From: Chet Ramey Date: Mon, 30 Dec 2013 14:39:07 +0000 (-0500) Subject: commit bash-20131227 snapshot X-Git-Tag: bash-4.4-alpha~108 X-Git-Url: http://git.ipfire.org/?a=commitdiff_plain;h=6e51e0d00de18928a6b1d7e44c377797e664082b;p=thirdparty%2Fbash.git commit bash-20131227 snapshot --- diff --git a/CWRU/CWRU.chlog b/CWRU/CWRU.chlog index fca955098..0abfed874 100644 --- a/CWRU/CWRU.chlog +++ b/CWRU/CWRU.chlog @@ -5499,3 +5499,29 @@ expr.c - exp2: save token pointer before calling readtok(), arrange to use saved token pointer when printing error token on a division by 0 error + + 12/27 + ----- +lib/readline/display.c + - rl_redisplay: when calculating effects of invisible characters in a + prompt that is split across physical screen lines to set the indices + of linebreaks, don't bother testing local_prompt_prefix (line 751). + That prefix doesn't matter when calculating prompt visible and + invisible characters. Fixes problem reported by Jinesh Choksi + + +Makefile.in + - install: make sure to use $(DESTDIR) when installing OTHER_DOCS. + Report and fix from Matthias Klose + +doc/texinfo.tex + - updated to version of 2013-09-11 + + 12/28 + ----- +lib/readline/undo.c + - rl_do_undo: if we are undoing from a history entry (rl_undo_list == + current_history()->data), make sure the change to rl_line_buffer is + reflected in the history entry. We use the guts of + rl_maybe_replace_line to do the work. Fixes problem reported by + gregrwm diff --git a/CWRU/CWRU.chlog~ b/CWRU/CWRU.chlog~ index ea418ea91..be37625d4 100644 --- a/CWRU/CWRU.chlog~ +++ b/CWRU/CWRU.chlog~ @@ -5494,3 +5494,25 @@ execute_cmd.c - execute_for_command: make sure to set line_number before expanding the word list, so expansion errors have the right line number. From a report from Ben Okopnik + +expr.c + - exp2: save token pointer before calling readtok(), arrange to use + saved token pointer when printing error token on a division by 0 + error + + 12/27 + ----- +lib/readline/display.c + - rl_redisplay: when calculating effects of invisible characters in a + prompt that is split across physical screen lines to set the indices + of linebreaks, don't bother testing local_prompt_prefix (line 751). + That prefix doesn't matter when calculating prompt visible and + invisible characters. Fixes problem reported by Jinesh Choksi + + +Makefile.in + - install: make sure to use $(DESTDIR) when installing OTHER_DOCS. + Report and fix from Matthias Klose + +doc/texinfo.tex + - updated to version of 2013-09-11 diff --git a/Makefile.in b/Makefile.in index c3780f7b4..310f0d2c7 100644 --- a/Makefile.in +++ b/Makefile.in @@ -1,4 +1,4 @@ -# Makefile for bash-4.3, version 4.10 +# Makefile for bash-4.3, version 4.11 # # Copyright (C) 1996-2012 Free Software Foundation, Inc. @@ -766,7 +766,7 @@ installdirs: install: .made installdirs $(INSTALL_PROGRAM) $(INSTALLMODE) $(Program) $(DESTDIR)$(bindir)/$(Program) $(INSTALL_SCRIPT) $(INSTALLMODE2) bashbug $(DESTDIR)$(bindir)/bashbug - $(INSTALL_DATA) $(OTHER_DOCS) $(docdir) + $(INSTALL_DATA) $(OTHER_DOCS) $(DESTDIR)$(docdir) -( cd $(DOCDIR) ; $(MAKE) $(MFLAGS) \ man1dir=$(man1dir) man1ext=$(man1ext) \ man3dir=$(man3dir) man3ext=$(man3ext) \ diff --git a/doc/bashref.aux b/doc/bashref.aux index d2b3ba08f..4dadc1b93 100644 --- a/doc/bashref.aux +++ b/doc/bashref.aux @@ -155,11 +155,11 @@ @xrdef{Modifying Shell Behavior-snt}{Section@tie 4.3} @xrdef{The Set Builtin-title}{The Set Builtin} @xrdef{The Set Builtin-snt}{Section@tie 4.3.1} -@xrdef{Modifying Shell Behavior-pg}{59} -@xrdef{The Set Builtin-pg}{59} +@xrdef{Modifying Shell Behavior-pg}{58} +@xrdef{The Set Builtin-pg}{58} @xrdef{The Shopt Builtin-title}{The Shopt Builtin} @xrdef{The Shopt Builtin-snt}{Section@tie 4.3.2} -@xrdef{The Shopt Builtin-pg}{63} +@xrdef{The Shopt Builtin-pg}{62} @xrdef{Special Builtins-title}{Special Builtins} @xrdef{Special Builtins-snt}{Section@tie 4.4} @xrdef{Special Builtins-pg}{68} @@ -186,11 +186,11 @@ @xrdef{What is an Interactive Shell?-title}{What is an Interactive Shell?} @xrdef{What is an Interactive Shell?-snt}{Section@tie 6.3.1} @xrdef{Interactive Shells-pg}{83} +@xrdef{What is an Interactive Shell?-pg}{83} @xrdef{Is this Shell Interactive?-title}{Is this Shell Interactive?} @xrdef{Is this Shell Interactive?-snt}{Section@tie 6.3.2} @xrdef{Interactive Shell Behavior-title}{Interactive Shell Behavior} @xrdef{Interactive Shell Behavior-snt}{Section@tie 6.3.3} -@xrdef{What is an Interactive Shell?-pg}{84} @xrdef{Is this Shell Interactive?-pg}{84} @xrdef{Interactive Shell Behavior-pg}{84} @xrdef{Bash Conditional Expressions-title}{Bash Conditional Expressions} @@ -209,29 +209,29 @@ @xrdef{The Directory Stack-snt}{Section@tie 6.8} @xrdef{Directory Stack Builtins-title}{Directory Stack Builtins} @xrdef{Directory Stack Builtins-snt}{Section@tie 6.8.1} -@xrdef{The Directory Stack-pg}{91} -@xrdef{Directory Stack Builtins-pg}{91} +@xrdef{The Directory Stack-pg}{90} +@xrdef{Directory Stack Builtins-pg}{90} @xrdef{Controlling the Prompt-title}{Controlling the Prompt} @xrdef{Controlling the Prompt-snt}{Section@tie 6.9} @xrdef{Controlling the Prompt-pg}{92} @xrdef{The Restricted Shell-title}{The Restricted Shell} @xrdef{The Restricted Shell-snt}{Section@tie 6.10} -@xrdef{The Restricted Shell-pg}{93} @xrdef{Bash POSIX Mode-title}{Bash POSIX Mode} @xrdef{Bash POSIX Mode-snt}{Section@tie 6.11} +@xrdef{The Restricted Shell-pg}{93} @xrdef{Bash POSIX Mode-pg}{94} @xrdef{Job Control-title}{Job Control} @xrdef{Job Control-snt}{Chapter@tie 7} @xrdef{Job Control Basics-title}{Job Control Basics} @xrdef{Job Control Basics-snt}{Section@tie 7.1} -@xrdef{Job Control-pg}{98} -@xrdef{Job Control Basics-pg}{98} +@xrdef{Job Control-pg}{97} +@xrdef{Job Control Basics-pg}{97} @xrdef{Job Control Builtins-title}{Job Control Builtins} @xrdef{Job Control Builtins-snt}{Section@tie 7.2} -@xrdef{Job Control Builtins-pg}{99} +@xrdef{Job Control Builtins-pg}{98} @xrdef{Job Control Variables-title}{Job Control Variables} @xrdef{Job Control Variables-snt}{Section@tie 7.3} -@xrdef{Job Control Variables-pg}{101} +@xrdef{Job Control Variables-pg}{100} @xrdef{Command Line Editing-title}{Command Line Editing} @xrdef{Command Line Editing-snt}{Chapter@tie 8} @xrdef{Introduction and Notation-title}{Introduction to Line Editing} @@ -240,145 +240,145 @@ @xrdef{Readline Interaction-snt}{Section@tie 8.2} @xrdef{Readline Bare Essentials-title}{Readline Bare Essentials} @xrdef{Readline Bare Essentials-snt}{Section@tie 8.2.1} -@xrdef{Command Line Editing-pg}{102} -@xrdef{Introduction and Notation-pg}{102} -@xrdef{Readline Interaction-pg}{102} +@xrdef{Command Line Editing-pg}{101} +@xrdef{Introduction and Notation-pg}{101} +@xrdef{Readline Interaction-pg}{101} @xrdef{Readline Movement Commands-title}{Readline Movement Commands} @xrdef{Readline Movement Commands-snt}{Section@tie 8.2.2} @xrdef{Readline Killing Commands-title}{Readline Killing Commands} @xrdef{Readline Killing Commands-snt}{Section@tie 8.2.3} -@xrdef{Readline Bare Essentials-pg}{103} -@xrdef{Readline Movement Commands-pg}{103} +@xrdef{Readline Bare Essentials-pg}{102} +@xrdef{Readline Movement Commands-pg}{102} @xrdef{Readline Arguments-title}{Readline Arguments} @xrdef{Readline Arguments-snt}{Section@tie 8.2.4} @xrdef{Searching-title}{Searching for Commands in the History} @xrdef{Searching-snt}{Section@tie 8.2.5} -@xrdef{Readline Killing Commands-pg}{104} -@xrdef{Readline Arguments-pg}{104} -@xrdef{Searching-pg}{104} +@xrdef{Readline Killing Commands-pg}{103} +@xrdef{Readline Arguments-pg}{103} +@xrdef{Searching-pg}{103} @xrdef{Readline Init File-title}{Readline Init File} @xrdef{Readline Init File-snt}{Section@tie 8.3} @xrdef{Readline Init File Syntax-title}{Readline Init File Syntax} @xrdef{Readline Init File Syntax-snt}{Section@tie 8.3.1} -@xrdef{Readline Init File-pg}{105} -@xrdef{Readline Init File Syntax-pg}{105} +@xrdef{Readline Init File-pg}{104} +@xrdef{Readline Init File Syntax-pg}{104} @xrdef{Conditional Init Constructs-title}{Conditional Init Constructs} @xrdef{Conditional Init Constructs-snt}{Section@tie 8.3.2} -@xrdef{Conditional Init Constructs-pg}{112} +@xrdef{Conditional Init Constructs-pg}{111} @xrdef{Sample Init File-title}{Sample Init File} @xrdef{Sample Init File-snt}{Section@tie 8.3.3} -@xrdef{Sample Init File-pg}{113} +@xrdef{Sample Init File-pg}{112} @xrdef{Bindable Readline Commands-title}{Bindable Readline Commands} @xrdef{Bindable Readline Commands-snt}{Section@tie 8.4} @xrdef{Commands For Moving-title}{Commands For Moving} @xrdef{Commands For Moving-snt}{Section@tie 8.4.1} @xrdef{Commands For History-title}{Commands For Manipulating The History} @xrdef{Commands For History-snt}{Section@tie 8.4.2} -@xrdef{Bindable Readline Commands-pg}{116} -@xrdef{Commands For Moving-pg}{116} -@xrdef{Commands For History-pg}{117} +@xrdef{Bindable Readline Commands-pg}{115} +@xrdef{Commands For Moving-pg}{115} +@xrdef{Commands For History-pg}{116} @xrdef{Commands For Text-title}{Commands For Changing Text} @xrdef{Commands For Text-snt}{Section@tie 8.4.3} -@xrdef{Commands For Text-pg}{118} +@xrdef{Commands For Text-pg}{117} @xrdef{Commands For Killing-title}{Killing And Yanking} @xrdef{Commands For Killing-snt}{Section@tie 8.4.4} -@xrdef{Commands For Killing-pg}{119} +@xrdef{Commands For Killing-pg}{118} @xrdef{Numeric Arguments-title}{Specifying Numeric Arguments} @xrdef{Numeric Arguments-snt}{Section@tie 8.4.5} -@xrdef{Numeric Arguments-pg}{120} +@xrdef{Numeric Arguments-pg}{119} @xrdef{Commands For Completion-title}{Letting Readline Type For You} @xrdef{Commands For Completion-snt}{Section@tie 8.4.6} -@xrdef{Commands For Completion-pg}{121} +@xrdef{Commands For Completion-pg}{120} @xrdef{Keyboard Macros-title}{Keyboard Macros} @xrdef{Keyboard Macros-snt}{Section@tie 8.4.7} -@xrdef{Keyboard Macros-pg}{122} +@xrdef{Keyboard Macros-pg}{121} @xrdef{Miscellaneous Commands-title}{Some Miscellaneous Commands} @xrdef{Miscellaneous Commands-snt}{Section@tie 8.4.8} -@xrdef{Miscellaneous Commands-pg}{123} +@xrdef{Miscellaneous Commands-pg}{122} @xrdef{Readline vi Mode-title}{Readline vi Mode} @xrdef{Readline vi Mode-snt}{Section@tie 8.5} @xrdef{Programmable Completion-title}{Programmable Completion} @xrdef{Programmable Completion-snt}{Section@tie 8.6} -@xrdef{Readline vi Mode-pg}{125} -@xrdef{Programmable Completion-pg}{125} +@xrdef{Readline vi Mode-pg}{124} +@xrdef{Programmable Completion-pg}{124} @xrdef{Programmable Completion Builtins-title}{Programmable Completion Builtins} @xrdef{Programmable Completion Builtins-snt}{Section@tie 8.7} -@xrdef{Programmable Completion Builtins-pg}{127} +@xrdef{Programmable Completion Builtins-pg}{126} @xrdef{A Programmable Completion Example-title}{A Programmable Completion Example} @xrdef{A Programmable Completion Example-snt}{Section@tie 8.8} -@xrdef{A Programmable Completion Example-pg}{131} +@xrdef{A Programmable Completion Example-pg}{130} @xrdef{Using History Interactively-title}{Using History Interactively} @xrdef{Using History Interactively-snt}{Chapter@tie 9} @xrdef{Bash History Facilities-title}{Bash History Facilities} @xrdef{Bash History Facilities-snt}{Section@tie 9.1} @xrdef{Bash History Builtins-title}{Bash History Builtins} @xrdef{Bash History Builtins-snt}{Section@tie 9.2} -@xrdef{Using History Interactively-pg}{134} -@xrdef{Bash History Facilities-pg}{134} -@xrdef{Bash History Builtins-pg}{134} +@xrdef{Using History Interactively-pg}{133} +@xrdef{Bash History Facilities-pg}{133} +@xrdef{Bash History Builtins-pg}{133} @xrdef{History Interaction-title}{History Expansion} @xrdef{History Interaction-snt}{Section@tie 9.3} @xrdef{Event Designators-title}{Event Designators} @xrdef{Event Designators-snt}{Section@tie 9.3.1} -@xrdef{History Interaction-pg}{136} +@xrdef{History Interaction-pg}{135} +@xrdef{Event Designators-pg}{135} @xrdef{Word Designators-title}{Word Designators} @xrdef{Word Designators-snt}{Section@tie 9.3.2} -@xrdef{Event Designators-pg}{137} -@xrdef{Word Designators-pg}{137} +@xrdef{Word Designators-pg}{136} @xrdef{Modifiers-title}{Modifiers} @xrdef{Modifiers-snt}{Section@tie 9.3.3} -@xrdef{Modifiers-pg}{138} +@xrdef{Modifiers-pg}{137} @xrdef{Installing Bash-title}{Installing Bash} @xrdef{Installing Bash-snt}{Chapter@tie 10} @xrdef{Basic Installation-title}{Basic Installation} @xrdef{Basic Installation-snt}{Section@tie 10.1} @xrdef{Compilers and Options-title}{Compilers and Options} @xrdef{Compilers and Options-snt}{Section@tie 10.2} -@xrdef{Installing Bash-pg}{139} -@xrdef{Basic Installation-pg}{139} +@xrdef{Installing Bash-pg}{138} +@xrdef{Basic Installation-pg}{138} @xrdef{Compiling For Multiple Architectures-title}{Compiling For Multiple Architectures} @xrdef{Compiling For Multiple Architectures-snt}{Section@tie 10.3} @xrdef{Installation Names-title}{Installation Names} @xrdef{Installation Names-snt}{Section@tie 10.4} @xrdef{Specifying the System Type-title}{Specifying the System Type} @xrdef{Specifying the System Type-snt}{Section@tie 10.5} -@xrdef{Compilers and Options-pg}{140} -@xrdef{Compiling For Multiple Architectures-pg}{140} -@xrdef{Installation Names-pg}{140} -@xrdef{Specifying the System Type-pg}{140} +@xrdef{Compilers and Options-pg}{139} +@xrdef{Compiling For Multiple Architectures-pg}{139} +@xrdef{Installation Names-pg}{139} +@xrdef{Specifying the System Type-pg}{139} @xrdef{Sharing Defaults-title}{Sharing Defaults} @xrdef{Sharing Defaults-snt}{Section@tie 10.6} @xrdef{Operation Controls-title}{Operation Controls} @xrdef{Operation Controls-snt}{Section@tie 10.7} @xrdef{Optional Features-title}{Optional Features} @xrdef{Optional Features-snt}{Section@tie 10.8} -@xrdef{Sharing Defaults-pg}{141} -@xrdef{Operation Controls-pg}{141} -@xrdef{Optional Features-pg}{141} +@xrdef{Sharing Defaults-pg}{140} +@xrdef{Operation Controls-pg}{140} +@xrdef{Optional Features-pg}{140} @xrdef{Reporting Bugs-title}{Reporting Bugs} @xrdef{Reporting Bugs-snt}{Appendix@tie @char65{}} -@xrdef{Reporting Bugs-pg}{146} +@xrdef{Reporting Bugs-pg}{145} @xrdef{Major Differences From The Bourne Shell-title}{Major Differences From The Bourne Shell} @xrdef{Major Differences From The Bourne Shell-snt}{Appendix@tie @char66{}} -@xrdef{Major Differences From The Bourne Shell-pg}{147} +@xrdef{Major Differences From The Bourne Shell-pg}{146} @xrdef{GNU Free Documentation License-title}{GNU Free Documentation License} @xrdef{GNU Free Documentation License-snt}{Appendix@tie @char67{}} -@xrdef{GNU Free Documentation License-pg}{153} +@xrdef{GNU Free Documentation License-pg}{152} @xrdef{Indexes-title}{Indexes} @xrdef{Indexes-snt}{Appendix@tie @char68{}} @xrdef{Builtin Index-title}{Index of Shell Builtin Commands} @xrdef{Builtin Index-snt}{Section@tie @char68.1} -@xrdef{Indexes-pg}{161} -@xrdef{Builtin Index-pg}{161} +@xrdef{Indexes-pg}{160} +@xrdef{Builtin Index-pg}{160} @xrdef{Reserved Word Index-title}{Index of Shell Reserved Words} @xrdef{Reserved Word Index-snt}{Section@tie @char68.2} @xrdef{Variable Index-title}{Parameter and Variable Index} @xrdef{Variable Index-snt}{Section@tie @char68.3} -@xrdef{Reserved Word Index-pg}{162} -@xrdef{Variable Index-pg}{162} +@xrdef{Reserved Word Index-pg}{161} +@xrdef{Variable Index-pg}{161} @xrdef{Function Index-title}{Function Index} @xrdef{Function Index-snt}{Section@tie @char68.4} -@xrdef{Function Index-pg}{164} +@xrdef{Function Index-pg}{163} @xrdef{Concept Index-title}{Concept Index} @xrdef{Concept Index-snt}{Section@tie @char68.5} -@xrdef{Concept Index-pg}{166} +@xrdef{Concept Index-pg}{165} diff --git a/doc/bashref.bt b/doc/bashref.bt index 069b2ae02..9a297c688 100644 --- a/doc/bashref.bt +++ b/doc/bashref.bt @@ -30,30 +30,30 @@ \entry{help}{53}{\code {help}} \entry{let}{53}{\code {let}} \entry{local}{53}{\code {local}} -\entry{logout}{54}{\code {logout}} -\entry{mapfile}{54}{\code {mapfile}} +\entry{logout}{53}{\code {logout}} +\entry{mapfile}{53}{\code {mapfile}} \entry{printf}{54}{\code {printf}} \entry{read}{55}{\code {read}} \entry{readarray}{56}{\code {readarray}} -\entry{source}{57}{\code {source}} -\entry{type}{57}{\code {type}} +\entry{source}{56}{\code {source}} +\entry{type}{56}{\code {type}} \entry{typeset}{57}{\code {typeset}} \entry{ulimit}{57}{\code {ulimit}} \entry{unalias}{58}{\code {unalias}} -\entry{set}{59}{\code {set}} -\entry{shopt}{63}{\code {shopt}} -\entry{dirs}{91}{\code {dirs}} +\entry{set}{58}{\code {set}} +\entry{shopt}{62}{\code {shopt}} +\entry{dirs}{90}{\code {dirs}} \entry{popd}{91}{\code {popd}} -\entry{pushd}{92}{\code {pushd}} -\entry{bg}{99}{\code {bg}} -\entry{fg}{99}{\code {fg}} -\entry{jobs}{99}{\code {jobs}} -\entry{kill}{100}{\code {kill}} -\entry{wait}{100}{\code {wait}} -\entry{disown}{100}{\code {disown}} -\entry{suspend}{100}{\code {suspend}} -\entry{compgen}{127}{\code {compgen}} -\entry{complete}{128}{\code {complete}} -\entry{compopt}{131}{\code {compopt}} -\entry{fc}{134}{\code {fc}} -\entry{history}{135}{\code {history}} +\entry{pushd}{91}{\code {pushd}} +\entry{bg}{98}{\code {bg}} +\entry{fg}{98}{\code {fg}} +\entry{jobs}{98}{\code {jobs}} +\entry{kill}{99}{\code {kill}} +\entry{wait}{99}{\code {wait}} +\entry{disown}{99}{\code {disown}} +\entry{suspend}{99}{\code {suspend}} +\entry{compgen}{126}{\code {compgen}} +\entry{complete}{127}{\code {complete}} +\entry{compopt}{130}{\code {compopt}} +\entry{fc}{133}{\code {fc}} +\entry{history}{134}{\code {history}} diff --git a/doc/bashref.bts b/doc/bashref.bts index 5c182f5b5..410a55713 100644 --- a/doc/bashref.bts +++ b/doc/bashref.bts @@ -7,7 +7,7 @@ \initial {A} \entry {\code {alias}}{48} \initial {B} -\entry {\code {bg}}{99} +\entry {\code {bg}}{98} \entry {\code {bind}}{48} \entry {\code {break}}{41} \entry {\code {builtin}}{49} @@ -15,14 +15,14 @@ \entry {\code {caller}}{50} \entry {\code {cd}}{42} \entry {\code {command}}{50} -\entry {\code {compgen}}{127} -\entry {\code {complete}}{128} -\entry {\code {compopt}}{131} +\entry {\code {compgen}}{126} +\entry {\code {complete}}{127} +\entry {\code {compopt}}{130} \entry {\code {continue}}{42} \initial {D} \entry {\code {declare}}{50} -\entry {\code {dirs}}{91} -\entry {\code {disown}}{100} +\entry {\code {dirs}}{90} +\entry {\code {disown}}{99} \initial {E} \entry {\code {echo}}{52} \entry {\code {enable}}{52} @@ -31,28 +31,28 @@ \entry {\code {exit}}{43} \entry {\code {export}}{43} \initial {F} -\entry {\code {fc}}{134} -\entry {\code {fg}}{99} +\entry {\code {fc}}{133} +\entry {\code {fg}}{98} \initial {G} \entry {\code {getopts}}{43} \initial {H} \entry {\code {hash}}{44} \entry {\code {help}}{53} -\entry {\code {history}}{135} +\entry {\code {history}}{134} \initial {J} -\entry {\code {jobs}}{99} +\entry {\code {jobs}}{98} \initial {K} -\entry {\code {kill}}{100} +\entry {\code {kill}}{99} \initial {L} \entry {\code {let}}{53} \entry {\code {local}}{53} -\entry {\code {logout}}{54} +\entry {\code {logout}}{53} \initial {M} -\entry {\code {mapfile}}{54} +\entry {\code {mapfile}}{53} \initial {P} \entry {\code {popd}}{91} \entry {\code {printf}}{54} -\entry {\code {pushd}}{92} +\entry {\code {pushd}}{91} \entry {\code {pwd}}{44} \initial {R} \entry {\code {read}}{55} @@ -60,16 +60,16 @@ \entry {\code {readonly}}{44} \entry {\code {return}}{45} \initial {S} -\entry {\code {set}}{59} +\entry {\code {set}}{58} \entry {\code {shift}}{45} -\entry {\code {shopt}}{63} -\entry {\code {source}}{57} -\entry {\code {suspend}}{100} +\entry {\code {shopt}}{62} +\entry {\code {source}}{56} +\entry {\code {suspend}}{99} \initial {T} \entry {\code {test}}{45} \entry {\code {times}}{46} \entry {\code {trap}}{47} -\entry {\code {type}}{57} +\entry {\code {type}}{56} \entry {\code {typeset}}{57} \initial {U} \entry {\code {ulimit}}{57} @@ -77,4 +77,4 @@ \entry {\code {unalias}}{58} \entry {\code {unset}}{48} \initial {W} -\entry {\code {wait}}{100} +\entry {\code {wait}}{99} diff --git a/doc/bashref.cp b/doc/bashref.cp index ba23de504..a36156e1e 100644 --- a/doc/bashref.cp +++ b/doc/bashref.cp @@ -72,8 +72,8 @@ \entry{signal handling}{38}{signal handling} \entry{shell script}{39}{shell script} \entry{special builtin}{68}{special builtin} -\entry{login shell}{82}{login shell} -\entry{interactive shell}{82}{interactive shell} +\entry{login shell}{81}{login shell} +\entry{interactive shell}{81}{interactive shell} \entry{startup files}{82}{startup files} \entry{interactive shell}{83}{interactive shell} \entry{shell, interactive}{83}{shell, interactive} @@ -85,34 +85,34 @@ \entry{arithmetic evaluation}{87}{arithmetic evaluation} \entry{alias expansion}{88}{alias expansion} \entry{arrays}{89}{arrays} -\entry{directory stack}{91}{directory stack} +\entry{directory stack}{90}{directory stack} \entry{prompting}{92}{prompting} \entry{restricted shell}{93}{restricted shell} \entry{POSIX Mode}{94}{POSIX Mode} -\entry{job control}{98}{job control} -\entry{foreground}{98}{foreground} -\entry{background}{98}{background} -\entry{suspending jobs}{98}{suspending jobs} -\entry{Readline, how to use}{101}{Readline, how to use} -\entry{interaction, readline}{102}{interaction, readline} -\entry{notation, readline}{103}{notation, readline} -\entry{command editing}{103}{command editing} -\entry{editing command lines}{103}{editing command lines} -\entry{killing text}{104}{killing text} -\entry{yanking text}{104}{yanking text} -\entry{kill ring}{104}{kill ring} -\entry{initialization file, readline}{105}{initialization file, readline} -\entry{variables, readline}{106}{variables, readline} -\entry{programmable completion}{125}{programmable completion} -\entry{completion builtins}{127}{completion builtins} -\entry{History, how to use}{133}{History, how to use} -\entry{command history}{134}{command history} -\entry{history list}{134}{history list} -\entry{history builtins}{134}{history builtins} -\entry{history expansion}{136}{history expansion} -\entry{event designators}{137}{event designators} -\entry{history events}{137}{history events} -\entry{installation}{139}{installation} -\entry{configuration}{139}{configuration} -\entry{Bash installation}{139}{Bash installation} -\entry{Bash configuration}{139}{Bash configuration} +\entry{job control}{97}{job control} +\entry{foreground}{97}{foreground} +\entry{background}{97}{background} +\entry{suspending jobs}{97}{suspending jobs} +\entry{Readline, how to use}{100}{Readline, how to use} +\entry{interaction, readline}{101}{interaction, readline} +\entry{notation, readline}{102}{notation, readline} +\entry{command editing}{102}{command editing} +\entry{editing command lines}{102}{editing command lines} +\entry{killing text}{103}{killing text} +\entry{yanking text}{103}{yanking text} +\entry{kill ring}{103}{kill ring} +\entry{initialization file, readline}{104}{initialization file, readline} +\entry{variables, readline}{105}{variables, readline} +\entry{programmable completion}{124}{programmable completion} +\entry{completion builtins}{126}{completion builtins} +\entry{History, how to use}{132}{History, how to use} +\entry{command history}{133}{command history} +\entry{history list}{133}{history list} +\entry{history builtins}{133}{history builtins} +\entry{history expansion}{135}{history expansion} +\entry{event designators}{135}{event designators} +\entry{history events}{135}{history events} +\entry{installation}{138}{installation} +\entry{configuration}{138}{configuration} +\entry{Bash installation}{138}{Bash installation} +\entry{Bash configuration}{138}{Bash configuration} diff --git a/doc/bashref.cps b/doc/bashref.cps index d954fc085..a4fb3bab3 100644 --- a/doc/bashref.cps +++ b/doc/bashref.cps @@ -5,17 +5,17 @@ \entry {arithmetic, shell}{87} \entry {arrays}{89} \initial {B} -\entry {background}{98} -\entry {Bash configuration}{139} -\entry {Bash installation}{139} +\entry {background}{97} +\entry {Bash configuration}{138} +\entry {Bash installation}{138} \entry {Bourne shell}{5} \entry {brace expansion}{21} \entry {builtin}{3} \initial {C} -\entry {command editing}{103} +\entry {command editing}{102} \entry {command execution}{36} \entry {command expansion}{35} -\entry {command history}{134} +\entry {command history}{133} \entry {command search}{36} \entry {command substitution}{28} \entry {command timing}{8} @@ -28,17 +28,17 @@ \entry {commands, shell}{8} \entry {commands, simple}{8} \entry {comments, shell}{7} -\entry {completion builtins}{127} -\entry {configuration}{139} +\entry {completion builtins}{126} +\entry {configuration}{138} \entry {control operator}{3} \entry {coprocess}{15} \initial {D} -\entry {directory stack}{91} +\entry {directory stack}{90} \initial {E} -\entry {editing command lines}{103} +\entry {editing command lines}{102} \entry {environment}{37} \entry {evaluation, arithmetic}{87} -\entry {event designators}{137} +\entry {event designators}{135} \entry {execution environment}{36} \entry {exit status}{3, 38} \entry {expansion}{21} @@ -54,37 +54,37 @@ \entry {field}{3} \entry {filename}{3} \entry {filename expansion}{29} -\entry {foreground}{98} +\entry {foreground}{97} \entry {functions, shell}{17} \initial {H} -\entry {history builtins}{134} -\entry {history events}{137} -\entry {history expansion}{136} -\entry {history list}{134} -\entry {History, how to use}{133} +\entry {history builtins}{133} +\entry {history events}{135} +\entry {history expansion}{135} +\entry {history list}{133} +\entry {History, how to use}{132} \initial {I} \entry {identifier}{3} -\entry {initialization file, readline}{105} -\entry {installation}{139} -\entry {interaction, readline}{102} -\entry {interactive shell}{82, 83} +\entry {initialization file, readline}{104} +\entry {installation}{138} +\entry {interaction, readline}{101} +\entry {interactive shell}{81, 83} \entry {internationalization}{7} \initial {J} \entry {job}{3} -\entry {job control}{3, 98} +\entry {job control}{3, 97} \initial {K} -\entry {kill ring}{104} -\entry {killing text}{104} +\entry {kill ring}{103} +\entry {killing text}{103} \initial {L} \entry {localization}{7} -\entry {login shell}{82} +\entry {login shell}{81} \initial {M} \entry {matching, pattern}{30} \entry {metacharacter}{3} \initial {N} \entry {name}{3} \entry {native languages}{7} -\entry {notation, readline}{103} +\entry {notation, readline}{102} \initial {O} \entry {operator, shell}{3} \initial {P} @@ -100,13 +100,13 @@ \entry {process group}{3} \entry {process group ID}{3} \entry {process substitution}{29} -\entry {programmable completion}{125} +\entry {programmable completion}{124} \entry {prompting}{92} \initial {Q} \entry {quoting}{6} \entry {quoting, ANSI}{6} \initial {R} -\entry {Readline, how to use}{101} +\entry {Readline, how to use}{100} \entry {redirection}{31} \entry {reserved word}{3} \entry {restricted shell}{93} @@ -121,16 +121,16 @@ \entry {signal handling}{38} \entry {special builtin}{4, 68} \entry {startup files}{82} -\entry {suspending jobs}{98} +\entry {suspending jobs}{97} \initial {T} \entry {tilde expansion}{22} \entry {token}{4} \entry {translation, native languages}{7} \initial {V} \entry {variable, shell}{18} -\entry {variables, readline}{106} +\entry {variables, readline}{105} \initial {W} \entry {word}{4} \entry {word splitting}{29} \initial {Y} -\entry {yanking text}{104} +\entry {yanking text}{103} diff --git a/doc/bashref.dvi b/doc/bashref.dvi index 71e01d72a..8972366e0 100644 Binary files a/doc/bashref.dvi and b/doc/bashref.dvi differ diff --git a/doc/bashref.fn b/doc/bashref.fn index ad3e78c05..18917b4f1 100644 --- a/doc/bashref.fn +++ b/doc/bashref.fn @@ -1,106 +1,106 @@ -\entry{beginning-of-line (C-a)}{116}{\code {beginning-of-line (C-a)}} -\entry{end-of-line (C-e)}{116}{\code {end-of-line (C-e)}} -\entry{forward-char (C-f)}{116}{\code {forward-char (C-f)}} -\entry{backward-char (C-b)}{116}{\code {backward-char (C-b)}} -\entry{forward-word (M-f)}{116}{\code {forward-word (M-f)}} -\entry{backward-word (M-b)}{116}{\code {backward-word (M-b)}} -\entry{shell-forward-word ()}{116}{\code {shell-forward-word ()}} -\entry{shell-backward-word ()}{116}{\code {shell-backward-word ()}} -\entry{clear-screen (C-l)}{116}{\code {clear-screen (C-l)}} -\entry{redraw-current-line ()}{116}{\code {redraw-current-line ()}} -\entry{accept-line (Newline or Return)}{117}{\code {accept-line (Newline or Return)}} -\entry{previous-history (C-p)}{117}{\code {previous-history (C-p)}} -\entry{next-history (C-n)}{117}{\code {next-history (C-n)}} -\entry{beginning-of-history (M-<)}{117}{\code {beginning-of-history (M-<)}} -\entry{end-of-history (M->)}{117}{\code {end-of-history (M->)}} -\entry{reverse-search-history (C-r)}{117}{\code {reverse-search-history (C-r)}} -\entry{forward-search-history (C-s)}{117}{\code {forward-search-history (C-s)}} -\entry{non-incremental-reverse-search-history (M-p)}{117}{\code {non-incremental-reverse-search-history (M-p)}} -\entry{non-incremental-forward-search-history (M-n)}{117}{\code {non-incremental-forward-search-history (M-n)}} -\entry{history-search-forward ()}{117}{\code {history-search-forward ()}} -\entry{history-search-backward ()}{117}{\code {history-search-backward ()}} -\entry{history-substr-search-forward ()}{117}{\code {history-substr-search-forward ()}} -\entry{history-substr-search-backward ()}{118}{\code {history-substr-search-backward ()}} -\entry{yank-nth-arg (M-C-y)}{118}{\code {yank-nth-arg (M-C-y)}} -\entry{yank-last-arg (M-. or M-_)}{118}{\code {yank-last-arg (M-. or M-_)}} -\entry{delete-char (C-d)}{118}{\code {delete-char (C-d)}} -\entry{backward-delete-char (Rubout)}{118}{\code {backward-delete-char (Rubout)}} -\entry{forward-backward-delete-char ()}{118}{\code {forward-backward-delete-char ()}} -\entry{quoted-insert (C-q or C-v)}{118}{\code {quoted-insert (C-q or C-v)}} -\entry{self-insert (a, b, A, 1, !, ...{})}{118}{\code {self-insert (a, b, A, 1, !, \dots {})}} -\entry{transpose-chars (C-t)}{119}{\code {transpose-chars (C-t)}} -\entry{transpose-words (M-t)}{119}{\code {transpose-words (M-t)}} -\entry{upcase-word (M-u)}{119}{\code {upcase-word (M-u)}} -\entry{downcase-word (M-l)}{119}{\code {downcase-word (M-l)}} -\entry{capitalize-word (M-c)}{119}{\code {capitalize-word (M-c)}} -\entry{overwrite-mode ()}{119}{\code {overwrite-mode ()}} -\entry{kill-line (C-k)}{119}{\code {kill-line (C-k)}} -\entry{backward-kill-line (C-x Rubout)}{119}{\code {backward-kill-line (C-x Rubout)}} -\entry{unix-line-discard (C-u)}{119}{\code {unix-line-discard (C-u)}} -\entry{kill-whole-line ()}{119}{\code {kill-whole-line ()}} -\entry{kill-word (M-d)}{119}{\code {kill-word (M-d)}} -\entry{backward-kill-word (M-DEL)}{120}{\code {backward-kill-word (M-\key {DEL})}} -\entry{shell-kill-word ()}{120}{\code {shell-kill-word ()}} -\entry{shell-backward-kill-word ()}{120}{\code {shell-backward-kill-word ()}} -\entry{unix-word-rubout (C-w)}{120}{\code {unix-word-rubout (C-w)}} -\entry{unix-filename-rubout ()}{120}{\code {unix-filename-rubout ()}} -\entry{delete-horizontal-space ()}{120}{\code {delete-horizontal-space ()}} -\entry{kill-region ()}{120}{\code {kill-region ()}} -\entry{copy-region-as-kill ()}{120}{\code {copy-region-as-kill ()}} -\entry{copy-backward-word ()}{120}{\code {copy-backward-word ()}} -\entry{copy-forward-word ()}{120}{\code {copy-forward-word ()}} -\entry{yank (C-y)}{120}{\code {yank (C-y)}} -\entry{yank-pop (M-y)}{120}{\code {yank-pop (M-y)}} -\entry{digit-argument (M-0, M-1, ...{} M--)}{120}{\code {digit-argument (\kbd {M-0}, \kbd {M-1}, \dots {} \kbd {M--})}} -\entry{universal-argument ()}{120}{\code {universal-argument ()}} -\entry{complete (TAB)}{121}{\code {complete (\key {TAB})}} -\entry{possible-completions (M-?)}{121}{\code {possible-completions (M-?)}} -\entry{insert-completions (M-*)}{121}{\code {insert-completions (M-*)}} -\entry{menu-complete ()}{121}{\code {menu-complete ()}} -\entry{menu-complete-backward ()}{121}{\code {menu-complete-backward ()}} -\entry{delete-char-or-list ()}{121}{\code {delete-char-or-list ()}} -\entry{complete-filename (M-/)}{121}{\code {complete-filename (M-/)}} -\entry{possible-filename-completions (C-x /)}{121}{\code {possible-filename-completions (C-x /)}} -\entry{complete-username (M-~)}{122}{\code {complete-username (M-~)}} -\entry{possible-username-completions (C-x ~)}{122}{\code {possible-username-completions (C-x ~)}} -\entry{complete-variable (M-$)}{122}{\code {complete-variable (M-$)}} -\entry{possible-variable-completions (C-x $)}{122}{\code {possible-variable-completions (C-x $)}} -\entry{complete-hostname (M-@)}{122}{\code {complete-hostname (M-@)}} -\entry{possible-hostname-completions (C-x @)}{122}{\code {possible-hostname-completions (C-x @)}} -\entry{complete-command (M-!)}{122}{\code {complete-command (M-!)}} -\entry{possible-command-completions (C-x !)}{122}{\code {possible-command-completions (C-x !)}} -\entry{dynamic-complete-history (M-TAB)}{122}{\code {dynamic-complete-history (M-\key {TAB})}} -\entry{dabbrev-expand ()}{122}{\code {dabbrev-expand ()}} -\entry{complete-into-braces (M-{\tt \char 123})}{122}{\code {complete-into-braces (M-{\tt \char 123})}} -\entry{start-kbd-macro (C-x ()}{122}{\code {start-kbd-macro (C-x ()}} -\entry{end-kbd-macro (C-x ))}{122}{\code {end-kbd-macro (C-x ))}} -\entry{call-last-kbd-macro (C-x e)}{122}{\code {call-last-kbd-macro (C-x e)}} -\entry{print-last-kbd-macro ()}{123}{\code {print-last-kbd-macro ()}} -\entry{re-read-init-file (C-x C-r)}{123}{\code {re-read-init-file (C-x C-r)}} -\entry{abort (C-g)}{123}{\code {abort (C-g)}} -\entry{do-uppercase-version (M-a, M-b, M-x, ...{})}{123}{\code {do-uppercase-version (M-a, M-b, M-\var {x}, \dots {})}} -\entry{prefix-meta (ESC)}{123}{\code {prefix-meta (\key {ESC})}} -\entry{undo (C-_ or C-x C-u)}{123}{\code {undo (C-_ or C-x C-u)}} -\entry{revert-line (M-r)}{123}{\code {revert-line (M-r)}} -\entry{tilde-expand (M-&)}{123}{\code {tilde-expand (M-&)}} -\entry{set-mark (C-@)}{123}{\code {set-mark (C-@)}} -\entry{exchange-point-and-mark (C-x C-x)}{123}{\code {exchange-point-and-mark (C-x C-x)}} -\entry{character-search (C-])}{123}{\code {character-search (C-])}} -\entry{character-search-backward (M-C-])}{123}{\code {character-search-backward (M-C-])}} -\entry{skip-csi-sequence ()}{123}{\code {skip-csi-sequence ()}} -\entry{insert-comment (M-#)}{124}{\code {insert-comment (M-#)}} -\entry{dump-functions ()}{124}{\code {dump-functions ()}} -\entry{dump-variables ()}{124}{\code {dump-variables ()}} -\entry{dump-macros ()}{124}{\code {dump-macros ()}} -\entry{glob-complete-word (M-g)}{124}{\code {glob-complete-word (M-g)}} -\entry{glob-expand-word (C-x *)}{124}{\code {glob-expand-word (C-x *)}} -\entry{glob-list-expansions (C-x g)}{124}{\code {glob-list-expansions (C-x g)}} -\entry{display-shell-version (C-x C-v)}{124}{\code {display-shell-version (C-x C-v)}} -\entry{shell-expand-line (M-C-e)}{124}{\code {shell-expand-line (M-C-e)}} -\entry{history-expand-line (M-^)}{124}{\code {history-expand-line (M-^)}} -\entry{magic-space ()}{125}{\code {magic-space ()}} -\entry{alias-expand-line ()}{125}{\code {alias-expand-line ()}} -\entry{history-and-alias-expand-line ()}{125}{\code {history-and-alias-expand-line ()}} -\entry{insert-last-argument (M-. or M-_)}{125}{\code {insert-last-argument (M-. or M-_)}} -\entry{operate-and-get-next (C-o)}{125}{\code {operate-and-get-next (C-o)}} -\entry{edit-and-execute-command (C-xC-e)}{125}{\code {edit-and-execute-command (C-xC-e)}} +\entry{beginning-of-line (C-a)}{115}{\code {beginning-of-line (C-a)}} +\entry{end-of-line (C-e)}{115}{\code {end-of-line (C-e)}} +\entry{forward-char (C-f)}{115}{\code {forward-char (C-f)}} +\entry{backward-char (C-b)}{115}{\code {backward-char (C-b)}} +\entry{forward-word (M-f)}{115}{\code {forward-word (M-f)}} +\entry{backward-word (M-b)}{115}{\code {backward-word (M-b)}} +\entry{shell-forward-word ()}{115}{\code {shell-forward-word ()}} +\entry{shell-backward-word ()}{115}{\code {shell-backward-word ()}} +\entry{clear-screen (C-l)}{115}{\code {clear-screen (C-l)}} +\entry{redraw-current-line ()}{115}{\code {redraw-current-line ()}} +\entry{accept-line (Newline or Return)}{116}{\code {accept-line (Newline or Return)}} +\entry{previous-history (C-p)}{116}{\code {previous-history (C-p)}} +\entry{next-history (C-n)}{116}{\code {next-history (C-n)}} +\entry{beginning-of-history (M-<)}{116}{\code {beginning-of-history (M-<)}} +\entry{end-of-history (M->)}{116}{\code {end-of-history (M->)}} +\entry{reverse-search-history (C-r)}{116}{\code {reverse-search-history (C-r)}} +\entry{forward-search-history (C-s)}{116}{\code {forward-search-history (C-s)}} +\entry{non-incremental-reverse-search-history (M-p)}{116}{\code {non-incremental-reverse-search-history (M-p)}} +\entry{non-incremental-forward-search-history (M-n)}{116}{\code {non-incremental-forward-search-history (M-n)}} +\entry{history-search-forward ()}{116}{\code {history-search-forward ()}} +\entry{history-search-backward ()}{116}{\code {history-search-backward ()}} +\entry{history-substr-search-forward ()}{116}{\code {history-substr-search-forward ()}} +\entry{history-substr-search-backward ()}{117}{\code {history-substr-search-backward ()}} +\entry{yank-nth-arg (M-C-y)}{117}{\code {yank-nth-arg (M-C-y)}} +\entry{yank-last-arg (M-. or M-_)}{117}{\code {yank-last-arg (M-. or M-_)}} +\entry{delete-char (C-d)}{117}{\code {delete-char (C-d)}} +\entry{backward-delete-char (Rubout)}{117}{\code {backward-delete-char (Rubout)}} +\entry{forward-backward-delete-char ()}{117}{\code {forward-backward-delete-char ()}} +\entry{quoted-insert (C-q or C-v)}{117}{\code {quoted-insert (C-q or C-v)}} +\entry{self-insert (a, b, A, 1, !, ...{})}{117}{\code {self-insert (a, b, A, 1, !, \dots {})}} +\entry{transpose-chars (C-t)}{118}{\code {transpose-chars (C-t)}} +\entry{transpose-words (M-t)}{118}{\code {transpose-words (M-t)}} +\entry{upcase-word (M-u)}{118}{\code {upcase-word (M-u)}} +\entry{downcase-word (M-l)}{118}{\code {downcase-word (M-l)}} +\entry{capitalize-word (M-c)}{118}{\code {capitalize-word (M-c)}} +\entry{overwrite-mode ()}{118}{\code {overwrite-mode ()}} +\entry{kill-line (C-k)}{118}{\code {kill-line (C-k)}} +\entry{backward-kill-line (C-x Rubout)}{118}{\code {backward-kill-line (C-x Rubout)}} +\entry{unix-line-discard (C-u)}{118}{\code {unix-line-discard (C-u)}} +\entry{kill-whole-line ()}{118}{\code {kill-whole-line ()}} +\entry{kill-word (M-d)}{118}{\code {kill-word (M-d)}} +\entry{backward-kill-word (M-DEL)}{119}{\code {backward-kill-word (M-\key {DEL})}} +\entry{shell-kill-word ()}{119}{\code {shell-kill-word ()}} +\entry{shell-backward-kill-word ()}{119}{\code {shell-backward-kill-word ()}} +\entry{unix-word-rubout (C-w)}{119}{\code {unix-word-rubout (C-w)}} +\entry{unix-filename-rubout ()}{119}{\code {unix-filename-rubout ()}} +\entry{delete-horizontal-space ()}{119}{\code {delete-horizontal-space ()}} +\entry{kill-region ()}{119}{\code {kill-region ()}} +\entry{copy-region-as-kill ()}{119}{\code {copy-region-as-kill ()}} +\entry{copy-backward-word ()}{119}{\code {copy-backward-word ()}} +\entry{copy-forward-word ()}{119}{\code {copy-forward-word ()}} +\entry{yank (C-y)}{119}{\code {yank (C-y)}} +\entry{yank-pop (M-y)}{119}{\code {yank-pop (M-y)}} +\entry{digit-argument (M-0, M-1, ...{} M--)}{119}{\code {digit-argument (\kbd {M-0}, \kbd {M-1}, \dots {} \kbd {M--})}} +\entry{universal-argument ()}{119}{\code {universal-argument ()}} +\entry{complete (TAB)}{120}{\code {complete (\key {TAB})}} +\entry{possible-completions (M-?)}{120}{\code {possible-completions (M-?)}} +\entry{insert-completions (M-*)}{120}{\code {insert-completions (M-*)}} +\entry{menu-complete ()}{120}{\code {menu-complete ()}} +\entry{menu-complete-backward ()}{120}{\code {menu-complete-backward ()}} +\entry{delete-char-or-list ()}{120}{\code {delete-char-or-list ()}} +\entry{complete-filename (M-/)}{120}{\code {complete-filename (M-/)}} +\entry{possible-filename-completions (C-x /)}{120}{\code {possible-filename-completions (C-x /)}} +\entry{complete-username (M-~)}{121}{\code {complete-username (M-~)}} +\entry{possible-username-completions (C-x ~)}{121}{\code {possible-username-completions (C-x ~)}} +\entry{complete-variable (M-$)}{121}{\code {complete-variable (M-$)}} +\entry{possible-variable-completions (C-x $)}{121}{\code {possible-variable-completions (C-x $)}} +\entry{complete-hostname (M-@)}{121}{\code {complete-hostname (M-@)}} +\entry{possible-hostname-completions (C-x @)}{121}{\code {possible-hostname-completions (C-x @)}} +\entry{complete-command (M-!)}{121}{\code {complete-command (M-!)}} +\entry{possible-command-completions (C-x !)}{121}{\code {possible-command-completions (C-x !)}} +\entry{dynamic-complete-history (M-TAB)}{121}{\code {dynamic-complete-history (M-\key {TAB})}} +\entry{dabbrev-expand ()}{121}{\code {dabbrev-expand ()}} +\entry{complete-into-braces (M-|a)}{121}{\code {complete-into-braces (M-{\tt \char 123})}} +\entry{start-kbd-macro (C-x ()}{121}{\code {start-kbd-macro (C-x ()}} +\entry{end-kbd-macro (C-x ))}{121}{\code {end-kbd-macro (C-x ))}} +\entry{call-last-kbd-macro (C-x e)}{121}{\code {call-last-kbd-macro (C-x e)}} +\entry{print-last-kbd-macro ()}{122}{\code {print-last-kbd-macro ()}} +\entry{re-read-init-file (C-x C-r)}{122}{\code {re-read-init-file (C-x C-r)}} +\entry{abort (C-g)}{122}{\code {abort (C-g)}} +\entry{do-uppercase-version (M-a, M-b, M-x, ...{})}{122}{\code {do-uppercase-version (M-a, M-b, M-\var {x}, \dots {})}} +\entry{prefix-meta (ESC)}{122}{\code {prefix-meta (\key {ESC})}} +\entry{undo (C-_ or C-x C-u)}{122}{\code {undo (C-_ or C-x C-u)}} +\entry{revert-line (M-r)}{122}{\code {revert-line (M-r)}} +\entry{tilde-expand (M-&)}{122}{\code {tilde-expand (M-&)}} +\entry{set-mark (C-@)}{122}{\code {set-mark (C-@)}} +\entry{exchange-point-and-mark (C-x C-x)}{122}{\code {exchange-point-and-mark (C-x C-x)}} +\entry{character-search (C-])}{122}{\code {character-search (C-])}} +\entry{character-search-backward (M-C-])}{122}{\code {character-search-backward (M-C-])}} +\entry{skip-csi-sequence ()}{122}{\code {skip-csi-sequence ()}} +\entry{insert-comment (M-#)}{123}{\code {insert-comment (M-#)}} +\entry{dump-functions ()}{123}{\code {dump-functions ()}} +\entry{dump-variables ()}{123}{\code {dump-variables ()}} +\entry{dump-macros ()}{123}{\code {dump-macros ()}} +\entry{glob-complete-word (M-g)}{123}{\code {glob-complete-word (M-g)}} +\entry{glob-expand-word (C-x *)}{123}{\code {glob-expand-word (C-x *)}} +\entry{glob-list-expansions (C-x g)}{123}{\code {glob-list-expansions (C-x g)}} +\entry{display-shell-version (C-x C-v)}{123}{\code {display-shell-version (C-x C-v)}} +\entry{shell-expand-line (M-C-e)}{123}{\code {shell-expand-line (M-C-e)}} +\entry{history-expand-line (M-^)}{123}{\code {history-expand-line (M-^)}} +\entry{magic-space ()}{124}{\code {magic-space ()}} +\entry{alias-expand-line ()}{124}{\code {alias-expand-line ()}} +\entry{history-and-alias-expand-line ()}{124}{\code {history-and-alias-expand-line ()}} +\entry{insert-last-argument (M-. or M-_)}{124}{\code {insert-last-argument (M-. or M-_)}} +\entry{operate-and-get-next (C-o)}{124}{\code {operate-and-get-next (C-o)}} +\entry{edit-and-execute-command (C-xC-e)}{124}{\code {edit-and-execute-command (C-xC-e)}} diff --git a/doc/bashref.fns b/doc/bashref.fns index 7ea034d33..3136d52e4 100644 --- a/doc/bashref.fns +++ b/doc/bashref.fns @@ -1,126 +1,126 @@ \initial {A} -\entry {\code {abort (C-g)}}{123} -\entry {\code {accept-line (Newline or Return)}}{117} -\entry {\code {alias-expand-line ()}}{125} +\entry {\code {abort (C-g)}}{122} +\entry {\code {accept-line (Newline or Return)}}{116} +\entry {\code {alias-expand-line ()}}{124} \initial {B} -\entry {\code {backward-char (C-b)}}{116} -\entry {\code {backward-delete-char (Rubout)}}{118} -\entry {\code {backward-kill-line (C-x Rubout)}}{119} -\entry {\code {backward-kill-word (M-\key {DEL})}}{120} -\entry {\code {backward-word (M-b)}}{116} -\entry {\code {beginning-of-history (M-<)}}{117} -\entry {\code {beginning-of-line (C-a)}}{116} +\entry {\code {backward-char (C-b)}}{115} +\entry {\code {backward-delete-char (Rubout)}}{117} +\entry {\code {backward-kill-line (C-x Rubout)}}{118} +\entry {\code {backward-kill-word (M-\key {DEL})}}{119} +\entry {\code {backward-word (M-b)}}{115} +\entry {\code {beginning-of-history (M-<)}}{116} +\entry {\code {beginning-of-line (C-a)}}{115} \initial {C} -\entry {\code {call-last-kbd-macro (C-x e)}}{122} -\entry {\code {capitalize-word (M-c)}}{119} -\entry {\code {character-search (C-])}}{123} -\entry {\code {character-search-backward (M-C-])}}{123} -\entry {\code {clear-screen (C-l)}}{116} -\entry {\code {complete (\key {TAB})}}{121} -\entry {\code {complete-command (M-!)}}{122} -\entry {\code {complete-filename (M-/)}}{121} -\entry {\code {complete-hostname (M-@)}}{122} -\entry {\code {complete-into-braces (M-{\tt \char 123})}}{122} -\entry {\code {complete-username (M-~)}}{122} -\entry {\code {complete-variable (M-$)}}{122} -\entry {\code {copy-backward-word ()}}{120} -\entry {\code {copy-forward-word ()}}{120} -\entry {\code {copy-region-as-kill ()}}{120} +\entry {\code {call-last-kbd-macro (C-x e)}}{121} +\entry {\code {capitalize-word (M-c)}}{118} +\entry {\code {character-search (C-])}}{122} +\entry {\code {character-search-backward (M-C-])}}{122} +\entry {\code {clear-screen (C-l)}}{115} +\entry {\code {complete (\key {TAB})}}{120} +\entry {\code {complete-command (M-!)}}{121} +\entry {\code {complete-filename (M-/)}}{120} +\entry {\code {complete-hostname (M-@)}}{121} +\entry {\code {complete-into-braces (M-{\tt \char 123})}}{121} +\entry {\code {complete-username (M-~)}}{121} +\entry {\code {complete-variable (M-$)}}{121} +\entry {\code {copy-backward-word ()}}{119} +\entry {\code {copy-forward-word ()}}{119} +\entry {\code {copy-region-as-kill ()}}{119} \initial {D} -\entry {\code {dabbrev-expand ()}}{122} -\entry {\code {delete-char (C-d)}}{118} -\entry {\code {delete-char-or-list ()}}{121} -\entry {\code {delete-horizontal-space ()}}{120} -\entry {\code {digit-argument (\kbd {M-0}, \kbd {M-1}, \dots {} \kbd {M--})}}{120} -\entry {\code {display-shell-version (C-x C-v)}}{124} -\entry {\code {do-uppercase-version (M-a, M-b, M-\var {x}, \dots {})}}{123} -\entry {\code {downcase-word (M-l)}}{119} -\entry {\code {dump-functions ()}}{124} -\entry {\code {dump-macros ()}}{124} -\entry {\code {dump-variables ()}}{124} -\entry {\code {dynamic-complete-history (M-\key {TAB})}}{122} +\entry {\code {dabbrev-expand ()}}{121} +\entry {\code {delete-char (C-d)}}{117} +\entry {\code {delete-char-or-list ()}}{120} +\entry {\code {delete-horizontal-space ()}}{119} +\entry {\code {digit-argument (\kbd {M-0}, \kbd {M-1}, \dots {} \kbd {M--})}}{119} +\entry {\code {display-shell-version (C-x C-v)}}{123} +\entry {\code {do-uppercase-version (M-a, M-b, M-\var {x}, \dots {})}}{122} +\entry {\code {downcase-word (M-l)}}{118} +\entry {\code {dump-functions ()}}{123} +\entry {\code {dump-macros ()}}{123} +\entry {\code {dump-variables ()}}{123} +\entry {\code {dynamic-complete-history (M-\key {TAB})}}{121} \initial {E} -\entry {\code {edit-and-execute-command (C-xC-e)}}{125} -\entry {\code {end-kbd-macro (C-x ))}}{122} -\entry {\code {end-of-history (M->)}}{117} -\entry {\code {end-of-line (C-e)}}{116} -\entry {\code {exchange-point-and-mark (C-x C-x)}}{123} +\entry {\code {edit-and-execute-command (C-xC-e)}}{124} +\entry {\code {end-kbd-macro (C-x ))}}{121} +\entry {\code {end-of-history (M->)}}{116} +\entry {\code {end-of-line (C-e)}}{115} +\entry {\code {exchange-point-and-mark (C-x C-x)}}{122} \initial {F} -\entry {\code {forward-backward-delete-char ()}}{118} -\entry {\code {forward-char (C-f)}}{116} -\entry {\code {forward-search-history (C-s)}}{117} -\entry {\code {forward-word (M-f)}}{116} +\entry {\code {forward-backward-delete-char ()}}{117} +\entry {\code {forward-char (C-f)}}{115} +\entry {\code {forward-search-history (C-s)}}{116} +\entry {\code {forward-word (M-f)}}{115} \initial {G} -\entry {\code {glob-complete-word (M-g)}}{124} -\entry {\code {glob-expand-word (C-x *)}}{124} -\entry {\code {glob-list-expansions (C-x g)}}{124} +\entry {\code {glob-complete-word (M-g)}}{123} +\entry {\code {glob-expand-word (C-x *)}}{123} +\entry {\code {glob-list-expansions (C-x g)}}{123} \initial {H} -\entry {\code {history-and-alias-expand-line ()}}{125} -\entry {\code {history-expand-line (M-^)}}{124} -\entry {\code {history-search-backward ()}}{117} -\entry {\code {history-search-forward ()}}{117} -\entry {\code {history-substr-search-backward ()}}{118} -\entry {\code {history-substr-search-forward ()}}{117} +\entry {\code {history-and-alias-expand-line ()}}{124} +\entry {\code {history-expand-line (M-^)}}{123} +\entry {\code {history-search-backward ()}}{116} +\entry {\code {history-search-forward ()}}{116} +\entry {\code {history-substr-search-backward ()}}{117} +\entry {\code {history-substr-search-forward ()}}{116} \initial {I} -\entry {\code {insert-comment (M-#)}}{124} -\entry {\code {insert-completions (M-*)}}{121} -\entry {\code {insert-last-argument (M-. or M-_)}}{125} +\entry {\code {insert-comment (M-#)}}{123} +\entry {\code {insert-completions (M-*)}}{120} +\entry {\code {insert-last-argument (M-. or M-_)}}{124} \initial {K} -\entry {\code {kill-line (C-k)}}{119} -\entry {\code {kill-region ()}}{120} -\entry {\code {kill-whole-line ()}}{119} -\entry {\code {kill-word (M-d)}}{119} +\entry {\code {kill-line (C-k)}}{118} +\entry {\code {kill-region ()}}{119} +\entry {\code {kill-whole-line ()}}{118} +\entry {\code {kill-word (M-d)}}{118} \initial {M} -\entry {\code {magic-space ()}}{125} -\entry {\code {menu-complete ()}}{121} -\entry {\code {menu-complete-backward ()}}{121} +\entry {\code {magic-space ()}}{124} +\entry {\code {menu-complete ()}}{120} +\entry {\code {menu-complete-backward ()}}{120} \initial {N} -\entry {\code {next-history (C-n)}}{117} -\entry {\code {non-incremental-forward-search-history (M-n)}}{117} -\entry {\code {non-incremental-reverse-search-history (M-p)}}{117} +\entry {\code {next-history (C-n)}}{116} +\entry {\code {non-incremental-forward-search-history (M-n)}}{116} +\entry {\code {non-incremental-reverse-search-history (M-p)}}{116} \initial {O} -\entry {\code {operate-and-get-next (C-o)}}{125} -\entry {\code {overwrite-mode ()}}{119} +\entry {\code {operate-and-get-next (C-o)}}{124} +\entry {\code {overwrite-mode ()}}{118} \initial {P} -\entry {\code {possible-command-completions (C-x !)}}{122} -\entry {\code {possible-completions (M-?)}}{121} -\entry {\code {possible-filename-completions (C-x /)}}{121} -\entry {\code {possible-hostname-completions (C-x @)}}{122} -\entry {\code {possible-username-completions (C-x ~)}}{122} -\entry {\code {possible-variable-completions (C-x $)}}{122} -\entry {\code {prefix-meta (\key {ESC})}}{123} -\entry {\code {previous-history (C-p)}}{117} -\entry {\code {print-last-kbd-macro ()}}{123} +\entry {\code {possible-command-completions (C-x !)}}{121} +\entry {\code {possible-completions (M-?)}}{120} +\entry {\code {possible-filename-completions (C-x /)}}{120} +\entry {\code {possible-hostname-completions (C-x @)}}{121} +\entry {\code {possible-username-completions (C-x ~)}}{121} +\entry {\code {possible-variable-completions (C-x $)}}{121} +\entry {\code {prefix-meta (\key {ESC})}}{122} +\entry {\code {previous-history (C-p)}}{116} +\entry {\code {print-last-kbd-macro ()}}{122} \initial {Q} -\entry {\code {quoted-insert (C-q or C-v)}}{118} +\entry {\code {quoted-insert (C-q or C-v)}}{117} \initial {R} -\entry {\code {re-read-init-file (C-x C-r)}}{123} -\entry {\code {redraw-current-line ()}}{116} -\entry {\code {reverse-search-history (C-r)}}{117} -\entry {\code {revert-line (M-r)}}{123} +\entry {\code {re-read-init-file (C-x C-r)}}{122} +\entry {\code {redraw-current-line ()}}{115} +\entry {\code {reverse-search-history (C-r)}}{116} +\entry {\code {revert-line (M-r)}}{122} \initial {S} -\entry {\code {self-insert (a, b, A, 1, !, \dots {})}}{118} -\entry {\code {set-mark (C-@)}}{123} -\entry {\code {shell-backward-kill-word ()}}{120} -\entry {\code {shell-backward-word ()}}{116} -\entry {\code {shell-expand-line (M-C-e)}}{124} -\entry {\code {shell-forward-word ()}}{116} -\entry {\code {shell-kill-word ()}}{120} -\entry {\code {skip-csi-sequence ()}}{123} -\entry {\code {start-kbd-macro (C-x ()}}{122} +\entry {\code {self-insert (a, b, A, 1, !, \dots {})}}{117} +\entry {\code {set-mark (C-@)}}{122} +\entry {\code {shell-backward-kill-word ()}}{119} +\entry {\code {shell-backward-word ()}}{115} +\entry {\code {shell-expand-line (M-C-e)}}{123} +\entry {\code {shell-forward-word ()}}{115} +\entry {\code {shell-kill-word ()}}{119} +\entry {\code {skip-csi-sequence ()}}{122} +\entry {\code {start-kbd-macro (C-x ()}}{121} \initial {T} -\entry {\code {tilde-expand (M-&)}}{123} -\entry {\code {transpose-chars (C-t)}}{119} -\entry {\code {transpose-words (M-t)}}{119} +\entry {\code {tilde-expand (M-&)}}{122} +\entry {\code {transpose-chars (C-t)}}{118} +\entry {\code {transpose-words (M-t)}}{118} \initial {U} -\entry {\code {undo (C-_ or C-x C-u)}}{123} -\entry {\code {universal-argument ()}}{120} -\entry {\code {unix-filename-rubout ()}}{120} -\entry {\code {unix-line-discard (C-u)}}{119} -\entry {\code {unix-word-rubout (C-w)}}{120} -\entry {\code {upcase-word (M-u)}}{119} +\entry {\code {undo (C-_ or C-x C-u)}}{122} +\entry {\code {universal-argument ()}}{119} +\entry {\code {unix-filename-rubout ()}}{119} +\entry {\code {unix-line-discard (C-u)}}{118} +\entry {\code {unix-word-rubout (C-w)}}{119} +\entry {\code {upcase-word (M-u)}}{118} \initial {Y} -\entry {\code {yank (C-y)}}{120} -\entry {\code {yank-last-arg (M-. or M-_)}}{118} -\entry {\code {yank-nth-arg (M-C-y)}}{118} -\entry {\code {yank-pop (M-y)}}{120} +\entry {\code {yank (C-y)}}{119} +\entry {\code {yank-last-arg (M-. or M-_)}}{117} +\entry {\code {yank-nth-arg (M-C-y)}}{117} +\entry {\code {yank-pop (M-y)}}{119} diff --git a/doc/bashref.html b/doc/bashref.html index 228094dfd..effb48723 100644 --- a/doc/bashref.html +++ b/doc/bashref.html @@ -1,6 +1,6 @@ - +

- - + +

Killing text means to delete the text from the line, but to save @@ -10231,7 +10240,7 @@ that when you yank it back, you get it all. The kill ring is not line specific; the text that you killed on a previously typed line is available to be yanked back later, when you are typing another line. - +

Here is the list of commands for killing text. @@ -10490,11 +10499,11 @@ A great deal of run-time behavior is changeable with the following variables.

- +

bell-style -
+
Controls what happens when Readline wants to ring the terminal bell. If set to `none', Readline never rings the bell. If set to `visible', Readline uses a visible bell if one is available. @@ -10503,14 +10512,14 @@ the terminal's bell.

bind-tty-special-chars -
+
If set to `on', Readline attempts to bind the control characters treated specially by the kernel's terminal driver to their Readline equivalents.

colored-stats -
+
If set to `on', Readline displays possible completions using different colors to indicate their file type. The color definitions are taken from the value of the LS_COLORS @@ -10519,14 +10528,14 @@ The default is `off'.

comment-begin -
+
The string to insert at the beginning of the line when the insert-comment command is executed. The default value is "#".

completion-display-width -
+
The number of screen columns used to display possible matches when performing completion. The value is ignored if it is less than 0 or greater than the terminal @@ -10536,21 +10545,21 @@ The default value is -1.

completion-ignore-case -
+
If set to `on', Readline performs filename matching and completion in a case-insensitive fashion. The default value is `off'.

completion-map-case -
+
If set to `on', and completion-ignore-case is enabled, Readline treats hyphens (`-') and underscores (`_') as equivalent when performing case-insensitive filename matching and completion.

completion-prefix-display-length -
+
The length in characters of the common prefix of a list of possible completions that is displayed without modification. When set to a value greater than zero, common prefixes longer than this value are @@ -10558,7 +10567,7 @@ replaced with an ellipsis when displaying possible completions.

completion-query-items -
+
The number of possible completions that determines when the user is asked whether the list of possibilities should be displayed. If the number of possible completions is greater than this value, @@ -10570,7 +10579,7 @@ The default limit is 100.

convert-meta -
+
If set to `on', Readline will convert characters with the eighth bit set to an ASCII key sequence by stripping the eighth bit and prefixing an ESC character, converting them to a @@ -10578,14 +10587,14 @@ meta-prefixed key sequence. The default value is `on'.

disable-completion -
+
If set to `On', Readline will inhibit word completion. Completion characters will be inserted into the line as if they had been mapped to self-insert. The default is `off'.

editing-mode -
+
The editing-mode variable controls which default set of key bindings is used. By default, Readline starts up in Emacs editing mode, where the keystrokes are most similar to Emacs. This variable can be @@ -10599,7 +10608,7 @@ keyboard. The default is `on'.

enable-keypad -
+
When set to `on', Readline will try to enable the application keypad when it is called. Some systems need this to enable the arrow keys. The default is `off'. @@ -10613,13 +10622,13 @@ The default is `on'.

expand-tilde -
+
If set to `on', tilde expansion is performed when Readline attempts word completion. The default is `off'.

history-preserve-point -
+
If set to `on', the history code attempts to place the point (the current cursor position) at the same location on each history line retrieved with previous-history @@ -10627,7 +10636,7 @@ or next-history. The default is `off'.

history-size -
+
Set the maximum number of history entries saved in the history list. If set to zero, any existing history entries are deleted and no new entries are saved. @@ -10637,7 +10646,7 @@ By default, the number of history entries is not limited.

horizontal-scroll-mode -
+
This variable can be set to either `on' or `off'. Setting it to `on' means that the text of the lines being edited will scroll horizontally on a single screen line when they are longer than the width @@ -10646,8 +10655,8 @@ this variable is set to `off'.

input-meta -
- +
+ If set to `on', Readline will enable eight-bit input (it will not clear the eighth bit in the characters it reads), regardless of what the terminal claims it can support. The @@ -10656,7 +10665,7 @@ synonym for this variable.

isearch-terminators -
+
The string of characters that should terminate an incremental search without subsequently executing the character as a command (see section 8.2.5 Searching for Commands in the History). If this variable has not been given a value, the characters ESC and @@ -10664,7 +10673,7 @@ If this variable has not been given a value, the characters ESC and

keymap -
+
Sets Readline's idea of the current keymap for key binding commands. Acceptable keymap names are emacs, @@ -10702,14 +10711,14 @@ appended. The default is `on'.

mark-modified-lines -
+
This variable, when set to `on', causes Readline to display an asterisk (`*') at the start of history lines which have been modified. This variable is `off' by default.

mark-symlinked-directories -
+
If set to `on', completed names which are symbolic links to directories have a slash appended (subject to the value of mark-directories). @@ -10717,7 +10726,7 @@ The default is `off'.

match-hidden-files -
+
This variable, when set to `on', causes Readline to match files whose names begin with a `.' (hidden files) when performing filename completion. @@ -10727,21 +10736,21 @@ This variable is `on' by default.

menu-complete-display-prefix -
+
If set to `on', menu completion displays the common prefix of the list of possible completions (which may be empty) before cycling through the list. The default is `off'.

output-meta -
+
If set to `on', Readline will display characters with the eighth bit set directly rather than as a meta-prefixed escape sequence. The default is `off'.

page-completions -
+
If set to `on', Readline uses an internal more-like pager to display a screenful of possible completions at a time. This variable is `on' by default. @@ -10754,7 +10763,7 @@ The default is `off'.

revert-all-at-newline -
+
If set to `on', Readline will undo all changes to history lines before returning when accept-line is executed. By default, history lines may be modified and retain individual undo lists across @@ -10762,7 +10771,7 @@ calls to readline. The default is `off'.

show-all-if-ambiguous -
+
This alters the default behavior of the completion functions. If set to `on', words which have more than one possible completion cause the @@ -10771,7 +10780,7 @@ The default value is `off'.

show-all-if-unmodified -
+
This alters the default behavior of the completion functions in a fashion similar to show-all-if-ambiguous. If set to `on', @@ -10783,7 +10792,7 @@ The default value is `off'.

show-mode-in-prompt -
+
If set to `on', add a character to the beginning of the prompt indicating the editing mode: emacs (`@'), vi command (`:'), or vi insertion (`+'). @@ -10791,7 +10800,7 @@ The default value is `off'.

skip-completed-text -
+
If set to `on', this alters the default completion behavior when inserting a single match into the line. It's only active when performing completion in the middle of a word. If enabled, readline @@ -10806,7 +10815,7 @@ The default value is `off'.

visible-stats -
+
If set to `on', a character denoting a file's type is appended to the filename when listing possible completions. The default is `off'. @@ -11230,68 +11239,68 @@ The text between the point and mark is referred to as the region.

8.4.1 Commands For Moving

- +
beginning-of-line (C-a) -
+
Move to the start of the current line.

- +

end-of-line (C-e) -
+
Move to the end of the line.

- +

forward-char (C-f) -
+
Move forward a character.

- +

backward-char (C-b) -
+
Move back a character.

- +

forward-word (M-f) -
+
Move forward to the end of the next word. Words are composed of letters and digits.

- +

backward-word (M-b) -
+
Move back to the start of the current or previous word. Words are composed of letters and digits.

- +

shell-forward-word () -
+
Move forward to the end of the next word. Words are delimited by non-quoted shell metacharacters.

- +

shell-backward-word () -
+
Move back to the start of the current or previous word. Words are delimited by non-quoted shell metacharacters.

- +

clear-screen (C-l) -
+
Clear the screen and redraw the current line, leaving the current line at the top of the screen.

- +

redraw-current-line () -
+
Refresh the current line. By default, this is unbound.

@@ -11317,9 +11326,9 @@ Refresh the current line. By default, this is unbound.

- +
accept-line (Newline or Return) -
+
Accept the line regardless of where the cursor is. If this line is non-empty, add it to the history list according to the setting of @@ -11328,64 +11337,64 @@ If this line is a modified history line, then restore the history line to its original state.

- +

previous-history (C-p) -
+
Move `back' through the history list, fetching the previous command.

- +

next-history (C-n) -
+
Move `forward' through the history list, fetching the next command.

- +

beginning-of-history (M-<) -
+
Move to the first line in the history.

- +

end-of-history (M->) -
+
Move to the end of the input history, i.e., the line currently being entered.

- +

reverse-search-history (C-r) -
+
Search backward starting at the current line and moving `up' through the history as necessary. This is an incremental search.

- +

forward-search-history (C-s) -
+
Search forward starting at the current line and moving `down' through the the history as necessary. This is an incremental search.

- +

non-incremental-reverse-search-history (M-p) -
+
Search backward starting at the current line and moving `up' through the history as necessary using a non-incremental search for a string supplied by the user.

- +

non-incremental-forward-search-history (M-n) -
+
Search forward starting at the current line and moving `down' through the the history as necessary using a non-incremental search for a string supplied by the user.

- +

history-search-forward () -
+
Search forward through the history for the string of characters between the start of the current line and the point. The search string must match at the beginning of a history line. @@ -11393,9 +11402,9 @@ This is a non-incremental search. By default, this command is unbound.

- +

history-search-backward () -
+
Search backward through the history for the string of characters between the start of the current line and the point. The search string must match at the beginning of a history line. @@ -11403,9 +11412,9 @@ This is a non-incremental search. By default, this command is unbound.

- +

history-substr-search-forward () -
+
Search forward through the history for the string of characters between the start of the current line and the point. The search string may match anywhere in a history line. @@ -11413,9 +11422,9 @@ This is a non-incremental search. By default, this command is unbound.

- +

history-substr-search-backward () -
+
Search backward through the history for the string of characters between the start of the current line and the point. The search string may match anywhere in a history line. @@ -11423,9 +11432,9 @@ This is a non-incremental search. By default, this command is unbound.

- +

yank-nth-arg (M-C-y) -
+
Insert the first argument to the previous command (usually the second word on the previous line) at point. With an argument n, @@ -11436,9 +11445,9 @@ Once the argument n is computed, the argument is extracted as if the `!n' history expansion had been specified.

- +

yank-last-arg (M-. or M-_) -
+
Insert last argument to the previous command (the last word of the previous history entry). With a numeric argument, behave exactly like yank-nth-arg. @@ -11474,46 +11483,46 @@ as if the `!$' history expansion had been specified.

- +
delete-char (C-d) -
+
Delete the character at point. If point is at the beginning of the line, there are no characters in the line, and the last character typed was not bound to delete-char, then return EOF.

- +

backward-delete-char (Rubout) -
+
Delete the character behind the cursor. A numeric argument means to kill the characters instead of deleting them.

- +

forward-backward-delete-char () -
+
Delete the character under the cursor, unless the cursor is at the end of the line, in which case the character behind the cursor is deleted. By default, this is not bound to a key.

- +

quoted-insert (C-q or C-v) -
+
Add the next character typed to the line verbatim. This is how to insert key sequences like C-q, for example.

- +

self-insert (a, b, A, 1, !, ...) -
+
Insert yourself.

- +

transpose-chars (C-t) -
+
Drag the character before the cursor forward over the character at the cursor, moving the cursor forward as well. If the insertion point @@ -11522,39 +11531,39 @@ transposes the last two characters of the line. Negative arguments have no effect.

- +

transpose-words (M-t) -
+
Drag the word before point past the word after point, moving point past that word as well. If the insertion point is at the end of the line, this transposes the last two words on the line.

- +

upcase-word (M-u) -
+
Uppercase the current (or following) word. With a negative argument, uppercase the previous word, but do not move the cursor.

- +

downcase-word (M-l) -
+
Lowercase the current (or following) word. With a negative argument, lowercase the previous word, but do not move the cursor.

- +

capitalize-word (M-c) -
+
Capitalize the current (or following) word. With a negative argument, capitalize the previous word, but do not move the cursor.

- +

overwrite-mode () -
+
Toggle overwrite mode. With an explicit positive numeric argument, switches to overwrite mode. With an explicit non-positive numeric argument, switches to insert mode. This command affects only @@ -11594,121 +11603,121 @@ By default, this command is unbound.
- +
kill-line (C-k) -
+
Kill the text from point to the end of the line.

- +

backward-kill-line (C-x Rubout) -
+
Kill backward to the beginning of the line.

- +

unix-line-discard (C-u) -
+
Kill backward from the cursor to the beginning of the current line.

- +

kill-whole-line () -
+
Kill all characters on the current line, no matter where point is. By default, this is unbound.

- +

kill-word (M-d) -
+
Kill from point to the end of the current word, or if between words, to the end of the next word. Word boundaries are the same as forward-word.

- +

backward-kill-word (M-DEL) -
+
Kill the word behind point. Word boundaries are the same as backward-word.

- +

shell-kill-word () -
+
Kill from point to the end of the current word, or if between words, to the end of the next word. Word boundaries are the same as shell-forward-word.

- +

shell-backward-kill-word () -
+
Kill the word behind point. Word boundaries are the same as shell-backward-word.

- +

unix-word-rubout (C-w) -
+
Kill the word behind point, using white space as a word boundary. The killed text is saved on the kill-ring.

- +

unix-filename-rubout () -
+
Kill the word behind point, using white space and the slash character as the word boundaries. The killed text is saved on the kill-ring.

- +

delete-horizontal-space () -
+
Delete all spaces and tabs around point. By default, this is unbound.

- +

kill-region () -
+
Kill the text in the current region. By default, this command is unbound.

- +

copy-region-as-kill () -
+
Copy the text in the region to the kill buffer, so it can be yanked right away. By default, this command is unbound.

- +

copy-backward-word () -
+
Copy the word before point to the kill buffer. The word boundaries are the same as backward-word. By default, this command is unbound.

- +

copy-forward-word () -
+
Copy the word following point to the kill buffer. The word boundaries are the same as forward-word. By default, this command is unbound.

- +

yank (C-y) -
+
Yank the top of the kill ring into the buffer at point.

- +

yank-pop (M-y) -
+
Rotate the kill-ring, and yank the new top. You can only do this if the prior command is yank or yank-pop.
@@ -11732,16 +11741,16 @@ the prior command is yank or yank-pop.
- +
digit-argument (M-0, M-1, ... M--) -
+
Add this digit to the argument already accumulating, or start a new argument. M-- starts a negative argument.

- +

universal-argument () -
+
This is another way to specify an argument. If this command is followed by one or more digits, optionally with a leading minus sign, those digits define the argument. @@ -11776,9 +11785,9 @@ By default, this is not bound to a key.

- +
complete (TAB) -
+
Attempt to perform completion on the text before point. The actual completion performed is application-specific. Bash attempts completion treating the text as a variable (if the @@ -11788,25 +11797,25 @@ command (including aliases and functions) in turn. If none of these produces a match, filename completion is attempted.

- +

possible-completions (M-?) -
+
List the possible completions of the text before point. When displaying completions, Readline sets the number of columns used for display to the value of completion-display-width, the value of the environment variable COLUMNS, or the screen width, in that order.

- +

insert-completions (M-*) -
+
Insert all completions of the text before point that would have been generated by possible-completions.

- +

menu-complete () -
+
Similar to complete, but replaces the word to be completed with a single match from the list of possible completions. Repeated execution of menu-complete steps through the list @@ -11821,17 +11830,17 @@ This command is intended to be bound to TAB, but is unbound by default.

- +

menu-complete-backward () -
+
Identical to menu-complete, but moves backward through the list of possible completions, as if menu-complete had been given a negative argument.

- +

delete-char-or-list () -
+
Deletes the character under the cursor if not at the beginning or end of the line (like delete-char). If at the end of the line, behaves identically to @@ -11839,64 +11848,64 @@ If at the end of the line, behaves identically to This command is unbound by default.

- +

complete-filename (M-/) -
+
Attempt filename completion on the text before point.

- +

possible-filename-completions (C-x /) -
+
List the possible completions of the text before point, treating it as a filename.

- +

complete-username (M-~) -
+
Attempt completion on the text before point, treating it as a username.

- +

possible-username-completions (C-x ~) -
+
List the possible completions of the text before point, treating it as a username.

- +

complete-variable (M-$) -
+
Attempt completion on the text before point, treating it as a shell variable.

- +

possible-variable-completions (C-x $) -
+
List the possible completions of the text before point, treating it as a shell variable.

- +

complete-hostname (M-@) -
+
Attempt completion on the text before point, treating it as a hostname.

- +

possible-hostname-completions (C-x @) -
+
List the possible completions of the text before point, treating it as a hostname.

- +

complete-command (M-!) -
+
Attempt completion on the text before point, treating it as a command name. Command completion attempts to match the text against aliases, reserved words, shell @@ -11904,32 +11913,32 @@ functions, shell builtins, and finally executable filenames, in that order.

- +

possible-command-completions (C-x !) -
+
List the possible completions of the text before point, treating it as a command name.

- +

dynamic-complete-history (M-TAB) -
+
Attempt completion on the text before point, comparing the text against lines from the history list for possible completion matches.

- +

dabbrev-expand () -
+
Attempt menu completion on the text before point, comparing the text against lines from the history list for possible completion matches.

- +

complete-into-braces (M-{) -
+
Perform filename completion and insert the list of possible completions enclosed within braces so the list is available to the shell (see section 3.5.1 Brace Expansion). @@ -11956,29 +11965,29 @@ enclosed within braces so the list is available to the shell
- +
start-kbd-macro (C-x () -
+
Begin saving the characters typed into the current keyboard macro.

- +

end-kbd-macro (C-x )) -
+
Stop saving the characters typed into the current keyboard macro and save the definition.

- +

call-last-kbd-macro (C-x e) -
+
Re-execute the last keyboard macro defined, by making the characters in the macro appear as if typed at the keyboard.

- +

print-last-kbd-macro () -
+
Print the last keboard macro defined in a format suitable for the inputrc file.

@@ -12004,87 +12013,87 @@ Print the last keboard macro defined in a format suitable for the

- +
re-read-init-file (C-x C-r) -
+
Read in the contents of the inputrc file, and incorporate any bindings or variable assignments found there.

- +

abort (C-g) -
+
Abort the current editing command and ring the terminal's bell (subject to the setting of bell-style).

- +

do-uppercase-version (M-a, M-b, M-x, ...) -
+
If the metafied character x is lowercase, run the command that is bound to the corresponding uppercase character.

- +

prefix-meta (ESC) -
+
Metafy the next character typed. This is for keyboards without a meta key. Typing `ESC f' is equivalent to typing M-f.

- +

undo (C-_ or C-x C-u) -
+
Incremental undo, separately remembered for each line.

- +

revert-line (M-r) -
+
Undo all changes made to this line. This is like executing the undo command enough times to get back to the beginning.

- +

tilde-expand (M-&) -
+
Perform tilde expansion on the current word.

- +

set-mark (C-@) -
+
Set the mark to the point. If a numeric argument is supplied, the mark is set to that position.

- +

exchange-point-and-mark (C-x C-x) -
+
Swap the point with the mark. The current cursor position is set to the saved position, and the old cursor position is saved as the mark.

- +

character-search (C-]) -
+
A character is read and point is moved to the next occurrence of that character. A negative count searches for previous occurrences.

- +

character-search-backward (M-C-]) -
+
A character is read and point is moved to the previous occurrence of that character. A negative count searches for subsequent occurrences.

- +

skip-csi-sequence () -
+
Read enough characters to consume a multi-key sequence such as those defined for keys like Home and End. Such sequences begin with a Control Sequence Indicator (CSI), usually ESC-[. If this sequence is @@ -12094,9 +12103,9 @@ stray characters into the editing buffer. This is unbound by default, but usually bound to ESC-[.

- +

insert-comment (M-#) -
+
Without a numeric argument, the value of the comment-begin variable is inserted at the beginning of the current line. If a numeric argument is supplied, this command acts as a toggle: if @@ -12111,115 +12120,115 @@ If a numeric argument causes the comment character to be removed, the line will be executed by the shell.

- +

dump-functions () -
+
Print all of the functions and their key bindings to the Readline output stream. If a numeric argument is supplied, the output is formatted in such a way that it can be made part of an inputrc file. This command is unbound by default.

- +

dump-variables () -
+
Print all of the settable variables and their values to the Readline output stream. If a numeric argument is supplied, the output is formatted in such a way that it can be made part of an inputrc file. This command is unbound by default.

- +

dump-macros () -
+
Print all of the Readline key sequences bound to macros and the strings they output. If a numeric argument is supplied, the output is formatted in such a way that it can be made part of an inputrc file. This command is unbound by default.

- +

glob-complete-word (M-g) -
+
The word before point is treated as a pattern for pathname expansion, with an asterisk implicitly appended. This pattern is used to generate a list of matching file names for possible completions.

- +

glob-expand-word (C-x *) -
+
The word before point is treated as a pattern for pathname expansion, and the list of matching file names is inserted, replacing the word. If a numeric argument is supplied, a `*' is appended before pathname expansion.

- +

glob-list-expansions (C-x g) -
+
The list of expansions that would have been generated by glob-expand-word is displayed, and the line is redrawn. If a numeric argument is supplied, a `*' is appended before pathname expansion.

- +

display-shell-version (C-x C-v) -
+
Display version information about the current instance of Bash.

- +

shell-expand-line (M-C-e) -
+
Expand the line as the shell does. This performs alias and history expansion as well as all of the shell word expansions (see section 3.5 Shell Expansions).

- +

history-expand-line (M-^) -
+
Perform history expansion on the current line.

- +

magic-space () -
+
Perform history expansion on the current line and insert a space (see section 9.3 History Expansion).

- +

alias-expand-line () -
+
Perform alias expansion on the current line (see section 6.6 Aliases).

- +

history-and-alias-expand-line () -
+
Perform history and alias expansion on the current line.

- +

insert-last-argument (M-. or M-_) -
+
A synonym for yank-last-arg.

- +

operate-and-get-next (C-o) -
+
Accept the current line for execution and fetch the next line relative to the current line from the history for editing. Any argument is ignored.

- +

edit-and-execute-command (C-xC-e) -
+
Invoke an editor on the current command line, and execute the result as shell commands. Bash attempts to invoke @@ -12472,7 +12481,7 @@ be completed, and two to modify the completion as it is happening.
compgen -
+
 
compgen [option] [word]

@@ -12498,7 +12507,7 @@ matches were generated.

complete -
+
 
complete [-abcdefgjksuv] [-o comp-option] [-DE] [-A action] [-G globpat] [-W wordlist]
 [-F function] [-C command] [-X filterpat]
 [-P prefix] [-S suffix] name [name ...]
@@ -12745,7 +12754,7 @@ an error occurs adding a completion specification.
 

 
 
compopt
-

+

 
 
compopt [-o option] [-DE] [+o option] [name]
 
Modify completion options for each name according to the
 options, or for the currently-executing completion if no names
@@ -12912,7 +12921,7 @@ An older version of the bash_completion package is distributed with bash
 in the `examples/complete' subdirectory.
 

 
-
+
 

 
 
@@ -13058,7 +13067,7 @@ history list and history file.
 

 
 
fc
-

+

 
 
fc [-e ename] [-lnr] [first] [last]
 fc -s [pat=rep] [command]
 

@@ -13095,7 +13104,7 @@ and typing `r' re-executes the last command (see section 
+

 
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history [n]
 history -c
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@@ -13270,7 +13279,7 @@ An event designator is a reference to a command line entry in the
 history list.
 Unless the reference is absolute, events are relative to the current
 position in the history list.
-
+
 

 
 

@@ -15539,105 +15548,105 @@ to permit their use in free software.
 
Index Entry Section

 
 

 
.
.4.1 Bourne Shell Builtins
.4.1 Bourne Shell Builtins

 
 

 
:
:4.1 Bourne Shell Builtins
:4.1 Bourne Shell Builtins

 
 

 
[
[4.1 Bourne Shell Builtins
[4.1 Bourne Shell Builtins

 
 

 
A
alias4.2 Bash Builtin Commands
alias4.2 Bash Builtin Commands

 
 

 
B
bg7.2 Job Control Builtins
bind4.2 Bash Builtin Commands
break4.1 Bourne Shell Builtins
builtin4.2 Bash Builtin Commands
bg7.2 Job Control Builtins
bind4.2 Bash Builtin Commands
break4.1 Bourne Shell Builtins
builtin4.2 Bash Builtin Commands

 
 

 
C
caller4.2 Bash Builtin Commands
cd4.1 Bourne Shell Builtins
command4.2 Bash Builtin Commands
compgen8.7 Programmable Completion Builtins
complete8.7 Programmable Completion Builtins
compopt8.7 Programmable Completion Builtins
continue4.1 Bourne Shell Builtins
caller4.2 Bash Builtin Commands
cd4.1 Bourne Shell Builtins
command4.2 Bash Builtin Commands
compgen8.7 Programmable Completion Builtins
complete8.7 Programmable Completion Builtins
compopt8.7 Programmable Completion Builtins
continue4.1 Bourne Shell Builtins

 
 

 
D
declare4.2 Bash Builtin Commands
dirs6.8.1 Directory Stack Builtins
disown7.2 Job Control Builtins
declare4.2 Bash Builtin Commands
dirs6.8.1 Directory Stack Builtins
disown7.2 Job Control Builtins

 
 

 
E
echo4.2 Bash Builtin Commands
enable4.2 Bash Builtin Commands
eval4.1 Bourne Shell Builtins
exec4.1 Bourne Shell Builtins
exit4.1 Bourne Shell Builtins
export4.1 Bourne Shell Builtins
echo4.2 Bash Builtin Commands
enable4.2 Bash Builtin Commands
eval4.1 Bourne Shell Builtins
exec4.1 Bourne Shell Builtins
exit4.1 Bourne Shell Builtins
export4.1 Bourne Shell Builtins

 
 

 
F
fc9.2 Bash History Builtins
fg7.2 Job Control Builtins
fc9.2 Bash History Builtins
fg7.2 Job Control Builtins

 
 

 
G
getopts4.1 Bourne Shell Builtins
getopts4.1 Bourne Shell Builtins

 
 

 
H
hash4.1 Bourne Shell Builtins
help4.2 Bash Builtin Commands
history9.2 Bash History Builtins
hash4.1 Bourne Shell Builtins
help4.2 Bash Builtin Commands
history9.2 Bash History Builtins

 
 

 
J
jobs7.2 Job Control Builtins
jobs7.2 Job Control Builtins

 
 

 
K
kill7.2 Job Control Builtins
kill7.2 Job Control Builtins

 
 

 
L
let4.2 Bash Builtin Commands
local4.2 Bash Builtin Commands
logout4.2 Bash Builtin Commands
let4.2 Bash Builtin Commands
local4.2 Bash Builtin Commands
logout4.2 Bash Builtin Commands

 
 

 
M
mapfile4.2 Bash Builtin Commands
mapfile4.2 Bash Builtin Commands

 
 

 
P
popd6.8.1 Directory Stack Builtins
printf4.2 Bash Builtin Commands
pushd6.8.1 Directory Stack Builtins
pwd4.1 Bourne Shell Builtins
popd6.8.1 Directory Stack Builtins
printf4.2 Bash Builtin Commands
pushd6.8.1 Directory Stack Builtins
pwd4.1 Bourne Shell Builtins

 
 

 
R
read4.2 Bash Builtin Commands
readarray4.2 Bash Builtin Commands
readonly4.1 Bourne Shell Builtins
return4.1 Bourne Shell Builtins
read4.2 Bash Builtin Commands
readarray4.2 Bash Builtin Commands
readonly4.1 Bourne Shell Builtins
return4.1 Bourne Shell Builtins

 
 

 
S
set4.3.1 The Set Builtin
shift4.1 Bourne Shell Builtins
shopt4.3.2 The Shopt Builtin
source4.2 Bash Builtin Commands
suspend7.2 Job Control Builtins
set4.3.1 The Set Builtin
shift4.1 Bourne Shell Builtins
shopt4.3.2 The Shopt Builtin
source4.2 Bash Builtin Commands
suspend7.2 Job Control Builtins

 
 

 
T
test4.1 Bourne Shell Builtins
times4.1 Bourne Shell Builtins
trap4.1 Bourne Shell Builtins
type4.2 Bash Builtin Commands
typeset4.2 Bash Builtin Commands
test4.1 Bourne Shell Builtins
times4.1 Bourne Shell Builtins
trap4.1 Bourne Shell Builtins
type4.2 Bash Builtin Commands
typeset4.2 Bash Builtin Commands

 
 

 
U
ulimit4.2 Bash Builtin Commands
umask4.1 Bourne Shell Builtins
unalias4.2 Bash Builtin Commands
unset4.1 Bourne Shell Builtins
ulimit4.2 Bash Builtin Commands
umask4.1 Bourne Shell Builtins
unalias4.2 Bash Builtin Commands
unset4.1 Bourne Shell Builtins

 
 

 
W
wait7.2 Job Control Builtins
wait7.2 Job Control Builtins

 
 

 

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Jump to:   .
    
@@ -15891,308 +15900,317 @@ to permit their use in free software.
 
Index Entry Section

 
 

 
!
!3.4.2 Special Parameters
!3.4.2 Special Parameters
!3.4.2 Special Parameters
!3.4.2 Special Parameters

 
 

 
#
#3.4.2 Special Parameters
#3.4.2 Special Parameters
#3.4.2 Special Parameters
#3.4.2 Special Parameters

 
 

 
$
$3.4.2 Special Parameters
$3.4.2 Special Parameters
$3.4.2 Special Parameters
$3.4.2 Special Parameters
$!3.4.2 Special Parameters
$#3.4.2 Special Parameters
$$3.4.2 Special Parameters
$*3.4.2 Special Parameters
$-3.4.2 Special Parameters
$03.4.2 Special Parameters
$?3.4.2 Special Parameters
$@3.4.2 Special Parameters
$_3.4.2 Special Parameters

 
 

 
*

 
*3.4.2 Special Parameters

 
*3.4.2 Special Parameters

 
 

 
-
-3.4.2 Special Parameters
-3.4.2 Special Parameters
-3.4.2 Special Parameters
-3.4.2 Special Parameters

 
 

 
0
03.4.2 Special Parameters
03.4.2 Special Parameters
03.4.2 Special Parameters
03.4.2 Special Parameters

 
 

 
?
?3.4.2 Special Parameters
?3.4.2 Special Parameters
?3.4.2 Special Parameters
?3.4.2 Special Parameters

 
 

 
@
@3.4.2 Special Parameters

 
@3.4.2 Special Parameters
@3.4.2 Special Parameters

 
 

 
_
_3.4.2 Special Parameters
_3.4.2 Special Parameters
_3.4.2 Special Parameters
_3.4.2 Special Parameters

 
 

 
A
auto_resume7.3 Job Control Variables
auto_resume7.3 Job Control Variables
auto_resume7.3 Job Control Variables
auto_resume7.3 Job Control Variables

 
 

 
B
BASH5.2 Bash Variables
BASH5.2 Bash Variables
BASH_ALIASES5.2 Bash Variables
BASH_ALIASES5.2 Bash Variables
BASH_ARGC5.2 Bash Variables
BASH_ARGC5.2 Bash Variables
BASH_ARGV5.2 Bash Variables
BASH_ARGV5.2 Bash Variables
BASH_CMDS5.2 Bash Variables
BASH_CMDS5.2 Bash Variables
BASH_COMMAND5.2 Bash Variables
BASH_COMMAND5.2 Bash Variables
BASH_COMPAT5.2 Bash Variables
BASH_COMPAT5.2 Bash Variables
BASH_ENV5.2 Bash Variables
BASH_ENV5.2 Bash Variables
BASH_EXECUTION_STRING5.2 Bash Variables
BASH_EXECUTION_STRING5.2 Bash Variables
BASH_LINENO5.2 Bash Variables
BASH_LINENO5.2 Bash Variables
BASH_REMATCH5.2 Bash Variables
BASH_REMATCH5.2 Bash Variables
BASH_SOURCE5.2 Bash Variables
BASH_SOURCE5.2 Bash Variables
BASH_SUBSHELL5.2 Bash Variables
BASH_SUBSHELL5.2 Bash Variables
BASH_VERSINFO5.2 Bash Variables
BASH_VERSINFO5.2 Bash Variables
BASH_VERSION5.2 Bash Variables
BASH_VERSION5.2 Bash Variables
BASH_XTRACEFD5.2 Bash Variables
BASH_XTRACEFD5.2 Bash Variables
BASHOPTS5.2 Bash Variables
BASHOPTS5.2 Bash Variables
BASHPID5.2 Bash Variables
BASHPID5.2 Bash Variables
bell-style8.3.1 Readline Init File Syntax
bind-tty-special-chars8.3.1 Readline Init File Syntax
BASH5.2 Bash Variables
BASH5.2 Bash Variables
BASH_ALIASES5.2 Bash Variables
BASH_ALIASES5.2 Bash Variables
BASH_ARGC5.2 Bash Variables
BASH_ARGC5.2 Bash Variables
BASH_ARGV5.2 Bash Variables
BASH_ARGV5.2 Bash Variables
BASH_CMDS5.2 Bash Variables
BASH_CMDS5.2 Bash Variables
BASH_COMMAND5.2 Bash Variables
BASH_COMMAND5.2 Bash Variables
BASH_COMPAT5.2 Bash Variables
BASH_COMPAT5.2 Bash Variables
BASH_ENV5.2 Bash Variables
BASH_ENV5.2 Bash Variables
BASH_EXECUTION_STRING5.2 Bash Variables
BASH_EXECUTION_STRING5.2 Bash Variables
BASH_LINENO5.2 Bash Variables
BASH_LINENO5.2 Bash Variables
BASH_REMATCH5.2 Bash Variables
BASH_REMATCH5.2 Bash Variables
BASH_SOURCE5.2 Bash Variables
BASH_SOURCE5.2 Bash Variables
BASH_SUBSHELL5.2 Bash Variables
BASH_SUBSHELL5.2 Bash Variables
BASH_VERSINFO5.2 Bash Variables
BASH_VERSINFO5.2 Bash Variables
BASH_VERSION5.2 Bash Variables
BASH_VERSION5.2 Bash Variables
BASH_XTRACEFD5.2 Bash Variables
BASH_XTRACEFD5.2 Bash Variables
BASHOPTS5.2 Bash Variables
BASHOPTS5.2 Bash Variables
BASHPID5.2 Bash Variables
BASHPID5.2 Bash Variables
bell-style8.3.1 Readline Init File Syntax
bind-tty-special-chars8.3.1 Readline Init File Syntax

 
 

 
C
CDPATH5.1 Bourne Shell Variables
CDPATH5.1 Bourne Shell Variables
CHILD_MAX5.2 Bash Variables
CHILD_MAX5.2 Bash Variables
colored-stats8.3.1 Readline Init File Syntax
COLUMNS5.2 Bash Variables
COLUMNS5.2 Bash Variables
comment-begin8.3.1 Readline Init File Syntax
COMP_CWORD5.2 Bash Variables
COMP_CWORD5.2 Bash Variables
COMP_KEY5.2 Bash Variables
COMP_KEY5.2 Bash Variables
COMP_LINE5.2 Bash Variables
COMP_LINE5.2 Bash Variables
COMP_POINT5.2 Bash Variables
COMP_POINT5.2 Bash Variables
COMP_TYPE5.2 Bash Variables
COMP_TYPE5.2 Bash Variables
COMP_WORDBREAKS5.2 Bash Variables
COMP_WORDBREAKS5.2 Bash Variables
COMP_WORDS5.2 Bash Variables
COMP_WORDS5.2 Bash Variables
completion-display-width8.3.1 Readline Init File Syntax
completion-ignore-case8.3.1 Readline Init File Syntax
completion-map-case8.3.1 Readline Init File Syntax
completion-prefix-display-length8.3.1 Readline Init File Syntax
completion-query-items8.3.1 Readline Init File Syntax
COMPREPLY5.2 Bash Variables
COMPREPLY5.2 Bash Variables
convert-meta8.3.1 Readline Init File Syntax
COPROC5.2 Bash Variables
COPROC5.2 Bash Variables
CDPATH5.1 Bourne Shell Variables
CDPATH5.1 Bourne Shell Variables
CHILD_MAX5.2 Bash Variables
CHILD_MAX5.2 Bash Variables
colored-stats8.3.1 Readline Init File Syntax
COLUMNS5.2 Bash Variables
COLUMNS5.2 Bash Variables
comment-begin8.3.1 Readline Init File Syntax
COMP_CWORD5.2 Bash Variables
COMP_CWORD5.2 Bash Variables
COMP_KEY5.2 Bash Variables
COMP_KEY5.2 Bash Variables
COMP_LINE5.2 Bash Variables
COMP_LINE5.2 Bash Variables
COMP_POINT5.2 Bash Variables
COMP_POINT5.2 Bash Variables
COMP_TYPE5.2 Bash Variables
COMP_TYPE5.2 Bash Variables
COMP_WORDBREAKS5.2 Bash Variables
COMP_WORDBREAKS5.2 Bash Variables
COMP_WORDS5.2 Bash Variables
COMP_WORDS5.2 Bash Variables
completion-display-width8.3.1 Readline Init File Syntax
completion-ignore-case8.3.1 Readline Init File Syntax
completion-map-case8.3.1 Readline Init File Syntax
completion-prefix-display-length8.3.1 Readline Init File Syntax
completion-query-items8.3.1 Readline Init File Syntax
COMPREPLY5.2 Bash Variables
COMPREPLY5.2 Bash Variables
convert-meta8.3.1 Readline Init File Syntax
COPROC5.2 Bash Variables
COPROC5.2 Bash Variables

 
 

 
D
DIRSTACK5.2 Bash Variables
DIRSTACK5.2 Bash Variables
disable-completion8.3.1 Readline Init File Syntax
DIRSTACK5.2 Bash Variables
DIRSTACK5.2 Bash Variables
disable-completion8.3.1 Readline Init File Syntax

 
 

 
E
editing-mode8.3.1 Readline Init File Syntax
EMACS5.2 Bash Variables
EMACS5.2 Bash Variables
enable-keypad8.3.1 Readline Init File Syntax
ENV5.2 Bash Variables
ENV5.2 Bash Variables
EUID5.2 Bash Variables
EUID5.2 Bash Variables
expand-tilde8.3.1 Readline Init File Syntax
editing-mode8.3.1 Readline Init File Syntax
EMACS5.2 Bash Variables
EMACS5.2 Bash Variables
enable-keypad8.3.1 Readline Init File Syntax
ENV5.2 Bash Variables
ENV5.2 Bash Variables
EUID5.2 Bash Variables
EUID5.2 Bash Variables
expand-tilde8.3.1 Readline Init File Syntax

 
 

 
F
FCEDIT5.2 Bash Variables
FCEDIT5.2 Bash Variables
FIGNORE5.2 Bash Variables
FIGNORE5.2 Bash Variables
FUNCNAME5.2 Bash Variables
FUNCNAME5.2 Bash Variables
FUNCNEST5.2 Bash Variables
FUNCNEST5.2 Bash Variables
FCEDIT5.2 Bash Variables
FCEDIT5.2 Bash Variables
FIGNORE5.2 Bash Variables
FIGNORE5.2 Bash Variables
FUNCNAME5.2 Bash Variables
FUNCNAME5.2 Bash Variables
FUNCNEST5.2 Bash Variables
FUNCNEST5.2 Bash Variables

 
 

 
G
GLOBIGNORE5.2 Bash Variables
GLOBIGNORE5.2 Bash Variables
GROUPS5.2 Bash Variables
GROUPS5.2 Bash Variables
GLOBIGNORE5.2 Bash Variables
GLOBIGNORE5.2 Bash Variables
GROUPS5.2 Bash Variables
GROUPS5.2 Bash Variables

 
 

 
H
histchars5.2 Bash Variables
histchars5.2 Bash Variables
HISTCMD5.2 Bash Variables
HISTCMD5.2 Bash Variables
HISTCONTROL5.2 Bash Variables
HISTCONTROL5.2 Bash Variables
HISTFILE5.2 Bash Variables
HISTFILE5.2 Bash Variables
HISTFILESIZE5.2 Bash Variables
HISTFILESIZE5.2 Bash Variables
HISTIGNORE5.2 Bash Variables
HISTIGNORE5.2 Bash Variables
history-preserve-point8.3.1 Readline Init File Syntax
history-size8.3.1 Readline Init File Syntax
HISTSIZE5.2 Bash Variables
HISTSIZE5.2 Bash Variables
HISTTIMEFORMAT5.2 Bash Variables
HISTTIMEFORMAT5.2 Bash Variables
HOME5.1 Bourne Shell Variables
HOME5.1 Bourne Shell Variables
horizontal-scroll-mode8.3.1 Readline Init File Syntax
HOSTFILE5.2 Bash Variables
HOSTFILE5.2 Bash Variables
HOSTNAME5.2 Bash Variables
HOSTNAME5.2 Bash Variables
HOSTTYPE5.2 Bash Variables
HOSTTYPE5.2 Bash Variables
histchars5.2 Bash Variables
histchars5.2 Bash Variables
HISTCMD5.2 Bash Variables
HISTCMD5.2 Bash Variables
HISTCONTROL5.2 Bash Variables
HISTCONTROL5.2 Bash Variables
HISTFILE5.2 Bash Variables
HISTFILE5.2 Bash Variables
HISTFILESIZE5.2 Bash Variables
HISTFILESIZE5.2 Bash Variables
HISTIGNORE5.2 Bash Variables
HISTIGNORE5.2 Bash Variables
history-preserve-point8.3.1 Readline Init File Syntax
history-size8.3.1 Readline Init File Syntax
HISTSIZE5.2 Bash Variables
HISTSIZE5.2 Bash Variables
HISTTIMEFORMAT5.2 Bash Variables
HISTTIMEFORMAT5.2 Bash Variables
HOME5.1 Bourne Shell Variables
HOME5.1 Bourne Shell Variables
horizontal-scroll-mode8.3.1 Readline Init File Syntax
HOSTFILE5.2 Bash Variables
HOSTFILE5.2 Bash Variables
HOSTNAME5.2 Bash Variables
HOSTNAME5.2 Bash Variables
HOSTTYPE5.2 Bash Variables
HOSTTYPE5.2 Bash Variables

 
 

 
I
IFS5.1 Bourne Shell Variables
IFS5.1 Bourne Shell Variables
IGNOREEOF5.2 Bash Variables
IGNOREEOF5.2 Bash Variables
input-meta8.3.1 Readline Init File Syntax
INPUTRC5.2 Bash Variables
INPUTRC5.2 Bash Variables
isearch-terminators8.3.1 Readline Init File Syntax
IFS5.1 Bourne Shell Variables
IFS5.1 Bourne Shell Variables
IGNOREEOF5.2 Bash Variables
IGNOREEOF5.2 Bash Variables
input-meta8.3.1 Readline Init File Syntax
INPUTRC5.2 Bash Variables
INPUTRC5.2 Bash Variables
isearch-terminators8.3.1 Readline Init File Syntax

 
 

 
K
keymap8.3.1 Readline Init File Syntax
keymap8.3.1 Readline Init File Syntax

 
 

 
L
LANG5.2 Bash Variables
LANG5.2 Bash Variables
LC_ALL5.2 Bash Variables
LC_ALL5.2 Bash Variables
LC_COLLATE5.2 Bash Variables
LC_COLLATE5.2 Bash Variables
LC_CTYPE5.2 Bash Variables
LC_CTYPE5.2 Bash Variables
LANG5.2 Bash Variables
LANG5.2 Bash Variables
LC_ALL5.2 Bash Variables
LC_ALL5.2 Bash Variables
LC_COLLATE5.2 Bash Variables
LC_COLLATE5.2 Bash Variables
LC_CTYPE5.2 Bash Variables
LC_CTYPE5.2 Bash Variables

 
LC_MESSAGES3.1.2.5 Locale-Specific Translation
LC_MESSAGES5.2 Bash Variables
LC_MESSAGES5.2 Bash Variables
LC_NUMERIC5.2 Bash Variables
LC_NUMERIC5.2 Bash Variables
LINENO5.2 Bash Variables
LINENO5.2 Bash Variables
LINES5.2 Bash Variables
LINES5.2 Bash Variables
LC_MESSAGES5.2 Bash Variables
LC_MESSAGES5.2 Bash Variables
LC_NUMERIC5.2 Bash Variables
LC_NUMERIC5.2 Bash Variables
LINENO5.2 Bash Variables
LINENO5.2 Bash Variables
LINES5.2 Bash Variables
LINES5.2 Bash Variables

 
 

 
M
MACHTYPE5.2 Bash Variables
MACHTYPE5.2 Bash Variables
MAIL5.1 Bourne Shell Variables
MAIL5.1 Bourne Shell Variables
MAILCHECK5.2 Bash Variables
MAILCHECK5.2 Bash Variables
MAILPATH5.1 Bourne Shell Variables
MAILPATH5.1 Bourne Shell Variables
MAPFILE5.2 Bash Variables
MAPFILE5.2 Bash Variables
mark-modified-lines8.3.1 Readline Init File Syntax
mark-symlinked-directories8.3.1 Readline Init File Syntax
match-hidden-files8.3.1 Readline Init File Syntax
menu-complete-display-prefix8.3.1 Readline Init File Syntax
meta-flag8.3.1 Readline Init File Syntax
MACHTYPE5.2 Bash Variables
MACHTYPE5.2 Bash Variables
MAIL5.1 Bourne Shell Variables
MAIL5.1 Bourne Shell Variables
MAILCHECK5.2 Bash Variables
MAILCHECK5.2 Bash Variables
MAILPATH5.1 Bourne Shell Variables
MAILPATH5.1 Bourne Shell Variables
MAPFILE5.2 Bash Variables
MAPFILE5.2 Bash Variables
mark-modified-lines8.3.1 Readline Init File Syntax
mark-symlinked-directories8.3.1 Readline Init File Syntax
match-hidden-files8.3.1 Readline Init File Syntax
menu-complete-display-prefix8.3.1 Readline Init File Syntax
meta-flag8.3.1 Readline Init File Syntax

 
 

 
O
OLDPWD5.2 Bash Variables
OLDPWD5.2 Bash Variables
OPTARG5.1 Bourne Shell Variables
OPTARG5.1 Bourne Shell Variables
OPTERR5.2 Bash Variables
OPTERR5.2 Bash Variables
OPTIND5.1 Bourne Shell Variables
OPTIND5.1 Bourne Shell Variables
OSTYPE5.2 Bash Variables
OSTYPE5.2 Bash Variables
output-meta8.3.1 Readline Init File Syntax
OLDPWD5.2 Bash Variables
OLDPWD5.2 Bash Variables
OPTARG5.1 Bourne Shell Variables
OPTARG5.1 Bourne Shell Variables
OPTERR5.2 Bash Variables
OPTERR5.2 Bash Variables
OPTIND5.1 Bourne Shell Variables
OPTIND5.1 Bourne Shell Variables
OSTYPE5.2 Bash Variables
OSTYPE5.2 Bash Variables
output-meta8.3.1 Readline Init File Syntax

 
 

 
P
page-completions8.3.1 Readline Init File Syntax
PATH5.1 Bourne Shell Variables
PATH5.1 Bourne Shell Variables
PIPESTATUS5.2 Bash Variables
PIPESTATUS5.2 Bash Variables
POSIXLY_CORRECT5.2 Bash Variables
POSIXLY_CORRECT5.2 Bash Variables
PPID5.2 Bash Variables
PPID5.2 Bash Variables
PROMPT_COMMAND5.2 Bash Variables
PROMPT_COMMAND5.2 Bash Variables
PROMPT_DIRTRIM5.2 Bash Variables
PROMPT_DIRTRIM5.2 Bash Variables
PS15.1 Bourne Shell Variables
PS15.1 Bourne Shell Variables
PS25.1 Bourne Shell Variables
PS25.1 Bourne Shell Variables
PS35.2 Bash Variables
PS35.2 Bash Variables
PS45.2 Bash Variables
PS45.2 Bash Variables
PWD5.2 Bash Variables
PWD5.2 Bash Variables
page-completions8.3.1 Readline Init File Syntax
PATH5.1 Bourne Shell Variables
PATH5.1 Bourne Shell Variables
PIPESTATUS5.2 Bash Variables
PIPESTATUS5.2 Bash Variables
POSIXLY_CORRECT5.2 Bash Variables
POSIXLY_CORRECT5.2 Bash Variables
PPID5.2 Bash Variables
PPID5.2 Bash Variables
PROMPT_COMMAND5.2 Bash Variables
PROMPT_COMMAND5.2 Bash Variables
PROMPT_DIRTRIM5.2 Bash Variables
PROMPT_DIRTRIM5.2 Bash Variables
PS15.1 Bourne Shell Variables
PS15.1 Bourne Shell Variables
PS25.1 Bourne Shell Variables
PS25.1 Bourne Shell Variables
PS35.2 Bash Variables
PS35.2 Bash Variables
PS45.2 Bash Variables
PS45.2 Bash Variables
PWD5.2 Bash Variables
PWD5.2 Bash Variables

 
 

 
R
RANDOM5.2 Bash Variables
RANDOM5.2 Bash Variables
READLINE_LINE5.2 Bash Variables
READLINE_LINE5.2 Bash Variables
READLINE_POINT5.2 Bash Variables
READLINE_POINT5.2 Bash Variables
REPLY5.2 Bash Variables
REPLY5.2 Bash Variables
revert-all-at-newline8.3.1 Readline Init File Syntax
RANDOM5.2 Bash Variables
RANDOM5.2 Bash Variables
READLINE_LINE5.2 Bash Variables
READLINE_LINE5.2 Bash Variables
READLINE_POINT5.2 Bash Variables
READLINE_POINT5.2 Bash Variables
REPLY5.2 Bash Variables
REPLY5.2 Bash Variables
revert-all-at-newline8.3.1 Readline Init File Syntax

 
 

 
S
SECONDS5.2 Bash Variables
SECONDS5.2 Bash Variables
SHELL5.2 Bash Variables
SHELL5.2 Bash Variables
SHELLOPTS5.2 Bash Variables
SHELLOPTS5.2 Bash Variables
SHLVL5.2 Bash Variables
SHLVL5.2 Bash Variables
show-all-if-ambiguous8.3.1 Readline Init File Syntax
show-all-if-unmodified8.3.1 Readline Init File Syntax
show-mode-in-prompt8.3.1 Readline Init File Syntax
skip-completed-text8.3.1 Readline Init File Syntax
SECONDS5.2 Bash Variables
SECONDS5.2 Bash Variables
SHELL5.2 Bash Variables
SHELL5.2 Bash Variables
SHELLOPTS5.2 Bash Variables
SHELLOPTS5.2 Bash Variables
SHLVL5.2 Bash Variables
SHLVL5.2 Bash Variables
show-all-if-ambiguous8.3.1 Readline Init File Syntax
show-all-if-unmodified8.3.1 Readline Init File Syntax
show-mode-in-prompt8.3.1 Readline Init File Syntax
skip-completed-text8.3.1 Readline Init File Syntax

 
 

 
T

 
TEXTDOMAIN3.1.2.5 Locale-Specific Translation

 
TEXTDOMAINDIR3.1.2.5 Locale-Specific Translation
TIMEFORMAT5.2 Bash Variables
TIMEFORMAT5.2 Bash Variables
TMOUT5.2 Bash Variables
TMOUT5.2 Bash Variables
TMPDIR5.2 Bash Variables
TMPDIR5.2 Bash Variables
TIMEFORMAT5.2 Bash Variables
TIMEFORMAT5.2 Bash Variables
TMOUT5.2 Bash Variables
TMOUT5.2 Bash Variables
TMPDIR5.2 Bash Variables
TMPDIR5.2 Bash Variables

 
 

 
U
UID5.2 Bash Variables
UID5.2 Bash Variables
UID5.2 Bash Variables
UID5.2 Bash Variables

 
 

 
V
visible-stats8.3.1 Readline Init File Syntax
visible-stats8.3.1 Readline Init File Syntax

 
 

 

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Jump to:   !
    
@@ -16314,256 +16332,256 @@ to permit their use in free software.
 
Index Entry Section

 
 

 
A
abort (C-g)8.4.8 Some Miscellaneous Commands
abort (C-g)8.4.8 Some Miscellaneous Commands
accept-line (Newline or Return)8.4.2 Commands For Manipulating The History
accept-line (Newline or Return)8.4.2 Commands For Manipulating The History
alias-expand-line ()8.4.8 Some Miscellaneous Commands
alias-expand-line ()8.4.8 Some Miscellaneous Commands
abort (C-g)8.4.8 Some Miscellaneous Commands
abort (C-g)8.4.8 Some Miscellaneous Commands
accept-line (Newline or Return)8.4.2 Commands For Manipulating The History
accept-line (Newline or Return)8.4.2 Commands For Manipulating The History
alias-expand-line ()8.4.8 Some Miscellaneous Commands
alias-expand-line ()8.4.8 Some Miscellaneous Commands

 
 

 
B
backward-char (C-b)8.4.1 Commands For Moving
backward-char (C-b)8.4.1 Commands For Moving
backward-delete-char (Rubout)8.4.3 Commands For Changing Text
backward-delete-char (Rubout)8.4.3 Commands For Changing Text
backward-kill-line (C-x Rubout)8.4.4 Killing And Yanking
backward-kill-line (C-x Rubout)8.4.4 Killing And Yanking
backward-kill-word (M-DEL)8.4.4 Killing And Yanking
backward-kill-word (M-DEL)8.4.4 Killing And Yanking
backward-word (M-b)8.4.1 Commands For Moving
backward-word (M-b)8.4.1 Commands For Moving
beginning-of-history (M-&#60;)8.4.2 Commands For Manipulating The History
beginning-of-history (M-&#60;)8.4.2 Commands For Manipulating The History
beginning-of-line (C-a)8.4.1 Commands For Moving
beginning-of-line (C-a)8.4.1 Commands For Moving
backward-char (C-b)8.4.1 Commands For Moving
backward-char (C-b)8.4.1 Commands For Moving
backward-delete-char (Rubout)8.4.3 Commands For Changing Text
backward-delete-char (Rubout)8.4.3 Commands For Changing Text
backward-kill-line (C-x Rubout)8.4.4 Killing And Yanking
backward-kill-line (C-x Rubout)8.4.4 Killing And Yanking
backward-kill-word (M-DEL)8.4.4 Killing And Yanking
backward-kill-word (M-DEL)8.4.4 Killing And Yanking
backward-word (M-b)8.4.1 Commands For Moving
backward-word (M-b)8.4.1 Commands For Moving
beginning-of-history (M-&#60;)8.4.2 Commands For Manipulating The History
beginning-of-history (M-&#60;)8.4.2 Commands For Manipulating The History
beginning-of-line (C-a)8.4.1 Commands For Moving
beginning-of-line (C-a)8.4.1 Commands For Moving

 
 

 
C
call-last-kbd-macro (C-x e)8.4.7 Keyboard Macros
call-last-kbd-macro (C-x e)8.4.7 Keyboard Macros
capitalize-word (M-c)8.4.3 Commands For Changing Text
capitalize-word (M-c)8.4.3 Commands For Changing Text
character-search (C-])8.4.8 Some Miscellaneous Commands
character-search (C-])8.4.8 Some Miscellaneous Commands
character-search-backward (M-C-])8.4.8 Some Miscellaneous Commands
character-search-backward (M-C-])8.4.8 Some Miscellaneous Commands
clear-screen (C-l)8.4.1 Commands For Moving
clear-screen (C-l)8.4.1 Commands For Moving
complete (TAB)8.4.6 Letting Readline Type For You
complete (TAB)8.4.6 Letting Readline Type For You
complete-command (M-!)8.4.6 Letting Readline Type For You
complete-command (M-!)8.4.6 Letting Readline Type For You
complete-filename (M-/)8.4.6 Letting Readline Type For You
complete-filename (M-/)8.4.6 Letting Readline Type For You
complete-hostname (M-@)8.4.6 Letting Readline Type For You
complete-hostname (M-@)8.4.6 Letting Readline Type For You
complete-into-braces (M-{)8.4.6 Letting Readline Type For You
complete-into-braces (M-{)8.4.6 Letting Readline Type For You
complete-username (M-~)8.4.6 Letting Readline Type For You
complete-username (M-~)8.4.6 Letting Readline Type For You
complete-variable (M-$)8.4.6 Letting Readline Type For You
complete-variable (M-$)8.4.6 Letting Readline Type For You
copy-backward-word ()8.4.4 Killing And Yanking
copy-backward-word ()8.4.4 Killing And Yanking
copy-forward-word ()8.4.4 Killing And Yanking
copy-forward-word ()8.4.4 Killing And Yanking
copy-region-as-kill ()8.4.4 Killing And Yanking
copy-region-as-kill ()8.4.4 Killing And Yanking
call-last-kbd-macro (C-x e)8.4.7 Keyboard Macros
call-last-kbd-macro (C-x e)8.4.7 Keyboard Macros
capitalize-word (M-c)8.4.3 Commands For Changing Text
capitalize-word (M-c)8.4.3 Commands For Changing Text
character-search (C-])8.4.8 Some Miscellaneous Commands
character-search (C-])8.4.8 Some Miscellaneous Commands
character-search-backward (M-C-])8.4.8 Some Miscellaneous Commands
character-search-backward (M-C-])8.4.8 Some Miscellaneous Commands
clear-screen (C-l)8.4.1 Commands For Moving
clear-screen (C-l)8.4.1 Commands For Moving
complete (TAB)8.4.6 Letting Readline Type For You
complete (TAB)8.4.6 Letting Readline Type For You
complete-command (M-!)8.4.6 Letting Readline Type For You
complete-command (M-!)8.4.6 Letting Readline Type For You
complete-filename (M-/)8.4.6 Letting Readline Type For You
complete-filename (M-/)8.4.6 Letting Readline Type For You
complete-hostname (M-@)8.4.6 Letting Readline Type For You
complete-hostname (M-@)8.4.6 Letting Readline Type For You
complete-into-braces (M-{)8.4.6 Letting Readline Type For You
complete-into-braces (M-{)8.4.6 Letting Readline Type For You
complete-username (M-~)8.4.6 Letting Readline Type For You
complete-username (M-~)8.4.6 Letting Readline Type For You
complete-variable (M-$)8.4.6 Letting Readline Type For You
complete-variable (M-$)8.4.6 Letting Readline Type For You
copy-backward-word ()8.4.4 Killing And Yanking
copy-backward-word ()8.4.4 Killing And Yanking
copy-forward-word ()8.4.4 Killing And Yanking
copy-forward-word ()8.4.4 Killing And Yanking
copy-region-as-kill ()8.4.4 Killing And Yanking
copy-region-as-kill ()8.4.4 Killing And Yanking

 
 

 
D
dabbrev-expand ()8.4.6 Letting Readline Type For You
dabbrev-expand ()8.4.6 Letting Readline Type For You
delete-char (C-d)8.4.3 Commands For Changing Text
delete-char (C-d)8.4.3 Commands For Changing Text
delete-char-or-list ()8.4.6 Letting Readline Type For You
delete-char-or-list ()8.4.6 Letting Readline Type For You
delete-horizontal-space ()8.4.4 Killing And Yanking
delete-horizontal-space ()8.4.4 Killing And Yanking
digit-argument (M-0, M-1, <small>...</small> M--)8.4.5 Specifying Numeric Arguments
digit-argument (M-0, M-1, <small>...</small> M--)8.4.5 Specifying Numeric Arguments
display-shell-version (C-x C-v)8.4.8 Some Miscellaneous Commands
display-shell-version (C-x C-v)8.4.8 Some Miscellaneous Commands
do-uppercase-version (M-a, M-b, M-x, <small>...</small>)8.4.8 Some Miscellaneous Commands
do-uppercase-version (M-a, M-b, M-x, <small>...</small>)8.4.8 Some Miscellaneous Commands
downcase-word (M-l)8.4.3 Commands For Changing Text
downcase-word (M-l)8.4.3 Commands For Changing Text
dump-functions ()8.4.8 Some Miscellaneous Commands
dump-functions ()8.4.8 Some Miscellaneous Commands
dump-macros ()8.4.8 Some Miscellaneous Commands
dump-macros ()8.4.8 Some Miscellaneous Commands
dump-variables ()8.4.8 Some Miscellaneous Commands
dump-variables ()8.4.8 Some Miscellaneous Commands
dynamic-complete-history (M-TAB)8.4.6 Letting Readline Type For You
dynamic-complete-history (M-TAB)8.4.6 Letting Readline Type For You
dabbrev-expand ()8.4.6 Letting Readline Type For You
dabbrev-expand ()8.4.6 Letting Readline Type For You
delete-char (C-d)8.4.3 Commands For Changing Text
delete-char (C-d)8.4.3 Commands For Changing Text
delete-char-or-list ()8.4.6 Letting Readline Type For You
delete-char-or-list ()8.4.6 Letting Readline Type For You
delete-horizontal-space ()8.4.4 Killing And Yanking
delete-horizontal-space ()8.4.4 Killing And Yanking
digit-argument (M-0, M-1, <small>...</small> M--)8.4.5 Specifying Numeric Arguments
digit-argument (M-0, M-1, <small>...</small> M--)8.4.5 Specifying Numeric Arguments
display-shell-version (C-x C-v)8.4.8 Some Miscellaneous Commands
display-shell-version (C-x C-v)8.4.8 Some Miscellaneous Commands
do-uppercase-version (M-a, M-b, M-x, <small>...</small>)8.4.8 Some Miscellaneous Commands
do-uppercase-version (M-a, M-b, M-x, <small>...</small>)8.4.8 Some Miscellaneous Commands
downcase-word (M-l)8.4.3 Commands For Changing Text
downcase-word (M-l)8.4.3 Commands For Changing Text
dump-functions ()8.4.8 Some Miscellaneous Commands
dump-functions ()8.4.8 Some Miscellaneous Commands
dump-macros ()8.4.8 Some Miscellaneous Commands
dump-macros ()8.4.8 Some Miscellaneous Commands
dump-variables ()8.4.8 Some Miscellaneous Commands
dump-variables ()8.4.8 Some Miscellaneous Commands
dynamic-complete-history (M-TAB)8.4.6 Letting Readline Type For You
dynamic-complete-history (M-TAB)8.4.6 Letting Readline Type For You

 
 

 
E
edit-and-execute-command (C-xC-e)8.4.8 Some Miscellaneous Commands
edit-and-execute-command (C-xC-e)8.4.8 Some Miscellaneous Commands
end-kbd-macro (C-x ))8.4.7 Keyboard Macros
end-kbd-macro (C-x ))8.4.7 Keyboard Macros
end-of-history (M-&#62;)8.4.2 Commands For Manipulating The History
end-of-history (M-&#62;)8.4.2 Commands For Manipulating The History
end-of-line (C-e)8.4.1 Commands For Moving
end-of-line (C-e)8.4.1 Commands For Moving
exchange-point-and-mark (C-x C-x)8.4.8 Some Miscellaneous Commands
exchange-point-and-mark (C-x C-x)8.4.8 Some Miscellaneous Commands
edit-and-execute-command (C-xC-e)8.4.8 Some Miscellaneous Commands
edit-and-execute-command (C-xC-e)8.4.8 Some Miscellaneous Commands
end-kbd-macro (C-x ))8.4.7 Keyboard Macros
end-kbd-macro (C-x ))8.4.7 Keyboard Macros
end-of-history (M-&#62;)8.4.2 Commands For Manipulating The History
end-of-history (M-&#62;)8.4.2 Commands For Manipulating The History
end-of-line (C-e)8.4.1 Commands For Moving
end-of-line (C-e)8.4.1 Commands For Moving
exchange-point-and-mark (C-x C-x)8.4.8 Some Miscellaneous Commands
exchange-point-and-mark (C-x C-x)8.4.8 Some Miscellaneous Commands

 
 

 
F
forward-backward-delete-char ()8.4.3 Commands For Changing Text
forward-backward-delete-char ()8.4.3 Commands For Changing Text
forward-char (C-f)8.4.1 Commands For Moving
forward-char (C-f)8.4.1 Commands For Moving
forward-search-history (C-s)8.4.2 Commands For Manipulating The History
forward-search-history (C-s)8.4.2 Commands For Manipulating The History
forward-word (M-f)8.4.1 Commands For Moving
forward-word (M-f)8.4.1 Commands For Moving
forward-backward-delete-char ()8.4.3 Commands For Changing Text
forward-backward-delete-char ()8.4.3 Commands For Changing Text
forward-char (C-f)8.4.1 Commands For Moving
forward-char (C-f)8.4.1 Commands For Moving
forward-search-history (C-s)8.4.2 Commands For Manipulating The History
forward-search-history (C-s)8.4.2 Commands For Manipulating The History
forward-word (M-f)8.4.1 Commands For Moving
forward-word (M-f)8.4.1 Commands For Moving

 
 

 
G
glob-complete-word (M-g)8.4.8 Some Miscellaneous Commands
glob-complete-word (M-g)8.4.8 Some Miscellaneous Commands
glob-expand-word (C-x *)8.4.8 Some Miscellaneous Commands
glob-expand-word (C-x *)8.4.8 Some Miscellaneous Commands
glob-list-expansions (C-x g)8.4.8 Some Miscellaneous Commands
glob-list-expansions (C-x g)8.4.8 Some Miscellaneous Commands
glob-complete-word (M-g)8.4.8 Some Miscellaneous Commands
glob-complete-word (M-g)8.4.8 Some Miscellaneous Commands
glob-expand-word (C-x *)8.4.8 Some Miscellaneous Commands
glob-expand-word (C-x *)8.4.8 Some Miscellaneous Commands
glob-list-expansions (C-x g)8.4.8 Some Miscellaneous Commands
glob-list-expansions (C-x g)8.4.8 Some Miscellaneous Commands

 
 

 
H
history-and-alias-expand-line ()8.4.8 Some Miscellaneous Commands
history-and-alias-expand-line ()8.4.8 Some Miscellaneous Commands
history-expand-line (M-^)8.4.8 Some Miscellaneous Commands
history-expand-line (M-^)8.4.8 Some Miscellaneous Commands
history-search-backward ()8.4.2 Commands For Manipulating The History
history-search-backward ()8.4.2 Commands For Manipulating The History
history-search-forward ()8.4.2 Commands For Manipulating The History
history-search-forward ()8.4.2 Commands For Manipulating The History
history-substr-search-backward ()8.4.2 Commands For Manipulating The History
history-substr-search-backward ()8.4.2 Commands For Manipulating The History
history-substr-search-forward ()8.4.2 Commands For Manipulating The History
history-substr-search-forward ()8.4.2 Commands For Manipulating The History
history-and-alias-expand-line ()8.4.8 Some Miscellaneous Commands
history-and-alias-expand-line ()8.4.8 Some Miscellaneous Commands
history-expand-line (M-^)8.4.8 Some Miscellaneous Commands
history-expand-line (M-^)8.4.8 Some Miscellaneous Commands
history-search-backward ()8.4.2 Commands For Manipulating The History
history-search-backward ()8.4.2 Commands For Manipulating The History
history-search-forward ()8.4.2 Commands For Manipulating The History
history-search-forward ()8.4.2 Commands For Manipulating The History
history-substr-search-backward ()8.4.2 Commands For Manipulating The History
history-substr-search-backward ()8.4.2 Commands For Manipulating The History
history-substr-search-forward ()8.4.2 Commands For Manipulating The History
history-substr-search-forward ()8.4.2 Commands For Manipulating The History

 
 

 
I
insert-comment (M-#)8.4.8 Some Miscellaneous Commands
insert-comment (M-#)8.4.8 Some Miscellaneous Commands
insert-completions (M-*)8.4.6 Letting Readline Type For You
insert-completions (M-*)8.4.6 Letting Readline Type For You
insert-last-argument (M-. or M-_)8.4.8 Some Miscellaneous Commands
insert-last-argument (M-. or M-_)8.4.8 Some Miscellaneous Commands
insert-comment (M-#)8.4.8 Some Miscellaneous Commands
insert-comment (M-#)8.4.8 Some Miscellaneous Commands
insert-completions (M-*)8.4.6 Letting Readline Type For You
insert-completions (M-*)8.4.6 Letting Readline Type For You
insert-last-argument (M-. or M-_)8.4.8 Some Miscellaneous Commands
insert-last-argument (M-. or M-_)8.4.8 Some Miscellaneous Commands

 
 

 
K
kill-line (C-k)8.4.4 Killing And Yanking
kill-line (C-k)8.4.4 Killing And Yanking
kill-region ()8.4.4 Killing And Yanking
kill-region ()8.4.4 Killing And Yanking
kill-whole-line ()8.4.4 Killing And Yanking
kill-whole-line ()8.4.4 Killing And Yanking
kill-word (M-d)8.4.4 Killing And Yanking
kill-word (M-d)8.4.4 Killing And Yanking
kill-line (C-k)8.4.4 Killing And Yanking
kill-line (C-k)8.4.4 Killing And Yanking
kill-region ()8.4.4 Killing And Yanking
kill-region ()8.4.4 Killing And Yanking
kill-whole-line ()8.4.4 Killing And Yanking
kill-whole-line ()8.4.4 Killing And Yanking
kill-word (M-d)8.4.4 Killing And Yanking
kill-word (M-d)8.4.4 Killing And Yanking

 
 

 
M
magic-space ()8.4.8 Some Miscellaneous Commands
magic-space ()8.4.8 Some Miscellaneous Commands
menu-complete ()8.4.6 Letting Readline Type For You
menu-complete ()8.4.6 Letting Readline Type For You
menu-complete-backward ()8.4.6 Letting Readline Type For You
menu-complete-backward ()8.4.6 Letting Readline Type For You
magic-space ()8.4.8 Some Miscellaneous Commands
magic-space ()8.4.8 Some Miscellaneous Commands
menu-complete ()8.4.6 Letting Readline Type For You
menu-complete ()8.4.6 Letting Readline Type For You
menu-complete-backward ()8.4.6 Letting Readline Type For You
menu-complete-backward ()8.4.6 Letting Readline Type For You

 
 

 
N
next-history (C-n)8.4.2 Commands For Manipulating The History
next-history (C-n)8.4.2 Commands For Manipulating The History
non-incremental-forward-search-history (M-n)8.4.2 Commands For Manipulating The History
non-incremental-forward-search-history (M-n)8.4.2 Commands For Manipulating The History
non-incremental-reverse-search-history (M-p)8.4.2 Commands For Manipulating The History
non-incremental-reverse-search-history (M-p)8.4.2 Commands For Manipulating The History
next-history (C-n)8.4.2 Commands For Manipulating The History
next-history (C-n)8.4.2 Commands For Manipulating The History
non-incremental-forward-search-history (M-n)8.4.2 Commands For Manipulating The History
non-incremental-forward-search-history (M-n)8.4.2 Commands For Manipulating The History
non-incremental-reverse-search-history (M-p)8.4.2 Commands For Manipulating The History
non-incremental-reverse-search-history (M-p)8.4.2 Commands For Manipulating The History

 
 

 
O
operate-and-get-next (C-o)8.4.8 Some Miscellaneous Commands
operate-and-get-next (C-o)8.4.8 Some Miscellaneous Commands
overwrite-mode ()8.4.3 Commands For Changing Text
overwrite-mode ()8.4.3 Commands For Changing Text
operate-and-get-next (C-o)8.4.8 Some Miscellaneous Commands
operate-and-get-next (C-o)8.4.8 Some Miscellaneous Commands
overwrite-mode ()8.4.3 Commands For Changing Text
overwrite-mode ()8.4.3 Commands For Changing Text

 
 

 
P
possible-command-completions (C-x !)8.4.6 Letting Readline Type For You
possible-command-completions (C-x !)8.4.6 Letting Readline Type For You
possible-completions (M-?)8.4.6 Letting Readline Type For You
possible-completions (M-?)8.4.6 Letting Readline Type For You
possible-filename-completions (C-x /)8.4.6 Letting Readline Type For You
possible-filename-completions (C-x /)8.4.6 Letting Readline Type For You
possible-hostname-completions (C-x @)8.4.6 Letting Readline Type For You
possible-hostname-completions (C-x @)8.4.6 Letting Readline Type For You
possible-username-completions (C-x ~)8.4.6 Letting Readline Type For You
possible-username-completions (C-x ~)8.4.6 Letting Readline Type For You
possible-variable-completions (C-x $)8.4.6 Letting Readline Type For You
possible-variable-completions (C-x $)8.4.6 Letting Readline Type For You
prefix-meta (ESC)8.4.8 Some Miscellaneous Commands
prefix-meta (ESC)8.4.8 Some Miscellaneous Commands
previous-history (C-p)8.4.2 Commands For Manipulating The History
previous-history (C-p)8.4.2 Commands For Manipulating The History
print-last-kbd-macro ()8.4.7 Keyboard Macros
print-last-kbd-macro ()8.4.7 Keyboard Macros
possible-command-completions (C-x !)8.4.6 Letting Readline Type For You
possible-command-completions (C-x !)8.4.6 Letting Readline Type For You
possible-completions (M-?)8.4.6 Letting Readline Type For You
possible-completions (M-?)8.4.6 Letting Readline Type For You
possible-filename-completions (C-x /)8.4.6 Letting Readline Type For You
possible-filename-completions (C-x /)8.4.6 Letting Readline Type For You
possible-hostname-completions (C-x @)8.4.6 Letting Readline Type For You
possible-hostname-completions (C-x @)8.4.6 Letting Readline Type For You
possible-username-completions (C-x ~)8.4.6 Letting Readline Type For You
possible-username-completions (C-x ~)8.4.6 Letting Readline Type For You
possible-variable-completions (C-x $)8.4.6 Letting Readline Type For You
possible-variable-completions (C-x $)8.4.6 Letting Readline Type For You
prefix-meta (ESC)8.4.8 Some Miscellaneous Commands
prefix-meta (ESC)8.4.8 Some Miscellaneous Commands
previous-history (C-p)8.4.2 Commands For Manipulating The History
previous-history (C-p)8.4.2 Commands For Manipulating The History
print-last-kbd-macro ()8.4.7 Keyboard Macros
print-last-kbd-macro ()8.4.7 Keyboard Macros

 
 

 
Q
quoted-insert (C-q or C-v)8.4.3 Commands For Changing Text
quoted-insert (C-q or C-v)8.4.3 Commands For Changing Text
quoted-insert (C-q or C-v)8.4.3 Commands For Changing Text
quoted-insert (C-q or C-v)8.4.3 Commands For Changing Text

 
 

 
R
re-read-init-file (C-x C-r)8.4.8 Some Miscellaneous Commands
re-read-init-file (C-x C-r)8.4.8 Some Miscellaneous Commands
redraw-current-line ()8.4.1 Commands For Moving
redraw-current-line ()8.4.1 Commands For Moving
reverse-search-history (C-r)8.4.2 Commands For Manipulating The History
reverse-search-history (C-r)8.4.2 Commands For Manipulating The History
revert-line (M-r)8.4.8 Some Miscellaneous Commands
revert-line (M-r)8.4.8 Some Miscellaneous Commands
re-read-init-file (C-x C-r)8.4.8 Some Miscellaneous Commands
re-read-init-file (C-x C-r)8.4.8 Some Miscellaneous Commands
redraw-current-line ()8.4.1 Commands For Moving
redraw-current-line ()8.4.1 Commands For Moving
reverse-search-history (C-r)8.4.2 Commands For Manipulating The History
reverse-search-history (C-r)8.4.2 Commands For Manipulating The History
revert-line (M-r)8.4.8 Some Miscellaneous Commands
revert-line (M-r)8.4.8 Some Miscellaneous Commands

 
 

 
S
self-insert (a, b, A, 1, !, <small>...</small>)8.4.3 Commands For Changing Text
self-insert (a, b, A, 1, !, <small>...</small>)8.4.3 Commands For Changing Text
set-mark (C-@)8.4.8 Some Miscellaneous Commands
set-mark (C-@)8.4.8 Some Miscellaneous Commands
shell-backward-kill-word ()8.4.4 Killing And Yanking
shell-backward-kill-word ()8.4.4 Killing And Yanking
shell-backward-word ()8.4.1 Commands For Moving
shell-backward-word ()8.4.1 Commands For Moving
shell-expand-line (M-C-e)8.4.8 Some Miscellaneous Commands
shell-expand-line (M-C-e)8.4.8 Some Miscellaneous Commands
shell-forward-word ()8.4.1 Commands For Moving
shell-forward-word ()8.4.1 Commands For Moving
shell-kill-word ()8.4.4 Killing And Yanking
shell-kill-word ()8.4.4 Killing And Yanking
skip-csi-sequence ()8.4.8 Some Miscellaneous Commands
skip-csi-sequence ()8.4.8 Some Miscellaneous Commands
start-kbd-macro (C-x ()8.4.7 Keyboard Macros
start-kbd-macro (C-x ()8.4.7 Keyboard Macros
self-insert (a, b, A, 1, !, <small>...</small>)8.4.3 Commands For Changing Text
self-insert (a, b, A, 1, !, <small>...</small>)8.4.3 Commands For Changing Text
set-mark (C-@)8.4.8 Some Miscellaneous Commands
set-mark (C-@)8.4.8 Some Miscellaneous Commands
shell-backward-kill-word ()8.4.4 Killing And Yanking
shell-backward-kill-word ()8.4.4 Killing And Yanking
shell-backward-word ()8.4.1 Commands For Moving
shell-backward-word ()8.4.1 Commands For Moving
shell-expand-line (M-C-e)8.4.8 Some Miscellaneous Commands
shell-expand-line (M-C-e)8.4.8 Some Miscellaneous Commands
shell-forward-word ()8.4.1 Commands For Moving
shell-forward-word ()8.4.1 Commands For Moving
shell-kill-word ()8.4.4 Killing And Yanking
shell-kill-word ()8.4.4 Killing And Yanking
skip-csi-sequence ()8.4.8 Some Miscellaneous Commands
skip-csi-sequence ()8.4.8 Some Miscellaneous Commands
start-kbd-macro (C-x ()8.4.7 Keyboard Macros
start-kbd-macro (C-x ()8.4.7 Keyboard Macros

 
 

 
T
tilde-expand (M-&#38;)8.4.8 Some Miscellaneous Commands
tilde-expand (M-&#38;)8.4.8 Some Miscellaneous Commands
transpose-chars (C-t)8.4.3 Commands For Changing Text
transpose-chars (C-t)8.4.3 Commands For Changing Text
transpose-words (M-t)8.4.3 Commands For Changing Text
transpose-words (M-t)8.4.3 Commands For Changing Text
tilde-expand (M-&#38;)8.4.8 Some Miscellaneous Commands
tilde-expand (M-&#38;)8.4.8 Some Miscellaneous Commands
transpose-chars (C-t)8.4.3 Commands For Changing Text
transpose-chars (C-t)8.4.3 Commands For Changing Text
transpose-words (M-t)8.4.3 Commands For Changing Text
transpose-words (M-t)8.4.3 Commands For Changing Text

 
 

 
U
undo (C-_ or C-x C-u)8.4.8 Some Miscellaneous Commands
undo (C-_ or C-x C-u)8.4.8 Some Miscellaneous Commands
universal-argument ()8.4.5 Specifying Numeric Arguments
universal-argument ()8.4.5 Specifying Numeric Arguments
unix-filename-rubout ()8.4.4 Killing And Yanking
unix-filename-rubout ()8.4.4 Killing And Yanking
unix-line-discard (C-u)8.4.4 Killing And Yanking
unix-line-discard (C-u)8.4.4 Killing And Yanking
unix-word-rubout (C-w)8.4.4 Killing And Yanking
unix-word-rubout (C-w)8.4.4 Killing And Yanking
upcase-word (M-u)8.4.3 Commands For Changing Text
upcase-word (M-u)8.4.3 Commands For Changing Text
undo (C-_ or C-x C-u)8.4.8 Some Miscellaneous Commands
undo (C-_ or C-x C-u)8.4.8 Some Miscellaneous Commands
universal-argument ()8.4.5 Specifying Numeric Arguments
universal-argument ()8.4.5 Specifying Numeric Arguments
unix-filename-rubout ()8.4.4 Killing And Yanking
unix-filename-rubout ()8.4.4 Killing And Yanking
unix-line-discard (C-u)8.4.4 Killing And Yanking
unix-line-discard (C-u)8.4.4 Killing And Yanking
unix-word-rubout (C-w)8.4.4 Killing And Yanking
unix-word-rubout (C-w)8.4.4 Killing And Yanking
upcase-word (M-u)8.4.3 Commands For Changing Text
upcase-word (M-u)8.4.3 Commands For Changing Text

 
 

 
Y
yank (C-y)8.4.4 Killing And Yanking
yank (C-y)8.4.4 Killing And Yanking
yank-last-arg (M-. or M-_)8.4.2 Commands For Manipulating The History
yank-last-arg (M-. or M-_)8.4.2 Commands For Manipulating The History
yank-nth-arg (M-C-y)8.4.2 Commands For Manipulating The History
yank-nth-arg (M-C-y)8.4.2 Commands For Manipulating The History
yank-pop (M-y)8.4.4 Killing And Yanking
yank-pop (M-y)8.4.4 Killing And Yanking
yank (C-y)8.4.4 Killing And Yanking
yank (C-y)8.4.4 Killing And Yanking
yank-last-arg (M-. or M-_)8.4.2 Commands For Manipulating The History
yank-last-arg (M-. or M-_)8.4.2 Commands For Manipulating The History
yank-nth-arg (M-C-y)8.4.2 Commands For Manipulating The History
yank-nth-arg (M-C-y)8.4.2 Commands For Manipulating The History
yank-pop (M-y)8.4.4 Killing And Yanking
yank-pop (M-y)8.4.4 Killing And Yanking

 
 

 

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expansion3.5 Shell Expansions

 
expansion, arithmetic3.5.5 Arithmetic Expansion

 
expansion, brace3.5.1 Brace Expansion
expansion, filename3.5.8 Filename Expansion
expansion, filename3.5.8 Filename Expansion

 
expansion, parameter3.5.3 Shell Parameter Expansion
expansion, pathname3.5.8 Filename Expansion
expansion, pathname3.5.8 Filename Expansion

 
expansion, tilde3.5.2 Tilde Expansion

 
expressions, arithmetic6.5 Shell Arithmetic

 
expressions, conditional6.4 Bash Conditional Expressions
F

 
field2. Definitions

 
filename2. Definitions
filename expansion3.5.8 Filename Expansion
filename expansion3.5.8 Filename Expansion

 
foreground7.1 Job Control Basics

 
functions, shell3.3 Shell Functions

 
 

 
H

 
history builtins9.2 Bash History Builtins
history events9.3.1 Event Designators
history events9.3.1 Event Designators

 
history expansion9.3 History Expansion

 
history list9.1 Bash History Facilities
History, how to use8.8 A Programmable Completion Example
History, how to use8.8 A Programmable Completion Example

 
 

 
I

 
identifier2. Definitions

 
initialization file, readline8.3 Readline Init File

 
installation10.1 Basic Installation

 
interaction, readline8.2 Readline Interaction
interactive shell6.1 Invoking Bash
interactive shell6.1 Invoking Bash

 
interactive shell6.3 Interactive Shells

 
internationalization3.1.2.5 Locale-Specific Translation

 
 
job control7.1 Job Control Basics

 
 

 
K
kill ring8.2.3 Readline Killing Commands
killing text8.2.3 Readline Killing Commands
kill ring8.2.3 Readline Killing Commands
killing text8.2.3 Readline Killing Commands

 
 

 
L

 
localization3.1.2.5 Locale-Specific Translation
login shell6.1 Invoking Bash
login shell6.1 Invoking Bash

 
 

 
M

 
matching, pattern3.5.8.1 Pattern Matching
parameters3.4 Shell Parameters

 
parameters, positional3.4.1 Positional Parameters

 
parameters, special3.4.2 Special Parameters
pathname expansion3.5.8 Filename Expansion
pathname expansion3.5.8 Filename Expansion

 
pattern matching3.5.8.1 Pattern Matching

 
pipeline3.2.2 Pipelines

 
POSIX2. Definitions
quoting, ANSI3.1.2.4 ANSI-C Quoting

 
 

 
R
Readline, how to use7.3 Job Control Variables
Readline, how to use7.3 Job Control Variables

 
redirection3.6 Redirections

 
reserved word2. Definitions

 
restricted shell6.10 The Restricted Shell
 

 
V

 
variable, shell3.4 Shell Parameters
variables, readline8.3.1 Readline Init File Syntax
variables, readline8.3.1 Readline Init File Syntax

 
 

 
W

 
word2. Definitions

 
word splitting3.5.7 Word Splitting

 
 

 
Y
yanking text8.2.3 Readline Killing Commands
yanking text8.2.3 Readline Killing Commands

 
 

 
Jump to:   A
    
@@ -17271,7 +17289,7 @@ to permit their use in free software.
 [ ? ]
 

 
About this document

-This document was generated by Chet Ramey on October, 22  2013
+This document was generated by Chet Ramey on December, 27  2013
 using texi2html
 
  
@@ -17433,7 +17451,7 @@ the following structure:
 
  
 
 This document was generated
-by Chet Ramey on October, 22  2013
+by Chet Ramey on December, 27  2013
 using texi2html
 
diff --git a/doc/bashref.info b/doc/bashref.info
index 7733bd366..8ea2bb69a 100644
--- a/doc/bashref.info
+++ b/doc/bashref.info
@@ -1350,64 +1350,66 @@ The shell treats several parameters specially.  These parameters may
 only be referenced; assignment to them is not allowed.
 
