT)-.666 G .502(IBILITY MODE).855 F -F0(be-)2.752 E(lo)144 453.6 Q 2.662(wf)-.25 G .162 -(or a description of the v)-2.662 F .162(arious compatibility le)-.25 F --.15(ve)-.25 G .162(ls and their ef).15 F 2.663(fects. The)-.25 F -.25 -(va)2.663 G .163(lue may be a dec-).25 F .33 +F F3 .503(SHELL COMP)3.002 F -.855(AT)-.666 G .503(IBILITY MODE).855 F +F0(be-)2.753 E(lo)144 453.6 Q 2.663(wf)-.25 G .163 +(or a description of the v)-2.663 F .162(arious compatibility le)-.25 F +-.15(ve)-.25 G .162(ls and their ef).15 F 2.662(fects. The)-.25 F -.25 +(va)2.662 G .162(lue may be a dec-).25 F .33 (imal number \(e.g., 4.2\) or an inte)144 465.6 R .33 (ger \(e.g., 42\) corresponding to the desired compatibility le)-.15 F -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.83(l. If).15 F F1 -.3(BA)144 477.6 S(SH_COMP).3 E -.95 -(AT)-.74 G F0 .86 -(is unset or set to the empty string, the compatibility le)4.31 F -.15 -(ve)-.25 G 3.361(li).15 G 3.361(ss)-3.361 G .861(et to the def)-3.361 F -(ault)-.1 E .39(for the current v)144 489.6 R 2.89(ersion. If)-.15 F F1 --.3(BA)2.89 G(SH_COMP).3 E -.95(AT)-.74 G F0 .39(is set to a v)3.84 F -.39(alue that is not one of the v)-.25 F .39(alid compati-)-.25 F .277 +(AT)-.74 G F0 .861 +(is unset or set to the empty string, the compatibility le)4.311 F -.15 +(ve)-.25 G 3.36(li).15 G 3.36(ss)-3.36 G .86(et to the def)-3.36 F(ault) +-.1 E .39(for the current v)144 489.6 R 2.89(ersion. If)-.15 F F1 -.3 +(BA)2.89 G(SH_COMP).3 E -.95(AT)-.74 G F0 .39(is set to a v)3.84 F .39 +(alue that is not one of the v)-.25 F .39(alid compati-)-.25 F .278 (bility le)144 501.6 R -.15(ve)-.25 G .278 (ls, the shell prints an error message and sets the compatibility le).15 -F -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.778(lt).15 G 2.778(ot)-2.778 G .278(he def)-2.778 F -.278(ault for the)-.1 F 1.401(current v)144 513.6 R 3.901(ersion. The) --.15 F -.25(va)3.901 G 1.401(lid v).25 F 1.401 +F -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.777(lt).15 G 2.777(ot)-2.777 G .277(he def)-2.777 F +.277(ault for the)-.1 F 1.4(current v)144 513.6 R 3.9(ersion. The)-.15 F +-.25(va)3.901 G 1.401(lid v).25 F 1.401 (alues correspond to the compatibility le)-.25 F -.15(ve)-.25 G 1.401 -(ls described belo).15 F 3.9(wu)-.25 G(nder)-3.9 E F3 .153(SHELL COMP) -144 525.6 R -.855(AT)-.666 G .153(IBILITY MODE).855 F F4(.)A F0 -.15(Fo) -4.653 G 2.653(re).15 G .154(xample, 4.2 and 42 are v)-2.803 F .154 -(alid v)-.25 F .154(alues that correspond to the)-.25 F F1 .774 +(ls described belo).15 F 3.901(wu)-.25 G(nder)-3.901 E F3 .154 +(SHELL COMP)144 525.6 R -.855(AT)-.666 G .154(IBILITY MODE).855 F F4(.)A +F0 -.15(Fo)4.654 G 2.654(re).15 G .154(xample, 4.2 and 42 are v)-2.804 F +.153(alid v)-.25 F .153(alues that correspond to the)-.25 F F1 .773 (compat42 shopt)144 537.6 R F0 .774(option and set the compatibility le) -3.274 F -.15(ve)-.25 G 3.274(lt).15 G 3.274(o4)-3.274 G 3.274(2. The) --3.274 F .774(current v)3.274 F .773(ersion is also a v)-.15 F(alid)-.25 +3.273 F -.15(ve)-.25 G 3.274(lt).15 G 3.274(o4)-3.274 G 3.274(2. The) +-3.274 F .774(current v)3.274 F .774(ersion is also a v)-.15 F(alid)-.25 E -.25(va)144 549.6 S(lue.).25 E F1 -.3(BA)108 561.6 S(SH_ENV).3 E F0 -.505(If this parameter is set when)144 573.6 R F1(bash)3.005 E F0 .505 -(is e)3.005 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .506(cuting a shell script, its v).15 F -.506(alue is interpreted as a \214lename)-.25 F .391 +.506(If this parameter is set when)144 573.6 R F1(bash)3.006 E F0 .506 +(is e)3.006 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .505(cuting a shell script, its v).15 F +.505(alue is interpreted as a \214lename)-.25 F .39 (containing commands to initialize the shell, as in)144 585.6 R F5 -(~/.bashr)2.39 E(c)-.37 E F0 5.39(.T).31 G .39(he v)-5.39 F .39(alue of) --.25 F F3 -.27(BA)2.89 G(SH_ENV).27 E F0 .39(is subjected)2.64 F .525 -(to parameter e)144 597.6 R .525 +(~/.bashr)2.39 E(c)-.37 E F0 5.39(.T).31 G .39(he v)-5.39 F .391 +(alue of)-.25 F F3 -.27(BA)2.891 G(SH_ENV).27 E F0 .391(is subjected) +2.641 F .525(to parameter e)144 597.6 R .525 (xpansion, command substitution, and arithmetic e)-.15 F .525 (xpansion before being interpreted)-.15 F(as a \214lename.)144 609.6 Q F3 -.666(PA)5 G(TH)-.189 E F0 (is not used to search for the resultant \214lename.)2.25 E F1 -.3(BA) -108 621.6 S(SH_XTRA).3 E(CEFD)-.55 E F0 .481(If set to an inte)144 633.6 -R .481(ger corresponding to a v)-.15 F .481(alid \214le descriptor)-.25 -F(,)-.4 E F1(bash)2.98 E F0 .48(will write the trace output gener)2.98 F -(-)-.2 E 3.114(ated when)144 645.6 R F2 3.114(set -x)5.614 F F0 3.114 +108 621.6 S(SH_XTRA).3 E(CEFD)-.55 E F0 .48(If set to an inte)144 633.6 +R .48(ger corresponding to a v)-.15 F .481(alid \214le descriptor)-.25 F +(,)-.4 E F1(bash)2.981 E F0 .481(will write the trace output gener)2.981 +F(-)-.2 E 3.114(ated when)144 645.6 R F2 3.114(set -x)5.614 F F0 3.114 (is enabled to that \214le descriptor)5.614 F 8.114(.T)-.55 G 3.114 (he \214le descriptor is closed when)-8.114 F F3 -.27(BA)144 657.6 S (SH_XTRA).27 E(CEFD)-.495 E F0 .138(is unset or assigned a ne)2.388 F 2.638(wv)-.25 G 2.638(alue. Unsetting)-2.888 F F3 -.27(BA)2.638 G (SH_XTRA).27 E(CEFD)-.495 E F0 .138(or assigning it)2.388 F 2.531(the e\ mpty string causes the trace output to be sent to the standard error)144 -669.6 R 7.531(.N)-.55 G 2.531(ote that setting)-7.531 F F3 -.27(BA)144 +669.6 R 7.53(.N)-.55 G 2.53(ote that setting)-7.53 F F3 -.27(BA)144 681.6 S(SH_XTRA).27 E(CEFD)-.495 E F0 .74(to 2 \(the standard error \ -\214le descriptor\) and then unsetting it will result in the)2.991 F +\214le descriptor\) and then unsetting it will result in the)2.99 F (standard error being closed.)144 693.6 Q F1(CDP)108 705.6 Q -.95(AT) --.74 G(H).95 E F0 1.247(The search path for the)144 717.6 R F1(cd)3.747 -E F0 3.747(command. This)3.747 F 1.248 -(is a colon-separated list of directories in which the)3.747 F 3.796 +-.74 G(H).95 E F0 1.248(The search path for the)144 717.6 R F1(cd)3.748 +E F0 3.748(command. This)3.748 F 1.247 +(is a colon-separated list of directories in which the)3.748 F 3.795 (shell looks for destination directories speci\214ed by the)144 729.6 R -F1(cd)6.295 E F0 6.295(command. A)6.295 F 3.795(sample v)6.295 F 3.795 -(alue is)-.25 F(GNU Bash 5.2)72 768 Q(2022 March 11)144.29 E(15)193.45 E +F1(cd)6.295 E F0 6.296(command. A)6.296 F 3.796(sample v)6.296 F 3.796 +(alue is)-.25 F(GNU Bash 5.2)72 768 Q(2022 June 3)150.675 E(15)199.835 E 0 Cg EP %%Page: 16 16 %%BeginPageSetup @@ -2097,50 +2099,50 @@ BP (".:~:/usr")144 84 Q F0(.)A/F2 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(CHILD_MAX)108 96 Q F0 .997(Set the number of e)144 108 R .997(xited child status v)-.15 F .997 (alues for the shell to remember)-.25 F 5.997(.B)-.55 G .997 -(ash will not allo)-5.997 F 3.498(wt)-.25 G(his)-3.498 E -.25(va)144 120 -S 1.078(lue to be decreased belo).25 F 3.577(waP)-.25 G 1.077 -(OSIX-mandated minimum, and there is a maximum v)-3.577 F 1.077 +(ash will not allo)-5.997 F 3.497(wt)-.25 G(his)-3.497 E -.25(va)144 120 +S 1.077(lue to be decreased belo).25 F 3.577(waP)-.25 G 1.077 +(OSIX-mandated minimum, and there is a maximum v)-3.577 F 1.078 (alue \(cur)-.25 F(-)-.2 E(rently 8192\) that this may not e)144 132 Q 2.5(xceed. The)-.15 F(minimum v)2.5 E(alue is system-dependent.)-.25 E -F2(COLUMNS)108 144 Q F0 .828(Used by the)144 156 R F2(select)3.328 E F0 -.829(compound command to determine the terminal width when printing sel\ -ection)3.328 F 3.466(lists. Automatically)144 168 R .966(set if the) +F2(COLUMNS)108 144 Q F0 .829(Used by the)144 156 R F2(select)3.329 E F0 +.828(compound command to determine the terminal width when printing sel\ +ection)3.329 F 3.466(lists. 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This)2.909 F .408(does not af)2.908 F .408(fect the beha) +(xe)-.15 G 1.432(cution via).15 F F2 -.74(PA)144 348 S(TH)-.21 E F0 +2.908(lookup. This)2.908 F .408(does not af)2.908 F .408(fect the beha) -.25 F .408(vior of the)-.2 F F2([)2.908 E F0(,)A F2(test)2.908 E F0 -2.908(,a)C(nd)-2.908 E F2([[)2.908 E F0 2.908(commands. Full)2.908 F -(pathnames)2.908 E .364(in the command hash table are not subject to)144 +2.908(,a)C(nd)-2.908 E F2([[)2.908 E F0 2.909(commands. Full)2.908 F +(pathnames)2.909 E .364(in the command hash table are not subject to)144 360 R F2(EXECIGNORE)2.864 E F0 5.364(.U)C .364(se this v)-5.364 F .364 (ariable to ignore shared)-.25 F 1.37(library \214les that ha)144 372 R 1.67 -.15(ve t)-.2 H 1.37(he e).15 F -.15(xe)-.15 G 1.37 @@ -2149,90 +2151,90 @@ F0 5.117(.F)C .116 (honors the setting of the)144 384 Q F2(extglob)2.5 E F0(shell option.) 2.5 E F2(FCEDIT)108 396 Q F0(The def)144 408 Q(ault editor for the)-.1 E F2(fc)2.5 E F0 -.2(bu)2.5 G(iltin command.).2 E F2(FIGNORE)108 420 Q F0 -2.598(Ac)144 432 S .098(olon-separated list of suf)-2.598 F<8c78>-.25 E +2.599(Ac)144 432 S .098(olon-separated list of suf)-2.599 F<8c78>-.25 E .098(es to ignore when performing \214lename completion \(see)-.15 F F3 -(READLINE)2.599 E F0(belo)144 444 Q 2.705(w\). A)-.25 F .205 -(\214lename whose suf)2.705 F .205(\214x matches one of the entries in) --.25 F F3(FIGNORE)2.705 E F0 .205(is e)2.455 F .204 +(READLINE)2.598 E F0(belo)144 444 Q 2.704(w\). A)-.25 F .204 +(\214lename whose suf)2.704 F .205(\214x matches one of the entries in) +-.25 F F3(FIGNORE)2.705 E F0 .205(is e)2.455 F .205 (xcluded from the list)-.15 F(of matched \214lenames.)144 456 Q 2.5(As)5 G(ample v)-2.5 E(alue is)-.25 E F1(".o:~")2.5 E F0(.)A F2(FUNCNEST)108 -468 Q F0 .23(If set to a numeric v)144 480 R .231 +468 Q F0 .231(If set to a numeric v)144 480 R .231 (alue greater than 0, de\214nes a maximum function nesting le)-.25 F --.15(ve)-.25 G 2.731(l. Function).15 F(in)2.731 E -.2(vo)-.4 G(-).2 E +-.15(ve)-.25 G 2.73(l. 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If)144 528 R 2.948<618c>2.948 G .448 +(le name matched by a pathname e)-2.948 F .447 (xpansion pattern also matches one of the patterns in)-.15 F F3 (GLOBIGNORE)144 540 Q F4(,)A F0(it is remo)2.25 E -.15(ve)-.15 G 2.5(df) .15 G(rom the list of matches.)-2.5 E F2(HISTCONTR)108 552 Q(OL)-.3 E F0 -2.654(Ac)144 564 S .153(olon-separated list of v)-2.654 F .153 +2.653(Ac)144 564 S .153(olon-separated list of v)-2.653 F .153 (alues controlling ho)-.25 F 2.653(wc)-.25 G .153(ommands are sa)-2.653 F -.15(ve)-.2 G 2.653(do).15 G 2.653(nt)-2.653 G .153(he history list.) --2.653 F .153(If the list)5.153 F .49(of v)144 576 R .49(alues includes) +-2.653 F .154(If the list)5.153 F .49(of v)144 576 R .49(alues includes) -.25 F F5(ignor)3 E(espace)-.37 E F0 2.99(,l).18 G .49(ines which be) -2.99 F .49(gin with a)-.15 F F2(space)2.99 E F0 .49 (character are not sa)2.99 F -.15(ve)-.2 G 2.99(di).15 G 2.99(nt)-2.99 G -.49(he his-)-2.99 F .558(tory list.)144 588 R 3.058(Av)5.558 G .558 -(alue of)-3.308 F F5(ignor)3.068 E(edups)-.37 E F0 .558 -(causes lines matching the pre)3.328 F .557 -(vious history entry to not be sa)-.25 F -.15(ve)-.2 G(d.).15 E 2.925 -(Av)144 600 S .425(alue of)-3.175 F F5(ignor)2.935 E(eboth)-.37 E F0 -.426(is shorthand for)3.205 F F5(ignor)2.926 E(espace)-.37 E F0(and) -2.926 E F5(ignor)2.926 E(edups)-.37 E F0 5.426(.A)C -.25(va)-2.5 G .426 -(lue of).25 F F5(er)3.116 E(asedups)-.15 E F0(causes)3.196 E .699 +.49(he his-)-2.99 F .557(tory list.)144 588 R 3.057(Av)5.557 G .557 +(alue of)-3.307 F F5(ignor)3.067 E(edups)-.37 E F0 .557 +(causes lines matching the pre)3.327 F .558 +(vious history entry to not be sa)-.25 F -.15(ve)-.2 G(d.).15 E 2.926 +(Av)144 600 S .426(alue of)-3.176 F F5(ignor)2.936 E(eboth)-.37 E F0 +.426(is shorthand for)3.206 F F5(ignor)2.926 E(espace)-.37 E F0(and) +2.926 E F5(ignor)2.926 E(edups)-.37 E F0 5.426(.A)C -.25(va)-2.501 G +.425(lue of).25 F F5(er)3.115 E(asedups)-.15 E F0(causes)3.195 E .698 (all pre)144 612 R .698 (vious lines matching the current line to be remo)-.25 F -.15(ve)-.15 G -3.198(df).15 G .698(rom the history list before that line is)-3.198 F -(sa)144 624 Q -.15(ve)-.2 G 2.763(d. An).15 F 2.763(yv)-.15 G .263 -(alue not in the abo)-3.013 F .563 -.15(ve l)-.15 H .263 -(ist is ignored.).15 F(If)5.263 E F3(HISTCONTR)2.763 E(OL)-.27 E F0 .264 -(is unset, or does not include)2.513 F 2.942(av)144 636 S .442(alid v) --3.192 F .442(alue, all lines read by the shell parser are sa)-.25 F --.15(ve)-.2 G 2.941(do).15 G 2.941(nt)-2.941 G .441 -(he history list, subject to the v)-2.941 F .441(alue of)-.25 F F3 +3.198(df).15 G .699(rom the history list before that line is)-3.198 F +(sa)144 624 Q -.15(ve)-.2 G 2.764(d. An).15 F 2.764(yv)-.15 G .264 +(alue not in the abo)-3.014 F .563 -.15(ve l)-.15 H .263 +(ist is ignored.).15 F(If)5.263 E F3(HISTCONTR)2.763 E(OL)-.27 E F0 .263 +(is unset, or does not include)2.513 F 2.941(av)144 636 S .441(alid v) +-3.191 F .441(alue, all lines read by the shell parser are sa)-.25 F +-.15(ve)-.2 G 2.942(do).15 G 2.942(nt)-2.942 G .442 +(he history list, subject to the v)-2.942 F .442(alue of)-.25 F F3 (HISTIGNORE)144 648 Q F4(.)A F0 1.981(The second and subsequent lines o\ -f a multi-line compound command are not)6.481 F +f a multi-line compound command are not)6.482 F (tested, and are added to the history re)144 660 Q -.05(ga)-.15 G (rdless of the v).05 E(alue of)-.25 E F3(HISTCONTR)2.5 E(OL)-.27 E F4(.) A F2(HISTFILE)108 672 Q F0 .181 (The name of the \214le in which command history is sa)144 684 R -.15 (ve)-.2 G 2.681(d\().15 G(see)-2.681 E F3(HIST)2.681 E(OR)-.162 E(Y) --.315 E F0(belo)2.431 E 2.681(w\). 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The)-.25 F(def)2.682 E .182(ault v) -.1 F(alue)-.25 E(is)144 696 Q F5(~/.bash_history)2.5 E F0 5(.I)C 2.5 (fu)-5 G(nset, the command history is not sa)-2.5 E -.15(ve)-.2 G 2.5 (dw).15 G(hen a shell e)-2.5 E(xits.)-.15 E(GNU Bash 5.2)72 768 Q -(2022 March 11)144.29 E(16)193.45 E 0 Cg EP +(2022 June 3)150.675 E(16)199.835 E 0 Cg EP %%Page: 17 17 %%BeginPageSetup BP %%EndPageSetup /F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 137.14(SH\(1\) General).35 F (Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 -SF(HISTFILESIZE)108 84 Q F0 1.622 +SF(HISTFILESIZE)108 84 Q F0 1.623 (The maximum number of lines contained in the history \214le.)144 96 R -1.623(When this v)6.623 F 1.623(ariable is assigned a)-.25 F -.25(va)144 -108 S .125(lue, the history \214le is truncated, if necessary).25 F -2.625(,t)-.65 G 2.624(oc)-2.625 G .124 +1.622(When this v)6.623 F 1.622(ariable is assigned a)-.25 F -.25(va)144 +108 S .124(lue, the history \214le is truncated, if necessary).25 F +2.624(,t)-.65 G 2.624(oc)-2.624 G .125 (ontain no more than that number of lines by re-)-2.624 F(mo)144 120 Q -.065(ving the oldest entries.)-.15 F .066(The history \214le is also tr\ -uncated to this size after writing it when a shell)5.065 F -.15(ex)144 -132 S 2.928(its. 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If) --.25 F(the)3.888 E -.25(va)144 300 S .413(lue is 0, commands are not sa) +-.25 F(the)3.887 E -.25(va)144 300 S .412(lue is 0, commands are not sa) .25 F -.15(ve)-.2 G 2.913(di).15 G 2.913(nt)-2.913 G .413 -(he history list.)-2.913 F .413(Numeric v)5.413 F .412 -(alues less than zero result in e)-.25 F(v-)-.25 E .343 -(ery command being sa)144 312 R -.15(ve)-.2 G 2.843(do).15 G 2.843(nt) --2.843 G .343(he history list \(there is no limit\).)-2.843 F .344 -(The shell sets the def)5.343 F .344(ault v)-.1 F .344(alue to)-.25 F +(he history list.)-2.913 F .413(Numeric v)5.413 F .413 +(alues less than zero result in e)-.25 F(v-)-.25 E .344 +(ery command being sa)144 312 R -.15(ve)-.2 G 2.844(do).15 G 2.844(nt) +-2.844 G .343(he history list \(there is no limit\).)-2.844 F .343 +(The shell sets the def)5.343 F .343(ault v)-.1 F .343(alue to)-.25 F (500 after reading an)144 324 Q 2.5(ys)-.15 G(tartup \214les.)-2.5 E F1 -(HISTTIMEFORMA)108 336 Q(T)-.95 E F0 .952(If this v)144 348 R .952 -(ariable is set and not null, its v)-.25 F .951 +(HISTTIMEFORMA)108 336 Q(T)-.95 E F0 .951(If this v)144 348 R .951 +(ariable is set and not null, its v)-.25 F .952 (alue is used as a format string for)-.25 F/F4 10/Times-Italic@0 SF -(strftime)3.451 E F0 .951(\(3\) to print the)B .672 +(strftime)3.452 E F0 .952(\(3\) to print the)B .673 (time stamp associated with each history entry displayed by the)144 360 -R F1(history)3.173 E F0 -.2(bu)3.173 G 3.173(iltin. 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If).2 F .672(this v) +3.172 F .672(ariable is)-.25 F .144 (set, time stamps are written to the history \214le so the)144 372 R 2.644(ym)-.15 G .144(ay be preserv)-2.644 F .144 -(ed across shell sessions.)-.15 F(This)5.144 E(uses the history comment\ +(ed across shell sessions.)-.15 F(This)5.145 E(uses the history comment\ character to distinguish timestamps from other history lines.)144 384 Q F1(HOME)108 396 Q F0 1.27 (The home directory of the current user; the def)144 408 R 1.27(ault ar) @@ -2275,70 +2277,70 @@ F1(HOME)108 396 Q F0 1.27 (HOSTFILE)108 432 Q F0 1.015 (Contains the name of a \214le in the same format as)144 444 R F4 (/etc/hosts)5.181 E F0 1.015(that should be read when the shell)5.181 F -.55(needs to complete a hostname.)144 456 R .551 +.551(needs to complete a hostname.)144 456 R .551 (The list of possible hostname completions may be changed while)5.551 F -1.059(the shell is running; the ne)144 468 R 1.059 -(xt time hostname completion is attempted after the v)-.15 F 1.058 +1.058(the shell is running; the ne)144 468 R 1.059 +(xt time hostname completion is attempted after the v)-.15 F 1.059 (alue is changed,)-.25 F F1(bash)144 480 Q F0 .138 -(adds the contents of the ne)2.638 F 2.638<778c>-.25 G .138(le to the e) +(adds the contents of the ne)2.639 F 2.638<778c>-.25 G .138(le to the e) -2.638 F .138(xisting list.)-.15 F(If)5.138 E F2(HOSTFILE)2.638 E F0 -.138(is set, b)2.388 F .139(ut has no v)-.2 F .139(alue, or)-.25 F .518 -(does not name a readable \214le,)144 492 R F1(bash)3.018 E F0 .518 -(attempts to read)3.018 F F4(/etc/hosts)4.683 E F0 .517 -(to obtain the list of possible host-)4.683 F(name completions.)144 504 +.138(is set, b)2.388 F .138(ut has no v)-.2 F .138(alue, or)-.25 F .517 +(does not name a readable \214le,)144 492 R F1(bash)3.017 E F0 .517 +(attempts to read)3.017 F F4(/etc/hosts)4.684 E F0 .518 +(to obtain the list of possible host-)4.684 F(name completions.)144 504 Q(When)5 E F2(HOSTFILE)2.5 E F0(is unset, the hostname list is cleared.) -2.25 E F1(IFS)108 516 Q F0(The)144 516 Q F4 .555(Internal F)3.635 F .555 -(ield Separ)-.45 F(ator)-.15 E F0 .555(that is used for w)3.785 F .556 -(ord splitting after e)-.1 F .556(xpansion and to split lines into)-.15 +2.25 E F1(IFS)108 516 Q F0(The)144 516 Q F4 .556(Internal F)3.636 F .556 +(ield Separ)-.45 F(ator)-.15 E F0 .556(that is used for w)3.786 F .556 +(ord splitting after e)-.1 F .555(xpansion and to split lines into)-.15 F -.1(wo)144 528 S(rds with the).1 E F1 -.18(re)2.5 G(ad).18 E F0 -.2 (bu)2.5 G(iltin command.).2 E(The def)5 E(ault v)-.1 E(alue is `)-.25 E (`')-.25 E('.)-.74 E F1(IGNOREEOF)108 540 Q F0 .503(Controls the action of an interacti)144 552 R .803 -.15(ve s) -.25 H .503(hell on receipt of an).15 F F2(EOF)3.003 E F0 .503 -(character as the sole input.)2.753 F .503(If set,)5.503 F .426(the v) +(character as the sole input.)2.753 F .504(If set,)5.504 F .426(the v) 144 564 R .426(alue is the number of consecuti)-.25 F -.15(ve)-.25 G F2 (EOF)3.076 E F0 .426 -(characters which must be typed as the \214rst characters)2.676 F .303 +(characters which must be typed as the \214rst characters)2.676 F .302 (on an input line before)144 576 R F1(bash)2.802 E F0 -.15(ex)2.802 G 2.802(its. If).15 F .302(the v)2.802 F .302(ariable e)-.25 F .302 (xists b)-.15 F .302(ut does not ha)-.2 F .602 -.15(ve a n)-.2 H .302 -(umeric v).15 F .302(alue, or has)-.25 F(no v)144 588 Q(alue, the def) +(umeric v).15 F .303(alue, or has)-.25 F(no v)144 588 Q(alue, the def) -.25 E(ault v)-.1 E(alue is 10.)-.25 E(If it does not e)5 E(xist,)-.15 E F2(EOF)2.5 E F0(signi\214es the end of input to the shell.)2.25 E F1 -(INPUTRC)108 600 Q F0 .26(The \214lename for the)144 612 R F1 -.18(re) -2.76 G(adline).18 E F0 .26(startup \214le, o)2.76 F -.15(ve)-.15 G .26 -(rriding the def).15 F .261(ault of)-.1 F F4(~/.inputr)4.427 E(c)-.37 E -F0(\(see)4.427 E F2(READLINE)2.761 E F0(be-)2.511 E(lo)144 624 Q(w\).) --.25 E F1(INSIDE_EMA)108 636 Q(CS)-.55 E F0 .034(If this v)144 648 R -.034(ariable appears in the en)-.25 F .034 -(vironment when the shell starts,)-.4 F F1(bash)2.533 E F0 .033 -(assumes that it is running in-)2.533 F(side an Emacs shell b)144 660 Q +(INPUTRC)108 600 Q F0 .261(The \214lename for the)144 612 R F1 -.18(re) +2.761 G(adline).18 E F0 .261(startup \214le, o)2.761 F -.15(ve)-.15 G +.26(rriding the def).15 F .26(ault of)-.1 F F4(~/.inputr)4.426 E(c)-.37 +E F0(\(see)4.426 E F2(READLINE)2.76 E F0(be-)2.51 E(lo)144 624 Q(w\).) +-.25 E F1(INSIDE_EMA)108 636 Q(CS)-.55 E F0 .033(If this v)144 648 R +.033(ariable appears in the en)-.25 F .033 +(vironment when the shell starts,)-.4 F F1(bash)2.534 E F0 .034 +(assumes that it is running in-)2.534 F(side an Emacs shell b)144 660 Q (uf)-.2 E(fer and may disable line editing, depending on the v)-.25 E -(alue of)-.25 E F1(TERM)2.5 E F0(.)A F1(LANG)108 672 Q F0 1.239 +(alue of)-.25 E F1(TERM)2.5 E F0(.)A F1(LANG)108 672 Q F0 1.24 (Used to determine the locale cate)144 672 R 1.239(gory for an)-.15 F -3.739(yc)-.15 G(ate)-3.739 E 1.24 +3.739(yc)-.15 G(ate)-3.739 E 1.239 (gory not speci\214cally selected with a v)-.15 F(ariable)-.25 E -(starting with)144 684 Q F1(LC_)2.5 E F0(.)A F1(LC_ALL)108 696 Q F0 .974 -(This v)144 708 R 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A)-.25 F .472 +5.587 F .472(for commands \(see)144 492 R F2 .472(COMMAND EXECUTION) +2.972 F F0(belo)2.722 E 2.972(w\). A)-.25 F .471 (zero-length \(null\) directory name in the)2.972 F -.25(va)144 504 S -.536(lue of).25 F F2 -.666(PA)3.036 G(TH)-.189 E F0 .535 -(indicates the current directory)2.786 F 5.535(.A)-.65 G .535 -(null directory name may appear as tw)-2.5 F 3.035(oa)-.1 G(djacent) --3.035 E .867(colons, or as an initial or trailing colon.)144 516 R .868 -(The def)5.868 F .868(ault path is system-dependent, and is set by the) +.535(lue of).25 F F2 -.666(PA)3.035 G(TH)-.189 E F0 .535 +(indicates the current directory)2.785 F 5.535(.A)-.65 G .535 +(null directory name may appear as tw)-2.5 F 3.036(oa)-.1 G(djacent) +-3.036 E .868(colons, or as an initial or trailing colon.)144 516 R .868 +(The def)5.868 F .867(ault path is system-dependent, and is set by the) -.1 F(administrator who installs)144 528 Q F1(bash)2.5 E F0 5(.A)C (common v)-2.5 E(alue is)-.25 E/F4 10/Courier@0 SF (/usr/local/bin:/usr/lo-)2.5 E(cal/sbin:/usr/bin:/usr/sbin:/bin:/sbin) -144 540 Q F0(.)A F1(POSIXL)108 552 Q(Y_CORRECT)-.92 E F0 .471(If this v) -144 564 R .471(ariable is in the en)-.25 F .471(vironment when)-.4 F F1 +144 540 Q F0(.)A F1(POSIXL)108 552 Q(Y_CORRECT)-.92 E F0 .472(If this v) +144 564 R .472(ariable is in the en)-.25 F .471(vironment when)-.4 F F1 (bash)2.971 E F0 .471(starts, the shell enters)2.971 F/F5 10 -/Times-Italic@0 SF .472(posix mode)2.972 F F0 .472(before reading)2.972 +/Times-Italic@0 SF .471(posix mode)2.971 F F0 .471(before reading)2.971 F .011(the startup \214les, as if the)144 576 R F1(\255\255posix)2.511 E F0(in)2.511 E -.2(vo)-.4 G .011(cation option had been supplied.).2 F .011(If it is set while the shell is)5.011 F(running,)144 588 Q F1(bash) -4.497 E F0(enables)4.497 E F5 1.997(posix mode)4.497 F F0 4.497(,a)C +4.498 E F0(enables)4.498 E F5 1.997(posix mode)4.497 F F0 4.497(,a)C 4.497(si)-4.497 G 4.497(ft)-4.497 G 1.997(he command)-4.497 F F4 1.997 -(set -o posix)4.497 F F0 1.998(had been e)4.497 F -.15(xe)-.15 G(cuted.) +(set -o posix)4.497 F F0 1.997(had been e)4.497 F -.15(xe)-.15 G(cuted.) .15 E(When the shell enters)144 600 Q F5(posix mode)2.5 E F0 2.5(,i)C 2.5(ts)-2.5 G(ets this v)-2.5 E(ariable if it w)-.25 E (as not already set.)-.1 E F1(PR)108 612 Q(OMPT_COMMAND)-.3 E F0 .155 @@ -2432,49 +2434,49 @@ E F0(and)3.423 E F1(\\W)3.423 E F0 .923(prompt string escapes \(see) -.15 F F2(PR)3.674 E(OMPTING)-.27 E F0(belo)3.424 E 1.174 (w\) and displayed by interacti)-.25 F -.15(ve)-.25 G (shells after reading a command and before the command is e)144 720 Q --.15(xe)-.15 G(cuted.).15 E(GNU Bash 5.2)72 768 Q(2022 March 11)144.29 E -(18)193.45 E 0 Cg EP +-.15(xe)-.15 G(cuted.).15 E(GNU Bash 5.2)72 768 Q(2022 June 3)150.675 E +(18)199.835 E 0 Cg EP %%Page: 19 19 %%BeginPageSetup BP %%EndPageSetup /F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 137.14(SH\(1\) General).35 F (Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 -SF(PS1)108 84 Q F0 .064(The v)144 84 R .065(alue of this parameter is e) +SF(PS1)108 84 Q F0 .065(The v)144 84 R .065(alue of this parameter is e) -.25 F .065(xpanded \(see)-.15 F/F2 9/Times-Bold@0 SF(PR)2.565 E (OMPTING)-.27 E F0(belo)2.315 E .065(w\) and used as the primary prompt) -.25 F 2.5(string. The)144 96 R(def)2.5 E(ault v)-.1 E(alue is `)-.25 E (`)-.74 E F1(\\s\255\\v\\$)A F0 -.74('')2.5 G(.).74 E F1(PS2)108 108 Q -F0 .118(The v)144 108 R .118(alue of this parameter is e)-.25 F .118 -(xpanded as with)-.15 F F2(PS1)2.617 E F0 .117 -(and used as the secondary prompt string.)2.367 F(The)5.117 E(def)144 +F0 .117(The v)144 108 R .117(alue of this parameter is e)-.25 F .117 +(xpanded as with)-.15 F F2(PS1)2.617 E F0 .118 +(and used as the secondary prompt string.)2.368 F(The)5.118 E(def)144 120 Q(ault is `)-.1 E(`)-.74 E F1(>)A F0 -.74('')2.5 G(.).74 E F1(PS3) -108 132 Q F0 1.115(The v)144 132 R 1.115 +108 132 Q F0 1.116(The v)144 132 R 1.115 (alue of this parameter is used as the prompt for the)-.25 F F1(select) -3.615 E F0 1.116(command \(see)3.616 F F2 1.116(SHELL GRAM-)3.616 F(MAR) -144 144 Q F0(abo)2.25 E -.15(ve)-.15 G(\).).15 E F1(PS4)108 156 Q F0 -.101(The v)144 156 R .101(alue of this parameter is e)-.25 F .101 -(xpanded as with)-.15 F F2(PS1)2.6 E F0 .1(and the v)2.35 F .1 -(alue is printed before each command)-.25 F F1(bash)144 168 Q F0 .334 -(displays during an e)2.834 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .335(cution trace.).15 F +3.615 E F0 1.115(command \(see)3.615 F F2 1.115(SHELL GRAM-)3.615 F(MAR) +144 144 Q F0(abo)2.25 E -.15(ve)-.15 G(\).).15 E F1(PS4)108 156 Q F0 .1 +(The v)144 156 R .1(alue of this parameter is e)-.25 F .1 +(xpanded as with)-.15 F F2(PS1)2.6 E F0 .101(and the v)2.35 F .101 +(alue is printed before each command)-.25 F F1(bash)144 168 Q F0 .335 +(displays during an e)2.835 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .335(cution trace.).15 F .335(The \214rst character of the e)5.335 F .335(xpanded v)-.15 F .335 -(alue of)-.25 F F2(PS4)2.835 E F0 .335(is repli-)2.585 F +(alue of)-.25 F F2(PS4)2.834 E F0 .334(is repli-)2.584 F (cated multiple times, as necessary)144 180 Q 2.5(,t)-.65 G 2.5(oi)-2.5 G(ndicate multiple le)-2.5 E -.15(ve)-.25 G(ls of indirection.).15 E (The def)5 E(ault is `)-.1 E(`)-.74 E F1(+)A F0 -.74('')2.5 G(.).74 E F1 -(SHELL)108 192 Q F0 .543(This v)144 204 R .543(ariable e)-.25 F .543 -(xpands to the full pathname to the shell.)-.15 F .542 -(If it is not set when the shell starts,)5.543 F F1(bash)3.042 E F0 +(SHELL)108 192 Q F0 .542(This v)144 204 R .542(ariable e)-.25 F .542 +(xpands to the full pathname to the shell.)-.15 F .543 +(If it is not set when the shell starts,)5.543 F F1(bash)3.043 E F0 (assigns to it the full pathname of the current user')144 216 Q 2.5(sl) --.55 G(ogin shell.)-2.5 E F1(TIMEFORMA)108 228 Q(T)-.95 E F0 .826(The v) +-.55 G(ogin shell.)-2.5 E F1(TIMEFORMA)108 228 Q(T)-.95 E F0 .827(The v) 144 240 R .826 (alue of this parameter is used as a format string specifying ho)-.25 F -3.327(wt)-.25 G .827(he timing information for)-3.327 F .649 -(pipelines pre\214x)144 252 R .649(ed with the)-.15 F F1(time)3.149 E F0 -(reserv)3.149 E .649(ed w)-.15 F .648(ord should be displayed.)-.1 F -(The)5.648 E F1(%)3.148 E F0 .648(character introduces)3.148 F .711 +3.326(wt)-.25 G .826(he timing information for)-3.326 F .648 +(pipelines pre\214x)144 252 R .648(ed with the)-.15 F F1(time)3.148 E F0 +(reserv)3.148 E .648(ed w)-.15 F .649(ord should be displayed.)-.1 F +(The)5.649 E F1(%)3.149 E F0 .649(character introduces)3.149 F .712 (an escape sequence that is e)144 264 R .711(xpanded to a time v)-.15 F -.712(alue or other information.)-.25 F .712(The escape sequences)5.712 F +.711(alue or other information.)-.25 F .711(The escape sequences)5.711 F (and their meanings are as follo)144 276 Q (ws; the braces denote optional portions.)-.25 E F1(%%)144 294 Q F0 2.5 (Al)194 294 S(iteral)-2.5 E F1(%)2.5 E F0(.)A F1(%[)144 306 Q/F3 10 @@ -2486,20 +2488,20 @@ F3(p)A F1(][l]S)A F0(The number of CPU seconds spent in system mode.)194 (The CPU percentage, computed as \(%U + %S\) / %R.)194 342 Q .87 (The optional)144 358.8 R F3(p)3.37 E F0 .87(is a digit specifying the) 3.37 F F3(pr)3.37 E(ecision)-.37 E F0 3.37(,t)C .87 -(he number of fractional digits after a decimal)-3.37 F 2.525(point. A) -144 370.8 R -.25(va)2.525 G .025 -(lue of 0 causes no decimal point or fraction to be output.).25 F .026 -(At most three places after the)5.025 F .538 -(decimal point may be speci\214ed; v)144 382.8 R .538(alues of)-.25 F F3 -(p)3.038 E F0 .537(greater than 3 are changed to 3.)3.037 F(If)5.537 E -F3(p)3.037 E F0 .537(is not speci\214ed,)3.037 F(the v)144 394.8 Q -(alue 3 is used.)-.25 E .667(The optional)144 411.6 R F1(l)3.167 E F0 +(he number of fractional digits after a decimal)-3.37 F 2.526(point. A) +144 370.8 R -.25(va)2.526 G .025 +(lue of 0 causes no decimal point or fraction to be output.).25 F .025 +(At most three places after the)5.025 F .537 +(decimal point may be speci\214ed; v)144 382.8 R .537(alues of)-.25 F F3 +(p)3.037 E F0 .537(greater than 3 are changed to 3.)3.037 F(If)5.538 E +F3(p)3.038 E F0 .538(is not speci\214ed,)3.038 F(the v)144 394.8 Q +(alue 3 is used.)-.25 E .668(The optional)144 411.6 R F1(l)3.168 E F0 .668(speci\214es a longer format, including minutes, of the form)3.168 F -F3(MM)3.168 E F0(m)A F3(SS)A F0(.)A F3(FF)A F0 3.168(s. The)B -.25(va) -3.168 G(lue).25 E(of)144 423.6 Q F3(p)2.5 E F0 -(determines whether or not the fraction is included.)2.5 E 13.365 -(If this v)144 440.4 R 13.365(ariable is not set,)-.25 F F1(bash)15.865 -E F0 13.364(acts as if it had the v)15.865 F(alue)-.25 E F1($\010\\nr) +F3(MM)3.168 E F0(m)A F3(SS)A F0(.)A F3(FF)A F0 3.167(s. The)B -.25(va) +3.167 G(lue).25 E(of)144 423.6 Q F3(p)2.5 E F0 +(determines whether or not the fraction is included.)2.5 E 13.364 +(If this v)144 440.4 R 13.364(ariable is not set,)-.25 F F1(bash)15.865 +E F0 13.365(acts as if it had the v)15.865 F(alue)-.25 E F1($\010\\nr) 144 452.4 Q(eal\\t%3lR\\nuser\\t%3lU\\nsys\\t%3lS\010)-.18 E F0 7.113 (.I)C 4.613(ft)-7.113 G 2.113(he v)-4.613 F 2.113 (alue is null, no timing information is dis-)-.25 F 2.5(played. A)144 @@ -2508,198 +2510,198 @@ E F0 13.364(acts as if it had the v)15.865 F(alue)-.25 E F1($\010\\nr) 476.4 Q F0 .941(If set to a v)144 488.4 R .941(alue greater than zero,) -.25 F F2(TMOUT)3.441 E F0 .941(is treated as the def)3.191 F .941 (ault timeout for the)-.1 F F1 -.18(re)3.441 G(ad).18 E F0 -.2(bu)3.441 -G(iltin.).2 E(The)144 500.4 Q F1(select)2.81 E F0 .31 -(command terminates if input does not arri)2.81 F .611 -.15(ve a)-.25 H -(fter).15 E F2(TMOUT)2.811 E F0 .311(seconds when input is com-)2.561 F -.886(ing from a terminal.)144 512.4 R .886(In an interacti)5.886 F 1.185 --.15(ve s)-.25 H .885(hell, the v).15 F .885 +G(iltin.).2 E(The)144 500.4 Q F1(select)2.811 E F0 .311 +(command terminates if input does not arri)2.811 F .61 -.15(ve a)-.25 H +(fter).15 E F2(TMOUT)2.81 E F0 .31(seconds when input is com-)2.56 F +.885(ing from a terminal.)144 512.4 R .885(In an interacti)5.885 F 1.185 +-.15(ve s)-.25 H .885(hell, the v).15 F .886 (alue is interpreted as the number of seconds to)-.25 F -.1(wa)144 524.4 S 1.05(it for a line of input after issuing the primary prompt.).1 F F1 (Bash)6.05 E F0 1.05(terminates after w)3.55 F 1.05(aiting for that)-.1 F(number of seconds if a complete line of input does not arri)144 536.4 -Q -.15(ve)-.25 G(.).15 E F1(TMPDIR)108 548.4 Q F0 .391(If set,)144 560.4 -R F1(bash)2.891 E F0 .391(uses its v)2.891 F .391 -(alue as the name of a directory in which)-.25 F F1(bash)2.89 E F0 .39 -(creates temporary \214les for the)2.89 F(shell')144 572.4 Q 2.5(su)-.55 -G(se.)-2.5 E F1(auto_r)108 584.4 Q(esume)-.18 E F0 .53(This v)144 596.4 -R .53(ariable controls ho)-.25 F 3.03(wt)-.25 G .531 -(he shell interacts with the user and job control.)-3.03 F .531 -(If this v)5.531 F .531(ariable is set,)-.25 F .539(single w)144 608.4 R +Q -.15(ve)-.25 G(.).15 E F1(TMPDIR)108 548.4 Q F0 .39(If set,)144 560.4 +R F1(bash)2.89 E F0 .39(uses its v)2.89 F .39 +(alue as the name of a directory in which)-.25 F F1(bash)2.891 E F0 .391 +(creates temporary \214les for the)2.891 F(shell')144 572.4 Q 2.5(su) +-.55 G(se.)-2.5 E F1(auto_r)108 584.4 Q(esume)-.18 E F0 .531(This v)144 +596.4 R .531(ariable controls ho)-.25 F 3.031(wt)-.25 G .531 +(he shell interacts with the user and job control.)-3.031 F .53 +(If this v)5.53 F .53(ariable is set,)-.25 F .538(single w)144 608.4 R .538(ord simple commands without redirections are treated as candidates\ - for resumption of an)-.1 F -.15(ex)144 620.4 S .366(isting stopped job) -.15 F 5.366(.T)-.4 G .366(here is no ambiguity allo)-5.366 F .366 -(wed; if there is more than one job be)-.25 F .367(ginning with)-.15 F -1.125(the string typed, the job most recently accessed is selected.)144 -632.4 R(The)6.125 E F3(name)3.985 E F0 1.124(of a stopped job, in this) -3.805 F(conte)144 644.4 Q 1.132 + for resumption of an)-.1 F -.15(ex)144 620.4 S .367(isting stopped job) +.15 F 5.367(.T)-.4 G .366(here is no ambiguity allo)-5.367 F .366 +(wed; if there is more than one job be)-.25 F .366(ginning with)-.15 F +1.124(the string typed, the job most recently accessed is selected.)144 +632.4 R(The)6.125 E F3(name)3.985 E F0 1.125(of a stopped job, in this) +3.805 F(conte)144 644.4 Q 1.133 (xt, is the command line used to start it.)-.15 F 1.133(If set to the v) -6.133 F(alue)-.25 E F3 -.2(ex)3.633 G(act).2 E F0 3.633(,t).68 G 1.133 -(he string supplied must)-3.633 F .606 +6.133 F(alue)-.25 E F3 -.2(ex)3.633 G(act).2 E F0 3.632(,t).68 G 1.132 +(he string supplied must)-3.632 F .605 (match the name of a stopped job e)144 656.4 R .606(xactly; if set to) --.15 F F3(substring)3.445 E F0 3.105(,t).22 G .605 -(he string supplied needs to match a)-3.105 F .884 +-.15 F F3(substring)3.446 E F0 3.106(,t).22 G .606 +(he string supplied needs to match a)-3.106 F .885 (substring of the name of a stopped job)144 668.4 R 5.884(.T)-.4 G(he) --5.884 E F3(substring)3.724 E F0 -.25(va)3.604 G .885(lue pro).25 F .885 -(vides functionality analogous to)-.15 F(the)144 680.4 Q F1(%?)3.334 E -F0 .834(job identi\214er \(see)5.834 F F2 .834(JOB CONTR)3.334 F(OL)-.27 +-5.884 E F3(substring)3.724 E F0 -.25(va)3.604 G .884(lue pro).25 F .884 +(vides functionality analogous to)-.15 F(the)144 680.4 Q F1(%?)3.333 E +F0 .833(job identi\214er \(see)5.833 F F2 .834(JOB CONTR)3.334 F(OL)-.27 E F0(belo)3.084 E 3.334(w\). If)-.25 F .834(set to an)3.334 F 3.334(yo) --.15 G .834(ther v)-3.334 F .833(alue, the supplied string)-.25 F .315 +-.15 G .834(ther v)-3.334 F .834(alue, the supplied string)-.25 F .316 (must be a pre\214x of a stopped job')144 692.4 R 2.816(sn)-.55 G .316 -(ame; this pro)-2.816 F .316(vides functionality analogous to the)-.15 F -F1(%)2.816 E F3(string)A F0(job)2.816 E(identi\214er)144 704.4 Q(.)-.55 -E(GNU Bash 5.2)72 768 Q(2022 March 11)144.29 E(19)193.45 E 0 Cg EP +(ame; this pro)-2.816 F .315(vides functionality analogous to the)-.15 F +F1(%)2.815 E F3(string)A F0(job)2.815 E(identi\214er)144 704.4 Q(.)-.55 +E(GNU Bash 5.2)72 768 Q(2022 June 3)150.675 E(19)199.835 E 0 Cg EP %%Page: 20 20 %%BeginPageSetup BP %%EndPageSetup /F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 137.14(SH\(1\) General).35 F (Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 -SF(histchars)108 84 Q F0 .546(The tw)144 96 R 3.046(oo)-.1 G 3.046(rt) --3.046 G .546(hree characters which control history e)-3.046 F .545 -(xpansion and tok)-.15 F .545(enization \(see)-.1 F/F2 9/Times-Bold@0 SF -(HIST)3.045 E(OR)-.162 E 2.795(YE)-.315 G(X-)-2.795 E -.666(PA)144 108 S -(NSION).666 E F0(belo)2.987 E 3.237(w\). The)-.25 F .737 -(\214rst character is the)3.237 F/F3 10/Times-Italic@0 SF .737 -(history e)3.237 F(xpansion)-.2 E F0(character)3.238 E 3.238(,t)-.4 G -.738(he character which sig-)-3.238 F .761 -(nals the start of a history e)144 120 R .761(xpansion, normally `)-.15 -F F1(!)A F0 3.261('. The)B .76(second character is the)3.261 F F3(quic) -3.26 E 3.26(ks)-.2 G(ubstitution)-3.26 E F0(character)144 132 Q 3.476 -(,w)-.4 G .977(hich is used as shorthand for re-running the pre)-3.476 F -.977(vious command entered, substituting)-.25 F .131 -(one string for another in the command.)144 144 R .131(The def)5.131 F -.131(ault is `)-.1 F F1(^)A F0 2.63('. The)B .13 -(optional third character is the char)2.63 F(-)-.2 E .276(acter which i\ -ndicates that the remainder of the line is a comment when found as the \ -\214rst character)144 156 R .46(of a w)144 168 R .46(ord, normally `)-.1 -F F1(#)A F0 2.959('. The)B .459 +SF(histchars)108 84 Q F0 .545(The tw)144 96 R 3.045(oo)-.1 G 3.045(rt) +-3.045 G .545(hree characters which control history e)-3.045 F .546 +(xpansion and tok)-.15 F .546(enization \(see)-.1 F/F2 9/Times-Bold@0 SF +(HIST)3.046 E(OR)-.162 E 2.796(YE)-.315 G(X-)-2.796 E -.666(PA)144 108 S +(NSION).666 E F0(belo)2.988 E 3.238(w\). The)-.25 F .738 +(\214rst character is the)3.238 F/F3 10/Times-Italic@0 SF .737 +(history e)3.237 F(xpansion)-.2 E F0(character)3.237 E 3.237(,t)-.4 G +.737(he character which sig-)-3.237 F .76(nals the start of a history e) +144 120 R .761(xpansion, normally `)-.15 F F1(!)A F0 3.261('. The)B .761 +(second character is the)3.261 F F3(quic)3.261 E 3.261(ks)-.2 G +(ubstitution)-3.261 E F0(character)144 132 Q 3.477(,w)-.4 G .977 +(hich is used as shorthand for re-running the pre)-3.477 F .976 +(vious command entered, substituting)-.25 F .13 +(one string for another in the command.)144 144 R .131(The def)5.13 F +.131(ault is `)-.1 F F1(^)A F0 2.631('. The)B .131 +(optional third character is the char)2.631 F(-)-.2 E .276(acter which \ +indicates that the remainder of the line is a comment when found as the\ + \214rst character)144 156 R .459(of a w)144 168 R .459(ord, normally `) +-.1 F F1(#)A F0 2.959('. The)B .459 (history comment character causes history substitution to be skipped) -2.959 F .466(for the remaining w)144 180 R .466(ords on the line.)-.1 F -.467(It does not necessarily cause the shell parser to treat the rest) +2.959 F .467(for the remaining w)144 180 R .467(ords on the line.)-.1 F +.466(It does not necessarily cause the shell parser to treat the rest) 5.467 F(of the line as a comment.)144 192 Q F1(Arrays)87 208.8 Q(Bash) -108 220.8 Q F0(pro)3.391 E .891(vides one-dimensional inde)-.15 F -.15 -(xe)-.15 G 3.391(da).15 G .891(nd associati)-3.391 F 1.191 -.15(ve a) --.25 H .891(rray v).15 F 3.391(ariables. An)-.25 F 3.391(yv)-.15 G .89 +108 220.8 Q F0(pro)3.39 E .89(vides one-dimensional inde)-.15 F -.15(xe) +-.15 G 3.39(da).15 G .891(nd associati)-3.39 F 1.191 -.15(ve a)-.25 H +.891(rray v).15 F 3.391(ariables. An)-.25 F 3.391(yv)-.15 G .891 (ariable may be used as an)-3.641 F(inde)108 232.8 Q -.15(xe)-.15 G -2.573(da).15 G .073(rray; the)-2.573 F F1(declar)2.573 E(e)-.18 E F0 -.2 -(bu)2.573 G .073(iltin will e).2 F .073(xplicitly declare an array)-.15 -F 5.073(.T)-.65 G .074(here is no maximum limit on the size of)-5.073 F -.329(an array)108 244.8 R 2.829(,n)-.65 G .329(or an)-2.829 F 2.829(yr) --.15 G .329(equirement that members be inde)-2.829 F -.15(xe)-.15 G -2.829(do).15 G 2.829(ra)-2.829 G .328(ssigned contiguously)-2.829 F -5.328(.I)-.65 G(nde)-5.328 E -.15(xe)-.15 G 2.828(da).15 G .328 -(rrays are refer)-2.828 F(-)-.2 E 1.595(enced using inte)108 256.8 R +2.574(da).15 G .074(rray; the)-2.574 F F1(declar)2.574 E(e)-.18 E F0 -.2 +(bu)2.574 G .074(iltin will e).2 F .073(xplicitly declare an array)-.15 +F 5.073(.T)-.65 G .073(here is no maximum limit on the size of)-5.073 F +.328(an array)108 244.8 R 2.828(,n)-.65 G .328(or an)-2.828 F 2.828(yr) +-.15 G .329(equirement that members be inde)-2.828 F -.15(xe)-.15 G +2.829(do).15 G 2.829(ra)-2.829 G .329(ssigned contiguously)-2.829 F +5.329(.I)-.65 G(nde)-5.329 E -.15(xe)-.15 G 2.829(da).15 G .329 +(rrays are refer)-2.829 F(-)-.2 E 1.595(enced using inte)108 256.8 R 1.595(gers \(including arithmetic e)-.15 F 1.595 (xpressions\) and are zero-based; associati)-.15 F 1.895 -.15(ve a)-.25 H 1.595(rrays are refer).15 F(-)-.2 E(enced using arbitrary strings.)108 268.8 Q(Unless otherwise noted, inde)5 E -.15(xe)-.15 G 2.5(da).15 G (rray indices must be non-ne)-2.5 E -.05(ga)-.15 G(ti).05 E .3 -.15 -(ve i)-.25 H(nte).15 E(gers.)-.15 E 2.463(An inde)108 285.6 R -.15(xe) --.15 G 4.963(da).15 G 2.463(rray is created automatically if an)-4.963 F -4.963(yv)-.15 G 2.462(ariable is assigned to using the syntax)-5.213 F -F3(name)4.962 E F0([)A F3(sub-)A(script)108 297.6 Q F0(]=)A F3(value)A -F0 5.506(.T)C(he)-5.506 E F3(subscript)3.346 E F0 .507 +(ve i)-.25 H(nte).15 E(gers.)-.15 E 2.462(An inde)108 285.6 R -.15(xe) +-.15 G 4.962(da).15 G 2.462(rray is created automatically if an)-4.962 F +4.963(yv)-.15 G 2.463(ariable is assigned to using the syntax)-5.213 F +F3(name)4.963 E F0([)A F3(sub-)A(script)108 297.6 Q F0(]=)A F3(value)A +F0 5.507(.T)C(he)-5.507 E F3(subscript)3.347 E F0 .507 (is treated as an arithmetic e)3.687 F .507(xpression that must e)-.15 F --.25(va)-.25 G .507(luate to a number).25 F 5.507(.T)-.55 G 3.007(oe) --6.307 G(x-)-3.157 E 1.193(plicitly declare an inde)108 309.6 R -.15(xe) --.15 G 3.693(da).15 G(rray)-3.693 E 3.693(,u)-.65 G(se)-3.693 E F1 -(declar)3.693 E 3.693<65ad>-.18 G(a)-3.693 E F3(name)3.693 E F0(\(see) -3.692 E F2 1.192(SHELL B)3.692 F(UIL)-.09 E 1.192(TIN COMMANDS)-.828 F -F0(belo)3.442 E(w\).)-.25 E F1(de-)6.192 E(clar)108 321.6 Q 2.5<65ad> +-.25(va)-.25 G .507(luate to a number).25 F 5.506(.T)-.55 G 3.006(oe) +-6.306 G(x-)-3.156 E 1.192(plicitly declare an inde)108 309.6 R -.15(xe) +-.15 G 3.692(da).15 G(rray)-3.692 E 3.692(,u)-.65 G(se)-3.692 E F1 +(declar)3.692 E 3.693<65ad>-.18 G(a)-3.693 E F3(name)3.693 E F0(\(see) +3.693 E F2 1.193(SHELL B)3.693 F(UIL)-.09 E 1.193(TIN COMMANDS)-.828 F +F0(belo)3.443 E(w\).)-.25 E F1(de-)6.193 E(clar)108 321.6 Q 2.5<65ad> -.18 G(a)-2.5 E F3(name)2.5 E F1([)A F3(subscript)A F1(])A F0 (is also accepted; the)2.5 E F3(subscript)2.5 E F0(is ignored.)2.5 E (Associati)108 338.4 Q .3 -.15(ve a)-.25 H(rrays are created using).15 E F1(declar)2.5 E 2.5<65ad>-.18 G(A)-2.5 E F3(name)2.5 E F0(.)A(Attrib)108 -355.2 Q .94(utes may be speci\214ed for an array v)-.2 F .941 -(ariable using the)-.25 F F1(declar)3.441 E(e)-.18 E F0(and)3.441 E F1 --.18(re)3.441 G(adonly).18 E F0 -.2(bu)3.441 G 3.441(iltins. Each).2 F -(attrib)3.441 E(ute)-.2 E(applies to all members of an array)108 367.2 Q +355.2 Q .941(utes may be speci\214ed for an array v)-.2 F .941 +(ariable using the)-.25 F F1(declar)3.441 E(e)-.18 E F0(and)3.44 E F1 +-.18(re)3.44 G(adonly).18 E F0 -.2(bu)3.44 G 3.44(iltins. Each).2 F +(attrib)3.44 E(ute)-.2 E(applies to all members of an array)108 367.2 Q (.)-.65 E 1.647 (Arrays are assigned to using compound assignments of the form)108 384 R F3(name)4.147 E F0(=)A F1(\()A F0 -.25(va)C(lue).25 E F3(1)A F0 1.647 -(... v)4.147 F(alue)-.25 E F3(n)A F1(\))A F0 4.147(,w)C 1.647(here each) --4.147 F F3(value)108 396 Q F0 .211(may be of the form [)2.711 F F3 +(... v)4.147 F(alue)-.25 E F3(n)A F1(\))A F0 4.148(,w)C 1.648(here each) +-4.148 F F3(value)108 396 Q F0 .212(may be of the form [)2.712 F F3 (subscript)A F0(]=)A F3(string)A F0 5.211(.I)C(nde)-5.211 E -.15(xe)-.15 -G 2.711(da).15 G .212(rray assignments do not require an)-2.711 F .212 -(ything b)-.15 F(ut)-.2 E F3(string)2.712 E F0(.)A(Each)108 408 Q F3 -(value)2.53 E F0 .029(in the list is e)2.529 F .029 +G 2.711(da).15 G .211(rray assignments do not require an)-2.711 F .211 +(ything b)-.15 F(ut)-.2 E F3(string)2.711 E F0(.)A(Each)108 408 Q F3 +(value)2.529 E F0 .029(in the list is e)2.529 F .029 (xpanded using all the shell e)-.15 F .029(xpansions described belo)-.15 F 2.529(wu)-.25 G(nder)-2.529 E F2(EXP)2.529 E(ANSION)-.666 E/F4 9 -/Times-Roman@0 SF(.)A F0(When)4.529 E .995(assigning to inde)108 420 R --.15(xe)-.15 G 3.495(da).15 G .995(rrays, if the optional brack)-3.495 F -.996(ets and subscript are supplied, that inde)-.1 F 3.496(xi)-.15 G -3.496(sa)-3.496 G .996(ssigned to;)-3.496 F .417(otherwise the inde)108 -432 R 2.917(xo)-.15 G 2.917(ft)-2.917 G .417 -(he element assigned is the last inde)-2.917 F 2.917(xa)-.15 G .416 -(ssigned to by the statement plus one.)-2.917 F(Inde)5.416 E(x-)-.15 E +/Times-Roman@0 SF(.)A F0(When)4.53 E .996(assigning to inde)108 420 R +-.15(xe)-.15 G 3.496(da).15 G .996(rrays, if the optional brack)-3.496 F +.996(ets and subscript are supplied, that inde)-.1 F 3.495(xi)-.15 G +3.495(sa)-3.495 G .995(ssigned to;)-3.495 F .416(otherwise the inde)108 +432 R 2.916(xo)-.15 G 2.916(ft)-2.916 G .417 +(he element assigned is the last inde)-2.916 F 2.917(xa)-.15 G .417 +(ssigned to by the statement plus one.)-2.917 F(Inde)5.417 E(x-)-.15 E (ing starts at zero.)108 444 Q 1.288(When assigning to an associati)108 460.8 R 1.588 -.15(ve a)-.25 H(rray).15 E 3.788(,t)-.65 G 1.288(he w) -3.788 F 1.288(ords in a compound assignment may be either assignment) -.1 F .608 (statements, for which the subscript is required, or a list of w)108 472.8 R .608(ords that is interpreted as a sequence of alter)-.1 F(-)-.2 -E 1.956(nating k)108 484.8 R -.15(ey)-.1 G 4.456(sa).15 G 1.956(nd v) --4.456 F(alues:)-.25 E F3(name)4.456 E F0(=)A F1(\()A F3 -.1(ke)4.456 G +E 1.957(nating k)108 484.8 R -.15(ey)-.1 G 4.457(sa).15 G 1.957(nd v) +-4.457 F(alues:)-.25 E F3(name)4.457 E F0(=)A F1(\()A F3 -.1(ke)4.457 G 1.957(y1 value1 k)-.2 F -.3(ey)-.1 G 4.457(2v).3 G(alue2)-4.457 E F0 -(...)4.457 E F1(\))A F0 6.957(.T)C 1.957 -(hese are treated identically to)-6.957 F F3(name)4.457 E F0(=)A F1(\()A -F0([)108 496.8 Q F3 -.1(ke)C(y1)-.2 E F0(]=)A F3(value1)A F0([)3.133 E -F3 -.1(ke)C(y2)-.2 E F0(]=)A F3(value2)A F0(...)3.133 E F1(\))A F0 5.633 -(.T)C .633(he \214rst w)-5.633 F .633(ord in the list determines ho)-.1 -F 3.132(wt)-.25 G .632(he remaining w)-3.132 F .632(ords are inter)-.1 F -(-)-.2 E .153 +(...)4.457 E F1(\))A F0 6.957(.T)C 1.956 +(hese are treated identically to)-6.957 F F3(name)4.456 E F0(=)A F1(\()A +F0([)108 496.8 Q F3 -.1(ke)C(y1)-.2 E F0(]=)A F3(value1)A F0([)3.132 E +F3 -.1(ke)C(y2)-.2 E F0(]=)A F3(value2)A F0(...)3.132 E F1(\))A F0 5.632 +(.T)C .632(he \214rst w)-5.632 F .633(ord in the list determines ho)-.1 +F 3.133(wt)-.25 G .633(he remaining w)-3.133 F .633(ords are inter)-.1 F +(-)-.2 E .154 (preted; all assignments in a list must be of the same type.)108 508.8 R -.154(When using k)5.154 F -.15(ey)-.1 G(/v).15 E .154(alue pairs, the k) --.25 F -.15(ey)-.1 G 2.654(sm).15 G .154(ay not be)-2.654 F +.153(When using k)5.153 F -.15(ey)-.1 G(/v).15 E .153(alue pairs, the k) +-.25 F -.15(ey)-.1 G 2.653(sm).15 G .153(ay not be)-2.653 F (missing or empty; a \214nal missing v)108 520.8 Q(alue is treated lik) --.25 E 2.5(et)-.1 G(he empty string.)-2.5 E .24 -(This syntax is also accepted by the)108 537.6 R F1(declar)2.74 E(e)-.18 -E F0 -.2(bu)2.739 G 2.739(iltin. Indi).2 F .239 +-.25 E 2.5(et)-.1 G(he empty string.)-2.5 E .239 +(This syntax is also accepted by the)108 537.6 R F1(declar)2.739 E(e) +-.18 E F0 -.2(bu)2.739 G 2.739(iltin. Indi).2 F .24 (vidual array elements may be assigned to using the)-.25 F F3(name)108 549.6 Q F0([)A F3(subscript)A F0(]=)A F3(value)A F0 1.917 -(syntax introduced abo)4.416 F -.15(ve)-.15 G 6.917(.W).15 G 1.917 +(syntax introduced abo)4.417 F -.15(ve)-.15 G 6.917(.W).15 G 1.917 (hen assigning to an inde)-6.917 F -.15(xe)-.15 G 4.417(da).15 G(rray) --4.417 E 4.417(,i)-.65 G(f)-4.417 E F3(name)4.777 E F0 1.917(is sub-) -4.597 F .116(scripted by a ne)108 561.6 R -.05(ga)-.15 G(ti).05 E .416 --.15(ve n)-.25 H(umber).15 E 2.616(,t)-.4 G .115 -(hat number is interpreted as relati)-2.616 F .415 -.15(ve t)-.25 H -2.615(oo).15 G .115(ne greater than the maximum inde)-2.615 F(x)-.15 E -(of)108 573.6 Q F3(name)2.676 E F0 2.676(,s)C 2.676(on)-2.676 G -2.25 --.15(eg a)-2.676 H(ti).15 E .476 -.15(ve i)-.25 H .177 +-4.417 E 4.417(,i)-.65 G(f)-4.417 E F3(name)4.777 E F0 1.916(is sub-) +4.597 F .115(scripted by a ne)108 561.6 R -.05(ga)-.15 G(ti).05 E .415 +-.15(ve n)-.25 H(umber).15 E 2.615(,t)-.4 G .115 +(hat number is interpreted as relati)-2.615 F .415 -.15(ve t)-.25 H +2.615(oo).15 G .116(ne greater than the maximum inde)-2.615 F(x)-.15 E +(of)108 573.6 Q F3(name)2.677 E F0 2.677(,s)C 2.677(on)-2.677 G -2.25 +-.15(eg a)-2.677 H(ti).15 E .477 -.15(ve i)-.25 H .177 (ndices count back from the end of the array).15 F 2.677(,a)-.65 G .177 -(nd an inde)-2.677 F 2.677(xo)-.15 G 2.677<66ad>-2.677 G 2.677(1r)-2.677 -G .177(eferences the last el-)-2.677 F(ement.)108 585.6 Q .717 -(The += operator will append to an array v)108 602.4 R .716 +(nd an inde)-2.677 F 2.676(xo)-.15 G 2.676<66ad>-2.676 G 2.676(1r)-2.676 +G .176(eferences the last el-)-2.676 F(ement.)108 585.6 Q .716 +(The += operator will append to an array v)108 602.4 R .717 (ariable when assigning using the compound assignment syntax;)-.25 F (see)108 614.4 Q F2 -.666(PA)2.5 G(RAMETERS).666 E F0(abo)2.25 E -.15 -(ve)-.15 G(.).15 E(An)108 631.2 Q 3.575(ye)-.15 G 1.075 -(lement of an array may be referenced using ${)-3.575 F F3(name)A F0([)A -F3(subscript)A F0 3.575(]}. The)B 1.076(braces are required to a)3.576 F --.2(vo)-.2 G(id).2 E 1.542(con\215icts with pathname e)108 643.2 R 4.041 +(ve)-.15 G(.).15 E(An)108 631.2 Q 3.576(ye)-.15 G 1.076 +(lement of an array may be referenced using ${)-3.576 F F3(name)A F0([)A +F3(subscript)A F0 3.575(]}. The)B 1.075(braces are required to a)3.575 F +-.2(vo)-.2 G(id).2 E 1.541(con\215icts with pathname e)108 643.2 R 4.041 (xpansion. If)-.15 F F3(subscript)4.041 E F0(is)4.041 E F1(@)4.041 E F0 (or)4.041 E F1(*)4.041 E F0 4.041(,t)C 1.541(he w)-4.041 F 1.541(ord e) --.1 F 1.541(xpands to all members of)-.15 F F3(name)4.041 E F0(.)A 1.056 -(These subscripts dif)108 655.2 R 1.056(fer only when the w)-.25 F 1.057 -(ord appears within double quotes.)-.1 F 1.057(If the w)6.057 F 1.057 -(ord is double-quoted,)-.1 F(${)108 667.2 Q F3(name)A F0 .521([*]} e)B -.521(xpands to a single w)-.15 F .521(ord with the v)-.1 F .52 +-.1 F 1.541(xpands to all members of)-.15 F F3(name)4.042 E F0(.)A 1.057 +(These subscripts dif)108 655.2 R 1.057(fer only when the w)-.25 F 1.057 +(ord appears within double quotes.)-.1 F 1.056(If the w)6.056 F 1.056 +(ord is double-quoted,)-.1 F(${)108 667.2 Q F3(name)A F0 .52([*]} e)B +.52(xpands to a single w)-.15 F .52(ord with the v)-.1 F .521 (alue of each array member separated by the \214rst character)-.25 F -1.374(of the)108 679.2 R F2(IFS)3.874 E F0 1.374(special v)3.624 F 1.375 +1.375(of the)108 679.2 R F2(IFS)3.875 E F0 1.375(special v)3.625 F 1.375 (ariable, and ${)-.25 F F3(name)A F0 1.375([@]} e)B 1.375 -(xpands each element of)-.15 F F3(name)3.875 E F0 1.375(to a separate w) -3.875 F 3.875(ord. When)-.1 F 2.028(there are no array members, ${)108 +(xpands each element of)-.15 F F3(name)3.875 E F0 1.374(to a separate w) +3.875 F 3.874(ord. When)-.1 F 2.027(there are no array members, ${)108 691.2 R F3(name)A F0 2.028([@]} e)B 2.028(xpands to nothing.)-.15 F -2.027(If the double-quoted e)7.028 F 2.027(xpansion occurs)-.15 F .758 +2.028(If the double-quoted e)7.028 F 2.028(xpansion occurs)-.15 F .759 (within a w)108 703.2 R .759(ord, the e)-.1 F .759 (xpansion of the \214rst parameter is joined with the be)-.15 F .759 -(ginning part of the original w)-.15 F(ord,)-.1 E .516(and the e)108 +(ginning part of the original w)-.15 F(ord,)-.1 E .515(and the e)108 715.2 R .516(xpansion of the last parameter is joined with the last par\ -t of the original w)-.15 F 3.015(ord. This)-.1 F .515(is analogous)3.015 -F .227(to the e)108 727.2 R .228(xpansion of the special parameters)-.15 +t of the original w)-.15 F 3.016(ord. This)-.1 F .516(is analogous)3.016 +F .228(to the e)108 727.2 R .228(xpansion of the special parameters)-.15 F F1(*)2.728 E F0(and)2.728 E F1(@)2.728 E F0(\(see)2.728 E F1 .228 -(Special P)2.728 F(arameters)-.1 E F0(abo)2.728 E -.15(ve)-.15 G 2.728 +(Special P)2.728 F(arameters)-.1 E F0(abo)2.727 E -.15(ve)-.15 G 2.727 (\). ${#).15 F F3(name)A F0([)A F3(subscript)A F0(]})A(GNU Bash 5.2)72 -768 Q(2022 March 11)144.29 E(20)193.45 E 0 Cg EP +768 Q(2022 June 3)150.675 E(20)199.835 E 0 Cg EP %%Page: 21 21 %%BeginPageSetup BP @@ -2709,15 +2711,15 @@ BP .886(pands to the length of ${).15 F/F1 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(name)A F0 ([)A F1(subscript)A F0 3.386(]}. If)B F1(subscript)3.386 E F0(is)3.386 E /F2 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(*)3.386 E F0(or)3.386 E F2(@)3.386 E F0 3.386(,t) -C .886(he e)-3.386 F .886(xpansion is the number of ele-)-.15 F .294 -(ments in the array)108 96 R 5.294(.I)-.65 G 2.794(ft)-5.294 G(he)-2.794 +C .886(he e)-3.386 F .886(xpansion is the number of ele-)-.15 F .295 +(ments in the array)108 96 R 5.295(.I)-.65 G 2.795(ft)-5.295 G(he)-2.795 E F1(subscript)3.135 E F0 .295(used to reference an element of an inde) -3.475 F -.15(xe)-.15 G 2.795(da).15 G .295(rray e)-2.795 F -.25(va)-.25 -G .295(luates to a number).25 F .629 -(less than zero, it is interpreted as relati)108 108 R .929 -.15(ve t) --.25 H 3.128(oo).15 G .628(ne greater than the maximum inde)-3.128 F -3.128(xo)-.15 G 3.128(ft)-3.128 G .628(he array)-3.128 F 3.128(,s)-.65 G -3.128(on)-3.128 G -2.25 -.15(eg a)-3.128 H(ti).15 E -.15(ve)-.25 G +3.475 F -.15(xe)-.15 G 2.794(da).15 G .294(rray e)-2.794 F -.25(va)-.25 +G .294(luates to a number).25 F .628 +(less than zero, it is interpreted as relati)108 108 R .928 -.15(ve t) +-.25 H 3.128(oo).15 G .629(ne greater than the maximum inde)-3.128 F +3.129(xo)-.15 G 3.129(ft)-3.129 G .629(he array)-3.129 F 3.129(,s)-.65 G +3.129(on)-3.129 G -2.25 -.15(eg a)-3.129 H(ti).15 E -.15(ve)-.25 G (indices count back from the end of the array)108 120 Q 2.5(,a)-.65 G (nd an inde)-2.5 E 2.5(xo)-.15 G 2.5<66ad>-2.5 G 2.5(1r)-2.5 G (eferences the last element.)-2.5 E .595(Referencing an array v)108 @@ -2728,102 +2730,102 @@ E(alid subscript is le)-.25 E -.05(ga)-.15 G(l, and).05 E F2(bash)2.5 E F0(will create an array if necessary)2.5 E(.)-.65 E(An array v)108 165.6 Q(ariable is considered set if a subscript has been assigned a v)-.25 E 2.5(alue. The)-.25 F(null string is a v)2.5 E(alid v)-.25 E(alue.)-.25 E -.418(It is possible to obtain the k)108 182.4 R -.15(ey)-.1 G 2.918(s\() -.15 G .418(indices\) of an array as well as the v)-2.918 F 2.917 -(alues. ${)-.25 F F2(!)A F1(name)A F0([)A F1(@)A F0 .417(]} and ${)B F2 -(!)A F1(name)A F0([)A F1(*)A F0(]})A -.15(ex)108 194.4 S .749 +.417(It is possible to obtain the k)108 182.4 R -.15(ey)-.1 G 2.918(s\() +.15 G .418(indices\) of an array as well as the v)-2.918 F 2.918 +(alues. ${)-.25 F F2(!)A F1(name)A F0([)A F1(@)A F0 .418(]} and ${)B F2 +(!)A F1(name)A F0([)A F1(*)A F0(]})A -.15(ex)108 194.4 S .75 (pand to the indices assigned in array v).15 F(ariable)-.25 E F1(name) -3.249 E F0 5.749(.T)C .75 +3.249 E F0 5.749(.T)C .749 (he treatment when in double quotes is similar to)-5.749 F(the e)108 206.4 Q(xpansion of the special parameters)-.15 E F1(@)2.5 E F0(and)2.5 E F1(*)2.5 E F0(within double quotes.)2.5 E(The)108 223.2 Q F2(unset) -2.767 E F0 -.2(bu)2.767 G .267(iltin is used to destro).2 F 2.767(ya)-.1 +2.766 E F0 -.2(bu)2.766 G .267(iltin is used to destro).2 F 2.767(ya)-.1 G(rrays.)-2.767 E F2(unset)5.267 E F1(name)2.767 E F0([)A F1(subscript)A F0 2.767(]d)C(estro)-2.767 E .267(ys the array element at inde)-.1 F(x) --.15 E F1(sub-)2.766 E(script)108 235.2 Q F0 2.858(,f)C .358 +-.15 E F1(sub-)2.767 E(script)108 235.2 Q F0 2.858(,f)C .358 (or both inde)-2.858 F -.15(xe)-.15 G 2.858(da).15 G .358(nd associati) -2.858 F .658 -.15(ve a)-.25 H 2.858(rrays. Ne).15 F -.05(ga)-.15 G(ti) .05 E .658 -.15(ve s)-.25 H .358(ubscripts to inde).15 F -.15(xe)-.15 G -2.858(da).15 G .358(rrays are interpreted as de-)-2.858 F 1.205 -(scribed abo)108 247.2 R -.15(ve)-.15 G 6.205(.U).15 G 1.205 -(nsetting the last element of an array v)-6.205 F 1.204 -(ariable does not unset the v)-.25 F(ariable.)-.25 E F2(unset)6.204 E F1 -(name)3.704 E F0(,)A(where)108 259.2 Q F1(name)3.412 E F0 .912 -(is an array)3.412 F 3.412(,r)-.65 G(emo)-3.412 E -.15(ve)-.15 G 3.412 -(st).15 G .912(he entire array)-3.412 F(.)-.65 E F2(unset)5.912 E F1 +2.858(da).15 G .358(rrays are interpreted as de-)-2.858 F 1.204 +(scribed abo)108 247.2 R -.15(ve)-.15 G 6.204(.U).15 G 1.204 +(nsetting the last element of an array v)-6.204 F 1.205 +(ariable does not unset the v)-.25 F(ariable.)-.25 E F2(unset)6.205 E F1 +(name)3.705 E F0(,)A(where)108 259.2 Q F1(name)3.413 E F0 .913 +(is an array)3.413 F 3.413(,r)-.65 G(emo)-3.413 E -.15(ve)-.15 G 3.413 +(st).15 G .912(he entire array)-3.413 F(.)-.65 E F2(unset)5.912 E F1 (name)3.412 E F0([)A F1(subscript)A F0 .912(], where)B F1(subscript) -3.413 E F0(is)3.413 E F2(*)3.413 E F0(or)3.413 E F2(@)3.413 E F0 3.413 -(,b)C(e-)-3.413 E(ha)108 271.2 Q -.15(ve)-.2 G 3.126(sd).15 G(if)-3.126 -E .626(ferently depending on whether)-.25 F F1(name)3.126 E F0 .626 -(is an inde)3.126 F -.15(xe)-.15 G 3.126(do).15 G 3.126(ra)-3.126 G -(ssociati)-3.126 E .925 -.15(ve a)-.25 H(rray).15 E 5.625(.I)-.65 G(f) --5.625 E F1(name)3.125 E F0 .625(is an associati)3.125 F -.15(ve)-.25 G +3.412 E F0(is)3.412 E F2(*)3.412 E F0(or)3.412 E F2(@)3.412 E F0 3.412 +(,b)C(e-)-3.412 E(ha)108 271.2 Q -.15(ve)-.2 G 3.125(sd).15 G(if)-3.125 +E .625(ferently depending on whether)-.25 F F1(name)3.125 E F0 .626 +(is an inde)3.125 F -.15(xe)-.15 G 3.126(do).15 G 3.126(ra)-3.126 G +(ssociati)-3.126 E .926 -.15(ve a)-.25 H(rray).15 E 5.626(.I)-.65 G(f) +-5.626 E F1(name)3.126 E F0 .626(is an associati)3.126 F -.15(ve)-.25 G (array)108 283.2 Q 3.067(,t)-.65 G .567 (his unsets the element with subscript)-3.067 F F2(*)3.067 E F0(or)3.067 E F2(@)3.067 E F0 5.567(.I)C(f)-5.567 E F1(name)3.067 E F0 .567 (is an inde)3.067 F -.15(xe)-.15 G 3.067(da).15 G(rray)-3.067 E 3.067 (,u)-.65 G .567(nset remo)-3.067 F -.15(ve)-.15 G 3.067(sa).15 G .567 (ll of the)-3.067 F(elements b)108 295.2 Q(ut does not remo)-.2 E .3 --.15(ve t)-.15 H(he array itself.).15 E .029(When using a v)108 312 R -.029(ariable name with a subscript as an ar)-.25 F .028 -(gument to a command, such as with)-.18 F F2(unset)2.528 E F0 2.528(,w)C -.028(ithout us-)-2.528 F .937(ing the w)108 324 R .937(ord e)-.1 F .937 +-.15(ve t)-.15 H(he array itself.).15 E .028(When using a v)108 312 R +.028(ariable name with a subscript as an ar)-.25 F .029 +(gument to a command, such as with)-.18 F F2(unset)2.529 E F0 2.529(,w)C +.029(ithout us-)-2.529 F .938(ing the w)108 324 R .938(ord e)-.1 F .938 (xpansion syntax described abo)-.15 F -.15(ve)-.15 G 3.437(,t).15 G .937 -(he ar)-3.437 F .938(gument is subject to pathname e)-.18 F 3.438 -(xpansion. If)-.15 F(path-)3.438 E(name e)108 336 Q +(he ar)-3.437 F .937(gument is subject to pathname e)-.18 F 3.437 +(xpansion. If)-.15 F(path-)3.437 E(name e)108 336 Q (xpansion is not desired, the ar)-.15 E(gument should be quoted.)-.18 E -(The)108 352.8 Q F2(declar)2.684 E(e)-.18 E F0(,)A F2(local)2.684 E F0 -2.684(,a)C(nd)-2.684 E F2 -.18(re)2.684 G(adonly).18 E F0 -.2(bu)2.684 G +(The)108 352.8 Q F2(declar)2.683 E(e)-.18 E F0(,)A F2(local)2.683 E F0 +2.683(,a)C(nd)-2.683 E F2 -.18(re)2.683 G(adonly).18 E F0 -.2(bu)2.683 G .184(iltins each accept a).2 F F22.684 E F0 .184 -(option to specify an inde)2.684 F -.15(xe)-.15 G 2.683(da).15 G .183 -(rray and a)-2.683 F F22.683 E F0(op-)2.683 E .041 +(option to specify an inde)2.684 F -.15(xe)-.15 G 2.684(da).15 G .184 +(rray and a)-2.684 F F22.684 E F0(op-)2.684 E .042 (tion to specify an associati)108 364.8 R .341 -.15(ve a)-.25 H(rray).15 E 5.041(.I)-.65 G 2.541(fb)-5.041 G .041(oth options are supplied,) -2.541 F F22.541 E F0(tak)2.541 E .041(es precedence.)-.1 F(The) -5.041 E F2 -.18(re)2.542 G(ad).18 E F0 -.2(bu)2.542 G .042(iltin ac-).2 -F .864(cepts a)108 376.8 R F23.364 E F0 .864 -(option to assign a list of w)3.364 F .864 -(ords read from the standard input to an array)-.1 F 5.863(.T)-.65 G(he) --5.863 E F2(set)3.363 E F0(and)3.363 E F2(declar)3.363 E(e)-.18 E F0 -.2 +5.041 E F2 -.18(re)2.541 G(ad).18 E F0 -.2(bu)2.541 G .041(iltin ac-).2 +F .863(cepts a)108 376.8 R F23.363 E F0 .864 +(option to assign a list of w)3.363 F .864 +(ords read from the standard input to an array)-.1 F 5.864(.T)-.65 G(he) +-5.864 E F2(set)3.364 E F0(and)3.364 E F2(declar)3.364 E(e)-.18 E F0 -.2 (bu)108 388.8 S(iltins display array v).2 E(alues in a w)-.25 E (ay that allo)-.1 E(ws them to be reused as assignments.)-.25 E/F3 10.95 /Times-Bold@0 SF(EXP)72 405.6 Q(ANSION)-.81 E F0 .76(Expansion is perfo\ rmed on the command line after it has been split into w)108 417.6 R 3.26 (ords. There)-.1 F .76(are se)3.26 F -.15(ve)-.25 G 3.26(nk).15 G .76 -(inds of)-3.26 F -.15(ex)108 429.6 S .201(pansion performed:).15 F F1 -(br)2.971 E .201(ace e)-.15 F(xpansion)-.2 E F0(,).24 E F1 .201(tilde e) +(inds of)-3.26 F -.15(ex)108 429.6 S .2(pansion performed:).15 F F1(br) +2.971 E .201(ace e)-.15 F(xpansion)-.2 E F0(,).24 E F1 .201(tilde e) 2.831 F(xpansion)-.2 E F0(,).24 E F1(par)3.951 E .201 -(ameter and variable e)-.15 F(xpansion)-.2 E F0(,).24 E F1 .2 +(ameter and variable e)-.15 F(xpansion)-.2 E F0(,).24 E F1 .201 (command sub-)2.901 F(stitution)108 441.6 Q F0(,).24 E F1(arithmetic e) 2.83 E(xpansion)-.2 E F0(,).24 E F1(wor)2.84 E 2.5(ds)-.37 G(plitting) -2.5 E F0 2.5(,a).22 G(nd)-2.5 E F1(pathname e)3.75 E(xpansion)-.2 E F0 -(.).24 E .418(The order of e)108 458.4 R .418(xpansions is: brace e)-.15 -F .418(xpansion; tilde e)-.15 F .419(xpansion, parameter and v)-.15 F -.419(ariable e)-.25 F .419(xpansion, arithmetic)-.15 F -.15(ex)108 470.4 -S .196(pansion, and command substitution \(done in a left-to-right f).15 -F .195(ashion\); w)-.1 F .195(ord splitting; and pathname e)-.1 F(xpan-) +(.).24 E .419(The order of e)108 458.4 R .419(xpansions is: brace e)-.15 +F .418(xpansion; tilde e)-.15 F .418(xpansion, parameter and v)-.15 F +.418(ariable e)-.25 F .418(xpansion, arithmetic)-.15 F -.15(ex)108 470.4 +S .195(pansion, and command substitution \(done in a left-to-right f).15 +F .196(ashion\); w)-.1 F .196(ord splitting; and pathname e)-.1 F(xpan-) -.15 E(sion.)108 482.4 Q .257 (On systems that can support it, there is an additional e)108 499.2 R .257(xpansion a)-.15 F -.25(va)-.2 G(ilable:).25 E F1(pr)2.757 E .257 -(ocess substitution)-.45 F F0 5.257(.T)C .257(his is per)-5.257 F(-)-.2 +(ocess substitution)-.45 F F0 5.257(.T)C .256(his is per)-5.257 F(-)-.2 E(formed at the same time as tilde, parameter)108 511.2 Q 2.5(,v)-.4 G (ariable, and arithmetic e)-2.75 E(xpansion and command substitution.) --.15 E .003(After these e)108 528 R .003 +-.15 E .002(After these e)108 528 R .003 (xpansions are performed, quote characters present in the original w) --.15 F .002(ord are remo)-.1 F -.15(ve)-.15 G 2.502(du).15 G .002 -(nless the)-2.502 F(y)-.15 E(ha)108 540 Q .3 -.15(ve b)-.2 H +-.15 F .003(ord are remo)-.1 F -.15(ve)-.15 G 2.503(du).15 G .003 +(nless the)-2.503 F(y)-.15 E(ha)108 540 Q .3 -.15(ve b)-.2 H (een quoted themselv).15 E(es \()-.15 E F1(quote r)A(emo)-.37 E(val)-.1 -E F0(\).)A .171(Only brace e)108 556.8 R .171(xpansion, w)-.15 F .171 +E F0(\).)A .172(Only brace e)108 556.8 R .172(xpansion, w)-.15 F .171 (ord splitting, and pathname e)-.1 F .171 -(xpansion can increase the number of w)-.15 F .172(ords of the e)-.1 F -(x-)-.15 E .777(pansion; other e)108 568.8 R .776(xpansions e)-.15 F +(xpansion can increase the number of w)-.15 F .171(ords of the e)-.1 F +(x-)-.15 E .776(pansion; other e)108 568.8 R .776(xpansions e)-.15 F .776(xpand a single w)-.15 F .776(ord to a single w)-.1 F 3.276 (ord. The)-.1 F .776(only e)3.276 F .776(xceptions to this are the e) --.15 F(x-)-.15 E .695(pansions of ")108 580.8 R F2($@)A F0 3.195("a)C -.695(nd ")-3.195 F F2(${)A F1(name)A F2([@]})A F0 .696 +-.15 F(x-)-.15 E .696(pansions of ")108 580.8 R F2($@)A F0 3.196("a)C +.696(nd ")-3.196 F F2(${)A F1(name)A F2([@]})A F0 .696 (", and, in most cases,)B F2($*)3.196 E F0(and)3.196 E F2(${)3.196 E F1 -(name)A F2([*]})A F0 .696(as e)3.196 F .696(xplained abo)-.15 F .996 --.15(ve \()-.15 H(see).15 E/F4 9/Times-Bold@0 SF -.666(PA)3.196 G(-).666 +(name)A F2([*]})A F0 .695(as e)3.196 F .695(xplained abo)-.15 F .995 +-.15(ve \()-.15 H(see).15 E/F4 9/Times-Bold@0 SF -.666(PA)3.195 G(-).666 E(RAMETERS)108 592.8 Q/F5 9/Times-Roman@0 SF(\).)A F2(Brace Expansion)87 609.6 Q F1(Br)108.58 621.6 Q .606(ace e)-.15 F(xpansion)-.2 E F0 .606 (is a mechanism by which arbitrary strings may be generated.)3.346 F @@ -2831,25 +2833,25 @@ E(RAMETERS)108 592.8 Q/F5 9/Times-Roman@0 SF(\).)A F2(Brace Expansion)87 (pathname e)2.915 F(xpansion)-.2 E F0 2.915(,b)C .415 (ut the \214lenames generated need not e)-3.115 F 2.915(xist. P)-.15 F .415(atterns to be brace e)-.15 F .415(xpanded tak)-.15 F 2.915(et)-.1 G -(he)-2.915 E .074(form of an optional)108 645.6 R F1(pr)3.823 E(eamble) +(he)-2.915 E .073(form of an optional)108 645.6 R F1(pr)3.823 E(eamble) -.37 E F0 2.573(,f).18 G(ollo)-2.573 E .073 (wed by either a series of comma-separated strings or a sequence e)-.25 -F(xpres-)-.15 E .489(sion between a pair of braces, follo)108 657.6 R -.489(wed by an optional)-.25 F F1(postscript)4.239 E F0 5.49(.T).68 G -.49(he preamble is pre\214x)-5.49 F .49(ed to each string)-.15 F .659(c\ -ontained within the braces, and the postscript is then appended to each\ - resulting string, e)108 669.6 R .658(xpanding left to)-.15 F(right.)108 -681.6 Q .718(Brace e)108 698.4 R .719(xpansions may be nested.)-.15 F -.719(The results of each e)5.719 F .719 +F(xpres-)-.15 E .49(sion between a pair of braces, follo)108 657.6 R +.489(wed by an optional)-.25 F F1(postscript)4.239 E F0 5.489(.T).68 G +.489(he preamble is pre\214x)-5.489 F .489(ed to each string)-.15 F .659 +(contained within the braces, and the postscript is then appended to ea\ +ch resulting string, e)108 669.6 R .659(xpanding left to)-.15 F(right.) +108 681.6 Q .719(Brace e)108 698.4 R .719(xpansions may be nested.)-.15 +F .719(The results of each e)5.719 F .719 (xpanded string are not sorted; left to right order is)-.15 F(preserv) 108 710.4 Q 2.5(ed. F)-.15 F(or e)-.15 E(xample, a)-.15 E F2({)A F0 -(d,c,b)A F2(})A F0 2.5(ee)C(xpands into `ade ace abe'.)-2.65 E 3.149(As) -108 727.2 S .649(equence e)-3.149 F .649(xpression tak)-.15 F .649 +(d,c,b)A F2(})A F0 2.5(ee)C(xpands into `ade ace abe'.)-2.65 E 3.148(As) +108 727.2 S .648(equence e)-3.148 F .648(xpression tak)-.15 F .649 (es the form)-.1 F F2({)3.149 E F1(x)A F2(..)A F1(y)A F2([..)A F1(incr)A F2(]})A F0 3.149(,w)C(here)-3.149 E F1(x)3.149 E F0(and)3.149 E F1(y) -3.149 E F0 .649(are either inte)3.149 F .648 -(gers or single letters, and)-.15 F(GNU Bash 5.2)72 768 Q(2022 March 11) -144.29 E(21)193.45 E 0 Cg EP +3.149 E F0 .649(are either inte)3.149 F .649 +(gers or single letters, and)-.15 F(GNU Bash 5.2)72 768 Q(2022 June 3) +150.675 E(21)199.835 E 0 Cg EP %%Page: 22 22 %%BeginPageSetup BP @@ -2859,42 +2861,42 @@ BP /Times-Italic@0 SF(incr)108 84 Q F0 2.615(,a)C 2.615(no)-2.615 G .115 (ptional increment, is an inte)-2.615 F(ger)-.15 E 5.115(.W)-.55 G .115 (hen inte)-5.115 F .115(gers are supplied, the e)-.15 F .115 -(xpression e)-.15 F .115(xpands to each num-)-.15 F 1.014(ber between) -108 96 R F1(x)3.514 E F0(and)3.514 E F1(y)3.513 E F0 3.513(,i)C(nclusi) +(xpression e)-.15 F .115(xpands to each num-)-.15 F 1.013(ber between) +108 96 R F1(x)3.513 E F0(and)3.513 E F1(y)3.513 E F0 3.513(,i)C(nclusi) -3.513 E -.15(ve)-.25 G 6.013(.S).15 G 1.013(upplied inte)-6.013 F 1.013 (gers may be pre\214x)-.15 F 1.013(ed with)-.15 F F1(0)3.513 E F0 1.013 -(to force each term to ha)3.513 F 1.313 -.15(ve t)-.2 H(he).15 E .014 -(same width.)108 108 R .014(When either)5.014 F F1(x)2.514 E F0(or)2.514 -E F1(y)2.514 E F0(be)2.514 E .015(gins with a zero, the shell attempts \ -to force all generated terms to contain)-.15 F 1.131 +(to force each term to ha)3.513 F 1.314 -.15(ve t)-.2 H(he).15 E .015 +(same width.)108 108 R .015(When either)5.015 F F1(x)2.515 E F0(or)2.515 +E F1(y)2.515 E F0(be)2.515 E .014(gins with a zero, the shell attempts \ +to force all generated terms to contain)-.15 F 1.13 (the same number of digits, zero-padding where necessary)108 120 R 6.131 -(.W)-.65 G 1.13(hen letters are supplied, the e)-6.131 F 1.13 -(xpression e)-.15 F(x-)-.15 E .484(pands to each character le)108 132 R -.484(xicographically between)-.15 F F1(x)2.984 E F0(and)2.984 E F1(y) -2.984 E F0 2.984(,i)C(nclusi)-2.984 E -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.984(,u).15 G .485 -(sing the def)-2.984 F .485(ault C locale.)-.1 F .485(Note that)5.485 F -(both)108 144 Q F1(x)2.967 E F0(and)2.967 E F1(y)2.967 E F0 .467 -(must be of the same type \(inte)2.967 F .467(ger or letter\).)-.15 F +(.W)-.65 G 1.131(hen letters are supplied, the e)-6.131 F 1.131 +(xpression e)-.15 F(x-)-.15 E .485(pands to each character le)108 132 R +.485(xicographically between)-.15 F F1(x)2.985 E F0(and)2.984 E F1(y) +2.984 E F0 2.984(,i)C(nclusi)-2.984 E -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.984(,u).15 G .484 +(sing the def)-2.984 F .484(ault C locale.)-.1 F .484(Note that)5.484 F +(both)108 144 Q F1(x)2.966 E F0(and)2.966 E F1(y)2.966 E F0 .467 +(must be of the same type \(inte)2.966 F .467(ger or letter\).)-.15 F .467(When the increment is supplied, it is used as the)5.467 F(dif)108 156 Q(ference between each term.)-.25 E(The def)5 E -(ault increment is 1 or \2551 as appropriate.)-.1 E .581(Brace e)108 -172.8 R .581(xpansion is performed before an)-.15 F 3.081(yo)-.15 G .581 -(ther e)-3.081 F .581(xpansions, and an)-.15 F 3.082(yc)-.15 G .582 -(haracters special to other e)-3.082 F(xpansions)-.15 E .016 -(are preserv)108 184.8 R .016(ed in the result.)-.15 F .016 -(It is strictly te)5.016 F(xtual.)-.15 E/F2 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(Bash) -5.016 E F0 .015(does not apply an)2.516 F 2.515(ys)-.15 G .015 -(yntactic interpretation to the con-)-2.515 F(te)108 196.8 Q +(ault increment is 1 or \2551 as appropriate.)-.1 E .582(Brace e)108 +172.8 R .582(xpansion is performed before an)-.15 F 3.082(yo)-.15 G .581 +(ther e)-3.082 F .581(xpansions, and an)-.15 F 3.081(yc)-.15 G .581 +(haracters special to other e)-3.081 F(xpansions)-.15 E .015 +(are preserv)108 184.8 R .015(ed in the result.)-.15 F .015 +(It is strictly te)5.015 F(xtual.)-.15 E/F2 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(Bash) +5.016 E F0 .016(does not apply an)2.516 F 2.516(ys)-.15 G .016 +(yntactic interpretation to the con-)-2.516 F(te)108 196.8 Q (xt of the e)-.15 E(xpansion or the te)-.15 E(xt between the braces.) --.15 E 2.501(Ac)108 213.6 S .001(orrectly-formed brace e)-2.501 F .001(\ +-.15 E 2.502(Ac)108 213.6 S .002(orrectly-formed brace e)-2.502 F .001(\ xpansion must contain unquoted opening and closing braces, and at least\ - one un-)-.15 F .458(quoted comma or a v)108 225.6 R .458 + one un-)-.15 F .457(quoted comma or a v)108 225.6 R .458 (alid sequence e)-.25 F 2.958(xpression. An)-.15 F 2.958(yi)-.15 G .458 -(ncorrectly formed brace e)-2.958 F .457(xpansion is left unchanged.) --.15 F(A)108 237.6 Q F2({)2.521 E F0(or)2.521 E F2(,)2.521 E F0 .021 -(may be quoted with a backslash to pre)2.521 F -.15(ve)-.25 G .022 -(nt its being considered part of a brace e).15 F 2.522(xpression. T)-.15 -F 2.522(oa)-.8 G -.2(vo)-2.722 G(id).2 E .172 +(ncorrectly formed brace e)-2.958 F .458(xpansion is left unchanged.) +-.15 F(A)108 237.6 Q F2({)2.522 E F0(or)2.522 E F2(,)2.522 E F0 .022 +(may be quoted with a backslash to pre)2.522 F -.15(ve)-.25 G .021 +(nt its being considered part of a brace e).15 F 2.521(xpression. T)-.15 +F 2.521(oa)-.8 G -.2(vo)-2.721 G(id).2 E .172 (con\215icts with parameter e)108 249.6 R .172(xpansion, the string)-.15 F F2(${)2.672 E F0 .172(is not considered eligible for brace e)2.672 F .172(xpansion, and inhibits)-.15 F(brace e)108 261.6 Q @@ -2907,167 +2909,168 @@ gs to be generated is)108 278.4 R(longer than in the abo)108 290.4 Q .3 E(w_e)-.25 E(x}})-.15 E .618(Brace e)108 348 R .618 (xpansion introduces a slight incompatibility with historical v)-.15 F .618(ersions of)-.15 F F2(sh)3.118 E F0(.)A F2(sh)5.618 E F0 .618 -(does not treat open-)3.118 F .247 -(ing or closing braces specially when the)108 360 R 2.747(ya)-.15 G .247 -(ppear as part of a w)-2.747 F .248(ord, and preserv)-.1 F .248 -(es them in the output.)-.15 F F2(Bash)5.248 E F0(remo)108 372 Q -.15 +(does not treat open-)3.118 F .248 +(ing or closing braces specially when the)108 360 R 2.748(ya)-.15 G .247 +(ppear as part of a w)-2.748 F .247(ord, and preserv)-.1 F .247 +(es them in the output.)-.15 F F2(Bash)5.247 E F0(remo)108 372 Q -.15 (ve)-.15 G 3.53(sb).15 G 1.03(races from w)-3.53 F 1.03 (ords as a consequence of brace e)-.1 F 3.53(xpansion. F)-.15 F 1.03 (or e)-.15 F 1.03(xample, a w)-.15 F 1.03(ord entered to)-.1 F F2(sh) -3.53 E F0(as)3.53 E F1(\214le{1,2})108 384 Q F0 .514 -(appears identically in the output.)3.014 F .515(The same w)5.515 F .515 -(ord is output as)-.1 F F1 .515(\214le1 \214le2)4.925 F F0 .515(after e) -3.035 F .515(xpansion by)-.15 F F2(bash)3.015 E F0(.)A .437 +3.53 E F0(as)3.53 E F1(\214le{1,2})108 384 Q F0 .515 +(appears identically in the output.)3.015 F .515(The same w)5.515 F .515 +(ord is output as)-.1 F F1 .514(\214le1 \214le2)4.925 F F0 .514(after e) +3.034 F .514(xpansion by)-.15 F F2(bash)3.014 E F0(.)A .436 (If strict compatibility with)108 396 R F2(sh)2.936 E F0 .436 (is desired, start)2.936 F F2(bash)2.936 E F0 .436(with the)2.936 F F2 -(+B)2.936 E F0 .436(option or disable brace e)2.936 F .436 +(+B)2.936 E F0 .436(option or disable brace e)2.936 F .437 (xpansion with the)-.15 F F2(+B)108 408 Q F0(option to the)2.5 E F2(set) 2.5 E F0(command \(see)2.5 E/F3 9/Times-Bold@0 SF(SHELL B)2.5 E(UIL)-.09 E(TIN COMMANDS)-.828 E F0(belo)2.25 E(w\).)-.25 E F2 -.18(Ti)87 424.8 S -(lde Expansion).18 E F0 1.086(If a w)108 436.8 R 1.086(ord be)-.1 F -1.086(gins with an unquoted tilde character \(`)-.15 F F2(~)A F0 1.087 +(lde Expansion).18 E F0 1.087(If a w)108 436.8 R 1.087(ord be)-.1 F +1.087(gins with an unquoted tilde character \(`)-.15 F F2(~)A F0 1.086 ('\), all of the characters preceding the \214rst unquoted)B .185(slash\ \(or all characters, if there is no unquoted slash\) are considered a) 108 448.8 R F1(tilde-pr)2.685 E(e\214x)-.37 E F0 5.185(.I)C 2.685(fn) --5.185 G .185(one of the characters)-2.685 F .725(in the tilde-pre\214x\ - are quoted, the characters in the tilde-pre\214x follo)108 460.8 R .726 -(wing the tilde are treated as a possible)-.25 F F1(lo)108 472.8 Q .523 -(gin name)-.1 F F0 5.523(.I)C 3.023(ft)-5.523 G .523 +-5.185 G .185(one of the characters)-2.685 F .726(in the tilde-pre\214x\ + are quoted, the characters in the tilde-pre\214x follo)108 460.8 R .725 +(wing the tilde are treated as a possible)-.25 F F1(lo)108 472.8 Q .522 +(gin name)-.1 F F0 5.522(.I)C 3.022(ft)-5.522 G .522 (his login name is the null string, the tilde is replaced with the v) --3.023 F .522(alue of the shell parameter)-.25 F F3(HOME)108 484.8 Q/F4 -9/Times-Roman@0 SF(.)A F0(If)4.786 E F3(HOME)2.786 E F0 .287 -(is unset, the home directory of the user e)2.536 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .287 -(cuting the shell is substituted instead.).15 F(Other)5.287 E(-)-.2 E(w\ +-3.022 F .523(alue of the shell parameter)-.25 F F3(HOME)108 484.8 Q/F4 +9/Times-Roman@0 SF(.)A F0(If)4.787 E F3(HOME)2.787 E F0 .287 +(is unset, the home directory of the user e)2.537 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .286 +(cuting the shell is substituted instead.).15 F(Other)5.286 E(-)-.2 E(w\ ise, the tilde-pre\214x is replaced with the home directory associated \ -with the speci\214ed login name.)108 496.8 Q .093 +with the speci\214ed login name.)108 496.8 Q .092 (If the tilde-pre\214x is a `~+', the v)108 513.6 R .092 (alue of the shell v)-.25 F(ariable)-.25 E F3(PWD)2.592 E F0 .092 -(replaces the tilde-pre\214x.)2.342 F .092(If the tilde-pre\214x is) -5.092 F 3.403(a`)108 525.6 S .903(~\255', the v)-3.403 F .903 +(replaces the tilde-pre\214x.)2.342 F .093(If the tilde-pre\214x is) +5.093 F 3.404(a`)108 525.6 S .904(~\255', the v)-3.404 F .904 (alue of the shell v)-.25 F(ariable)-.25 E F3(OLDPWD)3.404 E F4(,)A F0 -.904(if it is set, is substituted.)3.154 F .904(If the characters follo) -5.904 F .904(wing the)-.25 F .88 -(tilde in the tilde-pre\214x consist of a number)108 537.6 R F1(N)3.38 E -F0 3.38(,o)C .88(ptionally pre\214x)-3.38 F .879 +.904(if it is set, is substituted.)3.154 F .903(If the characters follo) +5.903 F .903(wing the)-.25 F .879 +(tilde in the tilde-pre\214x consist of a number)108 537.6 R F1(N)3.379 +E F0 3.379(,o)C .879(ptionally pre\214x)-3.379 F .88 (ed by a `+' or a `\255', the tilde-pre\214x is re-)-.15 F .138(placed \ with the corresponding element from the directory stack, as it w)108 -549.6 R .138(ould be displayed by the)-.1 F F2(dirs)2.639 E F0 -.2(bu) -2.639 G(iltin).2 E(in)108 561.6 Q -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G 2.839(dw).1 G -.338(ith the tilde-pre\214x as an ar)-2.839 F 2.838(gument. If)-.18 F +549.6 R .138(ould be displayed by the)-.1 F F2(dirs)2.638 E F0 -.2(bu) +2.638 G(iltin).2 E(in)108 561.6 Q -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G 2.838(dw).1 G +.338(ith the tilde-pre\214x as an ar)-2.838 F 2.838(gument. If)-.18 F .338(the characters follo)2.838 F .338 (wing the tilde in the tilde-pre\214x consist)-.25 F (of a number without a leading `+' or `\255', `+' is assumed.)108 573.6 Q(If the login name is in)108 590.4 Q -.25(va)-.4 G(lid, or the tilde e) -.25 E(xpansion f)-.15 E(ails, the w)-.1 E(ord is unchanged.)-.1 E .166 +.25 E(xpansion f)-.15 E(ails, the w)-.1 E(ord is unchanged.)-.1 E .167 (Each v)108 607.2 R .167(ariable assignment is check)-.25 F .167 (ed for unquoted tilde-pre\214x)-.1 F .167(es immediately follo)-.15 F .167(wing a)-.25 F F2(:)2.667 E F0 .167(or the \214rst)2.667 F F2(=) -2.667 E F0 5.167(.I)C(n)-5.167 E .468(these cases, tilde e)108 619.2 R -.468(xpansion is also performed.)-.15 F(Consequently)5.467 E 2.967(,o) --.65 G .467(ne may use \214lenames with tildes in assign-)-2.967 F +2.666 E F0 5.166(.I)C(n)-5.166 E .467(these cases, tilde e)108 619.2 R +.467(xpansion is also performed.)-.15 F(Consequently)5.467 E 2.967(,o) +-.65 G .468(ne may use \214lenames with tildes in assign-)-2.967 F (ments to)108 631.2 Q F3 -.666(PA)2.5 G(TH)-.189 E F4(,)A F3(MAILP)2.25 E -.855(AT)-.666 G(H).855 E F4(,)A F0(and)2.25 E F3(CDP)2.5 E -.855(AT) -.666 G(H).855 E F4(,)A F0(and the shell assigns the e)2.25 E(xpanded v) --.15 E(alue.)-.25 E .023(Bash also performs tilde e)108 648 R .023 -(xpansion on w)-.15 F .024(ords satisfying the conditions of v)-.1 F -.024(ariable assignments \(as described)-.25 F(abo)108 660 Q .77 -.15 -(ve u)-.15 H(nder).15 E F3 -.666(PA)2.97 G(RAMETERS).666 E F4(\))A F0 -.47(when the)2.72 F 2.969(ya)-.15 G .469(ppear as ar)-2.969 F .469 -(guments to simple commands.)-.18 F .469(Bash does not do this,)5.469 F +-.15 E(alue.)-.25 E .024(Bash also performs tilde e)108 648 R .024 +(xpansion on w)-.15 F .023(ords satisfying the conditions of v)-.1 F +.023(ariable assignments \(as described)-.25 F(abo)108 660 Q .769 -.15 +(ve u)-.15 H(nder).15 E F3 -.666(PA)2.969 G(RAMETERS).666 E F4(\))A F0 +.469(when the)2.719 F 2.969(ya)-.15 G .469(ppear as ar)-2.969 F .469 +(guments to simple commands.)-.18 F .47(Bash does not do this,)5.469 F -.15(ex)108 672 S(cept for the).15 E F1(declar)2.5 E(ation)-.15 E F0 (commands listed abo)2.5 E -.15(ve)-.15 G 2.5(,w).15 G(hen in)-2.5 E F1 (posix mode)2.5 E F0(.)A F2 -.1(Pa)87 688.8 S(rameter Expansion).1 E F0 -.199(The `)108 700.8 R F2($)A F0 2.699('c)C .199 -(haracter introduces parameter e)-2.699 F .199 -(xpansion, command substitution, or arithmetic e)-.15 F 2.7 -(xpansion. The)-.15 F(pa-)2.7 E .314(rameter name or symbol to be e)108 -712.8 R .314(xpanded may be enclosed in braces, which are optional b) --.15 F .314(ut serv)-.2 F 2.813(et)-.15 G 2.813(op)-2.813 G(rotect) --2.813 E .414(the v)108 724.8 R .414(ariable to be e)-.25 F .414 -(xpanded from characters immediately follo)-.15 F .415 +.2(The `)108 700.8 R F2($)A F0 2.7('c)C .199 +(haracter introduces parameter e)-2.7 F .199 +(xpansion, command substitution, or arithmetic e)-.15 F 2.699 +(xpansion. The)-.15 F(pa-)2.699 E .314(rameter name or symbol to be e) +108 712.8 R .314 +(xpanded may be enclosed in braces, which are optional b)-.15 F .314 +(ut serv)-.2 F 2.814(et)-.15 G 2.814(op)-2.814 G(rotect)-2.814 E .415 +(the v)108 724.8 R .415(ariable to be e)-.25 F .415 +(xpanded from characters immediately follo)-.15 F .414 (wing it which could be interpreted as part of)-.25 F(GNU Bash 5.2)72 -768 Q(2022 March 11)144.29 E(22)193.45 E 0 Cg EP +768 Q(2022 June 3)150.675 E(22)199.835 E 0 Cg EP %%Page: 23 23 %%BeginPageSetup BP %%EndPageSetup /F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 137.14(SH\(1\) General).35 F (Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E(the name.)108 84 Q -1.19(When braces are used, the matching ending brace is the \214rst `) -108 100.8 R/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(})A F0 3.689('n)C 1.189 -(ot escaped by a backslash or within a)-3.689 F .821 -(quoted string, and not within an embedded arithmetic e)108 112.8 R .822 +1.189(When braces are used, the matching ending brace is the \214rst `) +108 100.8 R/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(})A F0 3.69('n)C 1.19 +(ot escaped by a backslash or within a)-3.69 F .822 +(quoted string, and not within an embedded arithmetic e)108 112.8 R .821 (xpansion, command substitution, or parameter e)-.15 F(x-)-.15 E (pansion.)108 124.8 Q(${)108 141.6 Q/F2 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(par)A (ameter)-.15 E F0(})A .106(The v)144 153.6 R .106(alue of)-.25 F F2(par) 2.606 E(ameter)-.15 E F0 .106(is substituted.)2.606 F .106 (The braces are required when)5.106 F F2(par)3.856 E(ameter)-.15 E F0 -.106(is a positional pa-)3.336 F .11 -(rameter with more than one digit, or when)144 165.6 R F2(par)3.86 E -(ameter)-.15 E F0 .111(is follo)3.341 F .111 +.106(is a positional pa-)3.336 F .111 +(rameter with more than one digit, or when)144 165.6 R F2(par)3.861 E +(ameter)-.15 E F0 .111(is follo)3.341 F .11 (wed by a character which is not to be)-.25 F .208 (interpreted as part of its name.)144 177.6 R(The)5.208 E F2(par)2.708 E (ameter)-.15 E F0 .208(is a shell parameter as described abo)2.708 F -.15(ve)-.15 G F1 -.74(PA)2.858 G(RAME-).74 E(TERS)144 189.6 Q F0 2.5 (\)o)C 2.5(ra)-2.5 G 2.5(na)-2.5 G(rray reference \()-2.5 E F1(Arrays)A -F0(\).)A .346(If the \214rst character of)108 206.4 R F2(par)2.846 E +F0(\).)A .347(If the \214rst character of)108 206.4 R F2(par)2.846 E (ameter)-.15 E F0 .346(is an e)2.846 F .346(xclamation point \()-.15 F F1(!)A F0 .346(\), and)B F2(par)2.846 E(ameter)-.15 E F0 .346(is not a) -2.846 F F2(namer)2.846 E(ef)-.37 E F0 2.847(,i)C 2.847(ti)-2.847 G -(ntroduces)-2.847 E 2.907(al)108 218.4 S -2.15 -.25(ev e)-2.907 H 2.907 -(lo).25 G 2.906(fi)-2.907 G(ndirection.)-2.906 E F1(Bash)5.406 E F0 .406 +2.846 F F2(namer)2.846 E(ef)-.37 E F0 2.846(,i)C 2.846(ti)-2.846 G +(ntroduces)-2.846 E 2.906(al)108 218.4 S -2.15 -.25(ev e)-2.906 H 2.906 +(lo).25 G 2.906(fi)-2.906 G(ndirection.)-2.906 E F1(Bash)5.406 E F0 .406 (uses the v)2.906 F .406(alue formed by e)-.25 F .406 (xpanding the rest of)-.15 F F2(par)2.906 E(ameter)-.15 E F0 .406 -(as the ne)2.906 F(w)-.25 E F2(par)2.906 E(ame-)-.15 E(ter)108 230.4 Q -F0 2.578(;t)C .078(his is then e)-2.578 F .078(xpanded and that v)-.15 F -.079(alue is used in the rest of the e)-.25 F .079 -(xpansion, rather than the e)-.15 F .079(xpansion of the)-.15 F -(original)108 242.4 Q F2(par)2.543 E(ameter)-.15 E F0 5.043(.T)C .043 -(his is kno)-5.043 F .043(wn as)-.25 F F2(indir)2.543 E .043(ect e)-.37 -F(xpansion)-.2 E F0 5.043(.T)C .043(he v)-5.043 F .042 -(alue is subject to tilde e)-.25 F .042(xpansion, parameter)-.15 F -.15 -(ex)108 254.4 S .248(pansion, command substitution, and arithmetic e).15 -F 2.748(xpansion. If)-.15 F F2(par)2.749 E(ameter)-.15 E F0 .249 -(is a nameref, this e)2.749 F .249(xpands to the)-.15 F 1.51 +(as the ne)2.906 F(w)-.25 E F2(par)2.907 E(ame-)-.15 E(ter)108 230.4 Q +F0 2.579(;t)C .079(his is then e)-2.579 F .079(xpanded and that v)-.15 F +.079(alue is used in the rest of the e)-.25 F .078 +(xpansion, rather than the e)-.15 F .078(xpansion of the)-.15 F +(original)108 242.4 Q F2(par)2.542 E(ameter)-.15 E F0 5.042(.T)C .042 +(his is kno)-5.042 F .042(wn as)-.25 F F2(indir)2.543 E .043(ect e)-.37 +F(xpansion)-.2 E F0 5.043(.T)C .043(he v)-5.043 F .043 +(alue is subject to tilde e)-.25 F .043(xpansion, parameter)-.15 F -.15 +(ex)108 254.4 S .249(pansion, command substitution, and arithmetic e).15 +F 2.749(xpansion. If)-.15 F F2(par)2.749 E(ameter)-.15 E F0 .248 +(is a nameref, this e)2.749 F .248(xpands to the)-.15 F 1.51 (name of the parameter referenced by)108 266.4 R F2(par)4.01 E(ameter) -.15 E F0 1.51(instead of performing the complete indirect e)4.01 F -(xpansion.)-.15 E .387(The e)108 278.4 R .387 +(xpansion.)-.15 E .388(The e)108 278.4 R .387 (xceptions to this are the e)-.15 F .387(xpansions of ${)-.15 F F1(!)A F2(pr)A(e\214x)-.37 E F1(*)A F0 2.887(}a)C .387(nd ${)-2.887 F F1(!)A F2 -(name)A F0([)A F2(@)A F0 .387(]} described belo)B 4.188 -.65(w. T)-.25 H -.388(he e).65 F(xclama-)-.15 E(tion point must immediately follo)108 +(name)A F0([)A F2(@)A F0 .387(]} described belo)B 4.187 -.65(w. T)-.25 H +.387(he e).65 F(xclama-)-.15 E(tion point must immediately follo)108 290.4 Q 2.5(wt)-.25 G(he left brace in order to introduce indirection.) -2.5 E .334(In each of the cases belo)108 307.2 R -.65(w,)-.25 G F2(wor) 3.484 E(d)-.37 E F0 .334(is subject to tilde e)2.834 F .334 (xpansion, parameter e)-.15 F .334(xpansion, command substitution,)-.15 -F(and arithmetic e)108 319.2 Q(xpansion.)-.15 E .066 +F(and arithmetic e)108 319.2 Q(xpansion.)-.15 E .067 (When not performing substring e)108 336 R .067 (xpansion, using the forms documented belo)-.15 F 2.567(w\()-.25 G -(e.g.,)-2.567 E F1(:-)2.567 E F0(\),)A F1(bash)2.567 E F0 .067 +(e.g.,)-2.567 E F1(:-)2.567 E F0(\),)A F1(bash)2.567 E F0 .066 (tests for a pa-)2.567 F(rameter that is unset or null.)108 348 Q(Omitt\ ing the colon results in a test only for a parameter that is unset.)5 E (${)108 364.8 Q F2(par)A(ameter)-.15 E F1<3aad>A F2(wor)A(d)-.37 E F0(}) -A F1 .723(Use Default V)144 376.8 R(alues)-.92 E F0 5.723(.I)C(f)-5.723 -E F2(par)4.473 E(ameter)-.15 E F0 .723(is unset or null, the e)3.953 F -.722(xpansion of)-.15 F F2(wor)3.562 E(d)-.37 E F0 .722(is substituted.) -3.992 F(Other)5.722 E(-)-.2 E(wise, the v)144 388.8 Q(alue of)-.25 E F2 +A F1 .722(Use Default V)144 376.8 R(alues)-.92 E F0 5.722(.I)C(f)-5.722 +E F2(par)4.472 E(ameter)-.15 E F0 .723(is unset or null, the e)3.952 F +.723(xpansion of)-.15 F F2(wor)3.563 E(d)-.37 E F0 .723(is substituted.) +3.993 F(Other)5.723 E(-)-.2 E(wise, the v)144 388.8 Q(alue of)-.25 E F2 (par)3.75 E(ameter)-.15 E F0(is substituted.)3.23 E(${)108 400.8 Q F2 -(par)A(ameter)-.15 E F1(:=)A F2(wor)A(d)-.37 E F0(})A F1 .811 +(par)A(ameter)-.15 E F1(:=)A F2(wor)A(d)-.37 E F0(})A F1 .812 (Assign Default V)144 412.8 R(alues)-.92 E F0 5.812(.I)C(f)-5.812 E F2 (par)4.562 E(ameter)-.15 E F0 .812(is unset or null, the e)4.042 F .812 (xpansion of)-.15 F F2(wor)3.652 E(d)-.37 E F0 .812(is assigned to)4.082 -F F2(pa-)4.562 E -.15(ra)144 424.8 S(meter).15 E F0 5.742(.T).73 G .742 -(he v)-5.742 F .742(alue of)-.25 F F2(par)4.492 E(ameter)-.15 E F0 .742 -(is then substituted.)3.972 F .741 +F F2(pa-)4.561 E -.15(ra)144 424.8 S(meter).15 E F0 5.741(.T).73 G .741 +(he v)-5.741 F .741(alue of)-.25 F F2(par)4.491 E(ameter)-.15 E F0 .742 +(is then substituted.)3.972 F .742 (Positional parameters and special parame-)5.742 F (ters may not be assigned to in this w)144 436.8 Q(ay)-.1 E(.)-.65 E(${) 108 448.8 Q F2(par)A(ameter)-.15 E F1(:?)A F2(wor)A(d)-.37 E F0(})A F1 .535(Display Err)144 460.8 R .535(or if Null or Unset)-.18 F F0 5.535 (.I)C(f)-5.535 E F2(par)4.285 E(ameter)-.15 E F0 .535 (is null or unset, the e)3.765 F .535(xpansion of)-.15 F F2(wor)3.035 E -(d)-.37 E F0 .535(\(or a mes-)3.035 F .013(sage to that ef)144 472.8 R -.013(fect if)-.25 F F2(wor)2.853 E(d)-.37 E F0 .013(is not present\) is\ - written to the standard error and the shell, if it is not in-)3.283 F +(d)-.37 E F0 .535(\(or a mes-)3.035 F .012(sage to that ef)144 472.8 R +.012(fect if)-.25 F F2(wor)2.852 E(d)-.37 E F0 .013(is not present\) is\ + written to the standard error and the shell, if it is not in-)3.282 F (teracti)144 484.8 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.5(,e).15 G 2.5(xits. Otherwise,) -2.65 F(the v)2.5 E(alue of)-.25 E F2(par)2.5 E(ameter)-.15 E F0 (is substituted.)2.5 E(${)108 496.8 Q F2(par)A(ameter)-.15 E F1(:+)A F2 @@ -3080,48 +3083,48 @@ F F2(pa-)4.562 E -.15(ra)144 424.8 S(meter).15 E F0 5.742(.T).73 G .742 (of)A(fset)-.18 E F1(:)A F2(length)A F0(})A F1 .002(Substring Expansion) 144 556.8 R F0 5.002(.E)C .002(xpands to up to)-5.002 F F2(length)2.502 E F0 .002(characters of the v)2.502 F .002(alue of)-.25 F F2(par)2.502 E -(ameter)-.15 E F0 .002(starting at the)2.502 F .003 -(character speci\214ed by)144 568.8 R F2(of)2.503 E(fset)-.18 E F0 5.003 +(ameter)-.15 E F0 .002(starting at the)2.502 F .004 +(character speci\214ed by)144 568.8 R F2(of)2.504 E(fset)-.18 E F0 5.003 (.I)C(f)-5.003 E F2(par)2.503 E(ameter)-.15 E F0(is)2.503 E F1(@)2.503 E F0(or)2.503 E F1(*)2.503 E F0 2.503(,a)C 2.503(ni)-2.503 G(nde)-2.503 E -.15(xe)-.15 G 2.503(da).15 G .003(rray subscripted by)-2.503 F F1(@) -2.503 E F0(or)2.503 E F1(*)2.504 E F0 2.504(,o)C 2.504(ra)-2.504 G(n) --2.504 E(associati)144 580.8 Q 1.022 -.15(ve a)-.25 H .722 +2.503 E F0(or)2.503 E F1(*)2.503 E F0 2.503(,o)C 2.503(ra)-2.503 G(n) +-2.503 E(associati)144 580.8 Q 1.022 -.15(ve a)-.25 H .722 (rray name, the results dif).15 F .722(fer as described belo)-.25 F 4.522 -.65(w. I)-.25 H(f).65 E F2(length)3.222 E F0 .722(is omitted, e) -3.222 F .722(xpands to the)-.15 F .042(substring of the v)144 592.8 R -.042(alue of)-.25 F F2(par)2.542 E(ameter)-.15 E F0 .043 -(starting at the character speci\214ed by)2.542 F F2(of)2.543 E(fset) --.18 E F0 .043(and e)2.543 F .043(xtending to the)-.15 F .847 +3.222 F .722(xpands to the)-.15 F .043(substring of the v)144 592.8 R +.043(alue of)-.25 F F2(par)2.543 E(ameter)-.15 E F0 .042 +(starting at the character speci\214ed by)2.543 F F2(of)2.542 E(fset) +-.18 E F0 .042(and e)2.542 F .042(xtending to the)-.15 F .846 (end of the v)144 604.8 R(alue.)-.25 E F2(length)5.846 E F0(and)3.346 E -F2(of)3.346 E(fset)-.18 E F0 .846(are arithmetic e)3.346 F .846 -(xpressions \(see)-.15 F/F3 9/Times-Bold@0 SF .846(ARITHMETIC EV)3.346 F +F2(of)3.346 E(fset)-.18 E F0 .846(are arithmetic e)3.346 F .847 +(xpressions \(see)-.15 F/F3 9/Times-Bold@0 SF .847(ARITHMETIC EV)3.347 F (ALU)-1.215 E -.855(AT)-.54 G(ION).855 E F0(belo)144 616.8 Q(w\).)-.25 E -(If)144 640.8 Q F2(of)3.028 E(fset)-.18 E F0 -.25(eva)3.029 G .529 +(If)144 640.8 Q F2(of)3.029 E(fset)-.18 E F0 -.25(eva)3.029 G .529 (luates to a number less than zero, the v).25 F .529 (alue is used as an of)-.25 F .529(fset in characters from the)-.25 F -.046(end of the v)144 652.8 R .046(alue of)-.25 F F2(par)2.546 E(ameter) +.045(end of the v)144 652.8 R .045(alue of)-.25 F F2(par)2.546 E(ameter) -.15 E F0 5.046(.I)C(f)-5.046 E F2(length)2.546 E F0 -.25(eva)2.546 G .046(luates to a number less than zero, it is interpreted as an).25 F -(of)144 664.8 Q .202(fset in characters from the end of the v)-.25 F -.202(alue of)-.25 F F2(par)2.702 E(ameter)-.15 E F0 .203 -(rather than a number of characters, and)2.702 F .558(the e)144 676.8 R -.558(xpansion is the characters between)-.15 F F2(of)3.058 E(fset)-.18 E -F0 .558(and that result.)3.058 F .557(Note that a ne)5.557 F -.05(ga) --.15 G(ti).05 E .857 -.15(ve o)-.25 H -.25(ff).15 G .557(set must be).25 +(of)144 664.8 Q .203(fset in characters from the end of the v)-.25 F +.202(alue of)-.25 F F2(par)2.702 E(ameter)-.15 E F0 .202 +(rather than a number of characters, and)2.702 F .557(the e)144 676.8 R +.557(xpansion is the characters between)-.15 F F2(of)3.057 E(fset)-.18 E +F0 .557(and that result.)3.057 F .558(Note that a ne)5.558 F -.05(ga) +-.15 G(ti).05 E .858 -.15(ve o)-.25 H -.25(ff).15 G .558(set must be).25 F(separated from the colon by at least one space to a)144 688.8 Q -.2 (vo)-.2 G(id being confused with the).2 E F1(:-)2.5 E F0 -.15(ex)2.5 G -(pansion.).15 E(If)144 712.8 Q F2(par)3.283 E(ameter)-.15 E F0(is)3.283 -E F1(@)3.283 E F0(or)3.283 E F1(*)3.284 E F0 3.284(,t)C .784 +(pansion.).15 E(If)144 712.8 Q F2(par)3.284 E(ameter)-.15 E F0(is)3.284 +E F1(@)3.284 E F0(or)3.284 E F1(*)3.284 E F0 3.284(,t)C .784 (he result is)-3.284 F F2(length)3.284 E F0 .784 -(positional parameters be)3.284 F .784(ginning at)-.15 F F2(of)3.284 E -(fset)-.18 E F0 5.784(.A)C(ne)-2.5 E -.05(ga)-.15 G(ti).05 E -.15(ve) --.25 G F2(of)144 724.8 Q(fset)-.18 E F0 1.552(is tak)4.052 F 1.552 -(en relati)-.1 F 1.852 -.15(ve t)-.25 H 4.051(oo).15 G 1.551 +(positional parameters be)3.284 F .783(ginning at)-.15 F F2(of)3.283 E +(fset)-.18 E F0 5.783(.A)C(ne)-2.5 E -.05(ga)-.15 G(ti).05 E -.15(ve) +-.25 G F2(of)144 724.8 Q(fset)-.18 E F0 1.551(is tak)4.051 F 1.551 +(en relati)-.1 F 1.851 -.15(ve t)-.25 H 4.051(oo).15 G 1.551 (ne greater than the greatest positional parameter)-4.051 F 4.051(,s)-.4 -G 4.051(oa)-4.051 G 4.051(no)-4.051 G -.25(ff)-4.051 G 1.551 -(set of \2551).25 F(GNU Bash 5.2)72 768 Q(2022 March 11)144.29 E(23) -193.45 E 0 Cg EP +G 4.052(oa)-4.051 G 4.052(no)-4.052 G -.25(ff)-4.052 G 1.552 +(set of \2551).25 F(GNU Bash 5.2)72 768 Q(2022 June 3)150.675 E(23) +199.835 E 0 Cg EP %%Page: 24 24 %%BeginPageSetup BP @@ -3132,40 +3135,40 @@ BP (ti)-5.555 G 3.055(sa)-3.055 G 3.055(ne)-3.055 G .555(xpansion error if) -3.205 F/F1 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(length)3.055 E F0 -.25(eva)3.055 G .555 (luates to a number).25 F(less than zero.)144 96 Q(If)144 120 Q F1(par) -3.014 E(ameter)-.15 E F0 .514(is an inde)3.014 F -.15(xe)-.15 G 3.014 +3.013 E(ameter)-.15 E F0 .514(is an inde)3.013 F -.15(xe)-.15 G 3.014 (da).15 G .514(rray name subscripted by @ or *, the result is the)-3.014 -F F1(length)3.014 E F0 .513(members of)3.013 F 1.081(the array be)144 -132 R 1.081(ginning with ${)-.15 F F1(par)A(ameter)-.15 E F0([)A F1(of)A -(fset)-.18 E F0 3.581(]}. A)B(ne)3.581 E -.05(ga)-.15 G(ti).05 E -.15 -(ve)-.25 G F1(of)3.732 E(fset)-.18 E F0 1.082(is tak)3.582 F 1.082 -(en relati)-.1 F 1.382 -.15(ve t)-.25 H 3.582(oo).15 G 1.082(ne greater) --3.582 F 1.08(than the maximum inde)144 144 R 3.58(xo)-.15 G 3.58(ft) --3.58 G 1.08(he speci\214ed array)-3.58 F 6.079(.I)-.65 G 3.579(ti) --6.079 G 3.579(sa)-3.579 G 3.579(ne)-3.579 G 1.079(xpansion error if) --3.729 F F1(length)3.579 E F0 -.25(eva)3.579 G 1.079(luates to a).25 F +F F1(length)3.014 E F0 .514(members of)3.014 F 1.082(the array be)144 +132 R 1.082(ginning with ${)-.15 F F1(par)A(ameter)-.15 E F0([)A F1(of)A +(fset)-.18 E F0 3.582(]}. A)B(ne)3.582 E -.05(ga)-.15 G(ti).05 E -.15 +(ve)-.25 G F1(of)3.732 E(fset)-.18 E F0 1.081(is tak)3.581 F 1.081 +(en relati)-.1 F 1.381 -.15(ve t)-.25 H 3.581(oo).15 G 1.081(ne greater) +-3.581 F 1.079(than the maximum inde)144 144 R 3.579(xo)-.15 G 3.579(ft) +-3.579 G 1.079(he speci\214ed array)-3.579 F 6.079(.I)-.65 G 3.579(ti) +-6.079 G 3.579(sa)-3.579 G 3.58(ne)-3.579 G 1.08(xpansion error if)-3.73 +F F1(length)3.58 E F0 -.25(eva)3.58 G 1.08(luates to a).25 F (number less than zero.)144 156 Q(Substring e)144 180 Q (xpansion applied to an associati)-.15 E .3 -.15(ve a)-.25 H -(rray produces unde\214ned results.).15 E .82(Substring inde)144 204 R +(rray produces unde\214ned results.).15 E .821(Substring inde)144 204 R .821(xing is zero-based unless the positional parameters are used, in w\ hich case the in-)-.15 F(de)144 216 Q .159(xing starts at 1 by def)-.15 F 2.659(ault. If)-.1 F F1(of)2.659 E(fset)-.18 E F0 .159 (is 0, and the positional parameters are used,)2.659 F/F2 10 -/Times-Bold@0 SF($0)2.659 E F0 .159(is pre\214x)2.659 F .158(ed to)-.15 +/Times-Bold@0 SF($0)2.659 E F0 .159(is pre\214x)2.659 F .159(ed to)-.15 F(the list.)144 228 Q(${)108 244.8 Q F2(!)A F1(pr)A(e\214x)-.37 E F2(*)A -F0(})A(${)108 256.8 Q F2(!)A F1(pr)A(e\214x)-.37 E F2(@)A F0(})A F2 .084 -(Names matching pr)144 268.8 R(e\214x)-.18 E F0 5.084(.E)C .084 -(xpands to the names of v)-5.084 F .084(ariables whose names be)-.25 F -.085(gin with)-.15 F F1(pr)2.585 E(e\214x)-.37 E F0 2.585(,s)C(epa-) --2.585 E .258(rated by the \214rst character of the)144 280.8 R/F3 9 -/Times-Bold@0 SF(IFS)2.758 E F0 .257(special v)2.507 F 2.757 -(ariable. When)-.25 F F1(@)2.757 E F0 .257(is used and the e)2.757 F -.257(xpansion appears)-.15 F(within double quotes, each v)144 292.8 Q +F0(})A(${)108 256.8 Q F2(!)A F1(pr)A(e\214x)-.37 E F2(@)A F0(})A F2 .085 +(Names matching pr)144 268.8 R(e\214x)-.18 E F0 5.085(.E)C .084 +(xpands to the names of v)-5.085 F .084(ariables whose names be)-.25 F +.084(gin with)-.15 F F1(pr)2.584 E(e\214x)-.37 E F0 2.584(,s)C(epa-) +-2.584 E .257(rated by the \214rst character of the)144 280.8 R/F3 9 +/Times-Bold@0 SF(IFS)2.757 E F0 .257(special v)2.507 F 2.757 +(ariable. When)-.25 F F1(@)2.758 E F0 .258(is used and the e)2.758 F +.258(xpansion appears)-.15 F(within double quotes, each v)144 292.8 Q (ariable name e)-.25 E(xpands to a separate w)-.15 E(ord.)-.1 E(${)108 309.6 Q F2(!)A F1(name)A F0([)A F1(@)A F0(]})A(${)108 321.6 Q F2(!)A F1 -(name)A F0([)A F1(*)A F0(]})A F2 1.136(List of array k)144 333.6 R(eys) +(name)A F0([)A F1(*)A F0(]})A F2 1.137(List of array k)144 333.6 R(eys) -.1 E F0 6.136(.I)C(f)-6.136 E F1(name)3.636 E F0 1.136(is an array v) 3.636 F 1.136(ariable, e)-.25 F 1.136 -(xpands to the list of array indices \(k)-.15 F -.15(ey)-.1 G 1.137 +(xpands to the list of array indices \(k)-.15 F -.15(ey)-.1 G 1.136 (s\) as-).15 F .397(signed in)144 345.6 R F1(name)2.897 E F0 5.397(.I)C (f)-5.397 E F1(name)2.897 E F0 .397(is not an array)2.897 F 2.897(,e) -.65 G .397(xpands to 0 if)-3.047 F F1(name)2.897 E F0 .397 @@ -3173,25 +3176,25 @@ F0(})A(${)108 256.8 Q F2(!)A F1(pr)A(e\214x)-.37 E F2(@)A F0(})A F2 .084 (is used and the e)144 357.6 Q (xpansion appears within double quotes, each k)-.15 E .3 -.15(ey ex)-.1 H(pands to a separate w).15 E(ord.)-.1 E(${)108 374.4 Q F2(#)A F1(par)A -(ameter)-.15 E F0(})A F2 -.1(Pa)144 386.4 S .47(rameter length).1 F F0 -5.47(.T)C .471(he length in characters of the v)-5.47 F .471(alue of) --.25 F F1(par)2.971 E(ameter)-.15 E F0 .471(is substituted.)2.971 F(If) -5.471 E F1(par)4.221 E(ame-)-.15 E(ter)144 398.4 Q F0(is)3.627 E F2(*) -2.897 E F0(or)2.897 E F2(@)2.897 E F0 2.897(,t)C .397(he v)-2.897 F .397 +(ameter)-.15 E F0(})A F2 -.1(Pa)144 386.4 S .471(rameter length).1 F F0 +5.471(.T)C .471(he length in characters of the v)-5.471 F .471(alue of) +-.25 F F1(par)2.971 E(ameter)-.15 E F0 .47(is substituted.)2.97 F(If) +5.47 E F1(par)4.22 E(ame-)-.15 E(ter)144 398.4 Q F0(is)3.626 E F2(*) +2.896 E F0(or)2.896 E F2(@)2.896 E F0 2.896(,t)C .396(he v)-2.896 F .397 (alue substituted is the number of positional parameters.)-.25 F(If) -5.396 E F1(par)4.146 E(ameter)-.15 E F0 .396(is an ar)3.626 F(-)-.2 E -.78(ray name subscripted by)144 410.4 R F2(*)3.28 E F0(or)3.28 E F2(@) -3.28 E F0 3.28(,t)C .78(he v)-3.28 F .781 -(alue substituted is the number of elements in the array)-.25 F 5.781 -(.I)-.65 G(f)-5.781 E F1(par)145.25 422.4 Q(ameter)-.15 E F0 .456 -(is an inde)3.686 F -.15(xe)-.15 G 2.956(da).15 G .456 -(rray name subscripted by a ne)-2.956 F -.05(ga)-.15 G(ti).05 E .756 --.15(ve n)-.25 H(umber).15 E 2.955(,t)-.4 G .455 -(hat number is interpreted)-2.955 F .972(as relati)144 434.4 R 1.272 --.15(ve t)-.25 H 3.472(oo).15 G .973(ne greater than the maximum inde) --3.472 F 3.473(xo)-.15 G(f)-3.473 E F1(par)3.473 E(ameter)-.15 E F0 -3.473(,s)C 3.473(on)-3.473 G -2.25 -.15(eg a)-3.473 H(ti).15 E 1.273 --.15(ve i)-.25 H .973(ndices count back).15 F(from the end of the array) +5.397 E F1(par)4.147 E(ameter)-.15 E F0 .397(is an ar)3.627 F(-)-.2 E +.781(ray name subscripted by)144 410.4 R F2(*)3.281 E F0(or)3.281 E F2 +(@)3.281 E F0 3.281(,t)C .781(he v)-3.281 F .78 +(alue substituted is the number of elements in the array)-.25 F 5.78(.I) +-.65 G(f)-5.78 E F1(par)145.25 422.4 Q(ameter)-.15 E F0 .455(is an inde) +3.685 F -.15(xe)-.15 G 2.955(da).15 G .456 +(rray name subscripted by a ne)-2.955 F -.05(ga)-.15 G(ti).05 E .756 +-.15(ve n)-.25 H(umber).15 E 2.956(,t)-.4 G .456 +(hat number is interpreted)-2.956 F .973(as relati)144 434.4 R 1.273 +-.15(ve t)-.25 H 3.473(oo).15 G .973(ne greater than the maximum inde) +-3.473 F 3.473(xo)-.15 G(f)-3.473 E F1(par)3.473 E(ameter)-.15 E F0 +3.472(,s)C 3.472(on)-3.472 G -2.25 -.15(eg a)-3.472 H(ti).15 E 1.272 +-.15(ve i)-.25 H .972(ndices count back).15 F(from the end of the array) 144 446.4 Q 2.5(,a)-.65 G(nd an inde)-2.5 E 2.5(xo)-.15 G 2.5<66ad>-2.5 G 2.5(1r)-2.5 G(eferences the last element.)-2.5 E(${)108 463.2 Q F1 (par)A(ameter)-.15 E F2(#)A F1(wor)A(d)-.37 E F0(})A(${)108 475.2 Q F1 @@ -3199,59 +3202,58 @@ G 2.5(1r)-2.5 G(eferences the last element.)