 `*'
-     Expands to the positional parameters, starting from one.  When the
-     expansion occurs within double quotes, it expands to a single word
-     with the value of each parameter separated by the first character
-     of the `IFS' special variable.  That is, `"$*"' is equivalent to
-     `"$1C$2C..."', where C is the first character of the value of the
-     `IFS' variable.  If `IFS' is unset, the parameters are separated
-     by spaces.  If `IFS' is null, the parameters are joined without
-     intervening separators.
+     ($*) Expands to the positional parameters, starting from one.
+     When the expansion occurs within double quotes, it expands to a
+     single word with the value of each parameter separated by the
+     first character of the `IFS' special variable.  That is, `"$*"' is
+     equivalent to `"$1C$2C..."', where C is the first character of the
+     value of the `IFS' variable.  If `IFS' is unset, the parameters
+     are separated by spaces.  If `IFS' is null, the parameters are
+     joined without intervening separators.
 
 `@'
-     Expands to the positional parameters, starting from one.  When the
-     expansion occurs within double quotes, each parameter expands to a
-     separate word.  That is, `"$@"' is equivalent to `"$1" "$2" ...'.
-     If the double-quoted expansion occurs within a word, the expansion
-     of the first parameter is joined with the beginning part of the
-     original word, and the expansion of the last parameter is joined
-     with the last part of the original word.  When there are no
-     positional parameters, `"$@"' and `$@' expand to nothing (i.e.,
-     they are removed).
+     ($@) Expands to the positional parameters, starting from one.
+     When the expansion occurs within double quotes, each parameter
+     expands to a separate word.  That is, `"$@"' is equivalent to
+     `"$1" "$2" ...'.  If the double-quoted expansion occurs within a
+     word, the expansion of the first parameter is joined with the
+     beginning part of the original word, and the expansion of the last
+     parameter is joined with the last part of the original word.  When
+     there are no positional parameters, `"$@"' and `$@' expand to
+     nothing (i.e., they are removed).
 
 `#'
-     Expands to the number of positional parameters in decimal.
+     ($#) Expands to the number of positional parameters in decimal.
 
 `?'
-     Expands to the exit status of the most recently executed foreground
-     pipeline.
+     ($?) Expands to the exit status of the most recently executed
+     foreground pipeline.
 
 `-'
-     (A hyphen.)  Expands to the current option flags as specified upon
-     invocation, by the `set' builtin command, or those set by the
+     ($-, a hyphen.)  Expands to the current option flags as specified
+     upon invocation, by the `set' builtin command, or those set by the
      shell itself (such as the `-i' option).
 
 `$'
-     Expands to the process ID of the shell.  In a `()' subshell, it
-     expands to the process ID of the invoking shell, not the subshell.
+     ($$) Expands to the process ID of the shell.  In a `()' subshell,
+     it expands to the process ID of the invoking shell, not the
+     subshell.
 
 `!'
-     Expands to the process ID of the job most recently placed into the
-     background, whether executed as an asynchronous command or using
-     the `bg' builtin (*note Job Control Builtins::).
+     ($!) Expands to the process ID of the job most recently placed
+     into the background, whether executed as an asynchronous command
+     or using the `bg' builtin (*note Job Control Builtins::).
 
 `0'
-     Expands to the name of the shell or shell script.  This is set at
-     shell initialization.  If Bash is invoked with a file of commands
-     (*note Shell Scripts::), `$0' is set to the name of that file.  If
-     Bash is started with the `-c' option (*note Invoking Bash::), then
-     `$0' is set to the first argument after the string to be executed,
-     if one is present.  Otherwise, it is set to the filename used to
-     invoke Bash, as given by argument zero.
+     ($0) Expands to the name of the shell or shell script.  This is
+     set at shell initialization.  If Bash is invoked with a file of
+     commands (*note Shell Scripts::), `$0' is set to the name of that
+     file.  If Bash is started with the `-c' option (*note Invoking
+     Bash::), then `$0' is set to the first argument after the string
+     to be executed, if one is present.  Otherwise, it is set to the
+     filename used to invoke Bash, as given by argument zero.
 
 `_'
-     (An underscore.)  At shell startup, set to the absolute pathname
-     used to invoke the shell or shell script being executed as passed
-     in the environment or argument list.  Subsequently, expands to the
-     last argument to the previous command, after expansion.  Also set
-     to the full pathname used to invoke each command executed and
-     placed in the environment exported to that command.  When checking
-     mail, this parameter holds the name of the mail file.
+     ($_, an underscore.)  At shell startup, set to the absolute
+     pathname used to invoke the shell or shell script being executed
+     as passed in the environment or argument list.  Subsequently,
+     expands to the last argument to the previous command, after
+     expansion.  Also set to the full pathname used to invoke each
+     command executed and placed in the environment exported to that
+     command.  When checking mail, this parameter holds the name of the
+     mail file.
 
 
 File: bashref.info,  Node: Shell Expansions,  Next: Redirections,  Prev: Shell Parameters,  Up: Basic Shell Features
@@ -10680,15 +10682,24 @@ D.3 Parameter and Variable Index
 [index]
 * Menu:
 
-* !:                                     Special Parameters.  (line  46)
+* !:                                     Special Parameters.  (line  47)
 * #:                                     Special Parameters.  (line  30)
 * $:                                     Special Parameters.  (line  42)
+* $!:                                    Special Parameters.  (line  48)
+* $#:                                    Special Parameters.  (line  31)
+* $$:                                    Special Parameters.  (line  43)
+* $*:                                    Special Parameters.  (line  10)
+* $-:                                    Special Parameters.  (line  38)
+* $0:                                    Special Parameters.  (line  53)
+* $?:                                    Special Parameters.  (line  34)
+* $@:                                    Special Parameters.  (line  20)
+* $_:                                    Special Parameters.  (line  62)
 * *:                                     Special Parameters.  (line   9)
 * -:                                     Special Parameters.  (line  37)
-* 0:                                     Special Parameters.  (line  51)
+* 0:                                     Special Parameters.  (line  52)
 * ?:                                     Special Parameters.  (line  33)
 * @:                                     Special Parameters.  (line  19)
-* _:                                     Special Parameters.  (line  60)
+* _:                                     Special Parameters.  (line  61)
 * auto_resume:                           Job Control Variables.
                                                               (line   6)
 * BASH:                                  Bash Variables.      (line  13)
@@ -11167,105 +11178,105 @@ Node: Shell Functions46875
 Node: Shell Parameters51959
 Node: Positional Parameters56088
 Node: Special Parameters56988
-Node: Shell Expansions60047
-Node: Brace Expansion61990
-Node: Tilde Expansion64771
-Node: Shell Parameter Expansion67120
-Node: Command Substitution79414
-Node: Arithmetic Expansion80747
-Node: Process Substitution81679
-Node: Word Splitting82729
-Node: Filename Expansion84377
-Node: Pattern Matching86542
-Node: Quote Removal90242
-Node: Redirections90537
-Node: Executing Commands99701
-Node: Simple Command Expansion100371
-Node: Command Search and Execution102301
-Node: Command Execution Environment104638
-Node: Environment107624
-Node: Exit Status109283
-Node: Signals110905
-Node: Shell Scripts112873
-Node: Shell Builtin Commands115391
-Node: Bourne Shell Builtins117419
-Node: Bash Builtins137326
-Node: Modifying Shell Behavior164779
-Node: The Set Builtin165124
-Node: The Shopt Builtin175450
-Node: Special Builtins189871
-Node: Shell Variables190850
-Node: Bourne Shell Variables191290
-Node: Bash Variables193321
-Node: Bash Features220196
-Node: Invoking Bash221095
-Node: Bash Startup Files226873
-Node: Interactive Shells231902
-Node: What is an Interactive Shell?232312
-Node: Is this Shell Interactive?232961
-Node: Interactive Shell Behavior233776
-Node: Bash Conditional Expressions237064
-Node: Shell Arithmetic241066
-Node: Aliases243842
-Node: Arrays246398
-Node: The Directory Stack251379
-Node: Directory Stack Builtins252098
-Node: Controlling the Prompt255054
-Node: The Restricted Shell257826
-Node: Bash POSIX Mode259663
-Node: Job Control269050
-Node: Job Control Basics269510
-Node: Job Control Builtins274229
-Node: Job Control Variables278700
-Node: Command Line Editing279858
-Node: Introduction and Notation281530
-Node: Readline Interaction283152
-Node: Readline Bare Essentials284343
-Node: Readline Movement Commands286132
-Node: Readline Killing Commands287097
-Node: Readline Arguments289017
-Node: Searching290061
-Node: Readline Init File292247
-Node: Readline Init File Syntax293394
-Node: Conditional Init Constructs310231
-Node: Sample Init File312764
-Node: Bindable Readline Commands315882
-Node: Commands For Moving317089
-Node: Commands For History318233
-Node: Commands For Text322418
-Node: Commands For Killing325091
-Node: Numeric Arguments327548
-Node: Commands For Completion328687
-Node: Keyboard Macros332879
-Node: Miscellaneous Commands333567
-Node: Readline vi Mode339373
-Node: Programmable Completion340280
-Node: Programmable Completion Builtins347556
-Node: A Programmable Completion Example357302
-Node: Using History Interactively362552
-Node: Bash History Facilities363236
-Node: Bash History Builtins366235
-Node: History Interaction370163
-Node: Event Designators372868
-Node: Word Designators374090
-Node: Modifiers375729
-Node: Installing Bash377133
-Node: Basic Installation378270
-Node: Compilers and Options380962
-Node: Compiling For Multiple Architectures381703
-Node: Installation Names383367
-Node: Specifying the System Type384185
-Node: Sharing Defaults384901
-Node: Operation Controls385574
-Node: Optional Features386532
-Node: Reporting Bugs396596
-Node: Major Differences From The Bourne Shell397794
-Node: GNU Free Documentation License414653
-Node: Indexes439849
-Node: Builtin Index440303
-Node: Reserved Word Index447130
-Node: Variable Index449578
-Node: Function Index463101
-Node: Concept Index470329
+Node: Shell Expansions60099
+Node: Brace Expansion62042
+Node: Tilde Expansion64823
+Node: Shell Parameter Expansion67172
+Node: Command Substitution79466
+Node: Arithmetic Expansion80799
+Node: Process Substitution81731
+Node: Word Splitting82781
+Node: Filename Expansion84429
+Node: Pattern Matching86594
+Node: Quote Removal90294
+Node: Redirections90589
+Node: Executing Commands99753
+Node: Simple Command Expansion100423
+Node: Command Search and Execution102353
+Node: Command Execution Environment104690
+Node: Environment107676
+Node: Exit Status109335
+Node: Signals110957
+Node: Shell Scripts112925
+Node: Shell Builtin Commands115443
+Node: Bourne Shell Builtins117471
+Node: Bash Builtins137378
+Node: Modifying Shell Behavior164831
+Node: The Set Builtin165176
+Node: The Shopt Builtin175502
+Node: Special Builtins189923
+Node: Shell Variables190902
+Node: Bourne Shell Variables191342
+Node: Bash Variables193373
+Node: Bash Features220248
+Node: Invoking Bash221147
+Node: Bash Startup Files226925
+Node: Interactive Shells231954
+Node: What is an Interactive Shell?232364
+Node: Is this Shell Interactive?233013
+Node: Interactive Shell Behavior233828
+Node: Bash Conditional Expressions237116
+Node: Shell Arithmetic241118
+Node: Aliases243894
+Node: Arrays246450
+Node: The Directory Stack251431
+Node: Directory Stack Builtins252150
+Node: Controlling the Prompt255106
+Node: The Restricted Shell257878
+Node: Bash POSIX Mode259715
+Node: Job Control269102
+Node: Job Control Basics269562
+Node: Job Control Builtins274281
+Node: Job Control Variables278752
+Node: Command Line Editing279910
+Node: Introduction and Notation281582
+Node: Readline Interaction283204
+Node: Readline Bare Essentials284395
+Node: Readline Movement Commands286184
+Node: Readline Killing Commands287149
+Node: Readline Arguments289069
+Node: Searching290113
+Node: Readline Init File292299
+Node: Readline Init File Syntax293446
+Node: Conditional Init Constructs310283
+Node: Sample Init File312816
+Node: Bindable Readline Commands315934
+Node: Commands For Moving317141
+Node: Commands For History318285
+Node: Commands For Text322470
+Node: Commands For Killing325143
+Node: Numeric Arguments327600
+Node: Commands For Completion328739
+Node: Keyboard Macros332931
+Node: Miscellaneous Commands333619
+Node: Readline vi Mode339425
+Node: Programmable Completion340332
+Node: Programmable Completion Builtins347608
+Node: A Programmable Completion Example357354
+Node: Using History Interactively362604
+Node: Bash History Facilities363288
+Node: Bash History Builtins366287
+Node: History Interaction370215
+Node: Event Designators372920
+Node: Word Designators374142
+Node: Modifiers375781
+Node: Installing Bash377185
+Node: Basic Installation378322
+Node: Compilers and Options381014
+Node: Compiling For Multiple Architectures381755
+Node: Installation Names383419
+Node: Specifying the System Type384237
+Node: Sharing Defaults384953
+Node: Operation Controls385626
+Node: Optional Features386584
+Node: Reporting Bugs396648
+Node: Major Differences From The Bourne Shell397846
+Node: GNU Free Documentation License414705
+Node: Indexes439901
+Node: Builtin Index440355
+Node: Reserved Word Index447182
+Node: Variable Index449630
+Node: Function Index463810
+Node: Concept Index471038
 
 End Tag Table
diff --git a/doc/bashref.log b/doc/bashref.log
index 0a7321e98..96f494311 100644
--- a/doc/bashref.log
+++ b/doc/bashref.log
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
-This is TeX, Version 3.1415926 (TeX Live 2011/Fink) (format=tex 2012.4.18)  22 OCT 2013 11:07
+This is TeX, Version 3.1415926 (TeX Live 2011/Fink) (format=tex 2012.4.18)  27 DEC 2013 14:46
 **/usr/homes/chet/src/bash/src/doc/bashref.texi
 (/usr/homes/chet/src/bash/src/doc/bashref.texi (./texinfo.tex
-Loading texinfo [version 2009-01-18.17]:
+Loading texinfo [version 2013-09-11.11]:
 \bindingoffset=\dimen16
 \normaloffset=\dimen17
 \pagewidth=\dimen18
@@ -20,24 +20,25 @@ Loading texinfo [version 2009-01-18.17]:
 \mil=\dimen25
 \exdentamount=\skip18
 \inmarginspacing=\skip19
+\centerpenalty=\count26
  pdf,
-\tempnum=\count26
-\lnkcount=\count27
+\tempnum=\count27
+\lnkcount=\count28
 \filename=\toks14
-\filenamelength=\count28
-\pgn=\count29
+\filenamelength=\count29
+\pgn=\count30
 \toksA=\toks15
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 \toksC=\toks17
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-\countA=\count30
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  fonts,
 \sffam=\fam8
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  markup,
-\fontdepth=\count31
+\fontdepth=\count32
  glyphs,
 \errorbox=\box20
 
@@ -53,38 +54,38 @@ page headings,
 \itemindent=\dimen28
 \itemmargin=\dimen29
 \itemmax=\dimen30
-\itemno=\count32
+\itemno=\count33
 \multitableparskip=\skip22
 \multitableparindent=\skip23
 \multitablecolspace=\dimen31
 \multitablelinespace=\skip24
-\colcount=\count33
+\colcount=\count34
 \everytab=\toks24
  conditionals,
-\doignorecount=\count34
+\doignorecount=\count35
  indexing,
 \whatsitskip=\skip25
-\whatsitpenalty=\count35
+\whatsitpenalty=\count36
 \secondaryindent=\skip26
 \partialpage=\box21
 \doublecolumnhsize=\dimen32
  sectioning,
-\unnumberedno=\count36
-\chapno=\count37
-\secno=\count38
-\subsecno=\count39
-\subsubsecno=\count40
-\appendixno=\count41
-\absseclevel=\count42
-\secbase=\count43
+\unnumberedno=\count37
+\chapno=\count38
+\secno=\count39
+\subsecno=\count40
+\subsubsecno=\count41
+\appendixno=\count42
+\absseclevel=\count43
+\secbase=\count44
 \chapheadingskip=\skip27
 \secheadingskip=\skip28
 \subsecheadingskip=\skip29
  toc,
 \tocfile=\write0
 \contentsrightmargin=\skip30
-\savepageno=\count44
-\lastnegativepageno=\count45
+\savepageno=\count45
+\lastnegativepageno=\count46
 \tocindent=\dimen33
  environments,
 \lispnarrowing=\skip31
@@ -99,25 +100,30 @@ page headings,
 \rskip=\skip37
 \nonfillparindent=\dimen37
 \tabw=\dimen38
+\verbbox=\box22
 
 defuns,
 \defbodyindent=\skip38
 \defargsindent=\skip39
 \deflastargmargin=\skip40
-\defunpenalty=\count46
-\parencount=\count47
-\brackcount=\count48
+\defunpenalty=\count47
+\parencount=\count48
+\brackcount=\count49
  macros,
 \macscribble=\write1
-\paramno=\count49
+\paramno=\count50
 \macname=\toks25
  cross references,
 \auxfile=\write2
-\savesfregister=\count50
+\savesfregister=\count51
+\toprefbox=\box23
+\printedrefnamebox=\box24
+\infofilenamebox=\box25
+\printedmanualbox=\box26
  insertions,
-\footnoteno=\count51
-\SAVEfootins=\box22
-\SAVEmargin=\box23
+\footnoteno=\count52
+\SAVEfootins=\box27
+\SAVEmargin=\box28
 
 (/sw/share/texmf-dist/tex/generic/epsf/epsf.tex
 This is `epsf.tex' v2.7.4 <14 February 2011>
@@ -134,9 +140,9 @@ This is `epsf.tex' v2.7.4 <14 February 2011>
 \noepsfhelp=\toks26
  localization,
 \nolanghelp=\toks27
-\countUTFx=\count52
-\countUTFy=\count53
-\countUTFz=\count54
+\countUTFx=\count53
+\countUTFy=\count54
+\countUTFz=\count55
  formatting,
 \defaultparindent=\dimen47
  and turning on texinfo input format.)
@@ -149,6 +155,8 @@ This is `epsf.tex' v2.7.4 <14 February 2011>
 @tpindfile=@write6
 @kyindfile=@write7
 @pgindfile=@write8
+texinfo.tex: doing @include of version.texi
+
  (./version.texi)
 @btindfile=@write9
 @rwindfile=@write10
@@ -178,9 +186,9 @@ This is `epsf.tex' v2.7.4 <14 February 2011>
 
  Chapter 2 [1] [2] [3] Chapter 3 [4] [5] [6]
 [7] [8] [9] [10]
-Overfull \hbox (43.33539pt too wide) in paragraph at lines 866--866
+Overfull \hbox (38.26587pt too wide) in paragraph at lines 866--866
  []@texttt case @textttsl word @texttt in [ [(] @textttsl pat-tern @texttt [| @
-textttsl pat-tern@texttt ][]) @textttsl command-list @texttt ;;][] esac[] 
+textttsl pattern@texttt ][]) @textttsl command-list @texttt ;;][] esac[] 
 
 @hbox(7.60416+2.43333)x433.62
 .@glue(@leftskip) 86.72375
@@ -231,23 +239,10 @@ arallel -k traceroute[]
 
 [16] [17] [18] [19] [20] [21] [22] [23] [24] [25] [26] [27] [28] [29] [30]
 [31] [32] [33] [34] [35] [36] [37] [38] Chapter 4 [39] [40] [41] [42] [43]
-[44] [45] [46] [47]
-Underfull \hbox (badness 5231) in paragraph at lines 3770--3783
- @texttt emacs-meta[]@textrm , @texttt emacs-ctlx[]@textrm , @texttt vi[]@textr
-m , @texttt vi-move[]@textrm , @texttt vi-command[]@textrm , and
-
-@hbox(7.60416+2.12917)x433.62, glue set 3.7426
-.@glue(@leftskip) 115.63242
-.@texttt e
-.@texttt m
-.@texttt a
-.@texttt c
-.etc.
-
-[48] [49] [50] [51] [52] [53] [54] [55] [56] [57] [58] [59] [60] [61] [62]
-[63] [64] [65] [66] [67] Chapter 5 [68] [69] [70] [71] [72] [73] [74] [75]
-[76] [77] [78] Chapter 6 [79]
-Overfull \hbox (51.96864pt too wide) in paragraph at lines 5987--5987
+[44] [45] [46] [47] [48] [49] [50] [51] [52] [53] [54] [55] [56] [57] [58]
+[59] [60] [61] [62] [63] [64] [65] [66] [67] Chapter 5 [68] [69] [70] [71]
+[72] [73] [74] [75] [76] [77] [78] Chapter 6 [79]
+Overfull \hbox (49.43388pt too wide) in paragraph at lines 5996--5996
  []@texttt bash [long-opt] [-ir] [-abefhkmnptuvxdBCDHP] [-o @textttsl op-tion@t
 exttt ] [-O @textttsl shopt_option@texttt ] [@textttsl ar-
 
@@ -260,7 +255,7 @@ exttt ] [-O @textttsl shopt_option@texttt ] [@textttsl ar-
 .etc.
 
 
-Overfull \hbox (76.23077pt too wide) in paragraph at lines 5988--5988
+Overfull \hbox (72.42863pt too wide) in paragraph at lines 5997--5997
  []@texttt bash [long-opt] [-abefhkmnptuvxdBCDHP] [-o @textttsl op-tion@texttt 
 ] [-O @textttsl shopt_option@texttt ] -c @textttsl string @texttt [@textttsl ar
 -
@@ -274,7 +269,7 @@ Overfull \hbox (76.23077pt too wide) in paragraph at lines 5988--5988
 .etc.
 
 
-Overfull \hbox (34.72258pt too wide) in paragraph at lines 5989--5989
+Overfull \hbox (32.18782pt too wide) in paragraph at lines 5998--5998
  []@texttt bash [long-opt] -s [-abefhkmnptuvxdBCDHP] [-o @textttsl op-tion@text
 tt ] [-O @textttsl shopt_option@texttt ] [@textttsl ar-
 
@@ -286,48 +281,39 @@ tt ] [-O @textttsl shopt_option@texttt ] [@textttsl ar-
 .@texttt s
 .etc.
 
-[80] [81]
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+[80] [81] [82] [83] [84] [85] [86] [87] [88] [89] [90] [91] [92] [93] [94]
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-[132]) (/usr/homes/chet/src/bash/src/lib/readline/doc/hsuser.texi Chapter 9
-[133] [134] [135] [136] [137]) Chapter 10 [138] [139] [140] [141]
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-[142] [143] [144] Appendix A [145] Appendix B [146] [147] [148] [149] [150]
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+Appendix C [151]
+texinfo.tex: doing @include of fdl.texi
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 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000
@@ -2305,6 +2589,7 @@ dup 13 /fl put
 dup 14 /ffi put
 dup 33 /exclam put
 dup 34 /quotedblright put
+dup 35 /numbersign put
 dup 36 /dollar put
 dup 37 /percent put
 dup 38 /ampersand put
@@ -2330,6 +2615,7 @@ dup 58 /colon put
 dup 59 /semicolon put
 dup 61 /equal put
 dup 63 /question put
+dup 64 /at put
 dup 65 /A put
 dup 66 /B put
 dup 67 /C put
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 {restore}if
 %%EndFont 
+%%BeginFont: SFRM1095
+%!FontType1-1.0: SFRM1095 0.3
+%%CreationDate: Wed Sep 12 2001
+% Copyright (c) 2001 Vladimir Volovich .
+% See the file COPYING (GNU General Public License) for license conditions.
+% Converted from METAFONT EC/TC and LH fonts:
+% ecrm1095, tcrm1095, larm1095, lbrm1095, lcrm1095, rxrm1095.
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 dup 91 /bracketleft put
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-(:)33 b Fb(98)2025 3736 y Fr(T)2025 3853 y Fb(tilde)26
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-b Fb(29)2025 5189 y Fr(Y)2025 5305 y Fb(y)n(anking)25
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 b(text)7 b Fc(:)12 b(:)h(:)g(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)
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-(:)g(:)g(:)34 b Fb(104)p eop end
+(:)g(:)g(:)34 b Fb(103)p eop end
 %%Trailer
 
 userdict /end-hook known{end-hook}if
diff --git a/doc/bashref.rw b/doc/bashref.rw
index 3a9b0603c..19aa65faf 100644
--- a/doc/bashref.rw
+++ b/doc/bashref.rw
@@ -16,6 +16,6 @@
 \entry{select}{12}{\code {select}}
 \entry{[[}{12}{\code {[[}}
 \entry{]]}{12}{\code {]]}}
-\entry{{\tt \char 123}}{14}{\code {{\tt \char 123}}}
-\entry{{\tt \char 125}}{14}{\code {{\tt \char 125}}}
+\entry{|a}{14}{\code {{\tt \char 123}}}
+\entry{|b}{14}{\code {{\tt \char 125}}}
 \entry{function}{17}{\code {function}}
diff --git a/doc/bashref.rws b/doc/bashref.rws
index ca24ba1fe..edbd5d23b 100644
--- a/doc/bashref.rws
+++ b/doc/bashref.rws
@@ -4,9 +4,8 @@
 \entry {\code {[[}}{12}
 \initial {]}
 \entry {\code {]]}}{12}
-\initial {{\tt \char 123}}
+\initial {|}
 \entry {\code {{\tt \char 123}}}{14}
-\initial {{\tt \char 125}}
 \entry {\code {{\tt \char 125}}}{14}
 \initial {C}
 \entry {\code {case}}{11}
diff --git a/doc/bashref.tmp b/doc/bashref.tmp
index e37dd0c98..fabeb2472 100644
--- a/doc/bashref.tmp
+++ b/doc/bashref.tmp
@@ -16,4 +16,4 @@ Invariant Sections, no Front-Cover Texts, and no Back-Cover Texts.
 A copy of the license is included in the section entitled
 ``GNU Free Documentation License''.
 @end quotation
-@endinput 
+@empty 
diff --git a/doc/bashref.toc b/doc/bashref.toc
index e2b05cf39..227f0ace7 100644
--- a/doc/bashref.toc
+++ b/doc/bashref.toc
@@ -59,9 +59,9 @@
 @numchapentry{Shell Builtin Commands}{4}{Shell Builtin Commands}{41}
 @numsecentry{Bourne Shell Builtins}{4.1}{Bourne Shell Builtins}{41}
 @numsecentry{Bash Builtin Commands}{4.2}{Bash Builtins}{48}
-@numsecentry{Modifying Shell Behavior}{4.3}{Modifying Shell Behavior}{59}
-@numsubsecentry{The Set Builtin}{4.3.1}{The Set Builtin}{59}
-@numsubsecentry{The Shopt Builtin}{4.3.2}{The Shopt Builtin}{63}
+@numsecentry{Modifying Shell Behavior}{4.3}{Modifying Shell Behavior}{58}
+@numsubsecentry{The Set Builtin}{4.3.1}{The Set Builtin}{58}
+@numsubsecentry{The Shopt Builtin}{4.3.2}{The Shopt Builtin}{62}
 @numsecentry{Special Builtins}{4.4}{Special Builtins}{68}
 @numchapentry{Shell Variables}{5}{Shell Variables}{69}
 @numsecentry{Bourne Shell Variables}{5.1}{Bourne Shell Variables}{69}
@@ -70,70 +70,70 @@
 @numsecentry{Invoking Bash}{6.1}{Invoking Bash}{80}
 @numsecentry{Bash Startup Files}{6.2}{Bash Startup Files}{82}
 @numsecentry{Interactive Shells}{6.3}{Interactive Shells}{83}
-@numsubsecentry{What is an Interactive Shell?}{6.3.1}{What is an Interactive Shell?}{84}
+@numsubsecentry{What is an Interactive Shell?}{6.3.1}{What is an Interactive Shell?}{83}
 @numsubsecentry{Is this Shell Interactive?}{6.3.2}{Is this Shell Interactive?}{84}
 @numsubsecentry{Interactive Shell Behavior}{6.3.3}{Interactive Shell Behavior}{84}
 @numsecentry{Bash Conditional Expressions}{6.4}{Bash Conditional Expressions}{85}
 @numsecentry{Shell Arithmetic}{6.5}{Shell Arithmetic}{87}
 @numsecentry{Aliases}{6.6}{Aliases}{88}
 @numsecentry{Arrays}{6.7}{Arrays}{89}
-@numsecentry{The Directory Stack}{6.8}{The Directory Stack}{91}
-@numsubsecentry{Directory Stack Builtins}{6.8.1}{Directory Stack Builtins}{91}
+@numsecentry{The Directory Stack}{6.8}{The Directory Stack}{90}
+@numsubsecentry{Directory Stack Builtins}{6.8.1}{Directory Stack Builtins}{90}
 @numsecentry{Controlling the Prompt}{6.9}{Controlling the Prompt}{92}
 @numsecentry{The Restricted Shell}{6.10}{The Restricted Shell}{93}
 @numsecentry{Bash POSIX Mode}{6.11}{Bash POSIX Mode}{94}
-@numchapentry{Job Control}{7}{Job Control}{98}
-@numsecentry{Job Control Basics}{7.1}{Job Control Basics}{98}
-@numsecentry{Job Control Builtins}{7.2}{Job Control Builtins}{99}
-@numsecentry{Job Control Variables}{7.3}{Job Control Variables}{101}
-@numchapentry{Command Line Editing}{8}{Command Line Editing}{102}
-@numsecentry{Introduction to Line Editing}{8.1}{Introduction and Notation}{102}
-@numsecentry{Readline Interaction}{8.2}{Readline Interaction}{102}
-@numsubsecentry{Readline Bare Essentials}{8.2.1}{Readline Bare Essentials}{103}
-@numsubsecentry{Readline Movement Commands}{8.2.2}{Readline Movement Commands}{103}
-@numsubsecentry{Readline Killing Commands}{8.2.3}{Readline Killing Commands}{104}
-@numsubsecentry{Readline Arguments}{8.2.4}{Readline Arguments}{104}
-@numsubsecentry{Searching for Commands in the History}{8.2.5}{Searching}{104}
-@numsecentry{Readline Init File}{8.3}{Readline Init File}{105}
-@numsubsecentry{Readline Init File Syntax}{8.3.1}{Readline Init File Syntax}{105}
-@numsubsecentry{Conditional Init Constructs}{8.3.2}{Conditional Init Constructs}{112}
-@numsubsecentry{Sample Init File}{8.3.3}{Sample Init File}{113}
-@numsecentry{Bindable Readline Commands}{8.4}{Bindable Readline Commands}{116}
-@numsubsecentry{Commands For Moving}{8.4.1}{Commands For Moving}{116}
-@numsubsecentry{Commands For Manipulating The History}{8.4.2}{Commands For History}{117}
-@numsubsecentry{Commands For Changing Text}{8.4.3}{Commands For Text}{118}
-@numsubsecentry{Killing And Yanking}{8.4.4}{Commands For Killing}{119}
-@numsubsecentry{Specifying Numeric Arguments}{8.4.5}{Numeric Arguments}{120}
-@numsubsecentry{Letting Readline Type For You}{8.4.6}{Commands For Completion}{121}
-@numsubsecentry{Keyboard Macros}{8.4.7}{Keyboard Macros}{122}
-@numsubsecentry{Some Miscellaneous Commands}{8.4.8}{Miscellaneous Commands}{123}
-@numsecentry{Readline vi Mode}{8.5}{Readline vi Mode}{125}
-@numsecentry{Programmable Completion}{8.6}{Programmable Completion}{125}
-@numsecentry{Programmable Completion Builtins}{8.7}{Programmable Completion Builtins}{127}
-@numsecentry{A Programmable Completion Example}{8.8}{A Programmable Completion Example}{131}
-@numchapentry{Using History Interactively}{9}{Using History Interactively}{134}
-@numsecentry{Bash History Facilities}{9.1}{Bash History Facilities}{134}
-@numsecentry{Bash History Builtins}{9.2}{Bash History Builtins}{134}
-@numsecentry{History Expansion}{9.3}{History Interaction}{136}
-@numsubsecentry{Event Designators}{9.3.1}{Event Designators}{137}
-@numsubsecentry{Word Designators}{9.3.2}{Word Designators}{137}
-@numsubsecentry{Modifiers}{9.3.3}{Modifiers}{138}
-@numchapentry{Installing Bash}{10}{Installing Bash}{139}
-@numsecentry{Basic Installation}{10.1}{Basic Installation}{139}
-@numsecentry{Compilers and Options}{10.2}{Compilers and Options}{140}
-@numsecentry{Compiling For Multiple Architectures}{10.3}{Compiling For Multiple Architectures}{140}
-@numsecentry{Installation Names}{10.4}{Installation Names}{140}
-@numsecentry{Specifying the System Type}{10.5}{Specifying the System Type}{140}
-@numsecentry{Sharing Defaults}{10.6}{Sharing Defaults}{141}
-@numsecentry{Operation Controls}{10.7}{Operation Controls}{141}
-@numsecentry{Optional Features}{10.8}{Optional Features}{141}
-@appentry{Reporting Bugs}{A}{Reporting Bugs}{146}
-@appentry{Major Differences From The Bourne Shell}{B}{Major Differences From The Bourne Shell}{147}
-@appsecentry{Implementation Differences From The SVR4.2 Shell}{B.1}{}{151}
-@appentry{GNU Free Documentation License}{C}{GNU Free Documentation License}{153}
-@appentry{Indexes}{D}{Indexes}{161}
-@appsecentry{Index of Shell Builtin Commands}{D.1}{Builtin Index}{161}
-@appsecentry{Index of Shell Reserved Words}{D.2}{Reserved Word Index}{162}
-@appsecentry{Parameter and Variable Index}{D.3}{Variable Index}{162}
-@appsecentry{Function Index}{D.4}{Function Index}{164}
-@appsecentry{Concept Index}{D.5}{Concept Index}{166}
+@numchapentry{Job Control}{7}{Job Control}{97}
+@numsecentry{Job Control Basics}{7.1}{Job Control Basics}{97}
+@numsecentry{Job Control Builtins}{7.2}{Job Control Builtins}{98}
+@numsecentry{Job Control Variables}{7.3}{Job Control Variables}{100}
+@numchapentry{Command Line Editing}{8}{Command Line Editing}{101}
+@numsecentry{Introduction to Line Editing}{8.1}{Introduction and Notation}{101}
+@numsecentry{Readline Interaction}{8.2}{Readline Interaction}{101}
+@numsubsecentry{Readline Bare Essentials}{8.2.1}{Readline Bare Essentials}{102}
+@numsubsecentry{Readline Movement Commands}{8.2.2}{Readline Movement Commands}{102}
+@numsubsecentry{Readline Killing Commands}{8.2.3}{Readline Killing Commands}{103}
+@numsubsecentry{Readline Arguments}{8.2.4}{Readline Arguments}{103}
+@numsubsecentry{Searching for Commands in the History}{8.2.5}{Searching}{103}
+@numsecentry{Readline Init File}{8.3}{Readline Init File}{104}
+@numsubsecentry{Readline Init File Syntax}{8.3.1}{Readline Init File Syntax}{104}
+@numsubsecentry{Conditional Init Constructs}{8.3.2}{Conditional Init Constructs}{111}
+@numsubsecentry{Sample Init File}{8.3.3}{Sample Init File}{112}
+@numsecentry{Bindable Readline Commands}{8.4}{Bindable Readline Commands}{115}
+@numsubsecentry{Commands For Moving}{8.4.1}{Commands For Moving}{115}
+@numsubsecentry{Commands For Manipulating The History}{8.4.2}{Commands For History}{116}
+@numsubsecentry{Commands For Changing Text}{8.4.3}{Commands For Text}{117}
+@numsubsecentry{Killing And Yanking}{8.4.4}{Commands For Killing}{118}
+@numsubsecentry{Specifying Numeric Arguments}{8.4.5}{Numeric Arguments}{119}
+@numsubsecentry{Letting Readline Type For You}{8.4.6}{Commands For Completion}{120}
+@numsubsecentry{Keyboard Macros}{8.4.7}{Keyboard Macros}{121}
+@numsubsecentry{Some Miscellaneous Commands}{8.4.8}{Miscellaneous Commands}{122}
+@numsecentry{Readline vi Mode}{8.5}{Readline vi Mode}{124}
+@numsecentry{Programmable Completion}{8.6}{Programmable Completion}{124}
+@numsecentry{Programmable Completion Builtins}{8.7}{Programmable Completion Builtins}{126}
+@numsecentry{A Programmable Completion Example}{8.8}{A Programmable Completion Example}{130}
+@numchapentry{Using History Interactively}{9}{Using History Interactively}{133}
+@numsecentry{Bash History Facilities}{9.1}{Bash History Facilities}{133}
+@numsecentry{Bash History Builtins}{9.2}{Bash History Builtins}{133}
+@numsecentry{History Expansion}{9.3}{History Interaction}{135}
+@numsubsecentry{Event Designators}{9.3.1}{Event Designators}{135}
+@numsubsecentry{Word Designators}{9.3.2}{Word Designators}{136}
+@numsubsecentry{Modifiers}{9.3.3}{Modifiers}{137}
+@numchapentry{Installing Bash}{10}{Installing Bash}{138}
+@numsecentry{Basic Installation}{10.1}{Basic Installation}{138}
+@numsecentry{Compilers and Options}{10.2}{Compilers and Options}{139}
+@numsecentry{Compiling For Multiple Architectures}{10.3}{Compiling For Multiple Architectures}{139}
+@numsecentry{Installation Names}{10.4}{Installation Names}{139}
+@numsecentry{Specifying the System Type}{10.5}{Specifying the System Type}{139}
+@numsecentry{Sharing Defaults}{10.6}{Sharing Defaults}{140}
+@numsecentry{Operation Controls}{10.7}{Operation Controls}{140}
+@numsecentry{Optional Features}{10.8}{Optional Features}{140}
+@appentry{Reporting Bugs}{A}{Reporting Bugs}{145}
+@appentry{Major Differences From The Bourne Shell}{B}{Major Differences From The Bourne Shell}{146}
+@appsecentry{Implementation Differences From The SVR4.2 Shell}{B.1}{}{150}
+@appentry{GNU Free Documentation License}{C}{GNU Free Documentation License}{152}
+@appentry{Indexes}{D}{Indexes}{160}
+@appsecentry{Index of Shell Builtin Commands}{D.1}{Builtin Index}{160}
+@appsecentry{Index of Shell Reserved Words}{D.2}{Reserved Word Index}{161}
+@appsecentry{Parameter and Variable Index}{D.3}{Variable Index}{161}
+@appsecentry{Function Index}{D.4}{Function Index}{163}
+@appsecentry{Concept Index}{D.5}{Concept Index}{165}
diff --git a/doc/bashref.vr b/doc/bashref.vr
index 8d3982a54..fff2f1328 100644
--- a/doc/bashref.vr
+++ b/doc/bashref.vr
@@ -2,14 +2,23 @@
 \entry{TEXTDOMAIN}{7}{\code {TEXTDOMAIN}}
 \entry{TEXTDOMAINDIR}{7}{\code {TEXTDOMAINDIR}}
 \entry{*}{20}{\code {*}}
+\entry{$*}{20}{\code {$*}}
 \entry{@}{20}{\code {@}}
+\entry{$@}{20}{\code {$@}}
 \entry{#}{20}{\code {#}}
+\entry{$#}{20}{\code {$#}}
 \entry{?}{20}{\code {?}}
+\entry{$?}{20}{\code {$?}}
 \entry{-}{20}{\code {-}}
+\entry{$-}{20}{\code {$-}}
 \entry{$}{20}{\code {$}}
+\entry{$$}{20}{\code {$$}}
 \entry{!}{20}{\code {!}}
+\entry{$!}{20}{\code {$!}}
 \entry{0}{20}{\code {0}}
+\entry{$0}{20}{\code {$0}}
 \entry{_}{20}{\code {_}}
+\entry{$_}{20}{\code {$_}}
 \entry{CDPATH}{69}{\code {CDPATH}}
 \entry{HOME}{69}{\code {HOME}}
 \entry{IFS}{69}{\code {IFS}}
@@ -106,37 +115,37 @@
 \entry{TMOUT}{79}{\code {TMOUT}}
 \entry{TMPDIR}{79}{\code {TMPDIR}}
 \entry{UID}{79}{\code {UID}}
-\entry{auto_resume}{101}{\code {auto_resume}}
-\entry{bell-style}{106}{\code {bell-style}}
-\entry{bind-tty-special-chars}{106}{\code {bind-tty-special-chars}}
-\entry{colored-stats}{106}{\code {colored-stats}}
-\entry{comment-begin}{106}{\code {comment-begin}}
-\entry{completion-display-width}{106}{\code {completion-display-width}}
-\entry{completion-ignore-case}{106}{\code {completion-ignore-case}}
-\entry{completion-map-case}{106}{\code {completion-map-case}}
-\entry{completion-prefix-display-length}{107}{\code {completion-prefix-display-length}}
-\entry{completion-query-items}{107}{\code {completion-query-items}}
-\entry{convert-meta}{107}{\code {convert-meta}}
-\entry{disable-completion}{107}{\code {disable-completion}}
-\entry{editing-mode}{107}{\code {editing-mode}}
-\entry{enable-keypad}{107}{\code {enable-keypad}}
-\entry{expand-tilde}{107}{\code {expand-tilde}}
-\entry{history-preserve-point}{108}{\code {history-preserve-point}}
-\entry{history-size}{108}{\code {history-size}}
-\entry{horizontal-scroll-mode}{108}{\code {horizontal-scroll-mode}}
-\entry{input-meta}{108}{\code {input-meta}}
-\entry{meta-flag}{108}{\code {meta-flag}}
-\entry{isearch-terminators}{108}{\code {isearch-terminators}}
-\entry{keymap}{108}{\code {keymap}}
-\entry{mark-modified-lines}{109}{\code {mark-modified-lines}}
-\entry{mark-symlinked-directories}{109}{\code {mark-symlinked-directories}}
-\entry{match-hidden-files}{109}{\code {match-hidden-files}}
-\entry{menu-complete-display-prefix}{109}{\code {menu-complete-display-prefix}}
-\entry{output-meta}{109}{\code {output-meta}}
-\entry{page-completions}{109}{\code {page-completions}}
-\entry{revert-all-at-newline}{109}{\code {revert-all-at-newline}}
-\entry{show-all-if-ambiguous}{109}{\code {show-all-if-ambiguous}}
-\entry{show-all-if-unmodified}{110}{\code {show-all-if-unmodified}}
-\entry{show-mode-in-prompt}{110}{\code {show-mode-in-prompt}}
-\entry{skip-completed-text}{110}{\code {skip-completed-text}}
-\entry{visible-stats}{110}{\code {visible-stats}}
+\entry{auto_resume}{100}{\code {auto_resume}}
+\entry{bell-style}{105}{\code {bell-style}}
+\entry{bind-tty-special-chars}{105}{\code {bind-tty-special-chars}}
+\entry{colored-stats}{105}{\code {colored-stats}}
+\entry{comment-begin}{105}{\code {comment-begin}}
+\entry{completion-display-width}{105}{\code {completion-display-width}}
+\entry{completion-ignore-case}{105}{\code {completion-ignore-case}}
+\entry{completion-map-case}{105}{\code {completion-map-case}}
+\entry{completion-prefix-display-length}{106}{\code {completion-prefix-display-length}}
+\entry{completion-query-items}{106}{\code {completion-query-items}}
+\entry{convert-meta}{106}{\code {convert-meta}}
+\entry{disable-completion}{106}{\code {disable-completion}}
+\entry{editing-mode}{106}{\code {editing-mode}}
+\entry{enable-keypad}{106}{\code {enable-keypad}}
+\entry{expand-tilde}{106}{\code {expand-tilde}}
+\entry{history-preserve-point}{107}{\code {history-preserve-point}}
+\entry{history-size}{107}{\code {history-size}}
+\entry{horizontal-scroll-mode}{107}{\code {horizontal-scroll-mode}}
+\entry{input-meta}{107}{\code {input-meta}}
+\entry{meta-flag}{107}{\code {meta-flag}}
+\entry{isearch-terminators}{107}{\code {isearch-terminators}}
+\entry{keymap}{107}{\code {keymap}}
+\entry{mark-modified-lines}{108}{\code {mark-modified-lines}}
+\entry{mark-symlinked-directories}{108}{\code {mark-symlinked-directories}}
+\entry{match-hidden-files}{108}{\code {match-hidden-files}}
+\entry{menu-complete-display-prefix}{108}{\code {menu-complete-display-prefix}}
+\entry{output-meta}{108}{\code {output-meta}}
+\entry{page-completions}{108}{\code {page-completions}}
+\entry{revert-all-at-newline}{108}{\code {revert-all-at-newline}}
+\entry{show-all-if-ambiguous}{108}{\code {show-all-if-ambiguous}}
+\entry{show-all-if-unmodified}{109}{\code {show-all-if-unmodified}}
+\entry{show-mode-in-prompt}{109}{\code {show-mode-in-prompt}}
+\entry{skip-completed-text}{109}{\code {skip-completed-text}}
+\entry{visible-stats}{109}{\code {visible-stats}}
diff --git a/doc/bashref.vrs b/doc/bashref.vrs
index 1bcbf6213..7a8914760 100644
--- a/doc/bashref.vrs
+++ b/doc/bashref.vrs
@@ -4,6 +4,15 @@
 \entry {\code {#}}{20}
 \initial {$}
 \entry {\code {$}}{20}
+\entry {\code {$!}}{20}
+\entry {\code {$#}}{20}
+\entry {\code {$$}}{20}
+\entry {\code {$*}}{20}
+\entry {\code {$-}}{20}
+\entry {\code {$?}}{20}
+\entry {\code {$@}}{20}
+\entry {\code {$_}}{20}
+\entry {\code {$0}}{20}
 \initial {*}
 \entry {\code {*}}{20}
 \initial {-}
@@ -17,7 +26,7 @@
 \initial {0}
 \entry {\code {0}}{20}
 \initial {A}
-\entry {\code {auto_resume}}{101}
+\entry {\code {auto_resume}}{100}
 \initial {B}
 \entry {\code {BASH}}{69}
 \entry {\code {BASH_ALIASES}}{70}
@@ -37,14 +46,14 @@
 \entry {\code {BASH_XTRACEFD}}{72}
 \entry {\code {BASHOPTS}}{70}
 \entry {\code {BASHPID}}{70}
-\entry {\code {bell-style}}{106}
-\entry {\code {bind-tty-special-chars}}{106}
+\entry {\code {bell-style}}{105}
+\entry {\code {bind-tty-special-chars}}{105}
 \initial {C}
 \entry {\code {CDPATH}}{69}
 \entry {\code {CHILD_MAX}}{72}
-\entry {\code {colored-stats}}{106}
+\entry {\code {colored-stats}}{105}
 \entry {\code {COLUMNS}}{72}
-\entry {\code {comment-begin}}{106}
+\entry {\code {comment-begin}}{105}
 \entry {\code {COMP_CWORD}}{72}
 \entry {\code {COMP_KEY}}{73}
 \entry {\code {COMP_LINE}}{72}
@@ -52,24 +61,24 @@
 \entry {\code {COMP_TYPE}}{73}
 \entry {\code {COMP_WORDBREAKS}}{73}
 \entry {\code {COMP_WORDS}}{73}
-\entry {\code {completion-display-width}}{106}
-\entry {\code {completion-ignore-case}}{106}
-\entry {\code {completion-map-case}}{106}
-\entry {\code {completion-prefix-display-length}}{107}
-\entry {\code {completion-query-items}}{107}
+\entry {\code {completion-display-width}}{105}
+\entry {\code {completion-ignore-case}}{105}
+\entry {\code {completion-map-case}}{105}
+\entry {\code {completion-prefix-display-length}}{106}
+\entry {\code {completion-query-items}}{106}
 \entry {\code {COMPREPLY}}{73}
-\entry {\code {convert-meta}}{107}
+\entry {\code {convert-meta}}{106}
 \entry {\code {COPROC}}{73}
 \initial {D}
 \entry {\code {DIRSTACK}}{73}
-\entry {\code {disable-completion}}{107}
+\entry {\code {disable-completion}}{106}
 \initial {E}
-\entry {\code {editing-mode}}{107}
+\entry {\code {editing-mode}}{106}
 \entry {\code {EMACS}}{73}
-\entry {\code {enable-keypad}}{107}
+\entry {\code {enable-keypad}}{106}
 \entry {\code {ENV}}{73}
 \entry {\code {EUID}}{73}
-\entry {\code {expand-tilde}}{107}
+\entry {\code {expand-tilde}}{106}
 \initial {F}
 \entry {\code {FCEDIT}}{73}
 \entry {\code {FIGNORE}}{74}
@@ -85,23 +94,23 @@
 \entry {\code {HISTFILE}}{75}
 \entry {\code {HISTFILESIZE}}{75}
 \entry {\code {HISTIGNORE}}{75}
-\entry {\code {history-preserve-point}}{108}
-\entry {\code {history-size}}{108}
+\entry {\code {history-preserve-point}}{107}
+\entry {\code {history-size}}{107}
 \entry {\code {HISTSIZE}}{75}
 \entry {\code {HISTTIMEFORMAT}}{75}
 \entry {\code {HOME}}{69}
-\entry {\code {horizontal-scroll-mode}}{108}
+\entry {\code {horizontal-scroll-mode}}{107}
 \entry {\code {HOSTFILE}}{75}
 \entry {\code {HOSTNAME}}{76}
 \entry {\code {HOSTTYPE}}{76}
 \initial {I}
 \entry {\code {IFS}}{69}
 \entry {\code {IGNOREEOF}}{76}
-\entry {\code {input-meta}}{108}
+\entry {\code {input-meta}}{107}
 \entry {\code {INPUTRC}}{76}
-\entry {\code {isearch-terminators}}{108}
+\entry {\code {isearch-terminators}}{107}
 \initial {K}
-\entry {\code {keymap}}{108}
+\entry {\code {keymap}}{107}
 \initial {L}
 \entry {\code {LANG}}{76}
 \entry {\code {LC_ALL}}{76}
@@ -117,20 +126,20 @@
 \entry {\code {MAILCHECK}}{77}
 \entry {\code {MAILPATH}}{69}
 \entry {\code {MAPFILE}}{77}
-\entry {\code {mark-modified-lines}}{109}
-\entry {\code {mark-symlinked-directories}}{109}
-\entry {\code {match-hidden-files}}{109}
-\entry {\code {menu-complete-display-prefix}}{109}
-\entry {\code {meta-flag}}{108}
+\entry {\code {mark-modified-lines}}{108}
+\entry {\code {mark-symlinked-directories}}{108}
+\entry {\code {match-hidden-files}}{108}
+\entry {\code {menu-complete-display-prefix}}{108}
+\entry {\code {meta-flag}}{107}
 \initial {O}
 \entry {\code {OLDPWD}}{77}
 \entry {\code {OPTARG}}{69}
 \entry {\code {OPTERR}}{77}
 \entry {\code {OPTIND}}{69}
 \entry {\code {OSTYPE}}{77}
-\entry {\code {output-meta}}{109}
+\entry {\code {output-meta}}{108}
 \initial {P}
-\entry {\code {page-completions}}{109}
+\entry {\code {page-completions}}{108}
 \entry {\code {PATH}}{69}
 \entry {\code {PIPESTATUS}}{77}
 \entry {\code {POSIXLY_CORRECT}}{77}
@@ -147,16 +156,16 @@
 \entry {\code {READLINE_LINE}}{78}
 \entry {\code {READLINE_POINT}}{78}
 \entry {\code {REPLY}}{78}
-\entry {\code {revert-all-at-newline}}{109}
+\entry {\code {revert-all-at-newline}}{108}
 \initial {S}
 \entry {\code {SECONDS}}{78}
 \entry {\code {SHELL}}{78}
 \entry {\code {SHELLOPTS}}{78}
 \entry {\code {SHLVL}}{78}
-\entry {\code {show-all-if-ambiguous}}{109}
-\entry {\code {show-all-if-unmodified}}{110}
-\entry {\code {show-mode-in-prompt}}{110}
-\entry {\code {skip-completed-text}}{110}
+\entry {\code {show-all-if-ambiguous}}{108}
+\entry {\code {show-all-if-unmodified}}{109}
+\entry {\code {show-mode-in-prompt}}{109}
+\entry {\code {skip-completed-text}}{109}
 \initial {T}
 \entry {\code {TEXTDOMAIN}}{7}
 \entry {\code {TEXTDOMAINDIR}}{7}
@@ -166,4 +175,4 @@
 \initial {U}
 \entry {\code {UID}}{79}
 \initial {V}
-\entry {\code {visible-stats}}{110}
+\entry {\code {visible-stats}}{109}
diff --git a/doc/texinfo.tex b/doc/texinfo.tex
index 03c29989c..bfd765dd2 100644
--- a/doc/texinfo.tex
+++ b/doc/texinfo.tex
@@ -1,13 +1,13 @@
 % texinfo.tex -- TeX macros to handle Texinfo files.
-%
+% 
 % Load plain if necessary, i.e., if running under initex.
 \expandafter\ifx\csname fmtname\endcsname\relax\input plain\fi
 %
-\def\texinfoversion{2009-01-18.17}
+\def\texinfoversion{2013-09-11.11}
 %
 % Copyright 1985, 1986, 1988, 1990, 1991, 1992, 1993, 1994, 1995,
 % 1996, 1997, 1998, 1999, 2000, 2001, 2002, 2003, 2004, 2005, 2006,
-% 2007, 2008, 2009 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
+% 2007, 2008, 2009, 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
 %
 % This texinfo.tex file is free software: you can redistribute it and/or
 % modify it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as
@@ -24,13 +24,14 @@
 %
 % As a special exception, when this file is read by TeX when processing
 % a Texinfo source document, you may use the result without
-% restriction.  (This has been our intent since Texinfo was invented.)
+% restriction. This Exception is an additional permission under section 7
+% of the GNU General Public License, version 3 ("GPLv3").
 %
 % Please try the latest version of texinfo.tex before submitting bug
 % reports; you can get the latest version from:
-%   http://www.gnu.org/software/texinfo/ (the Texinfo home page), or
-%   ftp://tug.org/tex/texinfo.tex
-%     (and all CTAN mirrors, see http://www.ctan.org).
+%   http://ftp.gnu.org/gnu/texinfo/ (the Texinfo release area), or
+%   http://ftpmirror.gnu.org/texinfo/ (same, via a mirror), or
+%   http://www.gnu.org/software/texinfo/ (the Texinfo home page)
 % The texinfo.tex in any given distribution could well be out
 % of date, so if that's what you're using, please check.
 %
@@ -65,7 +66,6 @@
 \everyjob{\message{[Texinfo version \texinfoversion]}%
   \catcode`+=\active \catcode`\_=\active}
 
-
 \chardef\other=12
 
 % We never want plain's \outer definition of \+ in Texinfo.
@@ -93,14 +93,13 @@
 \let\ptexnewwrite\newwrite
 \let\ptexnoindent=\noindent
 \let\ptexplus=+
+\let\ptexraggedright=\raggedright
 \let\ptexrbrace=\}
 \let\ptexslash=\/
 \let\ptexstar=\*
 \let\ptext=\t
 \let\ptextop=\top
-{\catcode`\'=\active
-\global\let\ptexquoteright'}% Math-mode def from plain.tex.
-\let\ptexraggedright=\raggedright
+{\catcode`\'=\active \global\let\ptexquoteright'}% active in plain's math mode
 
 % If this character appears in an error message or help string, it
 % starts a new line in the output.
@@ -118,10 +117,11 @@
 % Set up fixed words for English if not already set.
 \ifx\putwordAppendix\undefined  \gdef\putwordAppendix{Appendix}\fi
 \ifx\putwordChapter\undefined   \gdef\putwordChapter{Chapter}\fi
+\ifx\putworderror\undefined     \gdef\putworderror{error}\fi
 \ifx\putwordfile\undefined      \gdef\putwordfile{file}\fi
 \ifx\putwordin\undefined        \gdef\putwordin{in}\fi
-\ifx\putwordIndexIsEmpty\undefined     \gdef\putwordIndexIsEmpty{(Index is empty)}\fi
-\ifx\putwordIndexNonexistent\undefined \gdef\putwordIndexNonexistent{(Index is nonexistent)}\fi
+\ifx\putwordIndexIsEmpty\undefined       \gdef\putwordIndexIsEmpty{(Index is empty)}\fi
+\ifx\putwordIndexNonexistent\undefined   \gdef\putwordIndexNonexistent{(Index is nonexistent)}\fi
 \ifx\putwordInfo\undefined      \gdef\putwordInfo{Info}\fi
 \ifx\putwordInstanceVariableof\undefined \gdef\putwordInstanceVariableof{Instance Variable of}\fi
 \ifx\putwordMethodon\undefined  \gdef\putwordMethodon{Method on}\fi
@@ -160,15 +160,18 @@
 \def\spaceisspace{\catcode`\ =\spacecat}
 
 % sometimes characters are active, so we need control sequences.
+\chardef\ampChar   = `\&
 \chardef\colonChar = `\:
 \chardef\commaChar = `\,
 \chardef\dashChar  = `\-
 \chardef\dotChar   = `\.
 \chardef\exclamChar= `\!
+\chardef\hashChar  = `\#
 \chardef\lquoteChar= `\`
 \chardef\questChar = `\?
 \chardef\rquoteChar= `\'
 \chardef\semiChar  = `\;
+\chardef\slashChar = `\/
 \chardef\underChar = `\_
 
 % Ignore a token.
@@ -199,36 +202,7 @@
 % that mark overfull boxes (in case you have decided
 % that the text looks ok even though it passes the margin).
 %
-\def\finalout{\overfullrule=0pt}
-
-% @| inserts a changebar to the left of the current line.  It should
-% surround any changed text.  This approach does *not* work if the
-% change spans more than two lines of output.  To handle that, we would
-% have adopt a much more difficult approach (putting marks into the main
-% vertical list for the beginning and end of each change).
-%
-\def\|{%
-  % \vadjust can only be used in horizontal mode.
-  \leavevmode
-  %
-  % Append this vertical mode material after the current line in the output.
-  \vadjust{%
-    % We want to insert a rule with the height and depth of the current
-    % leading; that is exactly what \strutbox is supposed to record.
-    \vskip-\baselineskip
-    %
-    % \vadjust-items are inserted at the left edge of the type.  So
-    % the \llap here moves out into the left-hand margin.
-    \llap{%
-      %
-      % For a thicker or thinner bar, change the `1pt'.
-      \vrule height\baselineskip width1pt
-      %
-      % This is the space between the bar and the text.
-      \hskip 12pt
-    }%
-  }%
-}
+\def\finalout{\overfullrule=0pt }
 
 % Sometimes it is convenient to have everything in the transcript file
 % and nothing on the terminal.  We don't just call \tracingall here,
@@ -246,7 +220,7 @@
   \tracingmacros2
   \tracingrestores1
   \showboxbreadth\maxdimen \showboxdepth\maxdimen
-  \ifx\eTeXversion\undefined\else % etex gives us more logging
+  \ifx\eTeXversion\thisisundefined\else % etex gives us more logging
     \tracingscantokens1
     \tracingifs1
     \tracinggroups1
@@ -257,6 +231,13 @@
   \errorcontextlines16
 }%
 
+% @errormsg{MSG}.  Do the index-like expansions on MSG, but if things
+% aren't perfect, it's not the end of the world, being an error message,
+% after all.
+% 
+\def\errormsg{\begingroup \indexnofonts \doerrormsg}
+\def\doerrormsg#1{\errmessage{#1}}
+
 % add check for \lastpenalty to plain's definitions.  If the last thing
 % we did was a \nobreak, we don't want to insert more space.
 %
@@ -267,7 +248,6 @@
 \def\bigbreak{\ifnum\lastpenalty<10000\par\ifdim\lastskip<\bigskipamount
   \removelastskip\penalty-200\bigskip\fi\fi}
 
-% For @cropmarks command.
 % Do @cropmarks to get crop marks.
 %
 \newif\ifcropmarks
@@ -301,9 +281,9 @@
   \toks6=\expandafter{\prevsectiondefs}%
   \toks8=\expandafter{\lastcolordefs}%
   \mark{%
-                   \the\toks0 \the\toks2
-      \noexpand\or \the\toks4 \the\toks6
-    \noexpand\else \the\toks8
+                   \the\toks0 \the\toks2  % 0: top marks (\last...)
+      \noexpand\or \the\toks4 \the\toks6  % 1: bottom marks (default, \prev...)
+    \noexpand\else \the\toks8             % 2: color marks
   }%
 }
 % \topmark doesn't work for the very first chapter (after the title
@@ -342,10 +322,13 @@
   %
   % Do this outside of the \shipout so @code etc. will be expanded in
   % the headline as they should be, not taken literally (outputting ''code).
+  \def\commmonheadfootline{\let\hsize=\pagewidth \texinfochars}
+  %
   \ifodd\pageno \getoddheadingmarks \else \getevenheadingmarks \fi
-  \setbox\headlinebox = \vbox{\let\hsize=\pagewidth \makeheadline}%
+  \global\setbox\headlinebox = \vbox{\commmonheadfootline \makeheadline}%
+  %
   \ifodd\pageno \getoddfootingmarks \else \getevenfootingmarks \fi
-  \setbox\footlinebox = \vbox{\let\hsize=\pagewidth \makefootline}%
+  \global\setbox\footlinebox = \vbox{\commmonheadfootline \makefootline}%
   %
   {%
     % Have to do this stuff outside the \shipout because we want it to
@@ -358,7 +341,7 @@
                % We don't want .vr (or whatever) entries like this:
                % \entry{{\tt \indexbackslash }acronym}{32}{\code {\acronym}}
                % "\acronym" won't work when it's read back in;
-               % it needs to be 
+               % it needs to be
                % {\code {{\tt \backslashcurfont }acronym}
     \shipout\vbox{%
       % Do this early so pdf references go to the beginning of the page.
@@ -577,7 +560,7 @@
 }
 \def\inenvironment#1{%
   \ifx#1\empty
-    out of any environment%
+    outside of any environment%
   \else
     in environment \expandafter\string#1%
   \fi
@@ -589,7 +572,7 @@
 \parseargdef\end{%
   \if 1\csname iscond.#1\endcsname
   \else
-    % The general wording of \badenverr may not be ideal, but... --kasal, 06nov03
+    % The general wording of \badenverr may not be ideal.
     \expandafter\checkenv\csname#1\endcsname
     \csname E#1\endcsname
     \endgroup
@@ -599,85 +582,6 @@
 \newhelp\EMsimple{Press RETURN to continue.}
 
 
-%% Simple single-character @ commands
-
-% @@ prints an @
-% Kludge this until the fonts are right (grr).
-\def\@{{\tt\char64}}
-
-% This is turned off because it was never documented
-% and you can use @w{...} around a quote to suppress ligatures.
-%% Define @` and @' to be the same as ` and '
-%% but suppressing ligatures.
-%\def\`{{`}}
-%\def\'{{'}}
-
-% Used to generate quoted braces.
-\def\mylbrace {{\tt\char123}}
-\def\myrbrace {{\tt\char125}}
-\let\{=\mylbrace
-\let\}=\myrbrace
-\begingroup
-  % Definitions to produce \{ and \} commands for indices,
-  % and @{ and @} for the aux/toc files.
-  \catcode`\{ = \other \catcode`\} = \other
-  \catcode`\[ = 1 \catcode`\] = 2
-  \catcode`\! = 0 \catcode`\\ = \other
-  !gdef!lbracecmd[\{]%
-  !gdef!rbracecmd[\}]%
-  !gdef!lbraceatcmd[@{]%
-  !gdef!rbraceatcmd[@}]%
-!endgroup
-
-% @comma{} to avoid , parsing problems.
-\let\comma = ,
-
-% Accents: @, @dotaccent @ringaccent @ubaraccent @udotaccent
-% Others are defined by plain TeX: @` @' @" @^ @~ @= @u @v @H.
-\let\, = \c
-\let\dotaccent = \.
-\def\ringaccent#1{{\accent23 #1}}
-\let\tieaccent = \t
-\let\ubaraccent = \b
-\let\udotaccent = \d
-
-% Other special characters: @questiondown @exclamdown @ordf @ordm
-% Plain TeX defines: @AA @AE @O @OE @L (plus lowercase versions) @ss.
-\def\questiondown{?`}
-\def\exclamdown{!`}
-\def\ordf{\leavevmode\raise1ex\hbox{\selectfonts\lllsize \underbar{a}}}
-\def\ordm{\leavevmode\raise1ex\hbox{\selectfonts\lllsize \underbar{o}}}
-
-% Dotless i and dotless j, used for accents.
-\def\imacro{i}
-\def\jmacro{j}
-\def\dotless#1{%
-  \def\temp{#1}%
-  \ifx\temp\imacro \ifmmode\imath \else\ptexi \fi
-  \else\ifx\temp\jmacro \ifmmode\jmath \else\j \fi
-  \else \errmessage{@dotless can be used only with i or j}%
-  \fi\fi
-}
-
-% The \TeX{} logo, as in plain, but resetting the spacing so that a
-% period following counts as ending a sentence.  (Idea found in latex.)
-%
-\edef\TeX{\TeX \spacefactor=1000 }
-
-% @LaTeX{} logo.  Not quite the same results as the definition in
-% latex.ltx, since we use a different font for the raised A; it's most
-% convenient for us to use an explicitly smaller font, rather than using
-% the \scriptstyle font (since we don't reset \scriptstyle and
-% \scriptscriptstyle).
-%
-\def\LaTeX{%
-  L\kern-.36em
-  {\setbox0=\hbox{T}%
-   \vbox to \ht0{\hbox{\selectfonts\lllsize A}\vss}}%
-  \kern-.15em
-  \TeX
-}
-
 % Be sure we're in horizontal mode when doing a tie, since we make space
 % equivalent to this in @example-like environments. Otherwise, a space
 % at the beginning of a line will start with \penalty -- and
@@ -694,7 +598,7 @@
 \def\:{\spacefactor=1000 }
 
 % @* forces a line break.
-\def\*{\hfil\break\hbox{}\ignorespaces}
+\def\*{\unskip\hfil\break\hbox{}\ignorespaces}
 
 % @/ allows a line break.
 \let\/=\allowbreak
@@ -709,7 +613,7 @@
 \def\?{?\spacefactor=\endofsentencespacefactor\space}
 
 % @frenchspacing on|off  says whether to put extra space after punctuation.
-% 
+%
 \def\onword{on}
 \def\offword{off}
 %
@@ -719,7 +623,7 @@
   \else\ifx\temp\offword \plainnonfrenchspacing
   \else
     \errhelp = \EMsimple
-    \errmessage{Unknown @frenchspacing option `\temp', must be on/off}%
+    \errmessage{Unknown @frenchspacing option `\temp', must be on|off}%
   \fi\fi
 }
 
@@ -801,15 +705,6 @@ where each line of input produces a line of output.}
 
 \newdimen\mil  \mil=0.001in
 
-% Old definition--didn't work.
-%\parseargdef\need{\par %
-%% This method tries to make TeX break the page naturally
-%% if the depth of the box does not fit.
-%{\baselineskip=0pt%
-%\vtop to #1\mil{\vfil}\kern -#1\mil\nobreak
-%\prevdepth=-1000pt
-%}}
-
 \parseargdef\need{%
   % Ensure vertical mode, so we don't make a big box in the middle of a
   % paragraph.
@@ -873,7 +768,7 @@ where each line of input produces a line of output.}
 
 % @inmargin{WHICH}{TEXT} puts TEXT in the WHICH margin next to the current
 % paragraph.  For more general purposes, use the \margin insertion
-% class.  WHICH is `l' or `r'.
+% class.  WHICH is `l' or `r'.  Not documented, written for gawk manual.
 %
 \newskip\inmarginspacing \inmarginspacing=1cm
 \def\strutdepth{\dp\strutbox}
@@ -920,6 +815,36 @@ where each line of input produces a line of output.}
   \temp
 }
 
+% @| inserts a changebar to the left of the current line.  It should
+% surround any changed text.  This approach does *not* work if the
+% change spans more than two lines of output.  To handle that, we would
+% have adopt a much more difficult approach (putting marks into the main
+% vertical list for the beginning and end of each change).  This command
+% is not documented, not supported, and doesn't work.
+%
+\def\|{%
+  % \vadjust can only be used in horizontal mode.
+  \leavevmode
+  %
+  % Append this vertical mode material after the current line in the output.
+  \vadjust{%
+    % We want to insert a rule with the height and depth of the current
+    % leading; that is exactly what \strutbox is supposed to record.
+    \vskip-\baselineskip
+    %
+    % \vadjust-items are inserted at the left edge of the type.  So
+    % the \llap here moves out into the left-hand margin.
+    \llap{%
+      %
+      % For a thicker or thinner bar, change the `1pt'.
+      \vrule height\baselineskip width1pt
+      %
+      % This is the space between the bar and the text.
+      \hskip 12pt
+    }%
+  }%
+}
+
 % @include FILE -- \input text of FILE.
 %
 \def\include{\parseargusing\filenamecatcodes\includezzz}
@@ -930,6 +855,7 @@ where each line of input produces a line of output.}
     \makevalueexpandable  % we want to expand any @value in FILE.
     \turnoffactive        % and allow special characters in the expansion
     \indexnofonts         % Allow `@@' and other weird things in file names.
+    \wlog{texinfo.tex: doing @include of #1^^J}%
     \edef\temp{\noexpand\input #1 }%
     %
     % This trickery is to read FILE outside of a group, in case it makes
@@ -965,7 +891,7 @@ where each line of input produces a line of output.}
 \def\popthisfilestack{\errthisfilestackempty}
 \def\errthisfilestackempty{\errmessage{Internal error:
   the stack of filenames is empty.}}
-
+%
 \def\thisfile{}
 
 % @center line
@@ -973,36 +899,46 @@ where each line of input produces a line of output.}
 %
 \parseargdef\center{%
   \ifhmode
-    \let\next\centerH
+    \let\centersub\centerH
   \else
-    \let\next\centerV
+    \let\centersub\centerV
   \fi
-  \next{\hfil \ignorespaces#1\unskip \hfil}%
+  \centersub{\hfil \ignorespaces#1\unskip \hfil}%
+  \let\centersub\relax % don't let the definition persist, just in case
 }
-\def\centerH#1{%
-  {%
-    \hfil\break
-    \advance\hsize by -\leftskip
-    \advance\hsize by -\rightskip
-    \line{#1}%
-    \break
-  }%
+\def\centerH#1{{%
+  \hfil\break
+  \advance\hsize by -\leftskip
+  \advance\hsize by -\rightskip
+  \line{#1}%
+  \break
+}}
+%
+\newcount\centerpenalty
+\def\centerV#1{%
+  % The idea here is the same as in \startdefun, \cartouche, etc.: if
+  % @center is the first thing after a section heading, we need to wipe
+  % out the negative parskip inserted by \sectionheading, but still
+  % prevent a page break here.
+  \centerpenalty = \lastpenalty
+  \ifnum\centerpenalty>10000 \vskip\parskip \fi
+  \ifnum\centerpenalty>9999 \penalty\centerpenalty \fi
+  \line{\kern\leftskip #1\kern\rightskip}%
 }
-\def\centerV#1{\line{\kern\leftskip #1\kern\rightskip}}
 
 % @sp n   outputs n lines of vertical space
-
+%
 \parseargdef\sp{\vskip #1\baselineskip}
 
 % @comment ...line which is ignored...
 % @c is the same as @comment
 % @ignore ... @end ignore  is another way to write a comment
-
+%
 \def\comment{\begingroup \catcode`\^^M=\other%
 \catcode`\@=\other \catcode`\{=\other \catcode`\}=\other%
 \commentxxx}
 {\catcode`\^^M=\other \gdef\commentxxx#1^^M{\endgroup}}
-
+%
 \let\c=\comment
 
 % @paragraphindent NCHARS
@@ -1095,109 +1031,6 @@ where each line of input produces a line of output.}
 }
 
 
-% @asis just yields its argument.  Used with @table, for example.
-%
-\def\asis#1{#1}
-
-% @math outputs its argument in math mode.
-%
-% One complication: _ usually means subscripts, but it could also mean
-% an actual _ character, as in @math{@var{some_variable} + 1}.  So make
-% _ active, and distinguish by seeing if the current family is \slfam,
-% which is what @var uses.
-{
-  \catcode`\_ = \active
-  \gdef\mathunderscore{%
-    \catcode`\_=\active
-    \def_{\ifnum\fam=\slfam \_\else\sb\fi}%
-  }
-}
-% Another complication: we want \\ (and @\) to output a \ character.
-% FYI, plain.tex uses \\ as a temporary control sequence (why?), but
-% this is not advertised and we don't care.  Texinfo does not
-% otherwise define @\.
-%
-% The \mathchar is class=0=ordinary, family=7=ttfam, position=5C=\.
-\def\mathbackslash{\ifnum\fam=\ttfam \mathchar"075C \else\backslash \fi}
-%
-\def\math{%
-  \tex
-  \mathunderscore
-  \let\\ = \mathbackslash
-  \mathactive
-  % make the texinfo accent commands work in math mode
-  \let\"=\ddot
-  \let\'=\acute
-  \let\==\bar
-  \let\^=\hat
-  \let\`=\grave
-  \let\u=\breve
-  \let\v=\check
-  \let\~=\tilde
-  \let\dotaccent=\dot
-  $\finishmath
-}
-\def\finishmath#1{#1$\endgroup}  % Close the group opened by \tex.
-
-% Some active characters (such as <) are spaced differently in math.
-% We have to reset their definitions in case the @math was an argument
-% to a command which sets the catcodes (such as @item or @section).
-%
-{
-  \catcode`^ = \active
-  \catcode`< = \active
-  \catcode`> = \active
-  \catcode`+ = \active
-  \catcode`' = \active
-  \gdef\mathactive{%
-    \let^ = \ptexhat
-    \let< = \ptexless
-    \let> = \ptexgtr
-    \let+ = \ptexplus
-    \let' = \ptexquoteright
-  }
-}
-
-% Some math mode symbols.
-\def\bullet{$\ptexbullet$}
-\def\geq{\ifmmode \ge\else $\ge$\fi}
-\def\leq{\ifmmode \le\else $\le$\fi}
-\def\minus{\ifmmode -\else $-$\fi}
-
-% @dots{} outputs an ellipsis using the current font.
-% We do .5em per period so that it has the same spacing in the cm
-% typewriter fonts as three actual period characters; on the other hand,
-% in other typewriter fonts three periods are wider than 1.5em.  So do
-% whichever is larger.
-%
-\def\dots{%
-  \leavevmode
-  \setbox0=\hbox{...}% get width of three periods
-  \ifdim\wd0 > 1.5em
-    \dimen0 = \wd0
-  \else
-    \dimen0 = 1.5em
-  \fi
-  \hbox to \dimen0{%
-    \hskip 0pt plus.25fil
-    .\hskip 0pt plus1fil
-    .\hskip 0pt plus1fil
-    .\hskip 0pt plus.5fil
-  }%
-}
-
-% @enddots{} is an end-of-sentence ellipsis.
-%
-\def\enddots{%
-  \dots
-  \spacefactor=\endofsentencespacefactor
-}
-
-% @comma{} is so commas can be inserted into text without messing up
-% Texinfo's parsing.
-%
-\let\comma = ,
-
 % @refill is a no-op.
 \let\refill=\relax
 
@@ -1262,9 +1095,8 @@ where each line of input produces a line of output.}
 \newif\ifpdfmakepagedest
 
 % when pdftex is run in dvi mode, \pdfoutput is defined (so \pdfoutput=1
-% can be set).  So we test for \relax and 0 as well as \undefined,
-% borrowed from ifpdf.sty.
-\ifx\pdfoutput\undefined
+% can be set).  So we test for \relax and 0 as well as being undefined.
+\ifx\pdfoutput\thisisundefined
 \else
   \ifx\pdfoutput\relax
   \else
@@ -1279,50 +1111,24 @@ where each line of input produces a line of output.}
 % for display in the outlines, and in other places.  Thus, we have to
 % double any backslashes.  Otherwise, a name like "\node" will be
 % interpreted as a newline (\n), followed by o, d, e.  Not good.
-% http://www.ntg.nl/pipermail/ntg-pdftex/2004-July/000654.html
-% (and related messages, the final outcome is that it is up to the TeX
-% user to double the backslashes and otherwise make the string valid, so
-% that's what we do).
-
-% double active backslashes.
-% 
-{\catcode`\@=0 \catcode`\\=\active
- @gdef@activebackslashdouble{%
-   @catcode`@\=@active
-   @let\=@doublebackslash}
-}
-
-% To handle parens, we must adopt a different approach, since parens are
-% not active characters.  hyperref.dtx (which has the same problem as
-% us) handles it with this amazing macro to replace tokens, with minor
-% changes for Texinfo.  It is included here under the GPL by permission
-% from the author, Heiko Oberdiek.
-% 
-% #1 is the tokens to replace.
-% #2 is the replacement.
-% #3 is the control sequence with the string.
 % 
-\def\HyPsdSubst#1#2#3{%
-  \def\HyPsdReplace##1#1##2\END{%
-    ##1%
-    \ifx\\##2\\%
-    \else
-      #2%
-      \HyReturnAfterFi{%
-        \HyPsdReplace##2\END
-      }%
-    \fi
-  }%
-  \xdef#3{\expandafter\HyPsdReplace#3#1\END}%
-}
-\long\def\HyReturnAfterFi#1\fi{\fi#1}
-
-% #1 is a control sequence in which to do the replacements.
-\def\backslashparens#1{%
-  \xdef#1{#1}% redefine it as its expansion; the definition is simply
-             % \lastnode when called from \setref -> \pdfmkdest.
-  \HyPsdSubst{(}{\realbackslash(}{#1}%
-  \HyPsdSubst{)}{\realbackslash)}{#1}%
+% See http://www.ntg.nl/pipermail/ntg-pdftex/2004-July/000654.html and
+% related messages.  The final outcome is that it is up to the TeX user
+% to double the backslashes and otherwise make the string valid, so
+% that's what we do.  pdftex 1.30.0 (ca.2005) introduced a primitive to
+% do this reliably, so we use it.
+
+% #1 is a control sequence in which to do the replacements,
+% which we \xdef.
+\def\txiescapepdf#1{%
+  \ifx\pdfescapestring\thisisundefined
+    % No primitive available; should we give a warning or log?
+    % Many times it won't matter.
+  \else
+    % The expandable \pdfescapestring primitive escapes parentheses,
+    % backslashes, and other special chars.
+    \xdef#1{\pdfescapestring{#1}}%
+  \fi
 }
 
 \newhelp\nopdfimagehelp{Texinfo supports .png, .jpg, .jpeg, and .pdf images
@@ -1332,13 +1138,16 @@ output) for that.)}
 
 \ifpdf
   %
-  % Color manipulation macros based on pdfcolor.tex.
-  \def\cmykDarkRed{0.28 1 1 0.35}
-  \def\cmykBlack{0 0 0 1}
+  % Color manipulation macros based on pdfcolor.tex,
+  % except using rgb instead of cmyk; the latter is said to render as a
+  % very dark gray on-screen and a very dark halftone in print, instead
+  % of actual black.
+  \def\rgbDarkRed{0.50 0.09 0.12}
+  \def\rgbBlack{0 0 0}
   %
   % k sets the color for filling (usual text, etc.);
   % K sets the color for stroking (thin rules, e.g., normal _'s).
-  \def\pdfsetcolor#1{\pdfliteral{#1 k  #1 K}}
+  \def\pdfsetcolor#1{\pdfliteral{#1 rg  #1 RG}}
   %
   % Set color, and create a mark which defines \thiscolor accordingly,
   % so that \makeheadline knows which color to restore.
@@ -1348,7 +1157,7 @@ output) for that.)}
     \pdfsetcolor{#1}%
   }
   %
-  \def\maincolor{\cmykBlack}
+  \def\maincolor{\rgbBlack}
   \pdfsetcolor{\maincolor}
   \edef\thiscolor{\maincolor}
   \def\lastcolordefs{}
@@ -1378,32 +1187,34 @@ output) for that.)}
   %
   % #1 is image name, #2 width (might be empty/whitespace), #3 height (ditto).
   \def\dopdfimage#1#2#3{%
-    \def\imagewidth{#2}\setbox0 = \hbox{\ignorespaces #2}%
-    \def\imageheight{#3}\setbox2 = \hbox{\ignorespaces #3}%
+    \def\pdfimagewidth{#2}\setbox0 = \hbox{\ignorespaces #2}%
+    \def\pdfimageheight{#3}\setbox2 = \hbox{\ignorespaces #3}%
     %
-    % pdftex (and the PDF format) support .png, .jpg, .pdf (among
-    % others).  Let's try in that order.
+    % pdftex (and the PDF format) support .pdf, .png, .jpg (among
+    % others).  Let's try in that order, PDF first since if
+    % someone has a scalable image, presumably better to use that than a
+    % bitmap.
     \let\pdfimgext=\empty
     \begingroup
-      \openin 1 #1.png \ifeof 1
-        \openin 1 #1.jpg \ifeof 1
-          \openin 1 #1.jpeg \ifeof 1
-            \openin 1 #1.JPG \ifeof 1
-              \openin 1 #1.pdf \ifeof 1
-                \openin 1 #1.PDF \ifeof 1
+      \openin 1 #1.pdf \ifeof 1
+        \openin 1 #1.PDF \ifeof 1
+          \openin 1 #1.png \ifeof 1
+            \openin 1 #1.jpg \ifeof 1
+              \openin 1 #1.jpeg \ifeof 1
+                \openin 1 #1.JPG \ifeof 1
                   \errhelp = \nopdfimagehelp
                   \errmessage{Could not find image file #1 for pdf}%
-                \else \gdef\pdfimgext{PDF}%
+                \else \gdef\pdfimgext{JPG}%
                 \fi
-              \else \gdef\pdfimgext{pdf}%
+              \else \gdef\pdfimgext{jpeg}%
               \fi
-            \else \gdef\pdfimgext{JPG}%
+            \else \gdef\pdfimgext{jpg}%
             \fi
-          \else \gdef\pdfimgext{jpeg}%
+          \else \gdef\pdfimgext{png}%
           \fi
-        \else \gdef\pdfimgext{jpg}%
+        \else \gdef\pdfimgext{PDF}%
         \fi
-      \else \gdef\pdfimgext{png}%
+      \else \gdef\pdfimgext{pdf}%
       \fi
       \closein 1
     \endgroup
@@ -1415,8 +1226,8 @@ output) for that.)}
     \else
       \immediate\pdfximage
     \fi
-      \ifdim \wd0 >0pt width \imagewidth \fi
-      \ifdim \wd2 >0pt height \imageheight \fi
+      \ifdim \wd0 >0pt width \pdfimagewidth \fi
+      \ifdim \wd2 >0pt height \pdfimageheight \fi
       \ifnum\pdftexversion<13
          #1.\pdfimgext
        \else
@@ -1431,10 +1242,9 @@ output) for that.)}
     % such as \, aren't expanded when present in a section title.
     \indexnofonts
     \turnoffactive
-    \activebackslashdouble
     \makevalueexpandable
     \def\pdfdestname{#1}%
-    \backslashparens\pdfdestname
+    \txiescapepdf\pdfdestname
     \safewhatsit{\pdfdest name{\pdfdestname} xyz}%
   }}
   %
@@ -1443,8 +1253,8 @@ output) for that.)}
   %
   % by default, use a color that is dark enough to print on paper as
   % nearly black, but still distinguishable for online viewing.
-  \def\urlcolor{\cmykDarkRed}
-  \def\linkcolor{\cmykDarkRed}
+  \def\urlcolor{\rgbDarkRed}
+  \def\linkcolor{\rgbDarkRed}
   \def\endlink{\setcolor{\maincolor}\pdfendlink}
   %
   % Adding outlines to PDF; macros for calculating structure of outlines
@@ -1466,29 +1276,24 @@ output) for that.)}
     % page number.  We could generate a destination for the section
     % text in the case where a section has no node, but it doesn't
     % seem worth the trouble, since most documents are normally structured.
-    \def\pdfoutlinedest{#3}%
+    \edef\pdfoutlinedest{#3}%
     \ifx\pdfoutlinedest\empty
       \def\pdfoutlinedest{#4}%
     \else
-      % Doubled backslashes in the name.
-      {\activebackslashdouble \xdef\pdfoutlinedest{#3}%
-       \backslashparens\pdfoutlinedest}%
+      \txiescapepdf\pdfoutlinedest
     \fi
     %
-    % Also double the backslashes in the display string.
-    {\activebackslashdouble \xdef\pdfoutlinetext{#1}%
-     \backslashparens\pdfoutlinetext}%
+    % Also escape PDF chars in the display string.
+    \edef\pdfoutlinetext{#1}%
+    \txiescapepdf\pdfoutlinetext
     %
     \pdfoutline goto name{\pdfmkpgn{\pdfoutlinedest}}#2{\pdfoutlinetext}%
   }
   %
   \def\pdfmakeoutlines{%
     \begingroup
-      % Thanh's hack / proper braces in bookmarks
-      \edef\mylbrace{\iftrue \string{\else}\fi}\let\{=\mylbrace
-      \edef\myrbrace{\iffalse{\else\string}\fi}\let\}=\myrbrace
-      %
       % Read toc silently, to get counts of subentries for \pdfoutline.
+      \def\partentry##1##2##3##4{}% ignore parts in the outlines
       \def\numchapentry##1##2##3##4{%
 	\def\thischapnum{##2}%
 	\def\thissecnum{0}%
@@ -1542,25 +1347,41 @@ output) for that.)}
       % Latin 2 (0xea) gets translated to a | character.  Info from
       % Staszek Wawrykiewicz, 19 Jan 2004 04:09:24 +0100.
       %
-      % xx to do this right, we have to translate 8-bit characters to
-      % their "best" equivalent, based on the @documentencoding.  Right
-      % now, I guess we'll just let the pdf reader have its way.
+      % TODO this right, we have to translate 8-bit characters to
+      % their "best" equivalent, based on the @documentencoding.  Too
+      % much work for too little return.  Just use the ASCII equivalents
+      % we use for the index sort strings.
+      % 
       \indexnofonts
       \setupdatafile
+      % We can have normal brace characters in the PDF outlines, unlike
+      % Texinfo index files.  So set that up.
+      \def\{{\lbracecharliteral}%
+      \def\}{\rbracecharliteral}%
       \catcode`\\=\active \otherbackslash
       \input \tocreadfilename
     \endgroup
   }
+  {\catcode`[=1 \catcode`]=2
+   \catcode`{=\other \catcode`}=\other
+   \gdef\lbracecharliteral[{]%
+   \gdef\rbracecharliteral[}]%
+  ]
   %
   \def\skipspaces#1{\def\PP{#1}\def\D{|}%
     \ifx\PP\D\let\nextsp\relax
     \else\let\nextsp\skipspaces
-      \ifx\p\space\else\addtokens{\filename}{\PP}%
-        \advance\filenamelength by 1
-      \fi
+      \addtokens{\filename}{\PP}%
+      \advance\filenamelength by 1
     \fi
     \nextsp}
-  \def\getfilename#1{\filenamelength=0\expandafter\skipspaces#1|\relax}
+  \def\getfilename#1{%
+    \filenamelength=0
+    % If we don't expand the argument now, \skipspaces will get
+    % snagged on things like "@value{foo}".
+    \edef\temp{#1}%
+    \expandafter\skipspaces\temp|\relax
+  }
   \ifnum\pdftexversion < 14
     \let \startlink \pdfannotlink
   \else
@@ -1573,7 +1394,7 @@ output) for that.)}
       % tried to figure out what each command should do in the context
       % of @url.  for now, just make @/ a no-op, that's the only one
       % people have actually reported a problem with.
-      % 
+      %
       \normalturnoffactive
       \def\@{@}%
       \let\/=\empty
@@ -1657,9 +1478,6 @@ output) for that.)}
 \def\ttsl{\setfontstyle{ttsl}}
 
 
-% Default leading.
-\newdimen\textleading  \textleading = 13.2pt
-
 % Set the baselineskip to #1, and the lineskip and strut size
 % correspondingly.  There is no deep meaning behind these magic numbers
 % used as factors; they just match (closely enough) what Knuth defined.
@@ -1671,6 +1489,7 @@ output) for that.)}
 % can get a sort of poor man's double spacing by redefining this.
 \def\baselinefactor{1}
 %
+\newdimen\textleading
 \def\setleading#1{%
   \dimen0 = #1\relax
   \normalbaselineskip = \baselinefactor\dimen0
@@ -1692,7 +1511,7 @@ output) for that.)}
 % if we are producing pdf, and we have \pdffontattr, then define cmaps.
 % (\pdffontattr was introduced many years ago, but people still run
 % older pdftex's; it's easy to conditionalize, so we do.)
-\ifpdf \ifx\pdffontattr\undefined \else
+\ifpdf \ifx\pdffontattr\thisisundefined \else
   \begingroup
     \catcode`\^^M=\active \def^^M{^^J}% Output line endings as the ^^J char.
     \catcode`\%=12 \immediate\pdfobj stream {%!PS-Adobe-3.0 Resource-CMap
@@ -1943,28 +1762,34 @@ end
 \fi\fi
 
 
-% Set the font macro #1 to the font named #2, adding on the
-% specified font prefix (normally `cm').
+% Set the font macro #1 to the font named \fontprefix#2.
 % #3 is the font's design size, #4 is a scale factor, #5 is the CMap
-% encoding (currently only OT1, OT1IT and OT1TT are allowed, pass
-% empty to omit).
+% encoding (only OT1, OT1IT and OT1TT are allowed, or empty to omit).
+% Example:
+% #1 = \textrm
+% #2 = \rmshape
+% #3 = 10
+% #4 = \mainmagstep
+% #5 = OT1
+%
 \def\setfont#1#2#3#4#5{%
   \font#1=\fontprefix#2#3 scaled #4
   \csname cmap#5\endcsname#1%
 }
 % This is what gets called when #5 of \setfont is empty.
 \let\cmap\gobble
-% emacs-page end of cmaps
+%
+% (end of cmaps)
 
 % Use cm as the default font prefix.
 % To specify the font prefix, you must define \fontprefix
 % before you read in texinfo.tex.
-\ifx\fontprefix\undefined
+\ifx\fontprefix\thisisundefined
 \def\fontprefix{cm}
 \fi
 % Support font families that don't use the same naming scheme as CM.
 \def\rmshape{r}
-\def\rmbshape{bx}               %where the normal face is bold
+\def\rmbshape{bx}               % where the normal face is bold
 \def\bfshape{b}
 \def\bxshape{bx}
 \def\ttshape{tt}
@@ -1979,9 +1804,8 @@ end
 \def\scshape{csc}
 \def\scbshape{csc}
 
-% Definitions for a main text size of 11pt.  This is the default in
-% Texinfo.
-% 
+% Definitions for a main text size of 11pt.  (The default in Texinfo.)
+%
 \def\definetextfontsizexi{%
 % Text fonts (11.2pt, magstep1).
 \def\textnominalsize{11pt}
@@ -2102,17 +1926,17 @@ end
 \font\reducedsy=cmsy10
 \def\reducedecsize{1000}
 
-% reset the current fonts
-\textfonts
+\textleading = 13.2pt % line spacing for 11pt CM
+\textfonts            % reset the current fonts
 \rm
-} % end of 11pt text font size definitions
+} % end of 11pt text font size definitions, \definetextfontsizexi
 
 
 % Definitions to make the main text be 10pt Computer Modern, with
 % section, chapter, etc., sizes following suit.  This is for the GNU
 % Press printing of the Emacs 22 manual.  Maybe other manuals in the
 % future.  Used with @smallbook, which sets the leading to 12pt.
-% 
+%
 \def\definetextfontsizex{%
 % Text fonts (10pt).
 \def\textnominalsize{10pt}
@@ -2201,7 +2025,7 @@ end
 \setfont\secsf\sfbshape{12}{1000}{OT1}
 \let\secbf\secrm
 \setfont\secsc\scbshape{10}{\magstep1}{OT1}
-\font\seci=cmmi12 
+\font\seci=cmmi12
 \font\secsy=cmsy10 scaled \magstep1
 \def\sececsize{1200}
 
@@ -2233,29 +2057,28 @@ end
 \font\reducedsy=cmsy9
 \def\reducedecsize{0900}
 
-% reduce space between paragraphs
-\divide\parskip by 2
-
-% reset the current fonts
-\textfonts
+\divide\parskip by 2  % reduce space between paragraphs
+\textleading = 12pt   % line spacing for 10pt CM
+\textfonts            % reset the current fonts
 \rm
-} % end of 10pt text font size definitions
+} % end of 10pt text font size definitions, \definetextfontsizex
 
 
 % We provide the user-level command
 %   @fonttextsize 10
 % (or 11) to redefine the text font size.  pt is assumed.
-% 
-\def\xword{10}
+%
 \def\xiword{11}
+\def\xword{10}
+\def\xwordpt{10pt}
 %
 \parseargdef\fonttextsize{%
   \def\textsizearg{#1}%
-  \wlog{doing @fonttextsize \textsizearg}%
+  %\wlog{doing @fonttextsize \textsizearg}%
   %
   % Set \globaldefs so that documents can use this inside @tex, since
   % makeinfo 4.8 does not support it, but we need it nonetheless.
-  % 
+  %
  \begingroup \globaldefs=1
   \ifx\textsizearg\xword \definetextfontsizex
   \else \ifx\textsizearg\xiword \definetextfontsizexi
@@ -2305,7 +2128,7 @@ end
   \let\tenttsl=\titlettsl
   \def\curfontsize{title}%
   \def\lsize{chap}\def\lllsize{subsec}%
-  \resetmathfonts \setleading{25pt}}
+  \resetmathfonts \setleading{27pt}}
 \def\titlefont#1{{\titlefonts\rmisbold #1}}
 \def\chapfonts{%
   \let\tenrm=\chaprm \let\tenit=\chapit \let\tensl=\chapsl
@@ -2433,12 +2256,14 @@ end
 
 % Markup style setup for left and right quotes.
 \defmarkupstylesetup\markupsetuplq{%
-  \expandafter\let\expandafter \temp \csname markupsetuplq\currentmarkupstyle\endcsname
+  \expandafter\let\expandafter \temp
+    \csname markupsetuplq\currentmarkupstyle\endcsname
   \ifx\temp\relax \markupsetuplqdefault \else \temp \fi
 }
 
 \defmarkupstylesetup\markupsetuprq{%
-  \expandafter\let\expandafter \temp \csname markupsetuprq\currentmarkupstyle\endcsname
+  \expandafter\let\expandafter \temp
+    \csname markupsetuprq\currentmarkupstyle\endcsname
   \ifx\temp\relax \markupsetuprqdefault \else \temp \fi
 }
 
@@ -2451,29 +2276,32 @@ end
 
 \gdef\markupsetcodequoteleft{\let`\codequoteleft}
 \gdef\markupsetcodequoteright{\let'\codequoteright}
-
-\gdef\markupsetnoligaturesquoteleft{\let`\noligaturesquoteleft}
 }
 
 \let\markupsetuplqcode \markupsetcodequoteleft
 \let\markupsetuprqcode \markupsetcodequoteright
+%
 \let\markupsetuplqexample \markupsetcodequoteleft
 \let\markupsetuprqexample \markupsetcodequoteright
+%
+\let\markupsetuplqkbd     \markupsetcodequoteleft
+\let\markupsetuprqkbd     \markupsetcodequoteright
+%
+\let\markupsetuplqsamp \markupsetcodequoteleft
+\let\markupsetuprqsamp \markupsetcodequoteright
+%
 \let\markupsetuplqverb \markupsetcodequoteleft
 \let\markupsetuprqverb \markupsetcodequoteright
+%
 \let\markupsetuplqverbatim \markupsetcodequoteleft
 \let\markupsetuprqverbatim \markupsetcodequoteright
 
-\let\markupsetuplqsamp \markupsetnoligaturesquoteleft
-\let\markupsetuplqkbd \markupsetnoligaturesquoteleft
-
-% Allow an option to not replace quotes with a regular directed right
-% quote/apostrophe (char 0x27), but instead use the undirected quote
-% from cmtt (char 0x0d).  The undirected quote is ugly, so don't make it
-% the default, but it works for pasting with more pdf viewers (at least
-% evince), the lilypond developers report.  xpdf does work with the
-% regular 0x27.  
-% 
+% Allow an option to not use regular directed right quote/apostrophe
+% (char 0x27), but instead the undirected quote from cmtt (char 0x0d).
+% The undirected quote is ugly, so don't make it the default, but it
+% works for pasting with more pdf viewers (at least evince), the
+% lilypond developers report.  xpdf does work with the regular 0x27.
+%
 \def\codequoteright{%
   \expandafter\ifx\csname SETtxicodequoteundirected\endcsname\relax
     \expandafter\ifx\csname SETcodequoteundirected\endcsname\relax
@@ -2485,7 +2313,7 @@ end
 % and a similar option for the left quote char vs. a grave accent.
 % Modern fonts display ASCII 0x60 as a grave accent, so some people like
 % the code environments to do likewise.
-% 
+%
 \def\codequoteleft{%
   \expandafter\ifx\csname SETtxicodequotebacktick\endcsname\relax
     \expandafter\ifx\csname SETcodequotebacktick\endcsname\relax
@@ -2496,33 +2324,85 @@ end
   \else \char'22 \fi
 }
 
+% Commands to set the quote options.
+% 
+\parseargdef\codequoteundirected{%
+  \def\temp{#1}%
+  \ifx\temp\onword
+    \expandafter\let\csname SETtxicodequoteundirected\endcsname
+      = t%
+  \else\ifx\temp\offword
+    \expandafter\let\csname SETtxicodequoteundirected\endcsname
+      = \relax
+  \else
+    \errhelp = \EMsimple
+    \errmessage{Unknown @codequoteundirected value `\temp', must be on|off}%
+  \fi\fi
+}
+%
+\parseargdef\codequotebacktick{%
+  \def\temp{#1}%
+  \ifx\temp\onword
+    \expandafter\let\csname SETtxicodequotebacktick\endcsname
+      = t%
+  \else\ifx\temp\offword
+    \expandafter\let\csname SETtxicodequotebacktick\endcsname
+      = \relax
+  \else
+    \errhelp = \EMsimple
+    \errmessage{Unknown @codequotebacktick value `\temp', must be on|off}%
+  \fi\fi
+}
+
 % [Knuth] pp. 380,381,391, disable Spanish ligatures ?` and !` of \tt font.
 \def\noligaturesquoteleft{\relax\lq}
 
 % Count depth in font-changes, for error checks
 \newcount\fontdepth \fontdepth=0
 
-%% Add scribe-like font environments, plus @l for inline lisp (usually sans
-%% serif) and @ii for TeX italic
+% Font commands.
 
-% \smartitalic{ARG} outputs arg in italics, followed by an italic correction
-% unless the following character is such as not to need one.
-\def\smartitalicx{\ifx\next,\else\ifx\next-\else\ifx\next.\else
-                    \ptexslash\fi\fi\fi}
-\def\smartslanted#1{{\ifusingtt\ttsl\sl #1}\futurelet\next\smartitalicx}
-\def\smartitalic#1{{\ifusingtt\ttsl\it #1}\futurelet\next\smartitalicx}
+% #1 is the font command (\sl or \it), #2 is the text to slant.
+% If we are in a monospaced environment, however, 1) always use \ttsl,
+% and 2) do not add an italic correction.
+\def\dosmartslant#1#2{%
+  \ifusingtt 
+    {{\ttsl #2}\let\next=\relax}%
+    {\def\next{{#1#2}\futurelet\next\smartitaliccorrection}}%
+  \next
+}
+\def\smartslanted{\dosmartslant\sl}
+\def\smartitalic{\dosmartslant\it}
 
-% like \smartslanted except unconditionally uses \ttsl.
-% @var is set to this for defun arguments.
-\def\ttslanted#1{{\ttsl #1}\futurelet\next\smartitalicx}
+% Output an italic correction unless \next (presumed to be the following
+% character) is such as not to need one.
+\def\smartitaliccorrection{%
+  \ifx\next,%
+  \else\ifx\next-%
+  \else\ifx\next.%
+  \else\ifx\next\.%
+  \else\ifx\next\comma%
+  \else\ptexslash
+  \fi\fi\fi\fi\fi
+  \aftersmartic
+}
+
+% Unconditional use \ttsl, and no ic.  @var is set to this for defuns.
+\def\ttslanted#1{{\ttsl #1}}
 
 % @cite is like \smartslanted except unconditionally use \sl.  We never want
 % ttsl for book titles, do we?
-\def\cite#1{{\sl #1}\futurelet\next\smartitalicx}
+\def\cite#1{{\sl #1}\futurelet\next\smartitaliccorrection}
+
+\def\aftersmartic{}
+\def\var#1{%
+  \let\saveaftersmartic = \aftersmartic
+  \def\aftersmartic{\null\let\aftersmartic=\saveaftersmartic}%
+  \smartslanted{#1}%
+}
 
 \let\i=\smartitalic
 \let\slanted=\smartslanted
-\def\var#1{{\setupmarkupstyle{var}\smartslanted{#1}}}
 \let\dfn=\smartslanted
 \let\emph=\smartitalic
 
@@ -2572,34 +2452,12 @@ end
 % @samp.
 \def\samp#1{{\setupmarkupstyle{samp}\lq\tclose{#1}\rq\null}}
 
-% definition of @key that produces a lozenge.  Doesn't adjust to text size.
-%\setfont\keyrm\rmshape{8}{1000}{OT1}
-%\font\keysy=cmsy9
-%\def\key#1{{\keyrm\textfont2=\keysy \leavevmode\hbox{%
-%  \raise0.4pt\hbox{\angleleft}\kern-.08em\vtop{%
-%    \vbox{\hrule\kern-0.4pt
-%     \hbox{\raise0.4pt\hbox{\vphantom{\angleleft}}#1}}%
-%    \kern-0.4pt\hrule}%
-%  \kern-.06em\raise0.4pt\hbox{\angleright}}}}
+% @indicateurl is \samp, that is, with quotes.
+\let\indicateurl=\samp
 
-% definition of @key with no lozenge.  If the current font is already
-% monospace, don't change it; that way, we respect @kbdinputstyle.  But
-% if it isn't monospace, then use \tt.
-%
-\def\key#1{{\setupmarkupstyle{key}%
-  \nohyphenation
-  \ifmonospace\else\tt\fi
-  #1}\null}
-
-% ctrl is no longer a Texinfo command.
-\def\ctrl #1{{\tt \rawbackslash \hat}#1}
-
-% @file, @option are the same as @samp.
-\let\file=\samp
-\let\option=\samp
-
-% @code is a modification of @t,
-% which makes spaces the same size as normal in the surrounding text.
+% @code (and similar) prints in typewriter, but with spaces the same
+% size as normal in the surrounding text, without hyphenation, etc.
+% This is a subroutine for that.
 \def\tclose#1{%
   {%
     % Change normal interword space to be same as for the current font.
@@ -2618,18 +2476,18 @@ end
     \plainfrenchspacing
     #1%
   }%
-  \null
+  \null % reset spacefactor to 1000
 }
 
 % We *must* turn on hyphenation at `-' and `_' in @code.
+% (But see \codedashfinish below.)
 % Otherwise, it is too hard to avoid overfull hboxes
 % in the Emacs manual, the Library manual, etc.
-
+%
 % Unfortunately, TeX uses one parameter (\hyphenchar) to control
 % both hyphenation at - and hyphenation within words.
 % We must therefore turn them both off (\tclose does that)
-% and arrange explicitly to hyphenate at a dash.
-%  -- rms.
+% and arrange explicitly to hyphenate at a dash. -- rms.
 {
   \catcode`\-=\active \catcode`\_=\active
   \catcode`\'=\active \catcode`\`=\active
@@ -2643,15 +2501,38 @@ end
      \let-\codedash
      \let_\codeunder
     \else
-     \let-\realdash
+     \let-\normaldash
      \let_\realunder
     \fi
+    % Given -foo (with a single dash), we do not want to allow a break
+    % after the hyphen.
+    \global\let\codedashprev=\codedash
+    %
     \codex
   }
+  %
+  \gdef\codedash{\futurelet\next\codedashfinish}
+  \gdef\codedashfinish{%
+    \normaldash % always output the dash character itself.
+    % 
+    % Now, output a discretionary to allow a line break, unless
+    % (a) the next character is a -, or
+    % (b) the preceding character is a -.
+    % E.g., given --posix, we do not want to allow a break after either -.
+    % Given --foo-bar, we do want to allow a break between the - and the b.
+    \ifx\next\codedash \else
+      \ifx\codedashprev\codedash 
+      \else \discretionary{}{}{}\fi
+    \fi
+    % we need the space after the = for the case when \next itself is a
+    % space token; it would get swallowed otherwise.  As in @code{- a}.
+    \global\let\codedashprev= \next
+  }
 }
+\def\normaldash{-}
+%
+\def\codex #1{\tclose{#1}\endgroup}
 
-\def\realdash{-}
-\def\codedash{-\discretionary{}{}{}}
 \def\codeunder{%
   % this is all so @math{@code{var_name}+1} can work.  In math mode, _
   % is "active" (mathcode"8000) and \normalunderscore (or \char95, etc.)
@@ -2663,13 +2544,12 @@ end
              \discretionary{}{}{}}%
             {\_}%
 }
-\def\codex #1{\tclose{#1}\endgroup}
 
 % An additional complication: the above will allow breaks after, e.g.,
-% each of the four underscores in __typeof__.  This is undesirable in
-% some manuals, especially if they don't have long identifiers in
-% general.  @allowcodebreaks provides a way to control this.
-% 
+% each of the four underscores in __typeof__.  This is bad.
+% @allowcodebreaks provides a document-level way to turn breaking at -
+% and _ on and off.
+%
 \newif\ifallowcodebreaks  \allowcodebreakstrue
 
 \def\keywordtrue{true}
@@ -2683,13 +2563,162 @@ end
     \allowcodebreaksfalse
   \else
     \errhelp = \EMsimple
-    \errmessage{Unknown @allowcodebreaks option `\txiarg'}%
+    \errmessage{Unknown @allowcodebreaks option `\txiarg', must be true|false}%
   \fi\fi
 }
 
-% @kbd is like @code, except that if the argument is just one @key command,
-% then @kbd has no effect.
-\def\kbd#1{{\setupmarkupstyle{kbd}\def\look{#1}\expandafter\kbdfoo\look??\par}}
+% For @command, @env, @file, @option quotes seem unnecessary,
+% so use \code rather than \samp.
+\let\command=\code
+\let\env=\code
+\let\file=\code
+\let\option=\code
+
+% @uref (abbreviation for `urlref') takes an optional (comma-separated)
+% second argument specifying the text to display and an optional third
+% arg as text to display instead of (rather than in addition to) the url
+% itself.  First (mandatory) arg is the url.
+% (This \urefnobreak definition isn't used now, leaving it for a while
+% for comparison.)
+\def\urefnobreak#1{\dourefnobreak #1,,,\finish}
+\def\dourefnobreak#1,#2,#3,#4\finish{\begingroup
+  \unsepspaces
+  \pdfurl{#1}%
+  \setbox0 = \hbox{\ignorespaces #3}%
+  \ifdim\wd0 > 0pt
+    \unhbox0 % third arg given, show only that
+  \else
+    \setbox0 = \hbox{\ignorespaces #2}%
+    \ifdim\wd0 > 0pt
+      \ifpdf
+        \unhbox0             % PDF: 2nd arg given, show only it
+      \else
+        \unhbox0\ (\code{#1})% DVI: 2nd arg given, show both it and url
+      \fi
+    \else
+      \code{#1}% only url given, so show it
+    \fi
+  \fi
+  \endlink
+\endgroup}
+
+% This \urefbreak definition is the active one.
+\def\urefbreak{\begingroup \urefcatcodes \dourefbreak}
+\let\uref=\urefbreak
+\def\dourefbreak#1{\urefbreakfinish #1,,,\finish}
+\def\urefbreakfinish#1,#2,#3,#4\finish{% doesn't work in @example
+  \unsepspaces
+  \pdfurl{#1}%
+  \setbox0 = \hbox{\ignorespaces #3}%
+  \ifdim\wd0 > 0pt
+    \unhbox0 % third arg given, show only that
+  \else
+    \setbox0 = \hbox{\ignorespaces #2}%
+    \ifdim\wd0 > 0pt
+      \ifpdf
+        \unhbox0             % PDF: 2nd arg given, show only it
+      \else
+        \unhbox0\ (\urefcode{#1})% DVI: 2nd arg given, show both it and url
+      \fi
+    \else
+      \urefcode{#1}% only url given, so show it
+    \fi
+  \fi
+  \endlink
+\endgroup}
+
+% Allow line breaks around only a few characters (only).
+\def\urefcatcodes{%
+  \catcode\ampChar=\active   \catcode\dotChar=\active
+  \catcode\hashChar=\active  \catcode\questChar=\active
+  \catcode\slashChar=\active
+}
+{
+  \urefcatcodes
+  %
+  \global\def\urefcode{\begingroup
+    \setupmarkupstyle{code}%
+    \urefcatcodes
+    \let&\urefcodeamp
+    \let.\urefcodedot
+    \let#\urefcodehash
+    \let?\urefcodequest
+    \let/\urefcodeslash
+    \codex
+  }
+  %
+  % By default, they are just regular characters.
+  \global\def&{\normalamp}
+  \global\def.{\normaldot}
+  \global\def#{\normalhash}
+  \global\def?{\normalquest}
+  \global\def/{\normalslash}
+}
+
+% we put a little stretch before and after the breakable chars, to help
+% line breaking of long url's.  The unequal skips make look better in
+% cmtt at least, especially for dots.
+\def\urefprestretch{\urefprebreak \hskip0pt plus.13em }
+\def\urefpoststretch{\urefpostbreak \hskip0pt plus.1em }
+%
+\def\urefcodeamp{\urefprestretch \&\urefpoststretch}
+\def\urefcodedot{\urefprestretch .\urefpoststretch}
+\def\urefcodehash{\urefprestretch \#\urefpoststretch}
+\def\urefcodequest{\urefprestretch ?\urefpoststretch}
+\def\urefcodeslash{\futurelet\next\urefcodeslashfinish}
+{
+  \catcode`\/=\active
+  \global\def\urefcodeslashfinish{%
+    \urefprestretch \slashChar
+    % Allow line break only after the final / in a sequence of
+    % slashes, to avoid line break between the slashes in http://.
+    \ifx\next/\else \urefpoststretch \fi
+  }
+}
+
+% One more complication: by default we'll break after the special
+% characters, but some people like to break before the special chars, so
+% allow that.  Also allow no breaking at all, for manual control.
+% 
+\parseargdef\urefbreakstyle{%
+  \def\txiarg{#1}%
+  \ifx\txiarg\wordnone
+    \def\urefprebreak{\nobreak}\def\urefpostbreak{\nobreak}
+  \else\ifx\txiarg\wordbefore
+    \def\urefprebreak{\allowbreak}\def\urefpostbreak{\nobreak}
+  \else\ifx\txiarg\wordafter
+    \def\urefprebreak{\nobreak}\def\urefpostbreak{\allowbreak}
+  \else
+    \errhelp = \EMsimple
+    \errmessage{Unknown @urefbreakstyle setting `\txiarg'}%
+  \fi\fi\fi
+}
+\def\wordafter{after}
+\def\wordbefore{before}
+\def\wordnone{none}
+
+\urefbreakstyle after
+
+% @url synonym for @uref, since that's how everyone uses it.
+%
+\let\url=\uref
+
+% rms does not like angle brackets --karl, 17may97.
+% So now @email is just like @uref, unless we are pdf.
+%
+%\def\email#1{\angleleft{\tt #1}\angleright}
+\ifpdf
+  \def\email#1{\doemail#1,,\finish}
+  \def\doemail#1,#2,#3\finish{\begingroup
+    \unsepspaces
+    \pdfurl{mailto:#1}%
+    \setbox0 = \hbox{\ignorespaces #2}%
+    \ifdim\wd0>0pt\unhbox0\else\code{#1}\fi
+    \endlink
+  \endgroup}
+\else
+  \let\email=\uref
+\fi
 
 % @kbdinputstyle -- arg is `distinct' (@kbd uses slanted tty font always),
 %   `example' (@kbd uses ttsl only inside of @example and friends),
@@ -2704,7 +2733,7 @@ end
     \gdef\kbdexamplefont{\tt}\gdef\kbdfont{\tt}%
   \else
     \errhelp = \EMsimple
-    \errmessage{Unknown @kbdinputstyle option `\txiarg'}%
+    \errmessage{Unknown @kbdinputstyle setting `\txiarg'}%
   \fi\fi\fi
 }
 \def\worddistinct{distinct}
@@ -2714,111 +2743,321 @@ end
 % Default is `distinct'.
 \kbdinputstyle distinct
 
-\def\xkey{\key}
-\def\kbdfoo#1#2#3\par{\def\one{#1}\def\three{#3}\def\threex{??}%
-\ifx\one\xkey\ifx\threex\three \key{#2}%
-\else{\tclose{\kbdfont\setupmarkupstyle{kbd}\look}}\fi
-\else{\tclose{\kbdfont\setupmarkupstyle{kbd}\look}}\fi}
+% @kbd is like @code, except that if the argument is just one @key command,
+% then @kbd has no effect.
+\def\kbd#1{{\def\look{#1}\expandafter\kbdsub\look??\par}}
+
+\def\xkey{\key}
+\def\kbdsub#1#2#3\par{%
+  \def\one{#1}\def\three{#3}\def\threex{??}%
+  \ifx\one\xkey\ifx\threex\three \key{#2}%
+  \else{\tclose{\kbdfont\setupmarkupstyle{kbd}\look}}\fi
+  \else{\tclose{\kbdfont\setupmarkupstyle{kbd}\look}}\fi
+}
+
+% definition of @key that produces a lozenge.  Doesn't adjust to text size.
+%\setfont\keyrm\rmshape{8}{1000}{OT1}
+%\font\keysy=cmsy9
+%\def\key#1{{\keyrm\textfont2=\keysy \leavevmode\hbox{%
+%  \raise0.4pt\hbox{\angleleft}\kern-.08em\vtop{%
+%    \vbox{\hrule\kern-0.4pt
+%     \hbox{\raise0.4pt\hbox{\vphantom{\angleleft}}#1}}%
+%    \kern-0.4pt\hrule}%
+%  \kern-.06em\raise0.4pt\hbox{\angleright}}}}
+
+% definition of @key with no lozenge.  If the current font is already
+% monospace, don't change it; that way, we respect @kbdinputstyle.  But
+% if it isn't monospace, then use \tt.
+%
+\def\key#1{{\setupmarkupstyle{key}%
+  \nohyphenation
+  \ifmonospace\else\tt\fi
+  #1}\null}
+
+% @clicksequence{File @click{} Open ...}
+\def\clicksequence#1{\begingroup #1\endgroup}
+
+% @clickstyle @arrow   (by default)
+\parseargdef\clickstyle{\def\click{#1}}
+\def\click{\arrow}
+
+% Typeset a dimension, e.g., `in' or `pt'.  The only reason for the
+% argument is to make the input look right: @dmn{pt} instead of @dmn{}pt.
+%
+\def\dmn#1{\thinspace #1}
+
+% @l was never documented to mean ``switch to the Lisp font'',
+% and it is not used as such in any manual I can find.  We need it for
+% Polish suppressed-l.  --karl, 22sep96.
+%\def\l#1{{\li #1}\null}
+
+% @acronym for "FBI", "NATO", and the like.
+% We print this one point size smaller, since it's intended for
+% all-uppercase.
+%
+\def\acronym#1{\doacronym #1,,\finish}
+\def\doacronym#1,#2,#3\finish{%
+  {\selectfonts\lsize #1}%
+  \def\temp{#2}%
+  \ifx\temp\empty \else
+    \space ({\unsepspaces \ignorespaces \temp \unskip})%
+  \fi
+  \null % reset \spacefactor=1000
+}
+
+% @abbr for "Comput. J." and the like.
+% No font change, but don't do end-of-sentence spacing.
+%
+\def\abbr#1{\doabbr #1,,\finish}
+\def\doabbr#1,#2,#3\finish{%
+  {\plainfrenchspacing #1}%
+  \def\temp{#2}%
+  \ifx\temp\empty \else
+    \space ({\unsepspaces \ignorespaces \temp \unskip})%
+  \fi
+  \null % reset \spacefactor=1000
+}
+
+% @asis just yields its argument.  Used with @table, for example.
+%
+\def\asis#1{#1}
+
+% @math outputs its argument in math mode.
+%
+% One complication: _ usually means subscripts, but it could also mean
+% an actual _ character, as in @math{@var{some_variable} + 1}.  So make
+% _ active, and distinguish by seeing if the current family is \slfam,
+% which is what @var uses.
+{
+  \catcode`\_ = \active
+  \gdef\mathunderscore{%
+    \catcode`\_=\active
+    \def_{\ifnum\fam=\slfam \_\else\sb\fi}%
+  }
+}
+% Another complication: we want \\ (and @\) to output a math (or tt) \.
+% FYI, plain.tex uses \\ as a temporary control sequence (for no
+% particular reason), but this is not advertised and we don't care.
+%
+% The \mathchar is class=0=ordinary, family=7=ttfam, position=5C=\.
+\def\mathbackslash{\ifnum\fam=\ttfam \mathchar"075C \else\backslash \fi}
+%
+\def\math{%
+  \tex
+  \mathunderscore
+  \let\\ = \mathbackslash
+  \mathactive
+  % make the texinfo accent commands work in math mode
+  \let\"=\ddot
+  \let\'=\acute
+  \let\==\bar
+  \let\^=\hat
+  \let\`=\grave
+  \let\u=\breve
+  \let\v=\check
+  \let\~=\tilde
+  \let\dotaccent=\dot
+  $\finishmath
+}
+\def\finishmath#1{#1$\endgroup}  % Close the group opened by \tex.
+
+% Some active characters (such as <) are spaced differently in math.
+% We have to reset their definitions in case the @math was an argument
+% to a command which sets the catcodes (such as @item or @section).
+%
+{
+  \catcode`^ = \active
+  \catcode`< = \active
+  \catcode`> = \active
+  \catcode`+ = \active
+  \catcode`' = \active
+  \gdef\mathactive{%
+    \let^ = \ptexhat
+    \let< = \ptexless
+    \let> = \ptexgtr
+    \let+ = \ptexplus
+    \let' = \ptexquoteright
+  }
+}
+
+% ctrl is no longer a Texinfo command, but leave this definition for fun.
+\def\ctrl #1{{\tt \rawbackslash \hat}#1}
+
+% @inlinefmt{FMTNAME,PROCESSED-TEXT} and @inlineraw{FMTNAME,RAW-TEXT}.
+% Ignore unless FMTNAME == tex; then it is like @iftex and @tex,
+% except specified as a normal braced arg, so no newlines to worry about.
+% 
+\def\outfmtnametex{tex}
+%
+\long\def\inlinefmt#1{\doinlinefmt #1,\finish}
+\long\def\doinlinefmt#1,#2,\finish{%
+  \def\inlinefmtname{#1}%
+  \ifx\inlinefmtname\outfmtnametex \ignorespaces #2\fi
+}
+% 
+% @inlinefmtifelse{FMTNAME,THEN-TEXT,ELSE-TEXT} expands THEN-TEXT if
+% FMTNAME is tex, else ELSE-TEXT.
+\long\def\inlinefmtifelse#1{\doinlinefmtifelse #1,,,\finish}
+\long\def\doinlinefmtifelse#1,#2,#3,#4,\finish{%
+  \def\inlinefmtname{#1}%
+  \ifx\inlinefmtname\outfmtnametex \ignorespaces #2\else \ignorespaces #3\fi
+}
+%
+% For raw, must switch into @tex before parsing the argument, to avoid
+% setting catcodes prematurely.  Doing it this way means that, for
+% example, @inlineraw{html, foo{bar} gets a parse error instead of being
+% ignored.  But this isn't important because if people want a literal
+% *right* brace they would have to use a command anyway, so they may as
+% well use a command to get a left brace too.  We could re-use the
+% delimiter character idea from \verb, but it seems like overkill.
+% 
+\long\def\inlineraw{\tex \doinlineraw}
+\long\def\doinlineraw#1{\doinlinerawtwo #1,\finish}
+\def\doinlinerawtwo#1,#2,\finish{%
+  \def\inlinerawname{#1}%
+  \ifx\inlinerawname\outfmtnametex \ignorespaces #2\fi
+  \endgroup % close group opened by \tex.
+}
+
+% @inlineifset{VAR, TEXT} expands TEXT if VAR is @set.
+%
+\long\def\inlineifset#1{\doinlineifset #1,\finish}
+\long\def\doinlineifset#1,#2,\finish{%
+  \def\inlinevarname{#1}%
+  \expandafter\ifx\csname SET\inlinevarname\endcsname\relax
+  \else\ignorespaces#2\fi
+}
+
+% @inlineifclear{VAR, TEXT} expands TEXT if VAR is not @set.
+%
+\long\def\inlineifclear#1{\doinlineifclear #1,\finish}
+\long\def\doinlineifclear#1,#2,\finish{%
+  \def\inlinevarname{#1}%
+  \expandafter\ifx\csname SET\inlinevarname\endcsname\relax \ignorespaces#2\fi
+}
+
+
+\message{glyphs,}
+% and logos.
+
+% @@ prints an @, as does @atchar{}.
+\def\@{\char64 }
+\let\atchar=\@
+
+% @{ @} @lbracechar{} @rbracechar{} all generate brace characters.
+% Unless we're in typewriter, use \ecfont because the CM text fonts do
+% not have braces, and we don't want to switch into math.
+\def\mylbrace{{\ifmonospace\else\ecfont\fi \char123}}
+\def\myrbrace{{\ifmonospace\else\ecfont\fi \char125}}
+\let\{=\mylbrace \let\lbracechar=\{
+\let\}=\myrbrace \let\rbracechar=\}
+\begingroup
+  % Definitions to produce \{ and \} commands for indices,
+  % and @{ and @} for the aux/toc files.
+  \catcode`\{ = \other \catcode`\} = \other
+  \catcode`\[ = 1 \catcode`\] = 2
+  \catcode`\! = 0 \catcode`\\ = \other
+  !gdef!lbracecmd[\{]%
+  !gdef!rbracecmd[\}]%
+  !gdef!lbraceatcmd[@{]%
+  !gdef!rbraceatcmd[@}]%
+!endgroup
+
+% @comma{} to avoid , parsing problems.
+\let\comma = ,
 
-% For @indicateurl, @env, @command quotes seem unnecessary, so use \code.
-\let\indicateurl=\code
-\let\env=\code
-\let\command=\code
+% Accents: @, @dotaccent @ringaccent @ubaraccent @udotaccent
+% Others are defined by plain TeX: @` @' @" @^ @~ @= @u @v @H.
+\let\, = \ptexc
+\let\dotaccent = \ptexdot
+\def\ringaccent#1{{\accent23 #1}}
+\let\tieaccent = \ptext
+\let\ubaraccent = \ptexb
+\let\udotaccent = \d
 
-% @clicksequence{File @click{} Open ...}
-\def\clicksequence#1{\begingroup #1\endgroup}
+% Other special characters: @questiondown @exclamdown @ordf @ordm
+% Plain TeX defines: @AA @AE @O @OE @L (plus lowercase versions) @ss.
+\def\questiondown{?`}
+\def\exclamdown{!`}
+\def\ordf{\leavevmode\raise1ex\hbox{\selectfonts\lllsize \underbar{a}}}
+\def\ordm{\leavevmode\raise1ex\hbox{\selectfonts\lllsize \underbar{o}}}
 
-% @clickstyle @arrow   (by default)
-\parseargdef\clickstyle{\def\click{#1}}
-\def\click{\arrow}
+% Dotless i and dotless j, used for accents.
+\def\imacro{i}
+\def\jmacro{j}
+\def\dotless#1{%
+  \def\temp{#1}%
+  \ifx\temp\imacro \ifmmode\imath \else\ptexi \fi
+  \else\ifx\temp\jmacro \ifmmode\jmath \else\j \fi
+  \else \errmessage{@dotless can be used only with i or j}%
+  \fi\fi
+}
 
-% @uref (abbreviation for `urlref') takes an optional (comma-separated)
-% second argument specifying the text to display and an optional third
-% arg as text to display instead of (rather than in addition to) the url
-% itself.  First (mandatory) arg is the url.  Perhaps eventually put in
-% a hypertex \special here.
+% The \TeX{} logo, as in plain, but resetting the spacing so that a
+% period following counts as ending a sentence.  (Idea found in latex.)
 %
-\def\uref#1{\douref #1,,,\finish}
-\def\douref#1,#2,#3,#4\finish{\begingroup
-  \unsepspaces
-  \pdfurl{#1}%
-  \setbox0 = \hbox{\ignorespaces #3}%
-  \ifdim\wd0 > 0pt
-    \unhbox0 % third arg given, show only that
-  \else
-    \setbox0 = \hbox{\ignorespaces #2}%
-    \ifdim\wd0 > 0pt
-      \ifpdf
-        \unhbox0             % PDF: 2nd arg given, show only it
-      \else
-        \unhbox0\ (\code{#1})% DVI: 2nd arg given, show both it and url
-      \fi
-    \else
-      \code{#1}% only url given, so show it
-    \fi
-  \fi
-  \endlink
-\endgroup}
+\edef\TeX{\TeX \spacefactor=1000 }
 
-% @url synonym for @uref, since that's how everyone uses it.
+% @LaTeX{} logo.  Not quite the same results as the definition in
+% latex.ltx, since we use a different font for the raised A; it's most
+% convenient for us to use an explicitly smaller font, rather than using
+% the \scriptstyle font (since we don't reset \scriptstyle and
+% \scriptscriptstyle).
 %
-\let\url=\uref
+\def\LaTeX{%
+  L\kern-.36em
+  {\setbox0=\hbox{T}%
+   \vbox to \ht0{\hbox{%
+     \ifx\textnominalsize\xwordpt
+       % for 10pt running text, \lllsize (8pt) is too small for the A in LaTeX.
+       % Revert to plain's \scriptsize, which is 7pt.
+       \count255=\the\fam $\fam\count255 \scriptstyle A$%
+     \else
+       % For 11pt, we can use our lllsize.
+       \selectfonts\lllsize A%
+     \fi
+     }%
+     \vss
+  }}%
+  \kern-.15em
+  \TeX
+}
 
-% rms does not like angle brackets --karl, 17may97.
-% So now @email is just like @uref, unless we are pdf.
-%
-%\def\email#1{\angleleft{\tt #1}\angleright}
-\ifpdf
-  \def\email#1{\doemail#1,,\finish}
-  \def\doemail#1,#2,#3\finish{\begingroup
-    \unsepspaces
-    \pdfurl{mailto:#1}%
-    \setbox0 = \hbox{\ignorespaces #2}%
-    \ifdim\wd0>0pt\unhbox0\else\code{#1}\fi
-    \endlink
-  \endgroup}
-\else
-  \let\email=\uref
-\fi
+% Some math mode symbols.
+\def\bullet{$\ptexbullet$}
+\def\geq{\ifmmode \ge\else $\ge$\fi}
+\def\leq{\ifmmode \le\else $\le$\fi}
+\def\minus{\ifmmode -\else $-$\fi}
 
-% Typeset a dimension, e.g., `in' or `pt'.  The only reason for the
-% argument is to make the input look right: @dmn{pt} instead of @dmn{}pt.
+% @dots{} outputs an ellipsis using the current font.
+% We do .5em per period so that it has the same spacing in the cm
+% typewriter fonts as three actual period characters; on the other hand,
+% in other typewriter fonts three periods are wider than 1.5em.  So do
+% whichever is larger.
 %
-\def\dmn#1{\thinspace #1}
-
-% @l was never documented to mean ``switch to the Lisp font'',
-% and it is not used as such in any manual I can find.  We need it for
-% Polish suppressed-l.  --karl, 22sep96.
-%\def\l#1{{\li #1}\null}
-
-% @acronym for "FBI", "NATO", and the like.
-% We print this one point size smaller, since it's intended for
-% all-uppercase.
-% 
-\def\acronym#1{\doacronym #1,,\finish}
-\def\doacronym#1,#2,#3\finish{%
-  {\selectfonts\lsize #1}%
-  \def\temp{#2}%
-  \ifx\temp\empty \else
-    \space ({\unsepspaces \ignorespaces \temp \unskip})%
+\def\dots{%
+  \leavevmode
+  \setbox0=\hbox{...}% get width of three periods
+  \ifdim\wd0 > 1.5em
+    \dimen0 = \wd0
+  \else
+    \dimen0 = 1.5em
   \fi
+  \hbox to \dimen0{%
+    \hskip 0pt plus.25fil
+    .\hskip 0pt plus1fil
+    .\hskip 0pt plus1fil
+    .\hskip 0pt plus.5fil
+  }%
 }
 
-% @abbr for "Comput. J." and the like.
-% No font change, but don't do end-of-sentence spacing.
-% 
-\def\abbr#1{\doabbr #1,,\finish}
-\def\doabbr#1,#2,#3\finish{%
-  {\plainfrenchspacing #1}%
-  \def\temp{#2}%
-  \ifx\temp\empty \else
-    \space ({\unsepspaces \ignorespaces \temp \unskip})%
-  \fi
+% @enddots{} is an end-of-sentence ellipsis.
+%
+\def\enddots{%
+  \dots
+  \spacefactor=\endofsentencespacefactor
 }
 
-
-\message{glyphs,}
-
 % @point{}, @result{}, @expansion{}, @print{}, @equiv{}.
 %
 % Since these characters are used in examples, they should be an even number of
@@ -2839,7 +3078,7 @@ end
 {\tentt \global\dimen0 = 3em}% Width of the box.
 \dimen2 = .55pt % Thickness of rules
 % The text. (`r' is open on the right, `e' somewhat less so on the left.)
-\setbox0 = \hbox{\kern-.75pt \reducedsf error\kern-1.5pt}
+\setbox0 = \hbox{\kern-.75pt \reducedsf \putworderror\kern-1.5pt}
 %
 \setbox\errorbox=\hbox to \dimen0{\hfil
    \hsize = \dimen0 \advance\hsize by -5.8pt % Space to left+right.
@@ -2863,52 +3102,59 @@ end
 % Theiling, which support regular, slanted, bold and bold slanted (and
 % "outlined" (blackboard board, sort of) versions, which we don't need).
 % It is available from http://www.ctan.org/tex-archive/fonts/eurosym.
-% 
+%
 % Although only regular is the truly official Euro symbol, we ignore
 % that.  The Euro is designed to be slightly taller than the regular
 % font height.
-% 
+%
 % feymr - regular
 % feymo - slanted
 % feybr - bold
 % feybo - bold slanted
-% 
+%
 % There is no good (free) typewriter version, to my knowledge.
 % A feymr10 euro is ~7.3pt wide, while a normal cmtt10 char is ~5.25pt wide.
 % Hmm.
-% 
+%
 % Also doesn't work in math.  Do we need to do math with euro symbols?
 % Hope not.
-% 
-% 
+%
+%
 \def\euro{{\eurofont e}}
 \def\eurofont{%
   % We set the font at each command, rather than predefining it in
   % \textfonts and the other font-switching commands, so that
   % installations which never need the symbol don't have to have the
   % font installed.
-  % 
+  %
   % There is only one designed size (nominal 10pt), so we always scale
   % that to the current nominal size.
-  % 
+  %
   % By the way, simply using "at 1em" works for cmr10 and the like, but
   % does not work for cmbx10 and other extended/shrunken fonts.
-  % 
+  %
   \def\eurosize{\csname\curfontsize nominalsize\endcsname}%
   %
-  \ifx\curfontstyle\bfstylename 
+  \ifx\curfontstyle\bfstylename
     % bold:
     \font\thiseurofont = \ifusingit{feybo10}{feybr10} at \eurosize
-  \else 
+  \else
     % regular:
     \font\thiseurofont = \ifusingit{feymo10}{feymr10} at \eurosize
   \fi
   \thiseurofont
 }
 
-% Hacks for glyphs from the EC fonts similar to \euro.  We don't
-% use \let for the aliases, because sometimes we redefine the original
-% macro, and the alias should reflect the redefinition.
+% Glyphs from the EC fonts.  We don't use \let for the aliases, because
+% sometimes we redefine the original macro, and the alias should reflect
+% the redefinition.
+%
+% Use LaTeX names for the Icelandic letters.
+\def\DH{{\ecfont \char"D0}} % Eth
+\def\dh{{\ecfont \char"F0}} % eth
+\def\TH{{\ecfont \char"DE}} % Thorn
+\def\th{{\ecfont \char"FE}} % thorn
+%
 \def\guillemetleft{{\ecfont \char"13}}
 \def\guillemotleft{\guillemetleft}
 \def\guillemetright{{\ecfont \char"14}}
@@ -2922,7 +3168,7 @@ end
 % we have the precomposed glyphs for the most common cases.  We put the
 % tests to use those glyphs in the single \ogonek macro so we have fewer
 % dummy definitions to worry about for index entries, etc.
-% 
+%
 % ogonek is also used with other letters in Lithuanian (IOU), but using
 % the precomposed glyphs for those is not so easy since they aren't in
 % the same EC font.
@@ -2945,6 +3191,7 @@ end
 \def\Eogonek{{\ecfont \char"86}}\def\macrocharE{E}
 \def\eogonek{{\ecfont \char"A6}}\def\macrochare{e}
 %
+% Use the ec* fonts (cm-super in outline format) for non-CM glyphs.
 \def\ecfont{%
   % We can't distinguish serif/sans and italic/slanted, but this
   % is used for crude hacks anyway (like adding French and German
@@ -2952,12 +3199,17 @@ end
   % hopefully nobody will notice/care.
   \edef\ecsize{\csname\curfontsize ecsize\endcsname}%
   \edef\nominalsize{\csname\curfontsize nominalsize\endcsname}%
-  \ifx\curfontstyle\bfstylename
-    % bold:
-    \font\thisecfont = ecb\ifusingit{i}{x}\ecsize \space at \nominalsize
+  \ifmonospace
+    % typewriter:
+    \font\thisecfont = ectt\ecsize \space at \nominalsize
   \else
-    % regular:
-    \font\thisecfont = ec\ifusingit{ti}{rm}\ecsize \space at \nominalsize
+    \ifx\curfontstyle\bfstylename
+      % bold:
+      \font\thisecfont = ecb\ifusingit{i}{x}\ecsize \space at \nominalsize
+    \else
+      % regular:
+      \font\thisecfont = ec\ifusingit{ti}{rm}\ecsize \space at \nominalsize
+    \fi
   \fi
   \thisecfont
 }
@@ -2979,8 +3231,8 @@ end
 % Laurent Siebenmann reports \Orb undefined with:
 %  Textures 1.7.7 (preloaded format=plain 93.10.14)  (68K)  16 APR 2004 02:38
 % so we'll define it if necessary.
-% 
-\ifx\Orb\undefined
+%
+\ifx\Orb\thisisundefined
 \def\Orb{\mathhexbox20D}
 \fi
 
@@ -3008,8 +3260,9 @@ end
 \newif\ifsetshortcontentsaftertitlepage
  \let\setshortcontentsaftertitlepage = \setshortcontentsaftertitlepagetrue
 
-\parseargdef\shorttitlepage{\begingroup\hbox{}\vskip 1.5in \chaprm \centerline{#1}%
-        \endgroup\page\hbox{}\page}
+\parseargdef\shorttitlepage{%
+  \begingroup \hbox{}\vskip 1.5in \chaprm \centerline{#1}%
+  \endgroup\page\hbox{}\page}
 
 \envdef\titlepage{%
   % Open one extra group, as we want to close it in the middle of \Etitlepage.
@@ -3069,14 +3322,28 @@ end
   \finishedtitlepagetrue
 }
 
-%%% Macros to be used within @titlepage:
+% Settings used for typesetting titles: no hyphenation, no indentation,
+% don't worry much about spacing, ragged right.  This should be used
+% inside a \vbox, and fonts need to be set appropriately first.  Because
+% it is always used for titles, nothing else, we call \rmisbold.  \par
+% should be specified before the end of the \vbox, since a vbox is a group.
+% 
+\def\raggedtitlesettings{%
+  \rmisbold
+  \hyphenpenalty=10000
+  \parindent=0pt
+  \tolerance=5000
+  \ptexraggedright
+}
+
+% Macros to be used within @titlepage:
 
 \let\subtitlerm=\tenrm
 \def\subtitlefont{\subtitlerm \normalbaselineskip = 13pt \normalbaselines}
 
 \parseargdef\title{%
   \checkenv\titlepage
-  \leftline{\titlefonts\rmisbold #1}
+  \vbox{\titlefonts \raggedtitlesettings #1\par}%
   % print a rule at the page bottom also.
   \finishedtitlepagefalse
   \vskip4pt \hrule height 4pt width \hsize \vskip4pt
@@ -3102,7 +3369,7 @@ end
 }
 
 
-%%% Set up page headings and footings.
+% Set up page headings and footings.
 