-2.5 E(${)108 463.2 Q F1 Q 1.396 -.1(ve m)-.1 H 1.196(atching pr).1 F 1.196(e\214x patter)-.18 F (n)-.15 E F0 6.196(.T)C(he)-6.196 E F1(wor)4.036 E(d)-.37 E F0 1.196 (is e)4.466 F 1.196(xpanded to produce a pattern just as in path-)-.15 F -.543(name e)144 499.2 R .544(xpansion, and matched ag)-.15 F .544 +.544(name e)144 499.2 R .544(xpansion, and matched ag)-.15 F .544 (ainst the e)-.05 F .544(xpanded v)-.15 F .544(alue of)-.25 F F1(par) -4.294 E(ameter)-.15 E F0 .544(using the rules described)3.774 F(under) -144 511.2 Q F2 -.1(Pa)3.133 G(tter).1 E 3.133(nM)-.15 G(atching)-3.133 E +4.294 E(ameter)-.15 E F0 .543(using the rules described)3.774 F(under) +144 511.2 Q F2 -.1(Pa)3.132 G(tter).1 E 3.132(nM)-.15 G(atching)-3.132 E F0(belo)3.132 E 4.432 -.65(w. I)-.25 H 3.132(ft).65 G .632 -(he pattern matches the be)-3.132 F .632(ginning of the v)-.15 F .632 -(alue of)-.25 F F1(par)4.382 E(ameter)-.15 E F0(,).73 E 1.151 +(he pattern matches the be)-3.132 F .632(ginning of the v)-.15 F .633 +(alue of)-.25 F F1(par)4.383 E(ameter)-.15 E F0(,).73 E 1.152 (then the result of the e)144 523.2 R 1.151(xpansion is the e)-.15 F -1.151(xpanded v)-.15 F 1.151(alue of)-.25 F F1(par)4.902 E(ameter)-.15 E -F0 1.152(with the shortest matching)4.382 F .184(pattern \(the `)144 -535.2 R(`)-.74 E F2(#)A F0 1.664 -.74('' c)D .184 +1.151(xpanded v)-.15 F 1.151(alue of)-.25 F F1(par)4.901 E(ameter)-.15 E +F0 1.151(with the shortest matching)4.381 F .183(pattern \(the `)144 +535.2 R(`)-.74 E F2(#)A F0 1.663 -.74('' c)D .184 (ase\) or the longest matching pattern \(the `).74 F(`)-.74 E F2(##)A F0 -1.664 -.74('' c)D .184(ase\) deleted.).74 F(If)5.183 E F1(par)3.933 E -(ameter)-.15 E F0(is)3.413 E F2(@)2.683 E F0(or)144 547.2 Q F2(*)3.018 E -F0 3.018(,t)C .518(he pattern remo)-3.018 F -.25(va)-.15 G 3.018(lo).25 +1.664 -.74('' c)D .184(ase\) deleted.).74 F(If)5.184 E F1(par)3.934 E +(ameter)-.15 E F0(is)3.414 E F2(@)2.684 E F0(or)144 547.2 Q F2(*)3.019 E +F0 3.019(,t)C .518(he pattern remo)-3.019 F -.25(va)-.15 G 3.018(lo).25 G .518 (peration is applied to each positional parameter in turn, and the e) --3.018 F(xpan-)-.15 E .304(sion is the resultant list.)144 559.2 R(If) -5.304 E F1(par)4.054 E(ameter)-.15 E F0 .303(is an array v)3.533 F .303 -(ariable subscripted with)-.25 F F2(@)2.803 E F0(or)2.803 E F2(*)2.803 E -F0 2.803(,t)C .303(he pattern re-)-2.803 F(mo)144 571.2 Q -.25(va)-.15 G -2.987(lo).25 G .487 +-3.018 F(xpan-)-.15 E .303(sion is the resultant list.)144 559.2 R(If) +5.303 E F1(par)4.053 E(ameter)-.15 E F0 .303(is an array v)3.533 F .303 +(ariable subscripted with)-.25 F F2(@)2.804 E F0(or)2.804 E F2(*)2.804 E +F0 2.804(,t)C .304(he pattern re-)-2.804 F(mo)144 571.2 Q -.25(va)-.15 G +2.988(lo).25 G .487 (peration is applied to each member of the array in turn, and the e) --2.987 F .487(xpansion is the resultant)-.15 F(list.)144 583.2 Q(${)108 +-2.988 F .487(xpansion is the resultant)-.15 F(list.)144 583.2 Q(${)108 600 Q F1(par)A(ameter)-.15 E F2(%)A F1(wor)A(d)-.37 E F0(})A(${)108 612 Q F1(par)A(ameter)-.15 E F2(%%)A F1(wor)A(d)-.37 E F0(})A F2(Remo)144 -624 Q .347 -.1(ve m)-.1 H .147(atching suf\214x patter).1 F(n)-.15 E F0 -5.147(.T)C(he)-5.147 E F1(wor)2.647 E(d)-.37 E F0 .147(is e)2.647 F .146 +624 Q .346 -.1(ve m)-.1 H .146(atching suf\214x patter).1 F(n)-.15 E F0 +5.146(.T)C(he)-5.146 E F1(wor)2.646 E(d)-.37 E F0 .147(is e)2.647 F .147 (xpanded to produce a pattern just as in pathname)-.15 F -.15(ex)144 636 -S .458(pansion, and matched ag).15 F .458(ainst the e)-.05 F .458 -(xpanded v)-.15 F .458(alue of)-.25 F F1(par)4.209 E(ameter)-.15 E F0 -.459(using the rules described under)3.689 F F2 -.1(Pa)144 648 S(tter).1 +S .459(pansion, and matched ag).15 F .459(ainst the e)-.05 F .459 +(xpanded v)-.15 F .458(alue of)-.25 F F1(par)4.208 E(ameter)-.15 E F0 +.458(using the rules described under)3.688 F F2 -.1(Pa)144 648 S(tter).1 E 3.314(nM)-.15 G(atching)-3.314 E F0(belo)3.314 E 4.614 -.65(w. I)-.25 H 3.314(ft).65 G .814(he pattern matches a trailing portion of the e) -3.314 F .814(xpanded v)-.15 F .814(alue of)-.25 F F1(pa-)4.564 E -.15 -(ra)144 660 S(meter).15 E F0 3.816(,t).73 G 1.316 -(hen the result of the e)-3.816 F 1.317(xpansion is the e)-.15 F 1.317 -(xpanded v)-.15 F 1.317(alue of)-.25 F F1(par)5.067 E(ameter)-.15 E F0 -1.317(with the shortest)4.547 F 1.085(matching pattern \(the `)144 672 R -(`)-.74 E F2(%)A F0 2.565 -.74('' c)D 1.084 +(ra)144 660 S(meter).15 E F0 3.817(,t).73 G 1.317 +(hen the result of the e)-3.817 F 1.317(xpansion is the e)-.15 F 1.317 +(xpanded v)-.15 F 1.316(alue of)-.25 F F1(par)5.066 E(ameter)-.15 E F0 +1.316(with the shortest)4.546 F 1.084(matching pattern \(the `)144 672 R +(`)-.74 E F2(%)A F0 2.564 -.74('' c)D 1.084 (ase\) or the longest matching pattern \(the `).74 F(`)-.74 E F2(%%)A F0 -2.564 -.74('' c)D 1.084(ase\) deleted.).74 F(If)6.084 E F1(par)145.25 -684 Q(ameter)-.15 E F0(is)3.389 E F2(@)2.659 E F0(or)2.659 E F2(*)2.659 -E F0 2.659(,t)C .159(he pattern remo)-2.659 F -.25(va)-.15 G 2.659(lo) -.25 G .16(peration is applied to each positional parameter in turn,) --2.659 F .51(and the e)144 696 R .51(xpansion is the resultant list.) --.15 F(If)5.51 E F1(par)4.259 E(ameter)-.15 E F0 .509(is an array v) -3.739 F .509(ariable subscripted with)-.25 F F2(@)3.009 E F0(or)3.009 E -F2(*)3.009 E F0(,)A .422(the pattern remo)144 708 R -.25(va)-.15 G 2.922 -(lo).25 G .422 +2.565 -.74('' c)D 1.085(ase\) deleted.).74 F(If)6.085 E F1(par)145.25 +684 Q(ameter)-.15 E F0(is)3.39 E F2(@)2.66 E F0(or)2.66 E F2(*)2.66 E F0 +2.66(,t)C .16(he pattern remo)-2.66 F -.25(va)-.15 G 2.659(lo).25 G .159 +(peration is applied to each positional parameter in turn,)-2.659 F .509 +(and the e)144 696 R .509(xpansion is the resultant list.)-.15 F(If) +5.509 E F1(par)4.259 E(ameter)-.15 E F0 .51(is an array v)3.739 F .51 +(ariable subscripted with)-.25 F F2(@)3.01 E F0(or)3.01 E F2(*)3.01 E F0 +(,)A .423(the pattern remo)144 708 R -.25(va)-.15 G 2.923(lo).25 G .422 (peration is applied to each member of the array in turn, and the e) --2.922 F .423(xpansion is)-.15 F(the resultant list.)144 720 Q -(GNU Bash 5.2)72 768 Q(2022 March 11)144.29 E(24)193.45 E 0 Cg EP +-2.923 F .422(xpansion is)-.15 F(the resultant list.)144 720 Q +(GNU Bash 5.2)72 768 Q(2022 June 3)150.675 E(24)199.835 E 0 Cg EP %%Page: 25 25 %%BeginPageSetup BP @@ -3263,281 +3265,279 @@ BP F2(//)A F1(pattern)A F2(/)A F1(string)A F0(})A(${)108 108 Q F1(par)A (ameter)-.15 E F2(/#)A F1(pattern)A F2(/)A F1(string)A F0(})A(${)108 120 Q F1(par)A(ameter)-.15 E F2(/%)A F1(pattern)A F2(/)A F1(string)A F0(})A -F2 -.1(Pa)144 132 S(tter).1 E 3.607(ns)-.15 G(ubstitution)-3.607 E F0 -6.107(.T)C(he)-6.107 E F1(pattern)3.607 E F0 1.107(is e)3.607 F 1.106 +F2 -.1(Pa)144 132 S(tter).1 E 3.606(ns)-.15 G(ubstitution)-3.606 E F0 +6.106(.T)C(he)-6.106 E F1(pattern)3.606 E F0 1.106(is e)3.606 F 1.107 (xpanded to produce a pattern just as in pathname e)-.15 F(xpan-)-.15 E -(sion.)144 144 Q F1 -.8(Pa)6.033 G -.15(ra).8 G(meter).15 E F0 1.033 -(is e)3.533 F 1.033(xpanded and the longest match of)-.15 F F1(pattern) -3.533 E F0(ag)3.533 E 1.034(ainst its v)-.05 F 1.034 +(sion.)144 144 Q F1 -.8(Pa)6.034 G -.15(ra).8 G(meter).15 E F0 1.034 +(is e)3.534 F 1.033(xpanded and the longest match of)-.15 F F1(pattern) +3.533 E F0(ag)3.533 E 1.033(ainst its v)-.05 F 1.033 (alue is replaced with)-.25 F F1(string)144 156 Q F0(.)A F1(string)5.499 E F0(under)2.999 E .499(goes tilde e)-.18 F .499 (xpansion, parameter and v)-.15 F .499(ariable e)-.25 F .499 (xpansion, arithmetic e)-.15 F(xpansion,)-.15 E 1.137 (command and process substitution, and quote remo)144 168 R -.25(va)-.15 G 3.637(l. The).25 F 1.137(match is performed using the rules)3.637 F -.076(described under)144 180 R F2 -.1(Pa)2.576 G(tter).1 E 2.576(nM)-.15 -G(atching)-2.576 E F0(belo)2.576 E 3.876 -.65(w. I)-.25 H 2.575(nt).65 G -.075(he \214rst form abo)-2.575 F -.15(ve)-.15 G 2.575(,o).15 G .075 +.075(described under)144 180 R F2 -.1(Pa)2.575 G(tter).1 E 2.575(nM)-.15 +G(atching)-2.575 E F0(belo)2.575 E 3.875 -.65(w. I)-.25 H 2.575(nt).65 G +.075(he \214rst form abo)-2.575 F -.15(ve)-.15 G 2.575(,o).15 G .076 (nly the \214rst match is replaced.)-2.575 F .48(If there are tw)144 192 R 2.98(os)-.1 G .48(lashes separating)-2.98 F F1(par)2.98 E(ameter)-.15 E F0(and)2.98 E F1(pattern)2.98 E F0 .48(\(the second form abo)2.98 F --.15(ve)-.15 G .48(\), all matches of).15 F F1(pattern)144 204 Q F0 .375 -(are replaced with)2.875 F F1(string)2.874 E F0 5.374(.I)C(f)-5.374 E F1 +-.15(ve)-.15 G .48(\), all matches of).15 F F1(pattern)144 204 Q F0 .374 +(are replaced with)2.874 F F1(string)2.874 E F0 5.374(.I)C(f)-5.374 E F1 (pattern)2.874 E F0 .374(is preceded by)2.874 F F2(#)2.874 E F0 .374 -(\(the third form abo)2.874 F -.15(ve)-.15 G .374(\), it must match).15 -F .088(at the be)144 216 R .088(ginning of the e)-.15 F .088(xpanded v) +(\(the third form abo)2.874 F -.15(ve)-.15 G .375(\), it must match).15 +F .089(at the be)144 216 R .089(ginning of the e)-.15 F .088(xpanded v) -.15 F .088(alue of)-.25 F F1(par)2.588 E(ameter)-.15 E F0 5.088(.I)C(f) --5.088 E F1(pattern)2.588 E F0 .088(is preceded by)2.588 F F2(%)2.589 E -F0 .089(\(the fourth form)2.589 F(abo)144 228 Q -.15(ve)-.15 G .315 +-5.088 E F1(pattern)2.588 E F0 .088(is preceded by)2.588 F F2(%)2.588 E +F0 .088(\(the fourth form)2.588 F(abo)144 228 Q -.15(ve)-.15 G .315 (\), it must match at the end of the e).15 F .315(xpanded v)-.15 F .315 (alue of)-.25 F F1(par)2.815 E(ameter)-.15 E F0 5.315(.I)C 2.815(ft) -5.315 G .315(he e)-2.815 F .315(xpansion of)-.15 F F1(string)2.815 E F0 -(is)2.815 E .398(null, matches of)144 240 R F1(pattern)2.898 E F0 .398 -(are deleted.)2.898 F(If)5.398 E F1(string)2.898 E F0 .398 -(is null, matches of)2.898 F F1(pattern)2.898 E F0 .399 -(are deleted and the)2.899 F F2(/)2.899 E F0(fol-)2.899 E(lo)144 252 Q +(is)2.815 E .399(null, matches of)144 240 R F1(pattern)2.899 E F0 .399 +(are deleted.)2.899 F(If)5.399 E F1(string)2.898 E F0 .398 +(is null, matches of)2.898 F F1(pattern)2.898 E F0 .398 +(are deleted and the)2.898 F F2(/)2.898 E F0(fol-)2.898 E(lo)144 252 Q (wing)-.25 E F1(pattern)2.5 E F0(may be omitted.)2.5 E .95(If the)144 276 R F2(patsub_r)3.45 E(eplacement)-.18 E F0 .95 (shell option is enabled using)3.45 F F2(shopt)3.45 E F0 3.45(,a)C 1.25 -.15(ny u)-3.45 H .95(nquoted instances of).15 F F2(&)3.45 E F0(in)3.45 E F1(string)144 288 Q F0(are replaced with the matching portion of)2.5 E -F1(pattern)2.5 E F0(.)A .749(Quoting an)144 312 R 3.249(yp)-.15 G .749 -(art of)-3.249 F F1(string)3.249 E F0 .749 -(inhibits replacement in the e)3.249 F .75 -(xpansion of the quoted portion, including)-.15 F .767 +F1(pattern)2.5 E F0(.)A .75(Quoting an)144 312 R 3.25(yp)-.15 G .75 +(art of)-3.25 F F1(string)3.25 E F0 .749(inhibits replacement in the e) +3.249 F .749(xpansion of the quoted portion, including)-.15 F .767 (replacement strings stored in shell v)144 324 R 3.267 (ariables. Backslash)-.25 F .767(will escape)3.267 F F2(&)3.267 E F0(in) -3.267 E F1(string)3.267 E F0 3.267(;t)C .767(he backslash is)-3.267 F -(remo)144 336 Q -.15(ve)-.15 G 2.668(di).15 G 2.668(no)-2.668 G .169 -(rder to permit a literal)-2.668 F F2(&)2.669 E F0 .169 +3.267 E F1(string)3.267 E F0 3.267(;t)C .768(he backslash is)-3.267 F +(remo)144 336 Q -.15(ve)-.15 G 2.669(di).15 G 2.669(no)-2.669 G .169 +(rder to permit a literal)-2.669 F F2(&)2.669 E F0 .169 (in the replacement string.)2.669 F .169 -(Backslash can also be used to es-)5.169 F 1.429(cape a backslash;)144 +(Backslash can also be used to es-)5.169 F 1.428(cape a backslash;)144 348 R F2(\\\\)3.928 E F0 1.428 (results in a literal backslash in the replacement.)3.928 F 1.428 -(Users should tak)6.428 F 3.928(ec)-.1 G 1.428(are if)-3.928 F F1 -(string)144 360 Q F0 .292(is double-quoted to a)2.791 F -.2(vo)-.2 G +(Users should tak)6.428 F 3.929(ec)-.1 G 1.429(are if)-3.929 F F1 +(string)144 360 Q F0 .292(is double-quoted to a)2.792 F -.2(vo)-.2 G .292(id unw).2 F .292 -(anted interactions between the backslash and double-quoting,)-.1 F .054 +(anted interactions between the backslash and double-quoting,)-.1 F .053 (since backslash has special meaning within double quotes.)144 372 R --.15(Pa)5.053 G .053(ttern substitution performs the check).15 F .069 -(for unquoted)144 384 R F2(&)2.569 E F0 .069(after e)2.569 F(xpanding) --.15 E F1(string)2.569 E F0 2.569(;s)C .069 -(hell programmers should quote an)-2.569 F 2.57(yo)-.15 G .07 -(ccurrences of)-2.57 F F2(&)2.57 E F0(the)2.57 E(y)-.15 E -.1(wa)144 396 -S 1.113(nt to be tak).1 F 1.112 +-.15(Pa)5.053 G .054(ttern substitution performs the check).15 F .07 +(for unquoted)144 384 R F2(&)2.57 E F0 .07(after e)2.57 F(xpanding)-.15 +E F1(string)2.569 E F0 2.569(;s)C .069(hell programmers should quote an) +-2.569 F 2.569(yo)-.15 G .069(ccurrences of)-2.569 F F2(&)2.569 E F0 +(the)2.569 E(y)-.15 E -.1(wa)144 396 S 1.112(nt to be tak).1 F 1.112 (en literally in the replacement and ensure an)-.1 F 3.612(yi)-.15 G -1.112(nstances of)-3.612 F F2(&)3.612 E F0(the)3.612 E 3.612(yw)-.15 G -1.112(ant to be re-)-3.712 F(placed are unquoted.)144 408 Q .686(If the) -144 432 R F2(nocasematch)3.186 E F0 .687 +1.112(nstances of)-3.612 F F2(&)3.612 E F0(the)3.612 E 3.613(yw)-.15 G +1.113(ant to be re-)-3.713 F(placed are unquoted.)144 408 Q .687(If the) +144 432 R F2(nocasematch)3.187 E F0 .687 (shell option is enabled, the match is performed without re)3.187 F -.05 (ga)-.15 G .687(rd to the case of).05 F .736(alphabetic characters.)144 444 R(If)5.736 E F1(par)4.486 E(ameter)-.15 E F0(is)3.966 E F2(@)3.236 E F0(or)3.236 E F2(*)3.236 E F0 3.236(,t)C .736 -(he substitution operation is applied to each posi-)-3.236 F .654 +(he substitution operation is applied to each posi-)-3.236 F .655 (tional parameter in turn, and the e)144 456 R .654 -(xpansion is the resultant list.)-.15 F(If)5.655 E F1(par)4.405 E -(ameter)-.15 E F0 .655(is an array v)3.885 F(ariable)-.25 E .348 -(subscripted with)144 468 R F2(@)2.848 E F0(or)2.848 E F2(*)2.848 E F0 -2.848(,t)C .348(he substitution operation is applied to each member of \ -the array in turn,)-2.848 F(and the e)144 480 Q +(xpansion is the resultant list.)-.15 F(If)5.654 E F1(par)4.404 E +(ameter)-.15 E F0 .654(is an array v)3.884 F(ariable)-.25 E .347 +(subscripted with)144 468 R F2(@)2.847 E F0(or)2.847 E F2(*)2.847 E F0 +2.847(,t)C .348(he substitution operation is applied to each member of \ +the array in turn,)-2.847 F(and the e)144 480 Q (xpansion is the resultant list.)-.15 E(${)108 496.8 Q F1(par)A(ameter) -.15 E F2(^)A F1(pattern)A F0(})A(${)108 508.8 Q F1(par)A(ameter)-.15 E F2(^^)A F1(pattern)A F0(})A(${)108 520.8 Q F1(par)A(ameter)-.15 E F2(,)A F1(pattern)A F0(})A(${)108 532.8 Q F1(par)A(ameter)-.15 E F2(,,)A F1 -(pattern)A F0(})A F2 .437(Case modi\214cation)144 544.8 R F0 5.437(.T)C -.437(his e)-5.437 F .438 +(pattern)A F0(})A F2 .438(Case modi\214cation)144 544.8 R F0 5.438(.T)C +.438(his e)-5.438 F .437 (xpansion modi\214es the case of alphabetic characters in)-.15 F F1(par) -2.938 E(ameter)-.15 E F0 5.438(.T)C(he)-5.438 E F1(pattern)144 556.8 Q -F0 .374(is e)2.874 F .374 +2.937 E(ameter)-.15 E F0 5.437(.T)C(he)-5.437 E F1(pattern)144 556.8 Q +F0 .373(is e)2.873 F .374 (xpanded to produce a pattern just as in pathname e)-.15 F 2.874 -(xpansion. Each)-.15 F .373(character in the e)2.873 F(x-)-.15 E .513 -(panded v)144 568.8 R .513(alue of)-.25 F F1(par)3.013 E(ameter)-.15 E -F0 .513(is tested ag)3.013 F(ainst)-.05 E F1(pattern)3.013 E F0 3.013 -(,a)C .514(nd, if it matches the pattern, its case is con-)-3.013 F -.15 -(ve)144 580.8 S 2.823(rted. The).15 F .323 -(pattern should not attempt to match more than one character)2.823 F -5.322(.T)-.55 G(he)-5.322 E F2(^)2.822 E F0 .322(operator con)2.822 F --.15(ve)-.4 G(rts).15 E(lo)144 592.8 Q .18(wercase letters matching)-.25 -F F1(pattern)2.681 E F0 .181(to uppercase; the)2.681 F F2(,)2.681 E F0 -.181(operator con)2.681 F -.15(ve)-.4 G .181 +(xpansion. Each)-.15 F .374(character in the e)2.874 F(x-)-.15 E .514 +(panded v)144 568.8 R .514(alue of)-.25 F F1(par)3.014 E(ameter)-.15 E +F0 .514(is tested ag)3.014 F(ainst)-.05 E F1(pattern)3.014 E F0 3.014 +(,a)C .513(nd, if it matches the pattern, its case is con-)-3.014 F -.15 +(ve)144 580.8 S 2.822(rted. The).15 F .323 +(pattern should not attempt to match more than one character)2.822 F +5.323(.T)-.55 G(he)-5.323 E F2(^)2.823 E F0 .323(operator con)2.823 F +-.15(ve)-.4 G(rts).15 E(lo)144 592.8 Q .181(wercase letters matching) +-.25 F F1(pattern)2.681 E F0 .181(to uppercase; the)2.681 F F2(,)2.681 E +F0 .181(operator con)2.681 F -.15(ve)-.4 G .18 (rts matching uppercase letters).15 F .085(to lo)144 604.8 R 2.585 (wercase. The)-.25 F F2(^^)2.585 E F0(and)2.585 E F2(,,)2.585 E F0 -.15 (ex)2.585 G .085(pansions con).15 F -.15(ve)-.4 G .085 (rt each matched character in the e).15 F .085(xpanded v)-.15 F .085 -(alue; the)-.25 F F2(^)2.585 E F0(and)144 616.8 Q F2(,)3.59 E F0 -.15 -(ex)3.59 G 1.09(pansions match and con).15 F -.15(ve)-.4 G 1.091 -(rt only the \214rst character in the e).15 F 1.091(xpanded v)-.15 F -3.591(alue. If)-.25 F F1(pattern)3.591 E F0(is)3.591 E 1.121 -(omitted, it is treated lik)144 628.8 R 3.621(ea)-.1 G F2(?)A F0 3.621 -(,w)C 1.121(hich matches e)-3.621 F -.15(ve)-.25 G 1.121(ry character) -.15 F 6.12(.I)-.55 G(f)-6.12 E F1(par)4.87 E(ameter)-.15 E F0(is)4.35 E -F2(@)3.62 E F0(or)3.62 E F2(*)3.62 E F0 3.62(,t)C 1.12(he case)-3.62 F -.339(modi\214cation operation is applied to each positional parameter i\ -n turn, and the e)144 640.8 R .34(xpansion is the re-)-.15 F .25 -(sultant list.)144 652.8 R(If)5.25 E F1(par)4 E(ameter)-.15 E F0 .25 -(is an array v)3.48 F .249(ariable subscripted with)-.25 F F2(@)2.749 E -F0(or)2.749 E F2(*)2.749 E F0 2.749(,t)C .249 -(he case modi\214cation oper)-2.749 F(-)-.2 E +(alue; the)-.25 F F2(^)2.585 E F0(and)144 616.8 Q F2(,)3.591 E F0 -.15 +(ex)3.591 G 1.091(pansions match and con).15 F -.15(ve)-.4 G 1.091 +(rt only the \214rst character in the e).15 F 1.09(xpanded v)-.15 F 3.59 +(alue. If)-.25 F F1(pattern)3.59 E F0(is)3.59 E 1.12 +(omitted, it is treated lik)144 628.8 R 3.62(ea)-.1 G F2(?)A F0 3.62(,w) +C 1.12(hich matches e)-3.62 F -.15(ve)-.25 G 1.121(ry character).15 F +6.121(.I)-.55 G(f)-6.121 E F1(par)4.871 E(ameter)-.15 E F0(is)4.351 E F2 +(@)3.621 E F0(or)3.621 E F2(*)3.621 E F0 3.621(,t)C 1.121(he case)-3.621 +F .339(modi\214cation operation is applied to each positional parameter\ + in turn, and the e)144 640.8 R .339(xpansion is the re-)-.15 F .249 +(sultant list.)144 652.8 R(If)5.249 E F1(par)3.999 E(ameter)-.15 E F0 +.249(is an array v)3.479 F .249(ariable subscripted with)-.25 F F2(@) +2.749 E F0(or)2.75 E F2(*)2.75 E F0 2.75(,t)C .25 +(he case modi\214cation oper)-2.75 F(-)-.2 E (ation is applied to each member of the array in turn, and the e)144 664.8 Q(xpansion is the resultant list.)-.15 E(${)108 681.6 Q F1(par)A (ameter)-.15 E F2(@)A F1(oper)A(ator)-.15 E F0(})A F2 -.1(Pa)144 693.6 S .86(rameter transf).1 F(ormation)-.25 E F0 5.86(.T)C .86(he e)-5.86 F .86(xpansion is either a transformation of the v)-.15 F .86(alue of)-.25 -F F1(par)3.36 E(ameter)-.15 E F0 .154(or information about)144 705.6 R -F1(par)2.654 E(ameter)-.15 E F0 .153(itself, depending on the v)2.654 F -.153(alue of)-.25 F F1(oper)2.653 E(ator)-.15 E F0 5.153(.E)C(ach)-5.153 -E F1(oper)2.653 E(ator)-.15 E F0 .153(is a sin-)2.653 F(gle letter:)144 -717.6 Q(GNU Bash 5.2)72 768 Q(2022 March 11)144.29 E(25)193.45 E 0 Cg EP +F F1(par)3.36 E(ameter)-.15 E F0 .153(or information about)144 705.6 R +F1(par)2.653 E(ameter)-.15 E F0 .153(itself, depending on the v)2.653 F +.153(alue of)-.25 F F1(oper)2.653 E(ator)-.15 E F0 5.154(.E)C(ach)-5.154 +E F1(oper)2.654 E(ator)-.15 E F0 .154(is a sin-)2.654 F(gle letter:)144 +717.6 Q(GNU Bash 5.2)72 768 Q(2022 June 3)150.675 E(25)199.835 E 0 Cg EP %%Page: 26 26 %%BeginPageSetup BP %%EndPageSetup /F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 137.14(SH\(1\) General).35 F (Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 -SF(U)144 84 Q F0 .142(The e)180 84 R .142 +SF(U)144 84 Q F0 .143(The e)180 84 R .142 (xpansion is a string that is the v)-.15 F .142(alue of)-.25 F/F2 10 /Times-Italic@0 SF(par)2.642 E(ameter)-.15 E F0 .142(with lo)2.642 F -.143(wercase alphabetic charac-)-.25 F(ters con)180 96 Q -.15(ve)-.4 G -(rted to uppercase.).15 E F1(u)144 108 Q F0 .43(The e)180 108 R .43 +.142(wercase alphabetic charac-)-.25 F(ters con)180 96 Q -.15(ve)-.4 G +(rted to uppercase.).15 E F1(u)144 108 Q F0 .429(The e)180 108 R .429 (xpansion is a string that is the v)-.15 F .429(alue of)-.25 F F2(par) -2.929 E(ameter)-.15 E F0 .429(with the \214rst character con)2.929 F --.15(ve)-.4 G(rted).15 E(to uppercase, if it is alphabetic.)180 120 Q F1 -(L)144 132 Q F0 .124(The e)180 132 R .124 +2.929 E(ameter)-.15 E F0 .43(with the \214rst character con)2.93 F -.15 +(ve)-.4 G(rted).15 E(to uppercase, if it is alphabetic.)180 120 Q F1(L) +144 132 Q F0 .125(The e)180 132 R .124 (xpansion is a string that is the v)-.15 F .124(alue of)-.25 F F2(par) -2.624 E(ameter)-.15 E F0 .125(with uppercase alphabetic charac-)2.625 F +2.624 E(ameter)-.15 E F0 .124(with uppercase alphabetic charac-)2.624 F (ters con)180 144 Q -.15(ve)-.4 G(rted to lo).15 E(wercase.)-.25 E F1(Q) -144 156 Q F0 1.065(The e)180 156 R 1.065 +144 156 Q F0 1.064(The e)180 156 R 1.064 (xpansion is a string that is the v)-.15 F 1.065(alue of)-.25 F F2(par) -3.565 E(ameter)-.15 E F0 1.064(quoted in a format that can be)3.565 F -(reused as input.)180 168 Q F1(E)144 180 Q F0 .44(The e)180 180 R .441 +3.565 E(ameter)-.15 E F0 1.065(quoted in a format that can be)3.565 F +(reused as input.)180 168 Q F1(E)144 180 Q F0 .441(The e)180 180 R .441 (xpansion is a string that is the v)-.15 F .441(alue of)-.25 F F2(par) -2.941 E(ameter)-.15 E F0 .441(with backslash escape sequences)2.941 F --.15(ex)180 192 S(panded as with the).15 E F1($'...)2.5 E(')-.55 E F0 -(quoting mechanism.)2.5 E F1(P)144 204 Q F0 1.073(The e)180 204 R 1.073 +2.941 E(ameter)-.15 E F0 .44(with backslash escape sequences)2.94 F -.15 +(ex)180 192 S(panded as with the).15 E F1($'...)2.5 E(')-.55 E F0 +(quoting mechanism.)2.5 E F1(P)144 204 Q F0 1.072(The e)180 204 R 1.073 (xpansion is a string that is the result of e)-.15 F 1.073 (xpanding the v)-.15 F 1.073(alue of)-.25 F F2(par)3.573 E(ameter)-.15 E F0 1.073(as if it)3.573 F(were a prompt string \(see)180 216 Q F1(PR)2.5 -E(OMPTING)-.3 E F0(belo)2.5 E(w\).)-.25 E F1(A)144 228 Q F0 1.137(The e) +E(OMPTING)-.3 E F0(belo)2.5 E(w\).)-.25 E F1(A)144 228 Q F0 1.138(The e) 180 228 R 1.138 (xpansion is a string in the form of an assignment statement or)-.15 F -F1(declar)3.638 E(e)-.18 E F0(command)3.638 E(that, if e)180 240 Q -.25 +F1(declar)3.637 E(e)-.18 E F0(command)3.637 E(that, if e)180 240 Q -.25 (va)-.25 G(luated, will recreate).25 E F2(par)2.5 E(ameter)-.15 E F0 (with its attrib)2.5 E(utes and v)-.2 E(alue.)-.25 E F1(K)144 252 Q F0 -1.34(Produces a possibly-quoted v)180 252 R 1.339(ersion of the v)-.15 F -1.339(alue of)-.25 F F2(par)3.839 E(ameter)-.15 E F0 3.839(,e)C 1.339 -(xcept that it prints the)-3.989 F -.25(va)180 264 S .257(lues of inde) +1.339(Produces a possibly-quoted v)180 252 R 1.339(ersion of the v)-.15 +F 1.339(alue of)-.25 F F2(par)3.839 E(ameter)-.15 E F0 3.839(,e)C 1.34 +(xcept that it prints the)-3.989 F -.25(va)180 264 S .258(lues of inde) .25 F -.15(xe)-.15 G 2.757(da).15 G .257(nd associati)-2.757 F .557 -.15 (ve a)-.25 H .257(rrays as a sequence of quoted k).15 F -.15(ey)-.1 G -(-v).15 E .257(alue pairs \(see)-.25 F F1(Ar)2.758 E(-)-.37 E(rays)180 +(-v).15 E .257(alue pairs \(see)-.25 F F1(Ar)2.757 E(-)-.37 E(rays)180 276 Q F0(abo)2.5 E -.15(ve)-.15 G(\).).15 E F1(a)144 288 Q F0(The e)180 288 Q(xpansion is a string consisting of \215ag v)-.15 E (alues representing)-.25 E F2(par)2.5 E(ameter)-.15 E F0 1.1 -.55('s a)D -(ttrib).55 E(utes.)-.2 E F1(k)144 300 Q F0(Lik)180 300 Q 2.658(et)-.1 G -.157(he K transformation, b)-2.658 F .157(ut e)-.2 F .157(xpands the k) +(ttrib).55 E(utes.)-.2 E F1(k)144 300 Q F0(Lik)180 300 Q 2.657(et)-.1 G +.157(he K transformation, b)-2.657 F .157(ut e)-.2 F .157(xpands the k) -.15 F -.15(ey)-.1 G 2.657(sa).15 G .157(nd v)-2.657 F .157 -(alues of inde)-.25 F -.15(xe)-.15 G 2.657(da).15 G .157(nd associati) --2.657 F .457 -.15(ve a)-.25 H -.2(r-).15 G(rays to separate w)180 312 Q -(ords after w)-.1 E(ord splitting.)-.1 E(If)144 328.8 Q F2(par)4.402 E -(ameter)-.15 E F0(is)3.882 E F1(@)3.152 E F0(or)3.152 E F1(*)3.153 E F0 +(alues of inde)-.25 F -.15(xe)-.15 G 2.657(da).15 G .158(nd associati) +-2.657 F .458 -.15(ve a)-.25 H -.2(r-).15 G(rays to separate w)180 312 Q +(ords after w)-.1 E(ord splitting.)-.1 E(If)144 328.8 Q F2(par)4.403 E +(ameter)-.15 E F0(is)3.883 E F1(@)3.153 E F0(or)3.153 E F1(*)3.153 E F0 3.153(,t)C .653(he operation is applied to each positional parameter in\ turn, and the e)-3.153 F(x-)-.15 E .403(pansion is the resultant list.) 144 340.8 R(If)5.403 E F2(par)4.153 E(ameter)-.15 E F0 .403 (is an array v)3.633 F .403(ariable subscripted with)-.25 F F1(@)2.903 E -F0(or)2.903 E F1(*)2.903 E F0 2.903(,t)C .402(he opera-)-2.903 F +F0(or)2.903 E F1(*)2.903 E F0 2.903(,t)C .403(he opera-)-2.903 F (tion is applied to each member of the array in turn, and the e)144 352.8 Q(xpansion is the resultant list.)-.15 E .708(The result of the e) 144 376.8 R .708(xpansion is subject to w)-.15 F .708 (ord splitting and pathname e)-.1 F .708(xpansion as described be-)-.15 F(lo)144 388.8 Q -.65(w.)-.25 G F1(Command Substitution)87 405.6 Q F2 -1.698(Command substitution)108 417.6 R F0(allo)4.198 E 1.697 -(ws the output of a command to replace the command name.)-.25 F 1.697 -(There are tw)6.697 F(o)-.1 E(forms:)108 429.6 Q F1($\()144 446.4 Q F2 +1.697(Command substitution)108 417.6 R F0(allo)4.197 E 1.697 +(ws the output of a command to replace the command name.)-.25 F 1.698 +(There are tw)6.698 F(o)-.1 E(forms:)108 429.6 Q F1($\()144 446.4 Q F2 (command)A F1(\))1.666 E F0(or)108 458.4 Q F1<92>144 470.4 Q F2(command) -A F1<92>A(Bash)108 487.2 Q F0 .088(performs the e)2.588 F .088 -(xpansion by e)-.15 F -.15(xe)-.15 G(cuting).15 E F2(command)2.588 E F0 -.089(in a subshell en)2.589 F .089(vironment and replacing the command) +A F1<92>A(Bash)108 487.2 Q F0 .089(performs the e)2.589 F .089 +(xpansion by e)-.15 F -.15(xe)-.15 G(cuting).15 E F2(command)2.589 E F0 +.088(in a subshell en)2.589 F .088(vironment and replacing the command) -.4 F .41(substitution with the standard output of the command, with an) 108 499.2 R 2.91(yt)-.15 G .41(railing ne)-2.91 F .41(wlines deleted.) --.25 F .41(Embedded ne)5.41 F(w-)-.25 E .191(lines are not deleted, b) +-.25 F .41(Embedded ne)5.41 F(w-)-.25 E .192(lines are not deleted, b) 108 511.2 R .192(ut the)-.2 F 2.692(ym)-.15 G .192(ay be remo)-2.692 F -.15(ve)-.15 G 2.692(dd).15 G .192(uring w)-2.692 F .192(ord splitting.) --.1 F .192(The command substitution)5.192 F F1($\(cat)2.692 E F2(\214le) -2.692 E F1(\))A F0(can be replaced by the equi)108 523.2 Q -.25(va)-.25 +-.1 F .192(The command substitution)5.192 F F1($\(cat)2.691 E F2(\214le) +2.691 E F1(\))A F0(can be replaced by the equi)108 523.2 Q -.25(va)-.25 G(lent b).25 E(ut f)-.2 E(aster)-.1 E F1($\(<)2.5 E F2(\214le)2.5 E F1 (\))A F0(.)A 1.724(When the old-style backquote form of substitution is\ used, backslash retains its literal meaning e)108 540 R(xcept)-.15 E -.314(when follo)108 552 R .314(wed by)-.25 F F1($)2.814 E F0(,)A F1<92> -2.814 E F0 2.814(,o)C(r)-2.814 E F1(\\)2.814 E F0 5.314(.T)C .315(he \ +.315(when follo)108 552 R .315(wed by)-.25 F F1($)2.815 E F0(,)A F1<92> +2.815 E F0 2.815(,o)C(r)-2.815 E F1(\\)2.815 E F0 5.315(.T)C .314(he \ \214rst backquote not preceded by a backslash terminates the command su\ -b-)-5.314 F 3.887(stitution. When)108 564 R 1.387(using the $\()3.887 F -F2(command).833 E F0 3.887(\)f)1.666 G 1.386 -(orm, all characters between the parentheses mak)-3.887 F 3.886(eu)-.1 G -3.886(pt)-3.886 G 1.386(he com-)-3.886 F +b-)-5.315 F 3.886(stitution. When)108 564 R 1.386(using the $\()3.886 F +F2(command).833 E F0 3.886(\)f)1.666 G 1.387 +(orm, all characters between the parentheses mak)-3.886 F 3.887(eu)-.1 G +3.887(pt)-3.887 G 1.387(he com-)-3.887 F (mand; none are treated specially)108 576 Q(.)-.65 E .894 (Command substitutions may be nested.)108 592.8 R 2.494 -.8(To n)5.894 H .894(est when using the backquoted form, escape the inner back-).8 F (quotes with backslashes.)108 604.8 Q .422 (If the substitution appears within double quotes, w)108 621.6 R .422 -(ord splitting and pathname e)-.1 F .422(xpansion are not performed)-.15 +(ord splitting and pathname e)-.1 F .423(xpansion are not performed)-.15 F(on the results.)108 633.6 Q F1(Arithmetic Expansion)87 650.4 Q F0 -1.034(Arithmetic e)108 662.4 R 1.034(xpansion allo)-.15 F 1.034 +1.035(Arithmetic e)108 662.4 R 1.035(xpansion allo)-.15 F 1.035 (ws the e)-.25 F -.25(va)-.25 G 1.034(luation of an arithmetic e).25 F -1.035(xpression and the substitution of the result.)-.15 F +1.034(xpression and the substitution of the result.)-.15 F (The format for arithmetic e)108 674.4 Q(xpansion is:)-.15 E F1($\(\() 144 691.2 Q F2 -.2(ex)C(pr).2 E(ession)-.37 E F1(\)\))A F0(The)108 708 Q -F2 -.2(ex)2.736 G(pr).2 E(ession)-.37 E F0(under)2.976 E .236 +F2 -.2(ex)2.735 G(pr).2 E(ession)-.37 E F0(under)2.975 E .235 (goes the same e)-.18 F .236 -(xpansions as if it were within double quotes, b)-.15 F .235 -(ut double quote charac-)-.2 F 2.799(ters in)108 720 R F2 -.2(ex)5.299 G -(pr).2 E(ession)-.37 E F0 2.799(are not treated specially and are remo) -5.299 F -.15(ve)-.15 G 5.299(d. All).15 F(tok)5.3 E 2.8(ens in the e)-.1 -F 2.8(xpression under)-.15 F(go)-.18 E(GNU Bash 5.2)72 768 Q -(2022 March 11)144.29 E(26)193.45 E 0 Cg EP +(xpansions as if it were within double quotes, b)-.15 F .236 +(ut double quote charac-)-.2 F 2.8(ters in)108 720 R F2 -.2(ex)5.3 G(pr) +.2 E(ession)-.37 E F0 2.799(are not treated specially and are remo)5.3 F +-.15(ve)-.15 G 5.299(d. All).15 F(tok)5.299 E 2.799(ens in the e)-.1 F +2.799(xpression under)-.15 F(go)-.18 E(GNU Bash 5.2)72 768 Q +(2022 June 3)150.675 E(26)199.835 E 0 Cg EP %%Page: 27 27 %%BeginPageSetup BP %%EndPageSetup /F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 137.14(SH\(1\) General).35 F -(Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E .92 -(parameter and v)108 84 R .92(ariable e)-.25 F .919 +(Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E .919 +(parameter and v)108 84 R .919(ariable e)-.25 F .919 (xpansion, command substitution, and quote remo)-.15 F -.25(va)-.15 G -3.419(l. The).25 F .919(result is treated as the)3.419 F(arithmetic e) -108 96 Q(xpression to be e)-.15 E -.25(va)-.25 G 2.5(luated. Arithmetic) -.25 F -.15(ex)2.5 G(pansions may be nested.).15 E 1.378(The e)108 112.8 -R -.25(va)-.25 G 1.378 +3.419(l. The).25 F .92(result is treated as the)3.419 F(arithmetic e)108 +96 Q(xpression to be e)-.15 E -.25(va)-.25 G 2.5(luated. Arithmetic).25 +F -.15(ex)2.5 G(pansions may be nested.).15 E 1.379(The e)108 112.8 R +-.25(va)-.25 G 1.378 (luation is performed according to the rules listed belo).25 F 3.878(wu) -.25 G(nder)-3.878 E/F1 9/Times-Bold@0 SF 1.378(ARITHMETIC EV)3.878 F (ALU)-1.215 E -.855(AT)-.54 G(ION).855 E/F2 9/Times-Roman@0 SF(.)A F0 -(If)5.879 E/F3 10/Times-Italic@0 SF -.2(ex)108 124.8 S(pr).2 E(ession) +(If)5.878 E/F3 10/Times-Italic@0 SF -.2(ex)108 124.8 S(pr).2 E(ession) -.37 E F0(is in)2.74 E -.25(va)-.4 G(lid,).25 E/F4 10/Times-Bold@0 SF (bash)2.5 E F0(prints a message indicating f)2.5 E (ailure and no substitution occurs.)-.1 E F4(Pr)87 141.6 Q (ocess Substitution)-.18 E F3(Pr)108 153.6 Q .405(ocess substitution) -.45 F F0(allo)2.905 E .405(ws a process')-.25 F 2.905(si)-.55 G .405 (nput or output to be referred to using a \214lename.)-2.905 F .405 -(It tak)5.405 F .405(es the form)-.1 F(of)108 165.6 Q F4(<\()3.25 E F3 -(list)A F4(\)).833 E F0(or)3.25 E F4(>\()3.25 E F3(list)A F4(\)).833 E -F0 5.75(.T)C .751(he process)-5.75 F F3(list)3.251 E F0 .751 +(It tak)5.405 F .405(es the form)-.1 F(of)108 165.6 Q F4(<\()3.251 E F3 +(list)A F4(\)).833 E F0(or)3.251 E F4(>\()3.251 E F3(list)A F4(\)).833 E +F0 5.751(.T)C .751(he process)-5.751 F F3(list)3.251 E F0 .751 (is run asynchronously)3.251 F 3.251(,a)-.65 G .751 -(nd its input or output appears as a \214lename.)-3.251 F .148 +(nd its input or output appears as a \214lename.)-3.251 F .147 (This \214lename is passed as an ar)108 177.6 R .148 -(gument to the current command as the result of the e)-.18 F 2.647 -(xpansion. If)-.15 F(the)2.647 E F4(>\()2.647 E F3(list)A F4(\)).833 E -F0 .559(form is used, writing to the \214le will pro)108 189.6 R .559 +(gument to the current command as the result of the e)-.18 F 2.648 +(xpansion. If)-.15 F(the)2.648 E F4(>\()2.648 E F3(list)A F4(\)).833 E +F0 .56(form is used, writing to the \214le will pro)108 189.6 R .56 (vide input for)-.15 F F3(list)3.059 E F0 5.559(.I)C 3.059(ft)-5.559 G -(he)-3.059 E F4(<\()3.06 E F3(list)A F4(\)).833 E F0 .56 -(form is used, the \214le passed as an)3.06 F(ar)108 201.6 Q .309 +(he)-3.059 E F4(<\()3.059 E F3(list)A F4(\)).833 E F0 .559 +(form is used, the \214le passed as an)3.059 F(ar)108 201.6 Q .308 (gument should be read to obtain the output of)-.18 F F3(list)2.808 E F0 -5.308(.P)C .308(rocess substitution is supported on systems that sup-) +5.308(.P)C .309(rocess substitution is supported on systems that sup-) -5.308 F(port named pipes \()108 213.6 Q F3(FIFOs)A F0 2.5(\)o)C 2.5(rt) -2.5 G(he)-2.5 E F4(/de)2.5 E(v/fd)-.15 E F0 -(method of naming open \214les.)2.5 E .896(When a)108 230.4 R -.25(va) +(method of naming open \214les.)2.5 E .897(When a)108 230.4 R -.25(va) -.2 G .896(ilable, process substitution is performed simultaneously wit\ -h parameter and v).25 F .897(ariable e)-.25 F(xpansion,)-.15 E +h parameter and v).25 F .896(ariable e)-.25 F(xpansion,)-.15 E (command substitution, and arithmetic e)108 242.4 Q(xpansion.)-.15 E F4 --.75(Wo)87 259.2 S(rd Splitting).75 E F0 1.143 -(The shell scans the results of parameter e)108 271.2 R 1.142 -(xpansion, command substitution, and arithmetic e)-.15 F 1.142 +-.75(Wo)87 259.2 S(rd Splitting).75 E F0 1.142 +(The shell scans the results of parameter e)108 271.2 R 1.143 +(xpansion, command substitution, and arithmetic e)-.15 F 1.143 (xpansion that)-.15 F(did not occur within double quotes for)108 283.2 Q F3(wor)2.84 E 2.5(ds)-.37 G(plitting)-2.5 E F0(.).22 E .063 (The shell treats each character of)108 300 R F1(IFS)2.563 E F0 .063 @@ -3545,153 +3545,153 @@ F3(wor)2.84 E 2.5(ds)-.37 G(plitting)-2.5 E F0(.).22 E .063 (nd splits the results of the other e)-2.563 F .063(xpansions into w) -.15 F(ords)-.1 E .207(using these characters as \214eld terminators.) 108 312 R(If)5.207 E F1(IFS)2.707 E F0 .207(is unset, or its v)2.457 F -.207(alue is e)-.25 F(xactly)-.15 E F4()2.707 E F0 -(,)A .836(the def)108 324 R .836(ault, then sequences of)-.1 F F4 -()3.336 E F0(,)A F4()3.336 E F0 3.336(,a)C(nd)-3.336 E F4 -()3.336 E F0 .837(at the be)3.336 F .837 -(ginning and end of the results of)-.15 F .346(the pre)108 336 R .345 +.207(alue is e)-.25 F(xactly)-.15 E F4()2.708 E F0 +(,)A .837(the def)108 324 R .837(ault, then sequences of)-.1 F F4 +()3.337 E F0(,)A F4()3.337 E F0 3.337(,a)C(nd)-3.337 E F4 +()3.337 E F0 .836(at the be)3.336 F .836 +(ginning and end of the results of)-.15 F .345(the pre)108 336 R .345 (vious e)-.25 F .345(xpansions are ignored, and an)-.15 F 2.845(ys)-.15 G .345(equence of)-2.845 F F1(IFS)2.845 E F0 .345 (characters not at the be)2.595 F .345(ginning or end serv)-.15 F(es) --.15 E 1.236(to delimit w)108 348 R 3.736(ords. If)-.1 F F1(IFS)3.736 E -F0 1.236(has a v)3.486 F 1.236(alue other than the def)-.25 F 1.237 +-.15 E 1.237(to delimit w)108 348 R 3.737(ords. If)-.1 F F1(IFS)3.737 E +F0 1.236(has a v)3.486 F 1.236(alue other than the def)-.25 F 1.236 (ault, then sequences of the whitespace characters)-.1 F F4(space)108 -360 Q F0(,)A F4(tab)2.507 E F0 2.507(,a)C(nd)-2.507 E F4(newline)2.507 E -F0 .007(are ignored at the be)2.507 F .006(ginning and end of the w)-.15 -F .006(ord, as long as the whitespace charac-)-.1 F .92(ter is in the v) -108 372 R .92(alue of)-.25 F F1(IFS)3.42 E F0(\(an)3.17 E F1(IFS)3.42 E -F0 .92(whitespace character\).)3.17 F(An)5.92 E 3.42(yc)-.15 G .92 -(haracter in)-3.42 F F1(IFS)3.42 E F0 .921(that is not)3.17 F F1(IFS) -3.421 E F0(whitespace,)3.171 E .429(along with an)108 384 R 2.928(ya) --.15 G(djacent)-2.928 E F1(IFS)2.928 E F0 .428 +360 Q F0(,)A F4(tab)2.506 E F0 2.506(,a)C(nd)-2.506 E F4(newline)2.506 E +F0 .006(are ignored at the be)2.506 F .006(ginning and end of the w)-.15 +F .007(ord, as long as the whitespace charac-)-.1 F .921 +(ter is in the v)108 372 R .92(alue of)-.25 F F1(IFS)3.42 E F0(\(an)3.17 +E F1(IFS)3.42 E F0 .92(whitespace character\).)3.17 F(An)5.92 E 3.42(yc) +-.15 G .92(haracter in)-3.42 F F1(IFS)3.42 E F0 .92(that is not)3.17 F +F1(IFS)3.42 E F0(whitespace,)3.17 E .428(along with an)108 384 R 2.928 +(ya)-.15 G(djacent)-2.928 E F1(IFS)2.928 E F0 .428 (whitespace characters, delimits a \214eld.)2.678 F 2.928(As)5.428 G -.428(equence of)-2.928 F F1(IFS)2.928 E F0 .428(whitespace charac-)2.678 +.428(equence of)-2.928 F F1(IFS)2.928 E F0 .429(whitespace charac-)2.679 F(ters is also treated as a delimiter)108 396 Q 5(.I)-.55 G 2.5(ft)-5 G (he v)-2.5 E(alue of)-.25 E F1(IFS)2.5 E F0(is null, no w)2.25 E -(ord splitting occurs.)-.1 E .782(Explicit null ar)108 412.8 R .782 +(ord splitting occurs.)-.1 E .783(Explicit null ar)108 412.8 R .783 (guments \()-.18 F F4 .833("").833 G F0(or)2.449 E F4 .833<0808>4.115 G F0 3.282(\)a)C .782 -(re retained and passed to commands as empty strings.)-3.282 F .783 -(Unquoted im-)5.783 F .179(plicit null ar)108 424.8 R .179 +(re retained and passed to commands as empty strings.)-3.282 F .782 +(Unquoted im-)5.782 F .178(plicit null ar)108 424.8 R .179 (guments, resulting from the e)-.18 F .179 (xpansion of parameters that ha)-.15 F .479 -.15(ve n)-.2 H 2.679(ov).15 -G .179(alues, are remo)-2.929 F -.15(ve)-.15 G 2.678(d. If).15 F 2.678 -(ap)2.678 G(a-)-2.678 E .318(rameter with no v)108 436.8 R .319 +G .179(alues, are remo)-2.929 F -.15(ve)-.15 G 2.679(d. If).15 F 2.679 +(ap)2.679 G(a-)-2.679 E .319(rameter with no v)108 436.8 R .319 (alue is e)-.25 F .319(xpanded within double quotes, a null ar)-.15 F -.319(gument results and is retained and passed)-.18 F .001 -(to a command as an empty string.)108 448.8 R .001 -(When a quoted null ar)5.001 F(gument appears as part of a w)-.18 E -(ord whose e)-.1 E(xpansion)-.15 E .983(is non-null, the null ar)108 -460.8 R .983(gument is remo)-.18 F -.15(ve)-.15 G 3.483(d. That).15 F -.983(is, the w)3.483 F(ord)-.1 E/F5 10/Courier@0 SF -5.167 -3.483 F F0(becomes)3.484 E F53.484 E F0 .984(after w)3.484 F .984 +.319(gument results and is retained and passed)-.18 F +(to a command as an empty string.)108 448.8 Q(When a quoted null ar)5 E +.001(gument appears as part of a w)-.18 F .001(ord whose e)-.1 F +(xpansion)-.15 E .984(is non-null, the null ar)108 460.8 R .984 +(gument is remo)-.18 F -.15(ve)-.15 G 3.483(d. That).15 F .983 +(is, the w)3.483 F(ord)-.1 E/F5 10/Courier@0 SF -5.1673.483 +F F0(becomes)3.483 E F53.483 E F0 .983(after w)3.483 F .983 (ord splitting and)-.1 F(null ar)108 472.8 Q(gument remo)-.18 E -.25(va) -.15 G(l.).25 E(Note that if no e)108 489.6 Q (xpansion occurs, no splitting is performed.)-.15 E F4 -.1(Pa)87 506.4 S -(thname Expansion).1 E F0 .371(After w)108 518.4 R .371 -(ord splitting, unless the)-.1 F F42.871 E F0 .371 -(option has been set,)2.871 F F4(bash)2.871 E F0 .37(scans each w)2.87 F -.37(ord for the characters)-.1 F F4(*)2.87 E F0(,)A F4(?)2.87 E F0 2.87 -(,a)C(nd)-2.87 E F4([)2.87 E F0(.)A .633 +(thname Expansion).1 E F0 .37(After w)108 518.4 R .37 +(ord splitting, unless the)-.1 F F42.87 E F0 .37 +(option has been set,)2.87 F F4(bash)2.87 E F0 .371(scans each w)2.871 F +.371(ord for the characters)-.1 F F4(*)2.871 E F0(,)A F4(?)2.871 E F0 +2.871(,a)C(nd)-2.871 E F4([)2.871 E F0(.)A .634 (If one of these characters appears, and is not quoted, then the w)108 -530.4 R .634(ord is re)-.1 F -.05(ga)-.15 G .634(rded as a).05 F F3 -(pattern)4.384 E F0 3.134(,a).24 G .634(nd replaced)-3.134 F 1.34(with \ +530.4 R .634(ord is re)-.1 F -.05(ga)-.15 G .633(rded as a).05 F F3 +(pattern)4.383 E F0 3.133(,a).24 G .633(nd replaced)-3.133 F 1.34(with \ an alphabetically sorted list of \214lenames matching the pattern \(see) 108 542.4 R F1 -.09(Pa)3.84 G(tter).09 E 3.59(nM)-.135 G(atching)-3.59 E -F0(belo)3.589 E 3.839(w\). If)-.25 F(no)3.839 E .534 +F0(belo)3.59 E 3.84(w\). If)-.25 F(no)3.84 E .534 (matching \214lenames are found, and the shell option)108 554.4 R F4 (nullglob)3.034 E F0 .534(is not enabled, the w)3.034 F .534 -(ord is left unchanged.)-.1 F(If)5.535 E(the)108 566.4 Q F4(nullglob) -3.285 E F0 .785(option is set, and no matches are found, the w)3.285 F -.785(ord is remo)-.1 F -.15(ve)-.15 G 3.285(d. If).15 F(the)3.284 E F4 -(failglob)3.284 E F0 .784(shell option is)3.284 F .754(set, and no matc\ +(ord is left unchanged.)-.1 F(If)5.534 E(the)108 566.4 Q F4(nullglob) +3.284 E F0 .785(option is set, and no matches are found, the w)3.284 F +.785(ord is remo)-.1 F -.15(ve)-.15 G 3.285(d. If).15 F(the)3.285 E F4 +(failglob)3.285 E F0 .785(shell option is)3.285 F .754(set, and no matc\ hes are found, an error message is printed and the command is not e)108 -578.4 R -.15(xe)-.15 G 3.255(cuted. If).15 F .755(the shell)3.255 F -(option)108 590.4 Q F4(nocaseglob)3.264 E F0 .763 -(is enabled, the match is performed without re)3.264 F -.05(ga)-.15 G -.763(rd to the case of alphabetic characters.).05 F .039 +578.4 R -.15(xe)-.15 G 3.254(cuted. If).15 F .754(the shell)3.254 F +(option)108 590.4 Q F4(nocaseglob)3.263 E F0 .763 +(is enabled, the match is performed without re)3.263 F -.05(ga)-.15 G +.764(rd to the case of alphabetic characters.).05 F .039 (When a pattern is used for pathname e)108 602.4 R .039 (xpansion, the character)-.15 F F4 -.63(``)2.539 G -.55(.').63 G(')-.08 E F0 .039(at the start of a name or immediately fol-)5.039 F(lo)108 -614.4 Q .191(wing a slash must be matched e)-.25 F(xplicitly)-.15 E -2.691(,u)-.65 G .191(nless the shell option)-2.691 F F4(dotglob)2.69 E -F0 .19(is set.)2.69 F .19(In order to match the \214le-)5.19 F(names)108 -626.4 Q F4 -.63(``)3.644 G -.55(.').63 G(')-.08 E F0(and)6.144 E F4 -.63 -(``)3.644 G(..).63 E -.63('')-.55 G F0 3.644(,t).63 G 1.145 -(he pattern must be)-3.644 F 1.145(gin with `)-.15 F(`.)-.74 E 2.625 +614.4 Q .19(wing a slash must be matched e)-.25 F(xplicitly)-.15 E 2.69 +(,u)-.65 G .19(nless the shell option)-2.69 F F4(dotglob)2.691 E F0 .191 +(is set.)2.691 F .191(In order to match the \214le-)5.191 F(names)108 +626.4 Q F4 -.63(``)3.645 G -.55(.').63 G(')-.08 E F0(and)6.145 E F4 -.63 +(``)3.645 G(..).63 E -.63('')-.55 G F0 3.645(,t).63 G 1.145 +(he pattern must be)-3.645 F 1.145(gin with `)-.15 F(`.)-.74 E 2.625 -.74('' \()-.7 H 1.145(for e).74 F 1.145(xample, `)-.15 F(`.?')-.74 E 1.145('\), e)-.74 F -.15(ve)-.25 G 3.645(ni).15 G(f)-3.645 E F4(dotglob) -3.645 E F0 1.145(is set.)3.645 F 1.145(If the)6.145 F F4(globskipdots) -108 638.4 Q F0 .154(shell option is enabled, the \214lenames)2.654 F F4 --.63(``)2.654 G -.55(.').63 G(')-.08 E F0(and)5.154 E F4 -.63(``)2.654 G -(..).63 E -.63('')-.55 G F0 .153(are ne)5.783 F -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.653(rm) -.15 G .153(atched, e)-2.653 F -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.653(ni).15 G 2.653(ft) --2.653 G .153(he pattern be-)-2.653 F .12(gins with a)108 650.4 R F4 +3.644 E F0 1.144(is set.)3.644 F 1.144(If the)6.144 F F4(globskipdots) +108 638.4 Q F0 .153(shell option is enabled, the \214lenames)2.653 F F4 +-.63(``)2.653 G -.55(.').63 G(')-.08 E F0(and)5.153 E F4 -.63(``)2.654 G +(..).63 E -.63('')-.55 G F0 .154(are ne)5.784 F -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.654(rm) +.15 G .154(atched, e)-2.654 F -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.654(ni).15 G 2.654(ft) +-2.654 G .154(he pattern be-)-2.654 F .12(gins with a)108 650.4 R F4 -.63(``)2.62 G -.55(.').63 G(')-.08 E F0 5.12(.W)C .12 (hen not matching pathnames, the)-5.12 F F4 -.63(``)2.62 G -.55(.').63 G (')-.08 E F0 .12(character is not treated specially)5.12 F 5.12(.W)-.65 -G .12(hen matching)-5.12 F 3.541(ap)108 662.4 S 1.041 -(athname, the slash character must al)-3.541 F -.1(wa)-.1 G 1.041 -(ys be matched e).1 F 1.04(xplicitly by a slash in the pattern, b)-.15 F -1.04(ut in other)-.2 F .131(matching conte)108 674.4 R .132 +G .12(hen matching)-5.12 F 3.54(ap)108 662.4 S 1.04 +(athname, the slash character must al)-3.54 F -.1(wa)-.1 G 1.04 +(ys be matched e).1 F 1.041(xplicitly by a slash in the pattern, b)-.15 +F 1.041(ut in other)-.2 F .132(matching conte)108 674.4 R .132 (xts it can be matched by a special pattern character as described belo) --.15 F 2.632(wu)-.25 G(nder)-2.632 E F1 -.09(Pa)2.632 G(tter).09 E 2.382 -(nM)-.135 G(atch-)-2.382 E(ing)108 686.4 Q F2(.)A F0 .606 -(See the description of)5.106 F F4(shopt)3.106 E F0(belo)3.106 E 3.106 +-.15 F 2.631(wu)-.25 G(nder)-2.631 E F1 -.09(Pa)2.631 G(tter).09 E 2.381 +(nM)-.135 G(atch-)-2.381 E(ing)108 686.4 Q F2(.)A F0 .605 +(See the description of)5.105 F F4(shopt)3.105 E F0(belo)3.105 E 3.106 (wu)-.25 G(nder)-3.106 E F1 .606(SHELL B)3.106 F(UIL)-.09 E .606 -(TIN COMMANDS)-.828 F F0 .605(for a description of the)2.855 F F4(no-) -3.105 E(caseglob)108 698.4 Q F0(,)A F4(nullglob)2.5 E F0(,)A F4 +(TIN COMMANDS)-.828 F F0 .606(for a description of the)2.856 F F4(no-) +3.106 E(caseglob)108 698.4 Q F0(,)A F4(nullglob)2.5 E F0(,)A F4 (globskipdots)2.5 E F0(,)A F4(failglob)2.5 E F0 2.5(,a)C(nd)-2.5 E F4 (dotglob)2.5 E F0(shell options.)2.5 E(The)108 715.2 Q F1(GLOBIGNORE) -2.561 E F0 .061(shell v)2.311 F .061 +2.562 E F0 .062(shell v)2.312 F .061 (ariable may be used to restrict the set of \214le names matching a)-.25 -F F3(pattern)3.812 E F0 5.062(.I).24 G(f)-5.062 E F1(GLO-)2.562 E +F F3(pattern)3.811 E F0 5.061(.I).24 G(f)-5.061 E F1(GLO-)2.561 E (BIGNORE)108 727.2 Q F0 2.015(is set, each matching \214le name that al\ -so matches one of the patterns in)4.265 F F1(GLOBIGNORE)4.515 E F0(is) -4.264 E(GNU Bash 5.2)72 768 Q(2022 March 11)144.29 E(27)193.45 E 0 Cg EP +so matches one of the patterns in)4.264 F F1(GLOBIGNORE)4.515 E F0(is) +4.265 E(GNU Bash 5.2)72 768 Q(2022 June 3)150.675 E(27)199.835 E 0 Cg EP %%Page: 28 28 %%BeginPageSetup BP %%EndPageSetup /F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 137.14(SH\(1\) General).35 F (Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E(remo)108 84 Q -.15 -(ve)-.15 G 3.914(df).15 G 1.414(rom the list of matches.)-3.914 F 1.415 +(ve)-.15 G 3.915(df).15 G 1.415(rom the list of matches.)-3.915 F 1.415 (If the)6.415 F/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(nocaseglob)3.915 E F0 1.415 -(option is set, the matching ag)3.915 F 1.415(ainst the patterns in)-.05 -F/F2 9/Times-Bold@0 SF(GLOBIGNORE)108 96 Q F0 .147 -(is performed without re)2.397 F -.05(ga)-.15 G .147(rd to case.).05 F +(option is set, the matching ag)3.915 F 1.414(ainst the patterns in)-.05 +F/F2 9/Times-Bold@0 SF(GLOBIGNORE)108 96 Q F0 .146 +(is performed without re)2.396 F -.05(ga)-.15 G .146(rd to case.).05 F .146(The \214lenames)5.146 F F1 -.63(``)2.646 G -.55(.').63 G(')-.08 E -F0(and)5.146 E F1 -.63(``)2.646 G(..).63 E -.63('')-.55 G F0 .146 -(are al)5.776 F -.1(wa)-.1 G .146(ys ignored when).1 F F2(GLOBIGNORE)108 +F0(and)5.147 E F1 -.63(``)2.647 G(..).63 E -.63('')-.55 G F0 .147 +(are al)5.777 F -.1(wa)-.1 G .147(ys ignored when).1 F F2(GLOBIGNORE)108 108 Q F0 .827(is set and not null.)3.077 F(Ho)5.827 E(we)-.25 E -.15(ve) -.25 G 1.627 -.4(r, s).15 H(etting).4 E F2(GLOBIGNORE)3.327 E F0 .827 (to a non-null v)3.077 F .827(alue has the ef)-.25 F .827(fect of)-.25 F -.683(enabling the)108 120 R F1(dotglob)3.183 E F0 .682 -(shell option, so all other \214lenames be)3.183 F .682(ginning with a) +.682(enabling the)108 120 R F1(dotglob)3.182 E F0 .682 +(shell option, so all other \214lenames be)3.182 F .682(ginning with a) -.15 F F1 -.63(``)3.182 G -.55(.').63 G(')-.08 E F0 .682(will match.) -5.682 F 2.282 -.8(To g)5.682 H .682(et the old).8 F(beha)108 132 Q 1.184 -(vior of ignoring \214lenames be)-.2 F 1.184(ginning with a)-.15 F F1 +5.682 F 2.283 -.8(To g)5.683 H .683(et the old).8 F(beha)108 132 Q 1.185 +(vior of ignoring \214lenames be)-.2 F 1.185(ginning with a)-.15 F F1 -.63(``)3.684 G -.55(.').63 G(')-.08 E F0 3.684(,m)C(ak)-3.684 E(e)-.1 E -F1 -.63(``)3.684 G(.*').63 E(')-.63 E F0 1.185(one of the patterns in) -6.185 F F2(GLOBIGNORE)3.685 E/F3 9/Times-Roman@0 SF(.)A F0(The)108 144 Q -F1(dotglob)3.132 E F0 .632(option is disabled when)3.132 F F2 -(GLOBIGNORE)3.132 E F0 .632(is unset.)2.882 F .631 +F1 -.63(``)3.684 G(.*').63 E(')-.63 E F0 1.184(one of the patterns in) +6.184 F F2(GLOBIGNORE)3.684 E/F3 9/Times-Roman@0 SF(.)A F0(The)108 144 Q +F1(dotglob)3.131 E F0 .631(option is disabled when)3.131 F F2 +(GLOBIGNORE)3.132 E F0 .632(is unset.)2.882 F .632 (The pattern matching honors the setting of)5.632 F(the)108 156 Q F1 (extglob)2.5 E F0(shell option.)2.5 E F1 -.1(Pa)108 172.8 S(tter).1 E 2.5(nM)-.15 G(atching)-2.5 E F0(An)108 189.6 Q 3.138(yc)-.15 G .638(har\ acter that appears in a pattern, other than the special pattern charact\ -ers described belo)-3.138 F 1.938 -.65(w, m)-.25 H(atches).65 E 2.722 +ers described belo)-3.138 F 1.938 -.65(w, m)-.25 H(atches).65 E 2.721 (itself. The)108 201.6 R .221(NUL character may not occur in a pattern.) -2.722 F 2.721(Ab)5.221 G .221(ackslash escapes the follo)-2.721 F .221 +2.721 F 2.721(Ab)5.221 G .221(ackslash escapes the follo)-2.721 F .222 (wing character; the es-)-.25 F .418 (caping backslash is discarded when matching.)108 213.6 R .418 -(The special pattern characters must be quoted if the)5.418 F 2.919(ya) --.15 G .419(re to)-2.919 F(be matched literally)108 225.6 Q(.)-.65 E +(The special pattern characters must be quoted if the)5.418 F 2.918(ya) +-.15 G .418(re to)-2.918 F(be matched literally)108 225.6 Q(.)-.65 E (The special pattern characters ha)108 242.4 Q .3 -.15(ve t)-.2 H -(he follo).15 E(wing meanings:)-.25 E F1(*)144 259.2 Q F0 .377 -(Matches an)180 259.2 R 2.877(ys)-.15 G .376 -(tring, including the null string.)-2.877 F .376(When the)5.376 F F1 -(globstar)2.876 E F0 .376(shell option is enabled,)2.876 F(and)180 271.2 +(he follo).15 E(wing meanings:)-.25 E F1(*)144 259.2 Q F0 .376 +(Matches an)180 259.2 R 2.876(ys)-.15 G .376 +(tring, including the null string.)-2.876 F .376(When the)5.376 F F1 +(globstar)2.876 E F0 .377(shell option is enabled,)2.876 F(and)180 271.2 Q F1(*)3.275 E F0 .775(is used in a pathname e)3.275 F .775 (xpansion conte)-.15 F .775(xt, tw)-.15 F 3.275(oa)-.1 G(djacent)-3.275 E F1(*)3.275 E F0 3.275(su)C .775(sed as a single pattern)-3.275 F 1.058 @@ -3700,6744 +3700,6746 @@ E F1(*)3.275 E F0 3.275(su)C .775(sed as a single pattern)-3.275 F 1.058 F0(,)A(tw)180 295.2 Q 2.5(oa)-.1 G(djacent)-2.5 E F1(*)2.5 E F0 2.5(sw)C (ill match only directories and subdirectories.)-2.5 E F1(?)144 307.2 Q F0(Matches an)180 307.2 Q 2.5(ys)-.15 G(ingle character)-2.5 E(.)-.55 E -F1([...])144 319.2 Q F0 .578(Matches an)180 319.2 R 3.078(yo)-.15 G .578 -(ne of the enclosed characters.)-3.078 F 3.079(Ap)5.579 G .579 -(air of characters separated by a h)-3.079 F(yphen)-.05 E .685 -(denotes a)180 331.2 R/F4 10/Times-Italic@0 SF -.15(ra)3.185 G(ng).15 E +F1([...])144 319.2 Q F0 .579(Matches an)180 319.2 R 3.079(yo)-.15 G .579 +(ne of the enclosed characters.)-3.079 F 3.079(Ap)5.579 G .578 +(air of characters separated by a h)-3.079 F(yphen)-.05 E .684 +(denotes a)180 331.2 R/F4 10/Times-Italic@0 SF -.15(ra)3.184 G(ng).15 E 3.184(ee)-.1 G(xpr)-3.384 E(ession)-.37 E F0 3.184(;a)C .984 -.15(ny c) -3.184 H .684(haracter that f).15 F .684(alls between those tw)-.1 F -3.184(oc)-.1 G .684(haracters, inclu-)-3.184 F(si)180 343.2 Q -.15(ve) --.25 G 3.712(,u).15 G 1.212(sing the current locale')-3.712 F 3.712(sc) +3.185(oc)-.1 G .685(haracters, inclu-)-3.185 F(si)180 343.2 Q -.15(ve) +-.25 G 3.713(,u).15 G 1.213(sing the current locale')-3.713 F 3.712(sc) -.55 G 1.212(ollating sequence and character set, is matched.)-3.712 F -1.213(If the)6.213 F 1.124(\214rst character follo)180 355.2 R 1.124 -(wing the)-.25 F F1([)3.624 E F0 1.124(is a)3.624 F F1(!)3.624 E F0 -1.124(or a)6.124 F F1(^)3.623 E F0 1.123(then an)3.623 F 3.623(yc)-.15 G -1.123(haracter not enclosed is matched.)-3.623 F .894 -(The sorting order of characters in range e)180 367.2 R .895 -(xpressions is determined by the current locale)-.15 F .376(and the v) -180 379.2 R .376(alues of the)-.25 F F2(LC_COLLA)2.875 E(TE)-.855 E F0 -(or)2.625 E F2(LC_ALL)2.875 E F0 .375(shell v)2.625 F .375 -(ariables, if set.)-.25 F 1.975 -.8(To o)5.375 H .375(btain the tra-).8 -F .067(ditional interpretation of range e)180 391.2 R .067 -(xpressions, where)-.15 F F1([a\255d])2.567 E F0 .068(is equi)2.568 F --.25(va)-.25 G .068(lent to).25 F F1([abcd])2.568 E F0 2.568(,s)C .068 -(et v)-2.568 F(alue)-.25 E .157(of the)180 403.2 R F1(LC_ALL)2.657 E F0 -.157(shell v)2.657 F .157(ariable to)-.25 F F1(C)2.657 E F0 2.657(,o)C -2.657(re)-2.657 G .157(nable the)-2.657 F F1(globasciiranges)2.657 E F0 -.156(shell option.)2.656 F(A)5.156 E F12.656 E F0(may)2.656 E .193(\ -be matched by including it as the \214rst or last character in the set.) -180 415.2 R(A)5.193 E F1(])2.693 E F0 .194(may be matched by)2.693 F -(including it as the \214rst character in the set.)180 427.2 Q -.4(Wi) -180 445.2 S(thin).4 E F1([)3.071 E F0(and)3.071 E F1(])3.071 E F0(,)A F4 --.15(ch)3.071 G(ar).15 E .571(acter classes)-.15 F F0 .571 -(can be speci\214ed using the syntax)3.071 F F1([:)3.07 E F4(class)A F1 -(:])A F0 3.07(,w)C(here)-3.07 E F4(class)3.07 E F0(is one of the follo) -180 457.2 Q(wing classes de\214ned in the POSIX standard:)-.25 E F1 -5.889(alnum alpha ascii blank cntrl digit graph lo)180 469.2 R 5.889 -(wer print punct space up-)-.1 F 5(per w)180 481.2 R 5(ord xdigit)-.1 F -F0 4.29(Ac)180 493.2 S 1.789(haracter class matches an)-4.29 F 4.289(yc) +1.212(If the)6.212 F 1.123(\214rst character follo)180 355.2 R 1.123 +(wing the)-.25 F F1([)3.623 E F0 1.123(is a)3.623 F F1(!)3.623 E F0 +1.124(or a)6.123 F F1(^)3.624 E F0 1.124(then an)3.624 F 3.624(yc)-.15 G +1.124(haracter not enclosed is matched.)-3.624 F 1.045 +(The sorting order of characters in range e)180 367.2 R 1.044 +(xpressions, and the characters included in the)-.15 F 2.34 +(range, are determined by the current locale and the v)180 379.2 R 2.341 +(alues of the)-.25 F F2(LC_COLLA)4.841 E(TE)-.855 E F0(or)4.591 E F2 +(LC_ALL)180 391.2 Q F0 1.079(shell v)3.329 F 1.079(ariables, if set.) +-.25 F 2.679 -.8(To o)6.079 H 1.079 +(btain the traditional interpretation of range e).8 F(xpres-)-.15 E .392 +(sions, where)180 403.2 R F1([a\255d])2.892 E F0 .392(is equi)2.892 F +-.25(va)-.25 G .392(lent to).25 F F1([abcd])2.893 E F0 2.893(,s)C .393 +(et v)-2.893 F .393(alue of the)-.25 F F1(LC_ALL)2.893 E F0 .393 +(shell v)2.893 F .393(ariable to)-.25 F F1(C)2.893 E F0(,)A .9 +(or enable the)180 415.2 R F1(globasciiranges)3.4 E F0 .9(shell option.) +3.4 F(A)5.899 E F13.399 E F0 .899 +(may be matched by including it as the)3.399 F .405 +(\214rst or last character in the set.)180 427.2 R(A)5.405 E F1(])2.905 +E F0 .405(may be matched by including it as the \214rst character)2.905 +F(in the set.)180 439.2 Q -.4(Wi)180 457.2 S(thin).4 E F1([)3.071 E F0 +(and)3.071 E F1(])3.071 E F0(,)A F4 -.15(ch)3.071 G(ar).15 E .571 +(acter classes)-.15 F F0 .571(can be speci\214ed using the syntax)3.071 +F F1([:)3.07 E F4(class)A F1(:])A F0 3.07(,w)C(here)-3.07 E F4(class) +3.07 E F0(is one of the follo)180 469.2 Q +(wing classes de\214ned in the POSIX standard:)-.25 E F1 5.889 +(alnum alpha ascii blank cntrl digit graph lo)180 481.2 R 5.889 +(wer print punct space up-)-.1 F 5(per w)180 493.2 R 5(ord xdigit)-.1 F +F0 4.29(Ac)180 505.2 S 1.789(haracter class matches an)-4.29 F 4.289(yc) -.15 G 1.789(haracter belonging to that class.)-4.289 F(The)6.789 E F1 -.1(wo)4.289 G(rd).1 E F0(character)4.289 E -(class matches letters, digits, and the character _.)180 505.2 Q -.4(Wi) -180 523.2 S(thin).4 E F1([)4.536 E F0(and)4.536 E F1(])4.536 E F0 4.536 +(class matches letters, digits, and the character _.)180 517.2 Q -.4(Wi) +180 535.2 S(thin).4 E F1([)4.536 E F0(and)4.536 E F1(])4.536 E F0 4.536 (,a)C(n)-4.536 E F4 2.036(equivalence class)4.536 F F0 2.037 (can be speci\214ed using the syntax)4.536 F F1([=)4.537 E F4(c)A F1(=]) A F0 4.537(,w)C(hich)-4.537 E .125(matches all characters with the same\ - collation weight \(as de\214ned by the current locale\) as)180 535.2 R -(the character)180 547.2 Q F4(c)2.5 E F0(.)A -.4(Wi)180 565.2 S(thin).4 + collation weight \(as de\214ned by the current locale\) as)180 547.2 R +(the character)180 559.2 Q F4(c)2.5 E F0(.)A -.4(Wi)180 577.2 S(thin).4 E F1([)2.5 E F0(and)2.5 E F1(])2.5 E F0 2.5(,t)C(he syntax)-2.5 E F1([.) 2.5 E F4(symbol)A F1(.])A F0(matches the collating symbol)2.5 E F4 -(symbol)2.5 E F0(.)A .539(If the)108 582 R F1(extglob)3.039 E F0 .539 +(symbol)2.5 E F0(.)A .539(If the)108 594 R F1(extglob)3.039 E F0 .539 (shell option is enabled using the)3.039 F F1(shopt)3.039 E F0 -.2(bu) 3.039 G .54(iltin, the shell recognizes se).2 F -.15(ve)-.25 G .54 -(ral e).15 F .54(xtended pattern)-.15 F .038(matching operators.)108 594 +(ral e).15 F .54(xtended pattern)-.15 F .038(matching operators.)108 606 R .038(In the follo)5.038 F .038(wing description, a)-.25 F F4 (pattern-list)2.538 E F0 .037 -(is a list of one or more patterns separated by)2.538 F(a)108 606 Q F1 +(is a list of one or more patterns separated by)2.538 F(a)108 618 Q F1 (|)2.5 E F0 5(.C)C (omposite patterns may be formed using one or more of the follo)-5 E -(wing sub-patterns:)-.25 E F1(?\()144 630 Q F4(pattern-list).833 E F1 -(\)).833 E F0(Matches zero or one occurrence of the gi)180 642 Q -.15 -(ve)-.25 G 2.5(np).15 G(atterns)-2.5 E F1(*\()144 654 Q F4(pattern-list) +(wing sub-patterns:)-.25 E F1(?\()144 642 Q F4(pattern-list).833 E F1 +(\)).833 E F0(Matches zero or one occurrence of the gi)180 654 Q -.15 +(ve)-.25 G 2.5(np).15 G(atterns)-2.5 E F1(*\()144 666 Q F4(pattern-list) .833 E F1(\)).833 E F0(Matches zero or more occurrences of the gi)180 -666 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.5(np).15 G(atterns)-2.5 E F1(+\()144 678 Q F4 +678 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.5(np).15 G(atterns)-2.5 E F1(+\()144 690 Q F4 (pattern-list).833 E F1(\)).833 E F0 -(Matches one or more occurrences of the gi)180 690 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.5 -(np).15 G(atterns)-2.5 E F1(@\()144 702 Q F4(pattern-list).833 E F1(\)) -.833 E F0(Matches one of the gi)180 714 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.5(np).15 G -(atterns)-2.5 E(GNU Bash 5.2)72 768 Q(2022 March 11)144.29 E(28)193.45 E -0 Cg EP +(Matches one or more occurrences of the gi)180 702 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.5 +(np).15 G(atterns)-2.5 E(GNU Bash 5.2)72 768 Q(2022 June 3)150.675 E(28) +199.835 E 0 Cg EP %%Page: 29 29 %%BeginPageSetup BP %%EndPageSetup /F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 137.14(SH\(1\) General).35 F (Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 -SF(!\()144 84 Q/F2 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(pattern-list).833 E F1(\)).833 E -F0(Matches an)180 96 Q(ything e)-.15 E(xcept one of the gi)-.15 E -.15 +SF(@\()144 84 Q/F2 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(pattern-list).833 E F1(\)).833 E +F0(Matches one of the gi)180 96 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.5(np).15 G(atterns) +-2.5 E F1(!\()144 108 Q F2(pattern-list).833 E F1(\)).833 E F0 +(Matches an)180 120 Q(ything e)-.15 E(xcept one of the gi)-.15 E -.15 (ve)-.25 G 2.5(np).15 G(atterns)-2.5 E .988 -(When matching \214lenames, the)108 112.8 R F1(dotglob)3.488 E F0 .988 +(When matching \214lenames, the)108 136.8 R F1(dotglob)3.488 E F0 .988 (shell option determines the set of \214lenames that are tested: when) -3.488 F F1(dotglob)108 124.8 Q F0 1.392 +3.488 F F1(dotglob)108 148.8 Q F0 1.392 (is enabled, the set of \214lenames includes all \214les be)3.892 F 1.392(ginning with `)-.15 F(`.)-.74 E -.74('')-.7 G 3.891(,b).74 G 1.391 (ut `)-4.091 F(`.)-.74 E 2.871 -.74('' a)-.7 H 1.391(nd `).74 F(`..)-.74 E 2.871 -.74('' m)-.7 H 1.391(ust be).74 F .298 -(matched by a pattern or sub-pattern that be)108 136.8 R .298 +(matched by a pattern or sub-pattern that be)108 160.8 R .298 (gins with a dot; when it is disabled, the set does not include an)-.15 -F(y)-.15 E .328(\214lenames be)108 148.8 R .328(ginning with `)-.15 F +F(y)-.15 E .328(\214lenames be)108 172.8 R .328(ginning with `)-.15 F (`.)-.74 E 1.808 -.74('' u)-.7 H .327 (nless the pattern or sub-pattern be).74 F .327(gins with a `)-.15 F(`.) -.74 E -.74('')-.7 G 5.327(.A).74 G 2.827(sa)-5.327 G(bo)-2.827 E -.15 (ve)-.15 G 2.827(,`).15 G(`.)-3.567 E 1.807 -.74('' o)-.7 H .327 -(nly has a).74 F(special meaning when matching \214lenames.)108 160.8 Q -.968(Complicated e)108 177.6 R .968(xtended pattern matching ag)-.15 F +(nly has a).74 F(special meaning when matching \214lenames.)108 184.8 Q +.968(Complicated e)108 201.6 R .968(xtended pattern matching ag)-.15 F .968(ainst long strings is slo)-.05 F 2.269 -.65(w, e)-.25 H .969 (specially when the patterns contain).65 F .091 -(alternations and the strings contain multiple matches.)108 189.6 R .091 +(alternations and the strings contain multiple matches.)108 213.6 R .091 (Using separate matches ag)5.091 F .09(ainst shorter strings, or us-) -.05 F(ing arrays of strings instead of a single long string, may be f) -108 201.6 Q(aster)-.1 E(.)-.55 E F1(Quote Remo)87 218.4 Q -.1(va)-.1 G -(l).1 E F0 1.112(After the preceding e)108 230.4 R 1.112 +108 225.6 Q(aster)-.1 E(.)-.55 E F1(Quote Remo)87 242.4 Q -.1(va)-.1 G +(l).1 E F0 1.112(After the preceding e)108 254.4 R 1.112 (xpansions, all unquoted occurrences of the characters)-.15 F F1(\\) 3.613 E F0(,)A F1<08>3.613 E F0 3.613(,a)C(nd)-3.613 E F1(")4.446 E F0 -1.113(that did not result)4.446 F(from one of the abo)108 242.4 Q .3 +1.113(that did not result)4.446 F(from one of the abo)108 266.4 Q .3 -.15(ve ex)-.15 H(pansions are remo).15 E -.15(ve)-.15 G(d.).15 E/F3 -10.95/Times-Bold@0 SF(REDIRECTION)72 259.2 Q F0 .545 -(Before a command is e)108 271.2 R -.15(xe)-.15 G .545 +10.95/Times-Bold@0 SF(REDIRECTION)72 283.2 Q F0 .545 +(Before a command is e)108 295.2 R -.15(xe)-.15 G .545 (cuted, its input and output may be).15 F F2 -.37(re)3.045 G(dir).37 E (ected)-.37 E F0 .545(using a special notation interpreted)3.815 F .428 -(by the shell.)108 283.2 R F2(Redir)5.428 E(ection)-.37 E F0(allo)2.928 +(by the shell.)108 307.2 R F2(Redir)5.428 E(ection)-.37 E F0(allo)2.928 E .428(ws commands' \214le handles to be duplicated, opened, closed, ma\ -de to refer to)-.25 F(dif)108 295.2 Q 1.02(ferent \214les, and can chan\ +de to refer to)-.25 F(dif)108 319.2 Q 1.02(ferent \214les, and can chan\ ge the \214les the command reads from and writes to.)-.25 F 1.019 (Redirection may also be)6.019 F .215 -(used to modify \214le handles in the current shell e)108 307.2 R -.15 +(used to modify \214le handles in the current shell e)108 331.2 R -.15 (xe)-.15 G .215(cution en).15 F 2.715(vironment. The)-.4 F(follo)2.715 E .215(wing redirection operators)-.25 F .862(may precede or appear an)108 -319.2 R .862(ywhere within a)-.15 F F2 .862(simple command)3.702 F F0 +343.2 R .862(ywhere within a)-.15 F F2 .862(simple command)3.702 F F0 .862(or may follo)4.132 F 3.362(wa)-.25 G F2(command).2 E F0 5.862(.R) -.77 G .862(edirections are)-5.862 F(processed in the order the)108 331.2 +.77 G .862(edirections are)-5.862 F(processed in the order the)108 355.2 Q 2.5(ya)-.15 G(ppear)-2.5 E 2.5(,f)-.4 G(rom left to right.)-2.5 E .771 (Each redirection that may be preceded by a \214le descriptor number ma\ -y instead be preceded by a w)108 348 R .772(ord of)-.1 F .293 -(the form {)108 360 R F2(varname)A F0 2.793(}. In)B .293 +y instead be preceded by a w)108 372 R .772(ord of)-.1 F .293 +(the form {)108 384 R F2(varname)A F0 2.793(}. In)B .293 (this case, for each redirection operator e)2.793 F .293 -(xcept >&- and <&-, the shell will allocate)-.15 F 3.179<618c>108 372 S +(xcept >&- and <&-, the shell will allocate)-.15 F 3.179<618c>108 396 S .679(le descriptor greater than or equal to 10 and assign it to)-3.179 F F2(varname)3.179 E F0 5.679(.I)C 3.179(f>)-5.679 G .679 -(&- or <&- is preceded by {)-3.179 F F2(var)A(-)-.2 E(name)108 384 Q F0 +(&- or <&- is preceded by {)-3.179 F F2(var)A(-)-.2 E(name)108 408 Q F0 .6(}, the v)B .6(alue of)-.25 F F2(varname)3.1 E F0 .599 (de\214nes the \214le descriptor to close.)3.1 F .599(If {)5.599 F F2 (varname)A F0 3.099(}i)C 3.099(ss)-3.099 G .599 -(upplied, the redirection)-3.099 F .793(persists be)108 396 R .793 +(upplied, the redirection)-3.099 F .793(persists be)108 420 R .793 (yond the scope of the command, allo)-.15 F .794 (wing the shell programmer to manage the \214le descriptor')-.25 F(s) --.55 E(lifetime manually)108 408 Q 5(.T)-.65 G(he)-5 E F1 -.1(va)2.5 G +-.55 E(lifetime manually)108 432 Q 5(.T)-.65 G(he)-5 E F1 -.1(va)2.5 G (rr).1 E(edir_close)-.18 E F0(shell option manages this beha)2.5 E(vior) --.2 E(.)-.55 E .284(In the follo)108 424.8 R .283(wing descriptions, if\ +-.2 E(.)-.55 E .284(In the follo)108 448.8 R .283(wing descriptions, if\ the \214le descriptor number is omitted, and the \214rst character of \ -the redirect-)-.25 F .512(ion operator is)108 436.8 R F1(<)3.012 E F0 +the redirect-)-.25 F .512(ion operator is)108 460.8 R F1(<)3.012 E F0 3.012(,t)C .512 (he redirection refers to the standard input \(\214le descriptor 0\).) -3.012 F .512(If the \214rst character of the)5.512 F -(redirection operator is)108 448.8 Q F1(>)2.5 E F0 2.5(,t)C +(redirection operator is)108 472.8 Q F1(>)2.5 E F0 2.5(,t)C (he redirection refers to the standard output \(\214le descriptor 1\).) --2.5 E .825(The w)108 465.6 R .825(ord follo)-.1 F .824 +-2.5 E .825(The w)108 489.6 R .825(ord follo)-.1 F .824 (wing the redirection operator in the follo)-.25 F .824 (wing descriptions, unless otherwise noted, is sub-)-.25 F .462 -(jected to brace e)108 477.6 R .462(xpansion, tilde e)-.15 F .463 +(jected to brace e)108 501.6 R .462(xpansion, tilde e)-.15 F .463 (xpansion, parameter and v)-.15 F .463(ariable e)-.25 F .463 -(xpansion, command substitution, arith-)-.15 F .867(metic e)108 489.6 R +(xpansion, command substitution, arith-)-.15 F .867(metic e)108 513.6 R .867(xpansion, quote remo)-.15 F -.25(va)-.15 G .867(l, pathname e).25 F .867(xpansion, and w)-.15 F .867(ord splitting.)-.1 F .867(If it e)5.867 -F .866(xpands to more than one)-.15 F -.1(wo)108 501.6 S(rd,).1 E F1 +F .866(xpands to more than one)-.15 F -.1(wo)108 525.6 S(rd,).1 E F1 (bash)2.5 E F0(reports an error)2.5 E(.)-.55 E -(Note that the order of redirections is signi\214cant.)108 518.4 Q -.15 -(Fo)5 G 2.5(re).15 G(xample, the command)-2.65 E(ls)144 535.2 Q F1(>)2.5 +(Note that the order of redirections is signi\214cant.)108 542.4 Q -.15 +(Fo)5 G 2.5(re).15 G(xample, the command)-2.65 E(ls)144 559.2 Q F1(>)2.5 E F0(dirlist 2)2.5 E F1(>&)A F0(1)A -(directs both standard output and standard error to the \214le)108 552 Q -F2(dirlist)2.85 E F0 2.5(,w).68 G(hile the command)-2.5 E(ls 2)144 568.8 +(directs both standard output and standard error to the \214le)108 576 Q +F2(dirlist)2.85 E F0 2.5(,w).68 G(hile the command)-2.5 E(ls 2)144 592.8 Q F1(>&)A F0(1)A F1(>)2.5 E F0(dirlist)2.5 E .505 -(directs only the standard output to \214le)108 585.6 R F2(dirlist)3.355 +(directs only the standard output to \214le)108 609.6 R F2(dirlist)3.355 E F0 3.005(,b).68 G .505(ecause the standard error w)-3.005 F .505 (as duplicated from the standard)-.1 F -(output before the standard output w)108 597.6 Q(as redirected to)-.1 E -F2(dirlist)2.85 E F0(.).68 E F1(Bash)108 614.4 Q F0 .599(handles se) +(output before the standard output w)108 621.6 Q(as redirected to)-.1 E +F2(dirlist)2.85 E F0(.).68 E F1(Bash)108 638.4 Q F0 .599(handles se) 3.099 F -.15(ve)-.25 G .599(ral \214lenames specially when the).15 F 3.099(ya)-.15 G .598(re used in redirections, as described in the follo) --3.099 F(wing)-.25 E 3.477(table. If)108 626.4 R .977 +-3.099 F(wing)-.25 E 3.477(table. If)108 650.4 R .977 (the operating system on which)3.477 F F1(bash)3.478 E F0 .978 (is running pro)3.478 F .978 (vides these special \214les, bash will use them;)-.15 F -(otherwise it will emulate them internally with the beha)108 638.4 Q -(vior described belo)-.2 E -.65(w.)-.25 G F1(/de)144 655.2 Q(v/fd/)-.15 -E F2(fd)A F0(If)180 667.2 Q F2(fd)2.5 E F0(is a v)2.5 E(alid inte)-.25 E +(otherwise it will emulate them internally with the beha)108 662.4 Q +(vior described belo)-.2 E -.65(w.)-.25 G F1(/de)144 679.2 Q(v/fd/)-.15 +E F2(fd)A F0(If)180 691.2 Q F2(fd)2.5 E F0(is a v)2.5 E(alid inte)-.25 E (ger)-.15 E 2.5<2c8c>-.4 G(le descriptor)-2.5 E F2(fd)2.5 E F0 -(is duplicated.)2.5 E F1(/de)144 679.2 Q(v/stdin)-.15 E F0 -(File descriptor 0 is duplicated.)180 691.2 Q F1(/de)144 703.2 Q -(v/stdout)-.15 E F0(File descriptor 1 is duplicated.)180 715.2 Q -(GNU Bash 5.2)72 768 Q(2022 March 11)144.29 E(29)193.45 E 0 Cg EP +(is duplicated.)2.5 E F1(/de)144 703.2 Q(v/stdin)-.15 E F0 +(File descriptor 0 is duplicated.)180 715.2 Q(GNU Bash 5.2)72 768 Q +(2022 June 3)150.675 E(29)199.835 E 0 Cg EP %%Page: 30 30 %%BeginPageSetup BP %%EndPageSetup /F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 137.14(SH\(1\) General).35 F (Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 -SF(/de)144 84 Q(v/stderr)-.15 E F0(File descriptor 2 is duplicated.)180 -96 Q F1(/de)144 108 Q(v/tcp/)-.15 E/F2 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(host)A F1(/) -A F2(port)A F0(If)180 120 Q F2(host)2.997 E F0 .497(is a v)2.997 F .497 +SF(/de)144 84 Q(v/stdout)-.15 E F0(File descriptor 1 is duplicated.)180 +96 Q F1(/de)144 108 Q(v/stderr)-.15 E F0 +(File descriptor 2 is duplicated.)180 120 Q F1(/de)144 132 Q(v/tcp/)-.15 +E/F2 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(host)A F1(/)A F2(port)A F0(If)180 144 Q F2 +(host)2.997 E F0 .497(is a v)2.997 F .497 (alid hostname or Internet address, and)-.25 F F2(port)2.996 E F0 .496 (is an inte)2.996 F .496(ger port number or ser)-.15 F(-)-.2 E -(vice name,)180 132 Q F1(bash)2.5 E F0 +(vice name,)180 156 Q F1(bash)2.5 E F0 (attempts to open the corresponding TCP sock)2.5 E(et.)-.1 E F1(/de)144 -144 Q(v/udp/)-.15 E F2(host)A F1(/)A F2(port)A F0(If)180 156 Q F2(host) +168 Q(v/udp/)-.15 E F2(host)A F1(/)A F2(port)A F0(If)180 180 Q F2(host) 2.996 E F0 .496(is a v)2.996 F .496 (alid hostname or Internet address, and)-.25 F F2(port)2.997 E F0 .497 (is an inte)2.997 F .497(ger port number or ser)-.15 F(-)-.2 E -(vice name,)180 168 Q F1(bash)2.5 E F0 +(vice name,)180 192 Q F1(bash)2.5 E F0 (attempts to open the corresponding UDP sock)2.5 E(et.)-.1 E 2.5(Af)108 -184.8 S(ailure to open or create a \214le causes the redirection to f) +208.8 S(ailure to open or create a \214le causes the redirection to f) -2.6 E(ail.)-.1 E .046(Redirections using \214le descriptors greater th\ -an 9 should be used with care, as the)108 201.6 R 2.545(ym)-.15 G .045 +an 9 should be used with care, as the)108 225.6 R 2.545(ym)-.15 G .045 (ay con\215ict with \214le de-)-2.545 F -(scriptors the shell uses internally)108 213.6 Q(.)-.65 E F1(Redir)87 -230.4 Q(ecting Input)-.18 E F0 .391 +(scriptors the shell uses internally)108 237.6 Q(.)-.65 E F1(Redir)87 +254.4 Q(ecting Input)-.18 E F0 .391 (Redirection of input causes the \214le whose name results from the e) -108 242.4 R .391(xpansion of)-.15 F F2(wor)3.231 E(d)-.37 E F0 .391 -(to be opened for read-)3.661 F(ing on \214le descriptor)108 254.4 Q F2 +108 266.4 R .391(xpansion of)-.15 F F2(wor)3.231 E(d)-.37 E F0 .391 +(to be opened for read-)3.661 F(ing on \214le descriptor)108 278.4 Q F2 (n)2.86 E F0 2.5(,o).24 G 2.5(rt)-2.5 G (he standard input \(\214le descriptor 0\) if)-2.5 E F2(n)2.86 E F0 (is not speci\214ed.)2.74 E -(The general format for redirecting input is:)108 271.2 Q([)144 288 Q F2 -(n)A F0(])A F1(<)A F2(wor)A(d)-.37 E F1(Redir)87 304.8 Q(ecting Output) +(The general format for redirecting input is:)108 295.2 Q([)144 312 Q F2 +(n)A F0(])A F1(<)A F2(wor)A(d)-.37 E F1(Redir)87 328.8 Q(ecting Output) -.18 E F0 .175 (Redirection of output causes the \214le whose name results from the e) -108 316.8 R .174(xpansion of)-.15 F F2(wor)3.014 E(d)-.37 E F0 .174 -(to be opened for writ-)3.444 F .083(ing on \214le descriptor)108 328.8 +108 340.8 R .174(xpansion of)-.15 F F2(wor)3.014 E(d)-.37 E F0 .174 +(to be opened for writ-)3.444 F .083(ing on \214le descriptor)108 352.8 R F2(n)2.943 E F0 2.583(,o).24 G 2.583(rt)-2.583 G .083 (he standard output \(\214le descriptor 1\) if)-2.583 F F2(n)2.943 E F0 .083(is not speci\214ed.)2.823 F .084(If the \214le does not e)5.083 F -(x-)-.15 E(ist it is created; if it does e)108 340.8 Q +(x-)-.15 E(ist it is created; if it does e)108 364.8 Q (xist it is truncated to zero size.)-.15 E -(The general format for redirecting output is:)108 357.6 Q([)144 374.4 Q +(The general format for redirecting output is:)108 381.6 Q([)144 398.4 Q F2(n)A F0(])A F1(>)A F2(wor)A(d)-.37 E F0 .155 -(If the redirection operator is)108 391.2 R F1(>)2.655 E F0 2.655(,a)C +(If the redirection operator is)108 415.2 R F1(>)2.655 E F0 2.655(,a)C .155(nd the)-2.655 F F1(noclob)2.655 E(ber)-.1 E F0 .154(option to the) 2.654 F F1(set)2.654 E F0 -.2(bu)2.654 G .154 -(iltin has been enabled, the redirection).2 F .657(will f)108 403.2 R +(iltin has been enabled, the redirection).2 F .657(will f)108 427.2 R .657(ail if the \214le whose name results from the e)-.1 F .658 (xpansion of)-.15 F F2(wor)3.158 E(d)-.37 E F0 -.15(ex)3.158 G .658 (ists and is a re).15 F .658(gular \214le.)-.15 F .658(If the redi-) -5.658 F .409(rection operator is)108 415.2 R F1(>|)2.909 E F0 2.909(,o)C +5.658 F .409(rection operator is)108 439.2 R F1(>|)2.909 E F0 2.909(,o)C 2.909(rt)-2.909 G .409(he redirection operator is)-2.909 F F1(>)2.909 E F0 .409(and the)2.909 F F1(noclob)2.909 E(ber)-.1 E F0 .409 (option to the)2.909 F F1(set)2.909 E F0 -.2(bu)2.908 G .408 (iltin command).2 F(is not enabled, the redirection is attempted e)108 -427.2 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.5(ni).15 G 2.5(ft)-2.5 G(he \214le named by) +451.2 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.5(ni).15 G 2.5(ft)-2.5 G(he \214le named by) -2.5 E F2(wor)2.5 E(d)-.37 E F0 -.15(ex)2.5 G(ists.).15 E F1 -.25(Ap)87 -444 S(pending Redir).25 E(ected Output)-.18 E F0 .641 -(Redirection of output in this f)108 456 R .642 +468 S(pending Redir).25 E(ected Output)-.18 E F0 .641 +(Redirection of output in this f)108 480 R .642 (ashion causes the \214le whose name results from the e)-.1 F .642 (xpansion of)-.15 F F2(wor)3.482 E(d)-.37 E F0 .642(to be)3.912 F .455 -(opened for appending on \214le descriptor)108 468 R F2(n)3.315 E F0 +(opened for appending on \214le descriptor)108 492 R F2(n)3.315 E F0 2.955(,o).24 G 2.955(rt)-2.955 G .455 (he standard output \(\214le descriptor 1\) if)-2.955 F F2(n)3.314 E F0 .454(is not speci\214ed.)3.194 F(If)5.454 E(the \214le does not e)108 -480 Q(xist it is created.)-.15 E -(The general format for appending output is:)108 496.8 Q([)144 513.6 Q -F2(n)A F0(])A F1(>>)A F2(wor)A(d)-.37 E F1(Redir)87 530.4 Q +504 Q(xist it is created.)-.15 E +(The general format for appending output is:)108 520.8 Q([)144 537.6 Q +F2(n)A F0(])A F1(>>)A F2(wor)A(d)-.37 E F1(Redir)87 554.4 Q (ecting Standard Output and Standard Err)-.18 E(or)-.18 E F0 .248 -(This construct allo)108 542.4 R .249(ws both the standard output \(\ +(This construct allo)108 566.4 R .249(ws both the standard output \(\ \214le descriptor 1\) and the standard error output \(\214le descrip-) -.25 F(tor 2\) to be redirected to the \214le whose name is the e)108 -554.4 Q(xpansion of)-.15 E F2(wor)2.84 E(d)-.37 E F0(.).77 E -(There are tw)108 571.2 Q 2.5(of)-.1 G +578.4 Q(xpansion of)-.15 E F2(wor)2.84 E(d)-.37 E F0(.).77 E +(There are tw)108 595.2 Q 2.5(of)-.1 G (ormats for redirecting standard output and standard error:)-2.5 E F1 -(&>)144 588 Q F2(wor)A(d)-.37 E F0(and)108 600 Q F1(>&)144 612 Q F2(wor) -A(d)-.37 E F0(Of the tw)108 628.8 Q 2.5(of)-.1 G +(&>)144 612 Q F2(wor)A(d)-.37 E F0(and)108 624 Q F1(>&)144 636 Q F2(wor) +A(d)-.37 E F0(Of the tw)108 652.8 Q 2.5(of)-.1 G (orms, the \214rst is preferred.)-2.5 E(This is semantically equi)5 E --.25(va)-.25 G(lent to).25 E F1(>)144 645.6 Q F2(wor)A(d)-.37 E F0(2)2.5 -E F1(>&)A F0(1)A .115(When using the second form,)108 662.4 R F2(wor) +-.25(va)-.25 G(lent to).25 E F1(>)144 669.6 Q F2(wor)A(d)-.37 E F0(2)2.5 +E F1(>&)A F0(1)A .115(When using the second form,)108 686.4 R F2(wor) 2.614 E(d)-.37 E F0 .114(may not e)2.614 F .114(xpand to a number or) -.15 F F12.614 E F0 5.114(.I)C 2.614(fi)-5.114 G 2.614(td)-2.614 G -.114(oes, other redirection operators)-2.614 F(apply \(see)108 674.4 Q +.114(oes, other redirection operators)-2.614 F(apply \(see)108 698.4 Q F1(Duplicating File Descriptors)2.5 E F0(belo)2.5 E -(w\) for compatibility reasons.)-.25 E F1 -.25(Ap)87 691.2 S -(pending Standard Output and Standard Err).25 E(or)-.18 E F0 .248 -(This construct allo)108 703.2 R .249(ws both the standard output \(\ -\214le descriptor 1\) and the standard error output \(\214le descrip-) --.25 F(tor 2\) to be appended to the \214le whose name is the e)108 -715.2 Q(xpansion of)-.15 E F2(wor)2.84 E(d)-.37 E F0(.).77 E -(GNU Bash 5.2)72 768 Q(2022 March 11)144.29 E(30)193.45 E 0 Cg EP +(w\) for compatibility reasons.)-.25 E(GNU Bash 5.2)72 768 Q +(2022 June 3)150.675 E(30)199.835 E 0 Cg EP %%Page: 31 31 %%BeginPageSetup BP %%EndPageSetup /F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 137.14(SH\(1\) General).35 F -(Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E -(The format for appending standard output and standard error is:)108 84 -Q/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(&>>)144 100.8 Q/F2 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(wor)A(d) --.37 E F0(This is semantically equi)108 117.6 Q -.25(va)-.25 G(lent to) -.25 E F1(>>)144 134.4 Q F2(wor)A(d)-.37 E F0(2)2.5 E F1(>&)A F0(1)A -(\(see)108 151.2 Q F1(Duplicating File Descriptors)2.5 E F0(belo)2.5 E -(w\).)-.25 E F1(Her)87 168 Q 2.5(eD)-.18 G(ocuments)-2.5 E F0 .33(This \ -type of redirection instructs the shell to read input from the current \ -source until a line containing only)108 180 R F2(delimiter)108.35 192 Q -F0 .614(\(with no trailing blanks\) is seen.)3.844 F .615 +(Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 +SF -.25(Ap)87 84 S(pending Standard Output and Standard Err).25 E(or) +-.18 E F0 .248(This construct allo)108 96 R .249(ws both the standard o\ +utput \(\214le descriptor 1\) and the standard error output \(\214le de\ +scrip-)-.25 F(tor 2\) to be appended to the \214le whose name is the e) +108 108 Q(xpansion of)-.15 E/F2 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(wor)2.84 E(d)-.37 E +F0(.).77 E +(The format for appending standard output and standard error is:)108 +124.8 Q F1(&>>)144 141.6 Q F2(wor)A(d)-.37 E F0 +(This is semantically equi)108 158.4 Q -.25(va)-.25 G(lent to).25 E F1 +(>>)144 175.2 Q F2(wor)A(d)-.37 E F0(2)2.5 E F1(>&)A F0(1)A(\(see)108 +192 Q F1(Duplicating File Descriptors)2.5 E F0(belo)2.5 E(w\).)-.25 E F1 +(Her)87 208.8 Q 2.5(eD)-.18 G(ocuments)-2.5 E F0 .33(This type of redir\ +ection instructs the shell to read input from the current source until \ +a line containing only)108 220.8 R F2(delimiter)108.35 232.8 Q F0 .614 +(\(with no trailing blanks\) is seen.)3.844 F .615 (All of the lines read up to that point are then used as the stan-)5.615 -F(dard input \(or \214le descriptor)108 204 Q F2(n)2.5 E F0(if)2.5 E F2 -(n)2.5 E F0(is speci\214ed\) for a command.)2.5 E -(The format of here-documents is:)108 220.8 Q([)144 237.6 Q F2(n)A F0(]) -A F1(<<)A F0([)A F1A F0(])A F2(wor)A(d)-.37 E(her)164 249.6 Q -(e-document)-.37 E(delimiter)144 261.6 Q F0 .302(No parameter and v)108 -278.4 R .302(ariable e)-.25 F .302 +F(dard input \(or \214le descriptor)108 244.8 Q F2(n)2.5 E F0(if)2.5 E +F2(n)2.5 E F0(is speci\214ed\) for a command.)2.5 E +(The format of here-documents is:)108 261.6 Q([)144 278.4 Q F2(n)A F0(]) +A F1(<<)A F0([)A F1A F0(])A F2(wor)A(d)-.37 E(her)164 290.4 Q +(e-document)-.37 E(delimiter)144 302.4 Q F0 .302(No parameter and v)108 +319.2 R .302(ariable e)-.25 F .302 (xpansion, command substitution, arithmetic e)-.15 F .301 (xpansion, or pathname e)-.15 F(xpansion)-.15 E .381(is performed on)108 -290.4 R F2(wor)3.221 E(d)-.37 E F0 5.381(.I).77 G 2.881(fa)-5.381 G .681 +331.2 R F2(wor)3.221 E(d)-.37 E F0 5.381(.I).77 G 2.881(fa)-5.381 G .681 -.15(ny p)-2.881 H .381(art of).15 F F2(wor)3.221 E(d)-.37 E F0 .381 (is quoted, the)3.651 F F2(delimiter)3.231 E F0 .381 (is the result of quote remo)3.611 F -.25(va)-.15 G 2.881(lo).25 G(n) -2.881 E F2(wor)3.221 E(d)-.37 E F0(,).77 E .774 -(and the lines in the here-document are not e)108 302.4 R 3.274 +(and the lines in the here-document are not e)108 343.2 R 3.274 (xpanded. If)-.15 F F2(wor)3.273 E(d)-.37 E F0 .773 (is unquoted, all lines of the here-document)3.273 F 1.194 -(are subjected to parameter e)108 314.4 R 1.194 +(are subjected to parameter e)108 355.2 R 1.194 (xpansion, command substitution, and arithmetic e)-.15 F 1.195 -(xpansion, the character se-)-.15 F(quence)108 326.4 Q F1(\\) +(xpansion, the character se-)-.15 F(quence)108 367.2 Q F1(\\) 2.5 E F0(is ignored, and)2.5 E F1(\\)2.5 E F0 (must be used to quote the characters)2.5 E F1(\\)2.5 E F0(,)A F1($)2.5 E F0 2.5(,a)C(nd)-2.5 E F1<92>2.5 E F0(.)A .602 -(If the redirection operator is)108 343.2 R F1(<<\255)3.101 E F0 3.101 -(,t)C .601(hen all leading tab characters are stripped from input lines\ - and the line)-3.101 F(containing)108 355.2 Q F2(delimiter)2.85 E F0 5 -(.T).73 G(his allo)-5 E +(If the redirection operator is)108 384 R F1(<<\255)3.101 E F0 3.101(,t) +C .601(hen all leading tab characters are stripped from input lines and\ + the line)-3.101 F(containing)108 396 Q F2(delimiter)2.85 E F0 5(.T).73 +G(his allo)-5 E (ws here-documents within shell scripts to be indented in a natural f) --.25 E(ashion.)-.1 E F1(Her)87 372 Q 2.5(eS)-.18 G(trings)-2.5 E F0 2.5 -(Av)108 384 S(ariant of here documents, the format is:)-2.75 E([)144 -400.8 Q F2(n)A F0(])A F1(<<<)A F2(wor)A(d)-.37 E F0(The)108 417.6 Q F2 -(wor)3.291 E(d)-.37 E F0(under)3.291 E .792(goes tilde e)-.18 F .792 +-.25 E(ashion.)-.1 E F1(Her)87 412.8 Q 2.5(eS)-.18 G(trings)-2.5 E F0 +2.5(Av)108 424.8 S(ariant of here documents, the format is:)-2.75 E([) +144 441.6 Q F2(n)A F0(])A F1(<<<)A F2(wor)A(d)-.37 E F0(The)108 458.4 Q +F2(wor)3.291 E(d)-.37 E F0(under)3.291 E .792(goes tilde e)-.18 F .792 (xpansion, parameter and v)-.15 F .792(ariable e)-.25 F .792 -(xpansion, command substitution, arithmetic)-.15 F -.15(ex)108 429.6 S +(xpansion, command substitution, arithmetic)-.15 F -.15(ex)108 470.4 S 1.188(pansion, and quote remo).15 F -.25(va)-.15 G 3.687(l. P).25 F 1.187(athname e)-.15 F 1.187(xpansion and w)-.15 F 1.187 (ord splitting are not performed.)-.1 F 1.187(The result is)6.187 F .374 -(supplied as a single string, with a ne)108 441.6 R .375(wline appended\ +(supplied as a single string, with a ne)108 482.4 R .375(wline appended\ , to the command on its standard input \(or \214le descrip-)-.25 F(tor) -108 453.6 Q F2(n)2.5 E F0(if)2.5 E F2(n)2.5 E F0(is speci\214ed\).)2.5 E -F1(Duplicating File Descriptors)87 470.4 Q F0(The redirection operator) -108 482.4 Q([)144 499.2 Q F2(n)A F0(])A F1(<&)A F2(wor)A(d)-.37 E F0 -.127(is used to duplicate input \214le descriptors.)108 516 R(If)5.127 E +108 494.4 Q F2(n)2.5 E F0(if)2.5 E F2(n)2.5 E F0(is speci\214ed\).)2.5 E +F1(Duplicating File Descriptors)87 511.2 Q F0(The redirection operator) +108 523.2 Q([)144 540 Q F2(n)A F0(])A F1(<&)A F2(wor)A(d)-.37 E F0 .127 +(is used to duplicate input \214le descriptors.)108 556.8 R(If)5.127 E F2(wor)2.967 E(d)-.37 E F0 -.15(ex)3.397 G .126 (pands to one or more digits, the \214le descriptor denoted).15 F(by)108 -528 Q F2(n)3.317 E F0 .457(is made to be a cop)3.197 F 2.957(yo)-.1 G +568.8 Q F2(n)3.317 E F0 .457(is made to be a cop)3.197 F 2.957(yo)-.1 G 2.957(ft)-2.957 G .457(hat \214le descriptor)-2.957 F 5.457(.I)-.55 G 2.957(ft)-5.457 G .457(he digits in)-2.957 F F2(wor)3.298 E(d)-.37 E F0 .458(do not specify a \214le descriptor open)3.728 F .15 -(for input, a redirection error occurs.)108 540 R(If)5.15 E F2(wor)2.99 -E(d)-.37 E F0 -.25(eva)3.42 G .15(luates to).25 F F12.65 E F0 2.649 -<2c8c>C .149(le descriptor)-2.649 F F2(n)3.009 E F0 .149(is closed.) -2.889 F(If)5.149 E F2(n)3.009 E F0 .149(is not speci\214ed,)2.889 F -(the standard input \(\214le descriptor 0\) is used.)108 552 Q -(The operator)108 568.8 Q([)144 585.6 Q F2(n)A F0(])A F1(>&)A F2(wor)A +(for input, a redirection error occurs.)108 580.8 R(If)5.15 E F2(wor) +2.99 E(d)-.37 E F0 -.25(eva)3.42 G .15(luates to).25 F F12.65 E F0 +2.649<2c8c>C .149(le descriptor)-2.649 F F2(n)3.009 E F0 .149 +(is closed.)2.889 F(If)5.149 E F2(n)3.009 E F0 .149(is not speci\214ed,) +2.889 F(the standard input \(\214le descriptor 0\) is used.)108 592.8 Q +(The operator)108 609.6 Q([)144 626.4 Q F2(n)A F0(])A F1(>&)A F2(wor)A (d)-.37 E F0 .443 -(is used similarly to duplicate output \214le descriptors.)108 602.4 R +(is used similarly to duplicate output \214le descriptors.)108 643.2 R (If)5.443 E F2(n)3.304 E F0 .444 (is not speci\214ed, the standard output \(\214le descrip-)3.184 F .566 -(tor 1\) is used.)108 614.4 R .566(If the digits in)5.566 F F2(wor)3.406 +(tor 1\) is used.)108 655.2 R .566(If the digits in)5.566 F F2(wor)3.406 E(d)-.37 E F0 .566(do not specify a \214le descriptor open for output, \ -a redirection error oc-)3.836 F 3.203(curs. If)108 626.4 R F2(wor)3.543 +a redirection error oc-)3.836 F 3.203(curs. If)108 667.2 R F2(wor)3.543 E(d)-.37 E F0 -.25(eva)3.973 G .703(luates to).25 F F13.203 E F0 3.203<2c8c>C .703(le descriptor)-3.203 F F2(n)3.563 E F0 .703 (is closed.)3.443 F .703(As a special case, if)5.703 F F2(n)3.204 E F0 .704(is omitted, and)3.204 F F2(wor)3.204 E(d)-.37 E F0(does)3.204 E -.966(not e)108 638.4 R .966(xpand to one or more digits or)-.15 F F1 +.966(not e)108 679.2 R .966(xpand to one or more digits or)-.15 F F1 3.466 E F0 3.466(,t)C .965 (he standard output and standard error are redirected as described) --3.466 F(pre)108 650.4 Q(viously)-.25 E(.)-.65 E F1(Mo)87 667.2 Q -(ving File Descriptors)-.1 E F0(The redirection operator)108 679.2 Q([) -144 696 Q F2(n)A F0(])A F1(<&)A F2(digit)A F1A F0(mo)108 712.8 Q --.15(ve)-.15 G 3.017(st).15 G .517(he \214le descriptor)-3.017 F F2 -(digit)3.017 E F0 .517(to \214le descriptor)3.017 F F2(n)3.377 E F0 -3.017(,o).24 G 3.017(rt)-3.017 G .518 -(he standard input \(\214le descriptor 0\) if)-3.017 F F2(n)3.018 E F0 -.518(is not speci-)3.018 F(\214ed.)108 724.8 Q F2(digit)5 E F0 -(is closed after being duplicated to)2.5 E F2(n)2.5 E F0(.)A -(GNU Bash 5.2)72 768 Q(2022 March 11)144.29 E(31)193.45 E 0 Cg EP +-3.466 F(pre)108 691.2 Q(viously)-.25 E(.)-.65 E(GNU Bash 5.2)72 768 Q +(2022 June 3)150.675 E(31)199.835 E 0 Cg EP %%Page: 32 32 %%BeginPageSetup BP %%EndPageSetup /F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 137.14(SH\(1\) General).35 F -(Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E(Similarly)108 84 Q -2.5(,t)-.65 G(he redirection operator)-2.5 E([)144 100.8 Q/F1 10 -/Times-Italic@0 SF(n)A F0(])A/F2 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(>&)A F1(digit)A F2 -A F0(mo)108 117.6 Q -.15(ve)-.15 G 2.768(st).15 G .268 -(he \214le descriptor)-2.768 F F1(digit)2.768 E F0 .268 -(to \214le descriptor)2.768 F F1(n)3.128 E F0 2.768(,o).24 G 2.768(rt) --2.768 G .267(he standard output \(\214le descriptor 1\) if)-2.768 F F1 -(n)2.767 E F0 .267(is not speci-)2.767 F(\214ed.)108 129.6 Q F2 -(Opening File Descriptors f)87 146.4 Q(or Reading and Writing)-.25 E F0 -(The redirection operator)108 158.4 Q([)144 175.2 Q F1(n)A F0(])A F2(<>) -A F1(wor)A(d)-.37 E F0 .518(causes the \214le whose name is the e)108 -192 R .518(xpansion of)-.15 F F1(wor)3.358 E(d)-.37 E F0 .518 +(Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 +SF(Mo)87 84 Q(ving File Descriptors)-.1 E F0(The redirection operator) +108 96 Q([)144 112.8 Q/F2 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(n)A F0(])A F1(<&)A F2 +(digit)A F1A F0(mo)108 129.6 Q -.15(ve)-.15 G 3.017(st).15 G .517 +(he \214le descriptor)-3.017 F F2(digit)3.017 E F0 .517 +(to \214le descriptor)3.017 F F2(n)3.377 E F0 3.017(,o).24 G 3.017(rt) +-3.017 G .518(he standard input \(\214le descriptor 0\) if)-3.017 F F2 +(n)3.018 E F0 .518(is not speci-)3.018 F(\214ed.)108 141.6 Q F2(digit)5 +E F0(is closed after being duplicated to)2.5 E F2(n)2.5 E F0(.)A +(Similarly)108 158.4 Q 2.5(,t)-.65 G(he redirection operator)-2.5 E([) +144 175.2 Q F2(n)A F0(])A F1(>&)A F2(digit)A F1A F0(mo)108 192 Q +-.15(ve)-.15 G 2.768(st).15 G .268(he \214le descriptor)-2.768 F F2 +(digit)2.768 E F0 .268(to \214le descriptor)2.768 F F2(n)3.128 E F0 +2.768(,o).24 G 2.768(rt)-2.768 G .267 +(he standard output \(\214le descriptor 1\) if)-2.768 F F2(n)2.767 E F0 +.267(is not speci-)2.767 F(\214ed.)108 204 Q F1 +(Opening File Descriptors f)87 220.8 Q(or Reading and Writing)-.25 E F0 +(The redirection operator)108 232.8 Q([)144 249.6 Q F2(n)A F0(])A F1(<>) +A F2(wor)A(d)-.37 E F0 .518(causes the \214le whose name is the e)108 +266.4 R .518(xpansion of)-.15 F F2(wor)3.358 E(d)-.37 E F0 .518 (to be opened for both reading and writing on \214le de-)3.788 F -(scriptor)108 204 Q F1(n)2.86 E F0 2.5(,o).24 G 2.5(ro)-2.5 G 2.5<6e8c> --2.5 G(le descriptor 0 if)-2.5 E F1(n)2.86 E F0(is not speci\214ed.)2.74 -E(If the \214le does not e)5 E(xist, it is created.)-.15 E/F3 10.95 -/Times-Bold@0 SF(ALIASES)72 220.8 Q F1(Aliases)108 232.8 Q F0(allo)3.174 -E 3.174(was)-.25 G .674(tring to be substituted for a w)-3.174 F .674 +(scriptor)108 278.4 Q F2(n)2.86 E F0 2.5(,o).24 G 2.5(ro)-2.5 G 2.5 +<6e8c>-2.5 G(le descriptor 0 if)-2.5 E F2(n)2.86 E F0 +(is not speci\214ed.)2.74 E(If the \214le does not e)5 E +(xist, it is created.)-.15 E/F3 10.95/Times-Bold@0 SF(ALIASES)72 295.2 Q +F2(Aliases)108 307.2 Q F0(allo)3.174 E 3.174(was)-.25 G .674 +(tring to be substituted for a w)-3.174 F .674 (ord when it is used as the \214rst w)-.1 F .673 (ord of a simple command.)-.1 F .394(The shell maintains a list of alia\ -ses that may be set and unset with the)108 244.8 R F2(alias)2.894 E F0 -(and)2.894 E F2(unalias)2.894 E F0 -.2(bu)2.894 G .394(iltin commands).2 -F(\(see)108 256.8 Q/F4 9/Times-Bold@0 SF 1.98(SHELL B)4.48 F(UIL)-.09 E +ses that may be set and unset with the)108 319.2 R F1(alias)2.894 E F0 +(and)2.894 E F1(unalias)2.894 E F0 -.2(bu)2.894 G .394(iltin commands).2 +F(\(see)108 331.2 Q/F4 9/Times-Bold@0 SF 1.98(SHELL B)4.48 F(UIL)-.09 E 1.98(TIN COMMANDS)-.828 F F0(belo)4.23 E 4.48(w\). The)-.25 F 1.98 (\214rst w)4.48 F 1.979(ord of each simple command, if unquoted, is)-.1 -F(check)108 268.8 Q .472(ed to see if it has an alias.)-.1 F .472 +F(check)108 343.2 Q .472(ed to see if it has an alias.)-.1 F .472 (If so, that w)5.472 F .473(ord is replaced by the te)-.1 F .473 -(xt of the alias.)-.15 F .473(The characters)5.473 F F2(/)2.973 E F0(,)A -F2($)2.973 E F0(,)A F2<92>2.973 E F0(,)A(and)108 280.8 Q F2(=)3.612 E F0 +(xt of the alias.)-.15 F .473(The characters)5.473 F F1(/)2.973 E F0(,)A +F1($)2.973 E F0(,)A F1<92>2.973 E F0(,)A(and)108 355.2 Q F1(=)3.612 E F0 1.112(and an)3.612 F 3.612(yo)-.15 G 3.612(ft)-3.612 G 1.112(he shell) --3.612 F F1(metac)3.612 E(har)-.15 E(acter)-.15 E(s)-.1 E F0 1.112 +-3.612 F F2(metac)3.612 E(har)-.15 E(acter)-.15 E(s)-.1 E F0 1.112 (or quoting characters listed abo)3.612 F 1.411 -.15(ve m)-.15 H 1.111 -(ay not appear in an alias).15 F 3.619(name. The)108 292.8 R 1.119 +(ay not appear in an alias).15 F 3.619(name. The)108 367.2 R 1.119 (replacement te)3.619 F 1.119(xt may contain an)-.15 F 3.619(yv)-.15 G 1.119(alid shell input, including shell metacharacters.)-3.869 F 1.12 -(The \214rst)6.12 F -.1(wo)108 304.8 S .514(rd of the replacement te).1 +(The \214rst)6.12 F -.1(wo)108 379.2 S .514(rd of the replacement te).1 F .514(xt is tested for aliases, b)-.15 F .514(ut a w)-.2 F .513 (ord that is identical to an alias being e)-.1 F .513(xpanded is)-.15 F -.295(not e)108 316.8 R .295(xpanded a second time.)-.15 F .296 -(This means that one may alias)5.295 F F2(ls)2.796 E F0(to)2.796 E F2 -.296(ls \255F)2.796 F F0 2.796(,f)C .296(or instance, and)-2.796 F F2 -(bash)2.796 E F0 .296(does not try)2.796 F .529(to recursi)108 328.8 R +.295(not e)108 391.2 R .295(xpanded a second time.)-.15 F .296 +(This means that one may alias)5.295 F F1(ls)2.796 E F0(to)2.796 E F1 +.296(ls \255F)2.796 F F0 2.796(,f)C .296(or instance, and)-2.796 F F1 +(bash)2.796 E F0 .296(does not try)2.796 F .529(to recursi)108 403.2 R -.15(ve)-.25 G .529(ly e).15 F .529(xpand the replacement te)-.15 F 3.029(xt. If)-.15 F .528(the last character of the alias v)3.029 F .528 -(alue is a)-.25 F F1(blank)3.298 E F0 3.028(,t).67 G .528(hen the ne) --3.028 F(xt)-.15 E(command w)108 340.8 Q(ord follo)-.1 E +(alue is a)-.25 F F2(blank)3.298 E F0 3.028(,t).67 G .528(hen the ne) +-3.028 F(xt)-.15 E(command w)108 415.2 Q(ord follo)-.1 E (wing the alias is also check)-.25 E(ed for alias e)-.1 E(xpansion.)-.15 -E(Aliases are created and listed with the)108 357.6 Q F2(alias)2.5 E F0 -(command, and remo)2.5 E -.15(ve)-.15 G 2.5(dw).15 G(ith the)-2.5 E F2 +E(Aliases are created and listed with the)108 432 Q F1(alias)2.5 E F0 +(command, and remo)2.5 E -.15(ve)-.15 G 2.5(dw).15 G(ith the)-2.5 E F1 (unalias)2.5 E F0(command.)2.5 E .741 -(There is no mechanism for using ar)108 374.4 R .741 +(There is no mechanism for using ar)108 448.8 R .741 (guments in the replacement te)-.18 F 3.241(xt. If)-.15 F(ar)3.241 E -.742(guments are needed, use a shell)-.18 F(function \(see)108 386.4 Q +.742(guments are needed, use a shell)-.18 F(function \(see)108 460.8 Q F4(FUNCTIONS)2.5 E F0(belo)2.25 E(w\).)-.25 E .283(Aliases are not e)108 -403.2 R .283(xpanded when the shell is not interacti)-.15 F -.15(ve)-.25 -G 2.782(,u).15 G .282(nless the)-2.782 F F2(expand_aliases)2.782 E F0 -.282(shell option is set us-)2.782 F(ing)108 415.2 Q F2(shopt)2.5 E F0 -(\(see the description of)2.5 E F2(shopt)2.5 E F0(under)2.5 E F4 +477.6 R .283(xpanded when the shell is not interacti)-.15 F -.15(ve)-.25 +G 2.782(,u).15 G .282(nless the)-2.782 F F1(expand_aliases)2.782 E F0 +.282(shell option is set us-)2.782 F(ing)108 489.6 Q F1(shopt)2.5 E F0 +(\(see the description of)2.5 E F1(shopt)2.5 E F0(under)2.5 E F4 (SHELL B)2.5 E(UIL)-.09 E(TIN COMMANDS)-.828 E F0(belo)2.25 E(w\).)-.25 E .435 (The rules concerning the de\214nition and use of aliases are some)108 -432 R .436(what confusing.)-.25 F F2(Bash)5.436 E F0(al)2.936 E -.1(wa) --.1 G .436(ys reads at least).1 F .67 -(one complete line of input, and all lines that mak)108 444 R 3.17(eu) +506.4 R .436(what confusing.)-.25 F F1(Bash)5.436 E F0(al)2.936 E -.1 +(wa)-.1 G .436(ys reads at least).1 F .67 +(one complete line of input, and all lines that mak)108 518.4 R 3.17(eu) -.1 G 3.17(pac)-3.17 G .67(ompound command, before e)-3.17 F -.15(xe) -.15 G .67(cuting an).15 F 3.17(yo)-.15 G 3.17(ft)-3.17 G(he)-3.17 E -1.058(commands on that line or the compound command.)108 456 R 1.059 +1.058(commands on that line or the compound command.)108 530.4 R 1.059 (Aliases are e)6.059 F 1.059(xpanded when a command is read, not)-.15 F -.075(when it is e)108 468 R -.15(xe)-.15 G 2.575(cuted. Therefore,).15 F -.075(an alias de\214nition appearing on the same line as another comman\ -d does not)2.575 F(tak)108 480 Q 2.837(ee)-.1 G -.25(ff)-2.837 G .337 -(ect until the ne).25 F .337(xt line of input is read.)-.15 F .337 +.075(when it is e)108 542.4 R -.15(xe)-.15 G 2.575(cuted. Therefore,).15 +F .075(an alias de\214nition appearing on the same line as another comm\ +and does not)2.575 F(tak)108 554.4 Q 2.837(ee)-.1 G -.25(ff)-2.837 G +.337(ect until the ne).25 F .337(xt line of input is read.)-.15 F .337 (The commands follo)5.337 F .338 -(wing the alias de\214nition on that line are)-.25 F .552(not af)108 492 -R .551(fected by the ne)-.25 F 3.051(wa)-.25 G 3.051(lias. This)-3.051 F -(beha)3.051 E .551(vior is also an issue when functions are e)-.2 F -.15 -(xe)-.15 G 3.051(cuted. Aliases).15 F .551(are e)3.051 F(x-)-.15 E .425 -(panded when a function de\214nition is read, not when the function is \ -e)108 504 R -.15(xe)-.15 G .426(cuted, because a function de\214nition) -.15 F .404(is itself a command.)108 516 R .403 +(wing the alias de\214nition on that line are)-.25 F .552(not af)108 +566.4 R .551(fected by the ne)-.25 F 3.051(wa)-.25 G 3.051(lias. This) +-3.051 F(beha)3.051 E .551(vior is also an issue when functions are e) +-.2 F -.15(xe)-.15 G 3.051(cuted. Aliases).15 F .551(are e)3.051 F(x-) +-.15 E .425(panded when a function de\214nition is read, not when the f\ +unction is e)108 578.4 R -.15(xe)-.15 G .426 +(cuted, because a function de\214nition).15 F .404(is itself a command.) +108 590.4 R .403 (As a consequence, aliases de\214ned in a function are not a)5.404 F -.25(va)-.2 G .403(ilable until after that func-).25 F .862(tion is e) -108 528 R -.15(xe)-.15 G 3.362(cuted. T).15 F 3.362(ob)-.8 G 3.362(es) +108 602.4 R -.15(xe)-.15 G 3.362(cuted. T).15 F 3.362(ob)-.8 G 3.362(es) -3.362 G .862(afe, al)-3.362 F -.1(wa)-.1 G .862 -(ys put alias de\214nitions on a separate line, and do not use).1 F F2 -(alias)3.362 E F0 .862(in com-)3.362 F(pound commands.)108 540 Q -.15 -(Fo)108 556.8 S 2.5(ra).15 G(lmost e)-2.5 E -.15(ve)-.25 G +(ys put alias de\214nitions on a separate line, and do not use).1 F F1 +(alias)3.362 E F0 .862(in com-)3.362 F(pound commands.)108 614.4 Q -.15 +(Fo)108 631.2 S 2.5(ra).15 G(lmost e)-2.5 E -.15(ve)-.25 G (ry purpose, aliases are superseded by shell functions.).15 E F3 -(FUNCTIONS)72 573.6 Q F0 3.468(As)108 585.6 S .968 +(FUNCTIONS)72 648 Q F0 3.468(As)108 660 S .968 (hell function, de\214ned as described abo)-3.468 F 1.267 -.15(ve u)-.15 H(nder).15 E F4 .967(SHELL GRAMMAR)3.467 F/F5 9/Times-Roman@0 SF(,)A F0 -.967(stores a series of commands for)3.217 F 1.001(later e)108 597.6 R +.967(stores a series of commands for)3.217 F 1.001(later e)108 672 R -.15(xe)-.15 G 3.501(cution. When).15 F 1.002(the name of a shell funct\ ion is used as a simple command name, the list of com-)3.501 F .316 -(mands associated with that function name is e)108 609.6 R -.15(xe)-.15 -G 2.816(cuted. Functions).15 F .316(are e)2.816 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .315 +(mands associated with that function name is e)108 684 R -.15(xe)-.15 G +2.816(cuted. Functions).15 F .316(are e)2.816 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .315 (cuted in the conte).15 F .315(xt of the current)-.15 F .035 -(shell; no ne)108 621.6 R 2.535(wp)-.25 G .036 +(shell; no ne)108 696 R 2.535(wp)-.25 G .036 (rocess is created to interpret them \(contrast this with the e)-2.535 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .036(cution of a shell script\).).15 F .036(When a)5.036 -F .64(function is e)108 633.6 R -.15(xe)-.15 G .64(cuted, the ar).15 F +F .64(function is e)108 708 R -.15(xe)-.15 G .64(cuted, the ar).15 F .639 (guments to the function become the positional parameters during its e) --.18 F -.15(xe)-.15 G(cution.).15 E .532(The special parameter)108 645.6 -R F2(#)3.032 E F0 .532(is updated to re\215ect the change.)3.032 F .532 -(Special parameter)5.532 F F2(0)3.033 E F0 .533(is unchanged.)3.033 F -.533(The \214rst ele-)5.533 F(ment of the)108 657.6 Q F4(FUNCN)2.5 E -(AME)-.18 E F0 -.25(va)2.25 G +-.18 F -.15(xe)-.15 G(cution.).15 E 1.658(The special parameter)108 720 +R F1(#)4.158 E F0 1.659(is updated to re\215ect the change.)4.158 F +1.659(Special parameter)6.659 F F1(0)4.159 E F0 1.659(is unchanged.) +4.159 F 1.659(The \214rst)6.659 F(GNU Bash 5.2)72 768 Q(2022 June 3) +150.675 E(32)199.835 E 0 Cg EP +%%Page: 33 33 +%%BeginPageSetup +BP +%%EndPageSetup +/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 137.14(SH\(1\) General).35 F +(Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E(element of the)108 +84 Q/F1 9/Times-Bold@0 SF(FUNCN)2.5 E(AME)-.18 E F0 -.25(va)2.25 G (riable is set to the name of the function while the function is e).25 E -.15(xe)-.15 G(cuting.).15 E 1.25(All other aspects of the shell e)108 -674.4 R -.15(xe)-.15 G 1.25(cution en).15 F 1.25 +100.8 R -.15(xe)-.15 G 1.25(cution en).15 F 1.25 (vironment are identical between a function and its caller with)-.4 F -1.214(these e)108 686.4 R 1.214(xceptions: the)-.15 F F4(DEB)3.714 E(UG) --.09 E F0(and)3.464 E F2(RETURN)3.715 E F0 1.215 +1.214(these e)108 112.8 R 1.214(xceptions: the)-.15 F F1(DEB)3.714 E(UG) +-.09 E F0(and)3.464 E/F2 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(RETURN)3.715 E F0 1.215 (traps \(see the description of the)3.715 F F2(trap)3.715 E F0 -.2(bu) -3.715 G 1.215(iltin under).2 F F4(SHELL)3.715 E -.09(BU)108 698.4 S(IL) +3.715 G 1.215(iltin under).2 F F1(SHELL)3.715 E -.09(BU)108 124.8 S(IL) .09 E .479(TIN COMMANDS)-.828 F F0(belo)2.729 E .479 (w\) are not inherited unless the function has been gi)-.25 F -.15(ve) -.25 G 2.978(nt).15 G(he)-2.978 E F2(trace)2.978 E F0(attrib)2.978 E -.478(ute \(see)-.2 F .42(the description of the)108 710.4 R F4(declar) +.478(ute \(see)-.2 F .42(the description of the)108 136.8 R F1(declar) 2.92 E(e)-.162 E F0 -.2(bu)2.67 G .42(iltin belo).2 F .42(w\) or the) -.25 F F2 .42(\255o functrace)2.92 F F0 .42 (shell option has been enabled with the)2.92 F F2(set)2.921 E F0 -.2(bu) -108 722.4 S 1.616(iltin \(in which case all functions inherit the).2 F -F2(DEB)4.116 E(UG)-.1 E F0(and)4.116 E F2(RETURN)4.116 E F0 1.616 -(traps\), and the)4.116 F F4(ERR)4.116 E F0 1.616(trap is not)3.866 F -(GNU Bash 5.2)72 768 Q(2022 March 11)144.29 E(32)193.45 E 0 Cg EP -%%Page: 33 33 -%%BeginPageSetup -BP -%%EndPageSetup -/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 137.14(SH\(1\) General).35 F -(Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E -(inherited unless the)108 84 Q/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(\255o errtrace)2.5 -E F0(shell option has been enabled.)2.5 E -1.11(Va)108 100.8 S .368 -(riables local to the function may be declared with the)1.11 F F1(local) -2.868 E F0 -.2(bu)2.868 G .368(iltin command \().2 F/F2 10 +108 148.8 S .072(iltin \(in which case all functions inherit the).2 F F2 +(DEB)2.572 E(UG)-.1 E F0(and)2.572 E F2(RETURN)2.572 E F0 .072 +(traps\), and the)2.572 F F1(ERR)2.571 E F0 .071(trap is not inher)2.321 +F(-)-.2 E(ited unless the)108 160.8 Q F2(\255o errtrace)2.5 E F0 +(shell option has been enabled.)2.5 E -1.11(Va)108 177.6 S .368 +(riables local to the function may be declared with the)1.11 F F2(local) +2.868 E F0 -.2(bu)2.868 G .368(iltin command \().2 F/F3 10 /Times-Italic@0 SF .368(local variables)B F0 2.868(\). Ordinar)B(-)-.2 E -(ily)108 112.8 Q 2.88(,v)-.65 G .38(ariables and their v)-3.13 F .38 +(ily)108 189.6 Q 2.88(,v)-.65 G .38(ariables and their v)-3.13 F .38 (alues are shared between the function and its caller)-.25 F 5.38(.I) --.55 G 2.88(fav)-5.38 G .38(ariable is declared)-3.13 F F1(local)2.88 E -F0(,)A(the v)108 124.8 Q(ariable')-.25 E 2.5(sv)-.55 G(isible scope is \ +-.55 G 2.88(fav)-5.38 G .38(ariable is declared)-3.13 F F2(local)2.88 E +F0(,)A(the v)108 201.6 Q(ariable')-.25 E 2.5(sv)-.55 G(isible scope is \ restricted to that function and its children \(including the functions \ -it calls\).)-2.5 E .726(In the follo)108 141.6 R .726 -(wing description, the)-.25 F F2(curr)3.226 E .726(ent scope)-.37 F F0 +it calls\).)-2.5 E .726(In the follo)108 218.4 R .726 +(wing description, the)-.25 F F3(curr)3.226 E .726(ent scope)-.37 F F0 .727(is a currently- e)3.226 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .727(cuting function.).15 F(Pre)5.727 E .727(vious scopes consist)-.25 F 1.004(of that function') -108 153.6 R 3.504(sc)-.55 G 1.004 +108 230.4 R 3.504(sc)-.55 G 1.004 (aller and so on, back to the "global" scope, where the shell is not e) -3.504 F -.15(xe)-.15 G 1.003(cuting an).15 F 3.503(ys)-.15 G(hell) --3.503 E 3.409(function. Consequently)108 165.6 R 3.409(,al)-.65 G .909 +-3.503 E 3.409(function. Consequently)108 242.4 R 3.409(,al)-.65 G .909 (ocal v)-3.409 F .909(ariable at the current scope is a v)-.25 F .91 -(ariable declared using the)-.25 F F1(local)3.41 E F0(or)3.41 E F1(de-) -3.41 E(clar)108 177.6 Q(e)-.18 E F0 -.2(bu)2.5 G +(ariable declared using the)-.25 F F2(local)3.41 E F0(or)3.41 E F2(de-) +3.41 E(clar)108 254.4 Q(e)-.18 E F0 -.2(bu)2.5 G (iltins in the function that is currently e).2 E -.15(xe)-.15 G(cuting.) -.15 E .636(Local v)108 194.4 R .636(ariables "shado)-.25 F .636(w" v) +.15 E .636(Local v)108 271.2 R .636(ariables "shado)-.25 F .636(w" v) -.25 F .635(ariables with the same name declared at pre)-.25 F .635 (vious scopes.)-.25 F -.15(Fo)5.635 G 3.135(ri).15 G .635 -(nstance, a local)-3.135 F -.25(va)108 206.4 S .58 +(nstance, a local)-3.135 F -.25(va)108 283.2 S .58 (riable declared in a function hides a global v).25 F .581 (ariable of the same name: references and assignments refer)-.25 F .183 -(to the local v)108 218.4 R .183(ariable, lea)-.25 F .183 +(to the local v)108 295.2 R .183(ariable, lea)-.25 F .183 (ving the global v)-.2 F .183(ariable unmodi\214ed.)-.25 F .182 (When the function returns, the global v)5.183 F(ariable)-.25 E -(is once ag)108 230.4 Q(ain visible.)-.05 E .726(The shell uses)108 -247.2 R F2 .726(dynamic scoping)3.226 F F0 .726(to control a v)3.226 F +(is once ag)108 307.2 Q(ain visible.)