 \let\thispage=\folio
 
@@ -3196,10 +3463,14 @@ end
 
 \def\headings #1 {\csname HEADINGS#1\endcsname}
 
-\def\HEADINGSoff{%
-\global\evenheadline={\hfil} \global\evenfootline={\hfil}
-\global\oddheadline={\hfil} \global\oddfootline={\hfil}}
-\HEADINGSoff
+\def\headingsoff{% non-global headings elimination
+  \evenheadline={\hfil}\evenfootline={\hfil}%
+   \oddheadline={\hfil}\oddfootline={\hfil}%
+}
+
+\def\HEADINGSoff{{\globaldefs=1 \headingsoff}} % global setting
+\HEADINGSoff  % it's the default
+
 % When we turn headings on, set the page number to 1.
 % For double-sided printing, put current file name in lower left corner,
 % chapter name on inside top of right hand pages, document
@@ -3250,7 +3521,7 @@ end
 % This produces Day Month Year style of output.
 % Only define if not already defined, in case a txi-??.tex file has set
 % up a different format (e.g., txi-cs.tex does this).
-\ifx\today\undefined
+\ifx\today\thisisundefined
 \def\today{%
   \number\day\space
   \ifcase\month
@@ -3311,7 +3582,7 @@ end
     \begingroup
       \advance\leftskip by-\tableindent
       \advance\hsize by\tableindent
-      \advance\rightskip by0pt plus1fil
+      \advance\rightskip by0pt plus1fil\relax
       \leavevmode\unhbox0\par
     \endgroup
     %
@@ -3325,7 +3596,7 @@ end
     % cause the example and the item to crash together.  So we use this
     % bizarre value of 10001 as a signal to \aboveenvbreak to insert
     % \parskip glue after all.  Section titles are handled this way also.
-    % 
+    %
     \penalty 10001
     \endgroup
     \itemxneedsnegativevskipfalse
@@ -3797,18 +4068,18 @@ end
 \setbox0=\vbox{X}\global\multitablelinespace=\the\baselineskip
 \global\advance\multitablelinespace by-\ht0
 \fi
-%% Test to see if parskip is larger than space between lines of
-%% table. If not, do nothing.
-%%        If so, set to same dimension as multitablelinespace.
+% Test to see if parskip is larger than space between lines of
+% table. If not, do nothing.
+%        If so, set to same dimension as multitablelinespace.
 \ifdim\multitableparskip>\multitablelinespace
 \global\multitableparskip=\multitablelinespace
-\global\advance\multitableparskip-7pt %% to keep parskip somewhat smaller
-                                      %% than skip between lines in the table.
+\global\advance\multitableparskip-7pt % to keep parskip somewhat smaller
+                                      % than skip between lines in the table.
 \fi%
 \ifdim\multitableparskip=0pt
 \global\multitableparskip=\multitablelinespace
-\global\advance\multitableparskip-7pt %% to keep parskip somewhat smaller
-                                      %% than skip between lines in the table.
+\global\advance\multitableparskip-7pt % to keep parskip somewhat smaller
+                                      % than skip between lines in the table.
 \fi}
 
 
@@ -3960,7 +4231,7 @@ end
 \def\value{\begingroup\makevalueexpandable\valuexxx}
 \def\valuexxx#1{\expandablevalue{#1}\endgroup}
 {
-  \catcode`\- = \active \catcode`\_ = \active
+  \catcode`\-=\active \catcode`\_=\active
   %
   \gdef\makevalueexpandable{%
     \let\value = \expandablevalue
@@ -3969,7 +4240,7 @@ end
     % ..., but we might end up with active ones in the argument if
     % we're called from @code, as @code{@value{foo-bar_}}, though.
     % So \let them to their normal equivalents.
-    \let-\realdash \let_\normalunderscore
+    \let-\normaldash \let_\normalunderscore
   }
 }
 
@@ -3980,7 +4251,12 @@ end
 % variable's value contains other Texinfo commands, it's almost certain
 % it will fail (although perhaps we could fix that with sufficient work
 % to do a one-level expansion on the result, instead of complete).
-%
+% 
+% Unfortunately, this has the consequence that when _ is in the *value*
+% of an @set, it does not print properly in the roman fonts (get the cmr
+% dot accent at position 126 instead).  No fix comes to mind, and it's
+% been this way since 2003 or earlier, so just ignore it.
+% 
 \def\expandablevalue#1{%
   \expandafter\ifx\csname SET#1\endcsname\relax
     {[No value for ``#1'']}%
@@ -3992,8 +4268,9 @@ end
 
 % @ifset VAR ... @end ifset reads the `...' iff VAR has been defined
 % with @set.
-%
-% To get special treatment of `@end ifset,' call \makeond and the redefine.
+% 
+% To get the special treatment we need for `@end ifset,' we call
+% \makecond and then redefine.
 %
 \makecond{ifset}
 \def\ifset{\parsearg{\doifset{\let\next=\ifsetfail}}}
@@ -4009,7 +4286,7 @@ end
 }
 \def\ifsetfail{\doignore{ifset}}
 
-% @ifclear VAR ... @end ifclear reads the `...' iff VAR has never been
+% @ifclear VAR ... @end executes the `...' iff VAR has never been
 % defined with @set, or has been undefined with @clear.
 %
 % The `\else' inside the `\doifset' parameter is a trick to reuse the
@@ -4020,6 +4297,35 @@ end
 \def\ifclear{\parsearg{\doifset{\else \let\next=\ifclearfail}}}
 \def\ifclearfail{\doignore{ifclear}}
 
+% @ifcommandisdefined CMD ... @end executes the `...' if CMD (written
+% without the @) is in fact defined.  We can only feasibly check at the
+% TeX level, so something like `mathcode' is going to considered
+% defined even though it is not a Texinfo command.
+% 
+\makecond{ifcommanddefined}
+\def\ifcommanddefined{\parsearg{\doifcmddefined{\let\next=\ifcmddefinedfail}}}
+%
+\def\doifcmddefined#1#2{{%
+    \makevalueexpandable
+    \let\next=\empty
+    \expandafter\ifx\csname #2\endcsname\relax
+      #1% If not defined, \let\next as above.
+    \fi
+    \expandafter
+  }\next
+}
+\def\ifcmddefinedfail{\doignore{ifcommanddefined}}
+
+% @ifcommandnotdefined CMD ... handled similar to @ifclear above.
+\makecond{ifcommandnotdefined}
+\def\ifcommandnotdefined{%
+  \parsearg{\doifcmddefined{\else \let\next=\ifcmdnotdefinedfail}}}
+\def\ifcmdnotdefinedfail{\doignore{ifcommandnotdefined}}
+
+% Set the `txicommandconditionals' variable, so documents have a way to
+% test if the @ifcommand...defined conditionals are available.
+\set txicommandconditionals
+
 % @dircategory CATEGORY  -- specify a category of the dir file
 % which this file should belong to.  Ignore this in TeX.
 \let\dircategory=\comment
@@ -4123,11 +4429,14 @@ end
   \def\@{@}% change to @@ when we switch to @ as escape char in index files.
   \def\ {\realbackslash\space }%
   %
-  % Need these in case \tex is in effect and \{ is a \delimiter again.
-  % But can't use \lbracecmd and \rbracecmd because texindex assumes
-  % braces and backslashes are used only as delimiters.
-  \let\{ = \mylbrace
-  \let\} = \myrbrace
+  % Need these unexpandable (because we define \tt as a dummy)
+  % definitions when @{ or @} appear in index entry text.  Also, more
+  % complicated, when \tex is in effect and \{ is a \delimiter again.
+  % We can't use \lbracecmd and \rbracecmd because texindex assumes
+  % braces and backslashes are used only as delimiters.  Perhaps we
+  % should define @lbrace and @rbrace commands a la @comma.
+  \def\{{{\tt\char123}}%
+  \def\}{{\tt\char125}}%
   %
   % I don't entirely understand this, but when an index entry is
   % generated from a macro call, the \endinput which \scanmacro inserts
@@ -4138,7 +4447,7 @@ end
   % processing continues to some further point.  On the other hand, it
   % seems \endinput does not hurt in the printed index arg, since that
   % is still getting written without apparent harm.
-  % 
+  %
   % Sample source (mac-idx3.tex, reported by Graham Percival to
   % help-texinfo, 22may06):
   % @macro funindex {WORD}
@@ -4146,12 +4455,12 @@ end
   % @end macro
   % ...
   % @funindex commtest
-  % 
+  %
   % The above is not enough to reproduce the bug, but it gives the flavor.
-  % 
+  %
   % Sample whatsit resulting:
   % .@write3{\entry{xyz}{@folio }{@code {xyz@endinput }}}
-  % 
+  %
   % So:
   \let\endinput = \empty
   %
@@ -4180,7 +4489,7 @@ end
 \def\commondummies{%
   %
   % \definedummyword defines \#1 as \string\#1\space, thus effectively
-  % preventing its expansion.  This is used only for control% words,
+  % preventing its expansion.  This is used only for control words,
   % not control letters, because the \space would be incorrect for
   % control characters, but is needed to separate the control word
   % from whatever follows.
@@ -4199,23 +4508,28 @@ end
   \commondummiesnofonts
   %
   \definedummyletter\_%
+  \definedummyletter\-%
   %
   % Non-English letters.
   \definedummyword\AA
   \definedummyword\AE
+  \definedummyword\DH
   \definedummyword\L
-  \definedummyword\OE
   \definedummyword\O
+  \definedummyword\OE
+  \definedummyword\TH
   \definedummyword\aa
   \definedummyword\ae
+  \definedummyword\dh
+  \definedummyword\exclamdown
   \definedummyword\l
-  \definedummyword\oe
   \definedummyword\o
-  \definedummyword\ss
-  \definedummyword\exclamdown
-  \definedummyword\questiondown
+  \definedummyword\oe
   \definedummyword\ordf
   \definedummyword\ordm
+  \definedummyword\questiondown
+  \definedummyword\ss
+  \definedummyword\th
   %
   % Although these internal commands shouldn't show up, sometimes they do.
   \definedummyword\bf
@@ -4231,20 +4545,25 @@ end
   \definedummyword\TeX
   %
   % Assorted special characters.
+  \definedummyword\arrow
   \definedummyword\bullet
   \definedummyword\comma
   \definedummyword\copyright
   \definedummyword\registeredsymbol
   \definedummyword\dots
   \definedummyword\enddots
+  \definedummyword\entrybreak
   \definedummyword\equiv
   \definedummyword\error
   \definedummyword\euro
+  \definedummyword\expansion
+  \definedummyword\geq
   \definedummyword\guillemetleft
   \definedummyword\guillemetright
   \definedummyword\guilsinglleft
   \definedummyword\guilsinglright
-  \definedummyword\expansion
+  \definedummyword\lbracechar
+  \definedummyword\leq
   \definedummyword\minus
   \definedummyword\ogonek
   \definedummyword\pounds
@@ -4256,6 +4575,7 @@ end
   \definedummyword\quoteleft
   \definedummyword\quoteright
   \definedummyword\quotesinglbase
+  \definedummyword\rbracechar
   \definedummyword\result
   \definedummyword\textdegree
   %
@@ -4301,18 +4621,27 @@ end
   \definedummyword\b
   \definedummyword\i
   \definedummyword\r
+  \definedummyword\sansserif
   \definedummyword\sc
+  \definedummyword\slanted
   \definedummyword\t
   %
   % Commands that take arguments.
+  \definedummyword\abbr
   \definedummyword\acronym
+  \definedummyword\anchor
   \definedummyword\cite
   \definedummyword\code
   \definedummyword\command
   \definedummyword\dfn
+  \definedummyword\dmn
+  \definedummyword\email
   \definedummyword\emph
   \definedummyword\env
   \definedummyword\file
+  \definedummyword\image
+  \definedummyword\indicateurl
+  \definedummyword\inforef
   \definedummyword\kbd
   \definedummyword\key
   \definedummyword\math
@@ -4340,7 +4669,7 @@ end
   \def\definedummyaccent##1{\let##1\asis}%
   % We can just ignore other control letters.
   \def\definedummyletter##1{\let##1\empty}%
-  % Hopefully, all control words can become @asis.
+  % All control words become @asis by default; overrides below.
   \let\definedummyword\definedummyaccent
   %
   \commondummiesnofonts
@@ -4352,48 +4681,63 @@ end
   %
   \def\ { }%
   \def\@{@}%
-  % how to handle braces?
   \def\_{\normalunderscore}%
+  \def\-{}% @- shouldn't affect sorting
+  %
+  % Unfortunately, texindex is not prepared to handle braces in the
+  % content at all.  So for index sorting, we map @{ and @} to strings
+  % starting with |, since that ASCII character is between ASCII { and }.
+  \def\{{|a}%
+  \def\lbracechar{|a}%
+  %
+  \def\}{|b}%
+  \def\rbracechar{|b}%
   %
   % Non-English letters.
   \def\AA{AA}%
   \def\AE{AE}%
+  \def\DH{DZZ}%
   \def\L{L}%
   \def\OE{OE}%
   \def\O{O}%
+  \def\TH{ZZZ}%
   \def\aa{aa}%
   \def\ae{ae}%
+  \def\dh{dzz}%
+  \def\exclamdown{!}%
   \def\l{l}%
   \def\oe{oe}%
-  \def\o{o}%
-  \def\ss{ss}%
-  \def\exclamdown{!}%
-  \def\questiondown{?}%
   \def\ordf{a}%
   \def\ordm{o}%
+  \def\o{o}%
+  \def\questiondown{?}%
+  \def\ss{ss}%
+  \def\th{zzz}%
   %
   \def\LaTeX{LaTeX}%
   \def\TeX{TeX}%
   %
   % Assorted special characters.
   % (The following {} will end up in the sort string, but that's ok.)
+  \def\arrow{->}%
   \def\bullet{bullet}%
   \def\comma{,}%
   \def\copyright{copyright}%
-  \def\registeredsymbol{R}%
   \def\dots{...}%
   \def\enddots{...}%
   \def\equiv{==}%
   \def\error{error}%
   \def\euro{euro}%
+  \def\expansion{==>}%
+  \def\geq{>=}%
   \def\guillemetleft{<<}%
   \def\guillemetright{>>}%
   \def\guilsinglleft{<}%
   \def\guilsinglright{>}%
-  \def\expansion{==>}%
+  \def\leq{<=}%
   \def\minus{-}%
-  \def\pounds{pounds}%
   \def\point{.}%
+  \def\pounds{pounds}%
   \def\print{-|}%
   \def\quotedblbase{"}%
   \def\quotedblleft{"}%
@@ -4401,22 +4745,31 @@ end
   \def\quoteleft{`}%
   \def\quoteright{'}%
   \def\quotesinglbase{,}%
+  \def\registeredsymbol{R}%
   \def\result{=>}%
-  \def\textdegree{degrees}%
+  \def\textdegree{o}%
+  %
+  \expandafter\ifx\csname SETtxiindexlquoteignore\endcsname\relax
+  \else \indexlquoteignore \fi
   %
   % We need to get rid of all macros, leaving only the arguments (if present).
   % Of course this is not nearly correct, but it is the best we can do for now.
   % makeinfo does not expand macros in the argument to @deffn, which ends up
   % writing an index entry, and texindex isn't prepared for an index sort entry
   % that starts with \.
-  % 
+  %
   % Since macro invocations are followed by braces, we can just redefine them
   % to take a single TeX argument.  The case of a macro invocation that
   % goes to end-of-line is not handled.
-  % 
+  %
   \macrolist
 }
 
+% Undocumented (for FSFS 2nd ed.): @set txiindexlquoteignore makes us
+% ignore left quotes in the sort term.
+{\catcode`\`=\active
+ \gdef\indexlquoteignore{\let`=\empty}}
+
 \let\indexbackslash=0  %overridden during \printindex.
 \let\SETmarginindex=\relax % put index entries in margin (undocumented)?
 
@@ -4514,10 +4867,9 @@ end
 %
 % ..., ready, GO:
 %
-\def\safewhatsit#1{%
-\ifhmode
+\def\safewhatsit#1{\ifhmode
   #1%
-\else
+ \else
   % \lastskip and \lastpenalty cannot both be nonzero simultaneously.
   \whatsitskip = \lastskip
   \edef\lastskipmacro{\the\lastskip}%
@@ -4541,7 +4893,6 @@ end
     % to re-insert the same penalty (values >10000 are used for various
     % signals); since we just inserted a non-discardable item, any
     % following glue (such as a \parskip) would be a breakpoint.  For example:
-    % 
     %   @deffn deffn-whatever
     %   @vindex index-whatever
     %   Description.
@@ -4554,8 +4905,7 @@ end
     % (the whatsit from the \write), so we must insert a \nobreak.
     \nobreak\vskip\whatsitskip
   \fi
-\fi
-}
+\fi}
 
 % The index entry written in the file actually looks like
 %  \entry {sortstring}{page}{topic}
@@ -4674,7 +5024,6 @@ end
 % But this freezes the catcodes in the argument, and can cause problems to
 % @code, which sets - active.  This problem was fixed by a kludge---
 % ``-'' was active throughout whole index, but this isn't really right.
-%
 % The right solution is to prevent \entry from swallowing the whole text.
 %                                 --kasal, 21nov03
 \def\entry{%
@@ -4711,10 +5060,17 @@ end
     % columns.
     \vskip 0pt plus1pt
     %
+    % When reading the text of entry, convert explicit line breaks
+    % from @* into spaces.  The user might give these in long section
+    % titles, for instance.
+    \def\*{\unskip\space\ignorespaces}%
+    \def\entrybreak{\hfil\break}%
+    %
     % Swallow the left brace of the text (first parameter):
     \afterassignment\doentry
     \let\temp =
 }
+\def\entrybreak{\unskip\space\ignorespaces}%
 \def\doentry{%
     \bgroup % Instead of the swallowed brace.
       \noindent
@@ -4947,7 +5303,22 @@ end
 \message{sectioning,}
 % Chapters, sections, etc.
 
-% \unnumberedno is an oxymoron, of course.  But we count the unnumbered
+% Let's start with @part.
+\outer\parseargdef\part{\partzzz{#1}}
+\def\partzzz#1{%
+  \chapoddpage
+  \null
+  \vskip.3\vsize  % move it down on the page a bit
+  \begingroup
+    \noindent \titlefonts\rmisbold #1\par % the text
+    \let\lastnode=\empty      % no node to associate with
+    \writetocentry{part}{#1}{}% but put it in the toc
+    \headingsoff              % no headline or footline on the part page
+    \chapoddpage
+  \endgroup
+}
+
+% \unnumberedno is an oxymoron.  But we count the unnumbered
 % sections so that we can refer to them unambiguously in the pdf
 % outlines by their "section number".  We avoid collisions with chapter
 % numbers by starting them at 10000.  (If a document ever has 10000
@@ -5026,8 +5397,8 @@ end
 \chardef\maxseclevel = 3
 %
 % A numbered section within an unnumbered changes to unnumbered too.
-% To achive this, remember the "biggest" unnum. sec. we are currently in:
-\chardef\unmlevel = \maxseclevel
+% To achieve this, remember the "biggest" unnum. sec. we are currently in:
+\chardef\unnlevel = \maxseclevel
 %
 % Trace whether the current chapter is an appendix or not:
 % \chapheadtype is "N" or "A", unnumbered chapters are ignored.
@@ -5052,8 +5423,8 @@ end
   % The heading type:
   \def\headtype{#1}%
   \if \headtype U%
-    \ifnum \absseclevel < \unmlevel
-      \chardef\unmlevel = \absseclevel
+    \ifnum \absseclevel < \unnlevel
+      \chardef\unnlevel = \absseclevel
     \fi
   \else
     % Check for appendix sections:
@@ -5065,10 +5436,10 @@ end
       \fi\fi
     \fi
     % Check for numbered within unnumbered:
-    \ifnum \absseclevel > \unmlevel
+    \ifnum \absseclevel > \unnlevel
       \def\headtype{U}%
     \else
-      \chardef\unmlevel = 3
+      \chardef\unnlevel = 3
     \fi
   \fi
   % Now print the heading:
@@ -5122,7 +5493,9 @@ end
   \gdef\chaplevelprefix{\the\chapno.}%
   \resetallfloatnos
   %
-  \message{\putwordChapter\space \the\chapno}%
+  % \putwordChapter can contain complex things in translations.
+  \toks0=\expandafter{\putwordChapter}%
+  \message{\the\toks0 \space \the\chapno}%
   %
   % Write the actual heading.
   \chapmacro{#1}{Ynumbered}{\the\chapno}%
@@ -5133,15 +5506,17 @@ end
   \global\let\subsubsection = \numberedsubsubsec
 }
 
-\outer\parseargdef\appendix{\apphead0{#1}} % normally apphead0 calls appendixzzz
+\outer\parseargdef\appendix{\apphead0{#1}} % normally calls appendixzzz
+%
 \def\appendixzzz#1{%
   \global\secno=0 \global\subsecno=0 \global\subsubsecno=0
     \global\advance\appendixno by 1
   \gdef\chaplevelprefix{\appendixletter.}%
   \resetallfloatnos
   %
-  \def\appendixnum{\putwordAppendix\space \appendixletter}%
-  \message{\appendixnum}%
+  % \putwordAppendix can contain complex things in translations.
+  \toks0=\expandafter{\putwordAppendix}%
+  \message{\the\toks0 \space \appendixletter}%
   %
   \chapmacro{#1}{Yappendix}{\appendixletter}%
   %
@@ -5150,7 +5525,8 @@ end
   \global\let\subsubsection = \appendixsubsubsec
 }
 
-\outer\parseargdef\unnumbered{\unnmhead0{#1}} % normally unnmhead0 calls unnumberedzzz
+% normally unnmhead0 calls unnumberedzzz:
+\outer\parseargdef\unnumbered{\unnmhead0{#1}}
 \def\unnumberedzzz#1{%
   \global\secno=0 \global\subsecno=0 \global\subsubsecno=0
     \global\advance\unnumberedno by 1
@@ -5194,40 +5570,47 @@ end
 \let\top\unnumbered
 
 % Sections.
+% 
 \outer\parseargdef\numberedsec{\numhead1{#1}} % normally calls seczzz
 \def\seczzz#1{%
   \global\subsecno=0 \global\subsubsecno=0  \global\advance\secno by 1
   \sectionheading{#1}{sec}{Ynumbered}{\the\chapno.\the\secno}%
 }
 
-\outer\parseargdef\appendixsection{\apphead1{#1}} % normally calls appendixsectionzzz
+% normally calls appendixsectionzzz:
+\outer\parseargdef\appendixsection{\apphead1{#1}}
 \def\appendixsectionzzz#1{%
   \global\subsecno=0 \global\subsubsecno=0  \global\advance\secno by 1
   \sectionheading{#1}{sec}{Yappendix}{\appendixletter.\the\secno}%
 }
 \let\appendixsec\appendixsection
 
-\outer\parseargdef\unnumberedsec{\unnmhead1{#1}} % normally calls unnumberedseczzz
+% normally calls unnumberedseczzz:
+\outer\parseargdef\unnumberedsec{\unnmhead1{#1}}
 \def\unnumberedseczzz#1{%
   \global\subsecno=0 \global\subsubsecno=0  \global\advance\secno by 1
   \sectionheading{#1}{sec}{Ynothing}{\the\unnumberedno.\the\secno}%
 }
 
 % Subsections.
-\outer\parseargdef\numberedsubsec{\numhead2{#1}} % normally calls numberedsubseczzz
+% 
+% normally calls numberedsubseczzz:
+\outer\parseargdef\numberedsubsec{\numhead2{#1}}
 \def\numberedsubseczzz#1{%
   \global\subsubsecno=0  \global\advance\subsecno by 1
   \sectionheading{#1}{subsec}{Ynumbered}{\the\chapno.\the\secno.\the\subsecno}%
 }
 
-\outer\parseargdef\appendixsubsec{\apphead2{#1}} % normally calls appendixsubseczzz
+% normally calls appendixsubseczzz:
+\outer\parseargdef\appendixsubsec{\apphead2{#1}}
 \def\appendixsubseczzz#1{%
   \global\subsubsecno=0  \global\advance\subsecno by 1
   \sectionheading{#1}{subsec}{Yappendix}%
                  {\appendixletter.\the\secno.\the\subsecno}%
 }
 
-\outer\parseargdef\unnumberedsubsec{\unnmhead2{#1}} %normally calls unnumberedsubseczzz
+% normally calls unnumberedsubseczzz:
+\outer\parseargdef\unnumberedsubsec{\unnmhead2{#1}}
 \def\unnumberedsubseczzz#1{%
   \global\subsubsecno=0  \global\advance\subsecno by 1
   \sectionheading{#1}{subsec}{Ynothing}%
@@ -5235,21 +5618,25 @@ end
 }
 
 % Subsubsections.
-\outer\parseargdef\numberedsubsubsec{\numhead3{#1}} % normally numberedsubsubseczzz
+% 
+% normally numberedsubsubseczzz:
+\outer\parseargdef\numberedsubsubsec{\numhead3{#1}}
 \def\numberedsubsubseczzz#1{%
   \global\advance\subsubsecno by 1
   \sectionheading{#1}{subsubsec}{Ynumbered}%
                  {\the\chapno.\the\secno.\the\subsecno.\the\subsubsecno}%
 }
 
-\outer\parseargdef\appendixsubsubsec{\apphead3{#1}} % normally appendixsubsubseczzz
+% normally appendixsubsubseczzz:
+\outer\parseargdef\appendixsubsubsec{\apphead3{#1}}
 \def\appendixsubsubseczzz#1{%
   \global\advance\subsubsecno by 1
   \sectionheading{#1}{subsubsec}{Yappendix}%
                  {\appendixletter.\the\secno.\the\subsecno.\the\subsubsecno}%
 }
 
-\outer\parseargdef\unnumberedsubsubsec{\unnmhead3{#1}} %normally unnumberedsubsubseczzz
+% normally unnumberedsubsubseczzz:
+\outer\parseargdef\unnumberedsubsubsec{\unnmhead3{#1}}
 \def\unnumberedsubsubseczzz#1{%
   \global\advance\subsubsecno by 1
   \sectionheading{#1}{subsubsec}{Ynothing}%
@@ -5265,14 +5652,6 @@ end
 
 % Define @majorheading, @heading and @subheading
 
-% NOTE on use of \vbox for chapter headings, section headings, and such:
-%       1) We use \vbox rather than the earlier \line to permit
-%          overlong headings to fold.
-%       2) \hyphenpenalty is set to 10000 because hyphenation in a
-%          heading is obnoxious; this forbids it.
-%       3) Likewise, headings look best if no \parindent is used, and
-%          if justification is not attempted.  Hence \raggedright.
-
 \def\majorheading{%
   {\advance\chapheadingskip by 10pt \chapbreak }%
   \parsearg\chapheadingzzz
@@ -5280,10 +5659,8 @@ end
 
 \def\chapheading{\chapbreak \parsearg\chapheadingzzz}
 \def\chapheadingzzz#1{%
-  {\chapfonts \vbox{\hyphenpenalty=10000\tolerance=5000
-                    \parindent=0pt\ptexraggedright
-                    \rmisbold #1\hfill}}%
-  \bigskip \par\penalty 200\relax
+  \vbox{\chapfonts \raggedtitlesettings #1\par}%
+  \nobreak\bigskip \nobreak
   \suppressfirstparagraphindent
 }
 
@@ -5299,14 +5676,13 @@ end
 % (including whitespace, linebreaking, etc. around it),
 % given all the information in convenient, parsed form.
 
-%%% Args are the skip and penalty (usually negative)
+% Args are the skip and penalty (usually negative)
 \def\dobreak#1#2{\par\ifdim\lastskip<#1\removelastskip\penalty#2\vskip#1\fi}
 
-%%% Define plain chapter starts, and page on/off switching for it
 % Parameter controlling skip before chapter headings (if needed)
-
 \newskip\chapheadingskip
 
+% Define plain chapter starts, and page on/off switching for it.
 \def\chapbreak{\dobreak \chapheadingskip {-4000}}
 \def\chappager{\par\vfill\supereject}
 % Because \domark is called before \chapoddpage, the filler page will
@@ -5316,9 +5692,8 @@ end
   \chappager
   \ifodd\pageno \else
     \begingroup
-      \evenheadline={\hfil}\evenfootline={\hfil}%
-      \oddheadline={\hfil}\oddfootline={\hfil}%
-      \hbox to 0pt{}%
+      \headingsoff
+      \null
       \chappager
     \endgroup
   \fi
@@ -5374,7 +5749,10 @@ end
     \xdef\lastchapterdefs{%
       \gdef\noexpand\thischaptername{\the\toks0}%
       \gdef\noexpand\thischapternum{\appendixletter}%
-      \gdef\noexpand\thischapter{\putwordAppendix{} \noexpand\thischapternum:
+      % \noexpand\putwordAppendix avoids expanding indigestible
+      % commands in some of the translations.
+      \gdef\noexpand\thischapter{\noexpand\putwordAppendix{}
+                                 \noexpand\thischapternum:
                                  \noexpand\thischaptername}%
     }%
   \else
@@ -5382,7 +5760,10 @@ end
     \xdef\lastchapterdefs{%
       \gdef\noexpand\thischaptername{\the\toks0}%
       \gdef\noexpand\thischapternum{\the\chapno}%
-      \gdef\noexpand\thischapter{\putwordChapter{} \noexpand\thischapternum:
+      % \noexpand\putwordChapter avoids expanding indigestible
+      % commands in some of the translations.
+      \gdef\noexpand\thischapter{\noexpand\putwordChapter{}
+                                 \noexpand\thischapternum:
                                  \noexpand\thischaptername}%
     }%
   \fi\fi\fi
@@ -5438,8 +5819,7 @@ end
     %
     % Typeset the actual heading.
     \nobreak % Avoid page breaks at the interline glue.
-    \vbox{\hyphenpenalty=10000 \tolerance=5000 \parindent=0pt \ptexraggedright
-          \hangindent=\wd0 \centerparametersmaybe
+    \vbox{\raggedtitlesettings \hangindent=\wd0 \centerparametersmaybe
           \unhbox0 #1\par}%
   }%
   \nobreak\bigskip % no page break after a chapter title
@@ -5461,18 +5841,18 @@ end
 \def\setchapterstyle #1 {\csname CHAPF#1\endcsname}
 %
 \def\unnchfopen #1{%
-\chapoddpage {\chapfonts \vbox{\hyphenpenalty=10000\tolerance=5000
-                       \parindent=0pt\ptexraggedright
-                       \rmisbold #1\hfill}}\bigskip \par\nobreak
+  \chapoddpage
+  \vbox{\chapfonts \raggedtitlesettings #1\par}%
+  \nobreak\bigskip\nobreak
 }
 \def\chfopen #1#2{\chapoddpage {\chapfonts
 \vbox to 3in{\vfil \hbox to\hsize{\hfil #2} \hbox to\hsize{\hfil #1} \vfil}}%
 \par\penalty 5000 %
 }
 \def\centerchfopen #1{%
-\chapoddpage {\chapfonts \vbox{\hyphenpenalty=10000\tolerance=5000
-                       \parindent=0pt
-                       \hfill {\rmisbold #1}\hfill}}\bigskip \par\nobreak
+  \chapoddpage
+  \vbox{\chapfonts \raggedtitlesettings \hfill #1\hfill}%
+  \nobreak\bigskip \nobreak
 }
 \def\CHAPFopen{%
   \global\let\chapmacro=\chfopen
@@ -5504,6 +5884,8 @@ end
 %
 \def\sectionheading#1#2#3#4{%
   {%
+    \checkenv{}% should not be in an environment.
+    %
     % Switch to the right set of fonts.
     \csname #2fonts\endcsname \rmisbold
     %
@@ -5525,7 +5907,10 @@ end
         \xdef\lastsectiondefs{%
           \gdef\noexpand\thissectionname{\the\toks0}%
           \gdef\noexpand\thissectionnum{#4}%
-          \gdef\noexpand\thissection{\putwordSection{} \noexpand\thissectionnum:
+          % \noexpand\putwordSection avoids expanding indigestible
+          % commands in some of the translations.
+          \gdef\noexpand\thissection{\noexpand\putwordSection{}
+                                     \noexpand\thissectionnum:
                                      \noexpand\thissectionname}%
         }%
       \fi
@@ -5535,7 +5920,10 @@ end
         \xdef\lastsectiondefs{%
           \gdef\noexpand\thissectionname{\the\toks0}%
           \gdef\noexpand\thissectionnum{#4}%
-          \gdef\noexpand\thissection{\putwordSection{} \noexpand\thissectionnum:
+          % \noexpand\putwordSection avoids expanding indigestible
+          % commands in some of the translations.
+          \gdef\noexpand\thissection{\noexpand\putwordSection{}
+                                     \noexpand\thissectionnum:
                                      \noexpand\thissectionname}%
         }%
       \fi
@@ -5555,7 +5943,7 @@ end
     %
     % Now the second mark, after the heading break.  No break points
     % between here and the heading.
-    \let\prevsectiondefs=\lastsectiondefs
+    \global\let\prevsectiondefs=\lastsectiondefs
     \domark
     %
     % Only insert the space after the number if we have a section number.
@@ -5609,15 +5997,15 @@ end
   %
   % We'll almost certainly start a paragraph next, so don't let that
   % glue accumulate.  (Not a breakpoint because it's preceded by a
-  % discardable item.)
+  % discardable item.)  However, when a paragraph is not started next
+  % (\startdefun, \cartouche, \center, etc.), this needs to be wiped out
+  % or the negative glue will cause weirdly wrong output, typically
+  % obscuring the section heading with something else.
   \vskip-\parskip
-  % 
-  % This is purely so the last item on the list is a known \penalty >
-  % 10000.  This is so \startdefun can avoid allowing breakpoints after
-  % section headings.  Otherwise, it would insert a valid breakpoint between:
-  % 
-  %   @section sec-whatever
-  %   @deffn def-whatever
+  %
+  % This is so the last item on the main vertical list is a known
+  % \penalty > 10000, so \startdefun, etc., can recognize the situation
+  % and do the needful.
   \penalty 10001
 }
 
@@ -5673,7 +6061,7 @@ end
 % These characters do not print properly in the Computer Modern roman
 % fonts, so we must take special care.  This is more or less redundant
 % with the Texinfo input format setup at the end of this file.
-% 
+%
 \def\activecatcodes{%
   \catcode`\"=\active
   \catcode`\$=\active
@@ -5723,7 +6111,7 @@ end
 
 % redefined for the two-volume lispref.  We always output on
 % \jobname.toc even if this is redefined.
-% 
+%
 \def\tocreadfilename{\jobname.toc}
 
 % Normal (long) toc.
@@ -5749,6 +6137,7 @@ end
 \def\summarycontents{%
   \startcontents{\putwordShortTOC}%
     %
+    \let\partentry = \shortpartentry
     \let\numchapentry = \shortchapentry
     \let\appentry = \shortchapentry
     \let\unnchapentry = \shortunnchapentry
@@ -5804,6 +6193,19 @@ end
 % The last argument is the page number.
 % The arguments in between are the chapter number, section number, ...
 
+% Parts, in the main contents.  Replace the part number, which doesn't
+% exist, with an empty box.  Let's hope all the numbers have the same width.
+% Also ignore the page number, which is conventionally not printed.
+\def\numeralbox{\setbox0=\hbox{8}\hbox to \wd0{\hfil}}
+\def\partentry#1#2#3#4{\dochapentry{\numeralbox\labelspace#1}{}}
+%
+% Parts, in the short toc.
+\def\shortpartentry#1#2#3#4{%
+  \penalty-300
+  \vskip.5\baselineskip plus.15\baselineskip minus.1\baselineskip
+  \shortchapentry{{\bf #1}}{\numeralbox}{}{}%
+}
+
 % Chapters, in the main contents.
 \def\numchapentry#1#2#3#4{\dochapentry{#2\labelspace#1}{#4}}
 %
@@ -5893,9 +6295,9 @@ end
 \message{environments,}
 % @foo ... @end foo.
 
-% @tex ... @end tex    escapes into raw Tex temporarily.
+% @tex ... @end tex    escapes into raw TeX temporarily.
 % One exception: @ is still an escape character, so that @end tex works.
-% But \@ or @@ will get a plain tex @ character.
+% But \@ or @@ will get a plain @ character.
 
 \envdef\tex{%
   \setupmarkupstyle{tex}%
@@ -5908,10 +6310,14 @@ end
   \catcode `\|=\other
   \catcode `\<=\other
   \catcode `\>=\other
-  \catcode`\`=\other
-  \catcode`\'=\other
+  \catcode `\`=\other
+  \catcode `\'=\other
   \escapechar=`\\
   %
+  % ' is active in math mode (mathcode"8000).  So reset it, and all our
+  % other math active characters (just in case), to plain's definitions.
+  \mathactive
+  %
   \let\b=\ptexb
   \let\bullet=\ptexbullet
   \let\c=\ptexc
@@ -5929,7 +6335,7 @@ end
   \let\/=\ptexslash
   \let\*=\ptexstar
   \let\t=\ptext
-  \expandafter \let\csname top\endcsname=\ptextop  % outer
+  \expandafter \let\csname top\endcsname=\ptextop  % we've made it outer
   \let\frenchspacing=\plainfrenchspacing
   %
   \def\endldots{\mathinner{\ldots\ldots\ldots\ldots}}%
@@ -6015,6 +6421,12 @@ end
   \normbskip=\baselineskip \normpskip=\parskip \normlskip=\lineskip
   % Flag to tell @lisp, etc., not to narrow margin.
   \let\nonarrowing = t%
+  %
+  % If this cartouche directly follows a sectioning command, we need the
+  % \parskip glue (backspaced over by default) or the cartouche can
+  % collide with the section heading.
+  \ifnum\lastpenalty>10000 \vskip\parskip \penalty\lastpenalty \fi
+  %
   \vbox\bgroup
       \baselineskip=0pt\parskip=0pt\lineskip=0pt
       \carttop
@@ -6028,7 +6440,7 @@ end
 	      \lineskip=\normlskip
 	      \parskip=\normpskip
 	      \vskip -\parskip
-	      \comment % For explanation, see the end of \def\group.
+	      \comment % For explanation, see the end of def\group.
 }
 \def\Ecartouche{%
               \ifhmode\par\fi
@@ -6048,7 +6460,7 @@ end
 \newdimen\nonfillparindent
 \def\nonfillstart{%
   \aboveenvbreak
-  \hfuzz = 12pt % Don't be fussy
+  \ifdim\hfuzz < 12pt \hfuzz = 12pt \fi % Don't be fussy
   \sepspaces % Make spaces be word-separators rather than space tokens.
   \let\par = \lisppar % don't ignore blank lines
   \obeylines % each line of input is a line of output
@@ -6114,41 +6526,42 @@ end
 }
 
 % We often define two environments, @foo and @smallfoo.
-% Let's do it by one command:
-\def\makedispenv #1#2{
-  \expandafter\envdef\csname#1\endcsname {\setnormaldispenv #2}
-  \expandafter\envdef\csname small#1\endcsname {\setsmalldispenv #2}
+% Let's do it in one command.  #1 is the env name, #2 the definition.
+\def\makedispenvdef#1#2{%
+  \expandafter\envdef\csname#1\endcsname {\setnormaldispenv #2}%
+  \expandafter\envdef\csname small#1\endcsname {\setsmalldispenv #2}%
   \expandafter\let\csname E#1\endcsname \afterenvbreak
   \expandafter\let\csname Esmall#1\endcsname \afterenvbreak
 }
 
-% Define two synonyms:
-\def\maketwodispenvs #1#2#3{
-  \makedispenv{#1}{#3}
-  \makedispenv{#2}{#3}
+% Define two environment synonyms (#1 and #2) for an environment.
+\def\maketwodispenvdef#1#2#3{%
+  \makedispenvdef{#1}{#3}%
+  \makedispenvdef{#2}{#3}%
 }
-
-% @lisp: indented, narrowed, typewriter font; @example: same as @lisp.
+%
+% @lisp: indented, narrowed, typewriter font;
+% @example: same as @lisp.
 %
 % @smallexample and @smalllisp: use smaller fonts.
 % Originally contributed by Pavel@xerox.
 %
-\maketwodispenvs {lisp}{example}{%
+\maketwodispenvdef{lisp}{example}{%
   \nonfillstart
   \tt\setupmarkupstyle{example}%
   \let\kbdfont = \kbdexamplefont % Allow @kbd to do something special.
-  \gobble       % eat return
+  \gobble % eat return
 }
 % @display/@smalldisplay: same as @lisp except keep current font.
 %
-\makedispenv {display}{%
+\makedispenvdef{display}{%
   \nonfillstart
   \gobble
 }
 
 % @format/@smallformat: same as @display except don't narrow margins.
 %
-\makedispenv{format}{%
+\makedispenvdef{format}{%
   \let\nonarrowing = t%
   \nonfillstart
   \gobble
@@ -6167,7 +6580,7 @@ end
 \envdef\flushright{%
   \let\nonarrowing = t%
   \nonfillstart
-  \advance\leftskip by 0pt plus 1fill
+  \advance\leftskip by 0pt plus 1fill\relax
   \gobble
 }
 \let\Eflushright = \afterenvbreak
@@ -6202,43 +6615,28 @@ end
 % we're doing normal filling.  So, when using \aboveenvbreak and
 % \afterenvbreak, temporarily make \parskip 0.
 %
+\makedispenvdef{quotation}{\quotationstart}
+%
 \def\quotationstart{%
-  {\parskip=0pt \aboveenvbreak}% because \aboveenvbreak inserts \parskip
-  \parindent=0pt
-  %
-  % @cartouche defines \nonarrowing to inhibit narrowing at next level down.
+  \indentedblockstart % same as \indentedblock, but increase right margin too.
   \ifx\nonarrowing\relax
-    \advance\leftskip by \lispnarrowing
     \advance\rightskip by \lispnarrowing
-    \exdentamount = \lispnarrowing
-  \else
-    \let\nonarrowing = \relax
   \fi
   \parsearg\quotationlabel
 }
 
-\envdef\quotation{%
-  \setnormaldispenv
-  \quotationstart
-}
-
-\envdef\smallquotation{%
-  \setsmalldispenv
-  \quotationstart
-}
-\let\Esmallquotation = \Equotation
-
 % We have retained a nonzero parskip for the environment, since we're
 % doing normal filling.
 %
 \def\Equotation{%
   \par
-  \ifx\quotationauthor\undefined\else
+  \ifx\quotationauthor\thisisundefined\else
     % indent a bit.
     \leftline{\kern 2\leftskip \sl ---\quotationauthor}%
   \fi
   {\parskip=0pt \afterenvbreak}%
 }
+\def\Esmallquotation{\Equotation}
 
 % If we're given an argument, typeset it in bold with a colon after.
 \def\quotationlabel#1{%
@@ -6248,6 +6646,32 @@ end
   \fi
 }
 
+% @indentedblock is like @quotation, but indents only on the left and
+% has no optional argument.
+% 
+\makedispenvdef{indentedblock}{\indentedblockstart}
+%
+\def\indentedblockstart{%
+  {\parskip=0pt \aboveenvbreak}% because \aboveenvbreak inserts \parskip
+  \parindent=0pt
+  %
+  % @cartouche defines \nonarrowing to inhibit narrowing at next level down.
+  \ifx\nonarrowing\relax
+    \advance\leftskip by \lispnarrowing
+    \exdentamount = \lispnarrowing
+  \else
+    \let\nonarrowing = \relax
+  \fi
+}
+
+% Keep a nonzero parskip for the environment, since we're doing normal filling.
+%
+\def\Eindentedblock{%
+  \par
+  {\parskip=0pt \afterenvbreak}%
+}
+\def\Esmallindentedblock{\Eindentedblock}
+
 
 % LaTeX-like @verbatim...@end verbatim and @verb{...}
 % If we want to allow any  as delimiter,
@@ -6295,21 +6719,28 @@ end
 
 % Setup for the @verbatim environment
 %
-% Real tab expansion
+% Real tab expansion.
 \newdimen\tabw \setbox0=\hbox{\tt\space} \tabw=8\wd0 % tab amount
 %
-\def\starttabbox{\setbox0=\hbox\bgroup}
+% We typeset each line of the verbatim in an \hbox, so we can handle
+% tabs.  The \global is in case the verbatim line starts with an accent,
+% or some other command that starts with a begin-group.  Otherwise, the
+% entire \verbbox would disappear at the corresponding end-group, before
+% it is typeset.  Meanwhile, we can't have nested verbatim commands
+% (can we?), so the \global won't be overwriting itself.
+\newbox\verbbox
+\def\starttabbox{\global\setbox\verbbox=\hbox\bgroup}
 %
 \begingroup
   \catcode`\^^I=\active
   \gdef\tabexpand{%
     \catcode`\^^I=\active
     \def^^I{\leavevmode\egroup
-      \dimen0=\wd0 % the width so far, or since the previous tab
-      \divide\dimen0 by\tabw
-      \multiply\dimen0 by\tabw % compute previous multiple of \tabw
-      \advance\dimen0 by\tabw  % advance to next multiple of \tabw
-      \wd0=\dimen0 \box0 \starttabbox
+      \dimen\verbbox=\wd\verbbox % the width so far, or since the previous tab
+      \divide\dimen\verbbox by\tabw
+      \multiply\dimen\verbbox by\tabw % compute previous multiple of \tabw
+      \advance\dimen\verbbox by\tabw  % advance to next multiple of \tabw
+      \wd\verbbox=\dimen\verbbox \box\verbbox \starttabbox
     }%
   }
 \endgroup
@@ -6318,15 +6749,16 @@ end
 \def\setupverbatim{%
   \let\nonarrowing = t%
   \nonfillstart
-  % Easiest (and conventionally used) font for verbatim
-  \tt
-  \def\par{\leavevmode\egroup\box0\endgraf}%
+  \tt % easiest (and conventionally used) font for verbatim
+  % The \leavevmode here is for blank lines.  Otherwise, we would
+  % never \starttabox and the \egroup would end verbatim mode.
+  \def\par{\leavevmode\egroup\box\verbbox\endgraf}%
   \tabexpand
   \setupmarkupstyle{verbatim}%
   % Respect line breaks,
   % print special symbols as themselves, and
-  % make each space count
-  % must do in this order:
+  % make each space count.
+  % Must do in this order:
   \obeylines \uncatcodespecials \sepspaces
   \everypar{\starttabbox}%
 }
@@ -6383,6 +6815,7 @@ end
     \makevalueexpandable
     \setupverbatim
     \indexnofonts       % Allow `@@' and other weird things in file names.
+    \wlog{texinfo.tex: doing @verbatiminclude of #1^^J}%
     \input #1
     \afterenvbreak
   }%
@@ -6432,7 +6865,7 @@ end
     % commands also insert a nobreak penalty, and we don't want to allow
     % a break between a section heading and a defun.
     %
-    % As a minor refinement, we avoid "club" headers by signalling
+    % As a further refinement, we avoid "club" headers by signalling
     % with penalty of 10003 after the very first @deffn in the
     % sequence (see above), and penalty of 10002 after any following
     % @def command.
@@ -6469,7 +6902,7 @@ end
     #1#2 \endheader
     % common ending:
     \interlinepenalty = 10000
-    \advance\rightskip by 0pt plus 1fil
+    \advance\rightskip by 0pt plus 1fil\relax
     \endgraf
     \nobreak\vskip -\parskip
     \penalty\defunpenalty  % signal to \startdefun and \dodefunx
@@ -6499,13 +6932,36 @@ end
 \def\domakedefun#1#2#3{%
   \envdef#1{%
     \startdefun
+    \doingtypefnfalse    % distinguish typed functions from all else
     \parseargusing\activeparens{\printdefunline#3}%
   }%
   \def#2{\dodefunx#1}%
   \def#3%
 }
 
-%%% Untyped functions:
+\newif\ifdoingtypefn       % doing typed function?
+\newif\ifrettypeownline    % typeset return type on its own line?
+
+% @deftypefnnewline on|off says whether the return type of typed functions
+% are printed on their own line.  This affects @deftypefn, @deftypefun,
+% @deftypeop, and @deftypemethod.
+% 
+\parseargdef\deftypefnnewline{%
+  \def\temp{#1}%
+  \ifx\temp\onword
+    \expandafter\let\csname SETtxideftypefnnl\endcsname
+      = \empty
+  \else\ifx\temp\offword
+    \expandafter\let\csname SETtxideftypefnnl\endcsname
+      = \relax
+  \else
+    \errhelp = \EMsimple
+    \errmessage{Unknown @txideftypefnnl value `\temp',
+                must be on|off}%
+  \fi\fi
+}
+
+% Untyped functions:
 
 % @deffn category name args
 \makedefun{deffn}{\deffngeneral{}}
@@ -6524,7 +6980,7 @@ end
   \defname{#2}{}{#3}\magicamp\defunargs{#4\unskip}%
 }
 
-%%% Typed functions:
+% Typed functions:
 
 % @deftypefn category type name args
 \makedefun{deftypefn}{\deftypefngeneral{}}
@@ -6539,10 +6995,11 @@ end
 %
 \def\deftypefngeneral#1#2 #3 #4 #5\endheader{%
   \dosubind{fn}{\code{#4}}{#1}%
+  \doingtypefntrue
   \defname{#2}{#3}{#4}\defunargs{#5\unskip}%
 }
 
-%%% Typed variables:
+% Typed variables:
 
 % @deftypevr category type var args
 \makedefun{deftypevr}{\deftypecvgeneral{}}
@@ -6560,7 +7017,7 @@ end
   \defname{#2}{#3}{#4}\defunargs{#5\unskip}%
 }
 
-%%% Untyped variables:
+% Untyped variables:
 
 % @defvr category var args
 \makedefun{defvr}#1 {\deftypevrheader{#1} {} }
@@ -6571,7 +7028,8 @@ end
 % \defcvof {category of}class var args
 \def\defcvof#1#2 {\deftypecvof{#1}#2 {} }
 
-%%% Type:
+% Types:
+
 % @deftp category name args
 \makedefun{deftp}#1 #2 #3\endheader{%
   \doind{tp}{\code{#2}}%
@@ -6599,25 +7057,49 @@ end
 % We are followed by (but not passed) the arguments, if any.
 %
 \def\defname#1#2#3{%
+  \par
   % Get the values of \leftskip and \rightskip as they were outside the @def...
   \advance\leftskip by -\defbodyindent
   %
-  % How we'll format the type name.  Putting it in brackets helps
+  % Determine if we are typesetting the return type of a typed function
+  % on a line by itself.
+  \rettypeownlinefalse
+  \ifdoingtypefn  % doing a typed function specifically?
+    % then check user option for putting return type on its own line:
+    \expandafter\ifx\csname SETtxideftypefnnl\endcsname\relax \else
+      \rettypeownlinetrue
+    \fi
+  \fi
+  %
+  % How we'll format the category name.  Putting it in brackets helps
   % distinguish it from the body text that may end up on the next line
   % just below it.
   \def\temp{#1}%
   \setbox0=\hbox{\kern\deflastargmargin \ifx\temp\empty\else [\rm\temp]\fi}
   %
-  % Figure out line sizes for the paragraph shape.
+  % Figure out line sizes for the paragraph shape.  We'll always have at
+  % least two.
+  \tempnum = 2
+  %
   % The first line needs space for \box0; but if \rightskip is nonzero,
   % we need only space for the part of \box0 which exceeds it:
   \dimen0=\hsize  \advance\dimen0 by -\wd0  \advance\dimen0 by \rightskip
+  %
+  % If doing a return type on its own line, we'll have another line.
+  \ifrettypeownline
+    \advance\tempnum by 1
+    \def\maybeshapeline{0in \hsize}%
+  \else
+    \def\maybeshapeline{}%
+  \fi
+  %
   % The continuations:
   \dimen2=\hsize  \advance\dimen2 by -\defargsindent
-  % (plain.tex says that \dimen1 should be used only as global.)
-  \parshape 2 0in \dimen0 \defargsindent \dimen2
   %
-  % Put the type name to the right margin.
+  % The final paragraph shape:
+  \parshape \tempnum  0in \dimen0  \maybeshapeline  \defargsindent \dimen2
+  %
+  % Put the category name at the right margin.
   \noindent
   \hbox to 0pt{%
     \hfil\box0 \kern-\hsize
@@ -6639,8 +7121,16 @@ end
     % . this still does not fix the ?` and !` ligatures, but so far no
     %   one has made identifiers using them :).
     \df \tt
-    \def\temp{#2}% return value type
-    \ifx\temp\empty\else \tclose{\temp} \fi
+    \def\temp{#2}% text of the return type
+    \ifx\temp\empty\else
+      \tclose{\temp}% typeset the return type
+      \ifrettypeownline
+        % put return type on its own line; prohibit line break following:
+        \hfil\vadjust{\nobreak}\break  
+      \else
+        \space  % type on same line, so just followed by a space
+      \fi
+    \fi           % no return type
     #3% output function name
   }%
   {\rm\enskip}% hskip 0.5 em of \tenrm
@@ -6660,7 +7150,10 @@ end
   \df \sl \hyphenchar\font=0
   %
   % On the other hand, if an argument has two dashes (for instance), we
-  % want a way to get ttsl.  Let's try @var for that.
+  % want a way to get ttsl.  We used to recommend @var for that, so
+  % leave the code in, but it's strange for @var to lead to typewriter.
+  % Nowadays we recommend @code, since the difference between a ttsl hyphen
+  % and a tt hyphen is pretty tiny.  @code also disables ?` !`.
   \def\var##1{{\setupmarkupstyle{var}\ttslanted{##1}}}%
   #1%
   \sl\hyphenchar\font=45
@@ -6758,7 +7251,7 @@ end
 
 % To do this right we need a feature of e-TeX, \scantokens,
 % which we arrange to emulate with a temporary file in ordinary TeX.
-\ifx\eTeXversion\undefined
+\ifx\eTeXversion\thisisundefined
   \newwrite\macscribble
   \def\scantokens#1{%
     \toks0={#1}%
@@ -6769,25 +7262,30 @@ end
   }
 \fi
 
-\def\scanmacro#1{%
-  \begingroup
-    \newlinechar`\^^M
-    \let\xeatspaces\eatspaces
-    % Undo catcode changes of \startcontents and \doprintindex
-    % When called from @insertcopying or (short)caption, we need active
-    % backslash to get it printed correctly.  Previously, we had
-    % \catcode`\\=\other instead.  We'll see whether a problem appears
-    % with macro expansion.				--kasal, 19aug04
-    \catcode`\@=0 \catcode`\\=\active \escapechar=`\@
-    % ... and \example
-    \spaceisspace
-    %
-    % Append \endinput to make sure that TeX does not see the ending newline.
-    % I've verified that it is necessary both for e-TeX and for ordinary TeX
-    %							--kasal, 29nov03
-    \scantokens{#1\endinput}%
-  \endgroup
-}
+\def\scanmacro#1{\begingroup
+  \newlinechar`\^^M
+  \let\xeatspaces\eatspaces
+  %
+  % Undo catcode changes of \startcontents and \doprintindex
+  % When called from @insertcopying or (short)caption, we need active
+  % backslash to get it printed correctly.  Previously, we had
+  % \catcode`\\=\other instead.  We'll see whether a problem appears
+  % with macro expansion.				--kasal, 19aug04
+  \catcode`\@=0 \catcode`\\=\active \escapechar=`\@
+  %
+  % ... and for \example:
+  \spaceisspace
+  %
+  % The \empty here causes a following catcode 5 newline to be eaten as
+  % part of reading whitespace after a control sequence.  It does not
+  % eat a catcode 13 newline.  There's no good way to handle the two
+  % cases (untried: maybe e-TeX's \everyeof could help, though plain TeX
+  % would then have different behavior).  See the Macro Details node in
+  % the manual for the workaround we recommend for macros and
+  % line-oriented commands.
+  % 
+  \scantokens{#1\empty}%
+\endgroup}
 
 \def\scanexp#1{%
   \edef\temp{\noexpand\scanmacro{#1}}%
@@ -6815,7 +7313,7 @@ end
 % This does \let #1 = #2, with \csnames; that is,
 %   \let \csname#1\endcsname = \csname#2\endcsname
 % (except of course we have to play expansion games).
-% 
+%
 \def\cslet#1#2{%
   \expandafter\let
   \csname#1\expandafter\endcsname
@@ -6841,17 +7339,18 @@ end
 
 % Macro bodies are absorbed as an argument in a context where
 % all characters are catcode 10, 11 or 12, except \ which is active
-% (as in normal texinfo). It is necessary to change the definition of \.
-
+% (as in normal texinfo). It is necessary to change the definition of \
+% to recognize macro arguments; this is the job of \mbodybackslash.
+%
 % Non-ASCII encodings make 8-bit characters active, so un-activate
 % them to avoid their expansion.  Must do this non-globally, to
 % confine the change to the current group.
-
+%
 % It's necessary to have hard CRs when the macro is executed. This is
-% done by  making ^^M (\endlinechar) catcode 12 when reading the macro
+% done by making ^^M (\endlinechar) catcode 12 when reading the macro
 % body, and then making it the \newlinechar in \scanmacro.
-
-\def\scanctxt{%
+%
+\def\scanctxt{% used as subroutine
   \catcode`\"=\other
   \catcode`\+=\other
   \catcode`\<=\other
@@ -6864,13 +7363,13 @@ end
   \ifx\declaredencoding\ascii \else \setnonasciicharscatcodenonglobal\other \fi
 }
 
-\def\scanargctxt{%
+\def\scanargctxt{% used for copying and captions, not macros.
   \scanctxt
   \catcode`\\=\other
   \catcode`\^^M=\other
 }
 
-\def\macrobodyctxt{%
+\def\macrobodyctxt{% used for @macro definitions
   \scanctxt
   \catcode`\{=\other
   \catcode`\}=\other
@@ -6878,32 +7377,56 @@ end
   \usembodybackslash
 }
 
-\def\macroargctxt{%
+\def\macroargctxt{% used when scanning invocations
   \scanctxt
-  \catcode`\\=\other
+  \catcode`\\=0
 }
+% why catcode 0 for \ in the above?  To recognize \\ \{ \} as "escapes"
+% for the single characters \ { }.  Thus, we end up with the "commands"
+% that would be written @\ @{ @} in a Texinfo document.
+% 
+% We already have @{ and @}.  For @\, we define it here, and only for
+% this purpose, to produce a typewriter backslash (so, the @\ that we
+% define for @math can't be used with @macro calls):
+%
+\def\\{\normalbackslash}%
+% 
+% We would like to do this for \, too, since that is what makeinfo does.
+% But it is not possible, because Texinfo already has a command @, for a
+% cedilla accent.  Documents must use @comma{} instead.
+%
+% \anythingelse will almost certainly be an error of some kind.
+
 
 % \mbodybackslash is the definition of \ in @macro bodies.
 % It maps \foo\ => \csname macarg.foo\endcsname => #N
 % where N is the macro parameter number.
 % We define \csname macarg.\endcsname to be \realbackslash, so
 % \\ in macro replacement text gets you a backslash.
-
+%
 {\catcode`@=0 @catcode`@\=@active
  @gdef@usembodybackslash{@let\=@mbodybackslash}
  @gdef@mbodybackslash#1\{@csname macarg.#1@endcsname}
 }
 \expandafter\def\csname macarg.\endcsname{\realbackslash}
 
+\def\margbackslash#1{\char`\#1 }
+
 \def\macro{\recursivefalse\parsearg\macroxxx}
 \def\rmacro{\recursivetrue\parsearg\macroxxx}
 
 \def\macroxxx#1{%
-  \getargs{#1}%           now \macname is the macname and \argl the arglist
+  \getargs{#1}% now \macname is the macname and \argl the arglist
   \ifx\argl\empty       % no arguments
-     \paramno=0%
+     \paramno=0\relax
   \else
      \expandafter\parsemargdef \argl;%
+     \if\paramno>256\relax
+       \ifx\eTeXversion\thisisundefined
+         \errhelp = \EMsimple
+         \errmessage{You need eTeX to compile a file with macros with more than 256 arguments}
+       \fi
+     \fi
   \fi
   \if1\csname ismacro.\the\macname\endcsname
      \message{Warning: redefining \the\macname}%
@@ -6950,46 +7473,269 @@ end
 % an opening brace, and that opening brace is not consumed.
 \def\getargs#1{\getargsxxx#1{}}
 \def\getargsxxx#1#{\getmacname #1 \relax\getmacargs}
-\def\getmacname #1 #2\relax{\macname={#1}}
+\def\getmacname#1 #2\relax{\macname={#1}}
 \def\getmacargs#1{\def\argl{#1}}
 
+% For macro processing make @ a letter so that we can make Texinfo private macro names.
+\edef\texiatcatcode{\the\catcode`\@}
+\catcode `@=11\relax
+
 % Parse the optional {params} list.  Set up \paramno and \paramlist
-% so \defmacro knows what to do.  Define \macarg.blah for each blah
-% in the params list, to be ##N where N is the position in that list.
+% so \defmacro knows what to do.  Define \macarg.BLAH for each BLAH
+% in the params list to some hook where the argument si to be expanded.  If
+% there are less than 10 arguments that hook is to be replaced by ##N where N
+% is the position in that list, that is to say the macro arguments are to be
+% defined `a la TeX in the macro body.  
+%
 % That gets used by \mbodybackslash (above).
-
+%
 % We need to get `macro parameter char #' into several definitions.
-% The technique used is stolen from LaTeX:  let \hash be something
+% The technique used is stolen from LaTeX: let \hash be something
 % unexpandable, insert that wherever you need a #, and then redefine
 % it to # just before using the token list produced.
 %
 % The same technique is used to protect \eatspaces till just before
 % the macro is used.
-
-\def\parsemargdef#1;{\paramno=0\def\paramlist{}%
-        \let\hash\relax\let\xeatspaces\relax\parsemargdefxxx#1,;,}
+%
+% If there are 10 or more arguments, a different technique is used, where the
+% hook remains in the body, and when macro is to be expanded the body is
+% processed again to replace the arguments.
+%
+% In that case, the hook is \the\toks N-1, and we simply set \toks N-1 to the
+% argument N value and then \edef  the body (nothing else will expand because of
+% the catcode regime underwhich the body was input).
+%
+% If you compile with TeX (not eTeX), and you have macros with 10 or more
+% arguments, you need that no macro has more than 256 arguments, otherwise an
+% error is produced.
+\def\parsemargdef#1;{%
+  \paramno=0\def\paramlist{}%
+  \let\hash\relax
+  \let\xeatspaces\relax
+  \parsemargdefxxx#1,;,%
+  % In case that there are 10 or more arguments we parse again the arguments
+  % list to set new definitions for the \macarg.BLAH macros corresponding to
+  % each BLAH argument. It was anyhow needed to parse already once this list
+  % in order to count the arguments, and as macros with at most 9 arguments
+  % are by far more frequent than macro with 10 or more arguments, defining
+  % twice the \macarg.BLAH macros does not cost too much processing power.
+  \ifnum\paramno<10\relax\else
+    \paramno0\relax
+    \parsemmanyargdef@@#1,;,% 10 or more arguments
+  \fi
+}
 \def\parsemargdefxxx#1,{%
   \if#1;\let\next=\relax
   \else \let\next=\parsemargdefxxx
-    \advance\paramno by 1%
+    \advance\paramno by 1
     \expandafter\edef\csname macarg.\eatspaces{#1}\endcsname
         {\xeatspaces{\hash\the\paramno}}%
     \edef\paramlist{\paramlist\hash\the\paramno,}%
   \fi\next}
 
+\def\parsemmanyargdef@@#1,{%
+  \if#1;\let\next=\relax
+  \else 
+    \let\next=\parsemmanyargdef@@
+    \edef\tempb{\eatspaces{#1}}%
+    \expandafter\def\expandafter\tempa
+       \expandafter{\csname macarg.\tempb\endcsname}%
+    % Note that we need some extra \noexpand\noexpand, this is because we
+    % don't want \the  to be expanded in the \parsermacbody  as it uses an
+    % \xdef .
+    \expandafter\edef\tempa
+      {\noexpand\noexpand\noexpand\the\toks\the\paramno}%
+    \advance\paramno by 1\relax
+  \fi\next}
+
 % These two commands read recursive and nonrecursive macro bodies.
 % (They're different since rec and nonrec macros end differently.)
+%
 
+\catcode `\@\texiatcatcode
 \long\def\parsemacbody#1@end macro%
 {\xdef\temp{\eatcr{#1}}\endgroup\defmacro}%
 \long\def\parsermacbody#1@end rmacro%
 {\xdef\temp{\eatcr{#1}}\endgroup\defmacro}%
+\catcode `\@=11\relax
+
+\let\endargs@\relax
+\let\nil@\relax
+\def\nilm@{\nil@}%
+\long\def\nillm@{\nil@}%
+
+% This macro is expanded during the Texinfo macro expansion, not during its
+% definition.  It gets all the arguments values and assigns them to macros
+% macarg.ARGNAME
+%
+% #1 is the macro name
+% #2 is the list of argument names
+% #3 is the list of argument values
+\def\getargvals@#1#2#3{%
+  \def\macargdeflist@{}%
+  \def\saveparamlist@{#2}% Need to keep a copy for parameter expansion.
+  \def\paramlist{#2,\nil@}%
+  \def\macroname{#1}%
+  \begingroup
+  \macroargctxt
+  \def\argvaluelist{#3,\nil@}%
+  \def\@tempa{#3}%
+  \ifx\@tempa\empty
+    \setemptyargvalues@
+  \else
+    \getargvals@@
+  \fi
+}
+
+% 
+\def\getargvals@@{%
+  \ifx\paramlist\nilm@
+      % Some sanity check needed here that \argvaluelist is also empty.
+      \ifx\argvaluelist\nillm@
+      \else
+        \errhelp = \EMsimple
+        \errmessage{Too many arguments in macro `\macroname'!}%
+      \fi
+      \let\next\macargexpandinbody@
+  \else
+    \ifx\argvaluelist\nillm@
+       % No more arguments values passed to macro.  Set remaining named-arg
+       % macros to empty.
+       \let\next\setemptyargvalues@
+    \else
+      % pop current arg name into \@tempb
+      \def\@tempa##1{\pop@{\@tempb}{\paramlist}##1\endargs@}%
+      \expandafter\@tempa\expandafter{\paramlist}%
+       % pop current argument value into \@tempc
+      \def\@tempa##1{\longpop@{\@tempc}{\argvaluelist}##1\endargs@}%
+      \expandafter\@tempa\expandafter{\argvaluelist}%
+       % Here \@tempb is the current arg name and \@tempc is the current arg value.
+       % First place the new argument macro definition into \@tempd
+       \expandafter\macname\expandafter{\@tempc}%
+       \expandafter\let\csname macarg.\@tempb\endcsname\relax
+       \expandafter\def\expandafter\@tempe\expandafter{%
+         \csname macarg.\@tempb\endcsname}%
+       \edef\@tempd{\long\def\@tempe{\the\macname}}%
+       \push@\@tempd\macargdeflist@
+       \let\next\getargvals@@
+    \fi
+  \fi
+  \next
+}
+
+\def\push@#1#2{%
+  \expandafter\expandafter\expandafter\def
+  \expandafter\expandafter\expandafter#2%
+  \expandafter\expandafter\expandafter{%
+  \expandafter#1#2}%
+}
+
+% Replace arguments by their values in the macro body, and place the result
+% in macro \@tempa
+\def\macvalstoargs@{%
+  %  To do this we use the property that token registers that are \the'ed
+  % within an \edef  expand only once. So we are going to place all argument
+  % values into respective token registers.
+  %
+  % First we save the token context, and initialize argument numbering.
+  \begingroup
+    \paramno0\relax
+    % Then, for each argument number #N, we place the corresponding argument
+    % value into a new token list register \toks#N
+    \expandafter\putargsintokens@\saveparamlist@,;,%
+    % Then, we expand the body so that argument are replaced by their
+    % values. The trick for values not to be expanded themselves is that they
+    % are within tokens and that tokens expand only once in an \edef .
+    \edef\@tempc{\csname mac.\macroname .body\endcsname}%
+    % Now we restore the token stack pointer to free the token list registers
+    % which we have used, but we make sure that expanded body is saved after
+    % group.
+    \expandafter
+  \endgroup
+  \expandafter\def\expandafter\@tempa\expandafter{\@tempc}%
+  }
+
+\def\macargexpandinbody@{% 
+  %% Define the named-macro outside of this group and then close this group. 
+  \expandafter
+  \endgroup
+  \macargdeflist@
+  % First the replace in body the macro arguments by their values, the result
+  % is in \@tempa .
+  \macvalstoargs@
+  % Then we point at the \norecurse or \gobble (for recursive) macro value
+  % with \@tempb .
+  \expandafter\let\expandafter\@tempb\csname mac.\macroname .recurse\endcsname
+  % Depending on whether it is recursive or not, we need some tailing
+  % \egroup .
+  \ifx\@tempb\gobble
+     \let\@tempc\relax
+  \else
+     \let\@tempc\egroup
+  \fi
+  % And now we do the real job:
+  \edef\@tempd{\noexpand\@tempb{\macroname}\noexpand\scanmacro{\@tempa}\@tempc}%
+  \@tempd
+}
 
-% This defines the macro itself. There are six cases: recursive and
-% nonrecursive macros of zero, one, and many arguments.
+\def\putargsintokens@#1,{%
+  \if#1;\let\next\relax
+  \else
+    \let\next\putargsintokens@
+    % First we allocate the new token list register, and give it a temporary
+    % alias \@tempb .
+    \toksdef\@tempb\the\paramno
+    % Then we place the argument value into that token list register.
+    \expandafter\let\expandafter\@tempa\csname macarg.#1\endcsname
+    \expandafter\@tempb\expandafter{\@tempa}%
+    \advance\paramno by 1\relax
+  \fi
+  \next
+}
+
+% Save the token stack pointer into macro #1
+\def\texisavetoksstackpoint#1{\edef#1{\the\@cclvi}}
+% Restore the token stack pointer from number in macro #1
+\def\texirestoretoksstackpoint#1{\expandafter\mathchardef\expandafter\@cclvi#1\relax}
+% newtoks that can be used non \outer .
+\def\texinonouternewtoks{\alloc@ 5\toks \toksdef \@cclvi}
+
+% Tailing missing arguments are set to empty
+\def\setemptyargvalues@{%
+  \ifx\paramlist\nilm@
+    \let\next\macargexpandinbody@
+  \else
+    \expandafter\setemptyargvaluesparser@\paramlist\endargs@
+    \let\next\setemptyargvalues@
+  \fi
+  \next
+}
+
+\def\setemptyargvaluesparser@#1,#2\endargs@{%
+  \expandafter\def\expandafter\@tempa\expandafter{%
+    \expandafter\def\csname macarg.#1\endcsname{}}%
+  \push@\@tempa\macargdeflist@
+  \def\paramlist{#2}%
+}
+
+% #1 is the element target macro
+% #2 is the list macro
+% #3,#4\endargs@ is the list value
+\def\pop@#1#2#3,#4\endargs@{%
+   \def#1{#3}%
+   \def#2{#4}%
+}
+\long\def\longpop@#1#2#3,#4\endargs@{%
+   \long\def#1{#3}%
+   \long\def#2{#4}%
+}
+
+% This defines a Texinfo @macro. There are eight cases: recursive and
+% nonrecursive macros of zero, one, up to nine, and many arguments.
 % Much magic with \expandafter here.
 % \xdef is used so that macro definitions will survive the file
 % they're defined in; @include reads the file inside a group.
+%
 \def\defmacro{%
   \let\hash=##% convert placeholders to macro parameter chars
   \ifrecursive
@@ -7004,17 +7750,25 @@ end
          \expandafter\noexpand\csname\the\macname xxx\endcsname}%
       \expandafter\xdef\csname\the\macname xxx\endcsname##1{%
          \egroup\noexpand\scanmacro{\temp}}%
-    \else % many
-      \expandafter\xdef\csname\the\macname\endcsname{%
-         \bgroup\noexpand\macroargctxt
-         \noexpand\csname\the\macname xx\endcsname}%
-      \expandafter\xdef\csname\the\macname xx\endcsname##1{%
-          \expandafter\noexpand\csname\the\macname xxx\endcsname ##1,}%
-      \expandafter\expandafter
-      \expandafter\xdef
-      \expandafter\expandafter
-        \csname\the\macname xxx\endcsname
-          \paramlist{\egroup\noexpand\scanmacro{\temp}}%
+    \else
+      \ifnum\paramno<10\relax % at most 9
+        \expandafter\xdef\csname\the\macname\endcsname{%
+           \bgroup\noexpand\macroargctxt
+           \noexpand\csname\the\macname xx\endcsname}%
+        \expandafter\xdef\csname\the\macname xx\endcsname##1{%
+            \expandafter\noexpand\csname\the\macname xxx\endcsname ##1,}%
+        \expandafter\expandafter
+        \expandafter\xdef
+        \expandafter\expandafter
+          \csname\the\macname xxx\endcsname
+            \paramlist{\egroup\noexpand\scanmacro{\temp}}%
+      \else % 10 or more
+        \expandafter\xdef\csname\the\macname\endcsname{%
+          \noexpand\getargvals@{\the\macname}{\argl}%
+        }%    
+        \global\expandafter\let\csname mac.\the\macname .body\endcsname\temp
+        \global\expandafter\let\csname mac.\the\macname .recurse\endcsname\gobble
+      \fi
     \fi
   \else
     \ifcase\paramno
@@ -7031,29 +7785,40 @@ end
         \egroup
         \noexpand\norecurse{\the\macname}%
         \noexpand\scanmacro{\temp}\egroup}%
-    \else % many
-      \expandafter\xdef\csname\the\macname\endcsname{%
-         \bgroup\noexpand\macroargctxt
-         \expandafter\noexpand\csname\the\macname xx\endcsname}%
-      \expandafter\xdef\csname\the\macname xx\endcsname##1{%
-          \expandafter\noexpand\csname\the\macname xxx\endcsname ##1,}%
-      \expandafter\expandafter
-      \expandafter\xdef
-      \expandafter\expandafter
-      \csname\the\macname xxx\endcsname
-      \paramlist{%
-          \egroup
-          \noexpand\norecurse{\the\macname}%
-          \noexpand\scanmacro{\temp}\egroup}%
+    \else % at most 9
+      \ifnum\paramno<10\relax
+        \expandafter\xdef\csname\the\macname\endcsname{%
+           \bgroup\noexpand\macroargctxt
+           \expandafter\noexpand\csname\the\macname xx\endcsname}%
+        \expandafter\xdef\csname\the\macname xx\endcsname##1{%
+            \expandafter\noexpand\csname\the\macname xxx\endcsname ##1,}%
+        \expandafter\expandafter
+        \expandafter\xdef
+        \expandafter\expandafter
+        \csname\the\macname xxx\endcsname
+        \paramlist{%
+            \egroup
+            \noexpand\norecurse{\the\macname}%
+            \noexpand\scanmacro{\temp}\egroup}%
+      \else % 10 or more:
+        \expandafter\xdef\csname\the\macname\endcsname{%
+          \noexpand\getargvals@{\the\macname}{\argl}%
+        }%
+        \global\expandafter\let\csname mac.\the\macname .body\endcsname\temp
+        \global\expandafter\let\csname mac.\the\macname .recurse\endcsname\norecurse
+      \fi
     \fi
   \fi}
 
+\catcode `\@\texiatcatcode\relax
+
 \def\norecurse#1{\bgroup\cslet{#1}{macsave.#1}}
 
 % \braceorline decides whether the next nonwhitespace character is a
 % {.  If so it reads up to the closing }, if not, it reads the whole
 % line.  Whatever was read is then fed to the next control sequence
-% as an argument (by \parsebrace or \parsearg)
+% as an argument (by \parsebrace or \parsearg).
+% 
 \def\braceorline#1{\let\macnamexxx=#1\futurelet\nchar\braceorlinexxx}
 \def\braceorlinexxx{%
   \ifx\nchar\bgroup\else
@@ -7063,7 +7828,8 @@ end
 
 % @alias.
 % We need some trickery to remove the optional spaces around the equal
-% sign.  Just make them active and then expand them all to nothing.
+% sign.  Make them active and then expand them all to nothing.
+%
 \def\alias{\parseargusing\obeyspaces\aliasxxx}
 \def\aliasxxx #1{\aliasyyy#1\relax}
 \def\aliasyyy #1=#2\relax{%
@@ -7084,7 +7850,8 @@ end
 
 % @inforef is relatively simple.
 \def\inforef #1{\inforefzzz #1,,,,**}
-\def\inforefzzz #1,#2,#3,#4**{\putwordSee{} \putwordInfo{} \putwordfile{} \file{\ignorespaces #3{}},
+\def\inforefzzz #1,#2,#3,#4**{%
+  \putwordSee{} \putwordInfo{} \putwordfile{} \file{\ignorespaces #3{}},
   node \samp{\ignorespaces#1{}}}
 
 % @node's only job in TeX is to define \lastnode, which is used in
@@ -7145,11 +7912,32 @@ end
       \toks0 = \expandafter{\lastsection}%
       \immediate \writexrdef{title}{\the\toks0 }%
       \immediate \writexrdef{snt}{\csname #2\endcsname}% \Ynumbered etc.
-      \safewhatsit{\writexrdef{pg}{\folio}}% will be written later, during \shipout
+      \safewhatsit{\writexrdef{pg}{\folio}}% will be written later, at \shipout
     }%
   \fi
 }
 
+% @xrefautosectiontitle on|off says whether @section(ing) names are used
+% automatically in xrefs, if the third arg is not explicitly specified.
+% This was provided as a "secret" @set xref-automatic-section-title
+% variable, now it's official.
+% 
+\parseargdef\xrefautomaticsectiontitle{%
+  \def\temp{#1}%
+  \ifx\temp\onword
+    \expandafter\let\csname SETxref-automatic-section-title\endcsname
+      = \empty
+  \else\ifx\temp\offword
+    \expandafter\let\csname SETxref-automatic-section-title\endcsname
+      = \relax
+  \else
+    \errhelp = \EMsimple
+    \errmessage{Unknown @xrefautomaticsectiontitle value `\temp',
+                must be on|off}%
+  \fi\fi
+}
+
+% 
 % @xref, @pxref, and @ref generate cross-references.  For \xrefX, #1 is
 % the node name, #2 the name of the Info cross-reference, #3 the printed
 % node name, #4 the name of the Info file, #5 the name of the printed
@@ -7158,26 +7946,41 @@ end
 \def\pxref#1{\putwordsee{} \xrefX[#1,,,,,,,]}
 \def\xref#1{\putwordSee{} \xrefX[#1,,,,,,,]}
 \def\ref#1{\xrefX[#1,,,,,,,]}
+%
+\newbox\toprefbox
+\newbox\printedrefnamebox
+\newbox\infofilenamebox
+\newbox\printedmanualbox
+%
 \def\xrefX[#1,#2,#3,#4,#5,#6]{\begingroup
   \unsepspaces
-  \def\printedmanual{\ignorespaces #5}%
+  %
+  % Get args without leading/trailing spaces.
   \def\printedrefname{\ignorespaces #3}%
-  \setbox1=\hbox{\printedmanual\unskip}%
-  \setbox0=\hbox{\printedrefname\unskip}%
-  \ifdim \wd0 = 0pt
+  \setbox\printedrefnamebox = \hbox{\printedrefname\unskip}%
+  %
+  \def\infofilename{\ignorespaces #4}%
+  \setbox\infofilenamebox = \hbox{\infofilename\unskip}%
+  %
+  \def\printedmanual{\ignorespaces #5}%
+  \setbox\printedmanualbox  = \hbox{\printedmanual\unskip}%
+  %
+  % If the printed reference name (arg #3) was not explicitly given in
+  % the @xref, figure out what we want to use.
+  \ifdim \wd\printedrefnamebox = 0pt
     % No printed node name was explicitly given.
-    \expandafter\ifx\csname SETxref-automatic-section-title\endcsname\relax
-      % Use the node name inside the square brackets.
+    \expandafter\ifx\csname SETxref-automatic-section-title\endcsname \relax
+      % Not auto section-title: use node name inside the square brackets.
       \def\printedrefname{\ignorespaces #1}%
     \else
-      % Use the actual chapter/section title appear inside
-      % the square brackets.  Use the real section title if we have it.
-      \ifdim \wd1 > 0pt
-        % It is in another manual, so we don't have it.
+      % Auto section-title: use chapter/section title inside
+      % the square brackets if we have it.
+      \ifdim \wd\printedmanualbox > 0pt
+        % It is in another manual, so we don't have it; use node name.
         \def\printedrefname{\ignorespaces #1}%
       \else
         \ifhavexrefs
-          % We know the real title if we have the xref values.
+          % We (should) know the real title if we have the xref values.
           \def\printedrefname{\refx{#1-title}{}}%
         \else
           % Otherwise just copy the Info node name.
@@ -7191,13 +7994,20 @@ end
   \ifpdf
     {\indexnofonts
      \turnoffactive
+     \makevalueexpandable
      % This expands tokens, so do it after making catcode changes, so _
-     % etc. don't get their TeX definitions.
+     % etc. don't get their TeX definitions.  This ignores all spaces in
+     % #4, including (wrongly) those in the middle of the filename.
      \getfilename{#4}%
      %
-     % See comments at \activebackslashdouble.
-     {\activebackslashdouble \xdef\pdfxrefdest{#1}%
-      \backslashparens\pdfxrefdest}%
+     % This (wrongly) does not take account of leading or trailing
+     % spaces in #1, which should be ignored.
+     \edef\pdfxrefdest{#1}%
+     \ifx\pdfxrefdest\empty
+       \def\pdfxrefdest{Top}% no empty targets
+     \else
+       \txiescapepdf\pdfxrefdest  % escape PDF special chars
+     \fi
      %
      \leavevmode
      \startlink attr{/Border [0 0 0]}%
@@ -7224,29 +8034,42 @@ end
   \iffloat\Xthisreftitle
     % If the user specified the print name (third arg) to the ref,
     % print it instead of our usual "Figure 1.2".
-    \ifdim\wd0 = 0pt
+    \ifdim\wd\printedrefnamebox = 0pt
       \refx{#1-snt}{}%
     \else
       \printedrefname
     \fi
     %
-    % if the user also gave the printed manual name (fifth arg), append
+    % If the user also gave the printed manual name (fifth arg), append
     % "in MANUALNAME".
-    \ifdim \wd1 > 0pt
+    \ifdim \wd\printedmanualbox > 0pt
       \space \putwordin{} \cite{\printedmanual}%
     \fi
   \else
     % node/anchor (non-float) references.
+    % 
+    % If we use \unhbox to print the node names, TeX does not insert
+    % empty discretionaries after hyphens, which means that it will not
+    % find a line break at a hyphen in a node names.  Since some manuals
+    % are best written with fairly long node names, containing hyphens,
+    % this is a loss.  Therefore, we give the text of the node name
+    % again, so it is as if TeX is seeing it for the first time.
+    % 
+    \ifdim \wd\printedmanualbox > 0pt
+      % Cross-manual reference with a printed manual name.
+      % 
+      \crossmanualxref{\cite{\printedmanual\unskip}}%
+    %
+    \else\ifdim \wd\infofilenamebox > 0pt
+      % Cross-manual reference with only an info filename (arg 4), no
+      % printed manual name (arg 5).  This is essentially the same as
+      % the case above; we output the filename, since we have nothing else.
+      % 
+      \crossmanualxref{\code{\infofilename\unskip}}%
     %
-    % If we use \unhbox0 and \unhbox1 to print the node names, TeX does not
-    % insert empty discretionaries after hyphens, which means that it will
-    % not find a line break at a hyphen in a node names.  Since some manuals
-    % are best written with fairly long node names, containing hyphens, this
-    % is a loss.  Therefore, we give the text of the node name again, so it
-    % is as if TeX is seeing it for the first time.
-    \ifdim \wd1 > 0pt
-      \putwordSection{} ``\printedrefname'' \putwordin{} \cite{\printedmanual}%
     \else
+      % Reference within this manual.
+      %
       % _ (for example) has to be the character _ for the purposes of the
       % control sequence corresponding to the node, but it has to expand
       % into the usual \leavevmode...\vrule stuff for purposes of
@@ -7258,7 +8081,7 @@ end
        \setbox2 = \hbox{\ignorespaces \refx{#1-snt}{}}%
        \ifdim \wd2 > 0pt \refx{#1-snt}\space\fi
       }%
-      % output the `[mynode]' via a macro so it can be overridden.
+      % output the `[mynode]' via the macro below so it can be overridden.
       \xrefprintnodename\printedrefname
       %
       % But we always want a comma and a space:
@@ -7266,11 +8089,37 @@ end
       %
       % output the `page 3'.
       \turnoffactive \putwordpage\tie\refx{#1-pg}{}%
-    \fi
+    \fi\fi
   \fi
   \endlink
 \endgroup}
 
+% Output a cross-manual xref to #1.  Used just above (twice).
+% 
+% Only include the text "Section ``foo'' in" if the foo is neither
+% missing or Top.  Thus, @xref{,,,foo,The Foo Manual} outputs simply
+% "see The Foo Manual", the idea being to refer to the whole manual.
+% 
+% But, this being TeX, we can't easily compare our node name against the
+% string "Top" while ignoring the possible spaces before and after in
+% the input.  By adding the arbitrary 7sp below, we make it much less
+% likely that a real node name would have the same width as "Top" (e.g.,
+% in a monospaced font).  Hopefully it will never happen in practice.
+% 
+% For the same basic reason, we retypeset the "Top" at every
+% reference, since the current font is indeterminate.
+% 
+\def\crossmanualxref#1{%
+  \setbox\toprefbox = \hbox{Top\kern7sp}%
+  \setbox2 = \hbox{\ignorespaces \printedrefname \unskip \kern7sp}%
+  \ifdim \wd2 > 7sp  % nonempty?
+    \ifdim \wd2 = \wd\toprefbox \else  % same as Top?
+      \putwordSection{} ``\printedrefname'' \putwordin{}\space
+    \fi
+  \fi
+  #1%
+}
+
 % This macro is called from \xrefX for the `[nodename]' part of xref
 % output.  It's a separate macro only so it can be changed more easily,
 % since square brackets don't work well in some documents.  Particularly
@@ -7321,7 +8170,8 @@ end
     \angleleft un\-de\-fined\angleright
     \iflinks
       \ifhavexrefs
-        \message{\linenumber Undefined cross reference `#1'.}%
+        {\toks0 = {#1}% avoid expansion of possibly-complex value
+         \message{\linenumber Undefined cross reference `\the\toks0'.}}%
       \else
         \ifwarnedxrefs\else
           \global\warnedxrefstrue
@@ -7485,7 +8335,7 @@ end
 % space to prevent strange expansion errors.)
 \def\supereject{\par\penalty -20000\footnoteno =0 }
 
-% @footnotestyle is meaningful for info output only.
+% @footnotestyle is meaningful for Info output only.
 \let\footnotestyle=\comment
 
 {\catcode `\@=11
@@ -7548,6 +8398,8 @@ end
   % expands into a box, it must come within the paragraph, lest it
   % provide a place where TeX can split the footnote.
   \footstrut
+  %
+  % Invoke rest of plain TeX footnote routine.
   \futurelet\next\fo@t
 }
 }%end \catcode `\@=11
@@ -7635,7 +8487,7 @@ end
   it from ftp://tug.org/tex/epsf.tex.}
 %
 \def\image#1{%
-  \ifx\epsfbox\undefined
+  \ifx\epsfbox\thisisundefined
     \ifwarnednoepsf \else
       \errhelp = \noepsfhelp
       \errmessage{epsf.tex not found, images will be ignored}%
@@ -7651,7 +8503,7 @@ end
 % #2 is (optional) width, #3 is (optional) height.
 % #4 is (ignored optional) html alt text.
 % #5 is (ignored optional) extension.
-% #6 is just the usual extra ignored arg for parsing this stuff.
+% #6 is just the usual extra ignored arg for parsing stuff.
 \newif\ifimagevmode
 \def\imagexxx#1,#2,#3,#4,#5,#6\finish{\begingroup
   \catcode`\^^M = 5     % in case we're inside an example
@@ -7659,6 +8511,13 @@ end
   % If the image is by itself, center it.
   \ifvmode
     \imagevmodetrue
+  \else \ifx\centersub\centerV
+    % for @center @image, we need a vbox so we can have our vertical space
+    \imagevmodetrue
+    \vbox\bgroup % vbox has better behavior than vtop herev
+  \fi\fi
+  %
+  \ifimagevmode
     \nobreak\medskip
     % Usually we'll have text after the image which will insert
     % \parskip glue, so insert it here too to equalize the space
@@ -7668,9 +8527,13 @@ end
   \fi
   %
   % Leave vertical mode so that indentation from an enclosing
-  % environment such as @quotation is respected.  On the other hand, if
-  % it's at the top level, we don't want the normal paragraph indentation.
-  \noindent
+  %  environment such as @quotation is respected.
+  % However, if we're at the top level, we don't want the
+  %  normal paragraph indentation.
+  % On the other hand, if we are in the case of @center @image, we don't
+  %  want to start a paragraph, which will create a hsize-width box and
+  %  eradicate the centering.
+  \ifx\centersub\centerV\else \noindent \fi
   %
   % Output the image.
   \ifpdf
@@ -7682,7 +8545,10 @@ end
     \epsfbox{#1.eps}%
   \fi
   %
-  \ifimagevmode \medskip \fi  % space after the standalone image
+  \ifimagevmode
+    \medskip  % space after a standalone image
+  \fi  
+  \ifx\centersub\centerV \egroup \fi
 \endgroup}
 
 
@@ -7975,21 +8841,22 @@ end
     \closein 1
   \endgroup % end raw TeX
 \endgroup}
-}
 %
 % If they passed de_DE, and txi-de_DE.tex doesn't exist,
 % try txi-de.tex.
-% 
-\def\documentlanguagetrywithoutunderscore#1_#2\finish{%
+%
+\gdef\documentlanguagetrywithoutunderscore#1_#2\finish{%
   \openin 1 txi-#1.tex
   \ifeof 1
     \errhelp = \nolanghelp
     \errmessage{Cannot read language file txi-#1.tex}%
   \else
+    \globaldefs = 1  % everything in the txi-LL files needs to persist
     \input txi-#1.tex
   \fi
   \closein 1
 }
+}% end of special _ catcode
 %
 \newhelp\nolanghelp{The given language definition file cannot be found or
 is empty.  Maybe you need to install it?  Putting it in the current
@@ -7998,16 +8865,16 @@ directory should work if nowhere else does.}
 % This macro is called from txi-??.tex files; the first argument is the
 % \language name to set (without the "\lang@" prefix), the second and
 % third args are \{left,right}hyphenmin.
-% 
+%
 % The language names to pass are determined when the format is built.
 % See the etex.log file created at that time, e.g.,
 % /usr/local/texlive/2008/texmf-var/web2c/pdftex/etex.log.
-% 
+%
 % With TeX Live 2008, etex now includes hyphenation patterns for all
 % available languages.  This means we can support hyphenation in
 % Texinfo, at least to some extent.  (This still doesn't solve the
 % accented characters problem.)
-% 
+%
 \catcode`@=11
 \def\txisetlanguage#1#2#3{%
   % do not set the language if the name is undefined in the current TeX.
@@ -8062,7 +8929,7 @@ directory should work if nowhere else does.}
      \setnonasciicharscatcode\active
      \lattwochardefs
   %
-  \else \ifx \declaredencoding \latone 
+  \else \ifx \declaredencoding \latone
      \setnonasciicharscatcode\active
      \latonechardefs
   %
@@ -8074,7 +8941,7 @@ directory should work if nowhere else does.}
      \setnonasciicharscatcode\active
      \utfeightchardefs
   %
-  \else 
+  \else
     \message{Unknown document encoding #1, ignoring.}%
   %
   \fi % utfeight
@@ -8086,7 +8953,7 @@ directory should work if nowhere else does.}
 
 % A message to be logged when using a character that isn't available
 % the default font encoding (OT1).
-% 
+%
 \def\missingcharmsg#1{\message{Character missing in OT1 encoding: #1.}}
 
 % Take account of \c (plain) vs. \, (Texinfo) difference.
@@ -8099,21 +8966,21 @@ directory should work if nowhere else does.}
 %
 % Latin1 (ISO-8859-1) character definitions.
 \def\latonechardefs{%
-  \gdef^^a0{~} 
+  \gdef^^a0{\tie}
   \gdef^^a1{\exclamdown}
-  \gdef^^a2{\missingcharmsg{CENT SIGN}} 
+  \gdef^^a2{\missingcharmsg{CENT SIGN}}
   \gdef^^a3{{\pounds}}
   \gdef^^a4{\missingcharmsg{CURRENCY SIGN}}
   \gdef^^a5{\missingcharmsg{YEN SIGN}}
-  \gdef^^a6{\missingcharmsg{BROKEN BAR}} 
+  \gdef^^a6{\missingcharmsg{BROKEN BAR}}
   \gdef^^a7{\S}
-  \gdef^^a8{\"{}} 
-  \gdef^^a9{\copyright} 
+  \gdef^^a8{\"{}}
+  \gdef^^a9{\copyright}
   \gdef^^aa{\ordf}
   \gdef^^ab{\guillemetleft}
   \gdef^^ac{$\lnot$}
-  \gdef^^ad{\-} 
-  \gdef^^ae{\registeredsymbol} 
+  \gdef^^ad{\-}
+  \gdef^^ae{\registeredsymbol}
   \gdef^^af{\={}}
   %
   \gdef^^b0{\textdegree}
@@ -8129,7 +8996,7 @@ directory should work if nowhere else does.}
   \gdef^^b9{$^1$}
   \gdef^^ba{\ordm}
   %
-  \gdef^^bb{\guilletright}
+  \gdef^^bb{\guillemetright}
   \gdef^^bc{$1\over4$}
   \gdef^^bd{$1\over2$}
   \gdef^^be{$3\over4$}
@@ -8140,7 +9007,7 @@ directory should work if nowhere else does.}
   \gdef^^c2{\^A}
   \gdef^^c3{\~A}
   \gdef^^c4{\"A}
-  \gdef^^c5{\ringaccent A} 
+  \gdef^^c5{\ringaccent A}
   \gdef^^c6{\AE}
   \gdef^^c7{\cedilla C}
   \gdef^^c8{\`E}
@@ -8152,7 +9019,7 @@ directory should work if nowhere else does.}
   \gdef^^ce{\^I}
   \gdef^^cf{\"I}
   %
-  \gdef^^d0{\missingcharmsg{LATIN CAPITAL LETTER ETH}}
+  \gdef^^d0{\DH}
   \gdef^^d1{\~N}
   \gdef^^d2{\`O}
   \gdef^^d3{\'O}
@@ -8166,7 +9033,7 @@ directory should work if nowhere else does.}
   \gdef^^db{\^U}
   \gdef^^dc{\"U}
   \gdef^^dd{\'Y}
-  \gdef^^de{\missingcharmsg{LATIN CAPITAL LETTER THORN}}
+  \gdef^^de{\TH}
   \gdef^^df{\ss}
   %
   \gdef^^e0{\`a}
@@ -8186,7 +9053,7 @@ directory should work if nowhere else does.}
   \gdef^^ee{\^{\dotless i}}
   \gdef^^ef{\"{\dotless i}}
   %
-  \gdef^^f0{\missingcharmsg{LATIN SMALL LETTER ETH}}
+  \gdef^^f0{\dh}
   \gdef^^f1{\~n}
   \gdef^^f2{\`o}
   \gdef^^f3{\'o}
@@ -8200,7 +9067,7 @@ directory should work if nowhere else does.}
   \gdef^^fb{\^u}
   \gdef^^fc{\"u}
   \gdef^^fd{\'y}
-  \gdef^^fe{\missingcharmsg{LATIN SMALL LETTER THORN}}
+  \gdef^^fe{\th}
   \gdef^^ff{\"y}
 }
 
@@ -8221,7 +9088,7 @@ directory should work if nowhere else does.}
 
 % Latin2 (ISO-8859-2) character definitions.
 \def\lattwochardefs{%
-  \gdef^^a0{~}
+  \gdef^^a0{\tie}
   \gdef^^a1{\ogonek{A}}
   \gdef^^a2{\u{}}
   \gdef^^a3{\L}
@@ -8272,7 +9139,7 @@ directory should work if nowhere else does.}
   \gdef^^ce{\^I}
   \gdef^^cf{\v D}
   %
-  \gdef^^d0{\missingcharmsg{LATIN CAPITAL LETTER D WITH STROKE}}
+  \gdef^^d0{\DH}
   \gdef^^d1{\'N}
   \gdef^^d2{\v N}
   \gdef^^d3{\'O}
@@ -8281,7 +9148,7 @@ directory should work if nowhere else does.}
   \gdef^^d6{\"O}
   \gdef^^d7{$\times$}
   \gdef^^d8{\v R}
-  \gdef^^d9{\ringaccent U} 
+  \gdef^^d9{\ringaccent U}
   \gdef^^da{\'U}
   \gdef^^db{\H U}
   \gdef^^dc{\"U}
@@ -8302,11 +9169,11 @@ directory should work if nowhere else does.}
   \gdef^^ea{\ogonek{e}}
   \gdef^^eb{\"e}
   \gdef^^ec{\v e}
-  \gdef^^ed{\'\i}
-  \gdef^^ee{\^\i}
+  \gdef^^ed{\'{\dotless{i}}}
+  \gdef^^ee{\^{\dotless{i}}}
   \gdef^^ef{\v d}
   %
-  \gdef^^f0{\missingcharmsg{LATIN SMALL LETTER D WITH STROKE}}
+  \gdef^^f0{\dh}
   \gdef^^f1{\'n}
   \gdef^^f2{\v n}
   \gdef^^f3{\'o}
@@ -8325,11 +9192,11 @@ directory should work if nowhere else does.}
 }
 
 % UTF-8 character definitions.
-% 
+%
 % This code to support UTF-8 is based on LaTeX's utf8.def, with some
 % changes for Texinfo conventions.  It is included here under the GPL by
 % permission from Frank Mittelbach and the LaTeX team.
-% 
+%
 \newcount\countUTFx
 \newcount\countUTFy
 \newcount\countUTFz
@@ -8394,7 +9261,7 @@ directory should work if nowhere else does.}
 
   \gdef\DeclareUnicodeCharacter#1#2{%
     \countUTFz = "#1\relax
-    \wlog{\space\space defining Unicode char U+#1 (decimal \the\countUTFz)}%
+    %\wlog{\space\space defining Unicode char U+#1 (decimal \the\countUTFz)}%
     \begingroup
       \parseXMLCharref
       \def\UTFviiiTwoOctets##1##2{%
@@ -8479,6 +9346,7 @@ directory should work if nowhere else does.}
   \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{00CE}{\^I}
   \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{00CF}{\"I}
 
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{00D0}{\DH}
   \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{00D1}{\~N}
   \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{00D2}{\`O}
   \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{00D3}{\'O}
@@ -8491,6 +9359,7 @@ directory should work if nowhere else does.}
   \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{00DB}{\^U}
   \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{00DC}{\"U}
   \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{00DD}{\'Y}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{00DE}{\TH}
   \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{00DF}{\ss}
 
   \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{00E0}{\`a}
@@ -8510,6 +9379,7 @@ directory should work if nowhere else does.}
   \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{00EE}{\^{\dotless{i}}}
   \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{00EF}{\"{\dotless{i}}}
 
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{00F0}{\dh}
   \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{00F1}{\~n}
   \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{00F2}{\`o}
   \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{00F3}{\'o}
@@ -8522,6 +9392,7 @@ directory should work if nowhere else does.}
   \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{00FB}{\^u}
   \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{00FC}{\"u}
   \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{00FD}{\'y}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{00FE}{\th}
   \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{00FF}{\"y}
 
   \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{0100}{\=A}
@@ -8858,8 +9729,8 @@ directory should work if nowhere else does.}
 % Prevent underfull vbox error messages.
 \vbadness = 10000
 
-% Don't be so finicky about underfull hboxes, either.
-\hbadness = 2000
+% Don't be very finicky about underfull hboxes, either.
+\hbadness = 6666
 
 % Following George Bush, get rid of widows and orphans.
 \widowpenalty=10000
@@ -9066,28 +9937,21 @@ directory should work if nowhere else does.}
 
 \message{and turning on texinfo input format.}
 
+\def^^L{\par} % remove \outer, so ^L can appear in an @comment
+
 % DEL is a comment character, in case @c does not suffice.
 \catcode`\^^? = 14
 
 % Define macros to output various characters with catcode for normal text.
-\catcode`\"=\other
-\catcode`\~=\other
-\catcode`\^=\other
-\catcode`\_=\other
-\catcode`\|=\other
-\catcode`\<=\other
-\catcode`\>=\other
-\catcode`\+=\other
-\catcode`\$=\other
-\def\normaldoublequote{"}
-\def\normaltilde{~}
-\def\normalcaret{^}
-\def\normalunderscore{_}
-\def\normalverticalbar{|}
-\def\normalless{<}
-\def\normalgreater{>}
-\def\normalplus{+}
-\def\normaldollar{$}%$ font-lock fix
+\catcode`\"=\other \def\normaldoublequote{"}
+\catcode`\$=\other \def\normaldollar{$}%$ font-lock fix
+\catcode`\+=\other \def\normalplus{+}
+\catcode`\<=\other \def\normalless{<}
+\catcode`\>=\other \def\normalgreater{>}
+\catcode`\^=\other \def\normalcaret{^}
+\catcode`\_=\other \def\normalunderscore{_}
+\catcode`\|=\other \def\normalverticalbar{|}
+\catcode`\~=\other \def\normaltilde{~}
 
 % This macro is used to make a character print one way in \tt
 % (where it can probably be output as-is), and another way in other fonts,
@@ -9114,11 +9978,9 @@ directory should work if nowhere else does.}
 \catcode`\"=\active
 \def\activedoublequote{{\tt\char34}}
 \let"=\activedoublequote
-\catcode`\~=\active
-\def~{{\tt\char126}}
+\catcode`\~=\active \def\activetilde{{\tt\char126}} \let~ = \activetilde
 \chardef\hat=`\^
-\catcode`\^=\active
-\def^{{\tt \hat}}
+\catcode`\^=\active \def\activehat{{\tt \hat}} \let^ = \activehat
 
 \catcode`\_=\active
 \def_{\ifusingtt\normalunderscore\_}
@@ -9128,16 +9990,26 @@ directory should work if nowhere else does.}
 
 \catcode`\|=\active
 \def|{{\tt\char124}}
+
 \chardef \less=`\<
-\catcode`\<=\active
-\def<{{\tt \less}}
+\catcode`\<=\active \def\activeless{{\tt \less}}\let< = \activeless
 \chardef \gtr=`\>
-\catcode`\>=\active
-\def>{{\tt \gtr}}
-\catcode`\+=\active
-\def+{{\tt \char 43}}
-\catcode`\$=\active
-\def${\ifusingit{{\sl\$}}\normaldollar}%$ font-lock fix
+\catcode`\>=\active \def\activegtr{{\tt \gtr}}\let> = \activegtr
+\catcode`\+=\active \def+{{\tt \char 43}}
+\catcode`\$=\active \def${\ifusingit{{\sl\$}}\normaldollar}%$ font-lock fix
+
+% used for headline/footline in the output routine, in case the page
+% breaks in the middle of an @tex block.
+\def\texinfochars{%
+  \let< = \activeless
+  \let> = \activegtr
+  \let~ = \activetilde 
+  \let^ = \activehat
+  \markupsetuplqdefault \markupsetuprqdefault 
+  \let\b = \strong
+  \let\i = \smartitalic
+  % in principle, all other definitions in \tex have to be undone too.
+}
 
 % If a .fmt file is being used, characters that might appear in a file
 % name cannot be active until we have parsed the command line.
@@ -9165,34 +10037,48 @@ directory should work if nowhere else does.}
 
 % In texinfo, backslash is an active character; it prints the backslash
 % in fixed width font.
-\catcode`\\=\active
-@def@normalbackslash{{@tt@backslashcurfont}}
+\catcode`\\=\active  % @ for escape char from now on.
+
+% The story here is that in math mode, the \char of \backslashcurfont
+% ends up printing the roman \ from the math symbol font (because \char
+% in math mode uses the \mathcode, and plain.tex sets
+% \mathcode`\\="026E).  It seems better for @backslashchar{} to always
+% print a typewriter backslash, hence we use an explicit \mathchar,
+% which is the decimal equivalent of "715c (class 7, e.g., use \fam;
+% ignored family value; char position "5C).  We can't use " for the
+% usual hex value because it has already been made active.
+@def@normalbackslash{{@tt @ifmmode @mathchar29020 @else @backslashcurfont @fi}}
+@let@backslashchar = @normalbackslash % @backslashchar{} is for user documents.
+
 % On startup, @fixbackslash assigns:
 %  @let \ = @normalbackslash
-
 % \rawbackslash defines an active \ to do \backslashcurfont.
 % \otherbackslash defines an active \ to be a literal `\' character with
-% catcode other.
+% catcode other.  We switch back and forth between these.
 @gdef@rawbackslash{@let\=@backslashcurfont}
 @gdef@otherbackslash{@let\=@realbackslash}
 
 % Same as @turnoffactive except outputs \ as {\tt\char`\\} instead of
-% the literal character `\'.
-% 
-@def@normalturnoffactive{%
-  @let\=@normalbackslash
-  @let"=@normaldoublequote
-  @let~=@normaltilde
-  @let^=@normalcaret
-  @let_=@normalunderscore
-  @let|=@normalverticalbar
-  @let<=@normalless
-  @let>=@normalgreater
-  @let+=@normalplus
-  @let$=@normaldollar %$ font-lock fix
-  @markupsetuplqdefault
-  @markupsetuprqdefault
-  @unsepspaces
+% the literal character `\'.  Also revert - to its normal character, in
+% case the active - from code has slipped in.
+%
+{@catcode`- = @active
+ @gdef@normalturnoffactive{%
+   @let-=@normaldash
+   @let"=@normaldoublequote
+   @let$=@normaldollar %$ font-lock fix
+   @let+=@normalplus
+   @let<=@normalless
+   @let>=@normalgreater
+   @let\=@normalbackslash
+   @let^=@normalcaret
+   @let_=@normalunderscore
+   @let|=@normalverticalbar
+   @let~=@normaltilde
+   @markupsetuplqdefault
+   @markupsetuprqdefault
+   @unsepspaces
+ }
 }
 
 % Make _ and + \other characters, temporarily.
@@ -9221,10 +10107,19 @@ directory should work if nowhere else does.}
 % Say @foo, not \foo, in error messages.
 @escapechar = `@@
 
+% These (along with & and #) are made active for url-breaking, so need
+% active definitions as the normal characters.
+@def@normaldot{.}
+@def@normalquest{?}
+@def@normalslash{/}
+
 % These look ok in all fonts, so just make them not special.
-@catcode`@& = @other
-@catcode`@# = @other
-@catcode`@% = @other
+% @hashchar{} gets its own user-level command, because of #line.
+@catcode`@& = @other @def@normalamp{&}
+@catcode`@# = @other @def@normalhash{#}
+@catcode`@% = @other @def@normalpercent{%}
+
+@let @hashchar = @normalhash
 
 @c Finally, make ` and ' active, so that txicodequoteundirected and
 @c txicodequotebacktick work right in, e.g., @w{@code{`foo'}}.  If we
@@ -9234,7 +10129,7 @@ directory should work if nowhere else does.}
 @catcode`@`=@active
 @markupsetuplqdefault
 @markupsetuprqdefault
- 
+
 @c Local variables:
 @c eval: (add-hook 'write-file-hooks 'time-stamp)
 @c page-delimiter: "^\\\\message"
diff --git a/doc/texinfo.tex.20090118 b/doc/texinfo.tex.20090118
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..03c29989c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/doc/texinfo.tex.20090118
@@ -0,0 +1,9250 @@
+% texinfo.tex -- TeX macros to handle Texinfo files.
+%
+% Load plain if necessary, i.e., if running under initex.
+\expandafter\ifx\csname fmtname\endcsname\relax\input plain\fi
+%
+\def\texinfoversion{2009-01-18.17}
+%
+% Copyright 1985, 1986, 1988, 1990, 1991, 1992, 1993, 1994, 1995,
+% 1996, 1997, 1998, 1999, 2000, 2001, 2002, 2003, 2004, 2005, 2006,
+% 2007, 2008, 2009 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
+%
+% This texinfo.tex file is free software: you can redistribute it and/or
+% modify it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as
+% published by the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the
+% License, or (at your option) any later version.
+%
+% This texinfo.tex file is distributed in the hope that it will be
+% useful, but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty
+% of MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the GNU
+% General Public License for more details.
+%
+% You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
+% along with this program.  If not, see .
+%
+% As a special exception, when this file is read by TeX when processing
+% a Texinfo source document, you may use the result without
+% restriction.  (This has been our intent since Texinfo was invented.)
+%
+% Please try the latest version of texinfo.tex before submitting bug
+% reports; you can get the latest version from:
+%   http://www.gnu.org/software/texinfo/ (the Texinfo home page), or
+%   ftp://tug.org/tex/texinfo.tex
+%     (and all CTAN mirrors, see http://www.ctan.org).
+% The texinfo.tex in any given distribution could well be out
+% of date, so if that's what you're using, please check.
+%
+% Send bug reports to bug-texinfo@gnu.org.  Please include including a
+% complete document in each bug report with which we can reproduce the
+% problem.  Patches are, of course, greatly appreciated.
+%
+% To process a Texinfo manual with TeX, it's most reliable to use the
+% texi2dvi shell script that comes with the distribution.  For a simple
+% manual foo.texi, however, you can get away with this:
+%   tex foo.texi
+%   texindex foo.??
+%   tex foo.texi
+%   tex foo.texi
+%   dvips foo.dvi -o  # or whatever; this makes foo.ps.
+% The extra TeX runs get the cross-reference information correct.
+% Sometimes one run after texindex suffices, and sometimes you need more
+% than two; texi2dvi does it as many times as necessary.
+%
+% It is possible to adapt texinfo.tex for other languages, to some
+% extent.  You can get the existing language-specific files from the
+% full Texinfo distribution.
+%
+% The GNU Texinfo home page is http://www.gnu.org/software/texinfo.
+
+
+\message{Loading texinfo [version \texinfoversion]:}
+
+% If in a .fmt file, print the version number
+% and turn on active characters that we couldn't do earlier because
+% they might have appeared in the input file name.
+\everyjob{\message{[Texinfo version \texinfoversion]}%
+  \catcode`+=\active \catcode`\_=\active}
+
+
+\chardef\other=12
+
+% We never want plain's \outer definition of \+ in Texinfo.
+% For @tex, we can use \tabalign.
+\let\+ = \relax
+
+% Save some plain tex macros whose names we will redefine.
+\let\ptexb=\b
+\let\ptexbullet=\bullet
+\let\ptexc=\c
+\let\ptexcomma=\,
+\let\ptexdot=\.
+\let\ptexdots=\dots
+\let\ptexend=\end
+\let\ptexequiv=\equiv
+\let\ptexexclam=\!
+\let\ptexfootnote=\footnote
+\let\ptexgtr=>
+\let\ptexhat=^
+\let\ptexi=\i
+\let\ptexindent=\indent
+\let\ptexinsert=\insert
+\let\ptexlbrace=\{
+\let\ptexless=<
+\let\ptexnewwrite\newwrite
+\let\ptexnoindent=\noindent
+\let\ptexplus=+
+\let\ptexrbrace=\}
+\let\ptexslash=\/
+\let\ptexstar=\*
+\let\ptext=\t
+\let\ptextop=\top
+{\catcode`\'=\active
+\global\let\ptexquoteright'}% Math-mode def from plain.tex.
+\let\ptexraggedright=\raggedright
+
+% If this character appears in an error message or help string, it
+% starts a new line in the output.
+\newlinechar = `^^J
+
+% Use TeX 3.0's \inputlineno to get the line number, for better error
+% messages, but if we're using an old version of TeX, don't do anything.
+%
+\ifx\inputlineno\thisisundefined
+  \let\linenumber = \empty % Pre-3.0.
+\else
+  \def\linenumber{l.\the\inputlineno:\space}
+\fi
+
+% Set up fixed words for English if not already set.
+\ifx\putwordAppendix\undefined  \gdef\putwordAppendix{Appendix}\fi
+\ifx\putwordChapter\undefined   \gdef\putwordChapter{Chapter}\fi
+\ifx\putwordfile\undefined      \gdef\putwordfile{file}\fi
+\ifx\putwordin\undefined        \gdef\putwordin{in}\fi
+\ifx\putwordIndexIsEmpty\undefined     \gdef\putwordIndexIsEmpty{(Index is empty)}\fi
+\ifx\putwordIndexNonexistent\undefined \gdef\putwordIndexNonexistent{(Index is nonexistent)}\fi
+\ifx\putwordInfo\undefined      \gdef\putwordInfo{Info}\fi
+\ifx\putwordInstanceVariableof\undefined \gdef\putwordInstanceVariableof{Instance Variable of}\fi
+\ifx\putwordMethodon\undefined  \gdef\putwordMethodon{Method on}\fi
+\ifx\putwordNoTitle\undefined   \gdef\putwordNoTitle{No Title}\fi
+\ifx\putwordof\undefined        \gdef\putwordof{of}\fi
+\ifx\putwordon\undefined        \gdef\putwordon{on}\fi
+\ifx\putwordpage\undefined      \gdef\putwordpage{page}\fi
+\ifx\putwordsection\undefined   \gdef\putwordsection{section}\fi
+\ifx\putwordSection\undefined   \gdef\putwordSection{Section}\fi
+\ifx\putwordsee\undefined       \gdef\putwordsee{see}\fi
+\ifx\putwordSee\undefined       \gdef\putwordSee{See}\fi
+\ifx\putwordShortTOC\undefined  \gdef\putwordShortTOC{Short Contents}\fi
+\ifx\putwordTOC\undefined       \gdef\putwordTOC{Table of Contents}\fi
+%
+\ifx\putwordMJan\undefined \gdef\putwordMJan{January}\fi
+\ifx\putwordMFeb\undefined \gdef\putwordMFeb{February}\fi
+\ifx\putwordMMar\undefined \gdef\putwordMMar{March}\fi
+\ifx\putwordMApr\undefined \gdef\putwordMApr{April}\fi
+\ifx\putwordMMay\undefined \gdef\putwordMMay{May}\fi
+\ifx\putwordMJun\undefined \gdef\putwordMJun{June}\fi
+\ifx\putwordMJul\undefined \gdef\putwordMJul{July}\fi
+\ifx\putwordMAug\undefined \gdef\putwordMAug{August}\fi
+\ifx\putwordMSep\undefined \gdef\putwordMSep{September}\fi
+\ifx\putwordMOct\undefined \gdef\putwordMOct{October}\fi
+\ifx\putwordMNov\undefined \gdef\putwordMNov{November}\fi
+\ifx\putwordMDec\undefined \gdef\putwordMDec{December}\fi
+%
+\ifx\putwordDefmac\undefined    \gdef\putwordDefmac{Macro}\fi
+\ifx\putwordDefspec\undefined   \gdef\putwordDefspec{Special Form}\fi
+\ifx\putwordDefvar\undefined    \gdef\putwordDefvar{Variable}\fi
+\ifx\putwordDefopt\undefined    \gdef\putwordDefopt{User Option}\fi
+\ifx\putwordDeffunc\undefined   \gdef\putwordDeffunc{Function}\fi
+
+% Since the category of space is not known, we have to be careful.
+\chardef\spacecat = 10
+\def\spaceisspace{\catcode`\ =\spacecat}
+
+% sometimes characters are active, so we need control sequences.
+\chardef\colonChar = `\:
+\chardef\commaChar = `\,
+\chardef\dashChar  = `\-
+\chardef\dotChar   = `\.
+\chardef\exclamChar= `\!
+\chardef\lquoteChar= `\`
+\chardef\questChar = `\?
+\chardef\rquoteChar= `\'
+\chardef\semiChar  = `\;
+\chardef\underChar = `\_
+
+% Ignore a token.
+%
+\def\gobble#1{}
+
+% The following is used inside several \edef's.
+\def\makecsname#1{\expandafter\noexpand\csname#1\endcsname}
+
+% Hyphenation fixes.
+\hyphenation{
+  Flor-i-da Ghost-script Ghost-view Mac-OS Post-Script
+  ap-pen-dix bit-map bit-maps
+  data-base data-bases eshell fall-ing half-way long-est man-u-script
+  man-u-scripts mini-buf-fer mini-buf-fers over-view par-a-digm
+  par-a-digms rath-er rec-tan-gu-lar ro-bot-ics se-vere-ly set-up spa-ces
+  spell-ing spell-ings
+  stand-alone strong-est time-stamp time-stamps which-ever white-space
+  wide-spread wrap-around
+}
+
+% Margin to add to right of even pages, to left of odd pages.
+\newdimen\bindingoffset
+\newdimen\normaloffset
+\newdimen\pagewidth \newdimen\pageheight
+
+% For a final copy, take out the rectangles
+% that mark overfull boxes (in case you have decided
+% that the text looks ok even though it passes the margin).
+%
+\def\finalout{\overfullrule=0pt}
+
+% @| inserts a changebar to the left of the current line.  It should
+% surround any changed text.  This approach does *not* work if the
+% change spans more than two lines of output.  To handle that, we would
+% have adopt a much more difficult approach (putting marks into the main
+% vertical list for the beginning and end of each change).
+%
+\def\|{%
+  % \vadjust can only be used in horizontal mode.
+  \leavevmode
+  %
+  % Append this vertical mode material after the current line in the output.
+  \vadjust{%
+    % We want to insert a rule with the height and depth of the current
+    % leading; that is exactly what \strutbox is supposed to record.
+    \vskip-\baselineskip
+    %
+    % \vadjust-items are inserted at the left edge of the type.  So
+    % the \llap here moves out into the left-hand margin.
+    \llap{%
+      %
+      % For a thicker or thinner bar, change the `1pt'.
+      \vrule height\baselineskip width1pt
+      %
+      % This is the space between the bar and the text.
+      \hskip 12pt
+    }%
+  }%
+}
+
+% Sometimes it is convenient to have everything in the transcript file
+% and nothing on the terminal.  We don't just call \tracingall here,
+% since that produces some useless output on the terminal.  We also make
+% some effort to order the tracing commands to reduce output in the log
+% file; cf. trace.sty in LaTeX.
+%
+\def\gloggingall{\begingroup \globaldefs = 1 \loggingall \endgroup}%
+\def\loggingall{%
+  \tracingstats2
+  \tracingpages1
+  \tracinglostchars2  % 2 gives us more in etex
+  \tracingparagraphs1
+  \tracingoutput1
+  \tracingmacros2
+  \tracingrestores1
+  \showboxbreadth\maxdimen \showboxdepth\maxdimen
+  \ifx\eTeXversion\undefined\else % etex gives us more logging
+    \tracingscantokens1
+    \tracingifs1
+    \tracinggroups1
+    \tracingnesting2
+    \tracingassigns1
+  \fi
+  \tracingcommands3  % 3 gives us more in etex
+  \errorcontextlines16
+}%
+
+% add check for \lastpenalty to plain's definitions.  If the last thing
+% we did was a \nobreak, we don't want to insert more space.
+%
+\def\smallbreak{\ifnum\lastpenalty<10000\par\ifdim\lastskip<\smallskipamount
+  \removelastskip\penalty-50\smallskip\fi\fi}
+\def\medbreak{\ifnum\lastpenalty<10000\par\ifdim\lastskip<\medskipamount
+  \removelastskip\penalty-100\medskip\fi\fi}
+\def\bigbreak{\ifnum\lastpenalty<10000\par\ifdim\lastskip<\bigskipamount
+  \removelastskip\penalty-200\bigskip\fi\fi}
+
+% For @cropmarks command.
+% Do @cropmarks to get crop marks.
+%
+\newif\ifcropmarks
+\let\cropmarks = \cropmarkstrue
+%
+% Dimensions to add cropmarks at corners.
+% Added by P. A. MacKay, 12 Nov. 1986
+%
+\newdimen\outerhsize \newdimen\outervsize % set by the paper size routines
+\newdimen\cornerlong  \cornerlong=1pc
+\newdimen\cornerthick \cornerthick=.3pt
+\newdimen\topandbottommargin \topandbottommargin=.75in
+
+% Output a mark which sets \thischapter, \thissection and \thiscolor.
+% We dump everything together because we only have one kind of mark.
+% This works because we only use \botmark / \topmark, not \firstmark.
+%
+% A mark contains a subexpression of the \ifcase ... \fi construct.
+% \get*marks macros below extract the needed part using \ifcase.
+%
+% Another complication is to let the user choose whether \thischapter
+% (\thissection) refers to the chapter (section) in effect at the top
+% of a page, or that at the bottom of a page.  The solution is
+% described on page 260 of The TeXbook.  It involves outputting two
+% marks for the sectioning macros, one before the section break, and
+% one after.  I won't pretend I can describe this better than DEK...
+\def\domark{%
+  \toks0=\expandafter{\lastchapterdefs}%
+  \toks2=\expandafter{\lastsectiondefs}%
+  \toks4=\expandafter{\prevchapterdefs}%
+  \toks6=\expandafter{\prevsectiondefs}%
+  \toks8=\expandafter{\lastcolordefs}%
+  \mark{%
+                   \the\toks0 \the\toks2
+      \noexpand\or \the\toks4 \the\toks6
+    \noexpand\else \the\toks8
+  }%
+}
+% \topmark doesn't work for the very first chapter (after the title
+% page or the contents), so we use \firstmark there -- this gets us
+% the mark with the chapter defs, unless the user sneaks in, e.g.,
+% @setcolor (or @url, or @link, etc.) between @contents and the very
+% first @chapter.
+\def\gettopheadingmarks{%
+  \ifcase0\topmark\fi
+  \ifx\thischapter\empty \ifcase0\firstmark\fi \fi
+}
+\def\getbottomheadingmarks{\ifcase1\botmark\fi}
+\def\getcolormarks{\ifcase2\topmark\fi}
+
+% Avoid "undefined control sequence" errors.
+\def\lastchapterdefs{}
+\def\lastsectiondefs{}
+\def\prevchapterdefs{}
+\def\prevsectiondefs{}
+\def\lastcolordefs{}
+
+% Main output routine.
+\chardef\PAGE = 255
+\output = {\onepageout{\pagecontents\PAGE}}
+
+\newbox\headlinebox
+\newbox\footlinebox
+
+% \onepageout takes a vbox as an argument.  Note that \pagecontents
+% does insertions, but you have to call it yourself.
+\def\onepageout#1{%
+  \ifcropmarks \hoffset=0pt \else \hoffset=\normaloffset \fi
+  %
+  \ifodd\pageno  \advance\hoffset by \bindingoffset
+  \else \advance\hoffset by -\bindingoffset\fi
+  %
+  % Do this outside of the \shipout so @code etc. will be expanded in
+  % the headline as they should be, not taken literally (outputting ''code).
+  \ifodd\pageno \getoddheadingmarks \else \getevenheadingmarks \fi
+  \setbox\headlinebox = \vbox{\let\hsize=\pagewidth \makeheadline}%
+  \ifodd\pageno \getoddfootingmarks \else \getevenfootingmarks \fi
+  \setbox\footlinebox = \vbox{\let\hsize=\pagewidth \makefootline}%
+  %
+  {%
+    % Have to do this stuff outside the \shipout because we want it to
+    % take effect in \write's, yet the group defined by the \vbox ends
+    % before the \shipout runs.
+    %
+    \indexdummies         % don't expand commands in the output.
+    \normalturnoffactive  % \ in index entries must not stay \, e.g., if
+               % the page break happens to be in the middle of an example.
+               % We don't want .vr (or whatever) entries like this:
+               % \entry{{\tt \indexbackslash }acronym}{32}{\code {\acronym}}
+               % "\acronym" won't work when it's read back in;
+               % it needs to be 
+               % {\code {{\tt \backslashcurfont }acronym}
+    \shipout\vbox{%
+      % Do this early so pdf references go to the beginning of the page.
+      \ifpdfmakepagedest \pdfdest name{\the\pageno} xyz\fi
+      %
+      \ifcropmarks \vbox to \outervsize\bgroup
+        \hsize = \outerhsize
+        \vskip-\topandbottommargin
+        \vtop to0pt{%
+          \line{\ewtop\hfil\ewtop}%
+          \nointerlineskip
+          \line{%
+            \vbox{\moveleft\cornerthick\nstop}%
+            \hfill
+            \vbox{\moveright\cornerthick\nstop}%
+          }%
+          \vss}%
+        \vskip\topandbottommargin
+        \line\bgroup
+          \hfil % center the page within the outer (page) hsize.
+          \ifodd\pageno\hskip\bindingoffset\fi
+          \vbox\bgroup
+      \fi
+      %
+      \unvbox\headlinebox
+      \pagebody{#1}%
+      \ifdim\ht\footlinebox > 0pt
+        % Only leave this space if the footline is nonempty.
+        % (We lessened \vsize for it in \oddfootingyyy.)
+        % The \baselineskip=24pt in plain's \makefootline has no effect.
+        \vskip 24pt
+        \unvbox\footlinebox
+      \fi
+      %
+      \ifcropmarks
+          \egroup % end of \vbox\bgroup
+        \hfil\egroup % end of (centering) \line\bgroup
+        \vskip\topandbottommargin plus1fill minus1fill
+        \boxmaxdepth = \cornerthick
+        \vbox to0pt{\vss
+          \line{%
+            \vbox{\moveleft\cornerthick\nsbot}%
+            \hfill
+            \vbox{\moveright\cornerthick\nsbot}%
+          }%
+          \nointerlineskip
+          \line{\ewbot\hfil\ewbot}%
+        }%
+      \egroup % \vbox from first cropmarks clause
+      \fi
+    }% end of \shipout\vbox
+  }% end of group with \indexdummies
+  \advancepageno
+  \ifnum\outputpenalty>-20000 \else\dosupereject\fi
+}
+
+\newinsert\margin \dimen\margin=\maxdimen
+
+\def\pagebody#1{\vbox to\pageheight{\boxmaxdepth=\maxdepth #1}}
+{\catcode`\@ =11
+\gdef\pagecontents#1{\ifvoid\topins\else\unvbox\topins\fi
+% marginal hacks, juha@viisa.uucp (Juha Takala)
+\ifvoid\margin\else % marginal info is present
+  \rlap{\kern\hsize\vbox to\z@{\kern1pt\box\margin \vss}}\fi
+\dimen@=\dp#1\relax \unvbox#1\relax
+\ifvoid\footins\else\vskip\skip\footins\footnoterule \unvbox\footins\fi
+\ifr@ggedbottom \kern-\dimen@ \vfil \fi}
+}
+
+% Here are the rules for the cropmarks.  Note that they are
+% offset so that the space between them is truly \outerhsize or \outervsize
+% (P. A. MacKay, 12 November, 1986)
+%
+\def\ewtop{\vrule height\cornerthick depth0pt width\cornerlong}
+\def\nstop{\vbox
+  {\hrule height\cornerthick depth\cornerlong width\cornerthick}}
+\def\ewbot{\vrule height0pt depth\cornerthick width\cornerlong}
+\def\nsbot{\vbox
+  {\hrule height\cornerlong depth\cornerthick width\cornerthick}}
+
+% Parse an argument, then pass it to #1.  The argument is the rest of
+% the input line (except we remove a trailing comment).  #1 should be a
+% macro which expects an ordinary undelimited TeX argument.
+%
+\def\parsearg{\parseargusing{}}
+\def\parseargusing#1#2{%
+  \def\argtorun{#2}%
+  \begingroup
+    \obeylines
+    \spaceisspace
+    #1%
+    \parseargline\empty% Insert the \empty token, see \finishparsearg below.
+}
+
+{\obeylines %
+  \gdef\parseargline#1^^M{%
+    \endgroup % End of the group started in \parsearg.
+    \argremovecomment #1\comment\ArgTerm%
+  }%
+}
+
+% First remove any @comment, then any @c comment.
+\def\argremovecomment#1\comment#2\ArgTerm{\argremovec #1\c\ArgTerm}
+\def\argremovec#1\c#2\ArgTerm{\argcheckspaces#1\^^M\ArgTerm}
+
+% Each occurrence of `\^^M' or `\^^M' is replaced by a single space.
+%
+% \argremovec might leave us with trailing space, e.g.,
+%    @end itemize  @c foo
+% This space token undergoes the same procedure and is eventually removed
+% by \finishparsearg.
+%
+\def\argcheckspaces#1\^^M{\argcheckspacesX#1\^^M \^^M}
+\def\argcheckspacesX#1 \^^M{\argcheckspacesY#1\^^M}
+\def\argcheckspacesY#1\^^M#2\^^M#3\ArgTerm{%
+  \def\temp{#3}%
+  \ifx\temp\empty
+    % Do not use \next, perhaps the caller of \parsearg uses it; reuse \temp:
+    \let\temp\finishparsearg
+  \else
+    \let\temp\argcheckspaces
+  \fi
+  % Put the space token in:
+  \temp#1 #3\ArgTerm
+}
+
+% If a _delimited_ argument is enclosed in braces, they get stripped; so
+% to get _exactly_ the rest of the line, we had to prevent such situation.
+% We prepended an \empty token at the very beginning and we expand it now,
+% just before passing the control to \argtorun.
+% (Similarly, we have to think about #3 of \argcheckspacesY above: it is
+% either the null string, or it ends with \^^M---thus there is no danger
+% that a pair of braces would be stripped.
+%
+% But first, we have to remove the trailing space token.
+%
+\def\finishparsearg#1 \ArgTerm{\expandafter\argtorun\expandafter{#1}}
+
+% \parseargdef\foo{...}
+%	is roughly equivalent to
+% \def\foo{\parsearg\Xfoo}
+% \def\Xfoo#1{...}
+%
+% Actually, I use \csname\string\foo\endcsname, ie. \\foo, as it is my
+% favourite TeX trick.  --kasal, 16nov03
+
+\def\parseargdef#1{%
+  \expandafter \doparseargdef \csname\string#1\endcsname #1%
+}
+\def\doparseargdef#1#2{%
+  \def#2{\parsearg#1}%
+  \def#1##1%
+}
+
+% Several utility definitions with active space:
+{
+  \obeyspaces
+  \gdef\obeyedspace{ }
+
+  % Make each space character in the input produce a normal interword
+  % space in the output.  Don't allow a line break at this space, as this
+  % is used only in environments like @example, where each line of input
+  % should produce a line of output anyway.
+  %
+  \gdef\sepspaces{\obeyspaces\let =\tie}
+
+  % If an index command is used in an @example environment, any spaces
+  % therein should become regular spaces in the raw index file, not the
+  % expansion of \tie (\leavevmode \penalty \@M \ ).
+  \gdef\unsepspaces{\let =\space}
+}
+
+
+\def\flushcr{\ifx\par\lisppar \def\next##1{}\else \let\next=\relax \fi \next}
+
+% Define the framework for environments in texinfo.tex.  It's used like this:
+%
+%   \envdef\foo{...}
+%   \def\Efoo{...}
+%
+% It's the responsibility of \envdef to insert \begingroup before the
+% actual body; @end closes the group after calling \Efoo.  \envdef also
+% defines \thisenv, so the current environment is known; @end checks
+% whether the environment name matches.  The \checkenv macro can also be
+% used to check whether the current environment is the one expected.
+%
+% Non-false conditionals (@iftex, @ifset) don't fit into this, so they
+% are not treated as environments; they don't open a group.  (The
+% implementation of @end takes care not to call \endgroup in this
+% special case.)
+
+
+% At run-time, environments start with this:
+\def\startenvironment#1{\begingroup\def\thisenv{#1}}
+% initialize
+\let\thisenv\empty
+
+% ... but they get defined via ``\envdef\foo{...}'':
+\long\def\envdef#1#2{\def#1{\startenvironment#1#2}}
+\def\envparseargdef#1#2{\parseargdef#1{\startenvironment#1#2}}
+
+% Check whether we're in the right environment:
+\def\checkenv#1{%
+  \def\temp{#1}%
+  \ifx\thisenv\temp
+  \else
+    \badenverr
+  \fi
+}
+
+% Environment mismatch, #1 expected:
+\def\badenverr{%
+  \errhelp = \EMsimple
+  \errmessage{This command can appear only \inenvironment\temp,
+    not \inenvironment\thisenv}%
+}
+\def\inenvironment#1{%
+  \ifx#1\empty
+    out of any environment%
+  \else
+    in environment \expandafter\string#1%
+  \fi
+}
+
+% @end foo executes the definition of \Efoo.
+% But first, it executes a specialized version of \checkenv
+%
+\parseargdef\end{%
+  \if 1\csname iscond.#1\endcsname
+  \else
+    % The general wording of \badenverr may not be ideal, but... --kasal, 06nov03
+    \expandafter\checkenv\csname#1\endcsname
+    \csname E#1\endcsname
+    \endgroup
+  \fi
+}
+
+\newhelp\EMsimple{Press RETURN to continue.}
+
+
+%% Simple single-character @ commands
+
+% @@ prints an @
+% Kludge this until the fonts are right (grr).
+\def\@{{\tt\char64}}
+
+% This is turned off because it was never documented
+% and you can use @w{...} around a quote to suppress ligatures.
+%% Define @` and @' to be the same as ` and '
+%% but suppressing ligatures.
+%\def\`{{`}}
+%\def\'{{'}}
+
+% Used to generate quoted braces.
+\def\mylbrace {{\tt\char123}}
+\def\myrbrace {{\tt\char125}}
+\let\{=\mylbrace
+\let\}=\myrbrace
+\begingroup
+  % Definitions to produce \{ and \} commands for indices,
+  % and @{ and @} for the aux/toc files.
+  \catcode`\{ = \other \catcode`\} = \other
+  \catcode`\[ = 1 \catcode`\] = 2
+  \catcode`\! = 0 \catcode`\\ = \other
+  !gdef!lbracecmd[\{]%
+  !gdef!rbracecmd[\}]%
+  !gdef!lbraceatcmd[@{]%
+  !gdef!rbraceatcmd[@}]%
+!endgroup
+
+% @comma{} to avoid , parsing problems.
+\let\comma = ,
+
+% Accents: @, @dotaccent @ringaccent @ubaraccent @udotaccent
+% Others are defined by plain TeX: @` @' @" @^ @~ @= @u @v @H.
+\let\, = \c
+\let\dotaccent = \.
+\def\ringaccent#1{{\accent23 #1}}
+\let\tieaccent = \t
+\let\ubaraccent = \b
+\let\udotaccent = \d
+
+% Other special characters: @questiondown @exclamdown @ordf @ordm
+% Plain TeX defines: @AA @AE @O @OE @L (plus lowercase versions) @ss.
+\def\questiondown{?`}
+\def\exclamdown{!`}
+\def\ordf{\leavevmode\raise1ex\hbox{\selectfonts\lllsize \underbar{a}}}
+\def\ordm{\leavevmode\raise1ex\hbox{\selectfonts\lllsize \underbar{o}}}
+
+% Dotless i and dotless j, used for accents.
+\def\imacro{i}
+\def\jmacro{j}
+\def\dotless#1{%
+  \def\temp{#1}%
+  \ifx\temp\imacro \ifmmode\imath \else\ptexi \fi
+  \else\ifx\temp\jmacro \ifmmode\jmath \else\j \fi
+  \else \errmessage{@dotless can be used only with i or j}%
+  \fi\fi
+}
+
+% The \TeX{} logo, as in plain, but resetting the spacing so that a
+% period following counts as ending a sentence.  (Idea found in latex.)
+%
+\edef\TeX{\TeX \spacefactor=1000 }
+
+% @LaTeX{} logo.  Not quite the same results as the definition in
+% latex.ltx, since we use a different font for the raised A; it's most
+% convenient for us to use an explicitly smaller font, rather than using
+% the \scriptstyle font (since we don't reset \scriptstyle and
+% \scriptscriptstyle).
+%
+\def\LaTeX{%
+  L\kern-.36em
+  {\setbox0=\hbox{T}%
+   \vbox to \ht0{\hbox{\selectfonts\lllsize A}\vss}}%
+  \kern-.15em
+  \TeX
+}
+
+% Be sure we're in horizontal mode when doing a tie, since we make space
+% equivalent to this in @example-like environments. Otherwise, a space
+% at the beginning of a line will start with \penalty -- and
+% since \penalty is valid in vertical mode, we'd end up putting the
+% penalty on the vertical list instead of in the new paragraph.
+{\catcode`@ = 11
+ % Avoid using \@M directly, because that causes trouble
+ % if the definition is written into an index file.
+ \global\let\tiepenalty = \@M
+ \gdef\tie{\leavevmode\penalty\tiepenalty\ }
+}
+
+% @: forces normal size whitespace following.
+\def\:{\spacefactor=1000 }
+
+% @* forces a line break.
+\def\*{\hfil\break\hbox{}\ignorespaces}
+
+% @/ allows a line break.
+\let\/=\allowbreak
+
+% @. is an end-of-sentence period.
+\def\.{.\spacefactor=\endofsentencespacefactor\space}
+
+% @! is an end-of-sentence bang.
+\def\!{!\spacefactor=\endofsentencespacefactor\space}
+
+% @? is an end-of-sentence query.
+\def\?{?\spacefactor=\endofsentencespacefactor\space}
+
+% @frenchspacing on|off  says whether to put extra space after punctuation.
+% 
+\def\onword{on}
+\def\offword{off}
+%
+\parseargdef\frenchspacing{%
+  \def\temp{#1}%
+  \ifx\temp\onword \plainfrenchspacing
+  \else\ifx\temp\offword \plainnonfrenchspacing
+  \else
+    \errhelp = \EMsimple
+    \errmessage{Unknown @frenchspacing option `\temp', must be on/off}%
+  \fi\fi
+}
+
+% @w prevents a word break.  Without the \leavevmode, @w at the
+% beginning of a paragraph, when TeX is still in vertical mode, would
+% produce a whole line of output instead of starting the paragraph.
+\def\w#1{\leavevmode\hbox{#1}}
+
+% @group ... @end group forces ... to be all on one page, by enclosing
+% it in a TeX vbox.  We use \vtop instead of \vbox to construct the box
+% to keep its height that of a normal line.  According to the rules for
+% \topskip (p.114 of the TeXbook), the glue inserted is
+% max (\topskip - \ht (first item), 0).  If that height is large,
+% therefore, no glue is inserted, and the space between the headline and
+% the text is small, which looks bad.
+%
+% Another complication is that the group might be very large.  This can
+% cause the glue on the previous page to be unduly stretched, because it
+% does not have much material.  In this case, it's better to add an
+% explicit \vfill so that the extra space is at the bottom.  The
+% threshold for doing this is if the group is more than \vfilllimit
+% percent of a page (\vfilllimit can be changed inside of @tex).
+%
+\newbox\groupbox
+\def\vfilllimit{0.7}
+%
+\envdef\group{%
+  \ifnum\catcode`\^^M=\active \else
+    \errhelp = \groupinvalidhelp
+    \errmessage{@group invalid in context where filling is enabled}%
+  \fi
+  \startsavinginserts
+  %
+  \setbox\groupbox = \vtop\bgroup
+    % Do @comment since we are called inside an environment such as
+    % @example, where each end-of-line in the input causes an
+    % end-of-line in the output.  We don't want the end-of-line after
+    % the `@group' to put extra space in the output.  Since @group
+    % should appear on a line by itself (according to the Texinfo
+    % manual), we don't worry about eating any user text.
+    \comment
+}
+%
+% The \vtop produces a box with normal height and large depth; thus, TeX puts
+% \baselineskip glue before it, and (when the next line of text is done)
+% \lineskip glue after it.  Thus, space below is not quite equal to space
+% above.  But it's pretty close.
+\def\Egroup{%
+    % To get correct interline space between the last line of the group
+    % and the first line afterwards, we have to propagate \prevdepth.
+    \endgraf % Not \par, as it may have been set to \lisppar.
+    \global\dimen1 = \prevdepth
+  \egroup           % End the \vtop.
+  % \dimen0 is the vertical size of the group's box.
+  \dimen0 = \ht\groupbox  \advance\dimen0 by \dp\groupbox
+  % \dimen2 is how much space is left on the page (more or less).
+  \dimen2 = \pageheight   \advance\dimen2 by -\pagetotal
+  % if the group doesn't fit on the current page, and it's a big big
+  % group, force a page break.
+  \ifdim \dimen0 > \dimen2
+    \ifdim \pagetotal < \vfilllimit\pageheight
+      \page
+    \fi
+  \fi
+  \box\groupbox
+  \prevdepth = \dimen1
+  \checkinserts
+}
+%
+% TeX puts in an \escapechar (i.e., `@') at the beginning of the help
+% message, so this ends up printing `@group can only ...'.
+%
+\newhelp\groupinvalidhelp{%
+group can only be used in environments such as @example,^^J%
+where each line of input produces a line of output.}
+
+% @need space-in-mils
+% forces a page break if there is not space-in-mils remaining.
+
+\newdimen\mil  \mil=0.001in
+
+% Old definition--didn't work.
+%\parseargdef\need{\par %
+%% This method tries to make TeX break the page naturally
+%% if the depth of the box does not fit.
+%{\baselineskip=0pt%
+%\vtop to #1\mil{\vfil}\kern -#1\mil\nobreak
+%\prevdepth=-1000pt
+%}}
+
+\parseargdef\need{%
+  % Ensure vertical mode, so we don't make a big box in the middle of a
+  % paragraph.
+  \par
+  %
+  % If the @need value is less than one line space, it's useless.
+  \dimen0 = #1\mil
+  \dimen2 = \ht\strutbox
+  \advance\dimen2 by \dp\strutbox
+  \ifdim\dimen0 > \dimen2
+    %
+    % Do a \strut just to make the height of this box be normal, so the
+    % normal leading is inserted relative to the preceding line.
+    % And a page break here is fine.
+    \vtop to #1\mil{\strut\vfil}%
+    %
+    % TeX does not even consider page breaks if a penalty added to the
+    % main vertical list is 10000 or more.  But in order to see if the
+    % empty box we just added fits on the page, we must make it consider
+    % page breaks.  On the other hand, we don't want to actually break the
+    % page after the empty box.  So we use a penalty of 9999.
+    %
+    % There is an extremely small chance that TeX will actually break the
+    % page at this \penalty, if there are no other feasible breakpoints in
+    % sight.  (If the user is using lots of big @group commands, which
+    % almost-but-not-quite fill up a page, TeX will have a hard time doing
+    % good page breaking, for example.)  However, I could not construct an
+    % example where a page broke at this \penalty; if it happens in a real
+    % document, then we can reconsider our strategy.
+    \penalty9999
+    %
+    % Back up by the size of the box, whether we did a page break or not.
+    \kern -#1\mil
+    %
+    % Do not allow a page break right after this kern.
+    \nobreak
+  \fi
+}
+
+% @br   forces paragraph break (and is undocumented).
+
+\let\br = \par
+
+% @page forces the start of a new page.
+%
+\def\page{\par\vfill\supereject}
+
+% @exdent text....
+% outputs text on separate line in roman font, starting at standard page margin
+
+% This records the amount of indent in the innermost environment.
+% That's how much \exdent should take out.
+\newskip\exdentamount
+
+% This defn is used inside fill environments such as @defun.
+\parseargdef\exdent{\hfil\break\hbox{\kern -\exdentamount{\rm#1}}\hfil\break}
+
+% This defn is used inside nofill environments such as @example.
+\parseargdef\nofillexdent{{\advance \leftskip by -\exdentamount
+  \leftline{\hskip\leftskip{\rm#1}}}}
+
+% @inmargin{WHICH}{TEXT} puts TEXT in the WHICH margin next to the current
+% paragraph.  For more general purposes, use the \margin insertion
+% class.  WHICH is `l' or `r'.
+%
+\newskip\inmarginspacing \inmarginspacing=1cm
+\def\strutdepth{\dp\strutbox}
+%
+\def\doinmargin#1#2{\strut\vadjust{%
+  \nobreak
+  \kern-\strutdepth
+  \vtop to \strutdepth{%
+    \baselineskip=\strutdepth
+    \vss
+    % if you have multiple lines of stuff to put here, you'll need to
+    % make the vbox yourself of the appropriate size.
+    \ifx#1l%
+      \llap{\ignorespaces #2\hskip\inmarginspacing}%
+    \else
+      \rlap{\hskip\hsize \hskip\inmarginspacing \ignorespaces #2}%
+    \fi
+    \null
+  }%
+}}
+\def\inleftmargin{\doinmargin l}
+\def\inrightmargin{\doinmargin r}
+%
+% @inmargin{TEXT [, RIGHT-TEXT]}
+% (if RIGHT-TEXT is given, use TEXT for left page, RIGHT-TEXT for right;
+% else use TEXT for both).
+%
+\def\inmargin#1{\parseinmargin #1,,\finish}
+\def\parseinmargin#1,#2,#3\finish{% not perfect, but better than nothing.
+  \setbox0 = \hbox{\ignorespaces #2}%
+  \ifdim\wd0 > 0pt
+    \def\lefttext{#1}%  have both texts
+    \def\righttext{#2}%
+  \else
+    \def\lefttext{#1}%  have only one text
+    \def\righttext{#1}%
+  \fi
+  %
+  \ifodd\pageno
+    \def\temp{\inrightmargin\righttext}% odd page -> outside is right margin
+  \else
+    \def\temp{\inleftmargin\lefttext}%
+  \fi
+  \temp
+}
+
+% @include FILE -- \input text of FILE.
+%
+\def\include{\parseargusing\filenamecatcodes\includezzz}
+\def\includezzz#1{%
+  \pushthisfilestack
+  \def\thisfile{#1}%
+  {%
+    \makevalueexpandable  % we want to expand any @value in FILE.
+    \turnoffactive        % and allow special characters in the expansion
+    \indexnofonts         % Allow `@@' and other weird things in file names.
+    \edef\temp{\noexpand\input #1 }%
+    %
+    % This trickery is to read FILE outside of a group, in case it makes
+    % definitions, etc.
+    \expandafter
+  }\temp
+  \popthisfilestack
+}
+\def\filenamecatcodes{%
+  \catcode`\\=\other
+  \catcode`~=\other
+  \catcode`^=\other
+  \catcode`_=\other
+  \catcode`|=\other
+  \catcode`<=\other
+  \catcode`>=\other
+  \catcode`+=\other
+  \catcode`-=\other
+  \catcode`\`=\other
+  \catcode`\'=\other
+}
+
+\def\pushthisfilestack{%
+  \expandafter\pushthisfilestackX\popthisfilestack\StackTerm
+}
+\def\pushthisfilestackX{%
+  \expandafter\pushthisfilestackY\thisfile\StackTerm
+}
+\def\pushthisfilestackY #1\StackTerm #2\StackTerm {%
+  \gdef\popthisfilestack{\gdef\thisfile{#1}\gdef\popthisfilestack{#2}}%
+}
+
+\def\popthisfilestack{\errthisfilestackempty}
+\def\errthisfilestackempty{\errmessage{Internal error:
+  the stack of filenames is empty.}}
+
+\def\thisfile{}
+
+% @center line
+% outputs that line, centered.
+%
+\parseargdef\center{%
+  \ifhmode
+    \let\next\centerH
+  \else
+    \let\next\centerV
+  \fi
+  \next{\hfil \ignorespaces#1\unskip \hfil}%
+}
+\def\centerH#1{%
+  {%
+    \hfil\break
+    \advance\hsize by -\leftskip
+    \advance\hsize by -\rightskip
+    \line{#1}%
+    \break
+  }%
+}
+\def\centerV#1{\line{\kern\leftskip #1\kern\rightskip}}
+
+% @sp n   outputs n lines of vertical space
+
+\parseargdef\sp{\vskip #1\baselineskip}
+
+% @comment ...line which is ignored...
+% @c is the same as @comment
+% @ignore ... @end ignore  is another way to write a comment
+
+\def\comment{\begingroup \catcode`\^^M=\other%
+\catcode`\@=\other \catcode`\{=\other \catcode`\}=\other%
+\commentxxx}
+{\catcode`\^^M=\other \gdef\commentxxx#1^^M{\endgroup}}
+
+\let\c=\comment
+
+% @paragraphindent NCHARS
+% We'll use ems for NCHARS, close enough.
+% NCHARS can also be the word `asis' or `none'.
+% We cannot feasibly implement @paragraphindent asis, though.
+%
+\def\asisword{asis} % no translation, these are keywords
+\def\noneword{none}
+%
+\parseargdef\paragraphindent{%
+  \def\temp{#1}%
+  \ifx\temp\asisword
+  \else
+    \ifx\temp\noneword
+      \defaultparindent = 0pt
+    \else
+      \defaultparindent = #1em
+    \fi
+  \fi
+  \parindent = \defaultparindent
+}
+
+% @exampleindent NCHARS
+% We'll use ems for NCHARS like @paragraphindent.
+% It seems @exampleindent asis isn't necessary, but
+% I preserve it to make it similar to @paragraphindent.
+\parseargdef\exampleindent{%
+  \def\temp{#1}%
+  \ifx\temp\asisword
+  \else
+    \ifx\temp\noneword
+      \lispnarrowing = 0pt
+    \else
+      \lispnarrowing = #1em
+    \fi
+  \fi
+}
+
+% @firstparagraphindent WORD
+% If WORD is `none', then suppress indentation of the first paragraph
+% after a section heading.  If WORD is `insert', then do indent at such
+% paragraphs.
+%
+% The paragraph indentation is suppressed or not by calling
+% \suppressfirstparagraphindent, which the sectioning commands do.
+% We switch the definition of this back and forth according to WORD.
+% By default, we suppress indentation.
+%
+\def\suppressfirstparagraphindent{\dosuppressfirstparagraphindent}
+\def\insertword{insert}
+%
+\parseargdef\firstparagraphindent{%
+  \def\temp{#1}%
+  \ifx\temp\noneword
+    \let\suppressfirstparagraphindent = \dosuppressfirstparagraphindent
+  \else\ifx\temp\insertword
+    \let\suppressfirstparagraphindent = \relax
+  \else
+    \errhelp = \EMsimple
+    \errmessage{Unknown @firstparagraphindent option `\temp'}%
+  \fi\fi
+}
+
+% Here is how we actually suppress indentation.  Redefine \everypar to
+% \kern backwards by \parindent, and then reset itself to empty.
+%
+% We also make \indent itself not actually do anything until the next
+% paragraph.
+%
+\gdef\dosuppressfirstparagraphindent{%
+  \gdef\indent{%
+    \restorefirstparagraphindent
+    \indent
+  }%
+  \gdef\noindent{%
+    \restorefirstparagraphindent
+    \noindent
+  }%
+  \global\everypar = {%
+    \kern -\parindent
+    \restorefirstparagraphindent
+  }%
+}
+
+\gdef\restorefirstparagraphindent{%
+  \global \let \indent = \ptexindent
+  \global \let \noindent = \ptexnoindent
+  \global \everypar = {}%
+}
+
+
+% @asis just yields its argument.  Used with @table, for example.
+%
+\def\asis#1{#1}
+
+% @math outputs its argument in math mode.
+%
+% One complication: _ usually means subscripts, but it could also mean
+% an actual _ character, as in @math{@var{some_variable} + 1}.  So make
+% _ active, and distinguish by seeing if the current family is \slfam,
+% which is what @var uses.
+{
+  \catcode`\_ = \active
+  \gdef\mathunderscore{%
+    \catcode`\_=\active
+    \def_{\ifnum\fam=\slfam \_\else\sb\fi}%
+  }
+}
+% Another complication: we want \\ (and @\) to output a \ character.
+% FYI, plain.tex uses \\ as a temporary control sequence (why?), but
+% this is not advertised and we don't care.  Texinfo does not
+% otherwise define @\.
+%
+% The \mathchar is class=0=ordinary, family=7=ttfam, position=5C=\.
+\def\mathbackslash{\ifnum\fam=\ttfam \mathchar"075C \else\backslash \fi}
+%
+\def\math{%
+  \tex
+  \mathunderscore
+  \let\\ = \mathbackslash
+  \mathactive
+  % make the texinfo accent commands work in math mode
+  \let\"=\ddot
+  \let\'=\acute
+  \let\==\bar
+  \let\^=\hat
+  \let\`=\grave
+  \let\u=\breve
+  \let\v=\check
+  \let\~=\tilde
+  \let\dotaccent=\dot
+  $\finishmath
+}
+\def\finishmath#1{#1$\endgroup}  % Close the group opened by \tex.
+
+% Some active characters (such as <) are spaced differently in math.
+% We have to reset their definitions in case the @math was an argument
+% to a command which sets the catcodes (such as @item or @section).
+%
+{
+  \catcode`^ = \active
+  \catcode`< = \active
+  \catcode`> = \active
+  \catcode`+ = \active
+  \catcode`' = \active
+  \gdef\mathactive{%
+    \let^ = \ptexhat
+    \let< = \ptexless
+    \let> = \ptexgtr
+    \let+ = \ptexplus
+    \let' = \ptexquoteright
+  }
+}
+
+% Some math mode symbols.
+\def\bullet{$\ptexbullet$}
+\def\geq{\ifmmode \ge\else $\ge$\fi}
+\def\leq{\ifmmode \le\else $\le$\fi}
+\def\minus{\ifmmode -\else $-$\fi}
+
+% @dots{} outputs an ellipsis using the current font.
+% We do .5em per period so that it has the same spacing in the cm
+% typewriter fonts as three actual period characters; on the other hand,
+% in other typewriter fonts three periods are wider than 1.5em.  So do
+% whichever is larger.
+%
+\def\dots{%
+  \leavevmode
+  \setbox0=\hbox{...}% get width of three periods
+  \ifdim\wd0 > 1.5em
+    \dimen0 = \wd0
+  \else
+    \dimen0 = 1.5em
+  \fi
+  \hbox to \dimen0{%
+    \hskip 0pt plus.25fil
+    .\hskip 0pt plus1fil
+    .\hskip 0pt plus1fil
+    .\hskip 0pt plus.5fil
+  }%
+}
+
+% @enddots{} is an end-of-sentence ellipsis.
+%
+\def\enddots{%
+  \dots
+  \spacefactor=\endofsentencespacefactor
+}
+
+% @comma{} is so commas can be inserted into text without messing up
+% Texinfo's parsing.
+%
+\let\comma = ,
+
+% @refill is a no-op.
+\let\refill=\relax
+
+% If working on a large document in chapters, it is convenient to
+% be able to disable indexing, cross-referencing, and contents, for test runs.
+% This is done with @novalidate (before @setfilename).
+%
+\newif\iflinks \linkstrue % by default we want the aux files.
+\let\novalidate = \linksfalse
+
+% @setfilename is done at the beginning of every texinfo file.
+% So open here the files we need to have open while reading the input.
+% This makes it possible to make a .fmt file for texinfo.
+\def\setfilename{%
+   \fixbackslash  % Turn off hack to swallow `\input texinfo'.
+   \iflinks
+     \tryauxfile
+     % Open the new aux file.  TeX will close it automatically at exit.
+     \immediate\openout\auxfile=\jobname.aux
+   \fi % \openindices needs to do some work in any case.
+   \openindices
+   \let\setfilename=\comment % Ignore extra @setfilename cmds.
+   %
+   % If texinfo.cnf is present on the system, read it.
+   % Useful for site-wide @afourpaper, etc.
+   \openin 1 texinfo.cnf
+   \ifeof 1 \else \input texinfo.cnf \fi
+   \closein 1
+   %
+   \comment % Ignore the actual filename.
+}
+
+% Called from \setfilename.
+%
+\def\openindices{%
+  \newindex{cp}%
+  \newcodeindex{fn}%
+  \newcodeindex{vr}%
+  \newcodeindex{tp}%
+  \newcodeindex{ky}%
+  \newcodeindex{pg}%
+}
+
+% @bye.
+\outer\def\bye{\pagealignmacro\tracingstats=1\ptexend}
+
+
+\message{pdf,}
+% adobe `portable' document format
+\newcount\tempnum
+\newcount\lnkcount
+\newtoks\filename
+\newcount\filenamelength
+\newcount\pgn
+\newtoks\toksA
+\newtoks\toksB
+\newtoks\toksC
+\newtoks\toksD
+\newbox\boxA
+\newcount\countA
+\newif\ifpdf
+\newif\ifpdfmakepagedest
+
+% when pdftex is run in dvi mode, \pdfoutput is defined (so \pdfoutput=1
+% can be set).  So we test for \relax and 0 as well as \undefined,
+% borrowed from ifpdf.sty.
+\ifx\pdfoutput\undefined
+\else
+  \ifx\pdfoutput\relax
+  \else
+    \ifcase\pdfoutput
+    \else
+      \pdftrue
+    \fi
+  \fi
+\fi
+
+% PDF uses PostScript string constants for the names of xref targets,
+% for display in the outlines, and in other places.  Thus, we have to
+% double any backslashes.  Otherwise, a name like "\node" will be
+% interpreted as a newline (\n), followed by o, d, e.  Not good.
+% http://www.ntg.nl/pipermail/ntg-pdftex/2004-July/000654.html
+% (and related messages, the final outcome is that it is up to the TeX
+% user to double the backslashes and otherwise make the string valid, so
+% that's what we do).
+
+% double active backslashes.
+% 
+{\catcode`\@=0 \catcode`\\=\active
+ @gdef@activebackslashdouble{%
+   @catcode`@\=@active
+   @let\=@doublebackslash}
+}
+
+% To handle parens, we must adopt a different approach, since parens are
+% not active characters.  hyperref.dtx (which has the same problem as
+% us) handles it with this amazing macro to replace tokens, with minor
+% changes for Texinfo.  It is included here under the GPL by permission
+% from the author, Heiko Oberdiek.
+% 
+% #1 is the tokens to replace.
+% #2 is the replacement.
+% #3 is the control sequence with the string.
+% 
+\def\HyPsdSubst#1#2#3{%
+  \def\HyPsdReplace##1#1##2\END{%
+    ##1%
+    \ifx\\##2\\%
+    \else
+      #2%
+      \HyReturnAfterFi{%
+        \HyPsdReplace##2\END
+      }%
+    \fi
+  }%
+  \xdef#3{\expandafter\HyPsdReplace#3#1\END}%
+}
+\long\def\HyReturnAfterFi#1\fi{\fi#1}
+
+% #1 is a control sequence in which to do the replacements.
+\def\backslashparens#1{%
+  \xdef#1{#1}% redefine it as its expansion; the definition is simply
+             % \lastnode when called from \setref -> \pdfmkdest.
+  \HyPsdSubst{(}{\realbackslash(}{#1}%
+  \HyPsdSubst{)}{\realbackslash)}{#1}%
+}
+
+\newhelp\nopdfimagehelp{Texinfo supports .png, .jpg, .jpeg, and .pdf images
+with PDF output, and none of those formats could be found.  (.eps cannot
+be supported due to the design of the PDF format; use regular TeX (DVI
+output) for that.)}
+
+\ifpdf
+  %
+  % Color manipulation macros based on pdfcolor.tex.
+  \def\cmykDarkRed{0.28 1 1 0.35}
+  \def\cmykBlack{0 0 0 1}
+  %
+  % k sets the color for filling (usual text, etc.);
+  % K sets the color for stroking (thin rules, e.g., normal _'s).
+  \def\pdfsetcolor#1{\pdfliteral{#1 k  #1 K}}
+  %
+  % Set color, and create a mark which defines \thiscolor accordingly,
+  % so that \makeheadline knows which color to restore.
+  \def\setcolor#1{%
+    \xdef\lastcolordefs{\gdef\noexpand\thiscolor{#1}}%
+    \domark
+    \pdfsetcolor{#1}%
+  }
+  %
+  \def\maincolor{\cmykBlack}
+  \pdfsetcolor{\maincolor}
+  \edef\thiscolor{\maincolor}
+  \def\lastcolordefs{}
+  %
+  \def\makefootline{%
+    \baselineskip24pt
+    \line{\pdfsetcolor{\maincolor}\the\footline}%
+  }
+  %
+  \def\makeheadline{%
+    \vbox to 0pt{%
+      \vskip-22.5pt
+      \line{%
+        \vbox to8.5pt{}%
+        % Extract \thiscolor definition from the marks.
+        \getcolormarks
+        % Typeset the headline with \maincolor, then restore the color.
+        \pdfsetcolor{\maincolor}\the\headline\pdfsetcolor{\thiscolor}%
+      }%
+      \vss
+    }%
+    \nointerlineskip
+  }
+  %
+  %
+  \pdfcatalog{/PageMode /UseOutlines}
+  %
+  % #1 is image name, #2 width (might be empty/whitespace), #3 height (ditto).
+  \def\dopdfimage#1#2#3{%
+    \def\imagewidth{#2}\setbox0 = \hbox{\ignorespaces #2}%
+    \def\imageheight{#3}\setbox2 = \hbox{\ignorespaces #3}%
+    %
+    % pdftex (and the PDF format) support .png, .jpg, .pdf (among
+    % others).  Let's try in that order.
+    \let\pdfimgext=\empty
+    \begingroup
+      \openin 1 #1.png \ifeof 1
+        \openin 1 #1.jpg \ifeof 1
+          \openin 1 #1.jpeg \ifeof 1
+            \openin 1 #1.JPG \ifeof 1
+              \openin 1 #1.pdf \ifeof 1
+                \openin 1 #1.PDF \ifeof 1
+                  \errhelp = \nopdfimagehelp
+                  \errmessage{Could not find image file #1 for pdf}%
+                \else \gdef\pdfimgext{PDF}%
+                \fi
+              \else \gdef\pdfimgext{pdf}%
+              \fi
+            \else \gdef\pdfimgext{JPG}%
+            \fi
+          \else \gdef\pdfimgext{jpeg}%
+          \fi
+        \else \gdef\pdfimgext{jpg}%
+        \fi
+      \else \gdef\pdfimgext{png}%
+      \fi
+      \closein 1
+    \endgroup
+    %
+    % without \immediate, ancient pdftex seg faults when the same image is
+    % included twice.  (Version 3.14159-pre-1.0-unofficial-20010704.)
+    \ifnum\pdftexversion < 14
+      \immediate\pdfimage
+    \else
+      \immediate\pdfximage
+    \fi
+      \ifdim \wd0 >0pt width \imagewidth \fi
+      \ifdim \wd2 >0pt height \imageheight \fi
+      \ifnum\pdftexversion<13
+         #1.\pdfimgext
+       \else
+         {#1.\pdfimgext}%
+       \fi
+    \ifnum\pdftexversion < 14 \else
+      \pdfrefximage \pdflastximage
+    \fi}
+  %
+  \def\pdfmkdest#1{{%
+    % We have to set dummies so commands such as @code, and characters
+    % such as \, aren't expanded when present in a section title.
+    \indexnofonts
+    \turnoffactive
+    \activebackslashdouble
+    \makevalueexpandable
+    \def\pdfdestname{#1}%
+    \backslashparens\pdfdestname
+    \safewhatsit{\pdfdest name{\pdfdestname} xyz}%
+  }}
+  %
+  % used to mark target names; must be expandable.
+  \def\pdfmkpgn#1{#1}
+  %
+  % by default, use a color that is dark enough to print on paper as
+  % nearly black, but still distinguishable for online viewing.
+  \def\urlcolor{\cmykDarkRed}
+  \def\linkcolor{\cmykDarkRed}
+  \def\endlink{\setcolor{\maincolor}\pdfendlink}
+  %
+  % Adding outlines to PDF; macros for calculating structure of outlines
+  % come from Petr Olsak
+  \def\expnumber#1{\expandafter\ifx\csname#1\endcsname\relax 0%
+    \else \csname#1\endcsname \fi}
+  \def\advancenumber#1{\tempnum=\expnumber{#1}\relax
+    \advance\tempnum by 1
+    \expandafter\xdef\csname#1\endcsname{\the\tempnum}}
+  %
+  % #1 is the section text, which is what will be displayed in the
+  % outline by the pdf viewer.  #2 is the pdf expression for the number
+  % of subentries (or empty, for subsubsections).  #3 is the node text,
+  % which might be empty if this toc entry had no corresponding node.
+  % #4 is the page number
+  %
+  \def\dopdfoutline#1#2#3#4{%
+    % Generate a link to the node text if that exists; else, use the
+    % page number.  We could generate a destination for the section
+    % text in the case where a section has no node, but it doesn't
+    % seem worth the trouble, since most documents are normally structured.
+    \def\pdfoutlinedest{#3}%
+    \ifx\pdfoutlinedest\empty
+      \def\pdfoutlinedest{#4}%
+    \else
+      % Doubled backslashes in the name.
+      {\activebackslashdouble \xdef\pdfoutlinedest{#3}%
+       \backslashparens\pdfoutlinedest}%
+    \fi
+    %
+    % Also double the backslashes in the display string.
+    {\activebackslashdouble \xdef\pdfoutlinetext{#1}%
+     \backslashparens\pdfoutlinetext}%
+    %
+    \pdfoutline goto name{\pdfmkpgn{\pdfoutlinedest}}#2{\pdfoutlinetext}%
+  }
+  %
+  \def\pdfmakeoutlines{%
+    \begingroup
+      % Thanh's hack / proper braces in bookmarks
+      \edef\mylbrace{\iftrue \string{\else}\fi}\let\{=\mylbrace
+      \edef\myrbrace{\iffalse{\else\string}\fi}\let\}=\myrbrace
+      %
+      % Read toc silently, to get counts of subentries for \pdfoutline.
+      \def\numchapentry##1##2##3##4{%
+	\def\thischapnum{##2}%
+	\def\thissecnum{0}%
+	\def\thissubsecnum{0}%
+      }%
+      \def\numsecentry##1##2##3##4{%
+	\advancenumber{chap\thischapnum}%
+	\def\thissecnum{##2}%
+	\def\thissubsecnum{0}%
+      }%
+      \def\numsubsecentry##1##2##3##4{%
+	\advancenumber{sec\thissecnum}%
+	\def\thissubsecnum{##2}%
+      }%
+      \def\numsubsubsecentry##1##2##3##4{%
+	\advancenumber{subsec\thissubsecnum}%
+      }%
+      \def\thischapnum{0}%
+      \def\thissecnum{0}%
+      \def\thissubsecnum{0}%
+      %
+      % use \def rather than \let here because we redefine \chapentry et
+      % al. a second time, below.
+      \def\appentry{\numchapentry}%
+      \def\appsecentry{\numsecentry}%
+      \def\appsubsecentry{\numsubsecentry}%
+      \def\appsubsubsecentry{\numsubsubsecentry}%
+      \def\unnchapentry{\numchapentry}%
+      \def\unnsecentry{\numsecentry}%
+      \def\unnsubsecentry{\numsubsecentry}%
+      \def\unnsubsubsecentry{\numsubsubsecentry}%
+      \readdatafile{toc}%
+      %
+      % Read toc second time, this time actually producing the outlines.
+      % The `-' means take the \expnumber as the absolute number of
+      % subentries, which we calculated on our first read of the .toc above.
+      %
+      % We use the node names as the destinations.
+      \def\numchapentry##1##2##3##4{%
+        \dopdfoutline{##1}{count-\expnumber{chap##2}}{##3}{##4}}%
+      \def\numsecentry##1##2##3##4{%
+        \dopdfoutline{##1}{count-\expnumber{sec##2}}{##3}{##4}}%
+      \def\numsubsecentry##1##2##3##4{%
+        \dopdfoutline{##1}{count-\expnumber{subsec##2}}{##3}{##4}}%
+      \def\numsubsubsecentry##1##2##3##4{% count is always zero
+        \dopdfoutline{##1}{}{##3}{##4}}%
+      %
+      % PDF outlines are displayed using system fonts, instead of
+      % document fonts.  Therefore we cannot use special characters,
+      % since the encoding is unknown.  For example, the eogonek from
+      % Latin 2 (0xea) gets translated to a | character.  Info from
+      % Staszek Wawrykiewicz, 19 Jan 2004 04:09:24 +0100.
+      %
+      % xx to do this right, we have to translate 8-bit characters to
+      % their "best" equivalent, based on the @documentencoding.  Right
+      % now, I guess we'll just let the pdf reader have its way.
+      \indexnofonts
+      \setupdatafile
+      \catcode`\\=\active \otherbackslash
+      \input \tocreadfilename
+    \endgroup
+  }
+  %
+  \def\skipspaces#1{\def\PP{#1}\def\D{|}%
+    \ifx\PP\D\let\nextsp\relax
+    \else\let\nextsp\skipspaces
+      \ifx\p\space\else\addtokens{\filename}{\PP}%
+        \advance\filenamelength by 1
+      \fi
+    \fi
+    \nextsp}
+  \def\getfilename#1{\filenamelength=0\expandafter\skipspaces#1|\relax}
+  \ifnum\pdftexversion < 14
+    \let \startlink \pdfannotlink
+  \else
+    \let \startlink \pdfstartlink
+  \fi
+  % make a live url in pdf output.
+  \def\pdfurl#1{%
+    \begingroup
+      % it seems we really need yet another set of dummies; have not
+      % tried to figure out what each command should do in the context
+      % of @url.  for now, just make @/ a no-op, that's the only one
+      % people have actually reported a problem with.
+      % 
+      \normalturnoffactive
+      \def\@{@}%
+      \let\/=\empty
+      \makevalueexpandable
+      % do we want to go so far as to use \indexnofonts instead of just
+      % special-casing \var here?
+      \def\var##1{##1}%
+      %
+      \leavevmode\setcolor{\urlcolor}%
+      \startlink attr{/Border [0 0 0]}%
+        user{/Subtype /Link /A << /S /URI /URI (#1) >>}%
+    \endgroup}
+  \def\pdfgettoks#1.{\setbox\boxA=\hbox{\toksA={#1.}\toksB={}\maketoks}}
+  \def\addtokens#1#2{\edef\addtoks{\noexpand#1={\the#1#2}}\addtoks}
+  \def\adn#1{\addtokens{\toksC}{#1}\global\countA=1\let\next=\maketoks}
+  \def\poptoks#1#2|ENDTOKS|{\let\first=#1\toksD={#1}\toksA={#2}}
+  \def\maketoks{%
+    \expandafter\poptoks\the\toksA|ENDTOKS|\relax
+    \ifx\first0\adn0
+    \else\ifx\first1\adn1 \else\ifx\first2\adn2 \else\ifx\first3\adn3
+    \else\ifx\first4\adn4 \else\ifx\first5\adn5 \else\ifx\first6\adn6
+    \else\ifx\first7\adn7 \else\ifx\first8\adn8 \else\ifx\first9\adn9
+    \else
+      \ifnum0=\countA\else\makelink\fi
+      \ifx\first.\let\next=\done\else
+        \let\next=\maketoks
+        \addtokens{\toksB}{\the\toksD}
+        \ifx\first,\addtokens{\toksB}{\space}\fi
+      \fi
+    \fi\fi\fi\fi\fi\fi\fi\fi\fi\fi
+    \next}
+  \def\makelink{\addtokens{\toksB}%
+    {\noexpand\pdflink{\the\toksC}}\toksC={}\global\countA=0}
+  \def\pdflink#1{%
+    \startlink attr{/Border [0 0 0]} goto name{\pdfmkpgn{#1}}
+    \setcolor{\linkcolor}#1\endlink}
+  \def\done{\edef\st{\global\noexpand\toksA={\the\toksB}}\st}
+\else
+  % non-pdf mode
+  \let\pdfmkdest = \gobble
+  \let\pdfurl = \gobble
+  \let\endlink = \relax
+  \let\setcolor = \gobble
+  \let\pdfsetcolor = \gobble
+  \let\pdfmakeoutlines = \relax
+\fi  % \ifx\pdfoutput
+
+
+\message{fonts,}
+
+% Change the current font style to #1, remembering it in \curfontstyle.
+% For now, we do not accumulate font styles: @b{@i{foo}} prints foo in
+% italics, not bold italics.
+%
+\def\setfontstyle#1{%
+  \def\curfontstyle{#1}% not as a control sequence, because we are \edef'd.
+  \csname ten#1\endcsname  % change the current font
+}
+
+% Select #1 fonts with the current style.
+%
+\def\selectfonts#1{\csname #1fonts\endcsname \csname\curfontstyle\endcsname}
+
+\def\rm{\fam=0 \setfontstyle{rm}}
+\def\it{\fam=\itfam \setfontstyle{it}}
+\def\sl{\fam=\slfam \setfontstyle{sl}}
+\def\bf{\fam=\bffam \setfontstyle{bf}}\def\bfstylename{bf}
+\def\tt{\fam=\ttfam \setfontstyle{tt}}
+
+% Unfortunately, we have to override this for titles and the like, since
+% in those cases "rm" is bold.  Sigh.
+\def\rmisbold{\rm\def\curfontstyle{bf}}
+
+% Texinfo sort of supports the sans serif font style, which plain TeX does not.
+% So we set up a \sf.
+\newfam\sffam
+\def\sf{\fam=\sffam \setfontstyle{sf}}
+\let\li = \sf % Sometimes we call it \li, not \sf.
+
+% We don't need math for this font style.
+\def\ttsl{\setfontstyle{ttsl}}
+
+
+% Default leading.
+\newdimen\textleading  \textleading = 13.2pt
+
+% Set the baselineskip to #1, and the lineskip and strut size
+% correspondingly.  There is no deep meaning behind these magic numbers
+% used as factors; they just match (closely enough) what Knuth defined.
+%
+\def\lineskipfactor{.08333}
+\def\strutheightpercent{.70833}
+\def\strutdepthpercent {.29167}
+%
+% can get a sort of poor man's double spacing by redefining this.
+\def\baselinefactor{1}
+%
+\def\setleading#1{%
+  \dimen0 = #1\relax
+  \normalbaselineskip = \baselinefactor\dimen0
+  \normallineskip = \lineskipfactor\normalbaselineskip
+  \normalbaselines
+  \setbox\strutbox =\hbox{%
+    \vrule width0pt height\strutheightpercent\baselineskip
+                    depth \strutdepthpercent \baselineskip
+  }%
+}
+
+% PDF CMaps.  See also LaTeX's t1.cmap.
+%
+% do nothing with this by default.
+\expandafter\let\csname cmapOT1\endcsname\gobble
+\expandafter\let\csname cmapOT1IT\endcsname\gobble
+\expandafter\let\csname cmapOT1TT\endcsname\gobble
+
+% if we are producing pdf, and we have \pdffontattr, then define cmaps.
+% (\pdffontattr was introduced many years ago, but people still run
+% older pdftex's; it's easy to conditionalize, so we do.)
+\ifpdf \ifx\pdffontattr\undefined \else
+  \begingroup
+    \catcode`\^^M=\active \def^^M{^^J}% Output line endings as the ^^J char.
+    \catcode`\%=12 \immediate\pdfobj stream {%!PS-Adobe-3.0 Resource-CMap
+%%DocumentNeededResources: ProcSet (CIDInit)
+%%IncludeResource: ProcSet (CIDInit)
+%%BeginResource: CMap (TeX-OT1-0)
+%%Title: (TeX-OT1-0 TeX OT1 0)
+%%Version: 1.000
+%%EndComments
+/CIDInit /ProcSet findresource begin
+12 dict begin
+begincmap
+/CIDSystemInfo
+<< /Registry (TeX)
+/Ordering (OT1)
+/Supplement 0
+>> def
+/CMapName /TeX-OT1-0 def
+/CMapType 2 def
+1 begincodespacerange
+<00> <7F>
+endcodespacerange
+8 beginbfrange
+<00> <01> <0393>
+<09> <0A> <03A8>
+<23> <26> <0023>
+<28> <3B> <0028>
+<3F> <5B> <003F>
+<5D> <5E> <005D>
+<61> <7A> <0061>
+<7B> <7C> <2013>
+endbfrange
+40 beginbfchar
+<02> <0398>
+<03> <039B>
+<04> <039E>
+<05> <03A0>
+<06> <03A3>
+<07> <03D2>
+<08> <03A6>
+<0B> <00660066>
+<0C> <00660069>
+<0D> <0066006C>
+<0E> <006600660069>
+<0F> <00660066006C>
+<10> <0131>
+<11> <0237>
+<12> <0060>
+<13> <00B4>
+<14> <02C7>
+<15> <02D8>
+<16> <00AF>
+<17> <02DA>
+<18> <00B8>
+<19> <00DF>
+<1A> <00E6>
+<1B> <0153>
+<1C> <00F8>
+<1D> <00C6>
+<1E> <0152>
+<1F> <00D8>
+<21> <0021>
+<22> <201D>
+<27> <2019>
+<3C> <00A1>
+<3D> <003D>
+<3E> <00BF>
+<5C> <201C>
+<5F> <02D9>
+<60> <2018>
+<7D> <02DD>
+<7E> <007E>
+<7F> <00A8>
+endbfchar
+endcmap
+CMapName currentdict /CMap defineresource pop
+end
+end
+%%EndResource
+%%EOF
+    }\endgroup
+  \expandafter\edef\csname cmapOT1\endcsname#1{%
+    \pdffontattr#1{/ToUnicode \the\pdflastobj\space 0 R}%
+  }%
+%
+% \cmapOT1IT
+  \begingroup
+    \catcode`\^^M=\active \def^^M{^^J}% Output line endings as the ^^J char.
+    \catcode`\%=12 \immediate\pdfobj stream {%!PS-Adobe-3.0 Resource-CMap
+%%DocumentNeededResources: ProcSet (CIDInit)
+%%IncludeResource: ProcSet (CIDInit)
+%%BeginResource: CMap (TeX-OT1IT-0)
+%%Title: (TeX-OT1IT-0 TeX OT1IT 0)
+%%Version: 1.000
+%%EndComments
+/CIDInit /ProcSet findresource begin
+12 dict begin
+begincmap
+/CIDSystemInfo
+<< /Registry (TeX)
+/Ordering (OT1IT)
+/Supplement 0
+>> def
+/CMapName /TeX-OT1IT-0 def
+/CMapType 2 def
+1 begincodespacerange
+<00> <7F>
+endcodespacerange
+8 beginbfrange
+<00> <01> <0393>
+<09> <0A> <03A8>
+<25> <26> <0025>
+<28> <3B> <0028>
+<3F> <5B> <003F>
+<5D> <5E> <005D>
+<61> <7A> <0061>
+<7B> <7C> <2013>
+endbfrange
+42 beginbfchar
+<02> <0398>
+<03> <039B>
+<04> <039E>
+<05> <03A0>
+<06> <03A3>
+<07> <03D2>
+<08> <03A6>
+<0B> <00660066>
+<0C> <00660069>
+<0D> <0066006C>
+<0E> <006600660069>
+<0F> <00660066006C>
+<10> <0131>
+<11> <0237>
+<12> <0060>
+<13> <00B4>
+<14> <02C7>
+<15> <02D8>
+<16> <00AF>
+<17> <02DA>
+<18> <00B8>
+<19> <00DF>
+<1A> <00E6>
+<1B> <0153>
+<1C> <00F8>
+<1D> <00C6>
+<1E> <0152>
+<1F> <00D8>
+<21> <0021>
+<22> <201D>
+<23> <0023>
+<24> <00A3>
+<27> <2019>
+<3C> <00A1>
+<3D> <003D>
+<3E> <00BF>
+<5C> <201C>
+<5F> <02D9>
+<60> <2018>
+<7D> <02DD>
+<7E> <007E>
+<7F> <00A8>
+endbfchar
+endcmap
+CMapName currentdict /CMap defineresource pop
+end
+end
+%%EndResource
+%%EOF
+    }\endgroup
+  \expandafter\edef\csname cmapOT1IT\endcsname#1{%
+    \pdffontattr#1{/ToUnicode \the\pdflastobj\space 0 R}%
+  }%
+%
+% \cmapOT1TT
+  \begingroup
+    \catcode`\^^M=\active \def^^M{^^J}% Output line endings as the ^^J char.
+    \catcode`\%=12 \immediate\pdfobj stream {%!PS-Adobe-3.0 Resource-CMap
+%%DocumentNeededResources: ProcSet (CIDInit)
+%%IncludeResource: ProcSet (CIDInit)
+%%BeginResource: CMap (TeX-OT1TT-0)
+%%Title: (TeX-OT1TT-0 TeX OT1TT 0)
+%%Version: 1.000
+%%EndComments
+/CIDInit /ProcSet findresource begin
+12 dict begin
+begincmap
+/CIDSystemInfo
+<< /Registry (TeX)
+/Ordering (OT1TT)
+/Supplement 0
+>> def
+/CMapName /TeX-OT1TT-0 def
+/CMapType 2 def
+1 begincodespacerange
+<00> <7F>
+endcodespacerange
+5 beginbfrange
+<00> <01> <0393>
+<09> <0A> <03A8>
+<21> <26> <0021>
+<28> <5F> <0028>
+<61> <7E> <0061>
+endbfrange
+32 beginbfchar
+<02> <0398>
+<03> <039B>
+<04> <039E>
+<05> <03A0>
+<06> <03A3>
+<07> <03D2>
+<08> <03A6>
+<0B> <2191>
+<0C> <2193>
+<0D> <0027>
+<0E> <00A1>
+<0F> <00BF>
+<10> <0131>
+<11> <0237>
+<12> <0060>
+<13> <00B4>
+<14> <02C7>
+<15> <02D8>
+<16> <00AF>
+<17> <02DA>
+<18> <00B8>
+<19> <00DF>
+<1A> <00E6>
+<1B> <0153>
+<1C> <00F8>
+<1D> <00C6>
+<1E> <0152>
+<1F> <00D8>
+<20> <2423>
+<27> <2019>
+<60> <2018>
+<7F> <00A8>
+endbfchar
+endcmap
+CMapName currentdict /CMap defineresource pop
+end
+end
+%%EndResource
+%%EOF
+    }\endgroup
+  \expandafter\edef\csname cmapOT1TT\endcsname#1{%
+    \pdffontattr#1{/ToUnicode \the\pdflastobj\space 0 R}%
+  }%
+\fi\fi
+
+
+% Set the font macro #1 to the font named #2, adding on the
+% specified font prefix (normally `cm').
+% #3 is the font's design size, #4 is a scale factor, #5 is the CMap
+% encoding (currently only OT1, OT1IT and OT1TT are allowed, pass
+% empty to omit).
+\def\setfont#1#2#3#4#5{%
+  \font#1=\fontprefix#2#3 scaled #4
+  \csname cmap#5\endcsname#1%
+}
+% This is what gets called when #5 of \setfont is empty.
+\let\cmap\gobble
+% emacs-page end of cmaps
+
+% Use cm as the default font prefix.
+% To specify the font prefix, you must define \fontprefix
+% before you read in texinfo.tex.
+\ifx\fontprefix\undefined
+\def\fontprefix{cm}
+\fi
+% Support font families that don't use the same naming scheme as CM.
+\def\rmshape{r}
+\def\rmbshape{bx}               %where the normal face is bold
+\def\bfshape{b}
+\def\bxshape{bx}
+\def\ttshape{tt}
+\def\ttbshape{tt}
+\def\ttslshape{sltt}
+\def\itshape{ti}
+\def\itbshape{bxti}
+\def\slshape{sl}
+\def\slbshape{bxsl}
+\def\sfshape{ss}
+\def\sfbshape{ss}
+\def\scshape{csc}
+\def\scbshape{csc}
+
+% Definitions for a main text size of 11pt.  This is the default in
+% Texinfo.
+% 
+\def\definetextfontsizexi{%
+% Text fonts (11.2pt, magstep1).
+\def\textnominalsize{11pt}
+\edef\mainmagstep{\magstephalf}
+\setfont\textrm\rmshape{10}{\mainmagstep}{OT1}
+\setfont\texttt\ttshape{10}{\mainmagstep}{OT1TT}
+\setfont\textbf\bfshape{10}{\mainmagstep}{OT1}
+\setfont\textit\itshape{10}{\mainmagstep}{OT1IT}
+\setfont\textsl\slshape{10}{\mainmagstep}{OT1}
+\setfont\textsf\sfshape{10}{\mainmagstep}{OT1}
+\setfont\textsc\scshape{10}{\mainmagstep}{OT1}
+\setfont\textttsl\ttslshape{10}{\mainmagstep}{OT1TT}
+\font\texti=cmmi10 scaled \mainmagstep
+\font\textsy=cmsy10 scaled \mainmagstep
+\def\textecsize{1095}
+
+% A few fonts for @defun names and args.
+\setfont\defbf\bfshape{10}{\magstep1}{OT1}
+\setfont\deftt\ttshape{10}{\magstep1}{OT1TT}
+\setfont\defttsl\ttslshape{10}{\magstep1}{OT1TT}
+\def\df{\let\tentt=\deftt \let\tenbf = \defbf \let\tenttsl=\defttsl \bf}
+
+% Fonts for indices, footnotes, small examples (9pt).
+\def\smallnominalsize{9pt}
+\setfont\smallrm\rmshape{9}{1000}{OT1}
+\setfont\smalltt\ttshape{9}{1000}{OT1TT}
+\setfont\smallbf\bfshape{10}{900}{OT1}
+\setfont\smallit\itshape{9}{1000}{OT1IT}
+\setfont\smallsl\slshape{9}{1000}{OT1}
+\setfont\smallsf\sfshape{9}{1000}{OT1}
+\setfont\smallsc\scshape{10}{900}{OT1}
+\setfont\smallttsl\ttslshape{10}{900}{OT1TT}
+\font\smalli=cmmi9
+\font\smallsy=cmsy9
+\def\smallecsize{0900}
+
+% Fonts for small examples (8pt).
+\def\smallernominalsize{8pt}
+\setfont\smallerrm\rmshape{8}{1000}{OT1}
+\setfont\smallertt\ttshape{8}{1000}{OT1TT}
+\setfont\smallerbf\bfshape{10}{800}{OT1}
+\setfont\smallerit\itshape{8}{1000}{OT1IT}
+\setfont\smallersl\slshape{8}{1000}{OT1}
+\setfont\smallersf\sfshape{8}{1000}{OT1}
+\setfont\smallersc\scshape{10}{800}{OT1}
+\setfont\smallerttsl\ttslshape{10}{800}{OT1TT}
+\font\smalleri=cmmi8
+\font\smallersy=cmsy8
+\def\smallerecsize{0800}
+
+% Fonts for title page (20.4pt):
+\def\titlenominalsize{20pt}
+\setfont\titlerm\rmbshape{12}{\magstep3}{OT1}
+\setfont\titleit\itbshape{10}{\magstep4}{OT1IT}
+\setfont\titlesl\slbshape{10}{\magstep4}{OT1}
+\setfont\titlett\ttbshape{12}{\magstep3}{OT1TT}
+\setfont\titlettsl\ttslshape{10}{\magstep4}{OT1TT}
+\setfont\titlesf\sfbshape{17}{\magstep1}{OT1}
+\let\titlebf=\titlerm
+\setfont\titlesc\scbshape{10}{\magstep4}{OT1}
+\font\titlei=cmmi12 scaled \magstep3
+\font\titlesy=cmsy10 scaled \magstep4
+\def\titleecsize{2074}
+
+% Chapter (and unnumbered) fonts (17.28pt).
+\def\chapnominalsize{17pt}
+\setfont\chaprm\rmbshape{12}{\magstep2}{OT1}
+\setfont\chapit\itbshape{10}{\magstep3}{OT1IT}
+\setfont\chapsl\slbshape{10}{\magstep3}{OT1}
+\setfont\chaptt\ttbshape{12}{\magstep2}{OT1TT}
+\setfont\chapttsl\ttslshape{10}{\magstep3}{OT1TT}
+\setfont\chapsf\sfbshape{17}{1000}{OT1}
+\let\chapbf=\chaprm
+\setfont\chapsc\scbshape{10}{\magstep3}{OT1}
+\font\chapi=cmmi12 scaled \magstep2
+\font\chapsy=cmsy10 scaled \magstep3
+\def\chapecsize{1728}
+
+% Section fonts (14.4pt).
+\def\secnominalsize{14pt}
+\setfont\secrm\rmbshape{12}{\magstep1}{OT1}
+\setfont\secit\itbshape{10}{\magstep2}{OT1IT}
+\setfont\secsl\slbshape{10}{\magstep2}{OT1}
+\setfont\sectt\ttbshape{12}{\magstep1}{OT1TT}
+\setfont\secttsl\ttslshape{10}{\magstep2}{OT1TT}
+\setfont\secsf\sfbshape{12}{\magstep1}{OT1}
+\let\secbf\secrm
+\setfont\secsc\scbshape{10}{\magstep2}{OT1}
+\font\seci=cmmi12 scaled \magstep1
+\font\secsy=cmsy10 scaled \magstep2
+\def\sececsize{1440}
+
+% Subsection fonts (13.15pt).
+\def\ssecnominalsize{13pt}
+\setfont\ssecrm\rmbshape{12}{\magstephalf}{OT1}
+\setfont\ssecit\itbshape{10}{1315}{OT1IT}
+\setfont\ssecsl\slbshape{10}{1315}{OT1}
+\setfont\ssectt\ttbshape{12}{\magstephalf}{OT1TT}
+\setfont\ssecttsl\ttslshape{10}{1315}{OT1TT}
+\setfont\ssecsf\sfbshape{12}{\magstephalf}{OT1}
+\let\ssecbf\ssecrm
+\setfont\ssecsc\scbshape{10}{1315}{OT1}
+\font\sseci=cmmi12 scaled \magstephalf
+\font\ssecsy=cmsy10 scaled 1315
+\def\ssececsize{1200}
+
+% Reduced fonts for @acro in text (10pt).
+\def\reducednominalsize{10pt}
+\setfont\reducedrm\rmshape{10}{1000}{OT1}
+\setfont\reducedtt\ttshape{10}{1000}{OT1TT}
+\setfont\reducedbf\bfshape{10}{1000}{OT1}
+\setfont\reducedit\itshape{10}{1000}{OT1IT}
+\setfont\reducedsl\slshape{10}{1000}{OT1}
+\setfont\reducedsf\sfshape{10}{1000}{OT1}
+\setfont\reducedsc\scshape{10}{1000}{OT1}
+\setfont\reducedttsl\ttslshape{10}{1000}{OT1TT}
+\font\reducedi=cmmi10
+\font\reducedsy=cmsy10
+\def\reducedecsize{1000}
+
+% reset the current fonts
+\textfonts
+\rm
+} % end of 11pt text font size definitions
+
+
+% Definitions to make the main text be 10pt Computer Modern, with
+% section, chapter, etc., sizes following suit.  This is for the GNU
+% Press printing of the Emacs 22 manual.  Maybe other manuals in the
+% future.  Used with @smallbook, which sets the leading to 12pt.
+% 
+\def\definetextfontsizex{%
+% Text fonts (10pt).
+\def\textnominalsize{10pt}
+\edef\mainmagstep{1000}
+\setfont\textrm\rmshape{10}{\mainmagstep}{OT1}
+\setfont\texttt\ttshape{10}{\mainmagstep}{OT1TT}
+\setfont\textbf\bfshape{10}{\mainmagstep}{OT1}
+\setfont\textit\itshape{10}{\mainmagstep}{OT1IT}
+\setfont\textsl\slshape{10}{\mainmagstep}{OT1}
+\setfont\textsf\sfshape{10}{\mainmagstep}{OT1}
+\setfont\textsc\scshape{10}{\mainmagstep}{OT1}
+\setfont\textttsl\ttslshape{10}{\mainmagstep}{OT1TT}
+\font\texti=cmmi10 scaled \mainmagstep
+\font\textsy=cmsy10 scaled \mainmagstep
+\def\textecsize{1000}
+
+% A few fonts for @defun names and args.
+\setfont\defbf\bfshape{10}{\magstephalf}{OT1}
+\setfont\deftt\ttshape{10}{\magstephalf}{OT1TT}
+\setfont\defttsl\ttslshape{10}{\magstephalf}{OT1TT}
+\def\df{\let\tentt=\deftt \let\tenbf = \defbf \let\tenttsl=\defttsl \bf}
+
+% Fonts for indices, footnotes, small examples (9pt).
+\def\smallnominalsize{9pt}
+\setfont\smallrm\rmshape{9}{1000}{OT1}
+\setfont\smalltt\ttshape{9}{1000}{OT1TT}
+\setfont\smallbf\bfshape{10}{900}{OT1}
+\setfont\smallit\itshape{9}{1000}{OT1IT}
+\setfont\smallsl\slshape{9}{1000}{OT1}
+\setfont\smallsf\sfshape{9}{1000}{OT1}
+\setfont\smallsc\scshape{10}{900}{OT1}
+\setfont\smallttsl\ttslshape{10}{900}{OT1TT}
+\font\smalli=cmmi9
+\font\smallsy=cmsy9
+\def\smallecsize{0900}
+
+% Fonts for small examples (8pt).
+\def\smallernominalsize{8pt}
+\setfont\smallerrm\rmshape{8}{1000}{OT1}
+\setfont\smallertt\ttshape{8}{1000}{OT1TT}
+\setfont\smallerbf\bfshape{10}{800}{OT1}
+\setfont\smallerit\itshape{8}{1000}{OT1IT}
+\setfont\smallersl\slshape{8}{1000}{OT1}
+\setfont\smallersf\sfshape{8}{1000}{OT1}
+\setfont\smallersc\scshape{10}{800}{OT1}
+\setfont\smallerttsl\ttslshape{10}{800}{OT1TT}
+\font\smalleri=cmmi8
+\font\smallersy=cmsy8
+\def\smallerecsize{0800}
+
+% Fonts for title page (20.4pt):
+\def\titlenominalsize{20pt}
+\setfont\titlerm\rmbshape{12}{\magstep3}{OT1}
+\setfont\titleit\itbshape{10}{\magstep4}{OT1IT}
+\setfont\titlesl\slbshape{10}{\magstep4}{OT1}
+\setfont\titlett\ttbshape{12}{\magstep3}{OT1TT}
+\setfont\titlettsl\ttslshape{10}{\magstep4}{OT1TT}
+\setfont\titlesf\sfbshape{17}{\magstep1}{OT1}
+\let\titlebf=\titlerm
+\setfont\titlesc\scbshape{10}{\magstep4}{OT1}
+\font\titlei=cmmi12 scaled \magstep3
+\font\titlesy=cmsy10 scaled \magstep4
+\def\titleecsize{2074}
+
+% Chapter fonts (14.4pt).
+\def\chapnominalsize{14pt}
+\setfont\chaprm\rmbshape{12}{\magstep1}{OT1}
+\setfont\chapit\itbshape{10}{\magstep2}{OT1IT}
+\setfont\chapsl\slbshape{10}{\magstep2}{OT1}
+\setfont\chaptt\ttbshape{12}{\magstep1}{OT1TT}
+\setfont\chapttsl\ttslshape{10}{\magstep2}{OT1TT}
+\setfont\chapsf\sfbshape{12}{\magstep1}{OT1}
+\let\chapbf\chaprm
+\setfont\chapsc\scbshape{10}{\magstep2}{OT1}
+\font\chapi=cmmi12 scaled \magstep1
+\font\chapsy=cmsy10 scaled \magstep2
+\def\chapecsize{1440}
+
+% Section fonts (12pt).
+\def\secnominalsize{12pt}
+\setfont\secrm\rmbshape{12}{1000}{OT1}
+\setfont\secit\itbshape{10}{\magstep1}{OT1IT}
+\setfont\secsl\slbshape{10}{\magstep1}{OT1}
+\setfont\sectt\ttbshape{12}{1000}{OT1TT}
+\setfont\secttsl\ttslshape{10}{\magstep1}{OT1TT}
+\setfont\secsf\sfbshape{12}{1000}{OT1}
+\let\secbf\secrm
+\setfont\secsc\scbshape{10}{\magstep1}{OT1}
+\font\seci=cmmi12 
+\font\secsy=cmsy10 scaled \magstep1
+\def\sececsize{1200}
+
+% Subsection fonts (10pt).
+\def\ssecnominalsize{10pt}
+\setfont\ssecrm\rmbshape{10}{1000}{OT1}
+\setfont\ssecit\itbshape{10}{1000}{OT1IT}
+\setfont\ssecsl\slbshape{10}{1000}{OT1}
+\setfont\ssectt\ttbshape{10}{1000}{OT1TT}
+\setfont\ssecttsl\ttslshape{10}{1000}{OT1TT}
+\setfont\ssecsf\sfbshape{10}{1000}{OT1}
+\let\ssecbf\ssecrm
+\setfont\ssecsc\scbshape{10}{1000}{OT1}
+\font\sseci=cmmi10
+\font\ssecsy=cmsy10
+\def\ssececsize{1000}
+
+% Reduced fonts for @acro in text (9pt).
+\def\reducednominalsize{9pt}
+\setfont\reducedrm\rmshape{9}{1000}{OT1}
+\setfont\reducedtt\ttshape{9}{1000}{OT1TT}
+\setfont\reducedbf\bfshape{10}{900}{OT1}
+\setfont\reducedit\itshape{9}{1000}{OT1IT}
+\setfont\reducedsl\slshape{9}{1000}{OT1}
+\setfont\reducedsf\sfshape{9}{1000}{OT1}
+\setfont\reducedsc\scshape{10}{900}{OT1}
+\setfont\reducedttsl\ttslshape{10}{900}{OT1TT}
+\font\reducedi=cmmi9
+\font\reducedsy=cmsy9
+\def\reducedecsize{0900}
+
+% reduce space between paragraphs
+\divide\parskip by 2
+
+% reset the current fonts
+\textfonts
+\rm
+} % end of 10pt text font size definitions
+
+
+% We provide the user-level command
+%   @fonttextsize 10
+% (or 11) to redefine the text font size.  pt is assumed.
+% 
+\def\xword{10}
+\def\xiword{11}
+%
+\parseargdef\fonttextsize{%
+  \def\textsizearg{#1}%
+  \wlog{doing @fonttextsize \textsizearg}%
+  %
+  % Set \globaldefs so that documents can use this inside @tex, since
+  % makeinfo 4.8 does not support it, but we need it nonetheless.
+  % 
+ \begingroup \globaldefs=1
+  \ifx\textsizearg\xword \definetextfontsizex
+  \else \ifx\textsizearg\xiword \definetextfontsizexi
+  \else
+    \errhelp=\EMsimple
+    \errmessage{@fonttextsize only supports `10' or `11', not `\textsizearg'}
+  \fi\fi
+ \endgroup
+}
+
+
+% In order for the font changes to affect most math symbols and letters,
+% we have to define the \textfont of the standard families.  Since
+% texinfo doesn't allow for producing subscripts and superscripts except
+% in the main text, we don't bother to reset \scriptfont and
+% \scriptscriptfont (which would also require loading a lot more fonts).
+%
+\def\resetmathfonts{%
+  \textfont0=\tenrm \textfont1=\teni \textfont2=\tensy
+  \textfont\itfam=\tenit \textfont\slfam=\tensl \textfont\bffam=\tenbf
+  \textfont\ttfam=\tentt \textfont\sffam=\tensf
+}
+
+% The font-changing commands redefine the meanings of \tenSTYLE, instead
+% of just \STYLE.  We do this because \STYLE needs to also set the
+% current \fam for math mode.  Our \STYLE (e.g., \rm) commands hardwire
+% \tenSTYLE to set the current font.
+%
+% Each font-changing command also sets the names \lsize (one size lower)
+% and \lllsize (three sizes lower).  These relative commands are used in
+% the LaTeX logo and acronyms.
+%
+% This all needs generalizing, badly.
+%
+\def\textfonts{%
+  \let\tenrm=\textrm \let\tenit=\textit \let\tensl=\textsl
+  \let\tenbf=\textbf \let\tentt=\texttt \let\smallcaps=\textsc
+  \let\tensf=\textsf \let\teni=\texti \let\tensy=\textsy
+  \let\tenttsl=\textttsl
+  \def\curfontsize{text}%
+  \def\lsize{reduced}\def\lllsize{smaller}%
+  \resetmathfonts \setleading{\textleading}}
+\def\titlefonts{%
+  \let\tenrm=\titlerm \let\tenit=\titleit \let\tensl=\titlesl
+  \let\tenbf=\titlebf \let\tentt=\titlett \let\smallcaps=\titlesc
+  \let\tensf=\titlesf \let\teni=\titlei \let\tensy=\titlesy
+  \let\tenttsl=\titlettsl
+  \def\curfontsize{title}%
+  \def\lsize{chap}\def\lllsize{subsec}%
+  \resetmathfonts \setleading{25pt}}
+\def\titlefont#1{{\titlefonts\rmisbold #1}}
+\def\chapfonts{%
+  \let\tenrm=\chaprm \let\tenit=\chapit \let\tensl=\chapsl
+  \let\tenbf=\chapbf \let\tentt=\chaptt \let\smallcaps=\chapsc
+  \let\tensf=\chapsf \let\teni=\chapi \let\tensy=\chapsy
+  \let\tenttsl=\chapttsl
+  \def\curfontsize{chap}%
+  \def\lsize{sec}\def\lllsize{text}%
+  \resetmathfonts \setleading{19pt}}
+\def\secfonts{%
+  \let\tenrm=\secrm \let\tenit=\secit \let\tensl=\secsl
+  \let\tenbf=\secbf \let\tentt=\sectt \let\smallcaps=\secsc
+  \let\tensf=\secsf \let\teni=\seci \let\tensy=\secsy
+  \let\tenttsl=\secttsl
+  \def\curfontsize{sec}%
+  \def\lsize{subsec}\def\lllsize{reduced}%
+  \resetmathfonts \setleading{16pt}}
+\def\subsecfonts{%
+  \let\tenrm=\ssecrm \let\tenit=\ssecit \let\tensl=\ssecsl
+  \let\tenbf=\ssecbf \let\tentt=\ssectt \let\smallcaps=\ssecsc
+  \let\tensf=\ssecsf \let\teni=\sseci \let\tensy=\ssecsy
+  \let\tenttsl=\ssecttsl
+  \def\curfontsize{ssec}%
+  \def\lsize{text}\def\lllsize{small}%
+  \resetmathfonts \setleading{15pt}}
+\let\subsubsecfonts = \subsecfonts
+\def\reducedfonts{%
+  \let\tenrm=\reducedrm \let\tenit=\reducedit \let\tensl=\reducedsl
+  \let\tenbf=\reducedbf \let\tentt=\reducedtt \let\reducedcaps=\reducedsc
+  \let\tensf=\reducedsf \let\teni=\reducedi \let\tensy=\reducedsy
+  \let\tenttsl=\reducedttsl
+  \def\curfontsize{reduced}%
+  \def\lsize{small}\def\lllsize{smaller}%
+  \resetmathfonts \setleading{10.5pt}}
+\def\smallfonts{%
+  \let\tenrm=\smallrm \let\tenit=\smallit \let\tensl=\smallsl
+  \let\tenbf=\smallbf \let\tentt=\smalltt \let\smallcaps=\smallsc
+  \let\tensf=\smallsf \let\teni=\smalli \let\tensy=\smallsy
+  \let\tenttsl=\smallttsl
+  \def\curfontsize{small}%
+  \def\lsize{smaller}\def\lllsize{smaller}%
+  \resetmathfonts \setleading{10.5pt}}
+\def\smallerfonts{%
+  \let\tenrm=\smallerrm \let\tenit=\smallerit \let\tensl=\smallersl
+  \let\tenbf=\smallerbf \let\tentt=\smallertt \let\smallcaps=\smallersc
+  \let\tensf=\smallersf \let\teni=\smalleri \let\tensy=\smallersy
+  \let\tenttsl=\smallerttsl
+  \def\curfontsize{smaller}%
+  \def\lsize{smaller}\def\lllsize{smaller}%
+  \resetmathfonts \setleading{9.5pt}}
+
+% Fonts for short table of contents.
+\setfont\shortcontrm\rmshape{12}{1000}{OT1}
+\setfont\shortcontbf\bfshape{10}{\magstep1}{OT1}  % no cmb12
+\setfont\shortcontsl\slshape{12}{1000}{OT1}
+\setfont\shortconttt\ttshape{12}{1000}{OT1TT}
+
+% Define these just so they can be easily changed for other fonts.
+\def\angleleft{$\langle$}
+\def\angleright{$\rangle$}
+
+% Set the fonts to use with the @small... environments.
+\let\smallexamplefonts = \smallfonts
+
+% About \smallexamplefonts.  If we use \smallfonts (9pt), @smallexample
+% can fit this many characters:
+%   8.5x11=86   smallbook=72  a4=90  a5=69
+% If we use \scriptfonts (8pt), then we can fit this many characters:
+%   8.5x11=90+  smallbook=80  a4=90+  a5=77
+% For me, subjectively, the few extra characters that fit aren't worth
+% the additional smallness of 8pt.  So I'm making the default 9pt.
+%
+% By the way, for comparison, here's what fits with @example (10pt):
+%   8.5x11=71  smallbook=60  a4=75  a5=58
+% --karl, 24jan03.
+
+% Set up the default fonts, so we can use them for creating boxes.
+%
+\definetextfontsizexi
+
+
+\message{markup,}
+
+% Check if we are currently using a typewriter font.  Since all the
+% Computer Modern typewriter fonts have zero interword stretch (and
+% shrink), and it is reasonable to expect all typewriter fonts to have
+% this property, we can check that font parameter.
+%
+\def\ifmonospace{\ifdim\fontdimen3\font=0pt }
+
+% Markup style infrastructure.  \defmarkupstylesetup\INITMACRO will
+% define and register \INITMACRO to be called on markup style changes.
+% \INITMACRO can check \currentmarkupstyle for the innermost
+% style and the set of \ifmarkupSTYLE switches for all styles
+% currently in effect.
+\newif\ifmarkupvar
+\newif\ifmarkupsamp
+\newif\ifmarkupkey
+%\newif\ifmarkupfile % @file == @samp.
+%\newif\ifmarkupoption % @option == @samp.
+\newif\ifmarkupcode
+\newif\ifmarkupkbd
+%\newif\ifmarkupenv % @env == @code.
+%\newif\ifmarkupcommand % @command == @code.
+\newif\ifmarkuptex % @tex (and part of @math, for now).
+\newif\ifmarkupexample
+\newif\ifmarkupverb
+\newif\ifmarkupverbatim
+
+\let\currentmarkupstyle\empty
+
+\def\setupmarkupstyle#1{%
+  \csname markup#1true\endcsname
+  \def\currentmarkupstyle{#1}%
+  \markupstylesetup
+}
+
+\let\markupstylesetup\empty
+
+\def\defmarkupstylesetup#1{%
+  \expandafter\def\expandafter\markupstylesetup
+    \expandafter{\markupstylesetup #1}%
+  \def#1%
+}
+
+% Markup style setup for left and right quotes.
+\defmarkupstylesetup\markupsetuplq{%
+  \expandafter\let\expandafter \temp \csname markupsetuplq\currentmarkupstyle\endcsname
+  \ifx\temp\relax \markupsetuplqdefault \else \temp \fi
+}
+
+\defmarkupstylesetup\markupsetuprq{%
+  \expandafter\let\expandafter \temp \csname markupsetuprq\currentmarkupstyle\endcsname
+  \ifx\temp\relax \markupsetuprqdefault \else \temp \fi
+}
+
+{
+\catcode`\'=\active
+\catcode`\`=\active
+
+\gdef\markupsetuplqdefault{\let`\lq}
+\gdef\markupsetuprqdefault{\let'\rq}
+
+\gdef\markupsetcodequoteleft{\let`\codequoteleft}
+\gdef\markupsetcodequoteright{\let'\codequoteright}
+
+\gdef\markupsetnoligaturesquoteleft{\let`\noligaturesquoteleft}
+}
+
+\let\markupsetuplqcode \markupsetcodequoteleft
+\let\markupsetuprqcode \markupsetcodequoteright
+\let\markupsetuplqexample \markupsetcodequoteleft
+\let\markupsetuprqexample \markupsetcodequoteright
+\let\markupsetuplqverb \markupsetcodequoteleft
+\let\markupsetuprqverb \markupsetcodequoteright
+\let\markupsetuplqverbatim \markupsetcodequoteleft
+\let\markupsetuprqverbatim \markupsetcodequoteright
+
+\let\markupsetuplqsamp \markupsetnoligaturesquoteleft
+\let\markupsetuplqkbd \markupsetnoligaturesquoteleft
+
+% Allow an option to not replace quotes with a regular directed right
+% quote/apostrophe (char 0x27), but instead use the undirected quote
+% from cmtt (char 0x0d).  The undirected quote is ugly, so don't make it
+% the default, but it works for pasting with more pdf viewers (at least
+% evince), the lilypond developers report.  xpdf does work with the
+% regular 0x27.  
+% 
+\def\codequoteright{%
+  \expandafter\ifx\csname SETtxicodequoteundirected\endcsname\relax
+    \expandafter\ifx\csname SETcodequoteundirected\endcsname\relax
+      '%
+    \else \char'15 \fi
+  \else \char'15 \fi
+}
+%
+% and a similar option for the left quote char vs. a grave accent.
+% Modern fonts display ASCII 0x60 as a grave accent, so some people like
+% the code environments to do likewise.
+% 
+\def\codequoteleft{%
+  \expandafter\ifx\csname SETtxicodequotebacktick\endcsname\relax
+    \expandafter\ifx\csname SETcodequotebacktick\endcsname\relax
+      % [Knuth] pp. 380,381,391
+      % \relax disables Spanish ligatures ?` and !` of \tt font.
+      \relax`%
+    \else \char'22 \fi
+  \else \char'22 \fi
+}
+
+% [Knuth] pp. 380,381,391, disable Spanish ligatures ?` and !` of \tt font.
+\def\noligaturesquoteleft{\relax\lq}
+
+% Count depth in font-changes, for error checks
+\newcount\fontdepth \fontdepth=0
+
+%% Add scribe-like font environments, plus @l for inline lisp (usually sans
+%% serif) and @ii for TeX italic
+
+% \smartitalic{ARG} outputs arg in italics, followed by an italic correction
+% unless the following character is such as not to need one.
+\def\smartitalicx{\ifx\next,\else\ifx\next-\else\ifx\next.\else
+                    \ptexslash\fi\fi\fi}
+\def\smartslanted#1{{\ifusingtt\ttsl\sl #1}\futurelet\next\smartitalicx}
+\def\smartitalic#1{{\ifusingtt\ttsl\it #1}\futurelet\next\smartitalicx}
+
+% like \smartslanted except unconditionally uses \ttsl.
+% @var is set to this for defun arguments.
+\def\ttslanted#1{{\ttsl #1}\futurelet\next\smartitalicx}
+
+% @cite is like \smartslanted except unconditionally use \sl.  We never want
+% ttsl for book titles, do we?
+\def\cite#1{{\sl #1}\futurelet\next\smartitalicx}
+
+\let\i=\smartitalic
+\let\slanted=\smartslanted
+\def\var#1{{\setupmarkupstyle{var}\smartslanted{#1}}}
+\let\dfn=\smartslanted
+\let\emph=\smartitalic
+
+% Explicit font changes: @r, @sc, undocumented @ii.
+\def\r#1{{\rm #1}}              % roman font
+\def\sc#1{{\smallcaps#1}}       % smallcaps font
+\def\ii#1{{\it #1}}             % italic font
+
+% @b, explicit bold.  Also @strong.
+\def\b#1{{\bf #1}}
+\let\strong=\b
+
+% @sansserif, explicit sans.
+\def\sansserif#1{{\sf #1}}
+
+% We can't just use \exhyphenpenalty, because that only has effect at
+% the end of a paragraph.  Restore normal hyphenation at the end of the
+% group within which \nohyphenation is presumably called.
+%
+\def\nohyphenation{\hyphenchar\font = -1  \aftergroup\restorehyphenation}
+\def\restorehyphenation{\hyphenchar\font = `- }
+
+% Set sfcode to normal for the chars that usually have another value.
+% Can't use plain's \frenchspacing because it uses the `\x notation, and
+% sometimes \x has an active definition that messes things up.
+%
+\catcode`@=11
+  \def\plainfrenchspacing{%
+    \sfcode\dotChar  =\@m \sfcode\questChar=\@m \sfcode\exclamChar=\@m
+    \sfcode\colonChar=\@m \sfcode\semiChar =\@m \sfcode\commaChar =\@m
+    \def\endofsentencespacefactor{1000}% for @. and friends
+  }
+  \def\plainnonfrenchspacing{%
+    \sfcode`\.3000\sfcode`\?3000\sfcode`\!3000
+    \sfcode`\:2000\sfcode`\;1500\sfcode`\,1250
+    \def\endofsentencespacefactor{3000}% for @. and friends
+  }
+\catcode`@=\other
+\def\endofsentencespacefactor{3000}% default
+
+% @t, explicit typewriter.
+\def\t#1{%
+  {\tt \rawbackslash \plainfrenchspacing #1}%
+  \null
+}
+
+% @samp.
+\def\samp#1{{\setupmarkupstyle{samp}\lq\tclose{#1}\rq\null}}
+
+% definition of @key that produces a lozenge.  Doesn't adjust to text size.
+%\setfont\keyrm\rmshape{8}{1000}{OT1}
+%\font\keysy=cmsy9
+%\def\key#1{{\keyrm\textfont2=\keysy \leavevmode\hbox{%
+%  \raise0.4pt\hbox{\angleleft}\kern-.08em\vtop{%
+%    \vbox{\hrule\kern-0.4pt
+%     \hbox{\raise0.4pt\hbox{\vphantom{\angleleft}}#1}}%
+%    \kern-0.4pt\hrule}%
+%  \kern-.06em\raise0.4pt\hbox{\angleright}}}}
+
+% definition of @key with no lozenge.  If the current font is already
+% monospace, don't change it; that way, we respect @kbdinputstyle.  But
+% if it isn't monospace, then use \tt.
+%
+\def\key#1{{\setupmarkupstyle{key}%
+  \nohyphenation
+  \ifmonospace\else\tt\fi
+  #1}\null}
+
+% ctrl is no longer a Texinfo command.
+\def\ctrl #1{{\tt \rawbackslash \hat}#1}
+
+% @file, @option are the same as @samp.
+\let\file=\samp
+\let\option=\samp
+
+% @code is a modification of @t,
+% which makes spaces the same size as normal in the surrounding text.
+\def\tclose#1{%
+  {%
+    % Change normal interword space to be same as for the current font.
+    \spaceskip = \fontdimen2\font
+    %
+    % Switch to typewriter.
+    \tt
+    %
+    % But `\ ' produces the large typewriter interword space.
+    \def\ {{\spaceskip = 0pt{} }}%
+    %
+    % Turn off hyphenation.
+    \nohyphenation
+    %
+    \rawbackslash
+    \plainfrenchspacing
+    #1%
+  }%
+  \null
+}
+
+% We *must* turn on hyphenation at `-' and `_' in @code.
+% Otherwise, it is too hard to avoid overfull hboxes
+% in the Emacs manual, the Library manual, etc.
+
+% Unfortunately, TeX uses one parameter (\hyphenchar) to control
+% both hyphenation at - and hyphenation within words.
+% We must therefore turn them both off (\tclose does that)
+% and arrange explicitly to hyphenate at a dash.
+%  -- rms.
+{
+  \catcode`\-=\active \catcode`\_=\active
+  \catcode`\'=\active \catcode`\`=\active
+  \global\let'=\rq \global\let`=\lq  % default definitions
+  %
+  \global\def\code{\begingroup
+    \setupmarkupstyle{code}%
+    % The following should really be moved into \setupmarkupstyle handlers.
+    \catcode\dashChar=\active  \catcode\underChar=\active
+    \ifallowcodebreaks
+     \let-\codedash
+     \let_\codeunder
+    \else
+     \let-\realdash
+     \let_\realunder
+    \fi
+    \codex
+  }
+}
+
+\def\realdash{-}
+\def\codedash{-\discretionary{}{}{}}
+\def\codeunder{%
+  % this is all so @math{@code{var_name}+1} can work.  In math mode, _
+  % is "active" (mathcode"8000) and \normalunderscore (or \char95, etc.)
+  % will therefore expand the active definition of _, which is us
+  % (inside @code that is), therefore an endless loop.
+  \ifusingtt{\ifmmode
+               \mathchar"075F % class 0=ordinary, family 7=ttfam, pos 0x5F=_.
+             \else\normalunderscore \fi
+             \discretionary{}{}{}}%
+            {\_}%
+}
+\def\codex #1{\tclose{#1}\endgroup}
+
+% An additional complication: the above will allow breaks after, e.g.,
+% each of the four underscores in __typeof__.  This is undesirable in
+% some manuals, especially if they don't have long identifiers in
+% general.  @allowcodebreaks provides a way to control this.
+% 
+\newif\ifallowcodebreaks  \allowcodebreakstrue
+
+\def\keywordtrue{true}
+\def\keywordfalse{false}
+
+\parseargdef\allowcodebreaks{%
+  \def\txiarg{#1}%
+  \ifx\txiarg\keywordtrue
+    \allowcodebreakstrue
+  \else\ifx\txiarg\keywordfalse
+    \allowcodebreaksfalse
+  \else
+    \errhelp = \EMsimple
+    \errmessage{Unknown @allowcodebreaks option `\txiarg'}%
+  \fi\fi
+}
+
+% @kbd is like @code, except that if the argument is just one @key command,
+% then @kbd has no effect.
+\def\kbd#1{{\setupmarkupstyle{kbd}\def\look{#1}\expandafter\kbdfoo\look??\par}}
+
+% @kbdinputstyle -- arg is `distinct' (@kbd uses slanted tty font always),
+%   `example' (@kbd uses ttsl only inside of @example and friends),
+%   or `code' (@kbd uses normal tty font always).
+\parseargdef\kbdinputstyle{%
+  \def\txiarg{#1}%
+  \ifx\txiarg\worddistinct
+    \gdef\kbdexamplefont{\ttsl}\gdef\kbdfont{\ttsl}%
+  \else\ifx\txiarg\wordexample
+    \gdef\kbdexamplefont{\ttsl}\gdef\kbdfont{\tt}%
+  \else\ifx\txiarg\wordcode
+    \gdef\kbdexamplefont{\tt}\gdef\kbdfont{\tt}%
+  \else
+    \errhelp = \EMsimple
+    \errmessage{Unknown @kbdinputstyle option `\txiarg'}%
+  \fi\fi\fi
+}
+\def\worddistinct{distinct}
+\def\wordexample{example}
+\def\wordcode{code}
+
+% Default is `distinct'.
+\kbdinputstyle distinct
+
+\def\xkey{\key}
+\def\kbdfoo#1#2#3\par{\def\one{#1}\def\three{#3}\def\threex{??}%
+\ifx\one\xkey\ifx\threex\three \key{#2}%
+\else{\tclose{\kbdfont\setupmarkupstyle{kbd}\look}}\fi
+\else{\tclose{\kbdfont\setupmarkupstyle{kbd}\look}}\fi}
+
+% For @indicateurl, @env, @command quotes seem unnecessary, so use \code.
+\let\indicateurl=\code
+\let\env=\code
+\let\command=\code
+
+% @clicksequence{File @click{} Open ...}
+\def\clicksequence#1{\begingroup #1\endgroup}
+
+% @clickstyle @arrow   (by default)
+\parseargdef\clickstyle{\def\click{#1}}
+\def\click{\arrow}
+
+% @uref (abbreviation for `urlref') takes an optional (comma-separated)
+% second argument specifying the text to display and an optional third
+% arg as text to display instead of (rather than in addition to) the url
+% itself.  First (mandatory) arg is the url.  Perhaps eventually put in
+% a hypertex \special here.
+%
+\def\uref#1{\douref #1,,,\finish}
+\def\douref#1,#2,#3,#4\finish{\begingroup
+  \unsepspaces
+  \pdfurl{#1}%
+  \setbox0 = \hbox{\ignorespaces #3}%
+  \ifdim\wd0 > 0pt
+    \unhbox0 % third arg given, show only that
+  \else
+    \setbox0 = \hbox{\ignorespaces #2}%
+    \ifdim\wd0 > 0pt
+      \ifpdf
+        \unhbox0             % PDF: 2nd arg given, show only it
+      \else
+        \unhbox0\ (\code{#1})% DVI: 2nd arg given, show both it and url
+      \fi
+    \else
+      \code{#1}% only url given, so show it
+    \fi
+  \fi
+  \endlink
+\endgroup}
+
+% @url synonym for @uref, since that's how everyone uses it.
+%
+\let\url=\uref
+
+% rms does not like angle brackets --karl, 17may97.
+% So now @email is just like @uref, unless we are pdf.
+%
+%\def\email#1{\angleleft{\tt #1}\angleright}
+\ifpdf
+  \def\email#1{\doemail#1,,\finish}
+  \def\doemail#1,#2,#3\finish{\begingroup
+    \unsepspaces
+    \pdfurl{mailto:#1}%
+    \setbox0 = \hbox{\ignorespaces #2}%
+    \ifdim\wd0>0pt\unhbox0\else\code{#1}\fi
+    \endlink
+  \endgroup}
+\else
+  \let\email=\uref
+\fi
+
+% Typeset a dimension, e.g., `in' or `pt'.  The only reason for the
+% argument is to make the input look right: @dmn{pt} instead of @dmn{}pt.
+%
+\def\dmn#1{\thinspace #1}
+
+% @l was never documented to mean ``switch to the Lisp font'',
+% and it is not used as such in any manual I can find.  We need it for
+% Polish suppressed-l.  --karl, 22sep96.
+%\def\l#1{{\li #1}\null}
+
+% @acronym for "FBI", "NATO", and the like.
+% We print this one point size smaller, since it's intended for
+% all-uppercase.
+% 
+\def\acronym#1{\doacronym #1,,\finish}
+\def\doacronym#1,#2,#3\finish{%
+  {\selectfonts\lsize #1}%
+  \def\temp{#2}%
+  \ifx\temp\empty \else
+    \space ({\unsepspaces \ignorespaces \temp \unskip})%
+  \fi
+}
+
+% @abbr for "Comput. J." and the like.
+% No font change, but don't do end-of-sentence spacing.
+% 
+\def\abbr#1{\doabbr #1,,\finish}
+\def\doabbr#1,#2,#3\finish{%
+  {\plainfrenchspacing #1}%
+  \def\temp{#2}%
+  \ifx\temp\empty \else
+    \space ({\unsepspaces \ignorespaces \temp \unskip})%
+  \fi
+}
+
+
+\message{glyphs,}
+
+% @point{}, @result{}, @expansion{}, @print{}, @equiv{}.
+%
+% Since these characters are used in examples, they should be an even number of
+% \tt widths. Each \tt character is 1en, so two makes it 1em.
+%
+\def\point{$\star$}
+\def\arrow{\leavevmode\raise.05ex\hbox to 1em{\hfil$\rightarrow$\hfil}}
+\def\result{\leavevmode\raise.05ex\hbox to 1em{\hfil$\Rightarrow$\hfil}}
+\def\expansion{\leavevmode\hbox to 1em{\hfil$\mapsto$\hfil}}
+\def\print{\leavevmode\lower.1ex\hbox to 1em{\hfil$\dashv$\hfil}}
+\def\equiv{\leavevmode\hbox to 1em{\hfil$\ptexequiv$\hfil}}
+
+% The @error{} command.
+% Adapted from the TeXbook's \boxit.
+%
+\newbox\errorbox
+%
+{\tentt \global\dimen0 = 3em}% Width of the box.
+\dimen2 = .55pt % Thickness of rules
+% The text. (`r' is open on the right, `e' somewhat less so on the left.)
+\setbox0 = \hbox{\kern-.75pt \reducedsf error\kern-1.5pt}
+%
+\setbox\errorbox=\hbox to \dimen0{\hfil
+   \hsize = \dimen0 \advance\hsize by -5.8pt % Space to left+right.
+   \advance\hsize by -2\dimen2 % Rules.
+   \vbox{%
+      \hrule height\dimen2
+      \hbox{\vrule width\dimen2 \kern3pt          % Space to left of text.
+         \vtop{\kern2.4pt \box0 \kern2.4pt}% Space above/below.
+         \kern3pt\vrule width\dimen2}% Space to right.
+      \hrule height\dimen2}
+    \hfil}
+%
+\def\error{\leavevmode\lower.7ex\copy\errorbox}
+
+% @pounds{} is a sterling sign, which Knuth put in the CM italic font.
+%
+\def\pounds{{\it\$}}
+
+% @euro{} comes from a separate font, depending on the current style.
+% We use the free feym* fonts from the eurosym package by Henrik
+% Theiling, which support regular, slanted, bold and bold slanted (and
+% "outlined" (blackboard board, sort of) versions, which we don't need).
+% It is available from http://www.ctan.org/tex-archive/fonts/eurosym.
+% 
+% Although only regular is the truly official Euro symbol, we ignore
+% that.  The Euro is designed to be slightly taller than the regular
+% font height.
+% 
+% feymr - regular
+% feymo - slanted
+% feybr - bold
+% feybo - bold slanted
+% 
+% There is no good (free) typewriter version, to my knowledge.
+% A feymr10 euro is ~7.3pt wide, while a normal cmtt10 char is ~5.25pt wide.
+% Hmm.
+% 
+% Also doesn't work in math.  Do we need to do math with euro symbols?
+% Hope not.
+% 
+% 
+\def\euro{{\eurofont e}}
+\def\eurofont{%
+  % We set the font at each command, rather than predefining it in
+  % \textfonts and the other font-switching commands, so that
+  % installations which never need the symbol don't have to have the
+  % font installed.
+  % 
+  % There is only one designed size (nominal 10pt), so we always scale
+  % that to the current nominal size.
+  % 
+  % By the way, simply using "at 1em" works for cmr10 and the like, but
+  % does not work for cmbx10 and other extended/shrunken fonts.
+  % 
+  \def\eurosize{\csname\curfontsize nominalsize\endcsname}%
+  %
+  \ifx\curfontstyle\bfstylename 
+    % bold:
+    \font\thiseurofont = \ifusingit{feybo10}{feybr10} at \eurosize
+  \else 
+    % regular:
+    \font\thiseurofont = \ifusingit{feymo10}{feymr10} at \eurosize
+  \fi
+  \thiseurofont
+}
+
+% Hacks for glyphs from the EC fonts similar to \euro.  We don't
+% use \let for the aliases, because sometimes we redefine the original
+% macro, and the alias should reflect the redefinition.
+\def\guillemetleft{{\ecfont \char"13}}
+\def\guillemotleft{\guillemetleft}
+\def\guillemetright{{\ecfont \char"14}}
+\def\guillemotright{\guillemetright}
+\def\guilsinglleft{{\ecfont \char"0E}}
+\def\guilsinglright{{\ecfont \char"0F}}
+\def\quotedblbase{{\ecfont \char"12}}
+\def\quotesinglbase{{\ecfont \char"0D}}
+%
+% This positioning is not perfect (see the ogonek LaTeX package), but
+% we have the precomposed glyphs for the most common cases.  We put the
+% tests to use those glyphs in the single \ogonek macro so we have fewer
+% dummy definitions to worry about for index entries, etc.
+% 
+% ogonek is also used with other letters in Lithuanian (IOU), but using
+% the precomposed glyphs for those is not so easy since they aren't in
+% the same EC font.
+\def\ogonek#1{{%
+  \def\temp{#1}%
+  \ifx\temp\macrocharA\Aogonek
+  \else\ifx\temp\macrochara\aogonek
+  \else\ifx\temp\macrocharE\Eogonek
+  \else\ifx\temp\macrochare\eogonek
+  \else
+    \ecfont \setbox0=\hbox{#1}%
+    \ifdim\ht0=1ex\accent"0C #1%
+    \else\ooalign{\unhbox0\crcr\hidewidth\char"0C \hidewidth}%
+    \fi
+  \fi\fi\fi\fi
+  }%
+}
+\def\Aogonek{{\ecfont \char"81}}\def\macrocharA{A}
+\def\aogonek{{\ecfont \char"A1}}\def\macrochara{a}
+\def\Eogonek{{\ecfont \char"86}}\def\macrocharE{E}
+\def\eogonek{{\ecfont \char"A6}}\def\macrochare{e}
+%
+\def\ecfont{%
+  % We can't distinguish serif/sans and italic/slanted, but this
+  % is used for crude hacks anyway (like adding French and German
+  % quotes to documents typeset with CM, where we lose kerning), so
+  % hopefully nobody will notice/care.
+  \edef\ecsize{\csname\curfontsize ecsize\endcsname}%
+  \edef\nominalsize{\csname\curfontsize nominalsize\endcsname}%
+  \ifx\curfontstyle\bfstylename
+    % bold:
+    \font\thisecfont = ecb\ifusingit{i}{x}\ecsize \space at \nominalsize
+  \else
+    % regular:
+    \font\thisecfont = ec\ifusingit{ti}{rm}\ecsize \space at \nominalsize
+  \fi
+  \thisecfont
+}
+
+% @registeredsymbol - R in a circle.  The font for the R should really
+% be smaller yet, but lllsize is the best we can do for now.
+% Adapted from the plain.tex definition of \copyright.
+%
+\def\registeredsymbol{%
+  $^{{\ooalign{\hfil\raise.07ex\hbox{\selectfonts\lllsize R}%
+               \hfil\crcr\Orb}}%
+    }$%
+}
+
+% @textdegree - the normal degrees sign.
+%
+\def\textdegree{$^\circ$}
+
+% Laurent Siebenmann reports \Orb undefined with:
+%  Textures 1.7.7 (preloaded format=plain 93.10.14)  (68K)  16 APR 2004 02:38
+% so we'll define it if necessary.
+% 
+\ifx\Orb\undefined
+\def\Orb{\mathhexbox20D}
+\fi
+
+% Quotes.
+\chardef\quotedblleft="5C
+\chardef\quotedblright=`\"
+\chardef\quoteleft=`\`
+\chardef\quoteright=`\'
+
+
+\message{page headings,}
+
+\newskip\titlepagetopglue \titlepagetopglue = 1.5in
+\newskip\titlepagebottomglue \titlepagebottomglue = 2pc
+
+% First the title page.  Must do @settitle before @titlepage.
+\newif\ifseenauthor
+\newif\iffinishedtitlepage
+
+% Do an implicit @contents or @shortcontents after @end titlepage if the
+% user says @setcontentsaftertitlepage or @setshortcontentsaftertitlepage.
+%
+\newif\ifsetcontentsaftertitlepage
+ \let\setcontentsaftertitlepage = \setcontentsaftertitlepagetrue
+\newif\ifsetshortcontentsaftertitlepage
+ \let\setshortcontentsaftertitlepage = \setshortcontentsaftertitlepagetrue
+
+\parseargdef\shorttitlepage{\begingroup\hbox{}\vskip 1.5in \chaprm \centerline{#1}%
+        \endgroup\page\hbox{}\page}
+
+\envdef\titlepage{%
+  % Open one extra group, as we want to close it in the middle of \Etitlepage.
+  \begingroup
+    \parindent=0pt \textfonts
+    % Leave some space at the very top of the page.
+    \vglue\titlepagetopglue
+    % No rule at page bottom unless we print one at the top with @title.
+    \finishedtitlepagetrue
+    %
+    % Most title ``pages'' are actually two pages long, with space
+    % at the top of the second.  We don't want the ragged left on the second.
+    \let\oldpage = \page
+    \def\page{%
+      \iffinishedtitlepage\else
+	 \finishtitlepage
+      \fi
+      \let\page = \oldpage
+      \page
+      \null
+    }%
+}
+
+\def\Etitlepage{%
+    \iffinishedtitlepage\else
+	\finishtitlepage
+    \fi
+    % It is important to do the page break before ending the group,
+    % because the headline and footline are only empty inside the group.
+    % If we use the new definition of \page, we always get a blank page
+    % after the title page, which we certainly don't want.
+    \oldpage
+  \endgroup
+  %
+  % Need this before the \...aftertitlepage checks so that if they are
+  % in effect the toc pages will come out with page numbers.
+  \HEADINGSon
+  %
+  % If they want short, they certainly want long too.
+  \ifsetshortcontentsaftertitlepage
+    \shortcontents
+    \contents
+    \global\let\shortcontents = \relax
+    \global\let\contents = \relax
+  \fi
+  %
+  \ifsetcontentsaftertitlepage
+    \contents
+    \global\let\contents = \relax
+    \global\let\shortcontents = \relax
+  \fi
+}
+
+\def\finishtitlepage{%
+  \vskip4pt \hrule height 2pt width \hsize
+  \vskip\titlepagebottomglue
+  \finishedtitlepagetrue
+}
+
+%%% Macros to be used within @titlepage:
+
+\let\subtitlerm=\tenrm
+\def\subtitlefont{\subtitlerm \normalbaselineskip = 13pt \normalbaselines}
+
+\parseargdef\title{%
+  \checkenv\titlepage
+  \leftline{\titlefonts\rmisbold #1}
+  % print a rule at the page bottom also.
+  \finishedtitlepagefalse
+  \vskip4pt \hrule height 4pt width \hsize \vskip4pt
+}
+
+\parseargdef\subtitle{%
+  \checkenv\titlepage
+  {\subtitlefont \rightline{#1}}%
+}
+
+% @author should come last, but may come many times.
+% It can also be used inside @quotation.
+%
+\parseargdef\author{%
+  \def\temp{\quotation}%
+  \ifx\thisenv\temp
+    \def\quotationauthor{#1}% printed in \Equotation.
+  \else
+    \checkenv\titlepage
+    \ifseenauthor\else \vskip 0pt plus 1filll \seenauthortrue \fi
+    {\secfonts\rmisbold \leftline{#1}}%
+  \fi
+}
+
+
+%%% Set up page headings and footings.
+
+\let\thispage=\folio
+
+\newtoks\evenheadline    % headline on even pages
+\newtoks\oddheadline     % headline on odd pages
+\newtoks\evenfootline    % footline on even pages
+\newtoks\oddfootline     % footline on odd pages
+
+% Now make TeX use those variables
+\headline={{\textfonts\rm \ifodd\pageno \the\oddheadline
+                            \else \the\evenheadline \fi}}
+\footline={{\textfonts\rm \ifodd\pageno \the\oddfootline
+                            \else \the\evenfootline \fi}\HEADINGShook}
+\let\HEADINGShook=\relax
+
+% Commands to set those variables.
+% For example, this is what  @headings on  does
+% @evenheading @thistitle|@thispage|@thischapter
+% @oddheading @thischapter|@thispage|@thistitle
+% @evenfooting @thisfile||
+% @oddfooting ||@thisfile
+
+
+\def\evenheading{\parsearg\evenheadingxxx}
+\def\evenheadingxxx #1{\evenheadingyyy #1\|\|\|\|\finish}
+\def\evenheadingyyy #1\|#2\|#3\|#4\finish{%
+\global\evenheadline={\rlap{\centerline{#2}}\line{#1\hfil#3}}}
+
+\def\oddheading{\parsearg\oddheadingxxx}
+\def\oddheadingxxx #1{\oddheadingyyy #1\|\|\|\|\finish}
+\def\oddheadingyyy #1\|#2\|#3\|#4\finish{%
+\global\oddheadline={\rlap{\centerline{#2}}\line{#1\hfil#3}}}
+
+\parseargdef\everyheading{\oddheadingxxx{#1}\evenheadingxxx{#1}}%
+
+\def\evenfooting{\parsearg\evenfootingxxx}
+\def\evenfootingxxx #1{\evenfootingyyy #1\|\|\|\|\finish}
+\def\evenfootingyyy #1\|#2\|#3\|#4\finish{%
+\global\evenfootline={\rlap{\centerline{#2}}\line{#1\hfil#3}}}
+
+\def\oddfooting{\parsearg\oddfootingxxx}
+\def\oddfootingxxx #1{\oddfootingyyy #1\|\|\|\|\finish}
+\def\oddfootingyyy #1\|#2\|#3\|#4\finish{%
+  \global\oddfootline = {\rlap{\centerline{#2}}\line{#1\hfil#3}}%
+  %
+  % Leave some space for the footline.  Hopefully ok to assume
+  % @evenfooting will not be used by itself.
+  \global\advance\pageheight by -12pt
+  \global\advance\vsize by -12pt
+}
+
+\parseargdef\everyfooting{\oddfootingxxx{#1}\evenfootingxxx{#1}}
+
+% @evenheadingmarks top     \thischapter <- chapter at the top of a page
+% @evenheadingmarks bottom  \thischapter <- chapter at the bottom of a page
+%
+% The same set of arguments for:
+%
+% @oddheadingmarks
+% @evenfootingmarks
+% @oddfootingmarks
+% @everyheadingmarks
+% @everyfootingmarks
+
+\def\evenheadingmarks{\headingmarks{even}{heading}}
+\def\oddheadingmarks{\headingmarks{odd}{heading}}
+\def\evenfootingmarks{\headingmarks{even}{footing}}
+\def\oddfootingmarks{\headingmarks{odd}{footing}}
+\def\everyheadingmarks#1 {\headingmarks{even}{heading}{#1}
+                          \headingmarks{odd}{heading}{#1} }
+\def\everyfootingmarks#1 {\headingmarks{even}{footing}{#1}
+                          \headingmarks{odd}{footing}{#1} }
+% #1 = even/odd, #2 = heading/footing, #3 = top/bottom.
+\def\headingmarks#1#2#3 {%
+  \expandafter\let\expandafter\temp \csname get#3headingmarks\endcsname
+  \global\expandafter\let\csname get#1#2marks\endcsname \temp
+}
+
+\everyheadingmarks bottom
+\everyfootingmarks bottom
+
+% @headings double      turns headings on for double-sided printing.
+% @headings single      turns headings on for single-sided printing.
+% @headings off         turns them off.
+% @headings on          same as @headings double, retained for compatibility.
+% @headings after       turns on double-sided headings after this page.
+% @headings doubleafter turns on double-sided headings after this page.
+% @headings singleafter turns on single-sided headings after this page.
+% By default, they are off at the start of a document,
+% and turned `on' after @end titlepage.
+
+\def\headings #1 {\csname HEADINGS#1\endcsname}
+
+\def\HEADINGSoff{%
+\global\evenheadline={\hfil} \global\evenfootline={\hfil}
+\global\oddheadline={\hfil} \global\oddfootline={\hfil}}
+\HEADINGSoff
+% When we turn headings on, set the page number to 1.
+% For double-sided printing, put current file name in lower left corner,
+% chapter name on inside top of right hand pages, document
+% title on inside top of left hand pages, and page numbers on outside top
+% edge of all pages.
+\def\HEADINGSdouble{%
+\global\pageno=1
+\global\evenfootline={\hfil}
+\global\oddfootline={\hfil}
+\global\evenheadline={\line{\folio\hfil\thistitle}}
+\global\oddheadline={\line{\thischapter\hfil\folio}}
+\global\let\contentsalignmacro = \chapoddpage
+}
+\let\contentsalignmacro = \chappager
+
+% For single-sided printing, chapter title goes across top left of page,
+% page number on top right.
+\def\HEADINGSsingle{%
+\global\pageno=1
+\global\evenfootline={\hfil}
+\global\oddfootline={\hfil}
+\global\evenheadline={\line{\thischapter\hfil\folio}}
+\global\oddheadline={\line{\thischapter\hfil\folio}}
+\global\let\contentsalignmacro = \chappager
+}
+\def\HEADINGSon{\HEADINGSdouble}
+
+\def\HEADINGSafter{\let\HEADINGShook=\HEADINGSdoublex}
+\let\HEADINGSdoubleafter=\HEADINGSafter
+\def\HEADINGSdoublex{%
+\global\evenfootline={\hfil}
+\global\oddfootline={\hfil}
+\global\evenheadline={\line{\folio\hfil\thistitle}}
+\global\oddheadline={\line{\thischapter\hfil\folio}}
+\global\let\contentsalignmacro = \chapoddpage
+}
+
+\def\HEADINGSsingleafter{\let\HEADINGShook=\HEADINGSsinglex}
+\def\HEADINGSsinglex{%
+\global\evenfootline={\hfil}
+\global\oddfootline={\hfil}
+\global\evenheadline={\line{\thischapter\hfil\folio}}
+\global\oddheadline={\line{\thischapter\hfil\folio}}
+\global\let\contentsalignmacro = \chappager
+}
+
+% Subroutines used in generating headings
+% This produces Day Month Year style of output.
+% Only define if not already defined, in case a txi-??.tex file has set
+% up a different format (e.g., txi-cs.tex does this).
+\ifx\today\undefined
+\def\today{%
+  \number\day\space
+  \ifcase\month
+  \or\putwordMJan\or\putwordMFeb\or\putwordMMar\or\putwordMApr
+  \or\putwordMMay\or\putwordMJun\or\putwordMJul\or\putwordMAug
+  \or\putwordMSep\or\putwordMOct\or\putwordMNov\or\putwordMDec
+  \fi
+  \space\number\year}
+\fi
+
+% @settitle line...  specifies the title of the document, for headings.
+% It generates no output of its own.
+\def\thistitle{\putwordNoTitle}
+\def\settitle{\parsearg{\gdef\thistitle}}
+
+
+\message{tables,}
+% Tables -- @table, @ftable, @vtable, @item(x).
+
+% default indentation of table text
+\newdimen\tableindent \tableindent=.8in
+% default indentation of @itemize and @enumerate text
+\newdimen\itemindent  \itemindent=.3in
+% margin between end of table item and start of table text.
+\newdimen\itemmargin  \itemmargin=.1in
+
+% used internally for \itemindent minus \itemmargin
+\newdimen\itemmax
+
+% Note @table, @ftable, and @vtable define @item, @itemx, etc., with
+% these defs.
+% They also define \itemindex
+% to index the item name in whatever manner is desired (perhaps none).
+
+\newif\ifitemxneedsnegativevskip
+
+\def\itemxpar{\par\ifitemxneedsnegativevskip\nobreak\vskip-\parskip\nobreak\fi}
+
+\def\internalBitem{\smallbreak \parsearg\itemzzz}
+\def\internalBitemx{\itemxpar \parsearg\itemzzz}
+
+\def\itemzzz #1{\begingroup %
+  \advance\hsize by -\rightskip
+  \advance\hsize by -\tableindent
+  \setbox0=\hbox{\itemindicate{#1}}%
+  \itemindex{#1}%
+  \nobreak % This prevents a break before @itemx.
+  %
+  % If the item text does not fit in the space we have, put it on a line
+  % by itself, and do not allow a page break either before or after that
+  % line.  We do not start a paragraph here because then if the next
+  % command is, e.g., @kindex, the whatsit would get put into the
+  % horizontal list on a line by itself, resulting in extra blank space.
+  \ifdim \wd0>\itemmax
+    %
+    % Make this a paragraph so we get the \parskip glue and wrapping,
+    % but leave it ragged-right.
+    \begingroup
+      \advance\leftskip by-\tableindent
+      \advance\hsize by\tableindent
+      \advance\rightskip by0pt plus1fil
+      \leavevmode\unhbox0\par
+    \endgroup
+    %
+    % We're going to be starting a paragraph, but we don't want the
+    % \parskip glue -- logically it's part of the @item we just started.
+    \nobreak \vskip-\parskip
+    %
+    % Stop a page break at the \parskip glue coming up.  However, if
+    % what follows is an environment such as @example, there will be no
+    % \parskip glue; then the negative vskip we just inserted would
+    % cause the example and the item to crash together.  So we use this
+    % bizarre value of 10001 as a signal to \aboveenvbreak to insert
+    % \parskip glue after all.  Section titles are handled this way also.
+    % 
+    \penalty 10001
+    \endgroup
+    \itemxneedsnegativevskipfalse
+  \else
+    % The item text fits into the space.  Start a paragraph, so that the
+    % following text (if any) will end up on the same line.
+    \noindent
+    % Do this with kerns and \unhbox so that if there is a footnote in
+    % the item text, it can migrate to the main vertical list and
+    % eventually be printed.
+    \nobreak\kern-\tableindent
+    \dimen0 = \itemmax  \advance\dimen0 by \itemmargin \advance\dimen0 by -\wd0
+    \unhbox0
+    \nobreak\kern\dimen0
+    \endgroup
+    \itemxneedsnegativevskiptrue
+  \fi
+}
+
+\def\item{\errmessage{@item while not in a list environment}}
+\def\itemx{\errmessage{@itemx while not in a list environment}}
+
+% @table, @ftable, @vtable.
+\envdef\table{%
+  \let\itemindex\gobble
+  \tablecheck{table}%
+}
+\envdef\ftable{%
+  \def\itemindex ##1{\doind {fn}{\code{##1}}}%
+  \tablecheck{ftable}%
+}
+\envdef\vtable{%
+  \def\itemindex ##1{\doind {vr}{\code{##1}}}%
+  \tablecheck{vtable}%
+}
+\def\tablecheck#1{%
+  \ifnum \the\catcode`\^^M=\active
+    \endgroup
+    \errmessage{This command won't work in this context; perhaps the problem is
+      that we are \inenvironment\thisenv}%
+    \def\next{\doignore{#1}}%
+  \else
+    \let\next\tablex
+  \fi
+  \next
+}
+\def\tablex#1{%
+  \def\itemindicate{#1}%
+  \parsearg\tabley
+}
+\def\tabley#1{%
+  {%
+    \makevalueexpandable
+    \edef\temp{\noexpand\tablez #1\space\space\space}%
+    \expandafter
+  }\temp \endtablez
+}
+\def\tablez #1 #2 #3 #4\endtablez{%
+  \aboveenvbreak
+  \ifnum 0#1>0 \advance \leftskip by #1\mil \fi
+  \ifnum 0#2>0 \tableindent=#2\mil \fi
+  \ifnum 0#3>0 \advance \rightskip by #3\mil \fi
+  \itemmax=\tableindent
+  \advance \itemmax by -\itemmargin
+  \advance \leftskip by \tableindent
+  \exdentamount=\tableindent
+  \parindent = 0pt
+  \parskip = \smallskipamount
+  \ifdim \parskip=0pt \parskip=2pt \fi
+  \let\item = \internalBitem
+  \let\itemx = \internalBitemx
+}
+\def\Etable{\endgraf\afterenvbreak}
+\let\Eftable\Etable
+\let\Evtable\Etable
+\let\Eitemize\Etable
+\let\Eenumerate\Etable
+
+% This is the counter used by @enumerate, which is really @itemize
+
+\newcount \itemno
+
+\envdef\itemize{\parsearg\doitemize}
+
+\def\doitemize#1{%
+  \aboveenvbreak
+  \itemmax=\itemindent
+  \advance\itemmax by -\itemmargin
+  \advance\leftskip by \itemindent
+  \exdentamount=\itemindent
+  \parindent=0pt
+  \parskip=\smallskipamount
+  \ifdim\parskip=0pt \parskip=2pt \fi
+  %
+  % Try typesetting the item mark that if the document erroneously says
+  % something like @itemize @samp (intending @table), there's an error
+  % right away at the @itemize.  It's not the best error message in the
+  % world, but it's better than leaving it to the @item.  This means if
+  % the user wants an empty mark, they have to say @w{} not just @w.
+  \def\itemcontents{#1}%
+  \setbox0 = \hbox{\itemcontents}%
+  %
+  % @itemize with no arg is equivalent to @itemize @bullet.
+  \ifx\itemcontents\empty\def\itemcontents{\bullet}\fi
+  %
+  \let\item=\itemizeitem
+}
+
+% Definition of @item while inside @itemize and @enumerate.
+%
+\def\itemizeitem{%
+  \advance\itemno by 1  % for enumerations
+  {\let\par=\endgraf \smallbreak}% reasonable place to break
+  {%
+   % If the document has an @itemize directly after a section title, a
+   % \nobreak will be last on the list, and \sectionheading will have
+   % done a \vskip-\parskip.  In that case, we don't want to zero
+   % parskip, or the item text will crash with the heading.  On the
+   % other hand, when there is normal text preceding the item (as there
+   % usually is), we do want to zero parskip, or there would be too much
+   % space.  In that case, we won't have a \nobreak before.  At least
+   % that's the theory.
+   \ifnum\lastpenalty<10000 \parskip=0in \fi
+   \noindent
+   \hbox to 0pt{\hss \itemcontents \kern\itemmargin}%
+   %
+   \vadjust{\penalty 1200}}% not good to break after first line of item.
+  \flushcr
+}
+
+% \splitoff TOKENS\endmark defines \first to be the first token in
+% TOKENS, and \rest to be the remainder.
+%
+\def\splitoff#1#2\endmark{\def\first{#1}\def\rest{#2}}%
+
+% Allow an optional argument of an uppercase letter, lowercase letter,
+% or number, to specify the first label in the enumerated list.  No
+% argument is the same as `1'.
+%
+\envparseargdef\enumerate{\enumeratey #1  \endenumeratey}
+\def\enumeratey #1 #2\endenumeratey{%
+  % If we were given no argument, pretend we were given `1'.
+  \def\thearg{#1}%
+  \ifx\thearg\empty \def\thearg{1}\fi
+  %
+  % Detect if the argument is a single token.  If so, it might be a
+  % letter.  Otherwise, the only valid thing it can be is a number.
+  % (We will always have one token, because of the test we just made.
+  % This is a good thing, since \splitoff doesn't work given nothing at
+  % all -- the first parameter is undelimited.)
+  \expandafter\splitoff\thearg\endmark
+  \ifx\rest\empty
+    % Only one token in the argument.  It could still be anything.
+    % A ``lowercase letter'' is one whose \lccode is nonzero.
+    % An ``uppercase letter'' is one whose \lccode is both nonzero, and
+    %   not equal to itself.
+    % Otherwise, we assume it's a number.
+    %
+    % We need the \relax at the end of the \ifnum lines to stop TeX from
+    % continuing to look for a .
+    %
+    \ifnum\lccode\expandafter`\thearg=0\relax
+      \numericenumerate % a number (we hope)
+    \else
+      % It's a letter.
+      \ifnum\lccode\expandafter`\thearg=\expandafter`\thearg\relax
+        \lowercaseenumerate % lowercase letter
+      \else
+        \uppercaseenumerate % uppercase letter
+      \fi
+    \fi
+  \else
+    % Multiple tokens in the argument.  We hope it's a number.
+    \numericenumerate
+  \fi
+}
+
+% An @enumerate whose labels are integers.  The starting integer is
+% given in \thearg.
+%
+\def\numericenumerate{%
+  \itemno = \thearg
+  \startenumeration{\the\itemno}%
+}
+
+% The starting (lowercase) letter is in \thearg.
+\def\lowercaseenumerate{%
+  \itemno = \expandafter`\thearg
+  \startenumeration{%
+    % Be sure we're not beyond the end of the alphabet.
+    \ifnum\itemno=0
+      \errmessage{No more lowercase letters in @enumerate; get a bigger
+                  alphabet}%
+    \fi
+    \char\lccode\itemno
+  }%
+}
+
+% The starting (uppercase) letter is in \thearg.
+\def\uppercaseenumerate{%
+  \itemno = \expandafter`\thearg
+  \startenumeration{%
+    % Be sure we're not beyond the end of the alphabet.
+    \ifnum\itemno=0
+      \errmessage{No more uppercase letters in @enumerate; get a bigger
+                  alphabet}
+    \fi
+    \char\uccode\itemno
+  }%
+}
+
+% Call \doitemize, adding a period to the first argument and supplying the
+% common last two arguments.  Also subtract one from the initial value in
+% \itemno, since @item increments \itemno.
+%
+\def\startenumeration#1{%
+  \advance\itemno by -1
+  \doitemize{#1.}\flushcr
+}
+
+% @alphaenumerate and @capsenumerate are abbreviations for giving an arg
+% to @enumerate.
+%
+\def\alphaenumerate{\enumerate{a}}
+\def\capsenumerate{\enumerate{A}}
+\def\Ealphaenumerate{\Eenumerate}
+\def\Ecapsenumerate{\Eenumerate}
+
+
+% @multitable macros
+% Amy Hendrickson, 8/18/94, 3/6/96
+%
+% @multitable ... @end multitable will make as many columns as desired.
+% Contents of each column will wrap at width given in preamble.  Width
+% can be specified either with sample text given in a template line,
+% or in percent of \hsize, the current width of text on page.
+
+% Table can continue over pages but will only break between lines.
+
+% To make preamble:
+%
+% Either define widths of columns in terms of percent of \hsize:
+%   @multitable @columnfractions .25 .3 .45
+%   @item ...
+%
+%   Numbers following @columnfractions are the percent of the total
+%   current hsize to be used for each column. You may use as many
+%   columns as desired.
+
+
+% Or use a template:
+%   @multitable {Column 1 template} {Column 2 template} {Column 3 template}
+%   @item ...
+%   using the widest term desired in each column.
+
+% Each new table line starts with @item, each subsequent new column
+% starts with @tab. Empty columns may be produced by supplying @tab's
+% with nothing between them for as many times as empty columns are needed,
+% ie, @tab@tab@tab will produce two empty columns.
+
+% @item, @tab do not need to be on their own lines, but it will not hurt
+% if they are.
+
+% Sample multitable:
+
+%   @multitable {Column 1 template} {Column 2 template} {Column 3 template}
+%   @item first col stuff @tab second col stuff @tab third col
+%   @item
+%   first col stuff
+%   @tab
+%   second col stuff
+%   @tab
+%   third col
+%   @item first col stuff @tab second col stuff
+%   @tab Many paragraphs of text may be used in any column.
+%
+%         They will wrap at the width determined by the template.
+%   @item@tab@tab This will be in third column.
+%   @end multitable
+
+% Default dimensions may be reset by user.
+% @multitableparskip is vertical space between paragraphs in table.
+% @multitableparindent is paragraph indent in table.
+% @multitablecolmargin is horizontal space to be left between columns.
+% @multitablelinespace is space to leave between table items, baseline
+%                                                            to baseline.
+%   0pt means it depends on current normal line spacing.
+%
+\newskip\multitableparskip
+\newskip\multitableparindent
+\newdimen\multitablecolspace
+\newskip\multitablelinespace
+\multitableparskip=0pt
+\multitableparindent=6pt
+\multitablecolspace=12pt
+\multitablelinespace=0pt
+
+% Macros used to set up halign preamble:
+%
+\let\endsetuptable\relax
+\def\xendsetuptable{\endsetuptable}
+\let\columnfractions\relax
+\def\xcolumnfractions{\columnfractions}
+\newif\ifsetpercent
+
+% #1 is the @columnfraction, usually a decimal number like .5, but might
+% be just 1.  We just use it, whatever it is.
+%
+\def\pickupwholefraction#1 {%
+  \global\advance\colcount by 1
+  \expandafter\xdef\csname col\the\colcount\endcsname{#1\hsize}%
+  \setuptable
+}
+
+\newcount\colcount
+\def\setuptable#1{%
+  \def\firstarg{#1}%
+  \ifx\firstarg\xendsetuptable
+    \let\go = \relax
+  \else
+    \ifx\firstarg\xcolumnfractions
+      \global\setpercenttrue
+    \else
+      \ifsetpercent
+         \let\go\pickupwholefraction
+      \else
+         \global\advance\colcount by 1
+         \setbox0=\hbox{#1\unskip\space}% Add a normal word space as a
+                   % separator; typically that is always in the input, anyway.
+         \expandafter\xdef\csname col\the\colcount\endcsname{\the\wd0}%
+      \fi
+    \fi
+    \ifx\go\pickupwholefraction
+      % Put the argument back for the \pickupwholefraction call, so
+      % we'll always have a period there to be parsed.
+      \def\go{\pickupwholefraction#1}%
+    \else
+      \let\go = \setuptable
+    \fi%
+  \fi
+  \go
+}
+
+% multitable-only commands.
+%
+% @headitem starts a heading row, which we typeset in bold.
+% Assignments have to be global since we are inside the implicit group
+% of an alignment entry.  \everycr resets \everytab so we don't have to
+% undo it ourselves.
+\def\headitemfont{\b}% for people to use in the template row; not changeable
+\def\headitem{%
+  \checkenv\multitable
+  \crcr
+  \global\everytab={\bf}% can't use \headitemfont since the parsing differs
+  \the\everytab % for the first item
+}%
+%
+% A \tab used to include \hskip1sp.  But then the space in a template
+% line is not enough.  That is bad.  So let's go back to just `&' until
+% we again encounter the problem the 1sp was intended to solve.
+%					--karl, nathan@acm.org, 20apr99.
+\def\tab{\checkenv\multitable &\the\everytab}%
+
+% @multitable ... @end multitable definitions:
+%
+\newtoks\everytab  % insert after every tab.
+%
+\envdef\multitable{%
+  \vskip\parskip
+  \startsavinginserts
+  %
+  % @item within a multitable starts a normal row.
+  % We use \def instead of \let so that if one of the multitable entries
+  % contains an @itemize, we don't choke on the \item (seen as \crcr aka
+  % \endtemplate) expanding \doitemize.
+  \def\item{\crcr}%
+  %
+  \tolerance=9500
+  \hbadness=9500
+  \setmultitablespacing
+  \parskip=\multitableparskip
+  \parindent=\multitableparindent
+  \overfullrule=0pt
+  \global\colcount=0
+  %
+  \everycr = {%
+    \noalign{%
+      \global\everytab={}%
+      \global\colcount=0 % Reset the column counter.
+      % Check for saved footnotes, etc.
+      \checkinserts
+      % Keeps underfull box messages off when table breaks over pages.
+      %\filbreak
+	% Maybe so, but it also creates really weird page breaks when the
+	% table breaks over pages. Wouldn't \vfil be better?  Wait until the
+	% problem manifests itself, so it can be fixed for real --karl.
+    }%
+  }%
+  %
+  \parsearg\domultitable
+}
+\def\domultitable#1{%
+  % To parse everything between @multitable and @item:
+  \setuptable#1 \endsetuptable
+  %
+  % This preamble sets up a generic column definition, which will
+  % be used as many times as user calls for columns.
+  % \vtop will set a single line and will also let text wrap and
+  % continue for many paragraphs if desired.
+  \halign\bgroup &%
+    \global\advance\colcount by 1
+    \multistrut
+    \vtop{%
+      % Use the current \colcount to find the correct column width:
+      \hsize=\expandafter\csname col\the\colcount\endcsname
+      %
+      % In order to keep entries from bumping into each other
+      % we will add a \leftskip of \multitablecolspace to all columns after
+      % the first one.
+      %
+      % If a template has been used, we will add \multitablecolspace
+      % to the width of each template entry.
+      %
+      % If the user has set preamble in terms of percent of \hsize we will
+      % use that dimension as the width of the column, and the \leftskip
+      % will keep entries from bumping into each other.  Table will start at
+      % left margin and final column will justify at right margin.
+      %
+      % Make sure we don't inherit \rightskip from the outer environment.
+      \rightskip=0pt
+      \ifnum\colcount=1
+	% The first column will be indented with the surrounding text.
+	\advance\hsize by\leftskip
+      \else
+	\ifsetpercent \else
+	  % If user has not set preamble in terms of percent of \hsize
+	  % we will advance \hsize by \multitablecolspace.
+	  \advance\hsize by \multitablecolspace
+	\fi
+       % In either case we will make \leftskip=\multitablecolspace:
+      \leftskip=\multitablecolspace
+      \fi
+      % Ignoring space at the beginning and end avoids an occasional spurious
+      % blank line, when TeX decides to break the line at the space before the
+      % box from the multistrut, so the strut ends up on a line by itself.
+      % For example:
+      % @multitable @columnfractions .11 .89
+      % @item @code{#}
+      % @tab Legal holiday which is valid in major parts of the whole country.
+      % Is automatically provided with highlighting sequences respectively
+      % marking characters.
+      \noindent\ignorespaces##\unskip\multistrut
+    }\cr
+}
+\def\Emultitable{%
+  \crcr
+  \egroup % end the \halign
+  \global\setpercentfalse
+}
+
+\def\setmultitablespacing{%
+  \def\multistrut{\strut}% just use the standard line spacing
+  %
+  % Compute \multitablelinespace (if not defined by user) for use in
+  % \multitableparskip calculation.  We used define \multistrut based on
+  % this, but (ironically) that caused the spacing to be off.
+  % See bug-texinfo report from Werner Lemberg, 31 Oct 2004 12:52:20 +0100.
+\ifdim\multitablelinespace=0pt
+\setbox0=\vbox{X}\global\multitablelinespace=\the\baselineskip
+\global\advance\multitablelinespace by-\ht0
+\fi
+%% Test to see if parskip is larger than space between lines of
+%% table. If not, do nothing.
+%%        If so, set to same dimension as multitablelinespace.
+\ifdim\multitableparskip>\multitablelinespace
+\global\multitableparskip=\multitablelinespace
+\global\advance\multitableparskip-7pt %% to keep parskip somewhat smaller
+                                      %% than skip between lines in the table.
+\fi%
+\ifdim\multitableparskip=0pt
+\global\multitableparskip=\multitablelinespace
+\global\advance\multitableparskip-7pt %% to keep parskip somewhat smaller
+                                      %% than skip between lines in the table.
+\fi}
+
+
+\message{conditionals,}
+
+% @iftex, @ifnotdocbook, @ifnothtml, @ifnotinfo, @ifnotplaintext,
+% @ifnotxml always succeed.  They currently do nothing; we don't
+% attempt to check whether the conditionals are properly nested.  But we
+% have to remember that they are conditionals, so that @end doesn't
+% attempt to close an environment group.
+%
+\def\makecond#1{%
+  \expandafter\let\csname #1\endcsname = \relax
+  \expandafter\let\csname iscond.#1\endcsname = 1
+}
+\makecond{iftex}
+\makecond{ifnotdocbook}
+\makecond{ifnothtml}
+\makecond{ifnotinfo}
+\makecond{ifnotplaintext}
+\makecond{ifnotxml}
+
+% Ignore @ignore, @ifhtml, @ifinfo, and the like.
+%
+\def\direntry{\doignore{direntry}}
+\def\documentdescription{\doignore{documentdescription}}
+\def\docbook{\doignore{docbook}}
+\def\html{\doignore{html}}
+\def\ifdocbook{\doignore{ifdocbook}}
+\def\ifhtml{\doignore{ifhtml}}
+\def\ifinfo{\doignore{ifinfo}}
+\def\ifnottex{\doignore{ifnottex}}
+\def\ifplaintext{\doignore{ifplaintext}}
+\def\ifxml{\doignore{ifxml}}
+\def\ignore{\doignore{ignore}}
+\def\menu{\doignore{menu}}
+\def\xml{\doignore{xml}}
+
+% Ignore text until a line `@end #1', keeping track of nested conditionals.
+%
+% A count to remember the depth of nesting.
+\newcount\doignorecount
+
+\def\doignore#1{\begingroup
+  % Scan in ``verbatim'' mode:
+  \obeylines
+  \catcode`\@ = \other
+  \catcode`\{ = \other
+  \catcode`\} = \other
+  %
+  % Make sure that spaces turn into tokens that match what \doignoretext wants.
+  \spaceisspace
+  %
+  % Count number of #1's that we've seen.
+  \doignorecount = 0
+  %
+  % Swallow text until we reach the matching `@end #1'.
+  \dodoignore{#1}%
+}
+
+{ \catcode`_=11 % We want to use \_STOP_ which cannot appear in texinfo source.
+  \obeylines %
+  %
+  \gdef\dodoignore#1{%
+    % #1 contains the command name as a string, e.g., `ifinfo'.
+    %
+    % Define a command to find the next `@end #1'.
+    \long\def\doignoretext##1^^M@end #1{%
+      \doignoretextyyy##1^^M@#1\_STOP_}%
+    %
+    % And this command to find another #1 command, at the beginning of a
+    % line.  (Otherwise, we would consider a line `@c @ifset', for
+    % example, to count as an @ifset for nesting.)
+    \long\def\doignoretextyyy##1^^M@#1##2\_STOP_{\doignoreyyy{##2}\_STOP_}%
+    %
+    % And now expand that command.
+    \doignoretext ^^M%
+  }%
+}
+
+\def\doignoreyyy#1{%
+  \def\temp{#1}%
+  \ifx\temp\empty			% Nothing found.
+    \let\next\doignoretextzzz
+  \else					% Found a nested condition, ...
+    \advance\doignorecount by 1
+    \let\next\doignoretextyyy		% ..., look for another.
+    % If we're here, #1 ends with ^^M\ifinfo (for example).
+  \fi
+  \next #1% the token \_STOP_ is present just after this macro.
+}
+
+% We have to swallow the remaining "\_STOP_".
+%
+\def\doignoretextzzz#1{%
+  \ifnum\doignorecount = 0	% We have just found the outermost @end.
+    \let\next\enddoignore
+  \else				% Still inside a nested condition.
+    \advance\doignorecount by -1
+    \let\next\doignoretext      % Look for the next @end.
+  \fi
+  \next
+}
+
+% Finish off ignored text.
+{ \obeylines%
+  % Ignore anything after the last `@end #1'; this matters in verbatim
+  % environments, where otherwise the newline after an ignored conditional
+  % would result in a blank line in the output.
+  \gdef\enddoignore#1^^M{\endgroup\ignorespaces}%
+}
+
+
+% @set VAR sets the variable VAR to an empty value.
+% @set VAR REST-OF-LINE sets VAR to the value REST-OF-LINE.
+%
+% Since we want to separate VAR from REST-OF-LINE (which might be
+% empty), we can't just use \parsearg; we have to insert a space of our
+% own to delimit the rest of the line, and then take it out again if we
+% didn't need it.
+% We rely on the fact that \parsearg sets \catcode`\ =10.
+%
+\parseargdef\set{\setyyy#1 \endsetyyy}
+\def\setyyy#1 #2\endsetyyy{%
+  {%
+    \makevalueexpandable
+    \def\temp{#2}%
+    \edef\next{\gdef\makecsname{SET#1}}%
+    \ifx\temp\empty
+      \next{}%
+    \else
+      \setzzz#2\endsetzzz
+    \fi
+  }%
+}
+% Remove the trailing space \setxxx inserted.
+\def\setzzz#1 \endsetzzz{\next{#1}}
+
+% @clear VAR clears (i.e., unsets) the variable VAR.
+%
+\parseargdef\clear{%
+  {%
+    \makevalueexpandable
+    \global\expandafter\let\csname SET#1\endcsname=\relax
+  }%
+}
+
+% @value{foo} gets the text saved in variable foo.
+\def\value{\begingroup\makevalueexpandable\valuexxx}
+\def\valuexxx#1{\expandablevalue{#1}\endgroup}
+{
+  \catcode`\- = \active \catcode`\_ = \active
+  %
+  \gdef\makevalueexpandable{%
+    \let\value = \expandablevalue
+    % We don't want these characters active, ...
+    \catcode`\-=\other \catcode`\_=\other
+    % ..., but we might end up with active ones in the argument if
+    % we're called from @code, as @code{@value{foo-bar_}}, though.
+    % So \let them to their normal equivalents.
+    \let-\realdash \let_\normalunderscore
+  }
+}
+
+% We have this subroutine so that we can handle at least some @value's
+% properly in indexes (we call \makevalueexpandable in \indexdummies).
+% The command has to be fully expandable (if the variable is set), since
+% the result winds up in the index file.  This means that if the
+% variable's value contains other Texinfo commands, it's almost certain
+% it will fail (although perhaps we could fix that with sufficient work
+% to do a one-level expansion on the result, instead of complete).
+%
+\def\expandablevalue#1{%
+  \expandafter\ifx\csname SET#1\endcsname\relax
+    {[No value for ``#1'']}%
+    \message{Variable `#1', used in @value, is not set.}%
+  \else
+    \csname SET#1\endcsname
+  \fi
+}
+
+% @ifset VAR ... @end ifset reads the `...' iff VAR has been defined
+% with @set.
+%
+% To get special treatment of `@end ifset,' call \makeond and the redefine.
+%
+\makecond{ifset}
+\def\ifset{\parsearg{\doifset{\let\next=\ifsetfail}}}
+\def\doifset#1#2{%
+  {%
+    \makevalueexpandable
+    \let\next=\empty
+    \expandafter\ifx\csname SET#2\endcsname\relax
+      #1% If not set, redefine \next.
+    \fi
+    \expandafter
+  }\next
+}
+\def\ifsetfail{\doignore{ifset}}
+
+% @ifclear VAR ... @end ifclear reads the `...' iff VAR has never been
+% defined with @set, or has been undefined with @clear.
+%
+% The `\else' inside the `\doifset' parameter is a trick to reuse the
+% above code: if the variable is not set, do nothing, if it is set,
+% then redefine \next to \ifclearfail.
+%
+\makecond{ifclear}
+\def\ifclear{\parsearg{\doifset{\else \let\next=\ifclearfail}}}
+\def\ifclearfail{\doignore{ifclear}}
+
+% @dircategory CATEGORY  -- specify a category of the dir file
+% which this file should belong to.  Ignore this in TeX.
+\let\dircategory=\comment
+
+% @defininfoenclose.
+\let\definfoenclose=\comment
+
+
+\message{indexing,}
+% Index generation facilities
+
+% Define \newwrite to be identical to plain tex's \newwrite
+% except not \outer, so it can be used within macros and \if's.
+\edef\newwrite{\makecsname{ptexnewwrite}}
+
+% \newindex {foo} defines an index named foo.
+% It automatically defines \fooindex such that
+% \fooindex ...rest of line... puts an entry in the index foo.
+% It also defines \fooindfile to be the number of the output channel for
+% the file that accumulates this index.  The file's extension is foo.
+% The name of an index should be no more than 2 characters long
+% for the sake of vms.
+%
+\def\newindex#1{%
+  \iflinks
+    \expandafter\newwrite \csname#1indfile\endcsname
+    \openout \csname#1indfile\endcsname \jobname.#1 % Open the file
+  \fi
+  \expandafter\xdef\csname#1index\endcsname{%     % Define @#1index
+    \noexpand\doindex{#1}}
+}
+
+% @defindex foo  ==  \newindex{foo}
+%
+\def\defindex{\parsearg\newindex}
+
+% Define @defcodeindex, like @defindex except put all entries in @code.
+%
+\def\defcodeindex{\parsearg\newcodeindex}
+%
+\def\newcodeindex#1{%
+  \iflinks
+    \expandafter\newwrite \csname#1indfile\endcsname
+    \openout \csname#1indfile\endcsname \jobname.#1
+  \fi
+  \expandafter\xdef\csname#1index\endcsname{%
+    \noexpand\docodeindex{#1}}%
+}
+
+
+% @synindex foo bar    makes index foo feed into index bar.
+% Do this instead of @defindex foo if you don't want it as a separate index.
+%
+% @syncodeindex foo bar   similar, but put all entries made for index foo
+% inside @code.
+%
+\def\synindex#1 #2 {\dosynindex\doindex{#1}{#2}}
+\def\syncodeindex#1 #2 {\dosynindex\docodeindex{#1}{#2}}
+
+% #1 is \doindex or \docodeindex, #2 the index getting redefined (foo),
+% #3 the target index (bar).
+\def\dosynindex#1#2#3{%
+  % Only do \closeout if we haven't already done it, else we'll end up
+  % closing the target index.
+  \expandafter \ifx\csname donesynindex#2\endcsname \relax
+    % The \closeout helps reduce unnecessary open files; the limit on the
+    % Acorn RISC OS is a mere 16 files.
+    \expandafter\closeout\csname#2indfile\endcsname
+    \expandafter\let\csname donesynindex#2\endcsname = 1
+  \fi
+  % redefine \fooindfile:
+  \expandafter\let\expandafter\temp\expandafter=\csname#3indfile\endcsname
+  \expandafter\let\csname#2indfile\endcsname=\temp
+  % redefine \fooindex:
+  \expandafter\xdef\csname#2index\endcsname{\noexpand#1{#3}}%
+}
+
+% Define \doindex, the driver for all \fooindex macros.
+% Argument #1 is generated by the calling \fooindex macro,
+%  and it is "foo", the name of the index.
+
+% \doindex just uses \parsearg; it calls \doind for the actual work.
+% This is because \doind is more useful to call from other macros.
+
+% There is also \dosubind {index}{topic}{subtopic}
+% which makes an entry in a two-level index such as the operation index.
+
+\def\doindex#1{\edef\indexname{#1}\parsearg\singleindexer}
+\def\singleindexer #1{\doind{\indexname}{#1}}
+
+% like the previous two, but they put @code around the argument.
+\def\docodeindex#1{\edef\indexname{#1}\parsearg\singlecodeindexer}
+\def\singlecodeindexer #1{\doind{\indexname}{\code{#1}}}
+
+% Take care of Texinfo commands that can appear in an index entry.
+% Since there are some commands we want to expand, and others we don't,
+% we have to laboriously prevent expansion for those that we don't.
+%
+\def\indexdummies{%
+  \escapechar = `\\     % use backslash in output files.
+  \def\@{@}% change to @@ when we switch to @ as escape char in index files.
+  \def\ {\realbackslash\space }%
+  %
+  % Need these in case \tex is in effect and \{ is a \delimiter again.
+  % But can't use \lbracecmd and \rbracecmd because texindex assumes
+  % braces and backslashes are used only as delimiters.
+  \let\{ = \mylbrace
+  \let\} = \myrbrace
+  %
+  % I don't entirely understand this, but when an index entry is
+  % generated from a macro call, the \endinput which \scanmacro inserts
+  % causes processing to be prematurely terminated.  This is,
+  % apparently, because \indexsorttmp is fully expanded, and \endinput
+  % is an expandable command.  The redefinition below makes \endinput
+  % disappear altogether for that purpose -- although logging shows that
+  % processing continues to some further point.  On the other hand, it
+  % seems \endinput does not hurt in the printed index arg, since that
+  % is still getting written without apparent harm.
+  % 
+  % Sample source (mac-idx3.tex, reported by Graham Percival to
+  % help-texinfo, 22may06):
+  % @macro funindex {WORD}
+  % @findex xyz
+  % @end macro
+  % ...
+  % @funindex commtest
+  % 
+  % The above is not enough to reproduce the bug, but it gives the flavor.
+  % 
+  % Sample whatsit resulting:
+  % .@write3{\entry{xyz}{@folio }{@code {xyz@endinput }}}
+  % 
+  % So:
+  \let\endinput = \empty
+  %
+  % Do the redefinitions.
+  \commondummies
+}
+
+% For the aux and toc files, @ is the escape character.  So we want to
+% redefine everything using @ as the escape character (instead of
+% \realbackslash, still used for index files).  When everything uses @,
+% this will be simpler.
+%
+\def\atdummies{%
+  \def\@{@@}%
+  \def\ {@ }%
+  \let\{ = \lbraceatcmd
+  \let\} = \rbraceatcmd
+  %
+  % Do the redefinitions.
+  \commondummies
+  \otherbackslash
+}
+
+% Called from \indexdummies and \atdummies.
+%
+\def\commondummies{%
+  %
+  % \definedummyword defines \#1 as \string\#1\space, thus effectively
+  % preventing its expansion.  This is used only for control% words,
+  % not control letters, because the \space would be incorrect for
+  % control characters, but is needed to separate the control word
+  % from whatever follows.
+  %
+  % For control letters, we have \definedummyletter, which omits the
+  % space.
+  %
+  % These can be used both for control words that take an argument and
+  % those that do not.  If it is followed by {arg} in the input, then
+  % that will dutifully get written to the index (or wherever).
+  %
+  \def\definedummyword  ##1{\def##1{\string##1\space}}%
+  \def\definedummyletter##1{\def##1{\string##1}}%
+  \let\definedummyaccent\definedummyletter
+  %
+  \commondummiesnofonts
+  %
+  \definedummyletter\_%
+  %
+  % Non-English letters.
+  \definedummyword\AA
+  \definedummyword\AE
+  \definedummyword\L
+  \definedummyword\OE
+  \definedummyword\O
+  \definedummyword\aa
+  \definedummyword\ae
+  \definedummyword\l
+  \definedummyword\oe
+  \definedummyword\o
+  \definedummyword\ss
+  \definedummyword\exclamdown
+  \definedummyword\questiondown
+  \definedummyword\ordf
+  \definedummyword\ordm
+  %
+  % Although these internal commands shouldn't show up, sometimes they do.
+  \definedummyword\bf
+  \definedummyword\gtr
+  \definedummyword\hat
+  \definedummyword\less
+  \definedummyword\sf
+  \definedummyword\sl
+  \definedummyword\tclose
+  \definedummyword\tt
+  %
+  \definedummyword\LaTeX
+  \definedummyword\TeX
+  %
+  % Assorted special characters.
+  \definedummyword\bullet
+  \definedummyword\comma
+  \definedummyword\copyright
+  \definedummyword\registeredsymbol
+  \definedummyword\dots
+  \definedummyword\enddots
+  \definedummyword\equiv
+  \definedummyword\error
+  \definedummyword\euro
+  \definedummyword\guillemetleft
+  \definedummyword\guillemetright
+  \definedummyword\guilsinglleft
+  \definedummyword\guilsinglright
+  \definedummyword\expansion
+  \definedummyword\minus
+  \definedummyword\ogonek
+  \definedummyword\pounds
+  \definedummyword\point
+  \definedummyword\print
+  \definedummyword\quotedblbase
+  \definedummyword\quotedblleft
+  \definedummyword\quotedblright
+  \definedummyword\quoteleft
+  \definedummyword\quoteright
+  \definedummyword\quotesinglbase
+  \definedummyword\result
+  \definedummyword\textdegree
+  %
+  % We want to disable all macros so that they are not expanded by \write.
+  \macrolist
+  %
+  \normalturnoffactive
+  %
+  % Handle some cases of @value -- where it does not contain any
+  % (non-fully-expandable) commands.
+  \makevalueexpandable
+}
+
+% \commondummiesnofonts: common to \commondummies and \indexnofonts.
+%
+\def\commondummiesnofonts{%
+  % Control letters and accents.
+  \definedummyletter\!%
+  \definedummyaccent\"%
+  \definedummyaccent\'%
+  \definedummyletter\*%
+  \definedummyaccent\,%
+  \definedummyletter\.%
+  \definedummyletter\/%
+  \definedummyletter\:%
+  \definedummyaccent\=%
+  \definedummyletter\?%
+  \definedummyaccent\^%
+  \definedummyaccent\`%
+  \definedummyaccent\~%
+  \definedummyword\u
+  \definedummyword\v
+  \definedummyword\H
+  \definedummyword\dotaccent
+  \definedummyword\ogonek
+  \definedummyword\ringaccent
+  \definedummyword\tieaccent
+  \definedummyword\ubaraccent
+  \definedummyword\udotaccent
+  \definedummyword\dotless
+  %
+  % Texinfo font commands.
+  \definedummyword\b
+  \definedummyword\i
+  \definedummyword\r
+  \definedummyword\sc
+  \definedummyword\t
+  %
+  % Commands that take arguments.
+  \definedummyword\acronym
+  \definedummyword\cite
+  \definedummyword\code
+  \definedummyword\command
+  \definedummyword\dfn
+  \definedummyword\emph
+  \definedummyword\env
+  \definedummyword\file
+  \definedummyword\kbd
+  \definedummyword\key
+  \definedummyword\math
+  \definedummyword\option
+  \definedummyword\pxref
+  \definedummyword\ref
+  \definedummyword\samp
+  \definedummyword\strong
+  \definedummyword\tie
+  \definedummyword\uref
+  \definedummyword\url
+  \definedummyword\var
+  \definedummyword\verb
+  \definedummyword\w
+  \definedummyword\xref
+}
+
+% \indexnofonts is used when outputting the strings to sort the index
+% by, and when constructing control sequence names.  It eliminates all
+% control sequences and just writes whatever the best ASCII sort string
+% would be for a given command (usually its argument).
+%
+\def\indexnofonts{%
+  % Accent commands should become @asis.
+  \def\definedummyaccent##1{\let##1\asis}%
+  % We can just ignore other control letters.
+  \def\definedummyletter##1{\let##1\empty}%
+  % Hopefully, all control words can become @asis.
+  \let\definedummyword\definedummyaccent
+  %
+  \commondummiesnofonts
+  %
+  % Don't no-op \tt, since it isn't a user-level command
+  % and is used in the definitions of the active chars like <, >, |, etc.
+  % Likewise with the other plain tex font commands.
+  %\let\tt=\asis
+  %
+  \def\ { }%
+  \def\@{@}%
+  % how to handle braces?
+  \def\_{\normalunderscore}%
+  %
+  % Non-English letters.
+  \def\AA{AA}%
+  \def\AE{AE}%
+  \def\L{L}%
+  \def\OE{OE}%
+  \def\O{O}%
+  \def\aa{aa}%
+  \def\ae{ae}%
+  \def\l{l}%
+  \def\oe{oe}%
+  \def\o{o}%
+  \def\ss{ss}%
+  \def\exclamdown{!}%
+  \def\questiondown{?}%
+  \def\ordf{a}%
+  \def\ordm{o}%
+  %
+  \def\LaTeX{LaTeX}%
+  \def\TeX{TeX}%
+  %
+  % Assorted special characters.
+  % (The following {} will end up in the sort string, but that's ok.)
+  \def\bullet{bullet}%
+  \def\comma{,}%
+  \def\copyright{copyright}%
+  \def\registeredsymbol{R}%
+  \def\dots{...}%
+  \def\enddots{...}%
+  \def\equiv{==}%
+  \def\error{error}%
+  \def\euro{euro}%
+  \def\guillemetleft{<<}%
+  \def\guillemetright{>>}%
+  \def\guilsinglleft{<}%
+  \def\guilsinglright{>}%
+  \def\expansion{==>}%
+  \def\minus{-}%
+  \def\pounds{pounds}%
+  \def\point{.}%
+  \def\print{-|}%
+  \def\quotedblbase{"}%
+  \def\quotedblleft{"}%
+  \def\quotedblright{"}%
+  \def\quoteleft{`}%
+  \def\quoteright{'}%
+  \def\quotesinglbase{,}%
+  \def\result{=>}%
+  \def\textdegree{degrees}%
+  %
+  % We need to get rid of all macros, leaving only the arguments (if present).
+  % Of course this is not nearly correct, but it is the best we can do for now.
+  % makeinfo does not expand macros in the argument to @deffn, which ends up
+  % writing an index entry, and texindex isn't prepared for an index sort entry
+  % that starts with \.
+  % 
+  % Since macro invocations are followed by braces, we can just redefine them
+  % to take a single TeX argument.  The case of a macro invocation that
+  % goes to end-of-line is not handled.
+  % 
+  \macrolist
+}
+
+\let\indexbackslash=0  %overridden during \printindex.
+\let\SETmarginindex=\relax % put index entries in margin (undocumented)?
+
+% Most index entries go through here, but \dosubind is the general case.
+% #1 is the index name, #2 is the entry text.
+\def\doind#1#2{\dosubind{#1}{#2}{}}
+
+% Workhorse for all \fooindexes.
+% #1 is name of index, #2 is stuff to put there, #3 is subentry --
+% empty if called from \doind, as we usually are (the main exception
+% is with most defuns, which call us directly).
+%
+\def\dosubind#1#2#3{%
+  \iflinks
+  {%
+    % Store the main index entry text (including the third arg).
+    \toks0 = {#2}%
+    % If third arg is present, precede it with a space.
+    \def\thirdarg{#3}%
+    \ifx\thirdarg\empty \else
+      \toks0 = \expandafter{\the\toks0 \space #3}%
+    \fi
+    %
+    \edef\writeto{\csname#1indfile\endcsname}%
+    %
+    \safewhatsit\dosubindwrite
+  }%
+  \fi
+}
+
+% Write the entry in \toks0 to the index file:
+%
+\def\dosubindwrite{%
+  % Put the index entry in the margin if desired.
+  \ifx\SETmarginindex\relax\else
+    \insert\margin{\hbox{\vrule height8pt depth3pt width0pt \the\toks0}}%
+  \fi
+  %
+  % Remember, we are within a group.
+  \indexdummies % Must do this here, since \bf, etc expand at this stage
+  \def\backslashcurfont{\indexbackslash}% \indexbackslash isn't defined now
+      % so it will be output as is; and it will print as backslash.
+  %
+  % Process the index entry with all font commands turned off, to
+  % get the string to sort by.
+  {\indexnofonts
+   \edef\temp{\the\toks0}% need full expansion
+   \xdef\indexsorttmp{\temp}%
+  }%
+  %
+  % Set up the complete index entry, with both the sort key and
+  % the original text, including any font commands.  We write
+  % three arguments to \entry to the .?? file (four in the
+  % subentry case), texindex reduces to two when writing the .??s
+  % sorted result.
+  \edef\temp{%
+    \write\writeto{%
+      \string\entry{\indexsorttmp}{\noexpand\folio}{\the\toks0}}%
+  }%
+  \temp
+}
+
+% Take care of unwanted page breaks/skips around a whatsit:
+%
+% If a skip is the last thing on the list now, preserve it
+% by backing up by \lastskip, doing the \write, then inserting
+% the skip again.  Otherwise, the whatsit generated by the
+% \write or \pdfdest will make \lastskip zero.  The result is that
+% sequences like this:
+% @end defun
+% @tindex whatever
+% @defun ...
+% will have extra space inserted, because the \medbreak in the
+% start of the @defun won't see the skip inserted by the @end of
+% the previous defun.
+%
+% But don't do any of this if we're not in vertical mode.  We
+% don't want to do a \vskip and prematurely end a paragraph.
+%
+% Avoid page breaks due to these extra skips, too.
+%
+% But wait, there is a catch there:
+% We'll have to check whether \lastskip is zero skip.  \ifdim is not
+% sufficient for this purpose, as it ignores stretch and shrink parts
+% of the skip.  The only way seems to be to check the textual
+% representation of the skip.
+%
+% The following is almost like \def\zeroskipmacro{0.0pt} except that
+% the ``p'' and ``t'' characters have catcode \other, not 11 (letter).
+%
+\edef\zeroskipmacro{\expandafter\the\csname z@skip\endcsname}
+%
+\newskip\whatsitskip
+\newcount\whatsitpenalty
+%
+% ..., ready, GO:
+%
+\def\safewhatsit#1{%
+\ifhmode
+  #1%
+\else
+  % \lastskip and \lastpenalty cannot both be nonzero simultaneously.
+  \whatsitskip = \lastskip
+  \edef\lastskipmacro{\the\lastskip}%
+  \whatsitpenalty = \lastpenalty
+  %
+  % If \lastskip is nonzero, that means the last item was a
+  % skip.  And since a skip is discardable, that means this
+  % -\whatsitskip glue we're inserting is preceded by a
+  % non-discardable item, therefore it is not a potential
+  % breakpoint, therefore no \nobreak needed.
+  \ifx\lastskipmacro\zeroskipmacro
+  \else
+    \vskip-\whatsitskip
+  \fi
+  %
+  #1%
+  %
+  \ifx\lastskipmacro\zeroskipmacro
+    % If \lastskip was zero, perhaps the last item was a penalty, and
+    % perhaps it was >=10000, e.g., a \nobreak.  In that case, we want
+    % to re-insert the same penalty (values >10000 are used for various
+    % signals); since we just inserted a non-discardable item, any
+    % following glue (such as a \parskip) would be a breakpoint.  For example:
+    % 
+    %   @deffn deffn-whatever
+    %   @vindex index-whatever
+    %   Description.
+    % would allow a break between the index-whatever whatsit
+    % and the "Description." paragraph.
+    \ifnum\whatsitpenalty>9999 \penalty\whatsitpenalty \fi
+  \else
+    % On the other hand, if we had a nonzero \lastskip,
+    % this make-up glue would be preceded by a non-discardable item
+    % (the whatsit from the \write), so we must insert a \nobreak.
+    \nobreak\vskip\whatsitskip
+  \fi
+\fi
+}
+
+% The index entry written in the file actually looks like
+%  \entry {sortstring}{page}{topic}
+% or
+%  \entry {sortstring}{page}{topic}{subtopic}
+% The texindex program reads in these files and writes files
+% containing these kinds of lines:
+%  \initial {c}
+%     before the first topic whose initial is c
+%  \entry {topic}{pagelist}
+%     for a topic that is used without subtopics
+%  \primary {topic}
+%     for the beginning of a topic that is used with subtopics
+%  \secondary {subtopic}{pagelist}
+%     for each subtopic.
+
+% Define the user-accessible indexing commands
+% @findex, @vindex, @kindex, @cindex.
+
+\def\findex {\fnindex}
+\def\kindex {\kyindex}
+\def\cindex {\cpindex}
+\def\vindex {\vrindex}
+\def\tindex {\tpindex}
+\def\pindex {\pgindex}
+
+\def\cindexsub {\begingroup\obeylines\cindexsub}
+{\obeylines %
+\gdef\cindexsub "#1" #2^^M{\endgroup %
+\dosubind{cp}{#2}{#1}}}
+
+% Define the macros used in formatting output of the sorted index material.
+
+% @printindex causes a particular index (the ??s file) to get printed.
+% It does not print any chapter heading (usually an @unnumbered).
+%
+\parseargdef\printindex{\begingroup
+  \dobreak \chapheadingskip{10000}%
+  %
+  \smallfonts \rm
+  \tolerance = 9500
+  \plainfrenchspacing
+  \everypar = {}% don't want the \kern\-parindent from indentation suppression.
+  %
+  % See if the index file exists and is nonempty.
+  % Change catcode of @ here so that if the index file contains
+  % \initial {@}
+  % as its first line, TeX doesn't complain about mismatched braces
+  % (because it thinks @} is a control sequence).
+  \catcode`\@ = 11
+  \openin 1 \jobname.#1s
+  \ifeof 1
+    % \enddoublecolumns gets confused if there is no text in the index,
+    % and it loses the chapter title and the aux file entries for the
+    % index.  The easiest way to prevent this problem is to make sure
+    % there is some text.
+    \putwordIndexNonexistent
+  \else
+    %
+    % If the index file exists but is empty, then \openin leaves \ifeof
+    % false.  We have to make TeX try to read something from the file, so
+    % it can discover if there is anything in it.
+    \read 1 to \temp
+    \ifeof 1
+      \putwordIndexIsEmpty
+    \else
+      % Index files are almost Texinfo source, but we use \ as the escape
+      % character.  It would be better to use @, but that's too big a change
+      % to make right now.
+      \def\indexbackslash{\backslashcurfont}%
+      \catcode`\\ = 0
+      \escapechar = `\\
+      \begindoublecolumns
+      \input \jobname.#1s
+      \enddoublecolumns
+    \fi
+  \fi
+  \closein 1
+\endgroup}
+
+% These macros are used by the sorted index file itself.
+% Change them to control the appearance of the index.
+
+\def\initial#1{{%
+  % Some minor font changes for the special characters.
+  \let\tentt=\sectt \let\tt=\sectt \let\sf=\sectt
+  %
+  % Remove any glue we may have, we'll be inserting our own.
+  \removelastskip
+  %
+  % We like breaks before the index initials, so insert a bonus.
+  \nobreak
+  \vskip 0pt plus 3\baselineskip
+  \penalty 0
+  \vskip 0pt plus -3\baselineskip
+  %
+  % Typeset the initial.  Making this add up to a whole number of
+  % baselineskips increases the chance of the dots lining up from column
+  % to column.  It still won't often be perfect, because of the stretch
+  % we need before each entry, but it's better.
+  %
+  % No shrink because it confuses \balancecolumns.
+  \vskip 1.67\baselineskip plus .5\baselineskip
+  \leftline{\secbf #1}%
+  % Do our best not to break after the initial.
+  \nobreak
+  \vskip .33\baselineskip plus .1\baselineskip
+}}
+
+% \entry typesets a paragraph consisting of the text (#1), dot leaders, and
+% then page number (#2) flushed to the right margin.  It is used for index
+% and table of contents entries.  The paragraph is indented by \leftskip.
+%
+% A straightforward implementation would start like this:
+%	\def\entry#1#2{...
+% But this freezes the catcodes in the argument, and can cause problems to
+% @code, which sets - active.  This problem was fixed by a kludge---
+% ``-'' was active throughout whole index, but this isn't really right.
+%
+% The right solution is to prevent \entry from swallowing the whole text.
+%                                 --kasal, 21nov03
+\def\entry{%
+  \begingroup
+    %
+    % Start a new paragraph if necessary, so our assignments below can't
+    % affect previous text.
+    \par
+    %
+    % Do not fill out the last line with white space.
+    \parfillskip = 0in
+    %
+    % No extra space above this paragraph.
+    \parskip = 0in
+    %
+    % Do not prefer a separate line ending with a hyphen to fewer lines.
+    \finalhyphendemerits = 0
+    %
+    % \hangindent is only relevant when the entry text and page number
+    % don't both fit on one line.  In that case, bob suggests starting the
+    % dots pretty far over on the line.  Unfortunately, a large
+    % indentation looks wrong when the entry text itself is broken across
+    % lines.  So we use a small indentation and put up with long leaders.
+    %
+    % \hangafter is reset to 1 (which is the value we want) at the start
+    % of each paragraph, so we need not do anything with that.
+    \hangindent = 2em
+    %
+    % When the entry text needs to be broken, just fill out the first line
+    % with blank space.
+    \rightskip = 0pt plus1fil
+    %
+    % A bit of stretch before each entry for the benefit of balancing
+    % columns.
+    \vskip 0pt plus1pt
+    %
+    % Swallow the left brace of the text (first parameter):
+    \afterassignment\doentry
+    \let\temp =
+}
+\def\doentry{%
+    \bgroup % Instead of the swallowed brace.
+      \noindent
+      \aftergroup\finishentry
+      % And now comes the text of the entry.
+}
+\def\finishentry#1{%
+    % #1 is the page number.
+    %
+    % The following is kludged to not output a line of dots in the index if
+    % there are no page numbers.  The next person who breaks this will be
+    % cursed by a Unix daemon.
+    \setbox\boxA = \hbox{#1}%
+    \ifdim\wd\boxA = 0pt
+      \ %
+    \else