-.05 E .726(The shell uses)108 324 +R F3 .726(dynamic scoping)3.226 F F0 .726(to control a v)3.226 F (ariable')-.25 E 3.227(sv)-.55 G .727(isibility within functions.)-3.227 -F -.4(Wi)5.727 G .727(th dynamic scoping,).4 F .008(visible v)108 259.2 -R .008(ariables and their v)-.25 F .007 +F -.4(Wi)5.727 G .727(th dynamic scoping,).4 F .008(visible v)108 336 R +.008(ariables and their v)-.25 F .007 (alues are a result of the sequence of function calls that caused e)-.25 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .007(cution to reach).15 F .813(the current function.) -108 271.2 R .813(The v)5.813 F .813(alue of a v)-.25 F .813 +108 348 R .813(The v)5.813 F .813(alue of a v)-.25 F .813 (ariable that a function sees depends on its v)-.25 F .814 -(alue within its caller)-.25 F 3.314(,i)-.4 G(f)-3.314 E(an)108 283.2 Q +(alue within its caller)-.25 F 3.314(,i)-.4 G(f)-3.314 E(an)108 360 Q 2.117 -.65(y, w)-.15 H .817 (hether that caller is the "global" scope or another shell function.).65 F .816(This is also the v)5.816 F .816(alue that a local)-.25 F -.25(va) -108 295.2 S(riable declaration "shado).25 E(ws", and the v)-.25 E -(alue that is restored when the function returns.)-.25 E -.15(Fo)108 312 -S 2.723(re).15 G .223(xample, if a v)-2.873 F(ariable)-.25 E F2(var) -2.723 E F0 .223(is declared as local in function)2.723 F F2(func1)2.723 -E F0 2.724(,a)C(nd)-2.724 E F2(func1)2.724 E F0 .224 -(calls another function)2.724 F F2(func2)2.724 E F0(,)A .464 -(references to)108 324 R F2(var)2.964 E F0 .464(made from within)2.964 F -F2(func2)2.964 E F0 .464(will resolv)2.964 F 2.964(et)-.15 G 2.963(ot) --2.964 G .463(he local v)-2.963 F(ariable)-.25 E F2(var)2.963 E F0(from) -2.963 E F2(func1)2.963 E F0 2.963(,s)C(hado)-2.963 E .463(wing an)-.25 F -(y)-.15 E(global v)108 336 Q(ariable named)-.25 E F2(var)2.5 E F0(.)A -(The)108 352.8 Q F1(unset)2.982 E F0 -.2(bu)2.982 G .482 +108 372 S(riable declaration "shado).25 E(ws", and the v)-.25 E +(alue that is restored when the function returns.)-.25 E -.15(Fo)108 +388.8 S 2.723(re).15 G .223(xample, if a v)-2.873 F(ariable)-.25 E F3 +(var)2.723 E F0 .223(is declared as local in function)2.723 F F3(func1) +2.723 E F0 2.724(,a)C(nd)-2.724 E F3(func1)2.724 E F0 .224 +(calls another function)2.724 F F3(func2)2.724 E F0(,)A .464 +(references to)108 400.8 R F3(var)2.964 E F0 .464(made from within)2.964 +F F3(func2)2.964 E F0 .464(will resolv)2.964 F 2.964(et)-.15 G 2.963(ot) +-2.964 G .463(he local v)-2.963 F(ariable)-.25 E F3(var)2.963 E F0(from) +2.963 E F3(func1)2.963 E F0 2.963(,s)C(hado)-2.963 E .463(wing an)-.25 F +(y)-.15 E(global v)108 412.8 Q(ariable named)-.25 E F3(var)2.5 E F0(.)A +(The)108 429.6 Q F2(unset)2.982 E F0 -.2(bu)2.982 G .482 (iltin also acts using the same dynamic scope: if a v).2 F .483 -(ariable is local to the current scope,)-.25 F F1(unset)2.983 E F0 .19 -(will unset it; otherwise the unset will refer to the v)108 364.8 R .19 +(ariable is local to the current scope,)-.25 F F2(unset)2.983 E F0 .19 +(will unset it; otherwise the unset will refer to the v)108 441.6 R .19 (ariable found in an)-.25 F 2.69(yc)-.15 G .19 (alling scope as described abo)-2.69 F -.15(ve)-.15 G 5.19(.I).15 G(f) --5.19 E 3.324(av)108 376.8 S .824(ariable at the current local scope is\ +-5.19 E 3.324(av)108 453.6 S .824(ariable at the current local scope is\ unset, it will remain so \(appearing as unset\) until it is reset in t\ -hat)-3.574 F 1.142(scope or until the function returns.)108 388.8 R +hat)-3.574 F 1.142(scope or until the function returns.)108 465.6 R 1.141(Once the function returns, an)6.141 F 3.641(yi)-.15 G 1.141 (nstance of the v)-3.641 F 1.141(ariable at a pre)-.25 F(vious)-.25 E -.976(scope will become visible.)108 400.8 R .976 +.976(scope will become visible.)108 477.6 R .976 (If the unset acts on a v)5.976 F .976(ariable at a pre)-.25 F .977 (vious scope, an)-.25 F 3.477(yi)-.15 G .977(nstance of a v)-3.477 F -(ariable)-.25 E .008(with that name that had been shado)108 412.8 R .007 +(ariable)-.25 E .008(with that name that had been shado)108 489.6 R .007 (wed will become visible \(see belo)-.25 F 2.507(wh)-.25 G .507 -.25 -(ow t)-2.507 H(he).25 E F1(localv)2.507 E(ar_unset)-.1 E F0 .007 -(shell option)2.507 F(changes this beha)108 424.8 Q(vior\).)-.2 E(The) -108 441.6 Q F1(FUNCNEST)3.528 E F0 -.25(va)3.528 G 1.028 +(ow t)-2.507 H(he).25 E F2(localv)2.507 E(ar_unset)-.1 E F0 .007 +(shell option)2.507 F(changes this beha)108 501.6 Q(vior\).)-.2 E(The) +108 518.4 Q F2(FUNCNEST)3.528 E F0 -.25(va)3.528 G 1.028 (riable, if set to a numeric v).25 F 1.028 (alue greater than 0, de\214nes a maximum function nesting)-.25 F(le)108 -453.6 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.5(l. Function).15 F(in)2.5 E -.2(vo)-.4 G +530.4 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.5(l. Function).15 F(in)2.5 E -.2(vo)-.4 G (cations that e).2 E(xceed the limit cause the entire command to abort.) --.15 E .044(If the b)108 470.4 R .043(uiltin command)-.2 F F1 -.18(re) +-.15 E .044(If the b)108 547.2 R .043(uiltin command)-.2 F F2 -.18(re) 2.543 G(tur).18 E(n)-.15 E F0 .043(is e)2.543 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .043 (cuted in a function, the function completes and e).15 F -.15(xe)-.15 G -.043(cution resumes with).15 F 1.011(the ne)108 482.4 R 1.011 +.043(cution resumes with).15 F 1.011(the ne)108 559.2 R 1.011 (xt command after the function call.)-.15 F(An)6.011 E 3.511(yc)-.15 G -1.011(ommand associated with the)-3.511 F F1(RETURN)3.512 E F0 1.012 -(trap is e)3.512 F -.15(xe)-.15 G(cuted).15 E .214(before e)108 494.4 R +1.011(ommand associated with the)-3.511 F F2(RETURN)3.512 E F0 1.012 +(trap is e)3.512 F -.15(xe)-.15 G(cuted).15 E .214(before e)108 571.2 R -.15(xe)-.15 G .214(cution resumes.).15 F .213 (When a function completes, the v)5.214 F .213 (alues of the positional parameters and the spe-)-.25 F(cial parameter) -108 506.4 Q F1(#)2.5 E F0(are restored to the v)2.5 E(alues the)-.25 E +108 583.2 Q F2(#)2.5 E F0(are restored to the v)2.5 E(alues the)-.25 E 2.5(yh)-.15 G(ad prior to the function')-2.5 E 2.5(se)-.55 G -.15(xe) -2.65 G(cution.).15 E 1.358 -(Function names and de\214nitions may be listed with the)108 523.2 R F1 -3.858 E F0 1.358(option to the)3.858 F F1(declar)3.858 E(e)-.18 E -F0(or)3.859 E F1(typeset)3.859 E F0 -.2(bu)3.859 G 1.359(iltin com-).2 F -3.39(mands. The)108 535.2 R F13.39 E F0 .89(option to)3.39 F F1 -(declar)3.39 E(e)-.18 E F0(or)3.39 E F1(typeset)3.39 E F0 .89 +(Function names and de\214nitions may be listed with the)108 600 R F2 +3.858 E F0 1.358(option to the)3.858 F F2(declar)3.858 E(e)-.18 E +F0(or)3.859 E F2(typeset)3.859 E F0 -.2(bu)3.859 G 1.359(iltin com-).2 F +3.39(mands. The)108 612 R F23.39 E F0 .89(option to)3.39 F F2 +(declar)3.39 E(e)-.18 E F0(or)3.39 E F2(typeset)3.39 E F0 .89 (will list the function names only \(and optionally the source)3.39 F -.046(\214le and line number)108 547.2 R 2.546(,i)-.4 G 2.546(ft)-2.546 G -(he)-2.546 E F1(extdeb)2.546 E(ug)-.2 E F0 .046 +.046(\214le and line number)108 624 R 2.546(,i)-.4 G 2.546(ft)-2.546 G +(he)-2.546 E F2(extdeb)2.546 E(ug)-.2 E F0 .046 (shell option is enabled\).)2.546 F .046(Functions may be e)5.046 F .046 (xported so that child shell)-.15 F .493 -(processes \(those created when e)108 559.2 R -.15(xe)-.15 G .492 +(processes \(those created when e)108 636 R -.15(xe)-.15 G .492 (cuting a separate shell in).15 F -.2(vo)-.4 G .492 (cation\) automatically ha).2 F .792 -.15(ve t)-.2 H .492 -(hem de\214ned with).15 F(the)108 571.2 Q F13.2 E F0 .7 -(option to the)3.2 F F1(export)3.2 E F0 -.2(bu)3.2 G 3.2(iltin. A).2 F -.701(function de\214nition may be deleted using the)3.2 F F13.201 -E F0 .701(option to the)3.201 F F1(unset)3.201 E F0 -.2(bu)108 583.2 S -(iltin.).2 E .372(Functions may be recursi)108 600 R -.15(ve)-.25 G -5.371(.T).15 G(he)-5.371 E F1(FUNCNEST)2.871 E F0 -.25(va)2.871 G .371 +(hem de\214ned with).15 F(the)108 648 Q F23.2 E F0 .7 +(option to the)3.2 F F2(export)3.2 E F0 -.2(bu)3.2 G 3.2(iltin. A).2 F +.701(function de\214nition may be deleted using the)3.2 F F23.201 +E F0 .701(option to the)3.201 F F2(unset)3.201 E F0 -.2(bu)108 660 S +(iltin.).2 E .372(Functions may be recursi)108 676.8 R -.15(ve)-.25 G +5.371(.T).15 G(he)-5.371 E F2(FUNCNEST)2.871 E F0 -.25(va)2.871 G .371 (riable may be used to limit the depth of the function call).25 F .322 -(stack and restrict the number of function in)108 612 R -.2(vo)-.4 G +(stack and restrict the number of function in)108 688.8 R -.2(vo)-.4 G 2.822(cations. By).2 F(def)2.822 E .322 -(ault, no limit is imposed on the number of re-)-.1 F(cursi)108 624 Q .3 --.15(ve c)-.25 H(alls.).15 E/F3 10.95/Times-Bold@0 SF(ARITHMETIC EV)72 -640.8 Q(ALU)-1.478 E -1.04(AT)-.657 G(ION)1.04 E F0 1.089 -(The shell allo)108 652.8 R 1.089(ws arithmetic e)-.25 F 1.089 -(xpressions to be e)-.15 F -.25(va)-.25 G 1.089 -(luated, under certain circumstances \(see the).25 F F1(let)3.588 E F0 -(and)3.588 E F1(de-)3.588 E(clar)108 664.8 Q(e)-.18 E F0 -.2(bu)3.452 G -.952(iltin commands, the).2 F F1(\(\()3.452 E F0 .952 -(compound command, and)3.452 F F1 .952(Arithmetic Expansion)3.452 F F0 -3.453(\). Ev)B .953(aluation is done in)-.25 F<8c78>108 676.8 Q 1.058 +(ault, no limit is imposed on the number of re-)-.1 F(cursi)108 700.8 Q +.3 -.15(ve c)-.25 H(alls.).15 E(GNU Bash 5.2)72 768 Q(2022 June 3) +150.675 E(33)199.835 E 0 Cg EP +%%Page: 34 34 +%%BeginPageSetup +BP +%%EndPageSetup +/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 137.14(SH\(1\) General).35 F +(Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E/F1 10.95 +/Times-Bold@0 SF(ARITHMETIC EV)72 84 Q(ALU)-1.478 E -1.04(AT)-.657 G +(ION)1.04 E F0 1.089(The shell allo)108 96 R 1.089(ws arithmetic e)-.25 +F 1.089(xpressions to be e)-.15 F -.25(va)-.25 G 1.089 +(luated, under certain circumstances \(see the).25 F/F2 10/Times-Bold@0 +SF(let)3.588 E F0(and)3.588 E F2(de-)3.588 E(clar)108 108 Q(e)-.18 E F0 +-.2(bu)3.452 G .952(iltin commands, the).2 F F2(\(\()3.452 E F0 .952 +(compound command, and)3.452 F F2 .952(Arithmetic Expansion)3.452 F F0 +3.453(\). Ev)B .953(aluation is done in)-.25 F<8c78>108 120 Q 1.058 (ed-width inte)-.15 F 1.057(gers with no check for o)-.15 F -.15(ve)-.15 G(r\215o).15 E 2.357 -.65(w, t)-.25 H 1.057(hough di).65 F 1.057 (vision by 0 is trapped and \215agged as an error)-.25 F(.)-.55 E .828 -(The operators and their precedence, associati)108 688.8 R(vity)-.25 E +(The operators and their precedence, associati)108 132 R(vity)-.25 E 3.329(,a)-.65 G .829(nd v)-3.329 F .829 (alues are the same as in the C language.)-.25 F .829(The fol-)5.829 F -(lo)108 700.8 Q .44(wing list of operators is grouped into le)-.25 F --.15(ve)-.25 G .439(ls of equal-precedence operators.).15 F .439(The le) +(lo)108 144 Q .44(wing list of operators is grouped into le)-.25 F -.15 +(ve)-.25 G .439(ls of equal-precedence operators.).15 F .439(The le) 5.439 F -.15(ve)-.25 G .439(ls are listed in order).15 F -(of decreasing precedence.)108 712.8 Q(GNU Bash 5.2)72 768 Q -(2022 March 11)144.29 E(33)193.45 E 0 Cg EP -%%Page: 34 34 -%%BeginPageSetup -BP -%%EndPageSetup -/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 137.14(SH\(1\) General).35 F -(Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E/F1 10 -/Times-Italic@0 SF(id)108 84 Q/F2 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(++)A F1(id)2.5 E F2 -A F0 -.25(va)144 96 S(riable post-increment and post-decrement).25 -E F2 2.5108 108 S F0(unary minus and plus)144 108 Q F2(++)108 120 -Q F1(id)A F22.5 E F1(id)A F0 -.25(va)144 132 S -(riable pre-increment and pre-decrement).25 E F2 2.5(!~)108 144 S F0 -(logical and bitwise ne)144 144 Q -.05(ga)-.15 G(tion).05 E F2(**)108 -156 Q F0 -.15(ex)144 156 S(ponentiation).15 E F2 2.5(*/%)108 168 S F0 -(multiplication, di)144 168 Q(vision, remainder)-.25 E F2 2.5<2bad>108 -180 S F0(addition, subtraction)144 180 Q F2(<< >>)108 192 Q F0 -(left and right bitwise shifts)144 192 Q F2(<= >= < >)108 204 Q F0 -(comparison)144 216 Q F2(== !=)108 228 Q F0(equality and inequality)144 -228 Q F2(&)108 240 Q F0(bitwise AND)144 240 Q F2(^)108 252 Q F0 -(bitwise e)144 252 Q(xclusi)-.15 E .3 -.15(ve O)-.25 H(R).15 E F2(|)108 -264 Q F0(bitwise OR)144 264 Q F2(&&)108 276 Q F0(logical AND)144 276 Q -F2(||)108 288 Q F0(logical OR)144 288 Q F1 -.2(ex)108 300 S(pr).2 E F2 -(?)A F1 -.2(ex)C(pr).2 E F2(:)A F1 -.2(ex)C(pr).2 E F0 -(conditional operator)144 312 Q F2 2.5(=*)108 324 S 2.5(=/)-2.5 G 2.5 -(=%)-2.5 G 2.5(=+)-2.5 G 2.5<3dad>-2.5 G 2.5(=<)-2.5 G(<= >>= &= ^= |=) --2.5 E F0(assignment)144 336 Q F1 -.2(ex)108 348 S(pr1).2 E F2(,)2.5 E -F1 -.2(ex)2.5 G(pr2).2 E F0(comma)144 360 Q .68(Shell v)108 376.8 R .68 -(ariables are allo)-.25 F .68(wed as operands; parameter e)-.25 F .68 +(of decreasing precedence.)108 156 Q/F3 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(id)108 +172.8 Q F2(++)A F3(id)2.5 E F2A F0 -.25(va)144 184.8 S +(riable post-increment and post-decrement).25 E F2 2.5108 196.8 S +F0(unary minus and plus)144 196.8 Q F2(++)108 208.8 Q F3(id)A F2 +2.5 E F3(id)A F0 -.25(va)144 220.8 S +(riable pre-increment and pre-decrement).25 E F2 2.5(!~)108 232.8 S F0 +(logical and bitwise ne)144 232.8 Q -.05(ga)-.15 G(tion).05 E F2(**)108 +244.8 Q F0 -.15(ex)144 244.8 S(ponentiation).15 E F2 2.5(*/%)108 256.8 S +F0(multiplication, di)144 256.8 Q(vision, remainder)-.25 E F2 2.5<2bad> +108 268.8 S F0(addition, subtraction)144 268.8 Q F2(<< >>)108 280.8 Q F0 +(left and right bitwise shifts)144 280.8 Q F2(<= >= < >)108 292.8 Q F0 +(comparison)144 304.8 Q F2(== !=)108 316.8 Q F0(equality and inequality) +144 316.8 Q F2(&)108 328.8 Q F0(bitwise AND)144 328.8 Q F2(^)108 340.8 Q +F0(bitwise e)144 340.8 Q(xclusi)-.15 E .3 -.15(ve O)-.25 H(R).15 E F2(|) +108 352.8 Q F0(bitwise OR)144 352.8 Q F2(&&)108 364.8 Q F0(logical AND) +144 364.8 Q F2(||)108 376.8 Q F0(logical OR)144 376.8 Q F3 -.2(ex)108 +388.8 S(pr).2 E F2(?)A F3 -.2(ex)C(pr).2 E F2(:)A F3 -.2(ex)C(pr).2 E F0 +(conditional operator)144 400.8 Q F2 2.5(=*)108 412.8 S 2.5(=/)-2.5 G +2.5(=%)-2.5 G 2.5(=+)-2.5 G 2.5<3dad>-2.5 G 2.5(=<)-2.5 G +(<= >>= &= ^= |=)-2.5 E F0(assignment)144 424.8 Q F3 -.2(ex)108 436.8 S +(pr1).2 E F2(,)2.5 E F3 -.2(ex)2.5 G(pr2).2 E F0(comma)144 448.8 Q .68 +(Shell v)108 465.6 R .68(ariables are allo)-.25 F .68 +(wed as operands; parameter e)-.25 F .68 (xpansion is performed before the e)-.15 F .68(xpression is e)-.15 F --.25(va)-.25 G(lu-).25 E 3.508(ated. W)108 388.8 R 1.008(ithin an e)-.4 +-.25(va)-.25 G(lu-).25 E 3.508(ated. W)108 477.6 R 1.008(ithin an e)-.4 F 1.008(xpression, shell v)-.15 F 1.007 (ariables may also be referenced by name without using the parameter) --.25 F -.15(ex)108 400.8 S .165(pansion syntax.).15 F 2.665(As)5.165 G +-.25 F -.15(ex)108 489.6 S .165(pansion syntax.).15 F 2.665(As)5.165 G .165(hell v)-2.665 F .165(ariable that is null or unset e)-.25 F -.25 (va)-.25 G .165(luates to 0 when referenced by name without us-).25 F -.421(ing the parameter e)108 412.8 R .421(xpansion syntax.)-.15 F .421 +.421(ing the parameter e)108 501.6 R .421(xpansion syntax.)-.15 F .421 (The v)5.421 F .421(alue of a v)-.25 F .421(ariable is e)-.25 F -.25(va) -.25 G .42(luated as an arithmetic e).25 F .42(xpression when)-.15 F -.153(it is referenced, or when a v)108 424.8 R .154 +.153(it is referenced, or when a v)108 513.6 R .154 (ariable which has been gi)-.25 F -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.654(nt).15 G(he) --2.654 E F1(inte)2.654 E -.1(ge)-.4 G(r).1 E F0(attrib)2.654 E .154 +-2.654 E F3(inte)2.654 E -.1(ge)-.4 G(r).1 E F0(attrib)2.654 E .154 (ute using)-.2 F F2(declar)2.654 E 2.654<65ad>-.18 G(i)-2.654 E F0 .154 -(is assigned a)2.654 F -.25(va)108 436.8 S 2.857(lue. A).25 F .357 +(is assigned a)2.654 F -.25(va)108 525.6 S 2.857(lue. A).25 F .357 (null v)2.857 F .357(alue e)-.25 F -.25(va)-.25 G .357(luates to 0.).25 F 2.857(As)5.357 G .357(hell v)-2.857 F .357(ariable need not ha)-.25 F -.657 -.15(ve i)-.2 H(ts).15 E F1(inte)2.857 E -.1(ge)-.4 G(r).1 E F0 -(attrib)2.857 E .357(ute turned on to be used)-.2 F(in an e)108 448.8 Q -(xpression.)-.15 E(Inte)108 465.6 Q .517(ger constants follo)-.15 F +.657 -.15(ve i)-.2 H(ts).15 E F3(inte)2.857 E -.1(ge)-.4 G(r).1 E F0 +(attrib)2.857 E .357(ute turned on to be used)-.2 F(in an e)108 537.6 Q +(xpression.)-.15 E(Inte)108 554.4 Q .517(ger constants follo)-.15 F 3.017(wt)-.25 G .518(he C language de\214nition, without suf)-3.017 F <8c78>-.25 E .518(es or character constants.)-.15 F .518(Constants with) -5.518 F 3.283(al)108 477.6 S .783 +5.518 F 3.283(al)108 566.4 S .783 (eading 0 are interpreted as octal numbers.)-3.283 F 3.282(Al)5.783 G .782(eading 0x or 0X denotes he)-3.282 F 3.282(xadecimal. Otherwise,) --.15 F(num-)3.282 E .815(bers tak)108 489.6 R 3.315(et)-.1 G .815 -(he form [)-3.315 F F1(base#)A F0 .815(]n, where the optional)B F1(base) +-.15 F(num-)3.282 E .815(bers tak)108 578.4 R 3.315(et)-.1 G .815 +(he form [)-3.315 F F3(base#)A F0 .815(]n, where the optional)B F3(base) 3.315 E F0 .816(is a decimal number between 2 and 64 representing)3.315 -F .35(the arithmetic base, and)108 501.6 R F1(n)2.85 E F0 .35 -(is a number in that base.)2.85 F(If)5.35 E F1(base#)2.849 E F0 .349 +F .35(the arithmetic base, and)108 590.4 R F3(n)2.85 E F0 .35 +(is a number in that base.)2.85 F(If)5.35 E F3(base#)2.849 E F0 .349 (is omitted, then base 10 is used.)2.849 F .349(When speci-)5.349 F -(fying)108 513.6 Q F1(n)2.974 E F0 2.974(,i)C 2.974(fan)-2.974 G .474(o\ +(fying)108 602.4 Q F3(n)2.974 E F0 2.974(,i)C 2.974(fan)-2.974 G .474(o\ n-digit is required, the digits greater than 9 are represented by the l\ o)-2.974 F .475(wercase letters, the up-)-.25 F .518 -(percase letters, @, and _, in that order)108 525.6 R 5.518(.I)-.55 G(f) --5.518 E F1(base)3.018 E F0 .518(is less than or equal to 36, lo)3.018 F +(percase letters, @, and _, in that order)108 614.4 R 5.518(.I)-.55 G(f) +-5.518 E F3(base)3.018 E F0 .518(is less than or equal to 36, lo)3.018 F .518(wercase and uppercase letters)-.25 F (may be used interchangeably to represent numbers between 10 and 35.)108 -537.6 Q .234(Operators are e)108 554.4 R -.25(va)-.25 G .234 +626.4 Q .234(Operators are e)108 643.2 R -.25(va)-.25 G .234 (luated in order of precedence.).25 F(Sub-e)5.234 E .234 (xpressions in parentheses are e)-.15 F -.25(va)-.25 G .235 -(luated \214rst and may).25 F -.15(ove)108 566.4 S -(rride the precedence rules abo).15 E -.15(ve)-.15 G(.).15 E/F3 10.95 -/Times-Bold@0 SF(CONDITION)72 583.2 Q(AL EXPRESSIONS)-.219 E F0 .256 -(Conditional e)108 595.2 R .256(xpressions are used by the)-.15 F F2([[) -2.755 E F0 .255(compound command and the)2.755 F F2(test)2.755 E F0(and) -2.755 E F2([)2.755 E F0 -.2(bu)2.755 G .255(iltin commands to test).2 F -.133(\214le attrib)108 607.2 R .133 +(luated \214rst and may).25 F -.15(ove)108 655.2 S +(rride the precedence rules abo).15 E -.15(ve)-.15 G(.).15 E F1 +(CONDITION)72 672 Q(AL EXPRESSIONS)-.219 E F0 .256(Conditional e)108 684 +R .256(xpressions are used by the)-.15 F F2([[)2.755 E F0 .255 +(compound command and the)2.755 F F2(test)2.755 E F0(and)2.755 E F2([) +2.755 E F0 -.2(bu)2.755 G .255(iltin commands to test).2 F .133 +(\214le attrib)108 696 R .133 (utes and perform string and arithmetic comparisons.)-.2 F(The)5.133 E F2(test)2.633 E F0(and)2.633 E F2([)2.634 E F0 .134 -(commands determine their be-)2.634 F(ha)108 619.2 Q .198 +(commands determine their be-)2.634 F(ha)108 708 Q .198 (vior based on the number of ar)-.2 F .197 (guments; see the descriptions of those commands for an)-.18 F 2.697(yo) --.15 G .197(ther command-)-2.697 F(speci\214c actions.)108 631.2 Q .234 -(Expressions are formed from the follo)108 648 R .234 -(wing unary or binary primaries.)-.25 F F2(Bash)5.234 E F0 .235 -(handles se)2.735 F -.15(ve)-.25 G .235(ral \214lenames spe-).15 F .425 -(cially when the)108 660 R 2.925(ya)-.15 G .425(re used in e)-2.925 F -2.925(xpressions. If)-.15 F .425(the operating system on which)2.925 F -F2(bash)2.924 E F0 .424(is running pro)2.924 F .424(vides these)-.15 F -.344(special \214les, bash will use them; otherwise it will emulate the\ -m internally with this beha)108 672 R .345(vior: If an)-.2 F(y)-.15 E F1 -(\214le)2.845 E F0(ar)2.845 E(-)-.2 E .806 -(gument to one of the primaries is of the form)108 684 R F1(/de)3.306 E -(v/fd/n)-.15 E F0 3.305(,t)C .805(hen \214le descriptor)-3.305 F F1(n) -3.305 E F0 .805(is check)3.305 F 3.305(ed. If)-.1 F(the)3.305 E F1 -(\214le)3.305 E F0(ar)3.305 E(gu-)-.18 E .029 -(ment to one of the primaries is one of)108 696 R F1(/de)2.529 E -(v/stdin)-.15 E F0(,)A F1(/de)2.529 E(v/stdout)-.15 E F0 2.53(,o)C(r) --2.53 E F1(/de)2.53 E(v/stderr)-.15 E F0 2.53<2c8c>C .03 -(le descriptor 0, 1, or 2, respec-)-2.53 F(ti)108 708 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G -(ly).15 E 2.5(,i)-.65 G 2.5(sc)-2.5 G(heck)-2.5 E(ed.)-.1 E .722 -(Unless otherwise speci\214ed, primaries that operate on \214les follo) -108 724.8 R 3.221(ws)-.25 G .721(ymbolic links and operate on the tar) --3.221 F(get)-.18 E(GNU Bash 5.2)72 768 Q(2022 March 11)144.29 E(34) -193.45 E 0 Cg EP +-.15 G .197(ther command-)-2.697 F(speci\214c actions.)108 720 Q +(GNU Bash 5.2)72 768 Q(2022 June 3)150.675 E(34)199.835 E 0 Cg EP %%Page: 35 35 %%BeginPageSetup BP %%EndPageSetup /F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 137.14(SH\(1\) General).35 F -(Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E -(of the link, rather than the link itself.)108 84 Q 1.095 -(When used with)108 102 R/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 SF([[)3.595 E F0 3.595(,t)C -(he)-3.595 E F1(<)3.595 E F0(and)3.595 E F1(>)3.595 E F0 1.095 -(operators sort le)3.595 F 1.095 -(xicographically using the current locale.)-.15 F(The)6.096 E F1(test) -3.596 E F0(com-)3.596 E(mand sorts using ASCII ordering.)108 114 Q F1 -108 138 Q/F2 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(\214le)2.5 E F0 -.35(Tr)144 138 -S(ue if).35 E F2(\214le)2.5 E F0 -.15(ex)2.5 G(ists.).15 E F1108 -150 Q F2(\214le)2.5 E F0 -.35(Tr)144 150 S(ue if).35 E F2(\214le)2.5 E -F0 -.15(ex)2.5 G(ists and is a block special \214le.).15 E F1108 -162 Q F2(\214le)2.5 E F0 -.35(Tr)144 162 S(ue if).35 E F2(\214le)2.5 E -F0 -.15(ex)2.5 G(ists and is a character special \214le.).15 E F1 -108 174 Q F2(\214le)2.5 E F0 -.35(Tr)144 174 S(ue if).35 E F2(\214le)2.5 -E F0 -.15(ex)2.5 G(ists and is a directory).15 E(.)-.65 E F1108 -186 Q F2(\214le)2.5 E F0 -.35(Tr)144 186 S(ue if).35 E F2(\214le)2.5 E -F0 -.15(ex)2.5 G(ists.).15 E F1108 198 Q F2(\214le)2.5 E F0 -.35 -(Tr)144 198 S(ue if).35 E F2(\214le)2.5 E F0 -.15(ex)2.5 G -(ists and is a re).15 E(gular \214le.)-.15 E F1108 210 Q F2 -(\214le)2.5 E F0 -.35(Tr)144 210 S(ue if).35 E F2(\214le)2.5 E F0 -.15 -(ex)2.5 G(ists and is set-group-id.).15 E F1108 222 Q F2(\214le) -2.5 E F0 -.35(Tr)144 222 S(ue if).35 E F2(\214le)2.5 E F0 -.15(ex)2.5 G -(ists and is a symbolic link.).15 E F1108 234 Q F2(\214le)2.5 E F0 --.35(Tr)144 234 S(ue if).35 E F2(\214le)2.5 E F0 -.15(ex)2.5 G -(ists and its `).15 E(`stick)-.74 E(y')-.15 E 2.5('b)-.74 G(it is set.) --2.5 E F1108 246 Q F2(\214le)2.5 E F0 -.35(Tr)144 246 S(ue if).35 -E F2(\214le)2.5 E F0 -.15(ex)2.5 G(ists and is a named pipe \(FIFO\).) -.15 E F1108 258 Q F2(\214le)2.5 E F0 -.35(Tr)144 258 S(ue if).35 E -F2(\214le)2.5 E F0 -.15(ex)2.5 G(ists and is readable.).15 E F1108 -270 Q F2(\214le)2.5 E F0 -.35(Tr)144 270 S(ue if).35 E F2(\214le)2.5 E -F0 -.15(ex)2.5 G(ists and has a size greater than zero.).15 E F1 -108 282 Q F2(fd)2.5 E F0 -.35(Tr)144 282 S(ue if \214le descriptor).35 E -F2(fd)4.47 E F0(is open and refers to a terminal.)3.27 E F1108 294 -Q F2(\214le)2.5 E F0 -.35(Tr)144 294 S(ue if).35 E F2(\214le)2.5 E F0 --.15(ex)2.5 G(ists and its set-user).15 E(-id bit is set.)-.2 E F1 -108 306 Q F2(\214le)2.5 E F0 -.35(Tr)144 306 S(ue if).35 E F2(\214le)2.5 -E F0 -.15(ex)2.5 G(ists and is writable.).15 E F1108 318 Q F2 -(\214le)2.5 E F0 -.35(Tr)144 318 S(ue if).35 E F2(\214le)2.5 E F0 -.15 +(Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E .234 +(Expressions are formed from the follo)108 84 R .234 +(wing unary or binary primaries.)-.25 F/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(Bash)5.234 +E F0 .235(handles se)2.735 F -.15(ve)-.25 G .235(ral \214lenames spe-) +.15 F .425(cially when the)108 96 R 2.925(ya)-.15 G .425(re used in e) +-2.925 F 2.925(xpressions. If)-.15 F .425(the operating system on which) +2.925 F F1(bash)2.924 E F0 .424(is running pro)2.924 F .424(vides these) +-.15 F .344(special \214les, bash will use them; otherwise it will emul\ +ate them internally with this beha)108 108 R .345(vior: If an)-.2 F(y) +-.15 E/F2 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(\214le)2.845 E F0(ar)2.845 E(-)-.2 E .806 +(gument to one of the primaries is of the form)108 120 R F2(/de)3.306 E +(v/fd/n)-.15 E F0 3.305(,t)C .805(hen \214le descriptor)-3.305 F F2(n) +3.305 E F0 .805(is check)3.305 F 3.305(ed. If)-.1 F(the)3.305 E F2 +(\214le)3.305 E F0(ar)3.305 E(gu-)-.18 E .029 +(ment to one of the primaries is one of)108 132 R F2(/de)2.529 E +(v/stdin)-.15 E F0(,)A F2(/de)2.529 E(v/stdout)-.15 E F0 2.53(,o)C(r) +-2.53 E F2(/de)2.53 E(v/stderr)-.15 E F0 2.53<2c8c>C .03 +(le descriptor 0, 1, or 2, respec-)-2.53 F(ti)108 144 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G +(ly).15 E 2.5(,i)-.65 G 2.5(sc)-2.5 G(heck)-2.5 E(ed.)-.1 E .722 +(Unless otherwise speci\214ed, primaries that operate on \214les follo) +108 160.8 R 3.221(ws)-.25 G .721(ymbolic links and operate on the tar) +-3.221 F(get)-.18 E(of the link, rather than the link itself.)108 172.8 +Q 1.095(When used with)108 190.8 R F1([[)3.595 E F0 3.595(,t)C(he)-3.595 +E F1(<)3.595 E F0(and)3.595 E F1(>)3.595 E F0 1.095(operators sort le) +3.595 F 1.095(xicographically using the current locale.)-.15 F(The)6.096 +E F1(test)3.596 E F0(com-)3.596 E(mand sorts using ASCII ordering.)108 +202.8 Q F1108 226.8 Q F2(\214le)2.5 E F0 -.35(Tr)144 226.8 S +(ue if).35 E F2(\214le)2.5 E F0 -.15(ex)2.5 G(ists.).15 E F1108 +238.8 Q F2(\214le)2.5 E F0 -.35(Tr)144 238.8 S(ue if).35 E F2(\214le)2.5 +E F0 -.15(ex)2.5 G(ists and is a block special \214le.).15 E F1108 +250.8 Q F2(\214le)2.5 E F0 -.35(Tr)144 250.8 S(ue if).35 E F2(\214le)2.5 +E F0 -.15(ex)2.5 G(ists and is a character special \214le.).15 E F1 +108 262.8 Q F2(\214le)2.5 E F0 -.35(Tr)144 262.8 S(ue if).35 E F2 +(\214le)2.5 E F0 -.15(ex)2.5 G(ists and is a directory).15 E(.)-.65 E F1 +108 274.8 Q F2(\214le)2.5 E F0 -.35(Tr)144 274.8 S(ue if).35 E F2 +(\214le)2.5 E F0 -.15(ex)2.5 G(ists.).15 E F1108 286.8 Q F2 +(\214le)2.5 E F0 -.35(Tr)144 286.8 S(ue if).35 E F2(\214le)2.5 E F0 -.15 +(ex)2.5 G(ists and is a re).15 E(gular \214le.)-.15 E F1108 298.8 +Q F2(\214le)2.5 E F0 -.35(Tr)144 298.8 S(ue if).35 E F2(\214le)2.5 E F0 +-.15(ex)2.5 G(ists and is set-group-id.).15 E F1108 310.8 Q F2 +(\214le)2.5 E F0 -.35(Tr)144 310.8 S(ue if).35 E F2(\214le)2.5 E F0 -.15 +(ex)2.5 G(ists and is a symbolic link.).15 E F1108 322.8 Q F2 +(\214le)2.5 E F0 -.35(Tr)144 322.8 S(ue if).35 E F2(\214le)2.5 E F0 -.15 +(ex)2.5 G(ists and its `).15 E(`stick)-.74 E(y')-.15 E 2.5('b)-.74 G +(it is set.)-2.5 E F1108 334.8 Q F2(\214le)2.5 E F0 -.35(Tr)144 +334.8 S(ue if).35 E F2(\214le)2.5 E F0 -.15(ex)2.5 G +(ists and is a named pipe \(FIFO\).).15 E F1108 346.8 Q F2(\214le) +2.5 E F0 -.35(Tr)144 346.8 S(ue if).35 E F2(\214le)2.5 E F0 -.15(ex)2.5 +G(ists and is readable.).15 E F1108 358.8 Q F2(\214le)2.5 E F0 +-.35(Tr)144 358.8 S(ue if).35 E F2(\214le)2.5 E F0 -.15(ex)2.5 G +(ists and has a size greater than zero.).15 E F1108 370.8 Q F2(fd) +2.5 E F0 -.35(Tr)144 370.8 S(ue if \214le descriptor).35 E F2(fd)4.47 E +F0(is open and refers to a terminal.)3.27 E F1108 382.8 Q F2 +(\214le)2.5 E F0 -.35(Tr)144 382.8 S(ue if).35 E F2(\214le)2.5 E F0 -.15 +(ex)2.5 G(ists and its set-user).15 E(-id bit is set.)-.2 E F1108 +394.8 Q F2(\214le)2.5 E F0 -.35(Tr)144 394.8 S(ue if).35 E F2(\214le)2.5 +E F0 -.15(ex)2.5 G(ists and is writable.).15 E F1108 406.8 Q F2 +(\214le)2.5 E F0 -.35(Tr)144 406.8 S(ue if).35 E F2(\214le)2.5 E F0 -.15 (ex)2.5 G(ists and is e).15 E -.15(xe)-.15 G(cutable.).15 E F1108 -330 Q F2(\214le)2.5 E F0 -.35(Tr)144 330 S(ue if).35 E F2(\214le)2.5 E -F0 -.15(ex)2.5 G(ists and is o).15 E(wned by the ef)-.25 E(fecti)-.25 E -.3 -.15(ve g)-.25 H(roup id.).15 E F1108 342 Q F2(\214le)2.5 E F0 --.35(Tr)144 342 S(ue if).35 E F2(\214le)2.5 E F0 -.15(ex)2.5 G -(ists and is a symbolic link.).15 E F1108 354 Q F2(\214le)2.5 E F0 --.35(Tr)144 354 S(ue if).35 E F2(\214le)2.5 E F0 -.15(ex)2.5 G +418.8 Q F2(\214le)2.5 E F0 -.35(Tr)144 418.8 S(ue if).35 E F2(\214le)2.5 +E F0 -.15(ex)2.5 G(ists and is o).15 E(wned by the ef)-.25 E(fecti)-.25 +E .3 -.15(ve g)-.25 H(roup id.).15 E F1108 430.8 Q F2(\214le)2.5 E +F0 -.35(Tr)144 430.8 S(ue if).35 E F2(\214le)2.5 E F0 -.15(ex)2.5 G +(ists and is a symbolic link.).15 E F1108 442.8 Q F2(\214le)2.5 E +F0 -.35(Tr)144 442.8 S(ue if).35 E F2(\214le)2.5 E F0 -.15(ex)2.5 G (ists and has been modi\214ed since it w).15 E(as last read.)-.1 E F1 -108 366 Q F2(\214le)2.5 E F0 -.35(Tr)144 366 S(ue if).35 E F2 +108 454.8 Q F2(\214le)2.5 E F0 -.35(Tr)144 454.8 S(ue if).35 E F2 (\214le)2.5 E F0 -.15(ex)2.5 G(ists and is o).15 E(wned by the ef)-.25 E -(fecti)-.25 E .3 -.15(ve u)-.25 H(ser id.).15 E F1108 378 Q F2 -(\214le)2.5 E F0 -.35(Tr)144 378 S(ue if).35 E F2(\214le)2.5 E F0 -.15 -(ex)2.5 G(ists and is a sock).15 E(et.)-.1 E F2(\214le1)108 390 Q F1 -(\255ef)2.5 E F2(\214le2)2.5 E F0 -.35(Tr)144 402 S(ue if).35 E F2 +(fecti)-.25 E .3 -.15(ve u)-.25 H(ser id.).15 E F1108 466.8 Q F2 +(\214le)2.5 E F0 -.35(Tr)144 466.8 S(ue if).35 E F2(\214le)2.5 E F0 -.15 +(ex)2.5 G(ists and is a sock).15 E(et.)-.1 E F2(\214le1)108 478.8 Q F1 +(\255ef)2.5 E F2(\214le2)2.5 E F0 -.35(Tr)144 490.8 S(ue if).35 E F2 (\214le1)2.5 E F0(and)2.5 E F2(\214le2)2.5 E F0(refer to the same de)2.5 -E(vice and inode numbers.)-.25 E F2(\214le1)108 414 Q F02.5 E F1(nt) -A F2(\214le2)2.5 E F0 -.35(Tr)144 426 S(ue if).35 E F2(\214le1)2.5 E F0 -(is ne)2.5 E(wer \(according to modi\214cation date\) than)-.25 E F2 +E(vice and inode numbers.)-.25 E F2(\214le1)108 502.8 Q F02.5 E F1 +(nt)A F2(\214le2)2.5 E F0 -.35(Tr)144 514.8 S(ue if).35 E F2(\214le1)2.5 +E F0(is ne)2.5 E(wer \(according to modi\214cation date\) than)-.25 E F2 (\214le2)2.5 E F0 2.5(,o)C 2.5(ri)-2.5 G(f)-2.5 E F2(\214le1)2.5 E F0 -.15(ex)2.5 G(ists and).15 E F2(\214le2)2.5 E F0(does not.)2.5 E F2 -(\214le1)108 438 Q F02.5 E F1(ot)A F2(\214le2)2.5 E F0 -.35(Tr)144 -450 S(ue if).35 E F2(\214le1)2.5 E F0(is older than)2.5 E F2(\214le2)2.5 -E F0 2.5(,o)C 2.5(ri)-2.5 G(f)-2.5 E F2(\214le2)2.5 E F0 -.15(ex)2.5 G -(ists and).15 E F2(\214le1)2.5 E F0(does not.)2.5 E F1108 462 Q F2 -(optname)2.5 E F0 -.35(Tr)144 474 S .263(ue if the shell option).35 F F2 -(optname)2.992 E F0 .262(is enabled.)2.942 F .262 +(\214le1)108 526.8 Q F02.5 E F1(ot)A F2(\214le2)2.5 E F0 -.35(Tr)144 +538.8 S(ue if).35 E F2(\214le1)2.5 E F0(is older than)2.5 E F2(\214le2) +2.5 E F0 2.5(,o)C 2.5(ri)-2.5 G(f)-2.5 E F2(\214le2)2.5 E F0 -.15(ex)2.5 +G(ists and).15 E F2(\214le1)2.5 E F0(does not.)2.5 E F1108 550.8 Q +F2(optname)2.5 E F0 -.35(Tr)144 562.8 S .263(ue if the shell option).35 +F F2(optname)2.992 E F0 .262(is enabled.)2.942 F .262 (See the list of options under the description of the)5.262 F F1 -2.762 E F0(option to the)144 486 Q F1(set)2.5 E F0 -.2(bu)2.5 G -(iltin belo).2 E -.65(w.)-.25 G F1108 498 Q F2(varname)2.5 E F0 --.35(Tr)144 510 S(ue if the shell v).35 E(ariable)-.25 E F2(varname)2.79 -E F0(is set \(has been assigned a v)2.68 E(alue\).)-.25 E F1108 -522 Q F2(varname)2.5 E F0 -.35(Tr)144 534 S(ue if the shell v).35 E -(ariable)-.25 E F2(varname)2.79 E F0(is set and is a name reference.) -2.68 E F1108 546 Q F2(string)2.5 E F0 -.35(Tr)144 558 S -(ue if the length of).35 E F2(string)2.5 E F0(is zero.)2.5 E F2(string) -108 570 Q F1108 582 Q F2(string)2.5 E F0 -.35(Tr)144 594 S -(ue if the length of).35 E F2(string)2.84 E F0(is non-zero.)2.72 E F2 -(string1)108 610.8 Q F1(==)2.5 E F2(string2)2.5 E(string1)108 622.8 Q F1 -(=)2.5 E F2(string2)2.5 E F0 -.35(Tr)144 634.8 S .861 -(ue if the strings are equal.).35 F F1(=)5.861 E F0 .861 -(should be used with the)3.361 F F1(test)3.361 E F0 .862 -(command for POSIX conformance.)3.362 F .447(When used with the)144 -646.8 R F1([[)2.946 E F0 .446 -(command, this performs pattern matching as described abo)2.946 F .746 --.15(ve \()-.15 H F1(Compound).15 E(Commands)144 658.8 Q F0(\).)A F2 -(string1)108 675.6 Q F1(!=)2.5 E F2(string2)2.5 E F0 -.35(Tr)144 687.6 S -(ue if the strings are not equal.).35 E F2(string1)108 704.4 Q F1(<)2.5 -E F2(string2)2.5 E F0 -.35(Tr)144 716.4 S(ue if).35 E F2(string1)2.5 E -F0(sorts before)2.5 E F2(string2)2.5 E F0(le)2.5 E(xicographically)-.15 -E(.)-.65 E(GNU Bash 5.2)72 768 Q(2022 March 11)144.29 E(35)193.45 E 0 Cg -EP +2.762 E F0(option to the)144 574.8 Q F1(set)2.5 E F0 -.2(bu)2.5 G +(iltin belo).2 E -.65(w.)-.25 G F1108 586.8 Q F2(varname)2.5 E F0 +-.35(Tr)144 598.8 S(ue if the shell v).35 E(ariable)-.25 E F2(varname) +2.79 E F0(is set \(has been assigned a v)2.68 E(alue\).)-.25 E F1 +108 610.8 Q F2(varname)2.5 E F0 -.35(Tr)144 622.8 S(ue if the shell v) +.35 E(ariable)-.25 E F2(varname)2.79 E F0 +(is set and is a name reference.)2.68 E F1108 634.8 Q F2(string) +2.5 E F0 -.35(Tr)144 646.8 S(ue if the length of).35 E F2(string)2.5 E +F0(is zero.)2.5 E F2(string)108 658.8 Q F1108 670.8 Q F2(string) +2.5 E F0 -.35(Tr)144 682.8 S(ue if the length of).35 E F2(string)2.84 E +F0(is non-zero.)2.72 E F2(string1)108 699.6 Q F1(==)2.5 E F2(string2)2.5 +E F0(GNU Bash 5.2)72 768 Q(2022 June 3)150.675 E(35)199.835 E 0 Cg EP %%Page: 36 36 %%BeginPageSetup BP %%EndPageSetup /F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 137.14(SH\(1\) General).35 F (Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E/F1 10 -/Times-Italic@0 SF(string1)108 84 Q/F2 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(>)2.5 E F1 -(string2)2.5 E F0 -.35(Tr)144 96 S(ue if).35 E F1(string1)2.5 E F0 -(sorts after)2.5 E F1(string2)2.5 E F0(le)2.5 E(xicographically)-.15 E -(.)-.65 E F1(ar)108.33 112.8 Q(g1)-.37 E F2(OP)2.5 E F1(ar)2.5 E(g2)-.37 -E/F3 9/Times-Bold@0 SF(OP)144 124.8 Q F0 .385(is one of)2.634 F F2 -(\255eq)2.885 E F0(,)A F2(\255ne)2.885 E F0(,)A F2(\255lt)2.885 E F0(,)A -F2(\255le)2.885 E F0(,)A F2(\255gt)2.885 E F0 2.885(,o)C(r)-2.885 E F2 -(\255ge)2.885 E F0 5.385(.T)C .385 -(hese arithmetic binary operators return true if)-5.385 F F1(ar)2.885 E -(g1)-.37 E F0 .845(is equal to, not equal to, less than, less than or e\ -qual to, greater than, or greater than or equal to)144 136.8 R F1(ar)144 -148.8 Q(g2)-.37 E F0 3.589(,r)C(especti)-3.589 E -.15(ve)-.25 G(ly).15 E -(.)-.65 E F1(Ar)7.099 E(g1)-.37 E F0(and)3.589 E F1(ar)3.919 E(g2)-.37 E -F0 1.089(may be positi)3.609 F 1.389 -.15(ve o)-.25 H 3.589(rn).15 G --2.25 -.15(eg a)-3.589 H(ti).15 E 1.389 -.15(ve i)-.25 H(nte).15 E 3.59 -(gers. When)-.15 F 1.09(used with the)3.59 F F2([[)3.59 E F0(command,) -144 160.8 Q F1(Ar)4.447 E(g1)-.37 E F0(and)3.437 E F1(Ar)4.447 E(g2)-.37 -E F0 .937(are e)3.457 F -.25(va)-.25 G .937(luated as arithmetic e).25 F -.937(xpressions \(see)-.15 F F3 .937(ARITHMETIC EV)3.437 F(ALU)-1.215 E -(A-)-.54 E(TION)144 172.8 Q F0(abo)2.25 E -.15(ve)-.15 G(\).).15 E/F4 -10.95/Times-Bold@0 SF(SIMPLE COMMAND EXP)72 189.6 Q(ANSION)-.81 E F0 -.613(When a simple command is e)108 201.6 R -.15(xe)-.15 G .614 +/Times-Italic@0 SF(string1)108 84 Q/F2 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(=)2.5 E F1 +(string2)2.5 E F0 -.35(Tr)144 96 S .861(ue if the strings are equal.).35 +F F2(=)5.861 E F0 .861(should be used with the)3.361 F F2(test)3.361 E +F0 .862(command for POSIX conformance.)3.362 F .447(When used with the) +144 108 R F2([[)2.946 E F0 .446 +(command, this performs pattern matching as described abo)2.946 F .746 +-.15(ve \()-.15 H F2(Compound).15 E(Commands)144 120 Q F0(\).)A F1 +(string1)108 136.8 Q F2(!=)2.5 E F1(string2)2.5 E F0 -.35(Tr)144 148.8 S +(ue if the strings are not equal.).35 E F1(string1)108 165.6 Q F2(<)2.5 +E F1(string2)2.5 E F0 -.35(Tr)144 177.6 S(ue if).35 E F1(string1)2.5 E +F0(sorts before)2.5 E F1(string2)2.5 E F0(le)2.5 E(xicographically)-.15 +E(.)-.65 E F1(string1)108 194.4 Q F2(>)2.5 E F1(string2)2.5 E F0 -.35 +(Tr)144 206.4 S(ue if).35 E F1(string1)2.5 E F0(sorts after)2.5 E F1 +(string2)2.5 E F0(le)2.5 E(xicographically)-.15 E(.)-.65 E F1(ar)108.33 +223.2 Q(g1)-.37 E F2(OP)2.5 E F1(ar)2.5 E(g2)-.37 E/F3 9/Times-Bold@0 SF +(OP)144 235.2 Q F0 .385(is one of)2.634 F F2(\255eq)2.885 E F0(,)A F2 +(\255ne)2.885 E F0(,)A F2(\255lt)2.885 E F0(,)A F2(\255le)2.885 E F0(,)A +F2(\255gt)2.885 E F0 2.885(,o)C(r)-2.885 E F2(\255ge)2.885 E F0 5.385 +(.T)C .385(hese arithmetic binary operators return true if)-5.385 F F1 +(ar)2.885 E(g1)-.37 E F0 .845(is equal to, not equal to, less than, les\ +s than or equal to, greater than, or greater than or equal to)144 247.2 +R F1(ar)144 259.2 Q(g2)-.37 E F0 3.589(,r)C(especti)-3.589 E -.15(ve) +-.25 G(ly).15 E(.)-.65 E F1(Ar)7.099 E(g1)-.37 E F0(and)3.589 E F1(ar) +3.919 E(g2)-.37 E F0 1.089(may be positi)3.609 F 1.389 -.15(ve o)-.25 H +3.589(rn).15 G -2.25 -.15(eg a)-3.589 H(ti).15 E 1.389 -.15(ve i)-.25 H +(nte).15 E 3.59(gers. When)-.15 F 1.09(used with the)3.59 F F2([[)3.59 E +F0(command,)144 271.2 Q F1(Ar)4.447 E(g1)-.37 E F0(and)3.437 E F1(Ar) +4.447 E(g2)-.37 E F0 .937(are e)3.457 F -.25(va)-.25 G .937 +(luated as arithmetic e).25 F .937(xpressions \(see)-.15 F F3 .937 +(ARITHMETIC EV)3.437 F(ALU)-1.215 E(A-)-.54 E(TION)144 283.2 Q F0(abo) +2.25 E -.15(ve)-.15 G(\).).15 E/F4 10.95/Times-Bold@0 SF +(SIMPLE COMMAND EXP)72 300 Q(ANSION)-.81 E F0 .613 +(When a simple command is e)108 312 R -.15(xe)-.15 G .614 (cuted, the shell performs the follo).15 F .614(wing e)-.25 F .614 (xpansions, assignments, and redi-)-.15 F -(rections, from left to right, in the follo)108 213.6 Q(wing order)-.25 -E(.)-.55 E(1.)108 230.4 Q 1.849(The w)144 230.4 R 1.849 +(rections, from left to right, in the follo)108 324 Q(wing order)-.25 E +(.)-.55 E(1.)108 340.8 Q 1.849(The w)144 340.8 R 1.849 (ords that the parser has mark)-.1 F 1.848(ed as v)-.1 F 1.848 (ariable assignments \(those preceding the command)-.25 F -(name\) and redirections are sa)144 242.4 Q -.15(ve)-.2 G 2.5(df).15 G -(or later processing.)-2.5 E(2.)108 259.2 Q .179(The w)144 259.2 R .179 +(name\) and redirections are sa)144 352.8 Q -.15(ve)-.2 G 2.5(df).15 G +(or later processing.)-2.5 E(2.)108 369.6 Q .179(The w)144 369.6 R .179 (ords that are not v)-.1 F .179 (ariable assignments or redirections are e)-.25 F 2.68(xpanded. If)-.15 F(an)2.68 E 2.68(yw)-.15 G .18(ords remain af-)-2.78 F .347(ter e)144 -271.2 R .347(xpansion, the \214rst w)-.15 F .347(ord is tak)-.1 F .347 +381.6 R .347(xpansion, the \214rst w)-.15 F .347(ord is tak)-.1 F .347 (en to be the name of the command and the remaining w)-.1 F .346 -(ords are)-.1 F(the ar)144 283.2 Q(guments.)-.18 E(3.)108 300 Q -(Redirections are performed as described abo)144 300 Q .3 -.15(ve u)-.15 -H(nder).15 E F3(REDIRECTION)2.5 E/F5 9/Times-Roman@0 SF(.)A F0(4.)108 -316.8 Q .716(The te)144 316.8 R .717(xt after the)-.15 F F2(=)3.217 E F0 -.717(in each v)3.217 F .717(ariable assignment under)-.25 F .717 +(ords are)-.1 F(the ar)144 393.6 Q(guments.)-.18 E(3.)108 410.4 Q +(Redirections are performed as described abo)144 410.4 Q .3 -.15(ve u) +-.15 H(nder).15 E F3(REDIRECTION)2.5 E/F5 9/Times-Roman@0 SF(.)A F0(4.) +108 427.2 Q .716(The te)144 427.2 R .717(xt after the)-.15 F F2(=)3.217 +E F0 .717(in each v)3.217 F .717(ariable assignment under)-.25 F .717 (goes tilde e)-.18 F .717(xpansion, parameter e)-.15 F(xpansion,)-.15 E -.34(command substitution, arithmetic e)144 328.8 R .339 +.34(command substitution, arithmetic e)144 439.2 R .339 (xpansion, and quote remo)-.15 F -.25(va)-.15 G 2.839(lb).25 G .339 -(efore being assigned to the v)-2.839 F(ari-)-.25 E(able.)144 340.8 Q -.586(If no command name results, the v)108 357.6 R .586 +(efore being assigned to the v)-2.839 F(ari-)-.25 E(able.)144 451.2 Q +.586(If no command name results, the v)108 468 R .586 (ariable assignments af)-.25 F .586(fect the current shell en)-.25 F 3.087(vironment. In)-.4 F .587(the case of)3.087 F .371(such a command \ \(one that consists only of assignment statements and redirections\), a\ -ssignment statements)108 369.6 R .835 -(are performed before redirections.)108 381.6 R .835(Otherwise, the v) -5.835 F .835(ariables are added to the en)-.25 F .835 -(vironment of the e)-.4 F -.15(xe)-.15 G(cuted).15 E .839 -(command and do not af)108 393.6 R .838(fect the current shell en)-.25 F -3.338(vironment. If)-.4 F(an)3.338 E 3.338(yo)-.15 G 3.338(ft)-3.338 G -.838(he assignments attempts to assign a)-3.338 F -.25(va)108 405.6 S +ssignment statements)108 480 R .835(are performed before redirections.) +108 492 R .835(Otherwise, the v)5.835 F .835 +(ariables are added to the en)-.25 F .835(vironment of the e)-.4 F -.15 +(xe)-.15 G(cuted).15 E .839(command and do not af)108 504 R .838 +(fect the current shell en)-.25 F 3.338(vironment. If)-.4 F(an)3.338 E +3.338(yo)-.15 G 3.338(ft)-3.338 G .838 +(he assignments attempts to assign a)-3.338 F -.25(va)108 516 S (lue to a readonly v).25 E(ariable, an error occurs, and the command e) -.25 E(xits with a non-zero status.)-.15 E .149 -(If no command name results, redirections are performed, b)108 422.4 R +(If no command name results, redirections are performed, b)108 532.8 R .149(ut do not af)-.2 F .15(fect the current shell en)-.25 F 2.65 -(vironment. A)-.4 F(redirection error causes the command to e)108 434.4 +(vironment. A)-.4 F(redirection error causes the command to e)108 544.8 Q(xit with a non-zero status.)-.15 E 1.064 -(If there is a command name left after e)108 451.2 R 1.064(xpansion, e) +(If there is a command name left after e)108 561.6 R 1.064(xpansion, e) -.15 F -.15(xe)-.15 G 1.064(cution proceeds as described belo).15 F 4.864 -.65(w. O)-.25 H 1.064(therwise, the).65 F .068(command e)108 -463.2 R 2.568(xits. If)-.15 F .069(one of the e)2.568 F .069 +573.6 R 2.568(xits. If)-.15 F .069(one of the e)2.568 F .069 (xpansions contained a command substitution, the e)-.15 F .069 -(xit status of the command)-.15 F .467(is the e)108 475.2 R .466 +(xit status of the command)-.15 F .467(is the e)108 585.6 R .466 (xit status of the last command substitution performed.)-.15 F .466 -(If there were no command substitutions, the)5.466 F(command e)108 487.2 -Q(xits with a status of zero.)-.15 E F4(COMMAND EXECUTION)72 504 Q F0 -.546(After a command has been split into w)108 516 R .547 +(If there were no command substitutions, the)5.466 F(command e)108 597.6 +Q(xits with a status of zero.)-.15 E F4(COMMAND EXECUTION)72 614.4 Q F0 +.546(After a command has been split into w)108 626.4 R .547 (ords, if it results in a simple command and an optional list of ar)-.1 -F(gu-)-.18 E(ments, the follo)108 528 Q(wing actions are tak)-.25 E(en.) --.1 E .379(If the command name contains no slashes, the shell attempts \ -to locate it.)108 544.8 R .379(If there e)5.379 F .379 +F(gu-)-.18 E(ments, the follo)108 638.4 Q(wing actions are tak)-.25 E +(en.)-.1 E .379(If the command name contains no slashes, the shell atte\ +mpts to locate it.)108 655.2 R .379(If there e)5.379 F .379 (xists a shell function by)-.15 F .246(that name, that function is in) -108 556.8 R -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G 2.746(da).1 G 2.746(sd)-2.746 G +108 667.2 R -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G 2.746(da).1 G 2.746(sd)-2.746 G .246(escribed abo)-2.746 F .546 -.15(ve i)-.15 H(n).15 E F3(FUNCTIONS) 2.746 E F5(.)A F0 .246(If the name does not match a func-)4.746 F -(tion, the shell searches for it in the list of shell b)108 568.8 Q 2.5 +(tion, the shell searches for it in the list of shell b)108 679.2 Q 2.5 (uiltins. If)-.2 F 2.5(am)2.5 G(atch is found, that b)-2.5 E (uiltin is in)-.2 E -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G(d.).1 E .31 -(If the name is neither a shell function nor a b)108 585.6 R .309 +(If the name is neither a shell function nor a b)108 696 R .309 (uiltin, and contains no slashes,)-.2 F F2(bash)2.809 E F0 .309 -(searches each element of)2.809 F(the)108 597.6 Q F3 -.666(PA)3.162 G -(TH)-.189 E F0 .662(for a directory containing an e)2.912 F -.15(xe)-.15 -G .662(cutable \214le by that name.).15 F F2(Bash)5.662 E F0 .663 +(searches each element of)2.809 F(the)108 708 Q F3 -.666(PA)3.162 G(TH) +-.189 E F0 .662(for a directory containing an e)2.912 F -.15(xe)-.15 G +.662(cutable \214le by that name.).15 F F2(Bash)5.662 E F0 .663 (uses a hash table to remember)3.162 F 1.915(the full pathnames of e)108 -609.6 R -.15(xe)-.15 G 1.915(cutable \214les \(see).15 F F2(hash)4.415 E +720 R -.15(xe)-.15 G 1.915(cutable \214les \(see).15 F F2(hash)4.415 E F0(under)4.415 E F3 1.915(SHELL B)4.415 F(UIL)-.09 E 1.914(TIN COMMANDS) --.828 F F0(belo)4.164 E 4.414(w\). A)-.25 F(full)4.414 E .719 -(search of the directories in)108 621.6 R F3 -.666(PA)3.219 G(TH)-.189 E -F0 .72(is performed only if the command is not found in the hash table.) -2.969 F .72(If the)5.72 F .956(search is unsuccessful, the shell search\ -es for a de\214ned shell function named)108 633.6 R F2(command_not_f) -3.455 E(ound_han-)-.25 E(dle)108 645.6 Q F0 6.005(.I)C 3.505(ft)-6.005 G -1.005(hat function e)-3.505 F 1.005(xists, it is in)-.15 F -.2(vo)-.4 G --.1(ke).2 G 3.506(di).1 G 3.506(nas)-3.506 G 1.006(eparate e)-3.506 F --.15(xe)-.15 G 1.006(cution en).15 F 1.006 +-.828 F F0(belo)4.164 E 4.414(w\). A)-.25 F(full)4.414 E(GNU Bash 5.2)72 +768 Q(2022 June 3)150.675 E(36)199.835 E 0 Cg EP +%%Page: 37 37 +%%BeginPageSetup +BP +%%EndPageSetup +/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 137.14(SH\(1\) General).35 F +(Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E .719 +(search of the directories in)108 84 R/F1 9/Times-Bold@0 SF -.666(PA) +3.219 G(TH)-.189 E F0 .72 +(is performed only if the command is not found in the hash table.)2.969 +F .72(If the)5.72 F .956(search is unsuccessful, the shell searches for\ + a de\214ned shell function named)108 96 R/F2 10/Times-Bold@0 SF +(command_not_f)3.455 E(ound_han-)-.25 E(dle)108 108 Q F0 6.005(.I)C +3.505(ft)-6.005 G 1.005(hat function e)-3.505 F 1.005(xists, it is in) +-.15 F -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G 3.506(di).1 G 3.506(nas)-3.506 G 1.006 +(eparate e)-3.506 F -.15(xe)-.15 G 1.006(cution en).15 F 1.006 (vironment with the original command)-.4 F .256 -(and the original command')108 657.6 R 2.756(sa)-.55 G -.18(rg)-2.756 G +(and the original command')108 120 R 2.756(sa)-.55 G -.18(rg)-2.756 G .256(uments as its ar).18 F .256(guments, and the function')-.18 F 2.755 (se)-.55 G .255(xit status becomes the e)-2.905 F .255(xit sta-)-.15 F -.263(tus of that subshell.)108 669.6 R .263(If that function is not de\ +.263(tus of that subshell.)108 132 R .263(If that function is not de\ \214ned, the shell prints an error message and returns an e)5.263 F .263 -(xit sta-)-.15 F(tus of 127.)108 681.6 Q 1.089(If the search is success\ -ful, or if the command name contains one or more slashes, the shell e) -108 698.4 R -.15(xe)-.15 G 1.089(cutes the).15 F .197 -(named program in a separate e)108 710.4 R -.15(xe)-.15 G .197 +(xit sta-)-.15 F(tus of 127.)108 144 Q 1.089(If the search is successfu\ +l, or if the command name contains one or more slashes, the shell e)108 +160.8 R -.15(xe)-.15 G 1.089(cutes the).15 F .197 +(named program in a separate e)108 172.8 R -.15(xe)-.15 G .197 (cution en).15 F 2.698(vironment. Ar)-.4 F .198 (gument 0 is set to the name gi)-.18 F -.15(ve)-.25 G .198 -(n, and the remain-).15 F(ing ar)108 722.4 Q +(n, and the remain-).15 F(ing ar)108 184.8 Q (guments to the command are set to the ar)-.18 E(guments gi)-.18 E -.15 -(ve)-.25 G(n, if an).15 E -.65(y.)-.15 G(GNU Bash 5.2)72 768 Q -(2022 March 11)144.29 E(36)193.45 E 0 Cg EP -%%Page: 37 37 -%%BeginPageSetup -BP -%%EndPageSetup -/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 137.14(SH\(1\) General).35 F -(Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E 1.049(If this e) -108 84 R -.15(xe)-.15 G 1.049(cution f).15 F 1.049 +(ve)-.25 G(n, if an).15 E -.65(y.)-.15 G 1.049(If this e)108 201.6 R +-.15(xe)-.15 G 1.049(cution f).15 F 1.049 (ails because the \214le is not in e)-.1 F -.15(xe)-.15 G 1.048 (cutable format, and the \214le is not a directory).15 F 3.548(,i)-.65 G 3.548(ti)-3.548 G 3.548(sa)-3.548 G(s-)-3.548 E .143(sumed to be a)108 -96 R/F1 10/Times-Italic@0 SF .143(shell script)2.643 F F0 2.643(,a\214)C -.143(le containing shell commands, and the shell creates a ne)-2.643 F -2.643(wi)-.25 G .143(nstance of itself to)-2.643 F -.15(exe)108 108 S -.137(cute it.).15 F .137 +213.6 R/F3 10/Times-Italic@0 SF .143(shell script)2.643 F F0 2.643 +(,a\214)C .143(le containing shell commands, and the shell creates a ne) +-2.643 F 2.643(wi)-.25 G .143(nstance of itself to)-2.643 F -.15(exe)108 +225.6 S .137(cute it.).15 F .137 (This subshell reinitializes itself, so that the ef)5.137 F .136 (fect is as if a ne)-.25 F 2.636(ws)-.25 G .136(hell had been in)-2.636 F -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G 2.636(dt).1 G 2.636(oh)-2.636 G(andle)-2.636 -E .865(the script, with the e)108 120 R .866 +E .865(the script, with the e)108 237.6 R .866 (xception that the locations of commands remembered by the parent \(see) --.15 F/F2 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(hash)3.366 E F0(belo)3.366 E(w)-.25 E -(under)108 132 Q/F3 9/Times-Bold@0 SF(SHELL B)2.5 E(UIL)-.09 E -(TIN COMMANDS)-.828 E/F4 9/Times-Roman@0 SF(\))A F0 -(are retained by the child.)2.25 E .348(If the program is a \214le be) -108 148.8 R .348(ginning with)-.15 F F2(#!)2.848 E F0 2.848(,t)C .347(h\ -e remainder of the \214rst line speci\214es an interpreter for the pro-) --2.848 F 3.178(gram. The)108 160.8 R .678(shell e)3.178 F -.15(xe)-.15 G -.678(cutes the speci\214ed interpreter on operating systems that do not\ - handle this e).15 F -.15(xe)-.15 G(cutable).15 E .206(format themselv) -108 172.8 R 2.706(es. The)-.15 F(ar)2.706 E .206 -(guments to the interpreter consist of a single optional ar)-.18 F .206 -(gument follo)-.18 F .206(wing the in-)-.25 F .267 -(terpreter name on the \214rst line of the program, follo)108 184.8 R +-.15 F F2(hash)3.366 E F0(belo)3.366 E(w)-.25 E(under)108 249.6 Q F1 +(SHELL B)2.5 E(UIL)-.09 E(TIN COMMANDS)-.828 E/F4 9/Times-Roman@0 SF(\)) +A F0(are retained by the child.)2.25 E .348 +(If the program is a \214le be)108 266.4 R .348(ginning with)-.15 F F2 +(#!)2.848 E F0 2.848(,t)C .347(he remainder of the \214rst line speci\ +\214es an interpreter for the pro-)-2.848 F 3.178(gram. The)108 278.4 R +.678(shell e)3.178 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .678(cutes the speci\214ed interpre\ +ter on operating systems that do not handle this e).15 F -.15(xe)-.15 G +(cutable).15 E .206(format themselv)108 290.4 R 2.706(es. The)-.15 F(ar) +2.706 E .206(guments to the interpreter consist of a single optional ar) +-.18 F .206(gument follo)-.18 F .206(wing the in-)-.25 F .267 +(terpreter name on the \214rst line of the program, follo)108 302.4 R .268(wed by the name of the program, follo)-.25 F .268(wed by the com-) --.25 F(mand ar)108 196.8 Q(guments, if an)-.18 E -.65(y.)-.15 G/F5 10.95 -/Times-Bold@0 SF(COMMAND EXECUTION ENVIR)72 213.6 Q(ONMENT)-.329 E F0 -(The shell has an)108 225.6 Q F1 -.2(ex)2.5 G(ecution en).2 E(vir)-.4 E +-.25 F(mand ar)108 314.4 Q(guments, if an)-.18 E -.65(y.)-.15 G/F5 10.95 +/Times-Bold@0 SF(COMMAND EXECUTION ENVIR)72 331.2 Q(ONMENT)-.329 E F0 +(The shell has an)108 343.2 Q F3 -.2(ex)2.5 G(ecution en).2 E(vir)-.4 E (onment)-.45 E F0 2.5(,w)C(hich consists of the follo)-2.5 E(wing:)-.25 -E<83>108 242.4 Q 1.406(open \214les inherited by the shell at in)144 -242.4 R -.2(vo)-.4 G 1.405 +E<83>108 360 Q 1.406(open \214les inherited by the shell at in)144 360 R +-.2(vo)-.4 G 1.405 (cation, as modi\214ed by redirections supplied to the).2 F F2(exec) -3.905 E F0 -.2(bu)144 254.4 S(iltin).2 E<83>108 271.2 Q(the current w) -144 271.2 Q(orking directory as set by)-.1 E F2(cd)2.5 E F0(,)A F2 -(pushd)2.5 E F0 2.5(,o)C(r)-2.5 E F2(popd)2.5 E F0 2.5(,o)C 2.5(ri)-2.5 -G(nherited by the shell at in)-2.5 E -.2(vo)-.4 G(cation).2 E<83>108 288 -Q(the \214le creation mode mask as set by)144 288 Q F2(umask)2.5 E F0 -(or inherited from the shell')2.5 E 2.5(sp)-.55 G(arent)-2.5 E<83>108 -304.8 Q(current traps set by)144 304.8 Q F2(trap)2.5 E F0<83>108 321.6 Q -.256(shell parameters that are set by v)144 321.6 R .256 +3.905 E F0 -.2(bu)144 372 S(iltin).2 E<83>108 388.8 Q(the current w)144 +388.8 Q(orking directory as set by)-.1 E F2(cd)2.5 E F0(,)A F2(pushd)2.5 +E F0 2.5(,o)C(r)-2.5 E F2(popd)2.5 E F0 2.5(,o)C 2.5(ri)-2.5 G +(nherited by the shell at in)-2.5 E -.2(vo)-.4 G(cation).2 E<83>108 +405.6 Q(the \214le creation mode mask as set by)144 405.6 Q F2(umask)2.5 +E F0(or inherited from the shell')2.5 E 2.5(sp)-.55 G(arent)-2.5 E<83> +108 422.4 Q(current traps set by)144 422.4 Q F2(trap)2.5 E F0<83>108 +439.2 Q .256(shell parameters that are set by v)144 439.2 R .256 (ariable assignment or with)-.25 F F2(set)2.756 E F0 .257 (or inherited from the shell')2.756 F 2.757(sp)-.55 G(arent)-2.757 E -(in the en)144 333.6 Q(vironment)-.4 E<83>108 350.4 Q -(shell functions de\214ned during e)144 350.4 Q -.15(xe)-.15 G +(in the en)144 451.2 Q(vironment)-.4 E<83>108 468 Q +(shell functions de\214ned during e)144 468 Q -.15(xe)-.15 G (cution or inherited from the shell').15 E 2.5(sp)-.55 G -(arent in the en)-2.5 E(vironment)-.4 E<83>108 367.2 Q -(options enabled at in)144 367.2 Q -.2(vo)-.4 G(cation \(either by def) +(arent in the en)-2.5 E(vironment)-.4 E<83>108 484.8 Q +(options enabled at in)144 484.8 Q -.2(vo)-.4 G(cation \(either by def) .2 E(ault or with command-line ar)-.1 E(guments\) or by)-.18 E F2(set) -2.5 E F0<83>108 384 Q(options enabled by)144 384 Q F2(shopt)2.5 E F0<83> -108 400.8 Q(shell aliases de\214ned with)144 400.8 Q F2(alias)2.5 E F0 -<83>108 417.6 Q -.25(va)144 417.6 S +2.5 E F0<83>108 501.6 Q(options enabled by)144 501.6 Q F2(shopt)2.5 E F0 +<83>108 518.4 Q(shell aliases de\214ned with)144 518.4 Q F2(alias)2.5 E +F0<83>108 535.2 Q -.25(va)144 535.2 S (rious process IDs, including those of background jobs, the v).25 E (alue of)-.25 E F2($$)2.5 E F0 2.5(,a)C(nd the v)-2.5 E(alue of)-.25 E -F3(PPID)2.5 E F0 .427(When a simple command other than a b)108 434.4 R +F1(PPID)2.5 E F0 .427(When a simple command other than a b)108 552 R .426(uiltin or shell function is to be e)-.2 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .426 (cuted, it is in).15 F -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G 2.926(di).1 G 2.926(nas) --2.926 G(eparate)-2.926 E -.15(exe)108 446.4 S .133(cution en).15 F .133 +-2.926 G(eparate)-2.926 E -.15(exe)108 564 S .133(cution en).15 F .133 (vironment that consists of the follo)-.4 F 2.634(wing. Unless)-.25 F .134(otherwise noted, the v)2.634 F .134(alues are inherited from)-.25 F -(the shell.)108 458.4 Q<83>108 475.2 Q 1.056(the shell')144 475.2 R -3.556(so)-.55 G 1.056(pen \214les, plus an)-3.556 F 3.556(ym)-.15 G -1.056 +(the shell.)108 576 Q<83>108 592.8 Q 1.056(the shell')144 592.8 R 3.556 +(so)-.55 G 1.056(pen \214les, plus an)-3.556 F 3.556(ym)-.15 G 1.056 (odi\214cations and additions speci\214ed by redirections to the com-) --3.556 F(mand)144 487.2 Q<83>108 504 Q(the current w)144 504 Q -(orking directory)-.1 E<83>108 520.8 Q(the \214le creation mode mask)144 -520.8 Q<83>108 537.6 Q .856(shell v)144 537.6 R .857 +-3.556 F(mand)144 604.8 Q<83>108 621.6 Q(the current w)144 621.6 Q +(orking directory)-.1 E<83>108 638.4 Q(the \214le creation mode mask)144 +638.4 Q<83>108 655.2 Q .856(shell v)144 655.2 R .857 (ariables and functions mark)-.25 F .857(ed for e)-.1 F .857 (xport, along with v)-.15 F .857(ariables e)-.25 F .857 -(xported for the command,)-.15 F(passed in the en)144 549.6 Q(vironment) --.4 E<83>108 566.4 Q .307(traps caught by the shell are reset to the v) -144 566.4 R .306(alues inherited from the shell')-.25 F 2.806(sp)-.55 G -.306(arent, and traps ignored)-2.806 F(by the shell are ignored)144 -578.4 Q 2.5(Ac)108 595.2 S(ommand in)-2.5 E -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G 2.5 -(di).1 G 2.5(nt)-2.5 G(his separate en)-2.5 E(vironment cannot af)-.4 E +(xported for the command,)-.15 F(passed in the en)144 667.2 Q(vironment) +-.4 E<83>108 684 Q .307(traps caught by the shell are reset to the v)144 +684 R .306(alues inherited from the shell')-.25 F 2.806(sp)-.55 G .306 +(arent, and traps ignored)-2.806 F(by the shell are ignored)144 696 Q +2.5(Ac)108 712.8 S(ommand in)-2.5 E -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G 2.5(di).1 G +2.5(nt)-2.5 G(his separate en)-2.5 E(vironment cannot af)-.4 E (fect the shell')-.25 E 2.5(se)-.55 G -.15(xe)-2.65 G(cution en).15 E -(vironment.)-.4 E(A)108 612 Q F1(subshell)2.5 E F0(is a cop)2.5 E 2.5 -(yo)-.1 G 2.5(ft)-2.5 G(he shell process.)-2.5 E .577(Command substitut\ -ion, commands grouped with parentheses, and asynchronous commands are i\ -n)108 628.8 R -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G 3.078(di).1 G(n)-3.078 E 2.745 -(as)108 640.8 S .245(ubshell en)-2.745 F .245 +(vironment.)-.4 E(A)108 729.6 Q F3(subshell)2.5 E F0(is a cop)2.5 E 2.5 +(yo)-.1 G 2.5(ft)-2.5 G(he shell process.)-2.5 E(GNU Bash 5.2)72 768 Q +(2022 June 3)150.675 E(37)199.835 E 0 Cg EP +%%Page: 38 38 +%%BeginPageSetup +BP +%%EndPageSetup +/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 137.14(SH\(1\) General).35 F +(Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E .577(Command subs\ +titution, commands grouped with parentheses, and asynchronous commands \ +are in)108 84 R -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G 3.078(di).1 G(n)-3.078 E 2.745 +(as)108 96 S .245(ubshell en)-2.745 F .245 (vironment that is a duplicate of the shell en)-.4 F .244(vironment, e) -.4 F .244(xcept that traps caught by the shell are)-.15 F .358 -(reset to the v)108 652.8 R .358 +(reset to the v)108 108 R .358 (alues that the shell inherited from its parent at in)-.25 F -.2(vo)-.4 G 2.858(cation. Builtin).2 F .359(commands that are in)2.859 F -.2(vo) --.4 G -.1(ke).2 G(d).1 E .857(as part of a pipeline are also e)108 664.8 -R -.15(xe)-.15 G .856(cuted in a subshell en).15 F 3.356 +-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G(d).1 E .857(as part of a pipeline are also e)108 120 R +-.15(xe)-.15 G .856(cuted in a subshell en).15 F 3.356 (vironment. Changes)-.4 F .856(made to the subshell en)3.356 F(viron-) --.4 E(ment cannot af)108 676.8 Q(fect the shell')-.25 E 2.5(se)-.55 G --.15(xe)-2.65 G(cution en).15 E(vironment.)-.4 E 1.376(Subshells spa)108 -693.6 R 1.376(wned to e)-.15 F -.15(xe)-.15 G 1.377 +-.4 E(ment cannot af)108 132 Q(fect the shell')-.25 E 2.5(se)-.55 G -.15 +(xe)-2.65 G(cution en).15 E(vironment.)-.4 E 1.376(Subshells spa)108 +148.8 R 1.376(wned to e)-.15 F -.15(xe)-.15 G 1.377 (cute command substitutions inherit the v).15 F 1.377(alue of the)-.25 F -F23.877 E F0 1.377(option from the parent)3.877 F 2.5(shell. When) -108 705.6 R(not in)2.5 E F1(posix mode)2.5 E F0(,)A F2(bash)2.5 E F0 -(clears the)2.5 E F22.5 E F0(option in such subshells.)2.5 E .405 -(If a command is follo)108 722.4 R .405(wed by a)-.25 F F2(&)2.905 E F0 -.404(and job control is not acti)2.905 F -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.904(,t).15 G -.404(he def)-2.904 F .404(ault standard input for the command)-.1 F -(GNU Bash 5.2)72 768 Q(2022 March 11)144.29 E(37)193.45 E 0 Cg EP -%%Page: 38 38 -%%BeginPageSetup -BP -%%EndPageSetup -/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 137.14(SH\(1\) General).35 F -(Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E .197 -(is the empty \214le)108 84 R/F1 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(/de)2.697 E -(v/null)-.15 E F0 5.197(.O)C .197(therwise, the in)-5.197 F -.2(vo)-.4 G --.1(ke).2 G 2.697(dc).1 G .198 +/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 SF3.877 E F0 1.377(option from the parent) +3.877 F 2.5(shell. When)108 160.8 R(not in)2.5 E/F2 10/Times-Italic@0 SF +(posix mode)2.5 E F0(,)A F1(bash)2.5 E F0(clears the)2.5 E F12.5 E +F0(option in such subshells.)2.5 E .405(If a command is follo)108 177.6 +R .405(wed by a)-.25 F F1(&)2.905 E F0 .404(and job control is not acti) +2.905 F -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.904(,t).15 G .404(he def)-2.904 F .404 +(ault standard input for the command)-.1 F .197(is the empty \214le)108 +189.6 R F2(/de)2.697 E(v/null)-.15 E F0 5.197(.O)C .197 +(therwise, the in)-5.197 F -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G 2.697(dc).1 G .198 (ommand inherits the \214le descriptors of the calling shell)-2.697 F -(as modi\214ed by redirections.)108 96 Q/F2 10.95/Times-Bold@0 SF(ENVIR) -72 112.8 Q(ONMENT)-.329 E F0 2.344(When a program is in)108 124.8 R -.2 -(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G 4.843(di).1 G 4.843(ti)-4.843 G 4.843(sg)-4.843 G --2.15 -.25(iv e)-4.843 H 4.843(na).25 G 4.843(na)-4.843 G 2.343 -(rray of strings called the)-4.843 F F1(en)5.033 E(vir)-.4 E(onment)-.45 -E F0 7.343(.T).68 G 2.343(his is a list of)-7.343 F F1(name)108 136.8 Q -F0A F1(value)A F0(pairs, of the form)2.5 E F1(name)2.86 E F0(=)A F1 -(value)A F0(.).18 E .438(The shell pro)108 153.6 R .438(vides se)-.15 F +(as modi\214ed by redirections.)108 201.6 Q/F3 10.95/Times-Bold@0 SF +(ENVIR)72 218.4 Q(ONMENT)-.329 E F0 2.344(When a program is in)108 230.4 +R -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G 4.843(di).1 G 4.843(ti)-4.843 G 4.843(sg) +-4.843 G -2.15 -.25(iv e)-4.843 H 4.843(na).25 G 4.843(na)-4.843 G 2.343 +(rray of strings called the)-4.843 F F2(en)5.033 E(vir)-.4 E(onment)-.45 +E F0 7.343(.T).68 G 2.343(his is a list of)-7.343 F F2(name)108 242.4 Q +F0A F2(value)A F0(pairs, of the form)2.5 E F2(name)2.86 E F0(=)A F2 +(value)A F0(.).18 E .438(The shell pro)108 259.2 R .438(vides se)-.15 F -.15(ve)-.25 G .438(ral w).15 F .438(ays to manipulate the en)-.1 F 2.938(vironment. On)-.4 F(in)2.938 E -.2(vo)-.4 G .438 (cation, the shell scans its o).2 F .439(wn en-)-.25 F .709(vironment a\ nd creates a parameter for each name found, automatically marking it fo\ -r)108 165.6 R F1 -.2(ex)3.208 G(port).2 E F0 .708(to child pro-)3.888 F -2.703(cesses. Ex)108 177.6 R .203(ecuted commands inherit the en)-.15 F -2.703(vironment. The)-.4 F/F3 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(export)2.703 E F0(and) -2.703 E F3(declar)2.703 E 2.703<65ad>-.18 G(x)-2.703 E F0 .203 -(commands allo)2.703 F 2.704(wp)-.25 G(aram-)-2.704 E .332 -(eters and functions to be added to and deleted from the en)108 189.6 R +r)108 271.2 R F2 -.2(ex)3.208 G(port).2 E F0 .708(to child pro-)3.888 F +2.703(cesses. Ex)108 283.2 R .203(ecuted commands inherit the en)-.15 F +2.703(vironment. The)-.4 F F1(export)2.703 E F0(and)2.703 E F1(declar) +2.703 E 2.703<65ad>-.18 G(x)-2.703 E F0 .203(commands allo)2.703 F 2.704 +(wp)-.25 G(aram-)-2.704 E .332 +(eters and functions to be added to and deleted from the en)108 295.2 R 2.832(vironment. If)-.4 F .332(the v)2.832 F .332 (alue of a parameter in the en-)-.25 F .131 -(vironment is modi\214ed, the ne)108 201.6 R 2.631(wv)-.25 G .131 +(vironment is modi\214ed, the ne)108 307.2 R 2.631(wv)-.25 G .131 (alue becomes part of the en)-2.881 F .132 (vironment, replacing the old.)-.4 F .132(The en)5.132 F(vironment)-.4 E -.321(inherited by an)108 213.6 R 2.821(ye)-.15 G -.15(xe)-2.971 G .321 +.321(inherited by an)108 319.2 R 2.821(ye)-.15 G -.15(xe)-2.971 G .321 (cuted command consists of the shell').15 F 2.821(si)-.55 G .321 (nitial en)-2.821 F .32(vironment, whose v)-.4 F .32(alues may be modi-) --.25 F .533(\214ed in the shell, less an)108 225.6 R 3.033(yp)-.15 G +-.25 F .533(\214ed in the shell, less an)108 331.2 R 3.033(yp)-.15 G .534(airs remo)-3.033 F -.15(ve)-.15 G 3.034(db).15 G 3.034(yt)-3.034 G -(he)-3.034 E F3(unset)3.034 E F0 .534(command, plus an)3.034 F 3.034(ya) --.15 G .534(dditions via the)-3.034 F F3(export)3.034 E F0(and)3.034 E -F3(de-)3.034 E(clar)108 237.6 Q 2.5<65ad>-.18 G(x)-2.5 E F0(commands.) -2.5 E .563(The en)108 254.4 R .563(vironment for an)-.4 F(y)-.15 E F1 -.563(simple command)3.403 F F0 .562 +(he)-3.034 E F1(unset)3.034 E F0 .534(command, plus an)3.034 F 3.034(ya) +-.15 G .534(dditions via the)-3.034 F F1(export)3.034 E F0(and)3.034 E +F1(de-)3.034 E(clar)108 343.2 Q 2.5<65ad>-.18 G(x)-2.5 E F0(commands.) +2.5 E .563(The en)108 360 R .563(vironment for an)-.4 F(y)-.15 E F2 .563 +(simple command)3.403 F F0 .562 (or function may be augmented temporarily by pre\214xing it with)3.833 F -.202(parameter assignments, as described abo)108 266.4 R .502 -.15(ve i) +.202(parameter assignments, as described abo)108 372 R .502 -.15(ve i) -.15 H(n).15 E/F4 9/Times-Bold@0 SF -.666(PA)2.702 G(RAMETERS).666 E/F5 9/Times-Roman@0 SF(.)A F0 .202(These assignment statements af)4.702 F -.203(fect only the)-.25 F(en)108 278.4 Q -(vironment seen by that command.)-.4 E .81(If the)108 295.2 R F3 -3.31 E F0 .81(option is set \(see the)3.31 F F3(set)3.31 E F0 -.2(bu) -3.31 G .81(iltin command belo).2 F .81(w\), then)-.25 F F1(all)3.64 E F0 -.81(parameter assignments are placed in)3.82 F(the en)108 307.2 Q +.203(fect only the)-.25 F(en)108 384 Q(vironment seen by that command.) +-.4 E .81(If the)108 400.8 R F13.31 E F0 .81 +(option is set \(see the)3.31 F F1(set)3.31 E F0 -.2(bu)3.31 G .81 +(iltin command belo).2 F .81(w\), then)-.25 F F2(all)3.64 E F0 .81 +(parameter assignments are placed in)3.82 F(the en)108 412.8 Q (vironment for a command, not just those that precede the command name.) --.4 E(When)108 324 Q F3(bash)3.585 E F0(in)3.585 E -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke) -.2 G 3.585(sa).1 G 3.585(ne)-3.585 G 1.085(xternal command, the v)-3.735 -F(ariable)-.25 E F3(_)3.585 E F0 1.086 +-.4 E(When)108 429.6 Q F1(bash)3.585 E F0(in)3.585 E -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1 +(ke).2 G 3.585(sa).1 G 3.585(ne)-3.585 G 1.085(xternal command, the v) +-3.735 F(ariable)-.25 E F1(_)3.585 E F0 1.086 (is set to the full \214lename of the command and)3.586 F -(passed to that command in its en)108 336 Q(vironment.)-.4 E F2(EXIT ST) -72 352.8 Q -1.04(AT)-.986 G(US)1.04 E F0 .151(The e)108 364.8 R .151 -(xit status of an e)-.15 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .151(cuted command is the v) -.15 F .15(alue returned by the)-.25 F F1(waitpid)2.65 E F0 .15 -(system call or equi)2.65 F -.25(va)-.25 G .15(lent func-).25 F 2.847 -(tion. Exit)108 376.8 R .347(statuses f)2.847 F .347 -(all between 0 and 255, though, as e)-.1 F .347(xplained belo)-.15 F +(passed to that command in its en)108 441.6 Q(vironment.)-.4 E F3 +(EXIT ST)72 458.4 Q -1.04(AT)-.986 G(US)1.04 E F0 .151(The e)108 470.4 R +.151(xit status of an e)-.15 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .151 +(cuted command is the v).15 F .15(alue returned by the)-.25 F F2 +(waitpid)2.65 E F0 .15(system call or equi)2.65 F -.25(va)-.25 G .15 +(lent func-).25 F 2.847(tion. Exit)108 482.4 R .347(statuses f)2.847 F +.347(all between 0 and 255, though, as e)-.1 F .347(xplained belo)-.15 F 1.647 -.65(w, t)-.25 H .347(he shell may use v).65 F .348(alues abo)-.25 -F .648 -.15(ve 1)-.15 H(25).15 E(specially)108 388.8 Q 5.507(.E)-.65 G +F .648 -.15(ve 1)-.15 H(25).15 E(specially)108 494.4 Q 5.507(.E)-.65 G .507(xit statuses from shell b)-5.507 F .507 (uiltins and compound commands are also limited to this range.)-.2 F (Under)5.506 E(certain circumstances, the shell will use special v)108 -400.8 Q(alues to indicate speci\214c f)-.25 E(ailure modes.)-.1 E -.15 -(Fo)108 417.6 S 3.372(rt).15 G .872(he shell')-3.372 F 3.372(sp)-.55 G +506.4 Q(alues to indicate speci\214c f)-.25 E(ailure modes.)-.1 E -.15 +(Fo)108 523.2 S 3.372(rt).15 G .872(he shell')-3.372 F 3.372(sp)-.55 G .873(urposes, a command which e)-3.372 F .873(xits with a zero e)-.15 F .873(xit status has succeeded.)-.15 F .873(An e)5.873 F .873 -(xit status of)-.15 F .049(zero indicates success.)108 429.6 R 2.549(An) +(xit status of)-.15 F .049(zero indicates success.)108 535.2 R 2.549(An) 5.049 G .049(on-zero e)-2.549 F .049(xit status indicates f)-.15 F 2.549 (ailure. When)-.1 F 2.549(ac)2.549 G .048(ommand terminates on a f) --2.549 F .048(atal sig-)-.1 F(nal)108 441.6 Q F1(N)2.5 E F0(,)A F3(bash) -2.5 E F0(uses the v)2.5 E(alue of 128+)-.25 E F1(N)A F0(as the e)2.5 E +-2.549 F .048(atal sig-)-.1 F(nal)108 547.2 Q F2(N)2.5 E F0(,)A F1(bash) +2.5 E F0(uses the v)2.5 E(alue of 128+)-.25 E F2(N)A F0(as the e)2.5 E (xit status.)-.15 E .404 -(If a command is not found, the child process created to e)108 458.4 R +(If a command is not found, the child process created to e)108 564 R -.15(xe)-.15 G .404(cute it returns a status of 127.).15 F .405 -(If a command is)5.405 F(found b)108 470.4 Q(ut is not e)-.2 E -.15(xe) --.15 G(cutable, the return status is 126.).15 E(If a command f)108 487.2 +(If a command is)5.405 F(found b)108 576 Q(ut is not e)-.2 E -.15(xe) +-.15 G(cutable, the return status is 126.).15 E(If a command f)108 592.8 Q(ails because of an error during e)-.1 E (xpansion or redirection, the e)-.15 E(xit status is greater than zero.) --.15 E .081(Shell b)108 504 R .081 -(uiltin commands return a status of 0 \()-.2 F F1(true)A F0 2.581(\)i)C -2.581(fs)-2.581 G .08(uccessful, and non-zero \()-2.581 F F1(false)A F0 +-.15 E .081(Shell b)108 609.6 R .081 +(uiltin commands return a status of 0 \()-.2 F F2(true)A F0 2.581(\)i)C +2.581(fs)-2.581 G .08(uccessful, and non-zero \()-2.581 F F2(false)A F0 2.58(\)i)C 2.58(fa)-2.58 G 2.58(ne)-2.58 G .08(rror occurs while)-2.58 F -(the)108 516 Q 2.967(ye)-.15 G -.15(xe)-3.117 G 2.967(cute. All).15 F +(the)108 621.6 Q 2.967(ye)-.15 G -.15(xe)-3.117 G 2.967(cute. All).15 F -.2(bu)2.967 G .467(iltins return an e).2 F .468 (xit status of 2 to indicate incorrect usage, generally in)-.15 F -.25 -(va)-.4 G .468(lid options or).25 F(missing ar)108 528 Q(guments.)-.18 E -(The e)108 544.8 Q(xit status of the last command is a)-.15 E -.25(va) --.2 G(ilable in the special parameter $?.).25 E F3(Bash)108 561.6 Q F0 +(va)-.4 G .468(lid options or).25 F(missing ar)108 633.6 Q(guments.)-.18 +E(The e)108 650.4 Q(xit status of the last command is a)-.15 E -.25(va) +-.2 G(ilable in the special parameter $?.).25 E F1(Bash)108 667.2 Q F0 .202(itself returns the e)2.702 F .202(xit status of the last command e) -.15 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .201 -(cuted, unless a syntax error occurs, in which case).15 F(it e)108 573.6 -Q(xits with a non-zero v)-.15 E 2.5(alue. See)-.25 F(also the)2.5 E F3 -(exit)2.5 E F0 -.2(bu)2.5 G(iltin command belo).2 E -.65(w.)-.25 G F2 -(SIGN)72 590.4 Q(ALS)-.219 E F0(When)108 602.4 Q F3(bash)2.502 E F0 .002 +(cuted, unless a syntax error occurs, in which case).15 F(it e)108 679.2 +Q(xits with a non-zero v)-.15 E 2.5(alue. See)-.25 F(also the)2.5 E F1 +(exit)2.5 E F0 -.2(bu)2.5 G(iltin command belo).2 E -.65(w.)-.25 G F3 +(SIGN)72 696 Q(ALS)-.219 E F0(When)108 708 Q F1(bash)2.502 E F0 .002 (is interacti)2.502 F -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.502(,i).15 G 2.502(nt)-2.502 G .002(he absence of an)-2.502 F 2.502(yt)-.15 G .002(raps, it ignores) --2.502 F F4(SIGTERM)2.502 E F0 .002(\(so that)2.252 F F3 .002(kill 0) -2.502 F F0 .002(does not kill an in-)2.502 F(teracti)108 614.4 Q 1.216 +-2.502 F F4(SIGTERM)2.502 E F0 .002(\(so that)2.252 F F1 .002(kill 0) +2.502 F F0 .002(does not kill an in-)2.502 F(teracti)108 720 Q 1.216 -.15(ve s)-.25 H .916(hell\), and).15 F F4(SIGINT)3.416 E F0 .915 -(is caught and handled \(so that the)3.166 F F3(wait)3.415 E F0 -.2(bu) +(is caught and handled \(so that the)3.166 F F1(wait)3.415 E F0 -.2(bu) 3.415 G .915(iltin is interruptible\).).2 F .915(In all cases,)5.915 F -F3(bash)108 626.4 Q F0(ignores)2.5 E F4(SIGQ)2.5 E(UIT)-.09 E F5(.)A F0 -(If job control is in ef)4.5 E(fect,)-.25 E F3(bash)2.5 E F0(ignores)2.5 -E F4(SIGTTIN)2.5 E F5(,)A F4(SIGTT)2.25 E(OU)-.162 E F5(,)A F0(and)2.25 -E F4(SIGTSTP)2.5 E F5(.)A F0(Non-b)108 643.2 Q 1.064 -(uiltin commands run by)-.2 F F3(bash)3.564 E F0(ha)3.564 E 1.365 -.15 -(ve s)-.2 H 1.065(ignal handlers set to the v).15 F 1.065 -(alues inherited by the shell from its)-.25 F 3.248(parent. When)108 -655.2 R .748(job control is not in ef)3.248 F .747 -(fect, asynchronous commands ignore)-.25 F F4(SIGINT)3.247 E F0(and) -2.997 E F4(SIGQ)3.247 E(UIT)-.09 E F0 .747(in addi-)2.997 F .652 -(tion to these inherited handlers.)108 667.2 R .653 -(Commands run as a result of command substitution ignore the k)5.652 F --.15(ey)-.1 G(board-).15 E(generated job control signals)108 679.2 Q F4 -(SIGTTIN)2.5 E F5(,)A F4(SIGTT)2.25 E(OU)-.162 E F5(,)A F0(and)2.25 E F4 -(SIGTSTP)2.5 E F5(.)A F0 2.046(The shell e)108 696 R 2.046(xits by def) --.15 F 2.045(ault upon receipt of a)-.1 F F4(SIGHUP)4.545 E F5(.)A F0 -2.045(Before e)6.545 F 2.045(xiting, an interacti)-.15 F 2.345 -.15 -(ve s)-.25 H 2.045(hell resends the).15 F F4(SIGHUP)108 708 Q F0 1.004 -(to all jobs, running or stopped.)3.254 F 1.004(Stopped jobs are sent) -6.004 F F4(SIGCONT)3.505 E F0 1.005(to ensure that the)3.255 F 3.505(yr) --.15 G(ecei)-3.505 E 1.305 -.15(ve t)-.25 H(he).15 E F4(SIGHUP)108 720 Q -F5(.)A F0 2.53 -.8(To p)5.43 H(re).8 E -.15(ve)-.25 G .93(nt the shell \ -from sending the signal to a particular job, it should be remo).15 F --.15(ve)-.15 G 3.429(df).15 G .929(rom the)-3.429 F(GNU Bash 5.2)72 768 -Q(2022 March 11)144.29 E(38)193.45 E 0 Cg EP +(GNU Bash 5.2)72 768 Q(2022 June 3)150.675 E(38)199.835 E 0 Cg EP %%Page: 39 39 %%BeginPageSetup BP %%EndPageSetup /F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 137.14(SH\(1\) General).35 F -(Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E 1.356 -(jobs table with the)108 84 R/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(diso)3.856 E(wn)-.1 -E F0 -.2(bu)3.856 G 1.356(iltin \(see).2 F/F2 9/Times-Bold@0 SF 1.356 +(Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 +SF(bash)108 84 Q F0(ignores)2.5 E/F2 9/Times-Bold@0 SF(SIGQ)2.5 E(UIT) +-.09 E/F3 9/Times-Roman@0 SF(.)A F0(If job control is in ef)4.5 E(fect,) +-.25 E F1(bash)2.5 E F0(ignores)2.5 E F2(SIGTTIN)2.5 E F3(,)A F2(SIGTT) +2.25 E(OU)-.162 E F3(,)A F0(and)2.25 E F2(SIGTSTP)2.5 E F3(.)A F0(Non-b) +108 100.8 Q 1.064(uiltin commands run by)-.2 F F1(bash)3.564 E F0(ha) +3.564 E 1.365 -.15(ve s)-.2 H 1.065(ignal handlers set to the v).15 F +1.065(alues inherited by the shell from its)-.25 F 3.248(parent. When) +108 112.8 R .748(job control is not in ef)3.248 F .747 +(fect, asynchronous commands ignore)-.25 F F2(SIGINT)3.247 E F0(and) +2.997 E F2(SIGQ)3.247 E(UIT)-.09 E F0 .747(in addi-)2.997 F .652 +(tion to these inherited handlers.)108 124.8 R .653 +(Commands run as a result of command substitution ignore the k)5.652 F +-.15(ey)-.1 G(board-).15 E(generated job control signals)108 136.8 Q F2 +(SIGTTIN)2.5 E F3(,)A F2(SIGTT)2.25 E(OU)-.162 E F3(,)A F0(and)2.25 E F2 +(SIGTSTP)2.5 E F3(.)A F0 2.046(The shell e)108 153.6 R 2.046 +(xits by def)-.15 F 2.045(ault upon receipt of a)-.1 F F2(SIGHUP)4.545 E +F3(.)A F0 2.045(Before e)6.545 F 2.045(xiting, an interacti)-.15 F 2.345 +-.15(ve s)-.25 H 2.045(hell resends the).15 F F2(SIGHUP)108 165.6 Q F0 +1.004(to all jobs, running or stopped.)3.254 F 1.004 +(Stopped jobs are sent)6.004 F F2(SIGCONT)3.505 E F0 1.005 +(to ensure that the)3.255 F 3.505(yr)-.15 G(ecei)-3.505 E 1.305 -.15 +(ve t)-.25 H(he).15 E F2(SIGHUP)108 177.6 Q F3(.)A F0 2.53 -.8(To p)5.43 +H(re).8 E -.15(ve)-.25 G .93(nt the shell from sending the signal to a \ +particular job, it should be remo).15 F -.15(ve)-.15 G 3.429(df).15 G +.929(rom the)-3.429 F 1.356(jobs table with the)108 189.6 R F1(diso) +3.856 E(wn)-.1 E F0 -.2(bu)3.856 G 1.356(iltin \(see).2 F F2 1.356 (SHELL B)3.856 F(UIL)-.09 E 1.356(TIN COMMANDS)-.828 F F0(belo)3.607 E 1.357(w\) or mark)-.25 F 1.357(ed to not recei)-.1 F -.15(ve)-.25 G F2 -(SIGHUP)108 96 Q F0(using)2.25 E F1(diso)2.5 E(wn \255h)-.1 E F0(.)A -.166(If the)108 112.8 R F1(huponexit)2.666 E F0 .166 +(SIGHUP)108 201.6 Q F0(using)2.25 E F1(diso)2.5 E(wn \255h)-.1 E F0(.)A +.166(If the)108 218.4 R F1(huponexit)2.666 E F0 .166 (shell option has been set with)2.666 F F1(shopt)2.666 E F0(,)A F1(bash) 2.666 E F0 .166(sends a)2.666 F F2(SIGHUP)2.666 E F0 .166 (to all jobs when an interacti)2.416 F -.15(ve)-.25 G(login shell e)108 -124.8 Q(xits.)-.15 E(If)108 141.6 Q F1(bash)3.046 E F0 .546(is w)3.046 F +230.4 Q(xits.)-.15 E(If)108 247.2 Q F1(bash)3.046 E F0 .546(is w)3.046 F .546(aiting for a command to complete and recei)-.1 F -.15(ve)-.25 G 3.046(sas).15 G .546(ignal for which a trap has been set, the trap) --3.046 F .663(will not be e)108 153.6 R -.15(xe)-.15 G .663 +-3.046 F .663(will not be e)108 259.2 R -.15(xe)-.15 G .663 (cuted until the command completes.).15 F(When)5.663 E F1(bash)3.163 E F0 .662(is w)3.163 F .662(aiting for an asynchronous command)-.1 F .326 -(via the)108 165.6 R F1(wait)2.826 E F0 -.2(bu)2.826 G .327(iltin, the \ +(via the)108 271.2 R F1(wait)2.826 E F0 -.2(bu)2.826 G .327(iltin, the \ reception of a signal for which a trap has been set will cause the).2 F F1(wait)2.827 E F0 -.2(bu)2.827 G .327(iltin to re-).2 F -(turn immediately with an e)108 177.6 Q +(turn immediately with an e)108 283.2 Q (xit status greater than 128, immediately after which the trap is e)-.15 E -.15(xe)-.15 G(cuted.).15 E .499(When job control is not enabled, and) -108 194.4 R F1(bash)2.998 E F0 .498(is w)2.998 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.81(command, it w)108 259.2 R .81 -(aits until that fore)-.1 F .81 +324 R .424(This happens because the shell and the command are in the sa\ +me process group as)5.424 F(the terminal, and)108 336 Q F1(^C)2.5 E F0 +(sends)2.5 E F2(SIGINT)2.5 E F0(to all processes in that process group.) +2.25 E(When)108 352.8 Q F1(bash)3.8 E F0 1.3 +(is running without job control enabled and recei)3.8 F -.15(ve)-.25 G +(s).15 E F2(SIGINT)3.8 E F0 1.3(while w)3.55 F 1.3(aiting for a fore)-.1 +F(ground)-.15 E .81(command, it w)108 364.8 R .81(aits until that fore) +-.1 F .81 (ground command terminates and then decides what to do about the)-.15 F -F2(SIG-)3.309 E(INT)108 271.2 Q/F3 9/Times-Roman@0 SF(:)A F0(1.)108 288 -Q .002(If the command terminates due to the)144 288 R F2(SIGINT)2.502 E -F3(,)A F1(bash)2.252 E F0 .003 +F2(SIG-)3.309 E(INT)108 376.8 Q F3(:)A F0(1.)108 393.6 Q .002 +(If the command terminates due to the)144 393.6 R F2(SIGINT)2.502 E F3 +(,)A F1(bash)2.252 E F0 .003 (concludes that the 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Background)108 616.8 R .551 +-2.66 F(-)-.2 E 3.051(minal. Background)108 722.4 R .551 (processes which attempt to read from \(write to when)3.051 F F6 .551 (stty tostop)3.051 F F0 .552(is in ef)3.052 F .552(fect\) the)-.25 F -.718(terminal are sent a)108 628.8 R F2 .718(SIGTTIN \(SIGTT)3.218 F -(OU\))-.162 E F0 .718(signal by the k)2.968 F(ernel')-.1 E 3.217(st)-.55 -G .717(erminal dri)-3.217 F -.15(ve)-.25 G 1.517 -.4(r, w).15 H .717 -(hich, unless caught, sus-).4 F(pends the process.)108 640.8 Q 1.087 -(If the operating system on which)108 657.6 R F1(bash)3.587 E F0 1.088 -(is running supports job control,)3.588 F F1(bash)3.588 E F0 1.088 -(contains f)3.588 F 1.088(acilities to use it.)-.1 F -.8(Ty)108 669.6 S -.302(ping the).8 F F5(suspend)3.142 E F0 .302(character \(typically) -3.572 F F1(^Z)2.801 E F0 2.801(,C)C .301 -(ontrol-Z\) while a process is running causes that process to be)-2.801 -F 2.142(stopped and returns control to)108 681.6 R F1(bash)4.642 E F0 -7.142(.T)C 2.142(yping the)-7.942 F F5 2.142(delayed suspend)4.992 F F0 -2.143(character \(typically)5.413 F F1(^Y)4.643 E F0 4.643(,C)C -(ontrol-Y\))-4.643 E .021(causes the process to be stopped when it atte\ -mpts to read input from the terminal, and control to be returned)108 -693.6 R(to)108 705.6 Q F1(bash)3.392 E F0 5.892(.T)C .892 -(he user may then manipulate the state of this job, using the)-5.892 F -F1(bg)3.392 E F0 .892(command to continue it in the)3.392 F .17 -(background, the)108 717.6 R F1(fg)2.67 E F0 .17 -(command to continue it in the fore)2.67 F .17(ground, or the)-.15 F F1 -(kill)2.67 E F0 .17(command to kill it.)2.67 F(A)5.17 E F1(^Z)2.67 E F0 -(tak)2.67 E .17(es ef-)-.1 F 2.679(fect immediately)108 729.6 R 5.179 -(,a)-.65 G 2.679(nd has the additional side ef)-5.179 F 2.68 -(fect of causing pending output and typeahead to be)-.25 F(GNU Bash 5.2) -72 768 Q(2022 March 11)144.29 E(39)193.45 E 0 Cg EP +(GNU Bash 5.2)72 768 Q(2022 June 3)150.675 E(39)199.835 E 0 Cg EP %%Page: 40 40 %%BeginPageSetup BP %%EndPageSetup /F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 137.14(SH\(1\) General).35 F -(Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E(discarded.)108 84 -Q .777(There are a number of w)108 100.8 R .777 -(ays to refer to a job in the shell.)-.1 F .777(The character)5.777 F/F1 -10/Times-Bold@0 SF(%)3.277 E F0 .777(introduces a job speci\214cation) -3.277 F(\()108 112.8 Q/F2 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(jobspec)A F0 3.457 -(\). Job)B(number)3.457 E F2(n)3.817 E F0 .957(may be referred to as) -3.697 F F1(%n)3.457 E F0 5.957(.A)C .957 +(Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E .718 +(terminal are sent a)108 84 R/F1 9/Times-Bold@0 SF .718(SIGTTIN \(SIGTT) +3.218 F(OU\))-.162 E F0 .718(signal by the k)2.968 F(ernel')-.1 E 3.217 +(st)-.55 G .717(erminal dri)-3.217 F -.15(ve)-.25 G 1.517 -.4(r, w).15 H +.717(hich, unless caught, sus-).4 F(pends the process.)108 96 Q 1.087 +(If the operating system on which)108 112.8 R/F2 10/Times-Bold@0 SF +(bash)3.587 E F0 1.088(is running supports job control,)3.588 F F2(bash) +3.588 E F0 1.088(contains f)3.588 F 1.088(acilities to use it.)-.1 F -.8 +(Ty)108 124.8 S .302(ping the).8 F/F3 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(suspend)3.142 +E F0 .302(character \(typically)3.572 F F2(^Z)2.801 E F0 2.801(,C)C .301 +(ontrol-Z\) while a process is running causes that process to be)-2.801 +F 2.142(stopped and returns control to)108 136.8 R F2(bash)4.642 E F0 +7.142(.T)C 2.142(yping the)-7.942 F F3 2.142(delayed suspend)4.992 F F0 +2.143(character \(typically)5.413 F F2(^Y)4.643 E F0 4.643(,C)C +(ontrol-Y\))-4.643 E .021(causes the process to be stopped when it atte\ +mpts to read input from the terminal, and control to be returned)108 +148.8 R(to)108 160.8 Q F2(bash)3.392 E F0 5.892(.T)C .892 +(he user may then manipulate the state of this job, using the)-5.892 F +F2(bg)3.392 E F0 .892(command to continue it in the)3.392 F .17 +(background, the)108 172.8 R F2(fg)2.67 E F0 .17 +(command to continue it in the fore)2.67 F .17(ground, or the)-.15 F F2 +(kill)2.67 E F0 .17(command to kill it.)2.67 F(A)5.17 E F2(^Z)2.67 E F0 +(tak)2.67 E .17(es ef-)-.1 F 1.418(fect immediately)108 184.8 R 3.918 +(,a)-.65 G 1.418(nd has the additional side ef)-3.918 F 1.418 +(fect of causing pending output and typeahead to be dis-)-.25 F(carded.) +108 196.8 Q .777(There are a number of w)108 213.6 R .777 +(ays to refer to a job in the shell.)-.1 F .777(The character)5.777 F F2 +(%)3.277 E F0 .777(introduces a job speci\214cation)3.277 F(\()108 225.6 +Q F3(jobspec)A F0 3.457(\). Job)B(number)3.457 E F3(n)3.817 E F0 .957 +(may be referred to as)3.697 F F2(%n)3.457 E F0 5.957(.A)C .957 (job may also be referred to using a pre\214x of the)-2.5 F .59(name us\ ed to start it, or using a substring that appears in its command line.) -108 124.8 R -.15(Fo)5.59 G 3.09(re).15 G(xample,)-3.24 E F1(%ce)3.09 E +108 237.6 R -.15(Fo)5.59 G 3.09(re).15 G(xample,)-3.24 E F2(%ce)3.09 E F0 .59(refers to a)3.09 F .385(stopped job whose command name be)108 -136.8 R .385(gins with)-.15 F F1(ce)2.885 E F0 5.385(.I)C 2.885(fap) --5.385 G .385(re\214x matches more than one job,)-2.885 F F1(bash)2.885 -E F0 .385(reports an)2.885 F(error)108 148.8 Q 5.194(.U)-.55 G(sing) --5.194 E F1(%?ce)2.694 E F0 2.694(,o)C 2.694(nt)-2.694 G .194 +249.6 R .385(gins with)-.15 F F2(ce)2.885 E F0 5.385(.I)C 2.885(fap) +-5.385 G .385(re\214x matches more than one job,)-2.885 F F2(bash)2.885 +E F0 .385(reports an)2.885 F(error)108 261.6 Q 5.194(.U)-.55 G(sing) +-5.194 E F2(%?ce)2.694 E F0 2.694(,o)C 2.694(nt)-2.694 G .194 (he other hand, refers to an)-2.694 F 2.694(yj)-.15 G .194 -(ob containing the string)-2.694 F F1(ce)2.694 E F0 .194 +(ob containing the string)-2.694 F F2(ce)2.694 E F0 .194 (in its command line.)2.694 F .194(If the)5.194 F .306 -(substring matches more than one job,)108 160.8 R F1(bash)2.806 E F0 +(substring matches more than one job,)108 273.6 R F2(bash)2.806 E F0 .306(reports an error)2.806 F 5.306(.T)-.55 G .306(he symbols)-5.306 F -F1(%%)2.806 E F0(and)2.806 E F1(%+)2.806 E F0 .307(refer to the shell') -2.806 F(s)-.55 E .133(notion of the)108 172.8 R F2(curr)2.833 E .133 +F2(%%)2.806 E F0(and)2.806 E F2(%+)2.806 E F0 .307(refer to the shell') +2.806 F(s)-.55 E .133(notion of the)108 285.6 R F3(curr)2.833 E .133 (ent job)-.37 F F0 2.633(,w).23 G .133 (hich is the last job stopped while it w)-2.633 F .133(as in the fore) -.1 F .132(ground or started in the back-)-.15 F 2.575(ground. The)108 -184.8 R F2(pr)3.825 E -.15(ev)-.37 G .075(ious job).15 F F0 .075 -(may be referenced using)2.805 F F1<25ad>2.575 E F0 5.075(.I)C 2.575(ft) --5.075 G .076(here is only a single job,)-2.575 F F1(%+)2.576 E F0(and) -2.576 E F1<25ad>2.576 E F0 .076(can both)2.576 F .317 -(be used to refer to that job)108 196.8 R 5.317(.I)-.4 G 2.817(no)-5.317 -G .317(utput pertaining to jobs \(e.g., the output of the)-2.817 F F1 +297.6 R F3(pr)3.825 E -.15(ev)-.37 G .075(ious job).15 F F0 .075 +(may be referenced using)2.805 F F2<25ad>2.575 E F0 5.075(.I)C 2.575(ft) +-5.075 G .076(here is only a single job,)-2.575 F F2(%+)2.576 E F0(and) +2.576 E F2<25ad>2.576 E F0 .076(can both)2.576 F .317 +(be used to refer to that job)108 309.6 R 5.317(.I)-.4 G 2.817(no)-5.317 +G .317(utput pertaining to jobs \(e.g., the output of the)-2.817 F F2 (jobs)2.817 E F0 .317(command\), the current)2.817 F .032(job is al)108 -208.8 R -.1(wa)-.1 G .033(ys \215agged with a).1 F F1(+)2.533 E F0 2.533 -(,a)C .033(nd the pre)-2.533 F .033(vious job with a)-.25 F F12.533 +321.6 R -.1(wa)-.1 G .033(ys \215agged with a).1 F F2(+)2.533 E F0 2.533 +(,a)C .033(nd the pre)-2.533 F .033(vious job with a)-.25 F F22.533 E F0 5.033(.A)C .033(single % \(with no accompan)-2.5 F .033 (ying job speci-)-.15 F(\214cation\) also refers to the current job)108 -220.8 Q(.)-.4 E .444 -(Simply naming a job can be used to bring it into the fore)108 237.6 R -(ground:)-.15 E F1(%1)2.943 E F0 .443(is a synon)2.943 F .443(ym for) --.15 F F1 -.63(``)2.943 G .443(fg %1').63 F(')-.63 E F0 2.943(,b)C +333.6 Q(.)-.4 E .444 +(Simply naming a job can be used to bring it into the fore)108 350.4 R +(ground:)-.15 E F2(%1)2.943 E F0 .443(is a synon)2.943 F .443(ym for) +-.15 F F2 -.63(``)2.943 G .443(fg %1').63 F(')-.63 E F0 2.943(,b)C (ringing)-2.943 E 1.472(job 1 from the background into the fore)108 -249.6 R 3.972(ground. Similarly)-.15 F(,)-.65 E F1 -.63(``)3.973 G 1.473 +362.4 R 3.972(ground. Similarly)-.15 F(,)-.65 E F2 -.63(``)3.973 G 1.473 (%1 &').63 F(')-.63 E F0 1.473(resumes job 1 in the background,)3.973 F -(equi)108 261.6 Q -.25(va)-.25 G(lent to).25 E F1 -.63(``)2.5 G(bg %1') -.63 E(')-.63 E F0(.)A .131(The shell learns immediately whene)108 278.4 +(equi)108 374.4 Q -.25(va)-.25 G(lent to).25 E F2 -.63(``)2.5 G(bg %1') +.63 E(')-.63 E F0(.)A .131(The shell learns immediately whene)108 391.2 R -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.631(raj).15 G .131(ob changes state.)-2.631 F -(Normally)5.131 E(,)-.65 E F1(bash)2.631 E F0 -.1(wa)2.63 G .13 +(Normally)5.131 E(,)-.65 E F2(bash)2.631 E F0 -.1(wa)2.63 G .13 (its until it is about to print a).1 F .157 -(prompt before reporting changes in a job')108 290.4 R 2.657(ss)-.55 G +(prompt before reporting changes in a job')108 403.2 R 2.657(ss)-.55 G .157(tatus so as to not interrupt an)-2.657 F 2.658(yo)-.15 G .158 -(ther output.)-2.658 F .158(If the)5.158 F F12.658 E F0 .158 -(option to)2.658 F(the)108 302.4 Q F1(set)2.648 E F0 -.2(bu)2.648 G .148 -(iltin command is enabled,).2 F F1(bash)2.648 E F0 .148 +(ther output.)-2.658 F .158(If the)5.158 F F22.658 E F0 .158 +(option to)2.658 F(the)108 415.2 Q F2(set)2.648 E F0 -.2(bu)2.648 G .148 +(iltin command is enabled,).2 F F2(bash)2.648 E F0 .148 (reports such changes immediately)2.648 F 5.147(.A)-.65 G .447 -.15 -(ny t)-5.147 H .147(rap on).15 F/F3 9/Times-Bold@0 SF(SIGCHLD)2.647 E F0 -.147(is e)2.397 F -.15(xe)-.15 G(-).15 E(cuted for each child that e)108 -314.4 Q(xits.)-.15 E .032(If an attempt to e)108 331.2 R(xit)-.15 E F1 -(bash)2.532 E F0 .032(is made while jobs are stopped \(or)2.532 F 2.533 -(,i)-.4 G 2.533(ft)-2.533 G(he)-2.533 E F1(checkjobs)2.533 E F0 .033 -(shell option has been enabled)2.533 F 1.003(using the)108 343.2 R F1 +(ny t)-5.147 H .147(rap on).15 F F1(SIGCHLD)2.647 E F0 .147(is e)2.397 F +-.15(xe)-.15 G(-).15 E(cuted for each child that e)108 427.2 Q(xits.) +-.15 E .032(If an attempt to e)108 444 R(xit)-.15 E F2(bash)2.532 E F0 +.032(is made while jobs are stopped \(or)2.532 F 2.533(,i)-.4 G 2.533 +(ft)-2.533 G(he)-2.533 E F2(checkjobs)2.533 E F0 .033 +(shell option has been enabled)2.533 F 1.003(using the)108 456 R F2 (shopt)3.503 E F0 -.2(bu)3.503 G 1.003 (iltin, running\), the shell prints a w).2 F 1.002 -(arning message, and, if the)-.1 F F1(checkjobs)3.502 E F0 1.002 +(arning message, and, if the)-.1 F F2(checkjobs)3.502 E F0 1.002 (option is en-)3.502 F .955(abled, lists the jobs and their statuses.) -108 355.2 R(The)5.955 E F1(jobs)3.455 E F0 .955 +108 468 R(The)5.955 E F2(jobs)3.455 E F0 .955 (command may then be used to inspect their status.)3.455 F .956(If a) -5.956 F .604(second attempt to e)108 367.2 R .604 +5.956 F .604(second attempt to e)108 480 R .604 (xit is made without an interv)-.15 F .604 (ening command, the shell does not print another w)-.15 F(arning,)-.1 E -(and an)108 379.2 Q 2.5(ys)-.15 G(topped jobs are terminated.)-2.5 E -.644(When the shell is w)108 396 R .644 -(aiting for a job or process using the)-.1 F F1(wait)3.145 E F0 -.2(bu) -3.145 G .645(iltin, and job control is enabled,).2 F F1(wait)3.145 E F0 -(will)3.145 E .282(return when the job changes state. The)108 408 R F1 -2.782 E F0 .282(option causes)2.782 F F1(wait)2.782 E F0 .282 +(and an)108 492 Q 2.5(ys)-.15 G(topped jobs are terminated.)-2.5 E .644 +(When the shell is w)108 508.8 R .644 +(aiting for a job or process using the)-.1 F F2(wait)3.145 E F0 -.2(bu) +3.145 G .645(iltin, and job control is enabled,).2 F F2(wait)3.145 E F0 +(will)3.145 E .282(return when the job changes state. The)108 520.8 R F2 +2.782 E F0 .282(option causes)2.782 F F2(wait)2.782 E F0 .282 (to w)2.782 F .282(ait until the job or process terminates be-)-.1 F -(fore returning.)108 420 Q/F4 10.95/Times-Bold@0 SF(PR)72 436.8 Q -(OMPTING)-.329 E F0 .644(When e)108 448.8 R -.15(xe)-.15 G .644 -(cuting interacti).15 F -.15(ve)-.25 G(ly).15 E(,)-.65 E F1(bash)3.144 E -F0 .645(displays the primary prompt)3.145 F F3(PS1)3.145 E F0 .645 +(fore returning.)108 532.8 Q/F4 10.95/Times-Bold@0 SF(PR)72 549.6 Q +(OMPTING)-.329 E F0 .644(When e)108 561.6 R -.15(xe)-.15 G .644 +(cuting interacti).15 F -.15(ve)-.25 G(ly).15 E(,)-.65 E F2(bash)3.144 E +F0 .645(displays the primary prompt)3.145 F F1(PS1)3.145 E F0 .645 (when it is ready to read a command,)2.895 F .428 -(and the secondary prompt)108 460.8 R F3(PS2)2.928 E F0 .427 -(when it needs more input to complete a command.)2.678 F F1(Bash)5.427 E -F0(displays)2.927 E F3(PS0)2.927 E F0(after)2.677 E .037 -(it reads a command b)108 472.8 R .037(ut before e)-.2 F -.15(xe)-.15 G -.037(cuting it.).15 F F1(Bash)5.037 E F0(displays)2.537 E F3(PS4)2.538 E +(and the secondary prompt)108 573.6 R F1(PS2)2.928 E F0 .427 +(when it needs more input to complete a command.)2.678 F F2(Bash)5.427 E +F0(displays)2.927 E F1(PS0)2.927 E F0(after)2.677 E .037 +(it reads a command b)108 585.6 R .037(ut before e)-.2 F -.15(xe)-.15 G +.037(cuting it.).15 F F2(Bash)5.037 E F0(displays)2.537 E F1(PS4)2.538 E F0 .038(as described abo)2.288 F .338 -.15(ve b)-.15 H .038 -(efore tracing each com-).15 F 1.122(mand when the)108 484.8 R F1 -3.622 E F0 1.122(option is enabled.)3.622 F F1(Bash)6.122 E F0(allo) +(efore tracing each com-).15 F 1.122(mand when the)108 597.6 R F2 +3.622 E F0 1.122(option is enabled.)3.622 F F2(Bash)6.122 E F0(allo) 3.622 E 1.122(ws these prompt strings to be customized by inserting a) -.25 F(number of backslash-escaped special characters that are decoded \ -as follo)108 496.8 Q(ws:)-.25 E F1(\\a)144 508.8 Q F0 -(an ASCII bell character \(07\))180 508.8 Q F1(\\d)144 520.8 Q F0 -(the date in "W)180 520.8 Q(eekday Month Date" format \(e.g., "T)-.8 E -(ue May 26"\))-.45 E F1(\\D{)144 532.8 Q F2(format)A F1(})A F0(the)180 -544.8 Q F2(format)3.926 E F0 1.426(is passed to)3.926 F F2(strftime) +as follo)108 609.6 Q(ws:)-.25 E F2(\\a)144 621.6 Q F0 +(an ASCII bell character \(07\))180 621.6 Q F2(\\d)144 633.6 Q F0 +(the date in "W)180 633.6 Q(eekday Month Date" format \(e.g., "T)-.8 E +(ue May 26"\))-.45 E F2(\\D{)144 645.6 Q F3(format)A F2(})A F0(the)180 +657.6 Q F3(format)3.926 E F0 1.426(is passed to)3.926 F F3(strftime) 3.926 E F0 1.427 (\(3\) and the result is inserted into the prompt string; an)B(empty)180 -556.8 Q F2(format)2.5 E F0 +669.6 Q F3(format)2.5 E F0 (results in a locale-speci\214c time representation.)2.5 E -(The braces are required)5 E F1(\\e)144 568.8 Q F0 -(an ASCII escape character \(033\))180 568.8 Q F1(\\h)144 580.8 Q F0 -(the hostname up to the \214rst `.)180 580.8 Q(')-.7 E F1(\\H)144 592.8 -Q F0(the hostname)180 592.8 Q F1(\\j)144 604.8 Q F0 -(the number of jobs currently managed by the shell)180 604.8 Q F1(\\l) -144 616.8 Q F0(the basename of the shell')180 616.8 Q 2.5(st)-.55 G -(erminal de)-2.5 E(vice name)-.25 E F1(\\n)144 628.8 Q F0(ne)180 628.8 Q -(wline)-.25 E F1(\\r)144 640.8 Q F0(carriage return)180 640.8 Q F1(\\s) -144 652.8 Q F0(the name of the shell, the basename of)180 652.8 Q F1($0) -2.5 E F0(\(the portion follo)2.5 E(wing the \214nal slash\))-.25 E F1 -(\\t)144 664.8 Q F0(the current time in 24-hour HH:MM:SS format)180 -664.8 Q F1(\\T)144 676.8 Q F0 -(the current time in 12-hour HH:MM:SS format)180 676.8 Q F1(\\@)144 -688.8 Q F0(the current time in 12-hour am/pm format)180 688.8 Q F1(\\A) -144 700.8 Q F0(the current time in 24-hour HH:MM format)180 700.8 Q F1 -(\\u)144 712.8 Q F0(the username of the current user)180 712.8 Q -(GNU Bash 5.2)72 768 Q(2022 March 11)144.29 E(40)193.45 E 0 Cg EP +(The braces are required)5 E F2(\\e)144 681.6 Q F0 +(an ASCII escape character \(033\))180 681.6 Q F2(\\h)144 693.6 Q F0 +(the hostname up to the \214rst `.)180 693.6 Q(')-.7 E F2(\\H)144 705.6 +Q F0(the hostname)180 705.6 Q F2(\\j)144 717.6 Q F0 +(the number of jobs currently managed by the shell)180 717.6 Q +(GNU Bash 5.2)72 768 Q(2022 June 3)150.675 E(40)199.835 E 0 Cg EP %%Page: 41 41 %%BeginPageSetup BP %%EndPageSetup /F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 137.14(SH\(1\) General).35 F (Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 -SF(\\v)144 84 Q F0(the v)180 84 Q(ersion of)-.15 E F1(bash)2.5 E F0 -(\(e.g., 2.00\))2.5 E F1(\\V)144 96 Q F0(the release of)180 96 Q F1 +SF(\\l)144 84 Q F0(the basename of the shell')180 84 Q 2.5(st)-.55 G +(erminal de)-2.5 E(vice name)-.25 E F1(\\n)144 96 Q F0(ne)180 96 Q +(wline)-.25 E F1(\\r)144 108 Q F0(carriage return)180 108 Q F1(\\s)144 +120 Q F0(the name of the shell, the basename of)180 120 Q F1($0)2.5 E F0 +(\(the portion follo)2.5 E(wing the \214nal slash\))-.25 E F1(\\t)144 +132 Q F0(the current time in 24-hour HH:MM:SS format)180 132 Q F1(\\T) +144 144 Q F0(the current time in 12-hour HH:MM:SS format)180 144 Q F1 +(\\@)144 156 Q F0(the current time in 12-hour am/pm format)180 156 Q F1 +(\\A)144 168 Q F0(the current time in 24-hour HH:MM format)180 168 Q F1 +(\\u)144 180 Q F0(the username of the current user)180 180 Q F1(\\v)144 +192 Q F0(the v)180 192 Q(ersion of)-.15 E F1(bash)2.5 E F0 +(\(e.g., 2.00\))2.5 E F1(\\V)144 204 Q F0(the release of)180 204 Q F1 (bash)2.5 E F0 2.5(,v)C(ersion + patch le)-2.65 E -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.5 -(l\().15 G(e.g., 2.00.0\))-2.5 E F1(\\w)144 108 Q F0 .12(the v)180 108 R +(l\().15 G(e.g., 2.00.0\))-2.5 E F1(\\w)144 216 Q F0 .12(the v)180 216 R .119(alue of the)-.25 F F1(PWD)2.619 E F0 .119(shell v)2.619 F .119 (ariable \()-.25 F F1($PWD)A F0 .119(\), with)B/F2 9/Times-Bold@0 SF ($HOME)2.619 E F0(abbre)2.369 E .119(viated with a tilde \(uses)-.25 F -(the v)180 120 Q(alue of the)-.25 E F2(PR)2.5 E(OMPT_DIR)-.27 E(TRIM) --.36 E F0 -.25(va)2.25 G(riable\)).25 E F1(\\W)144 132 Q F0 -(the basename of)180 132 Q F1($PWD)2.5 E F0 2.5(,w)C(ith)-2.5 E F2 -($HOME)2.5 E F0(abbre)2.25 E(viated with a tilde)-.25 E F1(\\!)144 144 Q -F0(the history number of this command)180 144 Q F1(\\#)144 156 Q F0 -(the command number of this command)180 156 Q F1(\\$)144 168 Q F0 -(if the ef)180 168 Q(fecti)-.25 E .3 -.15(ve U)-.25 H(ID is 0, a).15 E -F1(#)2.5 E F0 2.5(,o)C(therwise a)-2.5 E F1($)2.5 E(\\)144 180 Q/F3 10 +(the v)180 228 Q(alue of the)-.25 E F2(PR)2.5 E(OMPT_DIR)-.27 E(TRIM) +-.36 E F0 -.25(va)2.25 G(riable\)).25 E F1(\\W)144 240 Q F0 +(the basename of)180 240 Q F1($PWD)2.5 E F0 2.5(,w)C(ith)-2.5 E F2 +($HOME)2.5 E F0(abbre)2.25 E(viated with a tilde)-.25 E F1(\\!)144 252 Q +F0(the history number of this command)180 252 Q F1(\\#)144 264 Q F0 +(the command number of this command)180 264 Q F1(\\$)144 276 Q F0 +(if the ef)180 276 Q(fecti)-.25 E .3 -.15(ve U)-.25 H(ID is 0, a).15 E +F1(#)2.5 E F0 2.5(,o)C(therwise a)-2.5 E F1($)2.5 E(\\)144 288 Q/F3 10 /Times-Italic@0 SF(nnn)A F0 -(the character corresponding to the octal number)180 180 Q F3(nnn)2.5 E -F1(\\\\)144 192 Q F0 2.5(ab)180 192 S(ackslash)-2.5 E F1(\\[)144 204 Q -F0(be)180 204 Q 1.257(gin a sequence of non-printing characters, which \ +(the character corresponding to the octal number)180 288 Q F3(nnn)2.5 E +F1(\\\\)144 300 Q F0 2.5(ab)180 300 S(ackslash)-2.5 E F1(\\[)144 312 Q +F0(be)180 312 Q 1.257(gin a sequence of non-printing characters, which \ could be used to embed a terminal)-.15 F -(control sequence into the prompt)180 216 Q F1(\\])144 228 Q F0 -(end a sequence of non-printing characters)180 228 Q .12 -(The command number and the history number are usually dif)108 244.8 R +(control sequence into the prompt)180 324 Q F1(\\])144 336 Q F0 +(end a sequence of non-printing characters)180 336 Q .12 +(The command number and the history number are usually dif)108 352.8 R .119(ferent: the history number of a command is its)-.25 F .547(positio\ n in the history list, which may include commands restored from the his\ -tory \214le \(see)108 256.8 R F2(HIST)3.047 E(OR)-.162 E(Y)-.315 E F0 -(be-)2.797 E(lo)108 268.8 Q .354(w\), while the command number is the p\ +tory \214le \(see)108 364.8 R F2(HIST)3.047 E(OR)-.162 E(Y)-.315 E F0 +(be-)2.797 E(lo)108 376.8 Q .354(w\), while the command number is the p\ osition in the sequence of commands e)-.25 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .354 -(cuted during the current).15 F .822(shell session.)108 280.8 R .822 +(cuted during the current).15 F .822(shell session.)108 388.8 R .822 (After the string is decoded, it is e)5.822 F .822 (xpanded via parameter e)-.15 F .823(xpansion, command substitution,) --.15 F .683(arithmetic e)108 292.8 R .683(xpansion, and quote remo)-.15 +-.15 F .683(arithmetic e)108 400.8 R .683(xpansion, and quote remo)-.15 F -.25(va)-.15 G .683(l, subject to the v).25 F .682(alue of the)-.25 F F1(pr)3.182 E(omptv)-.18 E(ars)-.1 E F0 .682(shell option \(see the de-) -3.182 F 1.197(scription of the)108 304.8 R F1(shopt)3.697 E F0 1.197 +3.182 F 1.197(scription of the)108 412.8 R F1(shopt)3.697 E F0 1.197 (command under)3.697 F F2 1.197(SHELL B)3.697 F(UIL)-.09 E 1.197 (TIN COMMANDS)-.828 F F0(belo)3.448 E 3.698(w\). This)-.25 F 1.198 (can ha)3.698 F 1.498 -.15(ve u)-.2 H(nw).15 E(anted)-.1 E .322(side ef) -108 316.8 R .322(fects if escaped portions of the string appear within \ +108 424.8 R .322(fects if escaped portions of the string appear within \ command substitution or contain characters spe-)-.25 F(cial to w)108 -328.8 Q(ord e)-.1 E(xpansion.)-.15 E/F4 10.95/Times-Bold@0 SF(READLINE) -72 345.6 Q F0 .15 +436.8 Q(ord e)-.1 E(xpansion.)-.15 E/F4 10.95/Times-Bold@0 SF(READLINE) +72 453.6 Q F0 .15 (This is the library that handles reading input when using an interacti) -108 357.6 R .451 -.15(ve s)-.25 H .151(hell, unless the).15 F F1 -(\255\255noediting)2.651 E F0(option)2.651 E .385(is gi)108 369.6 R -.15 +108 465.6 R .451 -.15(ve s)-.25 H .151(hell, unless the).15 F F1 +(\255\255noediting)2.651 E F0(option)2.651 E .385(is gi)108 477.6 R -.15 (ve)-.25 G 2.885(na).15 G 2.885(ts)-2.885 G .385(hell in)-2.885 F -.2 (vo)-.4 G 2.885(cation. Line).2 F .385 (editing is also used when using the)2.885 F F12.884 E F0 .384 (option to the)2.884 F F1 -.18(re)2.884 G(ad).18 E F0 -.2(bu)2.884 G -2.884(iltin. By).2 F(de-)2.884 E -.1(fa)108 381.6 S 1.406 +2.884(iltin. By).2 F(de-)2.884 E -.1(fa)108 489.6 S 1.406 (ult, the line editing commands are similar to those of Emacs.).1 F 3.907(Av)6.407 G 1.407(i-style line editing interf)-3.907 F 1.407 -(ace is also)-.1 F -.2(av)108 393.6 S 3.35(ailable. Line)-.05 F .85 +(ace is also)-.1 F -.2(av)108 501.6 S 3.35(ailable. Line)-.05 F .85 (editing can be enabled at an)3.35 F 3.35(yt)-.15 G .85(ime using the) -3.35 F F1 .85(\255o emacs)3.35 F F0(or)3.35 E F1 .85(\255o vi)3.35 F F0 .85(options to the)3.35 F F1(set)3.35 E F0 -.2(bu)3.35 G(iltin).2 E -(\(see)108 405.6 Q F2 .762(SHELL B)3.262 F(UIL)-.09 E .762(TIN COMMANDS) +(\(see)108 513.6 Q F2 .762(SHELL B)3.262 F(UIL)-.09 E .762(TIN COMMANDS) -.828 F F0(belo)3.012 E 3.262(w\). T)-.25 F 3.263(ot)-.8 G .763(urn of) -3.263 F 3.263(fl)-.25 G .763 (ine editing after the shell is running, use the)-3.263 F F1(+o)3.263 E -(emacs)108 417.6 Q F0(or)2.5 E F1(+o vi)2.5 E F0(options to the)2.5 E F1 -(set)2.5 E F0 -.2(bu)2.5 G(iltin.).2 E F1(Readline Notation)87 434.4 Q +(emacs)108 525.6 Q F0(or)2.5 E F1(+o vi)2.5 E F0(options to the)2.5 E F1 +(set)2.5 E F0 -.2(bu)2.5 G(iltin.).2 E F1(Readline Notation)87 542.4 Q F0 .463(In this section, the Emacs-style notation is used to denote k) -108 446.4 R -.15(ey)-.1 G(strok).15 E 2.963(es. Control)-.1 F -.1(ke) +108 554.4 R -.15(ey)-.1 G(strok).15 E 2.963(es. Control)-.1 F -.1(ke) 2.963 G .463(ys are denoted by C\255)-.05 F F3 -.1(ke)C(y)-.2 E F0(,)A -1.152(e.g., C\255n means Control\255N.)108 458.4 R(Similarly)6.152 E(,) +1.152(e.g., C\255n means Control\255N.)108 566.4 R(Similarly)6.152 E(,) -.65 E F3(meta)4.032 E F0 -.1(ke)3.913 G 1.153(ys are denoted by M\255) -.05 F F3 -.1(ke)C(y)-.2 E F0 3.653(,s)C 3.653(oM)-3.653 G 1.153 -(\255x means Meta\255X.)-3.653 F(\(On)6.153 E -.1(ke)108 470.4 S .831 +(\255x means Meta\255X.)-3.653 F(\(On)6.153 E -.1(ke)108 578.4 S .831 (yboards without a)-.05 F F3(meta)3.711 E F0 -.1(ke)3.591 G 2.131 -.65 (y, M)-.05 H.65 E F3(x)A F0 .831(means ESC)3.331 F F3(x)3.331 E F0 3.331(,i)C .83(.e., press the Escape k)-3.331 F 1.13 -.15(ey t)-.1 H .83 (hen the).15 F F3(x)4.1 E F0 -.1(ke)3.86 G 4.63 -.65(y. T)-.05 H .83 -(his mak).65 F(es)-.1 E .599(ESC the)108 482.4 R F3 .599(meta pr)3.099 F +(his mak).65 F(es)-.1 E .599(ESC the)108 590.4 R F3 .599(meta pr)3.099 F (e\214x)-.37 E F0 5.599(.T)C .599(he combination M\255C\255)-5.599 F F3 (x)A F0 .599(means ESC\255Control\255)3.099 F F3(x)A F0 3.099(,o)C 3.099 (rp)-3.099 G .6(ress the Escape k)-3.099 F .9 -.15(ey t)-.1 H .6 -(hen hold).15 F(the Control k)108 494.4 Q .3 -.15(ey w)-.1 H +(hen hold).15 F(the Control k)108 602.4 Q .3 -.15(ey w)-.1 H (hile pressing the).15 E F3(x)3.27 E F0 -.1(ke)3.03 G -.65(y.)-.05 G(\)) -.65 E .596(Readline commands may be gi)108 511.2 R -.15(ve)-.25 G 3.096 +.65 E .596(Readline commands may be gi)108 619.2 R -.15(ve)-.25 G 3.096 (nn).15 G(umeric)-3.096 E F3(ar)3.426 E(guments)-.37 E F0 3.096(,w).27 G .596(hich normally act as a repeat count.)-3.096 F(Sometimes,)5.595 E -(ho)108 523.2 Q(we)-.25 E -.15(ve)-.25 G 1.418 -.4(r, i).15 H 3.118(ti) +(ho)108 631.2 Q(we)-.25 E -.15(ve)-.25 G 1.418 -.4(r, i).15 H 3.118(ti) .4 G 3.119(st)-3.118 G .619(he sign of the ar)-3.119 F .619 (gument that is signi\214cant.)-.18 F -.15(Pa)5.619 G .619(ssing a ne) .15 F -.05(ga)-.15 G(ti).05 E .919 -.15(ve a)-.25 H -.18(rg).15 G .619 -(ument to a command that).18 F 1.019(acts in the forw)108 535.2 R 1.018 +(ument to a command that).18 F 1.019(acts in the forw)108 643.2 R 1.018 (ard direction \(e.g.,)-.1 F F1(kill\255line)3.518 E F0 3.518(\)c)C 1.018(auses that command to act in a backw)-3.518 F 1.018 -(ard direction.)-.1 F(Com-)6.018 E(mands whose beha)108 547.2 Q +(ard direction.)-.1 F(Com-)6.018 E(mands whose beha)108 655.2 Q (vior with ar)-.2 E(guments de)-.18 E(viates from this are noted belo) --.25 E -.65(w.)-.25 G .811(When a command is described as)108 564 R F3 +-.25 E -.65(w.)-.25 G .811(When a command is described as)108 672 R F3 (killing)3.311 E F0(te)3.311 E .811(xt, the te)-.15 F .811 (xt deleted is sa)-.15 F -.15(ve)-.2 G 3.311(df).15 G .812 (or possible future retrie)-3.311 F -.25(va)-.25 G 3.312(l\().25 G F3 -(yank-)-3.312 E(ing)108 576 Q F0 2.529(\). The)B .029(killed te)2.529 F +(yank-)-3.312 E(ing)108 684 Q F0 2.529(\). The)B .029(killed te)2.529 F .029(xt is sa)-.15 F -.15(ve)-.2 G 2.529(di).15 G 2.529(na)-2.529 G F3 .029(kill ring)B F0 5.029(.C)C(onsecuti)-5.029 E .329 -.15(ve k)-.25 H .029(ills cause the te).15 F .029(xt to be accumulated into one unit,) --.15 F .567(which can be yank)108 588 R .567(ed all at once.)-.1 F .567 +-.15 F .567(which can be yank)108 696 R .567(ed all at once.)-.1 F .567 (Commands which do not kill te)5.567 F .567 (xt separate the chunks of te)-.15 F .567(xt on the kill)-.15 F(ring.) -108 600 Q F1(Readline Initialization)87 616.8 Q F0 .091(Readline is cus\ -tomized by putting commands in an initialization \214le \(the)108 628.8 -R F3(inputr)2.591 E(c)-.37 E F0 2.591(\214le\). The)2.591 F .091 -(name of this \214le)2.591 F .572(is tak)108 640.8 R .573(en from the v) --.1 F .573(alue of the)-.25 F F2(INPUTRC)3.073 E F0 -.25(va)2.823 G -3.073(riable. If).25 F .573(that v)3.073 F .573 -(ariable is unset, the def)-.25 F .573(ault is)-.1 F F3(~/.inputr)2.573 -E(c)-.37 E F0 5.573(.I).31 G 3.073(ft)-5.573 G(hat)-3.073 E 3.062 -(\214le does)108 652.8 R .562(not e)3.062 F .562 -(xist or cannot be read, the ultimate def)-.15 F .562(ault is)-.1 F F3 +108 708 Q(GNU Bash 5.2)72 768 Q(2022 June 3)150.675 E(41)199.835 E 0 Cg +EP +%%Page: 42 42 +%%BeginPageSetup +BP +%%EndPageSetup +/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 137.14(SH\(1\) General).35 F +(Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 +SF(Readline Initialization)87 84 Q F0 .091(Readline is customized by pu\ +tting commands in an initialization \214le \(the)108 96 R/F2 10 +/Times-Italic@0 SF(inputr)2.591 E(c)-.37 E F0 2.591(\214le\). The)2.591 +F .091(name of this \214le)2.591 F .572(is tak)108 108 R .573 +(en from the v)-.1 F .573(alue of the)-.25 F/F3 9/Times-Bold@0 SF +(INPUTRC)3.073 E F0 -.25(va)2.823 G 3.073(riable. If).25 F .573(that v) +3.073 F .573(ariable is unset, the def)-.25 F .573(ault is)-.1 F F2 +(~/.inputr)2.573 E(c)-.37 E F0 5.573(.I).31 G 3.073(ft)-5.573 G(hat) +-3.073 E 3.062(\214le does)108 120 R .562(not e)3.062 F .562 +(xist or cannot be read, the ultimate def)-.15 F .562(ault is)-.1 F F2 (/etc/inputr)4.212 E(c)-.37 E F0 5.561(.W).31 G .561 (hen a program which uses the)-5.561 F .174(readline library starts up,\ - the initialization \214le is read, and the k)108 664.8 R .475 -.15 -(ey b)-.1 H .175(indings and v).15 F .175(ariables are set.)-.25 F .175 -(There are)5.175 F .239(only a fe)108 676.8 R 2.739(wb)-.25 G .239 + the initialization \214le is read, and the k)108 132 R .475 -.15(ey b) +-.1 H .175(indings and v).15 F .175(ariables are set.)-.25 F .175 +(There are)5.175 F .239(only a fe)108 144 R 2.739(wb)-.25 G .239 (asic constructs allo)-2.739 F .239 (wed in the readline initialization \214le.)-.25 F .238 (Blank lines are ignored.)5.239 F .238(Lines be)5.238 F(gin-)-.15 E .553 -(ning with a)108 688.8 R F1(#)3.053 E F0 .554(are comments.)3.053 F .554 +(ning with a)108 156 R F1(#)3.053 E F0 .554(are comments.)3.053 F .554 (Lines be)5.554 F .554(ginning with a)-.15 F F1($)3.054 E F0 .554 (indicate conditional constructs.)3.054 F .554(Other lines denote)5.554 -F -.1(ke)108 700.8 S 2.5(yb)-.05 G(indings and v)-2.5 E -(ariable settings.)-.25 E .987(The def)108 717.6 R .987(ault k)-.1 F --.15(ey)-.1 G .987(-bindings may be changed with an).15 F F3(inputr) -3.497 E(c)-.37 E F0 3.487(\214le. Other)3.797 F .987 -(programs that use this library may)3.487 F(add their o)108 729.6 Q -(wn commands and bindings.)-.25 E(GNU Bash 5.2)72 768 Q(2022 March 11) -144.29 E(41)193.45 E 0 Cg EP -%%Page: 42 42 -%%BeginPageSetup -BP -%%EndPageSetup -/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 137.14(SH\(1\) General).35 F -(Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E -.15(Fo)108 84 S -2.5(re).15 G(xample, placing)-2.65 E(M\255Control\255u: uni)144 100.8 Q --.15(ve)-.25 G(rsal\255ar).15 E(gument)-.18 E(or)108 112.8 Q -(C\255Meta\255u: uni)144 124.8 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G(rsal\255ar).15 E(gument) --.18 E(into the)108 136.8 Q/F1 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(inputr)2.51 E(c)-.37 -E F0 -.1(wo)2.81 G(uld mak).1 E 2.5(eM)-.1 G(\255C\255u e)-2.5 E -.15 -(xe)-.15 G(cute the readline command).15 E F1(univer)2.58 E(sal\255ar) --.1 E(gument)-.37 E F0(.).68 E 1.01(The follo)108 153.6 R 1.011 -(wing symbolic character names are recognized:)-.25 F F1 -.4(RU)3.511 G -(BOUT).4 E F0(,)1.27 E F1(DEL)4.091 E F0(,).53 E F1(ESC)4.021 E F0(,).72 -E F1(LFD)4.091 E F0(,).28 E F1(NEWLINE)4.211 E F0(,).73 E F1(RET)4.141 E -F0(,)1.27 E F1(RETURN)108.63 165.6 Q F0(,)1.1 E F1(SPC)2.83 E F0(,).72 E -F1(SP)2.83 E -.3(AC)-.9 G(E).3 E F0 2.5(,a).73 G(nd)-2.5 E F1 -.5(TA)2.5 -G(B).5 E F0(.).27 E .209(In addition to command names, readline allo)108 -182.4 R .209(ws k)-.25 F -.15(ey)-.1 G 2.709(st).15 G 2.709(ob)-2.709 G -2.709(eb)-2.709 G .209(ound to a string that is inserted when the k) --2.709 F .509 -.15(ey i)-.1 H(s).15 E(pressed \(a)108 194.4 Q F1(macr) -2.5 E(o)-.45 E F0(\).)A/F2 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(Readline K)87 211.2 Q -(ey Bindings)-.25 E F0 .366(The syntax for controlling k)108 223.2 R -.666 -.15(ey b)-.1 H .366(indings in the).15 F F1(inputr)2.876 E(c)-.37 -E F0 .366(\214le is simple.)3.176 F .366 -(All that is required is the name of the)5.366 F .264(command or the te) -108 235.2 R .264(xt of a macro and a k)-.15 F .564 -.15(ey s)-.1 H .264 -(equence to which it should be bound.).15 F .263(The name may be speci-) -5.264 F .138(\214ed in one of tw)108 247.2 R 2.638(ow)-.1 G .138 -(ays: as a symbolic k)-2.738 F .438 -.15(ey n)-.1 H .138 -(ame, possibly with).15 F F1(Meta\255)2.638 E F0(or)2.638 E F1(Contr) -2.638 E(ol\255)-.45 E F0(pre\214x)2.638 E .138(es, or as a k)-.15 F .439 --.15(ey s)-.1 H(e-).15 E(quence.)108 259.2 Q .161(When using the form) -108 276 R F2 -.1(ke)2.661 G(yname).1 E F0(:)A F1(function\255name).833 E -F0(or)2.661 E F1(macr)2.661 E(o)-.45 E F0(,)A F1 -.1(ke)2.661 G(yname) --.2 E F0 .16(is the name of a k)2.84 F .46 -.15(ey s)-.1 H .16 -(pelled out in Eng-).15 F 2.5(lish. F)108 288 R(or e)-.15 E(xample:)-.15 -E(Control-u: uni)144 312 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G(rsal\255ar).15 E(gument)-.18 E -(Meta-Rubout: backw)144 324 Q(ard-kill-w)-.1 E(ord)-.1 E -(Control-o: "> output")144 336 Q .698(In the abo)108 352.8 R .998 -.15 -(ve ex)-.15 H(ample,).15 E F1(C\255u)3.038 E F0 .698 -(is bound to the function)3.448 F F2(uni)3.198 E -.1(ve)-.1 G -(rsal\255ar).1 E(gument)-.1 E F0(,)A F1(M\255DEL)3.878 E F0 .698 -(is bound to the func-)3.728 F(tion)108 364.8 Q F2 -(backward\255kill\255w)2.759 E(ord)-.1 E F0 2.759(,a)C(nd)-2.759 E F1 +F -.1(ke)108 168 S 2.5(yb)-.05 G(indings and v)-2.5 E(ariable settings.) +-.25 E .987(The def)108 184.8 R .987(ault k)-.1 F -.15(ey)-.1 G .987 +(-bindings may be changed with an).15 F F2(inputr)3.497 E(c)-.37 E F0 +3.487(\214le. Other)3.797 F .987(programs that use this library may) +3.487 F(add their o)108 196.8 Q(wn commands and bindings.)-.25 E -.15 +(Fo)108 213.6 S 2.5(re).15 G(xample, placing)-2.65 E +(M\255Control\255u: uni)144 230.4 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G(rsal\255ar).15 E +(gument)-.18 E(or)108 242.4 Q(C\255Meta\255u: uni)144 254.4 Q -.15(ve) +-.25 G(rsal\255ar).15 E(gument)-.18 E(into the)108 266.4 Q F2(inputr) +2.51 E(c)-.37 E F0 -.1(wo)2.81 G(uld mak).1 E 2.5(eM)-.1 G(\255C\255u e) +-2.5 E -.15(xe)-.15 G(cute the readline command).15 E F2(univer)2.58 E +(sal\255ar)-.1 E(gument)-.37 E F0(.).68 E 1.01(The follo)108 283.2 R +1.011(wing symbolic character names are recognized:)-.25 F F2 -.4(RU) +3.511 G(BOUT).4 E F0(,)1.27 E F2(DEL)4.091 E F0(,).53 E F2(ESC)4.021 E +F0(,).72 E F2(LFD)4.091 E F0(,).28 E F2(NEWLINE)4.211 E F0(,).73 E F2 +(RET)4.141 E F0(,)1.27 E F2(RETURN)108.63 295.2 Q F0(,)1.1 E F2(SPC)2.83 +E F0(,).72 E F2(SP)2.83 E -.3(AC)-.9 G(E).3 E F0 2.5(,a).73 G(nd)-2.5 E +F2 -.5(TA)2.5 G(B).5 E F0(.).27 E .209 +(In addition to command names, readline allo)108 312 R .209(ws k)-.25 F +-.15(ey)-.1 G 2.709(st).15 G 2.709(ob)-2.709 G 2.709(eb)-2.709 G .209 +(ound to a string that is inserted when the k)-2.709 F .509 -.15(ey i) +-.1 H(s).15 E(pressed \(a)108 324 Q F2(macr)2.5 E(o)-.45 E F0(\).)A F1 +(Readline K)87 340.8 Q(ey Bindings)-.25 E F0 .366 +(The syntax for controlling k)108 352.8 R .666 -.15(ey b)-.1 H .366 +(indings in the).15 F F2(inputr)2.876 E(c)-.37 E F0 .366 +(\214le is simple.)3.176 F .366(All that is required is the name of the) +5.366 F .264(command or the te)108 364.8 R .264(xt of a macro and a k) +-.15 F .564 -.15(ey s)-.1 H .264(equence to which it should be bound.) +.15 F .263(The name may be speci-)5.264 F .138(\214ed in one of tw)108 +376.8 R 2.638(ow)-.1 G .138(ays: as a symbolic k)-2.738 F .438 -.15 +(ey n)-.1 H .138(ame, possibly with).15 F F2(Meta\255)2.638 E F0(or) +2.638 E F2(Contr)2.638 E(ol\255)-.45 E F0(pre\214x)2.638 E .138 +(es, or as a k)-.15 F .439 -.15(ey s)-.1 H(e-).15 E(quence.)108 388.8 Q +.161(When using the form)108 405.6 R F1 -.1(ke)2.661 G(yname).1 E F0(:)A +F2(function\255name).833 E F0(or)2.661 E F2(macr)2.661 E(o)-.45 E F0(,)A +F2 -.1(ke)2.661 G(yname)-.2 E F0 .16(is the name of a k)2.84 F .46 -.15 +(ey s)-.1 H .16(pelled out in Eng-).15 F 2.5(lish. F)108 417.6 R(or e) +-.15 E(xample:)-.15 E(Control-u: uni)144 441.6 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G +(rsal\255ar).15 E(gument)-.18 E(Meta-Rubout: backw)144 453.6 Q +(ard-kill-w)-.1 E(ord)-.1 E(Control-o: "> output")144 465.6 Q .698 +(In the abo)108 482.4 R .998 -.15(ve ex)-.15 H(ample,).15 E F2(C\255u) +3.038 E F0 .698(is bound to the function)3.448 F F1(uni)3.198 E -.1(ve) +-.1 G(rsal\255ar).1 E(gument)-.1 E F0(,)A F2(M\255DEL)3.878 E F0 .698 +(is bound to the func-)3.728 F(tion)108 494.4 Q F1 +(backward\255kill\255w)2.759 E(ord)-.1 E F0 2.759(,a)C(nd)-2.759 E F2 (C\255o)2.599 E F0 .258(is bound to run the macro e)2.939 F .258 (xpressed on the right hand side \(that is, to)-.15 F(insert the te)108 -376.8 Q(xt)-.15 E/F3 10/Courier@0 SF 6(>o)2.5 G(utput)-6 E F0 -(into the line\).)2.5 E .055(In the second form,)108 393.6 R F2("k)2.555 -E(eyseq")-.1 E F0(:)A F1(function\255name).833 E F0(or)2.555 E F1(macr) -2.555 E(o)-.45 E F0(,)A F2 -.1(ke)2.555 G(yseq).1 E F0(dif)2.556 E .056 -(fers from)-.25 F F2 -.1(ke)2.556 G(yname).1 E F0(abo)2.556 E .356 -.15 +506.4 Q(xt)-.15 E/F4 10/Courier@0 SF 6(>o)2.5 G(utput)-6 E F0 +(into the line\).)2.5 E .055(In the second form,)108 523.2 R F1("k)2.555 +E(eyseq")-.1 E F0(:)A F2(function\255name).833 E F0(or)2.555 E F2(macr) +2.555 E(o)-.45 E F0(,)A F1 -.1(ke)2.555 G(yseq).1 E F0(dif)2.556 E .056 +(fers from)-.25 F F1 -.1(ke)2.556 G(yname).1 E F0(abo)2.556 E .356 -.15 (ve i)-.15 H 2.556(nt).15 G .056(hat strings)-2.556 F 1.284 -(denoting an entire k)108 405.6 R 1.584 -.15(ey s)-.1 H 1.284(equence m\ +(denoting an entire k)108 535.2 R 1.584 -.15(ey s)-.1 H 1.284(equence m\ ay be speci\214ed by placing the sequence within double quotes.).15 F -(Some)6.284 E .385(GNU Emacs style k)108 417.6 R .685 -.15(ey e)-.1 H +(Some)6.284 E .385(GNU Emacs style k)108 547.2 R .685 -.15(ey e)-.1 H .385(scapes can be used, as in the follo).15 F .385(wing e)-.25 F .386 (xample, b)-.15 F .386(ut the symbolic character names)-.2 F -(are not recognized.)108 429.6 Q("\\C\255u": uni)144 453.6 Q -.15(ve) +(are not recognized.)108 559.2 Q("\\C\255u": uni)144 583.2 Q -.15(ve) -.25 G(rsal\255ar).15 E(gument)-.18 E -("\\C\255x\\C\255r": re\255read\255init\255\214le)144 465.6 Q -("\\e[11~": "Function K)144 477.6 Q .3 -.15(ey 1)-.25 H(").15 E .315 -(In this e)108 494.4 R(xample,)-.15 E F1(C\255u)2.655 E F0 .315(is ag) -3.065 F .315(ain bound to the function)-.05 F F2(uni)2.815 E -.1(ve)-.1 -G(rsal\255ar).1 E(gument)-.1 E F0(.)A F1 .315(C\255x C\255r)5.155 F F0 -.314(is bound to the func-)3.544 F(tion)108 506.4 Q F2 -.18(re)2.5 G -.18 E(ead\255init\255\214le)-.18 E F0 2.5(,a)C(nd)-2.5 E F1 -(ESC [ 1 1 ~)3.01 E F0(is bound to insert the te)3.94 E(xt)-.15 E F3 -(Function Key 1)2.5 E F0(.)A -(The full set of GNU Emacs style escape sequences is)108 523.2 Q F2 -<5c43ad>144 535.2 Q F0(control pre\214x)180 535.2 Q F2<5c4dad>144 547.2 -Q F0(meta pre\214x)180 547.2 Q F2(\\e)144 559.2 Q F0 -(an escape character)180 559.2 Q F2(\\\\)144 571.2 Q F0(backslash)180 -571.2 Q F2(\\")144 583.2 Q F0(literal ")180 583.2 Q F2<5c08>144 595.2 Q -F0(literal \010)180 595.2 Q(In addition to the GNU Emacs style escape s\ -equences, a second set of backslash escapes is a)108 612 Q -.25(va)-.2 G -(ilable:).25 E F2(\\a)144 624 Q F0(alert \(bell\))180 624 Q F2(\\b)144 -636 Q F0(backspace)180 636 Q F2(\\d)144 648 Q F0(delete)180 648 Q F2 -(\\f)144 660 Q F0(form feed)180 660 Q F2(\\n)144 672 Q F0(ne)180 672 Q -(wline)-.25 E F2(\\r)144 684 Q F0(carriage return)180 684 Q F2(\\t)144 -696 Q F0(horizontal tab)180 696 Q F2(\\v)144 708 Q F0 -.15(ve)180 708 S -(rtical tab).15 E(GNU Bash 5.2)72 768 Q(2022 March 11)144.29 E(42)193.45 -E 0 Cg EP +("\\C\255x\\C\255r": re\255read\255init\255\214le)144 595.2 Q +("\\e[11~": "Function K)144 607.2 Q .3 -.15(ey 1)-.25 H(").15 E .315 +(In this e)108 624 R(xample,)-.15 E F2(C\255u)2.655 E F0 .315(is ag) +3.065 F .315(ain bound to the function)-.05 F F1(uni)2.815 E -.1(ve)-.1 +G(rsal\255ar).1 E(gument)-.1 E F0(.)A F2 .315(C\255x C\255r)5.155 F F0 +.314(is bound to the func-)3.544 F(tion)108 636 Q F1 -.18(re)2.5 G +.18 E(ead\255init\255\214le)-.18 E F0 2.5(,a)C(nd)-2.5 E F2(ESC [ 1 1 ~) +3.01 E F0(is bound to insert the te)3.94 E(xt)-.15 E F4(Function Key 1) +2.5 E F0(.)A(The full set of GNU Emacs style escape sequences is)108 +652.8 Q F1<5c43ad>144 664.8 Q F0(control pre\214x)180 664.8 Q F1<5c4dad> +144 676.8 Q F0(meta pre\214x)180 676.8 Q F1(\\e)144 688.8 Q F0 +(an escape character)180 688.8 Q F1(\\\\)144 700.8 Q F0(backslash)180 +700.8 Q F1(\\")144 712.8 Q F0(literal ")180 712.8 Q(GNU Bash 5.2)72 768 +Q(2022 June 3)150.675 E(42)199.835 E 0 Cg EP %%Page: 43 43 %%BeginPageSetup BP %%EndPageSetup /F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 137.14(SH\(1\) General).35 F (Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 -SF(\\)144 84 Q/F2 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(nnn)A F0 -(the eight-bit character whose v)180 84 Q(alue is the octal v)-.25 E -(alue)-.25 E F2(nnn)2.5 E F0(\(one to three digits\))2.5 E F1(\\x)144 96 -Q F2(HH)A F0(the eight-bit character whose v)180 96 Q(alue is the he) --.25 E(xadecimal v)-.15 E(alue)-.25 E F2(HH)2.5 E F0(\(one or tw)2.5 E -2.5(oh)-.1 G .3 -.15(ex d)-2.5 H(igits\)).15 E 1.141 -(When entering the te)108 112.8 R 1.141(xt of a macro, single or double\ +SF<5c08>144 84 Q F0(literal \010)180 84 Q(In addition to the GNU Emacs \ +style escape sequences, a second set of backslash escapes is a)108 100.8 +Q -.25(va)-.2 G(ilable:).25 E F1(\\a)144 112.8 Q F0(alert \(bell\))180 +112.8 Q F1(\\b)144 124.8 Q F0(backspace)180 124.8 Q F1(\\d)144 136.8 Q +F0(delete)180 136.8 Q F1(\\f)144 148.8 Q F0(form feed)180 148.8 Q F1 +(\\n)144 160.8 Q F0(ne)180 160.8 Q(wline)-.25 E F1(\\r)144 172.8 Q F0 +(carriage return)180 172.8 Q F1(\\t)144 184.8 Q F0(horizontal tab)180 +184.8 Q F1(\\v)144 196.8 Q F0 -.15(ve)180 196.8 S(rtical tab).15 E F1 +(\\)144 208.8 Q/F2 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(nnn)A F0 +(the eight-bit character whose v)180 208.8 Q(alue is the octal v)-.25 E +(alue)-.25 E F2(nnn)2.5 E F0(\(one to three digits\))2.5 E F1(\\x)144 +220.8 Q F2(HH)A F0(the eight-bit character whose v)180 220.8 Q +(alue is the he)-.25 E(xadecimal v)-.15 E(alue)-.25 E F2(HH)2.5 E F0 +(\(one or tw)2.5 E 2.5(oh)-.1 G .3 -.15(ex d)-2.5 H(igits\)).15 E 1.141 +(When entering the te)108 237.6 R 1.141(xt of a macro, single or double\ quotes must be used to indicate a macro de\214nition.)-.15 F .09 -(Unquoted te)108 124.8 R .09(xt is assumed to be a function name.)-.15 F +(Unquoted te)108 249.6 R .09(xt is assumed to be a function name.)-.15 F .089(In the macro body)5.089 F 2.589(,t)-.65 G .089 (he backslash escapes described abo)-2.589 F -.15(ve)-.15 G(are e)108 -136.8 Q 2.5(xpanded. Backslash)-.15 F(will quote an)2.5 E 2.5(yo)-.15 G +261.6 Q 2.5(xpanded. Backslash)-.15 F(will quote an)2.5 E 2.5(yo)-.15 G (ther character in the macro te)-2.5 E(xt, including " and \010.)-.15 E -F1(Bash)108 153.6 Q F0(allo)2.929 E .429(ws the current readline k)-.25 +F1(Bash)108 278.4 Q F0(allo)2.929 E .429(ws the current readline k)-.25 F .729 -.15(ey b)-.1 H .429 (indings to be displayed or modi\214ed with the).15 F F1(bind)2.93 E F0 -.2(bu)2.93 G .43(iltin command.).2 F .046 -(The editing mode may be switched during interacti)108 165.6 R .346 -.15 +(The editing mode may be switched during interacti)108 290.4 R .346 -.15 (ve u)-.25 H .046(se by using the).15 F F12.545 E F0 .045 (option to the)2.545 F F1(set)2.545 E F0 -.2(bu)2.545 G .045 -(iltin command).2 F(\(see)108 177.6 Q/F3 9/Times-Bold@0 SF(SHELL B)2.5 E +(iltin command).2 F(\(see)108 302.4 Q/F3 9/Times-Bold@0 SF(SHELL B)2.5 E (UIL)-.09 E(TIN COMMANDS)-.828 E F0(belo)2.25 E(w\).)-.25 E F1 -(Readline V)87 194.4 Q(ariables)-.92 E F0 .043(Readline has v)108 206.4 +(Readline V)87 319.2 Q(ariables)-.92 E F0 .043(Readline has v)108 331.2 R .043(ariables that can be used to further customize its beha)-.25 F (vior)-.2 E 5.043(.A)-.55 G -.25(va)-2.5 G .043 -(riable may be set in the).25 F F2(inpu-)2.554 E(tr)108 218.4 Q(c)-.37 E -F0(\214le with a statement of the form)2.81 E F1(set)144 235.2 Q F2 -(variable\255name value)2.5 E F0(or using the)108 247.2 Q F1(bind)2.5 E -F0 -.2(bu)2.5 G(iltin command \(see).2 E F3(SHELL B)2.5 E(UIL)-.09 E +(riable may be set in the).25 F F2(inpu-)2.554 E(tr)108 343.2 Q(c)-.37 E +F0(\214le with a statement of the form)2.81 E F1(set)144 360 Q F2 +(variable\255name value)2.5 E F0(or using the)108 372 Q F1(bind)2.5 E F0 +-.2(bu)2.5 G(iltin command \(see).2 E F3(SHELL B)2.5 E(UIL)-.09 E (TIN COMMANDS)-.828 E F0(belo)2.25 E(w\).)-.25 E .79 -(Except where noted, readline v)108 264 R .79(ariables can tak)-.25 F +(Except where noted, readline v)108 388.8 R .79(ariables can tak)-.25 F 3.29(et)-.1 G .79(he v)-3.29 F(alues)-.25 E F1(On)3.29 E F0(or)3.29 E F1 (Off)3.29 E F0 .79(\(without re)3.29 F -.05(ga)-.15 G .79(rd to case\).) -.05 F(Unrecog-)5.79 E .448(nized v)108 276 R .448 +.05 F(Unrecog-)5.79 E .448(nized v)108 400.8 R .448 (ariable names are ignored.)-.25 F .448(When a v)5.448 F .448(ariable v) -.25 F .448(alue is read, empty or null v)-.25 F .449 -(alues, "on" \(case-insensi-)-.25 F(ti)108 288 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G .468 +(alues, "on" \(case-insensi-)-.25 F(ti)108 412.8 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G .468 (\), and "1" are equi).15 F -.25(va)-.25 G .468(lent to).25 F F1(On) 2.968 E F0 5.468(.A)C .468(ll other v)-5.468 F .468(alues are equi)-.25 F -.25(va)-.25 G .468(lent to).25 F F1(Off)2.968 E F0 5.468(.T)C .467 (he v)-5.468 F .467(ariables and their def)-.25 F(ault)-.1 E -.25(va)108 -300 S(lues are:).25 E F1(acti)108 316.8 Q -.1(ve)-.1 G.1 E -(egion\255start\255color)-.18 E F0 2.729(As)144 328.8 S .229(tring v) +424.8 S(lues are:).25 E F1(acti)108 441.6 Q -.1(ve)-.1 G.1 E +(egion\255start\255color)-.18 E F0 2.729(As)144 453.6 S .229(tring v) -2.729 F .229(ariable that controls the te)-.25 F .229 (xt color and background when displaying the te)-.15 F .23 -(xt in the acti)-.15 F -.15(ve)-.25 G(re)144 340.8 Q 1.527 +(xt in the acti)-.15 F -.15(ve)-.25 G(re)144 465.6 Q 1.527 (gion \(see the description of)-.15 F F1(enable\255acti)4.026 E -.1(ve) -.1 G.1 E(egion)-.18 E F0(belo)4.026 E 4.026(w\). This)-.25 F 1.526(string must not tak)4.026 F 4.026(eu)-.1 G 4.026(pa)-4.026 G -.15 -(ny)-4.026 G(ph)144 352.8 Q .283 +(ny)-4.026 G(ph)144 477.6 Q .283 (ysical character positions on the display)-.05 F 2.783(,s)-.65 G 2.784 (oi)-2.783 G 2.784(ts)-2.784 G .284 (hould consist only of terminal escape sequences.)-2.784 F .45 -(It is output to the terminal before displaying the te)144 364.8 R .45 +(It is output to the terminal before displaying the te)144 489.6 R .45 (xt in the acti)-.15 F .75 -.15(ve r)-.25 H -.15(eg).15 G 2.95 (ion. This).15 F -.25(va)2.95 G .45(riable is reset to).25 F .378 -(the def)144 376.8 R .378(ault v)-.1 F .378(alue whene)-.25 F -.15(ve) +(the def)144 501.6 R .378(ault v)-.1 F .378(alue whene)-.25 F -.15(ve) -.25 G 2.878(rt).15 G .379(he terminal type changes.)-2.878 F .379 (The def)5.379 F .379(ault v)-.1 F .379 (alue is the string that puts the)-.25 F .655 -(terminal in standout mode, as obtained from the terminal')144 388.8 R +(terminal in standout mode, as obtained from the terminal')144 513.6 R 3.154(st)-.55 G .654(erminfo description.)-3.154 F 3.154(As)5.654 G .654 -(ample v)-3.154 F(alue)-.25 E(might be)144 400.8 Q/F4 10/Courier@0 SF -("\\e[01;33m")2.5 E F0(.)A F1(acti)108 412.8 Q -.1(ve)-.1 G.1 E -(egion\255end\255color)-.18 E F0 3.908(As)144 424.8 S 1.408(tring v) +(ample v)-3.154 F(alue)-.25 E(might be)144 525.6 Q/F4 10/Courier@0 SF +("\\e[01;33m")2.5 E F0(.)A F1(acti)108 537.6 Q -.1(ve)-.1 G.1 E +(egion\255end\255color)-.18 E F0 3.908(As)144 549.6 S 1.408(tring v) -3.908 F 1.408(ariable that "undoes" the ef)-.25 F 1.408(fects of)-.25 F F1(acti)3.908 E -.1(ve)-.1 G.1 E(egion\255start\255color)-.18 E F0 1.409(and restores "normal")3.908 F .216 -(terminal display appearance after displaying te)144 436.8 R .216 +(terminal display appearance after displaying te)144 561.6 R .216 (xt in the acti)-.15 F .516 -.15(ve r)-.25 H -.15(eg).15 G 2.716 (ion. This).15 F .216(string must not tak)2.716 F 2.716(eu)-.1 G(p) --2.716 E(an)144 448.8 Q 3.737(yp)-.15 G -.05(hy)-3.737 G 1.237 +-2.716 E(an)144 573.6 Q 3.737(yp)-.15 G -.05(hy)-3.737 G 1.237 (sical character positions on the display).05 F 3.737(,s)-.65 G 3.737 (oi)-3.737 G 3.737(ts)-3.737 G 1.238 (hould consist only of terminal escape se-)-3.737 F 2.928(quences. It) -144 460.8 R .428(is output to the terminal after displaying the te)2.928 +144 585.6 R .428(is output to the terminal after displaying the te)2.928 F .427(xt in the acti)-.15 F .727 -.15(ve r)-.25 H -.15(eg).15 G 2.927 (ion. This).15 F -.25(va)2.927 G .427(riable is).25 F .518 -(reset to the def)144 472.8 R .518(ault v)-.1 F .518(alue whene)-.25 F +(reset to the def)144 597.6 R .518(ault v)-.1 F .518(alue whene)-.25 F -.15(ve)-.25 G 3.018(rt).15 G .518(he terminal type changes.)-3.018 F .518(The def)5.518 F .518(ault v)-.1 F .518(alue is the string that)-.25 F .252(restores the terminal from standout mode, as obtained from the t\ -erminal')144 484.8 R 2.751(st)-.55 G .251(erminfo description.)-2.751 F -(A)5.251 E(sample v)144 496.8 Q(alue might be)-.25 E F4("\\e[0m")2.5 E -F0(.)A F1(bell\255style \(audible\))108 508.8 Q F0 .01 -(Controls what happens when readline w)144 520.8 R .011 +erminal')144 609.6 R 2.751(st)-.55 G .251(erminfo description.)-2.751 F +(A)5.251 E(sample v)144 621.6 Q(alue might be)-.25 E F4("\\e[0m")2.5 E +F0(.)A F1(bell\255style \(audible\))108 633.6 Q F0 .01 +(Controls what happens when readline w)144 645.6 R .011 (ants to ring the terminal bell.)-.1 F .011(If set to)5.011 F F1(none) 2.511 E F0 2.511(,r)C .011(eadline ne)-2.511 F -.15(ve)-.25 G(r).15 E -.94(rings the bell.)144 532.8 R .94(If set to)5.94 F F1(visible)3.44 E +.94(rings the bell.)144 657.6 R .94(If set to)5.94 F F1(visible)3.44 E F0 3.44(,r)C .94(eadline uses a visible bell if one is a)-3.44 F -.25 (va)-.2 G 3.44(ilable. If).25 F .94(set to)3.44 F F1(audible)3.44 E F0 -(,)A(readline attempts to ring the terminal')144 544.8 Q 2.5(sb)-.55 G -(ell.)-2.5 E F1(bind\255tty\255special\255chars \(On\))108 556.8 Q F0 -.055(If set to)144 568.8 R F1(On)2.555 E F0 2.555(,r)C .056(eadline att\ +(,)A(readline attempts to ring the terminal')144 669.6 Q 2.5(sb)-.55 G +(ell.)-2.5 E F1(bind\255tty\255special\255chars \(On\))108 681.6 Q F0 +.055(If set to)144 693.6 R F1(On)2.555 E F0 2.555(,r)C .056(eadline att\ empts to bind the control characters treated specially by the k)-2.555 F -(ernel')-.1 E 2.556(st)-.55 G(ermi-)-2.556 E(nal dri)144 580.8 Q -.15 +(ernel')-.1 E 2.556(st)-.55 G(ermi-)-2.556 E(nal dri)144 705.6 Q -.15 (ve)-.25 G 2.5(rt).15 G 2.5(ot)-2.5 G(heir readline equi)-2.5 E -.25(va) --.25 G(lents.).25 E F1(blink\255matching\255par)108 592.8 Q(en \(Off\)) --.18 E F0 .21(If set to)144 604.8 R F1(On)2.71 E F0 2.71(,r)C .21 -(eadline attempts to brie\215y mo)-2.71 F .51 -.15(ve t)-.15 H .21 -(he cursor to an opening parenthesis when a closing).15 F -(parenthesis is inserted.)144 616.8 Q F1(color)108 628.8 Q -(ed\255completion\255pr)-.18 E(e\214x \(Off\))-.18 E F0 .515(If set to) -144 640.8 R F1(On)3.015 E F0 3.015(,w)C .515(hen listing completions, r\ -eadline displays the common pre\214x of the set of possible)-3.015 F -2.936(completions using a dif)144 652.8 R 2.936(ferent color)-.25 F -7.936(.T)-.55 G 2.936(he color de\214nitions are tak)-7.936 F 2.935 -(en from the v)-.1 F 2.935(alue of the)-.25 F F1(LS_COLORS)144 664.8 Q -F0(en)3.076 E .577(vironment v)-.4 F 3.077(ariable. If)-.25 F .577 -(there is a color de\214nition in)3.077 F F1($LS_COLORS)3.077 E F0 .577 -(for the cus-)3.077 F .135(tom suf)144 676.8 R .135(\214x "readline-col\ -ored-completion-pre\214x", readline uses this color for the common pre\ -\214x in-)-.25 F(stead of its def)144 688.8 Q(ault.)-.1 E F1(color)108 -700.8 Q(ed\255stats \(Off\))-.18 E F0 1.579(If set to)144 712.8 R F1(On) -4.079 E F0 4.079(,r)C 1.579 -(eadline displays possible completions using dif)-4.079 F 1.58 -(ferent colors to indicate their \214le)-.25 F 2.5(type. The)144 724.8 R -(color de\214nitions are tak)2.5 E(en from the v)-.1 E(alue of the)-.25 -E F1(LS_COLORS)2.5 E F0(en)2.5 E(vironment v)-.4 E(ariable.)-.25 E -(GNU Bash 5.2)72 768 Q(2022 March 11)144.29 E(43)193.45 E 0 Cg EP +-.25 G(lents.).25 E(GNU Bash 5.2)72 768 Q(2022 June 3)150.675 E(43) +199.835 E 0 Cg EP %%Page: 44 44 %%BeginPageSetup BP %%EndPageSetup /F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 137.14(SH\(1\) General).35 F (Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 -SF(comment\255begin \(`)108 84 Q(`#')-.63 E('\))-.63 E F0 .885 -(The string that is inserted when the readline)144 96 R F1 +SF(blink\255matching\255par)108 84 Q(en \(Off\))-.18 E F0 .21(If set to) +144 96 R F1(On)2.71 E F0 2.71(,r)C .21(eadline attempts to brie\215y mo) +-2.71 F .51 -.15(ve t)-.15 H .21 +(he cursor to an opening parenthesis when a closing).15 F +(parenthesis is inserted.)144 108 Q F1(color)108 120 Q +(ed\255completion\255pr)-.18 E(e\214x \(Off\))-.18 E F0 .515(If set to) +144 132 R F1(On)3.015 E F0 3.015(,w)C .515(hen listing completions, rea\ +dline displays the common pre\214x of the set of possible)-3.015 F 2.936 +(completions using a dif)144 144 R 2.936(ferent color)-.25 F 7.936(.T) +-.55 G 2.936(he color de\214nitions are tak)-7.936 F 2.935 +(en from the v)-.1 F 2.935(alue of the)-.25 F F1(LS_COLORS)144 156 Q F0 +(en)3.076 E .577(vironment v)-.4 F 3.077(ariable. If)-.25 F .577 +(there is a color de\214nition in)3.077 F F1($LS_COLORS)3.077 E F0 .577 +(for the cus-)3.077 F .135(tom suf)144 168 R .135(\214x "readline-color\ +ed-completion-pre\214x", readline uses this color for the common pre\ +\214x in-)-.25 F(stead of its def)144 180 Q(ault.)-.1 E F1(color)108 192 +Q(ed\255stats \(Off\))-.18 E F0 1.579(If set to)144 204 R F1(On)4.079 E +F0 4.079(,r)C 1.579(eadline displays possible completions using dif) +-4.079 F 1.58(ferent colors to indicate their \214le)-.25 F 2.5 +(type. The)144 216 R(color de\214nitions are tak)2.5 E(en from the v)-.1 +E(alue of the)-.25 E F1(LS_COLORS)2.5 E F0(en)2.5 E(vironment v)-.4 E +(ariable.)-.25 E F1(comment\255begin \(`)108 228 Q(`#')-.63 E('\))-.63 E +F0 .885(The string that is inserted when the readline)144 240 R F1 (insert\255comment)3.385 E F0 .884(command is e)3.384 F -.15(xe)-.15 G -3.384(cuted. This).15 F(com-)3.384 E(mand is bound to)144 108 Q F1 +3.384(cuted. This).15 F(com-)3.384 E(mand is bound to)144 252 Q F1 (M\255#)2.5 E F0(in emacs mode and to)2.5 E F1(#)2.5 E F0 (in vi command mode.)2.5 E F1(completion\255display\255width \(\2551\)) -108 120 Q F0 1.453(The number of screen columns used to display possibl\ -e matches when performing completion.)144 132 R .194(The v)144 144 R +108 264 Q F0 1.453(The number of screen columns used to display possibl\ +e matches when performing completion.)144 276 R .194(The v)144 288 R .193(alue is ignored if it is less than 0 or greater than the terminal \ screen width.)-.25 F 2.693(Av)5.193 G .193(alue of 0 will)-2.943 F -(cause matches to be displayed one per line.)144 156 Q(The def)5 E -(ault v)-.1 E(alue is \2551.)-.25 E F1(completion\255ignor)108 168 Q -(e\255case \(Off\))-.18 E F0(If set to)144 180 Q F1(On)2.5 E F0 2.5(,r)C +(cause matches to be displayed one per line.)144 300 Q(The def)5 E +(ault v)-.1 E(alue is \2551.)-.25 E F1(completion\255ignor)108 312 Q +(e\255case \(Off\))-.18 E F0(If set to)144 324 Q F1(On)2.5 E F0 2.5(,r)C (eadline performs \214lename matching and completion in a case\255insen\ siti)-2.5 E .3 -.15(ve f)-.25 H(ashion.).05 E F1 -(completion\255map\255case \(Off\))108 192 Q F0 .093(If set to)144 204 R +(completion\255map\255case \(Off\))108 336 Q F0 .093(If set to)144 348 R F1(On)2.593 E F0 2.593(,a)C(nd)-2.593 E F1(completion\255ignor)2.593 E (e\255case)-.18 E F0 .093(is enabled, readline treats h)2.593 F .093 (yphens \()-.05 F/F2 10/Times-Italic@0 SFA F0 2.593(\)a)C .094 -(nd underscores)-2.593 F(\()144 216 Q F2(_)A F0 2.5(\)a)C 2.5(se)-2.5 G +(nd underscores)-2.593 F(\()144 360 Q F2(_)A F0 2.5(\)a)C 2.5(se)-2.5 G (qui)-2.5 E -.25(va)-.25 G(lent when performing case\255insensiti).25 E .3 -.15(ve \214)-.25 H(lename matching and completion.).15 E F1 -(completion\255pr)108 228 Q(e\214x\255display\255length \(0\))-.18 E F0 +(completion\255pr)108 372 Q(e\214x\255display\255length \(0\))-.18 E F0 .829(The length in characters of the common pre\214x of a list of possi\ -ble completions that is displayed)144 240 R 1.274 -(without modi\214cation.)144 252 R 1.274(When set to a v)6.274 F 1.274 +ble completions that is displayed)144 384 R 1.274 +(without modi\214cation.)144 396 R 1.274(When set to a v)6.274 F 1.274 (alue greater than zero, common pre\214x)-.25 F 1.275 -(es longer than this)-.15 F -.25(va)144 264 S(lue are replaced with an \ +(es longer than this)-.15 F -.25(va)144 408 S(lue are replaced with an \ ellipsis when displaying possible completions.).25 E F1 -(completion\255query\255items \(100\))108 276 Q F0 .53 -(This determines when the user is queried about vie)144 288 R .529 +(completion\255query\255items \(100\))108 420 Q F0 .53 +(This determines when the user is queried about vie)144 432 R .529 (wing the number of possible completions gen-)-.25 F .56(erated by the) -144 300 R F1(possible\255completions)3.06 E F0 3.06(command. It)3.06 F +144 444 R F1(possible\255completions)3.06 E F0 3.06(command. It)3.06 F .561(may be set to an)3.061 F 3.061(yi)-.15 G(nte)-3.061 E .561(ger v) --.15 F .561(alue greater than or)-.25 F .783(equal to zero.)144 312 R +-.15 F .561(alue greater than or)-.25 F .783(equal to zero.)144 456 R .783(If the number of possible completions is greater than or equal to \ -the v)5.783 F .782(alue of this)-.25 F -.25(va)144 324 S .367 +the v)5.783 F .782(alue of this)-.25 F -.25(va)144 468 S .367 (riable, readline will ask whether or not the user wishes to vie).25 F 2.868(wt)-.25 G .368(hem; otherwise the)-2.868 F 2.868(ya)-.15 G .368 -(re simply)-2.868 F .673(listed on the terminal.)144 336 R 3.173(Az) +(re simply)-2.868 F .673(listed on the terminal.)144 480 R 3.173(Az) 5.673 G .673(ero v)-3.173 F .673(alue means readline should ne)-.25 F -.15(ve)-.25 G 3.172(ra).15 G .672(sk; ne)-3.172 F -.05(ga)-.15 G(ti).05 -E .972 -.15(ve v)-.25 H .672(alues are treated)-.1 F(as zero.)144 348 Q -F1(con)108 360 Q -.1(ve)-.4 G(rt\255meta \(On\)).1 E F0 .612(If set to) -144 372 R F1(On)3.112 E F0 3.112(,r)C .613(eadline will con)-3.112 F +E .972 -.15(ve v)-.25 H .672(alues are treated)-.1 F(as zero.)144 492 Q +F1(con)108 504 Q -.1(ve)-.4 G(rt\255meta \(On\)).1 E F0 .612(If set to) +144 516 R F1(On)3.112 E F0 3.112(,r)C .613(eadline will con)-3.112 F -.15(ve)-.4 G .613(rt characters with the eighth bit set to an ASCII k) .15 F .913 -.15(ey s)-.1 H .613(equence by).15 F .541 (stripping the eighth bit and pre\214xing an escape character \(in ef) -144 384 R .541(fect, using escape as the)-.25 F F2 .541(meta pr)3.041 F -(e-)-.37 E<8c78>144 396 Q F0 2.5(\). The)B(def)2.5 E(ault is)-.1 E F2 +144 528 R .541(fect, using escape as the)-.25 F F2 .541(meta pr)3.041 F +(e-)-.37 E<8c78>144 540 Q F0 2.5(\). The)B(def)2.5 E(ault is)-.1 E F2 (On)2.5 E F0 2.5(,b)C(ut readline will set it to)-2.7 E F2(Of)2.5 E(f) -.18 E F0(if the locale contains eight-bit characters.)2.5 E F1 -(disable\255completion \(Off\))108 408 Q F0 .038(If set to)144 420 R F1 +(disable\255completion \(Off\))108 552 Q F0 .038(If set to)144 564 R F1 (On)2.538 E F0 2.538(,r)C .038(eadline will inhibit w)-2.538 F .038 (ord completion.)-.1 F .038 (Completion characters will be inserted into the)5.038 F(line as if the) -144 432 Q 2.5(yh)-.15 G(ad been mapped to)-2.5 E F1(self-insert)2.5 E F0 -(.)A F1(echo\255contr)108 444 Q(ol\255characters \(On\))-.18 E F0 1.211 -(When set to)144 456 R F1(On)3.711 E F0 3.711(,o)C 3.711(no)-3.711 G +144 576 Q 2.5(yh)-.15 G(ad been mapped to)-2.5 E F1(self-insert)2.5 E F0 +(.)A F1(echo\255contr)108 588 Q(ol\255characters \(On\))-.18 E F0 1.211 +(When set to)144 600 R F1(On)3.711 E F0 3.711(,o)C 3.711(no)-3.711 G 1.211(perating systems that indicate the)-3.711 F 3.711(ys)-.15 G 1.21 (upport it, readline echoes a character)-3.711 F -(corresponding to a signal generated from the k)144 468 Q -.15(ey)-.1 G -(board.).15 E F1(editing\255mode \(emacs\))108 480 Q F0 .141 -(Controls whether readline be)144 492 R .141(gins with a set of k)-.15 F +(corresponding to a signal generated from the k)144 612 Q -.15(ey)-.1 G +(board.).15 E F1(editing\255mode \(emacs\))108 624 Q F0 .141 +(Controls whether readline be)144 636 R .141(gins with a set of k)-.15 F .441 -.15(ey b)-.1 H .141(indings similar to).15 F F2(Emacs)2.642 E F0 (or)2.642 E F2(vi)2.642 E F0(.)A F1(editing\255mode)5.142 E F0 -(can be set to either)144 504 Q F1(emacs)2.5 E F0(or)2.5 E F1(vi)2.5 E -F0(.)A F1(emacs\255mode\255string \(@\))108 516 Q F0 .518(If the)144 528 +(can be set to either)144 648 Q F1(emacs)2.5 E F0(or)2.5 E F1(vi)2.5 E +F0(.)A F1(emacs\255mode\255string \(@\))108 660 Q F0 .518(If the)144 672 R F2(show\255mode\255in\255pr)3.018 E(ompt)-.45 E F0 -.25(va)3.018 G .517(riable is enabled, this string is displayed immediately before the) .25 F .622 -(last line of the primary prompt when emacs editing mode is acti)144 540 +(last line of the primary prompt when emacs editing mode is acti)144 684 R -.15(ve)-.25 G 5.622(.T).15 G .622(he v)-5.622 F .622(alue is e)-.25 F -.622(xpanded lik)-.15 F 3.122(ea)-.1 G -.1(ke)144 552 S 3.34(yb)-.05 G +.622(xpanded lik)-.15 F 3.122(ea)-.1 G -.1(ke)144 696 S 3.34(yb)-.05 G .839(inding, so the standard set of meta- and control pre\214x)-3.34 F -.839(es and backslash escape sequences is)-.15 F -.2(av)144 564 S 2.798 +.839(es and backslash escape sequences is)-.15 F -.2(av)144 708 S 2.798 (ailable. Use)-.05 F .298(the \\1 and \\2 escapes to be)2.798 F .298 (gin and end sequences of non-printing characters, which)-.15 F (can be used to embed a terminal control sequence into the mode string.) -144 576 Q F1(enable\255acti)108 588 Q -.1(ve)-.1 G.1 E -(egion \(On\))-.18 E F0(The)144 600 Q F2(point)3.246 E F0 .746 +144 720 Q(GNU Bash 5.2)72 768 Q(2022 June 3)150.675 E(44)199.835 E 0 Cg +EP +%%Page: 45 45 +%%BeginPageSetup +BP +%%EndPageSetup +/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 137.14(SH\(1\) General).35 F +(Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 +SF(enable\255acti)108 84 Q -.1(ve)-.1 G.1 E(egion \(On\))-.18 E F0 +(The)144 96 Q/F2 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(point)3.246 E F0 .746 (is the current cursor position, and)3.246 F F2(mark)3.246 E F0 .746 (refers to a sa)3.246 F -.15(ve)-.2 G 3.246(dc).15 G .746 (ursor position.)-3.246 F .745(The te)5.746 F .745(xt be-)-.15 F .344 -(tween the point and mark is referred to as the)144 612 R F2 -.37(re) +(tween the point and mark is referred to as the)144 108 R F2 -.37(re) 2.844 G(gion)-.03 E F0 5.344(.W)C .344(hen this v)-5.344 F .344 (ariable is set to)-.25 F F2(On)2.845 E F0 2.845(,r)C .345(eadline al-) --2.845 F(lo)144 624 Q .098(ws certain commands to designate the re)-.25 +-2.845 F(lo)144 120 Q .098(ws certain commands to designate the re)-.25 F .098(gion as)-.15 F F2(active)2.598 E F0 5.098(.W)C .098(hen the re) -5.098 F .098(gion is acti)-.15 F -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.598(,r).15 G .098 -(eadline high-)-2.598 F .97(lights the te)144 636 R .97(xt in the re) +(eadline high-)-2.598 F .97(lights the te)144 132 R .97(xt in the re) -.15 F .971(gion using the v)-.15 F .971(alue of the)-.25 F F1(acti) 3.471 E -.1(ve)-.1 G.1 E(egion\255start\255color)-.18 E F0 3.471 (,w)C .971(hich def)-3.471 F .971(aults to)-.1 F .485 -(the string that enables the terminal')144 648 R 2.985(ss)-.55 G .485 +(the string that enables the terminal')144 144 R 2.985(ss)-.55 G .485 (tandout mode.)-2.985 F .485(The acti)5.485 F .785 -.15(ve r)-.25 H -.15 (eg).15 G .484(ion sho).15 F .484(ws the te)-.25 F .484(xt inserted by) --.15 F(brack)144 660 Q(eted-paste and an)-.1 E 2.5(ym)-.15 G(atching te) +-.15 F(brack)144 156 Q(eted-paste and an)-.1 E 2.5(ym)-.15 G(atching te) -2.5 E(xt found by incremental and non-incremental history searches.) --.15 E F1(enable\255brack)108 672 Q(eted\255paste \(On\))-.1 E F0 .84 -(When set to)144 684 R F1(On)3.34 E F0 3.34(,r)C .841(eadline con\214gu\ +-.15 E F1(enable\255brack)108 168 Q(eted\255paste \(On\))-.1 E F0 .84 +(When set to)144 180 R F1(On)3.34 E F0 3.34(,r)C .841(eadline con\214gu\ res the terminal to insert each paste into the editing b)-3.34 F(uf)-.2 E .841(fer as a)-.25 F .799(single string of characters, instead of tre\ -ating each character as if it had been read from the k)144 696 R -.15 -(ey)-.1 G(-).15 E 3.158(board. This)144 708 R(pre)3.158 E -.15(ve)-.25 G +ating each character as if it had been read from the k)144 192 R -.15 +(ey)-.1 G(-).15 E 3.158(board. This)144 204 R(pre)3.158 E -.15(ve)-.25 G .658(nts readline from e).15 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .658(cuting an).15 F 3.158 (ye)-.15 G .659(diting commands bound to k)-3.158 F .959 -.15(ey s)-.1 H -.659(equences ap-).15 F(pearing in the pasted te)144 720 Q(xt.)-.15 E -(GNU Bash 5.2)72 768 Q(2022 March 11)144.29 E(44)193.45 E 0 Cg EP -%%Page: 45 45 -%%BeginPageSetup -BP -%%EndPageSetup -/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 137.14(SH\(1\) General).35 F -(Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 -SF(enable\255k)108 84 Q(eypad \(Off\))-.1 E F0 .893(When set to)144 96 R +.659(equences ap-).15 F(pearing in the pasted te)144 216 Q(xt.)-.15 E F1 +(enable\255k)108 228 Q(eypad \(Off\))-.1 E F0 .893(When set to)144 240 R F1(On)3.393 E F0 3.393(,r)C .893 (eadline will try to enable the application k)-3.393 F -.15(ey)-.1 G .893(pad when it is called.).15 F .892(Some sys-)5.893 F -(tems need this to enable the arro)144 108 Q 2.5(wk)-.25 G -.15(ey)-2.6 -G(s.).15 E F1(enable\255meta\255k)108 120 Q(ey \(On\))-.1 E F0 .64 -(When set to)144 132 R F1(On)3.14 E F0 3.14(,r)C .64 +(tems need this to enable the arro)144 252 Q 2.5(wk)-.25 G -.15(ey)-2.6 +G(s.).15 E F1(enable\255meta\255k)108 264 Q(ey \(On\))-.1 E F0 .64 +(When set to)144 276 R F1(On)3.14 E F0 3.14(,r)C .64 (eadline will try to enable an)-3.14 F 3.14(ym)-.15 G .64 (eta modi\214er k)-3.14 F .94 -.15(ey t)-.1 H .64 -(he terminal claims to support).15 F(when it is called.)144 144 Q +(he terminal claims to support).15 F(when it is called.)144 288 Q (On man)5 E 2.5(yt)-.15 G(erminals, the meta k)-2.5 E .3 -.15(ey i)-.1 H 2.5(su).15 G(sed to send eight-bit characters.)-2.5 E F1 -(expand\255tilde \(Off\))108 156 Q F0(If set to)144 168 Q F1(On)2.5 E F0 +(expand\255tilde \(Off\))108 300 Q F0(If set to)144 312 Q F1(On)2.5 E F0 2.5(,t)C(ilde e)-2.5 E(xpansion is performed when readline attempts w) --.15 E(ord completion.)-.1 E F1(history\255pr)108 180 Q(eser)-.18 E -.1 -(ve)-.1 G(\255point \(Off\)).1 E F0 .553(If set to)144 192 R F1(On)3.052 +-.15 E(ord completion.)-.1 E F1(history\255pr)108 324 Q(eser)-.18 E -.1 +(ve)-.1 G(\255point \(Off\)).1 E F0 .553(If set to)144 336 R F1(On)3.052 E F0 3.052(,t)C .552(he history code attempts to place point at the sam\ -e location on each history line re-)-3.052 F(trie)144 204 Q -.15(ve)-.25 +e location on each history line re-)-3.052 F(trie)144 348 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.5(dw).15 G(ith)-2.5 E F1(pr)2.5 E -.15(ev)-.18 G(ious-history).15 E F0(or)2.5 E F1(next-history)2.5 E F0(.)A F1(history\255size \(unset\)) -108 216 Q F0 .948(Set the maximum number of history entries sa)144 228 R +108 360 Q F0 .948(Set the maximum number of history entries sa)144 372 R -.15(ve)-.2 G 3.448(di).15 G 3.448(nt)-3.448 G .948(he history list.) -3.448 F .949(If set to zero, an)5.948 F 3.449(ye)-.15 G(xisting)-3.599 -E .483(history entries are deleted and no ne)144 240 R 2.983(we)-.25 G +E .483(history entries are deleted and no ne)144 384 R 2.983(we)-.25 G .483(ntries are sa)-2.983 F -.15(ve)-.2 G 2.983(d. If).15 F .482 (set to a v)2.983 F .482(alue less than zero, the num-)-.25 F .277 -(ber of history entries is not limited.)144 252 R .277(By def)5.277 F +(ber of history entries is not limited.)144 396 R .277(By def)5.277 F .278(ault, the number of history entries is set to the v)-.1 F .278 -(alue of)-.25 F(the)144 264 Q F1(HISTSIZE)3.411 E F0 .911(shell v)3.411 -F 3.411(ariable. If)-.25 F .911(an attempt is made to set)3.411 F/F2 10 -/Times-Italic@0 SF(history\255size)3.41 E F0 .91(to a non-numeric v)3.41 -F(alue,)-.25 E -(the maximum number of history entries will be set to 500.)144 276 Q F1 -(horizontal\255scr)108 288 Q(oll\255mode \(Off\))-.18 E F0 .448 -(When set to)144 300 R F1(On)2.948 E F0 2.948(,m)C(ak)-2.948 E .448 +(alue of)-.25 F(the)144 408 Q F1(HISTSIZE)3.411 E F0 .911(shell v)3.411 +F 3.411(ariable. If)-.25 F .911(an attempt is made to set)3.411 F F2 +(history\255size)3.41 E F0 .91(to a non-numeric v)3.41 F(alue,)-.25 E +(the maximum number of history entries will be set to 500.)144 420 Q F1 +(horizontal\255scr)108 432 Q(oll\255mode \(Off\))-.18 E F0 .448 +(When set to)144 444 R F1(On)2.948 E F0 2.948(,m)C(ak)-2.948 E .448 (es readline use a single line for display)-.1 F 2.948(,s)-.65 G .449 (crolling the input horizontally on a)-2.948 F 1.194(single screen line\ when it becomes longer than the screen width rather than wrapping to a\ - ne)144 312 R(w)-.25 E 2.5(line. This)144 324 R + ne)144 456 R(w)-.25 E 2.5(line. This)144 468 R (setting is automatically enabled for terminals of height 1.)2.5 E F1 -(input\255meta \(Off\))108 336 Q F0 1.061(If set to)144 348 R F1(On) +(input\255meta \(Off\))108 480 Q F0 1.061(If set to)144 492 R F1(On) 3.561 E F0 3.561(,r)C 1.062(eadline will enable eight-bit input \(that \ is, it will not strip the eighth bit from the)-3.561 F .336 -(characters it reads\), re)144 360 R -.05(ga)-.15 G .335 +(characters it reads\), re)144 504 R -.05(ga)-.15 G .335 (rdless of what the terminal claims it can support.).05 F .335(The name) -5.335 F F1(meta\255\215ag)2.835 E F0(is)2.835 E 2.864(as)144 372 S(ynon) +5.335 F F1(meta\255\215ag)2.835 E F0(is)2.835 E 2.864(as)144 516 S(ynon) -2.864 E .364(ym for this v)-.15 F 2.864(ariable. The)-.25 F(def)2.864 E .364(ault is)-.1 F F2(Of)2.864 E(f)-.18 E F0 2.864(,b)C .364 (ut readline will set it to)-3.064 F F2(On)2.864 E F0 .365 -(if the locale contains)2.865 F(eight-bit characters.)144 384 Q F1 -(isear)108 396 Q(ch\255terminators \(`)-.18 E(`C\255[C\255J')-.63 E('\)) +(if the locale contains)2.865 F(eight-bit characters.)144 528 Q F1 +(isear)108 540 Q(ch\255terminators \(`)-.18 E(`C\255[C\255J')-.63 E('\)) -.63 E F0 .439(The string of characters that should terminate an increm\ -ental search without subsequently e)144 408 R -.15(xe)-.15 G(cut-).15 E -.934(ing the character as a command.)144 420 R .935(If this v)5.935 F +ental search without subsequently e)144 552 R -.15(xe)-.15 G(cut-).15 E +.934(ing the character as a command.)144 564 R .935(If this v)5.935 F .935(ariable has not been gi)-.25 F -.15(ve)-.25 G 3.435(nav).15 G .935 -(alue, the characters)-3.685 F F2(ESC)3.435 E F0(and)144 432 Q F2 +(alue, the characters)-3.685 F F2(ESC)3.435 E F0(and)144 576 Q F2 (C\255J)2.5 E F0(will terminate an incremental search.)2.5 E F1 -.1(ke) -108 444 S(ymap \(emacs\)).1 E F0 2.021(Set the current readline k)144 -456 R -.15(ey)-.1 G 4.521(map. The).15 F 2.021(set of v)4.521 F 2.021 +108 588 S(ymap \(emacs\)).1 E F0 2.021(Set the current readline k)144 +600 R -.15(ey)-.1 G 4.521(map. The).15 F 2.021(set of v)4.521 F 2.021 (alid k)-.25 F -.15(ey)-.1 G 2.021(map names is).15 F F2 2.02 (emacs, emacs\255standar)4.52 F(d,)-.37 E .041 -(emacs\255meta, emacs\255ctlx, vi, vi\255command)144 468 R F0 2.542(,a)C +(emacs\255meta, emacs\255ctlx, vi, vi\255command)144 612 R F0 2.542(,a)C (nd)-2.542 E F2(vi\255insert)2.832 E F0(.).68 E F2(vi)5.042 E F0 .042 (is equi)2.542 F -.25(va)-.25 G .042(lent to).25 F F2(vi\255command) -2.542 E F0(;)A F2(emacs)2.542 E F0 .449(is equi)144 480 R -.25(va)-.25 G +2.542 E F0(;)A F2(emacs)2.542 E F0 .449(is equi)144 624 R -.25(va)-.25 G .449(lent to).25 F F2(emacs\255standar)2.949 E(d)-.37 E F0 5.449(.T)C .449(he def)-5.449 F .449(ault v)-.1 F .449(alue is)-.25 F F2(emacs) 3.139 E F0 2.948(;t).27 G .448(he v)-2.948 F .448(alue of)-.25 F F1 -(editing\255mode)2.948 E F0 .448(also af-)2.948 F(fects the def)144 492 -Q(ault k)-.1 E -.15(ey)-.1 G(map.).15 E F1 -.1(ke)108 504 S -(yseq\255timeout \(500\)).1 E F0 .367(Speci\214es the duration)144 516 R +(editing\255mode)2.948 E F0 .448(also af-)2.948 F(fects the def)144 636 +Q(ault k)-.1 E -.15(ey)-.1 G(map.).15 E F1 -.1(ke)108 648 S +(yseq\255timeout \(500\)).1 E F0 .367(Speci\214es the duration)144 660 R F2 -.37(re)2.867 G(adline).37 E F0 .367(will w)2.867 F .367 (ait for a character when reading an ambiguous k)-.1 F .668 -.15(ey s) --.1 H(equence).15 E .525(\(one that can form a complete k)144 528 R .825 +-.1 H(equence).15 E .525(\(one that can form a complete k)144 672 R .825 -.15(ey s)-.1 H .524(equence using the input read so f).15 F(ar)-.1 E 3.024(,o)-.4 G 3.024(rc)-3.024 G .524(an tak)-3.024 F 3.024(ea)-.1 G -.524(dditional in-)-3.024 F .806(put to complete a longer k)144 540 R +.524(dditional in-)-3.024 F .806(put to complete a longer k)144 684 R 1.106 -.15(ey s)-.1 H 3.306(equence\). If).15 F .806(no input is recei) 3.306 F -.15(ve)-.25 G 3.306(dw).15 G .807(ithin the timeout,)-3.306 F F2 -.37(re)3.307 G(adline).37 E F0(will)3.307 E .907(use the shorter b) -144 552 R .907(ut complete k)-.2 F 1.207 -.15(ey s)-.1 H 3.407 +144 696 R .907(ut complete k)-.2 F 1.207 -.15(ey s)-.1 H 3.407 (equence. The).15 F -.25(va)3.407 G .907 (lue is speci\214ed in milliseconds, so a v).25 F .906(alue of)-.25 F -.05(1000 means that)144 564 R F2 -.37(re)2.55 G(adline).37 E F0 .05 +.05(1000 means that)144 708 R F2 -.37(re)2.55 G(adline).37 E F0 .05 (will w)2.55 F .05(ait one second for additional input.)-.1 F .05 (If this v)5.05 F .05(ariable is set to a v)-.25 F(alue)-.25 E .051 -(less than or equal to zero, or to a non-numeric v)144 576 R(alue,)-.25 +(less than or equal to zero, or to a non-numeric v)144 720 R(alue,)-.25 E F2 -.37(re)2.551 G(adline).37 E F0 .051(will w)2.551 F .051 (ait until another k)-.1 F .351 -.15(ey i)-.1 H 2.551(sp).15 G(ressed) --2.551 E(to decide which k)144 588 Q .3 -.15(ey s)-.1 H -(equence to complete.).15 E F1(mark\255dir)108 600 Q(ectories \(On\)) --.18 E F0(If set to)144 612 Q F1(On)2.5 E F0 2.5(,c)C +-2.551 E(GNU Bash 5.2)72 768 Q(2022 June 3)150.675 E(45)199.835 E 0 Cg +EP +%%Page: 46 46 +%%BeginPageSetup +BP +%%EndPageSetup +/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 137.14(SH\(1\) General).35 F +(Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E(to decide which k) +144 84 Q .3 -.15(ey s)-.1 H(equence to complete.).15 E/F1 10 +/Times-Bold@0 SF(mark\255dir)108 96 Q(ectories \(On\))-.18 E F0 +(If set to)144 108 Q F1(On)2.5 E F0 2.5(,c)C (ompleted directory names ha)-2.5 E .3 -.15(ve a s)-.2 H(lash appended.) -.15 E F1(mark\255modi\214ed\255lines \(Off\))108 624 Q F0(If set to)144 -636 Q F1(On)2.5 E F0 2.5(,h)C(istory lines that ha)-2.5 E .3 -.15(ve b) +.15 E F1(mark\255modi\214ed\255lines \(Off\))108 120 Q F0(If set to)144 +132 Q F1(On)2.5 E F0 2.5(,h)C(istory lines that ha)-2.5 E .3 -.15(ve b) -.2 H(een modi\214ed are displayed with a preceding asterisk \().15 E F1 -(*)A F0(\).)A F1(mark\255symlink)108 648 Q(ed\255dir)-.1 E -(ectories \(Off\))-.18 E F0 .175(If set to)144 660 R F1(On)2.675 E F0 +(*)A F0(\).)A F1(mark\255symlink)108 144 Q(ed\255dir)-.1 E +(ectories \(Off\))-.18 E F0 .175(If set to)144 156 R F1(On)2.675 E F0 2.675(,c)C .175 (ompleted names which are symbolic links to directories ha)-2.675 F .475 --.15(ve a s)-.2 H .175(lash appended \(sub-).15 F(ject to the v)144 672 +-.15(ve a s)-.2 H .175(lash appended \(sub-).15 F(ject to the v)144 168 Q(alue of)-.25 E F1(mark\255dir)2.5 E(ectories)-.18 E F0(\).)A F1 -(match\255hidden\255\214les \(On\))108 684 Q F0 .193(This v)144 696 R +(match\255hidden\255\214les \(On\))108 180 Q F0 .193(This v)144 192 R .193(ariable, when set to)-.25 F F1(On)2.693 E F0 2.693(,c)C .192 (auses readline to match \214les whose names be)-2.693 F .192 (gin with a `.)-.15 F 2.692('\()-.7 G(hidden)-2.692 E .456 -(\214les\) when performing \214lename completion.)144 708 R .456 +(\214les\) when performing \214lename completion.)144 204 R .456 (If set to)5.456 F F1(Off)2.956 E F0 2.956(,t)C .456(he leading `.) -2.956 F 2.956('m)-.7 G .457(ust be supplied by the)-2.956 F -(user in the \214lename to be completed.)144 720 Q(GNU Bash 5.2)72 768 Q -(2022 March 11)144.29 E(45)193.45 E 0 Cg EP -%%Page: 46 46 -%%BeginPageSetup -BP -%%EndPageSetup -/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 137.14(SH\(1\) General).35 F -(Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 -SF(menu\255complete\255display\255pr)108 84 Q(e\214x \(Off\))-.18 E F0 -1.586(If set to)144 96 R F1(On)4.086 E F0 4.086(,m)C 1.585(enu completi\ -on displays the common pre\214x of the list of possible completions) --4.086 F(\(which may be empty\) before c)144 108 Q -(ycling through the list.)-.15 E F1(output\255meta \(Off\))108 120 Q F0 -.506(If set to)144 132 R F1(On)3.006 E F0 3.006(,r)C .507(eadline will \ +(user in the \214lename to be completed.)144 216 Q F1 +(menu\255complete\255display\255pr)108 228 Q(e\214x \(Off\))-.18 E F0 +1.586(If set to)144 240 R F1(On)4.086 E F0 4.086(,m)C 1.585(enu complet\ +ion displays the common pre\214x of the list of possible completions) +-4.086 F(\(which may be empty\) before c)144 252 Q +(ycling through the list.)-.15 E F1(output\255meta \(Off\))108 264 Q F0 +.506(If set to)144 276 R F1(On)3.006 E F0 3.006(,r)C .507(eadline will \ display characters with the eighth bit set directly rather than as a me\ -ta-)-3.006 F(pre\214x)144 144 Q .885(ed escape sequence.)-.15 F .884 +ta-)-3.006 F(pre\214x)144 288 Q .885(ed escape sequence.)-.15 F .884 (The def)5.884 F .884(ault is)-.1 F/F2 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(Of)3.384 E (f)-.18 E F0 3.384(,b)C .884(ut readline will set it to)-3.584 F F2(On) 3.384 E F0 .884(if the locale contains)3.384 F(eight-bit characters.)144 -156 Q F1(page\255completions \(On\))108 168 Q F0 .808(If set to)144 180 +300 Q F1(page\255completions \(On\))108 312 Q F0 .808(If set to)144 324 R F1(On)3.308 E F0 3.308(,r)C .808(eadline uses an internal)-3.308 F F2 (mor)3.308 E(e)-.37 E F0(-lik)A 3.308(ep)-.1 G .808 (ager to display a screenful of possible comple-)-3.308 F -(tions at a time.)144 192 Q F1 -(print\255completions\255horizontally \(Off\))108 204 Q F0 .228 -(If set to)144 216 R F1(On)2.727 E F0 2.727(,r)C .227(eadline will disp\ +(tions at a time.)144 336 Q F1 +(print\255completions\255horizontally \(Off\))108 348 Q F0 .228 +(If set to)144 360 R F1(On)2.727 E F0 2.727(,r)C .227(eadline will disp\ lay completions with matches sorted horizontally in alphabetical or) --2.727 F(-)-.2 E(der)144 228 Q 2.5(,r)-.4 G(ather than do)-2.5 E -(wn the screen.)-.25 E F1 -2.29 -.18(re v)108 240 T -(ert\255all\255at\255newline \(Off\)).08 E F0 .698(If set to)144 252 R +-2.727 F(-)-.2 E(der)144 372 Q 2.5(,r)-.4 G(ather than do)-2.5 E +(wn the screen.)-.25 E F1 -2.29 -.18(re v)108 384 T +(ert\255all\255at\255newline \(Off\)).08 E F0 .698(If set to)144 396 R F1(On)3.198 E F0 3.198(,r)C .699 (eadline will undo all changes to history lines before returning when) --3.198 F F1(accept\255line)3.199 E F0(is)3.199 E -.15(exe)144 264 S +-3.198 F F1(accept\255line)3.199 E F0(is)3.199 E -.15(exe)144 408 S 2.686(cuted. By).15 F(def)2.686 E .186 (ault, history lines may be modi\214ed and retain indi)-.1 F .186 -(vidual undo lists across calls to)-.25 F F1 -.18(re)144 276 S(adline) -.18 E F0(.)A F1(sho)108 288 Q(w\255all\255if\255ambiguous \(Off\))-.1 E -F0 .303(This alters the def)144 300 R .303(ault beha)-.1 F .304 +(vidual undo lists across calls to)-.25 F F1 -.18(re)144 420 S(adline) +.18 E F0(.)A F1(sho)108 432 Q(w\255all\255if\255ambiguous \(Off\))-.1 E +F0 .303(This alters the def)144 444 R .303(ault beha)-.1 F .304 (vior of the completion functions.)-.2 F .304(If set to)5.304 F F1(On) 2.804 E F0 2.804(,w)C .304(ords which ha)-2.904 F .604 -.15(ve m)-.2 H (ore).15 E 1.264(than one possible completion cause the matches to be l\ -isted immediately instead of ringing the)144 312 R(bell.)144 324 Q F1 -(sho)108 336 Q(w\255all\255if\255unmodi\214ed \(Off\))-.1 E F0 5.345 -(This alters the def)144 348 R 5.345(ault beha)-.1 F 5.345 +isted immediately instead of ringing the)144 456 R(bell.)144 468 Q F1 +(sho)108 480 Q(w\255all\255if\255unmodi\214ed \(Off\))-.1 E F0 5.345 +(This alters the def)144 492 R 5.345(ault beha)-.1 F 5.345 (vior of the completion functions in a f)-.2 F 5.346(ashion similar to) --.1 F F1(sho)144 360 Q(w\255all\255if\255ambiguous)-.1 E F0 6.691(.I)C +-.1 F F1(sho)144 504 Q(w\255all\255if\255ambiguous)-.1 E F0 6.691(.I)C 4.191(fs)-6.691 G 1.691(et to)-4.191 F F1(On)4.191 E F0 4.191(,w)C 1.691 (ords which ha)-4.291 F 1.991 -.15(ve m)-.2 H 1.691 -(ore than one possible completion).15 F 1.039(without an)144 372 R 3.539 +(ore than one possible completion).15 F 1.039(without an)144 516 R 3.539 (yp)-.15 G 1.039 (ossible partial completion \(the possible completions don')-3.539 F 3.539(ts)-.18 G 1.04(hare a common pre\214x\))-3.539 F(cause the matche\ -s to be listed immediately instead of ringing the bell.)144 384 Q F1 -(sho)108 396 Q(w\255mode\255in\255pr)-.1 E(ompt \(Off\))-.18 E F0 1.022 -(If set to)144 408 R F1(On)3.522 E F0 3.522(,a)C 1.022 +s to be listed immediately instead of ringing the bell.)144 528 Q F1 +(sho)108 540 Q(w\255mode\255in\255pr)-.1 E(ompt \(Off\))-.18 E F0 1.022 +(If set to)144 552 R F1(On)3.522 E F0 3.522(,a)C 1.022 (dd a string to the be)-3.522 F 1.021 (ginning of the prompt indicating the editing mode: emacs, vi)-.15 F -(command, or vi insertion.)144 420 Q(The mode strings are user)5 E +(command, or vi insertion.)144 564 Q(The mode strings are user)5 E (-settable \(e.g.,)-.2 E F2(emacs\255mode\255string)2.5 E F0(\).)A F1 -(skip\255completed\255text \(Off\))108 432 Q F0 .094(If set to)144 444 R +(skip\255completed\255text \(Off\))108 576 Q F0 .094(If set to)144 588 R F1(On)2.594 E F0 2.594(,t)C .095(his alters the def)-2.594 F .095 (ault completion beha)-.1 F .095 -(vior when inserting a single match into the line.)-.2 F(It')144 456 Q +(vior when inserting a single match into the line.)-.2 F(It')144 600 Q 2.546(so)-.55 G .046(nly acti)-2.546 F .346 -.15(ve w)-.25 H .046 (hen performing completion in the middle of a w).15 F 2.545(ord. If)-.1 F .045(enabled, readline does not)2.545 F 1.394(insert characters from \ -the completion that match characters after point in the w)144 468 R -1.395(ord being com-)-.1 F(pleted, so portions of the w)144 480 Q +the completion that match characters after point in the w)144 612 R +1.395(ord being com-)-.1 F(pleted, so portions of the w)144 624 Q (ord follo)-.1 E(wing the cursor are not duplicated.)-.25 E F1 -(vi\255cmd\255mode\255string \(\(cmd\)\))108 492 Q F0 .518(If the)144 -504 R F2(show\255mode\255in\255pr)3.018 E(ompt)-.45 E F0 -.25(va)3.018 G +(vi\255cmd\255mode\255string \(\(cmd\)\))108 636 Q F0 .518(If the)144 +648 R F2(show\255mode\255in\255pr)3.018 E(ompt)-.45 E F0 -.25(va)3.018 G .517(riable is enabled, this string is displayed immediately before the) .25 F .475(last line of the primary prompt when vi editing mode is acti) -144 516 R .775 -.15(ve a)-.25 H .476(nd in command mode.).15 F .476 -(The v)5.476 F(alue)-.25 E .33(is e)144 528 R .33(xpanded lik)-.15 F +144 660 R .775 -.15(ve a)-.25 H .476(nd in command mode.).15 F .476 +(The v)5.476 F(alue)-.25 E .33(is e)144 672 R .33(xpanded lik)-.15 F 2.83(eak)-.1 G .63 -.15(ey b)-2.93 H .33 (inding, so the standard set of meta- and control pre\214x).15 F .33 -(es and backslash es-)-.15 F .244(cape sequences is a)144 540 R -.25(va) +(es and backslash es-)-.15 F .244(cape sequences is a)144 684 R -.25(va) -.2 G 2.744(ilable. Use).25 F .244(the \\1 and \\2 escapes to be)2.744 F .245(gin and end sequences of non-printing)-.15 F(characters, which can\ be used to embed a terminal control sequence into the mode string.)144 -552 Q F1(vi\255ins\255mode\255string \(\(ins\)\))108 564 Q F0 .518 -(If the)144 576 R F2(show\255mode\255in\255pr)3.018 E(ompt)-.45 E F0 --.25(va)3.018 G .517 +696 Q(GNU Bash 5.2)72 768 Q(2022 June 3)150.675 E(46)199.835 E 0 Cg EP +%%Page: 47 47 +%%BeginPageSetup +BP +%%EndPageSetup +/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 137.14(SH\(1\) General).35 F +(Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 +SF(vi\255ins\255mode\255string \(\(ins\)\))108 84 Q F0 .518(If the)144 +96 R/F2 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(show\255mode\255in\255pr)3.018 E(ompt)-.45 +E F0 -.25(va)3.018 G .517 (riable is enabled, this string is displayed immediately before the).25 F .186(last line of the primary prompt when vi editing mode is acti)144 -588 R .486 -.15(ve a)-.25 H .186(nd in insertion mode.).15 F .187(The v) -5.186 F .187(alue is)-.25 F -.15(ex)144 600 S .924(panded lik).15 F +108 R .486 -.15(ve a)-.25 H .186(nd in insertion mode.).15 F .187(The v) +5.186 F .187(alue is)-.25 F -.15(ex)144 120 S .924(panded lik).15 F 3.424(eak)-.1 G 1.224 -.15(ey b)-3.524 H .924 (inding, so the standard set of meta- and control pre\214x).15 F .923 -(es and backslash es-)-.15 F .244(cape sequences is a)144 612 R -.25(va) +(es and backslash es-)-.15 F .244(cape sequences is a)144 132 R -.25(va) -.2 G 2.744(ilable. Use).25 F .244(the \\1 and \\2 escapes to be)2.744 F .245(gin and end sequences of non-printing)-.15 F(characters, which can\ be used to embed a terminal control sequence into the mode string.)144 -624 Q F1(visible\255stats \(Off\))108 636 Q F0 .847(If set to)144 648 R +144 Q F1(visible\255stats \(Off\))108 156 Q F0 .847(If set to)144 168 R F1(On)3.346 E F0 3.346(,ac)C .846(haracter denoting a \214le')-3.346 F 3.346(st)-.55 G .846(ype as reported by)-3.346 F F2(stat)3.346 E F0 .846 (\(2\) is appended to the \214lename)B -(when listing possible completions.)144 660 Q F1 -(Readline Conditional Constructs)87 676.8 Q F0 .05 -(Readline implements a f)108 688.8 R .05(acility similar in spirit to t\ +(when listing possible completions.)144 180 Q F1 +(Readline Conditional Constructs)87 196.8 Q F0 .05 +(Readline implements a f)108 208.8 R .05(acility similar in spirit to t\ he conditional compilation features of the C preprocessor)-.1 F .097 -(which allo)108 700.8 R .097(ws k)-.25 F .396 -.15(ey b)-.1 H .096 +(which allo)108 220.8 R .097(ws k)-.25 F .396 -.15(ey b)-.1 H .096 (indings and v).15 F .096 (ariable settings to be performed as the result of tests.)-.25 F .096 -(There are four parser)5.096 F(directi)108 712.8 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.5 -(su).15 G(sed.)-2.5 E(GNU Bash 5.2)72 768 Q(2022 March 11)144.29 E(46) -193.45 E 0 Cg EP -%%Page: 47 47 -%%BeginPageSetup -BP -%%EndPageSetup -/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 137.14(SH\(1\) General).35 F -(Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 -SF($if)108 84 Q F0(The)144 84 Q F1($if)2.962 E F0 .462(construct allo) -2.962 F .463(ws bindings to be made based on the editing mode, the term\ -inal being used,)-.25 F(or the application using readline.)144 96 Q -(The te)5 E(xt of the test, after an)-.15 E 2.5(yc)-.15 G -(omparison operator)-2.5 E(,)-.4 E -.15(ex)146.5 108 S(tends to the end\ - of the line; unless otherwise noted, no characters are required to iso\ -late it.).15 E F1(mode)144 124.8 Q F0(The)180 124.8 Q F1(mode=)3.712 E -F0 1.212(form of the)3.712 F F1($if)3.711 E F0(directi)3.711 E 1.511 --.15(ve i)-.25 H 3.711(su).15 G 1.211 -(sed to test whether readline is in emacs or vi)-3.711 F 3.065 -(mode. This)180 136.8 R .565(may be used in conjunction with the)3.065 F -F1 .565(set k)3.065 F(eymap)-.1 E F0 .565(command, for instance, to) -3.065 F .735(set bindings in the)180 148.8 R/F2 10/Times-Italic@0 SF -(emacs\255standar)3.235 E(d)-.37 E F0(and)3.235 E F2(emacs\255ctlx)3.235 -E F0 -.1(ke)3.235 G .735(ymaps only if readline is starting)-.05 F -(out in emacs mode.)180 160.8 Q F1(term)144 177.6 Q F0(The)180 177.6 Q +(There are four parser)5.096 F(directi)108 232.8 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.5 +(su).15 G(sed.)-2.5 E F1($if)108 249.6 Q F0(The)144 249.6 Q F1($if)2.962 +E F0 .462(construct allo)2.962 F .463(ws bindings to be made based on t\ +he editing mode, the terminal being used,)-.25 F +(or the application using readline.)144 261.6 Q(The te)5 E +(xt of the test, after an)-.15 E 2.5(yc)-.15 G(omparison operator)-2.5 E +(,)-.4 E -.15(ex)146.5 273.6 S(tends to the end of the line; unless oth\ +erwise noted, no characters are required to isolate it.).15 E F1(mode) +144 290.4 Q F0(The)180 290.4 Q F1(mode=)3.712 E F0 1.212(form of the) +3.712 F F1($if)3.711 E F0(directi)3.711 E 1.511 -.15(ve i)-.25 H 3.711 +(su).15 G 1.211(sed to test whether readline is in emacs or vi)-3.711 F +3.065(mode. This)180 302.4 R .565(may be used in conjunction with the) +3.065 F F1 .565(set k)3.065 F(eymap)-.1 E F0 .565 +(command, for instance, to)3.065 F .735(set bindings in the)180 314.4 R +F2(emacs\255standar)3.235 E(d)-.37 E F0(and)3.235 E F2(emacs\255ctlx) +3.235 E F0 -.1(ke)3.235 G .735(ymaps only if readline is starting)-.05 F +(out in emacs mode.)180 326.4 Q F1(term)144 343.2 Q F0(The)180 343.2 Q F1(term=)3.196 E F0 .696 (form may be used to include terminal-speci\214c k)3.196 F .996 -.15 -(ey b)-.1 H .697(indings, perhaps to bind).15 F .654(the k)180 189.6 R +(ey b)-.1 H .697(indings, perhaps to bind).15 F .654(the k)180 355.2 R .954 -.15(ey s)-.1 H .654(equences output by the terminal').15 F 3.154 (sf)-.55 G .654(unction k)-3.154 F -.15(ey)-.1 G 3.154(s. The).15 F -.1 -(wo)3.154 G .654(rd on the right side of).1 F(the)180 201.6 Q F1(=)3.231 +(wo)3.154 G .654(rd on the right side of).1 F(the)180 367.2 Q F1(=)3.231 E F0 .731(is tested ag)3.231 F .732(ainst both the full name of the ter\ minal and the portion of the terminal)-.05 F(name before the \214rst)180 -213.6 Q F12.5 E F0 5(.T)C(his allo)-5 E(ws)-.25 E F2(sun)2.84 E F0 +379.2 Q F12.5 E F0 5(.T)C(his allo)-5 E(ws)-.25 E F2(sun)2.84 E F0 (to match both)2.74 E F2(sun)2.84 E F0(and)2.74 E F2(sun\255cmd)2.84 E -F0 2.5(,f).77 G(or instance.)-2.5 E F1 -.1(ve)144 230.4 S(rsion).1 E F0 -(The)180 242.4 Q F1 -.1(ve)3.109 G(rsion).1 E F0 .608 +F0 2.5(,f).77 G(or instance.)-2.5 E F1 -.1(ve)144 396 S(rsion).1 E F0 +(The)180 408 Q F1 -.1(ve)3.109 G(rsion).1 E F0 .608 (test may be used to perform comparisons ag)3.109 F .608 -(ainst speci\214c readline v)-.05 F(ersions.)-.15 E(The)180 254.4 Q F1 --.1(ve)2.771 G(rsion).1 E F0 -.15(ex)2.771 G .271 +(ainst speci\214c readline v)-.05 F(ersions.)-.15 E(The)180 420 Q F1 -.1 +(ve)2.771 G(rsion).1 E F0 -.15(ex)2.771 G .271 (pands to the current readline v).15 F 2.772(ersion. The)-.15 F .272 -(set of comparison operators in-)2.772 F(cludes)180 266.4 Q F1(=)3.064 E +(set of comparison operators in-)2.772 F(cludes)180 432 Q F1(=)3.064 E F0 3.064(,\()C(and)-3.064 E F1(==)3.064 E F0(\),)A F1(!=)3.064 E F0(,)A F1(<=)3.064 E F0(,)A F1(>=)3.064 E F0(,)A F1(<)3.064 E F0 3.064(,a)C(nd) -3.064 E F1(>)3.064 E F0 5.563(.T)C .563(he v)-5.563 F .563 (ersion number supplied on the right side)-.15 F .318 -(of the operator consists of a major v)180 278.4 R .318(ersion number) --.15 F 2.818(,a)-.4 G 2.818(no)-2.818 G .318 -(ptional decimal point, and an op-)-2.818 F .101(tional minor v)180 -290.4 R .101(ersion \(e.g.,)-.15 F F1(7.1)2.601 E F0 .101 -(\). If the minor v)B .1(ersion is omitted, it is assumed to be)-.15 F -F1(0)2.6 E F0 5.1(.T)C(he)-5.1 E .06 -(operator may be separated from the string)180 302.4 R F1 -.1(ve)2.56 G -(rsion).1 E F0 .06(and from the v)2.56 F .06(ersion number ar)-.15 F -(gument)-.18 E(by whitespace.)180 314.4 Q F1(application)144 331.2 Q F0 -(The)180 343.2 Q F1(application)3.003 E F0 .503 -(construct is used to include application-speci\214c settings.)3.003 F -.503(Each program)5.503 F .114(using the readline library sets the)180 -355.2 R F2 .114(application name)2.614 F F0 2.614(,a)C .114 +(of the operator consists of a major v)180 444 R .318(ersion number)-.15 +F 2.818(,a)-.4 G 2.818(no)-2.818 G .318 +(ptional decimal point, and an op-)-2.818 F .101(tional minor v)180 456 +R .101(ersion \(e.g.,)-.15 F F1(7.1)2.601 E F0 .101(\). If the minor v)B +.1(ersion is omitted, it is assumed to be)-.15 F F1(0)2.6 E F0 5.1(.T)C +(he)-5.1 E .06(operator may be separated from the string)180 468 R F1 +-.1(ve)2.56 G(rsion).1 E F0 .06(and from the v)2.56 F .06 +(ersion number ar)-.15 F(gument)-.18 E(by whitespace.)180 480 Q F1 +(application)144 496.8 Q F0(The)180 508.8 Q F1(application)3.003 E F0 +.503(construct is used to include application-speci\214c settings.)3.003 +F .503(Each program)5.503 F .114(using the readline library sets the)180 +520.8 R F2 .114(application name)2.614 F F0 2.614(,a)C .114 (nd an initialization \214le can test for a)-2.614 F .501(particular v) -180 367.2 R 3.001(alue. This)-.25 F .501(could be used to bind k)3.001 F +180 532.8 R 3.001(alue. This)-.25 F .501(could be used to bind k)3.001 F .801 -.15(ey s)-.1 H .5(equences to functions useful for a spe-).15 F -.396(ci\214c program.)180 379.2 R -.15(Fo)5.396 G 2.896(ri).15 G .396 +.396(ci\214c program.)180 544.8 R -.15(Fo)5.396 G 2.896(ri).15 G .396 (nstance, the follo)-2.896 F .396(wing command adds a k)-.25 F .696 -.15 -(ey s)-.1 H .397(equence that quotes the).15 F(current or pre)180 391.2 -Q(vious w)-.25 E(ord in)-.1 E F1(bash)2.5 E F0(:)A F1($if)180 415.2 Q F0 -(Bash)2.5 E 2.5(#Q)180 427.2 S(uote the current or pre)-2.5 E(vious w) --.25 E(ord)-.1 E("\\C\255xq": "\\eb\\"\\ef\\"")180 439.2 Q F1($endif)180 -451.2 Q F2(variable)144 468 Q F0(The)180 480 Q F2(variable)3.777 E F0 -1.277(construct pro)3.777 F 1.276 +(ey s)-.1 H .397(equence that quotes the).15 F(current or pre)180 556.8 +Q(vious w)-.25 E(ord in)-.1 E F1(bash)2.5 E F0(:)A F1($if)180 580.8 Q F0 +(Bash)2.5 E 2.5(#Q)180 592.8 S(uote the current or pre)-2.5 E(vious w) +-.25 E(ord)-.1 E("\\C\255xq": "\\eb\\"\\ef\\"")180 604.8 Q F1($endif)180 +616.8 Q F2(variable)144 633.6 Q F0(The)180 645.6 Q F2(variable)3.777 E +F0 1.277(construct pro)3.777 F 1.276 (vides simple equality tests for readline v)-.15 F 1.276(ariables and v) --.25 F(alues.)-.25 E .079(The permitted comparison operators are)180 492 -R F2(=)2.579 E F0(,)A F2(==)2.579 E F0 2.579(,a)C(nd)-2.579 E F2(!=) -2.579 E F0 5.079(.T)C .079(he v)-5.079 F .08(ariable name must be sepa-) --.25 F .98(rated from the comparison operator by whitespace; the operat\ -or may be separated from)180 504 R .129(the v)180 516 R .129 -(alue on the right hand side by whitespace.)-.25 F .13 -(Both string and boolean v)5.129 F .13(ariables may be)-.25 F -(tested. Boolean v)180 528 Q(ariables must be tested ag)-.25 E +-.25 F(alues.)-.25 E .079(The permitted comparison operators are)180 +657.6 R F2(=)2.579 E F0(,)A F2(==)2.579 E F0 2.579(,a)C(nd)-2.579 E F2 +(!=)2.579 E F0 5.079(.T)C .079(he v)-5.079 F .08 +(ariable name must be sepa-)-.25 F .98(rated from the comparison operat\ +or by whitespace; the operator may be separated from)180 669.6 R .129 +(the v)180 681.6 R .129(alue on the right hand side by whitespace.)-.25 +F .13(Both string and boolean v)5.129 F .13(ariables may be)-.25 F +(tested. Boolean v)180 693.6 Q(ariables must be tested ag)-.25 E (ainst the v)-.05 E(alues)-.25 E F2(on)2.5 E F0(and)2.5 E F2(of)2.5 E(f) --.18 E F0(.)A F1($endif)108 544.8 Q F0(This command, as seen in the pre) -144 544.8 Q(vious e)-.25 E(xample, terminates an)-.15 E F1($if)2.5 E F0 -(command.)2.5 E F1($else)108 561.6 Q F0(Commands in this branch of the) -144 561.6 Q F1($if)2.5 E F0(directi)2.5 E .3 -.15(ve a)-.25 H(re e).15 E --.15(xe)-.15 G(cuted if the test f).15 E(ails.)-.1 E F1($include)108 -578.4 Q F0 .357(This directi)144 590.4 R .657 -.15(ve t)-.25 H(ak).15 E -.357(es a single \214lename as an ar)-.1 F .356 +-.18 E F0(.)A F1($endif)108 710.4 Q F0(This command, as seen in the pre) +144 710.4 Q(vious e)-.25 E(xample, terminates an)-.15 E F1($if)2.5 E F0 +(command.)2.5 E(GNU Bash 5.2)72 768 Q(2022 June 3)150.675 E(47)199.835 E +0 Cg EP +%%Page: 48 48 +%%BeginPageSetup +BP +%%EndPageSetup +/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 137.14(SH\(1\) General).35 F +(Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 +SF($else)108 84 Q F0(Commands in this branch of the)144 84 Q F1($if)2.5 +E F0(directi)2.5 E .3 -.15(ve a)-.25 H(re e).15 E -.15(xe)-.15 G +(cuted if the test f).15 E(ails.)-.1 E F1($include)108 100.8 Q F0 .357 +(This directi)144 112.8 R .657 -.15(ve t)-.25 H(ak).15 E .357 +(es a single \214lename as an ar)-.1 F .356 (gument and reads commands and bindings from that)-.18 F 2.5(\214le. F) -144 602.4 R(or e)-.15 E(xample, the follo)-.15 E(wing directi)-.25 E .3 --.15(ve w)-.25 H(ould read).05 E F2(/etc/inputr)2.5 E(c)-.37 E F0(:)A F1 -($include)144 626.4 Q F2(/etc/inputr)5.833 E(c)-.37 E F1(Sear)87 643.2 Q -(ching)-.18 E F0 .834(Readline pro)108 655.2 R .834 +144 124.8 R(or e)-.15 E(xample, the follo)-.15 E(wing directi)-.25 E .3 +-.15(ve w)-.25 H(ould read).05 E/F2 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(/etc/inputr)2.5 +E(c)-.37 E F0(:)A F1($include)144 148.8 Q F2(/etc/inputr)5.833 E(c)-.37 +E F1(Sear)87 165.6 Q(ching)-.18 E F0 .834(Readline pro)108 177.6 R .834 (vides commands for searching through the command history \(see)-.15 F /F3 9/Times-Bold@0 SF(HIST)3.335 E(OR)-.162 E(Y)-.315 E F0(belo)3.085 E -.835(w\) for lines)-.25 F(containing a speci\214ed string.)108 667.2 Q +.835(w\) for lines)-.25 F(containing a speci\214ed string.)108 189.6 Q (There are tw)5 E 2.5(os)-.1 G(earch modes:)-2.5 E F2(incr)2.51 E (emental)-.37 E F0(and)3.01 E F2(non-incr)2.86 E(emental)-.37 E F0(.).51 -E .698(Incremental searches be)108 684 R .698 +E .698(Incremental searches be)108 206.4 R .698 (gin before the user has \214nished typing the search string.)-.15 F .697(As each character of the)5.697 F .112 -(search string is typed, readline displays the ne)108 696 R .112 +(search string is typed, readline displays the ne)108 218.4 R .112 (xt entry from the history matching the string typed so f)-.15 F(ar)-.1 E 5.113(.A)-.55 G(n)-5.113 E .542 -(incremental search requires only as man)108 708 R 3.042(yc)-.15 G .542 -(haracters as needed to \214nd the desired history entry)-3.042 F 5.541 -(.T)-.65 G .541(he char)-5.541 F(-)-.2 E .224(acters present in the v) -108 720 R .224(alue of the)-.25 F F1(isear)2.724 E(ch-terminators)-.18 E -F0 -.25(va)2.724 G .224 -(riable are used to terminate an incremental search.).25 F(GNU Bash 5.2) -72 768 Q(2022 March 11)144.29 E(47)193.45 E 0 Cg EP -%%Page: 48 48 -%%BeginPageSetup -BP -%%EndPageSetup -/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 137.14(SH\(1\) General).35 F -(Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E .66(If that v)108 -84 R .66(ariable has not been assigned a v)-.25 F .66 +(incremental search requires only as man)108 230.4 R 3.042(yc)-.15 G +.542(haracters as needed to \214nd the desired history entry)-3.042 F +5.541(.T)-.65 G .541(he char)-5.541 F(-)-.2 E .224 +(acters present in the v)108 242.4 R .224(alue of the)-.25 F F1(isear) +2.724 E(ch-terminators)-.18 E F0 -.25(va)2.724 G .224 +(riable are used to terminate an incremental search.).25 F .66 +(If that v)108 254.4 R .66(ariable has not been assigned a v)-.25 F .66 (alue the Escape and Control-J characters will terminate an incre-)-.25 -F .096(mental search.)108 96 R .096(Control-G will abort an incremental\ - search and restore the original line.)5.096 F .097(When the search is) -5.097 F(terminated, the history entry containing the search string beco\ -mes the current line.)108 108 Q 2.939 -.8(To \214)108 124.8 T 1.339(nd \ -other matching entries in the history list, type Control-S or Control-R\ - as appropriate.).8 F 1.338(This will)6.338 F .674(search backw)108 -136.8 R .674(ard or forw)-.1 F .674(ard in the history for the ne)-.1 F -.675(xt entry matching the search string typed so f)-.15 F(ar)-.1 E -5.675(.A)-.55 G -.15(ny)-5.675 G .175(other k)108 148.8 R .475 -.15 -(ey s)-.1 H .174 +F .096(mental search.)108 266.4 R .096(Control-G will abort an incremen\ +tal search and restore the original line.)5.096 F .097 +(When the search is)5.097 F(terminated, the history entry containing th\ +e search string becomes the current line.)108 278.4 Q 2.939 -.8(To \214) +108 295.2 T 1.339(nd other matching entries in the history list, type C\ +ontrol-S or Control-R as appropriate.).8 F 1.338(This will)6.338 F .674 +(search backw)108 307.2 R .674(ard or forw)-.1 F .674 +(ard in the history for the ne)-.1 F .675 +(xt entry matching the search string typed so f)-.15 F(ar)-.1 E 5.675 +(.A)-.55 G -.15(ny)-5.675 G .175(other k)108 319.2 R .475 -.15(ey s)-.1 +H .174 (equence bound to a readline command will terminate the search and e).15 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .174(cute that command.).15 F -.15(Fo)5.174 G(r).15 E -.54(instance, a)108 160.8 R/F1 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(ne)3.04 E(wline)-.15 -E F0 .541(will terminate the search and accept the line, thereby e)3.04 -F -.15(xe)-.15 G .541(cuting the command from the).15 F(history list.) -108 172.8 Q .653(Readline remembers the last incremental search string.) -108 189.6 R .653(If tw)5.653 F 3.153(oC)-.1 G .653 +.54(instance, a)108 331.2 R F2(ne)3.04 E(wline)-.15 E F0 .541 +(will terminate the search and accept the line, thereby e)3.04 F -.15 +(xe)-.15 G .541(cuting the command from the).15 F(history list.)108 +343.2 Q .653(Readline remembers the last incremental search string.)108 +360 R .653(If tw)5.653 F 3.153(oC)-.1 G .653 (ontrol-Rs are typed without an)-3.153 F 3.152(yi)-.15 G(nterv)-3.152 E -(en-)-.15 E(ing characters de\214ning a ne)108 201.6 Q 2.5(ws)-.25 G +(en-)-.15 E(ing characters de\214ning a ne)108 372 Q 2.5(ws)-.25 G (earch string, an)-2.5 E 2.5(yr)-.15 G(emembered search string is used.) -2.5 E .567(Non-incremental searches read the entire search string befo\ -re starting to search for matching history lines.)108 218.4 R(The searc\ +re starting to search for matching history lines.)108 388.8 R(The searc\ h string may be typed by the user or be part of the contents of the cur\ -rent line.)108 230.4 Q/F2 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(Readline Command Names)87 -247.2 Q F0 1.392(The follo)108 259.2 R 1.391 +rent line.)108 400.8 Q F1(Readline Command Names)87 417.6 Q F0 1.392 +(The follo)108 429.6 R 1.391 (wing is a list of the names of the commands and the def)-.25 F 1.391 (ault k)-.1 F 1.691 -.15(ey s)-.1 H 1.391(equences to which the).15 F -3.891(ya)-.15 G(re)-3.891 E 2.621(bound. Command)108 271.2 R .121 +3.891(ya)-.15 G(re)-3.891 E 2.621(bound. Command)108 441.6 R .121 (names without an accompan)2.621 F .121(ying k)-.15 F .421 -.15(ey s)-.1 H .122(equence are unbound by def).15 F 2.622(ault. In)-.1 F .122 -(the follo)2.622 F(wing)-.25 E(descriptions,)108 283.2 Q F1(point)3.411 -E F0 .911(refers to the current cursor position, and)3.411 F F1(mark) +(the follo)2.622 F(wing)-.25 E(descriptions,)108 453.6 Q F2(point)3.411 +E F0 .911(refers to the current cursor position, and)3.411 F F2(mark) 3.411 E F0 .91(refers to a cursor position sa)3.411 F -.15(ve)-.2 G 3.41 -(db).15 G 3.41(yt)-3.41 G(he)-3.41 E F2(set\255mark)108 295.2 Q F0 2.5 +(db).15 G 3.41(yt)-3.41 G(he)-3.41 E F1(set\255mark)108 465.6 Q F0 2.5 (command. The)2.5 F(te)2.5 E -(xt between the point and mark is referred to as the)-.15 E F1 -.37(re) -2.5 G(gion)-.03 E F0(.)A F2(Commands f)87 312 Q(or Mo)-.25 E(ving)-.1 E -(beginning\255of\255line \(C\255a\))108 324 Q F0(Mo)144 336 Q .3 -.15 -(ve t)-.15 H 2.5(ot).15 G(he start of the current line.)-2.5 E F2 -(end\255of\255line \(C\255e\))108 348 Q F0(Mo)144 360 Q .3 -.15(ve t) --.15 H 2.5(ot).15 G(he end of the line.)-2.5 E F2 -.25(fo)108 372 S -(rward\255char \(C\255f\)).25 E F0(Mo)144 384 Q .3 -.15(ve f)-.15 H(orw) -.15 E(ard a character)-.1 E(.)-.55 E F2(backward\255char \(C\255b\))108 -396 Q F0(Mo)144 408 Q .3 -.15(ve b)-.15 H(ack a character).15 E(.)-.55 E -F2 -.25(fo)108 420 S(rward\255w).25 E(ord \(M\255f\))-.1 E F0(Mo)144 432 -Q .822 -.15(ve f)-.15 H(orw).15 E .522(ard to the end of the ne)-.1 F -.523(xt w)-.15 F 3.023(ord. W)-.1 F .523 -(ords are composed of alphanumeric characters \(let-)-.8 F -(ters and digits\).)144 444 Q F2(backward\255w)108 456 Q(ord \(M\255b\)) --.1 E F0(Mo)144 468 Q 1.71 -.15(ve b)-.15 H 1.41 +(xt between the point and mark is referred to as the)-.15 E F2 -.37(re) +2.5 G(gion)-.03 E F0(.)A F1(Commands f)87 482.4 Q(or Mo)-.25 E(ving)-.1 +E(beginning\255of\255line \(C\255a\))108 494.4 Q F0(Mo)144 506.4 Q .3 +-.15(ve t)-.15 H 2.5(ot).15 G(he start of the current line.)-2.5 E F1 +(end\255of\255line \(C\255e\))108 518.4 Q F0(Mo)144 530.4 Q .3 -.15 +(ve t)-.15 H 2.5(ot).15 G(he end of the line.)-2.5 E F1 -.25(fo)108 +542.4 S(rward\255char \(C\255f\)).25 E F0(Mo)144 554.4 Q .3 -.15(ve f) +-.15 H(orw).15 E(ard a character)-.1 E(.)-.55 E F1 +(backward\255char \(C\255b\))108 566.4 Q F0(Mo)144 578.4 Q .3 -.15(ve b) +-.15 H(ack a character).15 E(.)-.55 E F1 -.25(fo)108 590.4 S(rward\255w) +.25 E(ord \(M\255f\))-.1 E F0(Mo)144 602.4 Q .822 -.15(ve f)-.15 H(orw) +.15 E .522(ard to the end of the ne)-.1 F .523(xt w)-.15 F 3.023(ord. W) +-.1 F .523(ords are composed of alphanumeric characters \(let-)-.8 F +(ters and digits\).)144 614.4 Q F1(backward\255w)108 626.4 Q +(ord \(M\255b\))-.1 E F0(Mo)144 638.4 Q 1.71 -.15(ve b)-.15 H 1.41 (ack to the start of the current or pre).15 F 1.41(vious w)-.25 F 3.91 (ord. W)-.1 F 1.41(ords are composed of alphanumeric)-.8 F -(characters \(letters and digits\).)144 480 Q F2(shell\255f)108 492 Q -(orward\255w)-.25 E(ord)-.1 E F0(Mo)144 504 Q .784 -.15(ve f)-.15 H(orw) -.15 E .484(ard to the end of the ne)-.1 F .484(xt w)-.15 F 2.984(ord. W) --.1 F .484(ords are delimited by non-quoted shell metacharac-)-.8 F -(ters.)144 516 Q F2(shell\255backward\255w)108 528 Q(ord)-.1 E F0(Mo)144 -540 Q .909 -.15(ve b)-.15 H .609(ack to the start of the current or pre) -.15 F .609(vious w)-.25 F 3.109(ord. W)-.1 F .608 -(ords are delimited by non-quoted shell)-.8 F(metacharacters.)144 552 Q -F2(pr)108 564 Q -.15(ev)-.18 G(ious\255scr).15 E(een\255line)-.18 E F0 -.89(Attempt to mo)144 576 R 1.19 -.15(ve p)-.15 H .89 +(characters \(letters and digits\).)144 650.4 Q F1(shell\255f)108 662.4 +Q(orward\255w)-.25 E(ord)-.1 E F0(Mo)144 674.4 Q .784 -.15(ve f)-.15 H +(orw).15 E .484(ard to the end of the ne)-.1 F .484(xt w)-.15 F 2.984 +(ord. W)-.1 F .484(ords are delimited by non-quoted shell metacharac-) +-.8 F(ters.)144 686.4 Q F1(shell\255backward\255w)108 698.4 Q(ord)-.1 E +F0(Mo)144 710.4 Q .909 -.15(ve b)-.15 H .609 +(ack to the start of the current or pre).15 F .609(vious w)-.25 F 3.109 +(ord. W)-.1 F .608(ords are delimited by non-quoted shell)-.8 F +(metacharacters.)144 722.4 Q(GNU Bash 5.2)72 768 Q(2022 June 3)150.675 E +(48)199.835 E 0 Cg EP +%%Page: 49 49 +%%BeginPageSetup +BP +%%EndPageSetup +/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 137.14(SH\(1\) General).35 F +(Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 +SF(pr)108 84 Q -.15(ev)-.18 G(ious\255scr).15 E(een\255line)-.18 E F0 +.89(Attempt to mo)144 96 R 1.19 -.15(ve p)-.15 H .89 (oint to the same ph).15 F .891(ysical screen column on the pre)-.05 F .891(vious ph)-.25 F .891(ysical screen line.)-.05 F .87 -(This will not ha)144 588 R 1.17 -.15(ve t)-.2 H .87(he desired ef).15 F +(This will not ha)144 108 R 1.17 -.15(ve t)-.2 H .87(he desired ef).15 F .87(fect if the current Readline line does not tak)-.25 F 3.37(eu)-.1 G -3.37(pm)-3.37 G .87(ore than one)-3.37 F(ph)144 600 Q(ysical line or if\ +3.37(pm)-3.37 G .87(ore than one)-3.37 F(ph)144 120 Q(ysical line or if\ point is not greater than the length of the prompt plus the screen wid\ -th.)-.05 E F2(next\255scr)108 612 Q(een\255line)-.18 E F0 .637 -(Attempt to mo)144 624 R .937 -.15(ve p)-.15 H .637(oint to the same ph) +th.)-.05 E F1(next\255scr)108 132 Q(een\255line)-.18 E F0 .637 +(Attempt to mo)144 144 R .937 -.15(ve p)-.15 H .637(oint to the same ph) .15 F .638(ysical screen column on the ne)-.05 F .638(xt ph)-.15 F .638 -(ysical screen line. This)-.05 F .009(will not ha)144 636 R .309 -.15 +(ysical screen line. This)-.05 F .009(will not ha)144 156 R .309 -.15 (ve t)-.2 H .009(he desired ef).15 F .009 (fect if the current Readline line does not tak)-.25 F 2.509(eu)-.1 G 2.509(pm)-2.509 G .008(ore than one ph)-2.509 F(ysical)-.05 E .772(line\ or if the length of the current Readline line is not greater than the \ -length of the prompt plus)144 648 R(the screen width.)144 660 Q F2 -(clear\255display \(M\255C\255l\))108 672 Q F0 1.499 -(Clear the screen and, if possible, the terminal')144 684 R 3.999(ss) +length of the prompt plus)144 168 R(the screen width.)144 180 Q F1 +(clear\255display \(M\255C\255l\))108 192 Q F0 1.499 +(Clear the screen and, if possible, the terminal')144 204 R 3.999(ss) -.55 G 1.498(crollback b)-3.999 F(uf)-.2 E(fer)-.25 E 3.998(,t)-.4 G 1.498(hen redra)-3.998 F 3.998(wt)-.15 G 1.498(he current line,)-3.998 F -(lea)144 696 Q(ving the current line at the top of the screen.)-.2 E -(GNU Bash 5.2)72 768 Q(2022 March 11)144.29 E(48)193.45 E 0 Cg EP -%%Page: 49 49 -%%BeginPageSetup -BP -%%EndPageSetup -/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 137.14(SH\(1\) General).35 F -(Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 -SF(clear\255scr)108 84 Q(een \(C\255l\))-.18 E F0 1.36 -(Clear the screen, then redra)144 96 R 3.86(wt)-.15 G 1.36 +(lea)144 216 Q(ving the current line at the top of the screen.)-.2 E F1 +(clear\255scr)108 228 Q(een \(C\255l\))-.18 E F0 1.36 +(Clear the screen, then redra)144 240 R 3.86(wt)-.15 G 1.36 (he current line, lea)-3.86 F 1.36 -(ving the current line at the top of the screen.)-.2 F -.4(Wi)144 108 S +(ving the current line at the top of the screen.)-.2 F -.4(Wi)144 252 S (th an ar).4 E (gument, refresh the current line without clearing the screen.)-.18 E F1 --.18(re)108 120 S(draw\255curr).18 E(ent\255line)-.18 E F0 -(Refresh the current line.)144 132 Q F1(Commands f)87 148.8 Q +-.18(re)108 264 S(draw\255curr).18 E(ent\255line)-.18 E F0 +(Refresh the current line.)144 276 Q F1(Commands f)87 292.8 Q (or Manipulating the History)-.25 E(accept\255line \(Newline, Retur)108 -160.8 Q(n\))-.15 E F0 .159(Accept the line re)144 172.8 R -.05(ga)-.15 G +304.8 Q(n\))-.15 E F0 .159(Accept the line re)144 316.8 R -.05(ga)-.15 G .159(rdless of where the cursor is.).05 F .158 (If this line is non-empty)5.158 F 2.658(,a)-.65 G .158 (dd it to the history list)-2.658 F .699(according to the state of the) -144 184.8 R/F2 9/Times-Bold@0 SF(HISTCONTR)3.199 E(OL)-.27 E F0 -.25(va) +144 328.8 R/F2 9/Times-Bold@0 SF(HISTCONTR)3.199 E(OL)-.27 E F0 -.25(va) 2.949 G 3.199(riable. If).25 F .699 (the line is a modi\214ed history line, then)3.199 F -(restore the history line to its original state.)144 196.8 Q F1(pr)108 -208.8 Q -.15(ev)-.18 G(ious\255history \(C\255p\)).15 E F0 -(Fetch the pre)144 220.8 Q(vious command from the history list, mo)-.25 -E(ving back in the list.)-.15 E F1(next\255history \(C\255n\))108 232.8 -Q F0(Fetch the ne)144 244.8 Q(xt command from the history list, mo)-.15 +(restore the history line to its original state.)144 340.8 Q F1(pr)108 +352.8 Q -.15(ev)-.18 G(ious\255history \(C\255p\)).15 E F0 +(Fetch the pre)144 364.8 Q(vious command from the history list, mo)-.25 +E(ving back in the list.)-.15 E F1(next\255history \(C\255n\))108 376.8 +Q F0(Fetch the ne)144 388.8 Q(xt command from the history list, mo)-.15 E(ving forw)-.15 E(ard in the list.)-.1 E F1 -(beginning\255of\255history \(M\255<\))108 256.8 Q F0(Mo)144 268.8 Q .3 +(beginning\255of\255history \(M\255<\))108 400.8 Q F0(Mo)144 412.8 Q .3 -.15(ve t)-.15 H 2.5(ot).15 G(he \214rst line in the history)-2.5 E(.) --.65 E F1(end\255of\255history \(M\255>\))108 280.8 Q F0(Mo)144 292.8 Q +-.65 E F1(end\255of\255history \(M\255>\))108 424.8 Q F0(Mo)144 436.8 Q .3 -.15(ve t)-.15 H 2.5(ot).15 G(he end of the input history)-2.5 E 2.5 (,i)-.65 G(.e., the line currently being entered.)-2.5 E F1 -(operate\255and\255get\255next \(C\255o\))108 304.8 Q F0 .948 -(Accept the current line for e)144 316.8 R -.15(xe)-.15 G .948 +(operate\255and\255get\255next \(C\255o\))108 448.8 Q F0 .948 +(Accept the current line for e)144 460.8 R -.15(xe)-.15 G .948 (cution and fetch the ne).15 F .948(xt line relati)-.15 F 1.247 -.15 (ve t)-.25 H 3.447(ot).15 G .947(he current line from the)-3.447 F .729 -(history for editing.)144 328.8 R 3.229(An)5.729 G .729(umeric ar)-3.229 +(history for editing.)144 472.8 R 3.229(An)5.729 G .729(umeric ar)-3.229 F .729 (gument, if supplied, speci\214es the history entry to use instead of) --.18 F(the current line.)144 340.8 Q F1(fetch\255history)108 352.8 Q F0 --.4(Wi)144 364.8 S .257(th a numeric ar).4 F .257 +-.18 F(the current line.)144 484.8 Q F1(fetch\255history)108 496.8 Q F0 +-.4(Wi)144 508.8 S .257(th a numeric ar).4 F .257 (gument, fetch that entry from the history list and mak)-.18 F 2.756(ei) -.1 G 2.756(tt)-2.756 G .256(he current line.)-2.756 F -.4(Wi)5.256 G -(th-).4 E(out an ar)144 376.8 Q(gument, mo)-.18 E .3 -.15(ve b)-.15 H +(th-).4 E(out an ar)144 520.8 Q(gument, mo)-.18 E .3 -.15(ve b)-.15 H (ack to the \214rst entry in the history list.).15 E F1 -2.29 -.18(re v) -108 388.8 T(erse\255sear).08 E(ch\255history \(C\255r\))-.18 E F0 1.47 -(Search backw)144 400.8 R 1.471(ard starting at the current line and mo) +108 532.8 T(erse\255sear).08 E(ch\255history \(C\255r\))-.18 E F0 1.47 +(Search backw)144 544.8 R 1.471(ard starting at the current line and mo) -.1 F 1.471(ving `up' through the history as necessary)-.15 F(.)-.65 E -(This is an incremental search.)144 412.8 Q F1 -.25(fo)108 424.8 S +(This is an incremental search.)144 556.8 Q F1 -.25(fo)108 568.8 S (rward\255sear).25 E(ch\255history \(C\255s\))-.18 E F0 1.132 -(Search forw)144 436.8 R 1.132(ard starting at the current line and mo) +(Search forw)144 580.8 R 1.132(ard starting at the current line and mo) -.1 F 1.131(ving `do)-.15 F 1.131(wn' through the history as necessary) --.25 F(.)-.65 E(This is an incremental search.)144 448.8 Q F1 -(non\255incr)108 460.8 Q(emental\255r)-.18 E -2.3 -.15(ev e)-.18 H +-.25 F(.)-.65 E(This is an incremental search.)144 592.8 Q F1 +(non\255incr)108 604.8 Q(emental\255r)-.18 E -2.3 -.15(ev e)-.18 H (rse\255sear).15 E(ch\255history \(M\255p\))-.18 E F0 .164(Search backw) -144 472.8 R .164(ard through the history starting at the current line u\ -sing a non-incremental search for)-.1 F 2.5(as)144 484.8 S -(tring supplied by the user)-2.5 E(.)-.55 E F1(non\255incr)108 496.8 Q +144 616.8 R .164(ard through the history starting at the current line u\ +sing a non-incremental search for)-.1 F 2.5(as)144 628.8 S +(tring supplied by the user)-2.5 E(.)-.55 E F1(non\255incr)108 640.8 Q (emental\255f)-.18 E(orward\255sear)-.25 E(ch\255history \(M\255n\))-.18 -E F0 1.354(Search forw)144 508.8 R 1.354(ard through the history using \ +E F0 1.354(Search forw)144 652.8 R 1.354(ard through the history using \ a non-incremental search for a string supplied by the)-.1 F(user)144 -520.8 Q(.)-.55 E F1(history\255sear)108 532.8 Q(ch\255f)-.18 E(orward) --.25 E F0 .248(Search forw)144 544.8 R .249(ard through the history for\ +664.8 Q(.)-.55 E F1(history\255sear)108 676.8 Q(ch\255f)-.18 E(orward) +-.25 E F0 .248(Search forw)144 688.8 R .249(ard through the history for\ the string of characters between the start of the current line)-.1 F -(and the point.)144 556.8 Q(This is a non-incremental search.)5 E F1 -(history\255sear)108 568.8 Q(ch\255backward)-.18 E F0 .951(Search backw) -144 580.8 R .951(ard through the history for the string of characters b\ -etween the start of the current)-.1 F(line and the point.)144 592.8 Q +(and the point.)144 700.8 Q(This is a non-incremental search.)5 E +(GNU Bash 5.2)72 768 Q(2022 June 3)150.675 E(49)199.835 E 0 Cg EP +%%Page: 50 50 +%%BeginPageSetup +BP +%%EndPageSetup +/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 137.14(SH\(1\) General).35 F +(Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 +SF(history\255sear)108 84 Q(ch\255backward)-.18 E F0 .951(Search backw) +144 96 R .951(ard through the history for the string of characters betw\ +een the start of the current)-.1 F(line and the point.)144 108 Q (This is a non-incremental search.)5 E F1(history\255substring\255sear) -108 604.8 Q(ch\255backward)-.18 E F0 .95(Search backw)144 616.8 R .951(\ -ard through the history for the string of characters between the start \ -of the current)-.1 F .007(line and the current cursor position \(the)144 -628.8 R/F3 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(point)2.507 E F0 2.507(\). The)B .007 +108 120 Q(ch\255backward)-.18 E F0 .95(Search backw)144 132 R .951(ard \ +through the history for the string of characters between the start of t\ +he current)-.1 F .007(line and the current cursor position \(the)144 144 +R/F2 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(point)2.507 E F0 2.507(\). The)B .007 (search string may match an)2.507 F .006(ywhere in a history)-.15 F 2.5 -(line. This)144 640.8 R(is a non-incremental search.)2.5 E F1 -(history\255substring\255sear)108 652.8 Q(ch\255f)-.18 E(orward)-.25 E -F0 .248(Search forw)144 664.8 R .249(ard through the history for the st\ -ring of characters between the start of the current line)-.1 F .319 -(and the point.)144 676.8 R .319(The search string may match an)5.319 F +(line. This)144 156 R(is a non-incremental search.)2.5 E F1 +(history\255substring\255sear)108 168 Q(ch\255f)-.18 E(orward)-.25 E F0 +.248(Search forw)144 180 R .249(ard through the history for the string \ +of characters between the start of the current line)-.1 F .319 +(and the point.)144 192 R .319(The search string may match an)5.319 F .319(ywhere in a history line.)-.15 F .318(This is a non-incremental) -5.318 F(search.)144 688.8 Q F1(yank\255nth\255ar)108 700.8 Q 2.5(g\()-.1 -G<4dad43ad7929>-2.5 E F0 .622(Insert the \214rst ar)144 712.8 R .622 +5.318 F(search.)144 204 Q F1(yank\255nth\255ar)108 216 Q 2.5(g\()-.1 G +<4dad43ad7929>-2.5 E F0 .622(Insert the \214rst ar)144 228 R .622 (gument to the pre)-.18 F .622(vious command \(usually the second w)-.25 F .622(ord on the pre)-.1 F .622(vious line\))-.25 F .773(at point.)144 -724.8 R -.4(Wi)5.773 G .773(th an ar).4 F(gument)-.18 E F3(n)3.633 E F0 -3.273(,i).24 G .773(nsert the)-3.273 F F3(n)3.273 E F0 .773(th w)B .773 +240 R -.4(Wi)5.773 G .773(th an ar).4 F(gument)-.18 E F2(n)3.633 E F0 +3.273(,i).24 G .773(nsert the)-3.273 F F2(n)3.273 E F0 .773(th w)B .773 (ord from the pre)-.1 F .773(vious command \(the w)-.25 F .773 -(ords in the)-.1 F(GNU Bash 5.2)72 768 Q(2022 March 11)144.29 E(49) -193.45 E 0 Cg EP -%%Page: 50 50 -%%BeginPageSetup -BP -%%EndPageSetup -/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 137.14(SH\(1\) General).35 F -(Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E(pre)144 84 Q .291 -(vious command be)-.25 F .291(gin with w)-.15 F .291(ord 0\).)-.1 F -2.791(An)5.291 G -2.25 -.15(eg a)-2.791 H(ti).15 E .591 -.15(ve a)-.25 H --.18(rg).15 G .291(ument inserts the).18 F/F1 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(n) -2.791 E F0 .291(th w)B .292(ord from the end of)-.1 F .282(the pre)144 -96 R .282(vious command.)-.25 F .282(Once the ar)5.282 F(gument)-.18 E -F1(n)2.781 E F0 .281(is computed, the ar)2.781 F .281(gument is e)-.18 F -.281(xtracted as if the "!)-.15 F F1(n)A F0(")A(history e)144 108 Q -(xpansion had been speci\214ed.)-.15 E/F2 10/Times-Bold@0 SF -(yank\255last\255ar)108 120 Q 2.5(g\()-.1 G -1.667(M\255. ,)-2.5 F --1.667(M\255_ \))2.5 F F0 1.307(Insert the last ar)144 132 R 1.307 -(gument to the pre)-.18 F 1.307(vious command \(the last w)-.25 F 1.308 -(ord of the pre)-.1 F 1.308(vious history entry\).)-.25 F -.4(Wi)144 144 -S .204(th a numeric ar).4 F .204(gument, beha)-.18 F .504 -.15(ve ex)-.2 -H .204(actly lik).15 F(e)-.1 E F2(yank\255nth\255ar)2.704 E(g)-.1 E F0 -5.203(.S)C(uccessi)-5.203 E .503 -.15(ve c)-.25 H .203(alls to).15 F F2 -(yank\255last\255ar)2.703 E(g)-.1 E F0(mo)144 156 Q .806 -.15(ve b)-.15 -H .507(ack through the history list, inserting the last w).15 F .507 +(ords in the)-.1 F(pre)144 252 Q .291(vious command be)-.25 F .291 +(gin with w)-.15 F .291(ord 0\).)-.1 F 2.791(An)5.291 G -2.25 -.15(eg a) +-2.791 H(ti).15 E .591 -.15(ve a)-.25 H -.18(rg).15 G .291 +(ument inserts the).18 F F2(n)2.791 E F0 .291(th w)B .292 +(ord from the end of)-.1 F .282(the pre)144 264 R .282(vious command.) +-.25 F .282(Once the ar)5.282 F(gument)-.18 E F2(n)2.781 E F0 .281 +(is computed, the ar)2.781 F .281(gument is e)-.18 F .281 +(xtracted as if the "!)-.15 F F2(n)A F0(")A(history e)144 276 Q +(xpansion had been speci\214ed.)-.15 E F1(yank\255last\255ar)108 288 Q +2.5(g\()-.1 G -1.667(M\255. ,)-2.5 F -1.667(M\255_ \))2.5 F F0 1.307 +(Insert the last ar)144 300 R 1.307(gument to the pre)-.18 F 1.307 +(vious command \(the last w)-.25 F 1.308(ord of the pre)-.1 F 1.308 +(vious history entry\).)-.25 F -.4(Wi)144 312 S .204(th a numeric ar).4 +F .204(gument, beha)-.18 F .504 -.15(ve ex)-.2 H .204(actly lik).15 F(e) +-.1 E F1(yank\255nth\255ar)2.704 E(g)-.1 E F0 5.203(.S)C(uccessi)-5.203 +E .503 -.15(ve c)-.25 H .203(alls to).15 F F1(yank\255last\255ar)2.703 E +(g)-.1 E F0(mo)144 324 Q .806 -.15(ve b)-.15 H .507 +(ack through the history list, inserting the last w).15 F .507 (ord \(or the w)-.1 F .507(ord speci\214ed by the ar)-.1 F(gument)-.18 E -.416(to the \214rst call\) of each line in turn.)144 168 R(An)5.416 E +.416(to the \214rst call\) of each line in turn.)144 336 R(An)5.416 E 2.916(yn)-.15 G .416(umeric ar)-2.916 F .416 (gument supplied to these successi)-.18 F .715 -.15(ve c)-.25 H .415 -(alls de-).15 F 1.217(termines the direction to mo)144 180 R 1.518 -.15 +(alls de-).15 F 1.217(termines the direction to mo)144 348 R 1.518 -.15 (ve t)-.15 H 1.218(hrough the history).15 F 6.218(.A)-.65 G(ne)-2.5 E -.05(ga)-.15 G(ti).05 E 1.518 -.15(ve a)-.25 H -.18(rg).15 G 1.218 (ument switches the direction).18 F .494 -(through the history \(back or forw)144 192 R 2.994(ard\). The)-.1 F +(through the history \(back or forw)144 360 R 2.994(ard\). The)-.1 F .494(history e)2.994 F .494(xpansion f)-.15 F .494 (acilities are used to e)-.1 F .494(xtract the last)-.15 F -.1(wo)144 -204 S(rd, as if the "!$" history e).1 E(xpansion had been speci\214ed.) --.15 E F2(shell\255expand\255line \(M\255C\255e\))108 216 Q F0 .622 -(Expand the line as the shell does.)144 228 R .622 +372 S(rd, as if the "!$" history e).1 E(xpansion had been speci\214ed.) +-.15 E F1(shell\255expand\255line \(M\255C\255e\))108 384 Q F0 .622 +(Expand the line as the shell does.)144 396 R .622 (This performs alias and history e)5.622 F .623 -(xpansion as well as all of the)-.15 F(shell w)144 240 Q(ord e)-.1 E 2.5 +(xpansion as well as all of the)-.15 F(shell w)144 408 Q(ord e)-.1 E 2.5 (xpansions. See)-.15 F/F3 9/Times-Bold@0 SF(HIST)2.5 E(OR)-.162 E 2.25 (YE)-.315 G(XP)-2.25 E(ANSION)-.666 E F0(belo)2.25 E 2.5(wf)-.25 G -(or a description of history e)-2.5 E(xpansion.)-.15 E F2 -(history\255expand\255line \(M\255^\))108 252 Q F0 .939 -(Perform history e)144 264 R .939(xpansion on the current line.)-.15 F +(or a description of history e)-2.5 E(xpansion.)-.15 E F1 +(history\255expand\255line \(M\255^\))108 420 Q F0 .939 +(Perform history e)144 432 R .939(xpansion on the current line.)-.15 F (See)5.939 E F3(HIST)3.439 E(OR)-.162 E 3.189(YE)-.315 G(XP)-3.189 E (ANSION)-.666 E F0(belo)3.189 E 3.438(wf)-.25 G .938(or a descrip-) --3.438 F(tion of history e)144 276 Q(xpansion.)-.15 E F2(magic\255space) -108 288 Q F0 .437(Perform history e)144 300 R .437 +-3.438 F(tion of history e)144 444 Q(xpansion.)-.15 E F1(magic\255space) +108 456 Q F0 .437(Perform history e)144 468 R .437 (xpansion on the current line and insert a space.)-.15 F(See)5.438 E F3 (HIST)2.938 E(OR)-.162 E 2.688(YE)-.315 G(XP)-2.688 E(ANSION)-.666 E F0 -(be-)2.688 E(lo)144 312 Q 2.5(wf)-.25 G(or a description of history e) --2.5 E(xpansion.)-.15 E F2(alias\255expand\255line)108 324 Q F0 .395 -(Perform alias e)144 336 R .395(xpansion on the current line.)-.15 F +(be-)2.688 E(lo)144 480 Q 2.5(wf)-.25 G(or a description of history e) +-2.5 E(xpansion.)-.15 E F1(alias\255expand\255line)108 492 Q F0 .395 +(Perform alias e)144 504 R .395(xpansion on the current line.)-.15 F (See)5.395 E F3(ALIASES)2.895 E F0(abo)2.645 E .694 -.15(ve f)-.15 H -.394(or a description of alias e).15 F(xpan-)-.15 E(sion.)144 348 Q F2 -(history\255and\255alias\255expand\255line)108 360 Q F0 -(Perform history and alias e)144 372 Q(xpansion on the current line.) --.15 E F2(insert\255last\255ar)108 384 Q(gument \(M\255.)-.1 E 2.5(,M) -.833 G -1.667(\255_ \))-2.5 F F0 2.5(As)144 396 S(ynon)-2.5 E(ym for) --.15 E F2(yank\255last\255ar)2.5 E(g)-.1 E F0(.)A F2 -(edit\255and\255execute\255command \(C\255x C\255e\))108 408 Q F0(In)144 -420 Q -.2(vo)-.4 G .346 -.1(ke a).2 H 2.646(ne).1 G .146 +.394(or a description of alias e).15 F(xpan-)-.15 E(sion.)144 516 Q F1 +(history\255and\255alias\255expand\255line)108 528 Q F0 +(Perform history and alias e)144 540 Q(xpansion on the current line.) +-.15 E F1(insert\255last\255ar)108 552 Q(gument \(M\255.)-.1 E 2.5(,M) +.833 G -1.667(\255_ \))-2.5 F F0 2.5(As)144 564 S(ynon)-2.5 E(ym for) +-.15 E F1(yank\255last\255ar)2.5 E(g)-.1 E F0(.)A F1 +(edit\255and\255execute\255command \(C\255x C\255e\))108 576 Q F0(In)144 +588 Q -.2(vo)-.4 G .346 -.1(ke a).2 H 2.646(ne).1 G .146 (ditor on the current command line, and e)-2.646 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .146 -(cute the result as shell commands.).15 F F2(Bash)5.147 E F0(at-)2.647 E -(tempts to in)144 432 Q -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G F3($VISU)2.6 E(AL)-.54 +(cute the result as shell commands.).15 F F1(Bash)5.147 E F0(at-)2.647 E +(tempts to in)144 600 Q -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G F3($VISU)2.6 E(AL)-.54 E/F4 9/Times-Roman@0 SF(,)A F3($EDIT)2.25 E(OR)-.162 E F4(,)A F0(and) -2.25 E F1(emacs)2.5 E F0(as the editor)2.5 E 2.5(,i)-.4 G 2.5(nt)-2.5 G -(hat order)-2.5 E(.)-.55 E F2(Commands f)87 448.8 Q(or Changing T)-.25 E -(ext)-.92 E F1(end\255of\255\214le)108 460.8 Q F2(\(usually C\255d\))2.5 -E F0 .799(The character indicating end-of-\214le as set, for e)144 472.8 +2.25 E F2(emacs)2.5 E F0(as the editor)2.5 E 2.5(,i)-.4 G 2.5(nt)-2.5 G +(hat order)-2.5 E(.)-.55 E F1(Commands f)87 616.8 Q(or Changing T)-.25 E +(ext)-.92 E F2(end\255of\255\214le)108 628.8 Q F1(\(usually C\255d\))2.5 +E F0 .799(The character indicating end-of-\214le as set, for e)144 640.8 R .799(xample, by)-.15 F/F5 10/Courier@0 SF(stty)3.299 E F0 5.799(.I)C 3.298(ft)-5.799 G .798(his character is read when)-3.298 F .592 -(there are no characters on the line, and point is at the be)144 484.8 R +(there are no characters on the line, and point is at the be)144 652.8 R .593(ginning of the line, Readline interprets it)-.15 F -(as the end of input and returns)144 496.8 Q F3(EOF)2.5 E F4(.)A F2 -(delete\255char \(C\255d\))108 508.8 Q F0 .442 -(Delete the character at point.)144 520.8 R .442 -(If this function is bound to the same character as the tty)5.442 F F2 -(EOF)2.941 E F0(char)2.941 E(-)-.2 E(acter)144 532.8 Q 2.5(,a)-.4 G(s) --2.5 E F2(C\255d)2.5 E F0(commonly is, see abo)2.5 E .3 -.15(ve f)-.15 H -(or the ef).15 E(fects.)-.25 E F2(backward\255delete\255char \(Rubout\)) -108 544.8 Q F0 .552(Delete the character behind the cursor)144 556.8 R -5.553(.W)-.55 G .553(hen gi)-5.553 F -.15(ve)-.25 G 3.053(nan).15 G .553 -(umeric ar)-3.053 F .553(gument, sa)-.18 F .853 -.15(ve t)-.2 H .553 -(he deleted te).15 F .553(xt on)-.15 F(the kill ring.)144 568.8 Q F2 --.25(fo)108 580.8 S(rward\255backward\255delete\255char).25 E F0 .474 -(Delete the character under the cursor)144 592.8 R 2.974(,u)-.4 G .474 -(nless the cursor is at the end of the line, in which case the)-2.974 F -(character behind the cursor is deleted.)144 604.8 Q F2 -(quoted\255insert \(C\255q, C\255v\))108 616.8 Q F0 .778(Add the ne)144 -628.8 R .779(xt character typed to the line v)-.15 F 3.279 -(erbatim. This)-.15 F .779(is ho)3.279 F 3.279(wt)-.25 G 3.279(oi)-3.279 -G .779(nsert characters lik)-3.279 F(e)-.1 E F2(C\255q)3.279 E F0 3.279 -(,f)C(or)-3.279 E -.15(ex)144 640.8 S(ample.).15 E F2 -(tab\255insert \(C\255v T)108 652.8 Q(AB\))-.9 E F0 -(Insert a tab character)144 664.8 Q(.)-.55 E F2 -(self\255insert \(a, b, A, 1, !, ...\))108 676.8 Q F0 -(Insert the character typed.)144 688.8 Q F2 -(transpose\255chars \(C\255t\))108 700.8 Q F0 .322 -(Drag the character before point forw)144 712.8 R .321(ard o)-.1 F -.15 -(ve)-.15 G 2.821(rt).15 G .321(he character at point, mo)-2.821 F .321 -(ving point forw)-.15 F .321(ard as well.)