+      %
+      % If we must, put the page number on a line of its own, and fill out
+      % this line with blank space.  (The \hfil is overwhelmed with the
+      % fill leaders glue in \indexdotfill if the page number does fit.)
+      \hfil\penalty50
+      \null\nobreak\indexdotfill % Have leaders before the page number.
+      %
+      % The `\ ' here is removed by the implicit \unskip that TeX does as
+      % part of (the primitive) \par.  Without it, a spurious underfull
+      % \hbox ensues.
+      \ifpdf
+	\pdfgettoks#1.%
+	\ \the\toksA
+      \else
+	\ #1%
+      \fi
+    \fi
+    \par
+  \endgroup
+}
+
+% Like plain.tex's \dotfill, except uses up at least 1 em.
+\def\indexdotfill{\cleaders
+  \hbox{$\mathsurround=0pt \mkern1.5mu.\mkern1.5mu$}\hskip 1em plus 1fill}
+
+\def\primary #1{\line{#1\hfil}}
+
+\newskip\secondaryindent \secondaryindent=0.5cm
+\def\secondary#1#2{{%
+  \parfillskip=0in
+  \parskip=0in
+  \hangindent=1in
+  \hangafter=1
+  \noindent\hskip\secondaryindent\hbox{#1}\indexdotfill
+  \ifpdf
+    \pdfgettoks#2.\ \the\toksA % The page number ends the paragraph.
+  \else
+    #2
+  \fi
+  \par
+}}
+
+% Define two-column mode, which we use to typeset indexes.
+% Adapted from the TeXbook, page 416, which is to say,
+% the manmac.tex format used to print the TeXbook itself.
+\catcode`\@=11
+
+\newbox\partialpage
+\newdimen\doublecolumnhsize
+
+\def\begindoublecolumns{\begingroup % ended by \enddoublecolumns
+  % Grab any single-column material above us.
+  \output = {%
+    %
+    % Here is a possibility not foreseen in manmac: if we accumulate a
+    % whole lot of material, we might end up calling this \output
+    % routine twice in a row (see the doublecol-lose test, which is
+    % essentially a couple of indexes with @setchapternewpage off).  In
+    % that case we just ship out what is in \partialpage with the normal
+    % output routine.  Generally, \partialpage will be empty when this
+    % runs and this will be a no-op.  See the indexspread.tex test case.
+    \ifvoid\partialpage \else
+      \onepageout{\pagecontents\partialpage}%
+    \fi
+    %
+    \global\setbox\partialpage = \vbox{%
+      % Unvbox the main output page.
+      \unvbox\PAGE
+      \kern-\topskip \kern\baselineskip
+    }%
+  }%
+  \eject % run that output routine to set \partialpage
+  %
+  % Use the double-column output routine for subsequent pages.
+  \output = {\doublecolumnout}%
+  %
+  % Change the page size parameters.  We could do this once outside this
+  % routine, in each of @smallbook, @afourpaper, and the default 8.5x11
+  % format, but then we repeat the same computation.  Repeating a couple
+  % of assignments once per index is clearly meaningless for the
+  % execution time, so we may as well do it in one place.
+  %
+  % First we halve the line length, less a little for the gutter between
+  % the columns.  We compute the gutter based on the line length, so it
+  % changes automatically with the paper format.  The magic constant
+  % below is chosen so that the gutter has the same value (well, +-<1pt)
+  % as it did when we hard-coded it.
+  %
+  % We put the result in a separate register, \doublecolumhsize, so we
+  % can restore it in \pagesofar, after \hsize itself has (potentially)
+  % been clobbered.
+  %
+  \doublecolumnhsize = \hsize
+    \advance\doublecolumnhsize by -.04154\hsize
+    \divide\doublecolumnhsize by 2
+  \hsize = \doublecolumnhsize
+  %
+  % Double the \vsize as well.  (We don't need a separate register here,
+  % since nobody clobbers \vsize.)
+  \vsize = 2\vsize
+}
+
+% The double-column output routine for all double-column pages except
+% the last.
+%
+\def\doublecolumnout{%
+  \splittopskip=\topskip \splitmaxdepth=\maxdepth
+  % Get the available space for the double columns -- the normal
+  % (undoubled) page height minus any material left over from the
+  % previous page.
+  \dimen@ = \vsize
+  \divide\dimen@ by 2
+  \advance\dimen@ by -\ht\partialpage
+  %
+  % box0 will be the left-hand column, box2 the right.
+  \setbox0=\vsplit255 to\dimen@ \setbox2=\vsplit255 to\dimen@
+  \onepageout\pagesofar
+  \unvbox255
+  \penalty\outputpenalty
+}
+%
+% Re-output the contents of the output page -- any previous material,
+% followed by the two boxes we just split, in box0 and box2.
+\def\pagesofar{%
+  \unvbox\partialpage
+  %
+  \hsize = \doublecolumnhsize
+  \wd0=\hsize \wd2=\hsize
+  \hbox to\pagewidth{\box0\hfil\box2}%
+}
+%
+% All done with double columns.
+\def\enddoublecolumns{%
+  % The following penalty ensures that the page builder is exercised
+  % _before_ we change the output routine.  This is necessary in the
+  % following situation:
+  %
+  % The last section of the index consists only of a single entry.
+  % Before this section, \pagetotal is less than \pagegoal, so no
+  % break occurs before the last section starts.  However, the last
+  % section, consisting of \initial and the single \entry, does not
+  % fit on the page and has to be broken off.  Without the following
+  % penalty the page builder will not be exercised until \eject
+  % below, and by that time we'll already have changed the output
+  % routine to the \balancecolumns version, so the next-to-last
+  % double-column page will be processed with \balancecolumns, which
+  % is wrong:  The two columns will go to the main vertical list, with
+  % the broken-off section in the recent contributions.  As soon as
+  % the output routine finishes, TeX starts reconsidering the page
+  % break.  The two columns and the broken-off section both fit on the
+  % page, because the two columns now take up only half of the page
+  % goal.  When TeX sees \eject from below which follows the final
+  % section, it invokes the new output routine that we've set after
+  % \balancecolumns below; \onepageout will try to fit the two columns
+  % and the final section into the vbox of \pageheight (see
+  % \pagebody), causing an overfull box.
+  %
+  % Note that glue won't work here, because glue does not exercise the
+  % page builder, unlike penalties (see The TeXbook, pp. 280-281).
+  \penalty0
+  %
+  \output = {%
+    % Split the last of the double-column material.  Leave it on the
+    % current page, no automatic page break.
+    \balancecolumns
+    %
+    % If we end up splitting too much material for the current page,
+    % though, there will be another page break right after this \output
+    % invocation ends.  Having called \balancecolumns once, we do not
+    % want to call it again.  Therefore, reset \output to its normal
+    % definition right away.  (We hope \balancecolumns will never be
+    % called on to balance too much material, but if it is, this makes
+    % the output somewhat more palatable.)
+    \global\output = {\onepageout{\pagecontents\PAGE}}%
+  }%
+  \eject
+  \endgroup % started in \begindoublecolumns
+  %
+  % \pagegoal was set to the doubled \vsize above, since we restarted
+  % the current page.  We're now back to normal single-column
+  % typesetting, so reset \pagegoal to the normal \vsize (after the
+  % \endgroup where \vsize got restored).
+  \pagegoal = \vsize
+}
+%
+% Called at the end of the double column material.
+\def\balancecolumns{%
+  \setbox0 = \vbox{\unvbox255}% like \box255 but more efficient, see p.120.
+  \dimen@ = \ht0
+  \advance\dimen@ by \topskip
+  \advance\dimen@ by-\baselineskip
+  \divide\dimen@ by 2 % target to split to
+  %debug\message{final 2-column material height=\the\ht0, target=\the\dimen@.}%
+  \splittopskip = \topskip
+  % Loop until we get a decent breakpoint.
+  {%
+    \vbadness = 10000
+    \loop
+      \global\setbox3 = \copy0
+      \global\setbox1 = \vsplit3 to \dimen@
+    \ifdim\ht3>\dimen@
+      \global\advance\dimen@ by 1pt
+    \repeat
+  }%
+  %debug\message{split to \the\dimen@, column heights: \the\ht1, \the\ht3.}%
+  \setbox0=\vbox to\dimen@{\unvbox1}%
+  \setbox2=\vbox to\dimen@{\unvbox3}%
+  %
+  \pagesofar
+}
+\catcode`\@ = \other
+
+
+\message{sectioning,}
+% Chapters, sections, etc.
+
+% \unnumberedno is an oxymoron, of course.  But we count the unnumbered
+% sections so that we can refer to them unambiguously in the pdf
+% outlines by their "section number".  We avoid collisions with chapter
+% numbers by starting them at 10000.  (If a document ever has 10000
+% chapters, we're in trouble anyway, I'm sure.)
+\newcount\unnumberedno \unnumberedno = 10000
+\newcount\chapno
+\newcount\secno        \secno=0
+\newcount\subsecno     \subsecno=0
+\newcount\subsubsecno  \subsubsecno=0
+
+% This counter is funny since it counts through charcodes of letters A, B, ...
+\newcount\appendixno  \appendixno = `\@
+%
+% \def\appendixletter{\char\the\appendixno}
+% We do the following ugly conditional instead of the above simple
+% construct for the sake of pdftex, which needs the actual
+% letter in the expansion, not just typeset.
+%
+\def\appendixletter{%
+  \ifnum\appendixno=`A A%
+  \else\ifnum\appendixno=`B B%
+  \else\ifnum\appendixno=`C C%
+  \else\ifnum\appendixno=`D D%
+  \else\ifnum\appendixno=`E E%
+  \else\ifnum\appendixno=`F F%
+  \else\ifnum\appendixno=`G G%
+  \else\ifnum\appendixno=`H H%
+  \else\ifnum\appendixno=`I I%
+  \else\ifnum\appendixno=`J J%
+  \else\ifnum\appendixno=`K K%
+  \else\ifnum\appendixno=`L L%
+  \else\ifnum\appendixno=`M M%
+  \else\ifnum\appendixno=`N N%
+  \else\ifnum\appendixno=`O O%
+  \else\ifnum\appendixno=`P P%
+  \else\ifnum\appendixno=`Q Q%
+  \else\ifnum\appendixno=`R R%
+  \else\ifnum\appendixno=`S S%
+  \else\ifnum\appendixno=`T T%
+  \else\ifnum\appendixno=`U U%
+  \else\ifnum\appendixno=`V V%
+  \else\ifnum\appendixno=`W W%
+  \else\ifnum\appendixno=`X X%
+  \else\ifnum\appendixno=`Y Y%
+  \else\ifnum\appendixno=`Z Z%
+  % The \the is necessary, despite appearances, because \appendixletter is
+  % expanded while writing the .toc file.  \char\appendixno is not
+  % expandable, thus it is written literally, thus all appendixes come out
+  % with the same letter (or @) in the toc without it.
+  \else\char\the\appendixno
+  \fi\fi\fi\fi\fi\fi\fi\fi\fi\fi\fi\fi\fi
+  \fi\fi\fi\fi\fi\fi\fi\fi\fi\fi\fi\fi\fi}
+
+% Each @chapter defines these (using marks) as the number+name, number
+% and name of the chapter.  Page headings and footings can use
+% these.  @section does likewise.
+\def\thischapter{}
+\def\thischapternum{}
+\def\thischaptername{}
+\def\thissection{}
+\def\thissectionnum{}
+\def\thissectionname{}
+
+\newcount\absseclevel % used to calculate proper heading level
+\newcount\secbase\secbase=0 % @raisesections/@lowersections modify this count
+
+% @raisesections: treat @section as chapter, @subsection as section, etc.
+\def\raisesections{\global\advance\secbase by -1}
+\let\up=\raisesections % original BFox name
+
+% @lowersections: treat @chapter as section, @section as subsection, etc.
+\def\lowersections{\global\advance\secbase by 1}
+\let\down=\lowersections % original BFox name
+
+% we only have subsub.
+\chardef\maxseclevel = 3
+%
+% A numbered section within an unnumbered changes to unnumbered too.
+% To achive this, remember the "biggest" unnum. sec. we are currently in:
+\chardef\unmlevel = \maxseclevel
+%
+% Trace whether the current chapter is an appendix or not:
+% \chapheadtype is "N" or "A", unnumbered chapters are ignored.
+\def\chapheadtype{N}
+
+% Choose a heading macro
+% #1 is heading type
+% #2 is heading level
+% #3 is text for heading
+\def\genhead#1#2#3{%
+  % Compute the abs. sec. level:
+  \absseclevel=#2
+  \advance\absseclevel by \secbase
+  % Make sure \absseclevel doesn't fall outside the range:
+  \ifnum \absseclevel < 0
+    \absseclevel = 0
+  \else
+    \ifnum \absseclevel > 3
+      \absseclevel = 3
+    \fi
+  \fi
+  % The heading type:
+  \def\headtype{#1}%
+  \if \headtype U%
+    \ifnum \absseclevel < \unmlevel
+      \chardef\unmlevel = \absseclevel
+    \fi
+  \else
+    % Check for appendix sections:
+    \ifnum \absseclevel = 0
+      \edef\chapheadtype{\headtype}%
+    \else
+      \if \headtype A\if \chapheadtype N%
+	\errmessage{@appendix... within a non-appendix chapter}%
+      \fi\fi
+    \fi
+    % Check for numbered within unnumbered:
+    \ifnum \absseclevel > \unmlevel
+      \def\headtype{U}%
+    \else
+      \chardef\unmlevel = 3
+    \fi
+  \fi
+  % Now print the heading:
+  \if \headtype U%
+    \ifcase\absseclevel
+	\unnumberedzzz{#3}%
+    \or \unnumberedseczzz{#3}%
+    \or \unnumberedsubseczzz{#3}%
+    \or \unnumberedsubsubseczzz{#3}%
+    \fi
+  \else
+    \if \headtype A%
+      \ifcase\absseclevel
+	  \appendixzzz{#3}%
+      \or \appendixsectionzzz{#3}%
+      \or \appendixsubseczzz{#3}%
+      \or \appendixsubsubseczzz{#3}%
+      \fi
+    \else
+      \ifcase\absseclevel
+	  \chapterzzz{#3}%
+      \or \seczzz{#3}%
+      \or \numberedsubseczzz{#3}%
+      \or \numberedsubsubseczzz{#3}%
+      \fi
+    \fi
+  \fi
+  \suppressfirstparagraphindent
+}
+
+% an interface:
+\def\numhead{\genhead N}
+\def\apphead{\genhead A}
+\def\unnmhead{\genhead U}
+
+% @chapter, @appendix, @unnumbered.  Increment top-level counter, reset
+% all lower-level sectioning counters to zero.
+%
+% Also set \chaplevelprefix, which we prepend to @float sequence numbers
+% (e.g., figures), q.v.  By default (before any chapter), that is empty.
+\let\chaplevelprefix = \empty
+%
+\outer\parseargdef\chapter{\numhead0{#1}} % normally numhead0 calls chapterzzz
+\def\chapterzzz#1{%
+  % section resetting is \global in case the chapter is in a group, such
+  % as an @include file.
+  \global\secno=0 \global\subsecno=0 \global\subsubsecno=0
+    \global\advance\chapno by 1
+  %
+  % Used for \float.
+  \gdef\chaplevelprefix{\the\chapno.}%
+  \resetallfloatnos
+  %
+  \message{\putwordChapter\space \the\chapno}%
+  %
+  % Write the actual heading.
+  \chapmacro{#1}{Ynumbered}{\the\chapno}%
+  %
+  % So @section and the like are numbered underneath this chapter.
+  \global\let\section = \numberedsec
+  \global\let\subsection = \numberedsubsec
+  \global\let\subsubsection = \numberedsubsubsec
+}
+
+\outer\parseargdef\appendix{\apphead0{#1}} % normally apphead0 calls appendixzzz
+\def\appendixzzz#1{%
+  \global\secno=0 \global\subsecno=0 \global\subsubsecno=0
+    \global\advance\appendixno by 1
+  \gdef\chaplevelprefix{\appendixletter.}%
+  \resetallfloatnos
+  %
+  \def\appendixnum{\putwordAppendix\space \appendixletter}%
+  \message{\appendixnum}%
+  %
+  \chapmacro{#1}{Yappendix}{\appendixletter}%
+  %
+  \global\let\section = \appendixsec
+  \global\let\subsection = \appendixsubsec
+  \global\let\subsubsection = \appendixsubsubsec
+}
+
+\outer\parseargdef\unnumbered{\unnmhead0{#1}} % normally unnmhead0 calls unnumberedzzz
+\def\unnumberedzzz#1{%
+  \global\secno=0 \global\subsecno=0 \global\subsubsecno=0
+    \global\advance\unnumberedno by 1
+  %
+  % Since an unnumbered has no number, no prefix for figures.
+  \global\let\chaplevelprefix = \empty
+  \resetallfloatnos
+  %
+  % This used to be simply \message{#1}, but TeX fully expands the
+  % argument to \message.  Therefore, if #1 contained @-commands, TeX
+  % expanded them.  For example, in `@unnumbered The @cite{Book}', TeX
+  % expanded @cite (which turns out to cause errors because \cite is meant
+  % to be executed, not expanded).
+  %
+  % Anyway, we don't want the fully-expanded definition of @cite to appear
+  % as a result of the \message, we just want `@cite' itself.  We use
+  % \the to achieve this: TeX expands \the only once,
+  % simply yielding the contents of .  (We also do this for
+  % the toc entries.)
+  \toks0 = {#1}%
+  \message{(\the\toks0)}%
+  %
+  \chapmacro{#1}{Ynothing}{\the\unnumberedno}%
+  %
+  \global\let\section = \unnumberedsec
+  \global\let\subsection = \unnumberedsubsec
+  \global\let\subsubsection = \unnumberedsubsubsec
+}
+
+% @centerchap is like @unnumbered, but the heading is centered.
+\outer\parseargdef\centerchap{%
+  % Well, we could do the following in a group, but that would break
+  % an assumption that \chapmacro is called at the outermost level.
+  % Thus we are safer this way:		--kasal, 24feb04
+  \let\centerparametersmaybe = \centerparameters
+  \unnmhead0{#1}%
+  \let\centerparametersmaybe = \relax
+}
+
+% @top is like @unnumbered.
+\let\top\unnumbered
+
+% Sections.
+\outer\parseargdef\numberedsec{\numhead1{#1}} % normally calls seczzz
+\def\seczzz#1{%
+  \global\subsecno=0 \global\subsubsecno=0  \global\advance\secno by 1
+  \sectionheading{#1}{sec}{Ynumbered}{\the\chapno.\the\secno}%
+}
+
+\outer\parseargdef\appendixsection{\apphead1{#1}} % normally calls appendixsectionzzz
+\def\appendixsectionzzz#1{%
+  \global\subsecno=0 \global\subsubsecno=0  \global\advance\secno by 1
+  \sectionheading{#1}{sec}{Yappendix}{\appendixletter.\the\secno}%
+}
+\let\appendixsec\appendixsection
+
+\outer\parseargdef\unnumberedsec{\unnmhead1{#1}} % normally calls unnumberedseczzz
+\def\unnumberedseczzz#1{%
+  \global\subsecno=0 \global\subsubsecno=0  \global\advance\secno by 1
+  \sectionheading{#1}{sec}{Ynothing}{\the\unnumberedno.\the\secno}%
+}
+
+% Subsections.
+\outer\parseargdef\numberedsubsec{\numhead2{#1}} % normally calls numberedsubseczzz
+\def\numberedsubseczzz#1{%
+  \global\subsubsecno=0  \global\advance\subsecno by 1
+  \sectionheading{#1}{subsec}{Ynumbered}{\the\chapno.\the\secno.\the\subsecno}%
+}
+
+\outer\parseargdef\appendixsubsec{\apphead2{#1}} % normally calls appendixsubseczzz
+\def\appendixsubseczzz#1{%
+  \global\subsubsecno=0  \global\advance\subsecno by 1
+  \sectionheading{#1}{subsec}{Yappendix}%
+                 {\appendixletter.\the\secno.\the\subsecno}%
+}
+
+\outer\parseargdef\unnumberedsubsec{\unnmhead2{#1}} %normally calls unnumberedsubseczzz
+\def\unnumberedsubseczzz#1{%
+  \global\subsubsecno=0  \global\advance\subsecno by 1
+  \sectionheading{#1}{subsec}{Ynothing}%
+                 {\the\unnumberedno.\the\secno.\the\subsecno}%
+}
+
+% Subsubsections.
+\outer\parseargdef\numberedsubsubsec{\numhead3{#1}} % normally numberedsubsubseczzz
+\def\numberedsubsubseczzz#1{%
+  \global\advance\subsubsecno by 1
+  \sectionheading{#1}{subsubsec}{Ynumbered}%
+                 {\the\chapno.\the\secno.\the\subsecno.\the\subsubsecno}%
+}
+
+\outer\parseargdef\appendixsubsubsec{\apphead3{#1}} % normally appendixsubsubseczzz
+\def\appendixsubsubseczzz#1{%
+  \global\advance\subsubsecno by 1
+  \sectionheading{#1}{subsubsec}{Yappendix}%
+                 {\appendixletter.\the\secno.\the\subsecno.\the\subsubsecno}%
+}
+
+\outer\parseargdef\unnumberedsubsubsec{\unnmhead3{#1}} %normally unnumberedsubsubseczzz
+\def\unnumberedsubsubseczzz#1{%
+  \global\advance\subsubsecno by 1
+  \sectionheading{#1}{subsubsec}{Ynothing}%
+                 {\the\unnumberedno.\the\secno.\the\subsecno.\the\subsubsecno}%
+}
+
+% These macros control what the section commands do, according
+% to what kind of chapter we are in (ordinary, appendix, or unnumbered).
+% Define them by default for a numbered chapter.
+\let\section = \numberedsec
+\let\subsection = \numberedsubsec
+\let\subsubsection = \numberedsubsubsec
+
+% Define @majorheading, @heading and @subheading
+
+% NOTE on use of \vbox for chapter headings, section headings, and such:
+%       1) We use \vbox rather than the earlier \line to permit
+%          overlong headings to fold.
+%       2) \hyphenpenalty is set to 10000 because hyphenation in a
+%          heading is obnoxious; this forbids it.
+%       3) Likewise, headings look best if no \parindent is used, and
+%          if justification is not attempted.  Hence \raggedright.
+
+\def\majorheading{%
+  {\advance\chapheadingskip by 10pt \chapbreak }%
+  \parsearg\chapheadingzzz
+}
+
+\def\chapheading{\chapbreak \parsearg\chapheadingzzz}
+\def\chapheadingzzz#1{%
+  {\chapfonts \vbox{\hyphenpenalty=10000\tolerance=5000
+                    \parindent=0pt\ptexraggedright
+                    \rmisbold #1\hfill}}%
+  \bigskip \par\penalty 200\relax
+  \suppressfirstparagraphindent
+}
+
+% @heading, @subheading, @subsubheading.
+\parseargdef\heading{\sectionheading{#1}{sec}{Yomitfromtoc}{}
+  \suppressfirstparagraphindent}
+\parseargdef\subheading{\sectionheading{#1}{subsec}{Yomitfromtoc}{}
+  \suppressfirstparagraphindent}
+\parseargdef\subsubheading{\sectionheading{#1}{subsubsec}{Yomitfromtoc}{}
+  \suppressfirstparagraphindent}
+
+% These macros generate a chapter, section, etc. heading only
+% (including whitespace, linebreaking, etc. around it),
+% given all the information in convenient, parsed form.
+
+%%% Args are the skip and penalty (usually negative)
+\def\dobreak#1#2{\par\ifdim\lastskip<#1\removelastskip\penalty#2\vskip#1\fi}
+
+%%% Define plain chapter starts, and page on/off switching for it
+% Parameter controlling skip before chapter headings (if needed)
+
+\newskip\chapheadingskip
+
+\def\chapbreak{\dobreak \chapheadingskip {-4000}}
+\def\chappager{\par\vfill\supereject}
+% Because \domark is called before \chapoddpage, the filler page will
+% get the headings for the next chapter, which is wrong.  But we don't
+% care -- we just disable all headings on the filler page.
+\def\chapoddpage{%
+  \chappager
+  \ifodd\pageno \else
+    \begingroup
+      \evenheadline={\hfil}\evenfootline={\hfil}%
+      \oddheadline={\hfil}\oddfootline={\hfil}%
+      \hbox to 0pt{}%
+      \chappager
+    \endgroup
+  \fi
+}
+
+\def\setchapternewpage #1 {\csname CHAPPAG#1\endcsname}
+
+\def\CHAPPAGoff{%
+\global\let\contentsalignmacro = \chappager
+\global\let\pchapsepmacro=\chapbreak
+\global\let\pagealignmacro=\chappager}
+
+\def\CHAPPAGon{%
+\global\let\contentsalignmacro = \chappager
+\global\let\pchapsepmacro=\chappager
+\global\let\pagealignmacro=\chappager
+\global\def\HEADINGSon{\HEADINGSsingle}}
+
+\def\CHAPPAGodd{%
+\global\let\contentsalignmacro = \chapoddpage
+\global\let\pchapsepmacro=\chapoddpage
+\global\let\pagealignmacro=\chapoddpage
+\global\def\HEADINGSon{\HEADINGSdouble}}
+
+\CHAPPAGon
+
+% Chapter opening.
+%
+% #1 is the text, #2 is the section type (Ynumbered, Ynothing,
+% Yappendix, Yomitfromtoc), #3 the chapter number.
+%
+% To test against our argument.
+\def\Ynothingkeyword{Ynothing}
+\def\Yomitfromtockeyword{Yomitfromtoc}
+\def\Yappendixkeyword{Yappendix}
+%
+\def\chapmacro#1#2#3{%
+  % Insert the first mark before the heading break (see notes for \domark).
+  \let\prevchapterdefs=\lastchapterdefs
+  \let\prevsectiondefs=\lastsectiondefs
+  \gdef\lastsectiondefs{\gdef\thissectionname{}\gdef\thissectionnum{}%
+                        \gdef\thissection{}}%
+  %
+  \def\temptype{#2}%
+  \ifx\temptype\Ynothingkeyword
+    \gdef\lastchapterdefs{\gdef\thischaptername{#1}\gdef\thischapternum{}%
+                          \gdef\thischapter{\thischaptername}}%
+  \else\ifx\temptype\Yomitfromtockeyword
+    \gdef\lastchapterdefs{\gdef\thischaptername{#1}\gdef\thischapternum{}%
+                          \gdef\thischapter{}}%
+  \else\ifx\temptype\Yappendixkeyword
+    \toks0={#1}%
+    \xdef\lastchapterdefs{%
+      \gdef\noexpand\thischaptername{\the\toks0}%
+      \gdef\noexpand\thischapternum{\appendixletter}%
+      \gdef\noexpand\thischapter{\putwordAppendix{} \noexpand\thischapternum:
+                                 \noexpand\thischaptername}%
+    }%
+  \else
+    \toks0={#1}%
+    \xdef\lastchapterdefs{%
+      \gdef\noexpand\thischaptername{\the\toks0}%
+      \gdef\noexpand\thischapternum{\the\chapno}%
+      \gdef\noexpand\thischapter{\putwordChapter{} \noexpand\thischapternum:
+                                 \noexpand\thischaptername}%
+    }%
+  \fi\fi\fi
+  %
+  % Output the mark.  Pass it through \safewhatsit, to take care of
+  % the preceding space.
+  \safewhatsit\domark
+  %
+  % Insert the chapter heading break.
+  \pchapsepmacro
+  %
+  % Now the second mark, after the heading break.  No break points
+  % between here and the heading.
+  \let\prevchapterdefs=\lastchapterdefs
+  \let\prevsectiondefs=\lastsectiondefs
+  \domark
+  %
+  {%
+    \chapfonts \rmisbold
+    %
+    % Have to define \lastsection before calling \donoderef, because the
+    % xref code eventually uses it.  On the other hand, it has to be called
+    % after \pchapsepmacro, or the headline will change too soon.
+    \gdef\lastsection{#1}%
+    %
+    % Only insert the separating space if we have a chapter/appendix
+    % number, and don't print the unnumbered ``number''.
+    \ifx\temptype\Ynothingkeyword
+      \setbox0 = \hbox{}%
+      \def\toctype{unnchap}%
+    \else\ifx\temptype\Yomitfromtockeyword
+      \setbox0 = \hbox{}% contents like unnumbered, but no toc entry
+      \def\toctype{omit}%
+    \else\ifx\temptype\Yappendixkeyword
+      \setbox0 = \hbox{\putwordAppendix{} #3\enspace}%
+      \def\toctype{app}%
+    \else
+      \setbox0 = \hbox{#3\enspace}%
+      \def\toctype{numchap}%
+    \fi\fi\fi
+    %
+    % Write the toc entry for this chapter.  Must come before the
+    % \donoderef, because we include the current node name in the toc
+    % entry, and \donoderef resets it to empty.
+    \writetocentry{\toctype}{#1}{#3}%
+    %
+    % For pdftex, we have to write out the node definition (aka, make
+    % the pdfdest) after any page break, but before the actual text has
+    % been typeset.  If the destination for the pdf outline is after the
+    % text, then jumping from the outline may wind up with the text not
+    % being visible, for instance under high magnification.
+    \donoderef{#2}%
+    %
+    % Typeset the actual heading.
+    \nobreak % Avoid page breaks at the interline glue.
+    \vbox{\hyphenpenalty=10000 \tolerance=5000 \parindent=0pt \ptexraggedright
+          \hangindent=\wd0 \centerparametersmaybe
+          \unhbox0 #1\par}%
+  }%
+  \nobreak\bigskip % no page break after a chapter title
+  \nobreak
+}
+
+% @centerchap -- centered and unnumbered.
+\let\centerparametersmaybe = \relax
+\def\centerparameters{%
+  \advance\rightskip by 3\rightskip
+  \leftskip = \rightskip
+  \parfillskip = 0pt
+}
+
+
+% I don't think this chapter style is supported any more, so I'm not
+% updating it with the new noderef stuff.  We'll see.  --karl, 11aug03.
+%
+\def\setchapterstyle #1 {\csname CHAPF#1\endcsname}
+%
+\def\unnchfopen #1{%
+\chapoddpage {\chapfonts \vbox{\hyphenpenalty=10000\tolerance=5000
+                       \parindent=0pt\ptexraggedright
+                       \rmisbold #1\hfill}}\bigskip \par\nobreak
+}
+\def\chfopen #1#2{\chapoddpage {\chapfonts
+\vbox to 3in{\vfil \hbox to\hsize{\hfil #2} \hbox to\hsize{\hfil #1} \vfil}}%
+\par\penalty 5000 %
+}
+\def\centerchfopen #1{%
+\chapoddpage {\chapfonts \vbox{\hyphenpenalty=10000\tolerance=5000
+                       \parindent=0pt
+                       \hfill {\rmisbold #1}\hfill}}\bigskip \par\nobreak
+}
+\def\CHAPFopen{%
+  \global\let\chapmacro=\chfopen
+  \global\let\centerchapmacro=\centerchfopen}
+
+
+% Section titles.  These macros combine the section number parts and
+% call the generic \sectionheading to do the printing.
+%
+\newskip\secheadingskip
+\def\secheadingbreak{\dobreak \secheadingskip{-1000}}
+
+% Subsection titles.
+\newskip\subsecheadingskip
+\def\subsecheadingbreak{\dobreak \subsecheadingskip{-500}}
+
+% Subsubsection titles.
+\def\subsubsecheadingskip{\subsecheadingskip}
+\def\subsubsecheadingbreak{\subsecheadingbreak}
+
+
+% Print any size, any type, section title.
+%
+% #1 is the text, #2 is the section level (sec/subsec/subsubsec), #3 is
+% the section type for xrefs (Ynumbered, Ynothing, Yappendix), #4 is the
+% section number.
+%
+\def\seckeyword{sec}
+%
+\def\sectionheading#1#2#3#4{%
+  {%
+    % Switch to the right set of fonts.
+    \csname #2fonts\endcsname \rmisbold
+    %
+    \def\sectionlevel{#2}%
+    \def\temptype{#3}%
+    %
+    % Insert first mark before the heading break (see notes for \domark).
+    \let\prevsectiondefs=\lastsectiondefs
+    \ifx\temptype\Ynothingkeyword
+      \ifx\sectionlevel\seckeyword
+        \gdef\lastsectiondefs{\gdef\thissectionname{#1}\gdef\thissectionnum{}%
+                              \gdef\thissection{\thissectionname}}%
+      \fi
+    \else\ifx\temptype\Yomitfromtockeyword
+      % Don't redefine \thissection.
+    \else\ifx\temptype\Yappendixkeyword
+      \ifx\sectionlevel\seckeyword
+        \toks0={#1}%
+        \xdef\lastsectiondefs{%
+          \gdef\noexpand\thissectionname{\the\toks0}%
+          \gdef\noexpand\thissectionnum{#4}%
+          \gdef\noexpand\thissection{\putwordSection{} \noexpand\thissectionnum:
+                                     \noexpand\thissectionname}%
+        }%
+      \fi
+    \else
+      \ifx\sectionlevel\seckeyword
+        \toks0={#1}%
+        \xdef\lastsectiondefs{%
+          \gdef\noexpand\thissectionname{\the\toks0}%
+          \gdef\noexpand\thissectionnum{#4}%
+          \gdef\noexpand\thissection{\putwordSection{} \noexpand\thissectionnum:
+                                     \noexpand\thissectionname}%
+        }%
+      \fi
+    \fi\fi\fi
+    %
+    % Go into vertical mode.  Usually we'll already be there, but we
+    % don't want the following whatsit to end up in a preceding paragraph
+    % if the document didn't happen to have a blank line.
+    \par
+    %
+    % Output the mark.  Pass it through \safewhatsit, to take care of
+    % the preceding space.
+    \safewhatsit\domark
+    %
+    % Insert space above the heading.
+    \csname #2headingbreak\endcsname
+    %
+    % Now the second mark, after the heading break.  No break points
+    % between here and the heading.
+    \let\prevsectiondefs=\lastsectiondefs
+    \domark
+    %
+    % Only insert the space after the number if we have a section number.
+    \ifx\temptype\Ynothingkeyword
+      \setbox0 = \hbox{}%
+      \def\toctype{unn}%
+      \gdef\lastsection{#1}%
+    \else\ifx\temptype\Yomitfromtockeyword
+      % for @headings -- no section number, don't include in toc,
+      % and don't redefine \lastsection.
+      \setbox0 = \hbox{}%
+      \def\toctype{omit}%
+      \let\sectionlevel=\empty
+    \else\ifx\temptype\Yappendixkeyword
+      \setbox0 = \hbox{#4\enspace}%
+      \def\toctype{app}%
+      \gdef\lastsection{#1}%
+    \else
+      \setbox0 = \hbox{#4\enspace}%
+      \def\toctype{num}%
+      \gdef\lastsection{#1}%
+    \fi\fi\fi
+    %
+    % Write the toc entry (before \donoderef).  See comments in \chapmacro.
+    \writetocentry{\toctype\sectionlevel}{#1}{#4}%
+    %
+    % Write the node reference (= pdf destination for pdftex).
+    % Again, see comments in \chapmacro.
+    \donoderef{#3}%
+    %
+    % Interline glue will be inserted when the vbox is completed.
+    % That glue will be a valid breakpoint for the page, since it'll be
+    % preceded by a whatsit (usually from the \donoderef, or from the
+    % \writetocentry if there was no node).  We don't want to allow that
+    % break, since then the whatsits could end up on page n while the
+    % section is on page n+1, thus toc/etc. are wrong.  Debian bug 276000.
+    \nobreak
+    %
+    % Output the actual section heading.
+    \vbox{\hyphenpenalty=10000 \tolerance=5000 \parindent=0pt \ptexraggedright
+          \hangindent=\wd0  % zero if no section number
+          \unhbox0 #1}%
+  }%
+  % Add extra space after the heading -- half of whatever came above it.
+  % Don't allow stretch, though.
+  \kern .5 \csname #2headingskip\endcsname
+  %
+  % Do not let the kern be a potential breakpoint, as it would be if it
+  % was followed by glue.
+  \nobreak
+  %
+  % We'll almost certainly start a paragraph next, so don't let that
+  % glue accumulate.  (Not a breakpoint because it's preceded by a
+  % discardable item.)
+  \vskip-\parskip
+  % 
+  % This is purely so the last item on the list is a known \penalty >
+  % 10000.  This is so \startdefun can avoid allowing breakpoints after
+  % section headings.  Otherwise, it would insert a valid breakpoint between:
+  % 
+  %   @section sec-whatever
+  %   @deffn def-whatever
+  \penalty 10001
+}
+
+
+\message{toc,}
+% Table of contents.
+\newwrite\tocfile
+
+% Write an entry to the toc file, opening it if necessary.
+% Called from @chapter, etc.
+%
+% Example usage: \writetocentry{sec}{Section Name}{\the\chapno.\the\secno}
+% We append the current node name (if any) and page number as additional
+% arguments for the \{chap,sec,...}entry macros which will eventually
+% read this.  The node name is used in the pdf outlines as the
+% destination to jump to.
+%
+% We open the .toc file for writing here instead of at @setfilename (or
+% any other fixed time) so that @contents can be anywhere in the document.
+% But if #1 is `omit', then we don't do anything.  This is used for the
+% table of contents chapter openings themselves.
+%
+\newif\iftocfileopened
+\def\omitkeyword{omit}%
+%
+\def\writetocentry#1#2#3{%
+  \edef\writetoctype{#1}%
+  \ifx\writetoctype\omitkeyword \else
+    \iftocfileopened\else
+      \immediate\openout\tocfile = \jobname.toc
+      \global\tocfileopenedtrue
+    \fi
+    %
+    \iflinks
+      {\atdummies
+       \edef\temp{%
+         \write\tocfile{@#1entry{#2}{#3}{\lastnode}{\noexpand\folio}}}%
+       \temp
+      }%
+    \fi
+  \fi
+  %
+  % Tell \shipout to create a pdf destination on each page, if we're
+  % writing pdf.  These are used in the table of contents.  We can't
+  % just write one on every page because the title pages are numbered
+  % 1 and 2 (the page numbers aren't printed), and so are the first
+  % two pages of the document.  Thus, we'd have two destinations named
+  % `1', and two named `2'.
+  \ifpdf \global\pdfmakepagedesttrue \fi
+}
+
+
+% These characters do not print properly in the Computer Modern roman
+% fonts, so we must take special care.  This is more or less redundant
+% with the Texinfo input format setup at the end of this file.
+% 
+\def\activecatcodes{%
+  \catcode`\"=\active
+  \catcode`\$=\active
+  \catcode`\<=\active
+  \catcode`\>=\active
+  \catcode`\\=\active
+  \catcode`\^=\active
+  \catcode`\_=\active
+  \catcode`\|=\active
+  \catcode`\~=\active
+}
+
+
+% Read the toc file, which is essentially Texinfo input.
+\def\readtocfile{%
+  \setupdatafile
+  \activecatcodes
+  \input \tocreadfilename
+}
+
+\newskip\contentsrightmargin \contentsrightmargin=1in
+\newcount\savepageno
+\newcount\lastnegativepageno \lastnegativepageno = -1
+
+% Prepare to read what we've written to \tocfile.
+%
+\def\startcontents#1{%
+  % If @setchapternewpage on, and @headings double, the contents should
+  % start on an odd page, unlike chapters.  Thus, we maintain
+  % \contentsalignmacro in parallel with \pagealignmacro.
+  % From: Torbjorn Granlund 
+  \contentsalignmacro
+  \immediate\closeout\tocfile
+  %
+  % Don't need to put `Contents' or `Short Contents' in the headline.
+  % It is abundantly clear what they are.
+  \chapmacro{#1}{Yomitfromtoc}{}%
+  %
+  \savepageno = \pageno
+  \begingroup                  % Set up to handle contents files properly.
+    \raggedbottom              % Worry more about breakpoints than the bottom.
+    \advance\hsize by -\contentsrightmargin % Don't use the full line length.
+    %
+    % Roman numerals for page numbers.
+    \ifnum \pageno>0 \global\pageno = \lastnegativepageno \fi
+}
+
+% redefined for the two-volume lispref.  We always output on
+% \jobname.toc even if this is redefined.
+% 
+\def\tocreadfilename{\jobname.toc}
+
+% Normal (long) toc.
+%
+\def\contents{%
+  \startcontents{\putwordTOC}%
+    \openin 1 \tocreadfilename\space
+    \ifeof 1 \else
+      \readtocfile
+    \fi
+    \vfill \eject
+    \contentsalignmacro % in case @setchapternewpage odd is in effect
+    \ifeof 1 \else
+      \pdfmakeoutlines
+    \fi
+    \closein 1
+  \endgroup
+  \lastnegativepageno = \pageno
+  \global\pageno = \savepageno
+}
+
+% And just the chapters.
+\def\summarycontents{%
+  \startcontents{\putwordShortTOC}%
+    %
+    \let\numchapentry = \shortchapentry
+    \let\appentry = \shortchapentry
+    \let\unnchapentry = \shortunnchapentry
+    % We want a true roman here for the page numbers.
+    \secfonts
+    \let\rm=\shortcontrm \let\bf=\shortcontbf
+    \let\sl=\shortcontsl \let\tt=\shortconttt
+    \rm
+    \hyphenpenalty = 10000
+    \advance\baselineskip by 1pt % Open it up a little.
+    \def\numsecentry##1##2##3##4{}
+    \let\appsecentry = \numsecentry
+    \let\unnsecentry = \numsecentry
+    \let\numsubsecentry = \numsecentry
+    \let\appsubsecentry = \numsecentry
+    \let\unnsubsecentry = \numsecentry
+    \let\numsubsubsecentry = \numsecentry
+    \let\appsubsubsecentry = \numsecentry
+    \let\unnsubsubsecentry = \numsecentry
+    \openin 1 \tocreadfilename\space
+    \ifeof 1 \else
+      \readtocfile
+    \fi
+    \closein 1
+    \vfill \eject
+    \contentsalignmacro % in case @setchapternewpage odd is in effect
+  \endgroup
+  \lastnegativepageno = \pageno
+  \global\pageno = \savepageno
+}
+\let\shortcontents = \summarycontents
+
+% Typeset the label for a chapter or appendix for the short contents.
+% The arg is, e.g., `A' for an appendix, or `3' for a chapter.
+%
+\def\shortchaplabel#1{%
+  % This space should be enough, since a single number is .5em, and the
+  % widest letter (M) is 1em, at least in the Computer Modern fonts.
+  % But use \hss just in case.
+  % (This space doesn't include the extra space that gets added after
+  % the label; that gets put in by \shortchapentry above.)
+  %
+  % We'd like to right-justify chapter numbers, but that looks strange
+  % with appendix letters.  And right-justifying numbers and
+  % left-justifying letters looks strange when there is less than 10
+  % chapters.  Have to read the whole toc once to know how many chapters
+  % there are before deciding ...
+  \hbox to 1em{#1\hss}%
+}
+
+% These macros generate individual entries in the table of contents.
+% The first argument is the chapter or section name.
+% The last argument is the page number.
+% The arguments in between are the chapter number, section number, ...
+
+% Chapters, in the main contents.
+\def\numchapentry#1#2#3#4{\dochapentry{#2\labelspace#1}{#4}}
+%
+% Chapters, in the short toc.
+% See comments in \dochapentry re vbox and related settings.
+\def\shortchapentry#1#2#3#4{%
+  \tocentry{\shortchaplabel{#2}\labelspace #1}{\doshortpageno\bgroup#4\egroup}%
+}
+
+% Appendices, in the main contents.
+% Need the word Appendix, and a fixed-size box.
+%
+\def\appendixbox#1{%
+  % We use M since it's probably the widest letter.
+  \setbox0 = \hbox{\putwordAppendix{} M}%
+  \hbox to \wd0{\putwordAppendix{} #1\hss}}
+%
+\def\appentry#1#2#3#4{\dochapentry{\appendixbox{#2}\labelspace#1}{#4}}
+
+% Unnumbered chapters.
+\def\unnchapentry#1#2#3#4{\dochapentry{#1}{#4}}
+\def\shortunnchapentry#1#2#3#4{\tocentry{#1}{\doshortpageno\bgroup#4\egroup}}
+
+% Sections.
+\def\numsecentry#1#2#3#4{\dosecentry{#2\labelspace#1}{#4}}
+\let\appsecentry=\numsecentry
+\def\unnsecentry#1#2#3#4{\dosecentry{#1}{#4}}
+
+% Subsections.
+\def\numsubsecentry#1#2#3#4{\dosubsecentry{#2\labelspace#1}{#4}}
+\let\appsubsecentry=\numsubsecentry
+\def\unnsubsecentry#1#2#3#4{\dosubsecentry{#1}{#4}}
+
+% And subsubsections.
+\def\numsubsubsecentry#1#2#3#4{\dosubsubsecentry{#2\labelspace#1}{#4}}
+\let\appsubsubsecentry=\numsubsubsecentry
+\def\unnsubsubsecentry#1#2#3#4{\dosubsubsecentry{#1}{#4}}
+
+% This parameter controls the indentation of the various levels.
+% Same as \defaultparindent.
+\newdimen\tocindent \tocindent = 15pt
+
+% Now for the actual typesetting. In all these, #1 is the text and #2 is the
+% page number.
+%
+% If the toc has to be broken over pages, we want it to be at chapters
+% if at all possible; hence the \penalty.
+\def\dochapentry#1#2{%
+   \penalty-300 \vskip1\baselineskip plus.33\baselineskip minus.25\baselineskip
+   \begingroup
+     \chapentryfonts
+     \tocentry{#1}{\dopageno\bgroup#2\egroup}%
+   \endgroup
+   \nobreak\vskip .25\baselineskip plus.1\baselineskip
+}
+
+\def\dosecentry#1#2{\begingroup
+  \secentryfonts \leftskip=\tocindent
+  \tocentry{#1}{\dopageno\bgroup#2\egroup}%
+\endgroup}
+
+\def\dosubsecentry#1#2{\begingroup
+  \subsecentryfonts \leftskip=2\tocindent
+  \tocentry{#1}{\dopageno\bgroup#2\egroup}%
+\endgroup}
+
+\def\dosubsubsecentry#1#2{\begingroup
+  \subsubsecentryfonts \leftskip=3\tocindent
+  \tocentry{#1}{\dopageno\bgroup#2\egroup}%
+\endgroup}
+
+% We use the same \entry macro as for the index entries.
+\let\tocentry = \entry
+
+% Space between chapter (or whatever) number and the title.
+\def\labelspace{\hskip1em \relax}
+
+\def\dopageno#1{{\rm #1}}
+\def\doshortpageno#1{{\rm #1}}
+
+\def\chapentryfonts{\secfonts \rm}
+\def\secentryfonts{\textfonts}
+\def\subsecentryfonts{\textfonts}
+\def\subsubsecentryfonts{\textfonts}
+
+
+\message{environments,}
+% @foo ... @end foo.
+
+% @tex ... @end tex    escapes into raw Tex temporarily.
+% One exception: @ is still an escape character, so that @end tex works.
+% But \@ or @@ will get a plain tex @ character.
+
+\envdef\tex{%
+  \setupmarkupstyle{tex}%
+  \catcode `\\=0 \catcode `\{=1 \catcode `\}=2
+  \catcode `\$=3 \catcode `\&=4 \catcode `\#=6
+  \catcode `\^=7 \catcode `\_=8 \catcode `\~=\active \let~=\tie
+  \catcode `\%=14
+  \catcode `\+=\other
+  \catcode `\"=\other
+  \catcode `\|=\other
+  \catcode `\<=\other
+  \catcode `\>=\other
+  \catcode`\`=\other
+  \catcode`\'=\other
+  \escapechar=`\\
+  %
+  \let\b=\ptexb
+  \let\bullet=\ptexbullet
+  \let\c=\ptexc
+  \let\,=\ptexcomma
+  \let\.=\ptexdot
+  \let\dots=\ptexdots
+  \let\equiv=\ptexequiv
+  \let\!=\ptexexclam
+  \let\i=\ptexi
+  \let\indent=\ptexindent
+  \let\noindent=\ptexnoindent
+  \let\{=\ptexlbrace
+  \let\+=\tabalign
+  \let\}=\ptexrbrace
+  \let\/=\ptexslash
+  \let\*=\ptexstar
+  \let\t=\ptext
+  \expandafter \let\csname top\endcsname=\ptextop  % outer
+  \let\frenchspacing=\plainfrenchspacing
+  %
+  \def\endldots{\mathinner{\ldots\ldots\ldots\ldots}}%
+  \def\enddots{\relax\ifmmode\endldots\else$\mathsurround=0pt \endldots\,$\fi}%
+  \def\@{@}%
+}
+% There is no need to define \Etex.
+
+% Define @lisp ... @end lisp.
+% @lisp environment forms a group so it can rebind things,
+% including the definition of @end lisp (which normally is erroneous).
+
+% Amount to narrow the margins by for @lisp.
+\newskip\lispnarrowing \lispnarrowing=0.4in
+
+% This is the definition that ^^M gets inside @lisp, @example, and other
+% such environments.  \null is better than a space, since it doesn't
+% have any width.
+\def\lisppar{\null\endgraf}
+
+% This space is always present above and below environments.
+\newskip\envskipamount \envskipamount = 0pt
+
+% Make spacing and below environment symmetrical.  We use \parskip here
+% to help in doing that, since in @example-like environments \parskip
+% is reset to zero; thus the \afterenvbreak inserts no space -- but the
+% start of the next paragraph will insert \parskip.
+%
+\def\aboveenvbreak{{%
+  % =10000 instead of <10000 because of a special case in \itemzzz and
+  % \sectionheading, q.v.
+  \ifnum \lastpenalty=10000 \else
+    \advance\envskipamount by \parskip
+    \endgraf
+    \ifdim\lastskip<\envskipamount
+      \removelastskip
+      % it's not a good place to break if the last penalty was \nobreak
+      % or better ...
+      \ifnum\lastpenalty<10000 \penalty-50 \fi
+      \vskip\envskipamount
+    \fi
+  \fi
+}}
+
+\let\afterenvbreak = \aboveenvbreak
+
+% \nonarrowing is a flag.  If "set", @lisp etc don't narrow margins; it will
+% also clear it, so that its embedded environments do the narrowing again.
+\let\nonarrowing=\relax
+
+% @cartouche ... @end cartouche: draw rectangle w/rounded corners around
+% environment contents.
+\font\circle=lcircle10
+\newdimen\circthick
+\newdimen\cartouter\newdimen\cartinner
+\newskip\normbskip\newskip\normpskip\newskip\normlskip
+\circthick=\fontdimen8\circle
+%
+\def\ctl{{\circle\char'013\hskip -6pt}}% 6pt from pl file: 1/2charwidth
+\def\ctr{{\hskip 6pt\circle\char'010}}
+\def\cbl{{\circle\char'012\hskip -6pt}}
+\def\cbr{{\hskip 6pt\circle\char'011}}
+\def\carttop{\hbox to \cartouter{\hskip\lskip
+        \ctl\leaders\hrule height\circthick\hfil\ctr
+        \hskip\rskip}}
+\def\cartbot{\hbox to \cartouter{\hskip\lskip
+        \cbl\leaders\hrule height\circthick\hfil\cbr
+        \hskip\rskip}}
+%
+\newskip\lskip\newskip\rskip
+
+\envdef\cartouche{%
+  \ifhmode\par\fi  % can't be in the midst of a paragraph.
+  \startsavinginserts
+  \lskip=\leftskip \rskip=\rightskip
+  \leftskip=0pt\rightskip=0pt % we want these *outside*.
+  \cartinner=\hsize \advance\cartinner by-\lskip
+  \advance\cartinner by-\rskip
+  \cartouter=\hsize
+  \advance\cartouter by 18.4pt	% allow for 3pt kerns on either
+				% side, and for 6pt waste from
+				% each corner char, and rule thickness
+  \normbskip=\baselineskip \normpskip=\parskip \normlskip=\lineskip
+  % Flag to tell @lisp, etc., not to narrow margin.
+  \let\nonarrowing = t%
+  \vbox\bgroup
+      \baselineskip=0pt\parskip=0pt\lineskip=0pt
+      \carttop
+      \hbox\bgroup
+	  \hskip\lskip
+	  \vrule\kern3pt
+	  \vbox\bgroup
+	      \kern3pt
+	      \hsize=\cartinner
+	      \baselineskip=\normbskip
+	      \lineskip=\normlskip
+	      \parskip=\normpskip
+	      \vskip -\parskip
+	      \comment % For explanation, see the end of \def\group.
+}
+\def\Ecartouche{%
+              \ifhmode\par\fi
+	      \kern3pt
+	  \egroup
+	  \kern3pt\vrule
+	  \hskip\rskip
+      \egroup
+      \cartbot
+  \egroup
+  \checkinserts
+}
+
+
+% This macro is called at the beginning of all the @example variants,
+% inside a group.
+\newdimen\nonfillparindent
+\def\nonfillstart{%
+  \aboveenvbreak
+  \hfuzz = 12pt % Don't be fussy
+  \sepspaces % Make spaces be word-separators rather than space tokens.
+  \let\par = \lisppar % don't ignore blank lines
+  \obeylines % each line of input is a line of output
+  \parskip = 0pt
+  % Turn off paragraph indentation but redefine \indent to emulate
+  % the normal \indent.
+  \nonfillparindent=\parindent
+  \parindent = 0pt
+  \let\indent\nonfillindent
+  %
+  \emergencystretch = 0pt % don't try to avoid overfull boxes
+  \ifx\nonarrowing\relax
+    \advance \leftskip by \lispnarrowing
+    \exdentamount=\lispnarrowing
+  \else
+    \let\nonarrowing = \relax
+  \fi
+  \let\exdent=\nofillexdent
+}
+
+\begingroup
+\obeyspaces
+% We want to swallow spaces (but not other tokens) after the fake
+% @indent in our nonfill-environments, where spaces are normally
+% active and set to @tie, resulting in them not being ignored after
+% @indent.
+\gdef\nonfillindent{\futurelet\temp\nonfillindentcheck}%
+\gdef\nonfillindentcheck{%
+\ifx\temp %
+\expandafter\nonfillindentgobble%
+\else%
+\leavevmode\nonfillindentbox%
+\fi%
+}%
+\endgroup
+\def\nonfillindentgobble#1{\nonfillindent}
+\def\nonfillindentbox{\hbox to \nonfillparindent{\hss}}
+
+% If you want all examples etc. small: @set dispenvsize small.
+% If you want even small examples the full size: @set dispenvsize nosmall.
+% This affects the following displayed environments:
+%    @example, @display, @format, @lisp
+%
+\def\smallword{small}
+\def\nosmallword{nosmall}
+\let\SETdispenvsize\relax
+\def\setnormaldispenv{%
+  \ifx\SETdispenvsize\smallword
+    % end paragraph for sake of leading, in case document has no blank
+    % line.  This is redundant with what happens in \aboveenvbreak, but
+    % we need to do it before changing the fonts, and it's inconvenient
+    % to change the fonts afterward.
+    \ifnum \lastpenalty=10000 \else \endgraf \fi
+    \smallexamplefonts \rm
+  \fi
+}
+\def\setsmalldispenv{%
+  \ifx\SETdispenvsize\nosmallword
+  \else
+    \ifnum \lastpenalty=10000 \else \endgraf \fi
+    \smallexamplefonts \rm
+  \fi
+}
+
+% We often define two environments, @foo and @smallfoo.
+% Let's do it by one command:
+\def\makedispenv #1#2{
+  \expandafter\envdef\csname#1\endcsname {\setnormaldispenv #2}
+  \expandafter\envdef\csname small#1\endcsname {\setsmalldispenv #2}
+  \expandafter\let\csname E#1\endcsname \afterenvbreak
+  \expandafter\let\csname Esmall#1\endcsname \afterenvbreak
+}
+
+% Define two synonyms:
+\def\maketwodispenvs #1#2#3{
+  \makedispenv{#1}{#3}
+  \makedispenv{#2}{#3}
+}
+
+% @lisp: indented, narrowed, typewriter font; @example: same as @lisp.
+%
+% @smallexample and @smalllisp: use smaller fonts.
+% Originally contributed by Pavel@xerox.
+%
+\maketwodispenvs {lisp}{example}{%
+  \nonfillstart
+  \tt\setupmarkupstyle{example}%
+  \let\kbdfont = \kbdexamplefont % Allow @kbd to do something special.
+  \gobble       % eat return
+}
+% @display/@smalldisplay: same as @lisp except keep current font.
+%
+\makedispenv {display}{%
+  \nonfillstart
+  \gobble
+}
+
+% @format/@smallformat: same as @display except don't narrow margins.
+%
+\makedispenv{format}{%
+  \let\nonarrowing = t%
+  \nonfillstart
+  \gobble
+}
+
+% @flushleft: same as @format, but doesn't obey \SETdispenvsize.
+\envdef\flushleft{%
+  \let\nonarrowing = t%
+  \nonfillstart
+  \gobble
+}
+\let\Eflushleft = \afterenvbreak
+
+% @flushright.
+%
+\envdef\flushright{%
+  \let\nonarrowing = t%
+  \nonfillstart
+  \advance\leftskip by 0pt plus 1fill
+  \gobble
+}
+\let\Eflushright = \afterenvbreak
+
+
+% @raggedright does more-or-less normal line breaking but no right
+% justification.  From plain.tex.
+\envdef\raggedright{%
+  \rightskip0pt plus2em \spaceskip.3333em \xspaceskip.5em\relax
+}
+\let\Eraggedright\par
+
+\envdef\raggedleft{%
+  \parindent=0pt \leftskip0pt plus2em
+  \spaceskip.3333em \xspaceskip.5em \parfillskip=0pt
+  \hbadness=10000 % Last line will usually be underfull, so turn off
+                  % badness reporting.
+}
+\let\Eraggedleft\par
+
+\envdef\raggedcenter{%
+  \parindent=0pt \rightskip0pt plus1em \leftskip0pt plus1em
+  \spaceskip.3333em \xspaceskip.5em \parfillskip=0pt
+  \hbadness=10000 % Last line will usually be underfull, so turn off
+                  % badness reporting.
+}
+\let\Eraggedcenter\par
+
+
+% @quotation does normal linebreaking (hence we can't use \nonfillstart)
+% and narrows the margins.  We keep \parskip nonzero in general, since
+% we're doing normal filling.  So, when using \aboveenvbreak and
+% \afterenvbreak, temporarily make \parskip 0.
+%
+\def\quotationstart{%
+  {\parskip=0pt \aboveenvbreak}% because \aboveenvbreak inserts \parskip
+  \parindent=0pt
+  %
+  % @cartouche defines \nonarrowing to inhibit narrowing at next level down.
+  \ifx\nonarrowing\relax
+    \advance\leftskip by \lispnarrowing
+    \advance\rightskip by \lispnarrowing
+    \exdentamount = \lispnarrowing
+  \else
+    \let\nonarrowing = \relax
+  \fi
+  \parsearg\quotationlabel
+}
+
+\envdef\quotation{%
+  \setnormaldispenv
+  \quotationstart
+}
+
+\envdef\smallquotation{%
+  \setsmalldispenv
+  \quotationstart
+}
+\let\Esmallquotation = \Equotation
+
+% We have retained a nonzero parskip for the environment, since we're
+% doing normal filling.
+%
+\def\Equotation{%
+  \par
+  \ifx\quotationauthor\undefined\else
+    % indent a bit.
+    \leftline{\kern 2\leftskip \sl ---\quotationauthor}%
+  \fi
+  {\parskip=0pt \afterenvbreak}%
+}
+
+% If we're given an argument, typeset it in bold with a colon after.
+\def\quotationlabel#1{%
+  \def\temp{#1}%
+  \ifx\temp\empty \else
+    {\bf #1: }%
+  \fi
+}
+
+
+% LaTeX-like @verbatim...@end verbatim and @verb{...}
+% If we want to allow any  as delimiter,
+% we need the curly braces so that makeinfo sees the @verb command, eg:
+% `@verbx...x' would look like the '@verbx' command.  --janneke@gnu.org
+%
+% [Knuth]: Donald Ervin Knuth, 1996.  The TeXbook.
+%
+% [Knuth] p.344; only we need to do the other characters Texinfo sets
+% active too.  Otherwise, they get lost as the first character on a
+% verbatim line.
+\def\dospecials{%
+  \do\ \do\\\do\{\do\}\do\$\do\&%
+  \do\#\do\^\do\^^K\do\_\do\^^A\do\%\do\~%
+  \do\<\do\>\do\|\do\@\do+\do\"%
+  % Don't do the quotes -- if we do, @set txicodequoteundirected and
+  % @set txicodequotebacktick will not have effect on @verb and
+  % @verbatim, and ?` and !` ligatures won't get disabled.
+  %\do\`\do\'%
+}
+%
+% [Knuth] p. 380
+\def\uncatcodespecials{%
+  \def\do##1{\catcode`##1=\other}\dospecials}
+%
+% Setup for the @verb command.
+%
+% Eight spaces for a tab
+\begingroup
+  \catcode`\^^I=\active
+  \gdef\tabeightspaces{\catcode`\^^I=\active\def^^I{\ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ }}
+\endgroup
+%
+\def\setupverb{%
+  \tt  % easiest (and conventionally used) font for verbatim
+  \def\par{\leavevmode\endgraf}%
+  \setupmarkupstyle{verb}%
+  \tabeightspaces
+  % Respect line breaks,
+  % print special symbols as themselves, and
+  % make each space count
+  % must do in this order:
+  \obeylines \uncatcodespecials \sepspaces
+}
+
+% Setup for the @verbatim environment
+%
+% Real tab expansion
+\newdimen\tabw \setbox0=\hbox{\tt\space} \tabw=8\wd0 % tab amount
+%
+\def\starttabbox{\setbox0=\hbox\bgroup}
+%
+\begingroup
+  \catcode`\^^I=\active
+  \gdef\tabexpand{%
+    \catcode`\^^I=\active
+    \def^^I{\leavevmode\egroup
+      \dimen0=\wd0 % the width so far, or since the previous tab
+      \divide\dimen0 by\tabw
+      \multiply\dimen0 by\tabw % compute previous multiple of \tabw
+      \advance\dimen0 by\tabw  % advance to next multiple of \tabw
+      \wd0=\dimen0 \box0 \starttabbox
+    }%
+  }
+\endgroup
+
+% start the verbatim environment.
+\def\setupverbatim{%
+  \let\nonarrowing = t%
+  \nonfillstart
+  % Easiest (and conventionally used) font for verbatim
+  \tt
+  \def\par{\leavevmode\egroup\box0\endgraf}%
+  \tabexpand
+  \setupmarkupstyle{verbatim}%
+  % Respect line breaks,
+  % print special symbols as themselves, and
+  % make each space count
+  % must do in this order:
+  \obeylines \uncatcodespecials \sepspaces
+  \everypar{\starttabbox}%
+}
+
+% Do the @verb magic: verbatim text is quoted by unique
+% delimiter characters.  Before first delimiter expect a
+% right brace, after last delimiter expect closing brace:
+%
+%    \def\doverb'{'#1'}'{#1}
+%
+% [Knuth] p. 382; only eat outer {}
+\begingroup
+  \catcode`[=1\catcode`]=2\catcode`\{=\other\catcode`\}=\other
+  \gdef\doverb{#1[\def\next##1#1}[##1\endgroup]\next]
+\endgroup
+%
+\def\verb{\begingroup\setupverb\doverb}
+%
+%
+% Do the @verbatim magic: define the macro \doverbatim so that
+% the (first) argument ends when '@end verbatim' is reached, ie:
+%
+%     \def\doverbatim#1@end verbatim{#1}
+%
+% For Texinfo it's a lot easier than for LaTeX,
+% because texinfo's \verbatim doesn't stop at '\end{verbatim}':
+% we need not redefine '\', '{' and '}'.
+%
+% Inspired by LaTeX's verbatim command set [latex.ltx]
+%
+\begingroup
+  \catcode`\ =\active
+  \obeylines %
+  % ignore everything up to the first ^^M, that's the newline at the end
+  % of the @verbatim input line itself.  Otherwise we get an extra blank
+  % line in the output.
+  \xdef\doverbatim#1^^M#2@end verbatim{#2\noexpand\end\gobble verbatim}%
+  % We really want {...\end verbatim} in the body of the macro, but
+  % without the active space; thus we have to use \xdef and \gobble.
+\endgroup
+%
+\envdef\verbatim{%
+    \setupverbatim\doverbatim
+}
+\let\Everbatim = \afterenvbreak
+
+
+% @verbatiminclude FILE - insert text of file in verbatim environment.
+%
+\def\verbatiminclude{\parseargusing\filenamecatcodes\doverbatiminclude}
+%
+\def\doverbatiminclude#1{%
+  {%
+    \makevalueexpandable
+    \setupverbatim
+    \indexnofonts       % Allow `@@' and other weird things in file names.
+    \input #1
+    \afterenvbreak
+  }%
+}
+
+% @copying ... @end copying.
+% Save the text away for @insertcopying later.
+%
+% We save the uninterpreted tokens, rather than creating a box.
+% Saving the text in a box would be much easier, but then all the
+% typesetting commands (@smallbook, font changes, etc.) have to be done
+% beforehand -- and a) we want @copying to be done first in the source
+% file; b) letting users define the frontmatter in as flexible order as
+% possible is very desirable.
+%
+\def\copying{\checkenv{}\begingroup\scanargctxt\docopying}
+\def\docopying#1@end copying{\endgroup\def\copyingtext{#1}}
+%
+\def\insertcopying{%
+  \begingroup
+    \parindent = 0pt  % paragraph indentation looks wrong on title page
+    \scanexp\copyingtext
+  \endgroup
+}
+
+
+\message{defuns,}
+% @defun etc.
+
+\newskip\defbodyindent \defbodyindent=.4in
+\newskip\defargsindent \defargsindent=50pt
+\newskip\deflastargmargin \deflastargmargin=18pt
+\newcount\defunpenalty
+
+% Start the processing of @deffn:
+\def\startdefun{%
+  \ifnum\lastpenalty<10000
+    \medbreak
+    \defunpenalty=10003 % Will keep this @deffn together with the
+                        % following @def command, see below.
+  \else
+    % If there are two @def commands in a row, we'll have a \nobreak,
+    % which is there to keep the function description together with its
+    % header.  But if there's nothing but headers, we need to allow a
+    % break somewhere.  Check specifically for penalty 10002, inserted
+    % by \printdefunline, instead of 10000, since the sectioning
+    % commands also insert a nobreak penalty, and we don't want to allow
+    % a break between a section heading and a defun.
+    %
+    % As a minor refinement, we avoid "club" headers by signalling
+    % with penalty of 10003 after the very first @deffn in the
+    % sequence (see above), and penalty of 10002 after any following
+    % @def command.
+    \ifnum\lastpenalty=10002 \penalty2000 \else \defunpenalty=10002 \fi
+    %
+    % Similarly, after a section heading, do not allow a break.
+    % But do insert the glue.
+    \medskip  % preceded by discardable penalty, so not a breakpoint
+  \fi
+  %
+  \parindent=0in
+  \advance\leftskip by \defbodyindent
+  \exdentamount=\defbodyindent
+}
+
+\def\dodefunx#1{%
+  % First, check whether we are in the right environment:
+  \checkenv#1%
+  %
+  % As above, allow line break if we have multiple x headers in a row.
+  % It's not a great place, though.
+  \ifnum\lastpenalty=10002 \penalty3000 \else \defunpenalty=10002 \fi
+  %
+  % And now, it's time to reuse the body of the original defun:
+  \expandafter\gobbledefun#1%
+}
+\def\gobbledefun#1\startdefun{}
+
+% \printdefunline \deffnheader{text}
+%
+\def\printdefunline#1#2{%
+  \begingroup
+    % call \deffnheader:
+    #1#2 \endheader
+    % common ending:
+    \interlinepenalty = 10000
+    \advance\rightskip by 0pt plus 1fil
+    \endgraf
+    \nobreak\vskip -\parskip
+    \penalty\defunpenalty  % signal to \startdefun and \dodefunx
+    % Some of the @defun-type tags do not enable magic parentheses,
+    % rendering the following check redundant.  But we don't optimize.
+    \checkparencounts
+  \endgroup
+}
+
+\def\Edefun{\endgraf\medbreak}
+
+% \makedefun{deffn} creates \deffn, \deffnx and \Edeffn;
+% the only thing remaining is to define \deffnheader.
+%
+\def\makedefun#1{%
+  \expandafter\let\csname E#1\endcsname = \Edefun
+  \edef\temp{\noexpand\domakedefun
+    \makecsname{#1}\makecsname{#1x}\makecsname{#1header}}%
+  \temp
+}
+
+% \domakedefun \deffn \deffnx \deffnheader
+%
+% Define \deffn and \deffnx, without parameters.
+% \deffnheader has to be defined explicitly.
+%
+\def\domakedefun#1#2#3{%
+  \envdef#1{%
+    \startdefun
+    \parseargusing\activeparens{\printdefunline#3}%
+  }%
+  \def#2{\dodefunx#1}%
+  \def#3%
+}
+
+%%% Untyped functions:
+
+% @deffn category name args
+\makedefun{deffn}{\deffngeneral{}}
+
+% @deffn category class name args
+\makedefun{defop}#1 {\defopon{#1\ \putwordon}}
+
+% \defopon {category on}class name args
+\def\defopon#1#2 {\deffngeneral{\putwordon\ \code{#2}}{#1\ \code{#2}} }
+
+% \deffngeneral {subind}category name args
+%
+\def\deffngeneral#1#2 #3 #4\endheader{%
+  % Remember that \dosubind{fn}{foo}{} is equivalent to \doind{fn}{foo}.
+  \dosubind{fn}{\code{#3}}{#1}%
+  \defname{#2}{}{#3}\magicamp\defunargs{#4\unskip}%
+}
+
+%%% Typed functions:
+
+% @deftypefn category type name args
+\makedefun{deftypefn}{\deftypefngeneral{}}
+
+% @deftypeop category class type name args
+\makedefun{deftypeop}#1 {\deftypeopon{#1\ \putwordon}}
+
+% \deftypeopon {category on}class type name args
+\def\deftypeopon#1#2 {\deftypefngeneral{\putwordon\ \code{#2}}{#1\ \code{#2}} }
+
+% \deftypefngeneral {subind}category type name args
+%
+\def\deftypefngeneral#1#2 #3 #4 #5\endheader{%
+  \dosubind{fn}{\code{#4}}{#1}%
+  \defname{#2}{#3}{#4}\defunargs{#5\unskip}%
+}
+
+%%% Typed variables:
+
+% @deftypevr category type var args
+\makedefun{deftypevr}{\deftypecvgeneral{}}
+
+% @deftypecv category class type var args
+\makedefun{deftypecv}#1 {\deftypecvof{#1\ \putwordof}}
+
+% \deftypecvof {category of}class type var args
+\def\deftypecvof#1#2 {\deftypecvgeneral{\putwordof\ \code{#2}}{#1\ \code{#2}} }
+
+% \deftypecvgeneral {subind}category type var args
+%
+\def\deftypecvgeneral#1#2 #3 #4 #5\endheader{%
+  \dosubind{vr}{\code{#4}}{#1}%
+  \defname{#2}{#3}{#4}\defunargs{#5\unskip}%
+}
+
+%%% Untyped variables:
+
+% @defvr category var args
+\makedefun{defvr}#1 {\deftypevrheader{#1} {} }
+
+% @defcv category class var args
+\makedefun{defcv}#1 {\defcvof{#1\ \putwordof}}
+
+% \defcvof {category of}class var args
+\def\defcvof#1#2 {\deftypecvof{#1}#2 {} }
+
+%%% Type:
+% @deftp category name args
+\makedefun{deftp}#1 #2 #3\endheader{%
+  \doind{tp}{\code{#2}}%
+  \defname{#1}{}{#2}\defunargs{#3\unskip}%
+}
+
+% Remaining @defun-like shortcuts:
+\makedefun{defun}{\deffnheader{\putwordDeffunc} }
+\makedefun{defmac}{\deffnheader{\putwordDefmac} }
+\makedefun{defspec}{\deffnheader{\putwordDefspec} }
+\makedefun{deftypefun}{\deftypefnheader{\putwordDeffunc} }
+\makedefun{defvar}{\defvrheader{\putwordDefvar} }
+\makedefun{defopt}{\defvrheader{\putwordDefopt} }
+\makedefun{deftypevar}{\deftypevrheader{\putwordDefvar} }
+\makedefun{defmethod}{\defopon\putwordMethodon}
+\makedefun{deftypemethod}{\deftypeopon\putwordMethodon}
+\makedefun{defivar}{\defcvof\putwordInstanceVariableof}
+\makedefun{deftypeivar}{\deftypecvof\putwordInstanceVariableof}
+
+% \defname, which formats the name of the @def (not the args).
+% #1 is the category, such as "Function".
+% #2 is the return type, if any.
+% #3 is the function name.
+%
+% We are followed by (but not passed) the arguments, if any.
+%
+\def\defname#1#2#3{%
+  % Get the values of \leftskip and \rightskip as they were outside the @def...
+  \advance\leftskip by -\defbodyindent
+  %
+  % How we'll format the type name.  Putting it in brackets helps
+  % distinguish it from the body text that may end up on the next line
+  % just below it.
+  \def\temp{#1}%
+  \setbox0=\hbox{\kern\deflastargmargin \ifx\temp\empty\else [\rm\temp]\fi}
+  %
+  % Figure out line sizes for the paragraph shape.
+  % The first line needs space for \box0; but if \rightskip is nonzero,
+  % we need only space for the part of \box0 which exceeds it:
+  \dimen0=\hsize  \advance\dimen0 by -\wd0  \advance\dimen0 by \rightskip
+  % The continuations:
+  \dimen2=\hsize  \advance\dimen2 by -\defargsindent
+  % (plain.tex says that \dimen1 should be used only as global.)
+  \parshape 2 0in \dimen0 \defargsindent \dimen2
+  %
+  % Put the type name to the right margin.
+  \noindent
+  \hbox to 0pt{%
+    \hfil\box0 \kern-\hsize
+    % \hsize has to be shortened this way:
+    \kern\leftskip
+    % Intentionally do not respect \rightskip, since we need the space.
+  }%
+  %
+  % Allow all lines to be underfull without complaint:
+  \tolerance=10000 \hbadness=10000
+  \exdentamount=\defbodyindent
+  {%
+    % defun fonts. We use typewriter by default (used to be bold) because:
+    % . we're printing identifiers, they should be in tt in principle.
+    % . in languages with many accents, such as Czech or French, it's
+    %   common to leave accents off identifiers.  The result looks ok in
+    %   tt, but exceedingly strange in rm.
+    % . we don't want -- and --- to be treated as ligatures.
+    % . this still does not fix the ?` and !` ligatures, but so far no
+    %   one has made identifiers using them :).
+    \df \tt
+    \def\temp{#2}% return value type
+    \ifx\temp\empty\else \tclose{\temp} \fi
+    #3% output function name
+  }%
+  {\rm\enskip}% hskip 0.5 em of \tenrm
+  %
+  \boldbrax
+  % arguments will be output next, if any.
+}
+
+% Print arguments in slanted roman (not ttsl), inconsistently with using
+% tt for the name.  This is because literal text is sometimes needed in
+% the argument list (groff manual), and ttsl and tt are not very
+% distinguishable.  Prevent hyphenation at `-' chars.
+%
+\def\defunargs#1{%
+  % use sl by default (not ttsl),
+  % tt for the names.
+  \df \sl \hyphenchar\font=0
+  %
+  % On the other hand, if an argument has two dashes (for instance), we
+  % want a way to get ttsl.  Let's try @var for that.
+  \def\var##1{{\setupmarkupstyle{var}\ttslanted{##1}}}%
+  #1%
+  \sl\hyphenchar\font=45
+}
+
+% We want ()&[] to print specially on the defun line.
+%
+\def\activeparens{%
+  \catcode`\(=\active \catcode`\)=\active
+  \catcode`\[=\active \catcode`\]=\active
+  \catcode`\&=\active
+}
+
+% Make control sequences which act like normal parenthesis chars.
+\let\lparen = ( \let\rparen = )
+
+% Be sure that we always have a definition for `(', etc.  For example,
+% if the fn name has parens in it, \boldbrax will not be in effect yet,
+% so TeX would otherwise complain about undefined control sequence.
+{
+  \activeparens
+  \global\let(=\lparen \global\let)=\rparen
+  \global\let[=\lbrack \global\let]=\rbrack
+  \global\let& = \&
+
+  \gdef\boldbrax{\let(=\opnr\let)=\clnr\let[=\lbrb\let]=\rbrb}
+  \gdef\magicamp{\let&=\amprm}
+}
+
+\newcount\parencount
+
+% If we encounter &foo, then turn on ()-hacking afterwards
+\newif\ifampseen
+\def\amprm#1 {\ampseentrue{\bf\ }}
+
+\def\parenfont{%
+  \ifampseen
+    % At the first level, print parens in roman,
+    % otherwise use the default font.
+    \ifnum \parencount=1 \rm \fi
+  \else
+    % The \sf parens (in \boldbrax) actually are a little bolder than
+    % the contained text.  This is especially needed for [ and ] .
+    \sf
+  \fi
+}
+\def\infirstlevel#1{%
+  \ifampseen
+    \ifnum\parencount=1
+      #1%
+    \fi
+  \fi
+}
+\def\bfafterword#1 {#1 \bf}
+
+\def\opnr{%
+  \global\advance\parencount by 1
+  {\parenfont(}%
+  \infirstlevel \bfafterword
+}
+\def\clnr{%
+  {\parenfont)}%
+  \infirstlevel \sl
+  \global\advance\parencount by -1
+}
+
+\newcount\brackcount
+\def\lbrb{%
+  \global\advance\brackcount by 1
+  {\bf[}%
+}
+\def\rbrb{%
+  {\bf]}%
+  \global\advance\brackcount by -1
+}
+
+\def\checkparencounts{%
+  \ifnum\parencount=0 \else \badparencount \fi
+  \ifnum\brackcount=0 \else \badbrackcount \fi
+}
+% these should not use \errmessage; the glibc manual, at least, actually
+% has such constructs (when documenting function pointers).
+\def\badparencount{%
+  \message{Warning: unbalanced parentheses in @def...}%
+  \global\parencount=0
+}
+\def\badbrackcount{%
+  \message{Warning: unbalanced square brackets in @def...}%
+  \global\brackcount=0
+}
+
+
+\message{macros,}
+% @macro.
+
+% To do this right we need a feature of e-TeX, \scantokens,
+% which we arrange to emulate with a temporary file in ordinary TeX.
+\ifx\eTeXversion\undefined
+  \newwrite\macscribble
+  \def\scantokens#1{%
+    \toks0={#1}%
+    \immediate\openout\macscribble=\jobname.tmp
+    \immediate\write\macscribble{\the\toks0}%
+    \immediate\closeout\macscribble
+    \input \jobname.tmp
+  }
+\fi
+
+\def\scanmacro#1{%
+  \begingroup
+    \newlinechar`\^^M
+    \let\xeatspaces\eatspaces
+    % Undo catcode changes of \startcontents and \doprintindex
+    % When called from @insertcopying or (short)caption, we need active
+    % backslash to get it printed correctly.  Previously, we had
+    % \catcode`\\=\other instead.  We'll see whether a problem appears
+    % with macro expansion.				--kasal, 19aug04
+    \catcode`\@=0 \catcode`\\=\active \escapechar=`\@
+    % ... and \example
+    \spaceisspace
+    %
+    % Append \endinput to make sure that TeX does not see the ending newline.
+    % I've verified that it is necessary both for e-TeX and for ordinary TeX
+    %							--kasal, 29nov03
+    \scantokens{#1\endinput}%
+  \endgroup
+}
+
+\def\scanexp#1{%
+  \edef\temp{\noexpand\scanmacro{#1}}%
+  \temp
+}
+
+\newcount\paramno   % Count of parameters
+\newtoks\macname    % Macro name
+\newif\ifrecursive  % Is it recursive?
+
+% List of all defined macros in the form
+%    \definedummyword\macro1\definedummyword\macro2...
+% Currently is also contains all @aliases; the list can be split
+% if there is a need.
+\def\macrolist{}
+
+% Add the macro to \macrolist
+\def\addtomacrolist#1{\expandafter \addtomacrolistxxx \csname#1\endcsname}
+\def\addtomacrolistxxx#1{%
+     \toks0 = \expandafter{\macrolist\definedummyword#1}%
+     \xdef\macrolist{\the\toks0}%
+}
+
+% Utility routines.
+% This does \let #1 = #2, with \csnames; that is,
+%   \let \csname#1\endcsname = \csname#2\endcsname
+% (except of course we have to play expansion games).
+% 
+\def\cslet#1#2{%
+  \expandafter\let
+  \csname#1\expandafter\endcsname
+  \csname#2\endcsname
+}
+
+% Trim leading and trailing spaces off a string.
+% Concepts from aro-bend problem 15 (see CTAN).
+{\catcode`\@=11
+\gdef\eatspaces #1{\expandafter\trim@\expandafter{#1 }}
+\gdef\trim@ #1{\trim@@ @#1 @ #1 @ @@}
+\gdef\trim@@ #1@ #2@ #3@@{\trim@@@\empty #2 @}
+\def\unbrace#1{#1}
+\unbrace{\gdef\trim@@@ #1 } #2@{#1}
+}
+
+% Trim a single trailing ^^M off a string.
+{\catcode`\^^M=\other \catcode`\Q=3%
+\gdef\eatcr #1{\eatcra #1Q^^MQ}%
+\gdef\eatcra#1^^MQ{\eatcrb#1Q}%
+\gdef\eatcrb#1Q#2Q{#1}%
+}
+
+% Macro bodies are absorbed as an argument in a context where
+% all characters are catcode 10, 11 or 12, except \ which is active
+% (as in normal texinfo). It is necessary to change the definition of \.
+
+% Non-ASCII encodings make 8-bit characters active, so un-activate
+% them to avoid their expansion.  Must do this non-globally, to
+% confine the change to the current group.
+
+% It's necessary to have hard CRs when the macro is executed. This is
+% done by  making ^^M (\endlinechar) catcode 12 when reading the macro
+% body, and then making it the \newlinechar in \scanmacro.
+
+\def\scanctxt{%
+  \catcode`\"=\other
+  \catcode`\+=\other
+  \catcode`\<=\other
+  \catcode`\>=\other
+  \catcode`\@=\other
+  \catcode`\^=\other
+  \catcode`\_=\other
+  \catcode`\|=\other
+  \catcode`\~=\other
+  \ifx\declaredencoding\ascii \else \setnonasciicharscatcodenonglobal\other \fi
+}
+
+\def\scanargctxt{%
+  \scanctxt
+  \catcode`\\=\other
+  \catcode`\^^M=\other
+}
+
+\def\macrobodyctxt{%
+  \scanctxt
+  \catcode`\{=\other
+  \catcode`\}=\other
+  \catcode`\^^M=\other
+  \usembodybackslash
+}
+
+\def\macroargctxt{%
+  \scanctxt
+  \catcode`\\=\other
+}
+
+% \mbodybackslash is the definition of \ in @macro bodies.
+% It maps \foo\ => \csname macarg.foo\endcsname => #N
+% where N is the macro parameter number.
+% We define \csname macarg.\endcsname to be \realbackslash, so
+% \\ in macro replacement text gets you a backslash.
+
+{\catcode`@=0 @catcode`@\=@active
+ @gdef@usembodybackslash{@let\=@mbodybackslash}
+ @gdef@mbodybackslash#1\{@csname macarg.#1@endcsname}
+}
+\expandafter\def\csname macarg.\endcsname{\realbackslash}
+
+\def\macro{\recursivefalse\parsearg\macroxxx}
+\def\rmacro{\recursivetrue\parsearg\macroxxx}
+
+\def\macroxxx#1{%
+  \getargs{#1}%           now \macname is the macname and \argl the arglist
+  \ifx\argl\empty       % no arguments
+     \paramno=0%
+  \else
+     \expandafter\parsemargdef \argl;%
+  \fi
+  \if1\csname ismacro.\the\macname\endcsname
+     \message{Warning: redefining \the\macname}%
+  \else
+     \expandafter\ifx\csname \the\macname\endcsname \relax
+     \else \errmessage{Macro name \the\macname\space already defined}\fi
+     \global\cslet{macsave.\the\macname}{\the\macname}%
+     \global\expandafter\let\csname ismacro.\the\macname\endcsname=1%
+     \addtomacrolist{\the\macname}%
+  \fi
+  \begingroup \macrobodyctxt
+  \ifrecursive \expandafter\parsermacbody
+  \else \expandafter\parsemacbody
+  \fi}
+
+\parseargdef\unmacro{%
+  \if1\csname ismacro.#1\endcsname
+    \global\cslet{#1}{macsave.#1}%
+    \global\expandafter\let \csname ismacro.#1\endcsname=0%
+    % Remove the macro name from \macrolist:
+    \begingroup
+      \expandafter\let\csname#1\endcsname \relax
+      \let\definedummyword\unmacrodo
+      \xdef\macrolist{\macrolist}%
+    \endgroup
+  \else
+    \errmessage{Macro #1 not defined}%
+  \fi
+}
+
+% Called by \do from \dounmacro on each macro.  The idea is to omit any
+% macro definitions that have been changed to \relax.
+%
+\def\unmacrodo#1{%
+  \ifx #1\relax
+    % remove this
+  \else
+    \noexpand\definedummyword \noexpand#1%
+  \fi
+}
+
+% This makes use of the obscure feature that if the last token of a
+%  is #, then the preceding argument is delimited by
+% an opening brace, and that opening brace is not consumed.
+\def\getargs#1{\getargsxxx#1{}}
+\def\getargsxxx#1#{\getmacname #1 \relax\getmacargs}
+\def\getmacname #1 #2\relax{\macname={#1}}
+\def\getmacargs#1{\def\argl{#1}}
+
+% Parse the optional {params} list.  Set up \paramno and \paramlist
+% so \defmacro knows what to do.  Define \macarg.blah for each blah
+% in the params list, to be ##N where N is the position in that list.
+% That gets used by \mbodybackslash (above).
+
+% We need to get `macro parameter char #' into several definitions.
+% The technique used is stolen from LaTeX:  let \hash be something
+% unexpandable, insert that wherever you need a #, and then redefine
+% it to # just before using the token list produced.
+%
+% The same technique is used to protect \eatspaces till just before
+% the macro is used.
+
+\def\parsemargdef#1;{\paramno=0\def\paramlist{}%
+        \let\hash\relax\let\xeatspaces\relax\parsemargdefxxx#1,;,}
+\def\parsemargdefxxx#1,{%
+  \if#1;\let\next=\relax
+  \else \let\next=\parsemargdefxxx
+    \advance\paramno by 1%
+    \expandafter\edef\csname macarg.\eatspaces{#1}\endcsname
+        {\xeatspaces{\hash\the\paramno}}%
+    \edef\paramlist{\paramlist\hash\the\paramno,}%
+  \fi\next}
+
+% These two commands read recursive and nonrecursive macro bodies.
+% (They're different since rec and nonrec macros end differently.)
+
+\long\def\parsemacbody#1@end macro%
+{\xdef\temp{\eatcr{#1}}\endgroup\defmacro}%
+\long\def\parsermacbody#1@end rmacro%
+{\xdef\temp{\eatcr{#1}}\endgroup\defmacro}%
+
+% This defines the macro itself. There are six cases: recursive and
+% nonrecursive macros of zero, one, and many arguments.
+% Much magic with \expandafter here.
+% \xdef is used so that macro definitions will survive the file
+% they're defined in; @include reads the file inside a group.
+\def\defmacro{%
+  \let\hash=##% convert placeholders to macro parameter chars
+  \ifrecursive
+    \ifcase\paramno
+    % 0
+      \expandafter\xdef\csname\the\macname\endcsname{%
+        \noexpand\scanmacro{\temp}}%
+    \or % 1
+      \expandafter\xdef\csname\the\macname\endcsname{%
+         \bgroup\noexpand\macroargctxt
+         \noexpand\braceorline
+         \expandafter\noexpand\csname\the\macname xxx\endcsname}%
+      \expandafter\xdef\csname\the\macname xxx\endcsname##1{%
+         \egroup\noexpand\scanmacro{\temp}}%
+    \else % many
+      \expandafter\xdef\csname\the\macname\endcsname{%
+         \bgroup\noexpand\macroargctxt
+         \noexpand\csname\the\macname xx\endcsname}%
+      \expandafter\xdef\csname\the\macname xx\endcsname##1{%
+          \expandafter\noexpand\csname\the\macname xxx\endcsname ##1,}%
+      \expandafter\expandafter
+      \expandafter\xdef
+      \expandafter\expandafter
+        \csname\the\macname xxx\endcsname
+          \paramlist{\egroup\noexpand\scanmacro{\temp}}%
+    \fi
+  \else
+    \ifcase\paramno
+    % 0
+      \expandafter\xdef\csname\the\macname\endcsname{%
+        \noexpand\norecurse{\the\macname}%
+        \noexpand\scanmacro{\temp}\egroup}%
+    \or % 1
+      \expandafter\xdef\csname\the\macname\endcsname{%
+         \bgroup\noexpand\macroargctxt
+         \noexpand\braceorline
+         \expandafter\noexpand\csname\the\macname xxx\endcsname}%
+      \expandafter\xdef\csname\the\macname xxx\endcsname##1{%
+        \egroup
+        \noexpand\norecurse{\the\macname}%
+        \noexpand\scanmacro{\temp}\egroup}%
+    \else % many
+      \expandafter\xdef\csname\the\macname\endcsname{%
+         \bgroup\noexpand\macroargctxt
+         \expandafter\noexpand\csname\the\macname xx\endcsname}%
+      \expandafter\xdef\csname\the\macname xx\endcsname##1{%
+          \expandafter\noexpand\csname\the\macname xxx\endcsname ##1,}%
+      \expandafter\expandafter
+      \expandafter\xdef
+      \expandafter\expandafter
+      \csname\the\macname xxx\endcsname
+      \paramlist{%
+          \egroup
+          \noexpand\norecurse{\the\macname}%
+          \noexpand\scanmacro{\temp}\egroup}%
+    \fi
+  \fi}
+
+\def\norecurse#1{\bgroup\cslet{#1}{macsave.#1}}
+
+% \braceorline decides whether the next nonwhitespace character is a
+% {.  If so it reads up to the closing }, if not, it reads the whole
+% line.  Whatever was read is then fed to the next control sequence
+% as an argument (by \parsebrace or \parsearg)
+\def\braceorline#1{\let\macnamexxx=#1\futurelet\nchar\braceorlinexxx}
+\def\braceorlinexxx{%
+  \ifx\nchar\bgroup\else
+    \expandafter\parsearg
+  \fi \macnamexxx}
+
+
+% @alias.
+% We need some trickery to remove the optional spaces around the equal
+% sign.  Just make them active and then expand them all to nothing.
+\def\alias{\parseargusing\obeyspaces\aliasxxx}
+\def\aliasxxx #1{\aliasyyy#1\relax}
+\def\aliasyyy #1=#2\relax{%
+  {%
+    \expandafter\let\obeyedspace=\empty
+    \addtomacrolist{#1}%
+    \xdef\next{\global\let\makecsname{#1}=\makecsname{#2}}%
+  }%
+  \next
+}
+
+
+\message{cross references,}
+
+\newwrite\auxfile
+\newif\ifhavexrefs    % True if xref values are known.
+\newif\ifwarnedxrefs  % True if we warned once that they aren't known.
+
+% @inforef is relatively simple.
+\def\inforef #1{\inforefzzz #1,,,,**}
+\def\inforefzzz #1,#2,#3,#4**{\putwordSee{} \putwordInfo{} \putwordfile{} \file{\ignorespaces #3{}},
+  node \samp{\ignorespaces#1{}}}
+
+% @node's only job in TeX is to define \lastnode, which is used in
+% cross-references.  The @node line might or might not have commas, and
+% might or might not have spaces before the first comma, like:
+% @node foo , bar , ...
+% We don't want such trailing spaces in the node name.
+%
+\parseargdef\node{\checkenv{}\donode #1 ,\finishnodeparse}
+%
+% also remove a trailing comma, in case of something like this:
+% @node Help-Cross,  ,  , Cross-refs
+\def\donode#1 ,#2\finishnodeparse{\dodonode #1,\finishnodeparse}
+\def\dodonode#1,#2\finishnodeparse{\gdef\lastnode{#1}}
+
+\let\nwnode=\node
+\let\lastnode=\empty
+
+% Write a cross-reference definition for the current node.  #1 is the
+% type (Ynumbered, Yappendix, Ynothing).
+%
+\def\donoderef#1{%
+  \ifx\lastnode\empty\else
+    \setref{\lastnode}{#1}%
+    \global\let\lastnode=\empty
+  \fi
+}
+
+% @anchor{NAME} -- define xref target at arbitrary point.
+%
+\newcount\savesfregister
+%
+\def\savesf{\relax \ifhmode \savesfregister=\spacefactor \fi}
+\def\restoresf{\relax \ifhmode \spacefactor=\savesfregister \fi}
+\def\anchor#1{\savesf \setref{#1}{Ynothing}\restoresf \ignorespaces}
+
+% \setref{NAME}{SNT} defines a cross-reference point NAME (a node or an
+% anchor), which consists of three parts:
+% 1) NAME-title - the current sectioning name taken from \lastsection,
+%                 or the anchor name.
+% 2) NAME-snt   - section number and type, passed as the SNT arg, or
+%                 empty for anchors.
+% 3) NAME-pg    - the page number.
+%
+% This is called from \donoderef, \anchor, and \dofloat.  In the case of
+% floats, there is an additional part, which is not written here:
+% 4) NAME-lof   - the text as it should appear in a @listoffloats.
+%
+\def\setref#1#2{%
+  \pdfmkdest{#1}%
+  \iflinks
+    {%
+      \atdummies  % preserve commands, but don't expand them
+      \edef\writexrdef##1##2{%
+	\write\auxfile{@xrdef{#1-% #1 of \setref, expanded by the \edef
+	  ##1}{##2}}% these are parameters of \writexrdef
+      }%
+      \toks0 = \expandafter{\lastsection}%
+      \immediate \writexrdef{title}{\the\toks0 }%
+      \immediate \writexrdef{snt}{\csname #2\endcsname}% \Ynumbered etc.
+      \safewhatsit{\writexrdef{pg}{\folio}}% will be written later, during \shipout
+    }%
+  \fi
+}
+
+% @xref, @pxref, and @ref generate cross-references.  For \xrefX, #1 is
+% the node name, #2 the name of the Info cross-reference, #3 the printed
+% node name, #4 the name of the Info file, #5 the name of the printed
+% manual.  All but the node name can be omitted.
+%
+\def\pxref#1{\putwordsee{} \xrefX[#1,,,,,,,]}
+\def\xref#1{\putwordSee{} \xrefX[#1,,,,,,,]}
+\def\ref#1{\xrefX[#1,,,,,,,]}
+\def\xrefX[#1,#2,#3,#4,#5,#6]{\begingroup
+  \unsepspaces
+  \def\printedmanual{\ignorespaces #5}%
+  \def\printedrefname{\ignorespaces #3}%
+  \setbox1=\hbox{\printedmanual\unskip}%
+  \setbox0=\hbox{\printedrefname\unskip}%
+  \ifdim \wd0 = 0pt
+    % No printed node name was explicitly given.
+    \expandafter\ifx\csname SETxref-automatic-section-title\endcsname\relax
+      % Use the node name inside the square brackets.
+      \def\printedrefname{\ignorespaces #1}%
+    \else
+      % Use the actual chapter/section title appear inside
+      % the square brackets.  Use the real section title if we have it.
+      \ifdim \wd1 > 0pt
+        % It is in another manual, so we don't have it.
+        \def\printedrefname{\ignorespaces #1}%
+      \else
+        \ifhavexrefs
+          % We know the real title if we have the xref values.
+          \def\printedrefname{\refx{#1-title}{}}%
+        \else
+          % Otherwise just copy the Info node name.
+          \def\printedrefname{\ignorespaces #1}%
+        \fi%
+      \fi
+    \fi
+  \fi
+  %
+  % Make link in pdf output.
+  \ifpdf
+    {\indexnofonts
+     \turnoffactive
+     % This expands tokens, so do it after making catcode changes, so _
+     % etc. don't get their TeX definitions.
+     \getfilename{#4}%
+     %
+     % See comments at \activebackslashdouble.
+     {\activebackslashdouble \xdef\pdfxrefdest{#1}%
+      \backslashparens\pdfxrefdest}%
+     %
+     \leavevmode
+     \startlink attr{/Border [0 0 0]}%
+     \ifnum\filenamelength>0
+       goto file{\the\filename.pdf} name{\pdfxrefdest}%
+     \else
+       goto name{\pdfmkpgn{\pdfxrefdest}}%
+     \fi
+    }%
+    \setcolor{\linkcolor}%
+  \fi
+  %
+  % Float references are printed completely differently: "Figure 1.2"
+  % instead of "[somenode], p.3".  We distinguish them by the
+  % LABEL-title being set to a magic string.
+  {%
+    % Have to otherify everything special to allow the \csname to
+    % include an _ in the xref name, etc.
+    \indexnofonts
+    \turnoffactive
+    \expandafter\global\expandafter\let\expandafter\Xthisreftitle
+      \csname XR#1-title\endcsname
+  }%
+  \iffloat\Xthisreftitle
+    % If the user specified the print name (third arg) to the ref,
+    % print it instead of our usual "Figure 1.2".
+    \ifdim\wd0 = 0pt
+      \refx{#1-snt}{}%
+    \else
+      \printedrefname
+    \fi
+    %
+    % if the user also gave the printed manual name (fifth arg), append
+    % "in MANUALNAME".
+    \ifdim \wd1 > 0pt
+      \space \putwordin{} \cite{\printedmanual}%
+    \fi
+  \else
+    % node/anchor (non-float) references.
+    %
+    % If we use \unhbox0 and \unhbox1 to print the node names, TeX does not
+    % insert empty discretionaries after hyphens, which means that it will
+    % not find a line break at a hyphen in a node names.  Since some manuals
+    % are best written with fairly long node names, containing hyphens, this
+    % is a loss.  Therefore, we give the text of the node name again, so it
+    % is as if TeX is seeing it for the first time.
+    \ifdim \wd1 > 0pt
+      \putwordSection{} ``\printedrefname'' \putwordin{} \cite{\printedmanual}%
+    \else
+      % _ (for example) has to be the character _ for the purposes of the
+      % control sequence corresponding to the node, but it has to expand
+      % into the usual \leavevmode...\vrule stuff for purposes of
+      % printing. So we \turnoffactive for the \refx-snt, back on for the
+      % printing, back off for the \refx-pg.
+      {\turnoffactive
+       % Only output a following space if the -snt ref is nonempty; for
+       % @unnumbered and @anchor, it won't be.
+       \setbox2 = \hbox{\ignorespaces \refx{#1-snt}{}}%
+       \ifdim \wd2 > 0pt \refx{#1-snt}\space\fi
+      }%
+      % output the `[mynode]' via a macro so it can be overridden.
+      \xrefprintnodename\printedrefname
+      %
+      % But we always want a comma and a space:
+      ,\space
+      %
+      % output the `page 3'.
+      \turnoffactive \putwordpage\tie\refx{#1-pg}{}%
+    \fi
+  \fi
+  \endlink
+\endgroup}
+
+% This macro is called from \xrefX for the `[nodename]' part of xref
+% output.  It's a separate macro only so it can be changed more easily,
+% since square brackets don't work well in some documents.  Particularly
+% one that Bob is working on :).
+%
+\def\xrefprintnodename#1{[#1]}
+
+% Things referred to by \setref.
+%
+\def\Ynothing{}
+\def\Yomitfromtoc{}
+\def\Ynumbered{%
+  \ifnum\secno=0
+    \putwordChapter@tie \the\chapno
+  \else \ifnum\subsecno=0
+    \putwordSection@tie \the\chapno.\the\secno
+  \else \ifnum\subsubsecno=0
+    \putwordSection@tie \the\chapno.\the\secno.\the\subsecno
+  \else
+    \putwordSection@tie \the\chapno.\the\secno.\the\subsecno.\the\subsubsecno
+  \fi\fi\fi
+}
+\def\Yappendix{%
+  \ifnum\secno=0
+     \putwordAppendix@tie @char\the\appendixno{}%
+  \else \ifnum\subsecno=0
+     \putwordSection@tie @char\the\appendixno.\the\secno
+  \else \ifnum\subsubsecno=0
+    \putwordSection@tie @char\the\appendixno.\the\secno.\the\subsecno
+  \else
+    \putwordSection@tie
+      @char\the\appendixno.\the\secno.\the\subsecno.\the\subsubsecno
+  \fi\fi\fi
+}
+
+% Define \refx{NAME}{SUFFIX} to reference a cross-reference string named NAME.
+% If its value is nonempty, SUFFIX is output afterward.
+%
+\def\refx#1#2{%
+  {%
+    \indexnofonts
+    \otherbackslash
+    \expandafter\global\expandafter\let\expandafter\thisrefX
+      \csname XR#1\endcsname
+  }%
+  \ifx\thisrefX\relax
+    % If not defined, say something at least.
+    \angleleft un\-de\-fined\angleright
+    \iflinks
+      \ifhavexrefs
+        \message{\linenumber Undefined cross reference `#1'.}%
+      \else
+        \ifwarnedxrefs\else
+          \global\warnedxrefstrue
+          \message{Cross reference values unknown; you must run TeX again.}%
+        \fi
+      \fi
+    \fi
+  \else
+    % It's defined, so just use it.
+    \thisrefX
+  \fi
+  #2% Output the suffix in any case.
+}
+
+% This is the macro invoked by entries in the aux file.  Usually it's
+% just a \def (we prepend XR to the control sequence name to avoid
+% collisions).  But if this is a float type, we have more work to do.
+%
+\def\xrdef#1#2{%
+  {% The node name might contain 8-bit characters, which in our current
+   % implementation are changed to commands like @'e.  Don't let these
+   % mess up the control sequence name.
+    \indexnofonts
+    \turnoffactive
+    \xdef\safexrefname{#1}%
+  }%
+  %
+  \expandafter\gdef\csname XR\safexrefname\endcsname{#2}% remember this xref
+  %
+  % Was that xref control sequence that we just defined for a float?
+  \expandafter\iffloat\csname XR\safexrefname\endcsname
+    % it was a float, and we have the (safe) float type in \iffloattype.
+    \expandafter\let\expandafter\floatlist
+      \csname floatlist\iffloattype\endcsname
+    %
+    % Is this the first time we've seen this float type?
+    \expandafter\ifx\floatlist\relax
+      \toks0 = {\do}% yes, so just \do
+    \else
+      % had it before, so preserve previous elements in list.
+      \toks0 = \expandafter{\floatlist\do}%
+    \fi
+    %
+    % Remember this xref in the control sequence \floatlistFLOATTYPE,
+    % for later use in \listoffloats.
+    \expandafter\xdef\csname floatlist\iffloattype\endcsname{\the\toks0
+      {\safexrefname}}%
+  \fi
+}
+
+% Read the last existing aux file, if any.  No error if none exists.
+%
+\def\tryauxfile{%
+  \openin 1 \jobname.aux
+  \ifeof 1 \else
+    \readdatafile{aux}%
+    \global\havexrefstrue
+  \fi
+  \closein 1
+}
+
+\def\setupdatafile{%
+  \catcode`\^^@=\other
+  \catcode`\^^A=\other
+  \catcode`\^^B=\other
+  \catcode`\^^C=\other
+  \catcode`\^^D=\other
+  \catcode`\^^E=\other
+  \catcode`\^^F=\other
+  \catcode`\^^G=\other
+  \catcode`\^^H=\other
+  \catcode`\^^K=\other
+  \catcode`\^^L=\other
+  \catcode`\^^N=\other
+  \catcode`\^^P=\other
+  \catcode`\^^Q=\other
+  \catcode`\^^R=\other
+  \catcode`\^^S=\other
+  \catcode`\^^T=\other
+  \catcode`\^^U=\other
+  \catcode`\^^V=\other
+  \catcode`\^^W=\other
+  \catcode`\^^X=\other
+  \catcode`\^^Z=\other
+  \catcode`\^^[=\other
+  \catcode`\^^\=\other
+  \catcode`\^^]=\other
+  \catcode`\^^^=\other
+  \catcode`\^^_=\other
+  % It was suggested to set the catcode of ^ to 7, which would allow ^^e4 etc.
+  % in xref tags, i.e., node names.  But since ^^e4 notation isn't
+  % supported in the main text, it doesn't seem desirable.  Furthermore,
+  % that is not enough: for node names that actually contain a ^
+  % character, we would end up writing a line like this: 'xrdef {'hat
+  % b-title}{'hat b} and \xrdef does a \csname...\endcsname on the first
+  % argument, and \hat is not an expandable control sequence.  It could
+  % all be worked out, but why?  Either we support ^^ or we don't.
+  %
+  % The other change necessary for this was to define \auxhat:
+  % \def\auxhat{\def^{'hat }}% extra space so ok if followed by letter
+  % and then to call \auxhat in \setq.
+  %
+  \catcode`\^=\other
+  %
+  % Special characters.  Should be turned off anyway, but...
+  \catcode`\~=\other
+  \catcode`\[=\other
+  \catcode`\]=\other
+  \catcode`\"=\other
+  \catcode`\_=\other
+  \catcode`\|=\other
+  \catcode`\<=\other
+  \catcode`\>=\other
+  \catcode`\$=\other
+  \catcode`\#=\other
+  \catcode`\&=\other
+  \catcode`\%=\other
+  \catcode`+=\other % avoid \+ for paranoia even though we've turned it off
+  %
+  % This is to support \ in node names and titles, since the \
+  % characters end up in a \csname.  It's easier than
+  % leaving it active and making its active definition an actual \
+  % character.  What I don't understand is why it works in the *value*
+  % of the xrdef.  Seems like it should be a catcode12 \, and that
+  % should not typeset properly.  But it works, so I'm moving on for
+  % now.  --karl, 15jan04.
+  \catcode`\\=\other
+  %
+  % Make the characters 128-255 be printing characters.
+  {%
+    \count1=128
+    \def\loop{%
+      \catcode\count1=\other
+      \advance\count1 by 1
+      \ifnum \count1<256 \loop \fi
+    }%
+  }%
+  %
+  % @ is our escape character in .aux files, and we need braces.
+  \catcode`\{=1
+  \catcode`\}=2
+  \catcode`\@=0
+}
+
+\def\readdatafile#1{%
+\begingroup
+  \setupdatafile
+  \input\jobname.#1
+\endgroup}
+
+
+\message{insertions,}
+% including footnotes.
+
+\newcount \footnoteno
+
+% The trailing space in the following definition for supereject is
+% vital for proper filling; pages come out unaligned when you do a
+% pagealignmacro call if that space before the closing brace is
+% removed. (Generally, numeric constants should always be followed by a
+% space to prevent strange expansion errors.)
+\def\supereject{\par\penalty -20000\footnoteno =0 }
+
+% @footnotestyle is meaningful for info output only.
+\let\footnotestyle=\comment
+
+{\catcode `\@=11
+%
+% Auto-number footnotes.  Otherwise like plain.
+\gdef\footnote{%
+  \let\indent=\ptexindent
+  \let\noindent=\ptexnoindent
+  \global\advance\footnoteno by \@ne
+  \edef\thisfootno{$^{\the\footnoteno}$}%
+  %
+  % In case the footnote comes at the end of a sentence, preserve the
+  % extra spacing after we do the footnote number.
+  \let\@sf\empty
+  \ifhmode\edef\@sf{\spacefactor\the\spacefactor}\ptexslash\fi
+  %
+  % Remove inadvertent blank space before typesetting the footnote number.
+  \unskip
+  \thisfootno\@sf
+  \dofootnote
+}%
+
+% Don't bother with the trickery in plain.tex to not require the
+% footnote text as a parameter.  Our footnotes don't need to be so general.
+%
+% Oh yes, they do; otherwise, @ifset (and anything else that uses
+% \parseargline) fails inside footnotes because the tokens are fixed when
+% the footnote is read.  --karl, 16nov96.
+%
+\gdef\dofootnote{%
+  \insert\footins\bgroup
+  % We want to typeset this text as a normal paragraph, even if the
+  % footnote reference occurs in (for example) a display environment.
+  % So reset some parameters.
+  \hsize=\pagewidth
+  \interlinepenalty\interfootnotelinepenalty
+  \splittopskip\ht\strutbox % top baseline for broken footnotes
+  \splitmaxdepth\dp\strutbox
+  \floatingpenalty\@MM
+  \leftskip\z@skip
+  \rightskip\z@skip
+  \spaceskip\z@skip
+  \xspaceskip\z@skip
+  \parindent\defaultparindent
+  %
+  \smallfonts \rm
+  %
+  % Because we use hanging indentation in footnotes, a @noindent appears
+  % to exdent this text, so make it be a no-op.  makeinfo does not use
+  % hanging indentation so @noindent can still be needed within footnote
+  % text after an @example or the like (not that this is good style).
+  \let\noindent = \relax
+  %
+  % Hang the footnote text off the number.  Use \everypar in case the
+  % footnote extends for more than one paragraph.
+  \everypar = {\hang}%
+  \textindent{\thisfootno}%
+  %
+  % Don't crash into the line above the footnote text.  Since this
+  % expands into a box, it must come within the paragraph, lest it
+  % provide a place where TeX can split the footnote.
+  \footstrut
+  \futurelet\next\fo@t
+}
+}%end \catcode `\@=11
+
+% In case a @footnote appears in a vbox, save the footnote text and create
+% the real \insert just after the vbox finished.  Otherwise, the insertion
+% would be lost.
+% Similarly, if a @footnote appears inside an alignment, save the footnote
+% text to a box and make the \insert when a row of the table is finished.
+% And the same can be done for other insert classes.  --kasal, 16nov03.
+
+% Replace the \insert primitive by a cheating macro.
+% Deeper inside, just make sure that the saved insertions are not spilled
+% out prematurely.
+%
+\def\startsavinginserts{%
+  \ifx \insert\ptexinsert
+    \let\insert\saveinsert
+  \else
+    \let\checkinserts\relax
+  \fi
+}
+
+% This \insert replacement works for both \insert\footins{foo} and
+% \insert\footins\bgroup foo\egroup, but it doesn't work for \insert27{foo}.
+%
+\def\saveinsert#1{%
+  \edef\next{\noexpand\savetobox \makeSAVEname#1}%
+  \afterassignment\next
+  % swallow the left brace
+  \let\temp =
+}
+\def\makeSAVEname#1{\makecsname{SAVE\expandafter\gobble\string#1}}
+\def\savetobox#1{\global\setbox#1 = \vbox\bgroup \unvbox#1}
+
+\def\checksaveins#1{\ifvoid#1\else \placesaveins#1\fi}
+
+\def\placesaveins#1{%
+  \ptexinsert \csname\expandafter\gobblesave\string#1\endcsname
+    {\box#1}%
+}
+
+% eat @SAVE -- beware, all of them have catcode \other:
+{
+  \def\dospecials{\do S\do A\do V\do E} \uncatcodespecials  %  ;-)
+  \gdef\gobblesave @SAVE{}
+}
+
+% initialization:
+\def\newsaveins #1{%
+  \edef\next{\noexpand\newsaveinsX \makeSAVEname#1}%
+  \next
+}
+\def\newsaveinsX #1{%
+  \csname newbox\endcsname #1%
+  \expandafter\def\expandafter\checkinserts\expandafter{\checkinserts
+    \checksaveins #1}%
+}
+
+% initialize:
+\let\checkinserts\empty
+\newsaveins\footins
+\newsaveins\margin
+
+
+% @image.  We use the macros from epsf.tex to support this.
+% If epsf.tex is not installed and @image is used, we complain.
+%
+% Check for and read epsf.tex up front.  If we read it only at @image
+% time, we might be inside a group, and then its definitions would get
+% undone and the next image would fail.
+\openin 1 = epsf.tex
+\ifeof 1 \else
+  % Do not bother showing banner with epsf.tex v2.7k (available in
+  % doc/epsf.tex and on ctan).
+  \def\epsfannounce{\toks0 = }%
+  \input epsf.tex
+\fi
+\closein 1
+%
+% We will only complain once about lack of epsf.tex.
+\newif\ifwarnednoepsf
+\newhelp\noepsfhelp{epsf.tex must be installed for images to
+  work.  It is also included in the Texinfo distribution, or you can get
+  it from ftp://tug.org/tex/epsf.tex.}
+%
+\def\image#1{%
+  \ifx\epsfbox\undefined
+    \ifwarnednoepsf \else
+      \errhelp = \noepsfhelp
+      \errmessage{epsf.tex not found, images will be ignored}%
+      \global\warnednoepsftrue
+    \fi
+  \else
+    \imagexxx #1,,,,,\finish
+  \fi
+}
+%
+% Arguments to @image:
+% #1 is (mandatory) image filename; we tack on .eps extension.
+% #2 is (optional) width, #3 is (optional) height.
+% #4 is (ignored optional) html alt text.
+% #5 is (ignored optional) extension.
+% #6 is just the usual extra ignored arg for parsing this stuff.
+\newif\ifimagevmode
+\def\imagexxx#1,#2,#3,#4,#5,#6\finish{\begingroup
+  \catcode`\^^M = 5     % in case we're inside an example
+  \normalturnoffactive  % allow _ et al. in names
+  % If the image is by itself, center it.
+  \ifvmode
+    \imagevmodetrue
+    \nobreak\medskip
+    % Usually we'll have text after the image which will insert
+    % \parskip glue, so insert it here too to equalize the space
+    % above and below.
+    \nobreak\vskip\parskip
+    \nobreak
+  \fi
+  %
+  % Leave vertical mode so that indentation from an enclosing
+  % environment such as @quotation is respected.  On the other hand, if
+  % it's at the top level, we don't want the normal paragraph indentation.
+  \noindent
+  %
+  % Output the image.
+  \ifpdf
+    \dopdfimage{#1}{#2}{#3}%
+  \else
+    % \epsfbox itself resets \epsf?size at each figure.
+    \setbox0 = \hbox{\ignorespaces #2}\ifdim\wd0 > 0pt \epsfxsize=#2\relax \fi
+    \setbox0 = \hbox{\ignorespaces #3}\ifdim\wd0 > 0pt \epsfysize=#3\relax \fi
+    \epsfbox{#1.eps}%
+  \fi
+  %
+  \ifimagevmode \medskip \fi  % space after the standalone image
+\endgroup}
+
+
+% @float FLOATTYPE,LABEL,LOC ... @end float for displayed figures, tables,
+% etc.  We don't actually implement floating yet, we always include the
+% float "here".  But it seemed the best name for the future.
+%
+\envparseargdef\float{\eatcommaspace\eatcommaspace\dofloat#1, , ,\finish}
+
+% There may be a space before second and/or third parameter; delete it.
+\def\eatcommaspace#1, {#1,}
+
+% #1 is the optional FLOATTYPE, the text label for this float, typically
+% "Figure", "Table", "Example", etc.  Can't contain commas.  If omitted,
+% this float will not be numbered and cannot be referred to.
+%
+% #2 is the optional xref label.  Also must be present for the float to
+% be referable.
+%
+% #3 is the optional positioning argument; for now, it is ignored.  It
+% will somehow specify the positions allowed to float to (here, top, bottom).
+%
+% We keep a separate counter for each FLOATTYPE, which we reset at each
+% chapter-level command.
+\let\resetallfloatnos=\empty
+%
+\def\dofloat#1,#2,#3,#4\finish{%
+  \let\thiscaption=\empty
+  \let\thisshortcaption=\empty
+  %
+  % don't lose footnotes inside @float.
+  %
+  % BEWARE: when the floats start float, we have to issue warning whenever an
+  % insert appears inside a float which could possibly float. --kasal, 26may04
+  %
+  \startsavinginserts
+  %
+  % We can't be used inside a paragraph.
+  \par
+  %
+  \vtop\bgroup
+    \def\floattype{#1}%
+    \def\floatlabel{#2}%
+    \def\floatloc{#3}% we do nothing with this yet.
+    %
+    \ifx\floattype\empty
+      \let\safefloattype=\empty
+    \else
+      {%
+        % the floattype might have accents or other special characters,
+        % but we need to use it in a control sequence name.
+        \indexnofonts
+        \turnoffactive
+        \xdef\safefloattype{\floattype}%
+      }%
+    \fi
+    %
+    % If label is given but no type, we handle that as the empty type.
+    \ifx\floatlabel\empty \else
+      % We want each FLOATTYPE to be numbered separately (Figure 1,
+      % Table 1, Figure 2, ...).  (And if no label, no number.)
+      %
+      \expandafter\getfloatno\csname\safefloattype floatno\endcsname
+      \global\advance\floatno by 1
+      %
+      {%
+        % This magic value for \lastsection is output by \setref as the
+        % XREFLABEL-title value.  \xrefX uses it to distinguish float
+        % labels (which have a completely different output format) from
+        % node and anchor labels.  And \xrdef uses it to construct the
+        % lists of floats.
+        %
+        \edef\lastsection{\floatmagic=\safefloattype}%
+        \setref{\floatlabel}{Yfloat}%
+      }%
+    \fi
+    %
+    % start with \parskip glue, I guess.
+    \vskip\parskip
+    %
+    % Don't suppress indentation if a float happens to start a section.
+    \restorefirstparagraphindent
+}
+
+% we have these possibilities:
+% @float Foo,lbl & @caption{Cap}: Foo 1.1: Cap
+% @float Foo,lbl & no caption:    Foo 1.1
+% @float Foo & @caption{Cap}:     Foo: Cap
+% @float Foo & no caption:        Foo
+% @float ,lbl & Caption{Cap}:     1.1: Cap
+% @float ,lbl & no caption:       1.1
+% @float & @caption{Cap}:         Cap
+% @float & no caption:
+%
+\def\Efloat{%
+    \let\floatident = \empty
+    %
+    % In all cases, if we have a float type, it comes first.
+    \ifx\floattype\empty \else \def\floatident{\floattype}\fi
+    %
+    % If we have an xref label, the number comes next.
+    \ifx\floatlabel\empty \else
+      \ifx\floattype\empty \else % if also had float type, need tie first.
+        \appendtomacro\floatident{\tie}%
+      \fi
+      % the number.
+      \appendtomacro\floatident{\chaplevelprefix\the\floatno}%
+    \fi
+    %
+    % Start the printed caption with what we've constructed in
+    % \floatident, but keep it separate; we need \floatident again.
+    \let\captionline = \floatident
+    %
+    \ifx\thiscaption\empty \else
+      \ifx\floatident\empty \else
+	\appendtomacro\captionline{: }% had ident, so need a colon between
+      \fi
+      %
+      % caption text.
+      \appendtomacro\captionline{\scanexp\thiscaption}%
+    \fi
+    %
+    % If we have anything to print, print it, with space before.
+    % Eventually this needs to become an \insert.
+    \ifx\captionline\empty \else
+      \vskip.5\parskip
+      \captionline
+      %
+      % Space below caption.
+      \vskip\parskip
+    \fi
+    %
+    % If have an xref label, write the list of floats info.  Do this
+    % after the caption, to avoid chance of it being a breakpoint.
+    \ifx\floatlabel\empty \else
+      % Write the text that goes in the lof to the aux file as
+      % \floatlabel-lof.  Besides \floatident, we include the short
+      % caption if specified, else the full caption if specified, else nothing.
+      {%
+        \atdummies
+        %
+        % since we read the caption text in the macro world, where ^^M
+        % is turned into a normal character, we have to scan it back, so
+        % we don't write the literal three characters "^^M" into the aux file.
+	\scanexp{%
+	  \xdef\noexpand\gtemp{%
+	    \ifx\thisshortcaption\empty
+	      \thiscaption
+	    \else
+	      \thisshortcaption
+	    \fi
+	  }%
+	}%
+        \immediate\write\auxfile{@xrdef{\floatlabel-lof}{\floatident
+	  \ifx\gtemp\empty \else : \gtemp \fi}}%
+      }%
+    \fi
+  \egroup  % end of \vtop
+  %
+  % place the captured inserts
+  %
+  % BEWARE: when the floats start floating, we have to issue warning
+  % whenever an insert appears inside a float which could possibly
+  % float. --kasal, 26may04
+  %
+  \checkinserts
+}
+
+% Append the tokens #2 to the definition of macro #1, not expanding either.
+%
+\def\appendtomacro#1#2{%
+  \expandafter\def\expandafter#1\expandafter{#1#2}%
+}
+
+% @caption, @shortcaption
+%
+\def\caption{\docaption\thiscaption}
+\def\shortcaption{\docaption\thisshortcaption}
+\def\docaption{\checkenv\float \bgroup\scanargctxt\defcaption}
+\def\defcaption#1#2{\egroup \def#1{#2}}
+
+% The parameter is the control sequence identifying the counter we are
+% going to use.  Create it if it doesn't exist and assign it to \floatno.
+\def\getfloatno#1{%
+  \ifx#1\relax
+      % Haven't seen this figure type before.
+      \csname newcount\endcsname #1%
+      %
+      % Remember to reset this floatno at the next chap.
+      \expandafter\gdef\expandafter\resetallfloatnos
+        \expandafter{\resetallfloatnos #1=0 }%
+  \fi
+  \let\floatno#1%
+}
+
+% \setref calls this to get the XREFLABEL-snt value.  We want an @xref
+% to the FLOATLABEL to expand to "Figure 3.1".  We call \setref when we
+% first read the @float command.
+%
+\def\Yfloat{\floattype@tie \chaplevelprefix\the\floatno}%
+
+% Magic string used for the XREFLABEL-title value, so \xrefX can
+% distinguish floats from other xref types.
+\def\floatmagic{!!float!!}
+
+% #1 is the control sequence we are passed; we expand into a conditional
+% which is true if #1 represents a float ref.  That is, the magic
+% \lastsection value which we \setref above.
+%
+\def\iffloat#1{\expandafter\doiffloat#1==\finish}
+%
+% #1 is (maybe) the \floatmagic string.  If so, #2 will be the
+% (safe) float type for this float.  We set \iffloattype to #2.
+%
+\def\doiffloat#1=#2=#3\finish{%
+  \def\temp{#1}%
+  \def\iffloattype{#2}%
+  \ifx\temp\floatmagic
+}
+
+% @listoffloats FLOATTYPE - print a list of floats like a table of contents.
+%
+\parseargdef\listoffloats{%
+  \def\floattype{#1}% floattype
+  {%
+    % the floattype might have accents or other special characters,
+    % but we need to use it in a control sequence name.
+    \indexnofonts
+    \turnoffactive
+    \xdef\safefloattype{\floattype}%
+  }%
+  %
+  % \xrdef saves the floats as a \do-list in \floatlistSAFEFLOATTYPE.
+  \expandafter\ifx\csname floatlist\safefloattype\endcsname \relax
+    \ifhavexrefs
+      % if the user said @listoffloats foo but never @float foo.
+      \message{\linenumber No `\safefloattype' floats to list.}%
+    \fi
+  \else
+    \begingroup
+      \leftskip=\tocindent  % indent these entries like a toc
+      \let\do=\listoffloatsdo
+      \csname floatlist\safefloattype\endcsname
+    \endgroup
+  \fi
+}
+
+% This is called on each entry in a list of floats.  We're passed the
+% xref label, in the form LABEL-title, which is how we save it in the
+% aux file.  We strip off the -title and look up \XRLABEL-lof, which
+% has the text we're supposed to typeset here.
+%
+% Figures without xref labels will not be included in the list (since
+% they won't appear in the aux file).
+%
+\def\listoffloatsdo#1{\listoffloatsdoentry#1\finish}
+\def\listoffloatsdoentry#1-title\finish{{%
+  % Can't fully expand XR#1-lof because it can contain anything.  Just
+  % pass the control sequence.  On the other hand, XR#1-pg is just the
+  % page number, and we want to fully expand that so we can get a link
+  % in pdf output.
+  \toksA = \expandafter{\csname XR#1-lof\endcsname}%
+  %
+  % use the same \entry macro we use to generate the TOC and index.
+  \edef\writeentry{\noexpand\entry{\the\toksA}{\csname XR#1-pg\endcsname}}%
+  \writeentry
+}}
+
+
+\message{localization,}
+
+% For single-language documents, @documentlanguage is usually given very
+% early, just after @documentencoding.  Single argument is the language
+% (de) or locale (de_DE) abbreviation.
+%
+{
+  \catcode`\_ = \active
+  \globaldefs=1
+\parseargdef\documentlanguage{\begingroup
+  \let_=\normalunderscore  % normal _ character for filenames
+  \tex % read txi-??.tex file in plain TeX.
+    % Read the file by the name they passed if it exists.
+    \openin 1 txi-#1.tex
+    \ifeof 1
+      \documentlanguagetrywithoutunderscore{#1_\finish}%
+    \else
+      \globaldefs = 1  % everything in the txi-LL files needs to persist
+      \input txi-#1.tex
+    \fi
+    \closein 1
+  \endgroup % end raw TeX
+\endgroup}
+}
+%
+% If they passed de_DE, and txi-de_DE.tex doesn't exist,
+% try txi-de.tex.
+% 
+\def\documentlanguagetrywithoutunderscore#1_#2\finish{%
+  \openin 1 txi-#1.tex
+  \ifeof 1
+    \errhelp = \nolanghelp
+    \errmessage{Cannot read language file txi-#1.tex}%
+  \else
+    \input txi-#1.tex
+  \fi
+  \closein 1
+}
+%
+\newhelp\nolanghelp{The given language definition file cannot be found or
+is empty.  Maybe you need to install it?  Putting it in the current
+directory should work if nowhere else does.}
+
+% This macro is called from txi-??.tex files; the first argument is the
+% \language name to set (without the "\lang@" prefix), the second and
+% third args are \{left,right}hyphenmin.
+% 
+% The language names to pass are determined when the format is built.
+% See the etex.log file created at that time, e.g.,
+% /usr/local/texlive/2008/texmf-var/web2c/pdftex/etex.log.
+% 
+% With TeX Live 2008, etex now includes hyphenation patterns for all
+% available languages.  This means we can support hyphenation in
+% Texinfo, at least to some extent.  (This still doesn't solve the
+% accented characters problem.)
+% 
+\catcode`@=11
+\def\txisetlanguage#1#2#3{%
+  % do not set the language if the name is undefined in the current TeX.
+  \expandafter\ifx\csname lang@#1\endcsname \relax
+    \message{no patterns for #1}%
+  \else
+    \global\language = \csname lang@#1\endcsname
+  \fi
+  % but there is no harm in adjusting the hyphenmin values regardless.
+  \global\lefthyphenmin = #2\relax
+  \global\righthyphenmin = #3\relax
+}
+
+% Helpers for encodings.
+% Set the catcode of characters 128 through 255 to the specified number.
+%
+\def\setnonasciicharscatcode#1{%
+   \count255=128
+   \loop\ifnum\count255<256
+      \global\catcode\count255=#1\relax
+      \advance\count255 by 1
+   \repeat
+}
+
+\def\setnonasciicharscatcodenonglobal#1{%
+   \count255=128
+   \loop\ifnum\count255<256
+      \catcode\count255=#1\relax
+      \advance\count255 by 1
+   \repeat
+}
+
+% @documentencoding sets the definition of non-ASCII characters
+% according to the specified encoding.
+%
+\parseargdef\documentencoding{%
+  % Encoding being declared for the document.
+  \def\declaredencoding{\csname #1.enc\endcsname}%
+  %
+  % Supported encodings: names converted to tokens in order to be able
+  % to compare them with \ifx.
+  \def\ascii{\csname US-ASCII.enc\endcsname}%
+  \def\latnine{\csname ISO-8859-15.enc\endcsname}%
+  \def\latone{\csname ISO-8859-1.enc\endcsname}%
+  \def\lattwo{\csname ISO-8859-2.enc\endcsname}%
+  \def\utfeight{\csname UTF-8.enc\endcsname}%
+  %
+  \ifx \declaredencoding \ascii
+     \asciichardefs
+  %
+  \else \ifx \declaredencoding \lattwo
+     \setnonasciicharscatcode\active
+     \lattwochardefs
+  %
+  \else \ifx \declaredencoding \latone 
+     \setnonasciicharscatcode\active
+     \latonechardefs
+  %
+  \else \ifx \declaredencoding \latnine
+     \setnonasciicharscatcode\active
+     \latninechardefs
+  %
+  \else \ifx \declaredencoding \utfeight
+     \setnonasciicharscatcode\active
+     \utfeightchardefs
+  %
+  \else 
+    \message{Unknown document encoding #1, ignoring.}%
+  %
+  \fi % utfeight
+  \fi % latnine
+  \fi % latone
+  \fi % lattwo
+  \fi % ascii
+}
+
+% A message to be logged when using a character that isn't available
+% the default font encoding (OT1).
+% 
+\def\missingcharmsg#1{\message{Character missing in OT1 encoding: #1.}}
+
+% Take account of \c (plain) vs. \, (Texinfo) difference.
+\def\cedilla#1{\ifx\c\ptexc\c{#1}\else\,{#1}\fi}
+
+% First, make active non-ASCII characters in order for them to be
+% correctly categorized when TeX reads the replacement text of
+% macros containing the character definitions.
+\setnonasciicharscatcode\active
+%
+% Latin1 (ISO-8859-1) character definitions.
+\def\latonechardefs{%
+  \gdef^^a0{~} 
+  \gdef^^a1{\exclamdown}
+  \gdef^^a2{\missingcharmsg{CENT SIGN}} 
+  \gdef^^a3{{\pounds}}
+  \gdef^^a4{\missingcharmsg{CURRENCY SIGN}}
+  \gdef^^a5{\missingcharmsg{YEN SIGN}}
+  \gdef^^a6{\missingcharmsg{BROKEN BAR}} 
+  \gdef^^a7{\S}
+  \gdef^^a8{\"{}} 
+  \gdef^^a9{\copyright} 
+  \gdef^^aa{\ordf}
+  \gdef^^ab{\guillemetleft}
+  \gdef^^ac{$\lnot$}
+  \gdef^^ad{\-} 
+  \gdef^^ae{\registeredsymbol} 
+  \gdef^^af{\={}}
+  %
+  \gdef^^b0{\textdegree}
+  \gdef^^b1{$\pm$}
+  \gdef^^b2{$^2$}
+  \gdef^^b3{$^3$}
+  \gdef^^b4{\'{}}
+  \gdef^^b5{$\mu$}
+  \gdef^^b6{\P}
+  %
+  \gdef^^b7{$^.$}
+  \gdef^^b8{\cedilla\ }
+  \gdef^^b9{$^1$}
+  \gdef^^ba{\ordm}
+  %
+  \gdef^^bb{\guilletright}
+  \gdef^^bc{$1\over4$}
+  \gdef^^bd{$1\over2$}
+  \gdef^^be{$3\over4$}
+  \gdef^^bf{\questiondown}
+  %
+  \gdef^^c0{\`A}
+  \gdef^^c1{\'A}
+  \gdef^^c2{\^A}
+  \gdef^^c3{\~A}
+  \gdef^^c4{\"A}
+  \gdef^^c5{\ringaccent A} 
+  \gdef^^c6{\AE}
+  \gdef^^c7{\cedilla C}
+  \gdef^^c8{\`E}
+  \gdef^^c9{\'E}
+  \gdef^^ca{\^E}
+  \gdef^^cb{\"E}
+  \gdef^^cc{\`I}
+  \gdef^^cd{\'I}
+  \gdef^^ce{\^I}
+  \gdef^^cf{\"I}
+  %
+  \gdef^^d0{\missingcharmsg{LATIN CAPITAL LETTER ETH}}
+  \gdef^^d1{\~N}
+  \gdef^^d2{\`O}
+  \gdef^^d3{\'O}
+  \gdef^^d4{\^O}
+  \gdef^^d5{\~O}
+  \gdef^^d6{\"O}
+  \gdef^^d7{$\times$}
+  \gdef^^d8{\O}
+  \gdef^^d9{\`U}
+  \gdef^^da{\'U}
+  \gdef^^db{\^U}
+  \gdef^^dc{\"U}
+  \gdef^^dd{\'Y}
+  \gdef^^de{\missingcharmsg{LATIN CAPITAL LETTER THORN}}
+  \gdef^^df{\ss}
+  %
+  \gdef^^e0{\`a}
+  \gdef^^e1{\'a}
+  \gdef^^e2{\^a}
+  \gdef^^e3{\~a}
+  \gdef^^e4{\"a}
+  \gdef^^e5{\ringaccent a}
+  \gdef^^e6{\ae}
+  \gdef^^e7{\cedilla c}
+  \gdef^^e8{\`e}
+  \gdef^^e9{\'e}
+  \gdef^^ea{\^e}
+  \gdef^^eb{\"e}
+  \gdef^^ec{\`{\dotless i}}
+  \gdef^^ed{\'{\dotless i}}
+  \gdef^^ee{\^{\dotless i}}
+  \gdef^^ef{\"{\dotless i}}
+  %
+  \gdef^^f0{\missingcharmsg{LATIN SMALL LETTER ETH}}
+  \gdef^^f1{\~n}
+  \gdef^^f2{\`o}
+  \gdef^^f3{\'o}
+  \gdef^^f4{\^o}
+  \gdef^^f5{\~o}
+  \gdef^^f6{\"o}
+  \gdef^^f7{$\div$}
+  \gdef^^f8{\o}
+  \gdef^^f9{\`u}
+  \gdef^^fa{\'u}
+  \gdef^^fb{\^u}
+  \gdef^^fc{\"u}
+  \gdef^^fd{\'y}
+  \gdef^^fe{\missingcharmsg{LATIN SMALL LETTER THORN}}
+  \gdef^^ff{\"y}
+}
+
+% Latin9 (ISO-8859-15) encoding character definitions.
+\def\latninechardefs{%
+  % Encoding is almost identical to Latin1.
+  \latonechardefs
+  %
+  \gdef^^a4{\euro}
+  \gdef^^a6{\v S}
+  \gdef^^a8{\v s}
+  \gdef^^b4{\v Z}
+  \gdef^^b8{\v z}
+  \gdef^^bc{\OE}
+  \gdef^^bd{\oe}
+  \gdef^^be{\"Y}
+}
+
+% Latin2 (ISO-8859-2) character definitions.
+\def\lattwochardefs{%
+  \gdef^^a0{~}
+  \gdef^^a1{\ogonek{A}}
+  \gdef^^a2{\u{}}
+  \gdef^^a3{\L}
+  \gdef^^a4{\missingcharmsg{CURRENCY SIGN}}
+  \gdef^^a5{\v L}
+  \gdef^^a6{\'S}
+  \gdef^^a7{\S}
+  \gdef^^a8{\"{}}
+  \gdef^^a9{\v S}
+  \gdef^^aa{\cedilla S}
+  \gdef^^ab{\v T}
+  \gdef^^ac{\'Z}
+  \gdef^^ad{\-}
+  \gdef^^ae{\v Z}
+  \gdef^^af{\dotaccent Z}
+  %
+  \gdef^^b0{\textdegree}
+  \gdef^^b1{\ogonek{a}}
+  \gdef^^b2{\ogonek{ }}
+  \gdef^^b3{\l}
+  \gdef^^b4{\'{}}
+  \gdef^^b5{\v l}
+  \gdef^^b6{\'s}
+  \gdef^^b7{\v{}}
+  \gdef^^b8{\cedilla\ }
+  \gdef^^b9{\v s}
+  \gdef^^ba{\cedilla s}
+  \gdef^^bb{\v t}
+  \gdef^^bc{\'z}
+  \gdef^^bd{\H{}}
+  \gdef^^be{\v z}
+  \gdef^^bf{\dotaccent z}
+  %
+  \gdef^^c0{\'R}
+  \gdef^^c1{\'A}
+  \gdef^^c2{\^A}
+  \gdef^^c3{\u A}
+  \gdef^^c4{\"A}
+  \gdef^^c5{\'L}
+  \gdef^^c6{\'C}
+  \gdef^^c7{\cedilla C}
+  \gdef^^c8{\v C}
+  \gdef^^c9{\'E}
+  \gdef^^ca{\ogonek{E}}
+  \gdef^^cb{\"E}
+  \gdef^^cc{\v E}
+  \gdef^^cd{\'I}
+  \gdef^^ce{\^I}
+  \gdef^^cf{\v D}
+  %
+  \gdef^^d0{\missingcharmsg{LATIN CAPITAL LETTER D WITH STROKE}}
+  \gdef^^d1{\'N}
+  \gdef^^d2{\v N}
+  \gdef^^d3{\'O}
+  \gdef^^d4{\^O}
+  \gdef^^d5{\H O}
+  \gdef^^d6{\"O}
+  \gdef^^d7{$\times$}
+  \gdef^^d8{\v R}
+  \gdef^^d9{\ringaccent U} 
+  \gdef^^da{\'U}
+  \gdef^^db{\H U}
+  \gdef^^dc{\"U}
+  \gdef^^dd{\'Y}
+  \gdef^^de{\cedilla T}
+  \gdef^^df{\ss}
+  %
+  \gdef^^e0{\'r}
+  \gdef^^e1{\'a}
+  \gdef^^e2{\^a}
+  \gdef^^e3{\u a}
+  \gdef^^e4{\"a}
+  \gdef^^e5{\'l}
+  \gdef^^e6{\'c}
+  \gdef^^e7{\cedilla c}
+  \gdef^^e8{\v c}
+  \gdef^^e9{\'e}
+  \gdef^^ea{\ogonek{e}}
+  \gdef^^eb{\"e}
+  \gdef^^ec{\v e}
+  \gdef^^ed{\'\i}
+  \gdef^^ee{\^\i}
+  \gdef^^ef{\v d}
+  %
+  \gdef^^f0{\missingcharmsg{LATIN SMALL LETTER D WITH STROKE}}
+  \gdef^^f1{\'n}
+  \gdef^^f2{\v n}
+  \gdef^^f3{\'o}
+  \gdef^^f4{\^o}
+  \gdef^^f5{\H o}
+  \gdef^^f6{\"o}
+  \gdef^^f7{$\div$}
+  \gdef^^f8{\v r}
+  \gdef^^f9{\ringaccent u}
+  \gdef^^fa{\'u}
+  \gdef^^fb{\H u}
+  \gdef^^fc{\"u}
+  \gdef^^fd{\'y}
+  \gdef^^fe{\cedilla t}
+  \gdef^^ff{\dotaccent{}}
+}
+
+% UTF-8 character definitions.
+% 
+% This code to support UTF-8 is based on LaTeX's utf8.def, with some
+% changes for Texinfo conventions.  It is included here under the GPL by
+% permission from Frank Mittelbach and the LaTeX team.
+% 
+\newcount\countUTFx
+\newcount\countUTFy
+\newcount\countUTFz
+
+\gdef\UTFviiiTwoOctets#1#2{\expandafter
+   \UTFviiiDefined\csname u8:#1\string #2\endcsname}
+%
+\gdef\UTFviiiThreeOctets#1#2#3{\expandafter
+   \UTFviiiDefined\csname u8:#1\string #2\string #3\endcsname}
+%
+\gdef\UTFviiiFourOctets#1#2#3#4{\expandafter
+   \UTFviiiDefined\csname u8:#1\string #2\string #3\string #4\endcsname}
+
+\gdef\UTFviiiDefined#1{%
+  \ifx #1\relax
+    \message{\linenumber Unicode char \string #1 not defined for Texinfo}%
+  \else
+    \expandafter #1%
+  \fi
+}
+
+\begingroup
+  \catcode`\~13
+  \catcode`\"12
+
+  \def\UTFviiiLoop{%
+    \global\catcode\countUTFx\active
+    \uccode`\~\countUTFx
+    \uppercase\expandafter{\UTFviiiTmp}%
+    \advance\countUTFx by 1
+    \ifnum\countUTFx < \countUTFy
+      \expandafter\UTFviiiLoop
+    \fi}
+
+  \countUTFx = "C2
+  \countUTFy = "E0
+  \def\UTFviiiTmp{%
+    \xdef~{\noexpand\UTFviiiTwoOctets\string~}}
+  \UTFviiiLoop
+
+  \countUTFx = "E0
+  \countUTFy = "F0
+  \def\UTFviiiTmp{%
+    \xdef~{\noexpand\UTFviiiThreeOctets\string~}}
+  \UTFviiiLoop
+
+  \countUTFx = "F0
+  \countUTFy = "F4
+  \def\UTFviiiTmp{%
+    \xdef~{\noexpand\UTFviiiFourOctets\string~}}
+  \UTFviiiLoop
+\endgroup
+
+\begingroup
+  \catcode`\"=12
+  \catcode`\<=12
+  \catcode`\.=12
+  \catcode`\,=12
+  \catcode`\;=12
+  \catcode`\!=12
+  \catcode`\~=13
+
+  \gdef\DeclareUnicodeCharacter#1#2{%
+    \countUTFz = "#1\relax
+    \wlog{\space\space defining Unicode char U+#1 (decimal \the\countUTFz)}%
+    \begingroup
+      \parseXMLCharref
+      \def\UTFviiiTwoOctets##1##2{%
+        \csname u8:##1\string ##2\endcsname}%
+      \def\UTFviiiThreeOctets##1##2##3{%
+        \csname u8:##1\string ##2\string ##3\endcsname}%
+      \def\UTFviiiFourOctets##1##2##3##4{%
+        \csname u8:##1\string ##2\string ##3\string ##4\endcsname}%
+      \expandafter\expandafter\expandafter\expandafter
+       \expandafter\expandafter\expandafter
+       \gdef\UTFviiiTmp{#2}%
+    \endgroup}
+
+  \gdef\parseXMLCharref{%
+    \ifnum\countUTFz < "A0\relax
+      \errhelp = \EMsimple
+      \errmessage{Cannot define Unicode char value < 00A0}%
+    \else\ifnum\countUTFz < "800\relax
+      \parseUTFviiiA,%
+      \parseUTFviiiB C\UTFviiiTwoOctets.,%
+    \else\ifnum\countUTFz < "10000\relax
+      \parseUTFviiiA;%
+      \parseUTFviiiA,%
+      \parseUTFviiiB E\UTFviiiThreeOctets.{,;}%
+    \else
+      \parseUTFviiiA;%
+      \parseUTFviiiA,%
+      \parseUTFviiiA!%
+      \parseUTFviiiB F\UTFviiiFourOctets.{!,;}%
+    \fi\fi\fi
+  }
+
+  \gdef\parseUTFviiiA#1{%
+    \countUTFx = \countUTFz
+    \divide\countUTFz by 64
+    \countUTFy = \countUTFz
+    \multiply\countUTFz by 64
+    \advance\countUTFx by -\countUTFz
+    \advance\countUTFx by 128
+    \uccode `#1\countUTFx
+    \countUTFz = \countUTFy}
+
+  \gdef\parseUTFviiiB#1#2#3#4{%
+    \advance\countUTFz by "#10\relax
+    \uccode `#3\countUTFz
+    \uppercase{\gdef\UTFviiiTmp{#2#3#4}}}
+\endgroup
+
+\def\utfeightchardefs{%
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{00A0}{\tie}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{00A1}{\exclamdown}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{00A3}{\pounds}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{00A8}{\"{ }}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{00A9}{\copyright}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{00AA}{\ordf}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{00AB}{\guillemetleft}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{00AD}{\-}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{00AE}{\registeredsymbol}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{00AF}{\={ }}
+
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{00B0}{\ringaccent{ }}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{00B4}{\'{ }}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{00B8}{\cedilla{ }}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{00BA}{\ordm}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{00BB}{\guillemetright}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{00BF}{\questiondown}
+
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{00C0}{\`A}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{00C1}{\'A}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{00C2}{\^A}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{00C3}{\~A}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{00C4}{\"A}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{00C5}{\AA}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{00C6}{\AE}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{00C7}{\cedilla{C}}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{00C8}{\`E}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{00C9}{\'E}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{00CA}{\^E}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{00CB}{\"E}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{00CC}{\`I}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{00CD}{\'I}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{00CE}{\^I}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{00CF}{\"I}
+
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{00D1}{\~N}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{00D2}{\`O}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{00D3}{\'O}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{00D4}{\^O}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{00D5}{\~O}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{00D6}{\"O}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{00D8}{\O}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{00D9}{\`U}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{00DA}{\'U}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{00DB}{\^U}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{00DC}{\"U}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{00DD}{\'Y}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{00DF}{\ss}
+
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{00E0}{\`a}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{00E1}{\'a}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{00E2}{\^a}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{00E3}{\~a}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{00E4}{\"a}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{00E5}{\aa}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{00E6}{\ae}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{00E7}{\cedilla{c}}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{00E8}{\`e}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{00E9}{\'e}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{00EA}{\^e}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{00EB}{\"e}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{00EC}{\`{\dotless{i}}}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{00ED}{\'{\dotless{i}}}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{00EE}{\^{\dotless{i}}}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{00EF}{\"{\dotless{i}}}
+
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{00F1}{\~n}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{00F2}{\`o}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{00F3}{\'o}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{00F4}{\^o}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{00F5}{\~o}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{00F6}{\"o}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{00F8}{\o}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{00F9}{\`u}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{00FA}{\'u}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{00FB}{\^u}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{00FC}{\"u}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{00FD}{\'y}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{00FF}{\"y}
+
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{0100}{\=A}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{0101}{\=a}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{0102}{\u{A}}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{0103}{\u{a}}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{0104}{\ogonek{A}}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{0105}{\ogonek{a}}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{0106}{\'C}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{0107}{\'c}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{0108}{\^C}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{0109}{\^c}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{0118}{\ogonek{E}}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{0119}{\ogonek{e}}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{010A}{\dotaccent{C}}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{010B}{\dotaccent{c}}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{010C}{\v{C}}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{010D}{\v{c}}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{010E}{\v{D}}
+
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{0112}{\=E}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{0113}{\=e}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{0114}{\u{E}}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{0115}{\u{e}}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{0116}{\dotaccent{E}}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{0117}{\dotaccent{e}}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{011A}{\v{E}}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{011B}{\v{e}}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{011C}{\^G}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{011D}{\^g}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{011E}{\u{G}}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{011F}{\u{g}}
+
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{0120}{\dotaccent{G}}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{0121}{\dotaccent{g}}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{0124}{\^H}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{0125}{\^h}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{0128}{\~I}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{0129}{\~{\dotless{i}}}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{012A}{\=I}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{012B}{\={\dotless{i}}}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{012C}{\u{I}}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{012D}{\u{\dotless{i}}}
+
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{0130}{\dotaccent{I}}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{0131}{\dotless{i}}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{0132}{IJ}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{0133}{ij}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{0134}{\^J}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{0135}{\^{\dotless{j}}}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{0139}{\'L}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{013A}{\'l}
+
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{0141}{\L}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{0142}{\l}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{0143}{\'N}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{0144}{\'n}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{0147}{\v{N}}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{0148}{\v{n}}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{014C}{\=O}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{014D}{\=o}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{014E}{\u{O}}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{014F}{\u{o}}
+
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{0150}{\H{O}}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{0151}{\H{o}}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{0152}{\OE}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{0153}{\oe}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{0154}{\'R}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{0155}{\'r}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{0158}{\v{R}}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{0159}{\v{r}}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{015A}{\'S}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{015B}{\'s}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{015C}{\^S}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{015D}{\^s}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{015E}{\cedilla{S}}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{015F}{\cedilla{s}}
+
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{0160}{\v{S}}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{0161}{\v{s}}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{0162}{\cedilla{t}}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{0163}{\cedilla{T}}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{0164}{\v{T}}
+
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{0168}{\~U}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{0169}{\~u}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{016A}{\=U}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{016B}{\=u}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{016C}{\u{U}}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{016D}{\u{u}}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{016E}{\ringaccent{U}}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{016F}{\ringaccent{u}}
+
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{0170}{\H{U}}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{0171}{\H{u}}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{0174}{\^W}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{0175}{\^w}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{0176}{\^Y}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{0177}{\^y}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{0178}{\"Y}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{0179}{\'Z}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{017A}{\'z}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{017B}{\dotaccent{Z}}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{017C}{\dotaccent{z}}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{017D}{\v{Z}}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{017E}{\v{z}}
+
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{01C4}{D\v{Z}}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{01C5}{D\v{z}}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{01C6}{d\v{z}}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{01C7}{LJ}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{01C8}{Lj}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{01C9}{lj}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{01CA}{NJ}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{01CB}{Nj}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{01CC}{nj}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{01CD}{\v{A}}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{01CE}{\v{a}}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{01CF}{\v{I}}
+
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{01D0}{\v{\dotless{i}}}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{01D1}{\v{O}}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{01D2}{\v{o}}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{01D3}{\v{U}}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{01D4}{\v{u}}
+
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{01E2}{\={\AE}}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{01E3}{\={\ae}}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{01E6}{\v{G}}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{01E7}{\v{g}}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{01E8}{\v{K}}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{01E9}{\v{k}}
+
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{01F0}{\v{\dotless{j}}}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{01F1}{DZ}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{01F2}{Dz}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{01F3}{dz}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{01F4}{\'G}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{01F5}{\'g}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{01F8}{\`N}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{01F9}{\`n}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{01FC}{\'{\AE}}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{01FD}{\'{\ae}}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{01FE}{\'{\O}}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{01FF}{\'{\o}}
+
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{021E}{\v{H}}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{021F}{\v{h}}
+
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{0226}{\dotaccent{A}}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{0227}{\dotaccent{a}}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{0228}{\cedilla{E}}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{0229}{\cedilla{e}}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{022E}{\dotaccent{O}}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{022F}{\dotaccent{o}}
+
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{0232}{\=Y}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{0233}{\=y}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{0237}{\dotless{j}}
+
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{02DB}{\ogonek{ }}
+
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{1E02}{\dotaccent{B}}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{1E03}{\dotaccent{b}}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{1E04}{\udotaccent{B}}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{1E05}{\udotaccent{b}}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{1E06}{\ubaraccent{B}}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{1E07}{\ubaraccent{b}}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{1E0A}{\dotaccent{D}}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{1E0B}{\dotaccent{d}}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{1E0C}{\udotaccent{D}}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{1E0D}{\udotaccent{d}}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{1E0E}{\ubaraccent{D}}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{1E0F}{\ubaraccent{d}}
+
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{1E1E}{\dotaccent{F}}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{1E1F}{\dotaccent{f}}
+
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{1E20}{\=G}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{1E21}{\=g}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{1E22}{\dotaccent{H}}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{1E23}{\dotaccent{h}}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{1E24}{\udotaccent{H}}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{1E25}{\udotaccent{h}}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{1E26}{\"H}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{1E27}{\"h}
+
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{1E30}{\'K}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{1E31}{\'k}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{1E32}{\udotaccent{K}}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{1E33}{\udotaccent{k}}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{1E34}{\ubaraccent{K}}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{1E35}{\ubaraccent{k}}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{1E36}{\udotaccent{L}}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{1E37}{\udotaccent{l}}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{1E3A}{\ubaraccent{L}}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{1E3B}{\ubaraccent{l}}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{1E3E}{\'M}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{1E3F}{\'m}
+
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{1E40}{\dotaccent{M}}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{1E41}{\dotaccent{m}}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{1E42}{\udotaccent{M}}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{1E43}{\udotaccent{m}}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{1E44}{\dotaccent{N}}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{1E45}{\dotaccent{n}}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{1E46}{\udotaccent{N}}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{1E47}{\udotaccent{n}}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{1E48}{\ubaraccent{N}}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{1E49}{\ubaraccent{n}}
+
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{1E54}{\'P}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{1E55}{\'p}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{1E56}{\dotaccent{P}}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{1E57}{\dotaccent{p}}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{1E58}{\dotaccent{R}}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{1E59}{\dotaccent{r}}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{1E5A}{\udotaccent{R}}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{1E5B}{\udotaccent{r}}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{1E5E}{\ubaraccent{R}}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{1E5F}{\ubaraccent{r}}
+
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{1E60}{\dotaccent{S}}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{1E61}{\dotaccent{s}}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{1E62}{\udotaccent{S}}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{1E63}{\udotaccent{s}}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{1E6A}{\dotaccent{T}}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{1E6B}{\dotaccent{t}}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{1E6C}{\udotaccent{T}}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{1E6D}{\udotaccent{t}}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{1E6E}{\ubaraccent{T}}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{1E6F}{\ubaraccent{t}}
+
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{1E7C}{\~V}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{1E7D}{\~v}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{1E7E}{\udotaccent{V}}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{1E7F}{\udotaccent{v}}
+
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{1E80}{\`W}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{1E81}{\`w}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{1E82}{\'W}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{1E83}{\'w}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{1E84}{\"W}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{1E85}{\"w}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{1E86}{\dotaccent{W}}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{1E87}{\dotaccent{w}}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{1E88}{\udotaccent{W}}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{1E89}{\udotaccent{w}}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{1E8A}{\dotaccent{X}}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{1E8B}{\dotaccent{x}}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{1E8C}{\"X}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{1E8D}{\"x}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{1E8E}{\dotaccent{Y}}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{1E8F}{\dotaccent{y}}
+
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{1E90}{\^Z}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{1E91}{\^z}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{1E92}{\udotaccent{Z}}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{1E93}{\udotaccent{z}}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{1E94}{\ubaraccent{Z}}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{1E95}{\ubaraccent{z}}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{1E96}{\ubaraccent{h}}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{1E97}{\"t}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{1E98}{\ringaccent{w}}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{1E99}{\ringaccent{y}}
+
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{1EA0}{\udotaccent{A}}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{1EA1}{\udotaccent{a}}
+
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{1EB8}{\udotaccent{E}}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{1EB9}{\udotaccent{e}}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{1EBC}{\~E}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{1EBD}{\~e}
+
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{1ECA}{\udotaccent{I}}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{1ECB}{\udotaccent{i}}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{1ECC}{\udotaccent{O}}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{1ECD}{\udotaccent{o}}
+
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{1EE4}{\udotaccent{U}}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{1EE5}{\udotaccent{u}}
+
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{1EF2}{\`Y}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{1EF3}{\`y}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{1EF4}{\udotaccent{Y}}
+
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{1EF8}{\~Y}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{1EF9}{\~y}
+
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{2013}{--}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{2014}{---}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{2018}{\quoteleft}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{2019}{\quoteright}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{201A}{\quotesinglbase}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{201C}{\quotedblleft}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{201D}{\quotedblright}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{201E}{\quotedblbase}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{2022}{\bullet}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{2026}{\dots}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{2039}{\guilsinglleft}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{203A}{\guilsinglright}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{20AC}{\euro}
+
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{2192}{\expansion}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{21D2}{\result}
+
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{2212}{\minus}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{2217}{\point}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{2261}{\equiv}
+}% end of \utfeightchardefs
+
+
+% US-ASCII character definitions.
+\def\asciichardefs{% nothing need be done
+   \relax
+}
+
+% Make non-ASCII characters printable again for compatibility with
+% existing Texinfo documents that may use them, even without declaring a
+% document encoding.
+%
+\setnonasciicharscatcode \other
+
+
+\message{formatting,}
+
+\newdimen\defaultparindent \defaultparindent = 15pt
+
+\chapheadingskip = 15pt plus 4pt minus 2pt
+\secheadingskip = 12pt plus 3pt minus 2pt
+\subsecheadingskip = 9pt plus 2pt minus 2pt
+
+% Prevent underfull vbox error messages.
+\vbadness = 10000
+
+% Don't be so finicky about underfull hboxes, either.
+\hbadness = 2000
+
+% Following George Bush, get rid of widows and orphans.
+\widowpenalty=10000
+\clubpenalty=10000
+
+% Use TeX 3.0's \emergencystretch to help line breaking, but if we're
+% using an old version of TeX, don't do anything.  We want the amount of
+% stretch added to depend on the line length, hence the dependence on
+% \hsize.  We call this whenever the paper size is set.
+%
+\def\setemergencystretch{%
+  \ifx\emergencystretch\thisisundefined
+    % Allow us to assign to \emergencystretch anyway.
+    \def\emergencystretch{\dimen0}%
+  \else
+    \emergencystretch = .15\hsize
+  \fi
+}
+
+% Parameters in order: 1) textheight; 2) textwidth;
+% 3) voffset; 4) hoffset; 5) binding offset; 6) topskip;
+% 7) physical page height; 8) physical page width.
+%
+% We also call \setleading{\textleading}, so the caller should define
+% \textleading.  The caller should also set \parskip.
+%
+\def\internalpagesizes#1#2#3#4#5#6#7#8{%
+  \voffset = #3\relax
+  \topskip = #6\relax
+  \splittopskip = \topskip
+  %
+  \vsize = #1\relax
+  \advance\vsize by \topskip
+  \outervsize = \vsize
+  \advance\outervsize by 2\topandbottommargin
+  \pageheight = \vsize
+  %
+  \hsize = #2\relax
+  \outerhsize = \hsize
+  \advance\outerhsize by 0.5in
+  \pagewidth = \hsize
+  %
+  \normaloffset = #4\relax
+  \bindingoffset = #5\relax
+  %
+  \ifpdf
+    \pdfpageheight #7\relax
+    \pdfpagewidth #8\relax
+    % if we don't reset these, they will remain at "1 true in" of
+    % whatever layout pdftex was dumped with.
+    \pdfhorigin = 1 true in
+    \pdfvorigin = 1 true in
+  \fi
+  %
+  \setleading{\textleading}
+  %
+  \parindent = \defaultparindent
+  \setemergencystretch
+}
+
+% @letterpaper (the default).
+\def\letterpaper{{\globaldefs = 1
+  \parskip = 3pt plus 2pt minus 1pt
+  \textleading = 13.2pt
+  %
+  % If page is nothing but text, make it come out even.
+  \internalpagesizes{607.2pt}{6in}% that's 46 lines
+                    {\voffset}{.25in}%
+                    {\bindingoffset}{36pt}%
+                    {11in}{8.5in}%
+}}
+
+% Use @smallbook to reset parameters for 7x9.25 trim size.
+\def\smallbook{{\globaldefs = 1
+  \parskip = 2pt plus 1pt
+  \textleading = 12pt
+  %
+  \internalpagesizes{7.5in}{5in}%
+                    {-.2in}{0in}%
+                    {\bindingoffset}{16pt}%
+                    {9.25in}{7in}%
+  %
+  \lispnarrowing = 0.3in
+  \tolerance = 700
+  \hfuzz = 1pt
+  \contentsrightmargin = 0pt
+  \defbodyindent = .5cm
+}}
+
+% Use @smallerbook to reset parameters for 6x9 trim size.
+% (Just testing, parameters still in flux.)
+\def\smallerbook{{\globaldefs = 1
+  \parskip = 1.5pt plus 1pt
+  \textleading = 12pt
+  %
+  \internalpagesizes{7.4in}{4.8in}%
+                    {-.2in}{-.4in}%
+                    {0pt}{14pt}%
+                    {9in}{6in}%
+  %
+  \lispnarrowing = 0.25in
+  \tolerance = 700
+  \hfuzz = 1pt
+  \contentsrightmargin = 0pt
+  \defbodyindent = .4cm
+}}
+
+% Use @afourpaper to print on European A4 paper.
+\def\afourpaper{{\globaldefs = 1
+  \parskip = 3pt plus 2pt minus 1pt
+  \textleading = 13.2pt
+  %
+  % Double-side printing via postscript on Laserjet 4050
+  % prints double-sided nicely when \bindingoffset=10mm and \hoffset=-6mm.
+  % To change the settings for a different printer or situation, adjust
+  % \normaloffset until the front-side and back-side texts align.  Then
+  % do the same for \bindingoffset.  You can set these for testing in
+  % your texinfo source file like this:
+  % @tex
+  % \global\normaloffset = -6mm
+  % \global\bindingoffset = 10mm
+  % @end tex
+  \internalpagesizes{673.2pt}{160mm}% that's 51 lines
+                    {\voffset}{\hoffset}%
+                    {\bindingoffset}{44pt}%
+                    {297mm}{210mm}%
+  %
+  \tolerance = 700
+  \hfuzz = 1pt
+  \contentsrightmargin = 0pt
+  \defbodyindent = 5mm
+}}
+
+% Use @afivepaper to print on European A5 paper.
+% From romildo@urano.iceb.ufop.br, 2 July 2000.
+% He also recommends making @example and @lisp be small.
+\def\afivepaper{{\globaldefs = 1
+  \parskip = 2pt plus 1pt minus 0.1pt
+  \textleading = 12.5pt
+  %
+  \internalpagesizes{160mm}{120mm}%
+                    {\voffset}{\hoffset}%
+                    {\bindingoffset}{8pt}%
+                    {210mm}{148mm}%
+  %
+  \lispnarrowing = 0.2in
+  \tolerance = 800
+  \hfuzz = 1.2pt
+  \contentsrightmargin = 0pt
+  \defbodyindent = 2mm
+  \tableindent = 12mm
+}}
+
+% A specific text layout, 24x15cm overall, intended for A4 paper.
+\def\afourlatex{{\globaldefs = 1
+  \afourpaper
+  \internalpagesizes{237mm}{150mm}%
+                    {\voffset}{4.6mm}%
+                    {\bindingoffset}{7mm}%
+                    {297mm}{210mm}%
+  %
+  % Must explicitly reset to 0 because we call \afourpaper.
+  \globaldefs = 0
+}}
+
+% Use @afourwide to print on A4 paper in landscape format.
+\def\afourwide{{\globaldefs = 1
+  \afourpaper
+  \internalpagesizes{241mm}{165mm}%
+                    {\voffset}{-2.95mm}%
+                    {\bindingoffset}{7mm}%
+                    {297mm}{210mm}%
+  \globaldefs = 0
+}}
+
+% @pagesizes TEXTHEIGHT[,TEXTWIDTH]
+% Perhaps we should allow setting the margins, \topskip, \parskip,
+% and/or leading, also. Or perhaps we should compute them somehow.
+%
+\parseargdef\pagesizes{\pagesizesyyy #1,,\finish}
+\def\pagesizesyyy#1,#2,#3\finish{{%
+  \setbox0 = \hbox{\ignorespaces #2}\ifdim\wd0 > 0pt \hsize=#2\relax \fi
+  \globaldefs = 1
+  %
+  \parskip = 3pt plus 2pt minus 1pt
+  \setleading{\textleading}%
+  %
+  \dimen0 = #1\relax
+  \advance\dimen0 by \voffset
+  %
+  \dimen2 = \hsize
+  \advance\dimen2 by \normaloffset
+  %
+  \internalpagesizes{#1}{\hsize}%
+                    {\voffset}{\normaloffset}%
+                    {\bindingoffset}{44pt}%
+                    {\dimen0}{\dimen2}%
+}}
+
+% Set default to letter.
+%
+\letterpaper
+
+
+\message{and turning on texinfo input format.}
+
+% DEL is a comment character, in case @c does not suffice.
+\catcode`\^^? = 14
+
+% Define macros to output various characters with catcode for normal text.
+\catcode`\"=\other
+\catcode`\~=\other
+\catcode`\^=\other
+\catcode`\_=\other
+\catcode`\|=\other
+\catcode`\<=\other
+\catcode`\>=\other
+\catcode`\+=\other
+\catcode`\$=\other
+\def\normaldoublequote{"}
+\def\normaltilde{~}
+\def\normalcaret{^}
+\def\normalunderscore{_}
+\def\normalverticalbar{|}
+\def\normalless{<}
+\def\normalgreater{>}
+\def\normalplus{+}
+\def\normaldollar{$}%$ font-lock fix
+
+% This macro is used to make a character print one way in \tt
+% (where it can probably be output as-is), and another way in other fonts,
+% where something hairier probably needs to be done.
+%
+% #1 is what to print if we are indeed using \tt; #2 is what to print
+% otherwise.  Since all the Computer Modern typewriter fonts have zero
+% interword stretch (and shrink), and it is reasonable to expect all
+% typewriter fonts to have this, we can check that font parameter.
+%
+\def\ifusingtt#1#2{\ifdim \fontdimen3\font=0pt #1\else #2\fi}
+
+% Same as above, but check for italic font.  Actually this also catches
+% non-italic slanted fonts since it is impossible to distinguish them from
+% italic fonts.  But since this is only used by $ and it uses \sl anyway
+% this is not a problem.
+\def\ifusingit#1#2{\ifdim \fontdimen1\font>0pt #1\else #2\fi}
+
+% Turn off all special characters except @
+% (and those which the user can use as if they were ordinary).
+% Most of these we simply print from the \tt font, but for some, we can
+% use math or other variants that look better in normal text.
+
+\catcode`\"=\active
+\def\activedoublequote{{\tt\char34}}
+\let"=\activedoublequote
+\catcode`\~=\active
+\def~{{\tt\char126}}
+\chardef\hat=`\^
+\catcode`\^=\active
+\def^{{\tt \hat}}
+
+\catcode`\_=\active
+\def_{\ifusingtt\normalunderscore\_}
+\let\realunder=_
+% Subroutine for the previous macro.
+\def\_{\leavevmode \kern.07em \vbox{\hrule width.3em height.1ex}\kern .07em }
+
+\catcode`\|=\active
+\def|{{\tt\char124}}
+\chardef \less=`\<
+\catcode`\<=\active
+\def<{{\tt \less}}
+\chardef \gtr=`\>
+\catcode`\>=\active
+\def>{{\tt \gtr}}
+\catcode`\+=\active
+\def+{{\tt \char 43}}
+\catcode`\$=\active
+\def${\ifusingit{{\sl\$}}\normaldollar}%$ font-lock fix
+
+% If a .fmt file is being used, characters that might appear in a file
+% name cannot be active until we have parsed the command line.
+% So turn them off again, and have \everyjob (or @setfilename) turn them on.
+% \otherifyactive is called near the end of this file.
+\def\otherifyactive{\catcode`+=\other \catcode`\_=\other}
+
+% Used sometimes to turn off (effectively) the active characters even after
+% parsing them.
+\def\turnoffactive{%
+  \normalturnoffactive
+  \otherbackslash
+}
+
+\catcode`\@=0
+
+% \backslashcurfont outputs one backslash character in current font,
+% as in \char`\\.
+\global\chardef\backslashcurfont=`\\
+\global\let\rawbackslashxx=\backslashcurfont  % let existing .??s files work
+
+% \realbackslash is an actual character `\' with catcode other, and
+% \doublebackslash is two of them (for the pdf outlines).
+{\catcode`\\=\other @gdef@realbackslash{\} @gdef@doublebackslash{\\}}
+
+% In texinfo, backslash is an active character; it prints the backslash
+% in fixed width font.
+\catcode`\\=\active
+@def@normalbackslash{{@tt@backslashcurfont}}
+% On startup, @fixbackslash assigns:
+%  @let \ = @normalbackslash
+
+% \rawbackslash defines an active \ to do \backslashcurfont.
+% \otherbackslash defines an active \ to be a literal `\' character with
+% catcode other.
+@gdef@rawbackslash{@let\=@backslashcurfont}
+@gdef@otherbackslash{@let\=@realbackslash}
+
+% Same as @turnoffactive except outputs \ as {\tt\char`\\} instead of
+% the literal character `\'.
+% 
+@def@normalturnoffactive{%
+  @let\=@normalbackslash
+  @let"=@normaldoublequote
+  @let~=@normaltilde
+  @let^=@normalcaret
+  @let_=@normalunderscore
+  @let|=@normalverticalbar
+  @let<=@normalless
+  @let>=@normalgreater
+  @let+=@normalplus
+  @let$=@normaldollar %$ font-lock fix
+  @markupsetuplqdefault
+  @markupsetuprqdefault
+  @unsepspaces
+}
+
+% Make _ and + \other characters, temporarily.
+% This is canceled by @fixbackslash.
+@otherifyactive
+
+% If a .fmt file is being used, we don't want the `\input texinfo' to show up.
+% That is what \eatinput is for; after that, the `\' should revert to printing
+% a backslash.
+%
+@gdef@eatinput input texinfo{@fixbackslash}
+@global@let\ = @eatinput
+
+% On the other hand, perhaps the file did not have a `\input texinfo'. Then
+% the first `\' in the file would cause an error. This macro tries to fix
+% that, assuming it is called before the first `\' could plausibly occur.
+% Also turn back on active characters that might appear in the input
+% file name, in case not using a pre-dumped format.
+%
+@gdef@fixbackslash{%
+  @ifx\@eatinput @let\ = @normalbackslash @fi
+  @catcode`+=@active
+  @catcode`@_=@active
+}
+
+% Say @foo, not \foo, in error messages.
+@escapechar = `@@
+
+% These look ok in all fonts, so just make them not special.
+@catcode`@& = @other
+@catcode`@# = @other
+@catcode`@% = @other
+
+@c Finally, make ` and ' active, so that txicodequoteundirected and
+@c txicodequotebacktick work right in, e.g., @w{@code{`foo'}}.  If we
+@c don't make ` and ' active, @code will not get them as active chars.
+@c Do this last of all since we use ` in the previous @catcode assignments.
+@catcode`@'=@active
+@catcode`@`=@active
+@markupsetuplqdefault
+@markupsetuprqdefault
+ 
+@c Local variables:
+@c eval: (add-hook 'write-file-hooks 'time-stamp)
+@c page-delimiter: "^\\\\message"
+@c time-stamp-start: "def\\\\texinfoversion{"
+@c time-stamp-format: "%:y-%02m-%02d.%02H"
+@c time-stamp-end: "}"
+@c End:
+
+@c vim:sw=2:
+
+@ignore
+   arch-tag: e1b36e32-c96e-4135-a41a-0b2efa2ea115
+@end ignore
diff --git a/execute_cmd.c~ b/execute_cmd.c~
index 8d963519b..315d7b19c 100644
--- a/execute_cmd.c~
+++ b/execute_cmd.c~
@@ -2599,6 +2599,7 @@ execute_for_command (for_command)
   loop_level++;
   identifier = for_command->name->word;
 