-.1 F 1.182 -(If point is at the end of the line, then this transposes the tw)144 -724.8 R 3.683(oc)-.1 G 1.183(haracters before point.)-3.683 F(Ne)6.183 E --.05(ga)-.15 G(ti).05 E -.15(ve)-.25 G(GNU Bash 5.2)72 768 Q -(2022 March 11)144.29 E(50)193.45 E 0 Cg EP +(as the end of input and returns)144 664.8 Q F3(EOF)2.5 E F4(.)A F1 +(delete\255char \(C\255d\))108 676.8 Q F0 .442 +(Delete the character at point.)144 688.8 R .442 +(If this function is bound to the same character as the tty)5.442 F F1 +(EOF)2.941 E F0(char)2.941 E(-)-.2 E(acter)144 700.8 Q 2.5(,a)-.4 G(s) +-2.5 E F1(C\255d)2.5 E F0(commonly is, see abo)2.5 E .3 -.15(ve f)-.15 H +(or the ef).15 E(fects.)-.25 E(GNU Bash 5.2)72 768 Q(2022 June 3)150.675 +E(50)199.835 E 0 Cg EP %%Page: 51 51 %%BeginPageSetup BP %%EndPageSetup /F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 137.14(SH\(1\) General).35 F -(Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E(ar)144 84 Q -(guments ha)-.18 E .3 -.15(ve n)-.2 H 2.5(oe).15 G -.25(ff)-2.5 G(ect.) -.25 E/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(transpose\255w)108 96 Q(ords \(M\255t\))-.1 -E F0 .024(Drag the w)144 108 R .024(ord before point past the w)-.1 F -.023(ord after point, mo)-.1 F .023(ving point o)-.15 F -.15(ve)-.15 G -2.523(rt).15 G .023(hat w)-2.523 F .023(ord as well.)-.1 F .023 -(If point)5.023 F -(is at the end of the line, this transposes the last tw)144 120 Q 2.5 -(ow)-.1 G(ords on the line.)-2.6 E F1(upcase\255w)108 132 Q -(ord \(M\255u\))-.1 E F0 1.698(Uppercase the current \(or follo)144 144 +(Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 +SF(backward\255delete\255char \(Rubout\))108 84 Q F0 .552 +(Delete the character behind the cursor)144 96 R 5.553(.W)-.55 G .553 +(hen gi)-5.553 F -.15(ve)-.25 G 3.053(nan).15 G .553(umeric ar)-3.053 F +.553(gument, sa)-.18 F .853 -.15(ve t)-.2 H .553(he deleted te).15 F +.553(xt on)-.15 F(the kill ring.)144 108 Q F1 -.25(fo)108 120 S +(rward\255backward\255delete\255char).25 E F0 .474 +(Delete the character under the cursor)144 132 R 2.974(,u)-.4 G .474 +(nless the cursor is at the end of the line, in which case the)-2.974 F +(character behind the cursor is deleted.)144 144 Q F1 +(quoted\255insert \(C\255q, C\255v\))108 156 Q F0 .778(Add the ne)144 +168 R .779(xt character typed to the line v)-.15 F 3.279(erbatim. This) +-.15 F .779(is ho)3.279 F 3.279(wt)-.25 G 3.279(oi)-3.279 G .779 +(nsert characters lik)-3.279 F(e)-.1 E F1(C\255q)3.279 E F0 3.279(,f)C +(or)-3.279 E -.15(ex)144 180 S(ample.).15 E F1(tab\255insert \(C\255v T) +108 192 Q(AB\))-.9 E F0(Insert a tab character)144 204 Q(.)-.55 E F1 +(self\255insert \(a, b, A, 1, !, ...\))108 216 Q F0 +(Insert the character typed.)144 228 Q F1(transpose\255chars \(C\255t\)) +108 240 Q F0 .322(Drag the character before point forw)144 252 R .321 +(ard o)-.1 F -.15(ve)-.15 G 2.821(rt).15 G .321 +(he character at point, mo)-2.821 F .321(ving point forw)-.15 F .321 +(ard as well.)-.1 F .372 +(If point is at the end of the line, then this transposes the tw)144 264 +R 2.872(oc)-.1 G .373(haracters before point.)-2.872 F(Ne)5.373 E -.05 +(ga)-.15 G(ti).05 E .673 -.15(ve a)-.25 H -.2(r-).15 G(guments ha)144 +276 Q .3 -.15(ve n)-.2 H 2.5(oe).15 G -.25(ff)-2.5 G(ect.).25 E F1 +(transpose\255w)108 288 Q(ords \(M\255t\))-.1 E F0 .024(Drag the w)144 +300 R .024(ord before point past the w)-.1 F .023(ord after point, mo) +-.1 F .023(ving point o)-.15 F -.15(ve)-.15 G 2.523(rt).15 G .023(hat w) +-2.523 F .023(ord as well.)-.1 F .023(If point)5.023 F +(is at the end of the line, this transposes the last tw)144 312 Q 2.5 +(ow)-.1 G(ords on the line.)-2.6 E F1(upcase\255w)108 324 Q +(ord \(M\255u\))-.1 E F0 1.698(Uppercase the current \(or follo)144 336 R 1.698(wing\) w)-.25 F 4.198(ord. W)-.1 F 1.698(ith a ne)-.4 F -.05(ga) -.15 G(ti).05 E 1.999 -.15(ve a)-.25 H -.18(rg).15 G 1.699 -(ument, uppercase the pre).18 F(vious)-.25 E -.1(wo)144 156 S(rd, b).1 E -(ut do not mo)-.2 E .3 -.15(ve p)-.15 H(oint.).15 E F1(do)108 168 Q -(wncase\255w)-.1 E(ord \(M\255l\))-.1 E F0(Lo)144 180 Q 1.648 +(ument, uppercase the pre).18 F(vious)-.25 E -.1(wo)144 348 S(rd, b).1 E +(ut do not mo)-.2 E .3 -.15(ve p)-.15 H(oint.).15 E F1(do)108 360 Q +(wncase\255w)-.1 E(ord \(M\255l\))-.1 E F0(Lo)144 372 Q 1.648 (wercase the current \(or follo)-.25 F 1.648(wing\) w)-.25 F 4.148 (ord. W)-.1 F 1.647(ith a ne)-.4 F -.05(ga)-.15 G(ti).05 E 1.947 -.15 (ve a)-.25 H -.18(rg).15 G 1.647(ument, lo).18 F 1.647(wercase the pre) --.25 F(vious)-.25 E -.1(wo)144 192 S(rd, b).1 E(ut do not mo)-.2 E .3 --.15(ve p)-.15 H(oint.).15 E F1(capitalize\255w)108 204 Q -(ord \(M\255c\))-.1 E F0 1.974(Capitalize the current \(or follo)144 216 +-.25 F(vious)-.25 E -.1(wo)144 384 S(rd, b).1 E(ut do not mo)-.2 E .3 +-.15(ve p)-.15 H(oint.).15 E F1(capitalize\255w)108 396 Q +(ord \(M\255c\))-.1 E F0 1.974(Capitalize the current \(or follo)144 408 R 1.974(wing\) w)-.25 F 4.474(ord. W)-.1 F 1.974(ith a ne)-.4 F -.05(ga) -.15 G(ti).05 E 2.274 -.15(ve a)-.25 H -.18(rg).15 G 1.975 -(ument, capitalize the pre).18 F(vious)-.25 E -.1(wo)144 228 S(rd, b).1 -E(ut do not mo)-.2 E .3 -.15(ve p)-.15 H(oint.).15 E F1 -.1(ove)108 240 -S(rwrite\255mode).1 E F0 -.8(To)144 252 S .438(ggle o).8 F -.15(ve)-.15 +(ument, capitalize the pre).18 F(vious)-.25 E -.1(wo)144 420 S(rd, b).1 +E(ut do not mo)-.2 E .3 -.15(ve p)-.15 H(oint.).15 E F1 -.1(ove)108 432 +S(rwrite\255mode).1 E F0 -.8(To)144 444 S .438(ggle o).8 F -.15(ve)-.15 G .438(rwrite mode.).15 F -.4(Wi)5.438 G .438(th an e).4 F .438 (xplicit positi)-.15 F .737 -.15(ve n)-.25 H .437(umeric ar).15 F .437 (gument, switches to o)-.18 F -.15(ve)-.15 G .437(rwrite mode.).15 F -.4 -(Wi)144 264 S .78(th an e).4 F .781(xplicit non-positi)-.15 F 1.081 -.15 +(Wi)144 456 S .78(th an e).4 F .781(xplicit non-positi)-.15 F 1.081 -.15 (ve n)-.25 H .781(umeric ar).15 F .781(gument, switches to insert mode.) --.18 F .781(This command af)5.781 F(fects)-.25 E(only)144 276 Q F1 +-.18 F .781(This command af)5.781 F(fects)-.25 E(only)144 468 Q F1 (emacs)4.395 E F0(mode;)4.395 E F1(vi)4.395 E F0 1.894(mode does o)4.395 F -.15(ve)-.15 G 1.894(rwrite dif).15 F(ferently)-.25 E 6.894(.E)-.65 G 1.894(ach call to)-6.894 F/F2 10/Times-Italic@0 SF -.37(re)4.394 G (adline\(\)).37 E F0 1.894(starts in insert)4.394 F 3.968(mode. In)144 -288 R -.15(ove)3.968 G 1.468(rwrite mode, characters bound to).15 F F1 +480 R -.15(ove)3.968 G 1.468(rwrite mode, characters bound to).15 F F1 (self\255insert)3.969 E F0 1.469(replace the te)3.969 F 1.469 -(xt at point rather than)-.15 F .958(pushing the te)144 300 R .958 +(xt at point rather than)-.15 F .958(pushing the te)144 492 R .958 (xt to the right.)-.15 F .957(Characters bound to)5.958 F F1 (backward\255delete\255char)3.457 E F0 .957(replace the character)3.457 -F(before point with a space.)144 312 Q(By def)5 E -(ault, this command is unbound.)-.1 E F1(Killing and Y)87 328.8 Q -(anking)-.85 E(kill\255line \(C\255k\))108 340.8 Q F0(Kill the te)144 -352.8 Q(xt from point to the end of the line.)-.15 E F1 -(backward\255kill\255line \(C\255x Rubout\))108 364.8 Q F0(Kill backw) -144 376.8 Q(ard to the be)-.1 E(ginning of the line.)-.15 E F1 -(unix\255line\255discard \(C\255u\))108 388.8 Q F0(Kill backw)144 400.8 +F(before point with a space.)144 504 Q(By def)5 E +(ault, this command is unbound.)-.1 E F1(Killing and Y)87 520.8 Q +(anking)-.85 E(kill\255line \(C\255k\))108 532.8 Q F0(Kill the te)144 +544.8 Q(xt from point to the end of the line.)-.15 E F1 +(backward\255kill\255line \(C\255x Rubout\))108 556.8 Q F0(Kill backw) +144 568.8 Q(ard to the be)-.1 E(ginning of the line.)-.15 E F1 +(unix\255line\255discard \(C\255u\))108 580.8 Q F0(Kill backw)144 592.8 Q(ard from point to the be)-.1 E(ginning of the line.)-.15 E (The killed te)5 E(xt is sa)-.15 E -.15(ve)-.2 G 2.5(do).15 G 2.5(nt) --2.5 G(he kill-ring.)-2.5 E F1(kill\255whole\255line)108 412.8 Q F0 +-2.5 G(he kill-ring.)-2.5 E F1(kill\255whole\255line)108 604.8 Q F0 (Kill all characters on the current line, no matter where point is.)144 -424.8 Q F1(kill\255w)108 436.8 Q(ord \(M\255d\))-.1 E F0 .728 -(Kill from point to the end of the current w)144 448.8 R .729 +616.8 Q F1(kill\255w)108 628.8 Q(ord \(M\255d\))-.1 E F0 .728 +(Kill from point to the end of the current w)144 640.8 R .729 (ord, or if between w)-.1 F .729(ords, to the end of the ne)-.1 F .729 -(xt w)-.15 F(ord.)-.1 E -.8(Wo)144 460.8 S +(xt w)-.15 F(ord.)-.1 E -.8(Wo)144 652.8 S (rd boundaries are the same as those used by).8 E F1 -.25(fo)2.5 G -(rward\255w).25 E(ord)-.1 E F0(.)A F1(backward\255kill\255w)108 472.8 Q -(ord \(M\255Rubout\))-.1 E F0(Kill the w)144 484.8 Q(ord behind point.) +(rward\255w).25 E(ord)-.1 E F0(.)A F1(backward\255kill\255w)108 664.8 Q +(ord \(M\255Rubout\))-.1 E F0(Kill the w)144 676.8 Q(ord behind point.) -.1 E -.8(Wo)5 G(rd boundaries are the same as those used by).8 E F1 -(backward\255w)2.5 E(ord)-.1 E F0(.)A F1(shell\255kill\255w)108 496.8 Q -(ord)-.1 E F0 .729(Kill from point to the end of the current w)144 508.8 +(backward\255w)2.5 E(ord)-.1 E F0(.)A F1(shell\255kill\255w)108 688.8 Q +(ord)-.1 E F0 .729(Kill from point to the end of the current w)144 700.8 R .728(ord, or if between w)-.1 F .728(ords, to the end of the ne)-.1 F -.728(xt w)-.15 F(ord.)-.1 E -.8(Wo)144 520.8 S +.728(xt w)-.15 F(ord.)-.1 E -.8(Wo)144 712.8 S (rd boundaries are the same as those used by).8 E F1(shell\255f)2.5 E -(orward\255w)-.25 E(ord)-.1 E F0(.)A F1(shell\255backward\255kill\255w) -108 532.8 Q(ord)-.1 E F0 3.025(Kill the w)144 544.8 R 3.025 -(ord behind point.)-.1 F -.8(Wo)8.025 G 3.025 -(rd boundaries are the same as those used by).8 F F1(shell\255back-) -5.525 E(ward\255w)144 556.8 Q(ord)-.1 E F0(.)A F1(unix\255w)108 568.8 Q -(ord\255rubout \(C\255w\))-.1 E F0 .365(Kill the w)144 580.8 R .365 -(ord behind point, using white space as a w)-.1 F .364(ord boundary)-.1 -F 5.364(.T)-.65 G .364(he killed te)-5.364 F .364(xt is sa)-.15 F -.15 -(ve)-.2 G 2.864(do).15 G 2.864(nt)-2.864 G(he)-2.864 E(kill-ring.)144 -592.8 Q F1(unix\255\214lename\255rubout)108 604.8 Q F0 .166(Kill the w) -144 616.8 R .166 -(ord behind point, using white space and the slash character as the w) --.1 F .167(ord boundaries.)-.1 F(The)5.167 E(killed te)144 628.8 Q -(xt is sa)-.15 E -.15(ve)-.2 G 2.5(do).15 G 2.5(nt)-2.5 G(he kill-ring.) --2.5 E F1(delete\255horizontal\255space \(M\255\\\))108 640.8 Q F0 -(Delete all spaces and tabs around point.)144 652.8 Q F1(kill\255r)108 -664.8 Q(egion)-.18 E F0(Kill the te)144 676.8 Q(xt in the current re) --.15 E(gion.)-.15 E F1(copy\255r)108 688.8 Q(egion\255as\255kill)-.18 E -F0(Cop)144 700.8 Q 2.5(yt)-.1 G(he te)-2.5 E(xt in the re)-.15 E -(gion to the kill b)-.15 E(uf)-.2 E(fer)-.25 E(.)-.55 E(GNU Bash 5.2)72 -768 Q(2022 March 11)144.29 E(51)193.45 E 0 Cg EP +(orward\255w)-.25 E(ord)-.1 E F0(.)A(GNU Bash 5.2)72 768 Q(2022 June 3) +150.675 E(51)199.835 E 0 Cg EP %%Page: 52 52 %%BeginPageSetup BP %%EndPageSetup /F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 137.14(SH\(1\) General).35 F (Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 -SF(copy\255backward\255w)108 84 Q(ord)-.1 E F0(Cop)144 96 Q 4.801(yt)-.1 +SF(shell\255backward\255kill\255w)108 84 Q(ord)-.1 E F0 3.025 +(Kill the w)144 96 R 3.025(ord behind point.)-.1 F -.8(Wo)8.025 G 3.025 +(rd boundaries are the same as those used by).8 F F1(shell\255back-) +5.525 E(ward\255w)144 108 Q(ord)-.1 E F0(.)A F1(unix\255w)108 120 Q +(ord\255rubout \(C\255w\))-.1 E F0 .365(Kill the w)144 132 R .365 +(ord behind point, using white space as a w)-.1 F .364(ord boundary)-.1 +F 5.364(.T)-.65 G .364(he killed te)-5.364 F .364(xt is sa)-.15 F -.15 +(ve)-.2 G 2.864(do).15 G 2.864(nt)-2.864 G(he)-2.864 E(kill-ring.)144 +144 Q F1(unix\255\214lename\255rubout)108 156 Q F0 .166(Kill the w)144 +168 R .166 +(ord behind point, using white space and the slash character as the w) +-.1 F .167(ord boundaries.)-.1 F(The)5.167 E(killed te)144 180 Q +(xt is sa)-.15 E -.15(ve)-.2 G 2.5(do).15 G 2.5(nt)-2.5 G(he kill-ring.) +-2.5 E F1(delete\255horizontal\255space \(M\255\\\))108 192 Q F0 +(Delete all spaces and tabs around point.)144 204 Q F1(kill\255r)108 216 +Q(egion)-.18 E F0(Kill the te)144 228 Q(xt in the current re)-.15 E +(gion.)-.15 E F1(copy\255r)108 240 Q(egion\255as\255kill)-.18 E F0(Cop) +144 252 Q 2.5(yt)-.1 G(he te)-2.5 E(xt in the re)-.15 E +(gion to the kill b)-.15 E(uf)-.2 E(fer)-.25 E(.)-.55 E F1 +(copy\255backward\255w)108 264 Q(ord)-.1 E F0(Cop)144 276 Q 4.801(yt)-.1 G 2.301(he w)-4.801 F 2.301(ord before point to the kill b)-.1 F(uf)-.2 E(fer)-.25 E 7.301(.T)-.55 G 2.301(he w)-7.301 F 2.3 -(ord boundaries are the same as)-.1 F F1(back-)4.8 E(ward\255w)144 108 Q -(ord)-.1 E F0(.)A F1(copy\255f)108 120 Q(orward\255w)-.25 E(ord)-.1 E F0 -(Cop)144 132 Q 4.507(yt)-.1 G 2.007(he w)-4.507 F 2.007(ord follo)-.1 F +(ord boundaries are the same as)-.1 F F1(back-)4.8 E(ward\255w)144 288 Q +(ord)-.1 E F0(.)A F1(copy\255f)108 300 Q(orward\255w)-.25 E(ord)-.1 E F0 +(Cop)144 312 Q 4.507(yt)-.1 G 2.007(he w)-4.507 F 2.007(ord follo)-.1 F 2.007(wing point to the kill b)-.25 F(uf)-.2 E(fer)-.25 E 7.008(.T)-.55 G 2.008(he w)-7.008 F 2.008(ord boundaries are the same as)-.1 F F1 -.25 -(fo)4.508 G -.37(r-).25 G(ward\255w)144 144 Q(ord)-.1 E F0(.)A F1 -(yank \(C\255y\))108 156 Q F0 -1(Ya)144 168 S +(fo)4.508 G -.37(r-).25 G(ward\255w)144 324 Q(ord)-.1 E F0(.)A F1 +(yank \(C\255y\))108 336 Q F0 -1(Ya)144 348 S (nk the top of the kill ring into the b)1 E(uf)-.2 E(fer at point.)-.25 -E F1(yank\255pop \(M\255y\))108 180 Q F0 -(Rotate the kill ring, and yank the ne)144 192 Q 2.5(wt)-.25 G 2.5 +E F1(yank\255pop \(M\255y\))108 360 Q F0 +(Rotate the kill ring, and yank the ne)144 372 Q 2.5(wt)-.25 G 2.5 (op. Only)-2.5 F -.1(wo)2.5 G(rks follo).1 E(wing)-.25 E F1(yank)2.5 E -F0(or)2.5 E F1(yank\255pop)2.5 E F0(.)A F1(Numeric Ar)87 208.8 Q -(guments)-.1 E(digit\255ar)108 220.8 Q +F0(or)2.5 E F1(yank\255pop)2.5 E F0(.)A F1(Numeric Ar)87 388.8 Q +(guments)-.1 E(digit\255ar)108 400.8 Q (gument \(M\2550, M\2551, ..., M\255\255\))-.1 E F0 .367 -(Add this digit to the ar)144 232.8 R .367 +(Add this digit to the ar)144 412.8 R .367 (gument already accumulating, or start a ne)-.18 F 2.867(wa)-.25 G -.18 (rg)-2.867 G 2.867(ument. M\255\255).18 F .366(starts a ne)2.867 F -.05 -(ga)-.15 G(-).05 E(ti)144 244.8 Q .3 -.15(ve a)-.25 H -.18(rg).15 G -(ument.).18 E F1(uni)108 256.8 Q -.1(ve)-.1 G(rsal\255ar).1 E(gument)-.1 -E F0 .778(This is another w)144 268.8 R .779(ay to specify an ar)-.1 F +(ga)-.15 G(-).05 E(ti)144 424.8 Q .3 -.15(ve a)-.25 H -.18(rg).15 G +(ument.).18 E F1(uni)108 436.8 Q -.1(ve)-.1 G(rsal\255ar).1 E(gument)-.1 +E F0 .778(This is another w)144 448.8 R .779(ay to specify an ar)-.1 F 3.279(gument. If)-.18 F .779(this command is follo)3.279 F .779 (wed by one or more digits,)-.25 F 1.376 (optionally with a leading minus sign, those digits de\214ne the ar)144 -280.8 R 3.876(gument. If)-.18 F 1.376(the command is fol-)3.876 F(lo)144 -292.8 Q 1.17(wed by digits, e)-.25 F -.15(xe)-.15 G(cuting).15 E F1(uni) +460.8 R 3.876(gument. If)-.18 F 1.376(the command is fol-)3.876 F(lo)144 +472.8 Q 1.17(wed by digits, e)-.25 F -.15(xe)-.15 G(cuting).15 E F1(uni) 3.67 E -.1(ve)-.1 G(rsal\255ar).1 E(gument)-.1 E F0(ag)3.67 E 1.17 (ain ends the numeric ar)-.05 F 1.17(gument, b)-.18 F 1.17(ut is other) --.2 F(-)-.2 E .899(wise ignored.)144 304.8 R .898 +-.2 F(-)-.2 E .899(wise ignored.)144 484.8 R .898 (As a special case, if this command is immediately follo)5.899 F .898 (wed by a character that is)-.25 F 1.23 -(neither a digit nor minus sign, the ar)144 316.8 R 1.23 +(neither a digit nor minus sign, the ar)144 496.8 R 1.23 (gument count for the ne)-.18 F 1.23(xt command is multiplied by four) --.15 F(.)-.55 E .823(The ar)144 328.8 R .823 +-.15 F(.)-.55 E .823(The ar)144 508.8 R .823 (gument count is initially one, so e)-.18 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .823 (cuting this function the \214rst time mak).15 F .822(es the ar)-.1 F -(gument)-.18 E(count four)144 340.8 Q 2.5(,as)-.4 G(econd time mak)-2.5 +(gument)-.18 E(count four)144 520.8 Q 2.5(,as)-.4 G(econd time mak)-2.5 E(es the ar)-.1 E(gument count sixteen, and so on.)-.18 E F1(Completing) -87 357.6 Q(complete \(T)108 369.6 Q(AB\))-.9 E F0 1.137 -(Attempt to perform completion on the te)144 381.6 R 1.137 +87 537.6 Q(complete \(T)108 549.6 Q(AB\))-.9 E F0 1.137 +(Attempt to perform completion on the te)144 561.6 R 1.137 (xt before point.)-.15 F F1(Bash)6.137 E F0 1.137 -(attempts completion treating the)3.637 F(te)144 393.6 Q .533(xt as a v) +(attempts completion treating the)3.637 F(te)144 573.6 Q .533(xt as a v) -.15 F .533(ariable \(if the te)-.25 F .533(xt be)-.15 F .533(gins with) -.15 F F1($)3.033 E F0 .533(\), username \(if the te)B .532(xt be)-.15 F .532(gins with)-.15 F F1(~)3.032 E F0 .532(\), hostname \(if the)B(te) -144 405.6 Q .701(xt be)-.15 F .701(gins with)-.15 F F1(@)3.201 E F0 .701 +144 585.6 Q .701(xt be)-.15 F .701(gins with)-.15 F F1(@)3.201 E F0 .701 (\), or command \(including aliases and functions\) in turn.)B .702 (If none of these pro-)5.701 F -(duces a match, \214lename completion is attempted.)144 417.6 Q F1 -(possible\255completions \(M\255?\))108 429.6 Q F0 -(List the possible completions of the te)144 441.6 Q(xt before point.) --.15 E F1(insert\255completions \(M\255*\))108 453.6 Q F0 .783 -(Insert all completions of the te)144 465.6 R .783 +(duces a match, \214lename completion is attempted.)144 597.6 Q F1 +(possible\255completions \(M\255?\))108 609.6 Q F0 +(List the possible completions of the te)144 621.6 Q(xt before point.) +-.15 E F1(insert\255completions \(M\255*\))108 633.6 Q F0 .783 +(Insert all completions of the te)144 645.6 R .783 (xt before point that w)-.15 F .783(ould ha)-.1 F 1.083 -.15(ve b)-.2 H .783(een generated by).15 F F1(possible\255com-)3.282 E(pletions)144 -477.6 Q F0(.)A F1(menu\255complete)108 489.6 Q F0 .928(Similar to)144 -501.6 R F1(complete)3.428 E F0 3.428(,b)C .929(ut replaces the w)-3.628 +657.6 Q F0(.)A F1(menu\255complete)108 669.6 Q F0 .928(Similar to)144 +681.6 R F1(complete)3.428 E F0 3.428(,b)C .929(ut replaces the w)-3.628 F .929(ord to be completed with a single match from the list of)-.1 F -1.194(possible completions.)144 513.6 R 1.194(Repeated e)6.194 F -.15 +1.194(possible completions.)144 693.6 R 1.194(Repeated e)6.194 F -.15 (xe)-.15 G 1.194(cution of).15 F F1(menu\255complete)3.694 E F0 1.193 (steps through the list of possible)3.694 F .828 -(completions, inserting each match in turn.)144 525.6 R .828 +(completions, inserting each match in turn.)144 705.6 R .828 (At the end of the list of completions, the bell is rung)5.828 F .727 -(\(subject to the setting of)144 537.6 R F1(bell\255style)3.227 E F0 +(\(subject to the setting of)144 717.6 R F1(bell\255style)3.227 E F0 3.227(\)a)C .727(nd the original te)-3.227 F .727(xt is restored.)-.15 F .727(An ar)5.727 F .727(gument of)-.18 F/F2 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(n)3.227 E F0(mo)3.227 E -.15(ve)-.15 G(s).15 E F2(n)3.227 E F0 1.73 -(positions forw)144 549.6 R 1.73(ard in the list of matches; a ne)-.1 F +(positions forw)144 729.6 R 1.73(ard in the list of matches; a ne)-.1 F -.05(ga)-.15 G(ti).05 E 2.03 -.15(ve a)-.25 H -.18(rg).15 G 1.73 (ument may be used to mo).18 F 2.03 -.15(ve b)-.15 H(ackw).15 E(ard)-.1 -E(through the list.)144 561.6 Q(This command is intended to be bound to) -5 E F1 -.9(TA)2.5 G(B).9 E F0 2.5(,b)C(ut is unbound by def)-2.7 E -(ault.)-.1 E F1(menu\255complete\255backward)108 573.6 Q F0 .82 -(Identical to)144 585.6 R F1(menu\255complete)3.32 E F0 3.32(,b)C .82 -(ut mo)-3.52 F -.15(ve)-.15 G 3.32(sb).15 G(ackw)-3.32 E .82 -(ard through the list of possible completions, as if)-.1 F F1 -(menu\255complete)144 597.6 Q F0(had been gi)2.5 E -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.5 -(nan).15 G -2.25 -.15(eg a)-2.5 H(ti).15 E .3 -.15(ve a)-.25 H -.18(rg) -.15 G 2.5(ument. This).18 F(command is unbound by def)2.5 E(ault.)-.1 E -F1(delete\255char\255or\255list)108 609.6 Q F0 .234 -(Deletes the character under the cursor if not at the be)144 621.6 R -.234(ginning or end of the line \(lik)-.15 F(e)-.1 E F1(delete\255char) -2.735 E F0(\).)A .425(If at the end of the line, beha)144 633.6 R -.15 -(ve)-.2 G 2.925(si).15 G .425(dentically to)-2.925 F F1 -(possible\255completions)2.925 E F0 5.425(.T)C .425 -(his command is unbound)-5.425 F(by def)144 645.6 Q(ault.)-.1 E F1 -(complete\255\214lename \(M\255/\))108 657.6 Q F0 -(Attempt \214lename completion on the te)144 669.6 Q(xt before point.) --.15 E F1(possible\255\214lename\255completions \(C\255x /\))108 681.6 Q -F0(List the possible completions of the te)144 693.6 Q -(xt before point, treating it as a \214lename.)-.15 E F1 -(complete\255user)108 705.6 Q(name \(M\255~\))-.15 E F0 -(Attempt completion on the te)144 717.6 Q -(xt before point, treating it as a username.)-.15 E(GNU Bash 5.2)72 768 -Q(2022 March 11)144.29 E(52)193.45 E 0 Cg EP +E(GNU Bash 5.2)72 768 Q(2022 June 3)150.675 E(52)199.835 E 0 Cg EP %%Page: 53 53 %%BeginPageSetup BP %%EndPageSetup /F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 137.14(SH\(1\) General).35 F -(Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 -SF(possible\255user)108 84 Q(name\255completions \(C\255x ~\))-.15 E F0 -(List the possible completions of the te)144 96 Q +(Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E(through the list.) +144 84 Q(This command is intended to be bound to)5 E/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 +SF -.9(TA)2.5 G(B).9 E F0 2.5(,b)C(ut is unbound by def)-2.7 E(ault.)-.1 +E F1(menu\255complete\255backward)108 96 Q F0 .82(Identical to)144 108 R +F1(menu\255complete)3.32 E F0 3.32(,b)C .82(ut mo)-3.52 F -.15(ve)-.15 G +3.32(sb).15 G(ackw)-3.32 E .82 +(ard through the list of possible completions, as if)-.1 F F1 +(menu\255complete)144 120 Q F0(had been gi)2.5 E -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.5(nan) +.15 G -2.25 -.15(eg a)-2.5 H(ti).15 E .3 -.15(ve a)-.25 H -.18(rg).15 G +2.5(ument. This).18 F(command is unbound by def)2.5 E(ault.)-.1 E F1 +(delete\255char\255or\255list)108 132 Q F0 .234 +(Deletes the character under the cursor if not at the be)144 144 R .234 +(ginning or end of the line \(lik)-.15 F(e)-.1 E F1(delete\255char)2.735 +E F0(\).)A .425(If at the end of the line, beha)144 156 R -.15(ve)-.2 G +2.925(si).15 G .425(dentically to)-2.925 F F1(possible\255completions) +2.925 E F0 5.425(.T)C .425(his command is unbound)-5.425 F(by def)144 +168 Q(ault.)-.1 E F1(complete\255\214lename \(M\255/\))108 180 Q F0 +(Attempt \214lename completion on the te)144 192 Q(xt before point.)-.15 +E F1(possible\255\214lename\255completions \(C\255x /\))108 204 Q F0 +(List the possible completions of the te)144 216 Q +(xt before point, treating it as a \214lename.)-.15 E F1 +(complete\255user)108 228 Q(name \(M\255~\))-.15 E F0 +(Attempt completion on the te)144 240 Q +(xt before point, treating it as a username.)-.15 E F1(possible\255user) +108 252 Q(name\255completions \(C\255x ~\))-.15 E F0 +(List the possible completions of the te)144 264 Q (xt before point, treating it as a username.)-.15 E F1(complete\255v)108 -108 Q(ariable \(M\255$\))-.1 E F0(Attempt completion on the te)144 120 Q +276 Q(ariable \(M\255$\))-.1 E F0(Attempt completion on the te)144 288 Q (xt before point, treating it as a shell v)-.15 E(ariable.)-.25 E F1 -(possible\255v)108 132 Q(ariable\255completions \(C\255x $\))-.1 E F0 -(List the possible completions of the te)144 144 Q +(possible\255v)108 300 Q(ariable\255completions \(C\255x $\))-.1 E F0 +(List the possible completions of the te)144 312 Q (xt before point, treating it as a shell v)-.15 E(ariable.)-.25 E F1 -(complete\255hostname \(M\255@\))108 156 Q F0 -(Attempt completion on the te)144 168 Q +(complete\255hostname \(M\255@\))108 324 Q F0 +(Attempt completion on the te)144 336 Q (xt before point, treating it as a hostname.)-.15 E F1 -(possible\255hostname\255completions \(C\255x @\))108 180 Q F0 -(List the possible completions of the te)144 192 Q +(possible\255hostname\255completions \(C\255x @\))108 348 Q F0 +(List the possible completions of the te)144 360 Q (xt before point, treating it as a hostname.)-.15 E F1 -(complete\255command \(M\255!\))108 204 Q F0 .58 -(Attempt completion on the te)144 216 R .581 +(complete\255command \(M\255!\))108 372 Q F0 .58 +(Attempt completion on the te)144 384 R .581 (xt before point, treating it as a command name.)-.15 F .581 -(Command comple-)5.581 F .715(tion attempts to match the te)144 228 R +(Command comple-)5.581 F .715(tion attempts to match the te)144 396 R .715(xt ag)-.15 F .715(ainst aliases, reserv)-.05 F .715(ed w)-.15 F .715(ords, shell functions, shell b)-.1 F .715(uiltins, and)-.2 F -(\214nally e)144 240 Q -.15(xe)-.15 G +(\214nally e)144 408 Q -.15(xe)-.15 G (cutable \214lenames, in that order).15 E(.)-.55 E F1 -(possible\255command\255completions \(C\255x !\))108 252 Q F0 -(List the possible completions of the te)144 264 Q +(possible\255command\255completions \(C\255x !\))108 420 Q F0 +(List the possible completions of the te)144 432 Q (xt before point, treating it as a command name.)-.15 E F1 -(dynamic\255complete\255history \(M\255T)108 276 Q(AB\))-.9 E F0 .424 -(Attempt completion on the te)144 288 R .425 +(dynamic\255complete\255history \(M\255T)108 444 Q(AB\))-.9 E F0 .424 +(Attempt completion on the te)144 456 R .425 (xt before point, comparing the te)-.15 F .425(xt ag)-.15 F .425 (ainst lines from the history list)-.05 F -(for possible completion matches.)144 300 Q F1(dab)108 312 Q(br)-.1 E +(for possible completion matches.)144 468 Q F1(dab)108 480 Q(br)-.1 E -.15(ev)-.18 G(\255expand).15 E F0 .611 -(Attempt menu completion on the te)144 324 R .611 +(Attempt menu completion on the te)144 492 R .611 (xt before point, comparing the te)-.15 F .61(xt ag)-.15 F .61 (ainst lines from the his-)-.05 F -(tory list for possible completion matches.)144 336 Q F1 -(complete\255into\255braces \(M\255{\))108 348 Q F0 .4(Perform \214lena\ +(tory list for possible completion matches.)144 504 Q F1 +(complete\255into\255braces \(M\255{\))108 516 Q F0 .4(Perform \214lena\ me completion and insert the list of possible completions enclosed with\ -in braces so)144 360 R(the list is a)144 372 Q -.25(va)-.2 G +in braces so)144 528 R(the list is a)144 540 Q -.25(va)-.2 G (ilable to the shell \(see).25 E F1(Brace Expansion)2.5 E F0(abo)2.5 E --.15(ve)-.15 G(\).).15 E F1 -.25(Ke)87 388.8 S(yboard Macr).25 E(os)-.18 -E(start\255kbd\255macr)108 400.8 Q 2.5(o\()-.18 G(C\255x \()-2.5 E(\)) -.833 E F0(Be)144 412.8 Q(gin sa)-.15 E +-.15(ve)-.15 G(\).).15 E F1 -.25(Ke)87 556.8 S(yboard Macr).25 E(os)-.18 +E(start\255kbd\255macr)108 568.8 Q 2.5(o\()-.18 G(C\255x \()-2.5 E(\)) +.833 E F0(Be)144 580.8 Q(gin sa)-.15 E (ving the characters typed into the current k)-.2 E -.15(ey)-.1 G -(board macro.).15 E F1(end\255kbd\255macr)108 424.8 Q 2.5(o\()-.18 G -(C\255x \))-2.5 E(\)).833 E F0(Stop sa)144 436.8 Q +(board macro.).15 E F1(end\255kbd\255macr)108 592.8 Q 2.5(o\()-.18 G +(C\255x \))-2.5 E(\)).833 E F0(Stop sa)144 604.8 Q (ving the characters typed into the current k)-.2 E -.15(ey)-.1 G (board macro and store the de\214nition.).15 E F1 -(call\255last\255kbd\255macr)108 448.8 Q 2.5(o\()-.18 G(C\255x e\))-2.5 -E F0(Re-e)144 460.8 Q -.15(xe)-.15 G 1(cute the last k).15 F -.15(ey)-.1 +(call\255last\255kbd\255macr)108 616.8 Q 2.5(o\()-.18 G(C\255x e\))-2.5 +E F0(Re-e)144 628.8 Q -.15(xe)-.15 G 1(cute the last k).15 F -.15(ey)-.1 G .999(board macro de\214ned, by making the characters in the macro app\ -ear as if).15 F(typed at the k)144 472.8 Q -.15(ey)-.1 G(board.).15 E F1 -(print\255last\255kbd\255macr)108 484.8 Q 2.5(o\()-.18 G(\))-2.5 E F0 -(Print the last k)144 496.8 Q -.15(ey)-.1 G +ear as if).15 F(typed at the k)144 640.8 Q -.15(ey)-.1 G(board.).15 E F1 +(print\255last\255kbd\255macr)108 652.8 Q 2.5(o\()-.18 G(\))-2.5 E F0 +(Print the last k)144 664.8 Q -.15(ey)-.1 G (board macro de\214ned in a format suitable for the).15 E/F2 10 /Times-Italic@0 SF(inputr)2.5 E(c)-.37 E F0(\214le.)2.5 E F1 -(Miscellaneous)87 513.6 Q -.18(re)108 525.6 S.18 E +(Miscellaneous)87 681.6 Q -.18(re)108 693.6 S.18 E (ead\255init\255\214le \(C\255x C\255r\))-.18 E F0 1.776 -(Read in the contents of the)144 537.6 R F2(inputr)4.276 E(c)-.37 E F0 +(Read in the contents of the)144 705.6 R F2(inputr)4.276 E(c)-.37 E F0 1.777(\214le, and incorporate an)4.276 F 4.277(yb)-.15 G 1.777 (indings or v)-4.277 F 1.777(ariable assignments)-.25 F(found there.)144 -549.6 Q F1(abort \(C\255g\))108 561.6 Q F0 3.249 -(Abort the current editing command and ring the terminal')144 573.6 R -5.748(sb)-.55 G 3.248(ell \(subject to the setting of)-5.748 F F1 -(bell\255style)144 585.6 Q F0(\).)A F1(do\255lo)108 597.6 Q(wer)-.1 E -(case\255v)-.18 E(ersion \(M\255A, M\255B, M\255)-.1 E F2(x)A F1 2.5(,.) -C(..\))-2.5 E F0 1.738(If the meta\214ed character)144 609.6 R F2(x) -4.238 E F0 1.739 -(is uppercase, run the command that is bound to the corresponding)4.238 -F(meta\214ed lo)144 621.6 Q(wercase character)-.25 E 5(.T)-.55 G -(he beha)-5 E(vior is unde\214ned if)-.2 E F2(x)2.5 E F0(is already lo) -2.5 E(wercase.)-.25 E F1(pr)108 633.6 Q(e\214x\255meta \(ESC\))-.18 E F0 -(Metafy the ne)144 645.6 Q(xt character typed.)-.15 E/F3 9/Times-Bold@0 -SF(ESC)5 E F1(f)2.25 E F0(is equi)2.5 E -.25(va)-.25 G(lent to).25 E F1 -(Meta\255f)2.5 E F0(.)A F1(undo \(C\255_, C\255x C\255u\))108 657.6 Q F0 -(Incremental undo, separately remembered for each line.)144 669.6 Q F1 --2.29 -.18(re v)108 681.6 T(ert\255line \(M\255r\)).08 E F0 .231 -(Undo all changes made to this line.)144 693.6 R .231(This is lik)5.231 -F 2.731(ee)-.1 G -.15(xe)-2.881 G .23(cuting the).15 F F1(undo)2.73 E F0 -.23(command enough times to re-)2.73 F -(turn the line to its initial state.)144 705.6 Q(GNU Bash 5.2)72 768 Q -(2022 March 11)144.29 E(53)193.45 E 0 Cg EP +717.6 Q(GNU Bash 5.2)72 768 Q(2022 June 3)150.675 E(53)199.835 E 0 Cg EP %%Page: 54 54 %%BeginPageSetup BP %%EndPageSetup /F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 137.14(SH\(1\) General).35 F (Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 -SF(tilde\255expand \(M\255&\))108 84 Q F0(Perform tilde e)144 96 Q +SF(abort \(C\255g\))108 84 Q F0 3.249 +(Abort the current editing command and ring the terminal')144 96 R 5.748 +(sb)-.55 G 3.248(ell \(subject to the setting of)-5.748 F F1 +(bell\255style)144 108 Q F0(\).)A F1(do\255lo)108 120 Q(wer)-.1 E +(case\255v)-.18 E(ersion \(M\255A, M\255B, M\255)-.1 E/F2 10 +/Times-Italic@0 SF(x)A F1 2.5(,.)C(..\))-2.5 E F0 1.738 +(If the meta\214ed character)144 132 R F2(x)4.238 E F0 1.739 +(is uppercase, run the command that is bound to the corresponding)4.238 +F(meta\214ed lo)144 144 Q(wercase character)-.25 E 5(.T)-.55 G(he beha) +-5 E(vior is unde\214ned if)-.2 E F2(x)2.5 E F0(is already lo)2.5 E +(wercase.)-.25 E F1(pr)108 156 Q(e\214x\255meta \(ESC\))-.18 E F0 +(Metafy the ne)144 168 Q(xt character typed.)-.15 E/F3 9/Times-Bold@0 SF +(ESC)5 E F1(f)2.25 E F0(is equi)2.5 E -.25(va)-.25 G(lent to).25 E F1 +(Meta\255f)2.5 E F0(.)A F1(undo \(C\255_, C\255x C\255u\))108 180 Q F0 +(Incremental undo, separately remembered for each line.)144 192 Q F1 +-2.29 -.18(re v)108 204 T(ert\255line \(M\255r\)).08 E F0 .231 +(Undo all changes made to this line.)144 216 R .231(This is lik)5.231 F +2.731(ee)-.1 G -.15(xe)-2.881 G .23(cuting the).15 F F1(undo)2.73 E F0 +.23(command enough times to re-)2.73 F +(turn the line to its initial state.)144 228 Q F1 +(tilde\255expand \(M\255&\))108 240 Q F0(Perform tilde e)144 252 Q (xpansion on the current w)-.15 E(ord.)-.1 E F1 -(set\255mark \(C\255@, M\255\))108 108 Q F0 -(Set the mark to the point.)144 120 Q(If a numeric ar)5 E +(set\255mark \(C\255@, M\255\))108 264 Q F0 +(Set the mark to the point.)144 276 Q(If a numeric ar)5 E (gument is supplied, the mark is set to that position.)-.18 E F1 -(exchange\255point\255and\255mark \(C\255x C\255x\))108 132 Q F0(Sw)144 -144 Q .282(ap the point with the mark.)-.1 F .283 +(exchange\255point\255and\255mark \(C\255x C\255x\))108 288 Q F0(Sw)144 +300 Q .282(ap the point with the mark.)-.1 F .283 (The current cursor position is set to the sa)5.283 F -.15(ve)-.2 G 2.783(dp).15 G .283(osition, and the old)-2.783 F(cursor position is sa) -144 156 Q -.15(ve)-.2 G 2.5(da).15 G 2.5(st)-2.5 G(he mark.)-2.5 E F1 -(character\255sear)108 168 Q(ch \(C\255]\))-.18 E F0 3.036(Ac)144 180 S +144 312 Q -.15(ve)-.2 G 2.5(da).15 G 2.5(st)-2.5 G(he mark.)-2.5 E F1 +(character\255sear)108 324 Q(ch \(C\255]\))-.18 E F0 3.036(Ac)144 336 S .536(haracter is read and point is mo)-3.036 F -.15(ve)-.15 G 3.035(dt) .15 G 3.035(ot)-3.035 G .535(he ne)-3.035 F .535 (xt occurrence of that character)-.15 F 5.535(.A)-.55 G(ne)-2.5 E -.05 (ga)-.15 G(ti).05 E .835 -.15(ve c)-.25 H(ount).15 E(searches for pre) -144 192 Q(vious occurrences.)-.25 E F1(character\255sear)108 204 Q -(ch\255backward \(M\255C\255]\))-.18 E F0 3.543(Ac)144 216 S 1.043 +144 348 Q(vious occurrences.)-.25 E F1(character\255sear)108 360 Q +(ch\255backward \(M\255C\255]\))-.18 E F0 3.543(Ac)144 372 S 1.043 (haracter is read and point is mo)-3.543 F -.15(ve)-.15 G 3.544(dt).15 G 3.544(ot)-3.544 G 1.044(he pre)-3.544 F 1.044 (vious occurrence of that character)-.25 F 6.044(.A)-.55 G(ne)-2.5 E -.05(ga)-.15 G(ti).05 E -.15(ve)-.25 G -(count searches for subsequent occurrences.)144 228 Q F1 -(skip\255csi\255sequence)108 240 Q F0 1.827 -(Read enough characters to consume a multi-k)144 252 R 2.126 -.15(ey s) +(count searches for subsequent occurrences.)144 384 Q F1 +(skip\255csi\255sequence)108 396 Q F0 1.827 +(Read enough characters to consume a multi-k)144 408 R 2.126 -.15(ey s) -.1 H 1.826(equence such as those de\214ned for k).15 F -.15(ey)-.1 G -4.326(sl).15 G(ik)-4.326 E(e)-.1 E .79(Home and End.)144 264 R .791 +4.326(sl).15 G(ik)-4.326 E(e)-.1 E .79(Home and End.)144 420 R .791 (Such sequences be)5.79 F .791 (gin with a Control Sequence Indicator \(CSI\), usually ESC\255[.)-.15 F -.332(If this sequence is bound to "\\[", k)144 276 R -.15(ey)-.1 G 2.831 +.332(If this sequence is bound to "\\[", k)144 432 R -.15(ey)-.1 G 2.831 (sp).15 G .331(roducing such sequences will ha)-2.831 F .631 -.15(ve n) -.2 H 2.831(oe).15 G -.25(ff)-2.831 G .331(ect unless e).25 F(xplic-) -.15 E .026(itly bound to a readline command, instead of inserting stra\ -y characters into the editing b)144 288 R(uf)-.2 E(fer)-.25 E 5.026(.T) --.55 G(his)-5.026 E(is unbound by def)144 300 Q(ault, b)-.1 E +y characters into the editing b)144 444 R(uf)-.2 E(fer)-.25 E 5.026(.T) +-.55 G(his)-5.026 E(is unbound by def)144 456 Q(ault, b)-.1 E (ut usually bound to ESC\255[.)-.2 E F1(insert\255comment \(M\255#\))108 -312 Q F0 -.4(Wi)144 324 S .481(thout a numeric ar).4 F .481 +468 Q F0 -.4(Wi)144 480 S .481(thout a numeric ar).4 F .481 (gument, the v)-.18 F .481(alue of the readline)-.25 F F1 (comment\255begin)2.981 E F0 -.25(va)2.981 G .48 -(riable is inserted at the).25 F(be)144 336 Q .244 +(riable is inserted at the).25 F(be)144 492 Q .244 (ginning of the current line.)-.15 F .245(If a numeric ar)5.244 F .245 (gument is supplied, this command acts as a toggle: if)-.18 F .322 -(the characters at the be)144 348 R .321 +(the characters at the be)144 504 R .321 (ginning of the line do not match the v)-.15 F .321(alue of)-.25 F F1 (comment\255begin)2.821 E F0 2.821(,t)C .321(he v)-2.821 F .321(alue is) --.25 F .831(inserted, otherwise the characters in)144 360 R F1 +-.25 F .831(inserted, otherwise the characters in)144 516 R F1 (comment\255begin)3.331 E F0 .832(are deleted from the be)3.331 F .832 (ginning of the line.)-.15 F 1.469 -(In either case, the line is accepted as if a ne)144 372 R 1.468 +(In either case, the line is accepted as if a ne)144 528 R 1.468 (wline had been typed.)-.25 F 1.468(The def)6.468 F 1.468(ault v)-.1 F -1.468(alue of)-.25 F F1(com-)3.968 E(ment\255begin)144 384 Q F0 .839 +1.468(alue of)-.25 F F1(com-)3.968 E(ment\255begin)144 540 Q F0 .839 (causes this command to mak)3.339 F 3.339(et)-.1 G .839 (he current line a shell comment.)-3.339 F .84(If a numeric ar)5.84 F -(gu-)-.18 E(ment causes the comment character to be remo)144 396 Q -.15 +(gu-)-.18 E(ment causes the comment character to be remo)144 552 Q -.15 (ve)-.15 G(d, the line will be e).15 E -.15(xe)-.15 G -(cuted by the shell.).15 E F1(spell\255corr)108 408 Q(ect\255w)-.18 E +(cuted by the shell.).15 E F1(spell\255corr)108 564 Q(ect\255w)-.18 E (ord \(C\255x s\))-.1 E F0 .421 -(Perform spelling correction on the current w)144 420 R .42 +(Perform spelling correction on the current w)144 576 R .42 (ord, treating it as a directory or \214lename, in the same)-.1 F -.1 -(wa)144 432 S 4.717(ya).1 G 4.717(st)-4.717 G(he)-4.717 E F1(cdspell) +(wa)144 588 S 4.717(ya).1 G 4.717(st)-4.717 G(he)-4.717 E F1(cdspell) 4.717 E F0 2.217(shell option.)4.717 F -.8(Wo)7.217 G 2.217 (rd boundaries are the same as those used by).8 F F1(shell\255f)4.718 E -(or)-.25 E(-)-.37 E(ward\255w)144 444 Q(ord)-.1 E F0(.)A F1 -(glob\255complete\255w)108 456 Q(ord \(M\255g\))-.1 E F0 .792(The w)144 -468 R .791(ord before point is treated as a pattern for pathname e)-.1 F +(or)-.25 E(-)-.37 E(ward\255w)144 600 Q(ord)-.1 E F0(.)A F1 +(glob\255complete\255w)108 612 Q(ord \(M\255g\))-.1 E F0 .792(The w)144 +624 R .791(ord before point is treated as a pattern for pathname e)-.1 F .791(xpansion, with an asterisk implicitly)-.15 F 2.5(appended. This)144 -480 R(pattern is used to generate a list of matching \214lenames for po\ -ssible completions.)2.5 E F1(glob\255expand\255w)108 492 Q -(ord \(C\255x *\))-.1 E F0 .175(The w)144 504 R .176 +636 R(pattern is used to generate a list of matching \214lenames for po\ +ssible completions.)2.5 E F1(glob\255expand\255w)108 648 Q +(ord \(C\255x *\))-.1 E F0 .175(The w)144 660 R .176 (ord before point is treated as a pattern for pathname e)-.1 F .176 (xpansion, and the list of matching \214le-)-.15 F .516 -(names is inserted, replacing the w)144 516 R 3.016(ord. If)-.1 F 3.016 +(names is inserted, replacing the w)144 672 R 3.016(ord. If)-.1 F 3.016 (an)3.016 G .516(umeric ar)-3.016 F .516 (gument is supplied, an asterisk is appended)-.18 F(before pathname e) -144 528 Q(xpansion.)-.15 E F1(glob\255list\255expansions \(C\255x g\)) -108 540 Q F0 .923(The list of e)144 552 R .923(xpansions that w)-.15 F +144 684 Q(xpansion.)-.15 E F1(glob\255list\255expansions \(C\255x g\)) +108 696 Q F0 .923(The list of e)144 708 R .923(xpansions that w)-.15 F .923(ould ha)-.1 F 1.223 -.15(ve b)-.2 H .923(een generated by).15 F F1 (glob\255expand\255w)3.423 E(ord)-.1 E F0 .923(is displayed, and)3.423 F -.872(the line is redra)144 564 R 3.372(wn. If)-.15 F 3.372(an)3.372 G +.872(the line is redra)144 720 R 3.372(wn. If)-.15 F 3.372(an)3.372 G .872(umeric ar)-3.372 F .872 -(gument is supplied, an asterisk is appended before pathname)-.18 F -.15 -(ex)144 576 S(pansion.).15 E F1(dump\255functions)108 588 Q F0 .626 -(Print all of the functions and their k)144 600 R .926 -.15(ey b)-.1 H +(gument is supplied, an asterisk is appended before pathname)-.18 F +(GNU Bash 5.2)72 768 Q(2022 June 3)150.675 E(54)199.835 E 0 Cg EP +%%Page: 55 55 +%%BeginPageSetup +BP +%%EndPageSetup +/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 137.14(SH\(1\) General).35 F +(Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E -.15(ex)144 84 S +(pansion.).15 E/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(dump\255functions)108 96 Q F0 .626 +(Print all of the functions and their k)144 108 R .926 -.15(ey b)-.1 H .627(indings to the readline output stream.).15 F .627(If a numeric ar) 5.627 F(gu-)-.18 E -(ment is supplied, the output is formatted in such a w)144 612 Q +(ment is supplied, the output is formatted in such a w)144 120 Q (ay that it can be made part of an)-.1 E/F2 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(inputr) -2.5 E(c)-.37 E F0(\214le.)2.5 E F1(dump\255v)108 624 Q(ariables)-.1 E F0 -.763(Print all of the settable readline v)144 636 R .762 +2.5 E(c)-.37 E F0(\214le.)2.5 E F1(dump\255v)108 132 Q(ariables)-.1 E F0 +.763(Print all of the settable readline v)144 144 R .762 (ariables and their v)-.25 F .762(alues to the readline output stream.) --.25 F .762(If a nu-)5.762 F .108(meric ar)144 648 R .108 +-.25 F .762(If a nu-)5.762 F .108(meric ar)144 156 R .108 (gument is supplied, the output is formatted in such a w)-.18 F .109 -(ay that it can be made part of an)-.1 F F2(in-)2.609 E(putr)144 660 Q -(c)-.37 E F0(\214le.)2.5 E F1(dump\255macr)108 672 Q(os)-.18 E F0 .593 -(Print all of the readline k)144 684 R .893 -.15(ey s)-.1 H .592 +(ay that it can be made part of an)-.1 F F2(in-)2.609 E(putr)144 168 Q +(c)-.37 E F0(\214le.)2.5 E F1(dump\255macr)108 180 Q(os)-.18 E F0 .593 +(Print all of the readline k)144 192 R .893 -.15(ey s)-.1 H .592 (equences bound to macros and the strings the).15 F 3.092(yo)-.15 G -3.092(utput. If)-3.092 F 3.092(an)3.092 G(umeric)-3.092 E(ar)144 696 Q +3.092(utput. If)-3.092 F 3.092(an)3.092 G(umeric)-3.092 E(ar)144 204 Q .528(gument is supplied, the output is formatted in such a w)-.18 F .528 (ay that it can be made part of an)-.1 F F2(inputr)3.028 E(c)-.37 E F0 -(\214le.)144 708 Q(GNU Bash 5.2)72 768 Q(2022 March 11)144.29 E(54) -193.45 E 0 Cg EP -%%Page: 55 55 -%%BeginPageSetup -BP -%%EndPageSetup -/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 137.14(SH\(1\) General).35 F -(Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 -SF(display\255shell\255v)108 84 Q(ersion \(C\255x C\255v\))-.1 E F0 -(Display v)144 96 Q(ersion information about the current instance of) --.15 E F1(bash)2.5 E F0(.)A F1(Pr)87 112.8 Q(ogrammable Completion)-.18 -E F0 .147(When w)108 124.8 R .147(ord completion is attempted for an ar) --.1 F .147 +(\214le.)144 216 Q F1(display\255shell\255v)108 228 Q +(ersion \(C\255x C\255v\))-.1 E F0(Display v)144 240 Q +(ersion information about the current instance of)-.15 E F1(bash)2.5 E +F0(.)A F1(Pr)87 256.8 Q(ogrammable Completion)-.18 E F0 .147(When w)108 +268.8 R .147(ord completion is attempted for an ar)-.1 F .147 (gument to a command for which a completion speci\214cation \(a)-.18 F -/F2 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(compspec)108 136.8 Q F0 3.828(\)h)C 1.329 +F2(compspec)108 280.8 Q F0 3.828(\)h)C 1.329 (as been de\214ned using the)-3.828 F F1(complete)3.829 E F0 -.2(bu) 3.829 G 1.329(iltin \(see).2 F/F3 9/Times-Bold@0 SF 1.329(SHELL B)3.829 F(UIL)-.09 E 1.329(TIN COMMANDS)-.828 F F0(belo)3.579 E 1.329(w\), the) --.25 F(programmable completion f)108 148.8 Q(acilities are in)-.1 E -.2 +-.25 F(programmable completion f)108 292.8 Q(acilities are in)-.1 E -.2 (vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G(d.).1 E .498 -(First, the command name is identi\214ed.)108 165.6 R .498 +(First, the command name is identi\214ed.)108 309.6 R .498 (If the command w)5.498 F .497 (ord is the empty string \(completion attempted at)-.1 F .233(the be)108 -177.6 R .233(ginning of an empty line\), an)-.15 F 2.733(yc)-.15 G .233 +321.6 R .233(ginning of an empty line\), an)-.15 F 2.733(yc)-.15 G .233 (ompspec de\214ned with the)-2.733 F F12.733 E F0 .233(option to) 2.733 F F1(complete)2.733 E F0 .233(is used.)2.733 F .234(If a comp-) 5.234 F .481(spec has been de\214ned for that command, the compspec is \ -used to generate the list of possible completions)108 189.6 R .822 -(for the w)108 201.6 R 3.322(ord. If)-.1 F .822(the command w)3.322 F +used to generate the list of possible completions)108 333.6 R .822 +(for the w)108 345.6 R 3.322(ord. If)-.1 F .822(the command w)3.322 F .823(ord is a full pathname, a compspec for the full pathname is search\ -ed for)-.1 F 2.867(\214rst. If)108 213.6 R .366(no compspec is found fo\ +ed for)-.1 F 2.867(\214rst. If)108 357.6 R .366(no compspec is found fo\ r the full pathname, an attempt is made to \214nd a compspec for the po\ -rtion)2.867 F(follo)108 225.6 Q .298(wing the \214nal slash.)-.25 F .298 +rtion)2.867 F(follo)108 369.6 Q .298(wing the \214nal slash.)-.25 F .298 (If those searches do not result in a compspec, an)5.298 F 2.799(yc)-.15 G .299(ompspec de\214ned with the)-2.799 F F12.799 E F0 .057 -(option to)108 237.6 R F1(complete)2.557 E F0 .056(is used as the def) +(option to)108 381.6 R F1(complete)2.557 E F0 .056(is used as the def) 2.556 F 2.556(ault. If)-.1 F .056(there is no def)2.556 F .056 (ault compspec,)-.1 F F1(bash)2.556 E F0 .056(attempts alias e)2.556 F -.056(xpansion on)-.15 F .332(the command w)108 249.6 R .332(ord as a \ +.056(xpansion on)-.15 F .332(the command w)108 393.6 R .332(ord as a \ \214nal resort, and attempts to \214nd a compspec for the command w)-.1 F .332(ord from an)-.1 F 2.833(ys)-.15 G(uc-)-2.833 E(cessful e)108 -261.6 Q(xpansion.)-.15 E .817(Once a compspec has been found, it is use\ -d to generate the list of matching w)108 278.4 R 3.317(ords. If)-.1 F -3.317(ac)3.317 G .817(ompspec is not)-3.317 F(found, the def)108 290.4 Q +405.6 Q(xpansion.)-.15 E .817(Once a compspec has been found, it is use\ +d to generate the list of matching w)108 422.4 R 3.317(ords. If)-.1 F +3.317(ac)3.317 G .817(ompspec is not)-3.317 F(found, the def)108 434.4 Q (ault)-.1 E F1(bash)2.5 E F0(completion as described abo)2.5 E .3 -.15 (ve u)-.15 H(nder).15 E F1(Completing)2.5 E F0(is performed.)2.5 E .463 -(First, the actions speci\214ed by the compspec are used.)108 307.2 R +(First, the actions speci\214ed by the compspec are used.)108 451.2 R .464(Only matches which are pre\214x)5.464 F .464(ed by the w)-.15 F -.464(ord being)-.1 F .596(completed are returned.)108 319.2 R .596 +.464(ord being)-.1 F .596(completed are returned.)108 463.2 R .596 (When the)5.596 F F13.096 E F0(or)3.095 E F13.095 E F0 .595 (option is used for \214lename or directory name completion, the)3.095 F -(shell v)108 331.2 Q(ariable)-.25 E F3(FIGNORE)2.5 E F0 -(is used to \214lter the matches.)2.25 E(An)108 348 Q 4.084(yc)-.15 G +(shell v)108 475.2 Q(ariable)-.25 E F3(FIGNORE)2.5 E F0 +(is used to \214lter the matches.)2.25 E(An)108 492 Q 4.084(yc)-.15 G 1.584(ompletions speci\214ed by a pathname e)-4.084 F 1.584 (xpansion pattern to the)-.15 F F14.084 E F0 1.584 -(option are generated ne)4.084 F 4.084(xt. The)-.15 F -.1(wo)108 360 S +(option are generated ne)4.084 F 4.084(xt. The)-.15 F -.1(wo)108 504 S .555(rds generated by the pattern need not match the w).1 F .554 (ord being completed.)-.1 F(The)5.554 E F3(GLOBIGNORE)3.054 E F0 .554 (shell v)2.804 F(ari-)-.25 E -(able is not used to \214lter the matches, b)108 372 Q(ut the)-.2 E F3 -(FIGNORE)2.5 E F0 -.25(va)2.25 G(riable is used.).25 E(Ne)108 388.8 Q +(able is not used to \214lter the matches, b)108 516 Q(ut the)-.2 E F3 +(FIGNORE)2.5 E F0 -.25(va)2.25 G(riable is used.).25 E(Ne)108 532.8 Q .32(xt, the string speci\214ed as the ar)-.15 F .32(gument to the)-.18 F F12.82 E F0 .321(option is considered.)2.821 F .321 (The string is \214rst split using the)5.321 F .413(characters in the) -108 400.8 R F3(IFS)2.913 E F0 .412(special v)2.663 F .412 +108 544.8 R F3(IFS)2.913 E F0 .412(special v)2.663 F .412 (ariable as delimiters.)-.25 F .412(Shell quoting is honored.)5.412 F .412(Each w)5.412 F .412(ord is then e)-.1 F(xpanded)-.15 E .091 -(using brace e)108 412.8 R .091(xpansion, tilde e)-.15 F .092 +(using brace e)108 556.8 R .091(xpansion, tilde e)-.15 F .092 (xpansion, parameter and v)-.15 F .092(ariable e)-.25 F .092 (xpansion, command substitution, and arith-)-.15 F 1.397(metic e)108 -424.8 R 1.396(xpansion, as described abo)-.15 F 1.696 -.15(ve u)-.15 H +568.8 R 1.396(xpansion, as described abo)-.15 F 1.696 -.15(ve u)-.15 H (nder).15 E F3(EXP)3.896 E(ANSION)-.666 E/F4 9/Times-Roman@0 SF(.)A F0 1.396(The results are split using the rules described)5.896 F(abo)108 -436.8 Q .509 -.15(ve u)-.15 H(nder).15 E F1 -.75(Wo)2.709 G .209 +580.8 Q .509 -.15(ve u)-.15 H(nder).15 E F1 -.75(Wo)2.709 G .209 (rd Splitting).75 F F0 5.209(.T)C .209(he results of the e)-5.209 F .209 (xpansion are pre\214x-matched ag)-.15 F .21(ainst the w)-.05 F .21 -(ord being com-)-.1 F(pleted, and the matching w)108 448.8 Q +(ord being com-)-.1 F(pleted, and the matching w)108 592.8 Q (ords become the possible completions.)-.1 E .234 -(After these matches ha)108 465.6 R .534 -.15(ve b)-.2 H .234 +(After these matches ha)108 609.6 R .534 -.15(ve b)-.2 H .234 (een generated, an).15 F 2.734(ys)-.15 G .233 (hell function or command speci\214ed with the)-2.734 F F12.733 E F0(and)2.733 E F12.733 E F0(op-)2.733 E 4.208(tions is in)108 -477.6 R -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G 6.708(d. When).1 F 4.209 +621.6 R -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G 6.708(d. When).1 F 4.209 (the command or function is in)6.708 F -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G 4.209 (d, the).1 F F3(COMP_LINE)6.709 E F4(,)A F3(COMP_POINT)6.459 E F4(,)A F3 -(COMP_KEY)108 489.6 Q F4(,)A F0(and)2.408 E F3(COMP_TYPE)2.658 E F0 -.25 +(COMP_KEY)108 633.6 Q F4(,)A F0(and)2.408 E F3(COMP_TYPE)2.658 E F0 -.25 (va)2.408 G .157(riables are assigned v).25 F .157 (alues as described abo)-.25 F .457 -.15(ve u)-.15 H(nder).15 E F1 .157 (Shell V)2.657 F(ariables)-.92 E F0 5.157(.I)C(f)-5.157 E 3.485(as)108 -501.6 S .986(hell function is being in)-3.485 F -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G +645.6 S .986(hell function is being in)-3.485 F -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G .986(d, the).1 F F3(COMP_W)3.486 E(ORDS)-.09 E F0(and)3.236 E F3 (COMP_CW)3.486 E(ORD)-.09 E F0 -.25(va)3.236 G .986 (riables are also set.).25 F(When)5.986 E .347 -(the function or command is in)108 513.6 R -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G .347 +(the function or command is in)108 657.6 R -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G .347 (d, the \214rst ar).1 F .346(gument \()-.18 F F1($1)A F0 2.846(\)i)C 2.846(st)-2.846 G .346(he name of the command whose ar)-2.846 F(guments) --.18 E .263(are being completed, the second ar)108 525.6 R .263 +-.18 E .263(are being completed, the second ar)108 669.6 R .263 (gument \()-.18 F F1($2)A F0 2.763(\)i)C 2.763(st)-2.763 G .264(he w) -2.763 F .264(ord being completed, and the third ar)-.1 F .264 -(gument \()-.18 F F1($3)A F0 2.764(\)i)C(s)-2.764 E .629(the w)108 537.6 +(gument \()-.18 F F1($3)A F0 2.764(\)i)C(s)-2.764 E .629(the w)108 681.6 R .629(ord preceding the w)-.1 F .629 (ord being completed on the current command line.)-.1 F .628 -(No \214ltering of the generated)5.629 F .714(completions ag)108 549.6 R +(No \214ltering of the generated)5.629 F .714(completions ag)108 693.6 R .714(ainst the w)-.05 F .714(ord being completed is performed; the func\ tion or command has complete free-)-.1 F(dom in generating the matches.) -108 561.6 Q(An)108 578.4 Q 2.938(yf)-.15 G .437 +108 705.6 Q(An)108 722.4 Q 2.938(yf)-.15 G .437 (unction speci\214ed with)-2.938 F F12.937 E F0 .437(is in)2.937 F -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G 2.937<648c>.1 G 2.937(rst. The)-2.937 F .437 (function may use an)2.937 F 2.937(yo)-.15 G 2.937(ft)-2.937 G .437 -(he shell f)-2.937 F .437(acilities, including)-.1 F(the)108 590.4 Q F1 -(compgen)2.956 E F0 -.2(bu)2.956 G .456(iltin described belo).2 F 1.756 --.65(w, t)-.25 H 2.956(og).65 G .456(enerate the matches.)-2.956 F .457 -(It must put the possible completions in the)5.456 F F3(COMPREPL)108 -602.4 Q(Y)-.828 E F0(array v)2.25 E(ariable, one per array element.)-.25 -E(Ne)108 619.2 Q .081(xt, an)-.15 F 2.581(yc)-.15 G .081 -(ommand speci\214ed with the)-2.581 F F12.581 E F0 .081 -(option is in)2.581 F -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G 2.581(di).1 G 2.58(na) --2.581 G 2.58(ne)-2.58 G -.4(nv)-2.58 G .08(ironment equi).4 F -.25(va) --.25 G .08(lent to command sub-).25 F 2.858(stitution. It)108 631.2 R -.359(should print a list of completions, one per line, to the standard \ -output.)2.858 F .359(Backslash may be used)5.359 F(to escape a ne)108 -643.2 Q(wline, if necessary)-.25 E(.)-.65 E .377 -(After all of the possible completions are generated, an)108 660 R 2.877 -<798c>-.15 G .377(lter speci\214ed with the)-2.877 F F12.876 E F0 -.376(option is applied to the)2.876 F 3.181(list. The)108 672 R .681 -(\214lter is a pattern as used for pathname e)3.181 F .681(xpansion; a) --.15 F F1(&)3.181 E F0 .682(in the pattern is replaced with the te)3.182 -F .682(xt of)-.15 F .523(the w)108 684 R .523(ord being completed.)-.1 F -3.023(Al)5.523 G(iteral)-3.023 E F1(&)3.023 E F0 .522 +(he shell f)-2.937 F .437(acilities, including)-.1 F(GNU Bash 5.2)72 768 +Q(2022 June 3)150.675 E(55)199.835 E 0 Cg EP +%%Page: 56 56 +%%BeginPageSetup +BP +%%EndPageSetup +/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 137.14(SH\(1\) General).35 F +(Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E(the)108 84 Q/F1 10 +/Times-Bold@0 SF(compgen)2.956 E F0 -.2(bu)2.956 G .456 +(iltin described belo).2 F 1.756 -.65(w, t)-.25 H 2.956(og).65 G .456 +(enerate the matches.)-2.956 F .457 +(It must put the possible completions in the)5.456 F/F2 9/Times-Bold@0 +SF(COMPREPL)108 96 Q(Y)-.828 E F0(array v)2.25 E +(ariable, one per array element.)-.25 E(Ne)108 112.8 Q .081(xt, an)-.15 +F 2.581(yc)-.15 G .081(ommand speci\214ed with the)-2.581 F F1 +2.581 E F0 .081(option is in)2.581 F -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G 2.581(di) +.1 G 2.58(na)-2.581 G 2.58(ne)-2.58 G -.4(nv)-2.58 G .08(ironment equi) +.4 F -.25(va)-.25 G .08(lent to command sub-).25 F 2.858(stitution. It) +108 124.8 R .359(should print a list of completions, one per line, to t\ +he standard output.)2.858 F .359(Backslash may be used)5.359 F +(to escape a ne)108 136.8 Q(wline, if necessary)-.25 E(.)-.65 E .377 +(After all of the possible completions are generated, an)108 153.6 R +2.877<798c>-.15 G .377(lter speci\214ed with the)-2.877 F F12.876 +E F0 .376(option is applied to the)2.876 F 3.181(list. The)108 165.6 R +.681(\214lter is a pattern as used for pathname e)3.181 F .681 +(xpansion; a)-.15 F F1(&)3.181 E F0 .682 +(in the pattern is replaced with the te)3.182 F .682(xt of)-.15 F .523 +(the w)108 177.6 R .523(ord being completed.)-.1 F 3.023(Al)5.523 G +(iteral)-3.023 E F1(&)3.023 E F0 .522 (may be escaped with a backslash; the backslash is remo)3.022 F -.15(ve) --.15 G 3.022(db).15 G(efore)-3.022 E .849(attempting a match.)108 696 R -(An)5.849 E 3.349(yc)-.15 G .849 +-.15 G 3.022(db).15 G(efore)-3.022 E .849(attempting a match.)108 189.6 +R(An)5.849 E 3.349(yc)-.15 G .849 (ompletion that matches the pattern will be remo)-3.349 F -.15(ve)-.15 G 3.35(df).15 G .85(rom the list.)-3.35 F 3.35(Al)5.85 G(eading)-3.35 E F1 -(!)3.35 E F0(ne)108 708 Q -.05(ga)-.15 G .764 +(!)3.35 E F0(ne)108 201.6 Q -.05(ga)-.15 G .764 (tes the pattern; in this case an).05 F 3.264(yc)-.15 G .764 (ompletion not matching the pattern will be remo)-3.264 F -.15(ve)-.15 G -3.264(d. If).15 F(the)3.264 E F1(nocase-)3.264 E(match)108 720 Q F0 +3.264(d. If).15 F(the)3.264 E F1(nocase-)3.264 E(match)108 213.6 Q F0 (shell option is enabled, the match is performed without re)2.5 E -.05 -(ga)-.15 G(rd to the case of alphabetic characters.).05 E(GNU Bash 5.2) -72 768 Q(2022 March 11)144.29 E(55)193.45 E 0 Cg EP -%%Page: 56 56 -%%BeginPageSetup -BP -%%EndPageSetup -/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 137.14(SH\(1\) General).35 F -(Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E(Finally)108 84 Q -3.086(,a)-.65 G .886 -.15(ny p)-3.086 H .586(re\214x and suf).15 F .587 -(\214x speci\214ed with the)-.25 F/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 SF3.087 E F0 -(and)3.087 E F13.087 E F0 .587 -(options are added to each member of the com-)3.087 F(pletion list, and\ - the result is returned to the readline completion code as the list of \ -possible completions.)108 96 Q .247(If the pre)108 112.8 R .247 -(viously-applied actions do not generate an)-.25 F 2.747(ym)-.15 G .247 -(atches, and the)-2.747 F F1 .247(\255o dir)2.747 F(names)-.15 E F0 .247 -(option w)2.747 F .246(as supplied to)-.1 F F1(complete)108 124.8 Q F0 -(when the compspec w)2.5 E +(ga)-.15 G(rd to the case of alphabetic characters.).05 E(Finally)108 +230.4 Q 3.086(,a)-.65 G .886 -.15(ny p)-3.086 H .586(re\214x and suf).15 +F .587(\214x speci\214ed with the)-.25 F F13.087 E F0(and)3.087 E +F13.087 E F0 .587(options are added to each member of the com-) +3.087 F(pletion list, and the result is returned to the readline comple\ +tion code as the list of possible completions.)108 242.4 Q .247 +(If the pre)108 259.2 R .247(viously-applied actions do not generate an) +-.25 F 2.747(ym)-.15 G .247(atches, and the)-2.747 F F1 .247(\255o dir) +2.747 F(names)-.15 E F0 .247(option w)2.747 F .246(as supplied to)-.1 F +F1(complete)108 271.2 Q F0(when the compspec w)2.5 E (as de\214ned, directory name completion is attempted.)-.1 E .461 -(If the)108 141.6 R F1 .462(\255o plusdirs)2.961 F F0 .462(option w) -2.962 F .462(as supplied to)-.1 F F1(complete)2.962 E F0 .462 +(If the)108 288 R F1 .462(\255o plusdirs)2.961 F F0 .462(option w)2.962 +F .462(as supplied to)-.1 F F1(complete)2.962 E F0 .462 (when the compspec w)2.962 F .462(as de\214ned, directory name com-)-.1 -F(pletion is attempted and an)108 153.6 Q 2.5(ym)-.15 G +F(pletion is attempted and an)108 300 Q 2.5(ym)-.15 G (atches are added to the results of the other actions.)-2.5 E .56 -(By def)108 170.4 R .56(ault, if a compspec is found, whate)-.1 F -.15 +(By def)108 316.8 R .56(ault, if a compspec is found, whate)-.1 F -.15 (ve)-.25 G 3.06(ri).15 G 3.06(tg)-3.06 G .559 (enerates is returned to the completion code as the full set)-3.06 F -.631(of possible completions.)108 182.4 R .631(The def)5.631 F(ault)-.1 +.631(of possible completions.)108 328.8 R .631(The def)5.631 F(ault)-.1 E F1(bash)3.131 E F0 .631 (completions are not attempted, and the readline def)3.131 F .632 -(ault of \214le-)-.1 F .559(name completion is disabled.)108 194.4 R +(ault of \214le-)-.1 F .559(name completion is disabled.)108 340.8 R .559(If the)5.559 F F1 .559(\255o bashdefault)3.059 F F0 .559(option w) 3.059 F .559(as supplied to)-.1 F F1(complete)3.058 E F0 .558 -(when the compspec)3.058 F -.1(wa)108 206.4 S 3.171(sd).1 G .671 +(when the compspec)3.058 F -.1(wa)108 352.8 S 3.171(sd).1 G .671 (e\214ned, the)-3.171 F F1(bash)3.171 E F0(def)3.171 E .671 (ault completions are attempted if the compspec generates no matches.) --.1 F .672(If the)5.672 F F13.172 E(default)108 218.4 Q F0 1.207 +-.1 F .672(If the)5.672 F F13.172 E(default)108 364.8 Q F0 1.207 (option w)3.707 F 1.207(as supplied to)-.1 F F1(complete)3.707 E F0 1.207(when the compspec w)3.707 F 1.207(as de\214ned, readline')-.1 F 3.707(sd)-.55 G(ef)-3.707 E 1.206(ault completion)-.1 F (will be performed if the compspec \(and, if attempted, the def)108 -230.4 Q(ault)-.1 E F1(bash)2.5 E F0(completions\) generate no matches.) +376.8 Q(ault)-.1 E F1(bash)2.5 E F0(completions\) generate no matches.) 2.5 E .245(When a compspec indicates that directory name completion is \ -desired, the programmable completion func-)108 247.2 R .633(tions force\ +desired, the programmable completion func-)108 393.6 R .633(tions force\ readline to append a slash to completed names which are symbolic links\ - to directories, subject)108 259.2 R 2.761(to the v)108 271.2 R 2.761 + to directories, subject)108 405.6 R 2.761(to the v)108 417.6 R 2.761 (alue of the)-.25 F F1(mark\255dir)5.261 E(ectories)-.18 E F0 2.761 (readline v)5.261 F 2.761(ariable, re)-.25 F -.05(ga)-.15 G 2.762 -(rdless of the setting of the).05 F F1(mark-sym-)5.262 E(link)108 283.2 +(rdless of the setting of the).05 F F1(mark-sym-)5.262 E(link)108 429.6 Q(ed\255dir)-.1 E(ectories)-.18 E F0(readline v)2.5 E(ariable.)-.25 E .191(There is some support for dynamically modifying completions.)108 -300 R .19(This is most useful when used in combina-)5.191 F 1.172 -(tion with a def)108 312 R 1.172(ault completion speci\214ed with)-.1 F -F1 1.172(complete \255D)3.672 F F0 6.172(.I)C(t')-6.172 E 3.672(sp)-.55 -G 1.172(ossible for shell functions e)-3.672 F -.15(xe)-.15 G 1.172 +446.4 R .19(This is most useful when used in combina-)5.191 F 1.172 +(tion with a def)108 458.4 R 1.172(ault completion speci\214ed with)-.1 +F F1 1.172(complete \255D)3.672 F F0 6.172(.I)C(t')-6.172 E 3.672(sp) +-.55 G 1.172(ossible for shell functions e)-3.672 F -.15(xe)-.15 G 1.172 (cuted as).15 F .93(completion handlers to indicate that completion sho\ -uld be retried by returning an e)108 324 R .93(xit status of 124.)-.15 F -.93(If a)5.93 F .1(shell function returns 124, and changes the compspec\ - associated with the command on which completion is)108 336 R .666 -(being attempted \(supplied as the \214rst ar)108 348 R .665 +uld be retried by returning an e)108 470.4 R .93(xit status of 124.)-.15 +F .93(If a)5.93 F .1(shell function returns 124, and changes the compsp\ +ec associated with the command on which completion is)108 482.4 R .666 +(being attempted \(supplied as the \214rst ar)108 494.4 R .665 (gument when the function is e)-.18 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .665 (cuted\), programmable completion).15 F .083(restarts from the be)108 -360 R .084(ginning, with an attempt to \214nd a ne)-.15 F 2.584(wc)-.25 -G .084(ompspec for that command.)-2.584 F .084(This allo)5.084 F .084 -(ws a set of)-.25 F(completions to be b)108 372 Q(uilt dynamically as c\ -ompletion is attempted, rather than being loaded all at once.)-.2 E -.15 -(Fo)108 388.8 S 2.637(ri).15 G .137 +506.4 R .084(ginning, with an attempt to \214nd a ne)-.15 F 2.584(wc) +-.25 G .084(ompspec for that command.)-2.584 F .084(This allo)5.084 F +.084(ws a set of)-.25 F(completions to be b)108 518.4 Q(uilt dynamicall\ +y as completion is attempted, rather than being loaded all at once.)-.2 +E -.15(Fo)108 535.2 S 2.637(ri).15 G .137 (nstance, assuming that there is a library of compspecs, each k)-2.637 F .137(ept in a \214le corresponding to the name of)-.1 F -(the command, the follo)108 400.8 Q(wing def)-.25 E +(the command, the follo)108 547.2 Q(wing def)-.25 E (ault completion function w)-.1 E(ould load completions dynamically:)-.1 -E/F2 10/Courier@0 SF(_completion_loader\(\))108 417.6 Q({)108 429.6 Q 6 -(.")144 441.6 S -(/etc/bash_completion.d/$1.sh" >/dev/null 2>&1 && return 124)-6 E(})108 -453.6 Q(complete -D -F _completion_loader -o bashdefault -o default)108 -465.6 Q/F3 10.95/Times-Bold@0 SF(HIST)72 494.4 Q(OR)-.197 E(Y)-.383 E F0 -.371(When the)108 506.4 R F1 .371(\255o history)2.871 F F0 .371 +E/F3 10/Courier@0 SF(_completion_loader\(\))108 564 Q({)108 576 Q 6(.") +144 588 S(/etc/bash_completion.d/$1.sh" >/dev/null 2>&1 && return 124)-6 +E(})108 600 Q +(complete -D -F _completion_loader -o bashdefault -o default)108 612 Q +/F4 10.95/Times-Bold@0 SF(HIST)72 640.8 Q(OR)-.197 E(Y)-.383 E F0 .371 +(When the)108 652.8 R F1 .371(\255o history)2.871 F F0 .371 (option to the)2.871 F F1(set)2.872 E F0 -.2(bu)2.872 G .372 -(iltin is enabled, the shell pro).2 F .372(vides access to the)-.15 F/F4 +(iltin is enabled, the shell pro).2 F .372(vides access to the)-.15 F/F5 10/Times-Italic@0 SF .372(command history)2.872 F F0(,)A .305 -(the list of commands pre)108 518.4 R .305(viously typed.)-.25 F .305 -(The v)5.305 F .304(alue of the)-.25 F/F5 9/Times-Bold@0 SF(HISTSIZE) -2.804 E F0 -.25(va)2.554 G .304(riable is used as the number of com-).25 -F .429(mands to sa)108 530.4 R .729 -.15(ve i)-.2 H 2.929(nah).15 G .429 -(istory list.)-2.929 F .429(The te)5.429 F .429(xt of the last)-.15 F F5 +(the list of commands pre)108 664.8 R .305(viously typed.)-.25 F .305 +(The v)5.305 F .304(alue of the)-.25 F F2(HISTSIZE)2.804 E F0 -.25(va) +2.554 G .304(riable is used as the number of com-).25 F .429 +(mands to sa)108 676.8 R .729 -.15(ve i)-.2 H 2.929(nah).15 G .429 +(istory list.)-2.929 F .429(The te)5.429 F .429(xt of the last)-.15 F F2 (HISTSIZE)2.93 E F0 .43(commands \(def)2.68 F .43(ault 500\) is sa)-.1 F -.15(ve)-.2 G 2.93(d. The).15 F(shell)2.93 E .287 (stores each command in the history list prior to parameter and v)108 -542.4 R .287(ariable e)-.25 F .287(xpansion \(see)-.15 F F5(EXP)2.787 E -(ANSION)-.666 E F0(abo)2.537 E -.15(ve)-.15 G(\)).15 E -.2(bu)108 554.4 +688.8 R .287(ariable e)-.25 F .287(xpansion \(see)-.15 F F2(EXP)2.787 E +(ANSION)-.666 E F0(abo)2.537 E -.15(ve)-.15 G(\)).15 E -.2(bu)108 700.8 S 4.065(ta).2 G 1.565(fter history e)-4.065 F 1.565 (xpansion is performed, subject to the v)-.15 F 1.565 -(alues of the shell v)-.25 F(ariables)-.25 E F5(HISTIGNORE)4.065 E F0 -(and)3.816 E F5(HISTCONTR)108 566.4 Q(OL)-.27 E/F6 9/Times-Roman@0 SF(.) +(alues of the shell v)-.25 F(ariables)-.25 E F2(HISTIGNORE)4.065 E F0 +(and)3.816 E F2(HISTCONTR)108 712.8 Q(OL)-.27 E/F6 9/Times-Roman@0 SF(.) A F0 .082 (On startup, the history is initialized from the \214le named by the v) -108 583.2 R(ariable)-.25 E F5(HISTFILE)2.582 E F0(\(def)2.332 E(ault)-.1 -E F4(~/.bash_history)2.582 E F0(\).)A .315(The \214le named by the v)108 -595.2 R .315(alue of)-.25 F F5(HISTFILE)2.815 E F0 .315 -(is truncated, if necessary)2.565 F 2.815(,t)-.65 G 2.815(oc)-2.815 G -.315(ontain no more than the number of)-2.815 F .659 -(lines speci\214ed by the v)108 607.2 R .659(alue of)-.25 F F5 -(HISTFILESIZE)3.158 E F6(.)A F0(If)5.158 E F1(HISTFILESIZE)3.158 E F0 -.658(is unset, or set to null, a non-numeric)3.158 F -.25(va)108 619.2 S -.142(lue, or a numeric v).25 F .142 +108 729.6 R(ariable)-.25 E F2(HISTFILE)2.582 E F0(\(def)2.332 E(ault)-.1 +E F5(~/.bash_history)2.582 E F0(\).)A(GNU Bash 5.2)72 768 Q(2022 June 3) +150.675 E(56)199.835 E 0 Cg EP +%%Page: 57 57 +%%BeginPageSetup +BP +%%EndPageSetup +/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 137.14(SH\(1\) General).35 F +(Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E .315 +(The \214le named by the v)108 84 R .315(alue of)-.25 F/F1 9 +/Times-Bold@0 SF(HISTFILE)2.815 E F0 .315(is truncated, if necessary) +2.565 F 2.815(,t)-.65 G 2.815(oc)-2.815 G .315 +(ontain no more than the number of)-2.815 F .659 +(lines speci\214ed by the v)108 96 R .659(alue of)-.25 F F1 +(HISTFILESIZE)3.158 E/F2 9/Times-Roman@0 SF(.)A F0(If)5.158 E/F3 10 +/Times-Bold@0 SF(HISTFILESIZE)3.158 E F0 .658 +(is unset, or set to null, a non-numeric)3.158 F -.25(va)108 108 S .142 +(lue, or a numeric v).25 F .142 (alue less than zero, the history \214le is not truncated.)-.25 F .142 -(When the history \214le is read, lines)5.142 F(be)108 631.2 Q 1.605 +(When the history \214le is read, lines)5.142 F(be)108 120 Q 1.605 (ginning with the history comment character follo)-.15 F 1.604 (wed immediately by a digit are interpreted as time-)-.25 F .15 -(stamps for the follo)108 643.2 R .15(wing history line.)-.25 F .151 +(stamps for the follo)108 132 R .15(wing history line.)-.25 F .151 (These timestamps are optionally displayed depending on the v)5.151 F -.151(alue of)-.25 F(the)108 655.2 Q F5(HISTTIMEFORMA)3.559 E(T)-.855 E -F0 -.25(va)3.309 G 3.559(riable. When).25 F 3.559(as)3.559 G 1.059 -(hell with history enabled e)-3.559 F 1.059(xits, the last)-.15 F F5 +.151(alue of)-.25 F(the)108 144 Q F1(HISTTIMEFORMA)3.559 E(T)-.855 E F0 +-.25(va)3.309 G 3.559(riable. When).25 F 3.559(as)3.559 G 1.059 +(hell with history enabled e)-3.559 F 1.059(xits, the last)-.15 F F1 ($HISTSIZE)3.559 E F0 1.058(lines are)3.309 F .158 -(copied from the history list to)108 667.2 R F5($HISTFILE)2.658 E F6(.)A -F0 .158(If the)4.658 F F1(histappend)2.658 E F0 .159 -(shell option is enabled \(see the description of)2.659 F F1(shopt)108 -679.2 Q F0(under)2.582 E F5 .082(SHELL B)2.582 F(UIL)-.09 E .082 +(copied from the history list to)108 156 R F1($HISTFILE)2.658 E F2(.)A +F0 .158(If the)4.658 F F3(histappend)2.658 E F0 .159 +(shell option is enabled \(see the description of)2.659 F F3(shopt)108 +168 Q F0(under)2.582 E F1 .082(SHELL B)2.582 F(UIL)-.09 E .082 (TIN COMMANDS)-.828 F F0(belo)2.332 E .082 (w\), the lines are appended to the history \214le, otherwise the)-.25 F -.196(history \214le is o)108 691.2 R -.15(ve)-.15 G 2.696(rwritten. If) -.15 F F5(HISTFILE)2.696 E F0 .197(is unset, or if the history \214le is\ - unwritable, the history is not sa)2.446 F -.15(ve)-.2 G(d.).15 E .584 -(If the)108 703.2 R F5(HISTTIMEFORMA)3.084 E(T)-.855 E F0 -.25(va)2.834 -G .584 -(riable is set, time stamps are written to the history \214le, mark).25 -F .583(ed with the his-)-.1 F 1.147(tory comment character)108 715.2 R +.196(history \214le is o)108 180 R -.15(ve)-.15 G 2.696(rwritten. If).15 +F F1(HISTFILE)2.696 E F0 .197(is unset, or if the history \214le is unw\ +ritable, the history is not sa)2.446 F -.15(ve)-.2 G(d.).15 E .584 +(If the)108 192 R F1(HISTTIMEFORMA)3.084 E(T)-.855 E F0 -.25(va)2.834 G +.584(riable is set, time stamps are written to the history \214le, mark) +.25 F .583(ed with the his-)-.1 F 1.147(tory comment character)108 204 R 3.647(,s)-.4 G 3.647(ot)-3.647 G(he)-3.647 E 3.647(ym)-.15 G 1.147 (ay be preserv)-3.647 F 1.147(ed across shell sessions.)-.15 F 1.148 (This uses the history comment)6.148 F 1.377 -(character to distinguish timestamps from other history lines.)108 727.2 -R 1.377(After sa)6.377 F 1.377(ving the history)-.2 F 3.876(,t)-.65 G -1.376(he history \214le is)-3.876 F(GNU Bash 5.2)72 768 Q(2022 March 11) -144.29 E(56)193.45 E 0 Cg EP -%%Page: 57 57 -%%BeginPageSetup -BP -%%EndPageSetup -/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 137.14(SH\(1\) General).35 F -(Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E .756 -(truncated to contain no more than)108 84 R/F1 9/Times-Bold@0 SF -(HISTFILESIZE)3.257 E F0 3.257(lines. If)3.007 F F1(HISTFILESIZE)3.257 E -F0 .757(is unset, or set to null, a non-)3.007 F(numeric v)108 96 Q +(character to distinguish timestamps from other history lines.)108 216 R +1.377(After sa)6.377 F 1.377(ving the history)-.2 F 3.876(,t)-.65 G +1.376(he history \214le is)-3.876 F .756 +(truncated to contain no more than)108 228 R F1(HISTFILESIZE)3.257 E F0 +3.257(lines. If)3.007 F F1(HISTFILESIZE)3.257 E F0 .757 +(is unset, or set to null, a non-)3.007 F(numeric v)108 240 Q (alue, or a numeric v)-.25 E (alue less than zero, the history \214le is not truncated.)-.25 E .299 -(The b)108 112.8 R .299(uiltin command)-.2 F/F2 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(fc) -2.799 E F0(\(see)2.799 E F1 .299(SHELL B)2.799 F(UIL)-.09 E .299 -(TIN COMMANDS)-.828 F F0(belo)2.549 E .298 -(w\) may be used to list or edit and re-e)-.25 F -.15(xe)-.15 G(-).15 E -.471(cute a portion of the history list.)108 124.8 R(The)5.471 E F2 -(history)2.971 E F0 -.2(bu)2.971 G .472 +(The b)108 256.8 R .299(uiltin command)-.2 F F3(fc)2.799 E F0(\(see) +2.799 E F1 .299(SHELL B)2.799 F(UIL)-.09 E .299(TIN COMMANDS)-.828 F F0 +(belo)2.549 E .298(w\) may be used to list or edit and re-e)-.25 F -.15 +(xe)-.15 G(-).15 E .471(cute a portion of the history list.)108 268.8 R +(The)5.471 E F3(history)2.971 E F0 -.2(bu)2.971 G .472 (iltin may be used to display or modify the history list and).2 F .002 -(manipulate the history \214le.)108 136.8 R .001 +(manipulate the history \214le.)108 280.8 R .001 (When using command-line editing, search commands are a)5.002 F -.25(va) --.2 G .001(ilable in each edit-).25 F(ing mode that pro)108 148.8 Q -(vide access to the history list.)-.15 E 1.485(The shell allo)108 165.6 +-.2 G .001(ilable in each edit-).25 F(ing mode that pro)108 292.8 Q +(vide access to the history list.)-.15 E 1.485(The shell allo)108 309.6 R 1.485(ws control o)-.25 F -.15(ve)-.15 G 3.986(rw).15 G 1.486 (hich commands are sa)-3.986 F -.15(ve)-.2 G 3.986(do).15 G 3.986(nt) -3.986 G 1.486(he history list.)-3.986 F(The)6.486 E F1(HISTCONTR)3.986 -E(OL)-.27 E F0(and)3.736 E F1(HISTIGNORE)108 177.6 Q F0 -.25(va)2.708 G +E(OL)-.27 E F0(and)3.736 E F1(HISTIGNORE)108 321.6 Q F0 -.25(va)2.708 G .458(riables may be set to cause the shell to sa).25 F .757 -.15(ve o) --.2 H .457(nly a subset of the commands entered.).15 F(The)5.457 E F2 -(cmdhist)108 189.6 Q F0 .75 +-.2 H .457(nly a subset of the commands entered.).15 F(The)5.457 E F3 +(cmdhist)108 333.6 Q F0 .75 (shell option, if enabled, causes the shell to attempt to sa)3.25 F 1.05 -.15(ve e)-.2 H .75(ach line of a multi-line command in).15 F 1.077 -(the same history entry)108 201.6 R 3.577(,a)-.65 G 1.077 +(the same history entry)108 345.6 R 3.577(,a)-.65 G 1.077 (dding semicolons where necessary to preserv)-3.577 F 3.577(es)-.15 G -1.077(yntactic correctness.)-3.577 F(The)6.077 E F2(lithist)3.576 E F0 -.373(shell option causes the shell to sa)108 213.6 R .674 -.15(ve t)-.2 +1.077(yntactic correctness.)-3.577 F(The)6.077 E F3(lithist)3.576 E F0 +.373(shell option causes the shell to sa)108 357.6 R .674 -.15(ve t)-.2 H .374(he command with embedded ne).15 F .374 (wlines instead of semicolons.)-.25 F .374(See the)5.374 F .319 -(description of the)108 225.6 R F2(shopt)2.819 E F0 -.2(bu)2.819 G .318 +(description of the)108 369.6 R F3(shopt)2.819 E F0 -.2(bu)2.819 G .318 (iltin belo).2 F 2.818(wu)-.25 G(nder)-2.818 E F1 .318(SHELL B)2.818 F (UIL)-.09 E .318(TIN COMMANDS)-.828 F F0 .318 (for information on setting and)2.568 F(unsetting shell options.)108 -237.6 Q/F3 10.95/Times-Bold@0 SF(HIST)72 254.4 Q(OR)-.197 E 2.738(YE) +381.6 Q/F4 10.95/Times-Bold@0 SF(HIST)72 398.4 Q(OR)-.197 E 2.738(YE) -.383 G(XP)-2.738 E(ANSION)-.81 E F0 .61(The shell supports a history e) -108 266.4 R .611(xpansion feature that is similar to the history e)-.15 -F .611(xpansion in)-.15 F F2(csh)3.111 E F0 5.611(.T)C .611(his section) --5.611 F .871(describes what syntax features are a)108 278.4 R -.25(va) +108 410.4 R .611(xpansion feature that is similar to the history e)-.15 +F .611(xpansion in)-.15 F F3(csh)3.111 E F0 5.611(.T)C .611(his section) +-5.611 F .871(describes what syntax features are a)108 422.4 R -.25(va) -.2 G 3.371(ilable. This).25 F .871(feature is enabled by def)3.371 F .87(ault for interacti)-.1 F 1.17 -.15(ve s)-.25 H .87(hells, and).15 F -.949(can be disabled using the)108 290.4 R F2(+H)3.449 E F0 .949 -(option to the)3.449 F F2(set)3.449 E F0 -.2(bu)3.449 G .949 +.949(can be disabled using the)108 434.4 R F3(+H)3.449 E F0 .949 +(option to the)3.449 F F3(set)3.449 E F0 -.2(bu)3.449 G .949 (iltin command \(see).2 F F1 .949(SHELL B)3.449 F(UIL)-.09 E .95 -(TIN COMMANDS)-.828 F F0(be-)3.2 E(lo)108 302.4 Q 2.5 +(TIN COMMANDS)-.828 F F0(be-)3.2 E(lo)108 446.4 Q 2.5 (w\). Non-interacti)-.25 F .3 -.15(ve s)-.25 H (hells do not perform history e).15 E(xpansion by def)-.15 E(ault.)-.1 E -1.306(History e)108 319.2 R 1.306(xpansions introduce w)-.15 F 1.306(or\ +1.306(History e)108 463.2 R 1.306(xpansions introduce w)-.15 F 1.306(or\ ds from the history list into the input stream, making it easy to repea\ -t)-.1 F .209(commands, insert the ar)108 331.2 R .209(guments to a pre) +t)-.1 F .209(commands, insert the ar)108 475.2 R .209(guments to a pre) -.18 F .21 (vious command into the current input line, or \214x errors in pre)-.25 -F(vious)-.25 E(commands quickly)108 343.2 Q(.)-.65 E 1.164(History e)108 -360 R 1.163(xpansion is performed immediately after a complete line is \ -read, before the shell breaks it into)-.15 F -.1(wo)108 372 S .251 +F(vious)-.25 E(commands quickly)108 487.2 Q(.)-.65 E 1.164(History e)108 +504 R 1.163(xpansion is performed immediately after a complete line is \ +read, before the shell breaks it into)-.15 F -.1(wo)108 516 S .251 (rds, and is performed on each line indi).1 F .251 (vidually without taking quoting on pre)-.25 F .252 -(vious lines into account.)-.25 F(It)5.252 E(tak)108 384 Q .146 +(vious lines into account.)-.25 F(It)5.252 E(tak)108 528 Q .146 (es place in tw)-.1 F 2.646(op)-.1 G 2.646(arts. The)-2.646 F .146(\214\ rst is to determine which line from the history list to use during subs\ titution.)2.646 F .766(The second is to select portions of that line fo\ -r inclusion into the current one.)108 396 R .767 -(The line selected from the)5.767 F .254(history is the)108 408 R/F4 10 +r inclusion into the current one.)108 540 R .767 +(The line selected from the)5.767 F .254(history is the)108 552 R/F5 10 /Times-Italic@0 SF -.15(ev)2.754 G(ent).15 E F0 2.753(,a)C .253 -(nd the portions of that line that are acted upon are)-2.753 F F4(wor) -2.753 E(ds)-.37 E F0 5.253(.V)C(arious)-6.363 E F4(modi\214er)2.753 E(s) +(nd the portions of that line that are acted upon are)-2.753 F F5(wor) +2.753 E(ds)-.37 E F0 5.253(.V)C(arious)-6.363 E F5(modi\214er)2.753 E(s) -.1 E F0 .253(are a)2.753 F -.25(va)-.2 G(il-).25 E .538 -(able to manipulate the selected w)108 420 R 3.038(ords. The)-.1 F .538 +(able to manipulate the selected w)108 564 R 3.038(ords. The)-.1 F .538 (line is brok)3.038 F .538(en into w)-.1 F .539(ords in the same f)-.1 F -.539(ashion as when reading)-.1 F .573(input, so that se)108 432 R -.15 -(ve)-.25 G(ral).15 E F4(metac)3.073 E(har)-.15 E(acter)-.15 E F0 .572 +.539(ashion as when reading)-.1 F .573(input, so that se)108 576 R -.15 +(ve)-.25 G(ral).15 E F5(metac)3.073 E(har)-.15 E(acter)-.15 E F0 .572 (-separated w)B .572(ords surrounded by quotes are considered one w)-.1 -F 3.072(ord. His-)-.1 F .355(tory e)108 444 R .355 +F 3.072(ord. His-)-.1 F .355(tory e)108 588 R .355 (xpansions are introduced by the appearance of the history e)-.15 F .355 -(xpansion character)-.15 F 2.855(,w)-.4 G .356(hich is)-2.855 F F2(!) +(xpansion character)-.15 F 2.855(,w)-.4 G .356(hich is)-2.855 F F3(!) 3.689 E F0 .356(by def)3.689 F(ault.)-.1 E .791(Only backslash \()108 -456 R F2(\\).833 E F0 3.291(\)a).833 G .79 +600 R F3(\\).833 E F0 3.291(\)a).833 G .79 (nd single quotes can quote the history e)-3.291 F .79 (xpansion character)-.15 F 3.29(,b)-.4 G .79(ut the history e)-3.49 F (xpansion)-.15 E .789(character is also treated as quoted if it immedia\ -tely precedes the closing double quote in a double-quoted)108 468 R -(string.)108 480 Q(Se)108 496.8 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G .03 +tely precedes the closing double quote in a double-quoted)108 612 R +(string.)108 624 Q(Se)108 640.8 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G .03 (ral characters inhibit history e).15 F .03 (xpansion if found immediately follo)-.15 F .03(wing the history e)-.25 -F .03(xpansion character)-.15 F(,)-.4 E -2.15 -.25(ev e)108 508.8 T +F .03(xpansion character)-.15 F(,)-.4 E -2.15 -.25(ev e)108 652.8 T 3.162(ni).25 G 3.162(fi)-3.162 G 3.162(ti)-3.162 G 3.162(su)-3.162 G .662(nquoted: space, tab, ne)-3.162 F .662(wline, carriage return, and) --.25 F F2(=)3.162 E F0 5.662(.I)C 3.162(ft)-5.662 G(he)-3.162 E F2 -(extglob)3.162 E F0 .662(shell option is enabled,)3.162 F F2(\()3.163 E -F0(will also inhibit e)108 520.8 Q(xpansion.)-.15 E(Se)108 537.6 Q -.15 -(ve)-.25 G .11(ral shell options settable with the).15 F F2(shopt)2.61 E +-.25 F F3(=)3.162 E F0 5.662(.I)C 3.162(ft)-5.662 G(he)-3.162 E F3 +(extglob)3.162 E F0 .662(shell option is enabled,)3.162 F F3(\()3.163 E +F0(will also inhibit e)108 664.8 Q(xpansion.)-.15 E(Se)108 681.6 Q -.15 +(ve)-.25 G .11(ral shell options settable with the).15 F F3(shopt)2.61 E F0 -.2(bu)2.61 G .109(iltin may be used to tailor the beha).2 F .109 -(vior of history e)-.2 F(xpansion.)-.15 E .231(If the)108 549.6 R F2 +(vior of history e)-.2 F(xpansion.)-.15 E .231(If the)108 693.6 R F3 (histv)2.731 E(erify)-.1 E F0 .231 -(shell option is enabled \(see the description of the)2.731 F F2(shopt) -2.731 E F0 -.2(bu)2.731 G .231(iltin belo).2 F .231(w\), and)-.25 F F2 +(shell option is enabled \(see the description of the)2.731 F F3(shopt) +2.731 E F0 -.2(bu)2.731 G .231(iltin belo).2 F .231(w\), and)-.25 F F3 -.18(re)2.731 G(adline).18 E F0 .232(is be-)2.732 F .449(ing used, hist\ ory substitutions are not immediately passed to the shell parser)108 -561.6 R 5.449(.I)-.55 G .448(nstead, the e)-5.449 F .448 -(xpanded line is)-.15 F 2.228(reloaded into the)108 573.6 R F2 -.18(re) +705.6 R 5.449(.I)-.55 G .448(nstead, the e)-5.449 F .448 +(xpanded line is)-.15 F 2.228(reloaded into the)108 717.6 R F3 -.18(re) 4.728 G(adline).18 E F0 2.228(editing b)4.728 F(uf)-.2 E 2.228 -(fer for further modi\214cation.)-.25 F(If)7.228 E F2 -.18(re)4.728 G -(adline).18 E F0 2.228(is being used, and the)4.728 F F2(histr)108 585.6 +(fer for further modi\214cation.)-.25 F(If)7.228 E F3 -.18(re)4.728 G +(adline).18 E F0 2.228(is being used, and the)4.728 F F3(histr)108 729.6 Q(eedit)-.18 E F0 1.202(shell option is enabled, a f)3.702 F 1.202 -(ailed history substitution will be reloaded into the)-.1 F F2 -.18(re) -3.702 G(adline).18 E F0(editing)3.702 E -.2(bu)108 597.6 S -.25(ff).2 G -.303(er for correction.).25 F(The)5.303 E F22.803 E F0 .303 -(option to the)2.803 F F2(history)2.804 E F0 -.2(bu)2.804 G .304 +(ailed history substitution will be reloaded into the)-.1 F F3 -.18(re) +3.702 G(adline).18 E F0(editing)3.702 E(GNU Bash 5.2)72 768 Q +(2022 June 3)150.675 E(57)199.835 E 0 Cg EP +%%Page: 58 58 +%%BeginPageSetup +BP +%%EndPageSetup +/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 137.14(SH\(1\) General).35 F +(Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E -.2(bu)108 84 S +-.25(ff).2 G .303(er for correction.).25 F(The)5.303 E/F1 10 +/Times-Bold@0 SF2.803 E F0 .303(option to the)2.803 F F1(history) +2.804 E F0 -.2(bu)2.804 G .304 (iltin command may be used to see what a history e).2 F(x-)-.15 E .52 -(pansion will do before using it.)108 609.6 R(The)5.52 E F23.02 E -F0 .52(option to the)3.02 F F2(history)3.02 E F0 -.2(bu)3.02 G .52 +(pansion will do before using it.)108 96 R(The)5.52 E F13.02 E F0 +.52(option to the)3.02 F F1(history)3.02 E F0 -.2(bu)3.02 G .52 (iltin may be used to add commands to the).2 F -(end of the history list without actually e)108 621.6 Q -.15(xe)-.15 G +(end of the history list without actually e)108 108 Q -.15(xe)-.15 G (cuting them, so that the).15 E 2.5(ya)-.15 G(re a)-2.5 E -.25(va)-.2 G -(ilable for subsequent recall.).25 E 1.108(The shell allo)108 638.4 R +(ilable for subsequent recall.).25 E 1.108(The shell allo)108 124.8 R 1.108(ws control of the v)-.25 F 1.108 (arious characters used by the history e)-.25 F 1.108 -(xpansion mechanism \(see the de-)-.15 F .163(scription of)108 650.4 R -F2(histchars)2.663 E F0(abo)2.663 E .463 -.15(ve u)-.15 H(nder).15 E F2 +(xpansion mechanism \(see the de-)-.15 F .163(scription of)108 136.8 R +F1(histchars)2.663 E F0(abo)2.663 E .463 -.15(ve u)-.15 H(nder).15 E F1 .163(Shell V)2.663 F(ariables)-.92 E F0 2.663(\). The)B .162 (shell uses the history comment character to mark)2.663 F -(history timestamps when writing the history \214le.)108 662.4 Q F2(Ev) -87 679.2 Q(ent Designators)-.1 E F0 .204(An e)108 691.2 R -.15(ve)-.25 G +(history timestamps when writing the history \214le.)108 148.8 Q F1(Ev) +87 165.6 Q(ent Designators)-.1 E F0 .204(An e)108 177.6 R -.15(ve)-.25 G .204(nt designator is a reference to a command line entry in the histor\ y list.).15 F .205(Unless the reference is abso-)5.204 F(lute, e)108 -703.2 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G(nts are relati).15 E .3 -.15(ve t)-.25 H 2.5(ot) -.15 G(he current position in the history list.)-2.5 E(GNU Bash 5.2)72 -768 Q(2022 March 11)144.29 E(57)193.45 E 0 Cg EP -%%Page: 58 58 -%%BeginPageSetup -BP -%%EndPageSetup -/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 137.14(SH\(1\) General).35 F -(Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 -SF(!)108 84 Q F0 1.608(Start a history substitution, e)144 84 R 1.608 +189.6 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G(nts are relati).15 E .3 -.15(ve t)-.25 H 2.5(ot) +.15 G(he current position in the history list.)-2.5 E F1(!)108 206.4 Q +F0 1.608(Start a history substitution, e)144 206.4 R 1.608 (xcept when follo)-.15 F 1.607(wed by a)-.25 F F1(blank)4.107 E F0 4.107 (,n)C -.25(ew)-4.107 G 1.607(line, carriage return, = or \().25 F -(\(when the)144 96 Q F1(extglob)2.5 E F0 +(\(when the)144 218.4 Q F1(extglob)2.5 E F0 (shell option is enabled using the)2.5 E F1(shopt)2.5 E F0 -.2(bu)2.5 G -(iltin\).).2 E F1(!)108 108 Q/F2 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(n)A F0 -(Refer to command line)144 108 Q F2(n)2.86 E F0(.).24 E F1<21ad>108 120 -Q F2(n)A F0(Refer to the current command minus)144 120 Q F2(n)2.86 E F0 -(.).24 E F1(!!)108 132 Q F0(Refer to the pre)144 132 Q(vious command.) --.25 E(This is a synon)5 E(ym for `!\2551'.)-.15 E F1(!)108 144 Q F2 -(string)A F0 .865(Refer to the most recent command preceding the curren\ -t position in the history list starting with)144 144 R F2(string)144.34 -156 Q F0(.).22 E F1(!?)108 168 Q F2(string)A F1([?])A F0 1.503(Refer to\ - the most recent command preceding the current position in the history \ -list containing)144 180 R F2(string)144.34 192 Q F0 5.496(.T).22 G .496 -(he trailing)-5.496 F F1(?)2.996 E F0 .496(may be omitted if)2.996 F F2 -(string)3.336 E F0 .497(is follo)3.216 F .497(wed immediately by a ne) --.25 F 2.997(wline. If)-.25 F F2(string)2.997 E F0(is)2.997 E .391(miss\ -ing, the string from the most recent search is used; it is an error if \ -there is no pre)144 204 R .39(vious search)-.25 F(string.)144 216 Q/F3 -12/Times-Bold@0 SF(^)108 233 Q F2(string1)-5 I F3(^)5 I F2(string2)-5 I -F3(^)5 I F0 .752(Quick substitution.)144 240 R .752(Repeat the pre)5.752 -F .753(vious command, replacing)-.25 F F2(string1)3.593 E F0(with)3.253 -E F2(string2)3.593 E F0 5.753(.E).02 G(qui)-5.753 E -.25(va)-.25 G .753 -(lent to).25 F -.74(``)144 252 S(!!:s).74 E/F4 12/Times-Roman@0 SF(^)5 I -F2(string1)-5 I F4(^)5 I F2(string2)-5 I F4(^)5 I F0 1.48 -.74('' \()-5 -L(see).74 E F1(Modi\214ers)2.5 E F0(belo)2.5 E(w\).)-.25 E F1(!#)108 264 -Q F0(The entire command line typed so f)144 264 Q(ar)-.1 E(.)-.55 E F1 --.75(Wo)87 280.8 S(rd Designators).75 E F0 -.8(Wo)108 292.8 S 1.314 -(rd designators are used to select desired w).8 F 1.314(ords from the e) --.1 F -.15(ve)-.25 G 3.814(nt. A).15 F F1(:)3.814 E F0 1.313 -(separates the e)3.813 F -.15(ve)-.25 G 1.313(nt speci\214cation).15 F -.529(from the w)108 304.8 R .529(ord designator)-.1 F 5.529(.I)-.55 G -3.029(tm)-5.529 G .529(ay be omitted if the w)-3.029 F .529 +(iltin\).).2 E F1(!)108 230.4 Q/F2 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(n)A F0 +(Refer to command line)144 230.4 Q F2(n)2.86 E F0(.).24 E F1<21ad>108 +242.4 Q F2(n)A F0(Refer to the current command minus)144 242.4 Q F2(n) +2.86 E F0(.).24 E F1(!!)108 254.4 Q F0(Refer to the pre)144 254.4 Q +(vious command.)-.25 E(This is a synon)5 E(ym for `!\2551'.)-.15 E F1(!) +108 266.4 Q F2(string)A F0 .865(Refer to the most recent command preced\ +ing the current position in the history list starting with)144 266.4 R +F2(string)144.34 278.4 Q F0(.).22 E F1(!?)108 290.4 Q F2(string)A F1 +([?])A F0 1.503(Refer to the most recent command preceding the current \ +position in the history list containing)144 302.4 R F2(string)144.34 +314.4 Q F0 5.496(.T).22 G .496(he trailing)-5.496 F F1(?)2.996 E F0 .496 +(may be omitted if)2.996 F F2(string)3.336 E F0 .497(is follo)3.216 F +.497(wed immediately by a ne)-.25 F 2.997(wline. If)-.25 F F2(string) +2.997 E F0(is)2.997 E .391(missing, the string from the most recent sea\ +rch is used; it is an error if there is no pre)144 326.4 R .39 +(vious search)-.25 F(string.)144 338.4 Q/F3 12/Times-Bold@0 SF(^)108 +355.4 Q F2(string1)-5 I F3(^)5 I F2(string2)-5 I F3(^)5 I F0 .752 +(Quick substitution.)144 362.4 R .752(Repeat the pre)5.752 F .753 +(vious command, replacing)-.25 F F2(string1)3.593 E F0(with)3.253 E F2 +(string2)3.593 E F0 5.753(.E).02 G(qui)-5.753 E -.25(va)-.25 G .753 +(lent to).25 F -.74(``)144 374.4 S(!!:s).74 E/F4 12/Times-Roman@0 SF(^)5 +I F2(string1)-5 I F4(^)5 I F2(string2)-5 I F4(^)5 I F0 1.48 -.74('' \() +-5 L(see).74 E F1(Modi\214ers)2.5 E F0(belo)2.5 E(w\).)-.25 E F1(!#)108 +386.4 Q F0(The entire command line typed so f)144 386.4 Q(ar)-.1 E(.) +-.55 E F1 -.75(Wo)87 403.2 S(rd Designators).75 E F0 -.8(Wo)108 415.2 S +1.314(rd designators are used to select desired w).8 F 1.314 +(ords from the e)-.1 F -.15(ve)-.25 G 3.814(nt. A).15 F F1(:)3.814 E F0 +1.313(separates the e)3.813 F -.15(ve)-.25 G 1.313(nt speci\214cation) +.15 F .529(from the w)108 427.2 R .529(ord designator)-.1 F 5.529(.I) +-.55 G 3.029(tm)-5.529 G .529(ay be omitted if the w)-3.029 F .529 (ord designator be)-.1 F .529(gins with a)-.15 F F1(^)3.029 E F0(,)A F1 ($)3.029 E F0(,)A F1(*)3.029 E F0(,)A F13.029 E F0 3.029(,o)C(r) -3.029 E F1(%)3.029 E F0 5.53(.W)C(ords)-6.33 E .516 -(are numbered from the be)108 316.8 R .516 +(are numbered from the be)108 439.2 R .516 (ginning of the line, with the \214rst w)-.15 F .516 (ord being denoted by 0 \(zero\).)-.1 F -.8(Wo)5.515 G .515(rds are in-) -.8 F(serted into the current line separated by single spaces.)108 328.8 -Q F1 2.5(0\()108 345.6 S(zer)-2.5 E(o\))-.18 E F0(The zeroth w)144 357.6 -Q 2.5(ord. F)-.1 F(or the shell, this is the command w)-.15 E(ord.)-.1 E -F2(n)108.36 369.6 Q F0(The)144 369.6 Q F2(n)2.5 E F0(th w)A(ord.)-.1 E -F1(^)108 381.6 Q F0(The \214rst ar)144 381.6 Q 2.5(gument. That)-.18 F -(is, w)2.5 E(ord 1.)-.1 E F1($)108 393.6 Q F0 .063(The last w)144 393.6 -R 2.563(ord. This)-.1 F .063(is usually the last ar)2.563 F .064 -(gument, b)-.18 F .064(ut will e)-.2 F .064(xpand to the zeroth w)-.15 F -.064(ord if there is only)-.1 F(one w)144 405.6 Q(ord in the line.)-.1 E -F1(%)108 417.6 Q F0 1.42(The \214rst w)144 417.6 R 1.42 +.8 F(serted into the current line separated by single spaces.)108 451.2 +Q F1 2.5(0\()108 468 S(zer)-2.5 E(o\))-.18 E F0(The zeroth w)144 480 Q +2.5(ord. F)-.1 F(or the shell, this is the command w)-.15 E(ord.)-.1 E +F2(n)108.36 492 Q F0(The)144 492 Q F2(n)2.5 E F0(th w)A(ord.)-.1 E F1(^) +108 504 Q F0(The \214rst ar)144 504 Q 2.5(gument. That)-.18 F(is, w)2.5 +E(ord 1.)-.1 E F1($)108 516 Q F0 .063(The last w)144 516 R 2.563 +(ord. This)-.1 F .063(is usually the last ar)2.563 F .064(gument, b)-.18 +F .064(ut will e)-.2 F .064(xpand to the zeroth w)-.15 F .064 +(ord if there is only)-.1 F(one w)144 528 Q(ord in the line.)-.1 E F1(%) +108 540 Q F0 1.42(The \214rst w)144 540 R 1.42 (ord matched by the most recent `?)-.1 F F2(string)A F0 1.419 (?' search, if the search string be)B 1.419(gins with a)-.15 F -(character that is part of a w)144 429.6 Q(ord.)-.1 E F2(x)108.77 441.6 -Q F1A F2(y)A F0 2.5(Ar)144 441.6 S(ange of w)-2.5 E(ords; `\255)-.1 -E F2(y)A F0 2.5('a)C(bbre)-2.5 E(viates `0\255)-.25 E F2(y)A F0('.)A F1 -(*)108 453.6 Q F0 .315(All of the w)144 453.6 R .315(ords b)-.1 F .315 +(character that is part of a w)144 552 Q(ord.)-.1 E F2(x)108.77 564 Q F1 +A F2(y)A F0 2.5(Ar)144 564 S(ange of w)-2.5 E(ords; `\255)-.1 E F2 +(y)A F0 2.5('a)C(bbre)-2.5 E(viates `0\255)-.25 E F2(y)A F0('.)A F1(*) +108 576 Q F0 .315(All of the w)144 576 R .315(ords b)-.1 F .315 (ut the zeroth.)-.2 F .315(This is a synon)5.315 F .315(ym for `)-.15 F F2(1\255$)A F0 2.815('. It)B .315(is not an error to use)2.815 F F1(*) -2.816 E F0 .316(if there is)2.816 F(just one w)144 465.6 Q(ord in the e) +2.816 E F0 .316(if there is)2.816 F(just one w)144 588 Q(ord in the e) -.1 E -.15(ve)-.25 G(nt; the empty string is returned in that case.).15 -E F1(x*)108 477.6 Q F0(Abbre)144 477.6 Q(viates)-.25 E F2(x\255$)2.5 E -F0(.)A F1<78ad>108 489.6 Q F0(Abbre)144 489.6 Q(viates)-.25 E F2(x\255$) -2.5 E F0(lik)2.5 E(e)-.1 E F1(x*)2.5 E F0 2.5(,b)C(ut omits the last w) --2.7 E 2.5(ord. If)-.1 F F1(x)2.5 E F0(is missing, it def)2.5 E -(aults to 0.)-.1 E(If a w)108 506.4 Q -(ord designator is supplied without an e)-.1 E -.15(ve)-.25 G -(nt speci\214cation, the pre).15 E(vious command is used as the e)-.25 E --.15(ve)-.25 G(nt.).15 E F1(Modi\214ers)87 523.2 Q F0 .184 -(After the optional w)108 535.2 R .184(ord designator)-.1 F 2.684(,t)-.4 -G .183(here may appear a sequence of one or more of the follo)-2.684 F -.183(wing modi\214ers,)-.25 F(each preceded by a `:'.)108 547.2 Q +E F1(x*)108 600 Q F0(Abbre)144 600 Q(viates)-.25 E F2(x\255$)2.5 E F0(.) +A F1<78ad>108 612 Q F0(Abbre)144 612 Q(viates)-.25 E F2(x\255$)2.5 E F0 +(lik)2.5 E(e)-.1 E F1(x*)2.5 E F0 2.5(,b)C(ut omits the last w)-2.7 E +2.5(ord. If)-.1 F F1(x)2.5 E F0(is missing, it def)2.5 E(aults to 0.)-.1 +E(If a w)108 628.8 Q(ord designator is supplied without an e)-.1 E -.15 +(ve)-.25 G(nt speci\214cation, the pre).15 E +(vious command is used as the e)-.25 E -.15(ve)-.25 G(nt.).15 E F1 +(Modi\214ers)87 645.6 Q F0 .184(After the optional w)108 657.6 R .184 +(ord designator)-.1 F 2.684(,t)-.4 G .183 +(here may appear a sequence of one or more of the follo)-2.684 F .183 +(wing modi\214ers,)-.25 F(each preceded by a `:'.)108 669.6 Q (These modify)5 E 2.5(,o)-.65 G 2.5(re)-2.5 G(dit, the w)-2.5 E (ord or w)-.1 E(ords selected from the history e)-.1 E -.15(ve)-.25 G -(nt.).15 E F1(h)108 564 Q F0(Remo)144 564 Q .3 -.15(ve a t)-.15 H +(nt.).15 E F1(h)108 686.4 Q F0(Remo)144 686.4 Q .3 -.15(ve a t)-.15 H (railing \214lename component, lea).15 E(ving only the head.)-.2 E F1(t) -108 576 Q F0(Remo)144 576 Q .3 -.15(ve a)-.15 H +108 698.4 Q F0(Remo)144 698.4 Q .3 -.15(ve a)-.15 H (ll leading \214lename components, lea).15 E(ving the tail.)-.2 E F1(r) -108 588 Q F0(Remo)144 588 Q .3 -.15(ve a t)-.15 H(railing suf).15 E +108 710.4 Q F0(Remo)144 710.4 Q .3 -.15(ve a t)-.15 H(railing suf).15 E (\214x of the form)-.25 E F2(.xxx)2.5 E F0 2.5(,l)C(ea)-2.5 E -(ving the basename.)-.2 E F1(e)108 600 Q F0(Remo)144 600 Q .3 -.15(ve a) --.15 H(ll b).15 E(ut the trailing suf)-.2 E(\214x.)-.25 E F1(p)108 612 Q -F0(Print the ne)144 612 Q 2.5(wc)-.25 G(ommand b)-2.5 E(ut do not e)-.2 -E -.15(xe)-.15 G(cute it.).15 E F1(q)108 624 Q F0 -(Quote the substituted w)144 624 Q -(ords, escaping further substitutions.)-.1 E F1(x)108 636 Q F0 .385 -(Quote the substituted w)144 636 R .385(ords as with)-.1 F F1(q)2.885 E +(ving the basename.)-.2 E(GNU Bash 5.2)72 768 Q(2022 June 3)150.675 E +(58)199.835 E 0 Cg EP +%%Page: 59 59 +%%BeginPageSetup +BP +%%EndPageSetup +/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 137.14(SH\(1\) General).35 F +(Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 +SF(e)108 84 Q F0(Remo)144 84 Q .3 -.15(ve a)-.15 H(ll b).15 E +(ut the trailing suf)-.2 E(\214x.)-.25 E F1(p)108 96 Q F0(Print the ne) +144 96 Q 2.5(wc)-.25 G(ommand b)-2.5 E(ut do not e)-.2 E -.15(xe)-.15 G +(cute it.).15 E F1(q)108 108 Q F0(Quote the substituted w)144 108 Q +(ords, escaping further substitutions.)-.1 E F1(x)108 120 Q F0 .385 +(Quote the substituted w)144 120 R .385(ords as with)-.1 F F1(q)2.885 E F0 2.885(,b)C .386(ut break into w)-3.085 F .386(ords at)-.1 F F1 (blanks)2.886 E F0 .386(and ne)2.886 F 2.886(wlines. The)-.25 F F1(q) 2.886 E F0(and)2.886 E F1(x)2.886 E F0(modi\214ers are mutually e)144 -648 Q(xclusi)-.15 E -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.5(;t).15 G -(he last one supplied is used.)-2.5 E F1(s/)108 660 Q F2(old)A F1(/)A F2 -(ne)A(w)-.15 E F1(/)A F0(Substitute)144 672 Q F2(ne)3.329 E(w)-.15 E F0 -.469(for the \214rst occurrence of)3.279 F F2(old)3.199 E F0 .469 -(in the e)3.739 F -.15(ve)-.25 G .469(nt line.).15 F(An)5.469 E 2.969 -(yc)-.15 G .469(haracter may be used as the)-2.969 F .953 -(delimiter in place of /.)144 684 R .953 +132 Q(xclusi)-.15 E -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.5(;t).15 G +(he last one supplied is used.)-2.5 E F1(s/)108 144 Q/F2 10 +/Times-Italic@0 SF(old)A F1(/)A F2(ne)A(w)-.15 E F1(/)A F0(Substitute) +144 156 Q F2(ne)3.329 E(w)-.15 E F0 .469(for the \214rst occurrence of) +3.279 F F2(old)3.199 E F0 .469(in the e)3.739 F -.15(ve)-.25 G .469 +(nt line.).15 F(An)5.469 E 2.969(yc)-.15 G .469 +(haracter may be used as the)-2.969 F .953(delimiter in place of /.)144 +168 R .953 (The \214nal delimiter is optional if it is the last character of the e) 5.953 F -.15(ve)-.25 G .954(nt line.).15 F .131 -(The delimiter may be quoted in)144 696 R F2(old)2.861 E F0(and)3.401 E +(The delimiter may be quoted in)144 180 R F2(old)2.861 E F0(and)3.401 E F2(ne)2.991 E(w)-.15 E F0 .131(with a single backslash.)2.941 F .131 (If & appears in)5.131 F F2(ne)2.991 E(w)-.15 E F0 2.631(,i).31 G 2.631 -(ti)-2.631 G 2.631(sr)-2.631 G(e-)-2.631 E .619(placed by)144 708 R F2 +(ti)-2.631 G 2.631(sr)-2.631 G(e-)-2.631 E .619(placed by)144 192 R F2 (old)3.349 E F0 5.619(.A).77 G .619(single backslash will quote the &.) -2.5 F(If)5.619 E F2(old)3.349 E F0 .619(is null, it is set to the last) -3.889 F F2(old)3.349 E F0(substi-)3.89 E .487(tuted, or)144 720 R 2.987 +3.889 F F2(old)3.349 E F0(substi-)3.89 E .487(tuted, or)144 204 R 2.987 (,i)-.4 G 2.987(fn)-2.987 G 2.987(op)-2.987 G(re)-2.987 E .486 (vious history substitutions took place, the last)-.25 F F2(string)3.326 E F0 .486(in a)3.206 F F1(!?)2.986 E F2(string)A F1([?])A F0 2.986 -(search. If)5.486 F(GNU Bash 5.2)72 768 Q(2022 March 11)144.29 E(58) -193.45 E 0 Cg EP -%%Page: 59 59 -%%BeginPageSetup -BP -%%EndPageSetup -/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 137.14(SH\(1\) General).35 F -(Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E/F1 10 -/Times-Italic@0 SF(ne)144.36 84 Q(w)-.15 E F0(is null, each matching) -2.81 E F1(old)2.73 E F0(is deleted.)3.27 E/F2 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(&)108 -96 Q F0(Repeat the pre)144 96 Q(vious substitution.)-.25 E F2(g)108 108 -Q F0 .397(Cause changes to be applied o)144 108 R -.15(ve)-.15 G 2.897 -(rt).15 G .398(he entire e)-2.897 F -.15(ve)-.25 G .398(nt line.).15 F -.398(This is used in conjunction with `)5.398 F F2(:s)A F0 2.898('\()C -(e.g.,)-2.898 E(`)144 120 Q F2(:gs/)A F1(old)A F2(/)A F1(ne)A(w)-.15 E -F2(/)A F0 .351('\) or `)B F2(:&)A F0 2.851('. If)B .351(used with `) -2.851 F F2(:s)A F0 .351(', an)B 2.851(yd)-.15 G .35 +(search. If)5.486 F F2(ne)144.36 216 Q(w)-.15 E F0 +(is null, each matching)2.81 E F2(old)2.73 E F0(is deleted.)3.27 E F1(&) +108 228 Q F0(Repeat the pre)144 228 Q(vious substitution.)-.25 E F1(g) +108 240 Q F0 .397(Cause changes to be applied o)144 240 R -.15(ve)-.15 G +2.897(rt).15 G .398(he entire e)-2.897 F -.15(ve)-.25 G .398(nt line.) +.15 F .398(This is used in conjunction with `)5.398 F F1(:s)A F0 2.898 +('\()C(e.g.,)-2.898 E(`)144 252 Q F1(:gs/)A F2(old)A F1(/)A F2(ne)A(w) +-.15 E F1(/)A F0 .351('\) or `)B F1(:&)A F0 2.851('. If)B .351 +(used with `)2.851 F F1(:s)A F0 .351(', an)B 2.851(yd)-.15 G .35 (elimiter can be used in place of /, and the \214nal de-)-2.851 F -(limiter is optional if it is the last character of the e)144 132 Q -.15 -(ve)-.25 G(nt line.).15 E(An)5 E F2(a)2.5 E F0(may be used as a synon) -2.5 E(ym for)-.15 E F2(g)2.5 E F0(.)A F2(G)108 144 Q F0(Apply the follo) -144 144 Q(wing `)-.25 E F2(s)A F0 2.5('o)C 2.5(r`)-2.5 G F2(&)-2.5 E F0 +(limiter is optional if it is the last character of the e)144 264 Q -.15 +(ve)-.25 G(nt line.).15 E(An)5 E F1(a)2.5 E F0(may be used as a synon) +2.5 E(ym for)-.15 E F1(g)2.5 E F0(.)A F1(G)108 276 Q F0(Apply the follo) +144 276 Q(wing `)-.25 E F1(s)A F0 2.5('o)C 2.5(r`)-2.5 G F1(&)-2.5 E F0 2.5('m)C(odi\214er once to each w)-2.5 E(ord in the e)-.1 E -.15(ve)-.25 -G(nt line.).15 E/F3 10.95/Times-Bold@0 SF(SHELL B)72 160.8 Q(UIL)-.11 E -(TIN COMMANDS)-1.007 E F0 .062(Unless otherwise noted, each b)108 172.8 +G(nt line.).15 E/F3 10.95/Times-Bold@0 SF(SHELL B)72 292.8 Q(UIL)-.11 E +(TIN COMMANDS)-1.007 E F0 .062(Unless otherwise noted, each b)108 304.8 R .062(uiltin command documented in this section as accepting options p\ -receded by)-.2 F F2108 184.8 Q F0(accepts)3.077 E F23.077 E F0 -.577(to signify the end of the options.)3.077 F(The)5.577 E F2(:)3.077 E -F0(,)A F2(true)3.077 E F0(,)A F2(false)3.077 E F0 3.077(,a)C(nd)-3.077 E -F2(test)3.077 E F0(/)A F2([)A F0 -.2(bu)3.077 G .577 -(iltins do not accept options).2 F .461(and do not treat)108 196.8 R F2 -2.961 E F0(specially)2.961 E 5.461(.T)-.65 G(he)-5.461 E F2(exit) -2.961 E F0(,)A F2(logout)2.961 E F0(,)A F2 -.18(re)2.961 G(tur).18 E(n) --.15 E F0(,)A F2(br)2.961 E(eak)-.18 E F0(,)A F2(continue)2.961 E F0(,)A -F2(let)2.961 E F0 2.961(,a)C(nd)-2.961 E F2(shift)2.961 E F0 -.2(bu) -2.962 G .462(iltins accept and).2 F .261(process ar)108 208.8 R .261 -(guments be)-.18 F .261(ginning with)-.15 F F22.761 E F0 .261 -(without requiring)2.761 F F22.761 E F0 5.261(.O)C .261(ther b) +receded by)-.2 F F1108 316.8 Q F0(accepts)3.077 E F13.077 E F0 +.577(to signify the end of the options.)3.077 F(The)5.577 E F1(:)3.077 E +F0(,)A F1(true)3.077 E F0(,)A F1(false)3.077 E F0 3.077(,a)C(nd)-3.077 E +F1(test)3.077 E F0(/)A F1([)A F0 -.2(bu)3.077 G .577 +(iltins do not accept options).2 F .461(and do not treat)108 328.8 R F1 +2.961 E F0(specially)2.961 E 5.461(.T)-.65 G(he)-5.461 E F1(exit) +2.961 E F0(,)A F1(logout)2.961 E F0(,)A F1 -.18(re)2.961 G(tur).18 E(n) +-.15 E F0(,)A F1(br)2.961 E(eak)-.18 E F0(,)A F1(continue)2.961 E F0(,)A +F1(let)2.961 E F0 2.961(,a)C(nd)-2.961 E F1(shift)2.961 E F0 -.2(bu) +2.962 G .462(iltins accept and).2 F .261(process ar)108 340.8 R .261 +(guments be)-.18 F .261(ginning with)-.15 F F12.761 E F0 .261 +(without requiring)2.761 F F12.761 E F0 5.261(.O)C .261(ther b) -5.261 F .26(uiltins that accept ar)-.2 F .26(guments b)-.18 F .26 (ut are not)-.2 F 1.154(speci\214ed as accepting options interpret ar) -108 220.8 R 1.154(guments be)-.18 F 1.154(ginning with)-.15 F F2 +108 352.8 R 1.154(guments be)-.18 F 1.154(ginning with)-.15 F F1 3.654 E F0 1.154(as in)3.654 F -.25(va)-.4 G 1.154 -(lid options and require).25 F F23.654 E F0(to)3.654 E(pre)108 -232.8 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G(nt this interpretation.).15 E F2(:)108 250.8 Q F0 -([)2.5 E F1(ar)A(guments)-.37 E F0(])A .452(No ef)144 262.8 R .452 +(lid options and require).25 F F13.654 E F0(to)3.654 E(pre)108 +364.8 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G(nt this interpretation.).15 E F1(:)108 382.8 Q F0 +([)2.5 E F2(ar)A(guments)-.37 E F0(])A .452(No ef)144 394.8 R .452 (fect; the command does nothing be)-.25 F .452(yond e)-.15 F(xpanding) --.15 E F1(ar)3.282 E(guments)-.37 E F0 .451(and performing an)3.221 F -2.951(ys)-.15 G(peci\214ed)-2.951 E 2.5(redirections. The)144 274.8 R -(return status is zero.)2.5 E F2(.)110.5 291.6 Q F1(\214lename)6.666 E -F0([)2.5 E F1(ar)A(guments)-.37 E F0(])A F2(sour)108 303.6 Q(ce)-.18 E -F1(\214lename)2.5 E F0([)2.5 E F1(ar)A(guments)-.37 E F0(])A 1.02 -(Read and e)144 315.6 R -.15(xe)-.15 G 1.02(cute commands from).15 F F1 +-.15 E F2(ar)3.282 E(guments)-.37 E F0 .451(and performing an)3.221 F +2.951(ys)-.15 G(peci\214ed)-2.951 E 2.5(redirections. The)144 406.8 R +(return status is zero.)2.5 E F1(.)110.5 423.6 Q F2(\214lename)6.666 E +F0([)2.5 E F2(ar)A(guments)-.37 E F0(])A F1(sour)108 435.6 Q(ce)-.18 E +F2(\214lename)2.5 E F0([)2.5 E F2(ar)A(guments)-.37 E F0(])A 1.02 +(Read and e)144 447.6 R -.15(xe)-.15 G 1.02(cute commands from).15 F F2 (\214lename)5.43 E F0 1.02(in the current shell en)3.7 F 1.02 (vironment and return the e)-.4 F(xit)-.15 E 1.331 -(status of the last command e)144 327.6 R -.15(xe)-.15 G 1.331 -(cuted from).15 F F1(\214lename)5.741 E F0 6.331(.I).18 G(f)-6.331 E F1 +(status of the last command e)144 459.6 R -.15(xe)-.15 G 1.331 +(cuted from).15 F F2(\214lename)5.741 E F0 6.331(.I).18 G(f)-6.331 E F2 (\214lename)5.741 E F0 1.33(does not contain a slash, \214le-)4.011 F -.022(names in)144 339.6 R/F4 9/Times-Bold@0 SF -.666(PA)2.522 G(TH)-.189 -E F0 .022(are used to \214nd the directory containing)2.272 F F1 -(\214lename)4.432 E F0 2.522(,b).18 G(ut)-2.722 E F1(\214lename)2.522 E -F0 .023(does not need to be)2.523 F -.15(exe)144 351.6 S 3.861 +.022(names in)144 471.6 R/F4 9/Times-Bold@0 SF -.666(PA)2.522 G(TH)-.189 +E F0 .022(are used to \214nd the directory containing)2.272 F F2 +(\214lename)4.432 E F0 2.522(,b).18 G(ut)-2.722 E F2(\214lename)2.522 E +F0 .023(does not need to be)2.523 F -.15(exe)144 483.6 S 3.861 (cutable. The).15 F 1.361(\214le searched for in)3.861 F F4 -.666(PA) 3.861 G(TH)-.189 E F0 1.361(need not be e)3.611 F -.15(xe)-.15 G 3.86 -(cutable. When).15 F F2(bash)3.86 E F0 1.36(is not in)3.86 F F1(posix) -3.86 E(mode)144 363.6 Q F0 2.648(,t)C .148 +(cutable. When).15 F F1(bash)3.86 E F0 1.36(is not in)3.86 F F2(posix) +3.86 E(mode)144 495.6 Q F0 2.648(,t)C .148 (he current directory is searched if no \214le is found in)-2.648 F F4 -.666(PA)2.648 G(TH)-.189 E/F5 9/Times-Roman@0 SF(.)A F0 .149(If the) -4.648 F F2(sour)2.649 E(cepath)-.18 E F0 .149(option to the)2.649 F F2 -(shopt)144 375.6 Q F0 -.2(bu)3.66 G 1.16(iltin command is turned of).2 F +4.648 F F1(sour)2.649 E(cepath)-.18 E F0 .149(option to the)2.649 F F1 +(shopt)144 507.6 Q F0 -.2(bu)3.66 G 1.16(iltin command is turned of).2 F 1.159(f, the)-.25 F F4 -.666(PA)3.659 G(TH)-.189 E F0 1.159 -(is not searched.)3.409 F 1.159(If an)6.159 F(y)-.15 E F1(ar)3.659 E -(guments)-.37 E F0 1.159(are supplied,)3.659 F(the)144 387.6 Q 3.691(yb) --.15 G 1.191(ecome the positional parameters when)-3.691 F F1 +(is not searched.)3.409 F 1.159(If an)6.159 F(y)-.15 E F2(ar)3.659 E +(guments)-.37 E F0 1.159(are supplied,)3.659 F(the)144 519.6 Q 3.691(yb) +-.15 G 1.191(ecome the positional parameters when)-3.691 F F2 (\214lename)3.692 E F0 1.192(is e)3.692 F -.15(xe)-.15 G 3.692 (cuted. Otherwise).15 F 1.192(the positional pa-)3.692 F .82 -(rameters are unchanged.)144 399.6 R .82(If the)5.82 F F23.32 E F0 -.82(option is enabled,)3.32 F F2(.)3.32 E F0 .82(inherits an)3.32 F 3.32 -(yt)-.15 G .82(rap on)-3.32 F F2(DEB)3.32 E(UG)-.1 E F0 3.32(;i)C 3.32 -(fi)-3.32 G 3.32(ti)-3.32 G 3.32(sn)-3.32 G(ot,)-3.32 E(an)144 411.6 Q -(y)-.15 E F2(DEB)3.322 E(UG)-.1 E F0 .822(trap string is sa)3.322 F -.15 -(ve)-.2 G 3.322(da).15 G .822(nd restored around the call to)-3.322 F F2 -(.)3.322 E F0 3.322(,a)C(nd)-3.322 E F2(.)3.322 E F0 .823(unsets the) -3.323 F F2(DEB)3.323 E(UG)-.1 E F0(trap)3.323 E .227(while it e)144 -423.6 R -.15(xe)-.15 G 2.727(cutes. If).15 F F22.727 E F0 .227 -(is not set, and the sourced \214le changes the)2.727 F F2(DEB)2.727 E +(rameters are unchanged.)144 531.6 R .82(If the)5.82 F F13.32 E F0 +.82(option is enabled,)3.32 F F1(.)3.32 E F0 .82(inherits an)3.32 F 3.32 +(yt)-.15 G .82(rap on)-3.32 F F1(DEB)3.32 E(UG)-.1 E F0 3.32(;i)C 3.32 +(fi)-3.32 G 3.32(ti)-3.32 G 3.32(sn)-3.32 G(ot,)-3.32 E(an)144 543.6 Q +(y)-.15 E F1(DEB)3.322 E(UG)-.1 E F0 .822(trap string is sa)3.322 F -.15 +(ve)-.2 G 3.322(da).15 G .822(nd restored around the call to)-3.322 F F1 +(.)3.322 E F0 3.322(,a)C(nd)-3.322 E F1(.)3.322 E F0 .823(unsets the) +3.323 F F1(DEB)3.323 E(UG)-.1 E F0(trap)3.323 E .227(while it e)144 +555.6 R -.15(xe)-.15 G 2.727(cutes. If).15 F F12.727 E F0 .227 +(is not set, and the sourced \214le changes the)2.727 F F1(DEB)2.727 E (UG)-.1 E F0 .227(trap, the ne)2.727 F 2.726(wv)-.25 G .226(alue is) --2.976 F .89(retained when)144 435.6 R F2(.)3.39 E F0 3.39 +-2.976 F .89(retained when)144 567.6 R F1(.)3.39 E F0 3.39 (completes. The)3.39 F .891 (return status is the status of the last command e)3.39 F .891 -(xited within the)-.15 F(script \(0 if no commands are e)144 447.6 Q --.15(xe)-.15 G(cuted\), and f).15 E(alse if)-.1 E F1(\214lename)4.41 E -F0(is not found or cannot be read.)2.68 E F2(alias)108 464.4 Q F0([)2.5 -E F2A F0 2.5(][)C F1(name)-2.5 E F0([=)A F1(value)A F0 2.5(].)C -(..])