+  line_number = for_command->line;	/* for expansion error messages */
   list = releaser = expand_words_no_vars (for_command->map_list);
 
   begin_unwind_frame ("for");
@@ -4967,6 +4968,8 @@ execute_disk_command (words, redirects, command_line, pipe_in, pipe_out,
 parent_return:
       QUIT;
 
+itrace("async child pid = %d", pid);
+
       /* Make sure that the pipes are closed in the parent. */
       close_pipes (pipe_in, pipe_out);
 #if defined (PROCESS_SUBSTITUTION) && defined (HAVE_DEV_FD)
diff --git a/jobs.c~ b/jobs.c~
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..6857d8216
--- /dev/null
+++ b/jobs.c~
@@ -0,0 +1,4476 @@
+/* jobs.c - functions that make children, remember them, and handle their termination. */
+
+/* This file works with both POSIX and BSD systems.  It implements job
+   control. */
+
+/* Copyright (C) 1989-2013 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
+
+   This file is part of GNU Bash, the Bourne Again SHell.
+
+   Bash is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+   it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
+   the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+   (at your option) any later version.
+
+   Bash is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+   but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+   MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the
+   GNU General Public License for more details.
+
+   You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
+   along with Bash.  If not, see .
+*/
+
+#include "config.h"
+
+#include "bashtypes.h"
+#include "trap.h"
+#include 
+#include 
+#include 
+
+#if defined (HAVE_UNISTD_H)
+#  include 
+#endif
+
+#include "posixtime.h"
+
+#if defined (HAVE_SYS_RESOURCE_H) && defined (HAVE_WAIT3) && !defined (_POSIX_VERSION) && !defined (RLIMTYPE)
+#  include 
+#endif /* !_POSIX_VERSION && HAVE_SYS_RESOURCE_H && HAVE_WAIT3 && !RLIMTYPE */
+
+#if defined (HAVE_SYS_FILE_H)
+#  include 
+#endif
+
+#include "filecntl.h"
+#include 
+#if defined (HAVE_SYS_PARAM_H)
+#include 
+#endif
+
+#if defined (BUFFERED_INPUT)
+#  include "input.h"
+#endif
+
+/* Need to include this up here for *_TTY_DRIVER definitions. */
+#include "shtty.h"
+
+/* Define this if your output is getting swallowed.  It's a no-op on
+   machines with the termio or termios tty drivers. */
+/* #define DRAIN_OUTPUT */
+
+/* For the TIOCGPGRP and TIOCSPGRP ioctl parameters on HP-UX */
+#if defined (hpux) && !defined (TERMIOS_TTY_DRIVER)
+#  include 
+#endif /* hpux && !TERMIOS_TTY_DRIVER */
+
+#include "bashansi.h"
+#include "bashintl.h"
+#include "shell.h"
+#include "jobs.h"
+#include "execute_cmd.h"
+#include "flags.h"
+
+#include "builtins/builtext.h"
+#include "builtins/common.h"
+
+#if !defined (errno)
+extern int errno;
+#endif /* !errno */
+
+#if !defined (HAVE_KILLPG)
+extern int killpg __P((pid_t, int));
+#endif
+
+#if !DEFAULT_CHILD_MAX
+#  define DEFAULT_CHILD_MAX 32
+#endif
+
+#if !MAX_CHILD_MAX
+#  define MAX_CHILD_MAX 8192
+#endif
+
+#if !defined (DEBUG)
+#define MAX_JOBS_IN_ARRAY 4096		/* production */
+#else
+#define MAX_JOBS_IN_ARRAY 128		/* testing */
+#endif
+
+/* Flag values for second argument to delete_job */
+#define DEL_WARNSTOPPED		1	/* warn about deleting stopped jobs */
+#define DEL_NOBGPID		2	/* don't add pgrp leader to bgpids */
+
+/* Take care of system dependencies that must be handled when waiting for
+   children.  The arguments to the WAITPID macro match those to the Posix.1
+   waitpid() function. */
+
+#if defined (ultrix) && defined (mips) && defined (_POSIX_VERSION)
+#  define WAITPID(pid, statusp, options) \
+	wait3 ((union wait *)statusp, options, (struct rusage *)0)
+#else
+#  if defined (_POSIX_VERSION) || defined (HAVE_WAITPID)
+#    define WAITPID(pid, statusp, options) \
+	waitpid ((pid_t)pid, statusp, options)
+#  else
+#    if defined (HAVE_WAIT3)
+#      define WAITPID(pid, statusp, options) \
+	wait3 (statusp, options, (struct rusage *)0)
+#    else
+#      define WAITPID(pid, statusp, options) \
+	wait3 (statusp, options, (int *)0)
+#    endif /* HAVE_WAIT3 */
+#  endif /* !_POSIX_VERSION && !HAVE_WAITPID*/
+#endif /* !(Ultrix && mips && _POSIX_VERSION) */
+
+/* getpgrp () varies between systems.  Even systems that claim to be
+   Posix.1 compatible lie sometimes (Ultrix, SunOS4, apollo). */
+#if defined (GETPGRP_VOID)
+#  define getpgid(p) getpgrp ()
+#else
+#  define getpgid(p) getpgrp (p)
+#endif /* !GETPGRP_VOID */
+
+/* If the system needs it, REINSTALL_SIGCHLD_HANDLER will reinstall the
+   handler for SIGCHLD. */
+#if defined (MUST_REINSTALL_SIGHANDLERS)
+#  define REINSTALL_SIGCHLD_HANDLER signal (SIGCHLD, sigchld_handler)
+#else
+#  define REINSTALL_SIGCHLD_HANDLER
+#endif /* !MUST_REINSTALL_SIGHANDLERS */
+
+/* Some systems let waitpid(2) tell callers about stopped children. */
+#if !defined (WCONTINUED) || defined (WCONTINUED_BROKEN)
+#  undef WCONTINUED
+#  define WCONTINUED 0
+#endif
+#if !defined (WIFCONTINUED)
+#  define WIFCONTINUED(s)	(0)
+#endif
+
+/* The number of additional slots to allocate when we run out. */
+#define JOB_SLOTS 8
+
+typedef int sh_job_map_func_t __P((JOB *, int, int, int));
+
+/* Variables used here but defined in other files. */
+extern int subshell_environment, line_number;
+extern int posixly_correct, shell_level;
+extern int last_command_exit_value, last_command_exit_signal;
+extern int loop_level, breaking;
+extern int executing_list;
+extern int sourcelevel;
+extern int running_trap;
+extern sh_builtin_func_t *this_shell_builtin;
+extern char *shell_name, *this_command_name;
+extern sigset_t top_level_mask;
+extern procenv_t wait_intr_buf;
+extern int wait_signal_received;
+extern WORD_LIST *subst_assign_varlist;
+
+static struct jobstats zerojs = { -1L, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, NO_JOB, NO_JOB, 0, 0 };
+struct jobstats js = { -1L, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, NO_JOB, NO_JOB, 0, 0 };
+
+struct bgpids bgpids = { 0, 0, 0 };
+
+/* The array of known jobs. */
+JOB **jobs = (JOB **)NULL;
+
+#if 0
+/* The number of slots currently allocated to JOBS. */
+int job_slots = 0;
+#endif
+
+/* The controlling tty for this shell. */
+int shell_tty = -1;
+
+/* The shell's process group. */
+pid_t shell_pgrp = NO_PID;
+
+/* The terminal's process group. */
+pid_t terminal_pgrp = NO_PID;
+
+/* The process group of the shell's parent. */
+pid_t original_pgrp = NO_PID;
+
+/* The process group of the pipeline currently being made. */
+pid_t pipeline_pgrp = (pid_t)0;
+
+#if defined (PGRP_PIPE)
+/* Pipes which each shell uses to communicate with the process group leader
+   until all of the processes in a pipeline have been started.  Then the
+   process leader is allowed to continue. */
+int pgrp_pipe[2] = { -1, -1 };
+#endif
+
+#if 0
+/* The job which is current; i.e. the one that `%+' stands for. */
+int current_job = NO_JOB;
+
+/* The previous job; i.e. the one that `%-' stands for. */
+int previous_job = NO_JOB;
+#endif
+
+/* Last child made by the shell.  */
+volatile pid_t last_made_pid = NO_PID;
+
+/* Pid of the last asynchronous child. */
+volatile pid_t last_asynchronous_pid = NO_PID;
+
+/* The pipeline currently being built. */
+PROCESS *the_pipeline = (PROCESS *)NULL;
+
+/* If this is non-zero, do job control. */
+int job_control = 1;
+
+/* Call this when you start making children. */
+int already_making_children = 0;
+
+/* If this is non-zero, $LINES and $COLUMNS are reset after every process
+   exits from get_tty_state(). */
+int check_window_size = CHECKWINSIZE_DEFAULT;
+
+/* Functions local to this file. */
+
+static sighandler wait_sigint_handler __P((int));
+static sighandler sigchld_handler __P((int));
+static sighandler sigcont_sighandler __P((int));
+static sighandler sigstop_sighandler __P((int));
+
+static int waitchld __P((pid_t, int));
+
+static PROCESS *find_pipeline __P((pid_t, int, int *));
+static PROCESS *find_process __P((pid_t, int, int *));
+
+static char *current_working_directory __P((void));
+static char *job_working_directory __P((void));
+static char *j_strsignal __P((int));
+static char *printable_job_status __P((int, PROCESS *, int));
+
+static PROCESS *find_last_proc __P((int, int));
+static pid_t find_last_pid __P((int, int));
+
+static int set_new_line_discipline __P((int));
+static int map_over_jobs __P((sh_job_map_func_t *, int, int));
+static int job_last_stopped __P((int));
+static int job_last_running __P((int));
+static int most_recent_job_in_state __P((int, JOB_STATE));
+static int find_job __P((pid_t, int, PROCESS **));
+static int print_job __P((JOB *, int, int, int));
+static int process_exit_status __P((WAIT));
+static int process_exit_signal __P((WAIT));
+static int set_job_status_and_cleanup __P((int));
+
+static WAIT job_signal_status __P((int));
+static WAIT raw_job_exit_status __P((int));
+
+static void notify_of_job_status __P((void));
+static void reset_job_indices __P((void));
+static void cleanup_dead_jobs __P((void));
+static int processes_in_job __P((int));
+static void realloc_jobs_list __P((void));
+static int compact_jobs_list __P((int));
+static int discard_pipeline __P((PROCESS *));
+static void add_process __P((char *, pid_t));
+static void print_pipeline __P((PROCESS *, int, int, FILE *));
+static void pretty_print_job __P((int, int, FILE *));
+static void set_current_job __P((int));
+static void reset_current __P((void));
+static void set_job_running __P((int));
+static void setjstatus __P((int));
+static int maybe_give_terminal_to __P((pid_t, pid_t, int));
+static void mark_all_jobs_as_dead __P((void));
+static void mark_dead_jobs_as_notified __P((int));
+static void restore_sigint_handler __P((void));
+#if defined (PGRP_PIPE)
+static void pipe_read __P((int *));
+#endif
+
+static struct pidstat *bgp_alloc __P((pid_t, int));
+static struct pidstat *bgp_add __P((pid_t, int));
+static int bgp_delete __P((pid_t));
+static void bgp_clear __P((void));
+static int bgp_search __P((pid_t));
+static void bgp_prune __P((void));
+
+#if defined (ARRAY_VARS)
+static int *pstatuses;		/* list of pipeline statuses */
+static int statsize;
+#endif
+
+/* Used to synchronize between wait_for and other functions and the SIGCHLD
+   signal handler. */
+static int sigchld;
+static int queue_sigchld;
+
+#define QUEUE_SIGCHLD(os)	(os) = sigchld, queue_sigchld++
+
+#define UNQUEUE_SIGCHLD(os) \
+	do { \
+	  queue_sigchld--; \
+	  if (queue_sigchld == 0 && os != sigchld) \
+	    waitchld (-1, 0); \
+	} while (0)
+
+static SigHandler *old_tstp, *old_ttou, *old_ttin;
+static SigHandler *old_cont = (SigHandler *)SIG_DFL;
+
+/* A place to temporarily save the current pipeline. */
+static PROCESS *saved_pipeline;
+static int saved_already_making_children;
+
+/* Set this to non-zero whenever you don't want the jobs list to change at
+   all: no jobs deleted and no status change notifications.  This is used,
+   for example, when executing SIGCHLD traps, which may run arbitrary
+   commands. */
+static int jobs_list_frozen;
+
+static char retcode_name_buffer[64];
+
+#if !defined (_POSIX_VERSION)
+
+/* These are definitions to map POSIX 1003.1 functions onto existing BSD
+   library functions and system calls. */
+#define setpgid(pid, pgrp)	setpgrp (pid, pgrp)
+#define tcsetpgrp(fd, pgrp)	ioctl ((fd), TIOCSPGRP, &(pgrp))
+
+pid_t
+tcgetpgrp (fd)
+     int fd;
+{
+  pid_t pgrp;
+
+  /* ioctl will handle setting errno correctly. */
+  if (ioctl (fd, TIOCGPGRP, &pgrp) < 0)
+    return (-1);
+  return (pgrp);
+}
+
+#endif /* !_POSIX_VERSION */
+
+/* Initialize the global job stats structure and other bookkeeping variables */
+void
+init_job_stats ()
+{
+  js = zerojs;
+}
+
+/* Return the working directory for the current process.  Unlike
+   job_working_directory, this does not call malloc (), nor do any
+   of the functions it calls.  This is so that it can safely be called
+   from a signal handler. */
+static char *
+current_working_directory ()
+{
+  char *dir;
+  static char d[PATH_MAX];
+
+  dir = get_string_value ("PWD");
+
+  if (dir == 0 && the_current_working_directory && no_symbolic_links)
+    dir = the_current_working_directory;
+
+  if (dir == 0)
+    {
+      dir = getcwd (d, sizeof(d));
+      if (dir)
+	dir = d;
+    }
+
+  return (dir == 0) ? "" : dir;
+}
+
+/* Return the working directory for the current process. */
+static char *
+job_working_directory ()
+{
+  char *dir;
+
+  dir = get_string_value ("PWD");
+  if (dir)
+    return (savestring (dir));
+
+  dir = get_working_directory ("job-working-directory");
+  if (dir)
+    return (dir);
+
+  return (savestring (""));
+}
+
+void
+making_children ()
+{
+  if (already_making_children)
+    return;
+
+  already_making_children = 1;
+  start_pipeline ();
+}
+
+void
+stop_making_children ()
+{
+  already_making_children = 0;
+}
+
+void
+cleanup_the_pipeline ()
+{
+  PROCESS *disposer;
+  sigset_t set, oset;
+
+  BLOCK_CHILD (set, oset);
+  disposer = the_pipeline;
+  the_pipeline = (PROCESS *)NULL;
+  UNBLOCK_CHILD (oset);
+
+  if (disposer)
+    discard_pipeline (disposer);
+}
+
+void
+save_pipeline (clear)
+     int clear;
+{
+  saved_pipeline = the_pipeline;
+  if (clear)
+    the_pipeline = (PROCESS *)NULL;
+  saved_already_making_children = already_making_children;
+}
+
+void
+restore_pipeline (discard)
+     int discard;
+{
+  PROCESS *old_pipeline;
+
+  old_pipeline = the_pipeline;
+  the_pipeline = saved_pipeline;
+  already_making_children = saved_already_making_children;
+  if (discard && old_pipeline)
+    discard_pipeline (old_pipeline);
+}
+
+/* Start building a pipeline.  */
+void
+start_pipeline ()
+{
+  if (the_pipeline)
+    {
+      cleanup_the_pipeline ();
+      pipeline_pgrp = 0;
+#if defined (PGRP_PIPE)
+      sh_closepipe (pgrp_pipe);
+#endif
+    }
+
+#if defined (PGRP_PIPE)
+  if (job_control)
+    {
+      if (pipe (pgrp_pipe) == -1)
+	sys_error (_("start_pipeline: pgrp pipe"));
+    }
+#endif
+}
+
+/* Stop building a pipeline.  Install the process list in the job array.
+   This returns the index of the newly installed job.
+   DEFERRED is a command structure to be executed upon satisfactory
+   execution exit of this pipeline. */
+int
+stop_pipeline (async, deferred)
+     int async;
+     COMMAND *deferred;
+{
+  register int i, j;
+  JOB *newjob;
+  sigset_t set, oset;
+
+  BLOCK_CHILD (set, oset);
+
+#if defined (PGRP_PIPE)
+  /* The parent closes the process group synchronization pipe. */
+  sh_closepipe (pgrp_pipe);
+#endif
+
+  cleanup_dead_jobs ();
+
+  if (js.j_jobslots == 0)
+    {
+      js.j_jobslots = JOB_SLOTS;
+      jobs = (JOB **)xmalloc (js.j_jobslots * sizeof (JOB *));
+
+      /* Now blank out these new entries. */
+      for (i = 0; i < js.j_jobslots; i++)
+	jobs[i] = (JOB *)NULL;
+
+      js.j_firstj = js.j_lastj = js.j_njobs = 0;
+    }
+
+  /* Scan from the last slot backward, looking for the next free one. */
+  /* XXX - revisit this interactive assumption */
+  /* XXX - this way for now */
+  if (interactive)
+    {
+      for (i = js.j_jobslots; i; i--)
+	if (jobs[i - 1])
+	  break;
+    }
+  else
+    {
+#if 0
+      /* This wraps around, but makes it inconvenient to extend the array */
+      for (i = js.j_lastj+1; i != js.j_lastj; i++)
+	{
+	  if (i >= js.j_jobslots)
+	    i = 0;
+	  if (jobs[i] == 0)
+	    break;
+	}	
+      if (i == js.j_lastj)
+        i = js.j_jobslots;
+#else
+      /* This doesn't wrap around yet. */
+      for (i = js.j_lastj ? js.j_lastj + 1 : js.j_lastj; i < js.j_jobslots; i++)
+	if (jobs[i] == 0)
+	  break;
+#endif
+    }
+
+  /* Do we need more room? */
+
+  /* First try compaction */
+  if ((interactive_shell == 0 || subshell_environment) && i == js.j_jobslots && js.j_jobslots >= MAX_JOBS_IN_ARRAY)
+    i = compact_jobs_list (0);
+
+  /* If we can't compact, reallocate */
+  if (i == js.j_jobslots)
+    {
+      js.j_jobslots += JOB_SLOTS;
+      jobs = (JOB **)xrealloc (jobs, (js.j_jobslots * sizeof (JOB *)));
+
+      for (j = i; j < js.j_jobslots; j++)
+	jobs[j] = (JOB *)NULL;
+    }
+
+  /* Add the current pipeline to the job list. */
+  if (the_pipeline)
+    {
+      register PROCESS *p;
+      int any_running, any_stopped, n;
+
+      newjob = (JOB *)xmalloc (sizeof (JOB));
+
+      for (n = 1, p = the_pipeline; p->next != the_pipeline; n++, p = p->next)
+	;
+      p->next = (PROCESS *)NULL;
+      newjob->pipe = REVERSE_LIST (the_pipeline, PROCESS *);
+      for (p = newjob->pipe; p->next; p = p->next)
+	;
+      p->next = newjob->pipe;
+
+      the_pipeline = (PROCESS *)NULL;
+      newjob->pgrp = pipeline_pgrp;
+      pipeline_pgrp = 0;
+
+      newjob->flags = 0;
+
+      /* Flag to see if in another pgrp. */
+      if (job_control)
+	newjob->flags |= J_JOBCONTROL;
+
+      /* Set the state of this pipeline. */
+      p = newjob->pipe;
+      any_running = any_stopped = 0;
+      do
+	{
+	  any_running |= PRUNNING (p);
+	  any_stopped |= PSTOPPED (p);
+	  p = p->next;
+	}
+      while (p != newjob->pipe);
+
+      newjob->state = any_running ? JRUNNING : (any_stopped ? JSTOPPED : JDEAD);
+      newjob->wd = job_working_directory ();
+      newjob->deferred = deferred;
+
+      newjob->j_cleanup = (sh_vptrfunc_t *)NULL;
+      newjob->cleanarg = (PTR_T) NULL;
+
+      jobs[i] = newjob;
+      if (newjob->state == JDEAD && (newjob->flags & J_FOREGROUND))
+	setjstatus (i);
+      if (newjob->state == JDEAD)
+	{
+	  js.c_reaped += n;	/* wouldn't have been done since this was not part of a job */
+	  js.j_ndead++;
+	}
+      js.c_injobs += n;
+
+      js.j_lastj = i;
+      js.j_njobs++;
+    }
+  else
+    newjob = (JOB *)NULL;
+
+  if (newjob)
+    js.j_lastmade = newjob;
+
+  if (async)
+    {
+      if (newjob)
+	{
+	  newjob->flags &= ~J_FOREGROUND;
+	  newjob->flags |= J_ASYNC;
+	  js.j_lastasync = newjob;
+	}
+      reset_current ();
+    }
+  else
+    {
+      if (newjob)
+	{
+	  newjob->flags |= J_FOREGROUND;
+	  /*
+	   *		!!!!! NOTE !!!!!  (chet@ins.cwru.edu)
+	   *
+	   * The currently-accepted job control wisdom says to set the
+	   * terminal's process group n+1 times in an n-step pipeline:
+	   * once in the parent and once in each child.  This is where
+	   * the parent gives it away.
+	   *
+	   * Don't give the terminal away if this shell is an asynchronous
+	   * subshell.
+	   *
+	   */
+	  if (job_control && newjob->pgrp && (subshell_environment&SUBSHELL_ASYNC) == 0)
+	    maybe_give_terminal_to (shell_pgrp, newjob->pgrp, 0);
+	}
+    }
+
+  stop_making_children ();
+  UNBLOCK_CHILD (oset);
+  return (newjob ? i : js.j_current);
+}
+
+/* Functions to manage the list of exited background pids whose status has
+   been saved. */
+
+static struct pidstat *
+bgp_alloc (pid, status)
+     pid_t pid;
+     int status;
+{
+  struct pidstat *ps;
+
+  ps = (struct pidstat *)xmalloc (sizeof (struct pidstat));
+  ps->pid = pid;
+  ps->status = status;
+  ps->next = (struct pidstat *)0;
+  return ps;
+}
+
+static struct pidstat *
+bgp_add (pid, status)
+     pid_t pid;
+     int status;
+{
+  struct pidstat *ps;
+
+  ps = bgp_alloc (pid, status);
+
+  if (bgpids.list == 0)
+    {
+      bgpids.list = bgpids.end = ps;
+      bgpids.npid = 0;			/* just to make sure */
+    }
+  else
+    {
+      bgpids.end->next = ps;
+      bgpids.end = ps;
+    }
+  bgpids.npid++;
+
+  if (bgpids.npid > js.c_childmax)
+    bgp_prune ();
+
+  return ps;
+}
+
+static int
+bgp_delete (pid)
+     pid_t pid;
+{
+  struct pidstat *prev, *p;
+
+  for (prev = p = bgpids.list; p; prev = p, p = p->next)
+    if (p->pid == pid)
+      {
+	prev->next = p->next;	/* remove from list */
+	break;
+      }
+
+  if (p == 0)
+    return 0;		/* not found */
+
+#if defined (DEBUG)
+  itrace("bgp_delete: deleting %d", pid);
+#endif
+
+  /* Housekeeping in the border cases. */
+  if (p == bgpids.list)
+    bgpids.list = bgpids.list->next;
+  else if (p == bgpids.end)
+    bgpids.end = prev;
+
+  bgpids.npid--;
+  if (bgpids.npid == 0)
+    bgpids.list = bgpids.end = 0;
+  else if (bgpids.npid == 1)
+    bgpids.end = bgpids.list;		/* just to make sure */
+
+  free (p);
+  return 1;
+}
+
+/* Clear out the list of saved statuses */
+static void
+bgp_clear ()
+{
+  struct pidstat *ps, *p;
+
+  for (ps = bgpids.list; ps; )
+    {
+      p = ps;
+      ps = ps->next;
+      free (p);
+    }
+  bgpids.list = bgpids.end = 0;
+  bgpids.npid = 0;
+}
+
+/* Search for PID in the list of saved background pids; return its status if
+   found.  If not found, return -1. */
+static int
+bgp_search (pid)
+     pid_t pid;
+{
+  struct pidstat *ps;
+
+  for (ps = bgpids.list ; ps; ps = ps->next)
+    if (ps->pid == pid)
+      return ps->status;
+  return -1;
+}
+
+static void
+bgp_prune ()
+{
+  struct pidstat *ps;
+
+  while (bgpids.npid > js.c_childmax)
+    {
+      ps = bgpids.list;
+      bgpids.list = bgpids.list->next;
+      free (ps);
+      bgpids.npid--;
+    }
+}
+
+/* Reset the values of js.j_lastj and js.j_firstj after one or both have
+   been deleted.  The caller should check whether js.j_njobs is 0 before
+   calling this.  This wraps around, but the rest of the code does not.  At
+   this point, it should not matter. */
+static void
+reset_job_indices ()
+{
+  int old;
+
+  if (jobs[js.j_firstj] == 0)
+    {
+      old = js.j_firstj++;
+      if (old >= js.j_jobslots)
+	old = js.j_jobslots - 1;
+      while (js.j_firstj != old)
+	{
+	  if (js.j_firstj >= js.j_jobslots)
+	    js.j_firstj = 0;
+	  if (jobs[js.j_firstj] || js.j_firstj == old)	/* needed if old == 0 */
+	    break;
+	  js.j_firstj++;
+	}
+      if (js.j_firstj == old)
+        js.j_firstj = js.j_lastj = js.j_njobs = 0;
+    }
+  if (jobs[js.j_lastj] == 0)
+    {
+      old = js.j_lastj--;
+      if (old < 0)
+	old = 0;
+      while (js.j_lastj != old)
+	{
+	  if (js.j_lastj < 0)
+	    js.j_lastj = js.j_jobslots - 1;
+	  if (jobs[js.j_lastj] || js.j_lastj == old)	/* needed if old == js.j_jobslots */
+	    break;
+	  js.j_lastj--;
+	}
+      if (js.j_lastj == old)
+        js.j_firstj = js.j_lastj = js.j_njobs = 0;
+    }
+}
+      
+/* Delete all DEAD jobs that the user had received notification about. */
+static void
+cleanup_dead_jobs ()
+{
+  register int i;
+  int os;
+
+  if (js.j_jobslots == 0 || jobs_list_frozen)
+    return;
+
+  QUEUE_SIGCHLD(os);
+
+  /* XXX could use js.j_firstj and js.j_lastj here */
+  for (i = 0; i < js.j_jobslots; i++)
+    {
+#if defined (DEBUG)
+      if (i < js.j_firstj && jobs[i])
+	itrace("cleanup_dead_jobs: job %d non-null before js.j_firstj (%d)", i, js.j_firstj);
+      if (i > js.j_lastj && jobs[i])
+	itrace("cleanup_dead_jobs: job %d non-null after js.j_lastj (%d)", i, js.j_lastj);
+#endif
+
+      if (jobs[i] && DEADJOB (i) && IS_NOTIFIED (i))
+	delete_job (i, 0);
+    }
+
+#if defined (COPROCESS_SUPPORT)
+  coproc_reap ();
+#endif
+
+  UNQUEUE_SIGCHLD(os);
+}
+
+static int
+processes_in_job (job)
+     int job;
+{
+  int nproc;
+  register PROCESS *p;
+
+  nproc = 0;
+  p = jobs[job]->pipe;
+  do
+    {
+      p = p->next;
+      nproc++;
+    }
+  while (p != jobs[job]->pipe);
+
+  return nproc;
+}
+
+static void
+delete_old_job (pid)
+     pid_t pid;
+{
+  PROCESS *p;
+  int job;
+
+  job = find_job (pid, 0, &p);
+  if (job != NO_JOB)
+    {
+#ifdef DEBUG
+      itrace ("delete_old_job: found pid %d in job %d with state %d", pid, job, jobs[job]->state);
+#endif
+      if (JOBSTATE (job) == JDEAD)
+	delete_job (job, DEL_NOBGPID);
+      else
+	{
+#ifdef DEBUG
+	  internal_warning (_("forked pid %d appears in running job %d"), pid, job+1);
+#endif
+	  if (p)
+	    p->pid = 0;
+	}
+    }
+}
+
+/* Reallocate and compress the jobs list.  This returns with a jobs array
+   whose size is a multiple of JOB_SLOTS and can hold the current number of
+   jobs.  Heuristics are used to minimize the number of new reallocs. */
+static void
+realloc_jobs_list ()
+{
+  sigset_t set, oset;
+  int nsize, i, j, ncur, nprev;
+  JOB **nlist;
+
+  ncur = nprev = NO_JOB;
+  nsize = ((js.j_njobs + JOB_SLOTS - 1) / JOB_SLOTS);
+  nsize *= JOB_SLOTS;
+  i = js.j_njobs % JOB_SLOTS;
+  if (i == 0 || i > (JOB_SLOTS >> 1))
+    nsize += JOB_SLOTS;
+
+  BLOCK_CHILD (set, oset);
+  nlist = (js.j_jobslots == nsize) ? jobs : (JOB **) xmalloc (nsize * sizeof (JOB *));
+
+  js.c_reaped = js.j_ndead = 0;
+  for (i = j = 0; i < js.j_jobslots; i++)
+    if (jobs[i])
+      {
+	if (i == js.j_current)
+	  ncur = j;
+	if (i == js.j_previous)
+	  nprev = j;
+	nlist[j++] = jobs[i];
+	if (jobs[i]->state == JDEAD)
+	  {
+	    js.j_ndead++;
+	    js.c_reaped += processes_in_job (i);
+	  }
+      }
+
+#if 0
+  itrace ("realloc_jobs_list: resize jobs list from %d to %d", js.j_jobslots, nsize);
+  itrace ("realloc_jobs_list: j_lastj changed from %d to %d", js.j_lastj, (j > 0) ? j - 1 : 0);
+  itrace ("realloc_jobs_list: j_njobs changed from %d to %d", js.j_njobs, j);
+  itrace ("realloc_jobs_list: js.j_ndead %d js.c_reaped %d", js.j_ndead, js.c_reaped);
+#endif
+
+  js.j_firstj = 0;
+  js.j_lastj = (j > 0) ? j - 1 : 0;
+  js.j_njobs = j;
+  js.j_jobslots = nsize;
+
+  /* Zero out remaining slots in new jobs list */
+  for ( ; j < nsize; j++)
+    nlist[j] = (JOB *)NULL;
+
+  if (jobs != nlist)
+    {
+      free (jobs);
+      jobs = nlist;
+    }
+
+  if (ncur != NO_JOB)
+    js.j_current = ncur;
+  if (nprev != NO_JOB)
+    js.j_previous = nprev;
+
+  /* Need to reset these */
+  if (js.j_current == NO_JOB || js.j_previous == NO_JOB || js.j_current > js.j_lastj || js.j_previous > js.j_lastj)
+    reset_current ();
+
+#if 0
+  itrace ("realloc_jobs_list: reset js.j_current (%d) and js.j_previous (%d)", js.j_current, js.j_previous);
+#endif
+
+  UNBLOCK_CHILD (oset);
+}
+
+/* Compact the jobs list by removing dead jobs.  Assume that we have filled
+   the jobs array to some predefined maximum.  Called when the shell is not
+   the foreground process (subshell_environment != 0).  Returns the first
+   available slot in the compacted list.  If that value is js.j_jobslots, then
+   the list needs to be reallocated.  The jobs array may be in new memory if
+   this returns > 0 and < js.j_jobslots.  FLAGS is reserved for future use. */
+static int
+compact_jobs_list (flags)
+     int flags;
+{
+  if (js.j_jobslots == 0 || jobs_list_frozen)
+    return js.j_jobslots;
+
+  reap_dead_jobs ();
+  realloc_jobs_list ();
+
+#if 0
+  itrace("compact_jobs_list: returning %d", (js.j_lastj || jobs[js.j_lastj]) ? js.j_lastj + 1 : 0);
+#endif
+
+  return ((js.j_lastj || jobs[js.j_lastj]) ? js.j_lastj + 1 : 0);
+}
+
+/* Delete the job at INDEX from the job list.  Must be called
+   with SIGCHLD blocked. */
+void
+delete_job (job_index, dflags)
+     int job_index, dflags;
+{
+  register JOB *temp;
+  PROCESS *proc;
+  int ndel;
+
+  if (js.j_jobslots == 0 || jobs_list_frozen)
+    return;
+
+  if ((dflags & DEL_WARNSTOPPED) && subshell_environment == 0 && STOPPED (job_index))
+    internal_warning (_("deleting stopped job %d with process group %ld"), job_index+1, (long)jobs[job_index]->pgrp);
+  temp = jobs[job_index];
+  if (temp == 0)
+    return;
+
+  if ((dflags & DEL_NOBGPID) == 0)
+    {
+      proc = find_last_proc (job_index, 0);
+      /* Could do this just for J_ASYNC jobs, but we save all. */
+      if (proc)
+	bgp_add (proc->pid, process_exit_status (proc->status));
+    }
+
+  jobs[job_index] = (JOB *)NULL;
+  if (temp == js.j_lastmade)
+    js.j_lastmade = 0;
+  else if (temp == js.j_lastasync)
+    js.j_lastasync = 0;
+
+  free (temp->wd);
+  ndel = discard_pipeline (temp->pipe);
+
+  js.c_injobs -= ndel;
+  if (temp->state == JDEAD)
+    {
+      js.c_reaped -= ndel;
+      js.j_ndead--;
+      if (js.c_reaped < 0)
+	{
+#ifdef DEBUG
+	  itrace("delete_job (%d pgrp %d): js.c_reaped (%d) < 0 ndel = %d js.j_ndead = %d", job_index, temp->pgrp, js.c_reaped, ndel, js.j_ndead);
+#endif
+	  js.c_reaped = 0;
+	}
+    }
+
+  if (temp->deferred)
+    dispose_command (temp->deferred);
+
+  free (temp);
+
+  js.j_njobs--;
+  if (js.j_njobs == 0)
+    js.j_firstj = js.j_lastj = 0;
+  else if (jobs[js.j_firstj] == 0 || jobs[js.j_lastj] == 0)
+    reset_job_indices ();
+
+  if (job_index == js.j_current || job_index == js.j_previous)
+    reset_current ();
+}
+
+/* Must be called with SIGCHLD blocked. */
+void
+nohup_job (job_index)
+     int job_index;
+{
+  register JOB *temp;
+
+  if (js.j_jobslots == 0)
+    return;
+
+  if (temp = jobs[job_index])
+    temp->flags |= J_NOHUP;
+}
+
+/* Get rid of the data structure associated with a process chain. */
+static int
+discard_pipeline (chain)
+     register PROCESS *chain;
+{
+  register PROCESS *this, *next;
+  int n;
+
+  this = chain;
+  n = 0;
+  do
+    {
+      next = this->next;
+      FREE (this->command);
+      free (this);
+      n++;
+      this = next;
+    }
+  while (this != chain);
+
+  return n;
+}
+
+/* Add this process to the chain being built in the_pipeline.
+   NAME is the command string that will be exec'ed later.
+   PID is the process id of the child. */
+static void
+add_process (name, pid)
+     char *name;
+     pid_t pid;
+{
+  PROCESS *t, *p;
+
+#if defined (RECYCLES_PIDS)
+  int j;
+  p = find_process (pid, 0, &j);
+  if (p)
+    {
+#  ifdef DEBUG
+      if (j == NO_JOB)
+	internal_warning (_("add_process: process %5ld (%s) in the_pipeline"), (long)p->pid, p->command);
+#  endif
+      if (PALIVE (p))
+        internal_warning (_("add_process: pid %5ld (%s) marked as still alive"), (long)p->pid, p->command);
+      p->running = PS_RECYCLED;		/* mark as recycled */
+    }
+#endif
+
+  t = (PROCESS *)xmalloc (sizeof (PROCESS));
+  t->next = the_pipeline;
+  t->pid = pid;
+  WSTATUS (t->status) = 0;
+  t->running = PS_RUNNING;
+  t->command = name;
+  the_pipeline = t;
+
+  if (t->next == 0)
+    t->next = t;
+  else
+    {
+      p = t->next;
+      while (p->next != t->next)
+	p = p->next;
+      p->next = t;
+    }
+}
+
+/* Create a (dummy) PROCESS with NAME, PID, and STATUS, and make it the last
+   process in jobs[JID]->pipe.  Used by the lastpipe code. */
+void
+append_process (name, pid, status, jid)
+     char *name;
+     pid_t pid;
+     int status;
+     int jid;
+{
+  PROCESS *t, *p;
+
+  t = (PROCESS *)xmalloc (sizeof (PROCESS));
+  t->next = (PROCESS *)NULL;
+  t->pid = pid;
+  /* set process exit status using offset discovered by configure */
+  t->status = (status & 0xff) << WEXITSTATUS_OFFSET;
+  t->running = PS_DONE;
+  t->command = name;
+
+  js.c_reaped++;	/* XXX */
+
+  for (p = jobs[jid]->pipe; p->next != jobs[jid]->pipe; p = p->next)
+    ;
+  p->next = t;
+  t->next = jobs[jid]->pipe;
+}
+
+#if 0
+/* Take the last job and make it the first job.  Must be called with
+   SIGCHLD blocked. */
+int
+rotate_the_pipeline ()
+{
+  PROCESS *p;
+
+  if (the_pipeline->next == the_pipeline)
+    return;
+  for (p = the_pipeline; p->next != the_pipeline; p = p->next)
+    ;
+  the_pipeline = p;
+}
+
+/* Reverse the order of the processes in the_pipeline.  Must be called with
+   SIGCHLD blocked. */
+int
+reverse_the_pipeline ()
+{
+  PROCESS *p, *n;
+
+  if (the_pipeline->next == the_pipeline)
+    return;
+
+  for (p = the_pipeline; p->next != the_pipeline; p = p->next)
+    ;
+  p->next = (PROCESS *)NULL;
+
+  n = REVERSE_LIST (the_pipeline, PROCESS *);
+
+  the_pipeline = n;
+  for (p = the_pipeline; p->next; p = p->next)
+    ;
+  p->next = the_pipeline;
+}
+#endif
+
+/* Map FUNC over the list of jobs.  If FUNC returns non-zero,
+   then it is time to stop mapping, and that is the return value
+   for map_over_jobs.  FUNC is called with a JOB, arg1, arg2,
+   and INDEX. */
+static int
+map_over_jobs (func, arg1, arg2)
+     sh_job_map_func_t *func;
+     int arg1, arg2;
+{
+  register int i;
+  int result;
+  sigset_t set, oset;
+
+  if (js.j_jobslots == 0)
+    return 0;
+
+  BLOCK_CHILD (set, oset);
+
+  /* XXX could use js.j_firstj here */
+  for (i = result = 0; i < js.j_jobslots; i++)
+    {
+#if defined (DEBUG)
+      if (i < js.j_firstj && jobs[i])
+	itrace("map_over_jobs: job %d non-null before js.j_firstj (%d)", i, js.j_firstj);
+      if (i > js.j_lastj && jobs[i])
+	itrace("map_over_jobs: job %d non-null after js.j_lastj (%d)", i, js.j_lastj);
+#endif
+      if (jobs[i])
+	{
+	  result = (*func)(jobs[i], arg1, arg2, i);
+	  if (result)
+	    break;
+	}
+    }
+
+  UNBLOCK_CHILD (oset);
+
+  return (result);
+}
+
+/* Cause all the jobs in the current pipeline to exit. */
+void
+terminate_current_pipeline ()
+{
+  if (pipeline_pgrp && pipeline_pgrp != shell_pgrp)
+    {
+      killpg (pipeline_pgrp, SIGTERM);
+      killpg (pipeline_pgrp, SIGCONT);
+    }
+}
+
+/* Cause all stopped jobs to exit. */
+void
+terminate_stopped_jobs ()
+{
+  register int i;
+
+  /* XXX could use js.j_firstj here */
+  for (i = 0; i < js.j_jobslots; i++)
+    {
+      if (jobs[i] && STOPPED (i))
+	{
+	  killpg (jobs[i]->pgrp, SIGTERM);
+	  killpg (jobs[i]->pgrp, SIGCONT);
+	}
+    }
+}
+
+/* Cause all jobs, running or stopped, to receive a hangup signal.  If
+   a job is marked J_NOHUP, don't send the SIGHUP. */
+void
+hangup_all_jobs ()
+{
+  register int i;
+
+  /* XXX could use js.j_firstj here */
+  for (i = 0; i < js.j_jobslots; i++)
+    {
+      if (jobs[i])
+	{
+	  if  (jobs[i]->flags & J_NOHUP)
+	    continue;
+	  killpg (jobs[i]->pgrp, SIGHUP);
+	  if (STOPPED (i))
+	    killpg (jobs[i]->pgrp, SIGCONT);
+	}
+    }
+}
+
+void
+kill_current_pipeline ()
+{
+  stop_making_children ();
+  start_pipeline ();
+}
+
+/* Return the pipeline that PID belongs to.  Note that the pipeline
+   doesn't have to belong to a job.  Must be called with SIGCHLD blocked.
+   If JOBP is non-null, return the index of the job containing PID.  */
+static PROCESS *
+find_pipeline (pid, alive_only, jobp)
+     pid_t pid;
+     int alive_only;
+     int *jobp;		/* index into jobs list or NO_JOB */
+{
+  int job;
+  PROCESS *p;
+
+  /* See if this process is in the pipeline that we are building. */
+  if (jobp)
+    *jobp = NO_JOB;
+  if (the_pipeline)
+    {
+      p = the_pipeline;
+      do
+	{
+	  /* Return it if we found it.  Don't ever return a recycled pid. */
+	  if (p->pid == pid && ((alive_only == 0 && PRECYCLED(p) == 0) || PALIVE(p)))
+	    return (p);
+
+	  p = p->next;
+	}
+      while (p != the_pipeline);
+    }
+
+  job = find_job (pid, alive_only, &p);
+  if (jobp)
+    *jobp = job;
+  return (job == NO_JOB) ? (PROCESS *)NULL : jobs[job]->pipe;
+}
+
+/* Return the PROCESS * describing PID.  If JOBP is non-null return the index
+   into the jobs array of the job containing PID.  Must be called with
+   SIGCHLD blocked. */
+static PROCESS *
+find_process (pid, alive_only, jobp)
+     pid_t pid;
+     int alive_only;
+     int *jobp;		/* index into jobs list or NO_JOB */
+{
+  PROCESS *p;
+
+  p = find_pipeline (pid, alive_only, jobp);
+  while (p && p->pid != pid)
+    p = p->next;
+  return p;
+}
+
+/* Return the job index that PID belongs to, or NO_JOB if it doesn't
+   belong to any job.  Must be called with SIGCHLD blocked. */
+static int
+find_job (pid, alive_only, procp)
+     pid_t pid;
+     int alive_only;
+     PROCESS **procp;
+{
+  register int i;
+  PROCESS *p;
+
+  /* XXX could use js.j_firstj here, and should check js.j_lastj */
+  for (i = 0; i < js.j_jobslots; i++)
+    {
+#if defined (DEBUG)
+      if (i < js.j_firstj && jobs[i])
+	itrace("find_job: job %d non-null before js.j_firstj (%d)", i, js.j_firstj);
+      if (i > js.j_lastj && jobs[i])
+	itrace("find_job: job %d non-null after js.j_lastj (%d)", i, js.j_lastj);
+#endif
+      if (jobs[i])
+	{
+	  p = jobs[i]->pipe;
+
+	  do
+	    {
+	      if (p->pid == pid && ((alive_only == 0 && PRECYCLED(p) == 0) || PALIVE(p)))
+		{
+		  if (procp)
+		    *procp = p;
+		  return (i);
+		}
+
+	      p = p->next;
+	    }
+	  while (p != jobs[i]->pipe);
+	}
+    }
+
+  return (NO_JOB);
+}
+
+/* Find a job given a PID.  If BLOCK is non-zero, block SIGCHLD as
+   required by find_job. */
+int
+get_job_by_pid (pid, block)
+     pid_t pid;
+     int block;
+{
+  int job;
+  sigset_t set, oset;
+
+  if (block)
+    BLOCK_CHILD (set, oset);
+
+  job = find_job (pid, 0, NULL);
+
+  if (block)
+    UNBLOCK_CHILD (oset);
+
+  return job;
+}
+
+/* Print descriptive information about the job with leader pid PID. */
+void
+describe_pid (pid)
+     pid_t pid;
+{
+  int job;
+  sigset_t set, oset;
+
+  BLOCK_CHILD (set, oset);
+
+  job = find_job (pid, 0, NULL);
+
+  if (job != NO_JOB)
+    fprintf (stderr, "[%d] %ld\n", job + 1, (long)pid);
+  else
+    programming_error (_("describe_pid: %ld: no such pid"), (long)pid);
+
+  UNBLOCK_CHILD (oset);
+}
+
+static char *
+j_strsignal (s)
+     int s;
+{
+  char *x;
+
+  x = strsignal (s);
+  if (x == 0)
+    {
+      x = retcode_name_buffer;
+      sprintf (x, _("Signal %d"), s);
+    }
+  return x;
+}
+
+static char *
+printable_job_status (j, p, format)
+     int j;
+     PROCESS *p;
+     int format;
+{
+  static char *temp;
+  int es;
+
+  temp = _("Done");
+
+  if (STOPPED (j) && format == 0)
+    {
+      if (posixly_correct == 0 || p == 0 || (WIFSTOPPED (p->status) == 0))
+	temp = _("Stopped");
+      else
+	{
+	  temp = retcode_name_buffer;
+	  sprintf (temp, _("Stopped(%s)"), signal_name (WSTOPSIG (p->status)));
+	}
+    }
+  else if (RUNNING (j))
+    temp = _("Running");
+  else
+    {
+      if (WIFSTOPPED (p->status))
+	temp = j_strsignal (WSTOPSIG (p->status));
+      else if (WIFSIGNALED (p->status))
+	temp = j_strsignal (WTERMSIG (p->status));
+      else if (WIFEXITED (p->status))
+	{
+	  temp = retcode_name_buffer;
+	  es = WEXITSTATUS (p->status);
+	  if (es == 0)
+	    strcpy (temp, _("Done"));
+	  else if (posixly_correct)
+	    sprintf (temp, _("Done(%d)"), es);
+	  else
+	    sprintf (temp, _("Exit %d"), es);
+	}
+      else
+	temp = _("Unknown status");
+    }
+
+  return temp;
+}
+
+/* This is the way to print out information on a job if you
+   know the index.  FORMAT is:
+
+    JLIST_NORMAL)   [1]+ Running	   emacs
+    JLIST_LONG  )   [1]+ 2378 Running      emacs
+    -1	  )   [1]+ 2378	      emacs
+
+    JLIST_NORMAL)   [1]+ Stopped	   ls | more
+    JLIST_LONG  )   [1]+ 2369 Stopped      ls
+			 2367	    | more
+    JLIST_PID_ONLY)
+	Just list the pid of the process group leader (really
+	the process group).
+    JLIST_CHANGED_ONLY)
+	Use format JLIST_NORMAL, but list only jobs about which
+	the user has not been notified. */
+
+/* Print status for pipeline P.  If JOB_INDEX is >= 0, it is the index into
+   the JOBS array corresponding to this pipeline.  FORMAT is as described
+   above.  Must be called with SIGCHLD blocked.
+
+   If you're printing a pipeline that's not in the jobs array, like the
+   current pipeline as it's being created, pass -1 for JOB_INDEX */
+static void
+print_pipeline (p, job_index, format, stream)
+     PROCESS *p;
+     int job_index, format;
+     FILE *stream;
+{
+  PROCESS *first, *last, *show;
+  int es, name_padding;
+  char *temp;
+
+  if (p == 0)
+    return;
+
+  first = last = p;
+  while (last->next != first)
+    last = last->next;
+
+  for (;;)
+    {
+      if (p != first)
+	fprintf (stream, format ? "     " : " |");
+
+      if (format != JLIST_STANDARD)
+	fprintf (stream, "%5ld", (long)p->pid);
+
+      fprintf (stream, " ");
+
+      if (format > -1 && job_index >= 0)
+	{
+	  show = format ? p : last;
+	  temp = printable_job_status (job_index, show, format);
+
+	  if (p != first)
+	    {
+	      if (format)
+		{
+		  if (show->running == first->running &&
+		      WSTATUS (show->status) == WSTATUS (first->status))
+		    temp = "";
+		}
+	      else
+		temp = (char *)NULL;
+	    }
+
+	  if (temp)
+	    {
+	      fprintf (stream, "%s", temp);
+
+	      es = STRLEN (temp);
+	      if (es == 0)
+		es = 2;	/* strlen ("| ") */
+	      name_padding = LONGEST_SIGNAL_DESC - es;
+
+	      fprintf (stream, "%*s", name_padding, "");
+
+	      if ((WIFSTOPPED (show->status) == 0) &&
+		  (WIFCONTINUED (show->status) == 0) &&
+		  WIFCORED (show->status))
+		fprintf (stream, _("(core dumped) "));
+	    }
+	}
+
+      if (p != first && format)
+	fprintf (stream, "| ");
+
+      if (p->command)
+	fprintf (stream, "%s", p->command);
+
+      if (p == last && job_index >= 0)
+	{
+	  temp = current_working_directory ();
+
+	  if (RUNNING (job_index) && (IS_FOREGROUND (job_index) == 0))
+	    fprintf (stream, " &");
+
+	  if (strcmp (temp, jobs[job_index]->wd) != 0)
+	    fprintf (stream,
+	      _("  (wd: %s)"), polite_directory_format (jobs[job_index]->wd));
+	}
+
+      if (format || (p == last))
+	{
+	  /* We need to add a CR only if this is an interactive shell, and
+	     we're reporting the status of a completed job asynchronously.
+	     We can't really check whether this particular job is being
+	     reported asynchronously, so just add the CR if the shell is
+	     currently interactive and asynchronous notification is enabled. */
+	  if (asynchronous_notification && interactive)
+	    fprintf (stream, "\r\n");
+	  else
+	    fprintf (stream, "\n");
+	}
+
+      if (p == last)
+	break;
+      p = p->next;
+    }
+  fflush (stream);
+}
+
+/* Print information to STREAM about jobs[JOB_INDEX] according to FORMAT.
+   Must be called with SIGCHLD blocked or queued with queue_sigchld */
+static void
+pretty_print_job (job_index, format, stream)
+     int job_index, format;
+     FILE *stream;
+{
+  register PROCESS *p;
+
+  /* Format only pid information about the process group leader? */
+  if (format == JLIST_PID_ONLY)
+    {
+      fprintf (stream, "%ld\n", (long)jobs[job_index]->pipe->pid);
+      return;
+    }
+
+  if (format == JLIST_CHANGED_ONLY)
+    {
+      if (IS_NOTIFIED (job_index))
+	return;
+      format = JLIST_STANDARD;
+    }
+
+  if (format != JLIST_NONINTERACTIVE)
+    fprintf (stream, "[%d]%c ", job_index + 1,
+	      (job_index == js.j_current) ? '+':
+		(job_index == js.j_previous) ? '-' : ' ');
+
+  if (format == JLIST_NONINTERACTIVE)
+    format = JLIST_LONG;
+
+  p = jobs[job_index]->pipe;
+
+  print_pipeline (p, job_index, format, stream);
+
+  /* We have printed information about this job.  When the job's
+     status changes, waitchld () sets the notification flag to 0. */
+  jobs[job_index]->flags |= J_NOTIFIED;
+}
+
+static int
+print_job (job, format, state, job_index)
+     JOB *job;
+     int format, state, job_index;
+{
+  if (state == -1 || (JOB_STATE)state == job->state)
+    pretty_print_job (job_index, format, stdout);
+  return (0);
+}
+
+void
+list_one_job (job, format, ignore, job_index)
+     JOB *job;
+     int format, ignore, job_index;
+{
+  pretty_print_job (job_index, format, stdout);
+}
+
+void
+list_stopped_jobs (format)
+     int format;
+{
+  cleanup_dead_jobs ();
+  map_over_jobs (print_job, format, (int)JSTOPPED);
+}
+
+void
+list_running_jobs (format)
+     int format;
+{
+  cleanup_dead_jobs ();
+  map_over_jobs (print_job, format, (int)JRUNNING);
+}
+
+/* List jobs.  If FORMAT is non-zero, then the long form of the information
+   is printed, else just a short version. */
+void
+list_all_jobs (format)
+     int format;
+{
+  cleanup_dead_jobs ();
+  map_over_jobs (print_job, format, -1);
+}
+
+/* Fork, handling errors.  Returns the pid of the newly made child, or 0.
+   COMMAND is just for remembering the name of the command; we don't do
+   anything else with it.  ASYNC_P says what to do with the tty.  If
+   non-zero, then don't give it away. */
+pid_t
+make_child (command, async_p)
+     char *command;
+     int async_p;
+{
+  int forksleep;
+  sigset_t set, oset;
+  pid_t pid;
+
+  /* XXX - block SIGTERM here and unblock in child after fork resets the
+     set of pending signals? */
+  sigemptyset (&set);
+  sigaddset (&set, SIGCHLD);
+  sigaddset (&set, SIGINT);
+  sigemptyset (&oset);
+  sigprocmask (SIG_BLOCK, &set, &oset);
+
+  making_children ();
+
+  forksleep = 1;
+
+#if defined (BUFFERED_INPUT)
+  /* If default_buffered_input is active, we are reading a script.  If
+     the command is asynchronous, we have already duplicated /dev/null
+     as fd 0, but have not changed the buffered stream corresponding to
+     the old fd 0.  We don't want to sync the stream in this case. */
+  if (default_buffered_input != -1 &&
+      (!async_p || default_buffered_input > 0))
+    sync_buffered_stream (default_buffered_input);
+#endif /* BUFFERED_INPUT */
+
+  RESET_SIGTERM;
+
+  /* Create the child, handle severe errors.  Retry on EAGAIN. */
+  while ((pid = fork ()) < 0 && errno == EAGAIN && forksleep < FORKSLEEP_MAX)
+    {
+      /* bash-4.2 */
+      /* If we can't create any children, try to reap some dead ones. */
+      waitchld (-1, 0);
+
+      sys_error ("fork: retry");
+      RESET_SIGTERM;
+
+      if (sleep (forksleep) != 0)
+	break;
+      forksleep <<= 1;
+    }
+
+  if (pid != 0)
+    RESET_SIGTERM;
+
+  if (pid < 0)
+    {
+      sys_error ("fork");
+
+      /* Kill all of the processes in the current pipeline. */
+      terminate_current_pipeline ();
+
+      /* Discard the current pipeline, if any. */
+      if (the_pipeline)
+	kill_current_pipeline ();
+
+      last_command_exit_value = EX_NOEXEC;
+      throw_to_top_level ();	/* Reset signals, etc. */
+    }
+
+  if (pid == 0)
+    {
+      /* In the child.  Give this child the right process group, set the
+	 signals to the default state for a new process. */
+      pid_t mypid;
+
+      mypid = getpid ();
+#if defined (BUFFERED_INPUT)
+      /* Close default_buffered_input if it's > 0.  We don't close it if it's
+	 0 because that's the file descriptor used when redirecting input,
+	 and it's wrong to close the file in that case. */
+      unset_bash_input (0);
+#endif /* BUFFERED_INPUT */
+
+      /* Restore top-level signal mask. */
+      sigprocmask (SIG_SETMASK, &top_level_mask, (sigset_t *)NULL);
+
+      if (job_control)
+	{
+	  /* All processes in this pipeline belong in the same
+	     process group. */
+
+	  if (pipeline_pgrp == 0)	/* This is the first child. */
+	    pipeline_pgrp = mypid;
+
+	  /* Check for running command in backquotes. */
+	  if (pipeline_pgrp == shell_pgrp)
+	    ignore_tty_job_signals ();
+	  else
+	    default_tty_job_signals ();
+
+	  /* Set the process group before trying to mess with the terminal's
+	     process group.  This is mandated by POSIX. */
+	  /* This is in accordance with the Posix 1003.1 standard,
+	     section B.7.2.4, which says that trying to set the terminal
+	     process group with tcsetpgrp() to an unused pgrp value (like
+	     this would have for the first child) is an error.  Section
+	     B.4.3.3, p. 237 also covers this, in the context of job control
+	     shells. */
+	  if (setpgid (mypid, pipeline_pgrp) < 0)
+	    sys_error (_("child setpgid (%ld to %ld)"), (long)mypid, (long)pipeline_pgrp);
+
+	  /* By convention (and assumption above), if
+	     pipeline_pgrp == shell_pgrp, we are making a child for
+	     command substitution.
+	     In this case, we don't want to give the terminal to the
+	     shell's process group (we could be in the middle of a
+	     pipeline, for example). */
+	  if (async_p == 0 && pipeline_pgrp != shell_pgrp && ((subshell_environment&SUBSHELL_ASYNC) == 0))
+	    give_terminal_to (pipeline_pgrp, 0);
+
+#if defined (PGRP_PIPE)
+	  if (pipeline_pgrp == mypid)
+	    pipe_read (pgrp_pipe);
+#endif
+	}
+      else			/* Without job control... */
+	{
+	  if (pipeline_pgrp == 0)
+	    pipeline_pgrp = shell_pgrp;
+
+	  /* If these signals are set to SIG_DFL, we encounter the curious
+	     situation of an interactive ^Z to a running process *working*
+	     and stopping the process, but being unable to do anything with
+	     that process to change its state.  On the other hand, if they
+	     are set to SIG_IGN, jobs started from scripts do not stop when
+	     the shell running the script gets a SIGTSTP and stops. */
+
+	  default_tty_job_signals ();
+	}
+
+#if defined (PGRP_PIPE)
+      /* Release the process group pipe, since our call to setpgid ()
+	 is done.  The last call to sh_closepipe is done in stop_pipeline. */
+      sh_closepipe (pgrp_pipe);
+#endif /* PGRP_PIPE */
+
+#if 0
+      /* Don't set last_asynchronous_pid in the child */
+      if (async_p)
+	last_asynchronous_pid = mypid;		/* XXX */
+      else
+#endif
+#if defined (RECYCLES_PIDS)
+      if (last_asynchronous_pid == mypid)
+        /* Avoid pid aliasing.  1 seems like a safe, unusual pid value. */
+	last_asynchronous_pid = 1;
+#endif
+    }
+  else
+    {
+      /* In the parent.  Remember the pid of the child just created
+	 as the proper pgrp if this is the first child. */
+
+      if (job_control)
+	{
+	  if (pipeline_pgrp == 0)
+	    {
+	      pipeline_pgrp = pid;
+	      /* Don't twiddle terminal pgrps in the parent!  This is the bug,
+		 not the good thing of twiddling them in the child! */
+	      /* give_terminal_to (pipeline_pgrp, 0); */
+	    }
+	  /* This is done on the recommendation of the Rationale section of
+	     the POSIX 1003.1 standard, where it discusses job control and
+	     shells.  It is done to avoid possible race conditions. (Ref.
+	     1003.1 Rationale, section B.4.3.3, page 236). */
+	  setpgid (pid, pipeline_pgrp);
+	}
+      else
+	{
+	  if (pipeline_pgrp == 0)
+	    pipeline_pgrp = shell_pgrp;
+	}
+
+      /* Place all processes into the jobs array regardless of the
+	 state of job_control. */
+      add_process (command, pid);
+
+      if (async_p)
+	last_asynchronous_pid = pid;
+#if defined (RECYCLES_PIDS)
+      else if (last_asynchronous_pid == pid)
+        /* Avoid pid aliasing.  1 seems like a safe, unusual pid value. */
+	last_asynchronous_pid = 1;
+#endif
+
+      /* Delete the saved status for any job containing this PID in case it's
+	 been reused. */
+      delete_old_job (pid);
+
+      /* Perform the check for pid reuse unconditionally.  Some systems reuse
+         PIDs before giving a process CHILD_MAX/_SC_CHILD_MAX unique ones. */
+      bgp_delete (pid);		/* new process, discard any saved status */
+
+      last_made_pid = pid;
+
+      /* keep stats */
+      js.c_totforked++;
+      js.c_living++;
+
+      /* Unblock SIGINT and SIGCHLD unless creating a pipeline, in which case
+	 SIGCHLD remains blocked until all commands in the pipeline have been
+	 created. */
+      sigprocmask (SIG_SETMASK, &oset, (sigset_t *)NULL);
+    }
+
+  return (pid);
+}
+
+/* These two functions are called only in child processes. */
+void
+ignore_tty_job_signals ()
+{
+  set_signal_handler (SIGTSTP, SIG_IGN);
+  set_signal_handler (SIGTTIN, SIG_IGN);
+  set_signal_handler (SIGTTOU, SIG_IGN);
+}
+
+void
+default_tty_job_signals ()
+{
+  set_signal_handler (SIGTSTP, SIG_DFL);
+  set_signal_handler (SIGTTIN, SIG_DFL);
+  set_signal_handler (SIGTTOU, SIG_DFL);
+}
+
+/* When we end a job abnormally, or if we stop a job, we set the tty to the
+   state kept in here.  When a job ends normally, we set the state in here
+   to the state of the tty. */
+
+static TTYSTRUCT shell_tty_info;
+
+#if defined (NEW_TTY_DRIVER)
+static struct tchars shell_tchars;
+static struct ltchars shell_ltchars;
+#endif /* NEW_TTY_DRIVER */
+
+#if defined (NEW_TTY_DRIVER) && defined (DRAIN_OUTPUT)
+/* Since the BSD tty driver does not allow us to change the tty modes
+   while simultaneously waiting for output to drain and preserving
+   typeahead, we have to drain the output ourselves before calling
+   ioctl.  We cheat by finding the length of the output queue, and
+   using select to wait for an appropriate length of time.  This is
+   a hack, and should be labeled as such (it's a hastily-adapted
+   mutation of a `usleep' implementation).  It's only reason for
+   existing is the flaw in the BSD tty driver. */
+
+static int ttspeeds[] =
+{
+  0, 50, 75, 110, 134, 150, 200, 300, 600, 1200,
+  1800, 2400, 4800, 9600, 19200, 38400
+};
+
+static void
+draino (fd, ospeed)
+     int fd, ospeed;
+{
+  register int delay = ttspeeds[ospeed];
+  int n;
+
+  if (!delay)
+    return;
+
+  while ((ioctl (fd, TIOCOUTQ, &n) == 0) && n)
+    {
+      if (n > (delay / 100))
+	{
+	  struct timeval tv;
+
+	  n *= 10;		/* 2 bits more for conservativeness. */
+	  tv.tv_sec = n / delay;
+	  tv.tv_usec = ((n % delay) * 1000000) / delay;
+	  select (fd, (fd_set *)0, (fd_set *)0, (fd_set *)0, &tv);
+	}
+      else
+	break;
+    }
+}
+#endif /* NEW_TTY_DRIVER && DRAIN_OUTPUT */
+
+/* Return the fd from which we are actually getting input. */
+#define input_tty() (shell_tty != -1) ? shell_tty : fileno (stderr)
+
+/* Fill the contents of shell_tty_info with the current tty info. */
+int
+get_tty_state ()
+{
+  int tty;
+
+  tty = input_tty ();
+  if (tty != -1)
+    {
+#if defined (NEW_TTY_DRIVER)
+      ioctl (tty, TIOCGETP, &shell_tty_info);
+      ioctl (tty, TIOCGETC, &shell_tchars);
+      ioctl (tty, TIOCGLTC, &shell_ltchars);
+#endif /* NEW_TTY_DRIVER */
+
+#if defined (TERMIO_TTY_DRIVER)
+      ioctl (tty, TCGETA, &shell_tty_info);
+#endif /* TERMIO_TTY_DRIVER */
+
+#if defined (TERMIOS_TTY_DRIVER)
+      if (tcgetattr (tty, &shell_tty_info) < 0)
+	{
+#if 0
+	  /* Only print an error message if we're really interactive at
+	     this time. */
+	  if (interactive)
+	    sys_error ("[%ld: %d (%d)] tcgetattr", (long)getpid (), shell_level, tty);
+#endif
+	  return -1;
+	}
+#endif /* TERMIOS_TTY_DRIVER */
+      if (check_window_size)
+	get_new_window_size (0, (int *)0, (int *)0);
+    }
+  return 0;
+}
+
+/* Make the current tty use the state in shell_tty_info. */
+int
+set_tty_state ()
+{
+  int tty;
+
+  tty = input_tty ();
+  if (tty != -1)
+    {
+#if defined (NEW_TTY_DRIVER)
+#  if defined (DRAIN_OUTPUT)
+      draino (tty, shell_tty_info.sg_ospeed);
+#  endif /* DRAIN_OUTPUT */
+      ioctl (tty, TIOCSETN, &shell_tty_info);
+      ioctl (tty, TIOCSETC, &shell_tchars);
+      ioctl (tty, TIOCSLTC, &shell_ltchars);
+#endif /* NEW_TTY_DRIVER */
+
+#if defined (TERMIO_TTY_DRIVER)
+      ioctl (tty, TCSETAW, &shell_tty_info);
+#endif /* TERMIO_TTY_DRIVER */
+
+#if defined (TERMIOS_TTY_DRIVER)
+      if (tcsetattr (tty, TCSADRAIN, &shell_tty_info) < 0)
+	{
+	  /* Only print an error message if we're really interactive at
+	     this time. */
+	  if (interactive)
+	    sys_error ("[%ld: %d (%d)] tcsetattr", (long)getpid (), shell_level, tty);
+	  return -1;
+	}
+#endif /* TERMIOS_TTY_DRIVER */
+    }
+  return 0;
+}
+
+/* Given an index into the jobs array JOB, return the PROCESS struct of the last
+   process in that job's pipeline.  This is the one whose exit status
+   counts.  Must be called with SIGCHLD blocked or queued. */
+static PROCESS *
+find_last_proc (job, block)
+     int job;
+     int block;
+{
+  register PROCESS *p;
+  sigset_t set, oset;
+
+  if (block)
+    BLOCK_CHILD (set, oset);
+
+  p = jobs[job]->pipe;
+  while (p && p->next != jobs[job]->pipe)
+    p = p->next;
+
+  if (block)
+    UNBLOCK_CHILD (oset);
+
+  return (p);
+}
+
+static pid_t
+find_last_pid (job, block)
+     int job;
+     int block;
+{
+  PROCESS *p;
+
+  p = find_last_proc (job, block);
+  /* Possible race condition here. */
+  return p->pid;
+}     
+
+/* Wait for a particular child of the shell to finish executing.
+   This low-level function prints an error message if PID is not
+   a child of this shell.  It returns -1 if it fails, or whatever
+   wait_for returns otherwise.  If the child is not found in the
+   jobs table, it returns 127. */
+int
+wait_for_single_pid (pid)
+     pid_t pid;
+{
+  register PROCESS *child;
+  sigset_t set, oset;
+  int r, job;
+
+  BLOCK_CHILD (set, oset);
+  child = find_pipeline (pid, 0, (int *)NULL);
+  UNBLOCK_CHILD (oset);
+
+  if (child == 0)
+    {
+      r = bgp_search (pid);
+      if (r >= 0)
+	return r;
+    }
+
+  if (child == 0)
+    {
+      internal_error (_("wait: pid %ld is not a child of this shell"), (long)pid);
+      return (127);
+    }
+
+  r = wait_for (pid);
+
+  /* POSIX.2: if we just waited for a job, we can remove it from the jobs
+     table. */
+  BLOCK_CHILD (set, oset);
+  job = find_job (pid, 0, NULL);
+  if (job != NO_JOB && jobs[job] && DEADJOB (job))
+    jobs[job]->flags |= J_NOTIFIED;
+  UNBLOCK_CHILD (oset);
+
+  /* If running in posix mode, remove the job from the jobs table immediately */
+  if (posixly_correct)
+    {
+      cleanup_dead_jobs ();
+      bgp_delete (pid);
+    }
+
+  return r;
+}
+
+/* Wait for all of the background processes started by this shell to finish. */
+void
+wait_for_background_pids ()
+{
+  register int i, r, waited_for;
+  sigset_t set, oset;
+  pid_t pid;
+
+  for (waited_for = 0;;)
+    {
+      BLOCK_CHILD (set, oset);
+
+      /* find first running job; if none running in foreground, break */
+      /* XXX could use js.j_firstj and js.j_lastj here */
+      for (i = 0; i < js.j_jobslots; i++)
+	{
+#if defined (DEBUG)
+	  if (i < js.j_firstj && jobs[i])
+	    itrace("wait_for_background_pids: job %d non-null before js.j_firstj (%d)", i, js.j_firstj);
+	  if (i > js.j_lastj && jobs[i])
+	    itrace("wait_for_background_pids: job %d non-null after js.j_lastj (%d)", i, js.j_lastj);
+#endif
+	  if (jobs[i] && RUNNING (i) && IS_FOREGROUND (i) == 0)
+	    break;
+	}
+      if (i == js.j_jobslots)
+	{
+	  UNBLOCK_CHILD (oset);
+	  break;
+	}
+
+      /* now wait for the last pid in that job. */
+      pid = find_last_pid (i, 0);
+      UNBLOCK_CHILD (oset);
+      QUIT;
+      errno = 0;		/* XXX */
+      r = wait_for_single_pid (pid);
+      if (r == -1)
+	{
+	  /* If we're mistaken about job state, compensate. */
+	  if (errno == ECHILD)
+	    mark_all_jobs_as_dead ();
+	}
+      else
+	waited_for++;
+    }
+
+  /* POSIX.2 says the shell can discard the statuses of all completed jobs if
+     `wait' is called with no arguments. */
+  mark_dead_jobs_as_notified (1);
+  cleanup_dead_jobs ();
+  bgp_clear ();
+}
+
+/* Make OLD_SIGINT_HANDLER the SIGINT signal handler. */
+#define INVALID_SIGNAL_HANDLER (SigHandler *)wait_for_background_pids
+static SigHandler *old_sigint_handler = INVALID_SIGNAL_HANDLER;
+
+static int wait_sigint_received;
+static int child_caught_sigint;
+static int waiting_for_child;
+
+static void
+restore_sigint_handler ()
+{
+  if (old_sigint_handler != INVALID_SIGNAL_HANDLER)
+    {
+      set_signal_handler (SIGINT, old_sigint_handler);
+      old_sigint_handler = INVALID_SIGNAL_HANDLER;
+      waiting_for_child = 0;
+    }
+}
+
+/* Handle SIGINT while we are waiting for children in a script to exit.
+   The `wait' builtin should be interruptible, but all others should be
+   effectively ignored (i.e. not cause the shell to exit). */
+static sighandler
+wait_sigint_handler (sig)
+     int sig;
+{
+  SigHandler *sigint_handler;
+
+  if (interrupt_immediately ||
+      (this_shell_builtin && this_shell_builtin == wait_builtin))
+    {
+      last_command_exit_value = 128+SIGINT;
+      restore_sigint_handler ();
+      /* If we got a SIGINT while in `wait', and SIGINT is trapped, do
+	 what POSIX.2 says (see builtins/wait.def for more info). */
+      if (this_shell_builtin && this_shell_builtin == wait_builtin &&
+	  signal_is_trapped (SIGINT) &&
+	  ((sigint_handler = trap_to_sighandler (SIGINT)) == trap_handler))
+	{
+	  trap_handler (SIGINT);	/* set pending_traps[SIGINT] */
+	  wait_signal_received = SIGINT;
+	  if (interrupt_immediately)
+	    {
+	      interrupt_immediately = 0;
+	      longjmp (wait_intr_buf, 1);
+	    }
+	  else
+	    /* Let CHECK_WAIT_INTR handle it in wait_for/waitchld */
+	    SIGRETURN (0);
+	}
+      else if (interrupt_immediately)
+	{
+	  ADDINTERRUPT;
+	  QUIT;
+	}
+      else /* wait_builtin but signal not trapped, treat as interrupt */
+	kill (getpid (), SIGINT);
+    }
+
+  /* XXX - should this be interrupt_state?  If it is, the shell will act
+     as if it got the SIGINT interrupt. */
+  if (waiting_for_child)
+    wait_sigint_received = 1;
+  else
+    {
+      last_command_exit_value = 128+SIGINT;
+      restore_sigint_handler ();
+      kill (getpid (), SIGINT);
+    }
+
+  /* Otherwise effectively ignore the SIGINT and allow the running job to
+     be killed. */
+  SIGRETURN (0);
+}
+
+static int
+process_exit_signal (status)
+     WAIT status;
+{
+  return (WIFSIGNALED (status) ? WTERMSIG (status) : 0);
+}
+
+static int
+process_exit_status (status)
+     WAIT status;
+{
+  if (WIFSIGNALED (status))
+    return (128 + WTERMSIG (status));
+  else if (WIFSTOPPED (status) == 0)
+    return (WEXITSTATUS (status));
+  else
+    return (EXECUTION_SUCCESS);
+}
+
+static WAIT
+job_signal_status (job)
+     int job;
+{
+  register PROCESS *p;
+  WAIT s;
+
+  p = jobs[job]->pipe;
+  do
+    {
+      s = p->status;
+      if (WIFSIGNALED(s) || WIFSTOPPED(s))
+	break;
+      p = p->next;
+    }
+  while (p != jobs[job]->pipe);
+
+  return s;
+}
+  
+/* Return the exit status of the last process in the pipeline for job JOB.
+   This is the exit status of the entire job. */
+static WAIT
+raw_job_exit_status (job)
+     int job;
+{
+  register PROCESS *p;
+  int fail;
+  WAIT ret;
+
+  if (pipefail_opt)
+    {
+      fail = 0;
+      p = jobs[job]->pipe;
+      do
+	{
+	  if (WSTATUS (p->status) != EXECUTION_SUCCESS)
+	    fail = WSTATUS(p->status);
+	  p = p->next;
+	}
+      while (p != jobs[job]->pipe);
+      WSTATUS (ret) = fail;
+      return ret;
+    }
+
+  for (p = jobs[job]->pipe; p->next != jobs[job]->pipe; p = p->next)
+    ;
+  return (p->status);
+}
+
+/* Return the exit status of job JOB.  This is the exit status of the last
+   (rightmost) process in the job's pipeline, modified if the job was killed
+   by a signal or stopped. */
+int
+job_exit_status (job)
+     int job;
+{
+  return (process_exit_status (raw_job_exit_status (job)));
+}
+
+int
+job_exit_signal (job)
+     int job;
+{
+  return (process_exit_signal (raw_job_exit_status (job)));
+}
+
+#define FIND_CHILD(pid, child) \
+  do \
+    { \
+      child = find_pipeline (pid, 0, (int *)NULL); \
+      if (child == 0) \
+	{ \
+	  give_terminal_to (shell_pgrp, 0); \
+	  UNBLOCK_CHILD (oset); \
+	  internal_error (_("wait_for: No record of process %ld"), (long)pid); \
+	  restore_sigint_handler (); \
+	  return (termination_state = 127); \
+	} \
+    } \
+  while (0)
+
+/* Wait for pid (one of our children) to terminate, then
+   return the termination state.  Returns 127 if PID is not found in
+   the jobs table.  Returns -1 if waitchld() returns -1, indicating
+   that there are no unwaited-for child processes. */
+int
+wait_for (pid)
+     pid_t pid;
+{
+  int job, termination_state, r;
+  WAIT s;
+  register PROCESS *child;
+  sigset_t set, oset;
+
+  /* In the case that this code is interrupted, and we longjmp () out of it,
+     we are relying on the code in throw_to_top_level () to restore the
+     top-level signal mask. */
+  child = 0;
+  BLOCK_CHILD (set, oset);
+
+  /* Ignore interrupts while waiting for a job run without job control
+     to finish.  We don't want the shell to exit if an interrupt is
+     received, only if one of the jobs run is killed via SIGINT.  If
+     job control is not set, the job will be run in the same pgrp as
+     the shell, and the shell will see any signals the job gets.  In
+     fact, we want this set every time the waiting shell and the waited-
+     for process are in the same process group, including command
+     substitution. */
+
+  /* This is possibly a race condition -- should it go in stop_pipeline? */
+  wait_sigint_received = child_caught_sigint = 0;
+  if (job_control == 0 || (subshell_environment&SUBSHELL_COMSUB))
+    {
+      old_sigint_handler = set_signal_handler (SIGINT, wait_sigint_handler);
+      waiting_for_child = 0;
+      if (old_sigint_handler == SIG_IGN)
+	set_signal_handler (SIGINT, old_sigint_handler);
+    }
+
+  termination_state = last_command_exit_value;
+
+  if (interactive && job_control == 0)
+    QUIT;
+  /* Check for terminating signals and exit the shell if we receive one */
+  CHECK_TERMSIG;
+
+  /* Check for a trapped signal interrupting the wait builtin and jump out */
+  CHECK_WAIT_INTR;
+
+  /* If we say wait_for (), then we have a record of this child somewhere.
+     If it and none of its peers are running, don't call waitchld(). */
+
+  job = NO_JOB;
+  do
+    {
+      if (pid != ANY_PID)
+	FIND_CHILD (pid, child);
+
+      /* If this child is part of a job, then we are really waiting for the
+	 job to finish.  Otherwise, we are waiting for the child to finish.
+	 We check for JDEAD in case the job state has been set by waitchld
+	 after receipt of a SIGCHLD. */
+      if (job == NO_JOB)
+	job = find_job (pid, 0, NULL);
+
+      /* waitchld() takes care of setting the state of the job.  If the job
+	 has already exited before this is called, sigchld_handler will have
+	 called waitchld and the state will be set to JDEAD. */
+
+      if (pid == ANY_PID || PRUNNING(child) || (job != NO_JOB && RUNNING (job)))
+	{
+#if defined (WAITPID_BROKEN)    /* SCOv4 */
+	  sigset_t suspend_set;
+	  sigemptyset (&suspend_set);
+	  sigsuspend (&suspend_set);
+#else /* !WAITPID_BROKEN */
+#  if defined (MUST_UNBLOCK_CHLD)
+	  struct sigaction act, oact;
+	  sigset_t nullset, chldset;
+
+	  sigemptyset (&nullset);
+	  sigemptyset (&chldset);
+	  sigprocmask (SIG_SETMASK, &nullset, &chldset);
+	  act.sa_handler = SIG_DFL;
+	  sigemptyset (&act.sa_mask);
+	  sigemptyset (&oact.sa_mask);
+	  act.sa_flags = 0;
+#  if defined (SA_RESTART)
+	  act.sa_flags |= SA_RESTART;
+#  endif
+	  sigaction (SIGCHLD, &act, &oact);
+#  endif /* MUST_UNBLOCK_CHLD */
+	  queue_sigchld = 1;
+	  waiting_for_child++;
+	  r = waitchld (pid, 1);	/* XXX */
+	  waiting_for_child--;
+#if 0
+itrace("wait_for: blocking wait for %d returns %d child = %p", (int)pid, r, child);
+#endif
+#  if defined (MUST_UNBLOCK_CHLD)
+	  sigaction (SIGCHLD, &oact, (struct sigaction *)NULL);
+	  sigprocmask (SIG_SETMASK, &chldset, (sigset_t *)NULL);
+#  endif
+	  queue_sigchld = 0;
+	  if (r == -1 && errno == ECHILD && this_shell_builtin == wait_builtin)
+	    {
+	      termination_state = -1;
+	      /* XXX - restore sigint handler here? */
+	      goto wait_for_return;
+	    }
+
+	  /* If child is marked as running, but waitpid() returns -1/ECHILD,
+	     there is something wrong.  Somewhere, wait should have returned
+	     that child's pid.  Mark the child as not running and the job,
+	     if it exists, as JDEAD. */
+	  if (r == -1 && errno == ECHILD)
+	    {
+	      if (child)
+		{
+		  child->running = PS_DONE;
+		  WSTATUS (child->status) = 0;	/* XXX -- can't find true status */
+		}
+	      js.c_living = 0;		/* no living child processes */
+	      if (job != NO_JOB)
+		{
+		  jobs[job]->state = JDEAD;
+		  js.c_reaped++;
+		  js.j_ndead++;
+		}
+	      if (pid == ANY_PID)
+		{
+		  termination_state = -1;
+		  break;
+		}
+	    }
+#endif /* WAITPID_BROKEN */
+	}
+
+      /* If the shell is interactive, and job control is disabled, see
+	 if the foreground process has died due to SIGINT and jump out
+	 of the wait loop if it has.  waitchld has already restored the
+	 old SIGINT signal handler. */
+      if (interactive && job_control == 0)
+	QUIT;
+      /* Check for terminating signals and exit the shell if we receive one */
+      CHECK_TERMSIG;
+
+      /* Check for a trapped signal interrupting the wait builtin and jump out */
+      CHECK_WAIT_INTR;
+
+      if (pid == ANY_PID)
+        /* XXX - could set child but we don't have a handle on what waitchld
+	   reaps.  Leave termination_state alone. */
+	goto wait_for_return;
+    }
+  while (PRUNNING (child) || (job != NO_JOB && RUNNING (job)));
+
+  /* Restore the original SIGINT signal handler before we return. */
+  restore_sigint_handler ();
+
+  /* The exit state of the command is either the termination state of the
+     child, or the termination state of the job.  If a job, the status
+     of the last child in the pipeline is the significant one.  If the command
+     or job was terminated by a signal, note that value also. */
+  termination_state = (job != NO_JOB) ? job_exit_status (job)
+				      : process_exit_status (child->status);
+  last_command_exit_signal = (job != NO_JOB) ? job_exit_signal (job)
+					     : process_exit_signal (child->status);
+
+  /* XXX */
+  if ((job != NO_JOB && JOBSTATE (job) == JSTOPPED) || WIFSTOPPED (child->status))
+    termination_state = 128 + WSTOPSIG (child->status);
+
+  if (job == NO_JOB || IS_JOBCONTROL (job))
+    {
+      /* XXX - under what circumstances is a job not present in the jobs
+	 table (job == NO_JOB)?
+	 	1.  command substitution
+
+	 In the case of command substitution, at least, it's probably not
+	 the right thing to give the terminal to the shell's process group,
+	 even though there is code in subst.c:command_substitute to work
+	 around it.
+
+	 Things that don't:
+		$PROMPT_COMMAND execution
+		process substitution
+       */
+#if 0
+if (job == NO_JOB)
+  itrace("wait_for: job == NO_JOB, giving the terminal to shell_pgrp (%ld)", (long)shell_pgrp);
+#endif
+      give_terminal_to (shell_pgrp, 0);
+    }
+
+  /* If the command did not exit cleanly, or the job is just
+     being stopped, then reset the tty state back to what it
+     was before this command.  Reset the tty state and notify
+     the user of the job termination only if the shell is
+     interactive.  Clean up any dead jobs in either case. */
+  if (job != NO_JOB)
+    {
+      if (interactive_shell && subshell_environment == 0)
+	{
+	  /* This used to use `child->status'.  That's wrong, however, for
+	     pipelines.  `child' is the first process in the pipeline.  It's
+	     likely that the process we want to check for abnormal termination
+	     or stopping is the last process in the pipeline, especially if
+	     it's long-lived and the first process is short-lived.  Since we
+	     know we have a job here, we can check all the processes in this
+	     job's pipeline and see if one of them stopped or terminated due
+	     to a signal.  We might want to change this later to just check
+	     the last process in the pipeline.  If no process exits due to a
+	     signal, S is left as the status of the last job in the pipeline. */
+	  s = job_signal_status (job);
+
+	  if (WIFSIGNALED (s) || WIFSTOPPED (s))
+	    {
+	      set_tty_state ();
+
+	      /* If the current job was stopped or killed by a signal, and
+		 the user has requested it, get a possibly new window size */
+	      if (check_window_size && (job == js.j_current || IS_FOREGROUND (job)))
+		get_new_window_size (0, (int *)0, (int *)0);
+	    }
+	  else
+	    get_tty_state ();
+
+	  /* If job control is enabled, the job was started with job
+	     control, the job was the foreground job, and it was killed
+	     by SIGINT, then print a newline to compensate for the kernel
+	     printing the ^C without a trailing newline. */
+	  if (job_control && IS_JOBCONTROL (job) && IS_FOREGROUND (job) &&
+		WIFSIGNALED (s) && WTERMSIG (s) == SIGINT)
+	    {
+	      /* If SIGINT is not trapped and the shell is in a for, while,
+		 or until loop, act as if the shell received SIGINT as
+		 well, so the loop can be broken.  This doesn't call the
+		 SIGINT signal handler; maybe it should. */
+	      if (signal_is_trapped (SIGINT) == 0 && (loop_level || (shell_compatibility_level > 32 && executing_list)))
+		ADDINTERRUPT;
+	      else
+		{
+		  putchar ('\n');
+		  fflush (stdout);
+		}
+	    }
+	}
+      else if ((subshell_environment & (SUBSHELL_COMSUB|SUBSHELL_PIPE)) && wait_sigint_received)
+	{
+	  /* If waiting for a job in a subshell started to do command
+	     substitution or to run a pipeline element that consists of
+	     something like a while loop or a for loop, simulate getting
+	     and being killed by the SIGINT to pass the status back to our
+	     parent. */
+	  s = job_signal_status (job);
+
+	  if (child_caught_sigint == 0 && signal_is_trapped (SIGINT) == 0)
+	    {
+	      UNBLOCK_CHILD (oset);
+	      old_sigint_handler = set_signal_handler (SIGINT, SIG_DFL);
+	      if (old_sigint_handler == SIG_IGN)
+		restore_sigint_handler ();
+	      else
+		kill (getpid (), SIGINT);
+	    }
+	}
+      else if (interactive_shell == 0 && IS_FOREGROUND (job) && check_window_size)
+	get_new_window_size (0, (int *)0, (int *)0);
+
+      /* Moved here from set_job_status_and_cleanup, which is in the SIGCHLD
+         signal handler path */
+      if (DEADJOB (job) && IS_FOREGROUND (job) /*&& subshell_environment == 0*/)
+	setjstatus (job);
+
+      /* If this job is dead, notify the user of the status.  If the shell
+	 is interactive, this will display a message on the terminal.  If
+	 the shell is not interactive, make sure we turn on the notify bit
+	 so we don't get an unwanted message about the job's termination,
+	 and so delete_job really clears the slot in the jobs table. */
+      notify_and_cleanup ();
+    }
+
+wait_for_return:
+
+  UNBLOCK_CHILD (oset);
+
+  return (termination_state);
+}
+
+/* Wait for the last process in the pipeline for JOB.  Returns whatever
+   wait_for returns: the last process's termination state or -1 if there
+   are no unwaited-for child processes or an error occurs. */
+int
+wait_for_job (job)
+     int job;
+{
+  pid_t pid;
+  int r;
+  sigset_t set, oset;
+
+  BLOCK_CHILD(set, oset);
+  if (JOBSTATE (job) == JSTOPPED)
+    internal_warning (_("wait_for_job: job %d is stopped"), job+1);
+
+  pid = find_last_pid (job, 0);
+  UNBLOCK_CHILD(oset);
+  r = wait_for (pid);
+
+  /* POSIX.2: we can remove the job from the jobs table if we just waited
+     for it. */
+  BLOCK_CHILD (set, oset);
+  if (job != NO_JOB && jobs[job] && DEADJOB (job))
+    jobs[job]->flags |= J_NOTIFIED;
+  UNBLOCK_CHILD (oset);
+
+  return r;
+}
+
+/* Wait for any background job started by this shell to finish.  Very
+   similar to wait_for_background_pids().  Returns the exit status of
+   the next exiting job, -1 if there are no background jobs.  The caller
+   is responsible for translating -1 into the right return value. */
+int
+wait_for_any_job ()
+{
+  pid_t pid;
+  int i, r, waited_for;
+  sigset_t set, oset;
+
+  if (jobs_list_frozen)
+    return -1;
+
+  /* First see if there are any unnotified dead jobs that we can report on */
+  BLOCK_CHILD (set, oset);
+  for (i = 0; i < js.j_jobslots; i++)
+    {
+      if (jobs[i] && DEADJOB (i) && IS_NOTIFIED (i) == 0)
+	{
+return_job:
+	  r = job_exit_status (i);
+	  notify_of_job_status ();		/* XXX */
+	  delete_job (i, 0);
+#if defined (COPROCESS_SUPPORT)
+	  coproc_reap ();
+#endif
+	  UNBLOCK_CHILD (oset);
+	  return r;
+	}
+    }
+  UNBLOCK_CHILD (oset);
+
+  /* At this point, we have no dead jobs in the jobs table.  Wait until we
+     get one, even if it takes multiple pids exiting. */
+  for (waited_for = 0;;)
+    {
+      /* Make sure there is a background job to wait for */
+      BLOCK_CHILD (set, oset);
+      for (i = 0; i < js.j_jobslots; i++)
+        if (jobs[i] && RUNNING (i) && IS_FOREGROUND (i) == 0)
+          break;
+      if (i == js.j_jobslots)
+	{
+	  UNBLOCK_CHILD (oset);
+	  return -1;
+	}
+
+      UNBLOCK_CHILD (oset);
+
+      QUIT;
+      CHECK_TERMSIG;
+      CHECK_WAIT_INTR;
+
+      errno = 0;
+      r = wait_for (ANY_PID);	/* special sentinel value for wait_for */
+      if (r == -1 && errno == ECHILD)
+	mark_all_jobs_as_dead ();
+	
+      /* Now we see if we have any dead jobs and return the first one */
+      BLOCK_CHILD (set, oset);
+      for (i = 0; i < js.j_jobslots; i++)
+	if (jobs[i] && DEADJOB (i))
+	  goto return_job;
+      UNBLOCK_CHILD (oset);
+    }
+
+  return -1;
+}
+
+/* Print info about dead jobs, and then delete them from the list
+   of known jobs.  This does not actually delete jobs when the
+   shell is not interactive, because the dead jobs are not marked
+   as notified. */
+void
+notify_and_cleanup ()
+{
+  if (jobs_list_frozen)
+    return;
+
+  if (interactive || interactive_shell == 0 || sourcelevel)
+    notify_of_job_status ();
+
+  cleanup_dead_jobs ();
+}
+
+/* Make dead jobs disappear from the jobs array without notification.
+   This is used when the shell is not interactive. */
+void
+reap_dead_jobs ()
+{
+  mark_dead_jobs_as_notified (0);
+  cleanup_dead_jobs ();
+}
+
+/* Return the next closest (chronologically) job to JOB which is in
+   STATE.  STATE can be JSTOPPED, JRUNNING.  NO_JOB is returned if
+   there is no next recent job. */
+static int
+most_recent_job_in_state (job, state)
+     int job;
+     JOB_STATE state;
+{
+  register int i, result;
+  sigset_t set, oset;
+
+  BLOCK_CHILD (set, oset);
+
+  for (result = NO_JOB, i = job - 1; i >= 0; i--)
+    {
+      if (jobs[i] && (JOBSTATE (i) == state))
+	{
+	  result = i;
+	  break;
+	}
+    }
+
+  UNBLOCK_CHILD (oset);
+
+  return (result);
+}
+
+/* Return the newest *stopped* job older than JOB, or NO_JOB if not
+   found. */
+static int
+job_last_stopped (job)
+     int job;
+{
+  return (most_recent_job_in_state (job, JSTOPPED));
+}
+
+/* Return the newest *running* job older than JOB, or NO_JOB if not
+   found. */
+static int
+job_last_running (job)
+     int job;
+{
+  return (most_recent_job_in_state (job, JRUNNING));
+}
+
+/* Make JOB be the current job, and make previous be useful.  Must be
+   called with SIGCHLD blocked. */
+static void
+set_current_job (job)
+     int job;
+{
+  int candidate;
+
+  if (js.j_current != job)
+    {
+      js.j_previous = js.j_current;
+      js.j_current = job;
+    }
+
+  /* First choice for previous job is the old current job. */
+  if (js.j_previous != js.j_current &&
+      js.j_previous != NO_JOB &&
+      jobs[js.j_previous] &&
+      STOPPED (js.j_previous))
+    return;
+
+  /* Second choice:  Newest stopped job that is older than
+     the current job. */
+  candidate = NO_JOB;
+  if (STOPPED (js.j_current))
+    {
+      candidate = job_last_stopped (js.j_current);
+
+      if (candidate != NO_JOB)
+	{
+	  js.j_previous = candidate;
+	  return;
+	}
+    }
+
+  /* If we get here, there is either only one stopped job, in which case it is
+     the current job and the previous job should be set to the newest running
+     job, or there are only running jobs and the previous job should be set to
+     the newest running job older than the current job.  We decide on which
+     alternative to use based on whether or not JOBSTATE(js.j_current) is
+     JSTOPPED. */
+
+  candidate = RUNNING (js.j_current) ? job_last_running (js.j_current)
+				    : job_last_running (js.j_jobslots);
+
+  if (candidate != NO_JOB)
+    {
+      js.j_previous = candidate;
+      return;
+    }
+
+  /* There is only a single job, and it is both `+' and `-'. */
+  js.j_previous = js.j_current;
+}
+
+/* Make current_job be something useful, if it isn't already. */
+
+/* Here's the deal:  The newest non-running job should be `+', and the
+   next-newest non-running job should be `-'.  If there is only a single
+   stopped job, the js.j_previous is the newest non-running job.  If there
+   are only running jobs, the newest running job is `+' and the
+   next-newest running job is `-'.  Must be called with SIGCHLD blocked. */
+
+static void
+reset_current ()
+{
+  int candidate;
+
+  if (js.j_jobslots && js.j_current != NO_JOB && jobs[js.j_current] && STOPPED (js.j_current))
+    candidate = js.j_current;
+  else
+    {
+      candidate = NO_JOB;
+
+      /* First choice: the previous job. */
+      if (js.j_previous != NO_JOB && jobs[js.j_previous] && STOPPED (js.j_previous))
+	candidate = js.j_previous;
+
+      /* Second choice: the most recently stopped job. */
+      if (candidate == NO_JOB)
+	candidate = job_last_stopped (js.j_jobslots);
+
+      /* Third choice: the newest running job. */
+      if (candidate == NO_JOB)
+	candidate = job_last_running (js.j_jobslots);
+    }
+
+  /* If we found a job to use, then use it.  Otherwise, there
+     are no jobs period. */
+  if (candidate != NO_JOB)
+    set_current_job (candidate);
+  else
+    js.j_current = js.j_previous = NO_JOB;
+}
+
+/* Set up the job structures so we know the job and its processes are
+   all running. */
+static void
+set_job_running (job)
+     int job;
+{
+  register PROCESS *p;
+
+  /* Each member of the pipeline is now running. */
+  p = jobs[job]->pipe;
+
+  do
+    {
+      if (WIFSTOPPED (p->status))
+	p->running = PS_RUNNING;	/* XXX - could be PS_STOPPED */
+      p = p->next;
+    }
+  while (p != jobs[job]->pipe);
+
+  /* This means that the job is running. */
+  JOBSTATE (job) = JRUNNING;
+}
+
+/* Start a job.  FOREGROUND if non-zero says to do that.  Otherwise,
+   start the job in the background.  JOB is a zero-based index into
+   JOBS.  Returns -1 if it is unable to start a job, and the return
+   status of the job otherwise. */
+int
+start_job (job, foreground)
+     int job, foreground;
+{
+  register PROCESS *p;
+  int already_running;
+  sigset_t set, oset;
+  char *wd, *s;
+  static TTYSTRUCT save_stty;
+
+  BLOCK_CHILD (set, oset);
+
+  if (DEADJOB (job))
+    {
+      internal_error (_("%s: job has terminated"), this_command_name);
+      UNBLOCK_CHILD (oset);
+      return (-1);
+    }
+
+  already_running = RUNNING (job);
+
+  if (foreground == 0 && already_running)
+    {
+      internal_error (_("%s: job %d already in background"), this_command_name, job + 1);
+      UNBLOCK_CHILD (oset);
+      return (0);		/* XPG6/SUSv3 says this is not an error */
+    }
+
+  wd = current_working_directory ();
+
+  /* You don't know about the state of this job.  Do you? */
+  jobs[job]->flags &= ~J_NOTIFIED;
+
+  if (foreground)
+    {
+      set_current_job (job);
+      jobs[job]->flags |= J_FOREGROUND;
+    }
+
+  /* Tell the outside world what we're doing. */
+  p = jobs[job]->pipe;
+
+  if (foreground == 0)
+    {
+      /* POSIX.2 says `bg' doesn't give any indication about current or
+	 previous job. */
+      if (posixly_correct == 0)
+	s = (job == js.j_current) ? "+ ": ((job == js.j_previous) ? "- " : " ");       
+      else
+	s = " ";
+      printf ("[%d]%s", job + 1, s);
+    }
+
+  do
+    {
+      printf ("%s%s",
+	       p->command ? p->command : "",
+	       p->next != jobs[job]->pipe? " | " : "");
+      p = p->next;
+    }
+  while (p != jobs[job]->pipe);
+
+  if (foreground == 0)
+    printf (" &");
+
+  if (strcmp (wd, jobs[job]->wd) != 0)
+    printf ("	(wd: %s)", polite_directory_format (jobs[job]->wd));
+
+  printf ("\n");
+
+  /* Run the job. */
+  if (already_running == 0)
+    set_job_running (job);
+
+  /* Save the tty settings before we start the job in the foreground. */
+  if (foreground)
+    {
+      get_tty_state ();
+      save_stty = shell_tty_info;
+      /* Give the terminal to this job. */
+      if (IS_JOBCONTROL (job))
+	give_terminal_to (jobs[job]->pgrp, 0);
+    }
+  else
+    jobs[job]->flags &= ~J_FOREGROUND;
+
+  /* If the job is already running, then don't bother jump-starting it. */
+  if (already_running == 0)
+    {
+      jobs[job]->flags |= J_NOTIFIED;
+      killpg (jobs[job]->pgrp, SIGCONT);
+    }
+
+  if (foreground)
+    {
+      pid_t pid;
+      int st;
+
+      pid = find_last_pid (job, 0);
+      UNBLOCK_CHILD (oset);
+      st = wait_for (pid);
+      shell_tty_info = save_stty;
+      set_tty_state ();
+      return (st);
+    }
+  else
+    {
+      reset_current ();
+      UNBLOCK_CHILD (oset);
+      return (0);
+    }
+}
+
+/* Give PID SIGNAL.  This determines what job the pid belongs to (if any).
+   If PID does belong to a job, and the job is stopped, then CONTinue the
+   job after giving it SIGNAL.  Returns -1 on failure.  If GROUP is non-null,
+   then kill the process group associated with PID. */
+int
+kill_pid (pid, sig, group)
+     pid_t pid;
+     int sig, group;
+{
+  register PROCESS *p;
+  int job, result, negative;
+  sigset_t set, oset;
+
+  if (pid < -1)
+    {
+      pid = -pid;
+      group = negative = 1;
+    }
+  else
+    negative = 0;
+
+  result = EXECUTION_SUCCESS;
+  if (group)
+    {
+      BLOCK_CHILD (set, oset);
+      p = find_pipeline (pid, 0, &job);
+
+      if (job != NO_JOB)
+	{
+	  jobs[job]->flags &= ~J_NOTIFIED;
+
+	  /* Kill process in backquotes or one started without job control? */
+
+	  /* If we're passed a pid < -1, just call killpg and see what happens  */
+	  if (negative && jobs[job]->pgrp == shell_pgrp)
+	    result = killpg (pid, sig);
+	  /* If we're killing using job control notification, for example,
+	     without job control active, we have to do things ourselves. */
+	  else if (jobs[job]->pgrp == shell_pgrp)
+	    {
+	      p = jobs[job]->pipe;
+	      do
+		{
+		  if (PALIVE (p) == 0)
+		    continue;		/* avoid pid recycling problem */
+		  kill (p->pid, sig);
+		  if (PEXITED (p) && (sig == SIGTERM || sig == SIGHUP))
+		    kill (p->pid, SIGCONT);
+		  p = p->next;
+		}
+	      while  (p != jobs[job]->pipe);
+	    }
+	  else
+	    {
+	      result = killpg (jobs[job]->pgrp, sig);
+	      if (p && STOPPED (job) && (sig == SIGTERM || sig == SIGHUP))
+		killpg (jobs[job]->pgrp, SIGCONT);
+	      /* If we're continuing a stopped job via kill rather than bg or
+		 fg, emulate the `bg' behavior. */
+	      if (p && STOPPED (job) && (sig == SIGCONT))
+		{
+		  set_job_running (job);
+		  jobs[job]->flags &= ~J_FOREGROUND;
+		  jobs[job]->flags |= J_NOTIFIED;
+		}
+	    }
+	}
+      else
+	result = killpg (pid, sig);
+
+      UNBLOCK_CHILD (oset);
+    }
+  else
+    result = kill (pid, sig);
+
+  return (result);
+}
+
+/* sigchld_handler () flushes at least one of the children that we are
+   waiting for.  It gets run when we have gotten a SIGCHLD signal. */
+static sighandler
+sigchld_handler (sig)
+     int sig;
+{
+  int n, oerrno;
+
+  oerrno = errno;
+  REINSTALL_SIGCHLD_HANDLER;
+  sigchld++;
+  n = 0;
+  if (queue_sigchld == 0)
+    n = waitchld (-1, 0);
+  errno = oerrno;
+  SIGRETURN (n);
+}
+
+/* waitchld() reaps dead or stopped children.  It's called by wait_for and
+   sigchld_handler, and runs until there aren't any children terminating any
+   more.
+   If BLOCK is 1, this is to be a blocking wait for a single child, although
+   an arriving SIGCHLD could cause the wait to be non-blocking.  It returns
+   the number of children reaped, or -1 if there are no unwaited-for child
+   processes. */
+static int
+waitchld (wpid, block)
+     pid_t wpid;
+     int block;
+{
+  WAIT status;
+  PROCESS *child;
+  pid_t pid;
+
+  int call_set_current, last_stopped_job, job, children_exited, waitpid_flags;
+  static int wcontinued = WCONTINUED;	/* run-time fix for glibc problem */
+
+  call_set_current = children_exited = 0;
+  last_stopped_job = NO_JOB;
+
+  do
+    {
+      /* We don't want to be notified about jobs stopping if job control
+	 is not active.  XXX - was interactive_shell instead of job_control */
+      waitpid_flags = (job_control && subshell_environment == 0)
+			? (WUNTRACED|wcontinued)
+			: 0;
+      if (sigchld || block == 0)
+	waitpid_flags |= WNOHANG;
+
+      /* Check for terminating signals and exit the shell if we receive one */
+      CHECK_TERMSIG;
+      /* Check for a trapped signal interrupting the wait builtin and jump out */
+      CHECK_WAIT_INTR;
+
+      if (block == 1 && queue_sigchld == 0 && (waitpid_flags & WNOHANG) == 0)
+	{
+	  internal_warning (_("waitchld: turning on WNOHANG to avoid indefinite block"));
+	  waitpid_flags |= WNOHANG;
+	}
+
+      pid = WAITPID (-1, &status, waitpid_flags);
+
+#if 0
+if (wpid != -1 && block)
+  itrace("waitchld: blocking waitpid returns %d", pid);
+#endif
+      /* WCONTINUED may be rejected by waitpid as invalid even when defined */
+      if (wcontinued && pid < 0 && errno == EINVAL)
+	{
+	  wcontinued = 0;
+	  continue;	/* jump back to the test and retry without WCONTINUED */
+	}
+
+      /* The check for WNOHANG is to make sure we decrement sigchld only
+	 if it was non-zero before we called waitpid. */
+      if (sigchld > 0 && (waitpid_flags & WNOHANG))
+	sigchld--;
+
+      /* If waitpid returns -1 with errno == ECHILD, there are no more
+	 unwaited-for child processes of this shell. */
+      if (pid < 0 && errno == ECHILD)
+	{
+	  if (children_exited == 0)
+	    return -1;
+	  else
+	    break;
+	}
+
+#if 0
+itrace("waitchld: waitpid returns %d block = %d", pid, block);
+#endif
+      /* If waitpid returns 0, there are running children.  If it returns -1,
+	 the only other error POSIX says it can return is EINTR. */
+      CHECK_TERMSIG;
+      CHECK_WAIT_INTR;
+
+      /* If waitpid returns -1/EINTR and the shell saw a SIGINT, then we
+	 assume the child has blocked or handled SIGINT.  In that case, we
+	 require the child to actually die due to SIGINT to act on the
+	 SIGINT we received; otherwise we assume the child handled it and
+	 let it go. */
+      if (pid < 0 && errno == EINTR && wait_sigint_received)
+	child_caught_sigint = 1;
+
+      if (pid <= 0)
+	continue;	/* jumps right to the test */
+
+      /* If the child process did die due to SIGINT, forget our assumption
+	 that it caught or otherwise handled it. */
+      if (WIFSIGNALED (status) && WTERMSIG (status) == SIGINT)
+        child_caught_sigint = 0;
+
+      /* children_exited is used to run traps on SIGCHLD.  We don't want to
+         run the trap if a process is just being continued. */
+      if (WIFCONTINUED(status) == 0)
+	{
+	  children_exited++;
+	  js.c_living--;
+	}
+
+      /* Locate our PROCESS for this pid. */
+      child = find_process (pid, 1, &job);	/* want living procs only */
+
+#if defined (COPROCESS_SUPPORT)
+      coproc_pidchk (pid, WSTATUS(status));
+#endif
+
+      /* It is not an error to have a child terminate that we did
+	 not have a record of.  This child could have been part of
+	 a pipeline in backquote substitution.  Even so, I'm not
+	 sure child is ever non-zero. */
+      if (child == 0)
+	{
+	  if (WIFEXITED (status) || WIFSIGNALED (status))
+	    js.c_reaped++;
+	  continue;
+	}
+
+      /* Remember status, and whether or not the process is running. */
+      child->status = status;
+      child->running = WIFCONTINUED(status) ? PS_RUNNING : PS_DONE;
+
+      if (PEXITED (child))
+	{
+	  js.c_totreaped++;
+	  if (job != NO_JOB)
+	    js.c_reaped++;
+	}
+        
+      if (job == NO_JOB)
+	continue;
+
+      call_set_current += set_job_status_and_cleanup (job);
+
+      if (STOPPED (job))
+	last_stopped_job = job;
+      else if (DEADJOB (job) && last_stopped_job == job)
+	last_stopped_job = NO_JOB;
+    }
+  while ((sigchld || block == 0) && pid > (pid_t)0);
+
+  /* If a job was running and became stopped, then set the current
+     job.  Otherwise, don't change a thing. */
+  if (call_set_current)
+    {
+      if (last_stopped_job != NO_JOB)
+	set_current_job (last_stopped_job);
+      else
+	reset_current ();
+    }
+
+  /* Call a SIGCHLD trap handler for each child that exits, if one is set. */
+  if (job_control && signal_is_trapped (SIGCHLD) && children_exited &&
+      trap_list[SIGCHLD] != (char *)IGNORE_SIG)
+    {
+      if (posixly_correct && this_shell_builtin && this_shell_builtin == wait_builtin)
+	{
+	  interrupt_immediately = 0;
+	  trap_handler (SIGCHLD);	/* set pending_traps[SIGCHLD] */
+	  wait_signal_received = SIGCHLD;
+	  /* If we're in a signal handler, let CHECK_WAIT_INTR pick it up;
+	     run_pending_traps will call run_sigchld_trap later  */
+	  if (sigchld == 0)
+	    longjmp (wait_intr_buf, 1);
+	}
+      /* If not in posix mode and not executing the wait builtin, queue the
+	 signal for later handling.  Run the trap immediately if we are
+	 executing the wait builtin, but don't break out of `wait'. */
+      else if (sigchld)	/* called from signal handler */
+	queue_sigchld_trap (children_exited);
+      else if (running_trap)
+	queue_sigchld_trap (children_exited);
+      else if (this_shell_builtin == wait_builtin)
+	run_sigchld_trap (children_exited);
+      else
+	queue_sigchld_trap (children_exited);
+    }
+
+  /* We have successfully recorded the useful information about this process
+     that has just changed state.  If we notify asynchronously, and the job
+     that this process belongs to is no longer running, then notify the user
+     of that fact now. */
+  if (asynchronous_notification && interactive)
+    notify_of_job_status ();
+
+  return (children_exited);
+}
+
+/* Set the status of JOB and perform any necessary cleanup if the job is
+   marked as JDEAD.
+
+   Currently, the cleanup activity is restricted to handling any SIGINT
+   received while waiting for a foreground job to finish. */
+static int
+set_job_status_and_cleanup (job)
+     int job;
+{
+  PROCESS *child;
+  int tstatus, job_state, any_stopped, any_tstped, call_set_current;
+  SigHandler *temp_handler;
+
+  child = jobs[job]->pipe;
+  jobs[job]->flags &= ~J_NOTIFIED;
+
+  call_set_current = 0;
+
+  /*
+   * COMPUTE JOB STATUS
+   */
+
+  /* If all children are not running, but any of them is  stopped, then
+     the job is stopped, not dead. */
+  job_state = any_stopped = any_tstped = 0;
+  do
+    {
+      job_state |= PRUNNING (child);
+#if 0
+      if (PEXITED (child) && (WIFSTOPPED (child->status)))
+#else
+      /* Only checking for WIFSTOPPED now, not for PS_DONE */
+      if (PSTOPPED (child))
+#endif
+	{
+	  any_stopped = 1;
+	  any_tstped |= job_control && (WSTOPSIG (child->status) == SIGTSTP);
+	}
+      child = child->next;
+    }
+  while (child != jobs[job]->pipe);
+
+  /* If job_state != 0, the job is still running, so don't bother with
+     setting the process exit status and job state unless we're
+     transitioning from stopped to running. */
+  if (job_state != 0 && JOBSTATE(job) != JSTOPPED)
+    return 0;
+
+  /*
+   * SET JOB STATUS
+   */
+
+  /* The job is either stopped or dead.  Set the state of the job accordingly. */
+  if (any_stopped)
+    {
+      jobs[job]->state = JSTOPPED;
+      jobs[job]->flags &= ~J_FOREGROUND;
+      call_set_current++;
+      /* Suspending a job with SIGTSTP breaks all active loops. */
+      if (any_tstped && loop_level)
+	breaking = loop_level;
+    }
+  else if (job_state != 0)	/* was stopped, now running */
+    {
+      jobs[job]->state = JRUNNING;
+      call_set_current++;
+    }
+  else
+    {
+      jobs[job]->state = JDEAD;
+      js.j_ndead++;
+
+#if 0
+      if (IS_FOREGROUND (job))
+	setjstatus (job);
+#endif
+
+      /* If this job has a cleanup function associated with it, call it
+	 with `cleanarg' as the single argument, then set the function
+	 pointer to NULL so it is not inadvertently called twice.  The
+	 cleanup function is responsible for deallocating cleanarg. */
+      if (jobs[job]->j_cleanup)
+	{
+	  (*jobs[job]->j_cleanup) (jobs[job]->cleanarg);
+	  jobs[job]->j_cleanup = (sh_vptrfunc_t *)NULL;
+	}
+    }
+
+  /*
+   * CLEANUP
+   *
+   * Currently, we just do special things if we got a SIGINT while waiting
+   * for a foreground job to complete
+   */
+
+  if (JOBSTATE (job) == JDEAD)
+    {
+      /* If we're running a shell script and we get a SIGINT with a
+	 SIGINT trap handler, but the foreground job handles it and
+	 does not exit due to SIGINT, run the trap handler but do not
+	 otherwise act as if we got the interrupt. */
+      if (wait_sigint_received && interactive_shell == 0 &&
+	  child_caught_sigint && IS_FOREGROUND (job) &&
+	  signal_is_trapped (SIGINT))
+	{
+	  int old_frozen;
+	  wait_sigint_received = 0;
+	  last_command_exit_value = process_exit_status (child->status);
+
+	  old_frozen = jobs_list_frozen;
+	  jobs_list_frozen = 1;
+	  tstatus = maybe_call_trap_handler (SIGINT);
+	  jobs_list_frozen = old_frozen;
+	}
+
+      /* If the foreground job is killed by SIGINT when job control is not
+	 active, we need to perform some special handling.
+
+	 The check of wait_sigint_received is a way to determine if the
+	 SIGINT came from the keyboard (in which case the shell has already
+	 seen it, and wait_sigint_received is non-zero, because keyboard
+	 signals are sent to process groups) or via kill(2) to the foreground
+	 process by another process (or itself).  If the shell did receive the
+	 SIGINT, it needs to perform normal SIGINT processing. */
+      else if (wait_sigint_received &&
+	      child_caught_sigint == 0 &&
+	      IS_FOREGROUND (job) && IS_JOBCONTROL (job) == 0)
+	{
+	  int old_frozen;
+
+	  wait_sigint_received = 0;
+
+	  /* If SIGINT is trapped, set the exit status so that the trap
+	     handler can see it. */
+	  if (signal_is_trapped (SIGINT))
+	    last_command_exit_value = process_exit_status (child->status);
+
+	  /* If the signal is trapped, let the trap handler get it no matter
+	     what and simply return if the trap handler returns.
+	    maybe_call_trap_handler() may cause dead jobs to be removed from
+	    the job table because of a call to execute_command.  We work
+	    around this by setting JOBS_LIST_FROZEN. */
+	  old_frozen = jobs_list_frozen;
+	  jobs_list_frozen = 1;
+	  tstatus = maybe_call_trap_handler (SIGINT);
+	  jobs_list_frozen = old_frozen;
+	  if (tstatus == 0 && old_sigint_handler != INVALID_SIGNAL_HANDLER)
+	    {
+	      /* wait_sigint_handler () has already seen SIGINT and
+		 allowed the wait builtin to jump out.  We need to
+		 call the original SIGINT handler, if necessary.  If
+		 the original handler is SIG_DFL, we need to resend
+		 the signal to ourselves. */
+
+	      temp_handler = old_sigint_handler;
+
+	      /* Bogus.  If we've reset the signal handler as the result
+		 of a trap caught on SIGINT, then old_sigint_handler
+		 will point to trap_handler, which now knows nothing about
+		 SIGINT (if we reset the sighandler to the default).
+		 In this case, we have to fix things up.  What a crock. */
+	      if (temp_handler == trap_handler && signal_is_trapped (SIGINT) == 0)
+		  temp_handler = trap_to_sighandler (SIGINT);
+		restore_sigint_handler ();
+	      if (temp_handler == SIG_DFL)
+		termsig_handler (SIGINT);	/* XXX */
+	      else if (temp_handler != SIG_IGN)
+		(*temp_handler) (SIGINT);
+	    }
+	}
+    }
+
+  return call_set_current;
+}
+
+/* Build the array of values for the $PIPESTATUS variable from the set of
+   exit statuses of all processes in the job J. */
+static void
+setjstatus (j)
+     int j;
+{
+#if defined (ARRAY_VARS)
+  register int i;
+  register PROCESS *p;
+
+  for (i = 1, p = jobs[j]->pipe; p->next != jobs[j]->pipe; p = p->next, i++)
+    ;
+  i++;
+  if (statsize < i)
+    {
+      pstatuses = (int *)xrealloc (pstatuses, i * sizeof (int));
+      statsize = i;
+    }
+  i = 0;
+  p = jobs[j]->pipe;
+  do
+    {
+      pstatuses[i++] = process_exit_status (p->status);
+      p = p->next;
+    }
+  while (p != jobs[j]->pipe);
+
+  pstatuses[i] = -1;	/* sentinel */
+  set_pipestatus_array (pstatuses, i);
+#endif
+}
+
+void
+run_sigchld_trap (nchild)
+     int nchild;
+{
+  char *trap_command;
+  int i;
+
+  /* Turn off the trap list during the call to parse_and_execute ()
+     to avoid potentially infinite recursive calls.  Preserve the
+     values of last_command_exit_value, last_made_pid, and the_pipeline
+     around the execution of the trap commands. */
+  trap_command = savestring (trap_list[SIGCHLD]);
+
+  begin_unwind_frame ("SIGCHLD trap");
+  unwind_protect_int (last_command_exit_value);
+  unwind_protect_int (last_command_exit_signal);
+  unwind_protect_var (last_made_pid);
+  unwind_protect_int (interrupt_immediately);
+  unwind_protect_int (jobs_list_frozen);
+  unwind_protect_pointer (the_pipeline);
+  unwind_protect_pointer (subst_assign_varlist);
+
+  /* We have to add the commands this way because they will be run
+     in reverse order of adding.  We don't want maybe_set_sigchld_trap ()
+     to reference freed memory. */
+  add_unwind_protect (xfree, trap_command);
+  add_unwind_protect (maybe_set_sigchld_trap, trap_command);
+
+  subst_assign_varlist = (WORD_LIST *)NULL;
+  the_pipeline = (PROCESS *)NULL;
+
+  running_trap = SIGCHLD + 1;
+
+  set_impossible_sigchld_trap ();
+  jobs_list_frozen = 1;
+  for (i = 0; i < nchild; i++)
+    {
+#if 0
+      interrupt_immediately = 1;
+#endif
+      parse_and_execute (savestring (trap_command), "trap", SEVAL_NOHIST|SEVAL_RESETLINE);
+    }
+
+  run_unwind_frame ("SIGCHLD trap");
+  running_trap = 0;
+}
+
+/* Function to call when you want to notify people of changes
+   in job status.  This prints out all jobs which are pending
+   notification to stderr, and marks those printed as already
+   notified, thus making them candidates for cleanup. */
+static void
+notify_of_job_status ()
+{
+  register int job, termsig;
+  char *dir;
+  sigset_t set, oset;
+  WAIT s;
+
+  if (jobs == 0 || js.j_jobslots == 0)
+    return;
+
+  if (old_ttou != 0)
+    {
+      sigemptyset (&set);
+      sigaddset (&set, SIGCHLD);
+      sigaddset (&set, SIGTTOU);
+      sigemptyset (&oset);
+      sigprocmask (SIG_BLOCK, &set, &oset);
+    }
+  else
+    queue_sigchld++;
+
+  /* XXX could use js.j_firstj here */
+  for (job = 0, dir = (char *)NULL; job < js.j_jobslots; job++)
+    {
+      if (jobs[job] && IS_NOTIFIED (job) == 0)
+	{
+	  s = raw_job_exit_status (job);
+	  termsig = WTERMSIG (s);
+
+	  /* POSIX.2 says we have to hang onto the statuses of at most the
+	     last CHILD_MAX background processes if the shell is running a
+	     script.  If the shell is running a script, either from a file
+	     or standard input, don't print anything unless the job was
+	     killed by a signal. */
+	  if (startup_state == 0 && WIFSIGNALED (s) == 0 &&
+		((DEADJOB (job) && IS_FOREGROUND (job) == 0) || STOPPED (job)))
+	    continue;
+	  
+#if 0
+	  /* If job control is disabled, don't print the status messages.
+	     Mark dead jobs as notified so that they get cleaned up.  If
+	     startup_state == 2, we were started to run `-c command', so
+	     don't print anything. */
+	  if ((job_control == 0 && interactive_shell) || startup_state == 2)
+#else
+	  /* If job control is disabled, don't print the status messages.
+	     Mark dead jobs as notified so that they get cleaned up.  If
+	     startup_state == 2 and subshell_environment has the
+	     SUBSHELL_COMSUB bit turned on, we were started to run a command
+	     substitution, so don't print anything. */
+	  if ((job_control == 0 && interactive_shell) ||
+	      (startup_state == 2 && (subshell_environment & SUBSHELL_COMSUB)))
+#endif
+	    {
+	      /* POSIX.2 compatibility:  if the shell is not interactive,
+		 hang onto the job corresponding to the last asynchronous
+		 pid until the user has been notified of its status or does
+		 a `wait'. */
+	      if (DEADJOB (job) && (interactive_shell || (find_last_pid (job, 0) != last_asynchronous_pid)))
+		jobs[job]->flags |= J_NOTIFIED;
+	      continue;
+	    }
+
+	  /* Print info on jobs that are running in the background,
+	     and on foreground jobs that were killed by anything
+	     except SIGINT (and possibly SIGPIPE). */
+	  switch (JOBSTATE (job))
+	    {
+	    case JDEAD:
+	      if (interactive_shell == 0 && termsig && WIFSIGNALED (s) &&
+		  termsig != SIGINT &&
+#if defined (DONT_REPORT_SIGTERM)
+		  termsig != SIGTERM &&
+#endif
+#if defined (DONT_REPORT_SIGPIPE)
+		  termsig != SIGPIPE &&
+#endif
+		  signal_is_trapped (termsig) == 0)
+		{
+		  /* Don't print `0' for a line number. */
+		  fprintf (stderr, _("%s: line %d: "), get_name_for_error (), (line_number == 0) ? 1 : line_number);
+		  pretty_print_job (job, JLIST_NONINTERACTIVE, stderr);
+		}
+	      else if (IS_FOREGROUND (job))
+		{
+#if !defined (DONT_REPORT_SIGPIPE)
+		  if (termsig && WIFSIGNALED (s) && termsig != SIGINT)
+#else
+		  if (termsig && WIFSIGNALED (s) && termsig != SIGINT && termsig != SIGPIPE)
+#endif
+		    {
+		      fprintf (stderr, "%s", j_strsignal (termsig));
+
+		      if (WIFCORED (s))
+			fprintf (stderr, _(" (core dumped)"));
+
+		      fprintf (stderr, "\n");
+		    }
+		}
+	      else if (job_control)	/* XXX job control test added */
+		{
+		  if (dir == 0)
+		    dir = current_working_directory ();
+		  pretty_print_job (job, JLIST_STANDARD, stderr);
+		  if (dir && strcmp (dir, jobs[job]->wd) != 0)
+		    fprintf (stderr,
+			     _("(wd now: %s)\n"), polite_directory_format (dir));
+		}
+
+	      jobs[job]->flags |= J_NOTIFIED;
+	      break;
+
+	    case JSTOPPED:
+	      fprintf (stderr, "\n");
+	      if (dir == 0)
+		dir = current_working_directory ();
+	      pretty_print_job (job, JLIST_STANDARD, stderr);
+	      if (dir && (strcmp (dir, jobs[job]->wd) != 0))
+		fprintf (stderr,
+			 _("(wd now: %s)\n"), polite_directory_format (dir));
+	      jobs[job]->flags |= J_NOTIFIED;
+	      break;
+
+	    case JRUNNING:
+	    case JMIXED:
+	      break;
+
+	    default:
+	      programming_error ("notify_of_job_status");
+	    }
+	}
+    }
+  if (old_ttou != 0)
+    sigprocmask (SIG_SETMASK, &oset, (sigset_t *)NULL);
+  else
+    queue_sigchld--;
+}
+
+/* Initialize the job control mechanism, and set up the tty stuff. */
+int
+initialize_job_control (force)
+     int force;
+{
+  pid_t t;
+  int t_errno;
+
+  t_errno = -1;
+  shell_pgrp = getpgid (0);
+
+  if (shell_pgrp == -1)
+    {
+      sys_error (_("initialize_job_control: getpgrp failed"));
+      exit (1);
+    }
+
+  /* We can only have job control if we are interactive unless we force it. */
+  if (interactive == 0 && force == 0)
+    {
+      job_control = 0;
+      original_pgrp = NO_PID;
+      shell_tty = fileno (stderr);
+    }
+  else
+    {
+      shell_tty = -1;
+
+      /* If forced_interactive is set, we skip the normal check that stderr
+	 is attached to a tty, so we need to check here.  If it's not, we
+	 need to see whether we have a controlling tty by opening /dev/tty,
+	 since trying to use job control tty pgrp manipulations on a non-tty
+	 is going to fail. */
+      if (forced_interactive && isatty (fileno (stderr)) == 0)
+	shell_tty = open ("/dev/tty", O_RDWR|O_NONBLOCK);
+
+      /* Get our controlling terminal.  If job_control is set, or
+	 interactive is set, then this is an interactive shell no
+	 matter where fd 2 is directed. */
+      if (shell_tty == -1)
+	shell_tty = dup (fileno (stderr));	/* fd 2 */
+
+      if (shell_tty != -1)
+	shell_tty = move_to_high_fd (shell_tty, 1, -1);
+
+      /* Compensate for a bug in systems that compiled the BSD
+	 rlogind with DEBUG defined, like NeXT and Alliant. */
+      if (shell_pgrp == 0)
+	{
+	  shell_pgrp = getpid ();
+	  setpgid (0, shell_pgrp);
+	  tcsetpgrp (shell_tty, shell_pgrp);
+	}
+
+      while ((terminal_pgrp = tcgetpgrp (shell_tty)) != -1)
+	{
+	  if (shell_pgrp != terminal_pgrp)
+	    {
+	      SigHandler *ottin;
+
+	      ottin = set_signal_handler(SIGTTIN, SIG_DFL);
+	      kill (0, SIGTTIN);
+	      set_signal_handler (SIGTTIN, ottin);
+	      continue;
+	    }
+	  break;
+	}
+
+      if (terminal_pgrp == -1)
+	t_errno = errno;
+
+      /* Make sure that we are using the new line discipline. */
+      if (set_new_line_discipline (shell_tty) < 0)
+	{
+	  sys_error (_("initialize_job_control: line discipline"));
+	  job_control = 0;
+	}
+      else
+	{
+	  original_pgrp = shell_pgrp;
+	  shell_pgrp = getpid ();
+
+	  if ((original_pgrp != shell_pgrp) && (setpgid (0, shell_pgrp) < 0))
+	    {
+	      sys_error (_("initialize_job_control: setpgid"));
+	      shell_pgrp = original_pgrp;
+	    }
+
+	  job_control = 1;
+
+	  /* If (and only if) we just set our process group to our pid,
+	     thereby becoming a process group leader, and the terminal
+	     is not in the same process group as our (new) process group,
+	     then set the terminal's process group to our (new) process
+	     group.  If that fails, set our process group back to what it
+	     was originally (so we can still read from the terminal) and
+	     turn off job control.  */
+	  if (shell_pgrp != original_pgrp && shell_pgrp != terminal_pgrp)
+	    {
+	      if (give_terminal_to (shell_pgrp, 0) < 0)
+		{
+		  t_errno = errno;
+		  setpgid (0, original_pgrp);
+		  shell_pgrp = original_pgrp;
+		  errno = t_errno;
+		  sys_error (_("cannot set terminal process group (%d)"), shell_pgrp);
+		  job_control = 0;
+		}
+	    }
+
+	  if (job_control && ((t = tcgetpgrp (shell_tty)) == -1 || t != shell_pgrp))
+	    {
+	      if (t_errno != -1)
+		errno = t_errno;
+	      sys_error (_("cannot set terminal process group (%d)"), t);
+	      job_control = 0;
+	    }
+	}
+      if (job_control == 0)
+	internal_error (_("no job control in this shell"));
+    }
+
+  if (shell_tty != fileno (stderr))
+    SET_CLOSE_ON_EXEC (shell_tty);
+
+  set_signal_handler (SIGCHLD, sigchld_handler);
+
+  change_flag ('m', job_control ? '-' : '+');
+
+  if (interactive)
+    get_tty_state ();
+
+  if (js.c_childmax < 0)
+    js.c_childmax = getmaxchild ();
+  if (js.c_childmax < 0)
+    js.c_childmax = DEFAULT_CHILD_MAX;
+
+  return job_control;
+}
+
+#ifdef DEBUG
+void
+debug_print_pgrps ()
+{
+  itrace("original_pgrp = %ld shell_pgrp = %ld terminal_pgrp = %ld",
+	 (long)original_pgrp, (long)shell_pgrp, (long)terminal_pgrp);
+  itrace("tcgetpgrp(%d) -> %ld, getpgid(0) -> %ld",
+	 shell_tty, (long)tcgetpgrp (shell_tty), (long)getpgid(0));
+}
+#endif
+
+/* Set the line discipline to the best this system has to offer.
+   Return -1 if this is not possible. */
+static int
+set_new_line_discipline (tty)
+     int tty;
+{
+#if defined (NEW_TTY_DRIVER)
+  int ldisc;
+
+  if (ioctl (tty, TIOCGETD, &ldisc) < 0)
+    return (-1);
+
+  if (ldisc != NTTYDISC)
+    {
+      ldisc = NTTYDISC;
+
+      if (ioctl (tty, TIOCSETD, &ldisc) < 0)
+	return (-1);
+    }
+  return (0);
+#endif /* NEW_TTY_DRIVER */
+
+#if defined (TERMIO_TTY_DRIVER)
+#  if defined (TERMIO_LDISC) && (NTTYDISC)
+  if (ioctl (tty, TCGETA, &shell_tty_info) < 0)
+    return (-1);
+
+  if (shell_tty_info.c_line != NTTYDISC)
+    {
+      shell_tty_info.c_line = NTTYDISC;
+      if (ioctl (tty, TCSETAW, &shell_tty_info) < 0)
+	return (-1);
+    }
+#  endif /* TERMIO_LDISC && NTTYDISC */
+  return (0);
+#endif /* TERMIO_TTY_DRIVER */
+
+#if defined (TERMIOS_TTY_DRIVER)
+#  if defined (TERMIOS_LDISC) && defined (NTTYDISC)
+  if (tcgetattr (tty, &shell_tty_info) < 0)
+    return (-1);
+
+  if (shell_tty_info.c_line != NTTYDISC)
+    {
+      shell_tty_info.c_line = NTTYDISC;
+      if (tcsetattr (tty, TCSADRAIN, &shell_tty_info) < 0)
+	return (-1);
+    }
+#  endif /* TERMIOS_LDISC && NTTYDISC */
+  return (0);
+#endif /* TERMIOS_TTY_DRIVER */
+
+#if !defined (NEW_TTY_DRIVER) && !defined (TERMIO_TTY_DRIVER) && !defined (TERMIOS_TTY_DRIVER)
+  return (-1);
+#endif
+}
+
+/* Setup this shell to handle C-C, etc. */
+void
+initialize_job_signals ()
+{
+  if (interactive)
+    {
+      set_signal_handler (SIGINT, sigint_sighandler);
+      set_signal_handler (SIGTSTP, SIG_IGN);
+      set_signal_handler (SIGTTOU, SIG_IGN);
+      set_signal_handler (SIGTTIN, SIG_IGN);
+    }
+  else if (job_control)
+    {
+      old_tstp = set_signal_handler (SIGTSTP, sigstop_sighandler);
+      old_ttin = set_signal_handler (SIGTTIN, sigstop_sighandler);
+      old_ttou = set_signal_handler (SIGTTOU, sigstop_sighandler);
+    }
+  /* Leave these things alone for non-interactive shells without job
+     control. */
+}
+
+/* Here we handle CONT signals. */
+static sighandler
+sigcont_sighandler (sig)
+     int sig;
+{
+  initialize_job_signals ();
+  set_signal_handler (SIGCONT, old_cont);
+  kill (getpid (), SIGCONT);
+
+  SIGRETURN (0);
+}
+
+/* Here we handle stop signals while we are running not as a login shell. */
+static sighandler
+sigstop_sighandler (sig)
+     int sig;
+{
+  set_signal_handler (SIGTSTP, old_tstp);
+  set_signal_handler (SIGTTOU, old_ttou);
+  set_signal_handler (SIGTTIN, old_ttin);
+
+  old_cont = set_signal_handler (SIGCONT, sigcont_sighandler);
+
+  give_terminal_to (shell_pgrp, 0);
+
+  kill (getpid (), sig);
+
+  SIGRETURN (0);
+}
+
+/* Give the terminal to PGRP.  */
+int
+give_terminal_to (pgrp, force)
+     pid_t pgrp;
+     int force;
+{
+  sigset_t set, oset;
+  int r, e;
+
+  r = 0;
+  if (job_control || force)
+    {
+itrace("give_terminal_to: giving terminal to %d", pgrp);
+      sigemptyset (&set);
+      sigaddset (&set, SIGTTOU);
+      sigaddset (&set, SIGTTIN);
+      sigaddset (&set, SIGTSTP);
+      sigaddset (&set, SIGCHLD);
+      sigemptyset (&oset);
+      sigprocmask (SIG_BLOCK, &set, &oset);
+
+      if (tcsetpgrp (shell_tty, pgrp) < 0)
+	{
+	  /* Maybe we should print an error message? */
+#if 0
+	  sys_error ("tcsetpgrp(%d) failed: pid %ld to pgrp %ld",
+	    shell_tty, (long)getpid(), (long)pgrp);
+#endif
+	  r = -1;
+	  e = errno;
+	}
+      else
+	terminal_pgrp = pgrp;
+      sigprocmask (SIG_SETMASK, &oset, (sigset_t *)NULL);
+    }
+
+  if (r == -1)
+    errno = e;
+
+  return r;
+}
+
+/* Give terminal to NPGRP iff it's currently owned by OPGRP.  FLAGS are the
+   flags to pass to give_terminal_to(). */
+static int
+maybe_give_terminal_to (opgrp, npgrp, flags)
+     pid_t opgrp, npgrp;
+     int flags;
+{
+  int tpgrp;
+
+  tpgrp = tcgetpgrp (shell_tty);
+  if (tpgrp < 0 && errno == ENOTTY)
+    return -1;
+  if (tpgrp == npgrp)
+    {
+      terminal_pgrp = npgrp;
+      return 0;
+    }
+  else if (tpgrp != opgrp)
+    {
+#if defined (DEBUG)
+      internal_warning ("maybe_give_terminal_to: terminal pgrp == %d shell pgrp = %d new pgrp = %d", tpgrp, opgrp, npgrp);
+#endif
+      return -1;
+    }
+  else
+    return (give_terminal_to (npgrp, flags));     
+}
+
+/* Clear out any jobs in the job array.  This is intended to be used by
+   children of the shell, who should not have any job structures as baggage
+   when they start executing (forking subshells for parenthesized execution
+   and functions with pipes are the two that spring to mind).  If RUNNING_ONLY
+   is nonzero, only running jobs are removed from the table. */
+void
+delete_all_jobs (running_only)
+     int running_only;
+{
+  register int i;
+  sigset_t set, oset;
+
+  BLOCK_CHILD (set, oset);
+
+  /* XXX - need to set j_lastj, j_firstj appropriately if running_only != 0. */
+  if (js.j_jobslots)
+    {
+      js.j_current = js.j_previous = NO_JOB;
+
+      /* XXX could use js.j_firstj here */
+      for (i = 0; i < js.j_jobslots; i++)
+	{
+#if defined (DEBUG)
+	  if (i < js.j_firstj && jobs[i])
+	    itrace("delete_all_jobs: job %d non-null before js.j_firstj (%d)", i, js.j_firstj);
+	  if (i > js.j_lastj && jobs[i])
+	    itrace("delete_all_jobs: job %d non-null after js.j_lastj (%d)", i, js.j_lastj);
+#endif
+	  if (jobs[i] && (running_only == 0 || (running_only && RUNNING(i))))
+	    delete_job (i, DEL_WARNSTOPPED);
+	}
+      if (running_only == 0)
+	{
+	  free ((char *)jobs);
+	  js.j_jobslots = 0;
+	  js.j_firstj = js.j_lastj = js.j_njobs = 0;
+	}
+    }
+
+  if (running_only == 0)
+    bgp_clear ();
+
+  UNBLOCK_CHILD (oset);
+}
+
+/* Mark all jobs in the job array so that they don't get a SIGHUP when the
+   shell gets one.  If RUNNING_ONLY is nonzero, mark only running jobs. */
+void
+nohup_all_jobs (running_only)
+     int running_only;
+{
+  register int i;
+  sigset_t set, oset;
+
+  BLOCK_CHILD (set, oset);
+
+  if (js.j_jobslots)
+    {
+      /* XXX could use js.j_firstj here */
+      for (i = 0; i < js.j_jobslots; i++)
+	if (jobs[i] && (running_only == 0 || (running_only && RUNNING(i))))
+	  nohup_job (i);
+    }
+
+  UNBLOCK_CHILD (oset);
+}
+
+int
+count_all_jobs ()
+{
+  int i, n;
+  sigset_t set, oset;
+
+  /* This really counts all non-dead jobs. */
+  BLOCK_CHILD (set, oset);
+  /* XXX could use js.j_firstj here */
+  for (i = n = 0; i < js.j_jobslots; i++)
+    {
+#if defined (DEBUG)
+      if (i < js.j_firstj && jobs[i])
+	itrace("count_all_jobs: job %d non-null before js.j_firstj (%d)", i, js.j_firstj);
+      if (i > js.j_lastj && jobs[i])
+	itrace("count_all_jobs: job %d non-null after js.j_lastj (%d)", i, js.j_lastj);
+#endif
+      if (jobs[i] && DEADJOB(i) == 0)
+	n++;
+    }
+  UNBLOCK_CHILD (oset);
+  return n;
+}
+
+static void
+mark_all_jobs_as_dead ()
+{
+  register int i;
+  sigset_t set, oset;
+
+  if (js.j_jobslots == 0)
+    return;
+
+  BLOCK_CHILD (set, oset);
+
+  /* XXX could use js.j_firstj here */
+  for (i = 0; i < js.j_jobslots; i++)
+    if (jobs[i])
+      {
+	jobs[i]->state = JDEAD;
+	js.j_ndead++;
+      }
+
+  UNBLOCK_CHILD (oset);
+}
+
+/* Mark all dead jobs as notified, so delete_job () cleans them out
+   of the job table properly.  POSIX.2 says we need to save the
+   status of the last CHILD_MAX jobs, so we count the number of dead
+   jobs and mark only enough as notified to save CHILD_MAX statuses. */
+static void
+mark_dead_jobs_as_notified (force)
+     int force;
+{
+  register int i, ndead, ndeadproc;
+  sigset_t set, oset;
+
+  if (js.j_jobslots == 0)
+    return;
+
+  BLOCK_CHILD (set, oset);
+
+  /* If FORCE is non-zero, we don't have to keep CHILD_MAX statuses
+     around; just run through the array. */
+  if (force)
+    {
+    /* XXX could use js.j_firstj here */
+      for (i = 0; i < js.j_jobslots; i++)
+	{
+	  if (jobs[i] && DEADJOB (i) && (interactive_shell || (find_last_pid (i, 0) != last_asynchronous_pid)))
+	    jobs[i]->flags |= J_NOTIFIED;
+	}
+      UNBLOCK_CHILD (oset);
+      return;
+    }
+
+  /* Mark enough dead jobs as notified to keep CHILD_MAX processes left in the
+     array with the corresponding not marked as notified.  This is a better
+     way to avoid pid aliasing and reuse problems than keeping the POSIX-
+     mandated CHILD_MAX jobs around.  delete_job() takes care of keeping the
+     bgpids list regulated. */
+          
+  /* Count the number of dead jobs */
+  /* XXX could use js.j_firstj here */
+  for (i = ndead = ndeadproc = 0; i < js.j_jobslots; i++)
+    {
+#if defined (DEBUG)
+      if (i < js.j_firstj && jobs[i])
+	itrace("mark_dead_jobs_as_notified: job %d non-null before js.j_firstj (%d)", i, js.j_firstj);
+      if (i > js.j_lastj && jobs[i])
+	itrace("mark_dead_jobs_as_notified: job %d non-null after js.j_lastj (%d)", i, js.j_lastj);
+#endif
+      if (jobs[i] && DEADJOB (i))
+	{
+	  ndead++;
+	  ndeadproc += processes_in_job (i);
+	}
+    }
+
+#ifdef DEBUG
+# if 0
+  if (ndeadproc != js.c_reaped)
+    itrace("mark_dead_jobs_as_notified: ndeadproc (%d) != js.c_reaped (%d)", ndeadproc, js.c_reaped);
+# endif
+  if (ndead != js.j_ndead)
+    itrace("mark_dead_jobs_as_notified: ndead (%d) != js.j_ndead (%d)", ndead, js.j_ndead);
+#endif
+
+  if (js.c_childmax < 0)
+    js.c_childmax = getmaxchild ();
+  if (js.c_childmax < 0)
+    js.c_childmax = DEFAULT_CHILD_MAX;
+
+  /* Don't do anything if the number of dead processes is less than CHILD_MAX
+     and we're not forcing a cleanup. */
+  if (ndeadproc <= js.c_childmax)
+    {
+      UNBLOCK_CHILD (oset);
+      return;
+    }
+
+#if 0
+itrace("mark_dead_jobs_as_notified: child_max = %d ndead = %d ndeadproc = %d", js.c_childmax, ndead, ndeadproc);
+#endif
+
+  /* Mark enough dead jobs as notified that we keep CHILD_MAX jobs in
+     the list.  This isn't exactly right yet; changes need to be made
+     to stop_pipeline so we don't mark the newer jobs after we've
+     created CHILD_MAX slots in the jobs array.  This needs to be
+     integrated with a way to keep the jobs array from growing without
+     bound.  Maybe we wrap back around to 0 after we reach some max
+     limit, and there are sufficient job slots free (keep track of total
+     size of jobs array (js.j_jobslots) and running count of number of jobs
+     in jobs array.  Then keep a job index corresponding to the `oldest job'
+     and start this loop there, wrapping around as necessary.  In effect,
+     we turn the list into a circular buffer. */
+  /* XXX could use js.j_firstj here */
+  for (i = 0; i < js.j_jobslots; i++)
+    {
+      if (jobs[i] && DEADJOB (i) && (interactive_shell || (find_last_pid (i, 0) != last_asynchronous_pid)))
+	{
+#if defined (DEBUG)
+	  if (i < js.j_firstj && jobs[i])
+	    itrace("mark_dead_jobs_as_notified: job %d non-null before js.j_firstj (%d)", i, js.j_firstj);
+	  if (i > js.j_lastj && jobs[i])
+	    itrace("mark_dead_jobs_as_notified: job %d non-null after js.j_lastj (%d)", i, js.j_lastj);
+#endif
+	  /* If marking this job as notified would drop us down below
+	     child_max, don't mark it so we can keep at least child_max
+	     statuses.  XXX -- need to check what Posix actually says
+	     about keeping statuses. */
+	  if ((ndeadproc -= processes_in_job (i)) <= js.c_childmax)
+	    break;
+	  jobs[i]->flags |= J_NOTIFIED;
+	}
+    }
+
+  UNBLOCK_CHILD (oset);
+}
+
+/* Here to allow other parts of the shell (like the trap stuff) to
+   freeze and unfreeze the jobs list. */
+void
+freeze_jobs_list ()
+{
+  jobs_list_frozen = 1;
+}
+
+void
+unfreeze_jobs_list ()
+{
+  jobs_list_frozen = 0;
+}
+
+/* Allow or disallow job control to take place.  Returns the old value
+   of job_control. */
+int
+set_job_control (arg)
+     int arg;
+{
+  int old;
+
+  old = job_control;
+  job_control = arg;
+
+  /* If we're turning on job control, reset pipeline_pgrp so make_child will
+     put new child processes into the right pgrp */
+  if (job_control != old && job_control)
+    pipeline_pgrp = 0;
+
+  return (old);
+}
+
+/* Turn off all traces of job control.  This is run by children of the shell
+   which are going to do shellsy things, like wait (), etc. */
+void
+without_job_control ()
+{
+  stop_making_children ();
+  start_pipeline ();
+#if defined (PGRP_PIPE)
+  sh_closepipe (pgrp_pipe);
+#endif
+  delete_all_jobs (0);
+  set_job_control (0);
+}
+
+/* If this shell is interactive, terminate all stopped jobs and
+   restore the original terminal process group.  This is done
+   before the `exec' builtin calls shell_execve. */
+void
+end_job_control ()
+{
+  if (interactive_shell)		/* XXX - should it be interactive? */
+    {
+      terminate_stopped_jobs ();
+
+      if (original_pgrp >= 0)
+	give_terminal_to (original_pgrp, 1);
+    }
+
+  if (original_pgrp >= 0)
+    setpgid (0, original_pgrp);
+}
+
+/* Restart job control by closing shell tty and reinitializing.  This is
+   called after an exec fails in an interactive shell and we do not exit. */
+void
+restart_job_control ()
+{
+  if (shell_tty != -1)
+    close (shell_tty);
+  initialize_job_control (0);
+}
+
+void
+set_maxchild (nchild)
+     int nchild;
+{
+  static int lmaxchild = -1;
+
+  if (lmaxchild < 0)
+    lmaxchild = getmaxchild ();
+  if (lmaxchild < 0)
+    lmaxchild = DEFAULT_CHILD_MAX;
+
+  /* Clamp value we set.  Minimum is what Posix requires, maximum is defined
+     above as MAX_CHILD_MAX. */
+  if (nchild < lmaxchild)
+    nchild = lmaxchild;
+  else if (nchild > MAX_CHILD_MAX)
+    nchild = MAX_CHILD_MAX;
+
+  js.c_childmax = nchild;
+}
+
+/* Set the handler to run when the shell receives a SIGCHLD signal. */
+void
+set_sigchld_handler ()
+{
+  set_signal_handler (SIGCHLD, sigchld_handler);
+}
+
+#if defined (PGRP_PIPE)
+/* Read from the read end of a pipe.  This is how the process group leader
+   blocks until all of the processes in a pipeline have been made. */
+static void
+pipe_read (pp)
+     int *pp;
+{
+  char ch;
+
+  if (pp[1] >= 0)
+    {
+      close (pp[1]);
+      pp[1] = -1;
+    }
+
+  if (pp[0] >= 0)
+    {
+      while (read (pp[0], &ch, 1) == -1 && errno == EINTR)
+	;
+    }
+}
+
+/* Functional interface closes our local-to-job-control pipes. */
+void
+close_pgrp_pipe ()
+{
+  sh_closepipe (pgrp_pipe);
+}
+
+void
+save_pgrp_pipe (p, clear)
+     int *p;
+     int clear;
+{
+  p[0] = pgrp_pipe[0];
+  p[1] = pgrp_pipe[1];
+  if (clear)
+    pgrp_pipe[0] = pgrp_pipe[1] = -1;
+}
+
+void
+restore_pgrp_pipe (p)
+     int *p;
+{
+  pgrp_pipe[0] = p[0];
+  pgrp_pipe[1] = p[1];
+}
+
+#endif /* PGRP_PIPE */
diff --git a/lib/readline/display.c b/lib/readline/display.c
index 8f04b3a25..913e0da0c 100644
--- a/lib/readline/display.c
+++ b/lib/readline/display.c
@@ -748,10 +748,9 @@ rl_redisplay ()
       /* Now account for invisible characters in the current line. */
       /* XXX - this assumes that the invisible characters may be split, but only
 	 between the first and the last lines. */
-      temp += ((local_prompt_prefix == 0) ? ((newlines == 0) ? prompt_invis_chars_first_line
-							     : ((newlines == prompt_lines_estimate) ? wrap_offset : prompt_invis_chars_first_line))
-					  : ((newlines == 0) ? wrap_offset : 0));
-             
+      temp += (newlines == 0) ? prompt_invis_chars_first_line
+			      : ((newlines == prompt_lines_estimate) ? wrap_offset : prompt_invis_chars_first_line);
+
       inv_lbreaks[++newlines] = temp;
 #if defined (HANDLE_MULTIBYTE)
       if (MB_CUR_MAX > 1 && rl_byte_oriented == 0 && prompt_multibyte_chars > 0)
diff --git a/lib/readline/undo.c b/lib/readline/undo.c
index 32873d270..a3d40447c 100644
--- a/lib/readline/undo.c
+++ b/lib/readline/undo.c
@@ -178,6 +178,7 @@ rl_do_undo ()
 {
   UNDO_LIST *release;
   int waiting_for_begin, start, end;
+  HIST_ENTRY *cur, *temp;
 
 #define TRANS(i) ((i) == -1 ? rl_point : ((i) == -2 ? rl_end : (i)))
 
@@ -232,6 +233,18 @@ rl_do_undo ()
 
       release = rl_undo_list;
       rl_undo_list = rl_undo_list->next;
+
+      /* If we are editing a history entry, make sure the change is replicated
+	 in the history entry's line */
+      cur = current_history ();
+      if ((UNDO_LIST *)cur->data == release)
+	{
+	  temp = replace_history_entry (where_history (), rl_line_buffer, (histdata_t)rl_undo_list);
+	  xfree (temp->line);
+	  FREE (temp->timestamp);
+	  xfree (temp);
+	}
+
       replace_history_data (-1, (histdata_t *)release, (histdata_t *)rl_undo_list);
 
       xfree (release);
diff --git a/lib/readline/undo.c~ b/lib/readline/undo.c~
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..d98074e25
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/readline/undo.c~
@@ -0,0 +1,353 @@
+/* readline.c -- a general facility for reading lines of input
+   with emacs style editing and completion. */
+
+/* Copyright (C) 1987-2012 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
+
+   This file is part of the GNU Readline Library (Readline), a library
+   for reading lines of text with interactive input and history editing.      
+
+   Readline is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+   it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
+   the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+   (at your option) any later version.
+
+   Readline is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+   but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+   MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the
+   GNU General Public License for more details.
+
+   You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
+   along with Readline.  If not, see .
+*/
+
+#define READLINE_LIBRARY
+
+#if defined (HAVE_CONFIG_H)
+#  include 
+#endif
+
+#include 
+
+#if defined (HAVE_UNISTD_H)
+#  include            /* for _POSIX_VERSION */
+#endif /* HAVE_UNISTD_H */
+
+#if defined (HAVE_STDLIB_H)
+#  include 
+#else
+#  include "ansi_stdlib.h"
+#endif /* HAVE_STDLIB_H */
+
+#include 
+
+/* System-specific feature definitions and include files. */
+#include "rldefs.h"
+
+/* Some standard library routines. */
+#include "readline.h"
+#include "history.h"
+
+#include "rlprivate.h"
+#include "xmalloc.h"
+
+extern void replace_history_data PARAMS((int, histdata_t *, histdata_t *));
+
+/* Non-zero tells rl_delete_text and rl_insert_text to not add to
+   the undo list. */
+int _rl_doing_an_undo = 0;
+
+/* How many unclosed undo groups we currently have. */
+int _rl_undo_group_level = 0;
+
+/* The current undo list for THE_LINE. */
+UNDO_LIST *rl_undo_list = (UNDO_LIST *)NULL;
+
+/* **************************************************************** */
+/*								    */
+/*			Undo, and Undoing			    */
+/*								    */
+/* **************************************************************** */
+
+static UNDO_LIST *
+alloc_undo_entry (what, start, end, text)
+     enum undo_code what;
+     int start, end;
+     char *text;
+{
+  UNDO_LIST *temp;
+
+  temp = (UNDO_LIST *)xmalloc (sizeof (UNDO_LIST));
+  temp->what = what;
+  temp->start = start;
+  temp->end = end;
+  temp->text = text;
+
+  temp->next = (UNDO_LIST *)NULL;
+  return temp;
+}
+
+/* Remember how to undo something.  Concatenate some undos if that
+   seems right. */
+void
+rl_add_undo (what, start, end, text)
+     enum undo_code what;
+     int start, end;
+     char *text;
+{
+  UNDO_LIST *temp;
+
+  temp = alloc_undo_entry (what, start, end, text);
+  temp->next = rl_undo_list;
+  rl_undo_list = temp;
+}
+
+/* Free an UNDO_LIST */
+void
+_rl_free_undo_list (ul)
+     UNDO_LIST *ul;
+{
+  UNDO_LIST *release;
+
+  while (ul)
+    {
+      release = ul;
+      ul = ul->next;
+
+      if (release->what == UNDO_DELETE)
+	xfree (release->text);
+
+      xfree (release);
+    }
+}
+
+/* Free the existing undo list. */
+void
+rl_free_undo_list ()
+{
+  UNDO_LIST *release, *orig_list;
+
+  orig_list = rl_undo_list;
+  _rl_free_undo_list (rl_undo_list);
+  rl_undo_list = (UNDO_LIST *)NULL;
+  replace_history_data (-1, (histdata_t *)orig_list, (histdata_t *)NULL);
+}
+
+UNDO_LIST *
+_rl_copy_undo_entry (entry)
+     UNDO_LIST *entry;
+{
+  UNDO_LIST *new;
+
+  new = alloc_undo_entry (entry->what, entry->start, entry->end, (char *)NULL);
+  new->text = entry->text ? savestring (entry->text) : 0;
+  return new;
+}
+
+UNDO_LIST *
+_rl_copy_undo_list (head)
+     UNDO_LIST *head;
+{
+  UNDO_LIST *list, *new, *roving, *c;
+
+  if (head == 0)
+    return head;
+
+  list = head;
+  new = 0;
+  while (list)
+    {
+      c = _rl_copy_undo_entry (list);
+      if (new == 0)
+	roving = new = c;
+      else
+	{
+	  roving->next = c;
+	  roving = roving->next;
+	}
+      list = list->next;
+    }
+
+  roving->next = 0;
+  return new;
+}
+
+/* Undo the next thing in the list.  Return 0 if there
+   is nothing to undo, or non-zero if there was. */
+int
+rl_do_undo ()
+{
+  UNDO_LIST *release;
+  int waiting_for_begin, start, end;
+  HIST_ENTRY *cur, *temp;
+
+#define TRANS(i) ((i) == -1 ? rl_point : ((i) == -2 ? rl_end : (i)))
+
+  start = end = waiting_for_begin = 0;
+  do
+    {
+      if (rl_undo_list == 0)
+	return (0);
+
+      _rl_doing_an_undo = 1;
+      RL_SETSTATE(RL_STATE_UNDOING);
+
+      /* To better support vi-mode, a start or end value of -1 means
+	 rl_point, and a value of -2 means rl_end. */
+      if (rl_undo_list->what == UNDO_DELETE || rl_undo_list->what == UNDO_INSERT)
+	{
+	  start = TRANS (rl_undo_list->start);
+	  end = TRANS (rl_undo_list->end);
+	}
+
+      switch (rl_undo_list->what)
+	{
+	/* Undoing deletes means inserting some text. */
+	case UNDO_DELETE:
+	  rl_point = start;
+	  rl_insert_text (rl_undo_list->text);
+	  xfree (rl_undo_list->text);
+	  break;
+
+	/* Undoing inserts means deleting some text. */
+	case UNDO_INSERT:
+	  rl_delete_text (start, end);
+	  rl_point = start;
+	  break;
+
+	/* Undoing an END means undoing everything 'til we get to a BEGIN. */
+	case UNDO_END:
+	  waiting_for_begin++;
+	  break;
+
+	/* Undoing a BEGIN means that we are done with this group. */
+	case UNDO_BEGIN:
+	  if (waiting_for_begin)
+	    waiting_for_begin--;
+	  else
+	    rl_ding ();
+	  break;
+	}
+
+      _rl_doing_an_undo = 0;
+      RL_UNSETSTATE(RL_STATE_UNDOING);
+
+      /* If we are editing a history entry, make sure the change is replicated
+	 in the history entry's line */
+      cur = current_history ();
+      if ((UNDO_LIST *)cur->data == rl_undo_list)
+	{
+	  temp = replace_history_entry (where_history (), rl_line_buffer, (histdata_t)rl_undo_list->next);
+	  xfree (temp->line);
+	  FREE (temp->timestamp);
+	  xfree (temp);
+	}
+
+      release = rl_undo_list;
+      rl_undo_list = rl_undo_list->next;
+      replace_history_data (-1, (histdata_t *)release, (histdata_t *)rl_undo_list);
+
+      xfree (release);
+    }
+  while (waiting_for_begin);
+
+  return (1);
+}
+#undef TRANS
+
+int
+_rl_fix_last_undo_of_type (type, start, end)
+     int type, start, end;
+{
+  UNDO_LIST *rl;
+
+  for (rl = rl_undo_list; rl; rl = rl->next)
+    {
+      if (rl->what == type)
+	{
+	  rl->start = start;
+	  rl->end = end;
+	  return 0;
+	}
+    }
+  return 1;
+}
+
+/* Begin a group.  Subsequent undos are undone as an atomic operation. */
+int
+rl_begin_undo_group ()
+{
+  rl_add_undo (UNDO_BEGIN, 0, 0, 0);
+  _rl_undo_group_level++;
+  return 0;
+}
+
+/* End an undo group started with rl_begin_undo_group (). */
+int
+rl_end_undo_group ()
+{
+  rl_add_undo (UNDO_END, 0, 0, 0);
+  _rl_undo_group_level--;
+  return 0;
+}
+
+/* Save an undo entry for the text from START to END. */
+int
+rl_modifying (start, end)
+     int start, end;
+{
+  if (start > end)
+    {
+      SWAP (start, end);
+    }
+
+  if (start != end)
+    {
+      char *temp = rl_copy_text (start, end);
+      rl_begin_undo_group ();
+      rl_add_undo (UNDO_DELETE, start, end, temp);
+      rl_add_undo (UNDO_INSERT, start, end, (char *)NULL);
+      rl_end_undo_group ();
+    }
+  return 0;
+}
+
+/* Revert the current line to its previous state. */
+int
+rl_revert_line (count, key)
+     int count, key;
+{
+  if (rl_undo_list == 0)
+    rl_ding ();
+  else
+    {
+      while (rl_undo_list)
+	rl_do_undo ();
+#if defined (VI_MODE)
+      if (rl_editing_mode == vi_mode)
+	rl_point = rl_mark = 0;		/* rl_end should be set correctly */
+#endif
+    }
+    
+  return 0;
+}
+
+/* Do some undoing of things that were done. */
+int
+rl_undo_command (count, key)
+     int count, key;
+{
+  if (count < 0)
+    return 0;	/* Nothing to do. */
+
+  while (count)
+    {
+      if (rl_do_undo ())
+	count--;
+      else
+	{
+	  rl_ding ();
+	  break;
+	}
+    }
+  return 0;
+}
diff --git a/parse.y~ b/parse.y~
index 993d696dd..3dc7d1b4b 100644
--- a/parse.y~
+++ b/parse.y~
@@ -1430,7 +1430,10 @@ yy_readline_get ()
 
 #if defined (JOB_CONTROL)
       if (job_control)
+{
+itrace("yy_readline_get: give_terminal_to: %d", shell_pgrp);
 	give_terminal_to (shell_pgrp, 0);
+}
 #endif /* JOB_CONTROL */
 
       old_sigint = (SigHandler *)IMPOSSIBLE_TRAP_HANDLER;
@@ -1440,6 +1443,7 @@ yy_readline_get ()
 	  old_sigint = (SigHandler *)set_signal_handler (SIGINT, sigint_sighandler);
 	}
 
+itrace("yy_readline_get: calling readline");
       current_readline_line = readline (current_readline_prompt ?
       					  current_readline_prompt : "");
 