-2.5 E F2(Alias)144 476.4 Q F0 2.725(with no ar)5.225 F 2.724 -(guments or with the)-.18 F F25.224 E F0 2.724 -(option prints the list of aliases in the form)5.224 F F2(alias)5.224 E -F1(name)144 488.4 Q F0(=)A F1(value)A F0 .58(on standard output.)3.08 F +(xited within the)-.15 F(script \(0 if no commands are e)144 579.6 Q +-.15(xe)-.15 G(cuted\), and f).15 E(alse if)-.1 E F2(\214lename)4.41 E +F0(is not found or cannot be read.)2.68 E F1(alias)108 596.4 Q F0([)2.5 +E F1A F0 2.5(][)C F2(name)-2.5 E F0([=)A F2(value)A F0 2.5(].)C +(..])-2.5 E F1(Alias)144 608.4 Q F0 2.725(with no ar)5.225 F 2.724 +(guments or with the)-.18 F F15.224 E F0 2.724 +(option prints the list of aliases in the form)5.224 F F1(alias)5.224 E +F2(name)144 620.4 Q F0(=)A F2(value)A F0 .58(on standard output.)3.08 F .58(When ar)5.58 F .58 -(guments are supplied, an alias is de\214ned for each)-.18 F F1(name) -3.08 E F0(whose)144 500.4 Q F1(value)2.509 E F0 .009(is gi)2.509 F -.15 -(ve)-.25 G 2.509(n. 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+(READLINE_POINT)2.875 E F0(and)2.625 E F3(READLINE_MARK)2.875 E F0 -.25 +(va)2.625 G .375(riables to the).25 F 1.185 +(current location of the insertion point and the sa)180 544.8 R -.15(ve) +-.2 G 3.686(di).15 G 1.186(nsertion point \(the mark\), respec-)-3.686 F +(ti)180 556.8 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G(ly).15 E 5.378(.T)-.65 G .377 (he shell assigns an)-5.378 F 2.877(yn)-.15 G .377(umeric ar)-2.877 F .377(gument the user supplied to the)-.18 F F3(READLINE_AR-)2.877 E -(GUMENT)180 432 Q F0 -.25(va)3.604 G 3.854(riable. If).25 F 1.354 +(GUMENT)180 568.8 Q F0 -.25(va)3.604 G 3.854(riable. If).25 F 1.354 (there w)3.854 F 1.354(as no ar)-.1 F 1.354(gument, that v)-.18 F 1.354 (ariable is not set.)-.25 F 1.355(If the e)6.355 F -.15(xe)-.15 G(cuted) -.15 E .344(command changes the v)180 444 R .344(alue of an)-.25 F 2.843 -(yo)-.15 G(f)-2.843 E F3(READLINE_LINE)2.843 E/F4 9/Times-Roman@0 SF(,)A -F3(READLINE_POINT)2.593 E F4(,)A F0(or)2.593 E F3(READ-)2.843 E -(LINE_MARK)180 456 Q F4(,)A F0(those ne)2.25 E 2.5(wv)-.25 G -(alues will be re\215ected in the editing state.)-2.75 E F1144 468 -Q F0 .829(List all k)180 468 R 1.129 -.15(ey s)-.1 H .829 +.15 E .344(command changes the v)180 580.8 R .344(alue of an)-.25 F +2.843(yo)-.15 G(f)-2.843 E F3(READLINE_LINE)2.843 E/F4 9/Times-Roman@0 +SF(,)A F3(READLINE_POINT)2.593 E F4(,)A F0(or)2.593 E F3(READ-)2.843 E +(LINE_MARK)180 592.8 Q F4(,)A F0(those ne)2.25 E 2.5(wv)-.25 G +(alues will be re\215ected in the editing state.)-2.75 E F1144 +604.8 Q F0 .829(List all k)180 604.8 R 1.129 -.15(ey s)-.1 H .829 (equences bound to shell commands and the associated commands in a for) -.15 F(-)-.2 E(mat that can be reused as input.)180 480 Q(The return v) -144 496.8 Q(alue is 0 unless an unrecognized option is gi)-.25 E -.15 +.15 F(-)-.2 E(mat that can be reused as input.)180 616.8 Q(The return v) +144 633.6 Q(alue is 0 unless an unrecognized option is gi)-.25 E -.15 (ve)-.25 G 2.5(no).15 G 2.5(ra)-2.5 G 2.5(ne)-2.5 G(rror occurred.)-2.5 -E F1(br)108 513.6 Q(eak)-.18 E F0([)2.5 E F2(n)A F0(])A .055 -(Exit from within a)144 525.6 R F1 -.25(fo)2.555 G(r).25 E F0(,)A F1 +E F1(br)108 650.4 Q(eak)-.18 E F0([)2.5 E F2(n)A F0(])A .055 +(Exit from within a)144 662.4 R F1 -.25(fo)2.555 G(r).25 E F0(,)A F1 (while)2.555 E F0(,)A F1(until)2.555 E F0 2.555(,o)C(r)-2.555 E F1 (select)2.555 E F0 2.555(loop. If)2.555 F F2(n)2.555 E F0 .055 (is speci\214ed, break)2.555 F F2(n)2.555 E F0(le)2.555 E -.15(ve)-.25 G (ls.).15 E F2(n)5.414 E F0 .054(must be)2.794 F/F5 10/Symbol SF2.554 -E F0(1.)2.554 E(If)144 537.6 Q F2(n)3.074 E F0 .215(is greater than the\ +E F0(1.)2.554 E(If)144 674.4 Q F2(n)3.074 E F0 .215(is greater than the\ number of enclosing loops, all enclosing loops are e)2.954 F 2.715 (xited. The)-.15 F .215(return v)2.715 F(alue)-.25 E(is 0 unless)144 -549.6 Q F2(n)2.5 E F0(is not greater than or equal to 1.)2.5 E F1 -.2 -(bu)108 566.4 S(iltin).2 E F2(shell\255b)2.5 E(uiltin)-.2 E F0([)2.5 E -F2(ar)A(guments)-.37 E F0(])A(Ex)144 578.4 Q .771 +686.4 Q F2(n)2.5 E F0(is not greater than or equal to 1.)2.5 E F1 -.2 +(bu)108 703.2 S(iltin).2 E F2(shell\255b)2.5 E(uiltin)-.2 E F0([)2.5 E +F2(ar)A(guments)-.37 E F0(])A(Ex)144 715.2 Q .771 (ecute the speci\214ed shell b)-.15 F .771(uiltin, passing it)-.2 F F2 (ar)3.601 E(guments)-.37 E F0 3.271(,a).27 G .771(nd return its e)-3.271 F .77(xit status.)-.15 F .77(This is useful)5.77 F .615 (when de\214ning a function whose name is the same as a shell b)144 -590.4 R .616(uiltin, retaining the functionality of)-.2 F .57(the b)144 -602.4 R .57(uiltin within the function.)-.2 F(The)5.57 E F1(cd)3.07 E F0 --.2(bu)3.07 G .57(iltin is commonly rede\214ned this w).2 F(ay)-.1 E -5.57(.T)-.65 G .57(he return status)-5.57 F(is f)144 614.4 Q(alse if)-.1 -E F2(shell\255b)2.84 E(uiltin)-.2 E F0(is not a shell b)2.74 E -(uiltin command.)-.2 E F1(caller)108 631.2 Q F0([)2.5 E F2 -.2(ex)C(pr) -.2 E F0(])A .253(Returns the conte)144 643.2 R .254(xt of an)-.15 F -2.754(ya)-.15 G(cti)-2.754 E .554 -.15(ve s)-.25 H .254 -(ubroutine call \(a shell function or a script e).15 F -.15(xe)-.15 G -.254(cuted with the).15 F F1(.)2.754 E F0(or)2.754 E F1(sour)144 655.2 Q -(ce)-.18 E F0 -.2(bu)2.825 G 2.825(iltins\). W).2 F(ithout)-.4 E F2 -.2 +727.2 R .616(uiltin, retaining the functionality of)-.2 F(GNU Bash 5.2) +72 768 Q(2022 June 3)150.675 E(60)199.835 E 0 Cg EP +%%Page: 61 61 +%%BeginPageSetup +BP +%%EndPageSetup +/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 137.14(SH\(1\) General).35 F +(Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E .57(the b)144 84 R +.57(uiltin within the function.)-.2 F(The)5.57 E/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 SF +(cd)3.07 E F0 -.2(bu)3.07 G .57(iltin is commonly rede\214ned this w).2 +F(ay)-.1 E 5.57(.T)-.65 G .57(he return status)-5.57 F(is f)144 96 Q +(alse if)-.1 E/F2 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(shell\255b)2.84 E(uiltin)-.2 E F0 +(is not a shell b)2.74 E(uiltin command.)-.2 E F1(caller)108 112.8 Q F0 +([)2.5 E F2 -.2(ex)C(pr).2 E F0(])A .253(Returns the conte)144 124.8 R +.254(xt of an)-.15 F 2.754(ya)-.15 G(cti)-2.754 E .554 -.15(ve s)-.25 H +.254(ubroutine call \(a shell function or a script e).15 F -.15(xe)-.15 +G .254(cuted with the).15 F F1(.)2.754 E F0(or)2.754 E F1(sour)144 136.8 +Q(ce)-.18 E F0 -.2(bu)2.825 G 2.825(iltins\). W).2 F(ithout)-.4 E F2 -.2 (ex)2.825 G(pr).2 E F0(,)A F1(caller)2.825 E F0 .324 (displays the line number and source \214lename of the current)2.824 F -.253(subroutine call.)144 667.2 R .253(If a non-ne)5.253 F -.05(ga)-.15 +.253(subroutine call.)144 148.8 R .253(If a non-ne)5.253 F -.05(ga)-.15 G(ti).05 E .553 -.15(ve i)-.25 H(nte).15 E .253(ger is supplied as)-.15 F F2 -.2(ex)2.753 G(pr).2 E F0(,)A F1(caller)2.753 E F0 .254 (displays the line number)2.754 F 2.754(,s)-.4 G(ub-)-2.754 E 1.327(rou\ tine name, and source \214le corresponding to that position in the curr\ -ent e)144 679.2 R -.15(xe)-.15 G 1.327(cution call stack.).15 F(This e) -144 691.2 Q(xtra information may be used, for e)-.15 E .001 +ent e)144 160.8 R -.15(xe)-.15 G 1.327(cution call stack.).15 F(This e) +144 172.8 Q(xtra information may be used, for e)-.15 E .001 (xample, to print a stack trace.)-.15 F .001(The current frame is frame) -5.001 F 3.02(0. The)144 703.2 R .52(return v)3.02 F .52 +5.001 F 3.02(0. The)144 184.8 R .52(return v)3.02 F .52 (alue is 0 unless the shell is not e)-.25 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .519 (cuting a subroutine call or).15 F F2 -.2(ex)3.019 G(pr).2 E F0 .519 -(does not corre-)3.019 F(spond to a v)144 715.2 Q -(alid position in the call stack.)-.25 E(GNU Bash 5.2)72 768 Q -(2022 March 11)144.29 E(60)193.45 E 0 Cg EP -%%Page: 61 61 -%%BeginPageSetup -BP -%%EndPageSetup -/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 137.14(SH\(1\) General).35 F -(Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 -SF(cd)108 84 Q F0([)2.5 E F1A F0(|[)A F1A F0([)2.5 E F1 -A F0(]] [\255@]] [)A/F2 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(dir)A F0(])A .321 -(Change the current directory to)144 96 R F2(dir)2.821 E F0 5.321(.i)C -(f)-5.321 E F2(dir)2.821 E F0 .322(is not supplied, the v)2.821 F .322 -(alue of the)-.25 F/F3 9/Times-Bold@0 SF(HOME)2.822 E F0 .322(shell v) -2.572 F .322(ariable is)-.25 F .93(the def)144 108 R 3.43(ault. The)-.1 -F -.25(va)3.43 G(riable).25 E F3(CDP)3.43 E -.855(AT)-.666 G(H).855 E F0 -.929(de\214nes the search path for the directory containing)3.18 F F2 -(dir)3.779 E F0 3.429(:e).73 G(ach)-3.429 E .406(directory name in)144 -120 R F3(CDP)2.907 E -.855(AT)-.666 G(H).855 E F0 .407(is searched for) -2.657 F F2(dir)2.907 E F0 5.407(.A)C(lternati)-5.407 E .707 -.15(ve d) --.25 H .407(irectory names in).15 F F3(CDP)2.907 E -.855(AT)-.666 G(H) -.855 E F0 .407(are sepa-)2.657 F .799(rated by a colon \(:\).)144 132 R -3.299(An)5.799 G .799(ull directory name in)-3.299 F F3(CDP)3.299 E --.855(AT)-.666 G(H).855 E F0 .799(is the same as the current directory) -3.049 F 3.299(,i)-.65 G(.e.,)-3.299 E -.74(``)144 144 S F1(.).74 E F0 --.74('')C 5.427(.I).74 G(f)-5.427 E F2(dir)3.277 E F0(be)3.657 E .427 +(does not corre-)3.019 F(spond to a v)144 196.8 Q +(alid position in the call stack.)-.25 E F1(cd)108 213.6 Q F0([)2.5 E F1 +A F0(|[)A F1A F0([)2.5 E F1A F0(]] [\255@]] [)A F2 +(dir)A F0(])A .321(Change the current directory to)144 225.6 R F2(dir) +2.821 E F0 5.321(.i)C(f)-5.321 E F2(dir)2.821 E F0 .322 +(is not supplied, the v)2.821 F .322(alue of the)-.25 F/F3 9 +/Times-Bold@0 SF(HOME)2.822 E F0 .322(shell v)2.572 F .322(ariable is) +-.25 F .93(the def)144 237.6 R 3.43(ault. The)-.1 F -.25(va)3.43 G +(riable).25 E F3(CDP)3.43 E -.855(AT)-.666 G(H).855 E F0 .929 +(de\214nes the search path for the directory containing)3.18 F F2(dir) +3.779 E F0 3.429(:e).73 G(ach)-3.429 E .406(directory name in)144 249.6 +R F3(CDP)2.907 E -.855(AT)-.666 G(H).855 E F0 .407(is searched for)2.657 +F F2(dir)2.907 E F0 5.407(.A)C(lternati)-5.407 E .707 -.15(ve d)-.25 H +.407(irectory names in).15 F F3(CDP)2.907 E -.855(AT)-.666 G(H).855 E F0 +.407(are sepa-)2.657 F .799(rated by a colon \(:\).)144 261.6 R 3.299 +(An)5.799 G .799(ull directory name in)-3.299 F F3(CDP)3.299 E -.855(AT) +-.666 G(H).855 E F0 .799(is the same as the current directory)3.049 F +3.299(,i)-.65 G(.e.,)-3.299 E -.74(``)144 273.6 S F1(.).74 E F0 -.74('') +C 5.427(.I).74 G(f)-5.427 E F2(dir)3.277 E F0(be)3.657 E .427 (gins with a slash \(/\), then)-.15 F F3(CDP)2.928 E -.855(AT)-.666 G(H) .855 E F0 .428(is not used.)2.678 F(The)5.428 E F12.928 E F0 .428 (option causes)2.928 F F1(cd)2.928 E F0 .428(to use the)2.928 F(ph)144 -156 Q .168 +285.6 Q .168 (ysical directory structure by resolving symbolic links while tra)-.05 F -.15(ve)-.2 G(rsing).15 E F2(dir)2.667 E F0 .167(and before processing) -2.667 F 1.225(instances of)144 168 R F2(..)3.725 E F0(in)3.725 E F2(dir) -3.725 E F0 1.225(\(see also the)3.725 F F13.725 E F0 1.225 +2.667 F 1.225(instances of)144 297.6 R F2(..)3.725 E F0(in)3.725 E F2 +(dir)3.725 E F0 1.225(\(see also the)3.725 F F13.725 E F0 1.225 (option to the)3.725 F F1(set)3.725 E F0 -.2(bu)3.725 G 1.225 (iltin command\); the).2 F F13.725 E F0 1.225(option forces)3.725 -F .412(symbolic links to be follo)144 180 R .411 +F .412(symbolic links to be follo)144 309.6 R .411 (wed by resolving the link after processing instances of)-.25 F F2(..) 2.911 E F0(in)2.911 E F2(dir)2.911 E F0 5.411(.I)C(f)-5.411 E F2(..) -2.911 E F0(ap-)2.911 E .34(pears in)144 192 R F2(dir)2.84 E F0 2.84(,i)C -2.84(ti)-2.84 G 2.841(sp)-2.84 G .341(rocessed by remo)-2.841 F .341 -(ving the immediately pre)-.15 F .341(vious pathname component from)-.25 -F F2(dir)2.841 E F0(,)A .176(back to a slash or the be)144 204 R .176 -(ginning of)-.15 F F2(dir)2.676 E F0 5.176(.I)C 2.676(ft)-5.176 G(he) --2.676 E F12.675 E F0 .175(option is supplied with)2.675 F F1 +2.911 E F0(ap-)2.911 E .34(pears in)144 321.6 R F2(dir)2.84 E F0 2.84 +(,i)C 2.84(ti)-2.84 G 2.841(sp)-2.84 G .341(rocessed by remo)-2.841 F +.341(ving the immediately pre)-.15 F .341(vious pathname component from) +-.25 F F2(dir)2.841 E F0(,)A .176(back to a slash or the be)144 333.6 R +.176(ginning of)-.15 F F2(dir)2.676 E F0 5.176(.I)C 2.676(ft)-5.176 G +(he)-2.676 E F12.675 E F0 .175(option is supplied with)2.675 F F1 2.675 E F0 2.675(,a)C .175(nd the current w)-2.675 F(ork-)-.1 E .341(ing directory cannot be successfully determined after a successful\ - directory change,)144 216 R F1(cd)2.841 E F0 .341(will return)2.841 F -.357(an unsuccessful status.)144 228 R .357 + directory change,)144 345.6 R F1(cd)2.841 E F0 .341(will return)2.841 F +.357(an unsuccessful status.)144 357.6 R .357 (On systems that support it, the)5.357 F F12.856 E F0 .356 (option presents the e)2.856 F .356(xtended attrib)-.15 F(utes)-.2 E -.069(associated with a \214le as a directory)144 240 R 5.069(.A)-.65 G +.069(associated with a \214le as a directory)144 369.6 R 5.069(.A)-.65 G 2.569(na)-5.069 G -.18(rg)-2.569 G .069(ument of).18 F F12.569 E F0 .07(is con)2.57 F -.15(ve)-.4 G .07(rted to).15 F F3($OLDPWD)2.57 E F0 -.07(before the direc-)2.32 F .307(tory change is attempted.)144 252 R +.07(before the direc-)2.32 F .307(tory change is attempted.)144 381.6 R .306(If a non-empty directory name from)5.307 F F3(CDP)2.806 E -.855(AT) -.666 G(H).855 E F0 .306(is used, or if)2.556 F F12.806 E F0 .306 -(is the \214rst)2.806 F(ar)144 264 Q .116(gument, and the directory cha\ -nge is successful, the absolute pathname of the ne)-.18 F 2.616(ww)-.25 -G .116(orking direc-)-2.716 F .15 -(tory is written to the standard output.)144 276 R .15 +(is the \214rst)2.806 F(ar)144 393.6 Q .116(gument, and the directory c\ +hange is successful, the absolute pathname of the ne)-.18 F 2.616(ww) +-.25 G .116(orking direc-)-2.716 F .15 +(tory is written to the standard output.)144 405.6 R .15 (If the directory change is successful,)5.15 F F1(cd)2.65 E F0 .15 -(sets the v)2.65 F .15(alue of the)-.25 F F1(PWD)144 288 Q F0(en)2.957 E -.457(vironment v)-.4 F .457(ariable to the ne)-.25 F 2.958(wd)-.25 G +(sets the v)2.65 F .15(alue of the)-.25 F F1(PWD)144 417.6 Q F0(en)2.957 +E .457(vironment v)-.4 F .457(ariable to the ne)-.25 F 2.958(wd)-.25 G .458(irectory name, and sets the)-2.958 F F1(OLDPWD)2.958 E F0(en)2.958 -E .458(vironment v)-.4 F(ari-)-.25 E .126(able to the v)144 300 R .126 +E .458(vironment v)-.4 F(ari-)-.25 E .126(able to the v)144 429.6 R .126 (alue of the current w)-.25 F .126(orking directory before the change.) -.1 F .125(The return v)5.125 F .125(alue is true if the)-.25 F -(directory w)144 312 Q(as successfully changed; f)-.1 E(alse otherwise.) --.1 E F1(command)108 328.8 Q F0([)2.5 E F1(\255pVv)A F0(])A F2(command) -2.5 E F0([)2.5 E F2(ar)A(g)-.37 E F0(...])2.5 E(Run)144 340.8 Q F2 -(command)2.764 E F0(with)3.334 E F2(ar)2.894 E(gs)-.37 E F0 .065 -(suppressing the normal shell function lookup.)2.834 F .065(Only b)5.065 -F .065(uiltin commands or)-.2 F .502(commands found in the)144 352.8 R -F3 -.666(PA)3.002 G(TH)-.189 E F0 .502(are e)2.752 F -.15(xe)-.15 G -3.002(cuted. If).15 F(the)3.002 E F13.002 E F0 .502(option is gi) -3.002 F -.15(ve)-.25 G .501(n, the search for).15 F F2(command)3.201 E -F0(is)3.771 E .399(performed using a def)144 364.8 R .399(ault v)-.1 F -.399(alue for)-.25 F F3 -.666(PA)2.899 G(TH)-.189 E F0 .4 -(that is guaranteed to \214nd all of the standard utilities.)2.649 F(If) -5.4 E .175(either the)144 376.8 R F12.675 E F0(or)2.675 E F1 -2.675 E F0 .175(option is supplied, a description of)2.675 F F2(command) -2.875 E F0 .174(is printed.)3.445 F(The)5.174 E F12.674 E F0 .174 -(option causes)2.674 F 3.317(as)144 388.8 S .817(ingle w)-3.317 F .817 -(ord indicating the command or \214lename used to in)-.1 F -.2(vo)-.4 G --.1(ke).2 G F2(command)3.618 E F0 .818(to be displayed; the)4.088 F F1 -144 400.8 Q F0 .25(option produces a more v)2.75 F .25 +(directory w)144 441.6 Q(as successfully changed; f)-.1 E +(alse otherwise.)-.1 E F1(command)108 458.4 Q F0([)2.5 E F1(\255pVv)A F0 +(])A F2(command)2.5 E F0([)2.5 E F2(ar)A(g)-.37 E F0(...])2.5 E(Run)144 +470.4 Q F2(command)2.764 E F0(with)3.334 E F2(ar)2.894 E(gs)-.37 E F0 +.065(suppressing the normal shell function lookup.)2.834 F .065(Only b) +5.065 F .065(uiltin commands or)-.2 F .502(commands found in the)144 +482.4 R F3 -.666(PA)3.002 G(TH)-.189 E F0 .502(are e)2.752 F -.15(xe) +-.15 G 3.002(cuted. If).15 F(the)3.002 E F13.002 E F0 .502 +(option is gi)3.002 F -.15(ve)-.25 G .501(n, the search for).15 F F2 +(command)3.201 E F0(is)3.771 E .399(performed using a def)144 494.4 R +.399(ault v)-.1 F .399(alue for)-.25 F F3 -.666(PA)2.899 G(TH)-.189 E F0 +.4(that is guaranteed to \214nd all of the standard utilities.)2.649 F +(If)5.4 E .175(either the)144 506.4 R F12.675 E F0(or)2.675 E F1 +2.675 E F0 .175(option is supplied, a description of)2.675 F F2 +(command)2.875 E F0 .174(is printed.)3.445 F(The)5.174 E F12.674 E +F0 .174(option causes)2.674 F 3.317(as)144 518.4 S .817(ingle w)-3.317 F +.817(ord indicating the command or \214lename used to in)-.1 F -.2(vo) +-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G F2(command)3.618 E F0 .818(to be displayed; the)4.088 +F F1144 530.4 Q F0 .25(option produces a more v)2.75 F .25 (erbose description.)-.15 F .249(If the)5.25 F F12.749 E F0(or) 2.749 E F12.749 E F0 .249(option is supplied, the e)2.749 F .249 -(xit status)-.15 F 1.004(is 0 if)144 412.8 R F2(command)3.704 E F0 -.1 +(xit status)-.15 F 1.004(is 0 if)144 542.4 R F2(command)3.704 E F0 -.1 (wa)4.274 G 3.504(sf).1 G 1.005(ound, and 1 if not.)-3.504 F 1.005 (If neither option is supplied and an error occurred or)6.005 F F2 -(command)144.2 424.8 Q F0 1.599(cannot be found, the e)4.869 F 1.599 +(command)144.2 554.4 Q F0 1.599(cannot be found, the e)4.869 F 1.599 (xit status is 127.)-.15 F 1.599(Otherwise, the e)6.599 F 1.598 -(xit status of the)-.15 F F1(command)4.098 E F0 -.2(bu)144 436.8 S +(xit status of the)-.15 F F1(command)4.098 E F0 -.2(bu)144 566.4 S (iltin is the e).2 E(xit status of)-.15 E F2(command)2.7 E F0(.).77 E F1 -(compgen)108 453.6 Q F0([)2.5 E F2(option)A F0 2.5(][)C F2(wor)-2.5 E(d) --.37 E F0(])A .012(Generate possible completion matches for)144 465.6 R +(compgen)108 583.2 Q F0([)2.5 E F2(option)A F0 2.5(][)C F2(wor)-2.5 E(d) +-.37 E F0(])A .012(Generate possible completion matches for)144 595.2 R F2(wor)2.513 E(d)-.37 E F0 .013(according to the)2.513 F F2(option)2.513 E F0 .013(s, which may be an)B 2.513(yo)-.15 G(ption)-2.513 E .982 -(accepted by the)144 477.6 R F1(complete)3.482 E F0 -.2(bu)3.481 G .981 +(accepted by the)144 607.2 R F1(complete)3.482 E F0 -.2(bu)3.481 G .981 (iltin with the e).2 F .981(xception of)-.15 F F13.481 E F0(and) 3.481 E F13.481 E F0 3.481(,a)C .981(nd write the matches to the) --3.481 F .13(standard output.)144 489.6 R .13(When using the)5.13 F F1 +-3.481 F .13(standard output.)144 619.2 R .13(When using the)5.13 F F1 2.63 E F0(or)2.63 E F12.631 E F0 .131(options, the v)2.631 F .131(arious shell v)-.25 F .131(ariables set by the program-)-.25 F -(mable completion f)144 501.6 Q(acilities, while a)-.1 E -.25(va)-.2 G +(mable completion f)144 631.2 Q(acilities, while a)-.1 E -.25(va)-.2 G (ilable, will not ha).25 E .3 -.15(ve u)-.2 H(seful v).15 E(alues.)-.25 -E .352(The matches will be generated in the same w)144 525.6 R .352 +E .352(The matches will be generated in the same w)144 655.2 R .352 (ay as if the programmable completion code had gen-)-.1 F .02(erated th\ em directly from a completion speci\214cation with the same \215ags.)144 -537.6 R(If)5.02 E F2(wor)2.52 E(d)-.37 E F0 .02(is speci\214ed, only) -2.52 F(those completions matching)144 549.6 Q F2(wor)2.5 E(d)-.37 E F0 -(will be displayed.)2.5 E(The return v)144 573.6 Q +667.2 R(If)5.02 E F2(wor)2.52 E(d)-.37 E F0 .02(is speci\214ed, only) +2.52 F(those completions matching)144 679.2 Q F2(wor)2.5 E(d)-.37 E F0 +(will be displayed.)2.5 E(The return v)144 703.2 Q (alue is true unless an in)-.25 E -.25(va)-.4 G -(lid option is supplied, or no matches were generated.).25 E F1 -(complete)108 590.4 Q F0([)2.5 E F1(\255abcdefgjksuv)A F0 2.5(][)C F1 --2.5 E F2(comp-option)2.5 E F0 2.5(][)C F1(\255DEI)-2.5 E F0 2.5 -(][)C F1-2.5 E F2(action)2.5 E F0 2.5(][)C F1-2.5 E F2 -(globpat)2.5 E F0 2.5(][)C F1-2.5 E F2(wor)2.5 E(dlist)-.37 E F0 -(])A([)144 602.4 Q F1A F2(function)2.5 E F0 2.5(][)C F1-2.5 -E F2(command)2.5 E F0 2.5(][)C F1-2.5 E F2(\214lterpat)2.5 E F0 -2.5(][)C F1-2.5 E F2(pr)2.5 E(e\214x)-.37 E F0 2.5(][)C F1 --2.5 E F2(suf)2.5 E<8c78>-.18 E F0(])A F2(name)2.5 E F0([)2.5 E F2 -(name ...)A F0(])A F1(complete \255pr)108 614.4 Q F0([)2.5 E F1(\255DEI) -A F0 2.5(][)C F2(name)-2.5 E F0(...])2.5 E .634(Specify ho)144 626.4 R -3.134(wa)-.25 G -.18(rg)-3.134 G .634(uments to each).18 F F2(name)3.134 -E F0 .634(should be completed.)3.134 F .633(If the)5.634 F F13.133 -E F0 .633(option is supplied, or if no)3.133 F .139 -(options are supplied, e)144 638.4 R .139 +(lid option is supplied, or no matches were generated.).25 E +(GNU Bash 5.2)72 768 Q(2022 June 3)150.675 E(61)199.835 E 0 Cg EP +%%Page: 62 62 +%%BeginPageSetup +BP +%%EndPageSetup +/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 137.14(SH\(1\) General).35 F +(Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 +SF(complete)108 84 Q F0([)2.5 E F1(\255abcdefgjksuv)A F0 2.5(][)C F1 +-2.5 E/F2 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(comp-option)2.5 E F0 2.5(][)C F1 +(\255DEI)-2.5 E F0 2.5(][)C F1-2.5 E F2(action)2.5 E F0 2.5(][)C +F1-2.5 E F2(globpat)2.5 E F0 2.5(][)C F1-2.5 E F2(wor)2.5 E +(dlist)-.37 E F0(])A([)144 96 Q F1A F2(function)2.5 E F0 2.5(][)C +F1-2.5 E F2(command)2.5 E F0 2.5(][)C F1-2.5 E F2 +(\214lterpat)2.5 E F0 2.5(][)C F1-2.5 E F2(pr)2.5 E(e\214x)-.37 E +F0 2.5(][)C F1-2.5 E F2(suf)2.5 E<8c78>-.18 E F0(])A F2(name)2.5 E +F0([)2.5 E F2(name ...)A F0(])A F1(complete \255pr)108 108 Q F0([)2.5 E +F1(\255DEI)A F0 2.5(][)C F2(name)-2.5 E F0(...])2.5 E .634(Specify ho) +144 120 R 3.134(wa)-.25 G -.18(rg)-3.134 G .634(uments to each).18 F F2 +(name)3.134 E F0 .634(should be completed.)3.134 F .633(If the)5.634 F +F13.133 E F0 .633(option is supplied, or if no)3.133 F .139 +(options are supplied, e)144 132 R .139 (xisting completion speci\214cations are printed in a w)-.15 F .14 (ay that allo)-.1 F .14(ws them to be)-.25 F .31(reused as input.)144 -650.4 R(The)5.31 E F12.81 E F0 .31(option remo)2.81 F -.15(ve)-.15 -G 2.81(sac).15 G .31(ompletion speci\214cation for each)-2.81 F F2(name) +144 R(The)5.31 E F12.81 E F0 .31(option remo)2.81 F -.15(ve)-.15 G +2.81(sac).15 G .31(ompletion speci\214cation for each)-2.81 F F2(name) 2.81 E F0 2.81(,o)C 1.11 -.4(r, i)-2.81 H 2.81(fn).4 G(o)-2.81 E F2 (name)2.81 E F0(s)A 1.207 -(are supplied, all completion speci\214cations.)144 662.4 R(The)6.207 E -F13.707 E F0 1.208(option indicates that other supplied options) -3.708 F .5(and actions should apply to the `)144 674.4 R(`def)-.74 E +(are supplied, all completion speci\214cations.)144 156 R(The)6.207 E F1 +3.707 E F0 1.208(option indicates that other supplied options) +3.708 F .5(and actions should apply to the `)144 168 R(`def)-.74 E (ault')-.1 E 3('c)-.74 G .5 (ommand completion; that is, completion attempted on)-3 F 3.455(ac)144 -686.4 S .955(ommand for which no completion has pre)-3.455 F .955 +180 S .955(ommand for which no completion has pre)-3.455 F .955 (viously been de\214ned.)-.25 F(The)5.955 E F13.455 E F0 .955 (option indicates that)3.455 F .876 -(other supplied options and actions should apply to `)144 698.4 R -(`empty')-.74 E 3.376('c)-.74 G .876(ommand completion; that is, com-) --3.376 F .447(pletion attempted on a blank line.)144 710.4 R(The)5.447 E -F12.947 E F0 .448 -(option indicates that other supplied options and actions)2.947 F 1.15 -(should apply to completion on the initial non-assignment w)144 722.4 R -1.149(ord on the line, or after a command)-.1 F(GNU Bash 5.2)72 768 Q -(2022 March 11)144.29 E(61)193.45 E 0 Cg EP -%%Page: 62 62 -%%BeginPageSetup -BP -%%EndPageSetup -/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 137.14(SH\(1\) General).35 F -(Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E .43 -(delimiter such as)144 84 R/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(;)2.93 E F0(or)2.93 E -F1(|)2.93 E F0 2.93(,w)C .431(hich is usually command name completion.) --2.93 F .431(If multiple options are sup-)5.431 F .708(plied, the)144 96 -R F13.208 E F0 .708(option tak)3.208 F .708(es precedence o)-.1 F --.15(ve)-.15 G(r).15 E F13.208 E F0 3.208(,a)C .708(nd both tak) --3.208 F 3.208(ep)-.1 G .707(recedence o)-3.208 F -.15(ve)-.15 G(r).15 E -F13.207 E F0 5.707(.I)C 3.207(fa)-5.707 G 1.007 -.15(ny o)-3.207 H -(f).15 E F13.207 E F0(,)A F1144 108 Q F0 2.603(,o)C(r)-2.603 -E F12.603 E F0 .103(are supplied, an)2.603 F 2.603(yo)-.15 G(ther) --2.603 E/F2 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(name)2.603 E F0(ar)2.603 E .103 +(other supplied options and actions should apply to `)144 192 R(`empty') +-.74 E 3.376('c)-.74 G .876(ommand completion; that is, com-)-3.376 F +.447(pletion attempted on a blank line.)144 204 R(The)5.447 E F1 +2.947 E F0 .448 +(option indicates that other supplied options and actions)2.947 F .123 +(should apply to completion on the initial non-assignment w)144 216 R +.123(ord on the line, or after a command de-)-.1 F 1.02(limiter such as) +144 228 R F1(;)3.52 E F0(or)3.52 E F1(|)3.52 E F0 3.52(,w)C 1.021 +(hich is usually command name completion.)-3.52 F 1.021 +(If multiple options are sup-)6.021 F .708(plied, the)144 240 R F1 +3.208 E F0 .708(option tak)3.208 F .708(es precedence o)-.1 F -.15(ve) +-.15 G(r).15 E F13.208 E F0 3.208(,a)C .708(nd both tak)-3.208 F +3.208(ep)-.1 G .707(recedence o)-3.208 F -.15(ve)-.15 G(r).15 E F1 +3.207 E F0 5.707(.I)C 3.207(fa)-5.707 G 1.007 -.15(ny o)-3.207 H(f).15 E +F13.207 E F0(,)A F1144 252 Q F0 2.603(,o)C(r)-2.603 E F1 +2.603 E F0 .103(are supplied, an)2.603 F 2.603(yo)-.15 G(ther) +-2.603 E F2(name)2.603 E F0(ar)2.603 E .103 (guments are ignored; these completions only apply to the)-.18 F -(case speci\214ed by the option.)144 120 Q .153 +(case speci\214ed by the option.)144 264 Q .153 (The process of applying these completion speci\214cations when w)144 -144 R .152(ord completion is attempted is de-)-.1 F(scribed abo)144 156 +288 R .152(ord completion is attempted is de-)-.1 F(scribed abo)144 300 Q .3 -.15(ve u)-.15 H(nder).15 E F1(Pr)2.5 E(ogrammable Completion)-.18 -E F0(.)A .555(Other options, if speci\214ed, ha)144 180 R .855 -.15 +E F0(.)A .555(Other options, if speci\214ed, ha)144 324 R .855 -.15 (ve t)-.2 H .555(he follo).15 F .555(wing meanings.)-.25 F .555(The ar) 5.555 F .555(guments to the)-.18 F F13.056 E F0(,)A F13.056 E F0 3.056(,a)C(nd)-3.056 E F13.056 E F0 .723 -(options \(and, if necessary)144 192 R 3.223(,t)-.65 G(he)-3.223 E F1 +(options \(and, if necessary)144 336 R 3.223(,t)-.65 G(he)-3.223 E F1 3.223 E F0(and)3.223 E F13.223 E F0 .722 (options\) should be quoted to protect them from e)3.223 F(xpan-)-.15 E -(sion before the)144 204 Q F1(complete)2.5 E F0 -.2(bu)2.5 G -(iltin is in).2 E -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G(d.).1 E F1144 216 Q F2 -(comp-option)2.5 E F0(The)184 228 Q F2(comp-option)2.79 E F0 .291 +(sion before the)144 348 Q F1(complete)2.5 E F0 -.2(bu)2.5 G +(iltin is in).2 E -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G(d.).1 E F1144 360 Q F2 +(comp-option)2.5 E F0(The)184 372 Q F2(comp-option)2.79 E F0 .291 (controls se)2.791 F -.15(ve)-.25 G .291(ral aspects of the compspec') .15 F 2.791(sb)-.55 G(eha)-2.791 E .291(vior be)-.2 F .291 -(yond the simple)-.15 F(generation of completions.)184 240 Q F2 -(comp-option)5 E F0(may be one of:)2.5 E F1(bashdefault)184 252 Q F0 -.281(Perform the rest of the def)224 264 R(ault)-.1 E F1(bash)2.781 E F0 -.281(completions if the compspec generates no)2.781 F(matches.)224 276 Q -F1(default)184 288 Q F0 2.875(Use readline')224 288 R 5.375(sd)-.55 G +(yond the simple)-.15 F(generation of completions.)184 384 Q F2 +(comp-option)5 E F0(may be one of:)2.5 E F1(bashdefault)184 396 Q F0 +.281(Perform the rest of the def)224 408 R(ault)-.1 E F1(bash)2.781 E F0 +.281(completions if the compspec generates no)2.781 F(matches.)224 420 Q +F1(default)184 432 Q F0 2.875(Use readline')224 432 R 5.375(sd)-.55 G (ef)-5.375 E 2.876 (ault \214lename completion if the compspec generates no)-.1 F(matches.) -224 300 Q F1(dir)184 312 Q(names)-.15 E F0(Perform directory name compl\ -etion if the compspec generates no matches.)224 324 Q F1(\214lenames)184 -336 Q F0 -.7(Te)224 348 S .137(ll readline that the compspec generates \ +224 444 Q F1(dir)184 456 Q(names)-.15 E F0(Perform directory name compl\ +etion if the compspec generates no matches.)224 468 Q F1(\214lenames)184 +480 Q F0 -.7(Te)224 492 S .137(ll readline that the compspec generates \ \214lenames, so it can perform an).7 F 2.636<798c>-.15 G(le-)-2.636 E -.134(name\255speci\214c processing \(lik)224 360 R 2.634(ea)-.1 G .134 +.134(name\255speci\214c processing \(lik)224 504 R 2.634(ea)-.1 G .134 (dding a slash to directory names, quoting spe-)-2.634 F .45 -(cial characters, or suppressing trailing spaces\).)224 372 R .45 -(Intended to be used with shell)5.45 F(functions.)224 384 Q F1(noquote) -184 396 Q F0 -.7(Te)224 396 S .814 +(cial characters, or suppressing trailing spaces\).)224 516 R .45 +(Intended to be used with shell)5.45 F(functions.)224 528 Q F1(noquote) +184 540 Q F0 -.7(Te)224 540 S .814 (ll readline not to quote the completed w).7 F .814(ords if the)-.1 F 3.314(ya)-.15 G .815(re \214lenames \(quoting)-3.314 F -(\214lenames is the def)224 408 Q(ault\).)-.1 E F1(nosort)184 420 Q F0 --.7(Te)224 420 S(ll readline not to sort the list of possible completio\ -ns alphabetically).7 E(.)-.65 E F1(nospace)184 432 Q F0 -.7(Te)224 432 S +(\214lenames is the def)224 552 Q(ault\).)-.1 E F1(nosort)184 564 Q F0 +-.7(Te)224 564 S(ll readline not to sort the list of possible completio\ +ns alphabetically).7 E(.)-.65 E F1(nospace)184 576 Q F0 -.7(Te)224 576 S .22(ll readline not to append a space \(the def).7 F .22(ault\) to w)-.1 -F .22(ords completed at the end)-.1 F(of the line.)224 444 Q F1 -(plusdirs)184 456 Q F0 1.985(After an)224 456 R 4.485(ym)-.15 G 1.985 +F .22(ords completed at the end)-.1 F(of the line.)224 588 Q F1 +(plusdirs)184 600 Q F0 1.985(After an)224 600 R 4.485(ym)-.15 G 1.985 (atches de\214ned by the compspec are generated, directory name)-4.485 F -.584(completion is attempted and an)224 468 R 3.084(ym)-.15 G .584 -(atches are added to the results of the other)-3.084 F(actions.)224 480 -Q F1144 492 Q F2(action)2.5 E F0(The)184 504 Q F2(action)2.5 E F0 +.584(completion is attempted and an)224 612 R 3.084(ym)-.15 G .584 +(atches are added to the results of the other)-3.084 F(actions.)224 624 +Q F1144 636 Q F2(action)2.5 E F0(The)184 648 Q F2(action)2.5 E F0 (may be one of the follo)2.5 E (wing to generate a list of possible completions:)-.25 E F1(alias)184 -516 Q F0(Alias names.)224 516 Q(May also be speci\214ed as)5 E F1 -2.5 E F0(.)A F1(arrayv)184 528 Q(ar)-.1 E F0(Array v)224 540 Q -(ariable names.)-.25 E F1(binding)184 552 Q(Readline)224 552 Q F0 -.1 -(ke)2.5 G 2.5(yb)-.05 G(inding names.)-2.5 E F1 -.2(bu)184 564 S(iltin) -.2 E F0(Names of shell b)224 564 Q(uiltin commands.)-.2 E -(May also be speci\214ed as)5 E F12.5 E F0(.)A F1(command)184 576 -Q F0(Command names.)224 588 Q(May also be speci\214ed as)5 E F12.5 -E F0(.)A F1(dir)184 600 Q(ectory)-.18 E F0(Directory names.)224 612 Q -(May also be speci\214ed as)5 E F12.5 E F0(.)A F1(disabled)184 624 -Q F0(Names of disabled shell b)224 636 Q(uiltins.)-.2 E F1(enabled)184 -648 Q F0(Names of enabled shell b)224 648 Q(uiltins.)-.2 E F1(export)184 -660 Q F0(Names of e)224 660 Q(xported shell v)-.15 E 2.5(ariables. May) --.25 F(also be speci\214ed as)2.5 E F12.5 E F0(.)A F1(\214le)184 -672 Q F0(File names.)224 672 Q(May also be speci\214ed as)5 E F1 -2.5 E F0(.)A F1(function)184 684 Q F0(Names of shell functions.)224 696 -Q F1(gr)184 708 Q(oup)-.18 E F0(Group names.)224 708 Q -(May also be speci\214ed as)5 E F12.5 E F0(.)A(GNU Bash 5.2)72 768 -Q(2022 March 11)144.29 E(62)193.45 E 0 Cg EP +660 Q F0(Alias names.)224 660 Q(May also be speci\214ed as)5 E F1 +2.5 E F0(.)A F1(arrayv)184 672 Q(ar)-.1 E F0(Array v)224 684 Q +(ariable names.)-.25 E F1(binding)184 696 Q(Readline)224 696 Q F0 -.1 +(ke)2.5 G 2.5(yb)-.05 G(inding names.)-2.5 E F1 -.2(bu)184 708 S(iltin) +.2 E F0(Names of shell b)224 708 Q(uiltin commands.)-.2 E +(May also be speci\214ed as)5 E F12.5 E F0(.)A(GNU Bash 5.2)72 768 +Q(2022 June 3)150.675 E(62)199.835 E 0 Cg EP %%Page: 63 63 %%BeginPageSetup BP %%EndPageSetup /F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 137.14(SH\(1\) General).35 F (Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 -SF(helptopic)184 84 Q F0(Help topics as accepted by the)224 96 Q F1 -(help)2.5 E F0 -.2(bu)2.5 G(iltin.).2 E F1(hostname)184 108 Q F0 -(Hostnames, as tak)224 120 Q(en from the \214le speci\214ed by the)-.1 E -/F2 9/Times-Bold@0 SF(HOSTFILE)2.5 E F0(shell v)2.25 E(ariable.)-.25 E -F1(job)184 132 Q F0(Job names, if job control is acti)224 132 Q -.15(ve) --.25 G 5(.M).15 G(ay also be speci\214ed as)-5 E F12.5 E F0(.)A F1 --.1(ke)184 144 S(yw).1 E(ord)-.1 E F0(Shell reserv)224 156 Q(ed w)-.15 E -2.5(ords. May)-.1 F(also be speci\214ed as)2.5 E F12.5 E F0(.)A F1 -(running)184 168 Q F0(Names of running jobs, if job control is acti)224 -168 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G(.).15 E F1(ser)184 180 Q(vice)-.1 E F0 -(Service names.)224 180 Q(May also be speci\214ed as)5 E F12.5 E -F0(.)A F1(setopt)184 192 Q F0 -1.11(Va)224 192 S(lid ar)1.11 E -(guments for the)-.18 E F12.5 E F0(option to the)2.5 E F1(set)2.5 -E F0 -.2(bu)2.5 G(iltin.).2 E F1(shopt)184 204 Q F0 -(Shell option names as accepted by the)224 204 Q F1(shopt)2.5 E F0 -.2 -(bu)2.5 G(iltin.).2 E F1(signal)184 216 Q F0(Signal names.)224 216 Q F1 -(stopped)184 228 Q F0(Names of stopped jobs, if job control is acti)224 -228 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G(.).15 E F1(user)184 240 Q F0(User names.)224 240 Q -(May also be speci\214ed as)5 E F12.5 E F0(.)A F1 -.1(va)184 252 S -(riable).1 E F0(Names of all shell v)224 252 Q 2.5(ariables. May)-.25 F -(also be speci\214ed as)2.5 E F12.5 E F0(.)A F1144 264 Q/F3 -10/Times-Italic@0 SF(command)2.5 E(command)184 276 Q F0 1.055(is e)3.555 +SF(command)184 84 Q F0(Command names.)224 96 Q +(May also be speci\214ed as)5 E F12.5 E F0(.)A F1(dir)184 108 Q +(ectory)-.18 E F0(Directory names.)224 120 Q(May also be speci\214ed as) +5 E F12.5 E F0(.)A F1(disabled)184 132 Q F0 +(Names of disabled shell b)224 144 Q(uiltins.)-.2 E F1(enabled)184 156 Q +F0(Names of enabled shell b)224 156 Q(uiltins.)-.2 E F1(export)184 168 Q +F0(Names of e)224 168 Q(xported shell v)-.15 E 2.5(ariables. May)-.25 F +(also be speci\214ed as)2.5 E F12.5 E F0(.)A F1(\214le)184 180 Q +F0(File names.)224 180 Q(May also be speci\214ed as)5 E F12.5 E F0 +(.)A F1(function)184 192 Q F0(Names of shell functions.)224 204 Q F1(gr) +184 216 Q(oup)-.18 E F0(Group names.)224 216 Q +(May also be speci\214ed as)5 E F12.5 E F0(.)A F1(helptopic)184 +228 Q F0(Help topics as accepted by the)224 240 Q F1(help)2.5 E F0 -.2 +(bu)2.5 G(iltin.).2 E F1(hostname)184 252 Q F0(Hostnames, as tak)224 264 +Q(en from the \214le speci\214ed by the)-.1 E/F2 9/Times-Bold@0 SF +(HOSTFILE)2.5 E F0(shell v)2.25 E(ariable.)-.25 E F1(job)184 276 Q F0 +(Job names, if job control is acti)224 276 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G 5(.M).15 G +(ay also be speci\214ed as)-5 E F12.5 E F0(.)A F1 -.1(ke)184 288 S +(yw).1 E(ord)-.1 E F0(Shell reserv)224 300 Q(ed w)-.15 E 2.5(ords. May) +-.1 F(also be speci\214ed as)2.5 E F12.5 E F0(.)A F1(running)184 +312 Q F0(Names of running jobs, if job control is acti)224 312 Q -.15 +(ve)-.25 G(.).15 E F1(ser)184 324 Q(vice)-.1 E F0(Service names.)224 324 +Q(May also be speci\214ed as)5 E F12.5 E F0(.)A F1(setopt)184 336 +Q F0 -1.11(Va)224 336 S(lid ar)1.11 E(guments for the)-.18 E F12.5 +E F0(option to the)2.5 E F1(set)2.5 E F0 -.2(bu)2.5 G(iltin.).2 E F1 +(shopt)184 348 Q F0(Shell option names as accepted by the)224 348 Q F1 +(shopt)2.5 E F0 -.2(bu)2.5 G(iltin.).2 E F1(signal)184 360 Q F0 +(Signal names.)224 360 Q F1(stopped)184 372 Q F0 +(Names of stopped jobs, if job control is acti)224 372 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G +(.).15 E F1(user)184 384 Q F0(User names.)224 384 Q +(May also be speci\214ed as)5 E F12.5 E F0(.)A F1 -.1(va)184 396 S +(riable).1 E F0(Names of all shell v)224 396 Q 2.5(ariables. May)-.25 F +(also be speci\214ed as)2.5 E F12.5 E F0(.)A F1144 408 Q/F3 +10/Times-Italic@0 SF(command)2.5 E(command)184 420 Q F0 1.055(is e)3.555 F -.15(xe)-.15 G 1.055(cuted in a subshell en).15 F 1.056 (vironment, and its output is used as the possible)-.4 F(completions.) -184 288 Q F1144 300 Q F3(function)2.5 E F0 .114 -(The shell function)184 312 R F3(function)2.614 E F0 .114(is e)2.614 F +184 432 Q F1144 444 Q F3(function)2.5 E F0 .114 +(The shell function)184 456 R F3(function)2.614 E F0 .114(is e)2.614 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .114(cuted in the current shell en).15 F 2.614 -(vironment. When)-.4 F .113(the func-)2.613 F .816(tion is e)184 324 R +(vironment. When)-.4 F .113(the func-)2.613 F .816(tion is e)184 468 R -.15(xe)-.15 G .816(cuted, the \214rst ar).15 F .816(gument \()-.18 F F1 ($1)A F0 3.316(\)i)C 3.316(st)-3.316 G .817 (he name of the command whose ar)-3.316 F(guments)-.18 E 1.407 -(are being completed, the second ar)184 336 R 1.407(gument \()-.18 F F1 +(are being completed, the second ar)184 480 R 1.407(gument \()-.18 F F1 ($2)A F0 3.907(\)i)C 3.907(st)-3.907 G 1.407(he w)-3.907 F 1.407 -(ord being completed, and the)-.1 F .103(third ar)184 348 R .103 +(ord being completed, and the)-.1 F .103(third ar)184 492 R .103 (gument \()-.18 F F1($3)A F0 2.603(\)i)C 2.603(st)-2.603 G .103(he w) -2.603 F .104(ord preceding the w)-.1 F .104 -(ord being completed on the current com-)-.1 F .102(mand line.)184 360 R +(ord being completed on the current com-)-.1 F .102(mand line.)184 504 R .102(When it \214nishes, the possible completions are retrie)5.102 F -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.601(df).15 G .101(rom the v)-2.601 F .101(alue of the) --.25 F F2(COMPREPL)184 372 Q(Y)-.828 E F0(array v)2.25 E(ariable.)-.25 E -F1144 384 Q F3(globpat)2.5 E F0 1.007(The pathname e)184 396 R +-.25 F F2(COMPREPL)184 516 Q(Y)-.828 E F0(array v)2.25 E(ariable.)-.25 E +F1144 528 Q F3(globpat)2.5 E F0 1.007(The pathname e)184 540 R 1.007(xpansion pattern)-.15 F F3(globpat)3.507 E F0 1.007(is e)3.507 F -1.008(xpanded to generate the possible comple-)-.15 F(tions.)184 408 Q -F1144 420 Q F3(pr)2.5 E(e\214x)-.37 E(pr)184 432 Q(e\214x)-.37 E +1.008(xpanded to generate the possible comple-)-.15 F(tions.)184 552 Q +F1144 564 Q F3(pr)2.5 E(e\214x)-.37 E(pr)184 576 Q(e\214x)-.37 E F0 .535(is added at the be)3.035 F .534 (ginning of each possible completion after all other options ha)-.15 F --.15(ve)-.2 G(been applied.)184 444 Q F1144 456 Q F3(suf)2.5 E -<8c78>-.18 E(suf)184 456 Q<8c78>-.18 E F0 +-.15(ve)-.2 G(been applied.)184 588 Q F1144 600 Q F3(suf)2.5 E +<8c78>-.18 E(suf)184 600 Q<8c78>-.18 E F0 (is appended to each possible completion after all other options ha)2.5 -E .3 -.15(ve b)-.2 H(een applied.).15 E F1144 468 Q F3(wor)2.5 E -(dlist)-.37 E F0(The)184 480 Q F3(wor)3.639 E(dlist)-.37 E F0 1.14 +E .3 -.15(ve b)-.2 H(een applied.).15 E F1144 612 Q F3(wor)2.5 E +(dlist)-.37 E F0(The)184 624 Q F3(wor)3.639 E(dlist)-.37 E F0 1.14 (is split using the characters in the)3.639 F F2(IFS)3.64 E F0 1.14 (special v)3.39 F 1.14(ariable as delimiters, and)-.25 F .981 -(each resultant w)184 492 R .981(ord is e)-.1 F 3.481(xpanded. Shell) +(each resultant w)184 636 R .981(ord is e)-.1 F 3.481(xpanded. Shell) -.15 F .981(quoting is honored within)3.481 F F3(wor)3.481 E(dlist)-.37 -E F0 3.48(,i)C 3.48(no)-3.48 G .98(rder to)-3.48 F(pro)184 504 Q .765 +E F0 3.48(,i)C 3.48(no)-3.48 G .98(rder to)-3.48 F(pro)184 648 Q .765 (vide a mechanism for the w)-.15 F .766 (ords to contain shell metacharacters or characters in the)-.1 F -.25 -(va)184 516 S 1.965(lue of).25 F F2(IFS)4.465 E/F4 9/Times-Roman@0 SF(.) +(va)184 660 S 1.965(lue of).25 F F2(IFS)4.465 E/F4 9/Times-Roman@0 SF(.) A F0 1.964 (The possible completions are the members of the resultant list which) -6.465 F(match the w)184 528 Q(ord being completed.)-.1 E F1144 540 -Q F3(\214lterpat)2.5 E(\214lterpat)184 552 Q F0 .455 +6.465 F(match the w)184 672 Q(ord being completed.)-.1 E F1144 684 +Q F3(\214lterpat)2.5 E(\214lterpat)184 696 Q F0 .455 (is a pattern as used for pathname e)2.955 F 2.956(xpansion. It)-.15 F .456(is applied to the list of possible)2.956 F 1.596 -(completions generated by the preceding options and ar)184 564 R 1.596 -(guments, and each completion)-.18 F(matching)184 576 Q F3(\214lterpat) +(completions generated by the preceding options and ar)184 708 R 1.596 +(guments, and each completion)-.18 F(matching)184 720 Q F3(\214lterpat) 3.204 E F0 .704(is remo)3.204 F -.15(ve)-.15 G 3.204(df).15 G .704 (rom the list.)-3.204 F 3.204(Al)5.704 G(eading)-3.204 E F1(!)3.204 E F0 (in)3.204 E F3(\214lterpat)3.205 E F0(ne)3.205 E -.05(ga)-.15 G .705 -(tes the pattern;).05 F(in this case, an)184 588 Q 2.5(yc)-.15 G -(ompletion not matching)-2.5 E F3(\214lterpat)2.5 E F0(is remo)2.5 E --.15(ve)-.15 G(d.).15 E .467(The return v)144 604.8 R .467 -(alue is true unless an in)-.25 F -.25(va)-.4 G .466 -(lid option is supplied, an option other than).25 F F12.966 E F0 -(or)2.966 E F12.966 E F0 .466(is sup-)2.966 F 1.361 -(plied without a)144 616.8 R F3(name)3.861 E F0(ar)3.861 E 1.361 -(gument, an attempt is made to remo)-.18 F 1.662 -.15(ve a c)-.15 H -1.362(ompletion speci\214cation for a).15 F F3(name)144 628.8 Q F0 -(for which no speci\214cation e)2.5 E +(tes the pattern;).05 F(GNU Bash 5.2)72 768 Q(2022 June 3)150.675 E(63) +199.835 E 0 Cg EP +%%Page: 64 64 +%%BeginPageSetup +BP +%%EndPageSetup +/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 137.14(SH\(1\) General).35 F +(Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E(in this case, an) +184 84 Q 2.5(yc)-.15 G(ompletion not matching)-2.5 E/F1 10 +/Times-Italic@0 SF(\214lterpat)2.5 E F0(is remo)2.5 E -.15(ve)-.15 G(d.) +.15 E .467(The return v)144 100.8 R .467(alue is true unless an in)-.25 +F -.25(va)-.4 G .466(lid option is supplied, an option other than).25 F +/F2 10/Times-Bold@0 SF2.966 E F0(or)2.966 E F22.966 E F0 +.466(is sup-)2.966 F 1.361(plied without a)144 112.8 R F1(name)3.861 E +F0(ar)3.861 E 1.361(gument, an attempt is made to remo)-.18 F 1.662 -.15 +(ve a c)-.15 H 1.362(ompletion speci\214cation for a).15 F F1(name)144 +124.8 Q F0(for which no speci\214cation e)2.5 E (xists, or an error occurs adding a completion speci\214cation.)-.15 E -F1(compopt)108 645.6 Q F0([)2.5 E F1A F3(option)2.5 E F0 2.5(][)C -F1(\255DEI)-2.5 E F0 2.5(][)C F1(+o)-2.5 E F3(option)2.5 E F0 2.5(][)C -F3(name)-2.5 E F0(])A .447(Modify completion options for each)144 657.6 -R F3(name)2.947 E F0 .447(according to the)2.947 F F3(option)2.947 E F0 +F2(compopt)108 141.6 Q F0([)2.5 E F2A F1(option)2.5 E F0 2.5(][)C +F2(\255DEI)-2.5 E F0 2.5(][)C F2(+o)-2.5 E F1(option)2.5 E F0 2.5(][)C +F1(name)-2.5 E F0(])A .447(Modify completion options for each)144 153.6 +R F1(name)2.947 E F0 .447(according to the)2.947 F F1(option)2.947 E F0 .447(s, or for the currently-e)B -.15(xe)-.15 G(cuting).15 E .725 -(completion if no)144 669.6 R F3(name)3.225 E F0 3.225(sa)C .725 -(re supplied.)-3.225 F .725(If no)5.725 F F3(option)3.225 E F0 3.225(sa) +(completion if no)144 165.6 R F1(name)3.225 E F0 3.225(sa)C .725 +(re supplied.)-3.225 F .725(If no)5.725 F F1(option)3.225 E F0 3.225(sa) C .725(re gi)-3.225 F -.15(ve)-.25 G .726 -(n, display the completion options for).15 F(each)144 681.6 Q F3(name) +(n, display the completion options for).15 F(each)144 177.6 Q F1(name) 3.224 E F0 .724(or the current completion.)3.224 F .724(The possible v) -5.724 F .724(alues of)-.25 F F3(option)3.224 E F0 .724(are those v)3.224 -F .723(alid for the)-.25 F F1(com-)3.223 E(plete)144 693.6 Q F0 -.2(bu) +5.724 F .724(alues of)-.25 F F1(option)3.224 E F0 .724(are those v)3.224 +F .723(alid for the)-.25 F F2(com-)3.223 E(plete)144 189.6 Q F0 -.2(bu) 2.677 G .177(iltin described abo).2 F -.15(ve)-.15 G 5.178(.T).15 G(he) --5.178 E F12.678 E F0 .178 +-5.178 E F22.678 E F0 .178 (option indicates that other supplied options should apply to)2.678 F -1.228(the `)144 705.6 R(`def)-.74 E(ault')-.1 E 3.728('c)-.74 G 1.228(o\ +1.228(the `)144 201.6 R(`def)-.74 E(ault')-.1 E 3.728('c)-.74 G 1.228(o\ mmand completion; that is, completion attempted on a command for which \ -no)-3.728 F 2.038(completion has pre)144 717.6 R 2.038 -(viously been de\214ned.)-.25 F(The)7.038 E F14.538 E F0 2.039 +no)-3.728 F 2.038(completion has pre)144 213.6 R 2.038 +(viously been de\214ned.)-.25 F(The)7.038 E F24.538 E F0 2.039 (option indicates that other supplied options)4.538 F 1.539 -(should apply to `)144 729.6 R(`empty')-.74 E 4.039('c)-.74 G 1.538 +(should apply to `)144 225.6 R(`empty')-.74 E 4.039('c)-.74 G 1.538 (ommand completion; that is, completion attempted on a blank line.) --4.039 F(GNU Bash 5.2)72 768 Q(2022 March 11)144.29 E(63)193.45 E 0 Cg -EP -%%Page: 64 64 -%%BeginPageSetup -BP -%%EndPageSetup -/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 137.14(SH\(1\) General).35 F -(Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E(The)144 84 Q/F1 10 -/Times-Bold@0 SF3.02 E F0 .52(option indicates that other supplie\ -d options should apply to completion on the initial non-)3.02 F .868 -(assignment w)144 96 R .868 -(ord on the line, or after a command delimiter such as)-.1 F F1(;)3.368 -E F0(or)3.368 E F1(|)3.368 E F0 3.367(,w)C .867(hich is usually com-) --3.367 F(mand name completion.)144 108 Q .431(The return v)144 132 R +-4.039 F(The)144 237.6 Q F23.02 E F0 .52(option indicates that ot\ +her supplied options should apply to completion on the initial non-)3.02 +F .868(assignment w)144 249.6 R .868 +(ord on the line, or after a command delimiter such as)-.1 F F2(;)3.368 +E F0(or)3.368 E F2(|)3.368 E F0 3.367(,w)C .867(hich is usually com-) +-3.367 F(mand name completion.)144 261.6 Q .431(The return v)144 285.6 R .431(alue is true unless an in)-.25 F -.25(va)-.4 G .431 (lid option is supplied, an attempt is made to modify the op-).25 F -(tions for a)144 144 Q/F2 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(name)2.5 E F0 +(tions for a)144 297.6 Q F1(name)2.5 E F0 (for which no completion speci\214cation e)2.5 E -(xists, or an output error occurs.)-.15 E F1(continue)108 160.8 Q F0([) -2.5 E F2(n)A F0(])A .851(Resume the ne)144 172.8 R .851 -(xt iteration of the enclosing)-.15 F F1 -.25(fo)3.351 G(r).25 E F0(,)A -F1(while)3.351 E F0(,)A F1(until)3.351 E F0 3.351(,o)C(r)-3.351 E F1 -(select)3.35 E F0 3.35(loop. If)3.35 F F2(n)3.71 E F0 .85 -(is speci\214ed, re-)3.59 F .203(sume at the)144 184.8 R F2(n)2.703 E F0 -.203(th enclosing loop.)B F2(n)5.563 E F0 .203(must be)2.943 F/F3 10 -/Symbol SF2.703 E F0 2.704(1. If)2.703 F F2(n)3.064 E F0 .204 +(xists, or an output error occurs.)-.15 E F2(continue)108 314.4 Q F0([) +2.5 E F1(n)A F0(])A .851(Resume the ne)144 326.4 R .851 +(xt iteration of the enclosing)-.15 F F2 -.25(fo)3.351 G(r).25 E F0(,)A +F2(while)3.351 E F0(,)A F2(until)3.351 E F0 3.351(,o)C(r)-3.351 E F2 +(select)3.35 E F0 3.35(loop. If)3.35 F F1(n)3.71 E F0 .85 +(is speci\214ed, re-)3.59 F .203(sume at the)144 338.4 R F1(n)2.703 E F0 +.203(th enclosing loop.)B F1(n)5.563 E F0 .203(must be)2.943 F/F3 10 +/Symbol SF2.703 E F0 2.704(1. If)2.703 F F1(n)3.064 E F0 .204 (is greater than the number of enclosing loops,)2.944 F 1.184 -(the last enclosing loop \(the `)144 196.8 R(`top-le)-.74 E -.15(ve)-.25 +(the last enclosing loop \(the `)144 350.4 R(`top-le)-.74 E -.15(ve)-.25 G(l').15 E 3.684('l)-.74 G 1.184(oop\) is resumed.)-3.684 F 1.183 -(The return v)6.184 F 1.183(alue is 0 unless)-.25 F F2(n)3.683 E F0 -1.183(is not)3.683 F(greater than or equal to 1.)144 208.8 Q F1(declar) -108 225.6 Q(e)-.18 E F0([)2.5 E F1(\255aAfFgiIlnrtux)A F0 2.5(][)C F1 --2.5 E F0 2.5(][)C F2(name)-2.5 E F0([=)A F2(value)A F0 2.5(].)C -(..])-2.5 E F1(typeset)108 237.6 Q F0([)2.5 E F1(\255aAfFgiIlnrtux)A F0 -2.5(][)C F1-2.5 E F0 2.5(][)C F2(name)-2.5 E F0([=)A F2(value)A F0 -2.5(].)C(..])-2.5 E 1.264(Declare v)144 249.6 R 1.264 +(The return v)6.184 F 1.183(alue is 0 unless)-.25 F F1(n)3.683 E F0 +1.183(is not)3.683 F(greater than or equal to 1.)144 362.4 Q F2(declar) +108 379.2 Q(e)-.18 E F0([)2.5 E F2(\255aAfFgiIlnrtux)A F0 2.5(][)C F2 +-2.5 E F0 2.5(][)C F1(name)-2.5 E F0([=)A F1(value)A F0 2.5(].)C +(..])-2.5 E F2(typeset)108 391.2 Q F0([)2.5 E F2(\255aAfFgiIlnrtux)A F0 +2.5(][)C F2-2.5 E F0 2.5(][)C F1(name)-2.5 E F0([=)A F1(value)A F0 +2.5(].)C(..])-2.5 E 1.264(Declare v)144 403.2 R 1.264 (ariables and/or gi)-.25 F 1.564 -.15(ve t)-.25 H 1.264(hem attrib).15 F -3.765(utes. If)-.2 F(no)3.765 E F2(name)3.765 E F0 3.765(sa)C 1.265 +3.765(utes. If)-.2 F(no)3.765 E F1(name)3.765 E F0 3.765(sa)C 1.265 (re gi)-3.765 F -.15(ve)-.25 G 3.765(nt).15 G 1.265(hen display the v) --3.765 F 1.265(alues of)-.25 F -.25(va)144 261.6 S 3.46(riables. The).25 -F F13.46 E F0 .96(option will display the attrib)3.46 F .96 -(utes and v)-.2 F .96(alues of each)-.25 F F2(name)3.82 E F0 5.96(.W).18 -G(hen)-5.96 E F13.46 E F0 .96(is used)3.46 F(with)144 273.6 Q F2 +-3.765 F 1.265(alues of)-.25 F -.25(va)144 415.2 S 3.46(riables. The).25 +F F23.46 E F0 .96(option will display the attrib)3.46 F .96 +(utes and v)-.2 F .96(alues of each)-.25 F F1(name)3.82 E F0 5.96(.W).18 +G(hen)-5.96 E F23.46 E F0 .96(is used)3.46 F(with)144 427.2 Q F1 (name)2.774 E F0(ar)2.774 E .274 -(guments, additional options, other than)-.18 F F12.775 E F0(and) -2.775 E F12.775 E F0 2.775(,a)C .275(re ignored.)-2.775 F(When) -5.275 E F12.775 E F0 .275(is supplied)2.775 F(without)144 285.6 Q -F2(name)3.79 E F0(ar)3.79 E 1.29(guments, it will display the attrib) +(guments, additional options, other than)-.18 F F22.775 E F0(and) +2.775 E F22.775 E F0 2.775(,a)C .275(re ignored.)-2.775 F(When) +5.275 E F22.775 E F0 .275(is supplied)2.775 F(without)144 439.2 Q +F1(name)3.79 E F0(ar)3.79 E 1.29(guments, it will display the attrib) -.18 F 1.289(utes and v)-.2 F 1.289(alues of all v)-.25 F 1.289 -(ariables ha)-.25 F 1.289(ving the at-)-.2 F(trib)144 297.6 Q .38 +(ariables ha)-.25 F 1.289(ving the at-)-.2 F(trib)144 451.2 Q .38 (utes speci\214ed by the additional options.)-.2 F .38 -(If no other options are supplied with)5.38 F F12.88 E F0(,)A F1 +(If no other options are supplied with)5.38 F F22.88 E F0(,)A F2 (declar)2.88 E(e)-.18 E F0(will)2.88 E 1.107(display the attrib)144 -309.6 R 1.107(utes and v)-.2 F 1.106(alues of all shell v)-.25 F 3.606 -(ariables. The)-.25 F F13.606 E F0 1.106 +463.2 R 1.107(utes and v)-.2 F 1.106(alues of all shell v)-.25 F 3.606 +(ariables. The)-.25 F F23.606 E F0 1.106 (option will restrict the display to)3.606 F .299(shell functions.)144 -321.6 R(The)5.299 E F12.799 E F0 .299(option inhibits the display\ +475.2 R(The)5.299 E F22.799 E F0 .299(option inhibits the display\ of function de\214nitions; only the function name)2.799 F 1.54 -(and attrib)144 333.6 R 1.54(utes are printed.)-.2 F 1.54(If the)6.54 F -F1(extdeb)4.04 E(ug)-.2 E F0 1.54(shell option is enabled using)4.04 F -F1(shopt)4.04 E F0 4.04(,t)C 1.54(he source \214le)-4.04 F .648 -(name and line number where each)144 345.6 R F2(name)3.148 E F0 .648 -(is de\214ned are displayed as well.)3.148 F(The)5.648 E F13.148 E -F0 .649(option implies)3.149 F F1144 357.6 Q F0 5.837(.T)C(he) --5.837 E F13.337 E F0 .837(option forces v)3.337 F .836 +(and attrib)144 487.2 R 1.54(utes are printed.)-.2 F 1.54(If the)6.54 F +F2(extdeb)4.04 E(ug)-.2 E F0 1.54(shell option is enabled using)4.04 F +F2(shopt)4.04 E F0 4.04(,t)C 1.54(he source \214le)-4.04 F .648 +(name and line number where each)144 499.2 R F1(name)3.148 E F0 .648 +(is de\214ned are displayed as well.)3.148 F(The)5.648 E F23.148 E +F0 .649(option implies)3.149 F F2144 511.2 Q F0 5.837(.T)C(he) +-5.837 E F23.337 E F0 .837(option forces v)3.337 F .836 (ariables to be created or modi\214ed at the global scope, e)-.25 F -.15 -(ve)-.25 G 3.336(nw).15 G(hen)-3.336 E F1(de-)3.336 E(clar)144 369.6 Q +(ve)-.25 G 3.336(nw).15 G(hen)-3.336 E F2(de-)3.336 E(clar)144 523.2 Q (e)-.18 E F0 .818(is e)3.318 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .818 (cuted in a shell function.).15 F .818 -(It is ignored in all other cases.)5.818 F(The)5.819 E F13.319 E -F0 .819(option causes local)3.319 F -.25(va)144 381.6 S .694 +(It is ignored in all other cases.)5.818 F(The)5.819 E F23.319 E +F0 .819(option causes local)3.319 F -.25(va)144 535.2 S .694 (riables to inherit the attrib).25 F .694(utes \(e)-.2 F .694(xcept the) --.15 F F2(namer)3.194 E(ef)-.37 E F0(attrib)3.194 E .693(ute\) and v)-.2 +-.15 F F1(namer)3.194 E(ef)-.37 E F0(attrib)3.194 E .693(ute\) and v)-.2 F .693(alue of an)-.25 F 3.193(ye)-.15 G .693(xisting v)-3.343 F -(ariable)-.25 E .82(with the same)144 393.6 R F2(name)3.32 E F0 .82 +(ariable)-.25 E .82(with the same)144 547.2 R F1(name)3.32 E F0 .82 (at a surrounding scope.)3.32 F .82(If there is no e)5.82 F .82 (xisting v)-.15 F .82(ariable, the local v)-.25 F .82(ariable is)-.25 F -.38(initially unset.)144 405.6 R .38(The follo)5.38 F .379 +.38(initially unset.)144 559.2 R .38(The follo)5.38 F .379 (wing options can be used to restrict output to v)-.25 F .379 -(ariables with the speci\214ed)-.25 F(attrib)144 417.6 Q(ute or to gi) --.2 E .3 -.15(ve v)-.25 H(ariables attrib)-.1 E(utes:)-.2 E F1144 -429.6 Q F0(Each)180 429.6 Q F2(name)2.5 E F0(is an inde)2.5 E -.15(xe) --.15 G 2.5(da).15 G(rray v)-2.5 E(ariable \(see)-.25 E F1(Arrays)2.5 E -F0(abo)2.5 E -.15(ve)-.15 G(\).).15 E F1144 441.6 Q F0(Each)180 -441.6 Q F2(name)2.5 E F0(is an associati)2.5 E .3 -.15(ve a)-.25 H -(rray v).15 E(ariable \(see)-.25 E F1(Arrays)2.5 E F0(abo)2.5 E -.15(ve) --.15 G(\).).15 E F1144 453.6 Q F0(Use function names only)180 -453.6 Q(.)-.65 E F1144 465.6 Q F0 .557(The v)180 465.6 R .558 +(ariables with the speci\214ed)-.25 F(attrib)144 571.2 Q(ute or to gi) +-.2 E .3 -.15(ve v)-.25 H(ariables attrib)-.1 E(utes:)-.2 E F2144 +583.2 Q F0(Each)180 583.2 Q F1(name)2.5 E F0(is an inde)2.5 E -.15(xe) +-.15 G 2.5(da).15 G(rray v)-2.5 E(ariable \(see)-.25 E F2(Arrays)2.5 E +F0(abo)2.5 E -.15(ve)-.15 G(\).).15 E F2144 595.2 Q F0(Each)180 +595.2 Q F1(name)2.5 E F0(is an associati)2.5 E .3 -.15(ve a)-.25 H +(rray v).15 E(ariable \(see)-.25 E F2(Arrays)2.5 E F0(abo)2.5 E -.15(ve) +-.15 G(\).).15 E F2144 607.2 Q F0(Use function names only)180 +607.2 Q(.)-.65 E F2144 619.2 Q F0 .557(The v)180 619.2 R .558 (ariable is treated as an inte)-.25 F .558(ger; arithmetic e)-.15 F -.25 (va)-.25 G .558(luation \(see).25 F/F4 9/Times-Bold@0 SF .558 -(ARITHMETIC EV)3.058 F(ALU)-1.215 E(A-)-.54 E(TION)180 477.6 Q F0(abo) +(ARITHMETIC EV)3.058 F(ALU)-1.215 E(A-)-.54 E(TION)180 631.2 Q F0(abo) 2.25 E -.15(ve)-.15 G 2.5(\)i).15 G 2.5(sp)-2.5 G(erformed when the v) --2.5 E(ariable is assigned a v)-.25 E(alue.)-.25 E F1144 489.6 Q -F0 .91(When the v)180 489.6 R .909(ariable is assigned a v)-.25 F .909 +-2.5 E(ariable is assigned a v)-.25 E(alue.)-.25 E F2144 643.2 Q +F0 .91(When the v)180 643.2 R .909(ariable is assigned a v)-.25 F .909 (alue, all upper)-.25 F .909(-case characters are con)-.2 F -.15(ve)-.4 -G .909(rted to lo).15 F(wer)-.25 E(-)-.2 E 2.5(case. The)180 501.6 R -(upper)2.5 E(-case attrib)-.2 E(ute is disabled.)-.2 E F1144 513.6 -Q F0(Gi)180 513.6 Q 1.619 -.15(ve e)-.25 H(ach).15 E F2(name)3.819 E F0 -(the)3.819 E F2(namer)3.819 E(ef)-.37 E F0(attrib)3.819 E 1.319 +G .909(rted to lo).15 F(wer)-.25 E(-)-.2 E 2.5(case. The)180 655.2 R +(upper)2.5 E(-case attrib)-.2 E(ute is disabled.)-.2 E F2144 667.2 +Q F0(Gi)180 667.2 Q 1.619 -.15(ve e)-.25 H(ach).15 E F1(name)3.819 E F0 +(the)3.819 E F1(namer)3.819 E(ef)-.37 E F0(attrib)3.819 E 1.319 (ute, making it a name reference to another v)-.2 F(ariable.)-.25 E .478 -(That other v)180 525.6 R .478(ariable is de\214ned by the v)-.25 F .478 -(alue of)-.25 F F2(name)2.978 E F0 5.478(.A)C .478 -(ll references, assignments, and at-)-5.478 F(trib)180 537.6 Q .781 -(ute modi\214cations to)-.2 F F2(name)3.281 E F0 3.281(,e)C .782 -(xcept those using or changing the)-3.431 F F13.282 E F0(attrib) -3.282 E .782(ute itself, are)-.2 F .809(performed on the v)180 549.6 R -.809(ariable referenced by)-.25 F F2(name)3.308 E F0 1.908 -.55('s v)D +(That other v)180 679.2 R .478(ariable is de\214ned by the v)-.25 F .478 +(alue of)-.25 F F1(name)2.978 E F0 5.478(.A)C .478 +(ll references, assignments, and at-)-5.478 F(trib)180 691.2 Q .781 +(ute modi\214cations to)-.2 F F1(name)3.281 E F0 3.281(,e)C .782 +(xcept those using or changing the)-3.431 F F23.282 E F0(attrib) +3.282 E .782(ute itself, are)-.2 F .809(performed on the v)180 703.2 R +.809(ariable referenced by)-.25 F F1(name)3.308 E F0 1.908 -.55('s v)D 3.308(alue. The).3 F .808(nameref attrib)3.308 F .808(ute cannot be)-.2 -F(applied to array v)180 561.6 Q(ariables.)-.25 E F1144 573.6 Q F0 -(Mak)180 573.6 Q(e)-.1 E F2(name)3.654 E F0 3.654(sr)C(eadonly)-3.654 E -6.154(.T)-.65 G 1.154(hese names cannot then be assigned v)-6.154 F -1.155(alues by subsequent as-)-.25 F(signment statements or unset.)180 -585.6 Q F1144 597.6 Q F0(Gi)180 597.6 Q .73 -.15(ve e)-.25 H(ach) -.15 E F2(name)2.93 E F0(the)2.929 E F2(tr)2.929 E(ace)-.15 E F0(attrib) -2.929 E 2.929(ute. T)-.2 F .429(raced functions inherit the)-.35 F F1 -(DEB)2.929 E(UG)-.1 E F0(and)2.929 E F1(RETURN)2.929 E F0 -(traps from the calling shell.)180 609.6 Q(The trace attrib)5 E -(ute has no special meaning for v)-.2 E(ariables.)-.25 E F1144 -621.6 Q F0 .909(When the v)180 621.6 R .909(ariable is assigned a v)-.25 -F .909(alue, all lo)-.25 F(wer)-.25 E .909(-case characters are con)-.2 -F -.15(ve)-.4 G .91(rted to upper).15 F(-)-.2 E 2.5(case. The)180 633.6 -R(lo)2.5 E(wer)-.25 E(-case attrib)-.2 E(ute is disabled.)-.2 E F1 -144 645.6 Q F0(Mark)180 645.6 Q F2(name)2.5 E F0 2.5(sf)C(or e)-2.5 E +F(applied to array v)180 715.2 Q(ariables.)-.25 E(GNU Bash 5.2)72 768 Q +(2022 June 3)150.675 E(64)199.835 E 0 Cg EP +%%Page: 65 65 +%%BeginPageSetup +BP +%%EndPageSetup +/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 137.14(SH\(1\) General).35 F +(Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 +SF144 84 Q F0(Mak)180 84 Q(e)-.1 E/F2 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(name) +3.654 E F0 3.654(sr)C(eadonly)-3.654 E 6.154(.T)-.65 G 1.154 +(hese names cannot then be assigned v)-6.154 F 1.155 +(alues by subsequent as-)-.25 F(signment statements or unset.)180 96 Q +F1144 108 Q F0(Gi)180 108 Q .73 -.15(ve e)-.25 H(ach).15 E F2 +(name)2.93 E F0(the)2.929 E F2(tr)2.929 E(ace)-.15 E F0(attrib)2.929 E +2.929(ute. T)-.2 F .429(raced functions inherit the)-.35 F F1(DEB)2.929 +E(UG)-.1 E F0(and)2.929 E F1(RETURN)2.929 E F0 +(traps from the calling shell.)180 120 Q(The trace attrib)5 E +(ute has no special meaning for v)-.2 E(ariables.)-.25 E F1144 132 +Q F0 .909(When the v)180 132 R .909(ariable is assigned a v)-.25 F .909 +(alue, all lo)-.25 F(wer)-.25 E .909(-case characters are con)-.2 F -.15 +(ve)-.4 G .91(rted to upper).15 F(-)-.2 E 2.5(case. The)180 144 R(lo)2.5 +E(wer)-.25 E(-case attrib)-.2 E(ute is disabled.)-.2 E F1144 156 Q +F0(Mark)180 156 Q F2(name)2.5 E F0 2.5(sf)C(or e)-2.5 E (xport to subsequent commands via the en)-.15 E(vironment.)-.4 E .144 -(Using `+' instead of `\255' turns of)144 662.4 R 2.643(ft)-.25 G .143 +(Using `+' instead of `\255' turns of)144 172.8 R 2.643(ft)-.25 G .143 (he attrib)-2.643 F .143(ute instead, with the e)-.2 F .143 (xceptions that)-.15 F F1(+a)2.643 E F0(and)2.643 E F1(+A)2.643 E F0 -.143(may not)2.643 F .578(be used to destro)144 674.4 R 3.079(ya)-.1 G +.143(may not)2.643 F .578(be used to destro)144 184.8 R 3.079(ya)-.1 G .579(rray v)-3.079 F .579(ariables and)-.25 F F1(+r)3.079 E F0 .579 (will not remo)3.079 F .879 -.15(ve t)-.15 H .579(he readonly attrib).15 -F 3.079(ute. When)-.2 F .579(used in a)3.079 F(function,)144 686.4 Q F1 +F 3.079(ute. When)-.2 F .579(used in a)3.079 F(function,)144 196.8 Q F1 (declar)3.544 E(e)-.18 E F0(and)3.544 E F1(typeset)3.544 E F0(mak)3.544 E 3.544(ee)-.1 G(ach)-3.544 E F2(name)3.543 E F0 1.043 (local, as with the)3.543 F F1(local)3.543 E F0 1.043 (command, unless the)3.543 F F13.543 E F0 1.205 -(option is supplied.)144 698.4 R 1.205(If a v)6.205 F 1.205 +(option is supplied.)144 208.8 R 1.205(If a v)6.205 F 1.205 (ariable name is follo)-.25 F 1.205(wed by =)-.25 F F2(value)A F0 3.705 (,t)C 1.205(he v)-3.705 F 1.205(alue of the v)-.25 F 1.205 -(ariable is set to)-.25 F F2(value)144 710.4 Q F0 5.218(.W)C .218 +(ariable is set to)-.25 F F2(value)144 220.8 Q F0 5.218(.W)C .218 (hen using)-5.218 F F12.718 E F0(or)2.718 E F12.718 E F0 .217(and the compound assignment syntax to create array v)2.717 F .217 -(ariables, addi-)-.25 F .882(tional attrib)144 722.4 R .882 +(ariables, addi-)-.25 F .882(tional attrib)144 232.8 R .882 (utes do not tak)-.2 F 3.382(ee)-.1 G -.25(ff)-3.382 G .882 (ect until subsequent assignments.).25 F .882(The return v)5.882 F .882 -(alue is 0 unless an)-.25 F(GNU Bash 5.2)72 768 Q(2022 March 11)144.29 E -(64)193.45 E 0 Cg EP -%%Page: 65 65 -%%BeginPageSetup -BP -%%EndPageSetup -/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 137.14(SH\(1\) General).35 F -(Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E(in)144 84 Q -.25 -(va)-.4 G .366(lid option is encountered, an attempt is made to de\214n\ -e a function using).25 F/F1 10/Courier@0 SF .365(\255f foo=bar)2.865 F -F0 2.865(,a)C 2.865(na)-2.865 G(t-)-2.865 E .548 -(tempt is made to assign a v)144 96 R .548(alue to a readonly v)-.25 F -.549(ariable, an attempt is made to assign a v)-.25 F .549(alue to an) --.25 F 1.749(array v)144 108 R 1.749 -(ariable without using the compound assignment syntax \(see)-.25 F/F2 10 -/Times-Bold@0 SF(Arrays)4.248 E F0(abo)4.248 E -.15(ve)-.15 G 1.748 -(\), one of the).15 F/F3 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(names)144 120 Q F0 .359 -(is not a v)2.858 F .359(alid shell v)-.25 F .359 -(ariable name, an attempt is made to turn of)-.25 F 2.859(fr)-.25 G .359 -(eadonly status for a read-)-2.859 F 1.213(only v)144 132 R 1.213 +(alue is 0 unless an)-.25 F(in)144 244.8 Q -.25(va)-.4 G .366(lid optio\ +n is encountered, an attempt is made to de\214ne a function using).25 F +/F3 10/Courier@0 SF .365(\255f foo=bar)2.865 F F0 2.865(,a)C 2.865(na) +-2.865 G(t-)-2.865 E .548(tempt is made to assign a v)144 256.8 R .548 +(alue to a readonly v)-.25 F .549 +(ariable, an attempt is made to assign a v)-.25 F .549(alue to an)-.25 F +1.749(array v)144 268.8 R 1.749 +(ariable without using the compound assignment syntax \(see)-.25 F F1 +(Arrays)4.248 E F0(abo)4.248 E -.15(ve)-.15 G 1.748(\), one of the).15 F +F2(names)144 280.8 Q F0 .359(is not a v)2.858 F .359(alid shell v)-.25 F +.359(ariable name, an attempt is made to turn of)-.25 F 2.859(fr)-.25 G +.359(eadonly status for a read-)-2.859 F 1.213(only v)144 292.8 R 1.213 (ariable, an attempt is made to turn of)-.25 F 3.713(fa)-.25 G 1.213 (rray status for an array v)-3.713 F 1.212(ariable, or an attempt is) --.25 F(made to display a non-e)144 144 Q(xistent function with)-.15 E F2 -2.5 E F0(.)A F2(dirs [\255clpv] [+)108 160.8 Q F3(n)A F2 2.5(][)C --2.5 E F3(n)A F2(])A F0 -.4(Wi)144 172.8 S .328 +-.25 F(made to display a non-e)144 304.8 Q(xistent function with)-.15 E +F12.5 E F0(.)A F1(dirs [\255clpv] [+)108 321.6 Q F2(n)A F1 2.5(][) +C-2.5 E F2(n)A F1(])A F0 -.4(Wi)144 333.6 S .328 (thout options, displays the list of currently remembered directories.) .4 F .329(The def)5.329 F .329(ault display is on a)-.1 F 1.238 -(single line with directory names separated by spaces.)144 184.8 R 1.238 -(Directories are added to the list with the)6.238 F F2(pushd)144 196.8 Q -F0 .927(command; the)3.427 F F2(popd)3.428 E F0 .928(command remo)3.428 +(single line with directory names separated by spaces.)144 345.6 R 1.238 +(Directories are added to the list with the)6.238 F F1(pushd)144 357.6 Q +F0 .927(command; the)3.427 F F1(popd)3.428 E F0 .928(command remo)3.428 F -.15(ve)-.15 G 3.428(se).15 G .928(ntries from the list.)-3.428 F .928 -(The current directory is al-)5.928 F -.1(wa)144 208.8 S -(ys the \214rst directory in the stack.).1 E F2144 220.8 Q F0 -(Clears the directory stack by deleting all of the entries.)180 220.8 Q -F2144 232.8 Q F0 .882 -(Produces a listing using full pathnames; the def)180 232.8 R .881 +(The current directory is al-)5.928 F -.1(wa)144 369.6 S +(ys the \214rst directory in the stack.).1 E F1144 381.6 Q F0 +(Clears the directory stack by deleting all of the entries.)180 381.6 Q +F1144 393.6 Q F0 .882 +(Produces a listing using full pathnames; the def)180 393.6 R .881 (ault listing format uses a tilde to denote)-.1 F(the home directory)180 -244.8 Q(.)-.65 E F2144 256.8 Q F0 -(Print the directory stack with one entry per line.)180 256.8 Q F2 -144 268.8 Q F0 .272(Print the directory stack with one entry per line, \ -pre\214xing each entry with its inde)180 268.8 R 2.773(xi)-.15 G 2.773 -(nt)-2.773 G(he)-2.773 E(stack.)180 280.8 Q F2(+)144 292.8 Q F3(n)A F0 -1.565(Displays the)180 292.8 R F3(n)4.065 E F0 1.565 -(th entry counting from the left of the list sho)B 1.564(wn by)-.25 F F2 +405.6 Q(.)-.65 E F1144 417.6 Q F0 +(Print the directory stack with one entry per line.)180 417.6 Q F1 +144 429.6 Q F0 .272(Print the directory stack with one entry per line, \ +pre\214xing each entry with its inde)180 429.6 R 2.773(xi)-.15 G 2.773 +(nt)-2.773 G(he)-2.773 E(stack.)180 441.6 Q F1(+)144 453.6 Q F2(n)A F0 +1.565(Displays the)180 453.6 R F2(n)4.065 E F0 1.565 +(th entry counting from the left of the list sho)B 1.564(wn by)-.25 F F1 (dirs)4.064 E F0 1.564(when in)4.064 F -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G(d).1 E -(without options, starting with zero.)180 304.8 Q F2144 316.8 Q F3 -(n)A F0 1.194(Displays the)180 316.8 R F3(n)3.694 E F0 1.194 +(without options, starting with zero.)180 465.6 Q F1144 477.6 Q F2 +(n)A F0 1.194(Displays the)180 477.6 R F2(n)3.694 E F0 1.194 (th entry counting from the right of the list sho)B 1.194(wn by)-.25 F -F2(dirs)3.694 E F0 1.194(when in)3.694 F -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G(d).1 E -(without options, starting with zero.)180 328.8 Q .258(The return v)144 -345.6 R .258(alue is 0 unless an in)-.25 F -.25(va)-.4 G .258 -(lid option is supplied or).25 F F3(n)2.758 E F0(inde)2.758 E -.15(xe) +F1(dirs)3.694 E F0 1.194(when in)3.694 F -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G(d).1 E +(without options, starting with zero.)180 489.6 Q .258(The return v)144 +506.4 R .258(alue is 0 unless an in)-.25 F -.25(va)-.4 G .258 +(lid option is supplied or).25 F F2(n)2.758 E F0(inde)2.758 E -.15(xe) -.15 G 2.758(sb).15 G -.15(ey)-2.758 G .258(ond the end of the direc-) -.15 F(tory stack.)144 357.6 Q F2(diso)108 374.4 Q(wn)-.1 E F0([)2.5 E F2 -(\255ar)A F0 2.5(][)C F2-2.5 E F0 2.5(][)C F3(jobspec)-2.5 E F0 -(... |)2.5 E F3(pid)2.5 E F0(... ])2.5 E -.4(Wi)144 386.4 S .121 -(thout options, remo).4 F .422 -.15(ve e)-.15 H(ach).15 E F3(jobspec) +.15 F(tory stack.)144 518.4 Q F1(diso)108 535.2 Q(wn)-.1 E F0([)2.5 E F1 +(\255ar)A F0 2.5(][)C F1-2.5 E F0 2.5(][)C F2(jobspec)-2.5 E F0 +(... |)2.5 E F2(pid)2.5 E F0(... ])2.5 E -.4(Wi)144 547.2 S .121 +(thout options, remo).4 F .422 -.15(ve e)-.15 H(ach).15 E F2(jobspec) 4.362 E F0 .122(from the table of acti)2.932 F .422 -.15(ve j)-.25 H -2.622(obs. If).15 F F3(jobspec)4.362 E F0 .122(is not present, and)2.932 -F .096(neither the)144 398.4 R F22.596 E F0 .096(nor the)2.596 F -F22.596 E F0 .096(option is supplied, the)2.596 F F3(curr)2.596 E -.096(ent job)-.37 F F0 .096(is used.)2.596 F .096(If the)5.096 F F2 +2.622(obs. If).15 F F2(jobspec)4.362 E F0 .122(is not present, and)2.932 +F .096(neither the)144 559.2 R F12.596 E F0 .096(nor the)2.596 F +F12.596 E F0 .096(option is supplied, the)2.596 F F2(curr)2.596 E +.096(ent job)-.37 F F0 .096(is used.)2.596 F .096(If the)5.096 F F1 2.596 E F0 .096(option is gi)2.596 F -.15(ve)-.25 G .096(n, each) -.15 F F3(jobspec)145.74 410.4 Q F0 .585(is not remo)3.395 F -.15(ve)-.15 +.15 F F2(jobspec)145.74 571.2 Q F0 .585(is not remo)3.395 F -.15(ve)-.15 G 3.085(df).15 G .585(rom the table, b)-3.085 F .585(ut is mark)-.2 F .585(ed so that)-.1 F/F4 9/Times-Bold@0 SF(SIGHUP)3.085 E F0 .586 -(is not sent to the job if the)2.835 F .962(shell recei)144 422.4 R -.15 +(is not sent to the job if the)2.835 F .962(shell recei)144 583.2 R -.15 (ve)-.25 G 3.462(sa).15 G F4(SIGHUP)A/F5 9/Times-Roman@0 SF(.)A F0 .962 -(If no)5.462 F F3(jobspec)5.202 E F0 .962(is supplied, the)3.772 F F2 +(If no)5.462 F F2(jobspec)5.202 E F0 .962(is supplied, the)3.772 F F1 3.462 E F0 .962(option means to remo)3.462 F 1.262 -.15(ve o)-.15 -H 3.462(rm).15 G .962(ark all)-3.462 F 1.358(jobs; the)144 434.4 R F2 -3.858 E F0 1.358(option without a)3.858 F F3(jobspec)5.598 E F0 +H 3.462(rm).15 G .962(ark all)-3.462 F 1.358(jobs; the)144 595.2 R F1 +3.858 E F0 1.358(option without a)3.858 F F2(jobspec)5.598 E F0 (ar)4.169 E 1.359(gument restricts operation to running jobs.)-.18 F -1.359(The return)6.359 F -.25(va)144 446.4 S(lue is 0 unless a).25 E F3 +1.359(The return)6.359 F -.25(va)144 607.2 S(lue is 0 unless a).25 E F2 (jobspec)4.24 E F0(does not specify a v)2.81 E(alid job)-.25 E(.)-.4 E -F2(echo)108 463.2 Q F0([)2.5 E F2(\255neE)A F0 2.5(][)C F3(ar)-2.5 E(g) --.37 E F0(...])2.5 E .425(Output the)144 475.2 R F3(ar)2.925 E(g)-.37 E -F0 .424(s, separated by spaces, follo)B .424(wed by a ne)-.25 F 2.924 +F1(echo)108 624 Q F0([)2.5 E F1(\255neE)A F0 2.5(][)C F2(ar)-2.5 E(g) +-.37 E F0(...])2.5 E .425(Output the)144 636 R F2(ar)2.925 E(g)-.37 E F0 +.424(s, separated by spaces, follo)B .424(wed by a ne)-.25 F 2.924 (wline. The)-.25 F .424(return status is 0 unless a write)2.924 F .307 -(error occurs.)144 487.2 R(If)5.307 E F22.807 E F0 .307 +(error occurs.)144 648 R(If)5.307 E F12.807 E F0 .307 (is speci\214ed, the trailing ne)2.807 F .308(wline is suppressed.)-.25 -F .308(If the)5.308 F F22.808 E F0 .308(option is gi)2.808 F -.15 +F .308(If the)5.308 F F12.808 E F0 .308(option is gi)2.808 F -.15 (ve)-.25 G .308(n, inter).15 F(-)-.2 E .198(pretation of the follo)144 -499.2 R .198(wing backslash-escaped characters is enabled.)-.25 F(The) -5.198 E F22.698 E F0 .197(option disables the in-)2.697 F .067 -(terpretation of these escape characters, e)144 511.2 R -.15(ve)-.25 G +660 R .198(wing backslash-escaped characters is enabled.)-.25 F(The) +5.198 E F12.698 E F0 .197(option disables the in-)2.697 F .067 +(terpretation of these escape characters, e)144 672 R -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.567(no).15 G 2.567(ns)-2.567 G .067(ystems where the)-2.567 F 2.567 -(ya)-.15 G .067(re interpreted by def)-2.567 F 2.568(ault. The)-.1 F F2 -(xpg_echo)144 523.2 Q F0 .602 +(ya)-.15 G .067(re interpreted by def)-2.567 F 2.568(ault. The)-.1 F F1 +(xpg_echo)144 684 Q F0 .602 (shell option may be used to dynamically determine whether or not)3.102 -F F2(echo)3.101 E F0 -.15(ex)3.101 G .601(pands these).15 F .658 -(escape characters by def)144 535.2 R(ault.)-.1 E F2(echo)5.658 E F0 -.659(does not interpret)3.159 F F23.159 E F0 .659 -(to mean the end of options.)3.159 F F2(echo)5.659 E F0(inter)3.159 E(-) --.2 E(prets the follo)144 547.2 Q(wing escape sequences:)-.25 E F2(\\a) -144 559.2 Q F0(alert \(bell\))180 559.2 Q F2(\\b)144 571.2 Q F0 -(backspace)180 571.2 Q F2(\\c)144 583.2 Q F0(suppress further output)180 -583.2 Q F2(\\e)144 595.2 Q(\\E)144 607.2 Q F0(an escape character)180 -607.2 Q F2(\\f)144 619.2 Q F0(form feed)180 619.2 Q F2(\\n)144 631.2 Q -F0(ne)180 631.2 Q 2.5(wl)-.25 G(ine)-2.5 E F2(\\r)144 643.2 Q F0 -(carriage return)180 643.2 Q F2(\\t)144 655.2 Q F0(horizontal tab)180 -655.2 Q F2(\\v)144 667.2 Q F0 -.15(ve)180 667.2 S(rtical tab).15 E F2 -(\\\\)144 679.2 Q F0(backslash)180 679.2 Q F2(\\0)144 691.2 Q F3(nnn)A -F0(the eight-bit character whose v)180 691.2 Q(alue is the octal v)-.25 -E(alue)-.25 E F3(nnn)2.5 E F0(\(zero to three octal digits\))2.5 E F2 -(\\x)144 703.2 Q F3(HH)A F0(the eight-bit character whose v)180 703.2 Q -(alue is the he)-.25 E(xadecimal v)-.15 E(alue)-.25 E F3(HH)2.5 E F0 -(\(one or tw)2.5 E 2.5(oh)-.1 G .3 -.15(ex d)-2.5 H(igits\)).15 E -(GNU Bash 5.2)72 768 Q(2022 March 11)144.29 E(65)193.45 E 0 Cg EP +F F1(echo)3.101 E F0 -.15(ex)3.101 G .601(pands these).15 F .658 +(escape characters by def)144 696 R(ault.)-.1 E F1(echo)5.658 E F0 .659 +(does not interpret)3.159 F F13.159 E F0 .659 +(to mean the end of options.)3.159 F F1(echo)5.659 E F0(inter)3.159 E(-) +-.2 E(prets the follo)144 708 Q(wing escape sequences:)-.25 E +(GNU Bash 5.2)72 768 Q(2022 June 3)150.675 E(65)199.835 E 0 Cg EP %%Page: 66 66 %%BeginPageSetup BP %%EndPageSetup /F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 137.14(SH\(1\) General).35 F (Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 -SF(\\u)144 84 Q/F2 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(HHHH)A F0 1.507 -(the Unicode \(ISO/IEC 10646\) character whose v)180 96 R 1.506 +SF(\\a)144 84 Q F0(alert \(bell\))180 84 Q F1(\\b)144 96 Q F0(backspace) +180 96 Q F1(\\c)144 108 Q F0(suppress further output)180 108 Q F1(\\e) +144 120 Q(\\E)144 132 Q F0(an escape character)180 132 Q F1(\\f)144 144 +Q F0(form feed)180 144 Q F1(\\n)144 156 Q F0(ne)180 156 Q 2.5(wl)-.25 G +(ine)-2.5 E F1(\\r)144 168 Q F0(carriage return)180 168 Q F1(\\t)144 180 +Q F0(horizontal tab)180 180 Q F1(\\v)144 192 Q F0 -.15(ve)180 192 S +(rtical tab).15 E F1(\\\\)144 204 Q F0(backslash)180 204 Q F1(\\0)144 +216 Q/F2 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(nnn)A F0(the eight-bit character whose v) +180 216 Q(alue is the octal v)-.25 E(alue)-.25 E F2(nnn)2.5 E F0 +(\(zero to three octal digits\))2.5 E F1(\\x)144 228 Q F2(HH)A F0 +(the eight-bit character whose v)180 228 Q(alue is the he)-.25 E +(xadecimal v)-.15 E(alue)-.25 E F2(HH)2.5 E F0(\(one or tw)2.5 E 2.5(oh) +-.1 G .3 -.15(ex d)-2.5 H(igits\)).15 E F1(\\u)144 240 Q F2(HHHH)A F0 +1.507(the Unicode \(ISO/IEC 10646\) character whose v)180 252 R 1.506 (alue is the he)-.25 F 1.506(xadecimal v)-.15 F(alue)-.25 E F2(HHHH) -4.006 E F0(\(one to four he)180 108 Q 2.5(xd)-.15 G(igits\))-2.5 E F1 -(\\U)144 120 Q F2(HHHHHHHH)A F0 .547 -(the Unicode \(ISO/IEC 10646\) character whose v)180 132 R .547 +4.006 E F0(\(one to four he)180 264 Q 2.5(xd)-.15 G(igits\))-2.5 E F1 +(\\U)144 276 Q F2(HHHHHHHH)A F0 .547 +(the Unicode \(ISO/IEC 10646\) character whose v)180 288 R .547 (alue is the he)-.25 F .548(xadecimal v)-.15 F(alue)-.25 E F2(HHHHH-) -3.048 E(HHH)180 144 Q F0(\(one to eight he)2.5 E 2.5(xd)-.15 G(igits\)) --2.5 E F1(enable)108 160.8 Q F0([)2.5 E F1A F0 2.5(][)C F1 +3.048 E(HHH)180 300 Q F0(\(one to eight he)2.5 E 2.5(xd)-.15 G(igits\)) +-2.5 E F1(enable)108 316.8 Q F0([)2.5 E F1A F0 2.5(][)C F1 (\255dnps)-2.5 E F0 2.5(][)C F1-2.5 E F2(\214lename)2.5 E F0 2.5 -(][)C F2(name)-2.5 E F0(...])2.5 E .278(Enable and disable b)144 172.8 R +(][)C F2(name)-2.5 E F0(...])2.5 E .278(Enable and disable b)144 328.8 R .278(uiltin shell commands.)-.2 F .278(Disabling a b)5.278 F .278 (uiltin allo)-.2 F .278(ws a disk command which has)-.25 F .833 -(the same name as a shell b)144 184.8 R .834(uiltin to be e)-.2 F -.15 +(the same name as a shell b)144 340.8 R .834(uiltin to be e)-.2 F -.15 (xe)-.15 G .834(cuted without specifying a full pathname, e).15 F -.15 (ve)-.25 G 3.334(nt).15 G(hough)-3.334 E .99 -(the shell normally searches for b)144 196.8 R .989 +(the shell normally searches for b)144 352.8 R .989 (uiltins before disk commands.)-.2 F(If)5.989 E F13.489 E F0 .989 (is used, each)3.489 F F2(name)3.489 E F0 .989(is dis-)3.489 F .648 -(abled; otherwise,)144 208.8 R F2(names)3.148 E F0 .648(are enabled.) +(abled; otherwise,)144 364.8 R F2(names)3.148 E F0 .648(are enabled.) 3.148 F -.15(Fo)5.648 G 3.148(re).15 G .648(xample, to use the)-3.298 F F1(test)3.148 E F0 .648(binary found via the)3.148 F/F3 9/Times-Bold@0 SF -.666(PA)3.148 G(TH)-.189 E F0(in-)2.899 E .539(stead of the shell b) -144 220.8 R .538(uiltin v)-.2 F .538(ersion, run)-.15 F/F4 10/Courier@0 +144 376.8 R .538(uiltin v)-.2 F .538(ersion, run)-.15 F/F4 10/Courier@0 SF .538(enable -n test)3.038 F F0 5.538(.T)C(he)-5.538 E F13.038 E -F0 .538(option means to load the ne)3.038 F(w)-.25 E -.2(bu)144 232.8 S +F0 .538(option means to load the ne)3.038 F(w)-.25 E -.2(bu)144 388.8 S 1.365(iltin command).2 F F2(name)4.225 E F0 1.365(from shared object) 4.045 F F2(\214lename)5.775 E F0 3.865(,o).18 G 3.865(ns)-3.865 G 1.365 (ystems that support dynamic loading.)-3.865 F .607(Bash will use the v) -144 244.8 R .606(alue of the)-.25 F F1 -.3(BA)3.106 G(SH_LO).3 E(AD)-.4 +144 400.8 R .606(alue of the)-.25 F F1 -.3(BA)3.106 G(SH_LO).3 E(AD)-.4 E(ABLES_P)-.35 E -.95(AT)-.74 G(H).95 E F0 -.25(va)3.106 G .606 (riable as a colon-separated list of).25 F .548 -(directories in which to search for)144 256.8 R F2(\214lename)3.048 E F0 +(directories in which to search for)144 412.8 R F2(\214lename)3.048 E F0 5.549(.T)C .549(he def)-5.549 F .549(ault is system-dependent.)-.1 F (The)5.549 E F13.049 E F0 .549(option will)3.049 F .547 -(delete a b)144 268.8 R .547(uiltin pre)-.2 F .547(viously loaded with) +(delete a b)144 424.8 R .547(uiltin pre)-.2 F .547(viously loaded with) -.25 F F13.047 E F0 5.547(.I)C 3.047(fn)-5.547 G(o)-3.047 E F2 (name)3.047 E F0(ar)3.047 E .547(guments are gi)-.18 F -.15(ve)-.25 G .546(n, or if the).15 F F13.046 E F0 .546(option is)3.046 F .545 -(supplied, a list of shell b)144 280.8 R .545(uiltins is printed.)-.2 F +(supplied, a list of shell b)144 436.8 R .545(uiltins is printed.)-.2 F -.4(Wi)5.545 G .545(th no other option ar).4 F .546 -(guments, the list consists of all)-.18 F .695(enabled shell b)144 292.8 +(guments, the list consists of all)-.18 F .695(enabled shell b)144 448.8 R 3.195(uiltins. If)-.2 F F13.195 E F0 .695 (is supplied, only disabled b)3.195 F .695(uiltins are printed.)-.2 F (If)5.695 E F13.195 E F0 .695(is supplied, the)3.195 F .261 -(list printed includes all b)144 304.8 R .261 +(list printed includes all b)144 460.8 R .261 (uiltins, with an indication of whether or not each is enabled.)-.2 F (If)5.261 E F12.761 E F0 .262(is sup-)2.762 F .269 -(plied, the output is restricted to the POSIX)144 316.8 R F2(special) +(plied, the output is restricted to the POSIX)144 472.8 R F2(special) 2.768 E F0 -.2(bu)2.768 G 2.768(iltins. If).2 F .268 (no options are supplied and a)2.768 F F2(name)2.768 E F0 .284 -(is not a shell b)144 328.8 R(uiltin,)-.2 E F1(enable)2.784 E F0 .284 +(is not a shell b)144 484.8 R(uiltin,)-.2 E F1(enable)2.784 E F0 .284 (will attempt to load)2.784 F F2(name)2.784 E F0 .284 (from a shared object named)2.784 F F2(name)2.785 E F0 2.785(,a)C 2.785 -(si)-2.785 G 2.785(ft)-2.785 G(he)-2.785 E 1.41(command were)144 340.8 R +(si)-2.785 G 2.785(ft)-2.785 G(he)-2.785 E 1.41(command were)144 496.8 R F4 1.41(enable \255f)3.91 F F2 1.41(name name)3.91 F F0 6.41(.T)3.91 G 1.41(he return v)-6.41 F 1.41(alue is 0 unless a)-.25 F F2(name)4.27 E -F0 1.41(is not a shell)4.09 F -.2(bu)144 352.8 S +F0 1.41(is not a shell)4.09 F -.2(bu)144 508.8 S (iltin or there is an error loading a ne).2 E 2.5(wb)-.25 G -(uiltin from a shared object.)-2.7 E F1 -2.3 -.15(ev a)108 369.6 T(l).15 -E F0([)2.5 E F2(ar)A(g)-.37 E F0(...])2.5 E(The)144 381.6 Q F2(ar)3.17 E +(uiltin from a shared object.)-2.7 E F1 -2.3 -.15(ev a)108 525.6 T(l).15 +E F0([)2.5 E F2(ar)A(g)-.37 E F0(...])2.5 E(The)144 537.6 Q F2(ar)3.17 E (g)-.37 E F0 3.17(sa)C .671 (re read and concatenated together into a single command.)-3.17 F .671 -(This command is then read)5.671 F .479(and e)144 393.6 R -.15(xe)-.15 G +(This command is then read)5.671 F .479(and e)144 549.6 R -.15(xe)-.15 G .479(cuted by the shell, and its e).15 F .479 (xit status is returned as the v)-.15 F .478(alue of)-.25 F F1 -2.3 -.15 (ev a)2.978 H(l).15 E F0 5.478(.I)C 2.978(ft)-5.478 G .478(here are no) --2.978 F F2(ar)3.308 E(gs)-.37 E F0(,).27 E(or only null ar)144 405.6 Q +-2.978 F F2(ar)3.308 E(gs)-.37 E F0(,).27 E(or only null ar)144 561.6 Q (guments,)-.18 E F1 -2.3 -.15(ev a)2.5 H(l).15 E F0(returns 0.)2.5 E F1 -(exec)108 422.4 Q F0([)2.5 E F1(\255cl)A F0 2.5(][)C F1-2.5 E F2 +(exec)108 578.4 Q F0([)2.5 E F1(\255cl)A F0 2.5(][)C F1-2.5 E F2 (name)2.5 E F0 2.5(][)C F2(command)-2.5 E F0([)2.5 E F2(ar)A(guments) --.37 E F0(]])A(If)144 434.4 Q F2(command)3.005 E F0 .305 +-.37 E F0(]])A(If)144 590.4 Q F2(command)3.005 E F0 .305 (is speci\214ed, it replaces the shell.)3.575 F .305(No ne)5.305 F 2.805 (wp)-.25 G .306(rocess is created.)-2.805 F(The)5.306 E F2(ar)3.136 E -(guments)-.37 E F0(become)3.076 E .177(the ar)144 446.4 R .177 +(guments)-.37 E F0(become)3.076 E .177(the ar)144 602.4 R .177 (guments to)-.18 F F2(command)2.676 E F0 5.176(.I)C 2.676(ft)-5.176 G (he)-2.676 E F12.676 E F0 .176 (option is supplied, the shell places a dash at the be)2.676 F .176 -(ginning of)-.15 F .48(the zeroth ar)144 458.4 R .48(gument passed to) +(ginning of)-.15 F .48(the zeroth ar)144 614.4 R .48(gument passed to) -.18 F F2(command)3.18 E F0 5.48(.T).77 G .48(his is what)-5.48 F F2(lo) 3.07 E(gin)-.1 E F0 .48(\(1\) does.).24 F(The)5.48 E F12.98 E F0 -.48(option causes)2.98 F F2(com-)3.18 E(mand)144 470.4 Q F0 .639 +.48(option causes)2.98 F F2(com-)3.18 E(mand)144 626.4 Q F0 .639 (to be e)3.909 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .638(cuted with an empty en).15 F 3.138 (vironment. If)-.4 F F13.138 E F0 .638 (is supplied, the shell passes)3.138 F F2(name)3.498 E F0 .638(as the) -3.318 F 1.077(zeroth ar)144 482.4 R 1.077(gument to the e)-.18 F -.15 +3.318 F 1.077(zeroth ar)144 638.4 R 1.077(gument to the e)-.18 F -.15 (xe)-.15 G 1.077(cuted command.).15 F(If)6.077 E F2(command)3.777 E F0 1.077(cannot be e)4.347 F -.15(xe)-.15 G 1.077(cuted for some reason, a) -.15 F(non-interacti)144 494.4 Q .877 -.15(ve s)-.25 H .577(hell e).15 F +.15 F(non-interacti)144 650.4 Q .877 -.15(ve s)-.25 H .577(hell e).15 F .577(xits, unless the)-.15 F F1(execfail)3.077 E F0 .577 (shell option is enabled.)3.077 F .576(In that case, it returns f)5.577 -F(ail-)-.1 E 3.32(ure. An)144 506.4 R(interacti)3.32 E 1.12 -.15(ve s) +F(ail-)-.1 E 3.32(ure. An)144 662.4 R(interacti)3.32 E 1.12 -.15(ve s) -.25 H .82(hell returns f).15 F .82(ailure if the \214le cannot be e)-.1 F -.15(xe)-.15 G 3.32(cuted. A).15 F .82(subshell e)3.32 F .82 -(xits uncondi-)-.15 F .288(tionally if)144 518.4 R F1(exec)2.788 E F0 +(xits uncondi-)-.15 F .288(tionally if)144 674.4 R F1(exec)2.788 E F0 -.1(fa)2.788 G 2.788(ils. If).1 F F2(command)2.988 E F0 .288 (is not speci\214ed, an)3.558 F 2.787(yr)-.15 G .287(edirections tak) -2.787 F 2.787(ee)-.1 G -.25(ff)-2.787 G .287(ect in the current shell,) -.25 F(and the return status is 0.)144 530.4 Q +.25 F(and the return status is 0.)144 686.4 Q (If there is a redirection error)5 E 2.5(,t)-.4 G -(he return status is 1.)-2.5 E F1(exit)108 547.2 Q F0([)2.5 E F2(n)A F0 -(])A .095(Cause the shell to e)144 547.2 R .095(xit with a status of) +(he return status is 1.)-2.5 E F1(exit)108 703.2 Q F0([)2.5 E F2(n)A F0 +(])A .095(Cause the shell to e)144 703.2 R .095(xit with a status of) -.15 F F2(n)2.595 E F0 5.095(.I)C(f)-5.095 E F2(n)2.955 E F0 .096 (is omitted, the e)2.835 F .096(xit status is that of the last command) --.15 F -.15(exe)144 559.2 S 2.5(cuted. A).15 F(trap on)2.5 E F3(EXIT)2.5 +-.15 F -.15(exe)144 715.2 S 2.5(cuted. A).15 F(trap on)2.5 E F3(EXIT)2.5 E F0(is e)2.25 E -.15(xe)-.15 G(cuted before the shell terminates.).15 E -F1(export)108 576 Q F0([)2.5 E F1(\255fn)A F0 2.5(][).833 G F2(name)-2.5 -E F0([=)A F2(wor)A(d)-.37 E F0(]] ...)A F1(export \255p)108 588 Q F0 -.257(The supplied)144 600 R F2(names)3.117 E F0 .257(are mark)3.027 F -.257(ed for automatic e)-.1 F .257(xport to the en)-.15 F .257 -(vironment of subsequently e)-.4 F -.15(xe)-.15 G(cuted).15 E 2.626 -(commands. If)144 612 R(the)2.626 E F12.626 E F0 .127 -(option is gi)2.627 F -.15(ve)-.25 G .127(n, the).15 F F2(names)2.987 E -F0 .127(refer to functions.)2.897 F .127(If no)5.127 F F2(names)2.987 E -F0 .127(are gi)2.897 F -.15(ve)-.25 G .127(n, or if the).15 F F1 -144 624 Q F0 .048(option is supplied, a list of names of all e)2.548 F -.048(xported v)-.15 F .048(ariables is printed.)-.25 F(The)5.048 E F1 -2.547 E F0 .047(option causes the)2.547 F -.15(ex)144 636 S 1.446 +(GNU Bash 5.2)72 768 Q(2022 June 3)150.675 E(66)199.835 E 0 Cg EP +%%Page: 67 67 +%%BeginPageSetup +BP +%%EndPageSetup +/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 137.14(SH\(1\) General).35 F +(Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 +SF(export)108 84 Q F0([)2.5 E F1(\255fn)A F0 2.5(][).833 G/F2 10 +/Times-Italic@0 SF(name)-2.5 E F0([=)A F2(wor)A(d)-.37 E F0(]] ...)A F1 +(export \255p)108 96 Q F0 .257(The supplied)144 108 R F2(names)3.117 E +F0 .257(are mark)3.027 F .257(ed for automatic e)-.1 F .257 +(xport to the en)-.15 F .257(vironment of subsequently e)-.4 F -.15(xe) +-.15 G(cuted).15 E 2.626(commands. If)144 120 R(the)2.626 E F1 +2.626 E F0 .127(option is gi)2.627 F -.15(ve)-.25 G .127(n, the).15 F F2 +(names)2.987 E F0 .127(refer to functions.)2.897 F .127(If no)5.127 F F2 +(names)2.987 E F0 .127(are gi)2.897 F -.15(ve)-.25 G .127(n, or if the) +.15 F F1144 132 Q F0 .048 +(option is supplied, a list of names of all e)2.548 F .048(xported v) +-.15 F .048(ariables is printed.)-.25 F(The)5.048 E F12.547 E F0 +.047(option causes the)2.547 F -.15(ex)144 144 S 1.446 (port property to be remo).15 F -.15(ve)-.15 G 3.947(df).15 G 1.447 (rom each)-3.947 F F2(name)3.947 E F0 6.447(.I)C 3.947(fav)-6.447 G 1.447(ariable name is follo)-4.197 F 1.447(wed by =)-.25 F F2(wor)A(d) --.37 E F0 3.947(,t)C(he)-3.947 E -.25(va)144 648 S .742(lue of the v).25 +-.37 E F0 3.947(,t)C(he)-3.947 E -.25(va)144 156 S .742(lue of the v).25 F .742(ariable is set to)-.25 F F2(wor)3.242 E(d)-.37 E F0(.)A F1 (export)5.742 E F0 .742(returns an e)3.242 F .741 (xit status of 0 unless an in)-.15 F -.25(va)-.4 G .741(lid option is) -.25 F .031(encountered, one of the)144 660 R F2(names)2.531 E F0 .031 +.25 F .031(encountered, one of the)144 168 R F2(names)2.531 E F0 .031 (is not a v)2.531 F .032(alid shell v)-.25 F .032(ariable name, or)-.25 F F12.532 E F0 .032(is supplied with a)2.532 F F2(name)2.892 E F0 -(that)2.712 E(is not a function.)144 672 Q F1(fc)108 688.8 Q F0([)2.5 E +(that)2.712 E(is not a function.)144 180 Q F1(fc)108 196.8 Q F0([)2.5 E F1A F2(ename)2.5 E F0 2.5(][)C F1(\255lnr)-2.5 E F0 2.5(][)C F2 <8c72>-2.5 E(st)-.1 E F0 2.5(][)C F2(last)-2.5 E F0(])A F1(fc \255s)108 -700.8 Q F0([)2.5 E F2(pat)A F0(=)A F2 -.37(re)C(p).37 E F0 2.5(][)C F2 +208.8 Q F0([)2.5 E F2(pat)A F0(=)A F2 -.37(re)C(p).37 E F0 2.5(][)C F2 (cmd)-2.5 E F0(])A .432 -(The \214rst form selects a range of commands from)144 712.8 R F2<8c72> +(The \214rst form selects a range of commands from)144 220.8 R F2<8c72> 4.842 E(st)-.1 E F0(to)3.612 E F2(last)3.022 E F0 .431 (from the history list and displays or)3.612 F .141(edits and re-e)144 -724.8 R -.15(xe)-.15 G .141(cutes them.).15 F F2 -.45(Fi)5.141 G -.1(rs) +232.8 R -.15(xe)-.15 G .141(cutes them.).15 F F2 -.45(Fi)5.141 G -.1(rs) .45 G(t).1 E F0(and)3.321 E F2(last)2.731 E F0 .141 -(may be speci\214ed as a string \(to locate the last command)3.321 F -(GNU Bash 5.2)72 768 Q(2022 March 11)144.29 E(66)193.45 E 0 Cg EP -%%Page: 67 67 -%%BeginPageSetup -BP -%%EndPageSetup -/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 137.14(SH\(1\) General).35 F -(Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E(be)144 84 Q .311 -(ginning with that string\) or as a number \(an inde)-.15 F 2.811(xi) --.15 G .31(nto the history list, where a ne)-2.811 F -.05(ga)-.15 G(ti) -.05 E .61 -.15(ve n)-.25 H(umber).15 E .071(is used as an of)144 96 R -.071(fset from the current command number\).)-.25 F .071 -(When listing, a)5.071 F/F1 10/Times-Italic@0 SF<8c72>2.571 E(st)-.1 E -F0(or)2.571 E F1(last)2.571 E F0 .071(of 0 is equi)2.571 F -.25(va)-.25 -G(-).25 E .653(lent to \2551 and \2550 is equi)144 108 R -.25(va)-.25 G -.653(lent to the current command \(usually the).25 F/F2 10/Times-Bold@0 -SF(fc)3.153 E F0 .653(command\); otherwise 0 is)3.153 F(equi)144 120 Q --.25(va)-.25 G .242(lent to \2551 and \2550 is in).25 F -.25(va)-.4 G -2.742(lid. If).25 F F1(last)2.832 E F0 .242 +(may be speci\214ed as a string \(to locate the last command)3.321 F(be) +144 244.8 Q .311(ginning with that string\) or as a number \(an inde) +-.15 F 2.811(xi)-.15 G .31(nto the history list, where a ne)-2.811 F +-.05(ga)-.15 G(ti).05 E .61 -.15(ve n)-.25 H(umber).15 E .071 +(is used as an of)144 256.8 R .071 +(fset from the current command number\).)-.25 F .071(When listing, a) +5.071 F F2<8c72>2.571 E(st)-.1 E F0(or)2.571 E F2(last)2.571 E F0 .071 +(of 0 is equi)2.571 F -.25(va)-.25 G(-).25 E .653 +(lent to \2551 and \2550 is equi)144 268.8 R -.25(va)-.25 G .653 +(lent to the current command \(usually the).25 F F1(fc)3.153 E F0 .653 +(command\); otherwise 0 is)3.153 F(equi)144 280.8 Q -.25(va)-.25 G .242 +(lent to \2551 and \2550 is in).25 F -.25(va)-.4 G 2.742(lid. If).25 F +F2(last)2.832 E F0 .242 (is not speci\214ed, it is set to the current command for list-)3.422 F -.093(ing \(so that)144 132 R/F3 10/Courier@0 SF .093(fc \255l \25510) -2.593 F F0 .093(prints the last 10 commands\) and to)2.593 F F1<8c72> -4.502 E(st)-.1 E F0 2.592(otherwise. If)3.272 F F1<8c72>4.502 E(st)-.1 E -F0 .092(is not speci-)3.272 F(\214ed, it is set to the pre)144 144 Q -(vious command for editing and \25516 for listing.)-.25 E(The)144 168 Q -F22.522 E F0 .022 +.093(ing \(so that)144 292.8 R/F3 10/Courier@0 SF .093(fc \255l \25510) +2.593 F F0 .093(prints the last 10 commands\) and to)2.593 F F2<8c72> +4.502 E(st)-.1 E F0 2.592(otherwise. If)3.272 F F2<8c72>4.502 E(st)-.1 E +F0 .092(is not speci-)3.272 F(\214ed, it is set to the pre)144 304.8 Q +(vious command for editing and \25516 for listing.)-.25 E(The)144 328.8 +Q F12.522 E F0 .022 (option suppresses the command numbers when listing.)2.522 F(The)5.022 E -F22.522 E F0 .022(option re)2.522 F -.15(ve)-.25 G .022 -(rses the order of).15 F .438(the commands.)144 180 R .438(If the)5.438 -F F22.938 E F0 .438(option is gi)2.938 F -.15(ve)-.25 G .438 +F12.522 E F0 .022(option re)2.522 F -.15(ve)-.25 G .022 +(rses the order of).15 F .438(the commands.)144 340.8 R .438(If the) +5.438 F F12.938 E F0 .438(option is gi)2.938 F -.15(ve)-.25 G .438 (n, the commands are listed on standard output.).15 F(Otherwise,)5.438 E -.334(the editor gi)144 192 R -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.834(nb).15 G(y)-2.834 E F1 -(ename)3.024 E F0 .335(is in)3.014 F -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G 2.835(do) -.1 G 2.835(na\214)-2.835 G .335(le containing those commands.)-2.835 F -(If)5.335 E F1(ename)3.025 E F0 .335(is not gi)3.015 F -.15(ve)-.25 G -(n,).15 E .631(the v)144 204 R .631(alue of the)-.25 F/F4 9/Times-Bold@0 -SF(FCEDIT)3.131 E F0 -.25(va)2.881 G .631(riable is used, and the v).25 -F .631(alue of)-.25 F F4(EDIT)3.131 E(OR)-.162 E F0(if)2.881 E F4 -(FCEDIT)3.13 E F0 .63(is not set.)2.88 F .63(If nei-)5.63 F .005(ther v) -144 216 R .005(ariable is set,)-.25 F F1(vi)4.171 E F0 .005(is used.) -4.171 F .005 +.334(the editor gi)144 352.8 R -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.834(nb).15 G(y)-2.834 E +F2(ename)3.024 E F0 .335(is in)3.014 F -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G 2.835 +(do).1 G 2.835(na\214)-2.835 G .335(le containing those commands.)-2.835 +F(If)5.335 E F2(ename)3.025 E F0 .335(is not gi)3.015 F -.15(ve)-.25 G +(n,).15 E .631(the v)144 364.8 R .631(alue of the)-.25 F/F4 9 +/Times-Bold@0 SF(FCEDIT)3.131 E F0 -.25(va)2.881 G .631 +(riable is used, and the v).25 F .631(alue of)-.25 F F4(EDIT)3.131 E(OR) +-.162 E F0(if)2.881 E F4(FCEDIT)3.13 E F0 .63(is not set.)2.88 F .63 +(If nei-)5.63 F .005(ther v)144 376.8 R .005(ariable is set,)-.25 F F2 +(vi)4.171 E F0 .005(is used.)4.171 F .005 (When editing is complete, the edited commands are echoed and e)5.005 F -(x-)-.15 E(ecuted.)144 228 Q .789(In the second form,)144 252 R F1 +(x-)-.15 E(ecuted.)144 388.8 Q .789(In the second form,)144 412.8 R F2 (command)3.288 E F0 .788(is re-e)3.288 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .788 -(cuted after each instance of).15 F F1(pat)3.288 E F0 .788 -(is replaced by)3.288 F F1 -.37(re)3.288 G(p).37 E F0(.)A F1(Com-)5.788 -E(mand)144 264 Q F0 .171(is interpreted the same as)2.671 F F1<8c72> +(cuted after each instance of).15 F F2(pat)3.288 E F0 .788 +(is replaced by)3.288 F F2 -.37(re)3.288 G(p).37 E F0(.)A F2(Com-)5.788 +E(mand)144 424.8 Q F0 .171(is interpreted the same as)2.671 F F2<8c72> 2.671 E(st)-.1 E F0(abo)2.671 E -.15(ve)-.15 G 5.171(.A).15 G .172 (useful alias to use with this is)-2.499 F F3 .172(r='fc \255s')2.672 F -F0 2.672(,s)C 2.672(ot)-2.672 G(hat)-2.672 E(typing)144 276 Q F3 7.166 +F0 2.672(,s)C 2.672(ot)-2.672 G(hat)-2.672 E(typing)144 436.8 Q F3 7.166 (rc)3.666 G(c)-7.166 E F0 1.166(runs the last command be)3.666 F 1.166 (ginning with)-.15 F F3(cc)3.666 E F0 1.165(and typing)3.666 F F3(r) 3.665 E F0(re-e)3.665 E -.15(xe)-.15 G 1.165(cutes the last com-).15 F -(mand.)144 288 Q .142(If the \214rst form is used, the return v)144 312 -R .142(alue is 0 unless an in)-.25 F -.25(va)-.4 G .142 -(lid option is encountered or).25 F F1<8c72>4.552 E(st)-.1 E F0(or)3.322 -E F1(last)2.732 E F0 .455(specify history lines out of range.)144 324 R -.454(If the)5.454 F F22.954 E F0 .454 +(mand.)144 448.8 Q .142(If the \214rst form is used, the return v)144 +472.8 R .142(alue is 0 unless an in)-.25 F -.25(va)-.4 G .142 +(lid option is encountered or).25 F F2<8c72>4.552 E(st)-.1 E F0(or)3.322 +E F2(last)2.732 E F0 .455(specify history lines out of range.)144 484.8 +R .454(If the)5.454 F F12.954 E F0 .454 (option is supplied, the return v)2.954 F .454(alue is the v)-.25 F .454 -(alue of the)-.25 F .787(last command e)144 336 R -.15(xe)-.15 G .787 +(alue of the)-.25 F .787(last command e)144 496.8 R -.15(xe)-.15 G .787 (cuted or f).15 F .788 (ailure if an error occurs with the temporary \214le of commands.)-.1 F .788(If the)5.788 F 1.136 (second form is used, the return status is that of the command re-e)144 -348 R -.15(xe)-.15 G 1.135(cuted, unless).15 F F1(cmd)3.835 E F0 1.135 -(does not)4.405 F(specify a v)144 360 Q -(alid history line, in which case)-.25 E F2(fc)2.5 E F0(returns f)2.5 E -(ailure.)-.1 E F2(fg)108 376.8 Q F0([)2.5 E F1(jobspec)A F0(])A(Resume) -144 388.8 Q F1(jobspec)5.653 E F0 1.413(in the fore)4.223 F 1.413 +508.8 R -.15(xe)-.15 G 1.135(cuted, unless).15 F F2(cmd)3.835 E F0 1.135 +(does not)4.405 F(specify a v)144 520.8 Q +(alid history line, in which case)-.25 E F1(fc)2.5 E F0(returns f)2.5 E +(ailure.)-.1 E F1(fg)108 537.6 Q F0([)2.5 E F2(jobspec)A F0(])A(Resume) +144 549.6 Q F2(jobspec)5.653 E F0 1.413(in the fore)4.223 F 1.413 (ground, and mak)-.15 F 3.913(ei)-.1 G 3.913(tt)-3.913 G 1.413 -(he current job)-3.913 F 6.413(.I)-.4 G(f)-6.413 E F1(jobspec)5.653 E F0 -1.414(is not present, the)4.223 F(shell')144 400.8 Q 3.117(sn)-.55 G -.617(otion of the)-3.117 F F1(curr)3.117 E .617(ent job)-.37 F F0 .617 +(he current job)-3.913 F 6.413(.I)-.4 G(f)-6.413 E F2(jobspec)5.653 E F0 +1.414(is not present, the)4.223 F(shell')144 561.6 Q 3.117(sn)-.55 G +.617(otion of the)-3.117 F F2(curr)3.117 E .617(ent job)-.37 F F0 .617 (is used.)3.117 F .617(The return v)5.617 F .616 -(alue is that of the command placed into the)-.25 F(fore)144 412.8 Q +(alue is that of the command placed into the)-.25 F(fore)144 573.6 Q .362(ground, or f)-.15 F .362 (ailure if run when job control is disabled or)-.1 F 2.862(,w)-.4 G .363 -(hen run with job control enabled, if)-2.862 F F1(jobspec)145.74 424.8 Q -F0(does not specify a v)2.81 E(alid job or)-.25 E F1(jobspec)4.24 E F0 +(hen run with job control enabled, if)-2.862 F F2(jobspec)145.74 585.6 Q +F0(does not specify a v)2.81 E(alid job or)-.25 E F2(jobspec)4.24 E F0 (speci\214es a job that w)2.81 E(as started without job control.)-.1 E -F2(getopts)108 441.6 Q F1(optstring name)2.5 E F0([)2.5 E F1(ar)A 2.5 -(g.)-.37 G(..)-2.5 E F0(])A F2(getopts)144 453.6 Q F0 .793 -(is used by shell procedures to parse positional parameters.)3.294 F F1 +F1(getopts)108 602.4 Q F2(optstring name)2.5 E F0([)2.5 E F2(ar)A 2.5 +(g.)-.37 G(..)-2.5 E F0(])A F1(getopts)144 614.4 Q F0 .793 +(is used by shell procedures to parse positional parameters.)3.294 F F2 (optstring)6.023 E F0 .793(contains the option)3.513 F .149 -(characters to be recognized; if a character is follo)144 465.6 R .15 +(characters to be recognized; if a character is follo)144 626.4 R .15 (wed by a colon, the option is e)-.25 F .15(xpected to ha)-.15 F .45 --.15(ve a)-.2 H(n).15 E(ar)144 477.6 Q .579 +-.15(ve a)-.2 H(n).15 E(ar)144 638.4 Q .579 (gument, which should be separated from it by white space.)-.18 F .578 (The colon and question mark char)5.579 F(-)-.2 E .636 -(acters may not be used as option characters.)144 489.6 R .636 -(Each time it is in)5.636 F -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G(d,).1 E F2(getopts) +(acters may not be used as option characters.)144 650.4 R .636 +(Each time it is in)5.636 F -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G(d,).1 E F1(getopts) 3.136 E F0 .636(places the ne)3.136 F .636(xt op-)-.15 F .03 -(tion in the shell v)144 501.6 R(ariable)-.25 E F1(name)2.89 E F0 2.53 -(,i).18 G(nitializing)-2.53 E F1(name)2.89 E F0 .029(if it does not e) +(tion in the shell v)144 662.4 R(ariable)-.25 E F2(name)2.89 E F0 2.53 +(,i).18 G(nitializing)-2.53 E F2(name)2.89 E F0 .029(if it does not e) 2.71 F .029(xist, and the inde)-.15 F 2.529(xo)-.15 G 2.529(ft)-2.529 G .029(he ne)-2.529 F .029(xt ar)-.15 F(gu-)-.18 E .065 -(ment to be processed into the v)144 513.6 R(ariable)-.25 E F4(OPTIND) +(ment to be processed into the v)144 674.4 R(ariable)-.25 E F4(OPTIND) 2.565 E/F5 9/Times-Roman@0 SF(.)A F4(OPTIND)4.565 E F0 .066 (is initialized to 1 each time the shell or a)2.315 F .885 -(shell script is in)144 525.6 R -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G 3.385(d. When) -.1 F .885(an option requires an ar)3.385 F(gument,)-.18 E F2(getopts) +(shell script is in)144 686.4 R -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G 3.385(d. When) +.1 F .885(an option requires an ar)3.385 F(gument,)-.18 E F1(getopts) 3.385 E F0 .885(places that ar)3.385 F .885(gument into)-.18 F .566 -(the v)144 537.6 R(ariable)-.25 E F4(OPT)3.066 E(ARG)-.81 E F5(.)A F0 +(the v)144 698.4 R(ariable)-.25 E F4(OPT)3.066 E(ARG)-.81 E F5(.)A F0 .566(The shell does not reset)5.066 F F4(OPTIND)3.066 E F0 .567 (automatically; it must be manually reset)2.816 F .39 -(between multiple calls to)144 549.6 R F2(getopts)2.89 E F0 .39 +(between multiple calls to)144 710.4 R F1(getopts)2.89 E F0 .39 (within the same shell in)2.89 F -.2(vo)-.4 G .389(cation if a ne).2 F -2.889(ws)-.25 G .389(et of parameters is to)-2.889 F(be used.)144 561.6 -Q 2.043(When the end of options is encountered,)144 585.6 R F2(getopts) -4.543 E F0 -.15(ex)4.543 G 2.043(its with a return v).15 F 2.044 -(alue greater than zero.)-.25 F F4(OPTIND)144 597.6 Q F0 -(is set to the inde)2.25 E 2.5(xo)-.15 G 2.5(ft)-2.5 G -(he \214rst non-option ar)-2.5 E(gument, and)-.18 E F1(name)2.5 E F0 -(is set to ?.)2.5 E F2(getopts)144 621.6 Q F0 .485 -(normally parses the positional parameters, b)2.985 F .485 -(ut if more ar)-.2 F .485(guments are supplied as)-.18 F F1(ar)3.315 E -(g)-.37 E F0 -.25(va)3.205 G(l-).25 E(ues,)144 633.6 Q F2(getopts)2.5 E -F0(parses those instead.)2.5 E F2(getopts)144 657.6 Q F0 .345 -(can report errors in tw)2.845 F 2.845(ow)-.1 G 2.845(ays. If)-2.945 F -.345(the \214rst character of)2.845 F F1(optstring)3.075 E F0 .345 -(is a colon,)3.065 F F1(silent)3.185 E F0 .345(error re-)3.525 F 1.669 -(porting is used.)144 669.6 R 1.668 -(In normal operation, diagnostic messages are printed when in)6.669 F --.25(va)-.4 G 1.668(lid options or).25 F .393(missing option ar)144 -681.6 R .393(guments are encountered.)-.18 F .394(If the v)5.394 F -(ariable)-.25 E F4(OPTERR)2.894 E F0 .394 -(is set to 0, no error messages)2.644 F(will be displayed, e)144 693.6 Q --.15(ve)-.25 G 2.5(ni).15 G 2.5(ft)-2.5 G(he \214rst character of)-2.5 E -F1(optstring)2.73 E F0(is not a colon.)2.72 E .667(If an in)144 717.6 R --.25(va)-.4 G .667(lid option is seen,).25 F F2(getopts)3.167 E F0 .667 -(places ? into)3.167 F F1(name)3.527 E F0 .666 -(and, if not silent, prints an error message)3.347 F .399(and unsets)144 -729.6 R F4(OPT)2.899 E(ARG)-.81 E F5(.)A F0(If)4.899 E F2(getopts)2.899 -E F0 .399(is silent, the option character found is placed in)2.899 F F4 -(OPT)2.899 E(ARG)-.81 E F0 .4(and no)2.65 F(GNU Bash 5.2)72 768 Q -(2022 March 11)144.29 E(67)193.45 E 0 Cg EP +2.889(ws)-.25 G .389(et of parameters is to)-2.889 F(be used.)144 722.4 +Q(GNU Bash 5.2)72 768 Q(2022 June 3)150.675 E(67)199.835 E 0 Cg EP %%Page: 68 68 %%BeginPageSetup BP %%EndPageSetup /F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 137.14(SH\(1\) General).35 F -(Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E -(diagnostic message is printed.)144 84 Q 1.242(If a required ar)144 108 -R 1.242(gument is not found, and)-.18 F/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(getopts) -3.741 E F0 1.241(is not silent, a question mark \()3.741 F F1(?).833 E -F0 3.741(\)i).833 G 3.741(sp)-3.741 G 1.241(laced in)-3.741 F/F2 10 -/Times-Italic@0 SF(name)144.36 120 Q F0(,).18 E/F3 9/Times-Bold@0 SF -(OPT)2.713 E(ARG)-.81 E F0 .213 +(Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E 2.043 +(When the end of options is encountered,)144 84 R/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 SF +(getopts)4.543 E F0 -.15(ex)4.543 G 2.043(its with a return v).15 F +2.044(alue greater than zero.)-.25 F/F2 9/Times-Bold@0 SF(OPTIND)144 96 +Q F0(is set to the inde)2.25 E 2.5(xo)-.15 G 2.5(ft)-2.5 G +(he \214rst non-option ar)-2.5 E(gument, and)-.18 E/F3 10/Times-Italic@0 +SF(name)2.5 E F0(is set to ?.)2.5 E F1(getopts)144 120 Q F0 .485 +(normally parses the positional parameters, b)2.985 F .485 +(ut if more ar)-.2 F .485(guments are supplied as)-.18 F F3(ar)3.315 E +(g)-.37 E F0 -.25(va)3.205 G(l-).25 E(ues,)144 132 Q F1(getopts)2.5 E F0 +(parses those instead.)2.5 E F1(getopts)144 156 Q F0 .345 +(can report errors in tw)2.845 F 2.845(ow)-.1 G 2.845(ays. If)-2.945 F +.345(the \214rst character of)2.845 F F3(optstring)3.075 E F0 .345 +(is a colon,)3.065 F F3(silent)3.185 E F0 .345(error re-)3.525 F 1.669 +(porting is used.)144 168 R 1.668 +(In normal operation, diagnostic messages are printed when in)6.669 F +-.25(va)-.4 G 1.668(lid options or).25 F .393(missing option ar)144 180 +R .393(guments are encountered.)-.18 F .394(If the v)5.394 F(ariable) +-.25 E F2(OPTERR)2.894 E F0 .394(is set to 0, no error messages)2.644 F +(will be displayed, e)144 192 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.5(ni).15 G 2.5(ft)-2.5 +G(he \214rst character of)-2.5 E F3(optstring)2.73 E F0(is not a colon.) +2.72 E .667(If an in)144 216 R -.25(va)-.4 G .667(lid option is seen,) +.25 F F1(getopts)3.167 E F0 .667(places ? into)3.167 F F3(name)3.527 E +F0 .666(and, if not silent, prints an error message)3.347 F .399 +(and unsets)144 228 R F2(OPT)2.899 E(ARG)-.81 E/F4 9/Times-Roman@0 SF(.) +A F0(If)4.899 E F1(getopts)2.899 E F0 .399 +(is silent, the option character found is placed in)2.899 F F2(OPT)2.899 +E(ARG)-.81 E F0 .4(and no)2.65 F(diagnostic message is printed.)144 240 +Q 1.242(If a required ar)144 264 R 1.242(gument is not found, and)-.18 F +F1(getopts)3.741 E F0 1.241(is not silent, a question mark \()3.741 F F1 +(?).833 E F0 3.741(\)i).833 G 3.741(sp)-3.741 G 1.241(laced in)-3.741 F +F3(name)144.36 276 Q F0(,).18 E F2(OPT)2.713 E(ARG)-.81 E F0 .213 (is unset, and a diagnostic message is printed.)2.463 F(If)5.213 E F1 (getopts)2.713 E F0 .213(is silent, then a colon \()2.713 F F1(:).833 E -F0(\)).833 E(is placed in)144 132 Q F2(name)2.86 E F0(and)2.68 E F3(OPT) +F0(\)).833 E(is placed in)144 288 Q F3(name)2.86 E F0(and)2.68 E F2(OPT) 2.5 E(ARG)-.81 E F0(is set to the option character found.)2.25 E F1 -(getopts)144 156 Q F0 .902 +(getopts)144 312 Q F0 .902 (returns true if an option, speci\214ed or unspeci\214ed, is found.) 3.402 F .902(It returns f)5.902 F .901(alse if the end of)-.1 F -(options is encountered or an error occurs.)144 168 Q F1(hash)108 184.8 -Q F0([)2.5 E F1(\255lr)A F0 2.5(][)C F1-2.5 E F2(\214lename)2.5 E -F0 2.5(][)C F1(\255dt)-2.5 E F0 2.5(][)C F2(name)-2.5 E F0(])A .858 -(Each time)144 196.8 R F1(hash)3.358 E F0 .858(is in)3.358 F -.2(vo)-.4 -G -.1(ke).2 G .858(d, the full pathname of the command).1 F F2(name) +(options is encountered or an error occurs.)144 324 Q F1(hash)108 340.8 +Q F0([)2.5 E F1(\255lr)A F0 2.5(][)C F1-2.5 E F3(\214lename)2.5 E +F0 2.5(][)C F1(\255dt)-2.5 E F0 2.5(][)C F3(name)-2.5 E F0(])A .858 +(Each time)144 352.8 R F1(hash)3.358 E F0 .858(is in)3.358 F -.2(vo)-.4 +G -.1(ke).2 G .858(d, the full pathname of the command).1 F F3(name) 3.718 E F0 .858(is determined by searching)3.538 F .956 -(the directories in)144 208.8 R F1($P)3.456 E -.95(AT)-.74 G(H).95 E F0 +(the directories in)144 364.8 R F1($P)3.456 E -.95(AT)-.74 G(H).95 E F0 .956(and remembered.)3.456 F(An)5.956 E 3.456(yp)-.15 G(re)-3.456 E .956 -(viously-remembered pathname is discarded.)-.25 F .242(If the)144 220.8 +(viously-remembered pathname is discarded.)-.25 F .242(If the)144 376.8 R F12.742 E F0 .243 -(option is supplied, no path search is performed, and)2.742 F F2 +(option is supplied, no path search is performed, and)2.742 F F3 (\214lename)4.653 E F0 .243(is used as the full \214lename)2.923 F .615 -(of the command.)144 232.8 R(The)5.615 E F13.115 E F0 .615 +(of the command.)144 388.8 R(The)5.615 E F13.115 E F0 .615 (option causes the shell to for)3.115 F .615 (get all remembered locations.)-.18 F(The)5.615 E F13.115 E F0 -(op-)3.115 E .293(tion causes the shell to for)144 244.8 R .293 -(get the remembered location of each)-.18 F F2(name)2.794 E F0 5.294(.I) +(op-)3.115 E .293(tion causes the shell to for)144 400.8 R .293 +(get the remembered location of each)-.18 F F3(name)2.794 E F0 5.294(.I) C 2.794(ft)-5.294 G(he)-2.794 E F12.794 E F0 .294 (option is supplied,)2.794 F .028(the full pathname to which each)144 -256.8 R F2(name)2.528 E F0 .028(corresponds is printed.)2.528 F .028 -(If multiple)5.028 F F2(name)2.528 E F0(ar)2.528 E .028 -(guments are sup-)-.18 F .175(plied with)144 268.8 R F12.675 E F0 -2.675(,t)C(he)-2.675 E F2(name)2.675 E F0 .175 +412.8 R F3(name)2.528 E F0 .028(corresponds is printed.)2.528 F .028 +(If multiple)5.028 F F3(name)2.528 E F0(ar)2.528 E .028 +(guments are sup-)-.18 F .175(plied with)144 424.8 R F12.675 E F0 +2.675(,t)C(he)-2.675 E F3(name)2.675 E F0 .175 (is printed before the hashed full pathname.)2.675 F(The)5.175 E F1 2.676 E F0 .176(option causes output to)2.676 F .783 -(be displayed in a format that may be reused as input.)144 280.8 R .783 +(be displayed in a format that may be reused as input.)144 436.8 R .783 (If no ar)5.783 F .783(guments are gi)-.18 F -.15(ve)-.25 G .783 (n, or if only).15 F F13.283 E F0(is)3.283 E .807 -(supplied, information about remembered commands is printed.)144 292.8 R -.807(The return status is true unless a)5.807 F F2(name)144.36 304.8 Q +(supplied, information about remembered commands is printed.)144 448.8 R +.807(The return status is true unless a)5.807 F F3(name)144.36 460.8 Q F0(is not found or an in)2.68 E -.25(va)-.4 G(lid option is supplied.) -.25 E F1(help)108 321.6 Q F0([)2.5 E F1(\255dms)A F0 2.5(][)C F2 +.25 E F1(help)108 477.6 Q F0([)2.5 E F1(\255dms)A F0 2.5(][)C F3 (pattern)-2.5 E F0(])A .867(Display helpful information about b)144 -333.6 R .867(uiltin commands.)-.2 F(If)5.867 E F2(pattern)4.617 E F0 +489.6 R .867(uiltin commands.)-.2 F(If)5.867 E F3(pattern)4.617 E F0 .866(is speci\214ed,)3.607 F F1(help)3.366 E F0(gi)3.366 E -.15(ve)-.25 G 3.366(sd).15 G(etailed)-3.366 E .223(help on all commands matching)144 -345.6 R F2(pattern)3.973 E F0 2.723(;o).24 G .223 +501.6 R F3(pattern)3.973 E F0 2.723(;o).24 G .223 (therwise help for all the b)-2.723 F .224 -(uiltins and shell control struc-)-.2 F(tures is printed.)144 357.6 Q F1 -144 369.6 Q F0(Display a short description of each)180 369.6 Q F2 -(pattern)2.5 E F1144 381.6 Q F0(Display the description of each) -180 381.6 Q F2(pattern)2.5 E F0(in a manpage-lik)2.5 E 2.5(ef)-.1 G -(ormat)-2.5 E F1144 393.6 Q F0 -(Display only a short usage synopsis for each)180 393.6 Q F2(pattern)2.5 -E F0(The return status is 0 unless no command matches)144 410.4 Q F2 -(pattern)3.75 E F0(.).24 E F1(history [)108 427.2 Q F2(n)A F1(])A -(history \255c)108 439.2 Q(history \255d)108 451.2 Q F2(of)2.5 E(fset) --.18 E F1(history \255d)108 463.2 Q F2(start)2.5 E F0A F2(end)A F1 -(history \255anrw)108 475.2 Q F0([)2.5 E F2(\214lename)A F0(])A F1 -(history \255p)108 487.2 Q F2(ar)2.5 E(g)-.37 E F0([)2.5 E F2(ar)A 2.5 -(g.)-.37 G(..)-2.5 E F0(])A F1(history \255s)108 499.2 Q F2(ar)2.5 E(g) --.37 E F0([)2.5 E F2(ar)A 2.5(g.)-.37 G(..)-2.5 E F0(])A -.4(Wi)144 -511.2 S .752 +(uiltins and shell control struc-)-.2 F(tures is printed.)144 513.6 Q F1 +144 525.6 Q F0(Display a short description of each)180 525.6 Q F3 +(pattern)2.5 E F1144 537.6 Q F0(Display the description of each) +180 537.6 Q F3(pattern)2.5 E F0(in a manpage-lik)2.5 E 2.5(ef)-.1 G +(ormat)-2.5 E F1144 549.6 Q F0 +(Display only a short usage synopsis for each)180 549.6 Q F3(pattern)2.5 +E F0(The return status is 0 unless no command matches)144 566.4 Q F3 +(pattern)3.75 E F0(.).24 E F1(history [)108 583.2 Q F3(n)A F1(])A +(history \255c)108 595.2 Q(history \255d)108 607.2 Q F3(of)2.5 E(fset) +-.18 E F1(history \255d)108 619.2 Q F3(start)2.5 E F0A F3(end)A F1 +(history \255anrw)108 631.2 Q F0([)2.5 E F3(\214lename)A F0(])A F1 +(history \255p)108 643.2 Q F3(ar)2.5 E(g)-.37 E F0([)2.5 E F3(ar)A 2.5 +(g.)-.37 G(..)-2.5 E F0(])A F1(history \255s)108 655.2 Q F3(ar)2.5 E(g) +-.37 E F0([)2.5 E F3(ar)A 2.5(g.)-.37 G(..)-2.5 E F0(])A -.4(Wi)144 +667.2 S .752 (th no options, display the command history list with line numbers.).4 F .752(Lines listed with a)5.752 F F1(*)3.251 E F0(ha)3.251 E -.15(ve)-.2 -G .38(been modi\214ed.)144 523.2 R .38(An ar)5.38 F .38(gument of)-.18 F -F2(n)3.24 E F0 .38(lists only the last)3.12 F F2(n)3.24 E F0 2.88 -(lines. If)3.12 F .38(the shell v)2.88 F(ariable)-.25 E F3(HISTTIMEFOR-) -2.881 E(MA)144 535.2 Q(T)-.855 E F0 .265 -(is set and not null, it is used as a format string for)2.515 F F2 +G .38(been modi\214ed.)144 679.2 R .38(An ar)5.38 F .38(gument of)-.18 F +F3(n)3.24 E F0 .38(lists only the last)3.12 F F3(n)3.24 E F0 2.88 +(lines. If)3.12 F .38(the shell v)2.88 F(ariable)-.25 E F2(HISTTIMEFOR-) +2.881 E(MA)144 691.2 Q(T)-.855 E F0 .265 +(is set and not null, it is used as a format string for)2.515 F F3 (strftime)2.764 E F0 .264(\(3\) to display the time stamp asso-)B 1.019 -(ciated with each displayed history entry)144 547.2 R 6.019(.N)-.65 G +(ciated with each displayed history entry)144 703.2 R 6.019(.N)-.65 G 3.519(oi)-6.019 G(nterv)-3.519 E 1.019 (ening blank is printed between the formatted)-.15 F .176 -(time stamp and the history line.)144 559.2 R(If)5.176 E F2(\214lename) +(time stamp and the history line.)144 715.2 R(If)5.176 E F3(\214lename) 2.676 E F0 .176 (is supplied, it is used as the name of the history \214le; if)2.676 F -(not, the v)144 571.2 Q(alue of)-.25 E F3(HISTFILE)2.5 E F0(is used.) +(not, the v)144 727.2 Q(alue of)-.25 E F2(HISTFILE)2.5 E F0(is used.) 2.25 E(Options, if supplied, ha)5 E .3 -.15(ve t)-.2 H(he follo).15 E -(wing meanings:)-.25 E F1144 583.2 Q F0 -(Clear the history list by deleting all the entries.)180 583.2 Q F1 -144 595.2 Q F2(of)2.5 E(fset)-.18 E F0 .389 -(Delete the history entry at position)180 607.2 R F2(of)2.889 E(fset) --.18 E F0 5.389(.I)C(f)-5.389 E F2(of)2.889 E(fset)-.18 E F0 .389(is ne) -2.889 F -.05(ga)-.15 G(ti).05 E -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.89(,i).15 G 2.89(ti) --2.89 G 2.89(si)-2.89 G .39(nterpreted as relati)-2.89 F -.15(ve)-.25 G -.599(to one greater than the last history position, so ne)180 619.2 R --.05(ga)-.15 G(ti).05 E .899 -.15(ve i)-.25 H .598 -(ndices count back from the end).15 F(of the history)180 631.2 Q 2.5(,a) --.65 G(nd an inde)-2.5 E 2.5(xo)-.15 G 2.5<66ad>-2.5 G 2.5(1r)-2.5 G -(efers to the current)-2.5 E F1(history -d)2.5 E F0(command.)2.5 E F1 -144 643.2 Q F2(start)2.5 E F0A F2(end)A F0 1.25 -(Delete the range of history entries between positions)180 655.2 R F2 -(start)3.75 E F0(and)3.75 E F2(end)3.75 E F0 3.75(,i)C(nclusi)-3.75 E --.15(ve)-.25 G 6.25(.P).15 G(ositi)-6.25 E -.15(ve)-.25 G(and ne)180 -667.2 Q -.05(ga)-.15 G(ti).05 E .3 -.15(ve v)-.25 H(alues for)-.1 E F2 -(start)2.5 E F0(and)2.5 E F2(end)2.5 E F0 -(are interpreted as described abo)2.5 E -.15(ve)-.15 G(.).15 E F1 -144 679.2 Q F0 .565(Append the `)180 679.2 R(`ne)-.74 E(w')-.25 E 3.065 -('h)-.74 G .564(istory lines to the history \214le.)-3.065 F .564 -(These are history lines entered since)5.564 F(the be)180 691.2 Q -(ginning of the current)-.15 E F1(bash)2.5 E F0(session, b)2.5 E -(ut not already appended to the history \214le.)-.2 E F1144 703.2 -Q F0 .854(Read the history lines not already read from the history \214\ -le into the current history list.)180 703.2 R .773 -(These are lines appended to the history \214le since the be)180 715.2 R -.772(ginning of the current)-.15 F F1(bash)3.272 E F0(ses-)3.272 E -(sion.)180 727.2 Q(GNU Bash 5.2)72 768 Q(2022 March 11)144.29 E(68) -193.45 E 0 Cg EP +(wing meanings:)-.25 E(GNU Bash 5.2)72 768 Q(2022 June 3)150.675 E(68) +199.835 E 0 Cg EP %%Page: 69 69 %%BeginPageSetup BP %%EndPageSetup /F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 137.14(SH\(1\) General).35 F (Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 -SF144 84 Q F0(Read the contents of the history \214le and append \ -them to the current history list.)180 84 Q F1144 96 Q F0 -(Write the current history list to the history \214le, o)180 96 Q -.15 -(ve)-.15 G(rwriting the history \214le').15 E 2.5(sc)-.55 G(ontents.) --2.5 E F1144 108 Q F0 .625 -(Perform history substitution on the follo)180 108 R(wing)-.25 E/F2 10 -/Times-Italic@0 SF(ar)3.125 E(gs)-.37 E F0 .626 -(and display the result on the standard)3.125 F 2.975(output. Does)180 -120 R .475(not store the results in the history list.)2.975 F(Each)5.475 -E F2(ar)2.975 E(g)-.37 E F0 .475(must be quoted to disable)2.975 F -(normal history e)180 132 Q(xpansion.)-.15 E F1144 144 Q F0 .362 -(Store the)180 144 R F2(ar)3.192 E(gs)-.37 E F0 .363 +SF144 84 Q F0(Clear the history list by deleting all the entries.) +180 84 Q F1144 96 Q/F2 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(of)2.5 E(fset)-.18 E +F0 .389(Delete the history entry at position)180 108 R F2(of)2.889 E +(fset)-.18 E F0 5.389(.I)C(f)-5.389 E F2(of)2.889 E(fset)-.18 E F0 .389 +(is ne)2.889 F -.05(ga)-.15 G(ti).05 E -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.89(,i).15 G 2.89 +(ti)-2.89 G 2.89(si)-2.89 G .39(nterpreted as relati)-2.89 F -.15(ve) +-.25 G .599(to one greater than the last history position, so ne)180 120 +R -.05(ga)-.15 G(ti).05 E .899 -.15(ve i)-.25 H .598 +(ndices count back from the end).15 F(of the history)180 132 Q 2.5(,a) +-.65 G(nd an inde)-2.5 E 2.5(xo)-.15 G 2.5<66ad>-2.5 G 2.5(1r)-2.5 G +(efers to the current)-2.5 E F1(history -d)2.5 E F0(command.)2.5 E F1 +144 144 Q F2(start)2.5 E F0A F2(end)A F0 1.25 +(Delete the range of history entries between positions)180 156 R F2 +(start)3.75 E F0(and)3.75 E F2(end)3.75 E F0 3.75(,i)C(nclusi)-3.75 E +-.15(ve)-.25 G 6.25(.P).15 G(ositi)-6.25 E -.15(ve)-.25 G(and ne)180 168 +Q -.05(ga)-.15 G(ti).05 E .3 -.15(ve v)-.25 H(alues for)-.1 E F2(start) +2.5 E F0(and)2.5 E F2(end)2.5 E F0(are interpreted as described abo)2.5 +E -.15(ve)-.15 G(.).15 E F1144 180 Q F0 .565(Append the `)180 180 +R(`ne)-.74 E(w')-.25 E 3.065('h)-.74 G .564 +(istory lines to the history \214le.)-3.065 F .564 +(These are history lines entered since)5.564 F(the be)180 192 Q +(ginning of the current)-.15 E F1(bash)2.5 E F0(session, b)2.5 E +(ut not already appended to the history \214le.)-.2 E F1144 204 Q +F0 .854(Read the history lines not already read from the history \214le\ + into the current history list.)180 204 R .773 +(These are lines appended to the history \214le since the be)180 216 R +.772(ginning of the current)-.15 F F1(bash)3.272 E F0(ses-)3.272 E +(sion.)180 228 Q F1144 240 Q F0(Read the contents of the history \ +\214le and append them to the current history list.)180 240 Q F1 +144 252 Q F0(Write the current history list to the history \214le, o)180 +252 Q -.15(ve)-.15 G(rwriting the history \214le').15 E 2.5(sc)-.55 G +(ontents.)-2.5 E F1144 264 Q F0 .625 +(Perform history substitution on the follo)180 264 R(wing)-.25 E F2(ar) +3.125 E(gs)-.37 E F0 .626(and display the result on the standard)3.125 F +2.975(output. Does)180 276 R .475 +(not store the results in the history list.)2.975 F(Each)5.475 E F2(ar) +2.975 E(g)-.37 E F0 .475(must be quoted to disable)2.975 F +(normal history e)180 288 Q(xpansion.)-.15 E F1144 300 Q F0 .362 +(Store the)180 300 R F2(ar)3.192 E(gs)-.37 E F0 .363 (in the history list as a single entry)3.132 F 5.363(.T)-.65 G .363 -(he last command in the history list is)-5.363 F(remo)180 156 Q -.15(ve) +(he last command in the history list is)-5.363 F(remo)180 312 Q -.15(ve) -.15 G 2.5(db).15 G(efore the)-2.5 E F2(ar)2.83 E(gs)-.37 E F0 -(are added.)2.77 E .146(If the)144 172.8 R/F3 9/Times-Bold@0 SF +(are added.)2.77 E .146(If the)144 328.8 R/F3 9/Times-Bold@0 SF (HISTTIMEFORMA)2.645 E(T)-.855 E F0 -.25(va)2.395 G .145 (riable is set, the time stamp information associated with each history) -.25 F .668(entry is written to the history \214le, mark)144 184.8 R .669 +.25 F .668(entry is written to the history \214le, mark)144 340.8 R .669 (ed with the history comment character)-.1 F 5.669(.W)-.55 G .669 -(hen the history)-5.669 F .956(\214le is read, lines be)144 196.8 R .956 +(hen the history)-5.669 F .956(\214le is read, lines be)144 352.8 R .956 (ginning with the history comment character follo)-.15 F .955 (wed immediately by a digit)-.25 F .832 -(are interpreted as timestamps for the follo)144 208.8 R .832 +(are interpreted as timestamps for the follo)144 364.8 R .832 (wing history entry)-.25 F 5.833(.T)-.65 G .833(he return v)-5.833 F -.833(alue is 0 unless an in-)-.25 F -.25(va)144 220.8 S .168(lid option\ +.833(alue is 0 unless an in-)-.25 F -.25(va)144 376.8 S .168(lid option\ is encountered, an error occurs while reading or writing the history \ \214le, an in).25 F -.25(va)-.4 G(lid).25 E F2(of)2.668 E(f-)-.18 E(set) -144 232.8 Q F0 .34(or range is supplied as an ar)2.84 F .34(gument to) +144 388.8 Q F0 .34(or range is supplied as an ar)2.84 F .34(gument to) -.18 F F12.841 E F0 2.841(,o)C 2.841(rt)-2.841 G .341 (he history e)-2.841 F .341(xpansion supplied as an ar)-.15 F .341 -(gument to)-.18 F F1144 244.8 Q F0 -.1(fa)2.5 G(ils.).1 E F1(jobs) -108 261.6 Q F0([)2.5 E F1(\255lnprs)A F0 2.5(][)C F2(jobspec)A F0(... ]) -2.5 E F1(jobs \255x)108 273.6 Q F2(command)2.5 E F0([)2.5 E F2(ar)2.5 E -(gs)-.37 E F0(... ])2.5 E(The \214rst form lists the acti)144 285.6 Q .3 +(gument to)-.18 F F1144 400.8 Q F0 -.1(fa)2.5 G(ils.).1 E F1(jobs) +108 417.6 Q F0([)2.5 E F1(\255lnprs)A F0 2.5(][)C F2(jobspec)A F0(... ]) +2.5 E F1(jobs \255x)108 429.6 Q F2(command)2.5 E F0([)2.5 E F2(ar)2.5 E +(gs)-.37 E F0(... ])2.5 E(The \214rst form lists the acti)144 441.6 Q .3 -.15(ve j)-.25 H 2.5(obs. The).15 F(options ha)2.5 E .3 -.15(ve t)-.2 H -(he follo).15 E(wing meanings:)-.25 E F1144 297.6 Q F0 -(List process IDs in addition to the normal information.)180 297.6 Q F1 -144 309.6 Q F0 .194(Display information only about jobs that ha) -180 309.6 R .494 -.15(ve c)-.2 H .193(hanged status since the user w).15 -F .193(as last noti-)-.1 F(\214ed of their status.)180 321.6 Q F1 -144 333.6 Q F0(List only the process ID of the job')180 333.6 Q 2.5(sp) --.55 G(rocess group leader)-2.5 E(.)-.55 E F1144 345.6 Q F0 -(Display only running jobs.)180 345.6 Q F1144 357.6 Q F0 -(Display only stopped jobs.)180 357.6 Q(If)144 374.4 Q F2(jobspec)4.553 +(he follo).15 E(wing meanings:)-.25 E F1144 453.6 Q F0 +(List process IDs in addition to the normal information.)180 453.6 Q F1 +144 465.6 Q F0 .194(Display information only about jobs that ha) +180 465.6 R .494 -.15(ve c)-.2 H .193(hanged status since the user w).15 +F .193(as last noti-)-.1 F(\214ed of their status.)180 477.6 Q F1 +144 489.6 Q F0(List only the process ID of the job')180 489.6 Q 2.5(sp) +-.55 G(rocess group leader)-2.5 E(.)-.55 E F1144 501.6 Q F0 +(Display only running jobs.)180 501.6 Q F1144 513.6 Q F0 +(Display only stopped jobs.)180 513.6 Q(If)144 530.4 Q F2(jobspec)4.553 E F0 .313(is gi)3.123 F -.15(ve)-.25 G .313 (n, output is restricted to information about that job).15 F 5.314(.T) --.4 G .314(he return status is 0 unless)-5.314 F(an in)144 386.4 Q -.25 +-.4 G .314(he return status is 0 unless)-5.314 F(an in)144 542.4 Q -.25 (va)-.4 G(lid option is encountered or an in).25 E -.25(va)-.4 G(lid).25 -E F2(jobspec)4.24 E F0(is supplied.)2.81 E .395(If the)144 403.2 R F1 +E F2(jobspec)4.24 E F0(is supplied.)2.81 E .395(If the)144 559.2 R F1 2.895 E F0 .394(option is supplied,)2.894 F F1(jobs)2.894 E F0 .394(replaces an)2.894 F(y)-.15 E F2(jobspec)4.634 E F0 .394(found in) 3.204 F F2(command)3.094 E F0(or)3.664 E F2(ar)3.224 E(gs)-.37 E F0 .394 -(with the corre-)3.164 F(sponding process group ID, and e)144 415.2 Q +(with the corre-)3.164 F(sponding process group ID, and e)144 571.2 Q -.15(xe)-.15 G(cutes).15 E F2(command)2.7 E F0(passing it)3.27 E F2(ar) 2.83 E(gs)-.37 E F0 2.5(,r).27 G(eturning its e)-2.5 E(xit status.)-.15 -E F1(kill)108 432 Q F0([)2.5 E F1A F2(sigspec)2.5 E F0(|)2.5 E F1 +E F1(kill)108 588 Q F0([)2.5 E F1A F2(sigspec)2.5 E F0(|)2.5 E F1 2.5 E F2(signum)2.5 E F0(|)2.5 E F12.5 E F2(sigspec)A F0 2.5 (][)C F2(pid)-2.5 E F0(|)2.5 E F2(jobspec)2.5 E F0 2.5(].)C(..)-2.5 E F1 -(kill \255l)108 444 Q F0(|)A F1A F0([)2.5 E F2(sigspec)A F0(|)2.5 +(kill \255l)108 600 Q F0(|)A F1A F0([)2.5 E F2(sigspec)A F0(|)2.5 E F2 -.2(ex)2.5 G(it_status).2 E F0(])A .017(Send the signal named by) -144 456 R F2(sigspec)2.857 E F0(or)2.827 E F2(signum)2.857 E F0 .017 +144 612 R F2(sigspec)2.857 E F0(or)2.827 E F2(signum)2.857 E F0 .017 (to the processes named by)2.837 F F2(pid)3.767 E F0(or)3.287 E F2 (jobspec)4.257 E F0(.).31 E F2(sigspec)5.357 E F0(is)2.828 E .319 -(either a case-insensiti)144 468 R .619 -.15(ve s)-.25 H .319 +(either a case-insensiti)144 624 R .619 -.15(ve s)-.25 H .319 (ignal name such as).15 F F3(SIGKILL)2.819 E F0 .318 (\(with or without the)2.569 F F3(SIG)2.818 E F0 .318 -(pre\214x\) or a signal)2.568 F(number;)144 480 Q F2(signum)3.267 E F0 +(pre\214x\) or a signal)2.568 F(number;)144 636 Q F2(signum)3.267 E F0 .427(is a signal number)3.247 F 5.427(.I)-.55 G(f)-5.427 E F2(sigspec) 3.267 E F0 .427(is not present, then)3.237 F F3(SIGTERM)2.927 E F0 .427 -(is assumed.)2.677 F .428(An ar)5.427 F(-)-.2 E .314(gument of)144 492 R +(is assumed.)2.677 F .428(An ar)5.427 F(-)-.2 E .314(gument of)144 648 R F12.814 E F0 .314(lists the signal names.)2.814 F .314(If an)5.314 F 2.814(ya)-.15 G -.18(rg)-2.814 G .314(uments are supplied when).18 F F12.814 E F0 .314(is gi)2.814 F -.15(ve)-.25 G .313 -(n, the names of).15 F .119(the signals corresponding to the ar)144 504 +(n, the names of).15 F .119(the signals corresponding to the ar)144 660 R .119(guments are listed, and the return status is 0.)-.18 F(The)5.12 E F2 -.2(ex)2.62 G(it_status).2 E F0(ar)2.62 E(-)-.2 E .8(gument to)144 -516 R F13.3 E F0 .8 +672 R F13.3 E F0 .8 (is a number specifying either a signal number or the e)3.3 F .799 -(xit status of a process termi-)-.15 F .962(nated by a signal.)144 528 R +(xit status of a process termi-)-.15 F .962(nated by a signal.)144 684 R (The)5.962 E F13.462 E F0 .962(option is equi)3.462 F -.25(va)-.25 G .962(lent to).25 F F13.462 E F0(.)A F1(kill)5.962 E F0 .962 (returns true if at least one signal w)3.462 F(as)-.1 E -(successfully sent, or f)144 540 Q(alse if an error occurs or an in)-.1 -E -.25(va)-.4 G(lid option is encountered.).25 E F1(let)108 556.8 Q F2 -(ar)2.5 E(g)-.37 E F0([)2.5 E F2(ar)A(g)-.37 E F0(...])2.5 E(Each)144 -568.8 Q F2(ar)3.027 E(g)-.37 E F0 .197(is an arithmetic e)2.917 F .197 -(xpression to be e)-.15 F -.25(va)-.25 G .196(luated \(see).25 F F3 .196 -(ARITHMETIC EV)2.696 F(ALU)-1.215 E -.855(AT)-.54 G(ION).855 E F0(abo) -2.446 E -.15(ve)-.15 G 2.696(\). If).15 F(the last)144 580.8 Q F2(ar) -2.83 E(g)-.37 E F0 -.25(eva)2.72 G(luates to 0,).25 E F1(let)2.5 E F0 -(returns 1; 0 is returned otherwise.)2.5 E F1(local)108 597.6 Q F0([)2.5 +(successfully sent, or f)144 696 Q(alse if an error occurs or an in)-.1 +E -.25(va)-.4 G(lid option is encountered.).25 E(GNU Bash 5.2)72 768 Q +(2022 June 3)150.675 E(69)199.835 E 0 Cg EP +%%Page: 70 70 +%%BeginPageSetup +BP +%%EndPageSetup +/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 137.14(SH\(1\) General).35 F +(Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 +SF(let)108 84 Q/F2 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(ar)2.5 E(g)-.37 E F0([)2.5 E F2 +(ar)A(g)-.37 E F0(...])2.5 E(Each)144 96 Q F2(ar)3.027 E(g)-.37 E F0 +.197(is an arithmetic e)2.917 F .197(xpression to be e)-.15 F -.25(va) +-.25 G .196(luated \(see).25 F/F3 9/Times-Bold@0 SF .196(ARITHMETIC EV) +2.696 F(ALU)-1.215 E -.855(AT)-.54 G(ION).855 E F0(abo)2.446 E -.15(ve) +-.15 G 2.696(\). If).15 F(the last)144 108 Q F2(ar)2.83 E(g)-.37 E F0 +-.25(eva)2.72 G(luates to 0,).25 E F1(let)2.5 E F0 +(returns 1; 0 is returned otherwise.)2.5 E F1(local)108 124.8 Q F0([)2.5 E F2(option)A F0 2.5(][)C F2(name)-2.5 E F0([=)A F2(value)A F0 2.5(].)C -(.. | \255 ])-2.5 E -.15(Fo)144 609.6 S 2.541(re).15 G .041(ach ar) +(.. | \255 ])-2.5 E -.15(Fo)144 136.8 S 2.541(re).15 G .041(ach ar) -2.541 F .042(gument, a local v)-.18 F .042(ariable named)-.25 F F2 (name)2.902 E F0 .042(is created, and assigned)2.722 F F2(value)2.832 E F0 5.042(.T).18 G(he)-5.042 E F2(option)2.542 E F0 .042(can be)2.542 F -(an)144 621.6 Q 3.153(yo)-.15 G 3.153(ft)-3.153 G .653 +(an)144 148.8 Q 3.153(yo)-.15 G 3.153(ft)-3.153 G .653 (he options accepted by)-3.153 F F1(declar)3.153 E(e)-.18 E F0 5.652(.W) C(hen)-5.652 E F1(local)3.152 E F0 .652 (is used within a function, it causes the v)3.152 F(ari-)-.25 E(able)144 -633.6 Q F2(name)3.281 E F0 .421(to ha)3.101 F .721 -.15(ve a v)-.2 H +160.8 Q F2(name)3.281 E F0 .421(to ha)3.101 F .721 -.15(ve a v)-.2 H .422(isible scope restricted to that function and its children.).15 F (If)5.422 E F2(name)2.922 E F0 .422(is \255, the set)2.922 F .51 -(of shell options is made local to the function in which)144 645.6 R F1 +(of shell options is made local to the function in which)144 172.8 R F1 (local)3.009 E F0 .509(is in)3.009 F -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G .509 -(d: shell options changed us-).1 F 1.17(ing the)144 657.6 R F1(set)3.67 +(d: shell options changed us-).1 F 1.17(ing the)144 184.8 R F1(set)3.67 E F0 -.2(bu)3.67 G 1.171 (iltin inside the function are restored to their original v).2 F 1.171 -(alues when the function re-)-.25 F 3.381(turns. The)144 669.6 R .881 +(alues when the function re-)-.25 F 3.381(turns. The)144 196.8 R .881 (restore is ef)3.381 F .881(fected as if a series of)-.25 F F1(set)3.381 E F0 .88(commands were e)3.38 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .88 (cuted to restore the v).15 F(alues)-.25 E .787 -(that were in place before the function.)144 681.6 R -.4(Wi)5.788 G .788 +(that were in place before the function.)144 208.8 R -.4(Wi)5.788 G .788 (th no operands,).4 F F1(local)3.288 E F0 .788(writes a list of local v) -3.288 F .788(ariables to)-.25 F .655(the standard output.)144 693.6 R +3.288 F .788(ariables to)-.25 F .655(the standard output.)144 220.8 R .654(It is an error to use)5.655 F F1(local)3.154 E F0 .654 (when not within a function.)3.154 F .654(The return status is 0)5.654 F -(unless)144 705.6 Q F1(local)2.5 E F0(is used outside a function, an in) +(unless)144 232.8 Q F1(local)2.5 E F0(is used outside a function, an in) 2.5 E -.25(va)-.4 G(lid).25 E F2(name)2.86 E F0(is supplied, or)2.68 E -F2(name)2.5 E F0(is a readonly v)2.5 E(ariable.)-.25 E(GNU Bash 5.2)72 -768 Q(2022 March 11)144.29 E(69)193.45 E 0 Cg EP -%%Page: 70 70 -%%BeginPageSetup -BP -%%EndPageSetup -/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 137.14(SH\(1\) General).35 F -(Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 -SF(logout)108 84 Q F0(Exit a login shell.)144 84 Q F1(map\214le)108 -100.8 Q F0([)2.5 E F1A/F2 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(delim)2.5 E F0 2.5 -(][)C F1-2.5 E F2(count)2.5 E F0 2.5(][)C F1-2.5 E F2 -(origin)2.5 E F0 2.5(][)C F1-2.5 E F2(count)2.5 E F0 2.5(][)C F1 --2.5 E F0 2.5(][)C F1-2.5 E F2(fd)2.5 E F0 2.5(][)C F1 --2.5 E F2(callbac)2.5 E(k)-.2 E F0 2.5(][)C F1-2.5 E F2(quantum) -2.5 E F0 2.5(][)C F2(arr)-2.5 E(ay)-.15 E F0(])A F1 -.18(re)108 112.8 S -(adarray).18 E F0([)2.5 E F1A F2(delim)2.5 E F0 2.5(][)C F1 --2.5 E F2(count)2.5 E F0 2.5(][)C F1-2.5 E F2(origin)2.5 E F0 2.5 -(][)C F1-2.5 E F2(count)2.5 E F0 2.5(][)C F1-2.5 E F0 2.5 -(][)C F1-2.5 E F2(fd)2.5 E F0 2.5(][)C F1-2.5 E F2(callbac) -2.5 E(k)-.2 E F0 2.5(][)C F1-2.5 E F2(quantum)2.5 E F0 2.5(][)C F2 -(arr)-2.5 E(ay)-.15 E F0(])A .158 -(Read lines from the standard input into the inde)144 124.8 R -.15(xe) --.15 G 2.659(da).15 G .159(rray v)-2.659 F(ariable)-.25 E F2(arr)2.989 E -(ay)-.15 E F0 2.659(,o).32 G 2.659(rf)-2.659 G .159 -(rom \214le descriptor)-2.659 F F2(fd)4.629 E F0 1.249(if the)144 136.8 +F2(name)2.5 E F0(is a readonly v)2.5 E(ariable.)-.25 E F1(logout)108 +249.6 Q F0(Exit a login shell.)144 249.6 Q F1(map\214le)108 266.4 Q F0 +([)2.5 E F1A F2(delim)2.5 E F0 2.5(][)C F1-2.5 E F2(count) +2.5 E F0 2.5(][)C F1-2.5 E F2(origin)2.5 E F0 2.5(][)C F1 +-2.5 E F2(count)2.5 E F0 2.5(][)C F1-2.5 E F0 2.5(][)C F1 +-2.5 E F2(fd)2.5 E F0 2.5(][)C F1-2.5 E F2(callbac)2.5 E(k)-.2 E +F0 2.5(][)C F1-2.5 E F2(quantum)2.5 E F0 2.5(][)C F2(arr)-2.5 E +(ay)-.15 E F0(])A F1 -.18(re)108 278.4 S(adarray).18 E F0([)2.5 E F1 +A F2(delim)2.5 E F0 2.5(][)C F1-2.5 E F2(count)2.5 E F0 2.5 +(][)C F1-2.5 E F2(origin)2.5 E F0 2.5(][)C F1-2.5 E F2 +(count)2.5 E F0 2.5(][)C F1-2.5 E F0 2.5(][)C F1-2.5 E F2 +(fd)2.5 E F0 2.5(][)C F1-2.5 E F2(callbac)2.5 E(k)-.2 E F0 2.5(][) +C F1-2.5 E F2(quantum)2.5 E F0 2.5(][)C F2(arr)-2.5 E(ay)-.15 E F0 +(])A .158(Read lines from the standard input into the inde)144 290.4 R +-.15(xe)-.15 G 2.659(da).15 G .159(rray v)-2.659 F(ariable)-.25 E F2 +(arr)2.989 E(ay)-.15 E F0 2.659(,o).32 G 2.659(rf)-2.659 G .159 +(rom \214le descriptor)-2.659 F F2(fd)4.629 E F0 1.249(if the)144 302.4 R F13.749 E F0 1.249(option is supplied.)3.749 F 1.249(The v)6.249 -F(ariable)-.25 E/F3 9/Times-Bold@0 SF(MAPFILE)3.749 E F0 1.249 -(is the def)3.499 F(ault)-.1 E F2(arr)3.748 E(ay)-.15 E F0 6.248(.O)C -1.248(ptions, if supplied,)-6.248 F(ha)144 148.8 Q .3 -.15(ve t)-.2 H -(he follo).15 E(wing meanings:)-.25 E F1144 160.8 Q F0 .91 -(The \214rst character of)180 160.8 R F2(delim)3.41 E F0 .911 +F(ariable)-.25 E F3(MAPFILE)3.749 E F0 1.249(is the def)3.499 F(ault)-.1 +E F2(arr)3.748 E(ay)-.15 E F0 6.248(.O)C 1.248(ptions, if supplied,) +-6.248 F(ha)144 314.4 Q .3 -.15(ve t)-.2 H(he follo).15 E +(wing meanings:)-.25 E F1144 326.4 Q F0 .91 +(The \214rst character of)180 326.4 R F2(delim)3.41 E F0 .911 (is used to terminate each input line, rather than ne)3.41 F 3.411 -(wline. If)-.25 F F2(delim)180 172.8 Q F0(is the empty string,)2.5 E F1 +(wline. If)-.25 F F2(delim)180 338.4 Q F0(is the empty string,)2.5 E F1 (map\214le)2.5 E F0(will terminate a line when it reads a NUL character) -2.5 E(.)-.55 E F1144 184.8 Q F0(Cop)180 184.8 Q 2.5(ya)-.1 G 2.5 +2.5 E(.)-.55 E F1144 350.4 Q F0(Cop)180 350.4 Q 2.5(ya)-.1 G 2.5 (tm)-2.5 G(ost)-2.5 E F2(count)2.7 E F0 2.5(lines. If)3.18 F F2(count) -2.5 E F0(is 0, all lines are copied.)2.5 E F1144 196.8 Q F0(Be)180 -196.8 Q(gin assigning to)-.15 E F2(arr)2.83 E(ay)-.15 E F0(at inde)2.82 +2.5 E F0(is 0, all lines are copied.)2.5 E F1144 362.4 Q F0(Be)180 +362.4 Q(gin assigning to)-.15 E F2(arr)2.83 E(ay)-.15 E F0(at inde)2.82 E(x)-.15 E F2(origin)2.73 E F0 5(.T).24 G(he def)-5 E(ault inde)-.1 E -2.5(xi)-.15 G 2.5(s0)-2.5 G(.)-2.5 E F1144 208.8 Q F0 -(Discard the \214rst)180 208.8 Q F2(count)2.5 E F0(lines read.)2.5 E F1 -144 220.8 Q F0(Remo)180 220.8 Q .3 -.15(ve a t)-.15 H(railing).15 +2.5(xi)-.15 G 2.5(s0)-2.5 G(.)-2.5 E F1144 374.4 Q F0 +(Discard the \214rst)180 374.4 Q F2(count)2.5 E F0(lines read.)2.5 E F1 +144 386.4 Q F0(Remo)180 386.4 Q .3 -.15(ve a t)-.15 H(railing).15 E F2(delim)2.5 E F0(\(def)2.5 E(ault ne)-.1 E -(wline\) from each line read.)-.25 E F1144 232.8 Q F0 -(Read lines from \214le descriptor)180 232.8 Q F2(fd)2.5 E F0 -(instead of the standard input.)2.5 E F1144 244.8 Q F0(Ev)180 -244.8 Q(aluate)-.25 E F2(callbac)2.7 E(k)-.2 E F0(each time)3.17 E F2 +(wline\) from each line read.)-.25 E F1144 398.4 Q F0 +(Read lines from \214le descriptor)180 398.4 Q F2(fd)2.5 E F0 +(instead of the standard input.)2.5 E F1144 410.4 Q F0(Ev)180 +410.4 Q(aluate)-.25 E F2(callbac)2.7 E(k)-.2 E F0(each time)3.17 E F2 (quantum)2.5 E F0(lines are read.)2.5 E(The)5 E F12.5 E F0 -(option speci\214es)2.5 E F2(quantum)2.75 E F0(.).32 E F1144 256.8 -Q F0(Specify the number of lines read between each call to)180 256.8 Q -F2(callbac)2.7 E(k)-.2 E F0(.).67 E(If)144 273.6 Q F12.968 E F0 +(option speci\214es)2.5 E F2(quantum)2.75 E F0(.).32 E F1144 422.4 +Q F0(Specify the number of lines read between each call to)180 422.4 Q +F2(callbac)2.7 E(k)-.2 E F0(.).67 E(If)144 439.2 Q F12.968 E F0 .467(is speci\214ed without)2.967 F F12.967 E F0 2.967(,t)C .467 (he def)-2.967 F .467(ault quantum is 5000.)-.1 F(When)5.467 E F2 (callbac)2.967 E(k)-.2 E F0 .467(is e)2.967 F -.25(va)-.25 G .467 -(luated, it is sup-).25 F .261(plied the inde)144 285.6 R 2.761(xo)-.15 +(luated, it is sup-).25 F .261(plied the inde)144 451.2 R 2.761(xo)-.15 G 2.761(ft)-2.761 G .261(he ne)-2.761 F .262(xt array element to be ass\ igned and the line to be assigned to that element)-.15 F .275 -(as additional ar)144 297.6 R(guments.)-.18 E F2(callbac)5.275 E(k)-.2 E +(as additional ar)144 463.2 R(guments.)-.18 E F2(callbac)5.275 E(k)-.2 E F0 .275(is e)2.775 F -.25(va)-.25 G .274 (luated after the line is read b).25 F .274 -(ut before the array element is)-.2 F(assigned.)144 309.6 Q -(If not supplied with an e)144 326.4 Q(xplicit origin,)-.15 E F1 +(ut before the array element is)-.2 F(assigned.)144 475.2 Q +(If not supplied with an e)144 492 Q(xplicit origin,)-.15 E F1 (map\214le)2.5 E F0(will clear)2.5 E F2(arr)2.5 E(ay)-.15 E F0 -(before assigning to it.)2.5 E F1(map\214le)144 343.2 Q F0 .797 +(before assigning to it.)2.5 E F1(map\214le)144 508.8 Q F0 .797 (returns successfully unless an in)3.297 F -.25(va)-.4 G .797 (lid option or option ar).25 F .797(gument is supplied,)-.18 F F2(arr) -3.297 E(ay)-.15 E F0 .798(is in-)3.298 F -.25(va)144 355.2 S +3.297 E(ay)-.15 E F0 .798(is in-)3.298 F -.25(va)144 520.8 S (lid or unassignable, or if).25 E F2(arr)2.5 E(ay)-.15 E F0 (is not an inde)2.5 E -.15(xe)-.15 G 2.5(da).15 G(rray)-2.5 E(.)-.65 E -F1(popd)108 372 Q F0<5bad>2.5 E F1(n)A F0 2.5(][)C(+)-2.5 E F2(n)A F0 -2.5(][)C-2.5 E F2(n)A F0(])A(Remo)144 384 Q -.15(ve)-.15 G 3.092(se) -.15 G .592(ntries from the directory stack.)-3.092 F .591 +F1(popd)108 537.6 Q F0<5bad>2.5 E F1(n)A F0 2.5(][)C(+)-2.5 E F2(n)A F0 +2.5(][)C-2.5 E F2(n)A F0(])A(Remo)144 549.6 Q -.15(ve)-.15 G 3.092 +(se).15 G .592(ntries from the directory stack.)-3.092 F .591 (The elements are numbered from 0 starting at the \214rst)5.591 F .664 -(directory listed by)144 396 R F1(dirs)3.164 E F0 5.664(.W)C .664 +(directory listed by)144 561.6 R F1(dirs)3.164 E F0 5.664(.W)C .664 (ith no ar)-6.064 F(guments,)-.18 E F1(popd)3.165 E F0(remo)3.165 E -.15 (ve)-.15 G 3.165(st).15 G .665(he top directory from the stack, and) --3.165 F(changes to the ne)144 408 Q 2.5(wt)-.25 G(op directory)-2.5 E 5 -(.A)-.65 G -.18(rg)-5 G(uments, if supplied, ha).18 E .3 -.15(ve t)-.2 H -(he follo).15 E(wing meanings:)-.25 E F1144 420 Q F0 .551 -(Suppresses the normal change of directory when remo)180 420 R .551 +-3.165 F(changes to the ne)144 573.6 Q 2.5(wt)-.25 G(op directory)-2.5 E +5(.A)-.65 G -.18(rg)-5 G(uments, if supplied, ha).18 E .3 -.15(ve t)-.2 +H(he follo).15 E(wing meanings:)-.25 E F1144 585.6 Q F0 .551 +(Suppresses the normal change of directory when remo)180 585.6 R .551 (ving directories from the stack, so)-.15 F -(that only the stack is manipulated.)180 432 Q F1(+)144 444 Q F2(n)A F0 -(Remo)180 444 Q -.15(ve)-.15 G 2.64(st).15 G(he)-2.64 E F2(n)2.64 E F0 -.14(th entry counting from the left of the list sho)B .14(wn by)-.25 F -F1(dirs)2.64 E F0 2.64(,s)C .14(tarting with zero,)-2.64 F .78 -(from the stack.)180 456 R -.15(Fo)5.78 G 3.28(re).15 G(xample:)-3.43 E -/F4 10/Courier@0 SF .779(popd +0)3.279 F F0(remo)3.279 E -.15(ve)-.15 G +(that only the stack is manipulated.)180 597.6 Q F1(+)144 609.6 Q F2(n)A +F0(Remo)180 609.6 Q -.15(ve)-.15 G 2.64(st).15 G(he)-2.64 E F2(n)2.64 E +F0 .14(th entry counting from the left of the list sho)B .14(wn by)-.25 +F F1(dirs)2.64 E F0 2.64(,s)C .14(tarting with zero,)-2.64 F .78 +(from the stack.)180 621.6 R -.15(Fo)5.78 G 3.28(re).15 G(xample:)-3.43 +E/F4 10/Courier@0 SF .779(popd +0)3.279 F F0(remo)3.279 E -.15(ve)-.15 G 3.279(st).15 G .779(he \214rst directory)-3.279 F(,)-.65 E F4 .779 -(popd +1)3.279 F F0 .779(the sec-)3.279 F(ond.)180 468 Q F1144 480 Q -F2(n)A F0(Remo)180 480 Q -.15(ve)-.15 G 3.759(st).15 G(he)-3.759 E F2(n) -3.759 E F0 1.259(th entry counting from the right of the list sho)B 1.26 -(wn by)-.25 F F1(dirs)3.76 E F0 3.76(,s)C 1.26(tarting with)-3.76 F 2.5 -(zero. F)180 492 R(or e)-.15 E(xample:)-.15 E F4(popd -0)2.5 E F0(remo) -2.5 E -.15(ve)-.15 G 2.5(st).15 G(he last directory)-2.5 E(,)-.65 E F4 -(popd -1)2.5 E F0(the ne)2.5 E(xt to last.)-.15 E .094 +(popd +1)3.279 F F0 .779(the sec-)3.279 F(ond.)180 633.6 Q F1144 +645.6 Q F2(n)A F0(Remo)180 645.6 Q -.15(ve)-.15 G 3.759(st).15 G(he) +-3.759 E F2(n)3.759 E F0 1.259 +(th entry counting from the right of the list sho)B 1.26(wn by)-.25 F F1 +(dirs)3.76 E F0 3.76(,s)C 1.26(tarting with)-3.76 F 2.5(zero. F)180 +657.6 R(or e)-.15 E(xample:)-.15 E F4(popd -0)2.5 E F0(remo)2.5 E -.15 +(ve)-.15 G 2.5(st).15 G(he last directory)-2.5 E(,)-.65 E F4(popd -1)2.5 +E F0(the ne)2.5 E(xt to last.)-.15 E .094 (If the top element of the directory stack is modi\214ed, and the)144 -508.8 R F2(-n)2.593 E F0 .093(option w)2.593 F .093(as not supplied,)-.1 -F F1(popd)2.593 E F0(uses)2.593 E(the)144 520.8 Q F1(cd)2.696 E F0 -.2 +674.4 R F2(-n)2.593 E F0 .093(option w)2.593 F .093(as not supplied,)-.1 +F F1(popd)2.593 E F0(uses)2.593 E(the)144 686.4 Q F1(cd)2.696 E F0 -.2 (bu)2.696 G .196 (iltin to change to the directory at the top of the stack.).2 F .196 (If the)5.196 F F1(cd)2.696 E F0 -.1(fa)2.696 G(ils,).1 E F1(popd)2.697 -E F0 .197(returns a non-)2.697 F(zero v)144 532.8 Q(alue.)-.25 E -(Otherwise,)144 549.6 Q F1(popd)2.671 E F0 .171(returns f)2.671 F .171 +E F0 .197(returns a non-)2.697 F(zero v)144 698.4 Q(alue.)-.25 E +(Otherwise,)144 715.2 Q F1(popd)2.671 E F0 .171(returns f)2.671 F .171 (alse if an in)-.1 F -.25(va)-.4 G .171 (lid option is encountered, the directory stack is empty).25 F 2.67(,o) --.65 G 2.67(ra)-2.67 G(non-e)144 561.6 Q -(xistent directory stack entry is speci\214ed.)-.15 E 1.555(If the)144 -578.4 R F1(popd)4.055 E F0 1.555(command is successful, bash runs)4.055 -F F1(dirs)4.056 E F0 1.556(to sho)4.056 F 4.056(wt)-.25 G 1.556 +-.65 G 2.67(ra)-2.67 G(non-e)144 727.2 Q +(xistent directory stack entry is speci\214ed.)-.15 E(GNU Bash 5.2)72 +768 Q(2022 June 3)150.675 E(70)199.835 E 0 Cg EP +%%Page: 71 71 +%%BeginPageSetup +BP +%%EndPageSetup +/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 137.14(SH\(1\) General).35 F +(Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E 1.555(If the)144 +84 R/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(popd)4.055 E F0 1.555 +(command is successful, bash runs)4.055 F F1(dirs)4.056 E F0 1.556 +(to sho)4.056 F 4.056(wt)-.25 G 1.556 (he \214nal contents of the directory)-4.056 F -(stack, and the return status is 0.)144 590.4 Q F1(printf)108 607.2 Q F0 -([)2.5 E F1A F2(var)2.5 E F0(])A F2(format)2.5 E F0([)2.5 E F2(ar) -A(guments)-.37 E F0(])A .358(Write the formatted)144 619.2 R F2(ar)2.858 -E(guments)-.37 E F0 .358 +(stack, and the return status is 0.)144 96 Q F1(printf)108 112.8 Q F0([) +2.5 E F1A/F2 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(var)2.5 E F0(])A F2(format)2.5 E +F0([)2.5 E F2(ar)A(guments)-.37 E F0(])A .358(Write the formatted)144 +124.8 R F2(ar)2.858 E(guments)-.37 E F0 .358 (to the standard output under the control of the)2.858 F F2(format)2.857 E F0 5.357(.T)C(he)-5.357 E F12.857 E F0(op-)2.857 E .714 -(tion causes the output to be assigned to the v)144 631.2 R(ariable)-.25 +(tion causes the output to be assigned to the v)144 136.8 R(ariable)-.25 E F2(var)3.214 E F0 .714(rather than being printed to the standard)3.214 -F(output.)144 643.2 Q(The)144 667.2 Q F2(format)3.018 E F0 .517(is a ch\ +F(output.)144 148.8 Q(The)144 172.8 Q F2(format)3.018 E F0 .517(is a ch\ aracter string which contains three types of objects: plain characters,\ which are)3.018 F .704(simply copied to standard output, character esc\ -ape sequences, which are con)144 679.2 R -.15(ve)-.4 G .704 +ape sequences, which are con)144 184.8 R -.15(ve)-.4 G .704 (rted and copied to).15 F .036(the standard output, and format speci\ -\214cations, each of which causes printing of the ne)144 691.2 R .036 -(xt successi)-.15 F -.15(ve)-.25 G F2(ar)144 703.2 Q(gument)-.37 E F0 +\214cations, each of which causes printing of the ne)144 196.8 R .036 +(xt successi)-.15 F -.15(ve)-.25 G F2(ar)144 208.8 Q(gument)-.37 E F0 5.531(.I)C 3.031(na)-5.531 G .531(ddition to the standard)-3.031 F F2 (printf)3.032 E F0 .532(\(1\) format speci\214cations,)B F1(printf)3.032 -E F0 .532(interprets the follo)3.032 F(w-)-.25 E(ing e)144 715.2 Q -(xtensions:)-.15 E(GNU Bash 5.2)72 768 Q(2022 March 11)144.29 E(70) -193.45 E 0 Cg EP -%%Page: 71 71 -%%BeginPageSetup -BP -%%EndPageSetup -/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 137.14(SH\(1\) General).35 F -(Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 -SF(%b)144 84 Q F0(causes)180 84 Q F1(printf)2.596 E F0 .096(to e)2.596 F -.096(xpand backslash escape sequences in the corresponding)-.15 F/F2 10 -/Times-Italic@0 SF(ar)2.596 E(gument)-.37 E F0 .095(in the)2.595 F -(same w)180 96 Q(ay as)-.1 E F1(echo \255e)2.5 E F0(.)A F1(%q)144 108 Q -F0(causes)180 108 Q F1(printf)2.51 E F0 .01(to output the corresponding) -2.51 F F2(ar)2.51 E(gument)-.37 E F0 .01 -(in a format that can be reused as shell)2.51 F(input.)180 120 Q F1(%Q) -144 132 Q F0(lik)180 132 Q(e)-.1 E F1(%q)2.5 E F0 2.5(,b)C -(ut applies an)-2.7 E 2.5(ys)-.15 G(upplied precision to the)-2.5 E F2 -(ar)2.5 E(gument)-.37 E F0(before quoting it.)2.5 E F1(%\()144 144 Q F2 -(datefmt)A F1(\)T)A F0(causes)180 156 Q F1(printf)4.404 E F0 1.904 +E F0 .532(interprets the follo)3.032 F(w-)-.25 E(ing e)144 220.8 Q +(xtensions:)-.15 E F1(%b)144 232.8 Q F0(causes)180 232.8 Q F1(printf) +2.596 E F0 .096(to e)2.596 F .096 +(xpand backslash escape sequences in the corresponding)-.15 F F2(ar) +2.596 E(gument)-.37 E F0 .095(in the)2.595 F(same w)180 244.8 Q(ay as) +-.1 E F1(echo \255e)2.5 E F0(.)A F1(%q)144 256.8 Q F0(causes)180 256.8 Q +F1(printf)2.51 E F0 .01(to output the corresponding)2.51 F F2(ar)2.51 E +(gument)-.37 E F0 .01(in a format that can be reused as shell)2.51 F +(input.)180 268.8 Q F1(%Q)144 280.8 Q F0(lik)180 280.8 Q(e)-.1 E F1(%q) +2.5 E F0 2.5(,b)C(ut applies an)-2.7 E 2.5(ys)-.15 G +(upplied precision to the)-2.5 E F2(ar)2.5 E(gument)-.37 E F0 +(before quoting it.)2.5 E F1(%\()144 292.8 Q F2(datefmt)A F1(\)T)A F0 +(causes)180 304.8 Q F1(printf)4.404 E F0 1.904 (to output the date-time string resulting from using)4.404 F F2(datefmt) -4.404 E F0 1.903(as a format)4.404 F .38(string for)180 168 R F2 +4.404 E F0 1.903(as a format)4.404 F .38(string for)180 316.8 R F2 (strftime)2.881 E F0 2.881(\(3\). The)B(corresponding)2.881 E F2(ar) 2.881 E(gument)-.37 E F0 .381(is an inte)2.881 F .381 (ger representing the number)-.15 F .293(of seconds since the epoch.)180 -180 R -1 -.8(Tw o)5.293 H .293(special ar)3.593 F .293(gument v)-.18 F +328.8 R -1 -.8(Tw o)5.293 H .293(special ar)3.593 F .293(gument v)-.18 F .293(alues may be used: \2551 represents the)-.25 F .693 -(current time, and \2552 represents the time the shell w)180 192 R .693 -(as in)-.1 F -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G 3.194(d. If).1 F .694(no ar)3.194 -F .694(gument is speci-)-.18 F .21(\214ed, con)180 204 R -.15(ve)-.4 G -.21(rsion beha).15 F -.15(ve)-.2 G 2.71(sa).15 G 2.71(si)-2.71 G 2.71 -<66ad>-2.71 G 2.71(1h)-2.71 G .21(ad been gi)-2.71 F -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.71 -(n. This).15 F .21(is an e)2.71 F .21(xception to the usual)-.15 F F1 -(printf)2.71 E F0(beha)180 216 Q(vior)-.2 E(.)-.55 E .901 -(The %b, %q, and %T directi)144 232.8 R -.15(ve)-.25 G 3.401(sa).15 G +(current time, and \2552 represents the time the shell w)180 340.8 R +.693(as in)-.1 F -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G 3.194(d. If).1 F .694(no ar) +3.194 F .694(gument is speci-)-.18 F .21(\214ed, con)180 352.8 R -.15 +(ve)-.4 G .21(rsion beha).15 F -.15(ve)-.2 G 2.71(sa).15 G 2.71(si)-2.71 +G 2.71<66ad>-2.71 G 2.71(1h)-2.71 G .21(ad been gi)-2.71 F -.15(ve)-.25 +G 2.71(n. This).15 F .21(is an e)2.71 F .21(xception to the usual)-.15 F +F1(printf)2.71 E F0(beha)180 364.8 Q(vior)-.2 E(.)-.55 E .901 +(The %b, %q, and %T directi)144 381.6 R -.15(ve)-.25 G 3.401(sa).15 G .901(ll use the \214eld width and precision ar)-3.401 F .902 (guments from the format)-.18 F .358(speci\214cation and write that man) -144 244.8 R 2.858(yb)-.15 G .357 +144 393.6 R 2.858(yb)-.15 G .357 (ytes from \(or use that wide a \214eld for\) the e)-2.858 F .357 (xpanded ar)-.15 F(gument,)-.18 E -(which usually contains more characters than the original.)144 256.8 Q -(Ar)144 273.6 Q .463(guments to non-string format speci\214ers are trea\ +(which usually contains more characters than the original.)144 405.6 Q +(Ar)144 422.4 Q .463(guments to non-string format speci\214ers are trea\ ted as C constants, e)-.18 F .464(xcept that a leading plus or)-.15 F -1.259(minus sign is allo)144 285.6 R 1.259 +1.259(minus sign is allo)144 434.4 R 1.259 (wed, and if the leading character is a single or double quote, the v) --.25 F 1.258(alue is the)-.25 F(ASCII v)144 297.6 Q(alue of the follo) --.25 E(wing character)-.25 E(.)-.55 E(The)144 314.4 Q F2(format)2.514 E +-.25 F 1.258(alue is the)-.25 F(ASCII v)144 446.4 Q(alue of the follo) +-.25 E(wing character)-.25 E(.)-.55 E(The)144 463.2 Q F2(format)2.514 E F0 .015(is reused as necessary to consume all of the)2.514 F F2(ar)2.515 E(guments)-.37 E F0 5.015(.I)C 2.515(ft)-5.015 G(he)-2.515 E F2(format) 2.515 E F0 .015(requires more)2.515 F F2(ar)2.515 E(-)-.2 E(guments)144 -326.4 Q F0 .566(than are supplied, the e)3.066 F .566 +475.2 Q F0 .566(than are supplied, the e)3.066 F .566 (xtra format speci\214cations beha)-.15 F .866 -.15(ve a)-.2 H 3.066(si) .15 G 3.065(faz)-3.066 G .565(ero v)-3.065 F .565(alue or null string,) --.25 F(as appropriate, had been supplied.)144 338.4 Q(The return v)5 E +-.25 F(as appropriate, had been supplied.)144 487.2 Q(The return v)5 E (alue is zero on success, non-zero on f)-.25 E(ailure.)-.1 E F1(pushd) -108 355.2 Q F0([)2.5 E F1A F0 2.5(][)C(+)-2.5 E F2(n)A F0 2.5(][)C --2.5 E F2(n)A F0(])A F1(pushd)108 367.2 Q F0([)2.5 E F1A F0 -2.5(][)C F2(dir)-2.5 E F0(])A .639(Adds a directory to the top of the d\ -irectory stack, or rotates the stack, making the ne)144 379.2 R 3.14(wt) --.25 G .64(op of the)-3.14 F .089(stack the current w)144 391.2 R .089 +108 504 Q F0([)2.5 E F1A F0 2.5(][)C(+)-2.5 E F2(n)A F0 2.5(][)C +-2.5 E F2(n)A F0(])A F1(pushd)108 516 Q F0([)2.5 E F1A F0 2.5 +(][)C F2(dir)-2.5 E F0(])A .639(Adds a directory to the top of the dire\ +ctory stack, or rotates the stack, making the ne)144 528 R 3.14(wt)-.25 +G .64(op of the)-3.14 F .089(stack the current w)144 540 R .089 (orking directory)-.1 F 5.089(.W)-.65 G .089(ith no ar)-5.489 F (guments,)-.18 E F1(pushd)2.589 E F0 -.15(ex)2.588 G .088 (changes the top tw).15 F 2.588(oe)-.1 G .088(lements of)-2.588 F -(the directory stack.)144 403.2 Q(Ar)5 E(guments, if supplied, ha)-.18 E -.3 -.15(ve t)-.2 H(he follo).15 E(wing meanings:)-.25 E F1144 -415.2 Q F0 1.811(Suppresses the normal change of directory when rotatin\ -g or adding directories to the)180 415.2 R -(stack, so that only the stack is manipulated.)180 427.2 Q F1(+)144 -439.2 Q F2(n)A F0 1.268(Rotates the stack so that the)180 439.2 R F2(n) -3.768 E F0 1.267(th directory \(counting from the left of the list sho)B -1.267(wn by)-.25 F F1(dirs)180 451.2 Q F0 2.5(,s)C -(tarting with zero\) is at the top.)-2.5 E F1144 463.2 Q F2(n)A F0 -.92(Rotates the stack so that the)180 463.2 R F2(n)3.42 E F0 .92 +(the directory stack.)144 552 Q(Ar)5 E(guments, if supplied, ha)-.18 E +.3 -.15(ve t)-.2 H(he follo).15 E(wing meanings:)-.25 E F1144 564 +Q F0 1.811(Suppresses the normal change of directory when rotating or a\ +dding directories to the)180 564 R +(stack, so that only the stack is manipulated.)180 576 Q F1(+)144 588 Q +F2(n)A F0 1.268(Rotates the stack so that the)180 588 R F2(n)3.768 E F0 +1.267(th directory \(counting from the left of the list sho)B 1.267 +(wn by)-.25 F F1(dirs)180 600 Q F0 2.5(,s)C +(tarting with zero\) is at the top.)-2.5 E F1144 612 Q F2(n)A F0 .92 +(Rotates the stack so that the)180 612 R F2(n)3.42 E F0 .92 (th directory \(counting from the right of the list sho)B .92(wn by)-.25 -F F1(dirs)180 475.2 Q F0 2.5(,s)C(tarting with zero\) is at the top.) --2.5 E F2(dir)144.35 487.2 Q F0(Adds)180 487.2 Q F2(dir)2.85 E F0 +F F1(dirs)180 624 Q F0 2.5(,s)C(tarting with zero\) is at the top.)-2.5 +E F2(dir)144.35 636 Q F0(Adds)180 636 Q F2(dir)2.85 E F0 (to the directory stack at the top)3.23 E .435 -(After the stack has been modi\214ed, if the)144 504 R F12.935 E +(After the stack has been modi\214ed, if the)144 652.8 R F12.935 E F0 .434(option w)2.934 F .434(as not supplied,)-.1 F F1(pushd)2.934 E F0 .434(uses the)2.934 F F1(cd)2.934 E F0 -.2(bu)2.934 G .434(iltin to).2 F -(change to the directory at the top of the stack.)144 516 Q(If the)5 E +(change to the directory at the top of the stack.)144 664.8 Q(If the)5 E F1(cd)2.5 E F0 -.1(fa)2.5 G(ils,).1 E F1(pushd)2.5 E F0 (returns a non-zero v)2.5 E(alue.)-.25 E 1.78(Otherwise, if no ar)144 -532.8 R 1.78(guments are supplied,)-.18 F F1(pushd)4.28 E F0 1.78 +681.6 R 1.78(guments are supplied,)-.18 F F1(pushd)4.28 E F0 1.78 (returns 0 unless the directory stack is empty)4.28 F(.)-.65 E .093 -(When rotating the directory stack,)144 544.8 R F1(pushd)2.593 E F0 .092 +(When rotating the directory stack,)144 693.6 R F1(pushd)2.593 E F0 .092 (returns 0 unless the directory stack is empty or a non-e)2.593 F(x-) --.15 E(istent directory stack element is speci\214ed.)144 556.8 Q 1.277 -(If the)144 573.6 R F1(pushd)3.777 E F0 1.277 +-.15 E(istent directory stack element is speci\214ed.)144 705.6 Q 1.277 +(If the)144 722.4 R F1(pushd)3.777 E F0 1.277 (command is successful, bash runs)3.777 F F1(dirs)3.777 E F0 1.278 (to sho)3.778 F 3.778(wt)-.25 G 1.278 -(he \214nal contents of the directory)-3.778 F(stack.)144 585.6 Q F1 -(pwd)108 602.4 Q F0([)2.5 E F1(\255LP)A F0(])A .845 -(Print the absolute pathname of the current w)144 614.4 R .845 +(he \214nal contents of the directory)-3.778 F(GNU Bash 5.2)72 768 Q +(2022 June 3)150.675 E(71)199.835 E 0 Cg EP +%%Page: 72 72 +%%BeginPageSetup +BP +%%EndPageSetup +/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 137.14(SH\(1\) General).35 F +(Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E(stack.)144 84 Q/F1 +10/Times-Bold@0 SF(pwd)108 100.8 Q F0([)2.5 E F1(\255LP)A F0(])A .845 +(Print the absolute pathname of the current w)144 112.8 R .845 (orking directory)-.1 F 5.844(.T)-.65 G .844 (he pathname printed contains no)-5.844 F .181(symbolic links if the)144 -626.4 R F12.681 E F0 .181(option is supplied or the)2.681 F F1 +124.8 R F12.681 E F0 .181(option is supplied or the)2.681 F F1 .181(\255o ph)2.681 F(ysical)-.15 E F0 .181(option to the)2.681 F F1 (set)2.681 E F0 -.2(bu)2.681 G .182(iltin command is).2 F 3.264 -(enabled. If)144 638.4 R(the)3.264 E F13.264 E F0 .763 +(enabled. If)144 136.8 R(the)3.264 E F13.264 E F0 .763 (option is used, the pathname printed may contain symbolic links.)3.264 F .763(The return)5.763 F .405(status is 0 unless an error occurs while\ - reading the name of the current directory or an in)144 650.4 R -.25(va) --.4 G .405(lid op-).25 F(tion is supplied.)144 662.4 Q F1 -.18(re)108 -679.2 S(ad).18 E F0([)3.817 E F1(\255ers)A F0 3.817(][)C F1-3.817 -E F2(aname)3.817 E F0 3.817(][)C F1-3.817 E F2(delim)3.817 E F0 -3.817(][)C F1-3.817 E F2(te)3.817 E(xt)-.2 E F0 3.817(][)C F1 --3.817 E F2(nc)3.816 E(har)-.15 E(s)-.1 E F0 3.816(][)C F1 --3.816 E F2(nc)3.816 E(har)-.15 E(s)-.1 E F0 3.816(][)C F1-3.816 E -F2(pr)3.816 E(ompt)-.45 E F0 3.816(][)C F1-3.816 E F2(timeout) -3.816 E F0 3.816(][)C F1-3.816 E F2(fd)3.816 E F0(])A([)108 691.2 -Q F2(name)A F0(...])2.5 E .516(One line is read from the standard input\ -, or from the \214le descriptor)144 703.2 R F2(fd)3.016 E F0 .516 -(supplied as an ar)3.016 F .517(gument to)-.18 F(the)144 715.2 Q F1 -2.936 E F0 .436(option, split into w)2.936 F .435 + reading the name of the current directory or an in)144 148.8 R -.25(va) +-.4 G .405(lid op-).25 F(tion is supplied.)144 160.8 Q F1 -.18(re)108 +177.6 S(ad).18 E F0([)3.817 E F1(\255ers)A F0 3.817(][)C F1-3.817 +E/F2 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(aname)3.817 E F0 3.817(][)C F1-3.817 E +F2(delim)3.817 E F0 3.817(][)C F1-3.817 E F2(te)3.817 E(xt)-.2 E +F0 3.817(][)C F1-3.817 E F2(nc)3.816 E(har)-.15 E(s)-.1 E F0 3.816 +(][)C F1-3.816 E F2(nc)3.816 E(har)-.15 E(s)-.1 E F0 3.816(][)C F1 +-3.816 E F2(pr)3.816 E(ompt)-.45 E F0 3.816(][)C F1-3.816 E +F2(timeout)3.816 E F0 3.816(][)C F1-3.816 E F2(fd)3.816 E F0(])A +([)108 189.6 Q F2(name)A F0(...])2.5 E .516(One line is read from the s\ +tandard input, or from the \214le descriptor)144 201.6 R F2(fd)3.016 E +F0 .516(supplied as an ar)3.016 F .517(gument to)-.18 F(the)144 213.6 Q +F12.936 E F0 .436(option, split into w)2.936 F .435 (ords as described abo)-.1 F .735 -.15(ve u)-.15 H(nder).15 E F1 -.75 (Wo)2.935 G .435(rd Splitting).75 F F0 2.935(,a)C .435(nd the \214rst w) --2.935 F .435(ord is as-)-.1 F .375(signed to the \214rst)144 727.2 R F2 +-2.935 F .435(ord is as-)-.1 F .375(signed to the \214rst)144 225.6 R F2 (name)3.235 E F0 2.876(,t).18 G .376(he second w)-2.876 F .376 (ord to the second)-.1 F F2(name)3.236 E F0 2.876(,a).18 G .376 -(nd so on.)-2.876 F .376(If there are more w)5.376 F(ords)-.1 E -(GNU Bash 5.2)72 768 Q(2022 March 11)144.29 E(71)193.45 E 0 Cg EP -%%Page: 72 72 -%%BeginPageSetup -BP -%%EndPageSetup -/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 137.14(SH\(1\) General).35 F -(Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E .237 -(than names, the remaining w)144 84 R .237(ords and their interv)-.1 F -.237(ening delimiters are assigned to the last)-.15 F/F1 10 -/Times-Italic@0 SF(name)3.096 E F0 5.236(.I).18 G(f)-5.236 E .874 -(there are fe)144 96 R .874(wer w)-.25 F .875(ords read from the input \ -stream than names, the remaining names are assigned)-.1 F .518(empty v) -144 108 R 3.018(alues. The)-.25 F .518(characters in)3.018 F/F2 9 -/Times-Bold@0 SF(IFS)3.018 E F0 .518(are used to split the line into w) -2.768 F .517(ords using the same rules the)-.1 F .026(shell uses for e) -144 120 R .026(xpansion \(described abo)-.15 F .326 -.15(ve u)-.15 H -(nder).15 E/F3 10/Times-Bold@0 SF -.75(Wo)2.526 G .026(rd Splitting).75 -F F0 2.526(\). The)B .026(backslash character \()2.526 F F3(\\)A F0 -2.527(\)m)C(ay)-2.527 E .489(be used to remo)144 132 R .788 -.15(ve a) --.15 H .788 -.15(ny s).15 H .488(pecial meaning for the ne).15 F .488 +(nd so on.)-2.876 F .376(If there are more w)5.376 F(ords)-.1 E .237 +(than names, the remaining w)144 237.6 R .237(ords and their interv)-.1 +F .237(ening delimiters are assigned to the last)-.15 F F2(name)3.096 E +F0 5.236(.I).18 G(f)-5.236 E .874(there are fe)144 249.6 R .874(wer w) +-.25 F .875(ords read from the input stream than names, the remaining n\ +ames are assigned)-.1 F .518(empty v)144 261.6 R 3.018(alues. The)-.25 F +.518(characters in)3.018 F/F3 9/Times-Bold@0 SF(IFS)3.018 E F0 .518 +(are used to split the line into w)2.768 F .517 +(ords using the same rules the)-.1 F .026(shell uses for e)144 273.6 R +.026(xpansion \(described abo)-.15 F .326 -.15(ve u)-.15 H(nder).15 E F1 +-.75(Wo)2.526 G .026(rd Splitting).75 F F0 2.526(\). The)B .026 +(backslash character \()2.526 F F1(\\)A F0 2.527(\)m)C(ay)-2.527 E .489 +(be used to remo)144 285.6 R .788 -.15(ve a)-.15 H .788 -.15(ny s).15 H +.488(pecial meaning for the ne).15 F .488 (xt character read and for line continuation.)-.15 F(Op-)5.488 E -(tions, if supplied, ha)144 144 Q .3 -.15(ve t)-.2 H(he follo).15 E -(wing meanings:)-.25 E F3144 156 Q F1(aname)2.5 E F0 1.025(The w) -180 168 R 1.026(ords are assigned to sequential indices of the array v) --.1 F(ariable)-.25 E F1(aname)3.856 E F0 3.526(,s).18 G 1.026 -(tarting at 0.)-3.526 F F1(aname)180.33 180 Q F0(is unset before an)2.68 -E 2.5(yn)-.15 G .5 -.25(ew va)-2.5 H(lues are assigned.).25 E(Other)5 E -F1(name)2.5 E F0(ar)2.5 E(guments are ignored.)-.18 E F3144 192 Q -F1(delim)2.5 E F0 .281(The \214rst character of)180 204 R F1(delim)2.781 -E F0 .281(is used to terminate the input line, rather than ne)2.781 F -2.78(wline. If)-.25 F F1(de-)2.78 E(lim)180 216 Q F0 -(is the empty string,)2.5 E F3 -.18(re)2.5 G(ad).18 E F0 -(will terminate a line when it reads a NUL character)2.5 E(.)-.55 E F3 -144 228 Q F0 .372 -(If the standard input is coming from a terminal,)180 228 R F3 -.18(re) -2.873 G(adline).18 E F0(\(see)2.873 E F2(READLINE)2.873 E F0(abo)2.623 E --.15(ve)-.15 G 2.873(\)i).15 G 2.873(su)-2.873 G(sed)-2.873 E .218 -(to obtain the line.)180 240 R .218(Readline uses the current \(or def) -5.218 F .218(ault, if line editing w)-.1 F .218(as not pre)-.1 F -(viously)-.25 E(acti)180 252 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.5(\)e).15 G -(diting settings, b)-2.5 E(ut uses Readline')-.2 E 2.5(sd)-.55 G(ef)-2.5 -E(ault \214lename completion.)-.1 E F3144 264 Q F1(te)2.5 E(xt)-.2 -E F0(If)180 264 Q F3 -.18(re)2.715 G(adline).18 E F0 .216 -(is being used to read the line,)2.715 F F1(te)2.716 E(xt)-.2 E F0 .216 +(tions, if supplied, ha)144 297.6 Q .3 -.15(ve t)-.2 H(he follo).15 E +(wing meanings:)-.25 E F1144 309.6 Q F2(aname)2.5 E F0 1.025 +(The w)180 321.6 R 1.026 +(ords are assigned to sequential indices of the array v)-.1 F(ariable) +-.25 E F2(aname)3.856 E F0 3.526(,s).18 G 1.026(tarting at 0.)-3.526 F +F2(aname)180.33 333.6 Q F0(is unset before an)2.68 E 2.5(yn)-.15 G .5 +-.25(ew va)-2.5 H(lues are assigned.).25 E(Other)5 E F2(name)2.5 E F0 +(ar)2.5 E(guments are ignored.)-.18 E F1144 345.6 Q F2(delim)2.5 E +F0 .281(The \214rst character of)180 357.6 R F2(delim)2.781 E F0 .281 +(is used to terminate the input line, rather than ne)2.781 F 2.78 +(wline. If)-.25 F F2(de-)2.78 E(lim)180 369.6 Q F0(is the empty string,) +2.5 E F1 -.18(re)2.5 G(ad).18 E F0 +(will terminate a line when it reads a NUL character)2.5 E(.)-.55 E F1 +144 381.6 Q F0 .372 +(If the standard input is coming from a terminal,)180 381.6 R F1 -.18 +(re)2.873 G(adline).18 E F0(\(see)2.873 E F3(READLINE)2.873 E F0(abo) +2.623 E -.15(ve)-.15 G 2.873(\)i).15 G 2.873(su)-2.873 G(sed)-2.873 E +.218(to obtain the line.)180 393.6 R .218 +(Readline uses the current \(or def)5.218 F .218 +(ault, if line editing w)-.1 F .218(as not pre)-.1 F(viously)-.25 E +(acti)180 405.6 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.5(\)e).15 G(diting settings, b)-2.5 E +(ut uses Readline')-.2 E 2.5(sd)-.55 G(ef)-2.5 E +(ault \214lename completion.)-.1 E F1144 417.6 Q F2(te)2.5 E(xt) +-.2 E F0(If)180 417.6 Q F1 -.18(re)2.715 G(adline).18 E F0 .216 +(is being used to read the line,)2.715 F F2(te)2.716 E(xt)-.2 E F0 .216 (is placed into the editing b)2.716 F(uf)-.2 E .216(fer before edit-) --.25 F(ing be)180 276 Q(gins.)-.15 E F3144 288 Q F1(nc)2.5 E(har) --.15 E(s)-.1 E F3 -.18(re)180 300 S(ad).18 E F0 .323 -(returns after reading)2.823 F F1(nc)2.823 E(har)-.15 E(s)-.1 E F0 .323 +-.25 F(ing be)180 429.6 Q(gins.)-.15 E F1144 441.6 Q F2(nc)2.5 E +(har)-.15 E(s)-.1 E F1 -.18(re)180 453.6 S(ad).18 E F0 .323 +(returns after reading)2.823 F F2(nc)2.823 E(har)-.15 E(s)-.1 E F0 .323 (characters rather than w)2.823 F .323 -(aiting for a complete line of in-)-.1 F(put, b)180 312 Q -(ut honors a delimiter if fe)-.2 E(wer than)-.25 E F1(nc)2.5 E(har)-.15 -E(s)-.1 E F0(characters are read before the delimiter)2.5 E(.)-.55 E F3 -144 324 Q F1(nc)2.5 E(har)-.15 E(s)-.1 E F3 -.18(re)180 336 S(ad) -.18 E F0 1.269(returns after reading e)3.769 F(xactly)-.15 E F1(nc)3.769 -E(har)-.15 E(s)-.1 E F0 1.269(characters rather than w)3.769 F 1.27 -(aiting for a complete)-.1 F .275 -(line of input, unless EOF is encountered or)180 348 R F3 -.18(re)2.775 -G(ad).18 E F0 .274(times out.)2.774 F .274(Delimiter characters encoun-) -5.274 F 1.002 -(tered in the input are not treated specially and do not cause)180 360 R -F3 -.18(re)3.503 G(ad).18 E F0 1.003(to return until)3.503 F F1(nc)3.503 -E(har)-.15 E(s)-.1 E F0 .609(characters are read.)180 372 R .608 -(The result is not split on the characters in)5.609 F F3(IFS)3.108 E F0 -3.108(;t)C .608(he intent is that the)-3.108 F -.25(va)180 384 S .669 +(aiting for a complete line of in-)-.1 F(put, b)180 465.6 Q +(ut honors a delimiter if fe)-.2 E(wer than)-.25 E F2(nc)2.5 E(har)-.15 +E(s)-.1 E F0(characters are read before the delimiter)2.5 E(.)-.55 E F1 +144 477.6 Q F2(nc)2.5 E(har)-.15 E(s)-.1 E F1 -.18(re)180 489.6 S +(ad).18 E F0 1.269(returns after reading e)3.769 F(xactly)-.15 E F2(nc) +3.769 E(har)-.15 E(s)-.1 E F0 1.269(characters rather than w)3.769 F +1.27(aiting for a complete)-.1 F .275 +(line of input, unless EOF is encountered or)180 501.6 R F1 -.18(re) +2.775 G(ad).18 E F0 .274(times out.)2.774 F .274 +(Delimiter characters encoun-)5.274 F 1.002 +(tered in the input are not treated specially and do not cause)180 513.6 +R F1 -.18(re)3.503 G(ad).18 E F0 1.003(to return until)3.503 F F2(nc) +3.503 E(har)-.15 E(s)-.1 E F0 .609(characters are read.)180 525.6 R .608 +(The result is not split on the characters in)5.609 F F1(IFS)3.108 E F0 +3.108(;t)C .608(he intent is that the)-3.108 F -.25(va)180 537.6 S .669 (riable is assigned e).25 F .669 (xactly the characters read \(with the e)-.15 F .67 -(xception of backslash; see the)-.15 F F3180 396 Q F0(option belo) -2.5 E(w\).)-.25 E F3144 408 Q F1(pr)2.5 E(ompt)-.45 E F0(Display) -180 420 Q F1(pr)3.661 E(ompt)-.45 E F0 1.161(on standard error)3.661 F -3.661(,w)-.4 G 1.161(ithout a trailing ne)-3.661 F 1.161 -(wline, before attempting to read)-.25 F(an)180 432 Q 2.5(yi)-.15 G 2.5 -(nput. The)-2.5 F -(prompt is displayed only if input is coming from a terminal.)2.5 E F3 -144 444 Q F0 .543(Backslash does not act as an escape character) -180 444 R 5.543(.T)-.55 G .544(he backslash is considered to be part of) --5.543 F .493(the line.)180 456 R .493(In particular)5.493 F 2.993(,ab) --.4 G(ackslash-ne)-2.993 E .493 -(wline pair may not then be used as a line continua-)-.25 F(tion.)180 -468 Q F3144 480 Q F0(Silent mode.)180 480 Q -(If input is coming from a terminal, characters are not echoed.)5 E F3 -144 492 Q F1(timeout)2.5 E F0(Cause)180 504 Q F3 -.18(re)2.928 G -(ad).18 E F0 .428(to time out and return f)2.928 F .428 +(xception of backslash; see the)-.15 F F1180 549.6 Q F0 +(option belo)2.5 E(w\).)-.25 E F1144 561.6 Q F2(pr)2.5 E(ompt)-.45 +E F0(Display)180 573.6 Q F2(pr)3.661 E(ompt)-.45 E F0 1.161 +(on standard error)3.661 F 3.661(,w)-.4 G 1.161(ithout a trailing ne) +-3.661 F 1.161(wline, before attempting to read)-.25 F(an)180 585.6 Q +2.5(yi)-.15 G 2.5(nput. The)-2.5 F +(prompt is displayed only if input is coming from a terminal.)2.5 E F1 +144 597.6 Q F0 .543(Backslash does not act as an escape character) +180 597.6 R 5.543(.T)-.55 G .544 +(he backslash is considered to be part of)-5.543 F .493(the line.)180 +609.6 R .493(In particular)5.493 F 2.993(,ab)-.4 G(ackslash-ne)-2.993 E +.493(wline pair may not then be used as a line continua-)-.25 F(tion.) +180 621.6 Q F1144 633.6 Q F0(Silent mode.)180 633.6 Q +(If input is coming from a terminal, characters are not echoed.)5 E F1 +144 645.6 Q F2(timeout)2.5 E F0(Cause)180 657.6 Q F1 -.18(re)2.928 +G(ad).18 E F0 .428(to time out and return f)2.928 F .428 (ailure if a complete line of input \(or a speci\214ed num-)-.1 F .561 -(ber of characters\) is not read within)180 516 R F1(timeout)3.061 E F0 -(seconds.)3.061 E F1(timeout)5.561 E F0 .56(may be a decimal number) -3.061 F(with a fractional portion follo)180 528 Q +(ber of characters\) is not read within)180 669.6 R F2(timeout)3.061 E +F0(seconds.)3.061 E F2(timeout)5.561 E F0 .56(may be a decimal number) +3.061 F(with a fractional portion follo)180 681.6 Q (wing the decimal point.)-.25 E(This option is only ef)5 E(fecti)-.25 E -.3 -.15(ve i)-.25 H(f).15 E F3 -.18(re)2.5 G(ad).18 E F0 .506(is readin\ +.3 -.15(ve i)-.25 H(f).15 E F1 -.18(re)2.5 G(ad).18 E F0 .506(is readin\ g input from a terminal, pipe, or other special \214le; it has no ef)180 -540 R .505(fect when reading)-.25 F .589(from re)180 552 R .589 -(gular \214les.)-.15 F(If)5.589 E F3 -.18(re)3.089 G(ad).18 E F0 .589 -(times out,)3.089 F F3 -.18(re)3.089 G(ad).18 E F0(sa)3.089 E -.15(ve) +693.6 R .505(fect when reading)-.25 F .589(from re)180 705.6 R .589 +(gular \214les.)-.15 F(If)5.589 E F1 -.18(re)3.089 G(ad).18 E F0 .589 +(times out,)3.089 F F1 -.18(re)3.089 G(ad).18 E F0(sa)3.089 E -.15(ve) -.2 G 3.089(sa).15 G .889 -.15(ny p)-3.089 H .59 -(artial input read into the speci\214ed).15 F -.25(va)180 564 S(riable) -.25 E F1(name)2.77 E F0 5.27(.I)C(f)-5.27 E F1(timeout)2.77 E F0 .27 -(is 0,)2.77 F F3 -.18(re)2.77 G(ad).18 E F0 .27(returns immediately)2.77 -F 2.77(,w)-.65 G .27(ithout trying to read an)-2.77 F 2.77(yd)-.15 G -(ata.)-2.77 E .227(The e)180 576 R .228(xit status is 0 if input is a) --.15 F -.25(va)-.2 G .228(ilable on the speci\214ed \214le descriptor) -.25 F 2.728(,o)-.4 G 2.728(rt)-2.728 G .228(he read will re-)-2.728 F -1.225(turn EOF)180 588 R 3.725(,n)-.8 G 1.225(on-zero otherwise.)-3.725 -F 1.225(The e)6.225 F 1.225 -(xit status is greater than 128 if the timeout is e)-.15 F(x-)-.15 E -(ceeded.)180 600 Q F3144 612 Q F1(fd)2.5 E F0 -(Read input from \214le descriptor)180 612 Q F1(fd)2.5 E F0(.)A .522 -(If no)144 628.8 R F1(names)3.382 E F0 .522 +(artial input read into the speci\214ed).15 F -.25(va)180 717.6 S +(riable).25 E F2(name)2.77 E F0 5.27(.I)C(f)-5.27 E F2(timeout)2.77 E F0 +.27(is 0,)2.77 F F1 -.18(re)2.77 G(ad).18 E F0 .27(returns immediately) +2.77 F 2.77(,w)-.65 G .27(ithout trying to read an)-2.77 F 2.77(yd)-.15 +G(ata.)-2.77 E 1.041(The e)180 729.6 R 1.041 +(xit status is 0 if input is a)-.15 F -.25(va)-.2 G 1.041 +(ilable on the speci\214ed \214le descriptor).25 F 3.541(,o)-.4 G 3.542 +(rt)-3.541 G 1.042(he read will)-3.542 F(GNU Bash 5.2)72 768 Q +(2022 June 3)150.675 E(72)199.835 E 0 Cg EP +%%Page: 73 73 +%%BeginPageSetup +BP +%%EndPageSetup +/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 137.14(SH\(1\) General).35 F +(Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E .707(return EOF) +180 84 R 3.207(,n)-.8 G .707(on-zero otherwise.)-3.207 F .707(The e) +5.707 F .707(xit status is greater than 128 if the timeout is e)-.15 F +(x-)-.15 E(ceeded.)180 96 Q/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 SF144 108 Q/F2 10 +/Times-Italic@0 SF(fd)2.5 E F0(Read input from \214le descriptor)180 108 +Q F2(fd)2.5 E F0(.)A .522(If no)144 124.8 R F2(names)3.382 E F0 .522 (are supplied, the line read, without the ending delimiter b)3.292 F .522(ut otherwise unmodi\214ed, is)-.2 F 1.187(assigned to the v)144 -640.8 R(ariable)-.25 E F2(REPL)3.686 E(Y)-.828 E/F4 9/Times-Roman@0 SF -(.)A F0 1.186(The e)5.686 F 1.186 -(xit status is zero, unless end-of-\214le is encountered,)-.15 F F3 -.18 +136.8 R(ariable)-.25 E/F3 9/Times-Bold@0 SF(REPL)3.686 E(Y)-.828 E/F4 9 +/Times-Roman@0 SF(.)A F0 1.186(The e)5.686 F 1.186 +(xit status is zero, unless end-of-\214le is encountered,)-.15 F F1 -.18 (re)3.686 G(ad).18 E F0 .96 (times out \(in which case the status is greater than 128\), a v)144 -652.8 R .961(ariable assignment error \(such as as-)-.25 F .707 -(signing to a readonly v)144 664.8 R .706(ariable\) occurs, or an in) +148.8 R .961(ariable assignment error \(such as as-)-.25 F .707 +(signing to a readonly v)144 160.8 R .706(ariable\) occurs, or an in) -.25 F -.25(va)-.4 G .706(lid \214le descriptor is supplied as the ar) -.25 F .706(gument to)-.18 F F3144 676.8 Q F0(.)A F3 -.18(re)108 -693.6 S(adonly).18 E F0([)2.5 E F3(\255aAf)A F0 2.5(][)C F3-2.5 E -F0 2.5(][)C F1(name)-2.5 E F0([=)A F1(wor)A(d)-.37 E F0 2.5(].)C(..]) --2.5 E .77(The gi)144 705.6 R -.15(ve)-.25 G(n).15 E F1(names)3.27 E F0 +.25 F .706(gument to)-.18 F F1144 172.8 Q F0(.)A F1 -.18(re)108 +189.6 S(adonly).18 E F0([)2.5 E F1(\255aAf)A F0 2.5(][)C F1-2.5 E +F0 2.5(][)C F2(name)-2.5 E F0([=)A F2(wor)A(d)-.37 E F0 2.5(].)C(..]) +-2.5 E .77(The gi)144 201.6 R -.15(ve)-.25 G(n).15 E F2(names)3.27 E F0 .77(are mark)3.27 F .77(ed readonly; the v)-.1 F .77(alues of these)-.25 -F F1(names)3.63 E F0 .77(may not be changed by subse-)3.54 F 1.097 -(quent assignment.)144 717.6 R 1.097(If the)6.097 F F33.597 E F0 -1.097(option is supplied, the functions corresponding to the)3.597 F F1 -(names)3.596 E F0 1.096(are so)3.596 F(mark)144 729.6 Q 4.902(ed. The) --.1 F F34.902 E F0 2.403(option restricts the v)4.903 F 2.403 -(ariables to inde)-.25 F -.15(xe)-.15 G 4.903(da).15 G 2.403(rrays; the) --4.903 F F34.903 E F0 2.403(option restricts the)4.903 F -(GNU Bash 5.2)72 768 Q(2022 March 11)144.29 E(72)193.45 E 0 Cg EP -%%Page: 73 73 -%%BeginPageSetup -BP -%%EndPageSetup -/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 137.14(SH\(1\) General).35 F -(Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E -.25(va)144 84 S -.425(riables to associati).25 F .725 -.15(ve a)-.25 H 2.925(rrays. If) -.15 F .425(both options are supplied,)2.925 F/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 SF -2.925 E F0(tak)2.925 E .424(es precedence.)-.1 F .424(If no)5.424 -F/F2 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(name)3.284 E F0(ar)3.104 E(-)-.2 E 1.275 -(guments are gi)144 96 R -.15(ve)-.25 G 1.275(n, or if the).15 F F1 -3.775 E F0 1.275 -(option is supplied, a list of all readonly names is printed.)3.775 F -(The)6.275 E .559(other options may be used to restrict the output to a\ - subset of the set of readonly names.)144 108 R(The)5.559 E F1 -3.058 E F0 .2(option causes output to be displayed in a format that may\ - be reused as input.)144 120 R .201(If a v)5.201 F .201(ariable name is) --.25 F(follo)144 132 Q .134(wed by =)-.25 F F2(wor)A(d)-.37 E F0 2.634 -(,t)C .133(he v)-2.634 F .133(alue of the v)-.25 F .133 -(ariable is set to)-.25 F F2(wor)2.633 E(d)-.37 E F0 5.133(.T)C .133 -(he return status is 0 unless an in)-5.133 F -.25(va)-.4 G(lid).25 E .26 -(option is encountered, one of the)144 144 R F2(names)3.12 E F0 .26 -(is not a v)3.03 F .26(alid shell v)-.25 F .26(ariable name, or)-.25 F -F12.76 E F0 .26(is supplied with a)2.76 F F2(name)144.36 156 Q F0 -(that is not a function.)2.68 E F1 -.18(re)108 172.8 S(tur).18 E(n)-.15 -E F0([)2.5 E F2(n)A F0(])A .021(Causes a function to stop e)144 184.8 R +F F2(names)3.63 E F0 .77(may not be changed by subse-)3.54 F 1.097 +(quent assignment.)144 213.6 R 1.097(If the)6.097 F F13.597 E F0 +1.097(option is supplied, the functions corresponding to the)3.597 F F2 +(names)3.596 E F0 1.096(are so)3.596 F(mark)144 225.6 Q 3.334(ed. The) +-.1 F F13.334 E F0 .834(option restricts the v)3.334 F .834 +(ariables to inde)-.25 F -.15(xe)-.15 G 3.334(da).15 G .834(rrays; the) +-3.334 F F13.334 E F0 .834(option restricts the v)3.334 F(ari-) +-.25 E .777(ables to associati)144 237.6 R 1.077 -.15(ve a)-.25 H 3.277 +(rrays. If).15 F .777(both options are supplied,)3.277 F F13.277 E +F0(tak)3.277 E .776(es precedence.)-.1 F .776(If no)5.776 F F2(name) +3.636 E F0(ar)3.456 E(gu-)-.18 E .521(ments are gi)144 249.6 R -.15(ve) +-.25 G .521(n, or if the).15 F F13.021 E F0 .521 +(option is supplied, a list of all readonly names is printed.)3.021 F +.522(The other)5.521 F .295(options may be used to restrict the output \ +to a subset of the set of readonly names.)144 261.6 R(The)5.295 E F1 +2.795 E F0(option)2.795 E .786 +(causes output to be displayed in a format that may be reused as input.) +144 273.6 R .786(If a v)5.786 F .786(ariable name is fol-)-.25 F(lo)144 +285.6 Q .718(wed by =)-.25 F F2(wor)A(d)-.37 E F0 3.218(,t)C .718(he v) +-3.218 F .718(alue of the v)-.25 F .718(ariable is set to)-.25 F F2(wor) +3.218 E(d)-.37 E F0 5.718(.T)C .718(he return status is 0 unless an in) +-5.718 F -.25(va)-.4 G(lid).25 E .26(option is encountered, one of the) +144 297.6 R F2(names)3.12 E F0 .26(is not a v)3.03 F .26(alid shell v) +-.25 F .26(ariable name, or)-.25 F F12.76 E F0 .26 +(is supplied with a)2.76 F F2(name)144.36 309.6 Q F0 +(that is not a function.)2.68 E F1 -.18(re)108 326.4 S(tur).18 E(n)-.15 +E F0([)2.5 E F2(n)A F0(])A .021(Causes a function to stop e)144 338.4 R -.15(xe)-.15 G .021(cuting and return the v).15 F .021 (alue speci\214ed by)-.25 F F2(n)2.88 E F0 .02(to its caller)2.76 F 5.02 (.I)-.55 G(f)-5.02 E F2(n)2.88 E F0 .02(is omitted,)2.76 F .596 -(the return status is that of the last command e)144 196.8 R -.15(xe) +(the return status is that of the last command e)144 350.4 R -.15(xe) -.15 G .597(cuted in the function body).15 F 5.597(.I)-.65 G(f)-5.597 E F1 -.18(re)3.097 G(tur).18 E(n)-.15 E F0 .597(is e)3.097 F -.15(xe)-.15 -G(cuted).15 E .267(by a trap handler)144 208.8 R 2.767(,t)-.4 G .267 +G(cuted).15 E .267(by a trap handler)144 362.4 R 2.767(,t)-.4 G .267 (he last command used to determine the status is the last command e) -2.767 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .267(cuted be-).15 F .02(fore the trap handler) -144 220.8 R 5.02(.I)-.55 G(f)-5.02 E F1 -.18(re)2.52 G(tur).18 E(n)-.15 +144 374.4 R 5.02(.I)-.55 G(f)-5.02 E F1 -.18(re)2.52 G(tur).18 E(n)-.15 E F0 .02(is e)2.52 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .02(cuted during a).15 F F1(DEB)2.52 E(UG)-.1 E F0 .02(trap, the last command used to deter)2.52 F(-)-.2 E -.886(mine the status is the last command e)144 232.8 R -.15(xe)-.15 G +.886(mine the status is the last command e)144 386.4 R -.15(xe)-.15 G .886(cuted by the trap handler before).15 F F1 -.18(re)3.385 G(tur).18 E (n)-.15 E F0 -.1(wa)3.385 G 3.385(si).1 G -1.9 -.4(nv o)-3.385 H -.1(ke) -.4 G 3.385(d. If).1 F F1 -.18(re)144 244.8 S(tur).18 E(n)-.15 E F0 .627 +.4 G 3.385(d. If).1 F F1 -.18(re)144 398.4 S(tur).18 E(n)-.15 E F0 .627 (is used outside a function, b)3.127 F .628(ut during e)-.2 F -.15(xe) -.15 G .628(cution of a script by the).15 F F1(.)3.128 E F0(\()5.628 E F1(sour)A(ce)-.18 E F0 3.128(\)c)C .628(ommand, it)-3.128 F .589 -(causes the shell to stop e)144 256.8 R -.15(xe)-.15 G .589 +(causes the shell to stop e)144 410.4 R -.15(xe)-.15 G .589 (cuting that script and return either).15 F F2(n)3.448 E F0 .588 (or the e)3.328 F .588(xit status of the last com-)-.15 F .325(mand e) -144 268.8 R -.15(xe)-.15 G .325(cuted within the script as the e).15 F +144 422.4 R -.15(xe)-.15 G .325(cuted within the script as the e).15 F .326(xit status of the script.)-.15 F(If)5.326 E F2(n)2.826 E F0 .326 (is supplied, the return v)2.826 F .326(alue is)-.25 F .445 -(its least signi\214cant 8 bits.)144 280.8 R .444 +(its least signi\214cant 8 bits.)144 434.4 R .444 (The return status is non-zero if)5.445 F F1 -.18(re)2.944 G(tur).18 E (n)-.15 E F0 .444(is supplied a non-numeric ar)2.944 F(gu-)-.18 E .381 -(ment, or is used outside a function and not during e)144 292.8 R -.15 +(ment, or is used outside a function and not during e)144 446.4 R -.15 (xe)-.15 G .381(cution of a script by).15 F F1(.)2.881 E F0(or)3.714 E F1(sour)2.881 E(ce)-.18 E F0 5.381(.A)C .681 -.15(ny c)-5.381 H(om-).15 -E .75(mand associated with the)144 304.8 R F1(RETURN)3.249 E F0 .749 +E .75(mand associated with the)144 458.4 R F1(RETURN)3.249 E F0 .749 (trap is e)3.249 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .749(cuted before e).15 F -.15(xe)-.15 -G .749(cution resumes after the function).15 F(or script.)144 316.8 Q F1 -(set)108 333.6 Q F0([)2.5 E F1(\255abefhkmnptuvxBCEHPT)A F0 2.5(][)C F1 +G .749(cution resumes after the function).15 F(or script.)144 470.4 Q F1 +(set)108 487.2 Q F0([)2.5 E F1(\255abefhkmnptuvxBCEHPT)A F0 2.5(][)C F1 -2.5 E F2(option\255name)2.5 E F0 2.5(][)C F1-2.5 E F0 2.5 (][)C F1-2.5 E F0 2.5(][)C F2(ar)-2.5 E(g)-.37 E F0(...])2.5 E F1 -(set)108 345.6 Q F0([)2.5 E F1(+abefhkmnptuvxBCEHPT)A F0 2.5(][)C F1(+o) +(set)108 499.2 Q F0([)2.5 E F1(+abefhkmnptuvxBCEHPT)A F0 2.5(][)C F1(+o) -2.5 E F2(option\255name)2.5 E F0 2.5(][)C F1-2.5 E F0 2.5(][)C F1 -2.5 E F0 2.5(][)C F2(ar)-2.5 E(g)-.37 E F0(...])2.5 E -.4(Wi)144 -357.6 S .573(thout options, display the name and v).4 F .573 +511.2 S .573(thout options, display the name and v).4 F .573 (alue of each shell v)-.25 F .574 (ariable in a format that can be reused)-.25 F .113 -(as input for setting or resetting the currently-set v)144 369.6 R 2.613 +(as input for setting or resetting the currently-set v)144 523.2 R 2.613 (ariables. Read-only)-.25 F -.25(va)2.613 G .113 -(riables cannot be reset.).25 F(In)5.112 E F2 1.032(posix mode)144 381.6 +(riables cannot be reset.).25 F(In)5.112 E F2 1.032(posix mode)144 535.2 R F0 3.532(,o)C 1.032(nly shell v)-3.532 F 1.032(ariables are listed.) -.25 F 1.032(The output is sorted according to the current locale.)6.032 -F .581(When options are speci\214ed, the)144 393.6 R 3.081(ys)-.15 G +F .581(When options are speci\214ed, the)144 547.2 R 3.081(ys)-.15 G .581(et or unset shell attrib)-3.081 F 3.081(utes. An)-.2 F 3.08(ya)-.15 G -.18(rg)-3.08 G .58(uments remaining after op-).18 F .16 -(tion processing are treated as v)144 405.6 R .161 +(tion processing are treated as v)144 559.2 R .161 (alues for the positional parameters and are assigned, in order)-.25 F -2.661(,t)-.4 G(o)-2.661 E F1($1)2.661 E F0(,)A F1($2)144 417.6 Q F0(,)A +2.661(,t)-.4 G(o)-2.661 E F1($1)2.661 E F0(,)A F1($2)144 571.2 Q F0(,)A F1 2.5(... $)2.5 F F2(n)A F0 5(.O)C(ptions, if speci\214ed, ha)-5 E .3 --.15(ve t)-.2 H(he follo).15 E(wing meanings:)-.25 E F1144 429.6 Q -F0 1.378(Each v)184 429.6 R 1.377 +-.15(ve t)-.2 H(he follo).15 E(wing meanings:)-.25 E F1144 583.2 Q +F0 1.378(Each v)184 583.2 R 1.377 (ariable or function that is created or modi\214ed is gi)-.25 F -.15(ve) -.25 G 3.877(nt).15 G 1.377(he e)-3.877 F 1.377(xport attrib)-.15 F -1.377(ute and)-.2 F(mark)184 441.6 Q(ed for e)-.1 E(xport to the en)-.15 -E(vironment of subsequent commands.)-.4 E F1144 453.6 Q F0 .131 -(Report the status of terminated background jobs immediately)184 453.6 R +1.377(ute and)-.2 F(mark)184 595.2 Q(ed for e)-.1 E(xport to the en)-.15 +E(vironment of subsequent commands.)-.4 E F1144 607.2 Q F0 .131 +(Report the status of terminated background jobs immediately)184 607.2 R 2.632(,r)-.65 G .132(ather than before the ne)-2.632 F(xt)-.15 E -(primary prompt.)184 465.6 Q(This is ef)5 E(fecti)-.25 E .3 -.15(ve o) --.25 H(nly when job control is enabled.).15 E F1144 477.6 Q F0 -.088(Exit immediately if a)184 477.6 R F2(pipeline)2.588 E F0 .087 +(primary prompt.)184 619.2 Q(This is ef)5 E(fecti)-.25 E .3 -.15(ve o) +-.25 H(nly when job control is enabled.).15 E F1144 631.2 Q F0 +.088(Exit immediately if a)184 631.2 R F2(pipeline)2.588 E F0 .087 (\(which may consist of a single)2.588 F F2 .087(simple command)2.587 F -F0 .087(\), a)B F2(list)2.587 E F0 2.587(,o)C(r)-2.587 E(a)184 489.6 Q -F2 1.52(compound command)4.02 F F0(\(see)4.021 E/F3 9/Times-Bold@0 SF -1.521(SHELL GRAMMAR)4.021 F F0(abo)3.771 E -.15(ve)-.15 G 1.521(\), e) -.15 F 1.521(xits with a non-zero status.)-.15 F .08 -(The shell does not e)184 501.6 R .079(xit if the command that f)-.15 F -.079(ails is part of the command list immediately)-.1 F(follo)184 513.6 -Q 1.654(wing a)-.25 F F1(while)4.154 E F0(or)4.154 E F1(until)4.154 E F0 +F0 .087(\), a)B F2(list)2.587 E F0 2.587(,o)C(r)-2.587 E(a)184 643.2 Q +F2 1.52(compound command)4.02 F F0(\(see)4.021 E F3 1.521(SHELL GRAMMAR) +4.021 F F0(abo)3.771 E -.15(ve)-.15 G 1.521(\), e).15 F 1.521 +(xits with a non-zero status.)-.15 F .08(The shell does not e)184 655.2 +R .079(xit if the command that f)-.15 F .079 +(ails is part of the command list immediately)-.1 F(follo)184 667.2 Q +1.654(wing a)-.25 F F1(while)4.154 E F0(or)4.154 E F1(until)4.154 E F0 -.1(ke)4.154 G(yw)-.05 E 1.655(ord, part of the test follo)-.1 F 1.655 (wing the)-.25 F F1(if)4.155 E F0(or)4.155 E F1(elif)4.155 E F0(reserv) -4.155 E(ed)-.15 E -.1(wo)184 525.6 S .582(rds, part of an).1 F 3.082(yc) +4.155 E(ed)-.15 E -.1(wo)184 679.2 S .582(rds, part of an).1 F 3.082(yc) -.15 G .582(ommand e)-3.082 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .581(cuted in a).15 F F1 (&&)3.081 E F0(or)3.081 E F1(||)3.081 E F0 .581(list e)3.081 F .581 -(xcept the command follo)-.15 F(wing)-.25 E .917(the \214nal)184 537.6 R +(xcept the command follo)-.15 F(wing)-.25 E .917(the \214nal)184 691.2 R F1(&&)3.417 E F0(or)3.417 E F1(||)3.417 E F0 3.417(,a)C 1.217 -.15(ny c) -3.417 H .918(ommand in a pipeline b).15 F .918 (ut the last, or if the command')-.2 F 3.418(sr)-.55 G(eturn)-3.418 E --.25(va)184 549.6 S .661(lue is being in).25 F -.15(ve)-.4 G .661 +-.25(va)184 703.2 S .661(lue is being in).25 F -.15(ve)-.4 G .661 (rted with).15 F F1(!)3.161 E F0 5.661(.I)C 3.161(fac)-5.661 G .66 (ompound command other than a subshell returns a)-3.161 F 1.112 -(non-zero status because a command f)184 561.6 R 1.112(ailed while)-.1 F +(non-zero status because a command f)184 715.2 R 1.112(ailed while)-.1 F F13.612 E F0 -.1(wa)3.612 G 3.612(sb).1 G 1.113 -(eing ignored, the shell does)-3.612 F .178(not e)184 573.6 R 2.678 +(eing ignored, the shell does)-3.612 F .178(not e)184 727.2 R 2.678 (xit. A)-.15 F .178(trap on)2.678 F F1(ERR)2.678 E F0 2.678(,i)C 2.678 (fs)-2.678 G .178(et, is e)-2.678 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .178 (cuted before the shell e).15 F 2.677(xits. This)-.15 F .177 -(option applies to)2.677 F .617(the shell en)184 585.6 R .617 -(vironment and each subshell en)-.4 F .617(vironment separately \(see) --.4 F F3 .618(COMMAND EXE-)3.118 F .643(CUTION ENVIR)184 597.6 R(ONMENT) --.27 E F0(abo)2.893 E -.15(ve)-.15 G .643 -(\), and may cause subshells to e).15 F .643(xit before e)-.15 F -.15 -(xe)-.15 G .642(cuting all).15 F(the commands in the subshell.)184 609.6 -Q .998(If a compound command or shell function e)184 627.6 R -.15(xe) --.15 G .999(cutes in a conte).15 F .999(xt where)-.15 F F13.499 E -F0 .999(is being ig-)3.499 F .089(nored, none of the commands e)184 -639.6 R -.15(xe)-.15 G .089 -(cuted within the compound command or function body).15 F .502 -(will be af)184 651.6 R .502(fected by the)-.25 F F13.002 E F0 -.502(setting, e)3.002 F -.15(ve)-.25 G 3.002(ni).15 G(f)-3.002 E F1 -3.002 E F0 .502(is set and a command returns a f)3.002 F .503 -(ailure sta-)-.1 F 4.184(tus. If)184 663.6 R 4.184(ac)4.184 G 1.684 -(ompound command or shell function sets)-4.184 F F14.183 E F0 -1.683(while e)4.183 F -.15(xe)-.15 G 1.683(cuting in a conte).15 F(xt) --.15 E(where)184 675.6 Q F13.153 E F0 .653 -(is ignored, that setting will not ha)3.153 F .954 -.15(ve a)-.2 H .954 --.15(ny e).15 H -.25(ff).15 G .654(ect until the compound command).25 F -(or the command containing the function call completes.)184 687.6 Q F1 -144 699.6 Q F0(Disable pathname e)184 699.6 Q(xpansion.)-.15 E F1 -144 711.6 Q F0 .988(Remember the location of commands as the)184 -711.6 R 3.488(ya)-.15 G .988(re look)-3.488 F .988(ed up for e)-.1 F --.15(xe)-.15 G 3.488(cution. This).15 F .987(is en-)3.487 F -(abled by def)184 723.6 Q(ault.)-.1 E(GNU Bash 5.2)72 768 Q -(2022 March 11)144.29 E(73)193.45 E 0 Cg EP +(option applies to)2.677 F(GNU Bash 5.2)72 768 Q(2022 June 3)150.675 E +(73)199.835 E 0 Cg EP %%Page: 74 74 %%BeginPageSetup BP %%EndPageSetup /F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 137.14(SH\(1\) General).35 F -(Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 -SF144 84 Q F0 .513(All ar)184 84 R .514 +(Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E .617(the shell en) +184 84 R .617(vironment and each subshell en)-.4 F .617 +(vironment separately \(see)-.4 F/F1 9/Times-Bold@0 SF .618 +(COMMAND EXE-)3.118 F .643(CUTION ENVIR)184 96 R(ONMENT)-.27 E F0(abo) +2.893 E -.15(ve)-.15 G .643(\), and may cause subshells to e).15 F .643 +(xit before e)-.15 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .642(cuting all).15 F +(the commands in the subshell.)184 108 Q .998 +(If a compound command or shell function e)184 126 R -.15(xe)-.15 G .999 +(cutes in a conte).15 F .999(xt where)-.15 F/F2 10/Times-Bold@0 SF +3.499 E F0 .999(is being ig-)3.499 F .089(nored, none of the commands e) +184 138 R -.15(xe)-.15 G .089 +(cuted within the compound command or function body).15 F .502 +(will be af)184 150 R .502(fected by the)-.25 F F23.002 E F0 .502 +(setting, e)3.002 F -.15(ve)-.25 G 3.002(ni).15 G(f)-3.002 E F2 +3.002 E F0 .502(is set and a command returns a f)3.002 F .503 +(ailure sta-)-.1 F 4.184(tus. If)184 162 R 4.184(ac)4.184 G 1.684 +(ompound command or shell function sets)-4.184 F F24.183 E F0 +1.683(while e)4.183 F -.15(xe)-.15 G 1.683(cuting in a conte).15 F(xt) +-.15 E(where)184 174 Q F23.153 E F0 .653 +(is ignored, that setting will not ha)3.153 F .954 -.15(ve a)-.2 H .954 +-.15(ny e).15 H -.25(ff).15 G .654(ect until the compound command).25 F +(or the command containing the function call completes.)184 186 Q F2 +144 198 Q F0(Disable pathname e)184 198 Q(xpansion.)-.15 E F2 +144 210 Q F0 .988(Remember the location of commands as the)184 210 +R 3.488(ya)-.15 G .988(re look)-3.488 F .988(ed up for e)-.1 F -.15(xe) +-.15 G 3.488(cution. This).15 F .987(is en-)3.487 F(abled by def)184 222 +Q(ault.)-.1 E F2144 234 Q F0 .513(All ar)184 234 R .514 (guments in the form of assignment statements are placed in the en)-.18 F .514(vironment for a)-.4 F -(command, not just those that precede the command name.)184 96 Q F1 -144 108 Q F0 .149(Monitor mode.)184 108 R .149 +(command, not just those that precede the command name.)184 246 Q F2 +144 258 Q F0 .149(Monitor mode.)184 258 R .149 (Job control is enabled.)5.149 F .148(This option is on by def)5.149 F .148(ault for interacti)-.1 F .448 -.15(ve s)-.25 H(hells).15 E .65 -(on systems that support it \(see)184 120 R/F2 9/Times-Bold@0 SF .651 -(JOB CONTR)3.151 F(OL)-.27 E F0(abo)2.901 E -.15(ve)-.15 G 3.151 -(\). All).15 F .651(processes run in a separate)3.151 F .679 -(process group.)184 132 R .678(When a background job completes, the she\ -ll prints a line containing its)5.679 F -.15(ex)184 144 S(it status.).15 -E F1144 156 Q F0 .652(Read commands b)184 156 R .652(ut do not e) --.2 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .652(cute them.).15 F .653 -(This may be used to check a shell script for)5.652 F(syntax errors.)184 -168 Q(This is ignored by interacti)5 E .3 -.15(ve s)-.25 H(hells.).15 E -F1144 180 Q/F3 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(option\255name)2.5 E F0(The) -184 192 Q F3(option\255name)2.5 E F0(can be one of the follo)2.5 E -(wing:)-.25 E F1(allexport)184 204 Q F0(Same as)224 216 Q F12.5 E -F0(.)A F1(braceexpand)184 228 Q F0(Same as)224 240 Q F12.5 E F0(.) -A F1(emacs)184 252 Q F0 .089 -(Use an emacs-style command line editing interf)224 252 R 2.589 +(on systems that support it \(see)184 270 R F1 .651(JOB CONTR)3.151 F +(OL)-.27 E F0(abo)2.901 E -.15(ve)-.15 G 3.151(\). All).15 F .651 +(processes run in a separate)3.151 F .679(process group.)184 282 R .678 +(When a background job completes, the shell prints a line containing it\ +s)5.679 F -.15(ex)184 294 S(it status.).15 E F2144 306 Q F0 .652 +(Read commands b)184 306 R .652(ut do not e)-.2 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .652 +(cute them.).15 F .653(This may be used to check a shell script for) +5.652 F(syntax errors.)184 318 Q(This is ignored by interacti)5 E .3 +-.15(ve s)-.25 H(hells.).15 E F2144 330 Q/F3 10/Times-Italic@0 SF +(option\255name)2.5 E F0(The)184 342 Q F3(option\255name)2.5 E F0 +(can be one of the follo)2.5 E(wing:)-.25 E F2(allexport)184 354 Q F0 +(Same as)224 366 Q F22.5 E F0(.)A F2(braceexpand)184 378 Q F0 +(Same as)224 390 Q F22.5 E F0(.)A F2(emacs)184 402 Q F0 .089 +(Use an emacs-style command line editing interf)224 402 R 2.589 (ace. This)-.1 F .089(is enabled by def)2.589 F(ault)-.1 E .95 -(when the shell is interacti)224 264 R -.15(ve)-.25 G 3.45(,u).15 G .95 -(nless the shell is started with the)-3.45 F F1(\255\255noediting)3.45 E -F0 2.5(option. This)224 276 R(also af)2.5 E(fects the editing interf) --.25 E(ace used for)-.1 E F1 -.18(re)2.5 G(ad \255e).18 E F0(.)A F1(err) -184 288 Q(exit)-.18 E F0(Same as)224 288 Q F12.5 E F0(.)A F1 -(errtrace)184 300 Q F0(Same as)224 300 Q F12.5 E F0(.)A F1 -(functrace)184 312 Q F0(Same as)224 324 Q F12.5 E F0(.)A F1 -(hashall)184 336 Q F0(Same as)224 336 Q F12.5 E F0(.)A F1 -(histexpand)184 348 Q F0(Same as)224 360 Q F12.5 E F0(.)A F1 -(history)184 372 Q F0 .587(Enable command history)224 372 R 3.087(,a) +(when the shell is interacti)224 414 R -.15(ve)-.25 G 3.45(,u).15 G .95 +(nless the shell is started with the)-3.45 F F2(\255\255noediting)3.45 E +F0 2.5(option. This)224 426 R(also af)2.5 E(fects the editing interf) +-.25 E(ace used for)-.1 E F2 -.18(re)2.5 G(ad \255e).18 E F0(.)A F2(err) +184 438 Q(exit)-.18 E F0(Same as)224 438 Q F22.5 E F0(.)A F2 +(errtrace)184 450 Q F0(Same as)224 450 Q F22.5 E F0(.)A F2 +(functrace)184 462 Q F0(Same as)224 474 Q F22.5 E F0(.)A F2 +(hashall)184 486 Q F0(Same as)224 486 Q F22.5 E F0(.)A F2 +(histexpand)184 498 Q F0(Same as)224 510 Q F22.5 E F0(.)A F2 +(history)184 522 Q F0 .587(Enable command history)224 522 R 3.087(,a) -.65 G 3.087(sd)-3.087 G .587(escribed abo)-3.087 F .887 -.15(ve u)-.15 -H(nder).15 E F2(HIST)3.087 E(OR)-.162 E(Y)-.315 E/F4 9/Times-Roman@0 SF -(.)A F0 .587(This option is)5.087 F(on by def)224 384 Q -(ault in interacti)-.1 E .3 -.15(ve s)-.25 H(hells.).15 E F1(ignor)184 -396 Q(eeof)-.18 E F0 1.656(The ef)224 408 R 1.656 +H(nder).15 E F1(HIST)3.087 E(OR)-.162 E(Y)-.315 E/F4 9/Times-Roman@0 SF +(.)A F0 .587(This option is)5.087 F(on by def)224 534 Q +(ault in interacti)-.1 E .3 -.15(ve s)-.25 H(hells.).15 E F2(ignor)184 +546 Q(eeof)-.18 E F0 1.656(The ef)224 558 R 1.656 (fect is as if the shell command)-.25 F/F5 10/Courier@0 SF(IGNOREEOF=10) 4.157 E F0 1.657(had been e)4.157 F -.15(xe)-.15 G(cuted).15 E(\(see)224 -420 Q F1(Shell V)2.5 E(ariables)-.92 E F0(abo)2.5 E -.15(ve)-.15 G(\).) -.15 E F1 -.1(ke)184 432 S(yw).1 E(ord)-.1 E F0(Same as)224 444 Q F1 -2.5 E F0(.)A F1(monitor)184 456 Q F0(Same as)224 456 Q F12.5 -E F0(.)A F1(noclob)184 468 Q(ber)-.1 E F0(Same as)224 480 Q F12.5 -E F0(.)A F1(noexec)184 492 Q F0(Same as)224 492 Q F12.5 E F0(.)A -F1(noglob)184 504 Q F0(Same as)224 504 Q F12.5 E F0(.)A F1(nolog) -184 516 Q F0(Currently ignored.)224 516 Q F1(notify)184 528 Q F0 -(Same as)224 528 Q F12.5 E F0(.)A F1(nounset)184 540 Q F0(Same as) -224 540 Q F12.5 E F0(.)A F1(onecmd)184 552 Q F0(Same as)224 552 Q -F12.5 E F0(.)A F1(ph)184 564 Q(ysical)-.15 E F0(Same as)224 564 Q -F12.5 E F0(.)A F1(pipefail)184 576 Q F0 1.03(If set, the return v) -224 576 R 1.029(alue of a pipeline is the v)-.25 F 1.029 -(alue of the last \(rightmost\) com-)-.25 F 1.136(mand to e)224 588 R -1.136 -(xit with a non-zero status, or zero if all commands in the pipeline) --.15 F -.15(ex)224 600 S(it successfully).15 E 5(.T)-.65 G -(his option is disabled by def)-5 E(ault.)-.1 E F1(posix)184 612 Q F0 -2.091(Change the beha)224 612 R 2.091(vior of)-.2 F F1(bash)4.591 E F0 -2.091(where the def)4.591 F 2.091(ault operation dif)-.1 F 2.091 -(fers from the)-.25 F 1.212(POSIX standard to match the standard \()224 -624 R F3 1.212(posix mode)B F0 3.712(\). See)B F2 1.212(SEE ALSO)3.712 F -F0(belo)3.463 E(w)-.25 E .955 -(for a reference to a document that details ho)224 636 R 3.454(wp)-.25 G -.954(osix mode af)-3.454 F .954(fects bash')-.25 F 3.454(sb)-.55 G(e-) --3.454 E(ha)224 648 Q(vior)-.2 E(.)-.55 E F1(pri)184 660 Q(vileged)-.1 E -F0(Same as)224 672 Q F12.5 E F0(.)A F1 -.1(ve)184 684 S(rbose).1 E -F0(Same as)224 684 Q F12.5 E F0(.)A F1(vi)184 696 Q F0 .209 -(Use a vi-style command line editing interf)224 696 R 2.709(ace. This) --.1 F .209(also af)2.709 F .21(fects the editing in-)-.25 F(terf)224 708 -Q(ace used for)-.1 E F1 -.18(re)2.5 G(ad \255e).18 E F0(.)A -(GNU Bash 5.2)72 768 Q(2022 March 11)144.29 E(74)193.45 E 0 Cg EP +570 Q F2(Shell V)2.5 E(ariables)-.92 E F0(abo)2.5 E -.15(ve)-.15 G(\).) +.15 E F2 -.1(ke)184 582 S(yw).1 E(ord)-.1 E F0(Same as)224 594 Q F2 +2.5 E F0(.)A F2(monitor)184 606 Q F0(Same as)224 606 Q F22.5 +E F0(.)A F2(noclob)184 618 Q(ber)-.1 E F0(Same as)224 630 Q F22.5 +E F0(.)A F2(noexec)184 642 Q F0(Same as)224 642 Q F22.5 E F0(.)A +F2(noglob)184 654 Q F0(Same as)224 654 Q F22.5 E F0(.)A F2(nolog) +184 666 Q F0(Currently ignored.)224 666 Q F2(notify)184 678 Q F0 +(Same as)224 678 Q F22.5 E F0(.)A F2(nounset)184 690 Q F0(Same as) +224 690 Q F22.5 E F0(.)A F2(onecmd)184 702 Q F0(Same as)224 702 Q +F22.5 E F0(.)A F2(ph)184 714 Q(ysical)-.15 E F0(Same as)224 714 Q +F22.5 E F0(.)A(GNU Bash 5.2)72 768 Q(2022 June 3)150.675 E(74) +199.835 E 0 Cg EP %%Page: 75 75 %%BeginPageSetup BP %%EndPageSetup /F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 137.14(SH\(1\) General).35 F (Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 -SF(xtrace)184 84 Q F0(Same as)224 84 Q F12.5 E F0(.)A(If)184 102 Q -F13.053 E F0 .553(is supplied with no)3.053 F/F2 10/Times-Italic@0 -SF(option\255name)3.053 E F0 3.053(,t)C .553(he v)-3.053 F .552 +SF(pipefail)184 84 Q F0 1.03(If set, the return v)224 84 R 1.029 +(alue of a pipeline is the v)-.25 F 1.029 +(alue of the last \(rightmost\) com-)-.25 F 1.136(mand to e)224 96 R +1.136 +(xit with a non-zero status, or zero if all commands in the pipeline) +-.15 F -.15(ex)224 108 S(it successfully).15 E 5(.T)-.65 G +(his option is disabled by def)-5 E(ault.)-.1 E F1(posix)184 120 Q F0 +2.091(Change the beha)224 120 R 2.091(vior of)-.2 F F1(bash)4.591 E F0 +2.091(where the def)4.591 F 2.091(ault operation dif)-.1 F 2.091 +(fers from the)-.25 F 1.212(POSIX standard to match the standard \()224 +132 R/F2 10/Times-Italic@0 SF 1.212(posix mode)B F0 3.712(\). See)B/F3 9 +/Times-Bold@0 SF 1.212(SEE ALSO)3.712 F F0(belo)3.463 E(w)-.25 E .955 +(for a reference to a document that details ho)224 144 R 3.454(wp)-.25 G +.954(osix mode af)-3.454 F .954(fects bash')-.25 F 3.454(sb)-.55 G(e-) +-3.454 E(ha)224 156 Q(vior)-.2 E(.)-.55 E F1(pri)184 168 Q(vileged)-.1 E +F0(Same as)224 180 Q F12.5 E F0(.)A F1 -.1(ve)184 192 S(rbose).1 E +F0(Same as)224 192 Q F12.5 E F0(.)A F1(vi)184 204 Q F0 .209 +(Use a vi-style command line editing interf)224 204 R 2.709(ace. This) +-.1 F .209(also af)2.709 F .21(fects the editing in-)-.25 F(terf)224 216 +Q(ace used for)-.1 E F1 -.18(re)2.5 G(ad \255e).18 E F0(.)A F1(xtrace) +184 228 Q F0(Same as)224 228 Q F12.5 E F0(.)A(If)184 246 Q F1 +3.053 E F0 .553(is supplied with no)3.053 F F2(option\255name) +3.053 E F0 3.053(,t)C .553(he v)-3.053 F .552 (alues of the current options are printed.)-.25 F(If)5.552 E F1(+o)184 -114 Q F0 1.071(is supplied with no)3.571 F F2(option\255name)3.571 E F0 +258 Q F0 1.071(is supplied with no)3.571 F F2(option\255name)3.571 E F0 3.571(,as)C 1.071(eries of)-3.571 F F1(set)3.572 E F0 1.072 (commands to recreate the current)3.572 F -(option settings is displayed on the standard output.)184 126 Q F1 -144 138 Q F0 -.45(Tu)184 138 S 1.072(rn on).45 F F2(privile)4.822 E -.1 +(option settings is displayed on the standard output.)184 270 Q F1 +144 282 Q F0 -.45(Tu)184 282 S 1.072(rn on).45 F F2(privile)4.822 E -.1 (ge)-.4 G(d).1 E F0 3.572(mode. In)4.342 F 1.072(this mode, the)3.572 F -/F3 9/Times-Bold@0 SF($ENV)3.572 E F0(and)3.322 E F3($B)3.572 E(ASH_ENV) --.27 E F0 1.071(\214les are not pro-)3.322 F 1.5 -(cessed, shell functions are not inherited from the en)184 150 R 1.501 +F3($ENV)3.572 E F0(and)3.322 E F3($B)3.572 E(ASH_ENV)-.27 E F0 1.071 +(\214les are not pro-)3.322 F 1.5 +(cessed, shell functions are not inherited from the en)184 294 R 1.501 (vironment, and the)-.4 F F3(SHELLOPTS)4.001 E/F4 9/Times-Roman@0 SF(,)A -F3 -.27(BA)184 162 S(SHOPTS).27 E F4(,)A F3(CDP)2.775 E -.855(AT)-.666 G +F3 -.27(BA)184 306 S(SHOPTS).27 E F4(,)A F3(CDP)2.775 E -.855(AT)-.666 G (H).855 E F4(,)A F0(and)2.775 E F3(GLOBIGNORE)3.025 E F0 -.25(va)2.775 G .524(riables, if the).25 F 3.024(ya)-.15 G .524(ppear in the en)-3.024 F -(vironment,)-.4 E .379(are ignored.)184 174 R .379 +(vironment,)-.4 E .379(are ignored.)184 318 R .379 (If the shell is started with the ef)5.379 F(fecti)-.25 E .679 -.15 (ve u)-.25 H .38(ser \(group\) id not equal to the real).15 F .462 -(user \(group\) id, and the)184 186 R F12.961 E F0 .461 +(user \(group\) id, and the)184 330 R F12.961 E F0 .461 (option is not supplied, these actions are tak)2.961 F .461 -(en and the ef)-.1 F(fec-)-.25 E(ti)184 198 Q .694 -.15(ve u)-.25 H .394 +(en and the ef)-.1 F(fec-)-.25 E(ti)184 342 Q .694 -.15(ve u)-.25 H .394 (ser id is set to the real user id.).15 F .395(If the)5.395 F F1 2.895 E F0 .395(option is supplied at startup, the ef)2.895 F(fecti)-.25 -E -.15(ve)-.25 G .387(user id is not reset.)184 210 R -.45(Tu)5.387 G +E -.15(ve)-.25 G .387(user id is not reset.)184 354 R -.45(Tu)5.387 G .387(rning this option of).45 F 2.886(fc)-.25 G .386(auses the ef)-2.886 F(fecti)-.25 E .686 -.15(ve u)-.25 H .386(ser and group ids to be).15 F -(set to the real user and group ids.)184 222 Q F1144 234 Q F0 -(Enable restricted shell mode.)184 234 Q -(This option cannot be unset once it has been set.)5 E F1144 246 Q -F0(Exit after reading and e)184 246 Q -.15(xe)-.15 G -(cuting one command.).15 E F1144 258 Q F0 -.35(Tr)184 258 S .773 +(set to the real user and group ids.)184 366 Q F1144 378 Q F0 +(Enable restricted shell mode.)184 378 Q +(This option cannot be unset once it has been set.)5 E F1144 390 Q +F0(Exit after reading and e)184 390 Q -.15(xe)-.15 G +(cuting one command.).15 E F1144 402 Q F0 -.35(Tr)184 402 S .773 (eat unset v).35 F .773(ariables and parameters other than the special \ -parameters "@" and "*", or)-.25 F .46(array v)184 270 R .459(ariables s\ +parameters "@" and "*", or)-.25 F .46(array v)184 414 R .459(ariables s\ ubscripted with "@" or "*", as an error when performing parameter e)-.25 -F(x-)-.15 E 2.89(pansion. If)184 282 R -.15(ex)2.89 G .391 +F(x-)-.15 E 2.89(pansion. If)184 426 R -.15(ex)2.89 G .391 (pansion is attempted on an unset v).15 F .391(ariable or parameter)-.25 F 2.891(,t)-.4 G .391(he shell prints an)-2.891 F -(error message, and, if not interacti)184 294 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.5(,e) -.15 G(xits with a non-zero status.)-2.65 E F1144 306 Q F0 -(Print shell input lines as the)184 306 Q 2.5(ya)-.15 G(re read.)-2.5 E -F1144 318 Q F0 .315(After e)184 318 R .315(xpanding each)-.15 F F2 +(error message, and, if not interacti)184 438 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.5(,e) +.15 G(xits with a non-zero status.)-2.65 E F1144 450 Q F0 +(Print shell input lines as the)184 450 Q 2.5(ya)-.15 G(re read.)-2.5 E +F1144 462 Q F0 .315(After e)184 462 R .315(xpanding each)-.15 F F2 .315(simple command)2.815 F F0(,)A F1 -.25(fo)2.815 G(r).25 E F0 (command,)2.815 E F1(case)2.815 E F0(command,)2.815 E F1(select)2.815 E -F0(command,)2.815 E 1.235(or arithmetic)184 330 R F1 -.25(fo)3.736 G(r) +F0(command,)2.815 E 1.235(or arithmetic)184 474 R F1 -.25(fo)3.736 G(r) .25 E F0 1.236(command, display the e)3.736 F 1.236(xpanded v)-.15 F 1.236(alue of)-.25 F F3(PS4)3.736 E F4(,)A F0(follo)3.486 E 1.236 -(wed by the com-)-.25 F(mand and its e)184 342 Q(xpanded ar)-.15 E -(guments or associated w)-.18 E(ord list.)-.1 E F1144 354 Q F0 -1.206(The shell performs brace e)184 354 R 1.206(xpansion \(see)-.15 F +(wed by the com-)-.25 F(mand and its e)184 486 Q(xpanded ar)-.15 E +(guments or associated w)-.18 E(ord list.)-.1 E F1144 498 Q F0 +1.206(The shell performs brace e)184 498 R 1.206(xpansion \(see)-.15 F F1 1.205(Brace Expansion)3.705 F F0(abo)3.705 E -.15(ve)-.15 G 3.705 -(\). This).15 F 1.205(is on by de-)3.705 F -.1(fa)184 366 S(ult.).1 E F1 -144 378 Q F0 .213(If set,)184 378 R F1(bash)2.713 E F0 .213 +(\). This).15 F 1.205(is on by de-)3.705 F -.1(fa)184 510 S(ult.).1 E F1 +144 522 Q F0 .213(If set,)184 522 R F1(bash)2.713 E F0 .213 (does not o)2.713 F -.15(ve)-.15 G .214(rwrite an e).15 F .214 (xisting \214le with the)-.15 F F1(>)2.714 E F0(,)A F1(>&)2.714 E F0 2.714(,a)C(nd)-2.714 E F1(<>)2.714 E F0 .214(redirection opera-)2.714 F -3.054(tors. This)184 390 R .553(may be o)3.053 F -.15(ve)-.15 G .553 +3.054(tors. This)184 534 R .553(may be o)3.053 F -.15(ve)-.15 G .553 (rridden when creating output \214les by using the redirection opera-) -.15 F(tor)184 402 Q F1(>|)2.5 E F0(instead of)2.5 E F1(>)2.5 E F0(.)A F1 -144 414 Q F0 .103(If set, an)184 414 R 2.603(yt)-.15 G .103 +.15 F(tor)184 546 Q F1(>|)2.5 E F0(instead of)2.5 E F1(>)2.5 E F0(.)A F1 +144 558 Q F0 .103(If set, an)184 558 R 2.603(yt)-.15 G .103 (rap on)-2.603 F F1(ERR)2.603 E F0 .104 (is inherited by shell functions, command substitutions, and com-)2.603 -F .839(mands e)184 426 R -.15(xe)-.15 G .839(cuted in a subshell en).15 +F .839(mands e)184 570 R -.15(xe)-.15 G .839(cuted in a subshell en).15 F 3.339(vironment. The)-.4 F F1(ERR)3.338 E F0 .838 -(trap is normally not inherited in)3.338 F(such cases.)184 438 Q F1 -144 450 Q F0(Enable)184 450 Q F1(!)3.031 E F0 .531 +(trap is normally not inherited in)3.338 F(such cases.)184 582 Q F1 +144 594 Q F0(Enable)184 594 Q F1(!)3.031 E F0 .531 (style history substitution.)5.531 F .531(This option is on by def)5.531 -F .532(ault when the shell is inter)-.1 F(-)-.2 E(acti)184 462 Q -.15 -(ve)-.25 G(.).15 E F1144 474 Q F0 .96 -(If set, the shell does not resolv)184 474 R 3.459(es)-.15 G .959 +F .532(ault when the shell is inter)-.1 F(-)-.2 E(acti)184 606 Q -.15 +(ve)-.25 G(.).15 E F1144 618 Q F0 .96 +(If set, the shell does not resolv)184 618 R 3.459(es)-.15 G .959 (ymbolic links when e)-3.459 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .959 (cuting commands such as).15 F F1(cd)3.459 E F0 1.452 -(that change the current w)184 486 R 1.452(orking directory)-.1 F 6.452 +(that change the current w)184 630 R 1.452(orking directory)-.1 F 6.452 (.I)-.65 G 3.953(tu)-6.452 G 1.453(ses the ph)-3.953 F 1.453 -(ysical directory structure in-)-.05 F 3.335(stead. By)184 498 R(def) +(ysical directory structure in-)-.05 F 3.335(stead. By)184 642 R(def) 3.335 E(ault,)-.1 E F1(bash)3.334 E F0(follo)3.334 E .834 (ws the logical chain of directories when performing com-)-.25 F -(mands which change the current directory)184 510 Q(.)-.65 E F1144 -522 Q F0 .89(If set, an)184 522 R 3.39(yt)-.15 G .89(raps on)-3.39 F F1 +(mands which change the current directory)184 654 Q(.)-.65 E F1144 +666 Q F0 .89(If set, an)184 666 R 3.39(yt)-.15 G .89(raps on)-3.39 F F1 (DEB)3.39 E(UG)-.1 E F0(and)3.39 E F1(RETURN)3.39 E F0 .89 (are inherited by shell functions, command)3.39 F 1.932 -(substitutions, and commands e)184 534 R -.15(xe)-.15 G 1.932 +(substitutions, and commands e)184 678 R -.15(xe)-.15 G 1.932 (cuted in a subshell en).15 F 4.432(vironment. The)-.4 F F1(DEB)4.432 E -(UG)-.1 E F0(and)4.432 E F1(RETURN)184 546 Q F0 -(traps are normally not inherited in such cases.)2.5 E F1144 558 Q -F0 .4(If no ar)184 558 R .401(guments follo)-.18 F 2.901(wt)-.25 G .401 +(UG)-.1 E F0(and)4.432 E F1(RETURN)184 690 Q F0 +(traps are normally not inherited in such cases.)2.5 E F1144 702 Q +F0 .4(If no ar)184 702 R .401(guments follo)-.18 F 2.901(wt)-.25 G .401 (his option, then the positional parameters are unset.)-2.901 F -(Otherwise,)5.401 E(the positional parameters are set to the)184 570 Q +(Otherwise,)5.401 E(the positional parameters are set to the)184 714 Q F2(ar)2.5 E(g)-.37 E F0(s, e)A -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.5(ni).15 G 2.5(fs)-2.5 G -(ome of them be)-2.5 E(gin with a)-.15 E F12.5 E F0(.)A F1144 -582 Q F0 .797(Signal the end of options, cause all remaining)184 582 R -F2(ar)3.297 E(g)-.37 E F0 3.297(st)C 3.297(ob)-3.297 G 3.296(ea)-3.297 G -.796(ssigned to the positional pa-)-3.296 F 3.021(rameters. The)184 594 -R F13.021 E F0(and)3.022 E F13.022 E F0 .522 -(options are turned of)3.022 F 3.022(f. If)-.25 F .522(there are no) -3.022 F F2(ar)3.022 E(g)-.37 E F0 .522(s, the positional pa-)B -(rameters remain unchanged.)184 606 Q .425(The options are of)144 622.8 -R 2.925(fb)-.25 G 2.925(yd)-2.925 G(ef)-2.925 E .425 -(ault unless otherwise noted.)-.1 F .425 +(ome of them be)-2.5 E(gin with a)-.15 E F12.5 E F0(.)A +(GNU Bash 5.2)72 768 Q(2022 June 3)150.675 E(75)199.835 E 0 Cg EP +%%Page: 76 76 +%%BeginPageSetup +BP +%%EndPageSetup +/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 137.14(SH\(1\) General).35 F +(Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 +SF144 84 Q F0 .797(Signal the end of options, cause all remaining) +184 84 R/F2 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(ar)3.297 E(g)-.37 E F0 3.297(st)C 3.297 +(ob)-3.297 G 3.296(ea)-3.297 G .796(ssigned to the positional pa-)-3.296 +F 3.021(rameters. The)184 96 R F13.021 E F0(and)3.022 E F1 +3.022 E F0 .522(options are turned of)3.022 F 3.022(f. If)-.25 F .522 +(there are no)3.022 F F2(ar)3.022 E(g)-.37 E F0 .522 +(s, the positional pa-)B(rameters remain unchanged.)184 108 Q .425 +(The options are of)144 124.8 R 2.925(fb)-.25 G 2.925(yd)-2.925 G(ef) +-2.925 E .425(ault unless otherwise noted.)-.1 F .425 (Using + rather than \255 causes these options)5.425 F .177 -(to be turned of)144 634.8 R 2.677(f. The)-.25 F .178 +(to be turned of)144 136.8 R 2.677(f. The)-.25 F .178 (options can also be speci\214ed as ar)2.678 F .178(guments to an in) -.18 F -.2(vo)-.4 G .178(cation of the shell.).2 F(The)5.178 E .066 -(current set of options may be found in)144 646.8 R F1<24ad>2.566 E F0 +(current set of options may be found in)144 148.8 R F1<24ad>2.566 E F0 5.066(.T)C .066(he return status is al)-5.066 F -.1(wa)-.1 G .066 (ys true unless an in).1 F -.25(va)-.4 G .066(lid option).25 F -(is encountered.)144 658.8 Q F1(shift)108 675.6 Q F0([)2.5 E F2(n)A F0 -(])A .428(The positional parameters from)144 687.6 R F2(n)2.928 E F0 +(is encountered.)144 160.8 Q F1(shift)108 177.6 Q F0([)2.5 E F2(n)A F0 +(])A .428(The positional parameters from)144 189.6 R F2(n)2.928 E F0 .429(+1 ... are renamed to)B F1 .429($1 ....)2.929 F F0 -.15(Pa)5.429 G -.429(rameters represented by the num-).15 F(bers)144 699.6 Q F1($#)2.583 +.429(rameters represented by the num-).15 F(bers)144 201.6 Q F1($#)2.583 E F0(do)2.583 E .083(wn to)-.25 F F1($#)2.583 E F0A F2(n)A F0 .083 (+1 are unset.)B F2(n)5.443 E F0 .083(must be a non-ne)2.823 F -.05(ga) -.15 G(ti).05 E .382 -.15(ve n)-.25 H .082(umber less than or equal to) .15 F F1($#)2.582 E F0 5.082(.I)C(f)-5.082 E F2(n)2.942 E F0 .06 -(is 0, no parameters are changed.)144 711.6 R(If)5.06 E F2(n)2.92 E F0 +(is 0, no parameters are changed.)144 213.6 R(If)5.06 E F2(n)2.92 E F0 .06(is not gi)2.8 F -.15(ve)-.25 G .06(n, it is assumed to be 1.).15 F (If)5.06 E F2(n)2.92 E F0 .06(is greater than)2.8 F F1($#)2.56 E F0 2.56 -(,t)C(he)-2.56 E .144(positional parameters are not changed.)144 723.6 R +(,t)C(he)-2.56 E .144(positional parameters are not changed.)144 225.6 R .144(The return status is greater than zero if)5.144 F F2(n)3.003 E F0 -.143(is greater than)2.883 F F1($#)2.643 E F0(GNU Bash 5.2)72 768 Q -(2022 March 11)144.29 E(75)193.45 E 0 Cg EP -%%Page: 76 76 -%%BeginPageSetup -BP -%%EndPageSetup -/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 137.14(SH\(1\) General).35 F -(Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E -(or less than zero; otherwise 0.)144 84 Q/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(shopt) -108 100.8 Q F0([)2.5 E F1(\255pqsu)A F0 2.5(][)C F1-2.5 E F0 2.5 -(][)C/F2 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(optname)-2.5 E F0(...])2.5 E -.8(To)144 -112.8 S .639(ggle the v).8 F .639 +.143(is greater than)2.883 F F1($#)2.643 E F0 +(or less than zero; otherwise 0.)144 237.6 Q F1(shopt)108 254.4 Q F0([) +2.5 E F1(\255pqsu)A F0 2.5(][)C F1-2.5 E F0 2.5(][)C F2(optname) +-2.5 E F0(...])2.5 E -.8(To)144 266.4 S .639(ggle the v).8 F .639 (alues of settings controlling optional shell beha)-.25 F(vior)-.2 E 5.639(.T)-.55 G .64(he settings can be either those)-5.639 F .375 -(listed belo)144 124.8 R 1.675 -.65(w, o)-.25 H 1.175 -.4(r, i).65 H +(listed belo)144 278.4 R 1.675 -.65(w, o)-.25 H 1.175 -.4(r, i).65 H 2.875(ft).4 G(he)-2.875 E F12.875 E F0 .375 (option is used, those a)2.875 F -.25(va)-.2 G .375(ilable with the).25 F F12.875 E F0 .374(option to the)2.875 F F1(set)2.874 E F0 -.2 -(bu)2.874 G .374(iltin com-).2 F 2.565(mand. W)144 136.8 R .065 +(bu)2.874 G .374(iltin com-).2 F 2.565(mand. W)144 290.4 R .065 (ith no options, or with the)-.4 F F12.566 E F0 .066 (option, a list of all settable options is displayed, with an in-)2.566 -F .074(dication of whether or not each is set; if)144 148.8 R F2 +F .074(dication of whether or not each is set; if)144 302.4 R F2 (optnames)2.574 E F0 .074 (are supplied, the output is restricted to those op-)2.574 F 3.105 -(tions. The)144 160.8 R F13.105 E F0 .605(option causes output to\ +(tions. The)144 314.4 R F13.105 E F0 .605(option causes output to\ be displayed in a form that may be reused as input.)3.105 F(Other)5.605 -E(options ha)144 172.8 Q .3 -.15(ve t)-.2 H(he follo).15 E -(wing meanings:)-.25 E F1144 184.8 Q F0(Enable \(set\) each)180 -184.8 Q F2(optname)2.5 E F0(.)A F1144 196.8 Q F0 -(Disable \(unset\) each)180 196.8 Q F2(optname)2.5 E F0(.)A F1144 -208.8 Q F0 .003(Suppresses normal output \(quiet mode\); the return sta\ -tus indicates whether the)180 208.8 R F2(optname)2.503 E F0(is)2.503 E -.255(set or unset.)180 220.8 R .255(If multiple)5.255 F F2(optname)2.755 +E(options ha)144 326.4 Q .3 -.15(ve t)-.2 H(he follo).15 E +(wing meanings:)-.25 E F1144 338.4 Q F0(Enable \(set\) each)180 +338.4 Q F2(optname)2.5 E F0(.)A F1144 350.4 Q F0 +(Disable \(unset\) each)180 350.4 Q F2(optname)2.5 E F0(.)A F1144 +362.4 Q F0 .003(Suppresses normal output \(quiet mode\); the return sta\ +tus indicates whether the)180 362.4 R F2(optname)2.503 E F0(is)2.503 E +.255(set or unset.)180 374.4 R .255(If multiple)5.255 F F2(optname)2.755 E F0(ar)2.755 E .256(guments are gi)-.18 F -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.756(nw).15 G (ith)-2.756 E F12.756 E F0 2.756(,t)C .256 -(he return status is zero if)-2.756 F(all)180 232.8 Q F2(optnames)2.5 E -F0(are enabled; non-zero otherwise.)2.5 E F1144 244.8 Q F0 -(Restricts the v)180 244.8 Q(alues of)-.25 E F2(optname)2.5 E F0 +(he return status is zero if)-2.756 F(all)180 386.4 Q F2(optnames)2.5 E +F0(are enabled; non-zero otherwise.)2.5 E F1144 398.4 Q F0 +(Restricts the v)180 398.4 Q(alues of)-.25 E F2(optname)2.5 E F0 (to be those de\214ned for the)2.5 E F12.5 E F0(option to the)2.5 -E F1(set)2.5 E F0 -.2(bu)2.5 G(iltin.).2 E .625(If either)144 261.6 R F1 +E F1(set)2.5 E F0 -.2(bu)2.5 G(iltin.).2 E .625(If either)144 415.2 R F1 3.125 E F0(or)3.124 E F13.124 E F0 .624(is used with no) 3.124 F F2(optname)3.124 E F0(ar)3.124 E(guments,)-.18 E F1(shopt)3.124 E F0(sho)3.124 E .624(ws only those options which are)-.25 F .983 -(set or unset, respecti)144 273.6 R -.15(ve)-.25 G(ly).15 E 5.983(.U) +(set or unset, respecti)144 427.2 R -.15(ve)-.25 G(ly).15 E 5.983(.U) -.65 G .983(nless otherwise noted, the)-5.983 F F1(shopt)3.484 E F0 .984 -(options are disabled \(unset\) by de-)3.484 F -.1(fa)144 285.6 S(ult.) -.1 E 1.544(The return status when listing options is zero if all)144 -302.4 R F2(optnames)4.044 E F0 1.544(are enabled, non-zero otherwise.) -4.044 F .696 +(options are disabled \(unset\) by de-)3.484 F -.1(fa)144 439.2 S(ult.) +.1 E 1.544(The return status when listing options is zero if all)144 456 +R F2(optnames)4.044 E F0 1.544(are enabled, non-zero otherwise.)4.044 F +.696 (When setting or unsetting options, the return status is zero unless an) -144 314.4 R F2(optname)3.196 E F0 .696(is not a v)3.196 F .696 -(alid shell)-.25 F(option.)144 326.4 Q(The list of)144 343.2 Q F1(shopt) -2.5 E F0(options is:)2.5 E F1(assoc_expand_once)144 361.2 Q F0 1.945 -(If set, the shell suppresses multiple e)184 373.2 R -.25(va)-.25 G +144 468 R F2(optname)3.196 E F0 .696(is not a v)3.196 F .696(alid shell) +-.25 F(option.)144 480 Q(The list of)144 496.8 Q F1(shopt)2.5 E F0 +(options is:)2.5 E F1(assoc_expand_once)144 514.8 Q F0 1.945 +(If set, the shell suppresses multiple e)184 526.8 R -.25(va)-.25 G 1.944(luation of associati).25 F 2.244 -.15(ve a)-.25 H 1.944 -(rray subscripts during).15 F .885(arithmetic e)184 385.2 R .885 +(rray subscripts during).15 F .885(arithmetic e)184 538.8 R .885 (xpression e)-.15 F -.25(va)-.25 G .885(luation, while e).25 F -.15(xe) -.15 G .885(cuting b).15 F .885(uiltins that can perform v)-.2 F .885 -(ariable as-)-.25 F(signments, and while e)184 397.2 Q -.15(xe)-.15 G +(ariable as-)-.25 F(signments, and while e)184 550.8 Q -.15(xe)-.15 G (cuting b).15 E(uiltins that perform array dereferencing.)-.2 E F1 -(autocd)144 409.2 Q F0 .2 -(If set, a command name that is the name of a directory is e)184 409.2 R +(autocd)144 562.8 Q F0 .2 +(If set, a command name that is the name of a directory is e)184 562.8 R -.15(xe)-.15 G .199(cuted as if it were the ar).15 F(gu-)-.18 E -(ment to the)184 421.2 Q F1(cd)2.5 E F0 2.5(command. This)2.5 F +(ment to the)184 574.8 Q F1(cd)2.5 E F0 2.5(command. This)2.5 F (option is only used by interacti)2.5 E .3 -.15(ve s)-.25 H(hells.).15 E -F1(cdable_v)144 433.2 Q(ars)-.1 E F0 .155(If set, an ar)184 445.2 R .155 +F1(cdable_v)144 586.8 Q(ars)-.1 E F0 .155(If set, an ar)184 598.8 R .155 (gument to the)-.18 F F1(cd)2.655 E F0 -.2(bu)2.655 G .156 (iltin command that is not a directory is assumed to be the).2 F -(name of a v)184 457.2 Q(ariable whose v)-.25 E -(alue is the directory to change to.)-.25 E F1(cdspell)144 469.2 Q F0 +(name of a v)184 610.8 Q(ariable whose v)-.25 E +(alue is the directory to change to.)-.25 E F1(cdspell)144 622.8 Q F0 1.055 (If set, minor errors in the spelling of a directory component in a)184 -469.2 R F1(cd)3.555 E F0 1.055(command will be)3.555 F 3.987 -(corrected. The)184 481.2 R 1.487(errors check)3.987 F 1.487 +622.8 R F1(cd)3.555 E F0 1.055(command will be)3.555 F 3.987 +(corrected. The)184 634.8 R 1.487(errors check)3.987 F 1.487 (ed for are transposed characters, a missing character)-.1 F 3.988(,a) --.4 G(nd)-3.988 E .77(one character too man)184 493.2 R 4.57 -.65(y. I) +-.4 G(nd)-3.988 E .77(one character too man)184 646.8 R 4.57 -.65(y. I) -.15 H 3.27(fac).65 G .77 (orrection is found, the corrected \214lename is printed, and)-3.27 F -(the command proceeds.)184 505.2 Q +(the command proceeds.)184 658.8 Q (This option is only used by interacti)5 E .3 -.15(ve s)-.25 H(hells.) -.15 E F1(checkhash)144 517.2 Q F0 .736(If set,)184 529.2 R F1(bash)3.236 +.15 E F1(checkhash)144 670.8 Q F0 .736(If set,)184 682.8 R F1(bash)3.236 E F0 .736(checks that a command found in the hash table e)3.236 F .737 (xists before trying to e)-.15 F -.15(xe)-.15 G(-).15 E(cute it.)184 -541.2 Q(If a hashed command no longer e)5 E -(xists, a normal path search is performed.)-.15 E F1(checkjobs)144 553.2 -Q F0 .449(If set,)184 565.2 R F1(bash)2.949 E F0 .449 +694.8 Q(If a hashed command no longer e)5 E +(xists, a normal path search is performed.)-.15 E F1(checkjobs)144 706.8 +Q F0 .449(If set,)184 718.8 R F1(bash)2.949 E F0 .449 (lists the status of an)2.949 F 2.949(ys)-.15 G .448 (topped and running jobs before e)-2.949 F .448(xiting an interacti)-.15 -F -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.661(shell. If)184 577.2 R(an)2.661 E 2.661(yj)-.15 G -.161(obs are running, this causes the e)-2.661 F .161 -(xit to be deferred until a second e)-.15 F .162(xit is at-)-.15 F 1.473 -(tempted without an interv)184 589.2 R 1.473(ening command \(see)-.15 F -/F3 9/Times-Bold@0 SF 1.473(JOB CONTR)3.973 F(OL)-.27 E F0(abo)3.723 E --.15(ve)-.15 G 3.973(\). The).15 F 1.472(shell al-)3.972 F -.1(wa)184 -601.2 S(ys postpones e).1 E(xiting if an)-.15 E 2.5(yj)-.15 G -(obs are stopped.)-2.5 E F1(checkwinsize)144 613.2 Q F0 1.09(If set,)184 -625.2 R F1(bash)3.59 E F0 1.09(checks the windo)3.59 F 3.59(ws)-.25 G -1.09(ize after each e)-3.59 F 1.09(xternal \(non-b)-.15 F 1.09 -(uiltin\) command and, if)-.2 F(necessary)184 637.2 Q 3.351(,u)-.65 G -.851(pdates the v)-3.351 F .85(alues of)-.25 F F3(LINES)3.35 E F0(and) -3.1 E F3(COLUMNS)3.35 E/F4 9/Times-Roman@0 SF(.)A F0 .85 -(This option is enabled by de-)5.35 F -.1(fa)184 649.2 S(ult.).1 E F1 -(cmdhist)144 661.2 Q F0 .172(If set,)184 661.2 R F1(bash)2.672 E F0 .172 -(attempts to sa)2.672 F .472 -.15(ve a)-.2 H .173 -(ll lines of a multiple-line command in the same history en-).15 F(try) -184 673.2 Q 5.597(.T)-.65 G .597(his allo)-5.597 F .597 -(ws easy re-editing of multi-line commands.)-.25 F .597 -(This option is enabled by de-)5.597 F -.1(fa)184 685.2 S 1.287(ult, b) -.1 F 1.288(ut only has an ef)-.2 F 1.288 -(fect if command history is enabled, as described abo)-.25 F 1.588 -.15 -(ve u)-.15 H(nder).15 E F3(HIST)184 697.2 Q(OR)-.162 E(Y)-.315 E F4(.)A -F0(GNU Bash 5.2)72 768 Q(2022 March 11)144.29 E(76)193.45 E 0 Cg EP +F -.15(ve)-.25 G 3.438(shell. If)184 730.8 R(an)3.438 E 3.438(yj)-.15 G +.938(obs are running, this causes the e)-3.438 F .938 +(xit to be deferred until a second e)-.15 F .939(xit is)-.15 F +(GNU Bash 5.2)72 768 Q(2022 June 3)150.675 E(76)199.835 E 0 Cg EP %%Page: 77 77 %%BeginPageSetup BP %%EndPageSetup /F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 137.14(SH\(1\) General).35 F -(Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 -SF(compat31)144 84 Q(compat32)144 96 Q(compat40)144 108 Q(compat41)144 -120 Q(compat42)144 132 Q(compat43)144 144 Q(compat44)144 156 Q(compat50) -144 168 Q F0 .889(These control aspects of the shell')184 180 R 3.389 -(sc)-.55 G .889(ompatibility mode \(see)-3.389 F/F2 9/Times-Bold@0 SF -.889(SHELL COMP)3.389 F -.855(AT)-.666 G(IBILITY).855 E(MODE)184 192 Q -F0(belo)2.25 E(w\).)-.25 E F1(complete_fullquote)144 208.8 Q F0 .653 -(If set,)184 220.8 R F1(bash)3.153 E F0 .653(quotes all shell metachara\ -cters in \214lenames and directory names when per)3.153 F(-)-.2 E 1.525 -(forming completion.)184 232.8 R 1.524(If not set,)6.525 F F1(bash)4.024 +(Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E .817 +(attempted without an interv)184 84 R .817(ening command \(see)-.15 F/F1 +9/Times-Bold@0 SF .816(JOB CONTR)3.316 F(OL)-.27 E F0(abo)3.066 E -.15 +(ve)-.15 G 3.316(\). The).15 F .816(shell al-)3.316 F -.1(wa)184 96 S +(ys postpones e).1 E(xiting if an)-.15 E 2.5(yj)-.15 G(obs are stopped.) +-2.5 E/F2 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(checkwinsize)144 108 Q F0 1.09(If set,)184 +120 R F2(bash)3.59 E F0 1.09(checks the windo)3.59 F 3.59(ws)-.25 G 1.09 +(ize after each e)-3.59 F 1.09(xternal \(non-b)-.15 F 1.09 +(uiltin\) command and, if)-.2 F(necessary)184 132 Q 3.351(,u)-.65 G .851 +(pdates the v)-3.351 F .85(alues of)-.25 F F1(LINES)3.35 E F0(and)3.1 E +F1(COLUMNS)3.35 E/F3 9/Times-Roman@0 SF(.)A F0 .85 +(This option is enabled by de-)5.35 F -.1(fa)184 144 S(ult.).1 E F2 +(cmdhist)144 156 Q F0 .172(If set,)184 156 R F2(bash)2.672 E F0 .172 +(attempts to sa)2.672 F .472 -.15(ve a)-.2 H .173 +(ll lines of a multiple-line command in the same history en-).15 F(try) +184 168 Q 5.597(.T)-.65 G .597(his allo)-5.597 F .597 +(ws easy re-editing of multi-line commands.)-.25 F .597 +(This option is enabled by de-)5.597 F -.1(fa)184 180 S 1.287(ult, b).1 +F 1.288(ut only has an ef)-.2 F 1.288 +(fect if command history is enabled, as described abo)-.25 F 1.588 -.15 +(ve u)-.15 H(nder).15 E F1(HIST)184 192 Q(OR)-.162 E(Y)-.315 E F3(.)A F2 +(compat31)144 204 Q(compat32)144 216 Q(compat40)144 228 Q(compat41)144 +240 Q(compat42)144 252 Q(compat43)144 264 Q(compat44)144 276 Q(compat50) +144 288 Q F0 .889(These control aspects of the shell')184 300 R 3.389 +(sc)-.55 G .889(ompatibility mode \(see)-3.389 F F1 .889(SHELL COMP) +3.389 F -.855(AT)-.666 G(IBILITY).855 E(MODE)184 312 Q F0(belo)2.25 E +(w\).)-.25 E F2(complete_fullquote)144 328.8 Q F0 .653(If set,)184 340.8 +R F2(bash)3.153 E F0 .653(quotes all shell metacharacters in \214lename\ +s and directory names when per)3.153 F(-)-.2 E 1.525 +(forming completion.)184 352.8 R 1.524(If not set,)6.525 F F2(bash)4.024 E F0(remo)4.024 E -.15(ve)-.15 G 4.024(sm).15 G 1.524 (etacharacters such as the dollar sign)-4.024 F 2.667(from the set of c\ haracters that will be quoted in completed \214lenames when these)184 -244.8 R .029(metacharacters appear in shell v)184 256.8 R .028 +364.8 R .029(metacharacters appear in shell v)184 376.8 R .028 (ariable references in w)-.25 F .028(ords to be completed.)-.1 F .028 -(This means)5.028 F 1.072(that dollar signs in v)184 268.8 R 1.073 +(This means)5.028 F 1.072(that dollar signs in v)184 388.8 R 1.073 (ariable names that e)-.25 F 1.073 (xpand to directories will not be quoted; ho)-.15 F(w-)-.25 E -2.15 -.25 -(ev e)184 280.8 T 1.923 -.4(r, a).25 H 1.423 -.15(ny d).4 H 1.123 +(ev e)184 400.8 T 1.923 -.4(r, a).25 H 1.423 -.15(ny d).4 H 1.123 (ollar signs appearing in \214lenames will not be quoted, either).15 F 6.123(.T)-.55 G 1.122(his is acti)-6.123 F -.15(ve)-.25 G .59 (only when bash is using backslashes to quote completed \214lenames.)184 -292.8 R .59(This v)5.59 F .59(ariable is set)-.25 F(by def)184 304.8 Q +412.8 R .59(This v)5.59 F .59(ariable is set)-.25 F(by def)184 424.8 Q (ault, which is the def)-.1 E(ault bash beha)-.1 E(vior in v)-.2 E -(ersions through 4.2.)-.15 E F1(dir)144 321.6 Q(expand)-.18 E F0 .487 -(If set,)184 333.6 R F1(bash)2.987 E F0 .486 +(ersions through 4.2.)-.15 E F2(dir)144 441.6 Q(expand)-.18 E F0 .487 +(If set,)184 453.6 R F2(bash)2.987 E F0 .486 (replaces directory names with the results of w)2.986 F .486(ord e)-.1 F .486(xpansion when perform-)-.15 F .179(ing \214lename completion.)184 -345.6 R .179(This changes the contents of the readline editing b)5.179 F +465.6 R .179(This changes the contents of the readline editing b)5.179 F (uf)-.2 E(fer)-.25 E 5.18(.I)-.55 G 2.68(fn)-5.18 G(ot)-2.68 E(set,)184 -357.6 Q F1(bash)2.5 E F0(attempts to preserv)2.5 E 2.5(ew)-.15 G -(hat the user typed.)-2.5 E F1(dirspell)144 374.4 Q F0 .859(If set,)184 -374.4 R F1(bash)3.359 E F0 .858 +477.6 Q F2(bash)2.5 E F0(attempts to preserv)2.5 E 2.5(ew)-.15 G +(hat the user typed.)-2.5 E F2(dirspell)144 494.4 Q F0 .859(If set,)184 +494.4 R F2(bash)3.359 E F0 .858 (attempts spelling correction on directory names during w)3.359 F .858 (ord completion if)-.1 F -(the directory name initially supplied does not e)184 386.4 Q(xist.)-.15 -E F1(dotglob)144 403.2 Q F0 .165(If set,)184 403.2 R F1(bash)2.665 E F0 +(the directory name initially supplied does not e)184 506.4 Q(xist.)-.15 +E F2(dotglob)144 523.2 Q F0 .165(If set,)184 523.2 R F2(bash)2.665 E F0 .165(includes \214lenames be)2.665 F .165(ginning with a `.)-.15 F 2.665 ('i)-.7 G 2.665(nt)-2.665 G .165(he results of pathname e)-2.665 F -(xpansion.)-.15 E(The \214lenames)184 415.2 Q F1 -.63(``)2.5 G -.55(.') -.63 G(')-.08 E F0(and)5 E F1 -.63(``)2.5 G(..).63 E -.63('')-.55 G F0 +(xpansion.)-.15 E(The \214lenames)184 535.2 Q F2 -.63(``)2.5 G -.55(.') +.63 G(')-.08 E F0(and)5 E F2 -.63(``)2.5 G(..).63 E -.63('')-.55 G F0 (must al)5.63 E -.1(wa)-.1 G(ys be matched e).1 E(xplicitly)-.15 E 2.5 -(,e)-.65 G -.15(ve)-2.75 G 2.5(ni).15 G(f)-2.5 E F1(dotglob)2.5 E F0 -(is set.)2.5 E F1(execfail)144 432 Q F0 .517(If set, a non-interacti)184 -432 R .817 -.15(ve s)-.25 H .517(hell will not e).15 F .516 +(,e)-.65 G -.15(ve)-2.75 G 2.5(ni).15 G(f)-2.5 E F2(dotglob)2.5 E F0 +(is set.)2.5 E F2(execfail)144 552 Q F0 .517(If set, a non-interacti)184 +552 R .817 -.15(ve s)-.25 H .517(hell will not e).15 F .516 (xit if it cannot e)-.15 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .516 (cute the \214le speci\214ed as an ar).15 F(-)-.2 E(gument to the)184 -444 Q F1(exec)2.5 E F0 -.2(bu)2.5 G(iltin command.).2 E(An interacti)5 E -.3 -.15(ve s)-.25 H(hell does not e).15 E(xit if)-.15 E F1(exec)2.5 E F0 --.1(fa)2.5 G(ils.).1 E F1(expand_aliases)144 460.8 Q F0 .716 -(If set, aliases are e)184 472.8 R .717(xpanded as described abo)-.15 F -1.017 -.15(ve u)-.15 H(nder).15 E F2(ALIASES)3.217 E/F3 9/Times-Roman@0 -SF(.)A F0 .717(This option is enabled)5.217 F(by def)184 484.8 Q -(ault for interacti)-.1 E .3 -.15(ve s)-.25 H(hells.).15 E F1(extdeb)144 -501.6 Q(ug)-.2 E F0 .17(If set at shell in)184 513.6 R -.2(vo)-.4 G .17 +564 Q F2(exec)2.5 E F0 -.2(bu)2.5 G(iltin command.).2 E(An interacti)5 E +.3 -.15(ve s)-.25 H(hell does not e).15 E(xit if)-.15 E F2(exec)2.5 E F0 +-.1(fa)2.5 G(ils.).1 E F2(expand_aliases)144 580.8 Q F0 .716 +(If set, aliases are e)184 592.8 R .717(xpanded as described abo)-.15 F +1.017 -.15(ve u)-.15 H(nder).15 E F1(ALIASES)3.217 E F3(.)A F0 .717 +(This option is enabled)5.217 F(by def)184 604.8 Q(ault for interacti) +-.1 E .3 -.15(ve s)-.25 H(hells.).15 E F2(extdeb)144 621.6 Q(ug)-.2 E F0 +.17(If set at shell in)184 633.6 R -.2(vo)-.4 G .17 (cation, or in a shell startup \214le, arrange to e).2 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .17(cute the deb).15 F .17(ugger pro\214le)-.2 F 1.081 -(before the shell starts, identical to the)184 525.6 R F1 +(before the shell starts, identical to the)184 645.6 R F2 3.582 E(ugger)-.2 E F0 3.582(option. If)3.582 F 1.082(set after in)3.582 -F -.2(vo)-.4 G 1.082(cation, be-).2 F(ha)184 537.6 Q -(vior intended for use by deb)-.2 E(uggers is enabled:)-.2 E F1(1.)184 -554.4 Q F0(The)220 554.4 Q F14.251 E F0 1.751(option to the)4.251 -F F1(declar)4.251 E(e)-.18 E F0 -.2(bu)4.251 G 1.751 +F -.2(vo)-.4 G 1.082(cation, be-).2 F(ha)184 657.6 Q +(vior intended for use by deb)-.2 E(uggers is enabled:)-.2 E F2(1.)184 +674.4 Q F0(The)220 674.4 Q F24.251 E F0 1.751(option to the)4.251 +F F2(declar)4.251 E(e)-.18 E F0 -.2(bu)4.251 G 1.751 (iltin displays the source \214le name and line).2 F -(number corresponding to each function name supplied as an ar)220 566.4 -Q(gument.)-.18 E F1(2.)184 583.2 Q F0 1.667(If the command run by the) -220 583.2 R F1(DEB)4.167 E(UG)-.1 E F0 1.667(trap returns a non-zero v) +(number corresponding to each function name supplied as an ar)220 686.4 +Q(gument.)-.18 E F2(2.)184 703.2 Q F0 1.667(If the command run by the) +220 703.2 R F2(DEB)4.167 E(UG)-.1 E F0 1.667(trap 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-F1(\()2.5 E/F4 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(command)2.5 E F1(\))2.5 E F0 -(inherit the)2.5 E F1(DEB)2.5 E(UG)-.1 E F0(and)2.5 E F1(RETURN)2.5 E F0 -(traps.)2.5 E F1(6.)184 710.4 Q F0 1.082(Error tracing is enabled: comm\ -and substitution, shell functions, and subshells)220 710.4 R(in)220 -722.4 Q -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G 2.5(dw).1 G(ith)-2.5 E F1(\()2.5 E F4 -(command)2.5 E F1(\))2.5 E F0(inherit the)2.5 E F1(ERR)2.5 E F0(trap.) -2.5 E(GNU Bash 5.2)72 768 Q(2022 March 11)144.29 E(77)193.45 E 0 Cg EP +(command is skipped and not e)220 715.2 Q -.15(xe)-.15 G(cuted.).15 E +(GNU Bash 5.2)72 768 Q(2022 June 3)150.675 E(77)199.835 E 0 Cg EP %%Page: 78 78 %%BeginPageSetup BP %%EndPageSetup /F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 137.14(SH\(1\) General).35 F (Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 -SF(extglob)144 84 Q F0 .4(If set, the e)184 84 R .4 +SF(3.)184 84 Q F0 .841(If the command run by the)220 84 R F1(DEB)3.341 E +(UG)-.1 E F0 .841(trap returns a v)3.341 F .84 +(alue of 2, and the shell is)-.25 F -.15(exe)220 96 S .488 +(cuting in a subroutine \(a shell function or a shell script e).15 F +-.15(xe)-.15 G .488(cuted by the).15 F F1(.)2.988 E F0(or)2.988 E F1 +(sour)220 108 Q(ce)-.18 E F0 -.2(bu)2.5 G +(iltins\), the shell simulates a call to).2 E F1 -.18(re)2.5 G(tur).18 E +(n)-.15 E F0(.)A F1(4.)184 124.8 Q/F2 9/Times-Bold@0 SF -.27(BA)220 +124.8 S(SH_ARGC).27 E F0(and)3.154 E F2 -.27(BA)3.404 G(SH_ARGV).27 E F0 +.904(are updated as described in their descriptions)3.154 F(abo)220 +136.8 Q -.15(ve)-.15 G(.).15 E F1(5.)184 153.6 Q F0 1.637(Function trac\ +ing is enabled: command substitution, shell functions, and sub-)220 +153.6 R(shells in)220 165.6 Q -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G 2.5(dw).1 G(ith) +-2.5 E F1(\()2.5 E/F3 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(command)2.5 E F1(\))2.5 E F0 +(inherit the)2.5 E F1(DEB)2.5 E(UG)-.1 E F0(and)2.5 E F1(RETURN)2.5 E F0 +(traps.)2.5 E F1(6.)184 182.4 Q F0 1.082(Error tracing is enabled: comm\ +and substitution, shell 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165.6 Q(.) --.55 E F1 -.25(fo)144 182.4 S -.18(rc).25 G(e_\214gnor).18 E(e)-.18 E F0 -.937(If set, the suf)184 194.4 R<8c78>-.25 E .936(es speci\214ed by the) --.15 F/F3 9/Times-Bold@0 SF(FIGNORE)3.436 E F0 .936(shell v)3.186 F .936 -(ariable cause w)-.25 F .936(ords to be ignored)-.1 F .32 -(when performing w)184 206.4 R .32(ord completion e)-.1 F -.15(ve)-.25 G -2.82(ni).15 G 2.82(ft)-2.82 G .32(he ignored w)-2.82 F .32 -(ords are the only possible com-)-.1 F 2.948(pletions. See)184 218.4 R -F3 .448(SHELL V)2.948 F(ARIABLES)-1.215 E F0(abo)2.698 E .748 -.15(ve f) --.15 H .448(or a description of).15 F F3(FIGNORE)2.947 E/F4 9 -/Times-Roman@0 SF(.)A F0 .447(This option is)4.947 F(enabled by def)184 -230.4 Q(ault.)-.1 E F1(globasciiranges)144 247.2 Q F0 2.518 -(If set, range e)184 259.2 R 2.519 +-.15 H(nder).15 E F1 -.1(Pa)2.9 G .4(thname Expan-).1 F(sion)184 223.2 Q +F0(are enabled.)2.5 E F1(extquote)144 240 Q F0 .86(If set,)184 252 R F1 +($)3.36 E F0<08>A F3(string)A F0 3.36<0861>C(nd)-3.36 E F1($)3.36 E F0 +(")A F3(string)A F0 3.36("q)C .86(uoting is performed within)-3.36 F F1 +(${)3.36 E F3(par)A(ameter)-.15 E F1(})A F0 -.15(ex)3.36 G .86 +(pansions en-).15 F(closed in double quotes.)184 264 Q +(This option is enabled by def)5 E(ault.)-.1 E F1(failglob)144 280.8 Q +F0 .242(If set, patterns which f)184 280.8 R .243 +(ail to match \214lenames during pathname e)-.1 F .243 +(xpansion result in an e)-.15 F(x-)-.15 E(pansion error)184 292.8 Q(.) +-.55 E F1 -.25(fo)144 309.6 S -.18(rc).25 G(e_\214gnor).18 E(e)-.18 E F0 +.937(If set, the suf)184 321.6 R<8c78>-.25 E .936(es speci\214ed by the) +-.15 F F2(FIGNORE)3.436 E F0 .936(shell v)3.186 F .936(ariable cause w) +-.25 F .936(ords to be ignored)-.1 F .32(when performing w)184 333.6 R +.32(ord completion e)-.1 F -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.82(ni).15 G 2.82(ft)-2.82 G +.32(he ignored w)-2.82 F .32(ords are the only possible com-)-.1 F 2.948 +(pletions. See)184 345.6 R F2 .448(SHELL V)2.948 F(ARIABLES)-1.215 E F0 +(abo)2.698 E .748 -.15(ve f)-.15 H .448(or a description of).15 F F2 +(FIGNORE)2.947 E/F4 9/Times-Roman@0 SF(.)A F0 .447(This option is)4.947 +F(enabled by def)184 357.6 Q(ault.)-.1 E F1(globasciiranges)144 374.4 Q +F0 2.518(If set, range e)184 386.4 R 2.519 (xpressions used in pattern matching brack)-.15 F 2.519(et e)-.1 F 2.519 -(xpressions \(see)-.15 F F3 -.09(Pa)5.019 G(tter).09 E(n)-.135 E -(Matching)184 271.2 Q F0(abo)2.965 E -.15(ve)-.15 G 3.215(\)b).15 G(eha) +(xpressions \(see)-.15 F F2 -.09(Pa)5.019 G(tter).09 E(n)-.135 E +(Matching)184 398.4 Q F0(abo)2.965 E -.15(ve)-.15 G 3.215(\)b).15 G(eha) -3.215 E 1.015 -.15(ve a)-.2 H 3.214(si).15 G 3.214(fi)-3.214 G 3.214 (nt)-3.214 G .714(he traditional C locale when performing comparisons.) --3.214 F 1.02(That is, the current locale')184 283.2 R 3.52(sc)-.55 G +-3.214 F 1.02(That is, the current locale')184 410.4 R 3.52(sc)-.55 G 1.02(ollating sequence is not tak)-3.52 F 1.02(en into account, so)-.1 F -F1(b)3.52 E F0 1.02(will not)3.52 F .957(collate between)184 295.2 R F1 +F1(b)3.52 E F0 1.02(will not)3.52 F .957(collate between)184 422.4 R F1 (A)3.457 E F0(and)3.457 E F1(B)3.457 E F0 3.457(,a)C .957(nd upper) -3.457 F .957(-case and lo)-.2 F(wer)-.25 E .956 -(-case ASCII characters will collate)-.2 F(together)184 307.2 Q(.)-.55 E -F1(globskipdots)144 324 Q F0 .284(If set, pathname e)184 336 R .284 +(-case ASCII characters will collate)-.2 F(together)184 434.4 Q(.)-.55 E +F1(globskipdots)144 451.2 Q F0 .284(If set, pathname e)184 463.2 R .284 (xpansion will ne)-.15 F -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.785(rm).15 G .285 (atch the \214lenames)-2.785 F F1 -.63(``)2.785 G -.55(.').63 G(')-.08 E F0(and)5.285 E F1 -.63(``)2.785 G(..).63 E -.63('')-.55 G F0 2.785(,e) .63 G -.15(ve)-3.035 G 2.785(ni).15 G 2.785(ft)-2.785 G .285(he pat-) --2.785 F(tern be)184 348 Q(gins with a)-.15 E F1 -.63(``)2.5 G -.55(.') -.63 G(')-.08 E F0 5(.T)C(his option is enabled by def)-5 E(ault.)-.1 E -F1(globstar)144 364.8 Q F0 .519(If set, the pattern)184 364.8 R F1(**) +-2.785 F(tern be)184 475.2 Q(gins with a)-.15 E F1 -.63(``)2.5 G -.55 +(.').63 G(')-.08 E F0 5(.T)C(his option is enabled by def)-5 E(ault.)-.1 +E F1(globstar)144 492 Q F0 .519(If set, the pattern)184 492 R F1(**) 3.019 E F0 .519(used in a pathname e)3.019 F .519(xpansion conte)-.15 F .518(xt will match all \214les and zero)-.15 F .431 -(or more directories and subdirectories.)184 376.8 R .431 +(or more directories and subdirectories.)184 504 R .431 (If the pattern is follo)5.431 F .432(wed by a)-.25 F F1(/)2.932 E F0 2.932(,o)C .432(nly directories)-2.932 F(and subdirectories match.)184 -388.8 Q F1(gnu_errfmt)144 405.6 Q F0(If set, shell error messages are w\ -ritten in the standard GNU error message format.)184 417.6 Q F1 -(histappend)144 434.4 Q F0 .676 +516 Q F1(gnu_errfmt)144 532.8 Q F0(If set, shell error messages are wri\ +tten in the standard GNU error message format.)184 544.8 Q F1 +(histappend)144 561.6 Q F0 .676 (If set, the history list is appended to the \214le named by the v)184 -446.4 R .676(alue of the)-.25 F F3(HISTFILE)3.176 E F0 -.25(va)2.926 G -(ri-).25 E(able when the shell e)184 458.4 Q(xits, rather than o)-.15 E --.15(ve)-.15 G(rwriting the \214le.).15 E F1(histr)144 475.2 Q(eedit) --.18 E F0 .575(If set, and)184 487.2 R F1 -.18(re)3.075 G(adline).18 E +573.6 R .676(alue of the)-.25 F F2(HISTFILE)3.176 E F0 -.25(va)2.926 G +(ri-).25 E(able when the shell e)184 585.6 Q(xits, rather than o)-.15 E +-.15(ve)-.15 G(rwriting the \214le.).15 E F1(histr)144 602.4 Q(eedit) +-.18 E F0 .575(If set, and)184 614.4 R F1 -.18(re)3.075 G(adline).18 E F0 .575(is being used, a user is gi)3.075 F -.15(ve)-.25 G 3.075(nt).15 G .576(he opportunity to re-edit a f)-3.075 F .576(ailed his-)-.1 F -(tory substitution.)184 499.2 Q F1(histv)144 516 Q(erify)-.1 E F0 .403 -(If set, and)184 528 R F1 -.18(re)2.903 G(adline).18 E F0 .403 +(tory substitution.)184 626.4 Q F1(histv)144 643.2 Q(erify)-.1 E F0 .403 +(If set, and)184 655.2 R F1 -.18(re)2.903 G(adline).18 E F0 .403 (is being used, the results of history substitution are not immediately) -2.903 F .661(passed to the shell parser)184 540 R 5.661(.I)-.55 G .662 +2.903 F .661(passed to the shell parser)184 667.2 R 5.661(.I)-.55 G .662 (nstead, the resulting line is loaded into the)-5.661 F F1 -.18(re)3.162 -G(adline).18 E F0(editing)3.162 E -.2(bu)184 552 S -.25(ff).2 G(er).25 E -2.5(,a)-.4 G(llo)-2.5 E(wing further modi\214cation.)-.25 E F1 -(hostcomplete)144 568.8 Q F0 1.182(If set, and)184 580.8 R F1 -.18(re) -3.682 G(adline).18 E F0 1.182(is being used,)3.682 F F1(bash)3.682 E F0 -1.181(will attempt to perform hostname completion)3.681 F 1.38(when a w) -184 592.8 R 1.38(ord containing a)-.1 F F1(@)3.881 E F0 1.381 +G(adline).18 E F0(editing)3.162 E -.2(bu)184 679.2 S -.25(ff).2 G(er).25 +E 2.5(,a)-.4 G(llo)-2.5 E(wing further modi\214cation.)-.25 E F1 +(hostcomplete)144 696 Q F0 1.182(If set, and)184 708 R F1 -.18(re)3.682 +G(adline).18 E F0 1.182(is being used,)3.682 F F1(bash)3.682 E F0 1.181 +(will attempt to perform hostname completion)3.681 F 1.38(when a w)184 +720 R 1.38(ord containing a)-.1 F F1(@)3.881 E F0 1.381 (is being completed \(see)3.881 F F1(Completing)3.881 E F0(under)3.881 E -F3(READLINE)3.881 E F0(abo)184 604.8 Q -.15(ve)-.15 G 2.5(\). This).15 F -(is enabled by def)2.5 E(ault.)-.1 E F1(huponexit)144 621.6 Q F0 -(If set,)184 633.6 Q F1(bash)2.5 E F0(will send)2.5 E F3(SIGHUP)2.5 E F0 -(to all jobs when an interacti)2.25 E .3 -.15(ve l)-.25 H(ogin shell e) -.15 E(xits.)-.15 E F1(inherit_err)144 650.4 Q(exit)-.18 E F0 .22 -(If set, command substitution inherits the v)184 662.4 R .219 -(alue of the)-.25 F F1(err)2.719 E(exit)-.18 E F0 .219 -(option, instead of unsetting)2.719 F(it in the subshell en)184 674.4 Q -2.5(vironment. This)-.4 F(option is enabled when)2.5 E F2(posix mode)2.5 -E F0(is enabled.)2.5 E F1(interacti)144 691.2 Q -.1(ve)-.1 G(_comments) -.1 E F0 .33(If set, allo)184 703.2 R 2.83(waw)-.25 G .33(ord be)-2.93 F -.33(ginning with)-.15 F F1(#)2.83 E F0 .33(to cause that w)2.83 F .33 -(ord and all remaining characters on)-.1 F .967 -(that line to be ignored in an interacti)184 715.2 R 1.267 -.15(ve s) --.25 H .967(hell \(see).15 F F3(COMMENTS)3.467 E F0(abo)3.217 E -.15(ve) --.15 G 3.467(\). This).15 F .967(option is)3.467 F(enabled by def)184 -727.2 Q(ault.)-.1 E(GNU Bash 5.2)72 768 Q(2022 March 11)144.29 E(78) -193.45 E 0 Cg EP +F2(READLINE)3.881 E F0(GNU Bash 5.2)72 768 Q(2022 June 3)150.675 E(78) +199.835 E 0 Cg EP %%Page: 79 79 %%BeginPageSetup BP %%EndPageSetup /F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 137.14(SH\(1\) General).35 F -(Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 -SF(lastpipe)144 84 Q F0 .066(If set, and job control is not acti)184 84 -R -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.566(,t).15 G .066 -(he shell runs the last command of a pipeline not e)-2.566 F -.15(xe) --.15 G(-).15 E(cuted in the background in the current shell en)184 96 Q -(vironment.)-.4 E F1(lithist)144 112.8 Q F0 .655(If set, and the)184 -112.8 R F1(cmdhist)3.155 E F0 .654 -(option is enabled, multi-line commands are sa)3.154 F -.15(ve)-.2 G -3.154(dt).15 G 3.154(ot)-3.154 G .654(he history)-3.154 F -(with embedded ne)184 124.8 Q +(Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E(abo)184 84 Q -.15 +(ve)-.15 G 2.5(\). This).15 F(is enabled by def)2.5 E(ault.)-.1 E/F1 10 +/Times-Bold@0 SF(huponexit)144 100.8 Q F0(If set,)184 112.8 Q F1(bash) +2.5 E F0(will send)2.5 E/F2 9/Times-Bold@0 SF(SIGHUP)2.5 E F0 +(to all jobs when an interacti)2.25 E .3 -.15(ve l)-.25 H(ogin shell e) +.15 E(xits.)-.15 E F1(inherit_err)144 129.6 Q(exit)-.18 E F0 .22 +(If set, command substitution inherits the v)184 141.6 R .219 +(alue of the)-.25 F F1(err)2.719 E(exit)-.18 E F0 .219 +(option, instead of unsetting)2.719 F(it in the subshell en)184 153.6 Q +2.5(vironment. This)-.4 F(option is enabled when)2.5 E/F3 10 +/Times-Italic@0 SF(posix mode)2.5 E F0(is enabled.)2.5 E F1(interacti) +144 170.4 Q -.1(ve)-.1 G(_comments).1 E F0 .33(If set, allo)184 182.4 R +2.83(waw)-.25 G .33(ord be)-2.93 F .33(ginning with)-.15 F F1(#)2.83 E +F0 .33(to cause that w)2.83 F .33(ord and all remaining characters on) +-.1 F .967(that line to be ignored in an interacti)184 194.4 R 1.267 +-.15(ve s)-.25 H .967(hell \(see).15 F F2(COMMENTS)3.467 E F0(abo)3.217 +E -.15(ve)-.15 G 3.467(\). This).15 F .967(option is)3.467 F +(enabled by def)184 206.4 Q(ault.)-.1 E F1(lastpipe)144 223.2 Q F0 .066 +(If set, and job control is not acti)184 223.2 R -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.566 +(,t).15 G .066(he shell runs the last command of a pipeline not e)-2.566 +F -.15(xe)-.15 G(-).15 E +(cuted in the background in the current shell en)184 235.2 Q(vironment.) +-.4 E F1(lithist)144 252 Q F0 .655(If set, and the)184 252 R F1(cmdhist) +3.155 E F0 .654(option is enabled, multi-line commands are sa)3.154 F +-.15(ve)-.2 G 3.154(dt).15 G 3.154(ot)-3.154 G .654(he history)-3.154 F +(with embedded ne)184 264 Q (wlines rather than using semicolon separators where possible.)-.25 E F1 -(localv)144 141.6 Q(ar_inherit)-.1 E F0 .421(If set, local v)184 153.6 R +(localv)144 280.8 Q(ar_inherit)-.1 E F0 .421(If set, local v)184 292.8 R .422(ariables inherit the v)-.25 F .422(alue and attrib)-.25 F .422 (utes of a v)-.2 F .422(ariable of the same name that)-.25 F -.15(ex)184 -165.6 S .174(ists at a pre).15 F .174(vious scope before an)-.25 F 2.673 +304.8 S .174(ists at a pre).15 F .174(vious scope before an)-.25 F 2.673 (yn)-.15 G .673 -.25(ew va)-2.673 H .173(lue is assigned.).25 F .173 -(The nameref attrib)5.173 F .173(ute is not)-.2 F(inherited.)184 177.6 Q -F1(localv)144 194.4 Q(ar_unset)-.1 E F0 .328(If set, calling)184 206.4 R +(The nameref attrib)5.173 F .173(ute is not)-.2 F(inherited.)184 316.8 Q +F1(localv)144 333.6 Q(ar_unset)-.1 E F0 .328(If set, calling)184 345.6 R F1(unset)2.828 E F0 .328(on local v)2.828 F .329(ariables in pre)-.25 F .329(vious function scopes marks them so subse-)-.25 F .543(quent looku\ ps \214nd them unset until that function returns. This is identical to \ -the beha)184 218.4 R(v-)-.2 E(ior of unsetting local v)184 230.4 Q -(ariables at the current function scope.)-.25 E F1(login_shell)144 247.2 +the beha)184 357.6 R(v-)-.2 E(ior of unsetting local v)184 369.6 Q +(ariables at the current function scope.)-.25 E F1(login_shell)144 386.4 Q F0 .486 (The shell sets this option if it is started as a login shell \(see)184 -259.2 R/F2 9/Times-Bold@0 SF(INV)2.987 E(OCA)-.405 E(TION)-.855 E F0 -(abo)2.737 E -.15(ve)-.15 G 2.987(\). The).15 F -.25(va)184 271.2 S -(lue may not be changed.).25 E F1(mailwar)144 288 Q(n)-.15 E F0 .815 -(If set, and a \214le that)184 300 R F1(bash)3.315 E F0 .814 +398.4 R F2(INV)2.987 E(OCA)-.405 E(TION)-.855 E F0(abo)2.737 E -.15(ve) +-.15 G 2.987(\). The).15 F -.25(va)184 410.4 S(lue may not be changed.) +.25 E F1(mailwar)144 427.2 Q(n)-.15 E F0 .815(If set, and a \214le that) +184 439.2 R F1(bash)3.315 E F0 .814 (is checking for mail has been accessed since the last time it)3.315 F --.1(wa)184 312 S 2.5(sc).1 G(heck)-2.5 E(ed, the message `)-.1 E -(`The mail in)-.74 E/F3 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(mail\214le)2.5 E F0 -(has been read')2.5 E 2.5('i)-.74 G 2.5(sd)-2.5 G(isplayed.)-2.5 E F1 -(no_empty_cmd_completion)144 328.8 Q F0 .324(If set, and)184 340.8 R F1 --.18(re)2.824 G(adline).18 E F0 .324(is being used,)2.824 F F1(bash) -2.824 E F0 .324(will not attempt to search the)2.824 F F2 -.666(PA)2.825 -G(TH)-.189 E F0 .325(for possible)2.575 F -(completions when completion is attempted on an empty line.)184 352.8 Q -F1(nocaseglob)144 369.6 Q F0 .437(If set,)184 381.6 R F1(bash)2.937 E F0 +-.1(wa)184 451.2 S 2.5(sc).1 G(heck)-2.5 E(ed, the message `)-.1 E +(`The mail in)-.74 E F3(mail\214le)2.5 E F0(has been read')2.5 E 2.5('i) +-.74 G 2.5(sd)-2.5 G(isplayed.)-2.5 E F1(no_empty_cmd_completion)144 468 +Q F0 .324(If set, and)184 480 R F1 -.18(re)2.824 G(adline).18 E F0 .324 +(is being used,)2.824 F F1(bash)2.824 E F0 .324 +(will not attempt to search the)2.824 F F2 -.666(PA)2.825 G(TH)-.189 E +F0 .325(for possible)2.575 F +(completions when completion is attempted on an empty line.)184 492 Q F1 +(nocaseglob)144 508.8 Q F0 .437(If set,)184 520.8 R F1(bash)2.937 E F0 .436(matches \214lenames in a case\255insensiti)2.937 F .736 -.15(ve f) --.25 H .436(ashion when performing pathname).05 F -.15(ex)184 393.6 S +-.25 H .436(ashion when performing pathname).05 F -.15(ex)184 532.8 S (pansion \(see).15 E F1 -.1(Pa)2.5 G(thname Expansion).1 E F0(abo)2.5 E --.15(ve)-.15 G(\).).15 E F1(nocasematch)144 410.4 Q F0 1.193(If set,)184 -422.4 R F1(bash)3.693 E F0 1.194 +-.15(ve)-.15 G(\).).15 E F1(nocasematch)144 549.6 Q F0 1.193(If set,)184 +561.6 R F1(bash)3.693 E F0 1.194 (matches patterns in a case\255insensiti)3.693 F 1.494 -.15(ve f)-.25 H -1.194(ashion when performing matching).05 F .551(while e)184 434.4 R +1.194(ashion when performing matching).05 F .551(while e)184 573.6 R -.15(xe)-.15 G(cuting).15 E F1(case)3.051 E F0(or)3.051 E F1([[)3.051 E F0 .551(conditional commands, when performing pattern substitution)3.051 -F -.1(wo)184 446.4 S .622(rd e).1 F .623(xpansions, or when \214ltering\ +F -.1(wo)184 585.6 S .622(rd e).1 F .623(xpansions, or when \214ltering\ possible completions as part of programmable com-)-.15 F(pletion.)184 -458.4 Q F1(noexpand_translation)144 475.2 Q F0 1.118(If set,)184 487.2 R +597.6 Q F1(noexpand_translation)144 614.4 Q F0 1.118(If set,)184 626.4 R F1(bash)3.618 E F0 1.117(encloses the translated results of $"..." quot\ -ing in single quotes instead of)3.617 F(double quotes.)184 499.2 Q +ing in single quotes instead of)3.617 F(double quotes.)184 638.4 Q (If the string is not translated, this has no ef)5 E(fect.)-.25 E F1 -(nullglob)144 516 Q F0 .854(If set,)184 528 R F1(bash)3.354 E F0(allo) -3.354 E .855(ws patterns which match no \214les \(see)-.25 F F1 -.1(Pa) -3.355 G .855(thname Expansion).1 F F0(abo)3.355 E -.15(ve)-.15 G 3.355 -(\)t).15 G(o)-3.355 E -.15(ex)184 540 S +(nullglob)144 655.2 Q F0 .854(If set,)184 667.2 R F1(bash)3.354 E F0 +(allo)3.354 E .855(ws patterns which match no \214les \(see)-.25 F F1 +-.1(Pa)3.355 G .855(thname Expansion).1 F F0(abo)3.355 E -.15(ve)-.15 G +3.355(\)t).15 G(o)-3.355 E -.15(ex)184 679.2 S (pand to a null string, rather than themselv).15 E(es.)-.15 E F1 -(patsub_r)144 556.8 Q(eplacement)-.18 E F0 .106(If set,)184 568.8 R F1 -(bash)2.606 E F0 -.15(ex)2.606 G .106(pands occurrences of).15 F F1(&) -2.606 E F0 .105(in the replacement string of pattern substitution to) -2.606 F .527(the te)184 580.8 R .527 +(patsub_r)144 696 Q(eplacement)-.18 E F0 .106(If set,)184 708 R F1(bash) +2.606 E F0 -.15(ex)2.606 G .106(pands occurrences of).15 F F1(&)2.606 E +F0 .105(in the replacement string of pattern substitution to)2.606 F +.527(the te)184 720 R .527 (xt matched by the pattern, as described under)-.15 F F1 -.1(Pa)3.028 G .528(rameter Expansion).1 F F0(abo)3.028 E -.15(ve)-.15 G 5.528(.T).15 G -(his)-5.528 E(option is enabled by def)184 592.8 Q(ault.)-.1 E F1(pr)144 -609.6 Q(ogcomp)-.18 E F0 .677(If set, the programmable completion f)184 -621.6 R .677(acilities \(see)-.1 F F1(Pr)3.176 E .676 -(ogrammable Completion)-.18 F F0(abo)3.176 E -.15(ve)-.15 G(\)).15 E -(are enabled.)184 633.6 Q(This option is enabled by def)5 E(ault.)-.1 E -F1(pr)144 650.4 Q(ogcomp_alias)-.18 E F0 2.124 -(If set, and programmable completion is enabled,)184 662.4 R F1(bash) -4.624 E F0 2.124(treats a command name that)4.624 F(doesn')184 674.4 Q -3.289(th)-.18 G -2.25 -.2(av e)-3.289 H(an)3.489 E 3.289(yc)-.15 G .789 -(ompletions as a possible alias and attempts alias e)-3.289 F .788 -(xpansion. If it has)-.15 F 1.473(an alias,)184 686.4 R F1(bash)3.973 E -F0 1.473(attempts programmable completion using the command w)3.973 F -1.473(ord resulting)-.1 F(from the e)184 698.4 Q(xpanded alias.)-.15 E -(GNU Bash 5.2)72 768 Q(2022 March 11)144.29 E(79)193.45 E 0 Cg EP +(his)-5.528 E(GNU Bash 5.2)72 768 Q(2022 June 3)150.675 E(79)199.835 E 0 +Cg EP %%Page: 80 80 %%BeginPageSetup BP %%EndPageSetup /F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 137.14(SH\(1\) General).35 F -(Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 -SF(pr)144 84 Q(omptv)-.18 E(ars)-.1 E F0 1.448 -(If set, prompt strings under)184 96 R 1.448(go parameter e)-.18 F 1.447 -(xpansion, command substitution, arithmetic)-.15 F -.15(ex)184 108 S .17 -(pansion, and quote remo).15 F -.25(va)-.15 G 2.67(la).25 G .17 -(fter being e)-2.67 F .17(xpanded as described in)-.15 F/F2 9 +(Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E +(option is enabled by def)184 84 Q(ault.)-.1 E/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(pr) +144 100.8 Q(ogcomp)-.18 E F0 .677(If set, the programmable completion f) +184 112.8 R .677(acilities \(see)-.1 F F1(Pr)3.176 E .676 +(ogrammable Completion)-.18 F F0(abo)3.176 E -.15(ve)-.15 G(\)).15 E +(are enabled.)184 124.8 Q(This option is enabled by def)5 E(ault.)-.1 E +F1(pr)144 141.6 Q(ogcomp_alias)-.18 E F0 2.124 +(If set, and programmable completion is enabled,)184 153.6 R F1(bash) +4.624 E F0 2.124(treats a command name that)4.624 F(doesn')184 165.6 Q +3.289(th)-.18 G -2.25 -.2(av e)-3.289 H(an)3.489 E 3.289(yc)-.15 G .789 +(ompletions as a possible alias and attempts alias e)-3.289 F .788 +(xpansion. 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The)-.25 F -.25(va)2.86 G .36(lue may not be changed.).25 F .36 (This is not reset when the startup \214les are e)5.36 F -.15(xe)-.15 G -(-).15 E(cuted, allo)184 172.8 Q(wing the startup \214les to disco)-.25 +(-).15 E(cuted, allo)184 295.2 Q(wing the startup \214les to disco)-.25 E -.15(ve)-.15 G 2.5(rw).15 G(hether or not a shell is restricted.)-2.5 -E F1(shift_v)144 189.6 Q(erbose)-.1 E F0 .502(If set, the)184 201.6 R F1 +E F1(shift_v)144 312 Q(erbose)-.1 E F0 .502(If set, the)184 324 R F1 (shift)3.002 E F0 -.2(bu)3.002 G .501 (iltin prints an error message when the shift count e).2 F .501 -(xceeds the number)-.15 F(of positional parameters.)184 213.6 Q F1(sour) -144 230.4 Q(cepath)-.18 E F0 .77(If set, the)184 242.4 R F1(.)3.27 E F0 +(xceeds the number)-.15 F(of positional parameters.)184 336 Q F1(sour) +144 352.8 Q(cepath)-.18 E F0 .77(If set, the)184 364.8 R F1(.)3.27 E F0 (\()3.27 E F1(sour)A(ce)-.18 E F0 3.27(\)b)C .77(uiltin uses the v)-3.47 F .771(alue of)-.25 F F2 -.666(PA)3.271 G(TH)-.189 E F0 .771 (to \214nd the directory containing the)3.021 F -(\214le supplied as an ar)184 254.4 Q 2.5(gument. This)-.18 F -(option is enabled by def)2.5 E(ault.)-.1 E F1 -.1(va)144 271.2 S(rr).1 +(\214le supplied as an ar)184 376.8 Q 2.5(gument. This)-.18 F +(option is enabled by def)2.5 E(ault.)-.1 E F1 -.1(va)144 393.6 S(rr).1 E(edir_close)-.18 E F0 .74(If set, the shell automatically closes \214l\ -e descriptors assigned using the)184 283.2 R/F3 10/Times-Italic@0 SF -({varname})3.24 E F0(redi-)3.24 E .423(rection syntax \(see)184 295.2 R +e descriptors assigned using the)184 405.6 R/F3 10/Times-Italic@0 SF +({varname})3.24 E F0(redi-)3.24 E .423(rection syntax \(see)184 417.6 R F2(REDIRECTION)2.924 E F0(abo)2.674 E -.15(ve)-.15 G 2.924(\)i).15 G .424(nstead of lea)-2.924 F .424(ving them open when the com-)-.2 F -(mand completes.)184 307.2 Q F1(xpg_echo)144 324 Q F0(If set, the)184 -336 Q F1(echo)2.5 E F0 -.2(bu)2.5 G(iltin e).2 E +(mand completes.)184 429.6 Q F1(xpg_echo)144 446.4 Q F0(If set, the)184 +458.4 Q F1(echo)2.5 E F0 -.2(bu)2.5 G(iltin e).2 E (xpands backslash-escape sequences by def)-.15 E(ault.)-.1 E F1(suspend) -108 352.8 Q F0([)2.5 E F1A F0(])A 1.002(Suspend the e)144 364.8 R --.15(xe)-.15 G 1.002(cution of this shell until it recei).15 F -.15(ve) --.25 G 3.501(sa).15 G F2(SIGCONT)A F0 3.501(signal. A)3.251 F 1.001 -(login shell cannot be)3.501 F .022(suspended; the)144 376.8 R F1 -2.522 E F0 .022(option can be used to o)2.522 F -.15(ve)-.15 G .022 -(rride this and force the suspension.).15 F .023(The return status is) -5.023 F 2.5(0u)144 388.8 S(nless the shell is a login shell and)-2.5 E -F12.5 E F0(is not supplied, or if job control is not enabled.)2.5 -E F1(test)108 405.6 Q F3 -.2(ex)2.5 G(pr).2 E F1([)108 417.6 Q F3 -.2 -(ex)2.5 G(pr).2 E F1(])2.5 E F0 .878 -(Return a status of 0 \(true\) or 1 \(f)144 417.6 R .877 -(alse\) depending on the e)-.1 F -.25(va)-.25 G .877 -(luation of the conditional e).25 F(xpression)-.15 E F3 -.2(ex)144 429.6 -S(pr).2 E F0 5.53(.E).73 G .53 +108 475.2 Q F0([)2.5 E F1A F0(])A .91(Suspend the e)144 487.2 R +-.15(xe)-.15 G .91(cution of this shell until it recei).15 F -.15(ve) +-.25 G 3.41(sa).15 G F2(SIGCONT)-.001 E F0 3.409(signal. A)3.159 F .909 +(login shell, or a shell)3.409 F .752 +(without job control enabled, cannot be suspended; the)144 499.2 R F1 +3.252 E F0 .753(option can be used to o)3.253 F -.15(ve)-.15 G +.753(rride this and).15 F .107(force the suspension.)144 511.2 R .107(T\ +he return status is 0 unless the shell is a login shell or job control \ +is not en-)5.107 F(abled and)144 523.2 Q F12.5 E F0 +(is not supplied.)2.5 E F1(test)108 540 Q F3 -.2(ex)2.5 G(pr).2 E F1([) +108 552 Q F3 -.2(ex)2.5 G(pr).2 E F1(])2.5 E F0 .877 +(Return a status of 0 \(true\) or 1 \(f)144 552 R .878 +(alse\) depending on the e)-.1 F -.25(va)-.25 G .878 +(luation of the conditional e).25 F(xpression)-.15 E F3 -.2(ex)144 564 S +(pr).2 E F0 5.53(.E).73 G .53 (ach operator and operand must be a separate ar)-5.53 F 3.03 -(gument. Expressions)-.18 F .53(are composed of the)3.03 F 1.361 -(primaries described abo)144 441.6 R 1.661 -.15(ve u)-.15 H(nder).15 E -F2(CONDITION)3.861 E 1.36(AL EXPRESSIONS)-.18 F/F4 9/Times-Roman@0 SF(.) -A F1(test)5.86 E F0 1.36(does not accept an)3.86 F 3.86(yo)-.15 G(p-) --3.86 E(tions, nor does it accept and ignore an ar)144 453.6 Q -(gument of)-.18 E F12.5 E F0(as signifying the end of options.)2.5 -E .785(Expressions may be combined using the follo)144 471.6 R .786 -(wing operators, listed in decreasing order of prece-)-.25 F 3.412 -(dence. The)144 483.6 R -.25(eva)3.412 G .912 -(luation depends on the number of ar).25 F .911(guments; see belo)-.18 F -4.711 -.65(w. O)-.25 H .911(perator precedence is).65 F -(used when there are \214v)144 495.6 Q 2.5(eo)-.15 G 2.5(rm)-2.5 G -(ore ar)-2.5 E(guments.)-.18 E F1(!)144 507.6 Q F3 -.2(ex)2.5 G(pr).2 E -F0 -.35(Tr)180 507.6 S(ue if).35 E F3 -.2(ex)2.5 G(pr).2 E F0(is f)3.23 -E(alse.)-.1 E F1(\()144 519.6 Q F3 -.2(ex)2.5 G(pr).2 E F1(\))2.5 E F0 -.26(Returns the v)180 519.6 R .26(alue of)-.25 F F3 -.2(ex)2.76 G(pr).2 -E F0 5.26(.T)C .26(his may be used to o)-5.26 F -.15(ve)-.15 G .26 -(rride the normal precedence of opera-).15 F(tors.)180 531.6 Q F3 -.2 -(ex)144 543.6 S(pr1).2 E F02.5 E F1(a)A F3 -.2(ex)2.5 G(pr2).2 E F0 --.35(Tr)180 555.6 S(ue if both).35 E F3 -.2(ex)2.5 G(pr1).2 E F0(and)2.5 -E F3 -.2(ex)2.5 G(pr2).2 E F0(are true.)2.52 E F3 -.2(ex)144 567.6 S -(pr1).2 E F02.5 E F1(o)A F3 -.2(ex)2.5 G(pr2).2 E F0 -.35(Tr)180 -579.6 S(ue if either).35 E F3 -.2(ex)2.5 G(pr1).2 E F0(or)2.5 E F3 -.2 -(ex)2.5 G(pr2).2 E F0(is true.)2.52 E F1(test)144 596.4 Q F0(and)2.5 E -F1([)2.5 E F0 -.25(eva)2.5 G(luate conditional e).25 E +(gument. Expressions)-.18 F .53(are composed of the)3.03 F 1.36 +(primaries described abo)144 576 R 1.66 -.15(ve u)-.15 H(nder).15 E F2 +(CONDITION)3.86 E 1.36(AL EXPRESSIONS)-.18 F/F4 9/Times-Roman@0 SF(.)A +F1(test)5.86 E F0 1.361(does not accept an)3.86 F 3.861(yo)-.15 G(p-) +-3.861 E(tions, nor does it accept and ignore an ar)144 588 Q(gument of) +-.18 E F12.5 E F0(as signifying the end of options.)2.5 E .786 +(Expressions may be combined using the follo)144 606 R .785 +(wing operators, listed in decreasing order of prece-)-.25 F 3.411 +(dence. The)144 618 R -.25(eva)3.411 G .911 +(luation depends on the number of ar).25 F .912(guments; see belo)-.18 F +4.712 -.65(w. O)-.25 H .912(perator precedence is).65 F +(used when there are \214v)144 630 Q 2.5(eo)-.15 G 2.5(rm)-2.5 G(ore ar) +-2.5 E(guments.)-.18 E F1(!)144 642 Q F3 -.2(ex)2.5 G(pr).2 E F0 -.35 +(Tr)180 642 S(ue if).35 E F3 -.2(ex)2.5 G(pr).2 E F0(is f)3.23 E(alse.) +-.1 E F1(\()144 654 Q F3 -.2(ex)2.5 G(pr).2 E F1(\))2.5 E F0 .26 +(Returns the v)180 654 R .26(alue of)-.25 F F3 -.2(ex)2.76 G(pr).2 E F0 +5.26(.T)C .26(his may be used to o)-5.26 F -.15(ve)-.15 G .26 +(rride the normal precedence of opera-).15 F(tors.)180 666 Q F3 -.2(ex) +144 678 S(pr1).2 E F02.5 E F1(a)A F3 -.2(ex)2.5 G(pr2).2 E F0 -.35 +(Tr)180 690 S(ue if both).35 E F3 -.2(ex)2.5 G(pr1).2 E F0(and)2.5 E F3 +-.2(ex)2.5 G(pr2).2 E F0(are true.)2.52 E F3 -.2(ex)144 702 S(pr1).2 E +F02.5 E F1(o)A F3 -.2(ex)2.5 G(pr2).2 E F0 -.35(Tr)180 714 S +(ue if either).35 E F3 -.2(ex)2.5 G(pr1).2 E F0(or)2.5 E F3 -.2(ex)2.5 G +(pr2).2 E F0(is true.)2.52 E F1(test)144 730.8 Q F0(and)2.5 E F1([)2.5 E +F0 -.25(eva)2.5 G(luate conditional e).25 E (xpressions using a set of rules based on the number of ar)-.15 E -(guments.)-.18 E 2.5(0a)144 614.4 S -.18(rg)-2.5 G(uments).18 E(The e) -180 626.4 Q(xpression is f)-.15 E(alse.)-.1 E 2.5(1a)144 638.4 S -.18 -(rg)-2.5 G(ument).18 E(The e)180 650.4 Q -(xpression is true if and only if the ar)-.15 E(gument is not null.)-.18 -E 2.5(2a)144 662.4 S -.18(rg)-2.5 G(uments).18 E .37(If the \214rst ar) -180 674.4 R .37(gument is)-.18 F F1(!)2.87 E F0 2.87(,t)C .37(he e)-2.87 -F .37(xpression is true if and only if the second ar)-.15 F .37 -(gument is null.)-.18 F .379(If the \214rst ar)180 686.4 R .38 -(gument is one of the unary conditional operators listed abo)-.18 F .68 --.15(ve u)-.15 H(nder).15 E F2(CONDI-)2.88 E(TION)180 698.4 Q .553 -(AL EXPRESSIONS)-.18 F F4(,)A F0 .552(the e)2.802 F .552 -(xpression is true if the unary test is true.)-.15 F .552 -(If the \214rst ar)5.552 F(gu-)-.18 E(ment is not a v)180 710.4 Q -(alid unary conditional operator)-.25 E 2.5(,t)-.4 G(he e)-2.5 E -(xpression is f)-.15 E(alse.)-.1 E(GNU Bash 5.2)72 768 Q(2022 March 11) -144.29 E(80)193.45 E 0 Cg EP +(guments.)-.18 E(GNU Bash 5.2)72 768 Q(2022 June 3)150.675 E(80)199.835 +E 0 Cg EP %%Page: 81 81 %%BeginPageSetup BP %%EndPageSetup /F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 137.14(SH\(1\) General).35 F -(Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E 2.5(3a)144 84 S --.18(rg)-2.5 G(uments).18 E .236(The follo)180 96 R .236 +(Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E 2.5(0a)144 84 S +-.18(rg)-2.5 G(uments).18 E(The e)180 96 Q(xpression is f)-.15 E(alse.) +-.1 E 2.5(1a)144 108 S -.18(rg)-2.5 G(ument).18 E(The e)180 120 Q +(xpression is true if and only if the ar)-.15 E(gument is not null.)-.18 +E 2.5(2a)144 132 S -.18(rg)-2.5 G(uments).18 E .37(If the \214rst ar)180 +144 R .37(gument is)-.18 F/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(!)2.87 E F0 2.87(,t)C +.37(he e)-2.87 F .37(xpression is true if and only if the second ar)-.15 +F .37(gument is null.)-.18 F .38(If the \214rst ar)180 156 R .38 +(gument is one of the unary conditional operators listed abo)-.18 F .679 +-.15(ve u)-.15 H(nder).15 E/F2 9/Times-Bold@0 SF(CONDI-)2.879 E(TION)180 +168 Q .552(AL EXPRESSIONS)-.18 F/F3 9/Times-Roman@0 SF(,)A F0 .552 +(the e)2.802 F .552(xpression is true if the unary test is true.)-.15 F +.552(If the \214rst ar)5.552 F(gu-)-.18 E(ment is not a v)180 180 Q +(alid unary conditional operator)-.25 E 2.5(,t)-.4 G(he e)-2.5 E +(xpression is f)-.15 E(alse.)-.1 E 2.5(3a)144 192 S -.18(rg)-2.5 G +(uments).18 E .236(The follo)180 204 R .236 (wing conditions are applied in the order listed.)-.25 F .236 (If the second ar)5.236 F .236(gument is one of)-.18 F .855 -(the binary conditional operators listed abo)180 108 R 1.155 -.15(ve u) --.15 H(nder).15 E/F1 9/Times-Bold@0 SF(CONDITION)3.355 E .855 -(AL EXPRESSIONS)-.18 F/F2 9/Times-Roman@0 SF(,)A F0(the)3.104 E .578 -(result of the e)180 120 R .578(xpression is the result of the binary t\ -est using the \214rst and third ar)-.15 F(guments)-.18 E 1.333 -(as operands.)180 132 R(The)6.333 E/F3 10/Times-Bold@0 SF3.833 E -F0(and)3.833 E F33.832 E F0 1.332 +(the binary conditional operators listed abo)180 216 R 1.155 -.15(ve u) +-.15 H(nder).15 E F2(CONDITION)3.355 E .855(AL EXPRESSIONS)-.18 F F3(,)A +F0(the)3.105 E .579(result of the e)180 228 R .578(xpression is the res\ +ult of the binary test using the \214rst and third ar)-.15 F(guments) +-.18 E 1.332(as operands.)180 240 R(The)6.332 E F13.832 E F0(and) +3.832 E F13.832 E F0 1.333 (operators are considered binary operators when there are)3.832 F .558 -(three ar)180 144 R 3.058(guments. If)-.18 F .558(the \214rst ar)3.058 F -.558(gument is)-.18 F F3(!)3.058 E F0 3.058(,t)C .558(he v)-3.058 F .558 +(three ar)180 252 R 3.058(guments. If)-.18 F .558(the \214rst ar)3.058 F +.558(gument is)-.18 F F1(!)3.058 E F0 3.058(,t)C .558(he v)-3.058 F .558 (alue is the ne)-.25 F -.05(ga)-.15 G .558(tion of the tw).05 F(o-ar)-.1 -E(gument)-.18 E .521(test using the second and third ar)180 156 R 3.021 -(guments. If)-.18 F .521(the \214rst ar)3.021 F .52(gument is e)-.18 F -(xactly)-.15 E F3(\()3.02 E F0 .52(and the third)3.02 F(ar)180 168 Q -.485(gument is e)-.18 F(xactly)-.15 E F3(\))2.985 E F0 2.985(,t)C .485 +E(gument)-.18 E .52(test using the second and third ar)180 264 R 3.021 +(guments. If)-.18 F .521(the \214rst ar)3.021 F .521(gument is e)-.18 F +(xactly)-.15 E F1(\()3.021 E F0 .521(and the third)3.021 F(ar)180 276 Q +.485(gument is e)-.18 F(xactly)-.15 E F1(\))2.985 E F0 2.985(,t)C .485 (he result is the one-ar)-2.985 F .485(gument test of the second ar)-.18 -F 2.985(gument. Other)-.18 F(-)-.2 E(wise, the e)180 180 Q -(xpression is f)-.15 E(alse.)-.1 E 2.5(4a)144 192 S -.18(rg)-2.5 G -(uments).18 E .43(The follo)180 204 R .43 -(wing conditions are applied in the order listed.)-.25 F .429 -(If the \214rst ar)5.429 F .429(gument is)-.18 F F3(!)2.929 E F0 2.929 -(,t)C .429(he re-)-2.929 F 1.314(sult is the ne)180 216 R -.05(ga)-.15 G -1.314(tion of the three-ar).05 F 1.314(gument e)-.18 F 1.314 -(xpression composed of the remaining ar)-.15 F(gu-)-.18 E 2.745 -(ments. the)180 228 R(tw)2.745 E(o-ar)-.1 E .245 -(gument test using the second and third ar)-.18 F 2.744(guments. If)-.18 -F .244(the \214rst ar)2.744 F(gument)-.18 E .309(is e)180 240 R(xactly) --.15 E F3(\()2.809 E F0 .309(and the fourth ar)2.809 F .309(gument is e) --.18 F(xactly)-.15 E F3(\))2.809 E F0 2.809(,t)C .31 -(he result is the tw)-2.809 F(o-ar)-.1 E .31(gument test of the)-.18 F -.184(second and third ar)180 252 R 2.684(guments. Otherwise,)-.18 F .184 -(the e)2.684 F .183(xpression is parsed and e)-.15 F -.25(va)-.25 G .183 -(luated according).25 F(to precedence using the rules listed abo)180 264 -Q -.15(ve)-.15 G(.).15 E 2.5(5o)144 276 S 2.5(rm)-2.5 G(ore ar)-2.5 E -(guments)-.18 E 1.635(The e)180 288 R 1.635(xpression is parsed and e) +F 2.985(gument. Other)-.18 F(-)-.2 E(wise, the e)180 288 Q +(xpression is f)-.15 E(alse.)-.1 E 2.5(4a)144 300 S -.18(rg)-2.5 G +(uments).18 E .429(The follo)180 312 R .429 +(wing conditions are applied in the order listed.)-.25 F .43 +(If the \214rst ar)5.429 F .43(gument is)-.18 F F1(!)2.93 E F0 2.93(,t)C +.43(he re-)-2.93 F 1.315(sult is the ne)180 324 R -.05(ga)-.15 G 1.314 +(tion of the three-ar).05 F 1.314(gument e)-.18 F 1.314 +(xpression composed of the remaining ar)-.15 F(gu-)-.18 E 2.744 +(ments. the)180 336 R(tw)2.744 E(o-ar)-.1 E .245 +(gument test using the second and third ar)-.18 F 2.745(guments. If)-.18 +F .245(the \214rst ar)2.745 F(gument)-.18 E .31(is e)180 348 R(xactly) +-.15 E F1(\()2.81 E F0 .31(and the fourth ar)2.81 F .31(gument is e)-.18 +F(xactly)-.15 E F1(\))2.809 E F0 2.809(,t)C .309(he result is the tw) +-2.809 F(o-ar)-.1 E .309(gument test of the)-.18 F .183 +(second and third ar)180 360 R 2.683(guments. Otherwise,)-.18 F .184 +(the e)2.684 F .184(xpression is parsed and e)-.15 F -.25(va)-.25 G .184 +(luated according).25 F(to precedence using the rules listed abo)180 372 +Q -.15(ve)-.15 G(.).15 E 2.5(5o)144 384 S 2.5(rm)-2.5 G(ore ar)-2.5 E +(guments)-.18 E 1.635(The e)180 396 R 1.635(xpression is parsed and e) -.15 F -.25(va)-.25 G 1.635 -(luated according to precedence using the rules listed).25 F(abo)180 300 -Q -.15(ve)-.15 G(.).15 E(When used with)144 318 Q F3(test)2.5 E F0(or) -2.5 E F3([)2.5 E F0 2.5(,t)C(he)-2.5 E F3(<)2.5 E F0(and)2.5 E F3(>)2.5 +(luated according to precedence using the rules listed).25 F(abo)180 408 +Q -.15(ve)-.15 G(.).15 E(When used with)144 426 Q F1(test)2.5 E F0(or) +2.5 E F1([)2.5 E F0 2.5(,t)C(he)-2.5 E F1(<)2.5 E F0(and)2.5 E F1(>)2.5 E F0(operators sort le)2.5 E(xicographically using ASCII ordering.)-.15 -E F3(times)108 334.8 Q F0 1.229(Print the accumulated user and system t\ -imes for the shell and for processes run from the shell.)144 334.8 R -(The return status is 0.)144 346.8 Q F3(trap)108 363.6 Q F0([)2.5 E F3 +E F1(times)108 442.8 Q F0 1.229(Print the accumulated user and system t\ +imes for the shell and for processes run from the shell.)144 442.8 R +(The return status is 0.)144 454.8 Q F1(trap)108 471.6 Q F0([)2.5 E F1 (\255lp)A F0 2.5(][)C([)-2.5 E/F4 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(ar)A(g)-.37 E F0 -(])A F4(sigspec)2.5 E F0(...])2.5 E .682(The command)144 375.6 R F4(ar) -3.512 E(g)-.37 E F0 .682(is to be read and e)3.402 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .682 -(cuted when the shell recei).15 F -.15(ve)-.25 G 3.183(ss).15 G -(ignal\(s\))-3.183 E F4(sigspec)3.523 E F0 5.683(.I).31 G(f)-5.683 E F4 -(ar)3.513 E(g)-.37 E F0(is)3.403 E .609(absent \(and there is a single) -144 387.6 R F4(sigspec)3.108 E F0 3.108(\)o)C(r)-3.108 E F33.108 E +(])A F4(sigspec)2.5 E F0(...])2.5 E .683(The command)144 483.6 R F4(ar) +3.513 E(g)-.37 E F0 .683(is to be read and e)3.403 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .682 +(cuted when the shell recei).15 F -.15(ve)-.25 G 3.182(ss).15 G +(ignal\(s\))-3.182 E F4(sigspec)3.522 E F0 5.682(.I).31 G(f)-5.682 E F4 +(ar)3.512 E(g)-.37 E F0(is)3.402 E .608(absent \(and there is a single) +144 495.6 R F4(sigspec)3.108 E F0 3.108(\)o)C(r)-3.108 E F13.108 E F0 3.108(,e)C .608 (ach speci\214ed signal is reset to its original disposition)-3.108 F -.658(\(the v)144 399.6 R .658(alue it had upon entrance to the shell\).) --.25 F(If)5.658 E F4(ar)3.488 E(g)-.37 E F0 .659 +.659(\(the v)144 507.6 R .659(alue it had upon entrance to the shell\).) +-.25 F(If)5.658 E F4(ar)3.488 E(g)-.37 E F0 .658 (is the null string the signal speci\214ed by each)3.378 F F4(sigspec) -144.34 411.6 Q F0 .581 -(is ignored by the shell and by the commands it in)3.391 F -.2(vo)-.4 G --.1(ke).2 G 3.08(s. If).1 F F4(ar)3.41 E(g)-.37 E F0 .58 -(is not present and)3.3 F F33.08 E F0(has)3.08 E 1.214 -(been supplied, then the trap commands associated with each)144 423.6 R -F4(sigspec)4.054 E F0 1.215(are displayed.)4.024 F 1.215(If no ar)6.215 -F(gu-)-.18 E .86(ments are supplied or if only)144 435.6 R F33.36 -E F0 .86(is gi)3.36 F -.15(ve)-.25 G(n,).15 E F3(trap)3.36 E F0 .86 +144.34 519.6 Q F0 .58(is ignored by the shell and by the commands it in) +3.39 F -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G 3.081(s. If).1 F F4(ar)3.411 E(g)-.37 E +F0 .581(is not present and)3.301 F F13.081 E F0(has)3.081 E 1.215 +(been supplied, then the trap commands associated with each)144 531.6 R +F4(sigspec)4.054 E F0 1.214(are displayed.)4.024 F 1.214(If no ar)6.214 +F(gu-)-.18 E .86(ments are supplied or if only)144 543.6 R F13.36 +E F0 .86(is gi)3.36 F -.15(ve)-.25 G(n,).15 E F1(trap)3.36 E F0 .86 (prints the list of commands associated with each)3.36 F 2.83 -(signal. The)144 447.6 R F32.83 E F0 .33(option causes the shell \ -to print a list of signal names and their corresponding num-)2.83 F -4.311(bers. Each)144 459.6 R F4(sigspec)4.651 E F0 1.811 -(is either a signal name de\214ned in <)4.621 F F4(signal.h)A F0 1.81 -(>, or a signal number)B 6.81(.S)-.55 G(ignal)-6.81 E -(names are case insensiti)144 471.6 Q .3 -.15(ve a)-.25 H(nd the).15 E -F1(SIG)2.5 E F0(pre\214x is optional.)2.25 E .666(If a)144 489.6 R F4 -(sigspec)3.506 E F0(is)3.476 E F1(EXIT)3.166 E F0 .666 -(\(0\) the command)2.916 F F4(ar)3.496 E(g)-.37 E F0 .666(is e)3.386 F --.15(xe)-.15 G .666(cuted on e).15 F .667(xit from the shell.)-.15 F -.667(If a)5.667 F F4(sigspec)3.507 E F0(is)3.477 E F1(DE-)3.167 E -.09 -(BU)144 501.6 S(G).09 E F2(,)A F0 .484(the command)2.734 F F4(ar)3.314 E -(g)-.37 E F0 .484(is e)3.204 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .484(cuted before e).15 F --.15(ve)-.25 G(ry).15 E F4 .483(simple command)2.984 F F0(,)A F4(for) -2.983 E F0(command,)2.983 E F4(case)2.983 E F0(command,)2.983 E F4 -(select)144 513.6 Q F0 .562(command, e)3.062 F -.15(ve)-.25 G .563 +(signal. The)144 555.6 R F12.83 E F0 .33(option causes the shell \ +to print a list of signal names and their corresponding num-)2.83 F 4.31 +(bers. Each)144 567.6 R F4(sigspec)4.65 E F0 1.811 +(is either a signal name de\214ned in <)4.62 F F4(signal.h)A F0 1.811 +(>, or a signal number)B 6.811(.S)-.55 G(ignal)-6.811 E +(names are case insensiti)144 579.6 Q .3 -.15(ve a)-.25 H(nd the).15 E +F2(SIG)2.5 E F0(pre\214x is optional.)2.25 E .667(If a)144 597.6 R F4 +(sigspec)3.507 E F0(is)3.477 E F2(EXIT)3.167 E F0 .667 +(\(0\) the command)2.917 F F4(ar)3.496 E(g)-.37 E F0 .666(is e)3.386 F +-.15(xe)-.15 G .666(cuted on e).15 F .666(xit from the shell.)-.15 F +.666(If a)5.666 F F4(sigspec)3.506 E F0(is)3.476 E F2(DE-)3.166 E -.09 +(BU)144 609.6 S(G).09 E F3(,)A F0 .483(the command)2.733 F F4(ar)3.313 E +(g)-.37 E F0 .483(is e)3.203 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .484(cuted before e).15 F +-.15(ve)-.25 G(ry).15 E F4 .484(simple command)2.984 F F0(,)A F4(for) +2.984 E F0(command,)2.984 E F4(case)2.984 E F0(command,)2.984 E F4 +(select)144 621.6 Q F0 .563(command, e)3.063 F -.15(ve)-.25 G .563 (ry arithmetic).15 F F4(for)3.063 E F0 .563 -(command, and before the \214rst command e)3.063 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .563 -(cutes in a shell).15 F .623(function \(see)144 525.6 R F1 .622 +(command, and before the \214rst command e)3.063 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .562 +(cutes in a shell).15 F .622(function \(see)144 633.6 R F2 .622 (SHELL GRAMMAR)3.122 F F0(abo)2.872 E -.15(ve)-.15 G 3.122(\). Refer).15 -F .622(to the description of the)3.122 F F3(extdeb)3.122 E(ug)-.2 E F0 -.622(option to the)3.122 F F3(shopt)144 537.6 Q F0 -.2(bu)2.996 G .496 -(iltin for details of its ef).2 F .496(fect on the)-.25 F F3(DEB)2.996 E +F .622(to the description of the)3.122 F F1(extdeb)3.122 E(ug)-.2 E F0 +.622(option to the)3.122 F F1(shopt)144 645.6 Q F0 -.2(bu)2.996 G .496 +(iltin for details of its ef).2 F .496(fect on the)-.25 F F1(DEB)2.996 E (UG)-.1 E F0 2.996(trap. If)2.996 F(a)2.996 E F4(sigspec)3.336 E F0(is) -3.306 E F1(RETURN)2.996 E F2(,)A F0 .496(the command)2.746 F F4(ar) -144.33 549.6 Q(g)-.37 E F0 .18(is e)2.9 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .18 +3.306 E F2(RETURN)2.996 E F3(,)A F0 .496(the command)2.746 F F4(ar) +144.33 657.6 Q(g)-.37 E F0 .18(is e)2.9 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .18 (cuted each time a shell function or a script e).15 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .18 -(cuted with the).15 F F3(.)2.68 E F0(or)2.68 E F3(sour)2.68 E(ce)-.18 E -F0 -.2(bu)2.68 G .18(iltins \214nishes).2 F -.15(exe)144 561.6 S -(cuting.).15 E .96(If a)144 579.6 R F4(sigspec)3.8 E F0(is)3.77 E F1 -(ERR)3.46 E F2(,)A F0 .96(the command)3.21 F F4(ar)3.791 E(g)-.37 E F0 -.961(is e)3.681 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .961(cuted whene).15 F -.15(ve)-.25 G -3.461(rap).15 G .961(ipeline \(which may consist of a)-3.461 F .185(sin\ +(cuted with the).15 F F1(.)2.68 E F0(or)2.68 E F1(sour)2.68 E(ce)-.18 E +F0 -.2(bu)2.68 G .18(iltins \214nishes).2 F -.15(exe)144 669.6 S +(cuting.).15 E .961(If a)144 687.6 R F4(sigspec)3.801 E F0(is)3.771 E F2 +(ERR)3.461 E F3(,)A F0 .961(the command)3.211 F F4(ar)3.791 E(g)-.37 E +F0 .961(is e)3.681 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .961(cuted whene).15 F -.15(ve)-.25 +G 3.461(ra).15 G .96(pipeline \(which may consist of a)-.001 F .185(sin\ gle simple command\), a list, or a compound command returns a non\255ze\ -ro e)144 591.6 R .184(xit status, subject to)-.15 F .451(the follo)144 -603.6 R .451(wing conditions.)-.25 F(The)5.451 E F1(ERR)2.951 E F0 .451 -(trap is not e)2.701 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .451(cuted if the f).15 F .452 -(ailed command is part of the com-)-.1 F .388 -(mand list immediately follo)144 615.6 R .388(wing a)-.25 F F3(while) -2.888 E F0(or)2.888 E F3(until)2.888 E F0 -.1(ke)2.888 G(yw)-.05 E .388 -(ord, part of the test in an)-.1 F F4(if)2.897 E F0 .387 -(statement, part)4.847 F .777(of a command e)144 627.6 R -.15(xe)-.15 G -.778(cuted in a).15 F F3(&&)3.278 E F0(or)3.278 E F3(||)3.278 E F0 .778 -(list e)3.278 F .778(xcept the command follo)-.15 F .778 -(wing the \214nal)-.25 F F3(&&)3.278 E F0(or)3.278 E F3(||)3.278 E F0 -3.278(,a)C -.15(ny)-3.278 G 1.28(command in a pipeline b)144 639.6 R -1.28(ut the last, or if the command')-.2 F 3.78(sr)-.55 G 1.28(eturn v) --3.78 F 1.28(alue is being in)-.25 F -.15(ve)-.4 G 1.28(rted using).15 F -F3(!)3.78 E F0(.)A(These are the same conditions obe)144 651.6 Q -(yed by the)-.15 E F3(err)2.5 E(exit)-.18 E F0(\()2.5 E F3A F0 2.5 -(\)o)C(ption.)-2.5 E .132 -(Signals ignored upon entry to the shell cannot be trapped or reset.)144 -669.6 R -.35(Tr)5.133 G .133(apped signals that are not be-).35 F .117 -(ing ignored are reset to their original v)144 681.6 R .117 -(alues in a subshell or subshell en)-.25 F .117 -(vironment when one is cre-)-.4 F 2.5(ated. The)144 693.6 R -(return status is f)2.5 E(alse if an)-.1 E(y)-.15 E F4(sigspec)2.84 E F0 -(is in)2.81 E -.25(va)-.4 G(lid; otherwise).25 E F3(trap)2.5 E F0 -(returns true.)2.5 E(GNU Bash 5.2)72 768 Q(2022 March 11)144.29 E(81) -193.45 E 0 Cg EP +ro e)144 699.6 R .185(xit status, subject to)-.15 F .452(the follo)144 +711.6 R .452(wing conditions.)-.25 F(The)5.452 E F2(ERR)2.952 E F0 .451 +(trap is not e)2.701 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .451(cuted if the f).15 F .451 +(ailed command is part of the com-)-.1 F .387 +(mand list immediately follo)144 723.6 R .387(wing a)-.25 F F1(while) +2.887 E F0(or)2.887 E F1(until)2.888 E F0 -.1(ke)2.888 G(yw)-.05 E .388 +(ord, part of the test in an)-.1 F F4(if)2.898 E F0 .388 +(statement, part)4.848 F(GNU Bash 5.2)72 768 Q(2022 June 3)150.675 E(81) +199.835 E 0 Cg EP %%Page: 82 82 %%BeginPageSetup BP %%EndPageSetup /F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 137.14(SH\(1\) General).35 F -(Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 -SF(type)108 84 Q F0([)2.5 E F1(\255aftpP)A F0(])A/F2 10/Times-Italic@0 -SF(name)2.5 E F0([)2.5 E F2(name)A F0(...])2.5 E -.4(Wi)144 96 S .173 -(th no options, indicate ho).4 F 2.673(we)-.25 G(ach)-2.673 E F2(name) -3.033 E F0 -.1(wo)2.853 G .174 -(uld be interpreted if used as a command name.).1 F .174(If the)5.174 F -F1144 108 Q F0 .715(option is used,)3.215 F F1(type)3.215 E F0 +(Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E .778 +(of a command e)144 84 R -.15(xe)-.15 G .778(cuted in a).15 F/F1 10 +/Times-Bold@0 SF(&&)3.278 E F0(or)3.278 E F1(||)3.278 E F0 .778(list e) +3.278 F .778(xcept the command follo)-.15 F .778(wing the \214nal)-.25 F +F1(&&)3.278 E F0(or)3.278 E F1(||)3.277 E F0 3.277(,a)C -.15(ny)-3.277 G +1.28(command in a pipeline b)144 96 R 1.28 +(ut the last, or if the command')-.2 F 3.78(sr)-.55 G 1.28(eturn v)-3.78 +F 1.28(alue is being in)-.25 F -.15(ve)-.4 G 1.28(rted using).15 F F1(!) +3.78 E F0(.)A(These are the same conditions obe)144 108 Q(yed by the) +-.15 E F1(err)2.5 E(exit)-.18 E F0(\()2.5 E F1A F0 2.5(\)o)C +(ption.)-2.5 E .133 +(Signals ignored upon entry to the shell cannot be trapped or reset.)144 +126 R -.35(Tr)5.132 G .132(apped signals that are not be-).35 F .117 +(ing ignored are reset to their original v)144 138 R .117 +(alues in a subshell or subshell en)-.25 F .117 +(vironment when one is cre-)-.4 F 2.5(ated. The)144 150 R +(return status is f)2.5 E(alse if an)-.1 E(y)-.15 E/F2 10/Times-Italic@0 +SF(sigspec)2.84 E F0(is in)2.81 E -.25(va)-.4 G(lid; otherwise).25 E F1 +(trap)2.5 E F0(returns true.)2.5 E F1(type)108 166.8 Q F0([)2.5 E F1 +(\255aftpP)A F0(])A F2(name)2.5 E F0([)2.5 E F2(name)A F0(...])2.5 E -.4 +(Wi)144 178.8 S .174(th no options, indicate ho).4 F 2.674(we)-.25 G +(ach)-2.674 E F2(name)3.034 E F0 -.1(wo)2.854 G .173 +(uld be interpreted if used as a command name.).1 F .173(If the)5.173 F +F1144 190.8 Q F0 .715(option is used,)3.215 F F1(type)3.215 E F0 .715(prints a string which is one of)3.215 F F2(alias)3.545 E F0(,).27 E F2 -.1(ke)3.215 G(ywor)-.2 E(d)-.37 E F0(,).77 E F2(function)5.185 E F0 (,).24 E F2 -.2(bu)3.215 G(iltin).2 E F0 3.215(,o).24 G(r)-3.215 E F2 -(\214le)5.125 E F0(if)3.395 E F2(name)144.36 120 Q F0 .086 -(is an alias, shell reserv)2.766 F .086(ed w)-.15 F .086 -(ord, function, b)-.1 F .087(uiltin, or disk \214le, respecti)-.2 F -.15 -(ve)-.25 G(ly).15 E 5.087(.I)-.65 G 2.587(ft)-5.087 G(he)-2.587 E F2 -(name)2.947 E F0 .087(is not)2.767 F .119 -(found, then nothing is printed, and an e)144 132 R .118 -(xit status of f)-.15 F .118(alse is returned.)-.1 F .118(If the)5.118 F -F12.618 E F0 .118(option is used,)2.618 F F1(type)2.618 E F0 .855 -(either returns the name of the disk \214le that w)144 144 R .855 +(\214le)5.125 E F0(if)3.395 E F2(name)144.36 202.8 Q F0 .087 +(is an alias, shell reserv)2.767 F .087(ed w)-.15 F .087 +(ord, function, b)-.1 F .086(uiltin, or disk \214le, respecti)-.2 F -.15 +(ve)-.25 G(ly).15 E 5.086(.I)-.65 G 2.586(ft)-5.086 G(he)-2.586 E F2 +(name)2.946 E F0 .086(is not)2.766 F .118 +(found, then nothing is printed, and an e)144 214.8 R .118 +(xit status of f)-.15 F .118(alse is returned.)-.1 F .119(If the)5.119 F +F12.619 E F0 .119(option is used,)2.619 F F1(type)2.619 E F0 .855 +(either returns the name of the disk \214le that w)144 226.8 R .855 (ould be e)-.1 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .855(cuted if).15 F F2(name)3.715 E F0 -.855(were speci\214ed as a com-)3.535 F .529(mand name, or nothing if) -144 156 R/F3 10/Courier@0 SF .528(type -t name)3.028 F F0 -.1(wo)3.028 G -.528(uld not return).1 F F2(\214le)4.938 E F0 5.528(.T).18 G(he)-5.528 E -F13.028 E F0 .528(option forces a)3.028 F/F4 9/Times-Bold@0 SF --.666(PA)3.028 G(TH)-.189 E F0 .006(search for each)144 168 R F2(name) -2.506 E F0 2.506(,e)C -.15(ve)-2.756 G 2.506(ni).15 G(f)-2.506 E F3 .007 -(type -t name)2.506 F F0 -.1(wo)2.507 G .007(uld not return).1 F F2 -(\214le)4.417 E F0 5.007(.I).18 G 2.507(fac)-5.007 G .007 -(ommand is hashed,)-2.507 F F12.507 E F0(and)144 180 Q F1 -3.231 E F0 .731(print the hashed v)3.231 F .73 +.855(were speci\214ed as a com-)3.535 F .528(mand name, or nothing if) +144 238.8 R/F3 10/Courier@0 SF .528(type -t name)3.028 F F0 -.1(wo)3.028 +G .528(uld not return).1 F F2(\214le)4.938 E F0 5.528(.T).18 G(he)-5.528 +E F13.028 E F0 .529(option forces a)3.028 F/F4 9/Times-Bold@0 SF +-.666(PA)3.029 G(TH)-.189 E F0 .007(search for each)144 250.8 R F2(name) +2.507 E F0 2.507(,e)C -.15(ve)-2.757 G 2.507(ni).15 G(f)-2.507 E F3 .007 +(type -t name)2.507 F F0 -.1(wo)2.507 G .007(uld not return).1 F F2 +(\214le)4.417 E F0 5.006(.I).18 G 2.506(fac)-5.006 G .006 +(ommand is hashed,)-2.506 F F12.506 E F0(and)144 262.8 Q F1 +3.23 E F0 .73(print the hashed v)3.23 F .731 (alue, which is not necessarily the \214le that appears \214rst in)-.25 -F F4 -.666(PA)3.23 G(TH)-.189 E/F5 9/Times-Roman@0 SF(.)A F0 .73(If the) -5.23 F F1144 192 Q F0 .823(option is used,)3.323 F F1(type)3.323 E -F0 .824(prints all of the places that contain an e)3.323 F -.15(xe)-.15 -G .824(cutable named).15 F F2(name)3.684 E F0 5.824(.T).18 G .824 -(his in-)-5.824 F 1.176 -(cludes aliases and functions, if and only if the)144 204 R F1 -3.676 E F0 1.176(option is not also used.)3.676 F 1.176 +F F4 -.666(PA)3.231 G(TH)-.189 E/F5 9/Times-Roman@0 SF(.)A F0 .731 +(If the)5.231 F F1144 274.8 Q F0 .824(option is used,)3.324 F F1 +(type)3.324 E F0 .824(prints all of the places that contain an e)3.324 F +-.15(xe)-.15 G .823(cutable named).15 F F2(name)3.683 E F0 5.823(.T).18 +G .823(his in-)-5.823 F 1.176 +(cludes aliases and functions, if and only if the)144 286.8 R F1 +3.676 E F0 1.176(option is not also used.)3.676 F 1.177 (The table of hashed)6.176 F 1.223(commands is not consulted when using) -144 216 R F13.723 E F0 6.223(.T)C(he)-6.223 E F13.723 E F0 -1.223(option suppresses shell function lookup, as)3.723 F .326(with the) -144 228 R F1(command)2.826 E F0 -.2(bu)2.826 G(iltin.).2 E F1(type)5.326 -E F0 .326(returns true if all of the ar)2.826 F .325 -(guments are found, f)-.18 F .325(alse if an)-.1 F 2.825(ya)-.15 G .325 -(re not)-2.825 F(found.)144 240 Q F1(ulimit)108 256.8 Q F0([)2.5 E F1 -(\255HS)A F0(])A F12.5 E(ulimit)108 268.8 Q F0([)2.5 E F1(\255HS)A +144 298.8 R F13.723 E F0 6.223(.T)C(he)-6.223 E F13.723 E F0 +1.223(option suppresses shell function lookup, as)3.723 F .325(with the) +144 310.8 R F1(command)2.825 E F0 -.2(bu)2.825 G(iltin.).2 E F1(type) +5.325 E F0 .325(returns true if all of the ar)2.825 F .326 +(guments are found, f)-.18 F .326(alse if an)-.1 F 2.826(ya)-.15 G .326 +(re not)-2.826 F(found.)144 322.8 Q F1(ulimit)108 339.6 Q F0([)2.5 E F1 +(\255HS)A F0(])A F12.5 E(ulimit)108 351.6 Q F0([)2.5 E F1(\255HS)A F0 2.5(][)C F1(\255bcde\214klmnpqrstuvxPR)-2.5 E(T)-.4 E F0([)2.5 E F2 -(limit)A F0(]])A(Pro)144 280.8 Q .243(vides control o)-.15 F -.15(ve) --.15 G 2.743(rt).15 G .243(he resources a)-2.743 F -.25(va)-.2 G .244 +(limit)A F0(]])A(Pro)144 363.6 Q .244(vides control o)-.15 F -.15(ve) +-.15 G 2.744(rt).15 G .244(he resources a)-2.744 F -.25(va)-.2 G .244 (ilable to the shell and to processes started by it, on systems).25 F -.944(that allo)144 292.8 R 3.444(ws)-.25 G .944(uch control.)-3.444 F -(The)5.944 E F13.444 E F0(and)3.444 E F13.444 E F0 .943 +.943(that allo)144 375.6 R 3.443(ws)-.25 G .943(uch control.)-3.443 F +(The)5.943 E F13.443 E F0(and)3.443 E F13.444 E F0 .944 (options specify that the hard or soft limit is set for the)3.444 F(gi) -144 304.8 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.708(nr).15 G 2.708(esource. A)-2.708 F .208 +144 387.6 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.709(nr).15 G 2.709(esource. A)-2.709 F .208 (hard limit cannot be increased by a non-root user once it is set; a so\ -ft limit may)2.708 F .426(be increased up to the v)144 316.8 R .426 -(alue of the hard limit.)-.25 F .425(If neither)5.426 F F12.925 E -F0(nor)2.925 E F12.925 E F0 .425 -(is speci\214ed, both the soft and)2.925 F .139(hard limits are set.)144 -328.8 R .139(The v)5.139 F .139(alue of)-.25 F F2(limit)2.729 E F0 .139 +ft limit may)2.709 F .425(be increased up to the v)144 399.6 R .425 +(alue of the hard limit.)-.25 F .426(If neither)5.425 F F12.926 E +F0(nor)2.926 E F12.926 E F0 .426 +(is speci\214ed, both the soft and)2.926 F .139(hard limits are set.)144 +411.6 R .139(The v)5.139 F .139(alue of)-.25 F F2(limit)2.729 E F0 .139 (can be a number in the unit speci\214ed for the resource or one)3.319 F -.742(of the special v)144 340.8 R(alues)-.25 E F1(hard)3.242 E F0(,)A F1 +.741(of the special v)144 423.6 R(alues)-.25 E F1(hard)3.241 E F0(,)A F1 (soft)3.241 E F0 3.241(,o)C(r)-3.241 E F1(unlimited)3.241 E F0 3.241(,w) -C .741(hich stand for the current hard limit, the current)-3.241 F .023 -(soft limit, and no limit, respecti)144 352.8 R -.15(ve)-.25 G(ly).15 E +C .741(hich stand for the current hard limit, the current)-3.241 F .024 +(soft limit, and no limit, respecti)144 435.6 R -.15(ve)-.25 G(ly).15 E 5.023(.I)-.65 G(f)-5.023 E F2(limit)2.613 E F0 .023 (is omitted, the current v)3.203 F .023 -(alue of the soft limit of the re-)-.25 F .985 -(source is printed, unless the)144 364.8 R F13.485 E F0 .984 -(option is gi)3.485 F -.15(ve)-.25 G 3.484(n. When).15 F .984 +(alue of the soft limit of the re-)-.25 F .984 +(source is printed, unless the)144 447.6 R F13.484 E F0 .984 +(option is gi)3.484 F -.15(ve)-.25 G 3.484(n. When).15 F .985 (more than one resource is speci\214ed, the)3.484 F .7 -(limit name and unit, if appropriate, are printed before the v)144 376.8 +(limit name and unit, if appropriate, are printed before the v)144 459.6 R 3.2(alue. Other)-.25 F .7(options are interpreted as)3.2 F(follo)144 -388.8 Q(ws:)-.25 E F1144 400.8 Q F0 -(All current limits are reported; no limits are set)180 400.8 Q F1 -144 412.8 Q F0(The maximum sock)180 412.8 Q(et b)-.1 E(uf)-.2 E -(fer size)-.25 E F1144 424.8 Q F0 -(The maximum size of core \214les created)180 424.8 Q F1144 436.8 -Q F0(The maximum size of a process')180 436.8 Q 2.5(sd)-.55 G(ata se) --2.5 E(gment)-.15 E F1144 448.8 Q F0 -(The maximum scheduling priority \("nice"\))180 448.8 Q F1144 -460.8 Q F0 +471.6 Q(ws:)-.25 E F1144 483.6 Q F0 +(All current limits are reported; no limits are set)180 483.6 Q F1 +144 495.6 Q F0(The maximum sock)180 495.6 Q(et b)-.1 E(uf)-.2 E +(fer size)-.25 E F1144 507.6 Q F0 +(The maximum size of core \214les created)180 507.6 Q F1144 519.6 +Q F0(The maximum size of a process')180 519.6 Q 2.5(sd)-.55 G(ata se) +-2.5 E(gment)-.15 E F1144 531.6 Q F0 +(The maximum scheduling priority \("nice"\))180 531.6 Q F1144 +543.6 Q F0 (The maximum size of \214les written by the shell and its children)180 -460.8 Q F1144 472.8 Q F0(The maximum number of pending signals)180 -472.8 Q F1144 484.8 Q F0 -(The maximum number of kqueues that may be allocated)180 484.8 Q F1 -144 496.8 Q F0(The maximum size that may be lock)180 496.8 Q -(ed into memory)-.1 E F1144 508.8 Q F0 -(The maximum resident set size \(man)180 508.8 Q 2.5(ys)-.15 G -(ystems do not honor this limit\))-2.5 E F1144 520.8 Q F0 .791(Th\ +543.6 Q F1144 555.6 Q F0(The maximum number of pending signals)180 +555.6 Q F1144 567.6 Q F0 +(The maximum number of kqueues that may be allocated)180 567.6 Q F1 +144 579.6 Q F0(The maximum size that may be lock)180 579.6 Q +(ed into memory)-.1 E F1144 591.6 Q F0 +(The maximum resident set size \(man)180 591.6 Q 2.5(ys)-.15 G +(ystems do not honor this limit\))-2.5 E F1144 603.6 Q F0 .791(Th\ e maximum number of open \214le descriptors \(most systems do not allo) -180 520.8 R 3.29(wt)-.25 G .79(his v)-3.29 F .79(alue to)-.25 F -(be set\))180 532.8 Q F1144 544.8 Q F0 -(The pipe size in 512-byte blocks \(this may not be set\))180 544.8 Q F1 -144 556.8 Q F0 -(The maximum number of bytes in POSIX message queues)180 556.8 Q F1 -144 568.8 Q F0(The maximum real-time scheduling priority)180 568.8 -Q F1144 580.8 Q F0(The maximum stack size)180 580.8 Q F1144 -592.8 Q F0(The maximum amount of cpu time in seconds)180 592.8 Q F1 -144 604.8 Q F0(The maximum number of processes a)180 604.8 Q -.25 -(va)-.2 G(ilable to a single user).25 E F1144 616.8 Q F0 .47 -(The maximum amount of virtual memory a)180 616.8 R -.25(va)-.2 G .47 +180 603.6 R 3.291(wt)-.25 G .791(his v)-3.291 F .791(alue to)-.25 F +(be set\))180 615.6 Q F1144 627.6 Q F0 +(The pipe size in 512-byte blocks \(this may not be set\))180 627.6 Q F1 +144 639.6 Q F0 +(The maximum number of bytes in POSIX message queues)180 639.6 Q F1 +144 651.6 Q F0(The maximum real-time scheduling priority)180 651.6 +Q F1144 663.6 Q F0(The maximum stack size)180 663.6 Q F1144 +675.6 Q F0(The maximum amount of cpu time in seconds)180 675.6 Q F1 +144 687.6 Q F0(The maximum number of processes a)180 687.6 Q -.25 +(va)-.2 G(ilable to a single user).25 E F1144 699.6 Q F0 .47 +(The maximum amount of virtual memory a)180 699.6 R -.25(va)-.2 G .47 (ilable to the shell and, on some systems, to).25 F(its children)180 -628.8 Q F1144 640.8 Q F0(The maximum number of \214le locks)180 -640.8 Q F1144 652.8 Q F0(The maximum number of pseudoterminals)180 -652.8 Q F1144 664.8 Q F0(The maximum time a real-time process can\ - run before blocking, in microseconds)180 664.8 Q F1144 676.8 Q F0 -(The maximum number of threads)180 676.8 Q(If)144 693.6 Q F2(limit)3.058 -E F0 .468(is gi)3.648 F -.15(ve)-.25 G .468(n, and the).15 F F1 -2.968 E F0 .468(option is not used,)2.968 F F2(limit)2.968 E F0 .468 -(is the ne)2.968 F 2.968(wv)-.25 G .468 -(alue of the speci\214ed resource.)-3.218 F(If)5.468 E .044 -(no option is gi)144 705.6 R -.15(ve)-.25 G .044(n, then).15 F F1 -2.544 E F0 .045(is assumed.)2.545 F -1.11(Va)5.045 G .045 -(lues are in 1024-byte increments, e)1.11 F .045(xcept for)-.15 F F1 -2.545 E F0 2.545(,w)C .045(hich is)-2.545 F .67(in seconds;)144 -717.6 R F13.17 E F0 3.17(,w)C .67(hich is in microseconds;)-3.17 F -F13.17 E F0 3.17(,w)C .67(hich is in units of 512-byte blocks;) --3.17 F F13.17 E F0(,)A F13.17 E F0(,)A F13.17 E F0(,) -A F1144 729.6 Q F0(,)A F13.736 E F0 3.736(,a)C(nd)-3.736 E -F13.736 E F0 3.736(,w)C 1.236(hich are unscaled v)-3.736 F 1.236 -(alues; and, when in posix mode,)-.25 F F13.736 E F0(and)3.736 E -F13.736 E F0 3.736(,w)C 1.237(hich are in)-3.736 F(GNU Bash 5.2)72 -768 Q(2022 March 11)144.29 E(82)193.45 E 0 Cg EP +711.6 Q(GNU Bash 5.2)72 768 Q(2022 June 3)150.675 E(82)199.835 E 0 Cg EP %%Page: 83 83 %%BeginPageSetup BP %%EndPageSetup /F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 137.14(SH\(1\) General).35 F -(Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E .239 -(512-byte increments.)144 84 R .238(The return status is 0 unless an in) -5.239 F -.25(va)-.4 G .238(lid option or ar).25 F .238 -(gument is supplied, or an)-.18 F(error occurs while setting a ne)144 96 -Q 2.5(wl)-.25 G(imit.)-2.5 E/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(umask)108 112.8 Q F0 -([)2.5 E F1A F0 2.5(][)C F1-2.5 E F0 2.5(][)C/F2 10 -/Times-Italic@0 SF(mode)-2.5 E F0(])A .18 -(The user \214le-creation mask is set to)144 124.8 R F2(mode)3.06 E F0 +(Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 +SF144 84 Q F0(The maximum number of \214le locks)180 84 Q F1 +144 96 Q F0(The maximum number of pseudoterminals)180 96 Q F1144 +108 Q F0(The maximum time a real-time process can run before blocking, \ +in microseconds)180 108 Q F1144 120 Q F0 +(The maximum number of threads)180 120 Q(If)144 136.8 Q/F2 10 +/Times-Italic@0 SF(limit)3.058 E F0 .468(is gi)3.648 F -.15(ve)-.25 G +.468(n, and the).15 F F12.968 E F0 .468(option is not used,)2.968 +F F2(limit)2.968 E F0 .468(is the ne)2.968 F 2.968(wv)-.25 G .468 +(alue of the speci\214ed resource.)-3.218 F(If)5.468 E .045 +(no option is gi)144 148.8 R -.15(ve)-.25 G .045(n, then).15 F F1 +2.545 E F0 .045(is assumed.)2.545 F -1.11(Va)5.045 G .045 +(lues are in 1024-byte increments, e)1.11 F .044(xcept for)-.15 F F1 +2.544 E F0 2.544(,w)C .044(hich is)-2.544 F .67(in seconds;)144 +160.8 R F13.17 E F0 3.17(,w)C .67(hich is in microseconds;)-3.17 F +F13.17 E F0 3.17(,w)C .67(hich is in units of 512-byte blocks;) +-3.17 F F13.17 E F0(,)A F13.17 E F0(,)A F13.17 E F0(,) +A F1144 172.8 Q F0(,)A F13.737 E F0 3.737(,a)C(nd)-3.737 E +F13.736 E F0 3.736(,w)C 1.236(hich are unscaled v)-3.736 F 1.236 +(alues; and, when in posix mode,)-.25 F F13.736 E F0(and)3.736 E +F13.736 E F0 3.736(,w)C 1.236(hich are in)-3.736 F .238 +(512-byte increments.)144 184.8 R .238 +(The return status is 0 unless an in)5.238 F -.25(va)-.4 G .238 +(lid option or ar).25 F .238(gument is supplied, or an)-.18 F +(error occurs while setting a ne)144 196.8 Q 2.5(wl)-.25 G(imit.)-2.5 E +F1(umask)108 213.6 Q F0([)2.5 E F1A F0 2.5(][)C F1-2.5 E F0 +2.5(][)C F2(mode)-2.5 E F0(])A .18 +(The user \214le-creation mask is set to)144 225.6 R F2(mode)3.06 E F0 5.18(.I).18 G(f)-5.18 E F2(mode)3.06 E F0(be)2.86 E .18 (gins with a digit, it is interpreted as an octal)-.15 F .066(number; o\ therwise it is interpreted as a symbolic mode mask similar to that acce\ -pted by)144 136.8 R F2 -.15(ch)2.566 G(mod).15 E F0(\(1\).).77 E(If)144 -148.8 Q F2(mode)3.262 E F0 .382(is omitted, the current v)3.062 F .382 +pted by)144 237.6 R F2 -.15(ch)2.566 G(mod).15 E F0(\(1\).).77 E(If)144 +249.6 Q F2(mode)3.263 E F0 .382(is omitted, the current v)3.063 F .382 (alue of the mask is printed.)-.25 F(The)5.382 E F12.882 E F0 .382 (option causes the mask to be)2.882 F .547 -(printed in symbolic form; the def)144 160.8 R .547 +(printed in symbolic form; the def)144 261.6 R .547 (ault output is an octal number)-.1 F 5.547(.I)-.55 G 3.047(ft)-5.547 G (he)-3.047 E F13.047 E F0 .547(option is supplied, and)3.047 F F2 -(mode)144.38 172.8 Q F0 .551 -(is omitted, the output is in a form that may be reused as input.)3.231 -F .552(The return status is 0 if the)5.552 F(mode w)144 184.8 Q +(mode)144.38 273.6 Q F0 .552 +(is omitted, the output is in a form that may be reused as input.)3.232 +F .551(The return status is 0 if the)5.551 F(mode w)144 285.6 Q (as successfully changed or if no)-.1 E F2(mode)2.5 E F0(ar)2.5 E (gument w)-.18 E(as supplied, and f)-.1 E(alse otherwise.)-.1 E F1 -(unalias)108 201.6 Q F0<5bad>2.5 E F1(a)A F0 2.5(][)C F2(name)-2.5 E F0 -(...])2.5 E(Remo)144 213.6 Q 1.058 -.15(ve e)-.15 H(ach).15 E F2(name) -3.258 E F0 .758(from the list of de\214ned aliases.)3.258 F(If)5.758 E -F13.258 E F0 .757(is supplied, all alias de\214nitions are re-) -3.258 F(mo)144 225.6 Q -.15(ve)-.15 G 2.5(d. The).15 F(return v)2.5 E +(unalias)108 302.4 Q F0<5bad>2.5 E F1(a)A F0 2.5(][)C F2(name)-2.5 E F0 +(...])2.5 E(Remo)144 314.4 Q 1.057 -.15(ve e)-.15 H(ach).15 E F2(name) +3.257 E F0 .757(from the list of de\214ned aliases.)3.257 F(If)5.758 E +F13.258 E F0 .758(is supplied, all alias de\214nitions are re-) +3.258 F(mo)144 326.4 Q -.15(ve)-.15 G 2.5(d. The).15 F(return v)2.5 E (alue is true unless a supplied)-.25 E F2(name)2.86 E F0 -(is not a de\214ned alias.)2.68 E F1(unset)108 242.4 Q F0<5bad>2.5 E F1 +(is not a de\214ned alias.)2.68 E F1(unset)108 343.2 Q F0<5bad>2.5 E F1 (fv)A F0 2.5(][)C-2.5 E F1(n)A F0 2.5(][)C F2(name)-2.5 E F0(...]) -2.5 E -.15(Fo)144 254.4 S 3.803(re).15 G(ach)-3.803 E F2(name)4.163 E F0 -3.803(,r).18 G(emo)-3.803 E 1.603 -.15(ve t)-.15 H 1.303 +2.5 E -.15(Fo)144 355.2 S 3.804(re).15 G(ach)-3.804 E F2(name)4.164 E F0 +3.804(,r).18 G(emo)-3.804 E 1.604 -.15(ve t)-.15 H 1.304 (he corresponding v).15 F 1.303(ariable or function.)-.25 F 1.303 -(If the)6.303 F F13.804 E F0 1.304(option is gi)3.804 F -.15(ve) --.25 G 1.304(n, each).15 F F2(name)144.36 266.4 Q F0 .465 -(refers to a shell v)3.145 F .464(ariable, and that v)-.25 F .464 -(ariable is remo)-.25 F -.15(ve)-.15 G 2.964(d. Read-only).15 F -.25(va) -2.964 G .464(riables may not be un-).25 F 2.768(set. If)144 278.4 R F1 -2.768 E F0 .269(is speci\214ed, each)2.768 F F2(name)3.129 E F0 +(If the)6.303 F F13.803 E F0 1.303(option is gi)3.803 F -.15(ve) +-.25 G 1.303(n, each).15 F F2(name)144.36 367.2 Q F0 .464 +(refers to a shell v)3.144 F .464(ariable, and that v)-.25 F .464 +(ariable is remo)-.25 F -.15(ve)-.15 G 2.965(d. Read-only).15 F -.25(va) +2.965 G .465(riables may not be un-).25 F 2.769(set. If)144 379.2 R F1 +2.769 E F0 .269(is speci\214ed, each)2.769 F F2(name)3.129 E F0 .269(refers to a shell function, and the function de\214nition is remo) -2.949 F -.15(ve)-.15 G(d.).15 E .404(If the)144 290.4 R F12.904 E +2.949 F -.15(ve)-.15 G(d.).15 E .403(If the)144 391.2 R F12.903 E F0 .404(option is supplied, and)2.904 F F2(name)2.904 E F0 .404(is a v) 2.904 F .404(ariable with the)-.25 F F2(namer)2.904 E(ef)-.37 E F0 -(attrib)2.904 E(ute,)-.2 E F2(name)2.904 E F0 .403(will be unset)2.904 F -.719(rather than the v)144 302.4 R .719(ariable it references.)-.25 F F1 -5.719 E F0 .719(has no ef)3.219 F .719(fect if the)-.25 F F1 -3.22 E F0 .72(option is supplied.)3.22 F .72(If no options)5.72 F .737 -(are supplied, each)144 314.4 R F2(name)3.237 E F0 .737(refers to a v) -3.237 F .737(ariable; if there is no v)-.25 F .736 -(ariable by that name, a function with)-.25 F 1.761(that name, if an)144 -326.4 R 3.061 -.65(y, i)-.15 H 4.261(su).65 G 4.261(nset. Each)-4.261 F +(attrib)2.904 E(ute,)-.2 E F2(name)2.904 E F0 .404(will be unset)2.904 F +.72(rather than the v)144 403.2 R .72(ariable it references.)-.25 F F1 +5.72 E F0 .72(has no ef)3.22 F .719(fect if the)-.25 F F1 +3.219 E F0 .719(option is supplied.)3.219 F .719(If no options)5.719 F +.736(are supplied, each)144 415.2 R F2(name)3.236 E F0 .736 +(refers to a v)3.236 F .737(ariable; if there is no v)-.25 F .737 +(ariable by that name, a function with)-.25 F 1.762(that name, if an)144 +427.2 R 3.062 -.65(y, i)-.15 H 4.262(su).65 G 4.261(nset. Each)-4.262 F 1.761(unset v)4.261 F 1.761(ariable or function is remo)-.25 F -.15(ve) --.15 G 4.262(df).15 G 1.762(rom the en)-4.262 F(vironment)-.4 E 3.172 -(passed to subsequent commands.)144 338.4 R 3.172(If an)8.172 F 5.672 +-.15 G 4.261(df).15 G 1.761(rom the en)-4.261 F(vironment)-.4 E 3.171 +(passed to subsequent commands.)144 439.2 R 3.172(If an)8.172 F 5.672 (yo)-.15 G(f)-5.672 E/F3 9/Times-Bold@0 SF -.27(BA)5.672 G(SH_ALIASES) -.27 E/F4 9/Times-Roman@0 SF(,)A F3 -.27(BA)5.421 G(SH_ARGV0).27 E F4(,)A -F3 -.27(BA)5.421 G(SH_CMDS).27 E F4(,)A F3 -.27(BA)144 350.4 S -(SH_COMMAND).27 E F4(,)A F3 -.27(BA)11.481 G(SH_SUBSHELL).27 E F4(,)A F3 +.27 E/F4 9/Times-Roman@0 SF(,)A F3 -.27(BA)5.422 G(SH_ARGV0).27 E F4(,)A +F3 -.27(BA)5.422 G(SH_CMDS).27 E F4(,)A F3 -.27(BA)144 451.2 S +(SH_COMMAND).27 E F4(,)A F3 -.27(BA)11.482 G(SH_SUBSHELL).27 E F4(,)A F3 -.27(BA)11.482 G(SHPID).27 E F4(,)A F3(COMP_W)11.482 E(ORDBREAKS)-.09 E -F4(,)A F3(DIRST)11.482 E -.495(AC)-.81 G(K).495 E F4(,)A F3(EPOCHREAL) -144 362.4 Q(TIME)-.828 E F4(,)A F3(EPOCHSECONDS)2.67 E F4(,)A F3(FUNCN) +F4(,)A F3(DIRST)11.481 E -.495(AC)-.81 G(K).495 E F4(,)A F3(EPOCHREAL) +144 463.2 Q(TIME)-.828 E F4(,)A F3(EPOCHSECONDS)2.67 E F4(,)A F3(FUNCN) 2.67 E(AME)-.18 E F4(,)A F3(GR)2.67 E(OUPS)-.27 E F4(,)A F3(HISTCMD)2.67 E F4(,)A F3(LINENO)2.67 E F4(,)A F3(RANDOM)2.67 E F4(,)A F3(SECONDS)144 -374.4 Q F4(,)A F0(or)4.029 E F3(SRANDOM)4.279 E F0 1.779(are unset, the) -4.029 F 4.279(yl)-.15 G 1.779(ose their special properties, e)-4.279 F --.15(ve)-.25 G 4.279(ni).15 G 4.28(ft)-4.279 G(he)-4.28 E 4.28(ya)-.15 G -1.78(re subse-)-4.28 F(quently reset.)144 386.4 Q(The e)5 E +475.2 Q F4(,)A F0(or)4.03 E F3(SRANDOM)4.28 E F0 1.779(are unset, the) +4.03 F 4.279(yl)-.15 G 1.779(ose their special properties, e)-4.279 F +-.15(ve)-.25 G 4.279(ni).15 G 4.279(ft)-4.279 G(he)-4.279 E 4.279(ya) +-.15 G 1.779(re subse-)-4.279 F(quently reset.)144 487.2 Q(The e)5 E (xit status is true unless a)-.15 E F2(name)2.86 E F0 -(is readonly or may not be unset.)2.68 E F1(wait)108 403.2 Q F0([)2.5 E -F1(\255fn)A F0 2.5(][)C F1-2.5 E F2(varname)2.5 E F0 2.5(][)C F2 -(id ...)-2.5 E F0(])A -.8(Wa)144 415.2 S .659(it for each speci\214ed c\ -hild process and return its termination status.).8 F(Each)5.659 E F2(id) -3.169 E F0 .658(may be a process)3.928 F .008 -(ID or a job speci\214cation; if a job spec is gi)144 427.2 R -.15(ve) --.25 G .009(n, all processes in that job').15 F 2.509(sp)-.55 G .009 -(ipeline are w)-2.509 F .009(aited for)-.1 F 5.009(.I)-.55 G(f)-5.009 E -F2(id)144.01 439.2 Q F0 .442(is not gi)3.712 F -.15(ve)-.25 G(n,).15 E -F1(wait)2.942 E F0 -.1(wa)2.942 G .441 +(is readonly or may not be unset.)2.68 E F1(wait)108 504 Q F0([)2.5 E F1 +(\255fn)A F0 2.5(][)C F1-2.5 E F2(varname)2.5 E F0 2.5(][)C F2 +(id ...)-2.5 E F0(])A -.8(Wa)144 516 S .659(it for each speci\214ed chi\ +ld process and return its termination status.).8 F(Each)5.659 E F2(id) +3.169 E F0 .659(may be a process)3.929 F .009 +(ID or a job speci\214cation; if a job spec is gi)144 528 R -.15(ve)-.25 +G .008(n, all processes in that job').15 F 2.508(sp)-.55 G .008 +(ipeline are w)-2.508 F .008(aited for)-.1 F 5.008(.I)-.55 G(f)-5.008 E +F2(id)144.01 540 Q F0 .441(is not gi)3.711 F -.15(ve)-.25 G(n,).15 E F1 +(wait)2.941 E F0 -.1(wa)2.941 G .441 (its for all running background jobs and the last-e).1 F -.15(xe)-.15 G -.441(cuted process substitu-).15 F .597 -(tion, if its process id is the same as)144 451.2 R F1($!)3.098 E F0 -3.098(,a)C .598(nd the return status is zero.)-3.098 F .598(If the)5.598 -F F13.098 E F0 .598(option is supplied,)3.098 F F1(wait)144 463.2 -Q F0 -.1(wa)3.083 G .583(its for a single job from the list of).1 F F2 -(id)3.083 E F0 3.083(so)C 1.383 -.4(r, i)-3.083 H 3.083(fn).4 G(o)-3.083 -E F2(id)3.083 E F0 3.083(sa)C .583(re supplied, an)-3.083 F 3.083(yj) --.15 G .582(ob, to complete and)-3.083 F .403(returns its e)144 475.2 R -.403(xit status.)-.15 F .403(If none of the supplied ar)5.403 F .403 -(guments is a child of the shell, or if no ar)-.18 F(guments)-.18 E .573 -(are supplied and the shell has no unw)144 487.2 R .573 -(aited-for children, the e)-.1 F .573(xit status is 127.)-.15 F .572 -(If the)5.573 F F13.072 E F0 .572(option is)3.072 F .39 +.442(cuted process substitu-).15 F .598 +(tion, if its process id is the same as)144 552 R F1($!)3.098 E F0 3.098 +(,a)C .598(nd the return status is zero.)-3.098 F .597(If the)5.597 F F1 +3.097 E F0 .597(option is supplied,)3.097 F F1(wait)144 564 Q F0 +-.1(wa)3.082 G .583(its for a single job from the list of).1 F F2(id) +3.083 E F0 3.083(so)C 1.383 -.4(r, i)-3.083 H 3.083(fn).4 G(o)-3.083 E +F2(id)3.083 E F0 3.083(sa)C .583(re supplied, an)-3.083 F 3.083(yj)-.15 +G .583(ob, to complete and)-3.083 F .404(returns its e)144 576 R .404 +(xit status.)-.15 F .403(If none of the supplied ar)5.403 F .403 +(guments is a child of the shell, or if no ar)-.18 F(guments)-.18 E .572 +(are supplied and the shell has no unw)144 588 R .573 +(aited-for children, the e)-.1 F .573(xit status is 127.)-.15 F .573 +(If the)5.573 F F13.073 E F0 .573(option is)3.073 F .39 (supplied, the process or job identi\214er of the job for which the e) -144 499.2 R .39(xit status is returned is assigned to)-.15 F .905(the v) -144 511.2 R(ariable)-.25 E F2(varname)3.405 E F0 .905 +144 600 R .39(xit status is returned is assigned to)-.15 F .905(the v) +144 612 R(ariable)-.25 E F2(varname)3.405 E F0 .905 (named by the option ar)3.405 F 3.405(gument. 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F)108 +352.8 R 1.306(or v)-.15 F 1.306 (ersions prior to bash-5.0, the compatibility le)-.15 F -.15(ve)-.25 G -3.806(lm).15 G 1.306(ay be set using the corresponding)-3.806 F F1 -(compat)108 259.2 Q F4(NN)A F0 .502(shopt option.)3.002 F -.15(Fo)5.502 +3.807(lm).15 G 1.307(ay be set using the corresponding)-3.807 F F1 +(compat)108 364.8 Q F4(NN)A F0 .502(shopt option.)3.002 F -.15(Fo)5.502 G 3.002(rb).15 G .502(ash-4.3 and later v)-3.002 F .502(ersions, the) -.15 F F2 -.27(BA)3.002 G(SH_COMP).27 E -.855(AT)-.666 G F0 -.25(va) 3.607 G .502(riable is preferred, and it).25 F -(is required for bash-5.1 and later v)108 271.2 Q(ersions.)-.15 E F1 -(compat31)108 288 Q F0<83>144 300 Q(quoting the rhs of the)180 300 Q F1 -([[)2.5 E F0(command')2.5 E 2.5(sr)-.55 G -.15(eg)-2.5 G -.15(ex).15 G -2.5(pm).15 G(atching operator \(=~\) has no special ef)-2.5 E(fect)-.25 -E F1(compat32)108 316.8 Q F0<83>144 328.8 Q .35 -(interrupting a command list such as "a ; b ; c" causes the e)180 328.8 -R -.15(xe)-.15 G .35(cution of the ne).15 F .35(xt command)-.15 F .017 -(in the list \(in bash-4.0 and later v)180 340.8 R .018 -(ersions, the shell acts as if it recei)-.15 F -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.518(dt) -.15 G .018(he interrupt, so in-)-2.518 F -(terrupting one command in a list aborts the e)180 352.8 Q -.15(xe)-.15 -G(cution of the entire list\)).15 E F1(compat40)108 369.6 Q F0<83>144 -381.6 Q(the)180 381.6 Q F1(<)2.674 E F0(and)2.674 E F1(>)2.673 E F0 .173 +(is required for bash-5.1 and later v)108 376.8 Q(ersions.)-.15 E F1 +(compat31)108 393.6 Q F0<83>144 405.6 Q(quoting the rhs of the)180 405.6 +Q F1([[)2.5 E F0(command')2.5 E 2.5(sr)-.55 G -.15(eg)-2.5 G -.15(ex).15 +G 2.5(pm).15 G(atching operator \(=~\) has no special ef)-2.5 E(fect) +-.25 E F1(compat32)108 422.4 Q F0<83>144 434.4 Q .35 +(interrupting a command list such as "a ; b ; c" causes the e)180 434.4 +R -.15(xe)-.15 G .35(cution of the ne).15 F .35(xt command)-.15 F .018 +(in the list \(in bash-4.0 and later v)180 446.4 R .018 +(ersions, the shell acts as if it recei)-.15 F -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.517(dt) +.15 G .017(he interrupt, so in-)-2.517 F +(terrupting one command in a list aborts the e)180 458.4 Q -.15(xe)-.15 +G(cution of the entire list\)).15 E F1(compat40)108 475.2 Q F0<83>144 +487.2 Q(the)180 487.2 Q F1(<)2.673 E F0(and)2.673 E F1(>)2.673 E F0 .173 (operators to the)2.673 F F1([[)2.673 E F0 .173 (command do not consider the current locale when compar)2.673 F(-)-.2 E -.067(ing strings; the)180 393.6 R 2.567(yu)-.15 G .067 -(se ASCII ordering.)-2.567 F .068(Bash v)5.068 F .068 -(ersions prior to bash-4.1 use ASCII collation)-.15 F(and)180 405.6 Q F4 -(str)4.743 E(cmp)-.37 E F0 1.903 -(\(3\); bash-4.1 and later use the current locale').19 F 4.402(sc)-.55 G -1.902(ollation sequence and)-4.402 F F4(str)4.742 E(-)-.2 E(coll)180 -417.6 Q F0(\(3\).).51 E F1(compat41)108 434.4 Q F0<83>144 446.4 Q(in)180 -446.4 Q F4(posix)3.79 E F0(mode,)3.79 E F1(time)3.79 E F0 1.29 -(may be follo)3.79 F 1.29 -(wed by options and still be recognized as a reserv)-.25 F(ed)-.15 E -.1 -(wo)180 458.4 S(rd \(this is POSIX interpretation 267\)).1 E<83>144 -470.4 Q(in)180 470.4 Q F4(posix)2.709 E F0 .208 -(mode, the parser requires that an e)2.709 F -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.708(nn).15 -G .208(umber of single quotes occur in the)-2.708 F F4(wor)2.708 E(d) --.37 E F0 .281(portion of a double-quoted parameter e)180 482.4 R .282 -(xpansion and treats them specially)-.15 F 2.782(,s)-.65 G 2.782(ot) --2.782 G .282(hat charac-)-2.782 F(ters within the single quotes are co\ -nsidered quoted \(this is POSIX interpretation 221\))180 494.4 Q F1 -(compat42)108 511.2 Q F0<83>144 523.2 Q 1.056(the replacement string in\ - double-quoted pattern substitution does not under)180 523.2 R 1.055 -(go quote re-)-.18 F(mo)180 535.2 Q -.25(va)-.15 G(l, as it does in v) -.25 E(ersions after bash-4.2)-.15 E<83>144 547.2 Q .021 -(in posix mode, single quotes are considered special when e)180 547.2 R -.021(xpanding the)-.15 F F4(wor)2.521 E(d)-.37 E F0 .021(portion of a) -2.521 F .018(double-quoted parameter e)180 559.2 R .017 +.068(ing strings; the)180 499.2 R 2.568(yu)-.15 G .068 +(se ASCII ordering.)-2.568 F .068(Bash v)5.068 F .067 +(ersions prior to bash-4.1 use ASCII collation)-.15 F(and)180 511.2 Q F4 +(str)4.742 E(cmp)-.37 E F0 1.902 +(\(3\); bash-4.1 and later use the current locale').19 F 4.403(sc)-.55 G +1.903(ollation sequence and)-4.403 F F4(str)4.743 E(-)-.2 E(coll)180 +523.2 Q F0(\(3\).).51 E F1(compat41)108 540 Q F0<83>144 552 Q(in)180 552 +Q F4(posix)3.79 E F0(mode,)3.79 E F1(time)3.79 E F0 1.29(may be follo) +3.79 F 1.29(wed by options and still be recognized as a reserv)-.25 F +(ed)-.15 E -.1(wo)180 564 S(rd \(this is POSIX interpretation 267\)).1 E +<83>144 576 Q(in)180 576 Q F4(posix)2.708 E F0 .208 +(mode, the parser requires that an e)2.708 F -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.708(nn).15 +G .208(umber of single quotes occur in the)-2.708 F F4(wor)2.709 E(d) +-.37 E F0 .282(portion of a double-quoted parameter e)180 588 R .282 +(xpansion and treats them specially)-.15 F 2.781(,s)-.65 G 2.781(ot) +-2.781 G .281(hat charac-)-2.781 F(ters within the single quotes are co\ +nsidered quoted \(this is POSIX interpretation 221\))180 600 Q F1 +(compat42)108 616.8 Q F0<83>144 628.8 Q 1.055(the replacement string in\ + double-quoted pattern substitution does not under)180 628.8 R 1.056 +(go quote re-)-.18 F(mo)180 640.8 Q -.25(va)-.15 G(l, as it does in v) +.25 E(ersions after bash-4.2)-.15 E<83>144 652.8 Q .021 +(in posix mode, single quotes are considered special when e)180 652.8 R +.021(xpanding the)-.15 F F4(wor)2.52 E(d)-.37 E F0 .02(portion of a)2.52 +F .017(double-quoted parameter e)180 664.8 R .017 (xpansion and can be used to quote a closing brace or other spe-)-.15 F -.998(cial character \(this is part of POSIX interpretation 221\); 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