diff --git a/subst.c~ b/subst.c~
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..633b507a3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/subst.c~
@@ -0,0 +1,9668 @@
+/* subst.c -- The part of the shell that does parameter, command, arithmetic,
+   and globbing substitutions. */
+
+/* ``Have a little faith, there's magic in the night.  You ain't a
+     beauty, but, hey, you're alright.'' */
+
+/* Copyright (C) 1987-2013 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
+
+   This file is part of GNU Bash, the Bourne Again SHell.
+
+   Bash is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+   it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
+   the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+   (at your option) any later version.
+
+   Bash is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+   but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+   MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the
+   GNU General Public License for more details.
+
+   You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
+   along with Bash.  If not, see .
+*/
+
+#include "config.h"
+
+#include "bashtypes.h"
+#include 
+#include "chartypes.h"
+#if defined (HAVE_PWD_H)
+#  include 
+#endif
+#include 
+#include 
+
+#if defined (HAVE_UNISTD_H)
+#  include 
+#endif
+
+#include "bashansi.h"
+#include "posixstat.h"
+#include "bashintl.h"
+
+#include "shell.h"
+#include "parser.h"
+#include "flags.h"
+#include "jobs.h"
+#include "execute_cmd.h"
+#include "filecntl.h"
+#include "trap.h"
+#include "pathexp.h"
+#include "mailcheck.h"
+
+#include "shmbutil.h"
+#include "typemax.h"
+
+#include "builtins/getopt.h"
+#include "builtins/common.h"
+
+#include "builtins/builtext.h"
+
+#include 
+#include 
+
+#if !defined (errno)
+extern int errno;
+#endif /* !errno */
+
+/* The size that strings change by. */
+#define DEFAULT_INITIAL_ARRAY_SIZE 112
+#define DEFAULT_ARRAY_SIZE 128
+
+/* Variable types. */
+#define VT_VARIABLE	0
+#define VT_POSPARMS	1
+#define VT_ARRAYVAR	2
+#define VT_ARRAYMEMBER	3
+#define VT_ASSOCVAR	4
+
+#define VT_STARSUB	128	/* $* or ${array[*]} -- used to split */
+
+/* Flags for quoted_strchr */
+#define ST_BACKSL	0x01
+#define ST_CTLESC	0x02
+#define ST_SQUOTE	0x04	/* unused yet */
+#define ST_DQUOTE	0x08	/* unused yet */
+
+/* Flags for the `pflags' argument to param_expand() */
+#define PF_NOCOMSUB	0x01	/* Do not perform command substitution */
+#define PF_IGNUNBOUND	0x02	/* ignore unbound vars even if -u set */
+#define PF_NOSPLIT2	0x04	/* same as W_NOSPLIT2 */
+#define PF_ASSIGNRHS	0x08	/* same as W_ASSIGNRHS */
+
+/* These defs make it easier to use the editor. */
+#define LBRACE		'{'
+#define RBRACE		'}'
+#define LPAREN		'('
+#define RPAREN		')'
+
+#if defined (HANDLE_MULTIBYTE)
+#define WLPAREN		L'('
+#define WRPAREN		L')'
+#endif
+
+/* Evaluates to 1 if C is one of the shell's special parameters whose length
+   can be taken, but is also one of the special expansion characters. */
+#define VALID_SPECIAL_LENGTH_PARAM(c) \
+  ((c) == '-' || (c) == '?' || (c) == '#')
+
+/* Evaluates to 1 if C is one of the shell's special parameters for which an
+   indirect variable reference may be made. */
+#define VALID_INDIR_PARAM(c) \
+  ((posixly_correct == 0 && (c) == '#') || (posixly_correct == 0 && (c) == '?') || (c) == '@' || (c) == '*')
+
+/* Evaluates to 1 if C is one of the OP characters that follows the parameter
+   in ${parameter[:]OPword}. */
+#define VALID_PARAM_EXPAND_CHAR(c) (sh_syntaxtab[(unsigned char)c] & CSUBSTOP)
+
+/* Evaluates to 1 if this is one of the shell's special variables. */
+#define SPECIAL_VAR(name, wi) \
+ ((DIGIT (*name) && all_digits (name)) || \
+      (name[1] == '\0' && (sh_syntaxtab[(unsigned char)*name] & CSPECVAR)) || \
+      (wi && name[2] == '\0' && VALID_INDIR_PARAM (name[1])))
+
+/* An expansion function that takes a string and a quoted flag and returns
+   a WORD_LIST *.  Used as the type of the third argument to
+   expand_string_if_necessary(). */
+typedef WORD_LIST *EXPFUNC __P((char *, int));
+
+/* Process ID of the last command executed within command substitution. */
+pid_t last_command_subst_pid = NO_PID;
+pid_t current_command_subst_pid = NO_PID;
+
+/* Variables used to keep track of the characters in IFS. */
+SHELL_VAR *ifs_var;
+char *ifs_value;
+unsigned char ifs_cmap[UCHAR_MAX + 1];
+int ifs_is_set, ifs_is_null;
+
+#if defined (HANDLE_MULTIBYTE)
+unsigned char ifs_firstc[MB_LEN_MAX];
+size_t ifs_firstc_len;
+#else
+unsigned char ifs_firstc;
+#endif
+
+/* Sentinel to tell when we are performing variable assignments preceding a
+   command name and putting them into the environment.  Used to make sure
+   we use the temporary environment when looking up variable values. */
+int assigning_in_environment;
+
+/* Used to hold a list of variable assignments preceding a command.  Global
+   so the SIGCHLD handler in jobs.c can unwind-protect it when it runs a
+   SIGCHLD trap and so it can be saved and restored by the trap handlers. */
+WORD_LIST *subst_assign_varlist = (WORD_LIST *)NULL;
+
+/* Extern functions and variables from different files. */
+extern int last_command_exit_value, last_command_exit_signal;
+extern int subshell_environment, line_number;
+extern int subshell_level, parse_and_execute_level, sourcelevel;
+extern int eof_encountered;
+extern int return_catch_flag, return_catch_value;
+extern pid_t dollar_dollar_pid;
+extern int posixly_correct;
+extern char *this_command_name;
+extern struct fd_bitmap *current_fds_to_close;
+extern int wordexp_only;
+extern int expanding_redir;
+extern int tempenv_assign_error;
+extern int builtin_ignoring_errexit;
+
+#if !defined (HAVE_WCSDUP) && defined (HANDLE_MULTIBYTE)
+extern wchar_t *wcsdup __P((const wchar_t *));
+#endif
+
+/* Non-zero means to allow unmatched globbed filenames to expand to
+   a null file. */
+int allow_null_glob_expansion;
+
+/* Non-zero means to throw an error when globbing fails to match anything. */
+int fail_glob_expansion;
+
+#if 0
+/* Variables to keep track of which words in an expanded word list (the
+   output of expand_word_list_internal) are the result of globbing
+   expansions.  GLOB_ARGV_FLAGS is used by execute_cmd.c.
+   (CURRENTLY UNUSED). */
+char *glob_argv_flags;
+static int glob_argv_flags_size;
+#endif
+
+static WORD_LIST expand_word_error, expand_word_fatal;
+static WORD_DESC expand_wdesc_error, expand_wdesc_fatal;
+static char expand_param_error, expand_param_fatal;
+static char extract_string_error, extract_string_fatal;
+
+/* Tell the expansion functions to not longjmp back to top_level on fatal
+   errors.  Enabled when doing completion and prompt string expansion. */
+static int no_longjmp_on_fatal_error = 0;
+
+/* Set by expand_word_unsplit; used to inhibit splitting and re-joining
+   $* on $IFS, primarily when doing assignment statements. */
+static int expand_no_split_dollar_star = 0;
+
+/* A WORD_LIST of words to be expanded by expand_word_list_internal,
+   without any leading variable assignments. */
+static WORD_LIST *garglist = (WORD_LIST *)NULL;
+
+static char *quoted_substring __P((char *, int, int));
+static int quoted_strlen __P((char *));
+static char *quoted_strchr __P((char *, int, int));
+
+static char *expand_string_if_necessary __P((char *, int, EXPFUNC *));
+static inline char *expand_string_to_string_internal __P((char *, int, EXPFUNC *));
+static WORD_LIST *call_expand_word_internal __P((WORD_DESC *, int, int, int *, int *));
+static WORD_LIST *expand_string_internal __P((char *, int));
+static WORD_LIST *expand_string_leave_quoted __P((char *, int));
+static WORD_LIST *expand_string_for_rhs __P((char *, int, int *, int *));
+
+static WORD_LIST *list_quote_escapes __P((WORD_LIST *));
+static char *make_quoted_char __P((int));
+static WORD_LIST *quote_list __P((WORD_LIST *));
+
+static int unquoted_substring __P((char *, char *));
+static int unquoted_member __P((int, char *));
+
+#if defined (ARRAY_VARS)
+static SHELL_VAR *do_compound_assignment __P((char *, char *, int));
+#endif
+static int do_assignment_internal __P((const WORD_DESC *, int));
+
+static char *string_extract_verbatim __P((char *, size_t, int *, char *, int));
+static char *string_extract __P((char *, int *, char *, int));
+static char *string_extract_double_quoted __P((char *, int *, int));
+static inline char *string_extract_single_quoted __P((char *, int *));
+static inline int skip_single_quoted __P((const char *, size_t, int));
+static int skip_double_quoted __P((char *, size_t, int));
+static char *extract_delimited_string __P((char *, int *, char *, char *, char *, int));
+static char *extract_dollar_brace_string __P((char *, int *, int, int));
+static int skip_matched_pair __P((const char *, int, int, int, int));
+
+static char *pos_params __P((char *, int, int, int));
+
+static unsigned char *mb_getcharlens __P((char *, int));
+
+static char *remove_upattern __P((char *, char *, int));
+#if defined (HANDLE_MULTIBYTE) 
+static wchar_t *remove_wpattern __P((wchar_t *, size_t, wchar_t *, int));
+#endif
+static char *remove_pattern __P((char *, char *, int));
+
+static int match_upattern __P((char *, char *, int, char **, char **));
+#if defined (HANDLE_MULTIBYTE)
+static int match_wpattern __P((wchar_t *, char **, size_t, wchar_t *, int, char **, char **));
+#endif
+static int match_pattern __P((char *, char *, int, char **, char **));
+static int getpatspec __P((int, char *));
+static char *getpattern __P((char *, int, int));
+static char *variable_remove_pattern __P((char *, char *, int, int));
+static char *list_remove_pattern __P((WORD_LIST *, char *, int, int, int));
+static char *parameter_list_remove_pattern __P((int, char *, int, int));
+#ifdef ARRAY_VARS
+static char *array_remove_pattern __P((SHELL_VAR *, char *, int, char *, int));
+#endif
+static char *parameter_brace_remove_pattern __P((char *, char *, int, char *, int, int, int));
+
+static char *process_substitute __P((char *, int));
+
+static char *read_comsub __P((int, int, int *));
+
+#ifdef ARRAY_VARS
+static arrayind_t array_length_reference __P((char *));
+#endif
+
+static int valid_brace_expansion_word __P((char *, int));
+static int chk_atstar __P((char *, int, int *, int *));
+static int chk_arithsub __P((const char *, int));
+
+static WORD_DESC *parameter_brace_expand_word __P((char *, int, int, int, arrayind_t *));
+static char *parameter_brace_find_indir __P((char *, int, int, int));
+static WORD_DESC *parameter_brace_expand_indir __P((char *, int, int, int *, int *));
+static WORD_DESC *parameter_brace_expand_rhs __P((char *, char *, int, int, int *, int *));
+static void parameter_brace_expand_error __P((char *, char *));
+
+static int valid_length_expression __P((char *));
+static intmax_t parameter_brace_expand_length __P((char *));
+
+static char *skiparith __P((char *, int));
+static int verify_substring_values __P((SHELL_VAR *, char *, char *, int, intmax_t *, intmax_t *));
+static int get_var_and_type __P((char *, char *, arrayind_t, int, int, SHELL_VAR **, char **));
+static char *mb_substring __P((char *, int, int));
+static char *parameter_brace_substring __P((char *, char *, int, char *, int, int));
+
+static int shouldexp_replacement __P((char *));
+
+static char *pos_params_pat_subst __P((char *, char *, char *, int));
+
+static char *parameter_brace_patsub __P((char *, char *, int, char *, int, int));
+
+static char *pos_params_casemod __P((char *, char *, int, int));
+static char *parameter_brace_casemod __P((char *, char *, int, int, char *, int, int));
+
+static WORD_DESC *parameter_brace_expand __P((char *, int *, int, int, int *, int *));
+static WORD_DESC *param_expand __P((char *, int *, int, int *, int *, int *, int *, int));
+
+static WORD_LIST *expand_word_internal __P((WORD_DESC *, int, int, int *, int *));
+
+static WORD_LIST *word_list_split __P((WORD_LIST *));
+
+static void exp_jump_to_top_level __P((int));
+
+static WORD_LIST *separate_out_assignments __P((WORD_LIST *));
+static WORD_LIST *glob_expand_word_list __P((WORD_LIST *, int));
+#ifdef BRACE_EXPANSION
+static WORD_LIST *brace_expand_word_list __P((WORD_LIST *, int));
+#endif
+#if defined (ARRAY_VARS)
+static int make_internal_declare __P((char *, char *));
+#endif
+static WORD_LIST *shell_expand_word_list __P((WORD_LIST *, int));
+static WORD_LIST *expand_word_list_internal __P((WORD_LIST *, int));
+
+/* **************************************************************** */
+/*								    */
+/*			Utility Functions			    */
+/*								    */
+/* **************************************************************** */
+
+#if defined (DEBUG)
+void
+dump_word_flags (flags)
+     int flags;
+{
+  int f;
+
+  f = flags;
+  fprintf (stderr, "%d -> ", f);
+  if (f & W_ASSIGNASSOC)
+    {
+      f &= ~W_ASSIGNASSOC;
+      fprintf (stderr, "W_ASSIGNASSOC%s", f ? "|" : "");
+    }
+  if (f & W_ASSIGNARRAY)
+    {
+      f &= ~W_ASSIGNARRAY;
+      fprintf (stderr, "W_ASSIGNARRAY%s", f ? "|" : "");
+    }
+  if (f & W_HASCTLESC)
+    {
+      f &= ~W_HASCTLESC;
+      fprintf (stderr, "W_HASCTLESC%s", f ? "|" : "");
+    }
+  if (f & W_NOPROCSUB)
+    {
+      f &= ~W_NOPROCSUB;
+      fprintf (stderr, "W_NOPROCSUB%s", f ? "|" : "");
+    }
+  if (f & W_DQUOTE)
+    {
+      f &= ~W_DQUOTE;
+      fprintf (stderr, "W_DQUOTE%s", f ? "|" : "");
+    }
+  if (f & W_HASQUOTEDNULL)
+    {
+      f &= ~W_HASQUOTEDNULL;
+      fprintf (stderr, "W_HASQUOTEDNULL%s", f ? "|" : "");
+    }
+  if (f & W_ASSIGNARG)
+    {
+      f &= ~W_ASSIGNARG;
+      fprintf (stderr, "W_ASSIGNARG%s", f ? "|" : "");
+    }
+  if (f & W_ASSNBLTIN)
+    {
+      f &= ~W_ASSNBLTIN;
+      fprintf (stderr, "W_ASSNBLTIN%s", f ? "|" : "");
+    }
+  if (f & W_ASSNGLOBAL)
+    {
+      f &= ~W_ASSNGLOBAL;
+      fprintf (stderr, "W_ASSNGLOBAL%s", f ? "|" : "");
+    }
+  if (f & W_ASSIGNINT)
+    {
+      f &= ~W_ASSIGNINT;
+      fprintf (stderr, "W_ASSIGNINT%s", f ? "|" : "");
+    }
+  if (f & W_COMPASSIGN)
+    {
+      f &= ~W_COMPASSIGN;
+      fprintf (stderr, "W_COMPASSIGN%s", f ? "|" : "");
+    }
+  if (f & W_NOEXPAND)
+    {
+      f &= ~W_NOEXPAND;
+      fprintf (stderr, "W_NOEXPAND%s", f ? "|" : "");
+    }
+  if (f & W_ITILDE)
+    {
+      f &= ~W_ITILDE;
+      fprintf (stderr, "W_ITILDE%s", f ? "|" : "");
+    }
+  if (f & W_NOTILDE)
+    {
+      f &= ~W_NOTILDE;
+      fprintf (stderr, "W_NOTILDE%s", f ? "|" : "");
+    }
+  if (f & W_ASSIGNRHS)
+    {
+      f &= ~W_ASSIGNRHS;
+      fprintf (stderr, "W_ASSIGNRHS%s", f ? "|" : "");
+    }
+  if (f & W_NOCOMSUB)
+    {
+      f &= ~W_NOCOMSUB;
+      fprintf (stderr, "W_NOCOMSUB%s", f ? "|" : "");
+    }
+  if (f & W_DOLLARSTAR)
+    {
+      f &= ~W_DOLLARSTAR;
+      fprintf (stderr, "W_DOLLARSTAR%s", f ? "|" : "");
+    }
+  if (f & W_DOLLARAT)
+    {
+      f &= ~W_DOLLARAT;
+      fprintf (stderr, "W_DOLLARAT%s", f ? "|" : "");
+    }
+  if (f & W_TILDEEXP)
+    {
+      f &= ~W_TILDEEXP;
+      fprintf (stderr, "W_TILDEEXP%s", f ? "|" : "");
+    }
+  if (f & W_NOSPLIT2)
+    {
+      f &= ~W_NOSPLIT2;
+      fprintf (stderr, "W_NOSPLIT2%s", f ? "|" : "");
+    }
+  if (f & W_NOSPLIT)
+    {
+      f &= ~W_NOSPLIT;
+      fprintf (stderr, "W_NOSPLIT%s", f ? "|" : "");
+    }
+  if (f & W_NOBRACE)
+    {
+      f &= ~W_NOBRACE;
+      fprintf (stderr, "W_NOBRACE%s", f ? "|" : "");
+    }
+  if (f & W_NOGLOB)
+    {
+      f &= ~W_NOGLOB;
+      fprintf (stderr, "W_NOGLOB%s", f ? "|" : "");
+    }
+  if (f & W_SPLITSPACE)
+    {
+      f &= ~W_SPLITSPACE;
+      fprintf (stderr, "W_SPLITSPACE%s", f ? "|" : "");
+    }
+  if (f & W_ASSIGNMENT)
+    {
+      f &= ~W_ASSIGNMENT;
+      fprintf (stderr, "W_ASSIGNMENT%s", f ? "|" : "");
+    }
+  if (f & W_QUOTED)
+    {
+      f &= ~W_QUOTED;
+      fprintf (stderr, "W_QUOTED%s", f ? "|" : "");
+    }
+  if (f & W_HASDOLLAR)
+    {
+      f &= ~W_HASDOLLAR;
+      fprintf (stderr, "W_HASDOLLAR%s", f ? "|" : "");
+    }
+  fprintf (stderr, "\n");
+  fflush (stderr);
+}
+#endif
+
+#ifdef INCLUDE_UNUSED
+static char *
+quoted_substring (string, start, end)
+     char *string;
+     int start, end;
+{
+  register int len, l;
+  register char *result, *s, *r;
+
+  len = end - start;
+
+  /* Move to string[start], skipping quoted characters. */
+  for (s = string, l = 0; *s && l < start; )
+    {
+      if (*s == CTLESC)
+	{
+	  s++;
+	  continue;
+	}
+      l++;
+      if (*s == 0)
+	break;
+    }
+
+  r = result = (char *)xmalloc (2*len + 1);      /* save room for quotes */
+
+  /* Copy LEN characters, including quote characters. */
+  s = string + l;
+  for (l = 0; l < len; s++)
+    {
+      if (*s == CTLESC)
+	*r++ = *s++;
+      *r++ = *s;
+      l++;
+      if (*s == 0)
+	break;
+    }
+  *r = '\0';
+  return result;
+}
+#endif
+
+#ifdef INCLUDE_UNUSED
+/* Return the length of S, skipping over quoted characters */
+static int
+quoted_strlen (s)
+     char *s;
+{
+  register char *p;
+  int i;
+
+  i = 0;
+  for (p = s; *p; p++)
+    {
+      if (*p == CTLESC)
+	{
+	  p++;
+	  if (*p == 0)
+	    return (i + 1);
+	}
+      i++;
+    }
+
+  return i;
+}
+#endif
+
+/* Find the first occurrence of character C in string S, obeying shell
+   quoting rules.  If (FLAGS & ST_BACKSL) is non-zero, backslash-escaped
+   characters are skipped.  If (FLAGS & ST_CTLESC) is non-zero, characters
+   escaped with CTLESC are skipped. */
+static char *
+quoted_strchr (s, c, flags)
+     char *s;
+     int c, flags;
+{
+  register char *p;
+
+  for (p = s; *p; p++)
+    {
+      if (((flags & ST_BACKSL) && *p == '\\')
+	    || ((flags & ST_CTLESC) && *p == CTLESC))
+	{
+	  p++;
+	  if (*p == '\0')
+	    return ((char *)NULL);
+	  continue;
+	}
+      else if (*p == c)
+	return p;
+    }
+  return ((char *)NULL);
+}
+
+/* Return 1 if CHARACTER appears in an unquoted portion of
+   STRING.  Return 0 otherwise.  CHARACTER must be a single-byte character. */
+static int
+unquoted_member (character, string)
+     int character;
+     char *string;
+{
+  size_t slen;
+  int sindex, c;
+  DECLARE_MBSTATE;
+
+  slen = strlen (string);
+  sindex = 0;
+  while (c = string[sindex])
+    {
+      if (c == character)
+	return (1);
+
+      switch (c)
+	{
+	default:
+	  ADVANCE_CHAR (string, slen, sindex);
+	  break;
+
+	case '\\':
+	  sindex++;
+	  if (string[sindex])
+	    ADVANCE_CHAR (string, slen, sindex);
+	  break;
+
+	case '\'':
+	  sindex = skip_single_quoted (string, slen, ++sindex);
+	  break;
+
+	case '"':
+	  sindex = skip_double_quoted (string, slen, ++sindex);
+	  break;
+	}
+    }
+  return (0);
+}
+
+/* Return 1 if SUBSTR appears in an unquoted portion of STRING. */
+static int
+unquoted_substring (substr, string)
+     char *substr, *string;
+{
+  size_t slen;
+  int sindex, c, sublen;
+  DECLARE_MBSTATE;
+
+  if (substr == 0 || *substr == '\0')
+    return (0);
+
+  slen = strlen (string);
+  sublen = strlen (substr);
+  for (sindex = 0; c = string[sindex]; )
+    {
+      if (STREQN (string + sindex, substr, sublen))
+	return (1);
+
+      switch (c)
+	{
+	case '\\':
+	  sindex++;
+	  if (string[sindex])
+	    ADVANCE_CHAR (string, slen, sindex);
+	  break;
+
+	case '\'':
+	  sindex = skip_single_quoted (string, slen, ++sindex);
+	  break;
+
+	case '"':
+	  sindex = skip_double_quoted (string, slen, ++sindex);
+	  break;
+
+	default:
+	  ADVANCE_CHAR (string, slen, sindex);
+	  break;
+	}
+    }
+  return (0);
+}
+
+/* Most of the substitutions must be done in parallel.  In order
+   to avoid using tons of unclear goto's, I have some functions
+   for manipulating malloc'ed strings.  They all take INDX, a
+   pointer to an integer which is the offset into the string
+   where manipulation is taking place.  They also take SIZE, a
+   pointer to an integer which is the current length of the
+   character array for this string. */
+
+/* Append SOURCE to TARGET at INDEX.  SIZE is the current amount
+   of space allocated to TARGET.  SOURCE can be NULL, in which
+   case nothing happens.  Gets rid of SOURCE by freeing it.
+   Returns TARGET in case the location has changed. */
+INLINE char *
+sub_append_string (source, target, indx, size)
+     char *source, *target;
+     int *indx, *size;
+{
+  if (source)
+    {
+      int srclen, n;
+
+      srclen = STRLEN (source);
+      if (srclen >= (int)(*size - *indx))
+	{
+	  n = srclen + *indx;
+	  n = (n + DEFAULT_ARRAY_SIZE) - (n % DEFAULT_ARRAY_SIZE);
+	  target = (char *)xrealloc (target, (*size = n));
+	}
+
+      FASTCOPY (source, target + *indx, srclen);
+      *indx += srclen;
+      target[*indx] = '\0';
+
+      free (source);
+    }
+  return (target);
+}
+
+#if 0
+/* UNUSED */
+/* Append the textual representation of NUMBER to TARGET.
+   INDX and SIZE are as in SUB_APPEND_STRING. */
+char *
+sub_append_number (number, target, indx, size)
+     intmax_t number;
+     int *indx, *size;
+     char *target;
+{
+  char *temp;
+
+  temp = itos (number);
+  return (sub_append_string (temp, target, indx, size));
+}
+#endif
+
+/* Extract a substring from STRING, starting at SINDEX and ending with
+   one of the characters in CHARLIST.  Don't make the ending character
+   part of the string.  Leave SINDEX pointing at the ending character.
+   Understand about backslashes in the string.  If (flags & SX_VARNAME)
+   is non-zero, and array variables have been compiled into the shell,
+   everything between a `[' and a corresponding `]' is skipped over.
+   If (flags & SX_NOALLOC) is non-zero, don't return the substring, just
+   update SINDEX.  If (flags & SX_REQMATCH) is non-zero, the string must
+   contain a closing character from CHARLIST. */
+static char *
+string_extract (string, sindex, charlist, flags)
+     char *string;
+     int *sindex;
+     char *charlist;
+     int flags;
+{
+  register int c, i;
+  int found;
+  size_t slen;
+  char *temp;
+  DECLARE_MBSTATE;
+
+  slen = (MB_CUR_MAX > 1) ? strlen (string + *sindex) + *sindex : 0;
+  i = *sindex;
+  found = 0;
+  while (c = string[i])
+    {
+      if (c == '\\')
+	{
+	  if (string[i + 1])
+	    i++;
+	  else
+	    break;
+	}
+#if defined (ARRAY_VARS)
+      else if ((flags & SX_VARNAME) && c == '[')
+	{
+	  int ni;
+	  /* If this is an array subscript, skip over it and continue. */
+	  ni = skipsubscript (string, i, 0);
+	  if (string[ni] == ']')
+	    i = ni;
+	}
+#endif
+      else if (MEMBER (c, charlist))
+	{
+	  found = 1;
+	  break;
+	}
+
+      ADVANCE_CHAR (string, slen, i);
+    }
+
+  /* If we had to have a matching delimiter and didn't find one, return an
+     error and let the caller deal with it. */
+  if ((flags & SX_REQMATCH) && found == 0)
+    {
+      *sindex = i;
+      return (&extract_string_error);
+    }
+  
+  temp = (flags & SX_NOALLOC) ? (char *)NULL : substring (string, *sindex, i);
+  *sindex = i;
+  
+  return (temp);
+}
+
+/* Extract the contents of STRING as if it is enclosed in double quotes.
+   SINDEX, when passed in, is the offset of the character immediately
+   following the opening double quote; on exit, SINDEX is left pointing after
+   the closing double quote.  If STRIPDQ is non-zero, unquoted double
+   quotes are stripped and the string is terminated by a null byte.
+   Backslashes between the embedded double quotes are processed.  If STRIPDQ
+   is zero, an unquoted `"' terminates the string. */
+static char *
+string_extract_double_quoted (string, sindex, stripdq)
+     char *string;
+     int *sindex, stripdq;
+{
+  size_t slen;
+  char *send;
+  int j, i, t;
+  unsigned char c;
+  char *temp, *ret;		/* The new string we return. */
+  int pass_next, backquote, si;	/* State variables for the machine. */
+  int dquote;
+  DECLARE_MBSTATE;
+
+  slen = strlen (string + *sindex) + *sindex;
+  send = string + slen;
+
+  pass_next = backquote = dquote = 0;
+  temp = (char *)xmalloc (1 + slen - *sindex);
+
+  j = 0;
+  i = *sindex;
+  while (c = string[i])
+    {
+      /* Process a character that was quoted by a backslash. */
+      if (pass_next)
+	{
+	  /* XXX - take another look at this in light of Interp 221 */
+	  /* Posix.2 sez:
+
+	     ``The backslash shall retain its special meaning as an escape
+	     character only when followed by one of the characters:
+		$	`	"	\	''.
+
+	     If STRIPDQ is zero, we handle the double quotes here and let
+	     expand_word_internal handle the rest.  If STRIPDQ is non-zero,
+	     we have already been through one round of backslash stripping,
+	     and want to strip these backslashes only if DQUOTE is non-zero,
+	     indicating that we are inside an embedded double-quoted string. */
+
+	     /* If we are in an embedded quoted string, then don't strip
+		backslashes before characters for which the backslash
+		retains its special meaning, but remove backslashes in
+		front of other characters.  If we are not in an
+		embedded quoted string, don't strip backslashes at all.
+		This mess is necessary because the string was already
+		surrounded by double quotes (and sh has some really weird
+		quoting rules).
+		The returned string will be run through expansion as if
+		it were double-quoted. */
+	  if ((stripdq == 0 && c != '"') ||
+	      (stripdq && ((dquote && (sh_syntaxtab[c] & CBSDQUOTE)) || dquote == 0)))
+	    temp[j++] = '\\';
+	  pass_next = 0;
+
+add_one_character:
+	  COPY_CHAR_I (temp, j, string, send, i);
+	  continue;
+	}
+
+      /* A backslash protects the next character.  The code just above
+	 handles preserving the backslash in front of any character but
+	 a double quote. */
+      if (c == '\\')
+	{
+	  pass_next++;
+	  i++;
+	  continue;
+	}
+
+      /* Inside backquotes, ``the portion of the quoted string from the
+	 initial backquote and the characters up to the next backquote
+	 that is not preceded by a backslash, having escape characters
+	 removed, defines that command''. */
+      if (backquote)
+	{
+	  if (c == '`')
+	    backquote = 0;
+	  temp[j++] = c;
+	  i++;
+	  continue;
+	}
+
+      if (c == '`')
+	{
+	  temp[j++] = c;
+	  backquote++;
+	  i++;
+	  continue;
+	}
+
+      /* Pass everything between `$(' and the matching `)' or a quoted
+	 ${ ... } pair through according to the Posix.2 specification. */
+      if (c == '$' && ((string[i + 1] == LPAREN) || (string[i + 1] == LBRACE)))
+	{
+	  int free_ret = 1;
+
+	  si = i + 2;
+	  if (string[i + 1] == LPAREN)
+	    ret = extract_command_subst (string, &si, 0);
+	  else
+	    ret = extract_dollar_brace_string (string, &si, Q_DOUBLE_QUOTES, 0);
+
+	  temp[j++] = '$';
+	  temp[j++] = string[i + 1];
+
+	  /* Just paranoia; ret will not be 0 unless no_longjmp_on_fatal_error
+	     is set. */
+	  if (ret == 0 && no_longjmp_on_fatal_error)
+	    {
+	      free_ret = 0;
+	      ret = string + i + 2;
+	    }
+
+	  for (t = 0; ret[t]; t++, j++)
+	    temp[j] = ret[t];
+	  temp[j] = string[si];
+
+	  if (string[si])
+	    {
+	      j++;
+	      i = si + 1;
+	    }
+	  else
+	    i = si;
+
+	  if (free_ret)
+	    free (ret);
+	  continue;
+	}
+
+      /* Add any character but a double quote to the quoted string we're
+	 accumulating. */
+      if (c != '"')
+	goto add_one_character;
+
+      /* c == '"' */
+      if (stripdq)
+	{
+	  dquote ^= 1;
+	  i++;
+	  continue;
+	}
+
+      break;
+    }
+  temp[j] = '\0';
+
+  /* Point to after the closing quote. */
+  if (c)
+    i++;
+  *sindex = i;
+
+  return (temp);
+}
+
+/* This should really be another option to string_extract_double_quoted. */
+static int
+skip_double_quoted (string, slen, sind)
+     char *string;
+     size_t slen;
+     int sind;
+{
+  int c, i;
+  char *ret;
+  int pass_next, backquote, si;
+  DECLARE_MBSTATE;
+
+  pass_next = backquote = 0;
+  i = sind;
+  while (c = string[i])
+    {
+      if (pass_next)
+	{
+	  pass_next = 0;
+	  ADVANCE_CHAR (string, slen, i);
+	  continue;
+	}
+      else if (c == '\\')
+	{
+	  pass_next++;
+	  i++;
+	  continue;
+	}
+      else if (backquote)
+	{
+	  if (c == '`')
+	    backquote = 0;
+	  ADVANCE_CHAR (string, slen, i);
+	  continue;
+	}
+      else if (c == '`')
+	{
+	  backquote++;
+	  i++;
+	  continue;
+	}
+      else if (c == '$' && ((string[i + 1] == LPAREN) || (string[i + 1] == LBRACE)))
+	{
+	  si = i + 2;
+	  if (string[i + 1] == LPAREN)
+	    ret = extract_command_subst (string, &si, SX_NOALLOC);
+	  else
+	    ret = extract_dollar_brace_string (string, &si, Q_DOUBLE_QUOTES, SX_NOALLOC);
+
+	  i = si + 1;
+	  continue;
+	}
+      else if (c != '"')
+	{
+	  ADVANCE_CHAR (string, slen, i);
+	  continue;
+	}
+      else
+	break;
+    }
+
+  if (c)
+    i++;
+
+  return (i);
+}
+
+/* Extract the contents of STRING as if it is enclosed in single quotes.
+   SINDEX, when passed in, is the offset of the character immediately
+   following the opening single quote; on exit, SINDEX is left pointing after
+   the closing single quote. */
+static inline char *
+string_extract_single_quoted (string, sindex)
+     char *string;
+     int *sindex;
+{
+  register int i;
+  size_t slen;
+  char *t;
+  DECLARE_MBSTATE;
+
+  /* Don't need slen for ADVANCE_CHAR unless multibyte chars possible. */
+  slen = (MB_CUR_MAX > 1) ? strlen (string + *sindex) + *sindex : 0;
+  i = *sindex;
+  while (string[i] && string[i] != '\'')
+    ADVANCE_CHAR (string, slen, i);
+
+  t = substring (string, *sindex, i);
+
+  if (string[i])
+    i++;
+  *sindex = i;
+
+  return (t);
+}
+
+static inline int
+skip_single_quoted (string, slen, sind)
+     const char *string;
+     size_t slen;
+     int sind;
+{
+  register int c;
+  DECLARE_MBSTATE;
+
+  c = sind;
+  while (string[c] && string[c] != '\'')
+    ADVANCE_CHAR (string, slen, c);
+
+  if (string[c])
+    c++;
+  return c;
+}
+
+/* Just like string_extract, but doesn't hack backslashes or any of
+   that other stuff.  Obeys CTLESC quoting.  Used to do splitting on $IFS. */
+static char *
+string_extract_verbatim (string, slen, sindex, charlist, flags)
+     char *string;
+     size_t slen;
+     int *sindex;
+     char *charlist;
+     int flags;
+{
+  register int i;
+#if defined (HANDLE_MULTIBYTE)
+  size_t clen;
+  wchar_t *wcharlist;
+#endif
+  int c;
+  char *temp;
+  DECLARE_MBSTATE;
+
+  if (charlist[0] == '\'' && charlist[1] == '\0')
+    {
+      temp = string_extract_single_quoted (string, sindex);
+      --*sindex;	/* leave *sindex at separator character */
+      return temp;
+    }
+
+  i = *sindex;
+#if 0
+  /* See how the MBLEN and ADVANCE_CHAR macros work to understand why we need
+     this only if MB_CUR_MAX > 1. */
+  slen = (MB_CUR_MAX > 1) ? strlen (string + *sindex) + *sindex : 1;
+#endif
+#if defined (HANDLE_MULTIBYTE)
+  clen = strlen (charlist);
+  wcharlist = 0;
+#endif
+  while (c = string[i])
+    {
+#if defined (HANDLE_MULTIBYTE)
+      size_t mblength;
+#endif
+      if ((flags & SX_NOCTLESC) == 0 && c == CTLESC)
+	{
+	  i += 2;
+	  continue;
+	}
+      /* Even if flags contains SX_NOCTLESC, we let CTLESC quoting CTLNUL
+	 through, to protect the CTLNULs from later calls to
+	 remove_quoted_nulls. */
+      else if ((flags & SX_NOESCCTLNUL) == 0 && c == CTLESC && string[i+1] == CTLNUL)
+	{
+	  i += 2;
+	  continue;
+	}
+
+#if defined (HANDLE_MULTIBYTE)
+      mblength = MBLEN (string + i, slen - i);
+      if (mblength > 1)
+	{
+	  wchar_t wc;
+	  mblength = mbtowc (&wc, string + i, slen - i);
+	  if (MB_INVALIDCH (mblength))
+	    {
+	      if (MEMBER (c, charlist))
+		break;
+	    }
+	  else
+	    {
+	      if (wcharlist == 0)
+		{
+		  size_t len;
+		  len = mbstowcs (wcharlist, charlist, 0);
+		  if (len == -1)
+		    len = 0;
+		  wcharlist = (wchar_t *)xmalloc (sizeof (wchar_t) * (len + 1));
+		  mbstowcs (wcharlist, charlist, len + 1);
+		}
+
+	      if (wcschr (wcharlist, wc))
+		break;
+	    }
+	}
+      else		
+#endif
+      if (MEMBER (c, charlist))
+	break;
+
+      ADVANCE_CHAR (string, slen, i);
+    }
+
+#if defined (HANDLE_MULTIBYTE)
+  FREE (wcharlist);
+#endif
+
+  temp = substring (string, *sindex, i);
+  *sindex = i;
+
+  return (temp);
+}
+
+/* Extract the $( construct in STRING, and return a new string.
+   Start extracting at (SINDEX) as if we had just seen "$(".
+   Make (SINDEX) get the position of the matching ")". )
+   XFLAGS is additional flags to pass to other extraction functions. */
+char *
+extract_command_subst (string, sindex, xflags)
+     char *string;
+     int *sindex;
+     int xflags;
+{
+  if (string[*sindex] == LPAREN)
+    return (extract_delimited_string (string, sindex, "$(", "(", ")", xflags|SX_COMMAND)); /*)*/
+  else
+    {
+      xflags |= (no_longjmp_on_fatal_error ? SX_NOLONGJMP : 0);
+      return (xparse_dolparen (string, string+*sindex, sindex, xflags));
+    }
+}
+
+/* Extract the $[ construct in STRING, and return a new string. (])
+   Start extracting at (SINDEX) as if we had just seen "$[".
+   Make (SINDEX) get the position of the matching "]". */
+char *
+extract_arithmetic_subst (string, sindex)
+     char *string;
+     int *sindex;
+{
+  return (extract_delimited_string (string, sindex, "$[", "[", "]", 0)); /*]*/
+}
+
+#if defined (PROCESS_SUBSTITUTION)
+/* Extract the <( or >( construct in STRING, and return a new string.
+   Start extracting at (SINDEX) as if we had just seen "<(".
+   Make (SINDEX) get the position of the matching ")". */ /*))*/
+char *
+extract_process_subst (string, starter, sindex)
+     char *string;
+     char *starter;
+     int *sindex;
+{
+  return (extract_delimited_string (string, sindex, starter, "(", ")", SX_COMMAND));
+}
+#endif /* PROCESS_SUBSTITUTION */
+
+#if defined (ARRAY_VARS)
+/* This can be fooled by unquoted right parens in the passed string. If
+   each caller verifies that the last character in STRING is a right paren,
+   we don't even need to call extract_delimited_string. */
+char *
+extract_array_assignment_list (string, sindex)
+     char *string;
+     int *sindex;
+{
+  int slen;
+  char *ret;
+
+  slen = strlen (string);	/* ( */
+  if (string[slen - 1] == ')')
+   {
+      ret = substring (string, *sindex, slen - 1);
+      *sindex = slen - 1;
+      return ret;
+    }
+  return 0;  
+}
+#endif
+
+/* Extract and create a new string from the contents of STRING, a
+   character string delimited with OPENER and CLOSER.  SINDEX is
+   the address of an int describing the current offset in STRING;
+   it should point to just after the first OPENER found.  On exit,
+   SINDEX gets the position of the last character of the matching CLOSER.
+   If OPENER is more than a single character, ALT_OPENER, if non-null,
+   contains a character string that can also match CLOSER and thus
+   needs to be skipped. */
+static char *
+extract_delimited_string (string, sindex, opener, alt_opener, closer, flags)
+     char *string;
+     int *sindex;
+     char *opener, *alt_opener, *closer;
+     int flags;
+{
+  int i, c, si;
+  size_t slen;
+  char *t, *result;
+  int pass_character, nesting_level, in_comment;
+  int len_closer, len_opener, len_alt_opener;
+  DECLARE_MBSTATE;
+
+  slen = strlen (string + *sindex) + *sindex;
+  len_opener = STRLEN (opener);
+  len_alt_opener = STRLEN (alt_opener);
+  len_closer = STRLEN (closer);
+
+  pass_character = in_comment = 0;
+
+  nesting_level = 1;
+  i = *sindex;
+
+  while (nesting_level)
+    {
+      c = string[i];
+
+      if (c == 0)
+	break;
+
+      if (in_comment)
+	{
+	  if (c == '\n')
+	    in_comment = 0;
+	  ADVANCE_CHAR (string, slen, i);
+	  continue;
+	}
+
+      if (pass_character)	/* previous char was backslash */
+	{
+	  pass_character = 0;
+	  ADVANCE_CHAR (string, slen, i);
+	  continue;
+	}
+
+      /* Not exactly right yet; should handle shell metacharacters and
+	 multibyte characters, too.  See COMMENT_BEGIN define in parse.y */
+      if ((flags & SX_COMMAND) && c == '#' && (i == 0 || string[i - 1] == '\n' || shellblank (string[i - 1])))
+	{
+          in_comment = 1;
+          ADVANCE_CHAR (string, slen, i);
+          continue;
+	}
+        
+      if (c == CTLESC || c == '\\')
+	{
+	  pass_character++;
+	  i++;
+	  continue;
+	}
+
+      /* Process a nested command substitution, but only if we're parsing an
+	 arithmetic substitution. */
+      if ((flags & SX_COMMAND) && string[i] == '$' && string[i+1] == LPAREN)
+        {
+          si = i + 2;
+          t = extract_command_subst (string, &si, flags|SX_NOALLOC);
+          i = si + 1;
+          continue;
+        }
+
+      /* Process a nested OPENER. */
+      if (STREQN (string + i, opener, len_opener))
+	{
+	  si = i + len_opener;
+	  t = extract_delimited_string (string, &si, opener, alt_opener, closer, flags|SX_NOALLOC);
+	  i = si + 1;
+	  continue;
+	}
+
+      /* Process a nested ALT_OPENER */
+      if (len_alt_opener && STREQN (string + i, alt_opener, len_alt_opener))
+	{
+	  si = i + len_alt_opener;
+	  t = extract_delimited_string (string, &si, alt_opener, alt_opener, closer, flags|SX_NOALLOC);
+	  i = si + 1;
+	  continue;
+	}
+
+      /* If the current substring terminates the delimited string, decrement
+	 the nesting level. */
+      if (STREQN (string + i, closer, len_closer))
+	{
+	  i += len_closer - 1;	/* move to last byte of the closer */
+	  nesting_level--;
+	  if (nesting_level == 0)
+	    break;
+	}
+
+      /* Pass old-style command substitution through verbatim. */
+      if (c == '`')
+	{
+	  si = i + 1;
+	  t = string_extract (string, &si, "`", flags|SX_NOALLOC);
+	  i = si + 1;
+	  continue;
+	}
+
+      /* Pass single-quoted and double-quoted strings through verbatim. */
+      if (c == '\'' || c == '"')
+	{
+	  si = i + 1;
+	  i = (c == '\'') ? skip_single_quoted (string, slen, si)
+			  : skip_double_quoted (string, slen, si);
+	  continue;
+	}
+
+      /* move past this character, which was not special. */
+      ADVANCE_CHAR (string, slen, i);
+    }
+
+  if (c == 0 && nesting_level)
+    {
+      if (no_longjmp_on_fatal_error == 0)
+	{
+	  last_command_exit_value = EXECUTION_FAILURE;
+	  report_error (_("bad substitution: no closing `%s' in %s"), closer, string);
+	  exp_jump_to_top_level (DISCARD);
+	}
+      else
+	{
+	  *sindex = i;
+	  return (char *)NULL;
+	}
+    }
+
+  si = i - *sindex - len_closer + 1;
+  if (flags & SX_NOALLOC)
+    result = (char *)NULL;
+  else    
+    {
+      result = (char *)xmalloc (1 + si);
+      strncpy (result, string + *sindex, si);
+      result[si] = '\0';
+    }
+  *sindex = i;
+
+  return (result);
+}
+
+/* Extract a parameter expansion expression within ${ and } from STRING.
+   Obey the Posix.2 rules for finding the ending `}': count braces while
+   skipping over enclosed quoted strings and command substitutions.
+   SINDEX is the address of an int describing the current offset in STRING;
+   it should point to just after the first `{' found.  On exit, SINDEX
+   gets the position of the matching `}'.  QUOTED is non-zero if this
+   occurs inside double quotes. */
+/* XXX -- this is very similar to extract_delimited_string -- XXX */
+static char *
+extract_dollar_brace_string (string, sindex, quoted, flags)
+     char *string;
+     int *sindex, quoted, flags;
+{
+  register int i, c;
+  size_t slen;
+  int pass_character, nesting_level, si, dolbrace_state;
+  char *result, *t;
+  DECLARE_MBSTATE;
+
+  pass_character = 0;
+  nesting_level = 1;
+  slen = strlen (string + *sindex) + *sindex;
+
+  /* The handling of dolbrace_state needs to agree with the code in parse.y:
+     parse_matched_pair().  The different initial value is to handle the
+     case where this function is called to parse the word in
+     ${param op word} (SX_WORD). */
+  dolbrace_state = (flags & SX_WORD) ? DOLBRACE_WORD : DOLBRACE_PARAM;
+  if ((quoted & (Q_HERE_DOCUMENT|Q_DOUBLE_QUOTES)) && (flags & SX_POSIXEXP))
+    dolbrace_state = DOLBRACE_QUOTE;
+
+  i = *sindex;
+  while (c = string[i])
+    {
+      if (pass_character)
+	{
+	  pass_character = 0;
+	  ADVANCE_CHAR (string, slen, i);
+	  continue;
+	}
+
+      /* CTLESCs and backslashes quote the next character. */
+      if (c == CTLESC || c == '\\')
+	{
+	  pass_character++;
+	  i++;
+	  continue;
+	}
+
+      if (string[i] == '$' && string[i+1] == LBRACE)
+	{
+	  nesting_level++;
+	  i += 2;
+	  continue;
+	}
+
+      if (c == RBRACE)
+	{
+	  nesting_level--;
+	  if (nesting_level == 0)
+	    break;
+	  i++;
+	  continue;
+	}
+
+      /* Pass the contents of old-style command substitutions through
+	 verbatim. */
+      if (c == '`')
+	{
+	  si = i + 1;
+	  t = string_extract (string, &si, "`", flags|SX_NOALLOC);
+	  i = si + 1;
+	  continue;
+	}
+
+      /* Pass the contents of new-style command substitutions and
+	 arithmetic substitutions through verbatim. */
+      if (string[i] == '$' && string[i+1] == LPAREN)
+	{
+	  si = i + 2;
+	  t = extract_command_subst (string, &si, flags|SX_NOALLOC);
+	  i = si + 1;
+	  continue;
+	}
+
+      /* Pass the contents of double-quoted strings through verbatim. */
+      if (c == '"')
+	{
+	  si = i + 1;
+	  i = skip_double_quoted (string, slen, si);
+	  /* skip_XXX_quoted leaves index one past close quote */
+	  continue;
+	}
+
+      if (c == '\'')
+	{
+/*itrace("extract_dollar_brace_string: c == single quote flags = %d quoted = %d dolbrace_state = %d", flags, quoted, dolbrace_state);*/
+	  if (posixly_correct && shell_compatibility_level > 42 && dolbrace_state != DOLBRACE_QUOTE && (quoted & (Q_HERE_DOCUMENT|Q_DOUBLE_QUOTES)))
+	    ADVANCE_CHAR (string, slen, i);
+	  else
+	    {
+	      si = i + 1;
+	      i = skip_single_quoted (string, slen, si);
+	    }
+
+          continue;
+	}
+
+      /* move past this character, which was not special. */
+      ADVANCE_CHAR (string, slen, i);
+
+      /* This logic must agree with parse.y:parse_matched_pair, since they
+	 share the same defines. */
+      if (dolbrace_state == DOLBRACE_PARAM && c == '%' && (i - *sindex) > 1)
+	dolbrace_state = DOLBRACE_QUOTE;
+      else if (dolbrace_state == DOLBRACE_PARAM && c == '#' && (i - *sindex) > 1)
+        dolbrace_state = DOLBRACE_QUOTE;
+      else if (dolbrace_state == DOLBRACE_PARAM && c == '/' && (i - *sindex) > 1)
+        dolbrace_state = DOLBRACE_QUOTE2;	/* XXX */
+      else if (dolbrace_state == DOLBRACE_PARAM && c == '^' && (i - *sindex) > 1)
+        dolbrace_state = DOLBRACE_QUOTE;
+      else if (dolbrace_state == DOLBRACE_PARAM && c == ',' && (i - *sindex) > 1)
+        dolbrace_state = DOLBRACE_QUOTE;
+      else if (dolbrace_state == DOLBRACE_PARAM && strchr ("#%^,~:-=?+/", c) != 0)
+	dolbrace_state = DOLBRACE_OP;
+      else if (dolbrace_state == DOLBRACE_OP && strchr ("#%^,~:-=?+/", c) == 0)
+	dolbrace_state = DOLBRACE_WORD;
+    }
+
+  if (c == 0 && nesting_level)
+    {
+      if (no_longjmp_on_fatal_error == 0)
+	{			/* { */
+	  last_command_exit_value = EXECUTION_FAILURE;
+	  report_error (_("bad substitution: no closing `%s' in %s"), "}", string);
+	  exp_jump_to_top_level (DISCARD);
+	}
+      else
+	{
+	  *sindex = i;
+	  return ((char *)NULL);
+	}
+    }
+
+  result = (flags & SX_NOALLOC) ? (char *)NULL : substring (string, *sindex, i);
+  *sindex = i;
+
+  return (result);
+}
+
+/* Remove backslashes which are quoting backquotes from STRING.  Modifies
+   STRING, and returns a pointer to it. */
+char *
+de_backslash (string)
+     char *string;
+{
+  register size_t slen;
+  register int i, j, prev_i;
+  DECLARE_MBSTATE;
+
+  slen = strlen (string);
+  i = j = 0;
+
+  /* Loop copying string[i] to string[j], i >= j. */
+  while (i < slen)
+    {
+      if (string[i] == '\\' && (string[i + 1] == '`' || string[i + 1] == '\\' ||
+			      string[i + 1] == '$'))
+	i++;
+      prev_i = i;
+      ADVANCE_CHAR (string, slen, i);
+      if (j < prev_i)
+	do string[j++] = string[prev_i++]; while (prev_i < i);
+      else
+	j = i;
+    }
+  string[j] = '\0';
+
+  return (string);
+}
+
+#if 0
+/*UNUSED*/
+/* Replace instances of \! in a string with !. */
+void
+unquote_bang (string)
+     char *string;
+{
+  register int i, j;
+  register char *temp;
+
+  temp = (char *)xmalloc (1 + strlen (string));
+
+  for (i = 0, j = 0; (temp[j] = string[i]); i++, j++)
+    {
+      if (string[i] == '\\' && string[i + 1] == '!')
+	{
+	  temp[j] = '!';
+	  i++;
+	}
+    }
+  strcpy (string, temp);
+  free (temp);
+}
+#endif
+
+#define CQ_RETURN(x) do { no_longjmp_on_fatal_error = 0; return (x); } while (0)
+
+/* This function assumes s[i] == open; returns with s[ret] == close; used to
+   parse array subscripts.  FLAGS & 1 means to not attempt to skip over
+   matched pairs of quotes or backquotes, or skip word expansions; it is
+   intended to be used after expansion has been performed and during final
+   assignment parsing (see arrayfunc.c:assign_compound_array_list()). */
+static int
+skip_matched_pair (string, start, open, close, flags)
+     const char *string;
+     int start, open, close, flags;
+{
+  int i, pass_next, backq, si, c, count;
+  size_t slen;
+  char *temp, *ss;
+  DECLARE_MBSTATE;
+
+  slen = strlen (string + start) + start;
+  no_longjmp_on_fatal_error = 1;
+
+  i = start + 1;		/* skip over leading bracket */
+  count = 1;
+  pass_next = backq = 0;
+  ss = (char *)string;
+  while (c = string[i])
+    {
+      if (pass_next)
+	{
+	  pass_next = 0;
+	  if (c == 0)
+	    CQ_RETURN(i);
+	  ADVANCE_CHAR (string, slen, i);
+	  continue;
+	}
+      else if (c == '\\')
+	{
+	  pass_next = 1;
+	  i++;
+	  continue;
+	}
+      else if (backq)
+	{
+	  if (c == '`')
+	    backq = 0;
+	  ADVANCE_CHAR (string, slen, i);
+	  continue;
+	}
+      else if ((flags & 1) == 0 && c == '`')
+	{
+	  backq = 1;
+	  i++;
+	  continue;
+	}
+      else if ((flags & 1) == 0 && c == open)
+	{
+	  count++;
+	  i++;
+	  continue;
+	}
+      else if (c == close)
+	{
+	  count--;
+	  if (count == 0)
+	    break;
+	  i++;
+	  continue;
+	}
+      else if ((flags & 1) == 0 && (c == '\'' || c == '"'))
+	{
+	  i = (c == '\'') ? skip_single_quoted (ss, slen, ++i)
+			  : skip_double_quoted (ss, slen, ++i);
+	  /* no increment, the skip functions increment past the closing quote. */
+	}
+      else if ((flags&1) == 0 && c == '$' && (string[i+1] == LPAREN || string[i+1] == LBRACE))
+	{
+	  si = i + 2;
+	  if (string[si] == '\0')
+	    CQ_RETURN(si);
+
+	  if (string[i+1] == LPAREN)
+	    temp = extract_delimited_string (ss, &si, "$(", "(", ")", SX_NOALLOC|SX_COMMAND); /* ) */
+	  else
+	    temp = extract_dollar_brace_string (ss, &si, 0, SX_NOALLOC);
+	  i = si;
+	  if (string[i] == '\0')	/* don't increment i past EOS in loop */
+	    break;
+	  i++;
+	  continue;
+	}
+      else
+	ADVANCE_CHAR (string, slen, i);
+    }
+
+  CQ_RETURN(i);
+}
+
+#if defined (ARRAY_VARS)
+int
+skipsubscript (string, start, flags)
+     const char *string;
+     int start, flags;
+{
+  return (skip_matched_pair (string, start, '[', ']', flags));
+}
+#endif
+
+/* Skip characters in STRING until we find a character in DELIMS, and return
+   the index of that character.  START is the index into string at which we
+   begin.  This is similar in spirit to strpbrk, but it returns an index into
+   STRING and takes a starting index.  This little piece of code knows quite
+   a lot of shell syntax.  It's very similar to skip_double_quoted and other
+   functions of that ilk. */
+int
+skip_to_delim (string, start, delims, flags)
+     char *string;
+     int start;
+     char *delims;
+     int flags;
+{
+  int i, pass_next, backq, si, c, invert, skipquote, skipcmd;
+  size_t slen;
+  char *temp, open[3];
+  DECLARE_MBSTATE;
+
+  slen = strlen (string + start) + start;
+  if (flags & SD_NOJMP)
+    no_longjmp_on_fatal_error = 1;
+  invert = (flags & SD_INVERT);
+  skipcmd = (flags & SD_NOSKIPCMD) == 0;
+
+  i = start;
+  pass_next = backq = 0;
+  while (c = string[i])
+    {
+      /* If this is non-zero, we should not let quote characters be delimiters
+	 and the current character is a single or double quote.  We should not
+	 test whether or not it's a delimiter until after we skip single- or
+	 double-quoted strings. */
+      skipquote = ((flags & SD_NOQUOTEDELIM) && (c == '\'' || c =='"'));
+      if (pass_next)
+	{
+	  pass_next = 0;
+	  if (c == 0)
+	    CQ_RETURN(i);
+	  ADVANCE_CHAR (string, slen, i);
+	  continue;
+	}
+      else if (c == '\\')
+	{
+	  pass_next = 1;
+	  i++;
+	  continue;
+	}
+      else if (backq)
+	{
+	  if (c == '`')
+	    backq = 0;
+	  ADVANCE_CHAR (string, slen, i);
+	  continue;
+	}
+      else if (c == '`')
+	{
+	  backq = 1;
+	  i++;
+	  continue;
+	}
+      else if (skipquote == 0 && invert == 0 && member (c, delims))
+	break;
+      else if (c == '\'' || c == '"')
+	{
+	  i = (c == '\'') ? skip_single_quoted (string, slen, ++i)
+			  : skip_double_quoted (string, slen, ++i);
+	  /* no increment, the skip functions increment past the closing quote. */
+	}
+      else if (c == '$' && ((skipcmd && string[i+1] == LPAREN) || string[i+1] == LBRACE))
+	{
+	  si = i + 2;
+	  if (string[si] == '\0')
+	    CQ_RETURN(si);
+
+	  if (string[i+1] == LPAREN)
+	    temp = extract_delimited_string (string, &si, "$(", "(", ")", SX_NOALLOC|SX_COMMAND); /* ) */
+	  else
+	    temp = extract_dollar_brace_string (string, &si, 0, SX_NOALLOC);
+	  i = si;
+	  if (string[i] == '\0')	/* don't increment i past EOS in loop */
+	    break;
+	  i++;
+	  continue;
+	}
+#if defined (PROCESS_SUBSTITUTION)
+      else if (skipcmd && (c == '<' || c == '>') && string[i+1] == LPAREN)
+	{
+	  si = i + 2;
+	  if (string[si] == '\0')
+	    CQ_RETURN(si);
+	  temp = extract_process_subst (string, (c == '<') ? "<(" : ">(", &si);
+	  free (temp);		/* no SX_ALLOC here */
+	  i = si;
+	  if (string[i] == '\0')
+	    break;
+	  i++;
+	  continue;
+	}
+#endif /* PROCESS_SUBSTITUTION */
+#if defined (EXTENDED_GLOB)
+      else if ((flags & SD_EXTGLOB) && extended_glob && string[i+1] == LPAREN && member (c, "?*+!@"))
+	{
+	  si = i + 2;
+	  if (string[si] == '\0')
+	    CQ_RETURN(si);
+
+	  open[0] = c;
+	  open[1] = LPAREN;
+	  open[2] = '\0';
+	  temp = extract_delimited_string (string, &si, open, "(", ")", SX_NOALLOC); /* ) */
+
+	  i = si;
+	  if (string[i] == '\0')	/* don't increment i past EOS in loop */
+	    break;
+	  i++;
+	  continue;
+	}
+#endif
+      else if ((skipquote || invert) && (member (c, delims) == 0))
+	break;
+      else
+	ADVANCE_CHAR (string, slen, i);
+    }
+
+  CQ_RETURN(i);
+}
+
+#if defined (READLINE)
+/* Return 1 if the portion of STRING ending at EINDEX is quoted (there is
+   an unclosed quoted string), or if the character at EINDEX is quoted
+   by a backslash. NO_LONGJMP_ON_FATAL_ERROR is used to flag that the various
+   single and double-quoted string parsing functions should not return an
+   error if there are unclosed quotes or braces.  The characters that this
+   recognizes need to be the same as the contents of
+   rl_completer_quote_characters. */
+
+int
+char_is_quoted (string, eindex)
+     char *string;
+     int eindex;
+{
+  int i, pass_next, c;
+  size_t slen;
+  DECLARE_MBSTATE;
+
+  slen = strlen (string);
+  no_longjmp_on_fatal_error = 1;
+  i = pass_next = 0;
+  while (i <= eindex)
+    {
+      c = string[i];
+
+      if (pass_next)
+	{
+	  pass_next = 0;
+	  if (i >= eindex)	/* XXX was if (i >= eindex - 1) */
+	    CQ_RETURN(1);
+	  ADVANCE_CHAR (string, slen, i);
+	  continue;
+	}
+      else if (c == '\\')
+	{
+	  pass_next = 1;
+	  i++;
+	  continue;
+	}
+      else if (c == '\'' || c == '"')
+	{
+	  i = (c == '\'') ? skip_single_quoted (string, slen, ++i)
+			  : skip_double_quoted (string, slen, ++i);
+	  if (i > eindex)
+	    CQ_RETURN(1);
+	  /* no increment, the skip_xxx functions go one past end */
+	}
+      else
+	ADVANCE_CHAR (string, slen, i);
+    }
+
+  CQ_RETURN(0);
+}
+
+int
+unclosed_pair (string, eindex, openstr)
+     char *string;
+     int eindex;
+     char *openstr;
+{
+  int i, pass_next, openc, olen;
+  size_t slen;
+  DECLARE_MBSTATE;
+
+  slen = strlen (string);
+  olen = strlen (openstr);
+  i = pass_next = openc = 0;
+  while (i <= eindex)
+    {
+      if (pass_next)
+	{
+	  pass_next = 0;
+	  if (i >= eindex)	/* XXX was if (i >= eindex - 1) */
+	    return 0;
+	  ADVANCE_CHAR (string, slen, i);
+	  continue;
+	}
+      else if (string[i] == '\\')
+	{
+	  pass_next = 1;
+	  i++;
+	  continue;
+	}
+      else if (STREQN (string + i, openstr, olen))
+	{
+	  openc = 1 - openc;
+	  i += olen;
+	}
+      else if (string[i] == '\'' || string[i] == '"')
+	{
+	  i = (string[i] == '\'') ? skip_single_quoted (string, slen, i)
+				  : skip_double_quoted (string, slen, i);
+	  if (i > eindex)
+	    return 0;
+	}
+      else
+	ADVANCE_CHAR (string, slen, i);
+    }
+  return (openc);
+}
+
+/* Split STRING (length SLEN) at DELIMS, and return a WORD_LIST with the
+   individual words.  If DELIMS is NULL, the current value of $IFS is used
+   to split the string, and the function follows the shell field splitting
+   rules.  SENTINEL is an index to look for.  NWP, if non-NULL,
+   gets the number of words in the returned list.  CWP, if non-NULL, gets
+   the index of the word containing SENTINEL.  Non-whitespace chars in
+   DELIMS delimit separate fields. */
+WORD_LIST *
+split_at_delims (string, slen, delims, sentinel, flags, nwp, cwp)
+     char *string;
+     int slen;
+     char *delims;
+     int sentinel, flags;
+     int *nwp, *cwp;
+{
+  int ts, te, i, nw, cw, ifs_split, dflags;
+  char *token, *d, *d2;
+  WORD_LIST *ret, *tl;
+
+  if (string == 0 || *string == '\0')
+    {
+      if (nwp)
+	*nwp = 0;
+      if (cwp)
+	*cwp = 0;	
+      return ((WORD_LIST *)NULL);
+    }
+
+  d = (delims == 0) ? ifs_value : delims;
+  ifs_split = delims == 0;
+
+  /* Make d2 the non-whitespace characters in delims */
+  d2 = 0;
+  if (delims)
+    {
+      size_t slength;
+#if defined (HANDLE_MULTIBYTE)
+      size_t mblength = 1;
+#endif
+      DECLARE_MBSTATE;
+
+      slength = strlen (delims);
+      d2 = (char *)xmalloc (slength + 1);
+      i = ts = 0;
+      while (delims[i])
+	{
+#if defined (HANDLE_MULTIBYTE)
+	  mbstate_t state_bak;
+	  state_bak = state;
+	  mblength = MBRLEN (delims + i, slength, &state);
+	  if (MB_INVALIDCH (mblength))
+	    state = state_bak;
+	  else if (mblength > 1)
+	    {
+	      memcpy (d2 + ts, delims + i, mblength);
+	      ts += mblength;
+	      i += mblength;
+	      slength -= mblength;
+	      continue;
+	    }
+#endif
+	  if (whitespace (delims[i]) == 0)
+	    d2[ts++] = delims[i];
+
+	  i++;
+	  slength--;
+	}
+      d2[ts] = '\0';
+    }
+
+  ret = (WORD_LIST *)NULL;
+
+  /* Remove sequences of whitespace characters at the start of the string, as
+     long as those characters are delimiters. */
+  for (i = 0; member (string[i], d) && spctabnl (string[i]); i++)
+    ;
+  if (string[i] == '\0')
+    return (ret);
+
+  ts = i;
+  nw = 0;
+  cw = -1;
+  dflags = flags|SD_NOJMP;
+  while (1)
+    {
+      te = skip_to_delim (string, ts, d, dflags);
+
+      /* If we have a non-whitespace delimiter character, use it to make a
+	 separate field.  This is just about what $IFS splitting does and
+	 is closer to the behavior of the shell parser. */
+      if (ts == te && d2 && member (string[ts], d2))
+	{
+	  te = ts + 1;
+	  /* If we're using IFS splitting, the non-whitespace delimiter char
+	     and any additional IFS whitespace delimits a field. */
+	  if (ifs_split)
+	    while (member (string[te], d) && spctabnl (string[te]))
+	      te++;
+	  else
+	    while (member (string[te], d2))
+	      te++;
+	}
+
+      token = substring (string, ts, te);
+
+      ret = add_string_to_list (token, ret);
+      free (token);
+      nw++;
+
+      if (sentinel >= ts && sentinel <= te)
+	cw = nw;
+
+      /* If the cursor is at whitespace just before word start, set the
+	 sentinel word to the current word. */
+      if (cwp && cw == -1 && sentinel == ts-1)
+	cw = nw;
+
+      /* If the cursor is at whitespace between two words, make a new, empty
+	 word, add it before (well, after, since the list is in reverse order)
+	 the word we just added, and set the current word to that one. */
+      if (cwp && cw == -1 && sentinel < ts)
+	{
+	  tl = make_word_list (make_word (""), ret->next);
+	  ret->next = tl;
+	  cw = nw;
+	  nw++;
+	}
+
+      if (string[te] == 0)
+	break;
+
+      i = te;
+      while (member (string[i], d) && (ifs_split || spctabnl(string[i])))
+	i++;
+
+      if (string[i])
+	ts = i;
+      else
+	break;
+    }
+
+  /* Special case for SENTINEL at the end of STRING.  If we haven't found
+     the word containing SENTINEL yet, and the index we're looking for is at
+     the end of STRING (or past the end of the previously-found token,
+     possible if the end of the line is composed solely of IFS whitespace)
+     add an additional null argument and set the current word pointer to that. */
+  if (cwp && cw == -1 && (sentinel >= slen || sentinel >= te))
+    {
+      if (whitespace (string[sentinel - 1]))
+	{
+	  token = "";
+	  ret = add_string_to_list (token, ret);
+	  nw++;
+	}
+      cw = nw;
+    }
+
+  if (nwp)
+    *nwp = nw;
+  if (cwp)
+    *cwp = cw;
+
+  FREE (d2);
+
+  return (REVERSE_LIST (ret, WORD_LIST *));
+}
+#endif /* READLINE */
+
+#if 0
+/* UNUSED */
+/* Extract the name of the variable to bind to from the assignment string. */
+char *
+assignment_name (string)
+     char *string;
+{
+  int offset;
+  char *temp;
+
+  offset = assignment (string, 0);
+  if (offset == 0)
+    return (char *)NULL;
+  temp = substring (string, 0, offset);
+  return (temp);
+}
+#endif
+
+/* **************************************************************** */
+/*								    */
+/*     Functions to convert strings to WORD_LISTs and vice versa    */
+/*								    */
+/* **************************************************************** */
+
+/* Return a single string of all the words in LIST.  SEP is the separator
+   to put between individual elements of LIST in the output string. */
+char *
+string_list_internal (list, sep)
+     WORD_LIST *list;
+     char *sep;
+{
+  register WORD_LIST *t;
+  char *result, *r;
+  int word_len, sep_len, result_size;
+
+  if (list == 0)
+    return ((char *)NULL);
+
+  /* Short-circuit quickly if we don't need to separate anything. */
+  if (list->next == 0)
+    return (savestring (list->word->word));
+
+  /* This is nearly always called with either sep[0] == 0 or sep[1] == 0. */
+  sep_len = STRLEN (sep);
+  result_size = 0;
+
+  for (t = list; t; t = t->next)
+    {
+      if (t != list)
+	result_size += sep_len;
+      result_size += strlen (t->word->word);
+    }
+
+  r = result = (char *)xmalloc (result_size + 1);
+
+  for (t = list; t; t = t->next)
+    {
+      if (t != list && sep_len)
+	{
+	  if (sep_len > 1)
+	    {
+	      FASTCOPY (sep, r, sep_len);
+	      r += sep_len;
+	    }
+	  else
+	    *r++ = sep[0];
+	}
+
+      word_len = strlen (t->word->word);
+      FASTCOPY (t->word->word, r, word_len);
+      r += word_len;
+    }
+
+  *r = '\0';
+  return (result);
+}
+
+/* Return a single string of all the words present in LIST, separating
+   each word with a space. */
+char *
+string_list (list)
+     WORD_LIST *list;
+{
+  return (string_list_internal (list, " "));
+}
+
+/* An external interface that can be used by the rest of the shell to
+   obtain a string containing the first character in $IFS.  Handles all
+   the multibyte complications.  If LENP is non-null, it is set to the
+   length of the returned string. */
+char *
+ifs_firstchar (lenp)
+     int *lenp;
+{
+  char *ret;
+  int len;
+
+  ret = xmalloc (MB_LEN_MAX + 1);
+#if defined (HANDLE_MULTIBYTE)
+  if (ifs_firstc_len == 1)
+    {
+      ret[0] = ifs_firstc[0];
+      ret[1] = '\0';
+      len = ret[0] ? 1 : 0;
+    }
+  else
+    {
+      memcpy (ret, ifs_firstc, ifs_firstc_len);
+      ret[len = ifs_firstc_len] = '\0';
+    }
+#else
+  ret[0] = ifs_firstc;
+  ret[1] = '\0';
+  len = ret[0] ? 0 : 1;
+#endif
+
+  if (lenp)
+    *lenp = len;
+
+  return ret;
+}
+
+/* Return a single string of all the words present in LIST, obeying the
+   quoting rules for "$*", to wit: (P1003.2, draft 11, 3.5.2) "If the
+   expansion [of $*] appears within a double quoted string, it expands
+   to a single field with the value of each parameter separated by the
+   first character of the IFS variable, or by a  if IFS is unset." */
+char *
+string_list_dollar_star (list)
+     WORD_LIST *list;
+{
+  char *ret;
+#if defined (HANDLE_MULTIBYTE)
+#  if defined (__GNUC__)
+  char sep[MB_CUR_MAX + 1];
+#  else
+  char *sep = 0;
+#  endif
+#else
+  char sep[2];
+#endif
+
+#if defined (HANDLE_MULTIBYTE)
+#  if !defined (__GNUC__)
+  sep = (char *)xmalloc (MB_CUR_MAX + 1);
+#  endif /* !__GNUC__ */
+  if (ifs_firstc_len == 1)
+    {
+      sep[0] = ifs_firstc[0];
+      sep[1] = '\0';
+    }
+  else
+    {
+      memcpy (sep, ifs_firstc, ifs_firstc_len);
+      sep[ifs_firstc_len] = '\0';
+    }
+#else
+  sep[0] = ifs_firstc;
+  sep[1] = '\0';
+#endif
+
+  ret = string_list_internal (list, sep);
+#if defined (HANDLE_MULTIBYTE) && !defined (__GNUC__)
+  free (sep);
+#endif
+  return ret;
+}
+
+/* Turn $@ into a string.  If (quoted & (Q_HERE_DOCUMENT|Q_DOUBLE_QUOTES))
+   is non-zero, the $@ appears within double quotes, and we should quote
+   the list before converting it into a string.  If IFS is unset, and the
+   word is not quoted, we just need to quote CTLESC and CTLNUL characters
+   in the words in the list, because the default value of $IFS is
+   , IFS characters in the words in the list should
+   also be split.  If IFS is null, and the word is not quoted, we need
+   to quote the words in the list to preserve the positional parameters
+   exactly. */
+char *
+string_list_dollar_at (list, quoted)
+     WORD_LIST *list;
+     int quoted;
+{
+  char *ifs, *ret;
+#if defined (HANDLE_MULTIBYTE)
+#  if defined (__GNUC__)
+  char sep[MB_CUR_MAX + 1];
+#  else
+  char *sep = 0;
+#  endif /* !__GNUC__ */
+#else
+  char sep[2];
+#endif
+  WORD_LIST *tlist;
+
+  /* XXX this could just be ifs = ifs_value; */
+  ifs = ifs_var ? value_cell (ifs_var) : (char *)0;
+
+#if defined (HANDLE_MULTIBYTE)
+#  if !defined (__GNUC__)
+  sep = (char *)xmalloc (MB_CUR_MAX + 1);
+#  endif /* !__GNUC__ */
+  if (ifs && *ifs)
+    {
+      if (ifs_firstc_len == 1)
+	{
+	  sep[0] = ifs_firstc[0];
+	  sep[1] = '\0';
+	}
+      else
+	{
+	  memcpy (sep, ifs_firstc, ifs_firstc_len);
+	  sep[ifs_firstc_len] = '\0';
+	}
+    }
+  else
+    {
+      sep[0] = ' ';
+      sep[1] = '\0';
+    }
+#else
+  sep[0] = (ifs == 0 || *ifs == 0) ? ' ' : *ifs;
+  sep[1] = '\0';
+#endif
+
+  /* XXX -- why call quote_list if ifs == 0?  we can get away without doing
+     it now that quote_escapes quotes spaces */
+  tlist = (quoted & (Q_HERE_DOCUMENT|Q_DOUBLE_QUOTES|Q_PATQUOTE))
+		? quote_list (list)
+		: list_quote_escapes (list);
+
+  ret = string_list_internal (tlist, sep);
+#if defined (HANDLE_MULTIBYTE) && !defined (__GNUC__)
+  free (sep);
+#endif
+  return ret;
+}
+
+/* Turn the positional parameters into a string, understanding quoting and
+   the various subtleties of using the first character of $IFS as the
+   separator.  Calls string_list_dollar_at, string_list_dollar_star, and
+   string_list as appropriate. */
+char *
+string_list_pos_params (pchar, list, quoted)
+     int pchar;
+     WORD_LIST *list;
+     int quoted;
+{
+  char *ret;
+  WORD_LIST *tlist;
+
+  if (pchar == '*' && (quoted & Q_DOUBLE_QUOTES))
+    {
+      tlist = quote_list (list);
+      word_list_remove_quoted_nulls (tlist);
+      ret = string_list_dollar_star (tlist);
+    }
+  else if (pchar == '*' && (quoted & Q_HERE_DOCUMENT))
+    {
+      tlist = quote_list (list);
+      word_list_remove_quoted_nulls (tlist);
+      ret = string_list (tlist);
+    }
+  else if (pchar == '*')
+    {
+      /* Even when unquoted, string_list_dollar_star does the right thing
+	 making sure that the first character of $IFS is used as the
+	 separator. */
+      ret = string_list_dollar_star (list);
+    }
+  else if (pchar == '@' && (quoted & (Q_HERE_DOCUMENT|Q_DOUBLE_QUOTES)))
+    /* We use string_list_dollar_at, but only if the string is quoted, since
+       that quotes the escapes if it's not, which we don't want.  We could
+       use string_list (the old code did), but that doesn't do the right
+       thing if the first character of $IFS is not a space.  We use
+       string_list_dollar_star if the string is unquoted so we make sure that
+       the elements of $@ are separated by the first character of $IFS for
+       later splitting. */
+    ret = string_list_dollar_at (list, quoted);
+  else if (pchar == '@')
+    ret = string_list_dollar_star (list);
+  else
+    ret = string_list ((quoted & (Q_HERE_DOCUMENT|Q_DOUBLE_QUOTES)) ? quote_list (list) : list);
+
+  return ret;
+}
+
+/* Return the list of words present in STRING.  Separate the string into
+   words at any of the characters found in SEPARATORS.  If QUOTED is
+   non-zero then word in the list will have its quoted flag set, otherwise
+   the quoted flag is left as make_word () deemed fit.
+
+   This obeys the P1003.2 word splitting semantics.  If `separators' is
+   exactly , then the splitting algorithm is that of
+   the Bourne shell, which treats any sequence of characters from `separators'
+   as a delimiter.  If IFS is unset, which results in `separators' being set
+   to "", no splitting occurs.  If separators has some other value, the
+   following rules are applied (`IFS white space' means zero or more
+   occurrences of , , or , as long as those characters
+   are in `separators'):
+
+	1) IFS white space is ignored at the start and the end of the
+	   string.
+	2) Each occurrence of a character in `separators' that is not
+	   IFS white space, along with any adjacent occurrences of
+	   IFS white space delimits a field.
+	3) Any nonzero-length sequence of IFS white space delimits a field.
+   */
+
+/* BEWARE!  list_string strips null arguments.  Don't call it twice and
+   expect to have "" preserved! */
+
+/* This performs word splitting and quoted null character removal on
+   STRING. */
+#define issep(c) \
+	(((separators)[0]) ? ((separators)[1] ? isifs(c) \
+					      : (c) == (separators)[0]) \
+			   : 0)
+
+WORD_LIST *
+list_string (string, separators, quoted)
+     register char *string, *separators;
+     int quoted;
+{
+  WORD_LIST *result;
+  WORD_DESC *t;
+  char *current_word, *s;
+  int sindex, sh_style_split, whitesep, xflags;
+  size_t slen;
+
+  if (!string || !*string)
+    return ((WORD_LIST *)NULL);
+
+  sh_style_split = separators && separators[0] == ' ' &&
+				 separators[1] == '\t' &&
+				 separators[2] == '\n' &&
+				 separators[3] == '\0';
+  for (xflags = 0, s = ifs_value; s && *s; s++)
+    {
+      if (*s == CTLESC) xflags |= SX_NOCTLESC;
+      else if (*s == CTLNUL) xflags |= SX_NOESCCTLNUL;
+    }
+
+  slen = 0;
+  /* Remove sequences of whitespace at the beginning of STRING, as
+     long as those characters appear in IFS.  Do not do this if
+     STRING is quoted or if there are no separator characters. */
+  if (!quoted || !separators || !*separators)
+    {
+      for (s = string; *s && spctabnl (*s) && issep (*s); s++);
+
+      if (!*s)
+	return ((WORD_LIST *)NULL);
+
+      string = s;
+    }
+
+  /* OK, now STRING points to a word that does not begin with white space.
+     The splitting algorithm is:
+	extract a word, stopping at a separator
+	skip sequences of spc, tab, or nl as long as they are separators
+     This obeys the field splitting rules in Posix.2. */
+  slen = (MB_CUR_MAX > 1) ? strlen (string) : 1;
+  for (result = (WORD_LIST *)NULL, sindex = 0; string[sindex]; )
+    {
+      /* Don't need string length in ADVANCE_CHAR or string_extract_verbatim
+	 unless multibyte chars are possible. */
+      current_word = string_extract_verbatim (string, slen, &sindex, separators, xflags);
+      if (current_word == 0)
+	break;
+
+      /* If we have a quoted empty string, add a quoted null argument.  We
+	 want to preserve the quoted null character iff this is a quoted
+	 empty string; otherwise the quoted null characters are removed
+	 below. */
+      if (QUOTED_NULL (current_word))
+	{
+	  t = alloc_word_desc ();
+	  t->word = make_quoted_char ('\0');
+	  t->flags |= W_QUOTED|W_HASQUOTEDNULL;
+	  result = make_word_list (t, result);
+	}
+      else if (current_word[0] != '\0')
+	{
+	  /* If we have something, then add it regardless.  However,
+	     perform quoted null character removal on the current word. */
+	  remove_quoted_nulls (current_word);
+	  result = add_string_to_list (current_word, result);
+	  result->word->flags &= ~W_HASQUOTEDNULL;	/* just to be sure */
+	  if (quoted & (Q_DOUBLE_QUOTES|Q_HERE_DOCUMENT))
+	    result->word->flags |= W_QUOTED;
+	}
+
+      /* If we're not doing sequences of separators in the traditional
+	 Bourne shell style, then add a quoted null argument. */
+      else if (!sh_style_split && !spctabnl (string[sindex]))
+	{
+	  t = alloc_word_desc ();
+	  t->word = make_quoted_char ('\0');
+	  t->flags |= W_QUOTED|W_HASQUOTEDNULL;
+	  result = make_word_list (t, result);
+	}
+
+      free (current_word);
+
+      /* Note whether or not the separator is IFS whitespace, used later. */
+      whitesep = string[sindex] && spctabnl (string[sindex]);
+
+      /* Move past the current separator character. */
+      if (string[sindex])
+	{
+	  DECLARE_MBSTATE;
+	  ADVANCE_CHAR (string, slen, sindex);
+	}
+
+      /* Now skip sequences of space, tab, or newline characters if they are
+	 in the list of separators. */
+      while (string[sindex] && spctabnl (string[sindex]) && issep (string[sindex]))
+	sindex++;
+
+      /* If the first separator was IFS whitespace and the current character
+	 is a non-whitespace IFS character, it should be part of the current
+	 field delimiter, not a separate delimiter that would result in an
+	 empty field.  Look at POSIX.2, 3.6.5, (3)(b). */
+      if (string[sindex] && whitesep && issep (string[sindex]) && !spctabnl (string[sindex]))
+	{
+	  sindex++;
+	  /* An IFS character that is not IFS white space, along with any
+	     adjacent IFS white space, shall delimit a field. (SUSv3) */
+	  while (string[sindex] && spctabnl (string[sindex]) && isifs (string[sindex]))
+	    sindex++;
+	}
+    }
+  return (REVERSE_LIST (result, WORD_LIST *));
+}
+
+/* Parse a single word from STRING, using SEPARATORS to separate fields.
+   ENDPTR is set to the first character after the word.  This is used by
+   the `read' builtin.  This is never called with SEPARATORS != $IFS;
+   it should be simplified.
+
+   XXX - this function is very similar to list_string; they should be
+	 combined - XXX */
+char *
+get_word_from_string (stringp, separators, endptr)
+     char **stringp, *separators, **endptr;
+{
+  register char *s;
+  char *current_word;
+  int sindex, sh_style_split, whitesep, xflags;
+  size_t slen;
+
+  if (!stringp || !*stringp || !**stringp)
+    return ((char *)NULL);
+
+  sh_style_split = separators && separators[0] == ' ' &&
+				 separators[1] == '\t' &&
+				 separators[2] == '\n' &&
+				 separators[3] == '\0';
+  for (xflags = 0, s = ifs_value; s && *s; s++)
+    {
+      if (*s == CTLESC) xflags |= SX_NOCTLESC;
+      if (*s == CTLNUL) xflags |= SX_NOESCCTLNUL;
+    }
+
+  s = *stringp;
+  slen = 0;
+
+  /* Remove sequences of whitespace at the beginning of STRING, as
+     long as those characters appear in IFS. */
+  if (sh_style_split || !separators || !*separators)
+    {
+      for (; *s && spctabnl (*s) && isifs (*s); s++);
+
+      /* If the string is nothing but whitespace, update it and return. */
+      if (!*s)
+	{
+	  *stringp = s;
+	  if (endptr)
+	    *endptr = s;
+	  return ((char *)NULL);
+	}
+    }
+
+  /* OK, S points to a word that does not begin with white space.
+     Now extract a word, stopping at a separator, save a pointer to
+     the first character after the word, then skip sequences of spc,
+     tab, or nl as long as they are separators.
+
+     This obeys the field splitting rules in Posix.2. */
+  sindex = 0;
+  /* Don't need string length in ADVANCE_CHAR or string_extract_verbatim
+     unless multibyte chars are possible. */
+  slen = (MB_CUR_MAX > 1) ? strlen (s) : 1;
+  current_word = string_extract_verbatim (s, slen, &sindex, separators, xflags);
+
+  /* Set ENDPTR to the first character after the end of the word. */
+  if (endptr)
+    *endptr = s + sindex;
+
+  /* Note whether or not the separator is IFS whitespace, used later. */
+  whitesep = s[sindex] && spctabnl (s[sindex]);
+
+  /* Move past the current separator character. */
+  if (s[sindex])
+    {
+      DECLARE_MBSTATE;
+      ADVANCE_CHAR (s, slen, sindex);
+    }
+
+  /* Now skip sequences of space, tab, or newline characters if they are
+     in the list of separators. */
+  while (s[sindex] && spctabnl (s[sindex]) && isifs (s[sindex]))
+    sindex++;
+
+  /* If the first separator was IFS whitespace and the current character is
+     a non-whitespace IFS character, it should be part of the current field
+     delimiter, not a separate delimiter that would result in an empty field.
+     Look at POSIX.2, 3.6.5, (3)(b). */
+  if (s[sindex] && whitesep && isifs (s[sindex]) && !spctabnl (s[sindex]))
+    {
+      sindex++;
+      /* An IFS character that is not IFS white space, along with any adjacent
+	 IFS white space, shall delimit a field. */
+      while (s[sindex] && spctabnl (s[sindex]) && isifs (s[sindex]))
+	sindex++;
+    }
+
+  /* Update STRING to point to the next field. */
+  *stringp = s + sindex;
+  return (current_word);
+}
+
+/* Remove IFS white space at the end of STRING.  Start at the end
+   of the string and walk backwards until the beginning of the string
+   or we find a character that's not IFS white space and not CTLESC.
+   Only let CTLESC escape a white space character if SAW_ESCAPE is
+   non-zero.  */
+char *
+strip_trailing_ifs_whitespace (string, separators, saw_escape)
+     char *string, *separators;
+     int saw_escape;
+{
+  char *s;
+
+  s = string + STRLEN (string) - 1;
+  while (s > string && ((spctabnl (*s) && isifs (*s)) ||
+			(saw_escape && *s == CTLESC && spctabnl (s[1]))))
+    s--;
+  *++s = '\0';
+  return string;
+}
+
+#if 0
+/* UNUSED */
+/* Split STRING into words at whitespace.  Obeys shell-style quoting with
+   backslashes, single and double quotes. */
+WORD_LIST *
+list_string_with_quotes (string)
+     char *string;
+{
+  WORD_LIST *list;
+  char *token, *s;
+  size_t s_len;
+  int c, i, tokstart, len;
+
+  for (s = string; s && *s && spctabnl (*s); s++)
+    ;
+  if (s == 0 || *s == 0)
+    return ((WORD_LIST *)NULL);
+
+  s_len = strlen (s);
+  tokstart = i = 0;
+  list = (WORD_LIST *)NULL;
+  while (1)
+    {
+      c = s[i];
+      if (c == '\\')
+	{
+	  i++;
+	  if (s[i])
+	    i++;
+	}
+      else if (c == '\'')
+	i = skip_single_quoted (s, s_len, ++i);
+      else if (c == '"')
+	i = skip_double_quoted (s, s_len, ++i);
+      else if (c == 0 || spctabnl (c))
+	{
+	  /* We have found the end of a token.  Make a word out of it and
+	     add it to the word list. */
+	  token = substring (s, tokstart, i);
+	  list = add_string_to_list (token, list);
+	  free (token);
+	  while (spctabnl (s[i]))
+	    i++;
+	  if (s[i])
+	    tokstart = i;
+	  else
+	    break;
+	}
+      else
+	i++;	/* normal character */
+    }
+  return (REVERSE_LIST (list, WORD_LIST *));
+}
+#endif
+
+/********************************************************/
+/*							*/
+/*	Functions to perform assignment statements	*/
+/*							*/
+/********************************************************/
+
+#if defined (ARRAY_VARS)
+static SHELL_VAR *
+do_compound_assignment (name, value, flags)
+     char *name, *value;
+     int flags;
+{
+  SHELL_VAR *v;
+  int mklocal, mkassoc, mkglobal;
+  WORD_LIST *list;
+
+  mklocal = flags & ASS_MKLOCAL;
+  mkassoc = flags & ASS_MKASSOC;
+  mkglobal = flags & ASS_MKGLOBAL;
+
+  if (mklocal && variable_context)
+    {
+      v = find_variable (name);
+      list = expand_compound_array_assignment (v, value, flags);
+      if (mkassoc)
+	v = make_local_assoc_variable (name);
+      else if (v == 0 || (array_p (v) == 0 && assoc_p (v) == 0) || v->context != variable_context)
+        v = make_local_array_variable (name, 0);
+      if (v)
+	assign_compound_array_list (v, list, flags);
+    }
+  /* In a function but forcing assignment in global context */
+  else if (mkglobal && variable_context)
+    {
+      v = find_global_variable (name);
+      list = expand_compound_array_assignment (v, value, flags);
+      if (v == 0 && mkassoc)
+	v = make_new_assoc_variable (name);
+      else if (v && mkassoc && assoc_p (v) == 0)
+	v = convert_var_to_assoc (v);
+      else if (v == 0)
+	v = make_new_array_variable (name);
+      else if (v && mkassoc == 0 && array_p (v) == 0)
+	v = convert_var_to_array (v);
+      if (v)
+	assign_compound_array_list (v, list, flags);
+    }
+  else
+    v = assign_array_from_string (name, value, flags);
+
+  return (v);
+}
+#endif
+
+/* Given STRING, an assignment string, get the value of the right side
+   of the `=', and bind it to the left side.  If EXPAND is true, then
+   perform parameter expansion, command substitution, and arithmetic
+   expansion on the right-hand side.  Perform tilde expansion in any
+   case.  Do not perform word splitting on the result of expansion. */
+static int
+do_assignment_internal (word, expand)
+     const WORD_DESC *word;
+     int expand;
+{
+  int offset, appendop, assign_list, aflags, retval;
+  char *name, *value, *temp;
+  SHELL_VAR *entry;
+#if defined (ARRAY_VARS)
+  char *t;
+  int ni;
+#endif
+  const char *string;
+
+  if (word == 0 || word->word == 0)
+    return 0;
+
+  appendop = assign_list = aflags = 0;
+  string = word->word;
+  offset = assignment (string, 0);
+  name = savestring (string);
+  value = (char *)NULL;
+
+  if (name[offset] == '=')
+    {
+      if (name[offset - 1] == '+')
+	{
+	  appendop = 1;
+	  name[offset - 1] = '\0';
+	}
+
+      name[offset] = 0;		/* might need this set later */
+      temp = name + offset + 1;
+
+#if defined (ARRAY_VARS)
+      if (expand && (word->flags & W_COMPASSIGN))
+	{
+	  assign_list = ni = 1;
+	  value = extract_array_assignment_list (temp, &ni);
+	}
+      else
+#endif
+      if (expand && temp[0])
+	value = expand_string_if_necessary (temp, 0, expand_string_assignment);
+      else
+	value = savestring (temp);
+    }
+
+  if (value == 0)
+    {
+      value = (char *)xmalloc (1);
+      value[0] = '\0';
+    }
+
+  if (echo_command_at_execute)
+    {
+      if (appendop)
+	name[offset - 1] = '+';
+      xtrace_print_assignment (name, value, assign_list, 1);
+      if (appendop)
+	name[offset - 1] = '\0';
+    }
+
+#define ASSIGN_RETURN(r)	do { FREE (value); free (name); return (r); } while (0)
+
+  if (appendop)
+    aflags |= ASS_APPEND;
+
+#if defined (ARRAY_VARS)
+  if (t = mbschr (name, '['))	/*]*/
+    {
+      if (assign_list)
+	{
+	  report_error (_("%s: cannot assign list to array member"), name);
+	  ASSIGN_RETURN (0);
+	}
+      entry = assign_array_element (name, value, aflags);
+      if (entry == 0)
+	ASSIGN_RETURN (0);
+    }
+  else if (assign_list)
+    {
+      if ((word->flags & W_ASSIGNARG) && (word->flags & W_ASSNGLOBAL) == 0)
+	aflags |= ASS_MKLOCAL;
+      if ((word->flags & W_ASSIGNARG) && (word->flags & W_ASSNGLOBAL))
+	aflags |= ASS_MKGLOBAL;
+      if (word->flags & W_ASSIGNASSOC)
+	aflags |= ASS_MKASSOC;
+      entry = do_compound_assignment (name, value, aflags);
+    }
+  else
+#endif /* ARRAY_VARS */
+  entry = bind_variable (name, value, aflags);
+
+  stupidly_hack_special_variables (name);
+
+  /* Return 1 if the assignment seems to have been performed correctly. */
+  if (entry == 0 || readonly_p (entry))
+    retval = 0;		/* assignment failure */
+  else if (noassign_p (entry))
+    {
+      last_command_exit_value = EXECUTION_FAILURE;
+      retval = 1;	/* error status, but not assignment failure */
+    }
+  else
+    retval = 1;
+
+  if (entry && retval != 0 && noassign_p (entry) == 0)
+    VUNSETATTR (entry, att_invisible);
+
+  ASSIGN_RETURN (retval);
+}
+
+/* Perform the assignment statement in STRING, and expand the
+   right side by doing tilde, command and parameter expansion. */
+int
+do_assignment (string)
+     char *string;
+{
+  WORD_DESC td;
+
+  td.flags = W_ASSIGNMENT;
+  td.word = string;
+
+  return do_assignment_internal (&td, 1);
+}
+
+int
+do_word_assignment (word, flags)
+     WORD_DESC *word;
+     int flags;
+{
+  return do_assignment_internal (word, 1);
+}
+
+/* Given STRING, an assignment string, get the value of the right side
+   of the `=', and bind it to the left side.  Do not perform any word
+   expansions on the right hand side. */
+int
+do_assignment_no_expand (string)
+     char *string;
+{
+  WORD_DESC td;
+
+  td.flags = W_ASSIGNMENT;
+  td.word = string;
+
+  return (do_assignment_internal (&td, 0));
+}
+
+/***************************************************
+ *						   *
+ *  Functions to manage the positional parameters  *
+ *						   *
+ ***************************************************/
+
+/* Return the word list that corresponds to `$*'. */
+WORD_LIST *
+list_rest_of_args ()
+{
+  register WORD_LIST *list, *args;
+  int i;
+
+  /* Break out of the loop as soon as one of the dollar variables is null. */
+  for (i = 1, list = (WORD_LIST *)NULL; i < 10 && dollar_vars[i]; i++)
+    list = make_word_list (make_bare_word (dollar_vars[i]), list);
+
+  for (args = rest_of_args; args; args = args->next)
+    list = make_word_list (make_bare_word (args->word->word), list);
+
+  return (REVERSE_LIST (list, WORD_LIST *));
+}
+
+int
+number_of_args ()
+{
+  register WORD_LIST *list;
+  int n;
+
+  for (n = 0; n < 9 && dollar_vars[n+1]; n++)
+    ;
+  for (list = rest_of_args; list; list = list->next)
+    n++;
+  return n;
+}
+
+/* Return the value of a positional parameter.  This handles values > 10. */
+char *
+get_dollar_var_value (ind)
+     intmax_t ind;
+{
+  char *temp;
+  WORD_LIST *p;
+
+  if (ind < 10)
+    temp = dollar_vars[ind] ? savestring (dollar_vars[ind]) : (char *)NULL;
+  else	/* We want something like ${11} */
+    {
+      ind -= 10;
+      for (p = rest_of_args; p && ind--; p = p->next)
+	;
+      temp = p ? savestring (p->word->word) : (char *)NULL;
+    }
+  return (temp);
+}
+
+/* Make a single large string out of the dollar digit variables,
+   and the rest_of_args.  If DOLLAR_STAR is 1, then obey the special
+   case of "$*" with respect to IFS. */
+char *
+string_rest_of_args (dollar_star)
+     int dollar_star;
+{
+  register WORD_LIST *list;
+  char *string;
+
+  list = list_rest_of_args ();
+  string = dollar_star ? string_list_dollar_star (list) : string_list (list);
+  dispose_words (list);
+  return (string);
+}
+
+/* Return a string containing the positional parameters from START to
+   END, inclusive.  If STRING[0] == '*', we obey the rules for $*,
+   which only makes a difference if QUOTED is non-zero.  If QUOTED includes
+   Q_HERE_DOCUMENT or Q_DOUBLE_QUOTES, this returns a quoted list, otherwise
+   no quoting chars are added. */
+static char *
+pos_params (string, start, end, quoted)
+     char *string;
+     int start, end, quoted;
+{
+  WORD_LIST *save, *params, *h, *t;
+  char *ret;
+  int i;
+
+  /* see if we can short-circuit.  if start == end, we want 0 parameters. */
+  if (start == end)
+    return ((char *)NULL);
+
+  save = params = list_rest_of_args ();
+  if (save == 0)
+    return ((char *)NULL);
+
+  if (start == 0)		/* handle ${@:0[:x]} specially */
+    {
+      t = make_word_list (make_word (dollar_vars[0]), params);
+      save = params = t;
+    }
+
+  for (i = start ? 1 : 0; params && i < start; i++)
+    params = params->next;
+  if (params == 0)
+    return ((char *)NULL);
+  for (h = t = params; params && i < end; i++)
+    {
+      t = params;
+      params = params->next;
+    }
+
+  t->next = (WORD_LIST *)NULL;
+
+  ret = string_list_pos_params (string[0], h, quoted);
+
+  if (t != params)
+    t->next = params;
+
+  dispose_words (save);
+  return (ret);
+}
+
+/******************************************************************/
+/*								  */
+/*	Functions to expand strings to strings or WORD_LISTs      */
+/*								  */
+/******************************************************************/
+
+#if defined (PROCESS_SUBSTITUTION)
+#define EXP_CHAR(s) (s == '$' || s == '`' || s == '<' || s == '>' || s == CTLESC || s == '~')
+#else
+#define EXP_CHAR(s) (s == '$' || s == '`' || s == CTLESC || s == '~')
+#endif
+
+/* If there are any characters in STRING that require full expansion,
+   then call FUNC to expand STRING; otherwise just perform quote
+   removal if necessary.  This returns a new string. */
+static char *
+expand_string_if_necessary (string, quoted, func)
+     char *string;
+     int quoted;
+     EXPFUNC *func;
+{
+  WORD_LIST *list;
+  size_t slen;
+  int i, saw_quote;
+  char *ret;
+  DECLARE_MBSTATE;
+
+  /* Don't need string length for ADVANCE_CHAR unless multibyte chars possible. */
+  slen = (MB_CUR_MAX > 1) ? strlen (string) : 0;
+  i = saw_quote = 0;
+  while (string[i])
+    {
+      if (EXP_CHAR (string[i]))
+	break;
+      else if (string[i] == '\'' || string[i] == '\\' || string[i] == '"')
+	saw_quote = 1;
+      ADVANCE_CHAR (string, slen, i);
+    }
+
+  if (string[i])
+    {
+      list = (*func) (string, quoted);
+      if (list)
+	{
+	  ret = string_list (list);
+	  dispose_words (list);
+	}
+      else
+	ret = (char *)NULL;
+    }
+  else if (saw_quote && ((quoted & (Q_HERE_DOCUMENT|Q_DOUBLE_QUOTES)) == 0))
+    ret = string_quote_removal (string, quoted);
+  else
+    ret = savestring (string);
+
+  return ret;
+}
+
+static inline char *
+expand_string_to_string_internal (string, quoted, func)
+     char *string;
+     int quoted;
+     EXPFUNC *func;
+{
+  WORD_LIST *list;
+  char *ret;
+
+  if (string == 0 || *string == '\0')
+    return ((char *)NULL);
+
+  list = (*func) (string, quoted);
+  if (list)
+    {
+      ret = string_list (list);
+      dispose_words (list);
+    }
+  else
+    ret = (char *)NULL;
+
+  return (ret);
+}
+
+char *
+expand_string_to_string (string, quoted)
+     char *string;
+     int quoted;
+{
+  return (expand_string_to_string_internal (string, quoted, expand_string));
+}
+
+char *
+expand_string_unsplit_to_string (string, quoted)
+     char *string;
+     int quoted;
+{
+  return (expand_string_to_string_internal (string, quoted, expand_string_unsplit));
+}
+
+char *
+expand_assignment_string_to_string (string, quoted)
+     char *string;
+     int quoted;
+{
+  return (expand_string_to_string_internal (string, quoted, expand_string_assignment));
+}
+
+char *
+expand_arith_string (string, quoted)
+     char *string;
+     int quoted;
+{
+  WORD_DESC td;
+  WORD_LIST *list, *tlist;
+  size_t slen;
+  int i, saw_quote;
+  char *ret;
+  DECLARE_MBSTATE;
+
+  /* Don't need string length for ADVANCE_CHAR unless multibyte chars possible. */
+  slen = (MB_CUR_MAX > 1) ? strlen (string) : 0;
+  i = saw_quote = 0;
+  while (string[i])
+    {
+      if (EXP_CHAR (string[i]))
+	break;
+      else if (string[i] == '\'' || string[i] == '\\' || string[i] == '"')
+	saw_quote = 1;
+      ADVANCE_CHAR (string, slen, i);
+    }
+
+  if (string[i])
+    {
+      /* This is expanded version of expand_string_internal as it's called by
+	 expand_string_leave_quoted  */
+      td.flags = W_NOPROCSUB;	/* don't want process substitution */
+      td.word = savestring (string);
+      list = call_expand_word_internal (&td, quoted, 0, (int *)NULL, (int *)NULL);
+      /* This takes care of the calls from expand_string_leave_quoted and
+	 expand_string */
+      if (list)
+	{
+	  tlist = word_list_split (list);
+	  dispose_words (list);
+	  list = tlist;
+	  if (list)
+	    dequote_list (list);
+	}
+      /* This comes from expand_string_if_necessary */
+      if (list)
+	{
+	  ret = string_list (list);
+	  dispose_words (list);
+	}
+      else
+	ret = (char *)NULL;
+      FREE (td.word);
+    }
+  else if (saw_quote && ((quoted & (Q_HERE_DOCUMENT|Q_DOUBLE_QUOTES)) == 0))
+    ret = string_quote_removal (string, quoted);
+  else
+    ret = savestring (string);
+
+  return ret;
+}
+
+#if defined (COND_COMMAND)
+/* Just remove backslashes in STRING.  Returns a new string. */
+char *
+remove_backslashes (string)
+     char *string;
+{
+  char *r, *ret, *s;
+
+  r = ret = (char *)xmalloc (strlen (string) + 1);
+  for (s = string; s && *s; )
+    {
+      if (*s == '\\')
+	s++;
+      if (*s == 0)
+	break;
+      *r++ = *s++;
+    }
+  *r = '\0';
+  return ret;
+}
+
+/* This needs better error handling. */
+/* Expand W for use as an argument to a unary or binary operator in a
+   [[...]] expression.  If SPECIAL is 1, this is the rhs argument
+   to the != or == operator, and should be treated as a pattern.  In
+   this case, we quote the string specially for the globbing code.  If
+   SPECIAL is 2, this is an rhs argument for the =~ operator, and should
+   be quoted appropriately for regcomp/regexec.  The caller is responsible
+   for removing the backslashes if the unquoted word is needed later. */   
+char *
+cond_expand_word (w, special)
+     WORD_DESC *w;
+     int special;
+{
+  char *r, *p;
+  WORD_LIST *l;
+  int qflags;
+
+  if (w->word == 0 || w->word[0] == '\0')
+    return ((char *)NULL);
+
+  w->flags |= W_NOSPLIT2;
+  l = call_expand_word_internal (w, 0, 0, (int *)0, (int *)0);
+  if (l)
+    {
+      if (special == 0)
+	{
+	  dequote_list (l);
+	  r = string_list (l);
+	}
+      else
+	{
+	  qflags = QGLOB_CVTNULL;
+	  if (special == 2)
+	    qflags |= QGLOB_REGEXP;
+	  p = string_list (l);
+	  r = quote_string_for_globbing (p, qflags);
+	  free (p);
+	}
+      dispose_words (l);
+    }
+  else
+    r = (char *)NULL;
+
+  return r;
+}
+#endif
+
+/* Call expand_word_internal to expand W and handle error returns.
+   A convenience function for functions that don't want to handle
+   any errors or free any memory before aborting. */
+static WORD_LIST *
+call_expand_word_internal (w, q, i, c, e)
+     WORD_DESC *w;
+     int q, i, *c, *e;
+{
+  WORD_LIST *result;
+
+  result = expand_word_internal (w, q, i, c, e);
+  if (result == &expand_word_error || result == &expand_word_fatal)
+    {
+      /* By convention, each time this error is returned, w->word has
+	 already been freed (it sometimes may not be in the fatal case,
+	 but that doesn't result in a memory leak because we're going
+	 to exit in most cases). */
+      w->word = (char *)NULL;
+      last_command_exit_value = EXECUTION_FAILURE;
+      exp_jump_to_top_level ((result == &expand_word_error) ? DISCARD : FORCE_EOF);
+      /* NOTREACHED */
+      return (NULL);
+    }
+  else
+    return (result);
+}
+
+/* Perform parameter expansion, command substitution, and arithmetic
+   expansion on STRING, as if it were a word.  Leave the result quoted.
+   Since this does not perform word splitting, it leaves quoted nulls
+   in the result.  */
+static WORD_LIST *
+expand_string_internal (string, quoted)
+     char *string;
+     int quoted;
+{
+  WORD_DESC td;
+  WORD_LIST *tresult;
+
+  if (string == 0 || *string == 0)
+    return ((WORD_LIST *)NULL);
+
+  td.flags = 0;
+  td.word = savestring (string);
+
+  tresult = call_expand_word_internal (&td, quoted, 0, (int *)NULL, (int *)NULL);
+
+  FREE (td.word);
+  return (tresult);
+}
+
+/* Expand STRING by performing parameter expansion, command substitution,
+   and arithmetic expansion.  Dequote the resulting WORD_LIST before
+   returning it, but do not perform word splitting.  The call to
+   remove_quoted_nulls () is in here because word splitting normally
+   takes care of quote removal. */
+WORD_LIST *
+expand_string_unsplit (string, quoted)
+     char *string;
+     int quoted;
+{
+  WORD_LIST *value;
+
+  if (string == 0 || *string == '\0')
+    return ((WORD_LIST *)NULL);
+
+  expand_no_split_dollar_star = 1;
+  value = expand_string_internal (string, quoted);
+  expand_no_split_dollar_star = 0;
+
+  if (value)
+    {
+      if (value->word)
+	{
+	  remove_quoted_nulls (value->word->word);
+	  value->word->flags &= ~W_HASQUOTEDNULL;
+	}
+      dequote_list (value);
+    }
+  return (value);
+}
+
+/* Expand the rhs of an assignment statement */
+WORD_LIST *
+expand_string_assignment (string, quoted)
+     char *string;
+     int quoted;
+{
+  WORD_DESC td;
+  WORD_LIST *value;
+
+  if (string == 0 || *string == '\0')
+    return ((WORD_LIST *)NULL);
+
+  expand_no_split_dollar_star = 1;
+
+  td.flags = W_ASSIGNRHS;
+  td.word = savestring (string);
+  value = call_expand_word_internal (&td, quoted, 0, (int *)NULL, (int *)NULL);
+  FREE (td.word);
+
+  expand_no_split_dollar_star = 0;
+
+  if (value)
+    {
+      if (value->word)
+	{
+	  remove_quoted_nulls (value->word->word);
+	  value->word->flags &= ~W_HASQUOTEDNULL;
+	}
+      dequote_list (value);
+    }
+  return (value);
+}
+
+
+/* Expand one of the PS? prompt strings. This is a sort of combination of
+   expand_string_unsplit and expand_string_internal, but returns the
+   passed string when an error occurs.  Might want to trap other calls
+   to jump_to_top_level here so we don't endlessly loop. */
+WORD_LIST *
+expand_prompt_string (string, quoted, wflags)
+     char *string;
+     int quoted;
+     int wflags;
+{
+  WORD_LIST *value;
+  WORD_DESC td;
+
+  if (string == 0 || *string == 0)
+    return ((WORD_LIST *)NULL);
+
+  td.flags = wflags;
+  td.word = savestring (string);
+
+  no_longjmp_on_fatal_error = 1;
+  value = expand_word_internal (&td, quoted, 0, (int *)NULL, (int *)NULL);
+  no_longjmp_on_fatal_error = 0;
+
+  if (value == &expand_word_error || value == &expand_word_fatal)
+    {
+      value = make_word_list (make_bare_word (string), (WORD_LIST *)NULL);
+      return value;
+    }
+  FREE (td.word);
+  if (value)
+    {
+      if (value->word)
+	{
+	  remove_quoted_nulls (value->word->word);
+	  value->word->flags &= ~W_HASQUOTEDNULL;
+	}
+      dequote_list (value);
+    }
+  return (value);
+}
+
+/* Expand STRING just as if you were expanding a word, but do not dequote
+   the resultant WORD_LIST.  This is called only from within this file,
+   and is used to correctly preserve quoted characters when expanding
+   things like ${1+"$@"}.  This does parameter expansion, command
+   substitution, arithmetic expansion, and word splitting. */
+static WORD_LIST *
+expand_string_leave_quoted (string, quoted)
+     char *string;
+     int quoted;
+{
+  WORD_LIST *tlist;
+  WORD_LIST *tresult;
+
+  if (string == 0 || *string == '\0')
+    return ((WORD_LIST *)NULL);
+
+  tlist = expand_string_internal (string, quoted);
+
+  if (tlist)
+    {
+      tresult = word_list_split (tlist);
+      dispose_words (tlist);
+      return (tresult);
+    }
+  return ((WORD_LIST *)NULL);
+}
+
+/* This does not perform word splitting or dequote the WORD_LIST
+   it returns. */
+static WORD_LIST *
+expand_string_for_rhs (string, quoted, dollar_at_p, has_dollar_at)
+     char *string;
+     int quoted, *dollar_at_p, *has_dollar_at;
+{
+  WORD_DESC td;
+  WORD_LIST *tresult;
+
+  if (string == 0 || *string == '\0')
+    return (WORD_LIST *)NULL;
+
+  td.flags = W_NOSPLIT2;		/* no splitting, remove "" and '' */
+  td.word = string;
+  tresult = call_expand_word_internal (&td, quoted, 1, dollar_at_p, has_dollar_at);
+  return (tresult);
+}
+
+/* Expand STRING just as if you were expanding a word.  This also returns
+   a list of words.  Note that filename globbing is *NOT* done for word
+   or string expansion, just when the shell is expanding a command.  This
+   does parameter expansion, command substitution, arithmetic expansion,
+   and word splitting.  Dequote the resultant WORD_LIST before returning. */
+WORD_LIST *
+expand_string (string, quoted)
+     char *string;
+     int quoted;
+{
+  WORD_LIST *result;
+
+  if (string == 0 || *string == '\0')
+    return ((WORD_LIST *)NULL);
+
+  result = expand_string_leave_quoted (string, quoted);
+  return (result ? dequote_list (result) : result);
+}
+
+/***************************************************
+ *						   *
+ *	Functions to handle quoting chars	   *
+ *						   *
+ ***************************************************/
+
+/* Conventions:
+
+     A string with s[0] == CTLNUL && s[1] == 0 is a quoted null string.
+     The parser passes CTLNUL as CTLESC CTLNUL. */
+
+/* Quote escape characters in string s, but no other characters.  This is
+   used to protect CTLESC and CTLNUL in variable values from the rest of
+   the word expansion process after the variable is expanded (word splitting
+   and filename generation).  If IFS is null, we quote spaces as well, just
+   in case we split on spaces later (in the case of unquoted $@, we will
+   eventually attempt to split the entire word on spaces).  Corresponding
+   code exists in dequote_escapes.  Even if we don't end up splitting on
+   spaces, quoting spaces is not a problem.  This should never be called on
+   a string that is quoted with single or double quotes or part of a here
+   document (effectively double-quoted). */
+char *
+quote_escapes (string)
+     char *string;
+{
+  register char *s, *t;
+  size_t slen;
+  char *result, *send;
+  int quote_spaces, skip_ctlesc, skip_ctlnul;
+  DECLARE_MBSTATE; 
+
+  slen = strlen (string);
+  send = string + slen;
+
+  quote_spaces = (ifs_value && *ifs_value == 0);
+
+  for (skip_ctlesc = skip_ctlnul = 0, s = ifs_value; s && *s; s++)
+    skip_ctlesc |= *s == CTLESC, skip_ctlnul |= *s == CTLNUL;
+
+  t = result = (char *)xmalloc ((slen * 2) + 1);
+  s = string;
+
+  while (*s)
+    {
+      if ((skip_ctlesc == 0 && *s == CTLESC) || (skip_ctlnul == 0 && *s == CTLNUL) || (quote_spaces && *s == ' '))
+	*t++ = CTLESC;
+      COPY_CHAR_P (t, s, send);
+    }
+  *t = '\0';
+  return (result);
+}
+
+static WORD_LIST *
+list_quote_escapes (list)
+     WORD_LIST *list;
+{
+  register WORD_LIST *w;
+  char *t;
+
+  for (w = list; w; w = w->next)
+    {
+      t = w->word->word;
+      w->word->word = quote_escapes (t);
+      free (t);
+    }
+  return list;
+}
+
+/* Inverse of quote_escapes; remove CTLESC protecting CTLESC or CTLNUL.
+
+   The parser passes us CTLESC as CTLESC CTLESC and CTLNUL as CTLESC CTLNUL.
+   This is necessary to make unquoted CTLESC and CTLNUL characters in the
+   data stream pass through properly.
+
+   We need to remove doubled CTLESC characters inside quoted strings before
+   quoting the entire string, so we do not double the number of CTLESC
+   characters.
+
+   Also used by parts of the pattern substitution code. */
+char *
+dequote_escapes (string)
+     char *string;
+{
+  register char *s, *t, *s1;
+  size_t slen;
+  char *result, *send;
+  int quote_spaces;
+  DECLARE_MBSTATE;
+
+  if (string == 0)
+    return string;
+
+  slen = strlen (string);
+  send = string + slen;
+
+  t = result = (char *)xmalloc (slen + 1);
+
+  if (strchr (string, CTLESC) == 0)
+    return (strcpy (result, string));
+
+  quote_spaces = (ifs_value && *ifs_value == 0);
+
+  s = string;
+  while (*s)
+    {
+      if (*s == CTLESC && (s[1] == CTLESC || s[1] == CTLNUL || (quote_spaces && s[1] == ' ')))
+	{
+	  s++;
+	  if (*s == '\0')
+	    break;
+	}
+      COPY_CHAR_P (t, s, send);
+    }
+  *t = '\0';
+  return result;
+}
+
+/* Return a new string with the quoted representation of character C.
+   This turns "" into QUOTED_NULL, so the W_HASQUOTEDNULL flag needs to be
+   set in any resultant WORD_DESC where this value is the word. */
+static char *
+make_quoted_char (c)
+     int c;
+{
+  char *temp;
+
+  temp = (char *)xmalloc (3);
+  if (c == 0)
+    {
+      temp[0] = CTLNUL;
+      temp[1] = '\0';
+    }
+  else
+    {
+      temp[0] = CTLESC;
+      temp[1] = c;
+      temp[2] = '\0';
+    }
+  return (temp);
+}
+
+/* Quote STRING, returning a new string.  This turns "" into QUOTED_NULL, so
+   the W_HASQUOTEDNULL flag needs to be set in any resultant WORD_DESC where
+   this value is the word. */
+char *
+quote_string (string)
+     char *string;
+{
+  register char *t;
+  size_t slen;
+  char *result, *send;
+
+  if (*string == 0)
+    {
+      result = (char *)xmalloc (2);
+      result[0] = CTLNUL;
+      result[1] = '\0';
+    }
+  else
+    {
+      DECLARE_MBSTATE;
+
+      slen = strlen (string);
+      send = string + slen;
+
+      result = (char *)xmalloc ((slen * 2) + 1);
+
+      for (t = result; string < send; )
+	{
+	  *t++ = CTLESC;
+	  COPY_CHAR_P (t, string, send);
+	}
+      *t = '\0';
+    }
+  return (result);
+}
+
+/* De-quote quoted characters in STRING. */
+char *
+dequote_string (string)
+     char *string;
+{
+  register char *s, *t;
+  size_t slen;
+  char *result, *send;
+  DECLARE_MBSTATE;
+
+  slen = strlen (string);
+
+  t = result = (char *)xmalloc (slen + 1);
+
+  if (QUOTED_NULL (string))
+    {
+      result[0] = '\0';
+      return (result);
+    }
+
+  /* If no character in the string can be quoted, don't bother examining
+     each character.  Just return a copy of the string passed to us. */
+  if (strchr (string, CTLESC) == NULL)
+    return (strcpy (result, string));
+
+  send = string + slen;
+  s = string;
+  while (*s)
+    {
+      if (*s == CTLESC)
+	{
+	  s++;
+	  if (*s == '\0')
+	    break;
+	}
+      COPY_CHAR_P (t, s, send);
+    }
+
+  *t = '\0';
+  return (result);
+}
+
+/* Quote the entire WORD_LIST list. */
+static WORD_LIST *
+quote_list (list)
+     WORD_LIST *list;
+{
+  register WORD_LIST *w;
+  char *t;
+
+  for (w = list; w; w = w->next)
+    {
+      t = w->word->word;
+      w->word->word = quote_string (t);
+      if (*t == 0)
+	w->word->flags |= W_HASQUOTEDNULL;	/* XXX - turn on W_HASQUOTEDNULL here? */
+      w->word->flags |= W_QUOTED;
+      free (t);
+    }
+  return list;
+}
+
+/* De-quote quoted characters in each word in LIST. */
+WORD_LIST *
+dequote_list (list)
+     WORD_LIST *list;
+{
+  register char *s;
+  register WORD_LIST *tlist;
+
+  for (tlist = list; tlist; tlist = tlist->next)
+    {
+      s = dequote_string (tlist->word->word);
+      if (QUOTED_NULL (tlist->word->word))
+	tlist->word->flags &= ~W_HASQUOTEDNULL;
+      free (tlist->word->word);
+      tlist->word->word = s;
+    }
+  return list;
+}
+
+/* Remove CTLESC protecting a CTLESC or CTLNUL in place.  Return the passed
+   string. */
+char *
+remove_quoted_escapes (string)
+     char *string;
+{
+  char *t;
+
+  if (string)
+    {
+      t = dequote_escapes (string);
+      strcpy (string, t);
+      free (t);
+    }
+
+  return (string);
+}
+
+/* Perform quoted null character removal on STRING.  We don't allow any
+   quoted null characters in the middle or at the ends of strings because
+   of how expand_word_internal works.  remove_quoted_nulls () turns
+   STRING into an empty string iff it only consists of a quoted null,
+   and removes all unquoted CTLNUL characters. */
+char *
+remove_quoted_nulls (string)
+     char *string;
+{
+  register size_t slen;
+  register int i, j, prev_i;
+  DECLARE_MBSTATE;
+
+  if (strchr (string, CTLNUL) == 0)		/* XXX */
+    return string;				/* XXX */
+
+  slen = strlen (string);
+  i = j = 0;
+
+  while (i < slen)
+    {
+      if (string[i] == CTLESC)
+	{
+	  /* Old code had j++, but we cannot assume that i == j at this
+	     point -- what if a CTLNUL has already been removed from the
+	     string?  We don't want to drop the CTLESC or recopy characters
+	     that we've already copied down. */
+	  i++; string[j++] = CTLESC;
+	  if (i == slen)
+	    break;
+	}
+      else if (string[i] == CTLNUL)
+	{
+	  i++;
+	  continue;
+	}
+
+      prev_i = i;
+      ADVANCE_CHAR (string, slen, i);
+      if (j < prev_i)
+	{
+	  do string[j++] = string[prev_i++]; while (prev_i < i);
+	}
+      else
+	j = i;
+    }
+  string[j] = '\0';
+
+  return (string);
+}
+
+/* Perform quoted null character removal on each element of LIST.
+   This modifies LIST. */
+void
+word_list_remove_quoted_nulls (list)
+     WORD_LIST *list;
+{
+  register WORD_LIST *t;
+
+  for (t = list; t; t = t->next)
+    {
+      remove_quoted_nulls (t->word->word);
+      t->word->flags &= ~W_HASQUOTEDNULL;
+    }
+}
+
+/* **************************************************************** */
+/*								    */
+/*	   Functions for Matching and Removing Patterns		    */
+/*								    */
+/* **************************************************************** */
+
+#if defined (HANDLE_MULTIBYTE)
+#if 0 /* Currently unused */
+static unsigned char *
+mb_getcharlens (string, len)
+     char *string;
+     int len;
+{
+  int i, offset, last;
+  unsigned char *ret;
+  char *p;
+  DECLARE_MBSTATE;
+
+  i = offset = 0;
+  last = 0;
+  ret = (unsigned char *)xmalloc (len);
+  memset (ret, 0, len);
+  while (string[last])
+    {
+      ADVANCE_CHAR (string, len, offset);
+      ret[last] = offset - last;
+      last = offset;
+    }
+  return ret;
+}
+#endif
+#endif
+
+/* Remove the portion of PARAM matched by PATTERN according to OP, where OP
+   can have one of 4 values:
+	RP_LONG_LEFT	remove longest matching portion at start of PARAM
+	RP_SHORT_LEFT	remove shortest matching portion at start of PARAM
+	RP_LONG_RIGHT	remove longest matching portion at end of PARAM
+	RP_SHORT_RIGHT	remove shortest matching portion at end of PARAM
+*/
+
+#define RP_LONG_LEFT	1
+#define RP_SHORT_LEFT	2
+#define RP_LONG_RIGHT	3
+#define RP_SHORT_RIGHT	4
+
+/* Returns its first argument if nothing matched; new memory otherwise */
+static char *
+remove_upattern (param, pattern, op)
+     char *param, *pattern;
+     int op;
+{
+  register int len;
+  register char *end;
+  register char *p, *ret, c;
+
+  len = STRLEN (param);
+  end = param + len;
+
+  switch (op)
+    {
+      case RP_LONG_LEFT:	/* remove longest match at start */
+	for (p = end; p >= param; p--)
+	  {
+	    c = *p; *p = '\0';
+	    if (strmatch (pattern, param, FNMATCH_EXTFLAG) != FNM_NOMATCH)
+	      {
+		*p = c;
+		return (savestring (p));
+	      }
+	    *p = c;
+
+	  }
+	break;
+
+      case RP_SHORT_LEFT:	/* remove shortest match at start */
+	for (p = param; p <= end; p++)
+	  {
+	    c = *p; *p = '\0';
+	    if (strmatch (pattern, param, FNMATCH_EXTFLAG) != FNM_NOMATCH)
+	      {
+		*p = c;
+		return (savestring (p));
+	      }
+	    *p = c;
+	  }
+	break;
+
+      case RP_LONG_RIGHT:	/* remove longest match at end */
+	for (p = param; p <= end; p++)
+	  {
+	    if (strmatch (pattern, p, FNMATCH_EXTFLAG) != FNM_NOMATCH)
+	      {
+		c = *p; *p = '\0';
+		ret = savestring (param);
+		*p = c;
+		return (ret);
+	      }
+	  }
+	break;
+
+      case RP_SHORT_RIGHT:	/* remove shortest match at end */
+	for (p = end; p >= param; p--)
+	  {
+	    if (strmatch (pattern, p, FNMATCH_EXTFLAG) != FNM_NOMATCH)
+	      {
+		c = *p; *p = '\0';
+		ret = savestring (param);
+		*p = c;
+		return (ret);
+	      }
+	  }
+	break;
+    }
+
+  return (param);	/* no match, return original string */
+}
+
+#if defined (HANDLE_MULTIBYTE)
+/* Returns its first argument if nothing matched; new memory otherwise */
+static wchar_t *
+remove_wpattern (wparam, wstrlen, wpattern, op)
+     wchar_t *wparam;
+     size_t wstrlen;
+     wchar_t *wpattern;
+     int op;
+{
+  wchar_t wc, *ret;
+  int n;
+
+  switch (op)
+    {
+      case RP_LONG_LEFT:	/* remove longest match at start */
+        for (n = wstrlen; n >= 0; n--)
+	  {
+	    wc = wparam[n]; wparam[n] = L'\0';
+	    if (wcsmatch (wpattern, wparam, FNMATCH_EXTFLAG) != FNM_NOMATCH)
+	      {
+		wparam[n] = wc;
+		return (wcsdup (wparam + n));
+	      }
+	    wparam[n] = wc;
+	  }
+	break;
+
+      case RP_SHORT_LEFT:	/* remove shortest match at start */
+	for (n = 0; n <= wstrlen; n++)
+	  {
+	    wc = wparam[n]; wparam[n] = L'\0';
+	    if (wcsmatch (wpattern, wparam, FNMATCH_EXTFLAG) != FNM_NOMATCH)
+	      {
+		wparam[n] = wc;
+		return (wcsdup (wparam + n));
+	      }
+	    wparam[n] = wc;
+	  }
+	break;
+
+      case RP_LONG_RIGHT:	/* remove longest match at end */
+        for (n = 0; n <= wstrlen; n++)
+	  {
+	    if (wcsmatch (wpattern, wparam + n, FNMATCH_EXTFLAG) != FNM_NOMATCH)
+	      {
+		wc = wparam[n]; wparam[n] = L'\0';
+		ret = wcsdup (wparam);
+		wparam[n] = wc;
+		return (ret);
+	      }
+	  }
+	break;
+
+      case RP_SHORT_RIGHT:	/* remove shortest match at end */
+	for (n = wstrlen; n >= 0; n--)
+	  {
+	    if (wcsmatch (wpattern, wparam + n, FNMATCH_EXTFLAG) != FNM_NOMATCH)
+	      {
+		wc = wparam[n]; wparam[n] = L'\0';
+		ret = wcsdup (wparam);
+		wparam[n] = wc;
+		return (ret);
+	      }
+	  }
+	break;
+    }
+
+  return (wparam);	/* no match, return original string */
+}
+#endif /* HANDLE_MULTIBYTE */
+
+static char *
+remove_pattern (param, pattern, op)
+     char *param, *pattern;
+     int op;
+{
+  char *xret;
+
+  if (param == NULL)
+    return (param);
+  if (*param == '\0' || pattern == NULL || *pattern == '\0')	/* minor optimization */
+    return (savestring (param));
+
+#if defined (HANDLE_MULTIBYTE)
+  if (MB_CUR_MAX > 1)
+    {
+      wchar_t *ret, *oret;
+      size_t n;
+      wchar_t *wparam, *wpattern;
+      mbstate_t ps;
+
+      n = xdupmbstowcs (&wpattern, NULL, pattern);
+      if (n == (size_t)-1)
+	{
+	  xret = remove_upattern (param, pattern, op);
+	  return ((xret == param) ? savestring (param) : xret);
+	}
+      n = xdupmbstowcs (&wparam, NULL, param);
+
+      if (n == (size_t)-1)
+	{
+	  free (wpattern);
+	  xret = remove_upattern (param, pattern, op);
+	  return ((xret == param) ? savestring (param) : xret);
+	}
+      oret = ret = remove_wpattern (wparam, n, wpattern, op);
+      /* Don't bother to convert wparam back to multibyte string if nothing
+	 matched; just return copy of original string */
+      if (ret == wparam)
+        {
+          free (wparam);
+          free (wpattern);
+          return (savestring (param));
+        }
+
+      free (wparam);
+      free (wpattern);
+
+      n = strlen (param);
+      xret = (char *)xmalloc (n + 1);
+      memset (&ps, '\0', sizeof (mbstate_t));
+      n = wcsrtombs (xret, (const wchar_t **)&ret, n, &ps);
+      xret[n] = '\0';		/* just to make sure */
+      free (oret);
+      return xret;      
+    }
+  else
+#endif
+    {
+      xret = remove_upattern (param, pattern, op);
+      return ((xret == param) ? savestring (param) : xret);
+    }
+}
+
+/* Match PAT anywhere in STRING and return the match boundaries.
+   This returns 1 in case of a successful match, 0 otherwise.  SP
+   and EP are pointers into the string where the match begins and
+   ends, respectively.  MTYPE controls what kind of match is attempted.
+   MATCH_BEG and MATCH_END anchor the match at the beginning and end
+   of the string, respectively.  The longest match is returned. */
+static int
+match_upattern (string, pat, mtype, sp, ep)
+     char *string, *pat;
+     int mtype;
+     char **sp, **ep;
+{
+  int c, len, mlen;
+  register char *p, *p1, *npat;
+  char *end;
+  int n1;
+
+  /* If the pattern doesn't match anywhere in the string, go ahead and
+     short-circuit right away.  A minor optimization, saves a bunch of
+     unnecessary calls to strmatch (up to N calls for a string of N
+     characters) if the match is unsuccessful.  To preserve the semantics
+     of the substring matches below, we make sure that the pattern has
+     `*' as first and last character, making a new pattern if necessary. */
+  /* XXX - check this later if I ever implement `**' with special meaning,
+     since this will potentially result in `**' at the beginning or end */
+  len = STRLEN (pat);
+  if (pat[0] != '*' || (pat[0] == '*' && pat[1] == LPAREN && extended_glob) || pat[len - 1] != '*')
+    {
+      p = npat = (char *)xmalloc (len + 3);
+      p1 = pat;
+      if (*p1 != '*' || (*p1 == '*' && p1[1] == LPAREN && extended_glob))
+	*p++ = '*';
+      while (*p1)
+	*p++ = *p1++;
+      if (p1[-1] != '*' || p[-2] == '\\')
+	*p++ = '*';
+      *p = '\0';
+    }
+  else
+    npat = pat;
+  c = strmatch (npat, string, FNMATCH_EXTFLAG);
+  if (npat != pat)
+    free (npat);
+  if (c == FNM_NOMATCH)
+    return (0);
+
+  len = STRLEN (string);
+  end = string + len;
+
+  mlen = umatchlen (pat, len);
+
+  switch (mtype)
+    {
+    case MATCH_ANY:
+      for (p = string; p <= end; p++)
+	{
+	  if (match_pattern_char (pat, p))
+	    {
+	      p1 = (mlen == -1) ? end : p + mlen;
+	      /* p1 - p = length of portion of string to be considered
+	         p = current position in string
+	         mlen = number of characters consumed by match (-1 for entire string)
+	         end = end of string
+	         we want to break immediately if the potential match len
+	         is greater than the number of characters remaining in the
+	         string
+	      */
+	      if (p1 > end)
+		break;
+	      for ( ; p1 >= p; p1--)
+		{
+		  c = *p1; *p1 = '\0';
+		  if (strmatch (pat, p, FNMATCH_EXTFLAG) == 0)
+		    {
+		      *p1 = c;
+		      *sp = p;
+		      *ep = p1;
+		      return 1;
+		    }
+		  *p1 = c;
+#if 1
+		  /* If MLEN != -1, we have a fixed length pattern. */
+		  if (mlen != -1)
+		    break;
+#endif
+		}
+	    }
+	}
+
+      return (0);
+
+    case MATCH_BEG:
+      if (match_pattern_char (pat, string) == 0)
+	return (0);
+
+      for (p = (mlen == -1) ? end : string + mlen; p >= string; p--)
+	{
+	  c = *p; *p = '\0';
+	  if (strmatch (pat, string, FNMATCH_EXTFLAG) == 0)
+	    {
+	      *p = c;
+	      *sp = string;
+	      *ep = p;
+	      return 1;
+	    }
+	  *p = c;
+	  /* If MLEN != -1, we have a fixed length pattern. */
+	  if (mlen != -1)
+	    break;
+	}
+
+      return (0);
+
+    case MATCH_END:
+      for (p = end - ((mlen == -1) ? len : mlen); p <= end; p++)
+	{
+	  if (strmatch (pat, p, FNMATCH_EXTFLAG) == 0)
+	    {
+	      *sp = p;
+	      *ep = end;
+	      return 1;
+	    }
+	  /* If MLEN != -1, we have a fixed length pattern. */
+	  if (mlen != -1)
+	    break;
+	}
+
+      return (0);
+    }
+
+  return (0);
+}
+
+#if defined (HANDLE_MULTIBYTE)
+/* Match WPAT anywhere in WSTRING and return the match boundaries.
+   This returns 1 in case of a successful match, 0 otherwise.  Wide
+   character version. */
+static int
+match_wpattern (wstring, indices, wstrlen, wpat, mtype, sp, ep)
+     wchar_t *wstring;
+     char **indices;
+     size_t wstrlen;
+     wchar_t *wpat;
+     int mtype;
+     char **sp, **ep;
+{
+  wchar_t wc, *wp, *nwpat, *wp1;
+  size_t len;
+  int mlen;
+  int n, n1, n2, simple;
+
+  simple = (wpat[0] != L'\\' && wpat[0] != L'*' && wpat[0] != L'?' && wpat[0] != L'[');
+#if defined (EXTENDED_GLOB)
+  if (extended_glob)
+    simple &= (wpat[1] != L'(' || (wpat[0] != L'*' && wpat[0] != L'?' && wpat[0] != L'+' && wpat[0] != L'!' && wpat[0] != L'@')); /*)*/
+#endif
+
+  /* If the pattern doesn't match anywhere in the string, go ahead and
+     short-circuit right away.  A minor optimization, saves a bunch of
+     unnecessary calls to strmatch (up to N calls for a string of N
+     characters) if the match is unsuccessful.  To preserve the semantics
+     of the substring matches below, we make sure that the pattern has
+     `*' as first and last character, making a new pattern if necessary. */
+  len = wcslen (wpat);
+  if (wpat[0] != L'*' || (wpat[0] == L'*' && wpat[1] == WLPAREN && extended_glob) || wpat[len - 1] != L'*')
+    {
+      wp = nwpat = (wchar_t *)xmalloc ((len + 3) * sizeof (wchar_t));
+      wp1 = wpat;
+      if (*wp1 != L'*' || (*wp1 == '*' && wp1[1] == WLPAREN && extended_glob))
+	*wp++ = L'*';
+      while (*wp1 != L'\0')
+	*wp++ = *wp1++;
+      if (wp1[-1] != L'*' || wp1[-2] == L'\\')
+        *wp++ = L'*';
+      *wp = '\0';
+    }
+  else
+    nwpat = wpat;
+  len = wcsmatch (nwpat, wstring, FNMATCH_EXTFLAG);
+  if (nwpat != wpat)
+    free (nwpat);
+  if (len == FNM_NOMATCH)
+    return (0);
+
+  mlen = wmatchlen (wpat, wstrlen);
+
+/* itrace("wmatchlen (%ls) -> %d", wpat, mlen); */
+  switch (mtype)
+    {
+    case MATCH_ANY:
+      for (n = 0; n <= wstrlen; n++)
+	{
+	  n2 = simple ? (*wpat == wstring[n]) : match_pattern_wchar (wpat, wstring + n);
+	  if (n2)
+	    {
+	      n1 = (mlen == -1) ? wstrlen : n + mlen;
+	      if (n1 > wstrlen)
+	        break;
+
+	      for ( ; n1 >= n; n1--)
+		{
+		  wc = wstring[n1]; wstring[n1] = L'\0';
+		  if (wcsmatch (wpat, wstring + n, FNMATCH_EXTFLAG) == 0)
+		    {
+		      wstring[n1] = wc;
+		      *sp = indices[n];
+		      *ep = indices[n1];
+		      return 1;
+		    }
+		  wstring[n1] = wc;
+		  /* If MLEN != -1, we have a fixed length pattern. */
+		  if (mlen != -1)
+		    break;
+		}
+	    }
+	}
+
+      return (0);
+
+    case MATCH_BEG:
+      if (match_pattern_wchar (wpat, wstring) == 0)
+	return (0);
+
+      for (n = (mlen == -1) ? wstrlen : mlen; n >= 0; n--)
+	{
+	  wc = wstring[n]; wstring[n] = L'\0';
+	  if (wcsmatch (wpat, wstring, FNMATCH_EXTFLAG) == 0)
+	    {
+	      wstring[n] = wc;
+	      *sp = indices[0];
+	      *ep = indices[n];
+	      return 1;
+	    }
+	  wstring[n] = wc;
+	  /* If MLEN != -1, we have a fixed length pattern. */
+	  if (mlen != -1)
+	    break;
+	}
+
+      return (0);
+
+    case MATCH_END:
+      for (n = wstrlen - ((mlen == -1) ? wstrlen : mlen); n <= wstrlen; n++)
+	{
+	  if (wcsmatch (wpat, wstring + n, FNMATCH_EXTFLAG) == 0)
+	    {
+	      *sp = indices[n];
+	      *ep = indices[wstrlen];
+	      return 1;
+	    }
+	  /* If MLEN != -1, we have a fixed length pattern. */
+	  if (mlen != -1)
+	    break;
+	}
+
+      return (0);
+    }
+
+  return (0);
+}
+#endif /* HANDLE_MULTIBYTE */
+
+static int
+match_pattern (string, pat, mtype, sp, ep)
+     char *string, *pat;
+     int mtype;
+     char **sp, **ep;
+{
+#if defined (HANDLE_MULTIBYTE)
+  int ret;
+  size_t n;
+  wchar_t *wstring, *wpat;
+  char **indices;
+  size_t slen, plen, mslen, mplen;
+#endif
+
+  if (string == 0 || *string == 0 || pat == 0 || *pat == 0)
+    return (0);
+
+#if defined (HANDLE_MULTIBYTE)
+  if (MB_CUR_MAX > 1)
+    {
+      if (mbsmbchar (string) == 0 && mbsmbchar (pat) == 0)
+        return (match_upattern (string, pat, mtype, sp, ep));
+
+      n = xdupmbstowcs (&wpat, NULL, pat);
+      if (n == (size_t)-1)
+	return (match_upattern (string, pat, mtype, sp, ep));
+      n = xdupmbstowcs (&wstring, &indices, string);
+      if (n == (size_t)-1)
+	{
+	  free (wpat);
+	  return (match_upattern (string, pat, mtype, sp, ep));
+	}
+      ret = match_wpattern (wstring, indices, n, wpat, mtype, sp, ep);
+
+      free (wpat);
+      free (wstring);
+      free (indices);
+
+      return (ret);
+    }
+  else
+#endif
+    return (match_upattern (string, pat, mtype, sp, ep));
+}
+
+static int
+getpatspec (c, value)
+     int c;
+     char *value;
+{
+  if (c == '#')
+    return ((*value == '#') ? RP_LONG_LEFT : RP_SHORT_LEFT);
+  else	/* c == '%' */
+    return ((*value == '%') ? RP_LONG_RIGHT : RP_SHORT_RIGHT);
+}
+
+/* Posix.2 says that the WORD should be run through tilde expansion,
+   parameter expansion, command substitution and arithmetic expansion.
+   This leaves the result quoted, so quote_string_for_globbing () has
+   to be called to fix it up for strmatch ().  If QUOTED is non-zero,
+   it means that the entire expression was enclosed in double quotes.
+   This means that quoting characters in the pattern do not make any
+   special pattern characters quoted.  For example, the `*' in the
+   following retains its special meaning: "${foo#'*'}". */
+static char *
+getpattern (value, quoted, expandpat)
+     char *value;
+     int quoted, expandpat;
+{
+  char *pat, *tword;
+  WORD_LIST *l;
+#if 0
+  int i;
+#endif
+  /* There is a problem here:  how to handle single or double quotes in the
+     pattern string when the whole expression is between double quotes?
+     POSIX.2 says that enclosing double quotes do not cause the pattern to
+     be quoted, but does that leave us a problem with @ and array[@] and their
+     expansions inside a pattern? */
+#if 0
+  if (expandpat && (quoted & (Q_HERE_DOCUMENT|Q_DOUBLE_QUOTES)) && *tword)
+    {
+      i = 0;
+      pat = string_extract_double_quoted (tword, &i, 1);
+      free (tword);
+      tword = pat;
+    }
+#endif
+
+  /* expand_string_for_rhs () leaves WORD quoted and does not perform
+     word splitting. */
+  l = *value ? expand_string_for_rhs (value,
+				      (quoted & (Q_HERE_DOCUMENT|Q_DOUBLE_QUOTES)) ? Q_PATQUOTE : quoted,
+				      (int *)NULL, (int *)NULL)
+	     : (WORD_LIST *)0;
+  pat = string_list (l);
+  dispose_words (l);
+  if (pat)
+    {
+      tword = quote_string_for_globbing (pat, QGLOB_CVTNULL);
+      free (pat);
+      pat = tword;
+    }
+  return (pat);
+}
+
+#if 0
+/* Handle removing a pattern from a string as a result of ${name%[%]value}
+   or ${name#[#]value}. */
+static char *
+variable_remove_pattern (value, pattern, patspec, quoted)
+     char *value, *pattern;
+     int patspec, quoted;
+{
+  char *tword;
+
+  tword = remove_pattern (value, pattern, patspec);
+
+  return (tword);
+}
+#endif
+
+static char *
+list_remove_pattern (list, pattern, patspec, itype, quoted)
+     WORD_LIST *list;
+     char *pattern;
+     int patspec, itype, quoted;
+{
+  WORD_LIST *new, *l;
+  WORD_DESC *w;
+  char *tword;
+
+  for (new = (WORD_LIST *)NULL, l = list; l; l = l->next)
+    {
+      tword = remove_pattern (l->word->word, pattern, patspec);
+      w = alloc_word_desc ();
+      w->word = tword ? tword : savestring ("");
+      new = make_word_list (w, new);
+    }
+
+  l = REVERSE_LIST (new, WORD_LIST *);
+  tword = string_list_pos_params (itype, l, quoted);
+  dispose_words (l);
+
+  return (tword);
+}
+
+static char *
+parameter_list_remove_pattern (itype, pattern, patspec, quoted)
+     int itype;
+     char *pattern;
+     int patspec, quoted;
+{
+  char *ret;
+  WORD_LIST *list;
+
+  list = list_rest_of_args ();
+  if (list == 0)
+    return ((char *)NULL);
+  ret = list_remove_pattern (list, pattern, patspec, itype, quoted);
+  dispose_words (list);
+  return (ret);
+}
+
+#if defined (ARRAY_VARS)
+static char *
+array_remove_pattern (var, pattern, patspec, varname, quoted)
+     SHELL_VAR *var;
+     char *pattern;
+     int patspec;
+     char *varname;	/* so we can figure out how it's indexed */
+     int quoted;
+{
+  ARRAY *a;
+  HASH_TABLE *h;
+  int itype;
+  char *ret;
+  WORD_LIST *list;
+  SHELL_VAR *v;
+
+  /* compute itype from varname here */
+  v = array_variable_part (varname, &ret, 0);
+
+  /* XXX */
+  if (v && invisible_p (var))
+    return ((char *)NULL);
+
+  itype = ret[0];
+
+  a = (v && array_p (v)) ? array_cell (v) : 0;
+  h = (v && assoc_p (v)) ? assoc_cell (v) : 0;
+  
+  list = a ? array_to_word_list (a) : (h ? assoc_to_word_list (h) : 0);
+  if (list == 0)
+   return ((char *)NULL);
+  ret = list_remove_pattern (list, pattern, patspec, itype, quoted);
+  dispose_words (list);
+
+  return ret;
+}
+#endif /* ARRAY_VARS */
+
+static char *
+parameter_brace_remove_pattern (varname, value, ind, patstr, rtype, quoted, flags)
+     char *varname, *value;
+     int ind;
+     char *patstr;
+     int rtype, quoted, flags;
+{
+  int vtype, patspec, starsub;
+  char *temp1, *val, *pattern;
+  SHELL_VAR *v;
+
+  if (value == 0)
+    return ((char *)NULL);
+
+  this_command_name = varname;
+
+  vtype = get_var_and_type (varname, value, ind, quoted, flags, &v, &val);
+  if (vtype == -1)
+    return ((char *)NULL);
+
+  starsub = vtype & VT_STARSUB;
+  vtype &= ~VT_STARSUB;
+
+  patspec = getpatspec (rtype, patstr);
+  if (patspec == RP_LONG_LEFT || patspec == RP_LONG_RIGHT)
+    patstr++;
+
+  /* Need to pass getpattern newly-allocated memory in case of expansion --
+     the expansion code will free the passed string on an error. */
+  temp1 = savestring (patstr);
+  pattern = getpattern (temp1, quoted, 1);
+  free (temp1);
+
+  temp1 = (char *)NULL;		/* shut up gcc */
+  switch (vtype)
+    {
+    case VT_VARIABLE:
+    case VT_ARRAYMEMBER:
+      temp1 = remove_pattern (val, pattern, patspec);
+      if (vtype == VT_VARIABLE)
+	FREE (val);
+      if (temp1)
+	{
+	  val = (quoted & (Q_HERE_DOCUMENT|Q_DOUBLE_QUOTES))
+			? quote_string (temp1)
+			: quote_escapes (temp1);
+	  free (temp1);
+	  temp1 = val;
+	}
+      break;
+#if defined (ARRAY_VARS)
+    case VT_ARRAYVAR:
+      temp1 = array_remove_pattern (v, pattern, patspec, varname, quoted);
+      if (temp1 && ((quoted & (Q_HERE_DOCUMENT|Q_DOUBLE_QUOTES)) == 0))
+	{
+	  val = quote_escapes (temp1);
+	  free (temp1);
+	  temp1 = val;
+	}
+      break;
+#endif
+    case VT_POSPARMS:
+      temp1 = parameter_list_remove_pattern (varname[0], pattern, patspec, quoted);
+      if (temp1 && ((quoted & (Q_HERE_DOCUMENT|Q_DOUBLE_QUOTES)) == 0))
+	{
+	  val = quote_escapes (temp1);
+	  free (temp1);
+	  temp1 = val;
+	}
+      break;
+    }
+
+  FREE (pattern);
+  return temp1;
+}    
+
+/*******************************************
+ *					   *
+ *	Functions to expand WORD_DESCs	   *
+ *					   *
+ *******************************************/
+
+/* Expand WORD, performing word splitting on the result.  This does
+   parameter expansion, command substitution, arithmetic expansion,
+   word splitting, and quote removal. */
+
+WORD_LIST *
+expand_word (word, quoted)
+     WORD_DESC *word;
+     int quoted;
+{
+  WORD_LIST *result, *tresult;
+
+  tresult = call_expand_word_internal (word, quoted, 0, (int *)NULL, (int *)NULL);
+  result = word_list_split (tresult);
+  dispose_words (tresult);
+  return (result ? dequote_list (result) : result);
+}
+
+/* Expand WORD, but do not perform word splitting on the result.  This
+   does parameter expansion, command substitution, arithmetic expansion,
+   and quote removal. */
+WORD_LIST *
+expand_word_unsplit (word, quoted)
+     WORD_DESC *word;
+     int quoted;
+{
+  WORD_LIST *result;
+
+  expand_no_split_dollar_star = 1;
+#if defined (HANDLE_MULTIBYTE)
+  if (ifs_firstc[0] == 0)
+#else
+  if (ifs_firstc == 0)
+#endif
+    word->flags |= W_NOSPLIT;
+  word->flags |= W_NOSPLIT2;
+  result = call_expand_word_internal (word, quoted, 0, (int *)NULL, (int *)NULL);
+  expand_no_split_dollar_star = 0;
+
+  return (result ? dequote_list (result) : result);
+}
+
+/* Perform shell expansions on WORD, but do not perform word splitting or
+   quote removal on the result.  Virtually identical to expand_word_unsplit;
+   could be combined if implementations don't diverge. */
+WORD_LIST *
+expand_word_leave_quoted (word, quoted)
+     WORD_DESC *word;
+     int quoted;
+{
+  WORD_LIST *result;
+
+  expand_no_split_dollar_star = 1;
+#if defined (HANDLE_MULTIBYTE)
+  if (ifs_firstc[0] == 0)
+#else
+  if (ifs_firstc == 0)
+#endif
+    word->flags |= W_NOSPLIT;
+  word->flags |= W_NOSPLIT2;
+  result = call_expand_word_internal (word, quoted, 0, (int *)NULL, (int *)NULL);
+  expand_no_split_dollar_star = 0;
+
+  return result;
+}
+
+#if defined (PROCESS_SUBSTITUTION)
+
+/*****************************************************************/
+/*								 */
+/*		    Hacking Process Substitution		 */
+/*								 */
+/*****************************************************************/
+
+#if !defined (HAVE_DEV_FD)
+/* Named pipes must be removed explicitly with `unlink'.  This keeps a list
+   of FIFOs the shell has open.  unlink_fifo_list will walk the list and
+   unlink all of them. add_fifo_list adds the name of an open FIFO to the
+   list.  NFIFO is a count of the number of FIFOs in the list. */
+#define FIFO_INCR 20
+
+struct temp_fifo {
+  char *file;
+  pid_t proc;
+};
+
+static struct temp_fifo *fifo_list = (struct temp_fifo *)NULL;
+static int nfifo;
+static int fifo_list_size;
+
+char *
+copy_fifo_list (sizep)
+     int *sizep;
+{
+  if (sizep)
+    *sizep = 0;
+  return (char *)NULL;
+}
+
+static void
+add_fifo_list (pathname)
+     char *pathname;
+{
+  if (nfifo >= fifo_list_size - 1)
+    {
+      fifo_list_size += FIFO_INCR;
+      fifo_list = (struct temp_fifo *)xrealloc (fifo_list,
+				fifo_list_size * sizeof (struct temp_fifo));
+    }
+
+  fifo_list[nfifo].file = savestring (pathname);
+  nfifo++;
+}
+
+void
+unlink_fifo (i)
+     int i;
+{
+  if ((fifo_list[i].proc == -1) || (kill(fifo_list[i].proc, 0) == -1))
+    {
+      unlink (fifo_list[i].file);
+      free (fifo_list[i].file);
+      fifo_list[i].file = (char *)NULL;
+      fifo_list[i].proc = -1;
+    }
+}
+
+void
+unlink_fifo_list ()
+{
+  int saved, i, j;
+
+  if (nfifo == 0)
+    return;
+
+  for (i = saved = 0; i < nfifo; i++)
+    {
+      if ((fifo_list[i].proc == -1) || (kill(fifo_list[i].proc, 0) == -1))
+	{
+	  unlink (fifo_list[i].file);
+	  free (fifo_list[i].file);
+	  fifo_list[i].file = (char *)NULL;
+	  fifo_list[i].proc = -1;
+	}
+      else
+	saved++;
+    }
+
+  /* If we didn't remove some of the FIFOs, compact the list. */
+  if (saved)
+    {
+      for (i = j = 0; i < nfifo; i++)
+	if (fifo_list[i].file)
+	  {
+	    fifo_list[j].file = fifo_list[i].file;
+	    fifo_list[j].proc = fifo_list[i].proc;
+	    j++;
+	  }
+      nfifo = j;
+    }
+  else
+    nfifo = 0;
+}
+
+/* Take LIST, which is a bitmap denoting active FIFOs in fifo_list
+   from some point in the past, and close all open FIFOs in fifo_list
+   that are not marked as active in LIST.  If LIST is NULL, close
+   everything in fifo_list. LSIZE is the number of elements in LIST, in
+   case it's larger than fifo_list_size (size of fifo_list). */
+void
+close_new_fifos (list, lsize)
+     char *list;
+     int lsize;
+{
+  int i;
+
+  if (list == 0)
+    {
+      unlink_fifo_list ();
+      return;
+    }
+
+  for (i = 0; i < lsize; i++)
+    if (list[i] == 0 && i < fifo_list_size && fifo_list[i].proc != -1)
+      unlink_fifo (i);
+
+  for (i = lsize; i < fifo_list_size; i++)
+    unlink_fifo (i);  
+}
+
+int
+fifos_pending ()
+{
+  return nfifo;
+}
+
+int
+num_fifos ()
+{
+  return nfifo;
+}
+
+static char *
+make_named_pipe ()
+{
+  char *tname;
+
+  tname = sh_mktmpname ("sh-np", MT_USERANDOM|MT_USETMPDIR);
+  if (mkfifo (tname, 0600) < 0)
+    {
+      free (tname);
+      return ((char *)NULL);
+    }
+
+  add_fifo_list (tname);
+  return (tname);
+}
+
+#else /* HAVE_DEV_FD */
+
+/* DEV_FD_LIST is a bitmap of file descriptors attached to pipes the shell
+   has open to children.  NFDS is a count of the number of bits currently
+   set in DEV_FD_LIST.  TOTFDS is a count of the highest possible number
+   of open files. */
+static char *dev_fd_list = (char *)NULL;
+static int nfds;
+static int totfds;	/* The highest possible number of open files. */
+
+char *
+copy_fifo_list (sizep)
+     int *sizep;
+{
+  char *ret;
+
+  if (nfds == 0 || totfds == 0)
+    {
+      if (sizep)
+	*sizep = 0;
+      return (char *)NULL;
+    }
+
+  if (sizep)
+    *sizep = totfds;
+  ret = (char *)xmalloc (totfds);
+  return (memcpy (ret, dev_fd_list, totfds));
+}
+
+static void
+add_fifo_list (fd)
+     int fd;
+{
+  if (dev_fd_list == 0 || fd >= totfds)
+    {
+      int ofds;
+
+      ofds = totfds;
+      totfds = getdtablesize ();
+      if (totfds < 0 || totfds > 256)
+	totfds = 256;
+      if (fd >= totfds)
+	totfds = fd + 2;
+
+      dev_fd_list = (char *)xrealloc (dev_fd_list, totfds);
+      memset (dev_fd_list + ofds, '\0', totfds - ofds);
+    }
+
+  dev_fd_list[fd] = 1;
+  nfds++;
+}
+
+int
+fifos_pending ()
+{
+  return 0;	/* used for cleanup; not needed with /dev/fd */
+}
+
+int
+num_fifos ()
+{
+  return nfds;
+}
+
+void
+unlink_fifo (fd)
+     int fd;
+{
+  if (dev_fd_list[fd])
+    {
+      close (fd);
+      dev_fd_list[fd] = 0;
+      nfds--;
+    }
+}
+
+void
+unlink_fifo_list ()
+{
+  register int i;
+
+  if (nfds == 0)
+    return;
+
+  for (i = 0; nfds && i < totfds; i++)
+    unlink_fifo (i);
+
+  nfds = 0;
+}
+
+/* Take LIST, which is a snapshot copy of dev_fd_list from some point in
+   the past, and close all open fds in dev_fd_list that are not marked
+   as open in LIST.  If LIST is NULL, close everything in dev_fd_list.
+   LSIZE is the number of elements in LIST, in case it's larger than
+   totfds (size of dev_fd_list). */
+void
+close_new_fifos (list, lsize)
+     char *list;
+     int lsize;
+{
+  int i;
+
+  if (list == 0)
+    {
+      unlink_fifo_list ();
+      return;
+    }
+
+  for (i = 0; i < lsize; i++)
+    if (list[i] == 0 && i < totfds && dev_fd_list[i])
+      unlink_fifo (i);
+
+  for (i = lsize; i < totfds; i++)
+    unlink_fifo (i);  
+}
+
+#if defined (NOTDEF)
+print_dev_fd_list ()
+{
+  register int i;
+
+  fprintf (stderr, "pid %ld: dev_fd_list:", (long)getpid ());
+  fflush (stderr);
+
+  for (i = 0; i < totfds; i++)
+    {
+      if (dev_fd_list[i])
+	fprintf (stderr, " %d", i);
+    }
+  fprintf (stderr, "\n");
+}
+#endif /* NOTDEF */
+
+static char *
+make_dev_fd_filename (fd)
+     int fd;
+{
+  char *ret, intbuf[INT_STRLEN_BOUND (int) + 1], *p;
+
+  ret = (char *)xmalloc (sizeof (DEV_FD_PREFIX) + 8);
+
+  strcpy (ret, DEV_FD_PREFIX);
+  p = inttostr (fd, intbuf, sizeof (intbuf));
+  strcpy (ret + sizeof (DEV_FD_PREFIX) - 1, p);
+
+  add_fifo_list (fd);
+  return (ret);
+}
+
+#endif /* HAVE_DEV_FD */
+
+/* Return a filename that will open a connection to the process defined by
+   executing STRING.  HAVE_DEV_FD, if defined, means open a pipe and return
+   a filename in /dev/fd corresponding to a descriptor that is one of the
+   ends of the pipe.  If not defined, we use named pipes on systems that have
+   them.  Systems without /dev/fd and named pipes are out of luck.
+
+   OPEN_FOR_READ_IN_CHILD, if 1, means open the named pipe for reading or
+   use the read end of the pipe and dup that file descriptor to fd 0 in
+   the child.  If OPEN_FOR_READ_IN_CHILD is 0, we open the named pipe for
+   writing or use the write end of the pipe in the child, and dup that
+   file descriptor to fd 1 in the child.  The parent does the opposite. */
+
+static char *
+process_substitute (string, open_for_read_in_child)
+     char *string;
+     int open_for_read_in_child;
+{
+  char *pathname;
+  int fd, result;
+  pid_t old_pid, pid;
+#if defined (HAVE_DEV_FD)
+  int parent_pipe_fd, child_pipe_fd;
+  int fildes[2];
+#endif /* HAVE_DEV_FD */
+#if defined (JOB_CONTROL)
+  pid_t old_pipeline_pgrp;
+#endif
+
+  if (!string || !*string || wordexp_only)
+    return ((char *)NULL);
+
+#if !defined (HAVE_DEV_FD)
+  pathname = make_named_pipe ();
+#else /* HAVE_DEV_FD */
+  if (pipe (fildes) < 0)
+    {
+      sys_error (_("cannot make pipe for process substitution"));
+      return ((char *)NULL);
+    }
+  /* If OPEN_FOR_READ_IN_CHILD == 1, we want to use the write end of
+     the pipe in the parent, otherwise the read end. */
+  parent_pipe_fd = fildes[open_for_read_in_child];
+  child_pipe_fd = fildes[1 - open_for_read_in_child];
+  /* Move the parent end of the pipe to some high file descriptor, to
+     avoid clashes with FDs used by the script. */
+  parent_pipe_fd = move_to_high_fd (parent_pipe_fd, 1, 64);
+
+  pathname = make_dev_fd_filename (parent_pipe_fd);
+#endif /* HAVE_DEV_FD */
+
+  if (pathname == 0)
+    {
+      sys_error (_("cannot make pipe for process substitution"));
+      return ((char *)NULL);
+    }
+
+  old_pid = last_made_pid;
+
+#if defined (JOB_CONTROL)
+  old_pipeline_pgrp = pipeline_pgrp;
+  pipeline_pgrp = shell_pgrp;
+  save_pipeline (1);
+#endif /* JOB_CONTROL */
+
+  pid = make_child ((char *)NULL, 1);
+  if (pid == 0)
+    {
+      reset_terminating_signals ();	/* XXX */
+      free_pushed_string_input ();
+      /* Cancel traps, in trap.c. */
+      restore_original_signals ();	/* XXX - what about special builtins? bash-4.2 */
+      setup_async_signals ();
+      subshell_environment |= SUBSHELL_COMSUB|SUBSHELL_PROCSUB;
+    }
+
+#if defined (JOB_CONTROL)
+  set_sigchld_handler ();
+  stop_making_children ();
+  /* XXX - should we only do this in the parent? (as in command subst) */
+  pipeline_pgrp = old_pipeline_pgrp;
+#endif /* JOB_CONTROL */
+
+  if (pid < 0)
+    {
+      sys_error (_("cannot make child for process substitution"));
+      free (pathname);
+#if defined (HAVE_DEV_FD)
+      close (parent_pipe_fd);
+      close (child_pipe_fd);
+#endif /* HAVE_DEV_FD */
+      return ((char *)NULL);
+    }
+
+  if (pid > 0)
+    {
+#if defined (JOB_CONTROL)
+      restore_pipeline (1);
+#endif
+
+#if !defined (HAVE_DEV_FD)
+      fifo_list[nfifo-1].proc = pid;
+#endif
+
+      last_made_pid = old_pid;
+
+#if defined (JOB_CONTROL) && defined (PGRP_PIPE)
+      close_pgrp_pipe ();
+#endif /* JOB_CONTROL && PGRP_PIPE */
+
+#if defined (HAVE_DEV_FD)
+      close (child_pipe_fd);
+#endif /* HAVE_DEV_FD */
+
+      return (pathname);
+    }
+
+  set_sigint_handler ();
+
+#if defined (JOB_CONTROL)
+  set_job_control (0);
+#endif /* JOB_CONTROL */
+
+#if !defined (HAVE_DEV_FD)
+  /* Open the named pipe in the child. */
+  fd = open (pathname, open_for_read_in_child ? O_RDONLY : O_WRONLY);
+  if (fd < 0)
+    {
+      /* Two separate strings for ease of translation. */
+      if (open_for_read_in_child)
+	sys_error (_("cannot open named pipe %s for reading"), pathname);
+      else
+	sys_error (_("cannot open named pipe %s for writing"), pathname);
+
+      exit (127);
+    }
+  if (open_for_read_in_child)
+    {
+      if (sh_unset_nodelay_mode (fd) < 0)
+	{
+	  sys_error (_("cannot reset nodelay mode for fd %d"), fd);
+	  exit (127);
+	}
+    }
+#else /* HAVE_DEV_FD */
+  fd = child_pipe_fd;
+#endif /* HAVE_DEV_FD */
+
+  if (dup2 (fd, open_for_read_in_child ? 0 : 1) < 0)
+    {
+      sys_error (_("cannot duplicate named pipe %s as fd %d"), pathname,
+	open_for_read_in_child ? 0 : 1);
+      exit (127);
+    }
+
+  if (fd != (open_for_read_in_child ? 0 : 1))
+    close (fd);
+
+  /* Need to close any files that this process has open to pipes inherited
+     from its parent. */
+  if (current_fds_to_close)
+    {
+      close_fd_bitmap (current_fds_to_close);
+      current_fds_to_close = (struct fd_bitmap *)NULL;
+    }
+
+#if defined (HAVE_DEV_FD)
+  /* Make sure we close the parent's end of the pipe and clear the slot
+     in the fd list so it is not closed later, if reallocated by, for
+     instance, pipe(2). */
+  close (parent_pipe_fd);
+  dev_fd_list[parent_pipe_fd] = 0;
+#endif /* HAVE_DEV_FD */
+
+  /* subshells shouldn't have this flag, which controls using the temporary
+     environment for variable lookups. */
+  expanding_redir = 0;
+
+  result = parse_and_execute (string, "process substitution", (SEVAL_NONINT|SEVAL_NOHIST));
+
+#if !defined (HAVE_DEV_FD)
+  /* Make sure we close the named pipe in the child before we exit. */
+  close (open_for_read_in_child ? 0 : 1);
+#endif /* !HAVE_DEV_FD */
+
+  last_command_exit_value = result;
+  result = run_exit_trap ();
+  exit (result);
+  /*NOTREACHED*/
+}
+#endif /* PROCESS_SUBSTITUTION */
+
+/***********************************/
+/*				   */
+/*	Command Substitution	   */
+/*				   */
+/***********************************/
+
+static char *
+read_comsub (fd, quoted, rflag)
+     int fd, quoted;
+     int *rflag;
+{
+  char *istring, buf[128], *bufp, *s;
+  int istring_index, istring_size, c, tflag, skip_ctlesc, skip_ctlnul;
+  ssize_t bufn;
+
+  istring = (char *)NULL;
+  istring_index = istring_size = bufn = tflag = 0;
+
+  for (skip_ctlesc = skip_ctlnul = 0, s = ifs_value; s && *s; s++)
+    skip_ctlesc |= *s == CTLESC, skip_ctlnul |= *s == CTLNUL;
+
+  /* Read the output of the command through the pipe.  This may need to be
+     changed to understand multibyte characters in the future. */
+  while (1)
+    {
+      if (fd < 0)
+	break;
+      if (--bufn <= 0)
+	{
+	  bufn = zread (fd, buf, sizeof (buf));
+	  if (bufn <= 0) 
+	    break;
+	  bufp = buf;
+	}
+      c = *bufp++;
+
+      if (c == 0)
+	{
+#if 0
+	  internal_warning ("read_comsub: ignored null byte in input");
+#endif
+	  continue;
+	}
+
+      /* Add the character to ISTRING, possibly after resizing it. */
+      RESIZE_MALLOCED_BUFFER (istring, istring_index, 2, istring_size, DEFAULT_ARRAY_SIZE);
+
+      /* This is essentially quote_string inline */
+      if ((quoted & (Q_HERE_DOCUMENT|Q_DOUBLE_QUOTES)) /* || c == CTLESC || c == CTLNUL */)
+	istring[istring_index++] = CTLESC;
+      /* Escape CTLESC and CTLNUL in the output to protect those characters
+	 from the rest of the word expansions (word splitting and globbing.)
+	 This is essentially quote_escapes inline. */
+      else if (skip_ctlesc == 0 && c == CTLESC)
+	{
+	  tflag |= W_HASCTLESC;
+	  istring[istring_index++] = CTLESC;
+	}
+      else if ((skip_ctlnul == 0 && c == CTLNUL) || (c == ' ' && (ifs_value && *ifs_value == 0)))
+	istring[istring_index++] = CTLESC;
+
+      istring[istring_index++] = c;
+
+#if 0
+#if defined (__CYGWIN__)
+      if (c == '\n' && istring_index > 1 && istring[istring_index - 2] == '\r')
+	{
+	  istring_index--;
+	  istring[istring_index - 1] = '\n';
+	}
+#endif
+#endif
+    }
+
+  if (istring)
+    istring[istring_index] = '\0';
+
+  /* If we read no output, just return now and save ourselves some
+     trouble. */
+  if (istring_index == 0)
+    {
+      FREE (istring);
+      if (rflag)
+	*rflag = tflag;
+      return (char *)NULL;
+    }
+
+  /* Strip trailing newlines from the output of the command. */
+  if (quoted & (Q_HERE_DOCUMENT|Q_DOUBLE_QUOTES))
+    {
+      while (istring_index > 0)
+	{
+	  if (istring[istring_index - 1] == '\n')
+	    {
+	      --istring_index;
+
+	      /* If the newline was quoted, remove the quoting char. */
+	      if (istring[istring_index - 1] == CTLESC)
+		--istring_index;
+	    }
+	  else
+	    break;
+	}
+      istring[istring_index] = '\0';
+    }
+  else
+    strip_trailing (istring, istring_index - 1, 1);
+
+  if (rflag)
+    *rflag = tflag;
+  return istring;
+}
+
+/* Perform command substitution on STRING.  This returns a WORD_DESC * with the
+   contained string possibly quoted. */
+WORD_DESC *
+command_substitute (string, quoted)
+     char *string;
+     int quoted;
+{
+  pid_t pid, old_pid, old_pipeline_pgrp, old_async_pid;
+  char *istring;
+  int result, fildes[2], function_value, pflags, rc, tflag;
+  WORD_DESC *ret;
+
+  istring = (char *)NULL;
+
+  /* Don't fork () if there is no need to.  In the case of no command to
+     run, just return NULL. */
+  if (!string || !*string || (string[0] == '\n' && !string[1]))
+    return ((WORD_DESC *)NULL);
+
+  if (wordexp_only && read_but_dont_execute)
+    {
+      last_command_exit_value = EX_WEXPCOMSUB;
+      jump_to_top_level (EXITPROG);
+    }
+
+  /* We're making the assumption here that the command substitution will
+     eventually run a command from the file system.  Since we'll run
+     maybe_make_export_env in this subshell before executing that command,
+     the parent shell and any other shells it starts will have to remake
+     the environment.  If we make it before we fork, other shells won't
+     have to.  Don't bother if we have any temporary variable assignments,
+     though, because the export environment will be remade after this
+     command completes anyway, but do it if all the words to be expanded
+     are variable assignments. */
+  if (subst_assign_varlist == 0 || garglist == 0)
+    maybe_make_export_env ();	/* XXX */
+
+  /* Flags to pass to parse_and_execute() */
+  pflags = (interactive && sourcelevel == 0) ? SEVAL_RESETLINE : 0;
+
+  /* Pipe the output of executing STRING into the current shell. */
+  if (pipe (fildes) < 0)
+    {
+      sys_error (_("cannot make pipe for command substitution"));
+      goto error_exit;
+    }
+
+  old_pid = last_made_pid;
+#if defined (JOB_CONTROL)
+  old_pipeline_pgrp = pipeline_pgrp;
+  /* Don't reset the pipeline pgrp if we're already a subshell in a pipeline. */
+  if ((subshell_environment & SUBSHELL_PIPE) == 0)
+    pipeline_pgrp = shell_pgrp;
+  cleanup_the_pipeline ();
+#endif /* JOB_CONTROL */
+
+  old_async_pid = last_asynchronous_pid;
+  pid = make_child ((char *)NULL, subshell_environment&SUBSHELL_ASYNC);
+  last_asynchronous_pid = old_async_pid;
+
+  if (pid == 0)
+    {
+      /* Reset the signal handlers in the child, but don't free the
+	 trap strings.  Set a flag noting that we have to free the
+	 trap strings if we run trap to change a signal disposition. */
+      reset_signal_handlers ();
+      subshell_environment |= SUBSHELL_RESETTRAP;
+    }
+
+#if defined (JOB_CONTROL)
+  /* XXX DO THIS ONLY IN PARENT ? XXX */
+  set_sigchld_handler ();
+  stop_making_children ();
+  if (pid != 0)
+    pipeline_pgrp = old_pipeline_pgrp;
+#else
+  stop_making_children ();
+#endif /* JOB_CONTROL */
+
+  if (pid < 0)
+    {
+      sys_error (_("cannot make child for command substitution"));
+    error_exit:
+
+      last_made_pid = old_pid;
+
+      FREE (istring);
+      close (fildes[0]);
+      close (fildes[1]);
+      return ((WORD_DESC *)NULL);
+    }
+
+  if (pid == 0)
+    {
+      set_sigint_handler ();	/* XXX */
+
+      free_pushed_string_input ();
+
+      if (dup2 (fildes[1], 1) < 0)
+	{
+	  sys_error (_("command_substitute: cannot duplicate pipe as fd 1"));
+	  exit (EXECUTION_FAILURE);
+	}
+
+      /* If standard output is closed in the parent shell
+	 (such as after `exec >&-'), file descriptor 1 will be
+	 the lowest available file descriptor, and end up in
+	 fildes[0].  This can happen for stdin and stderr as well,
+	 but stdout is more important -- it will cause no output
+	 to be generated from this command. */
+      if ((fildes[1] != fileno (stdin)) &&
+	  (fildes[1] != fileno (stdout)) &&
+	  (fildes[1] != fileno (stderr)))
+	close (fildes[1]);
+
+      if ((fildes[0] != fileno (stdin)) &&
+	  (fildes[0] != fileno (stdout)) &&
+	  (fildes[0] != fileno (stderr)))
+	close (fildes[0]);
+
+#ifdef __CYGWIN__
+      /* Let stdio know the fd may have changed from text to binary mode, and
+	 make sure to preserve stdout line buffering. */
+      freopen (NULL, "w", stdout);
+      sh_setlinebuf (stdout);
+#endif /* __CYGWIN__ */
+
+      /* The currently executing shell is not interactive. */
+      interactive = 0;
+
+      /* This is a subshell environment. */
+      subshell_environment |= SUBSHELL_COMSUB;
+
+      /* When not in POSIX mode, command substitution does not inherit
+	 the -e flag. */
+      if (posixly_correct == 0)
+        {
+          builtin_ignoring_errexit = 0;
+	  change_flag ('e', FLAG_OFF);
+	  set_shellopts ();
+        }
+
+      remove_quoted_escapes (string);
+
+      startup_state = 2;	/* see if we can avoid a fork */
+      /* Give command substitution a place to jump back to on failure,
+	 so we don't go back up to main (). */
+      result = setjmp_nosigs (top_level);
+
+      /* If we're running a command substitution inside a shell function,
+	 trap `return' so we don't return from the function in the subshell
+	 and go off to never-never land. */
+      if (result == 0 && return_catch_flag)
+	function_value = setjmp_nosigs (return_catch);
+      else
+	function_value = 0;
+
+      if (result == ERREXIT)
+	rc = last_command_exit_value;
+      else if (result == EXITPROG)
+	rc = last_command_exit_value;
+      else if (result)
+	rc = EXECUTION_FAILURE;
+      else if (function_value)
+	rc = return_catch_value;
+      else
+	{
+	  subshell_level++;
+	  rc = parse_and_execute (string, "command substitution", pflags|SEVAL_NOHIST);
+	  subshell_level--;
+	}
+
+      last_command_exit_value = rc;
+      rc = run_exit_trap ();
+#if defined (PROCESS_SUBSTITUTION)
+      unlink_fifo_list ();
+#endif
+      exit (rc);
+    }
+  else
+    {
+#if defined (JOB_CONTROL) && defined (PGRP_PIPE)
+      close_pgrp_pipe ();
+#endif /* JOB_CONTROL && PGRP_PIPE */
+itrace("command_substitute: child pid = %d", pid);
+
+      close (fildes[1]);
+
+      tflag = 0;
+      istring = read_comsub (fildes[0], quoted, &tflag);
+
+      close (fildes[0]);
+
+      current_command_subst_pid = pid;
+      last_command_exit_value = wait_for (pid);
+      last_command_subst_pid = pid;
+      last_made_pid = old_pid;
+
+#if defined (JOB_CONTROL)
+      /* If last_command_exit_value > 128, then the substituted command
+	 was terminated by a signal.  If that signal was SIGINT, then send
+	 SIGINT to ourselves.  This will break out of loops, for instance. */
+      if (last_command_exit_value == (128 + SIGINT) && last_command_exit_signal == SIGINT)
+	kill (getpid (), SIGINT);
+
+      /* wait_for gives the terminal back to shell_pgrp.  If some other
+	 process group should have it, give it away to that group here.
+	 pipeline_pgrp is non-zero only while we are constructing a
+	 pipeline, so what we are concerned about is whether or not that
+	 pipeline was started in the background.  A pipeline started in
+	 the background should never get the tty back here. */
+      if (interactive && pipeline_pgrp != (pid_t)0 && (subshell_environment & SUBSHELL_ASYNC) == 0)
+{
+itrace("command_substitute: giving terminal to %d: job control = %d", pipeline_pgrp, job_control);
+	give_terminal_to (pipeline_pgrp, 0);
+}
+#endif /* JOB_CONTROL */
+
+      ret = alloc_word_desc ();
+      ret->word = istring;
+      ret->flags = tflag;
+
+      return ret;
+    }
+}
+
+/********************************************************
+ *							*
+ *	Utility functions for parameter expansion	*
+ *							*
+ ********************************************************/
+
+#if defined (ARRAY_VARS)
+
+static arrayind_t
+array_length_reference (s)
+     char *s;
+{
+  int len;
+  arrayind_t ind;
+  char *akey;
+  char *t, c;
+  ARRAY *array;
+  HASH_TABLE *h;
+  SHELL_VAR *var;
+
+  var = array_variable_part (s, &t, &len);
+
+  /* If unbound variables should generate an error, report one and return
+     failure. */
+  if ((var == 0 || invisible_p (var) || (assoc_p (var) == 0 && array_p (var) == 0)) && unbound_vars_is_error)
+    {
+      c = *--t;
+      *t = '\0';
+      last_command_exit_value = EXECUTION_FAILURE;
+      err_unboundvar (s);
+      *t = c;
+      return (-1);
+    }
+  else if (var == 0 || invisible_p (var))
+    return 0;
+
+  /* We support a couple of expansions for variables that are not arrays.
+     We'll return the length of the value for v[0], and 1 for v[@] or
+     v[*].  Return 0 for everything else. */
+
+  array = array_p (var) ? array_cell (var) : (ARRAY *)NULL;
+  h = assoc_p (var) ? assoc_cell (var) : (HASH_TABLE *)NULL;
+
+  if (ALL_ELEMENT_SUB (t[0]) && t[1] == ']')
+    {
+      if (assoc_p (var))
+	return (h ? assoc_num_elements (h) : 0);
+      else if (array_p (var))
+	return (array ? array_num_elements (array) : 0);
+      else
+	return (var_isset (var) ? 1 : 0);
+    }
+
+  if (assoc_p (var))
+    {
+      t[len - 1] = '\0';
+      akey = expand_assignment_string_to_string (t, 0);	/* [ */
+      t[len - 1] = ']';
+      if (akey == 0 || *akey == 0)
+	{
+	  err_badarraysub (t);
+	  FREE (akey);
+	  return (-1);
+	}
+      t = assoc_reference (assoc_cell (var), akey);
+      free (akey);
+    }
+  else
+    {
+      ind = array_expand_index (var, t, len);
+      /* negative subscripts to indexed arrays count back from end */
+      if (var && array_p (var) && ind < 0)
+	ind = array_max_index (array_cell (var)) + 1 + ind;
+      if (ind < 0)
+	{
+	  err_badarraysub (t);
+	  return (-1);
+	}
+      if (array_p (var))
+	t = array_reference (array, ind);
+      else
+	t = (ind == 0) ? value_cell (var) : (char *)NULL;
+    }
+
+  len = MB_STRLEN (t);
+  return (len);
+}
+#endif /* ARRAY_VARS */
+
+static int
+valid_brace_expansion_word (name, var_is_special)
+     char *name;
+     int var_is_special;
+{
+  if (DIGIT (*name) && all_digits (name))
+    return 1;
+  else if (var_is_special)
+    return 1;
+#if defined (ARRAY_VARS)
+  else if (valid_array_reference (name))
+    return 1;
+#endif /* ARRAY_VARS */
+  else if (legal_identifier (name))
+    return 1;
+  else
+    return 0;
+}
+
+static int
+chk_atstar (name, quoted, quoted_dollar_atp, contains_dollar_at)
+     char *name;
+     int quoted;
+     int *quoted_dollar_atp, *contains_dollar_at;
+{
+  char *temp1;
+
+  if (name == 0)
+    {
+      if (quoted_dollar_atp)
+	*quoted_dollar_atp = 0;
+      if (contains_dollar_at)
+	*contains_dollar_at = 0;
+      return 0;
+    }
+
+  /* check for $@ and $* */
+  if (name[0] == '@' && name[1] == 0)
+    {
+      if ((quoted & (Q_HERE_DOCUMENT|Q_DOUBLE_QUOTES)) && quoted_dollar_atp)
+	*quoted_dollar_atp = 1;
+      if (contains_dollar_at)
+	*contains_dollar_at = 1;
+      return 1;
+    }
+  else if (name[0] == '*' && name[1] == '\0' && quoted == 0)
+    {
+      if (contains_dollar_at)
+	*contains_dollar_at = 1;
+      return 1;
+    }
+
+  /* Now check for ${array[@]} and ${array[*]} */
+#if defined (ARRAY_VARS)
+  else if (valid_array_reference (name))
+    {
+      temp1 = mbschr (name, '[');
+      if (temp1 && temp1[1] == '@' && temp1[2] == ']')
+	{
+	  if ((quoted & (Q_HERE_DOCUMENT|Q_DOUBLE_QUOTES)) && quoted_dollar_atp)
+	    *quoted_dollar_atp = 1;
+	  if (contains_dollar_at)
+	    *contains_dollar_at = 1;
+	  return 1;
+	}	/* [ */
+      /* ${array[*]}, when unquoted, should be treated like ${array[@]},
+	 which should result in separate words even when IFS is unset. */
+      if (temp1 && temp1[1] == '*' && temp1[2] == ']' && quoted == 0)
+	{
+	  if (contains_dollar_at)
+	    *contains_dollar_at = 1;
+	  return 1;
+	}
+    }
+#endif
+  return 0;
+}
+
+/* Parameter expand NAME, and return a new string which is the expansion,
+   or NULL if there was no expansion.
+   VAR_IS_SPECIAL is non-zero if NAME is one of the special variables in
+   the shell, e.g., "@", "$", "*", etc.  QUOTED, if non-zero, means that
+   NAME was found inside of a double-quoted expression. */
+static WORD_DESC *
+parameter_brace_expand_word (name, var_is_special, quoted, pflags, indp)
+     char *name;
+     int var_is_special, quoted, pflags;
+     arrayind_t *indp;
+{
+  WORD_DESC *ret;
+  char *temp, *tt;
+  intmax_t arg_index;
+  SHELL_VAR *var;
+  int atype, rflags;
+  arrayind_t ind;
+
+  ret = 0;
+  temp = 0;
+  rflags = 0;
+
+  if (indp)
+    *indp = INTMAX_MIN;
+
+  /* Handle multiple digit arguments, as in ${11}. */  
+  if (legal_number (name, &arg_index))
+    {
+      tt = get_dollar_var_value (arg_index);
+      if (tt)
+ 	temp = (*tt && (quoted & (Q_DOUBLE_QUOTES|Q_HERE_DOCUMENT)))
+ 		  ? quote_string (tt)
+ 		  : quote_escapes (tt);
+      else
+        temp = (char *)NULL;
+      FREE (tt);
+    }
+  else if (var_is_special)      /* ${@} */
+    {
+      int sindex;
+      tt = (char *)xmalloc (2 + strlen (name));
+      tt[sindex = 0] = '$';
+      strcpy (tt + 1, name);
+
+      ret = param_expand (tt, &sindex, quoted, (int *)NULL, (int *)NULL,
+			  (int *)NULL, (int *)NULL, pflags);
+      free (tt);
+    }
+#if defined (ARRAY_VARS)
+  else if (valid_array_reference (name))
+    {
+expand_arrayref:
+      /* XXX - does this leak if name[@] or name[*]? */
+      if (pflags & PF_ASSIGNRHS)
+        {
+          temp = array_variable_name (name, &tt, (int *)0);
+          if (ALL_ELEMENT_SUB (tt[0]) && tt[1] == ']')
+	    temp = array_value (name, quoted|Q_DOUBLE_QUOTES, 0, &atype, &ind);
+	  else
+	    temp = array_value (name, quoted, 0, &atype, &ind);
+        }
+      else
+	temp = array_value (name, quoted, 0, &atype, &ind);
+      if (atype == 0 && temp)
+	{
+	  temp = (*temp && (quoted & (Q_DOUBLE_QUOTES|Q_HERE_DOCUMENT)))
+		    ? quote_string (temp)
+		    : quote_escapes (temp);
+	  rflags |= W_ARRAYIND;
+	  if (indp)
+	    *indp = ind;
+	} 		  
+      else if (atype == 1 && temp && QUOTED_NULL (temp) && (quoted & (Q_DOUBLE_QUOTES|Q_HERE_DOCUMENT)))
+	rflags |= W_HASQUOTEDNULL;
+    }
+#endif
+  else if (var = find_variable (name))
+    {
+      if (var_isset (var) && invisible_p (var) == 0)
+	{
+#if defined (ARRAY_VARS)
+	  if (assoc_p (var))
+	    temp = assoc_reference (assoc_cell (var), "0");
+	  else if (array_p (var))
+	    temp = array_reference (array_cell (var), 0);
+	  else
+	    temp = value_cell (var);
+#else
+	  temp = value_cell (var);
+#endif
+
+	  if (temp)
+	    temp = (*temp && (quoted & (Q_DOUBLE_QUOTES|Q_HERE_DOCUMENT)))
+		      ? quote_string (temp)
+		      : quote_escapes (temp);
+	}
+      else
+	temp = (char *)NULL;
+    }
+  else if (var = find_variable_last_nameref (name))
+    {
+      temp = nameref_cell (var);
+#if defined (ARRAY_VARS)
+      /* Handle expanding nameref whose value is x[n] */
+      if (temp && *temp && valid_array_reference (temp))
+	{
+	  name = temp;
+	  goto expand_arrayref;
+	}
+      else
+#endif
+      /* y=2 ; typeset -n x=y; echo ${x} is not the same as echo ${2} in ksh */
+      if (temp && *temp && legal_identifier (temp) == 0)
+        {
+	  last_command_exit_value = EXECUTION_FAILURE;
+	  report_error (_("%s: invalid variable name for name reference"), temp);
+	  temp = &expand_param_error;
+        }
+      else
+	temp = (char *)NULL;
+    }
+  else
+    temp = (char *)NULL;
+
+  if (ret == 0)
+    {
+      ret = alloc_word_desc ();
+      ret->word = temp;
+      ret->flags |= rflags;
+    }
+  return ret;
+}
+
+static char *
+parameter_brace_find_indir (name, var_is_special, quoted, find_nameref)
+     char *name;
+     int var_is_special, quoted, find_nameref;
+{
+  char *temp, *t;
+  WORD_DESC *w;
+  SHELL_VAR *v;
+
+  if (find_nameref && var_is_special == 0 && (v = find_variable_last_nameref (name)) &&
+      nameref_p (v) && (t = nameref_cell (v)) && *t)
+    return (savestring (t));
+
+  /* If var_is_special == 0, and name is not an array reference, this does
+     more expansion than necessary.  It should really look up the variable's
+     value and not try to expand it. */
+  w = parameter_brace_expand_word (name, var_is_special, quoted, PF_IGNUNBOUND, 0);
+  t = w->word;
+  /* Have to dequote here if necessary */
+  if (t)
+    {
+      temp = (quoted & (Q_DOUBLE_QUOTES|Q_HERE_DOCUMENT))
+		? dequote_string (t)
+		: dequote_escapes (t);
+      free (t);
+      t = temp;
+    }
+  dispose_word_desc (w);
+
+  return t;
+}
+  
+/* Expand an indirect reference to a variable: ${!NAME} expands to the
+   value of the variable whose name is the value of NAME. */
+static WORD_DESC *
+parameter_brace_expand_indir (name, var_is_special, quoted, quoted_dollar_atp, contains_dollar_at)
+     char *name;
+     int var_is_special, quoted;
+     int *quoted_dollar_atp, *contains_dollar_at;
+{
+  char *temp, *t;
+  WORD_DESC *w;
+  SHELL_VAR *v;
+
+  /* See if it's a nameref first, behave in ksh93-compatible fashion.
+     There is at least one incompatibility: given ${!foo[0]} where foo=bar,
+     bash performs an indirect lookup on foo[0] and expands the result;
+     ksh93 expands bar[0].  We could do that here -- there are enough usable
+     primitives to do that -- but do not at this point. */
+  if (var_is_special == 0 && (v = find_variable_last_nameref (name)))
+    {
+      if (nameref_p (v) && (t = nameref_cell (v)) && *t)
+	{
+	  w = alloc_word_desc ();
+	  w->word = savestring (t);
+	  w->flags = 0;
+	  return w;
+	}
+    }
+
+  t = parameter_brace_find_indir (name, var_is_special, quoted, 0);
+
+  chk_atstar (t, quoted, quoted_dollar_atp, contains_dollar_at);
+  if (t == 0)
+    return (WORD_DESC *)NULL;
+
+  w = parameter_brace_expand_word (t, SPECIAL_VAR(t, 0), quoted, 0, 0);
+  free (t);
+
+  return w;
+}
+
+/* Expand the right side of a parameter expansion of the form ${NAMEcVALUE},
+   depending on the value of C, the separating character.  C can be one of
+   "-", "+", or "=".  QUOTED is true if the entire brace expression occurs
+   between double quotes. */
+static WORD_DESC *
+parameter_brace_expand_rhs (name, value, c, quoted, qdollaratp, hasdollarat)
+     char *name, *value;
+     int c, quoted, *qdollaratp, *hasdollarat;
+{
+  WORD_DESC *w;
+  WORD_LIST *l;
+  char *t, *t1, *temp;
+  int hasdol;
+
+  /* If the entire expression is between double quotes, we want to treat
+     the value as a double-quoted string, with the exception that we strip
+     embedded unescaped double quotes (for sh backwards compatibility). */
+  if ((quoted & (Q_HERE_DOCUMENT|Q_DOUBLE_QUOTES)) && *value)
+    {
+      hasdol = 0;
+      temp = string_extract_double_quoted (value, &hasdol, 1);
+    }
+  else
+    temp = value;
+
+  w = alloc_word_desc ();
+  hasdol = 0;
+  /* XXX was 0 not quoted */
+  l = *temp ? expand_string_for_rhs (temp, quoted, &hasdol, (int *)NULL)
+	    : (WORD_LIST *)0;
+  if (hasdollarat)
+    *hasdollarat = hasdol || (l && l->next);
+  if (temp != value)
+    free (temp);
+  if (l)
+    {
+      /* The expansion of TEMP returned something.  We need to treat things
+	  slightly differently if HASDOL is non-zero.  If we have "$@", the
+	  individual words have already been quoted.  We need to turn them
+	  into a string with the words separated by the first character of
+	  $IFS without any additional quoting, so string_list_dollar_at won't
+	  do the right thing.  We use string_list_dollar_star instead. */
+      temp = (hasdol || l->next) ? string_list_dollar_star (l) : string_list (l);
+
+      /* If l->next is not null, we know that TEMP contained "$@", since that
+	 is the only expansion that creates more than one word. */
+      if (qdollaratp && ((hasdol && quoted) || l->next))
+	*qdollaratp = 1;
+      /* If we have a quoted null result (QUOTED_NULL(temp)) and the word is
+	 a quoted null (l->next == 0 && QUOTED_NULL(l->word->word)), the
+	 flags indicate it (l->word->flags & W_HASQUOTEDNULL), and the
+	 expansion is quoted (quoted & (Q_HERE_DOCUMENT|Q_DOUBLE_QUOTES))
+	 (which is more paranoia than anything else), we need to return the
+	 quoted null string and set the flags to indicate it. */
+      if (l->next == 0 && (quoted & (Q_HERE_DOCUMENT|Q_DOUBLE_QUOTES)) && QUOTED_NULL (temp) && QUOTED_NULL (l->word->word) && (l->word->flags & W_HASQUOTEDNULL))
+	{
+	  w->flags |= W_HASQUOTEDNULL;
+	}
+      dispose_words (l);
+    }
+  else if ((quoted & (Q_HERE_DOCUMENT|Q_DOUBLE_QUOTES)) && hasdol)
+    {
+      /* The brace expansion occurred between double quotes and there was
+	 a $@ in TEMP.  It does not matter if the $@ is quoted, as long as
+	 it does not expand to anything.  In this case, we want to return
+	 a quoted empty string. */
+      temp = make_quoted_char ('\0');
+      w->flags |= W_HASQUOTEDNULL;
+    }
+  else
+    temp = (char *)NULL;
+
+  if (c == '-' || c == '+')
+    {
+      w->word = temp;
+      return w;
+    }
+
+  /* c == '=' */
+  t = temp ? savestring (temp) : savestring ("");
+  t1 = dequote_string (t);
+  free (t);
+#if defined (ARRAY_VARS)
+  if (valid_array_reference (name))
+    assign_array_element (name, t1, 0);
+  else
+#endif /* ARRAY_VARS */
+  bind_variable (name, t1, 0);
+#if 0
+  if (STREQ (name, "IFS") == 0)
+#endif
+    stupidly_hack_special_variables (name);
+
+  /* From Posix group discussion Feb-March 2010.  Issue 7 0000221 */
+  free (temp);
+
+  w->word = t1;
+  return w;
+}
+
+/* Deal with the right hand side of a ${name:?value} expansion in the case
+   that NAME is null or not set.  If VALUE is non-null it is expanded and
+   used as the error message to print, otherwise a standard message is
+   printed. */
+static void
+parameter_brace_expand_error (name, value)
+     char *name, *value;
+{
+  WORD_LIST *l;
+  char *temp;
+
+  last_command_exit_value = EXECUTION_FAILURE;	/* ensure it's non-zero */
+  if (value && *value)
+    {
+      l = expand_string (value, 0);
+      temp =  string_list (l);
+      report_error ("%s: %s", name, temp ? temp : "");	/* XXX was value not "" */
+      FREE (temp);
+      dispose_words (l);
+    }
+  else
+    report_error (_("%s: parameter null or not set"), name);
+
+  /* Free the data we have allocated during this expansion, since we
+     are about to longjmp out. */
+  free (name);
+  FREE (value);
+}
+
+/* Return 1 if NAME is something for which parameter_brace_expand_length is
+   OK to do. */
+static int
+valid_length_expression (name)
+     char *name;
+{
+  return (name[1] == '\0' ||					/* ${#} */
+	  ((sh_syntaxtab[(unsigned char) name[1]] & CSPECVAR) && name[2] == '\0') ||  /* special param */
+	  (DIGIT (name[1]) && all_digits (name + 1)) ||	/* ${#11} */
+#if defined (ARRAY_VARS)
+	  valid_array_reference (name + 1) ||			/* ${#a[7]} */
+#endif
+	  legal_identifier (name + 1));				/* ${#PS1} */
+}
+
+/* Handle the parameter brace expansion that requires us to return the
+   length of a parameter. */
+static intmax_t
+parameter_brace_expand_length (name)
+     char *name;
+{
+  char *t, *newname;
+  intmax_t number, arg_index;
+  WORD_LIST *list;
+#if defined (ARRAY_VARS)
+  SHELL_VAR *var;
+#endif
+
+  if (name[1] == '\0')			/* ${#} */
+    number = number_of_args ();
+  else if ((name[1] == '@' || name[1] == '*') && name[2] == '\0')	/* ${#@}, ${#*} */
+    number = number_of_args ();
+  else if ((sh_syntaxtab[(unsigned char) name[1]] & CSPECVAR) && name[2] == '\0')
+    {
+      /* Take the lengths of some of the shell's special parameters. */
+      switch (name[1])
+	{
+	case '-':
+	  t = which_set_flags ();
+	  break;
+	case '?':
+	  t = itos (last_command_exit_value);
+	  break;
+	case '$':
+	  t = itos (dollar_dollar_pid);
+	  break;
+	case '!':
+	  if (last_asynchronous_pid == NO_PID)
+	    t = (char *)NULL;	/* XXX - error if set -u set? */
+	  else
+	    t = itos (last_asynchronous_pid);
+	  break;
+	case '#':
+	  t = itos (number_of_args ());
+	  break;
+	}
+      number = STRLEN (t);
+      FREE (t);
+    }
+#if defined (ARRAY_VARS)
+  else if (valid_array_reference (name + 1))
+    number = array_length_reference (name + 1);
+#endif /* ARRAY_VARS */
+  else
+    {
+      number = 0;
+
+      if (legal_number (name + 1, &arg_index))		/* ${#1} */
+	{
+	  t = get_dollar_var_value (arg_index);
+	  if (t == 0 && unbound_vars_is_error)
+	    return INTMAX_MIN;
+	  number = MB_STRLEN (t);
+	  FREE (t);
+	}
+#if defined (ARRAY_VARS)
+      else if ((var = find_variable (name + 1)) && (invisible_p (var) == 0) && (array_p (var) || assoc_p (var)))
+	{
+	  if (assoc_p (var))
+	    t = assoc_reference (assoc_cell (var), "0");
+	  else
+	    t = array_reference (array_cell (var), 0);
+	  if (t == 0 && unbound_vars_is_error)
+	    return INTMAX_MIN;
+	  number = MB_STRLEN (t);
+	}
+#endif
+      else				/* ${#PS1} */
+	{
+	  newname = savestring (name);
+	  newname[0] = '$';
+	  list = expand_string (newname, Q_DOUBLE_QUOTES);
+	  t = list ? string_list (list) : (char *)NULL;
+	  free (newname);
+	  if (list)
+	    dispose_words (list);
+
+	  number = t ? MB_STRLEN (t) : 0;
+	  FREE (t);
+	}
+    }
+
+  return (number);
+}
+
+/* Skip characters in SUBSTR until DELIM.  SUBSTR is an arithmetic expression,
+   so we do some ad-hoc parsing of an arithmetic expression to find
+   the first DELIM, instead of using strchr(3).  Two rules:
+	1.  If the substring contains a `(', read until closing `)'.
+	2.  If the substring contains a `?', read past one `:' for each `?'.
+*/
+
+static char *
+skiparith (substr, delim)
+     char *substr;
+     int delim;
+{
+  size_t sublen;
+  int skipcol, pcount, i;
+  DECLARE_MBSTATE;
+
+  sublen = strlen (substr);
+  i = skipcol = pcount = 0;
+  while (substr[i])
+    {
+      /* Balance parens */
+      if (substr[i] == LPAREN)
+	{
+	  pcount++;
+	  i++;
+	  continue;
+	}
+      if (substr[i] == RPAREN && pcount)
+	{
+	  pcount--;
+	  i++;
+	  continue;
+	}
+      if (pcount)
+	{
+	  ADVANCE_CHAR (substr, sublen, i);
+	  continue;
+	}
+
+      /* Skip one `:' for each `?' */
+      if (substr[i] == ':' && skipcol)
+	{
+	  skipcol--;
+	  i++;
+	  continue;
+	}
+      if (substr[i] == delim)
+	break;
+      if (substr[i] == '?')
+	{
+	  skipcol++;
+	  i++;
+	  continue;
+	}
+      ADVANCE_CHAR (substr, sublen, i);
+    }
+
+  return (substr + i);
+}
+
+/* Verify and limit the start and end of the desired substring.  If
+   VTYPE == 0, a regular shell variable is being used; if it is 1,
+   then the positional parameters are being used; if it is 2, then
+   VALUE is really a pointer to an array variable that should be used.
+   Return value is 1 if both values were OK, 0 if there was a problem
+   with an invalid expression, or -1 if the values were out of range. */
+static int
+verify_substring_values (v, value, substr, vtype, e1p, e2p)
+     SHELL_VAR *v;
+     char *value, *substr;
+     int vtype;
+     intmax_t *e1p, *e2p;
+{
+  char *t, *temp1, *temp2;
+  arrayind_t len;
+  int expok;
+#if defined (ARRAY_VARS)
+ ARRAY *a;
+ HASH_TABLE *h;
+#endif
+
+  /* duplicate behavior of strchr(3) */
+  t = skiparith (substr, ':');
+  if (*t && *t == ':')
+    *t = '\0';
+  else
+    t = (char *)0;
+
+  temp1 = expand_arith_string (substr, Q_DOUBLE_QUOTES);
+  *e1p = evalexp (temp1, &expok);
+  free (temp1);
+  if (expok == 0)
+    return (0);
+
+  len = -1;	/* paranoia */
+  switch (vtype)
+    {
+    case VT_VARIABLE:
+    case VT_ARRAYMEMBER:
+      len = MB_STRLEN (value);
+      break;
+    case VT_POSPARMS:
+      len = number_of_args () + 1;
+      if (*e1p == 0)
+	len++;		/* add one arg if counting from $0 */
+      break;
+#if defined (ARRAY_VARS)
+    case VT_ARRAYVAR:
+      /* For arrays, the first value deals with array indices.  Negative
+	 offsets count from one past the array's maximum index.  Associative
+	 arrays treat the number of elements as the maximum index. */
+      if (assoc_p (v))
+	{
+	  h = assoc_cell (v);
+	  len = assoc_num_elements (h) + (*e1p < 0);
+	}
+      else
+	{
+	  a = (ARRAY *)value;
+	  len = array_max_index (a) + (*e1p < 0);	/* arrays index from 0 to n - 1 */
+	}
+      break;
+#endif
+    }
+
+  if (len == -1)	/* paranoia */
+    return -1;
+
+  if (*e1p < 0)		/* negative offsets count from end */
+    *e1p += len;
+
+  if (*e1p > len || *e1p < 0)
+    return (-1);
+
+#if defined (ARRAY_VARS)
+  /* For arrays, the second offset deals with the number of elements. */
+  if (vtype == VT_ARRAYVAR)
+    len = assoc_p (v) ? assoc_num_elements (h) : array_num_elements (a);
+#endif
+
+  if (t)
+    {
+      t++;
+      temp2 = savestring (t);
+      temp1 = expand_arith_string (temp2, Q_DOUBLE_QUOTES);
+      free (temp2);
+      t[-1] = ':';
+      *e2p = evalexp (temp1, &expok);
+      free (temp1);
+      if (expok == 0)
+	return (0);
+#if 1
+      if ((vtype == VT_ARRAYVAR || vtype == VT_POSPARMS) && *e2p < 0)
+#else
+      /* bash-4.3: allow positional parameter length < 0 to count backwards
+	 from end of positional parameters */
+      if (vtype == VT_ARRAYVAR && *e2p < 0)
+#endif
+	{
+	  internal_error (_("%s: substring expression < 0"), t);
+	  return (0);
+	}
+#if defined (ARRAY_VARS)
+      /* In order to deal with sparse arrays, push the intelligence about how
+	 to deal with the number of elements desired down to the array-
+	 specific functions.  */
+      if (vtype != VT_ARRAYVAR)
+#endif
+	{
+	  if (*e2p < 0)
+	    {
+	      *e2p += len;
+	      if (*e2p < 0 || *e2p < *e1p)
+		{
+		  internal_error (_("%s: substring expression < 0"), t);
+		  return (0);
+		}
+	    }
+	  else
+	    *e2p += *e1p;		/* want E2 chars starting at E1 */
+	  if (*e2p > len)
+	    *e2p = len;
+	}
+    }
+  else
+    *e2p = len;
+
+  return (1);
+}
+
+/* Return the type of variable specified by VARNAME (simple variable,
+   positional param, or array variable).  Also return the value specified
+   by VARNAME (value of a variable or a reference to an array element).
+   QUOTED is the standard description of quoting state, using Q_* defines.
+   FLAGS is currently a set of flags to pass to array_value.  If IND is
+   non-null and not INTMAX_MIN, and FLAGS includes AV_USEIND, IND is
+   passed to array_value so the array index is not computed again.
+   If this returns VT_VARIABLE, the caller assumes that CTLESC and CTLNUL
+   characters in the value are quoted with CTLESC and takes appropriate
+   steps.  For convenience, *VALP is set to the dequoted VALUE. */
+static int
+get_var_and_type (varname, value, ind, quoted, flags, varp, valp)
+     char *varname, *value;
+     arrayind_t ind;
+     int quoted, flags;
+     SHELL_VAR **varp;
+     char **valp;
+{
+  int vtype, want_indir;
+  char *temp, *vname;
+  WORD_DESC *wd;
+#if defined (ARRAY_VARS)
+  SHELL_VAR *v;
+#endif
+  arrayind_t lind;
+
+  want_indir = *varname == '!' &&
+    (legal_variable_starter ((unsigned char)varname[1]) || DIGIT (varname[1])
+					|| VALID_INDIR_PARAM (varname[1]));
+  if (want_indir)
+    vname = parameter_brace_find_indir (varname+1, SPECIAL_VAR (varname, 1), quoted, 1);
+  else
+    vname = varname;
+    
+  /* This sets vtype to VT_VARIABLE or VT_POSPARMS */
+  vtype = (vname[0] == '@' || vname[0] == '*') && vname[1] == '\0';
+  if (vtype == VT_POSPARMS && vname[0] == '*')
+    vtype |= VT_STARSUB;
+  *varp = (SHELL_VAR *)NULL;
+
+#if defined (ARRAY_VARS)
+  if (valid_array_reference (vname))
+    {
+      v = array_variable_part (vname, &temp, (int *)0);
+      /* If we want to signal array_value to use an already-computed index,
+	 set LIND to that index */
+      lind = (ind != INTMAX_MIN && (flags & AV_USEIND)) ? ind : 0;
+      if (v && invisible_p (v))
+	{
+	  vtype = VT_ARRAYMEMBER;
+	  *varp = (SHELL_VAR *)NULL;
+	  *valp = (char *)NULL;
+	}
+      if (v && (array_p (v) || assoc_p (v)))
+	{ /* [ */
+	  if (ALL_ELEMENT_SUB (temp[0]) && temp[1] == ']')
+	    {
+	      /* Callers have to differentiate between indexed and associative */
+	      vtype = VT_ARRAYVAR;
+	      if (temp[0] == '*')
+		vtype |= VT_STARSUB;
+	      *valp = array_p (v) ? (char *)array_cell (v) : (char *)assoc_cell (v);
+	    }
+	  else
+	    {
+	      vtype = VT_ARRAYMEMBER;
+	      *valp = array_value (vname, Q_DOUBLE_QUOTES, flags, (int *)NULL, &lind);
+	    }
+	  *varp = v;
+	}
+      else if (v && (ALL_ELEMENT_SUB (temp[0]) && temp[1] == ']'))
+	{
+	  vtype = VT_VARIABLE;
+	  *varp = v;
+	  if (quoted & (Q_DOUBLE_QUOTES|Q_HERE_DOCUMENT))
+	    *valp = dequote_string (value);
+	  else
+	    *valp = dequote_escapes (value);
+	}
+      else
+	{
+	  vtype = VT_ARRAYMEMBER;
+	  *varp = v;
+	  *valp = array_value (vname, Q_DOUBLE_QUOTES, flags, (int *)NULL, &lind);
+	}
+    }
+  else if ((v = find_variable (vname)) && (invisible_p (v) == 0) && (assoc_p (v) || array_p (v)))
+    {
+      vtype = VT_ARRAYMEMBER;
+      *varp = v;
+      *valp = assoc_p (v) ? assoc_reference (assoc_cell (v), "0") : array_reference (array_cell (v), 0);
+    }
+  else
+#endif
+    {
+      if (value && vtype == VT_VARIABLE)
+	{
+	  if (quoted & (Q_DOUBLE_QUOTES|Q_HERE_DOCUMENT))
+	    *valp = dequote_string (value);
+	  else
+	    *valp = dequote_escapes (value);
+	}
+      else
+	*valp = value;
+    }
+
+  if (want_indir)
+    free (vname);
+
+  return vtype;
+}
+
+/******************************************************/
+/*						      */
+/* Functions to extract substrings of variable values */
+/*						      */
+/******************************************************/
+
+#if defined (HANDLE_MULTIBYTE)
+/* Character-oriented rather than strictly byte-oriented substrings.  S and
+   E, rather being strict indices into STRING, indicate character (possibly
+   multibyte character) positions that require calculation.
+   Used by the ${param:offset[:length]} expansion. */
+static char *
+mb_substring (string, s, e)
+     char *string;
+     int s, e;
+{
+  char *tt;
+  int start, stop, i, slen;
+  DECLARE_MBSTATE;
+
+  start = 0;
+  /* Don't need string length in ADVANCE_CHAR unless multibyte chars possible. */
+  slen = (MB_CUR_MAX > 1) ? STRLEN (string) : 0;
+
+  i = s;
+  while (string[start] && i--)
+    ADVANCE_CHAR (string, slen, start);
+  stop = start;
+  i = e - s;
+  while (string[stop] && i--)
+    ADVANCE_CHAR (string, slen, stop);
+  tt = substring (string, start, stop);
+  return tt;
+}
+#endif
+  
+/* Process a variable substring expansion: ${name:e1[:e2]}.  If VARNAME
+   is `@', use the positional parameters; otherwise, use the value of
+   VARNAME.  If VARNAME is an array variable, use the array elements. */
+
+static char *
+parameter_brace_substring (varname, value, ind, substr, quoted, flags)
+     char *varname, *value;
+     int ind;
+     char *substr;
+     int quoted, flags;
+{
+  intmax_t e1, e2;
+  int vtype, r, starsub;
+  char *temp, *val, *tt, *oname;
+  SHELL_VAR *v;
+
+  if (value == 0)
+    return ((char *)NULL);
+
+  oname = this_command_name;
+  this_command_name = varname;
+
+  vtype = get_var_and_type (varname, value, ind, quoted, flags, &v, &val);
+  if (vtype == -1)
+    {
+      this_command_name = oname;
+      return ((char *)NULL);
+    }
+
+  starsub = vtype & VT_STARSUB;
+  vtype &= ~VT_STARSUB;
+
+  r = verify_substring_values (v, val, substr, vtype, &e1, &e2);
+  this_command_name = oname;
+  if (r <= 0)
+    {
+      if (vtype == VT_VARIABLE)
+	FREE (val);
+      return ((r == 0) ? &expand_param_error : (char *)NULL);
+    }
+
+  switch (vtype)
+    {
+    case VT_VARIABLE:
+    case VT_ARRAYMEMBER:
+#if defined (HANDLE_MULTIBYTE)
+      if (MB_CUR_MAX > 1)
+	tt = mb_substring (val, e1, e2);
+      else
+#endif
+      tt = substring (val, e1, e2);
+
+      if (vtype == VT_VARIABLE)
+	FREE (val);
+      if (quoted & (Q_DOUBLE_QUOTES|Q_HERE_DOCUMENT))
+	temp = quote_string (tt);
+      else
+	temp = tt ? quote_escapes (tt) : (char *)NULL;
+      FREE (tt);
+      break;
+    case VT_POSPARMS:
+      tt = pos_params (varname, e1, e2, quoted);
+      if ((quoted & (Q_DOUBLE_QUOTES|Q_HERE_DOCUMENT)) == 0)
+	{
+	  temp = tt ? quote_escapes (tt) : (char *)NULL;
+	  FREE (tt);
+	}
+      else
+	temp = tt;
+      break;
+#if defined (ARRAY_VARS)
+    case VT_ARRAYVAR:
+      if (assoc_p (v))
+	/* we convert to list and take first e2 elements starting at e1th
+	   element -- officially undefined for now */	
+	temp = assoc_subrange (assoc_cell (v), e1, e2, starsub, quoted);
+      else
+      /* We want E2 to be the number of elements desired (arrays can be sparse,
+	 so verify_substring_values just returns the numbers specified and we
+	 rely on array_subrange to understand how to deal with them). */
+	temp = array_subrange (array_cell (v), e1, e2, starsub, quoted);
+      /* array_subrange now calls array_quote_escapes as appropriate, so the
+	 caller no longer needs to. */
+      break;
+#endif
+    default:
+      temp = (char *)NULL;
+    }
+
+  return temp;
+}
+
+/****************************************************************/
+/*								*/
+/* Functions to perform pattern substitution on variable values */
+/*								*/
+/****************************************************************/
+
+static int
+shouldexp_replacement (s)
+     char *s;
+{
+  register char *p;
+
+  for (p = s; p && *p; p++)
+    {
+      if (*p == '\\')
+	p++;
+      else if (*p == '&')
+	return 1;
+    }
+  return 0;
+}
+
+char *
+pat_subst (string, pat, rep, mflags)
+     char *string, *pat, *rep;
+     int mflags;
+{
+  char *ret, *s, *e, *str, *rstr, *mstr;
+  int rsize, rptr, l, replen, mtype, rxpand, rslen, mlen;
+
+  if (string  == 0)
+    return (savestring (""));
+
+  mtype = mflags & MATCH_TYPEMASK;
+
+#if 0	/* bash-4.2 ? */
+  rxpand = (rep && *rep) ? shouldexp_replacement (rep) : 0;
+#else
+  rxpand = 0;
+#endif
+
+  /* Special cases:
+   * 	1.  A null pattern with mtype == MATCH_BEG means to prefix STRING
+   *	    with REP and return the result.
+   *	2.  A null pattern with mtype == MATCH_END means to append REP to
+   *	    STRING and return the result.
+   * These don't understand or process `&' in the replacement string.
+   */
+  if ((pat == 0 || *pat == 0) && (mtype == MATCH_BEG || mtype == MATCH_END))
+    {
+      replen = STRLEN (rep);
+      l = STRLEN (string);
+      ret = (char *)xmalloc (replen + l + 2);
+      if (replen == 0)
+	strcpy (ret, string);
+      else if (mtype == MATCH_BEG)
+	{
+	  strcpy (ret, rep);
+	  strcpy (ret + replen, string);
+	}
+      else
+	{
+	  strcpy (ret, string);
+	  strcpy (ret + l, rep);
+	}
+      return (ret);
+    }
+
+  ret = (char *)xmalloc (rsize = 64);
+  ret[0] = '\0';
+
+  for (replen = STRLEN (rep), rptr = 0, str = string;;)
+    {
+      if (match_pattern (str, pat, mtype, &s, &e) == 0)
+	break;
+      l = s - str;
+
+      if (rxpand)
+        {
+          int x;
+          mlen = e - s;
+          mstr = xmalloc (mlen + 1);
+	  for (x = 0; x < mlen; x++)
+	    mstr[x] = s[x];
+          mstr[mlen] = '\0';
+          rstr = strcreplace (rep, '&', mstr, 0);
+          rslen = strlen (rstr);
+        }
+      else
+        {
+          rstr = rep;
+          rslen = replen;
+        }
+        
+      RESIZE_MALLOCED_BUFFER (ret, rptr, (l + rslen), rsize, 64);
+
+      /* OK, now copy the leading unmatched portion of the string (from
+	 str to s) to ret starting at rptr (the current offset).  Then copy
+	 the replacement string at ret + rptr + (s - str).  Increment
+	 rptr (if necessary) and str and go on. */
+      if (l)
+	{
+	  strncpy (ret + rptr, str, l);
+	  rptr += l;
+	}
+      if (replen)
+	{
+	  strncpy (ret + rptr, rstr, rslen);
+	  rptr += rslen;
+	}
+      str = e;		/* e == end of match */
+
+      if (rstr != rep)
+	free (rstr);
+
+      if (((mflags & MATCH_GLOBREP) == 0) || mtype != MATCH_ANY)
+	break;
+
+      if (s == e)
+	{
+	  /* On a zero-length match, make sure we copy one character, since
+	     we increment one character to avoid infinite recursion. */
+	  RESIZE_MALLOCED_BUFFER (ret, rptr, 1, rsize, 64);
+	  ret[rptr++] = *str++;
+	  e++;		/* avoid infinite recursion on zero-length match */
+	}
+    }
+
+  /* Now copy the unmatched portion of the input string */
+  if (str && *str)
+    {
+      RESIZE_MALLOCED_BUFFER (ret, rptr, STRLEN(str) + 1, rsize, 64);
+      strcpy (ret + rptr, str);
+    }
+  else
+    ret[rptr] = '\0';
+
+  return ret;
+}
+
+/* Do pattern match and replacement on the positional parameters. */
+static char *
+pos_params_pat_subst (string, pat, rep, mflags)
+     char *string, *pat, *rep;
+     int mflags;
+{
+  WORD_LIST *save, *params;
+  WORD_DESC *w;
+  char *ret;
+  int pchar, qflags;
+
+  save = params = list_rest_of_args ();
+  if (save == 0)
+    return ((char *)NULL);
+
+  for ( ; params; params = params->next)
+    {
+      ret = pat_subst (params->word->word, pat, rep, mflags);
+      w = alloc_word_desc ();
+      w->word = ret ? ret : savestring ("");
+      dispose_word (params->word);
+      params->word = w;
+    }
+
+  pchar = (mflags & MATCH_STARSUB) == MATCH_STARSUB ? '*' : '@';
+  qflags = (mflags & MATCH_QUOTED) == MATCH_QUOTED ? Q_DOUBLE_QUOTES : 0;
+
+  ret = string_list_pos_params (pchar, save, qflags);
+
+  dispose_words (save);
+
+  return (ret);
+}
+
+/* Perform pattern substitution on VALUE, which is the expansion of
+   VARNAME.  PATSUB is an expression supplying the pattern to match
+   and the string to substitute.  QUOTED is a flags word containing
+   the type of quoting currently in effect. */
+static char *
+parameter_brace_patsub (varname, value, ind, patsub, quoted, flags)
+     char *varname, *value;
+     int ind;
+     char *patsub;
+     int quoted, flags;
+{
+  int vtype, mflags, starsub, delim;
+  char *val, *temp, *pat, *rep, *p, *lpatsub, *tt;
+  SHELL_VAR *v;
+
+  if (value == 0)
+    return ((char *)NULL);
+
+  this_command_name = varname;
+
+  vtype = get_var_and_type (varname, value, ind, quoted, flags, &v, &val);
+  if (vtype == -1)
+    return ((char *)NULL);
+
+  starsub = vtype & VT_STARSUB;
+  vtype &= ~VT_STARSUB;
+
+  mflags = 0;
+  /* PATSUB is never NULL when this is called. */
+  if (*patsub == '/')
+    {
+      mflags |= MATCH_GLOBREP;
+      patsub++;
+    }
+
+  /* Malloc this because expand_string_if_necessary or one of the expansion
+     functions in its call chain may free it on a substitution error. */
+  lpatsub = savestring (patsub);
+
+  if (quoted & (Q_HERE_DOCUMENT|Q_DOUBLE_QUOTES))
+    mflags |= MATCH_QUOTED;
+
+  if (starsub)
+    mflags |= MATCH_STARSUB;
+
+  /* If the pattern starts with a `/', make sure we skip over it when looking
+     for the replacement delimiter. */
+  delim = skip_to_delim (lpatsub, ((*patsub == '/') ? 1 : 0), "/", 0);
+  if (lpatsub[delim] == '/')
+    {
+      lpatsub[delim] = 0;
+      rep = lpatsub + delim + 1;
+    }
+  else
+    rep = (char *)NULL;
+
+  if (rep && *rep == '\0')
+    rep = (char *)NULL;
+
+  /* Perform the same expansions on the pattern as performed by the
+     pattern removal expansions. */
+  pat = getpattern (lpatsub, quoted, 1);
+
+  if (rep)
+    {
+      /* We want to perform quote removal on the expanded replacement even if
+	 the entire expansion is double-quoted because the parser and string
+	 extraction functions treated quotes in the replacement string as
+	 special.  THIS IS NOT BACKWARDS COMPATIBLE WITH BASH-4.2. */
+      if (shell_compatibility_level > 42)
+	rep = expand_string_if_necessary (rep, quoted & ~(Q_DOUBLE_QUOTES|Q_HERE_DOCUMENT), expand_string_unsplit);
+      /* This is the bash-4.2 code. */      
+      else if ((mflags & MATCH_QUOTED) == 0)
+	rep = expand_string_if_necessary (rep, quoted, expand_string_unsplit);
+      else
+	rep = expand_string_to_string_internal (rep, quoted, expand_string_unsplit);
+    }
+
+  /* ksh93 doesn't allow the match specifier to be a part of the expanded
+     pattern.  This is an extension.  Make sure we don't anchor the pattern
+     at the beginning or end of the string if we're doing global replacement,
+     though. */
+  p = pat;
+  if (mflags & MATCH_GLOBREP)
+    mflags |= MATCH_ANY;
+  else if (pat && pat[0] == '#')
+    {
+      mflags |= MATCH_BEG;
+      p++;
+    }
+  else if (pat && pat[0] == '%')
+    {
+      mflags |= MATCH_END;
+      p++;
+    }
+  else
+    mflags |= MATCH_ANY;
+
+  /* OK, we now want to substitute REP for PAT in VAL.  If
+     flags & MATCH_GLOBREP is non-zero, the substitution is done
+     everywhere, otherwise only the first occurrence of PAT is
+     replaced.  The pattern matching code doesn't understand
+     CTLESC quoting CTLESC and CTLNUL so we use the dequoted variable
+     values passed in (VT_VARIABLE) so the pattern substitution
+     code works right.  We need to requote special chars after
+     we're done for VT_VARIABLE and VT_ARRAYMEMBER, and for the
+     other cases if QUOTED == 0, since the posparams and arrays
+     indexed by * or @ do special things when QUOTED != 0. */
+
+  switch (vtype)
+    {
+    case VT_VARIABLE:
+    case VT_ARRAYMEMBER:
+      temp = pat_subst (val, p, rep, mflags);
+      if (vtype == VT_VARIABLE)
+	FREE (val);
+      if (temp)
+	{
+	  tt = (mflags & MATCH_QUOTED) ? quote_string (temp) : quote_escapes (temp);
+	  free (temp);
+	  temp = tt;
+	}
+      break;
+    case VT_POSPARMS:
+      temp = pos_params_pat_subst (val, p, rep, mflags);
+      if (temp && (mflags & MATCH_QUOTED) == 0)
+	{
+	  tt = quote_escapes (temp);
+	  free (temp);
+	  temp = tt;
+	}
+      break;
+#if defined (ARRAY_VARS)
+    case VT_ARRAYVAR:
+      temp = assoc_p (v) ? assoc_patsub (assoc_cell (v), p, rep, mflags)
+			 : array_patsub (array_cell (v), p, rep, mflags);
+      /* Don't call quote_escapes anymore; array_patsub calls
+	 array_quote_escapes as appropriate before adding the
+	 space separators; ditto for assoc_patsub. */
+      break;
+#endif
+    }
+
+  FREE (pat);
+  FREE (rep);
+  free (lpatsub);
+
+  return temp;
+}
+
+/****************************************************************/
+/*								*/
+/*   Functions to perform case modification on variable values  */
+/*								*/
+/****************************************************************/
+
+/* Do case modification on the positional parameters. */
+
+static char *
+pos_params_modcase (string, pat, modop, mflags)
+     char *string, *pat;
+     int modop;
+     int mflags;
+{
+  WORD_LIST *save, *params;
+  WORD_DESC *w;
+  char *ret;
+  int pchar, qflags;
+
+  save = params = list_rest_of_args ();
+  if (save == 0)
+    return ((char *)NULL);
+
+  for ( ; params; params = params->next)
+    {
+      ret = sh_modcase (params->word->word, pat, modop);
+      w = alloc_word_desc ();
+      w->word = ret ? ret : savestring ("");
+      dispose_word (params->word);
+      params->word = w;
+    }
+
+  pchar = (mflags & MATCH_STARSUB) == MATCH_STARSUB ? '*' : '@';
+  qflags = (mflags & MATCH_QUOTED) == MATCH_QUOTED ? Q_DOUBLE_QUOTES : 0;
+
+  ret = string_list_pos_params (pchar, save, qflags);
+  dispose_words (save);
+
+  return (ret);
+}
+
+/* Perform case modification on VALUE, which is the expansion of
+   VARNAME.  MODSPEC is an expression supplying the type of modification
+   to perform.  QUOTED is a flags word containing the type of quoting
+   currently in effect. */
+static char *
+parameter_brace_casemod (varname, value, ind, modspec, patspec, quoted, flags)
+     char *varname, *value;
+     int ind, modspec;
+     char *patspec;
+     int quoted, flags;
+{
+  int vtype, starsub, modop, mflags, x;
+  char *val, *temp, *pat, *p, *lpat, *tt;
+  SHELL_VAR *v;
+
+  if (value == 0)
+    return ((char *)NULL);
+
+  this_command_name = varname;
+
+  vtype = get_var_and_type (varname, value, ind, quoted, flags, &v, &val);
+  if (vtype == -1)
+    return ((char *)NULL);
+
+  starsub = vtype & VT_STARSUB;
+  vtype &= ~VT_STARSUB;
+
+  modop = 0;
+  mflags = 0;
+  if (quoted & (Q_HERE_DOCUMENT|Q_DOUBLE_QUOTES))
+    mflags |= MATCH_QUOTED;
+  if (starsub)
+    mflags |= MATCH_STARSUB;
+  
+  p = patspec;
+  if (modspec == '^')
+    {
+      x = p && p[0] == modspec;
+      modop = x ? CASE_UPPER : CASE_UPFIRST;
+      p += x;
+    }
+  else if (modspec == ',')
+    {
+      x = p && p[0] == modspec;
+      modop = x ? CASE_LOWER : CASE_LOWFIRST;
+      p += x;
+    }
+  else if (modspec == '~')
+    {
+      x = p && p[0] == modspec;
+      modop = x ? CASE_TOGGLEALL : CASE_TOGGLE;
+      p += x;
+    }
+    
+  lpat = p ? savestring (p) : 0;
+  /* Perform the same expansions on the pattern as performed by the
+     pattern removal expansions.  FOR LATER */
+  pat = lpat ? getpattern (lpat, quoted, 1) : 0;
+
+  /* OK, now we do the case modification. */
+  switch (vtype)
+    {
+    case VT_VARIABLE:
+    case VT_ARRAYMEMBER:
+      temp = sh_modcase (val, pat, modop);
+      if (vtype == VT_VARIABLE)
+	FREE (val);
+      if (temp)
+	{
+	  tt = (mflags & MATCH_QUOTED) ? quote_string (temp) : quote_escapes (temp);
+	  free (temp);
+	  temp = tt;
+	}
+      break;
+
+    case VT_POSPARMS:
+      temp = pos_params_modcase (val, pat, modop, mflags);
+      if (temp && (mflags & MATCH_QUOTED)  == 0)
+	{
+	  tt = quote_escapes (temp);
+	  free (temp);
+	  temp = tt;
+	}
+      break;
+
+#if defined (ARRAY_VARS)
+    case VT_ARRAYVAR:
+      temp = assoc_p (v) ? assoc_modcase (assoc_cell (v), pat, modop, mflags)
+			 : array_modcase (array_cell (v), pat, modop, mflags);
+      /* Don't call quote_escapes; array_modcase calls array_quote_escapes
+	 as appropriate before adding the space separators; ditto for
+	 assoc_modcase. */
+      break;
+#endif
+    }
+
+  FREE (pat);
+  free (lpat);
+
+  return temp;
+}
+
+/* Check for unbalanced parens in S, which is the contents of $(( ... )).  If
+   any occur, this must be a nested command substitution, so return 0.
+   Otherwise, return 1.  A valid arithmetic expression must always have a
+   ( before a matching ), so any cases where there are more right parens
+   means that this must not be an arithmetic expression, though the parser
+   will not accept it without a balanced total number of parens. */
+static int
+chk_arithsub (s, len)
+     const char *s;
+     int len;
+{
+  int i, count;
+  DECLARE_MBSTATE;
+
+  i = count = 0;
+  while (i < len)
+    {
+      if (s[i] == LPAREN)
+	count++;
+      else if (s[i] == RPAREN)
+	{
+	  count--;
+	  if (count < 0)
+	    return 0;
+	}
+
+      switch (s[i])
+	{
+	default:
+	  ADVANCE_CHAR (s, len, i);
+	  break;
+
+	case '\\':
+	  i++;
+	  if (s[i])
+	    ADVANCE_CHAR (s, len, i);
+	  break;
+
+	case '\'':
+	  i = skip_single_quoted (s, len, ++i);
+	  break;
+
+	case '"':
+	  i = skip_double_quoted ((char *)s, len, ++i);
+	  break;
+	}
+    }
+
+  return (count == 0);
+}
+
+/****************************************************************/
+/*								*/
+/*	Functions to perform parameter expansion on a string	*/
+/*								*/
+/****************************************************************/
+
+/* ${[#][!]name[[:][^[^]][,[,]]#[#]%[%]-=?+[word][:e1[:e2]]]} */
+static WORD_DESC *
+parameter_brace_expand (string, indexp, quoted, pflags, quoted_dollar_atp, contains_dollar_at)
+     char *string;
+     int *indexp, quoted, *quoted_dollar_atp, *contains_dollar_at, pflags;
+{
+  int check_nullness, var_is_set, var_is_null, var_is_special;
+  int want_substring, want_indir, want_patsub, want_casemod;
+  char *name, *value, *temp, *temp1;
+  WORD_DESC *tdesc, *ret;
+  int t_index, sindex, c, tflag, modspec;
+  intmax_t number;
+  arrayind_t ind;
+
+  temp = temp1 = value = (char *)NULL;
+  var_is_set = var_is_null = var_is_special = check_nullness = 0;
+  want_substring = want_indir = want_patsub = want_casemod = 0;
+
+  sindex = *indexp;
+  t_index = ++sindex;
+  /* ${#var} doesn't have any of the other parameter expansions on it. */
+  if (string[t_index] == '#' && legal_variable_starter (string[t_index+1]))		/* {{ */
+    name = string_extract (string, &t_index, "}", SX_VARNAME);
+  else
+#if defined (CASEMOD_EXPANSIONS)
+    /* To enable case-toggling expansions using the `~' operator character
+       change the 1 to 0. */
+#  if defined (CASEMOD_CAPCASE)
+    name = string_extract (string, &t_index, "#%^,~:-=?+/}", SX_VARNAME);
+#  else
+    name = string_extract (string, &t_index, "#%^,:-=?+/}", SX_VARNAME);
+#  endif /* CASEMOD_CAPCASE */
+#else
+    name = string_extract (string, &t_index, "#%:-=?+/}", SX_VARNAME);
+#endif /* CASEMOD_EXPANSIONS */
+
+  ret = 0;
+  tflag = 0;
+
+  ind = INTMAX_MIN;
+
+  /* If the name really consists of a special variable, then make sure
+     that we have the entire name.  We don't allow indirect references
+     to special variables except `#', `?', `@' and `*'. */
+  if ((sindex == t_index && VALID_SPECIAL_LENGTH_PARAM (string[t_index])) ||
+      (sindex == t_index - 1 && string[sindex] == '!' && VALID_INDIR_PARAM (string[t_index])))
+    {
+      t_index++;
+      temp1 = string_extract (string, &t_index, "#%:-=?+/}", 0);
+      name = (char *)xrealloc (name, 3 + (strlen (temp1)));
+      *name = string[sindex];
+      if (string[sindex] == '!')
+	{
+	  /* indirect reference of $#, $?, $@, or $* */
+	  name[1] = string[sindex + 1];
+	  strcpy (name + 2, temp1);
+	}
+      else	
+	strcpy (name + 1, temp1);
+      free (temp1);
+    }
+  sindex = t_index;
+
+  /* Find out what character ended the variable name.  Then
+     do the appropriate thing. */
+  if (c = string[sindex])
+    sindex++;
+
+  /* If c is followed by one of the valid parameter expansion
+     characters, move past it as normal.  If not, assume that
+     a substring specification is being given, and do not move
+     past it. */
+  if (c == ':' && VALID_PARAM_EXPAND_CHAR (string[sindex]))
+    {
+      check_nullness++;
+      if (c = string[sindex])
+	sindex++;
+    }
+  else if (c == ':' && string[sindex] != RBRACE)
+    want_substring = 1;
+  else if (c == '/' /* && string[sindex] != RBRACE */)	/* XXX */
+    want_patsub = 1;
+#if defined (CASEMOD_EXPANSIONS)
+  else if (c == '^' || c == ',' || c == '~')
+    {
+      modspec = c;
+      want_casemod = 1;
+    }
+#endif
+
+  /* Catch the valid and invalid brace expressions that made it through the
+     tests above. */
+  /* ${#-} is a valid expansion and means to take the length of $-.
+     Similarly for ${#?} and ${##}... */
+  if (name[0] == '#' && name[1] == '\0' && check_nullness == 0 &&
+	VALID_SPECIAL_LENGTH_PARAM (c) && string[sindex] == RBRACE)
+    {
+      name = (char *)xrealloc (name, 3);
+      name[1] = c;
+      name[2] = '\0';
+      c = string[sindex++];
+    }
+
+  /* ...but ${#%}, ${#:}, ${#=}, ${#+}, and ${#/} are errors. */
+  if (name[0] == '#' && name[1] == '\0' && check_nullness == 0 &&
+	member (c, "%:=+/") && string[sindex] == RBRACE)
+    {
+      temp = (char *)NULL;
+      goto bad_substitution;
+    }
+
+  /* Indirect expansion begins with a `!'.  A valid indirect expansion is
+     either a variable name, one of the positional parameters or a special
+     variable that expands to one of the positional parameters. */
+  want_indir = *name == '!' &&
+    (legal_variable_starter ((unsigned char)name[1]) || DIGIT (name[1])
+					|| VALID_INDIR_PARAM (name[1]));
+
+  /* Determine the value of this variable. */
+
+  /* Check for special variables, directly referenced. */
+  if (SPECIAL_VAR (name, want_indir))
+    var_is_special++;
+
+  /* Check for special expansion things, like the length of a parameter */
+  if (*name == '#' && name[1])
+    {
+      /* If we are not pointing at the character just after the
+	 closing brace, then we haven't gotten all of the name.
+	 Since it begins with a special character, this is a bad
+	 substitution.  Also check NAME for validity before trying
+	 to go on. */
+      if (string[sindex - 1] != RBRACE || (valid_length_expression (name) == 0))
+	{
+	  temp = (char *)NULL;
+	  goto bad_substitution;
+	}
+
+      number = parameter_brace_expand_length (name);
+      if (number == INTMAX_MIN && unbound_vars_is_error)
+	{
+	  last_command_exit_value = EXECUTION_FAILURE;
+	  err_unboundvar (name+1);
+	  free (name);
+	  return (interactive_shell ? &expand_wdesc_error : &expand_wdesc_fatal);
+	}
+      free (name);
+
+      *indexp = sindex;
+      if (number < 0)
+        return (&expand_wdesc_error);
+      else
+	{
+	  ret = alloc_word_desc ();
+	  ret->word = itos (number);
+	  return ret;
+	}
+    }
+
+  /* ${@} is identical to $@. */
+  if (name[0] == '@' && name[1] == '\0')
+    {
+      if ((quoted & (Q_HERE_DOCUMENT|Q_DOUBLE_QUOTES)) && quoted_dollar_atp)
+	*quoted_dollar_atp = 1;
+
+      if (contains_dollar_at)
+	*contains_dollar_at = 1;
+
+      tflag |= W_DOLLARAT;
+    }
+
+  /* Process ${!PREFIX*} expansion. */
+  if (want_indir && string[sindex - 1] == RBRACE &&
+      (string[sindex - 2] == '*' || string[sindex - 2] == '@') &&
+      legal_variable_starter ((unsigned char) name[1]))
+    {
+      char **x;
+      WORD_LIST *xlist;
+
+      temp1 = savestring (name + 1);
+      number = strlen (temp1);
+      temp1[number - 1] = '\0';
+      x = all_variables_matching_prefix (temp1);
+      xlist = strvec_to_word_list (x, 0, 0);
+      if (string[sindex - 2] == '*')
+	temp = string_list_dollar_star (xlist);
+      else
+	{
+	  temp = string_list_dollar_at (xlist, quoted);
+	  if ((quoted & (Q_HERE_DOCUMENT|Q_DOUBLE_QUOTES)) && quoted_dollar_atp)
+	    *quoted_dollar_atp = 1;
+	  if (contains_dollar_at)
+	    *contains_dollar_at = 1;
+
+	  tflag |= W_DOLLARAT;
+	}
+      free (x);
+      dispose_words (xlist);
+      free (temp1);
+      *indexp = sindex;
+
+      free (name);
+
+      ret = alloc_word_desc ();
+      ret->word = temp;
+      ret->flags = tflag;	/* XXX */
+      return ret;
+    }
+
+#if defined (ARRAY_VARS)      
+  /* Process ${!ARRAY[@]} and ${!ARRAY[*]} expansion. */ /* [ */
+  if (want_indir && string[sindex - 1] == RBRACE &&
+      string[sindex - 2] == ']' && valid_array_reference (name+1))
+    {
+      char *x, *x1;
+
+      temp1 = savestring (name + 1);
+      x = array_variable_name (temp1, &x1, (int *)0);	/* [ */
+      FREE (x);
+      if (ALL_ELEMENT_SUB (x1[0]) && x1[1] == ']')
+	{
+	  temp = array_keys (temp1, quoted);	/* handles assoc vars too */
+	  if (x1[0] == '@')
+	    {
+	      if ((quoted & (Q_HERE_DOCUMENT|Q_DOUBLE_QUOTES)) && quoted_dollar_atp)
+		*quoted_dollar_atp = 1;
+	      if (contains_dollar_at)
+		*contains_dollar_at = 1;
+
+	      tflag |= W_DOLLARAT;
+	    }	    
+
+	  free (temp1);
+	  *indexp = sindex;
+
+	  ret = alloc_word_desc ();
+	  ret->word = temp;
+	  ret->flags = tflag;	/* XXX */
+	  return ret;
+	}
+
+      free (temp1);
+    }
+#endif /* ARRAY_VARS */
+      
+  /* Make sure that NAME is valid before trying to go on. */
+  if (valid_brace_expansion_word (want_indir ? name + 1 : name,
+					var_is_special) == 0)
+    {
+      temp = (char *)NULL;
+      goto bad_substitution;
+    }
+
+  if (want_indir)
+    tdesc = parameter_brace_expand_indir (name + 1, var_is_special, quoted, quoted_dollar_atp, contains_dollar_at);
+  else
+    tdesc = parameter_brace_expand_word (name, var_is_special, quoted, PF_IGNUNBOUND|(pflags&(PF_NOSPLIT2|PF_ASSIGNRHS)), &ind);
+
+  if (tdesc)
+    {
+      temp = tdesc->word;
+      tflag = tdesc->flags;
+      dispose_word_desc (tdesc);
+    }
+  else
+    temp = (char  *)0;
+
+  if (temp == &expand_param_error || temp == &expand_param_fatal)
+    {
+      FREE (name);
+      FREE (value);
+      return (temp == &expand_param_error ? &expand_wdesc_error : &expand_wdesc_fatal);
+    }
+
+#if defined (ARRAY_VARS)
+  if (valid_array_reference (name))
+    chk_atstar (name, quoted, quoted_dollar_atp, contains_dollar_at);
+#endif
+
+  var_is_set = temp != (char *)0;
+  var_is_null = check_nullness && (var_is_set == 0 || *temp == 0);
+  /* XXX - this may not need to be restricted to special variables */
+  if (check_nullness)
+    var_is_null |= var_is_set && var_is_special && (quoted & (Q_HERE_DOCUMENT|Q_DOUBLE_QUOTES)) && QUOTED_NULL (temp);
+
+  /* Get the rest of the stuff inside the braces. */
+  if (c && c != RBRACE)
+    {
+      /* Extract the contents of the ${ ... } expansion
+	 according to the Posix.2 rules. */
+      value = extract_dollar_brace_string (string, &sindex, quoted, (c == '%' || c == '#' || c =='/' || c == '^' || c == ',' || c ==':') ? SX_POSIXEXP|SX_WORD : SX_WORD);
+      if (string[sindex] == RBRACE)
+	sindex++;
+      else
+	goto bad_substitution;
+    }
+  else
+    value = (char *)NULL;
+
+  *indexp = sindex;
+
+  /* All the cases where an expansion can possibly generate an unbound
+     variable error. */
+  if (want_substring || want_patsub || want_casemod || c == '#' || c == '%' || c == RBRACE)
+    {
+      if (var_is_set == 0 && unbound_vars_is_error && ((name[0] != '@' && name[0] != '*') || name[1]))
+	{
+	  last_command_exit_value = EXECUTION_FAILURE;
+	  err_unboundvar (name);
+	  FREE (value);
+	  FREE (temp);
+	  free (name);
+	  return (interactive_shell ? &expand_wdesc_error : &expand_wdesc_fatal);
+	}
+    }
+    
+  /* If this is a substring spec, process it and add the result. */
+  if (want_substring)
+    {
+      temp1 = parameter_brace_substring (name, temp, ind, value, quoted, (tflag & W_ARRAYIND) ? AV_USEIND : 0);
+      FREE (name);
+      FREE (value);
+      FREE (temp);
+
+      if (temp1 == &expand_param_error)
+	return (&expand_wdesc_error);
+      else if (temp1 == &expand_param_fatal)
+	return (&expand_wdesc_fatal);
+
+      ret = alloc_word_desc ();
+      ret->word = temp1;
+      if (temp1 && QUOTED_NULL (temp1) && (quoted & (Q_HERE_DOCUMENT|Q_DOUBLE_QUOTES)))
+	ret->flags |= W_QUOTED|W_HASQUOTEDNULL;
+      return ret;
+    }
+  else if (want_patsub)
+    {
+      temp1 = parameter_brace_patsub (name, temp, ind, value, quoted, (tflag & W_ARRAYIND) ? AV_USEIND : 0);
+      FREE (name);
+      FREE (value);
+      FREE (temp);
+
+      if (temp1 == &expand_param_error)
+	return (&expand_wdesc_error);
+      else if (temp1 == &expand_param_fatal)
+	return (&expand_wdesc_fatal);
+
+      ret = alloc_word_desc ();
+      ret->word = temp1;
+      if (temp1 && QUOTED_NULL (temp1) && (quoted & (Q_HERE_DOCUMENT|Q_DOUBLE_QUOTES)))
+	ret->flags |= W_QUOTED|W_HASQUOTEDNULL;
+      return ret;
+    }
+#if defined (CASEMOD_EXPANSIONS)
+  else if (want_casemod)
+    {
+      temp1 = parameter_brace_casemod (name, temp, ind, modspec, value, quoted, (tflag & W_ARRAYIND) ? AV_USEIND : 0);
+      FREE (name);
+      FREE (value);
+      FREE (temp);
+
+      if (temp1 == &expand_param_error)
+	return (&expand_wdesc_error);
+      else if (temp1 == &expand_param_fatal)
+	return (&expand_wdesc_fatal);
+
+      ret = alloc_word_desc ();
+      ret->word = temp1;
+      if (temp1 && QUOTED_NULL (temp1) && (quoted & (Q_HERE_DOCUMENT|Q_DOUBLE_QUOTES)))
+	ret->flags |= W_QUOTED|W_HASQUOTEDNULL;
+      return ret;
+    }
+#endif
+
+  /* Do the right thing based on which character ended the variable name. */
+  switch (c)
+    {
+    default:
+    case '\0':
+    bad_substitution:
+      last_command_exit_value = EXECUTION_FAILURE;
+      report_error (_("%s: bad substitution"), string ? string : "??");
+      FREE (value);
+      FREE (temp);
+      free (name);
+      return &expand_wdesc_error;
+
+    case RBRACE:
+      break;
+
+    case '#':	/* ${param#[#]pattern} */
+    case '%':	/* ${param%[%]pattern} */
+      if (value == 0 || *value == '\0' || temp == 0 || *temp == '\0')
+	{
+	  FREE (value);
+	  break;
+	}
+      temp1 = parameter_brace_remove_pattern (name, temp, ind, value, c, quoted, (tflag & W_ARRAYIND) ? AV_USEIND : 0);
+      free (temp);
+      free (value);
+      free (name);
+
+      ret = alloc_word_desc ();
+      ret->word = temp1;
+      if (temp1 && QUOTED_NULL (temp1) && (quoted & (Q_HERE_DOCUMENT|Q_DOUBLE_QUOTES)))
+	ret->flags |= W_QUOTED|W_HASQUOTEDNULL;
+      return ret;
+
+    case '-':
+    case '=':
+    case '?':
+    case '+':
+      if (var_is_set && var_is_null == 0)
+	{
+	  /* If the operator is `+', we don't want the value of the named
+	     variable for anything, just the value of the right hand side. */
+	  if (c == '+')
+	    {
+	      /* XXX -- if we're double-quoted and the named variable is "$@",
+			we want to turn off any special handling of "$@" --
+			we're not using it, so whatever is on the rhs applies. */
+	      if ((quoted & (Q_HERE_DOCUMENT|Q_DOUBLE_QUOTES)) && quoted_dollar_atp)
+		*quoted_dollar_atp = 0;
+	      if (contains_dollar_at)
+		*contains_dollar_at = 0;
+
+	      FREE (temp);
+	      if (value)
+		{
+		  /* From Posix discussion on austin-group list.  Issue 221
+		     requires that backslashes escaping `}' inside
+		     double-quoted ${...} be removed. */
+		  if (quoted & (Q_HERE_DOCUMENT|Q_DOUBLE_QUOTES))
+		    quoted |= Q_DOLBRACE;
+		  ret = parameter_brace_expand_rhs (name, value, c,
+						    quoted,
+						    quoted_dollar_atp,
+						    contains_dollar_at);
+		  /* XXX - fix up later, esp. noting presence of
+			   W_HASQUOTEDNULL in ret->flags */
+		  free (value);
+		}
+	      else
+		temp = (char *)NULL;
+	    }
+	  else
+	    {
+	      FREE (value);
+	    }
+	  /* Otherwise do nothing; just use the value in TEMP. */
+	}
+      else	/* VAR not set or VAR is NULL. */
+	{
+	  FREE (temp);
+	  temp = (char *)NULL;
+	  if (c == '=' && var_is_special)
+	    {
+	      last_command_exit_value = EXECUTION_FAILURE;
+	      report_error (_("$%s: cannot assign in this way"), name);
+	      free (name);
+	      free (value);
+	      return &expand_wdesc_error;
+	    }
+	  else if (c == '?')
+	    {
+	      parameter_brace_expand_error (name, value);
+	      return (interactive_shell ? &expand_wdesc_error : &expand_wdesc_fatal);
+	    }
+	  else if (c != '+')
+	    {
+	      /* XXX -- if we're double-quoted and the named variable is "$@",
+			we want to turn off any special handling of "$@" --
+			we're not using it, so whatever is on the rhs applies. */
+	      if ((quoted & (Q_HERE_DOCUMENT|Q_DOUBLE_QUOTES)) && quoted_dollar_atp)
+		*quoted_dollar_atp = 0;
+	      if (contains_dollar_at)
+		*contains_dollar_at = 0;
+
+	      /* From Posix discussion on austin-group list.  Issue 221 requires
+		 that backslashes escaping `}' inside double-quoted ${...} be
+		 removed. */
+	      if (quoted & (Q_HERE_DOCUMENT|Q_DOUBLE_QUOTES))
+		quoted |= Q_DOLBRACE;
+	      ret = parameter_brace_expand_rhs (name, value, c, quoted,
+						quoted_dollar_atp,
+						contains_dollar_at);
+	      /* XXX - fix up later, esp. noting presence of
+		       W_HASQUOTEDNULL in tdesc->flags */
+	    }
+	  free (value);
+	}
+
+      break;
+    }
+  free (name);
+
+  if (ret == 0)
+    {
+      ret = alloc_word_desc ();
+      ret->flags = tflag;
+      ret->word = temp;
+    }
+  return (ret);
+}
+
+/* Expand a single ${xxx} expansion.  The braces are optional.  When
+   the braces are used, parameter_brace_expand() does the work,
+   possibly calling param_expand recursively. */
+static WORD_DESC *
+param_expand (string, sindex, quoted, expanded_something,
+	      contains_dollar_at, quoted_dollar_at_p, had_quoted_null_p,
+	      pflags)
+     char *string;
+     int *sindex, quoted, *expanded_something, *contains_dollar_at;
+     int *quoted_dollar_at_p, *had_quoted_null_p, pflags;
+{
+  char *temp, *temp1, uerror[3];
+  int zindex, t_index, expok;
+  unsigned char c;
+  intmax_t number;
+  SHELL_VAR *var;
+  WORD_LIST *list;
+  WORD_DESC *tdesc, *ret;
+  int tflag;
+
+  zindex = *sindex;
+  c = string[++zindex];
+
+  temp = (char *)NULL;
+  ret = tdesc = (WORD_DESC *)NULL;
+  tflag = 0;
+
+  /* Do simple cases first. Switch on what follows '$'. */
+  switch (c)
+    {
+    /* $0 .. $9? */
+    case '0':
+    case '1':
+    case '2':
+    case '3':
+    case '4':
+    case '5':
+    case '6':
+    case '7':
+    case '8':
+    case '9':
+      temp1 = dollar_vars[TODIGIT (c)];
+      if (unbound_vars_is_error && temp1 == (char *)NULL)
+	{
+	  uerror[0] = '$';
+	  uerror[1] = c;
+	  uerror[2] = '\0';
+	  last_command_exit_value = EXECUTION_FAILURE;
+	  err_unboundvar (uerror);
+	  return (interactive_shell ? &expand_wdesc_error : &expand_wdesc_fatal);
+	}
+      if (temp1)
+	temp = (*temp1 && (quoted & (Q_HERE_DOCUMENT|Q_DOUBLE_QUOTES)))
+		  ? quote_string (temp1)
+		  : quote_escapes (temp1);
+      else
+	temp = (char *)NULL;
+
+      break;
+
+    /* $$ -- pid of the invoking shell. */
+    case '$':
+      temp = itos (dollar_dollar_pid);
+      break;
+
+    /* $# -- number of positional parameters. */
+    case '#':
+      temp = itos (number_of_args ());
+      break;
+
+    /* $? -- return value of the last synchronous command. */
+    case '?':
+      temp = itos (last_command_exit_value);
+      break;
+
+    /* $- -- flags supplied to the shell on invocation or by `set'. */
+    case '-':
+      temp = which_set_flags ();
+      break;
+
+      /* $! -- Pid of the last asynchronous command. */
+    case '!':
+      /* If no asynchronous pids have been created, expand to nothing.
+	 If `set -u' has been executed, and no async processes have
+	 been created, this is an expansion error. */
+      if (last_asynchronous_pid == NO_PID)
+	{
+	  if (expanded_something)
+	    *expanded_something = 0;
+	  temp = (char *)NULL;
+	  if (unbound_vars_is_error)
+	    {
+	      uerror[0] = '$';
+	      uerror[1] = c;
+	      uerror[2] = '\0';
+	      last_command_exit_value = EXECUTION_FAILURE;
+	      err_unboundvar (uerror);
+	      return (interactive_shell ? &expand_wdesc_error : &expand_wdesc_fatal);
+	    }
+	}
+      else
+	temp = itos (last_asynchronous_pid);
+      break;
+
+    /* The only difference between this and $@ is when the arg is quoted. */
+    case '*':		/* `$*' */
+      list = list_rest_of_args ();
+
+#if 0
+      /* According to austin-group posix proposal by Geoff Clare in
+	 <20090505091501.GA10097@squonk.masqnet> of 5 May 2009:
+
+ 	"The shell shall write a message to standard error and
+ 	 immediately exit when it tries to expand an unset parameter
+ 	 other than the '@' and '*' special parameters."
+      */
+
+      if (list == 0 && unbound_vars_is_error && (pflags & PF_IGNUNBOUND) == 0)
+	{
+	  uerror[0] = '$';
+	  uerror[1] = '*';
+	  uerror[2] = '\0';
+	  last_command_exit_value = EXECUTION_FAILURE;
+	  err_unboundvar (uerror);
+	  return (interactive_shell ? &expand_wdesc_error : &expand_wdesc_fatal);
+	}
+#endif
+
+      /* If there are no command-line arguments, this should just
+	 disappear if there are other characters in the expansion,
+	 even if it's quoted. */
+      if ((quoted & (Q_HERE_DOCUMENT|Q_DOUBLE_QUOTES)) && list == 0)
+	temp = (char *)NULL;
+      else if (quoted & (Q_HERE_DOCUMENT|Q_DOUBLE_QUOTES|Q_PATQUOTE))
+	{
+	  /* If we have "$*" we want to make a string of the positional
+	     parameters, separated by the first character of $IFS, and
+	     quote the whole string, including the separators.  If IFS
+	     is unset, the parameters are separated by ' '; if $IFS is
+	     null, the parameters are concatenated. */
+	  temp = (quoted & (Q_DOUBLE_QUOTES|Q_PATQUOTE)) ? string_list_dollar_star (list) : string_list (list);
+	  if (temp)
+	    {
+	      temp1 = quote_string (temp);
+	      if (*temp == 0)
+		tflag |= W_HASQUOTEDNULL;
+	      free (temp);
+	      temp = temp1;
+	    }
+	}
+      else
+	{
+	  /* We check whether or not we're eventually going to split $* here,
+	     for example when IFS is empty and we are processing the rhs of
+	     an assignment statement.  In that case, we don't separate the
+	     arguments at all.  Otherwise, if the $* is not quoted it is
+	     identical to $@ */
+#  if defined (HANDLE_MULTIBYTE)
+	  if (expand_no_split_dollar_star && ifs_firstc[0] == 0)
+#  else
+	  if (expand_no_split_dollar_star && ifs_firstc == 0)
+#  endif
+	    temp = string_list_dollar_star (list);
+	  else
+	    {
+	      temp = string_list_dollar_at (list, quoted);
+	      if (quoted == 0 && (ifs_is_set == 0 || ifs_is_null))
+		tflag |= W_SPLITSPACE;
+	    }
+
+	  if (expand_no_split_dollar_star == 0 && contains_dollar_at)
+	    *contains_dollar_at = 1;
+	}
+
+      dispose_words (list);
+      break;
+
+    /* When we have "$@" what we want is "$1" "$2" "$3" ... This
+       means that we have to turn quoting off after we split into
+       the individually quoted arguments so that the final split
+       on the first character of $IFS is still done.  */
+    case '@':		/* `$@' */
+      list = list_rest_of_args ();
+
+#if 0
+      /* According to austin-group posix proposal by Geoff Clare in
+	 <20090505091501.GA10097@squonk.masqnet> of 5 May 2009:
+
+ 	"The shell shall write a message to standard error and
+ 	 immediately exit when it tries to expand an unset parameter
+ 	 other than the '@' and '*' special parameters."
+      */
+
+      if (list == 0 && unbound_vars_is_error && (pflags & PF_IGNUNBOUND) == 0)
+	{
+	  uerror[0] = '$';
+	  uerror[1] = '@';
+	  uerror[2] = '\0';
+	  last_command_exit_value = EXECUTION_FAILURE;
+	  err_unboundvar (uerror);
+	  return (interactive_shell ? &expand_wdesc_error : &expand_wdesc_fatal);
+	}
+#endif
+
+      /* We want to flag the fact that we saw this.  We can't turn
+	 off quoting entirely, because other characters in the
+	 string might need it (consider "\"$@\""), but we need some
+	 way to signal that the final split on the first character
+	 of $IFS should be done, even though QUOTED is 1. */
+      /* XXX - should this test include Q_PATQUOTE? */
+      if (quoted_dollar_at_p && (quoted & (Q_HERE_DOCUMENT|Q_DOUBLE_QUOTES)))
+	*quoted_dollar_at_p = 1;
+      if (contains_dollar_at)
+	*contains_dollar_at = 1;
+
+      /* We want to separate the positional parameters with the first
+	 character of $IFS in case $IFS is something other than a space.
+	 We also want to make sure that splitting is done no matter what --
+	 according to POSIX.2, this expands to a list of the positional
+	 parameters no matter what IFS is set to. */
+      temp = string_list_dollar_at (list, (pflags & PF_ASSIGNRHS) ? (quoted|Q_DOUBLE_QUOTES) : quoted);
+
+      tflag |= W_DOLLARAT;
+      dispose_words (list);
+      break;
+
+    case LBRACE:
+      tdesc = parameter_brace_expand (string, &zindex, quoted, pflags,
+				      quoted_dollar_at_p,
+				      contains_dollar_at);
+
+      if (tdesc == &expand_wdesc_error || tdesc == &expand_wdesc_fatal)
+	return (tdesc);
+      temp = tdesc ? tdesc->word : (char *)0;
+
+      /* XXX */
+      /* Quoted nulls should be removed if there is anything else
+	 in the string. */
+      /* Note that we saw the quoted null so we can add one back at
+	 the end of this function if there are no other characters
+	 in the string, discard TEMP, and go on.  The exception to
+	 this is when we have "${@}" and $1 is '', since $@ needs
+	 special handling. */
+      if (tdesc && tdesc->word && (tdesc->flags & W_HASQUOTEDNULL) && QUOTED_NULL (temp))
+	{
+	  if (had_quoted_null_p)
+	    *had_quoted_null_p = 1;
+	  if (*quoted_dollar_at_p == 0)
+	    {
+	      free (temp);
+	      tdesc->word = temp = (char *)NULL;
+	    }
+	    
+	}
+
+      ret = tdesc;
+      goto return0;
+
+    /* Do command or arithmetic substitution. */
+    case LPAREN:
+      /* We have to extract the contents of this paren substitution. */
+      t_index = zindex + 1;
+      temp = extract_command_subst (string, &t_index, 0);
+      zindex = t_index;
+
+      /* For Posix.2-style `$(( ))' arithmetic substitution,
+	 extract the expression and pass it to the evaluator. */
+      if (temp && *temp == LPAREN)
+	{
+	  char *temp2;
+	  temp1 = temp + 1;
+	  temp2 = savestring (temp1);
+	  t_index = strlen (temp2) - 1;
+
+	  if (temp2[t_index] != RPAREN)
+	    {
+	      free (temp2);
+	      goto comsub;
+	    }
+
+	  /* Cut off ending `)' */
+	  temp2[t_index] = '\0';
+
+	  if (chk_arithsub (temp2, t_index) == 0)
+	    {
+	      free (temp2);
+#if 0
+	      internal_warning (_("future versions of the shell will force evaluation as an arithmetic substitution"));
+#endif
+	      goto comsub;
+	    }
+
+	  /* Expand variables found inside the expression. */
+	  temp1 = expand_arith_string (temp2, Q_DOUBLE_QUOTES);
+	  free (temp2);
+
+arithsub:
+	  /* No error messages. */
+	  this_command_name = (char *)NULL;
+	  number = evalexp (temp1, &expok);
+	  free (temp);
+	  free (temp1);
+	  if (expok == 0)
+	    {
+	      if (interactive_shell == 0 && posixly_correct)
+		{
+		  last_command_exit_value = EXECUTION_FAILURE;
+		  return (&expand_wdesc_fatal);
+		}
+	      else
+		return (&expand_wdesc_error);
+	    }
+	  temp = itos (number);
+	  break;
+	}
+
+comsub:
+      if (pflags & PF_NOCOMSUB)
+	/* we need zindex+1 because string[zindex] == RPAREN */
+	temp1 = substring (string, *sindex, zindex+1);
+      else
+	{
+	  tdesc = command_substitute (temp, quoted);
+	  temp1 = tdesc ? tdesc->word : (char *)NULL;
+	  if (tdesc)
+	    dispose_word_desc (tdesc);
+	}
+      FREE (temp);
+      temp = temp1;
+      break;
+
+    /* Do POSIX.2d9-style arithmetic substitution.  This will probably go
+       away in a future bash release. */
+    case '[':
+      /* Extract the contents of this arithmetic substitution. */
+      t_index = zindex + 1;
+      temp = extract_arithmetic_subst (string, &t_index);
+      zindex = t_index;
+      if (temp == 0)
+	{
+	  temp = savestring (string);
+	  if (expanded_something)
+	    *expanded_something = 0;
+	  goto return0;
+	}	  
+
+       /* Do initial variable expansion. */
+      temp1 = expand_arith_string (temp, Q_DOUBLE_QUOTES);
+
+      goto arithsub;
+
+    default:
+      /* Find the variable in VARIABLE_LIST. */
+      temp = (char *)NULL;
+
+      for (t_index = zindex; (c = string[zindex]) && legal_variable_char (c); zindex++)
+	;
+      temp1 = (zindex > t_index) ? substring (string, t_index, zindex) : (char *)NULL;
+
+      /* If this isn't a variable name, then just output the `$'. */
+      if (temp1 == 0 || *temp1 == '\0')
+	{
+	  FREE (temp1);
+	  temp = (char *)xmalloc (2);
+	  temp[0] = '$';
+	  temp[1] = '\0';
+	  if (expanded_something)
+	    *expanded_something = 0;
+	  goto return0;
+	}
+
+      /* If the variable exists, return its value cell. */
+      var = find_variable (temp1);
+
+      if (var && invisible_p (var) == 0 && var_isset (var))
+	{
+#if defined (ARRAY_VARS)
+	  if (assoc_p (var) || array_p (var))
+	    {
+	      temp = array_p (var) ? array_reference (array_cell (var), 0)
+				   : assoc_reference (assoc_cell (var), "0");
+	      if (temp)
+		temp = (*temp && (quoted & (Q_HERE_DOCUMENT|Q_DOUBLE_QUOTES)))
+			  ? quote_string (temp)
+			  : quote_escapes (temp);
+	      else if (unbound_vars_is_error)
+		goto unbound_variable;
+	    }
+	  else
+#endif
+	    {
+	      temp = value_cell (var);
+
+	      temp = (*temp && (quoted & (Q_HERE_DOCUMENT|Q_DOUBLE_QUOTES)))
+			? quote_string (temp)
+			: quote_escapes (temp);
+	    }
+
+	  free (temp1);
+
+	  goto return0;
+	}
+      else if (var = find_variable_last_nameref (temp1))
+	{
+	  temp = nameref_cell (var);
+#if defined (ARRAY_VARS)
+	  if (temp && *temp && valid_array_reference (temp))
+	    {
+	      tdesc = parameter_brace_expand_word (temp, SPECIAL_VAR (temp, 0), quoted, pflags, (arrayind_t *)NULL);
+	      if (tdesc == &expand_wdesc_error || tdesc == &expand_wdesc_fatal)
+		return (tdesc);
+	      ret = tdesc;
+	      goto return0;
+	    }
+	  else
+#endif
+	  /* y=2 ; typeset -n x=y; echo $x is not the same as echo $2 in ksh */
+	  if (temp && *temp && legal_identifier (temp) == 0)
+	    {
+	      last_command_exit_value = EXECUTION_FAILURE;
+	      report_error (_("%s: invalid variable name for name reference"), temp);
+	      return (&expand_wdesc_error);	/* XXX */
+	    }
+	  else
+	    temp = (char *)NULL;
+	}
+
+      temp = (char *)NULL;
+
+unbound_variable:
+      if (unbound_vars_is_error)
+	{
+	  last_command_exit_value = EXECUTION_FAILURE;
+	  err_unboundvar (temp1);
+	}
+      else
+	{
+	  free (temp1);
+	  goto return0;
+	}
+
+      free (temp1);
+      last_command_exit_value = EXECUTION_FAILURE;
+      return ((unbound_vars_is_error && interactive_shell == 0)
+		? &expand_wdesc_fatal
+		: &expand_wdesc_error);
+    }
+
+  if (string[zindex])
+    zindex++;
+
+return0:
+  *sindex = zindex;
+
+  if (ret == 0)
+    {
+      ret = alloc_word_desc ();
+      ret->flags = tflag;	/* XXX */
+      ret->word = temp;
+    }
+  return ret;
+}
+
+/* Make a word list which is the result of parameter and variable
+   expansion, command substitution, arithmetic substitution, and
+   quote removal of WORD.  Return a pointer to a WORD_LIST which is
+   the result of the expansion.  If WORD contains a null word, the
+   word list returned is also null.
+
+   QUOTED contains flag values defined in shell.h.
+
+   ISEXP is used to tell expand_word_internal that the word should be
+   treated as the result of an expansion.  This has implications for
+   how IFS characters in the word are treated.
+
+   CONTAINS_DOLLAR_AT and EXPANDED_SOMETHING are return values; when non-null
+   they point to an integer value which receives information about expansion.
+   CONTAINS_DOLLAR_AT gets non-zero if WORD contained "$@", else zero.
+   EXPANDED_SOMETHING get non-zero if WORD contained any parameter expansions,
+   else zero.
+
+   This only does word splitting in the case of $@ expansion.  In that
+   case, we split on ' '. */
+
+/* Values for the local variable quoted_state. */
+#define UNQUOTED	 0
+#define PARTIALLY_QUOTED 1
+#define WHOLLY_QUOTED    2
+
+static WORD_LIST *
+expand_word_internal (word, quoted, isexp, contains_dollar_at, expanded_something)
+     WORD_DESC *word;
+     int quoted, isexp;
+     int *contains_dollar_at;
+     int *expanded_something;
+{
+  WORD_LIST *list;
+  WORD_DESC *tword;
+
+  /* The intermediate string that we build while expanding. */
+  char *istring;
+
+  /* The current size of the above object. */
+  int istring_size;
+
+  /* Index into ISTRING. */
+  int istring_index;
+
+  /* Temporary string storage. */
+  char *temp, *temp1;
+
+  /* The text of WORD. */
+  register char *string;
+
+  /* The size of STRING. */
+  size_t string_size;
+
+  /* The index into STRING. */
+  int sindex;
+
+  /* This gets 1 if we see a $@ while quoted. */
+  int quoted_dollar_at;
+
+  /* One of UNQUOTED, PARTIALLY_QUOTED, or WHOLLY_QUOTED, depending on
+     whether WORD contains no quoting characters, a partially quoted
+     string (e.g., "xx"ab), or is fully quoted (e.g., "xxab"). */
+  int quoted_state;
+
+  /* State flags */
+  int had_quoted_null;
+  int has_dollar_at, temp_has_dollar_at;
+  int split_on_spaces;
+  int tflag;
+  int pflags;			/* flags passed to param_expand */
+
+  int assignoff;		/* If assignment, offset of `=' */
+
+  register unsigned char c;	/* Current character. */
+  int t_index;			/* For calls to string_extract_xxx. */
+
+  char twochars[2];
+
+  DECLARE_MBSTATE;
+
+  istring = (char *)xmalloc (istring_size = DEFAULT_INITIAL_ARRAY_SIZE);
+  istring[istring_index = 0] = '\0';
+  quoted_dollar_at = had_quoted_null = has_dollar_at = 0;
+  split_on_spaces = 0;
+  quoted_state = UNQUOTED;
+
+  string = word->word;
+  if (string == 0)
+    goto finished_with_string;
+  /* Don't need the string length for the SADD... and COPY_ macros unless
+     multibyte characters are possible. */
+  string_size = (MB_CUR_MAX > 1) ? strlen (string) : 1;
+
+  if (contains_dollar_at)
+    *contains_dollar_at = 0;
+
+  assignoff = -1;
+
+  /* Begin the expansion. */
+
+  for (sindex = 0; ;)
+    {
+      c = string[sindex];
+
+      /* Case on top-level character. */
+      switch (c)
+	{
+	case '\0':
+	  goto finished_with_string;
+
+	case CTLESC:
+	  sindex++;
+#if HANDLE_MULTIBYTE
+	  if (MB_CUR_MAX > 1 && string[sindex])
+	    {
+	      SADD_MBQCHAR_BODY(temp, string, sindex, string_size);
+	    }
+	  else
+#endif
+	    {
+	      temp = (char *)xmalloc (3);
+	      temp[0] = CTLESC;
+	      temp[1] = c = string[sindex];
+	      temp[2] = '\0';
+	    }
+
+dollar_add_string:
+	  if (string[sindex])
+	    sindex++;
+
+add_string:
+	  if (temp)
+	    {
+	      istring = sub_append_string (temp, istring, &istring_index, &istring_size);
+	      temp = (char *)0;
+	    }
+
+	  break;
+
+#if defined (PROCESS_SUBSTITUTION)
+	  /* Process substitution. */
+	case '<':
+	case '>':
+	  {
+	    if (string[++sindex] != LPAREN || (quoted & (Q_HERE_DOCUMENT|Q_DOUBLE_QUOTES)) || (word->flags & (W_DQUOTE|W_NOPROCSUB)) || posixly_correct)
+	      {
+		sindex--;	/* add_character: label increments sindex */
+		goto add_character;
+	      }
+	    else
+	      t_index = sindex + 1; /* skip past both '<' and LPAREN */
+
+	    temp1 = extract_process_subst (string, (c == '<') ? "<(" : ">(", &t_index); /*))*/
+	    sindex = t_index;
+
+	    /* If the process substitution specification is `<()', we want to
+	       open the pipe for writing in the child and produce output; if
+	       it is `>()', we want to open the pipe for reading in the child
+	       and consume input. */
+	    temp = temp1 ? process_substitute (temp1, (c == '>')) : (char *)0;
+
+	    FREE (temp1);
+
+	    goto dollar_add_string;
+	  }
+#endif /* PROCESS_SUBSTITUTION */
+
+	case '=':
+	  /* Posix.2 section 3.6.1 says that tildes following `=' in words
+	     which are not assignment statements are not expanded.  If the
+	     shell isn't in posix mode, though, we perform tilde expansion
+	     on `likely candidate' unquoted assignment statements (flags
+	     include W_ASSIGNMENT but not W_QUOTED).  A likely candidate
+	     contains an unquoted :~ or =~.  Something to think about: we
+	     now have a flag that says  to perform tilde expansion on arguments
+	     to `assignment builtins' like declare and export that look like
+	     assignment statements.  We now do tilde expansion on such words
+	     even in POSIX mode. */	
+	  if (word->flags & (W_ASSIGNRHS|W_NOTILDE))
+	    {
+	      if (isexp == 0 && (word->flags & (W_NOSPLIT|W_NOSPLIT2)) == 0 && isifs (c))
+		goto add_ifs_character;
+	      else
+		goto add_character;
+	    }
+	  /* If we're not in posix mode or forcing assignment-statement tilde
+	     expansion, note where the `=' appears in the word and prepare to
+	     do tilde expansion following the first `='. */
+	  if ((word->flags & W_ASSIGNMENT) &&
+	      (posixly_correct == 0 || (word->flags & W_TILDEEXP)) &&
+	      assignoff == -1 && sindex > 0)
+	    assignoff = sindex;
+	  if (sindex == assignoff && string[sindex+1] == '~')	/* XXX */
+	    word->flags |= W_ITILDE;
+#if 0
+	  else if ((word->flags & W_ASSIGNMENT) &&
+		   (posixly_correct == 0 || (word->flags & W_TILDEEXP)) &&
+		   string[sindex+1] == '~')
+	    word->flags |= W_ITILDE;
+#endif
+	  if (isexp == 0 && (word->flags & (W_NOSPLIT|W_NOSPLIT2)) == 0 && isifs (c))
+	    goto add_ifs_character;
+	  else
+	    goto add_character;
+
+	case ':':
+	  if (word->flags & W_NOTILDE)
+	    {
+	      if (isexp == 0 && (word->flags & (W_NOSPLIT|W_NOSPLIT2)) == 0 && isifs (c))
+		goto add_ifs_character;
+	      else
+		goto add_character;
+	    }
+
+	  if ((word->flags & (W_ASSIGNMENT|W_ASSIGNRHS|W_TILDEEXP)) &&
+	      string[sindex+1] == '~')
+	    word->flags |= W_ITILDE;
+
+	  if (isexp == 0 && (word->flags & (W_NOSPLIT|W_NOSPLIT2)) == 0 && isifs (c))
+	    goto add_ifs_character;
+	  else
+	    goto add_character;
+
+	case '~':
+	  /* If the word isn't supposed to be tilde expanded, or we're not
+	     at the start of a word or after an unquoted : or = in an
+	     assignment statement, we don't do tilde expansion. */
+	  if ((word->flags & (W_NOTILDE|W_DQUOTE)) ||
+	      (sindex > 0 && ((word->flags & W_ITILDE) == 0)) ||
+	      (quoted & (Q_DOUBLE_QUOTES|Q_HERE_DOCUMENT)))
+	    {
+	      word->flags &= ~W_ITILDE;
+	      if (isexp == 0 && (word->flags & (W_NOSPLIT|W_NOSPLIT2)) == 0 && isifs (c) && (quoted & (Q_DOUBLE_QUOTES|Q_HERE_DOCUMENT)) == 0)
+		goto add_ifs_character;
+	      else
+		goto add_character;
+	    }
+
+	  if (word->flags & W_ASSIGNRHS)
+	    tflag = 2;
+	  else if (word->flags & (W_ASSIGNMENT|W_TILDEEXP))
+	    tflag = 1;
+	  else
+	    tflag = 0;
+
+	  temp = bash_tilde_find_word (string + sindex, tflag, &t_index);
+	    
+	  word->flags &= ~W_ITILDE;
+
+	  if (temp && *temp && t_index > 0)
+	    {
+	      temp1 = bash_tilde_expand (temp, tflag);
+	      if  (temp1 && *temp1 == '~' && STREQ (temp, temp1))
+		{
+		  FREE (temp);
+		  FREE (temp1);
+		  goto add_character;		/* tilde expansion failed */
+		}
+	      free (temp);
+	      temp = temp1;
+	      sindex += t_index;
+	      goto add_quoted_string;		/* XXX was add_string */
+	    }
+	  else
+	    {
+	      FREE (temp);
+	      goto add_character;
+	    }
+	
+	case '$':
+	  if (expanded_something)
+	    *expanded_something = 1;
+
+	  temp_has_dollar_at = 0;
+	  pflags = (word->flags & W_NOCOMSUB) ? PF_NOCOMSUB : 0;
+	  if (word->flags & W_NOSPLIT2)
+	    pflags |= PF_NOSPLIT2;
+	  if (word->flags & W_ASSIGNRHS)
+	    pflags |= PF_ASSIGNRHS;
+	  tword = param_expand (string, &sindex, quoted, expanded_something,
+			       &temp_has_dollar_at, "ed_dollar_at,
+			       &had_quoted_null, pflags);
+	  has_dollar_at += temp_has_dollar_at;
+	  split_on_spaces += (tword->flags & W_SPLITSPACE);
+
+	  if (tword == &expand_wdesc_error || tword == &expand_wdesc_fatal)
+	    {
+	      free (string);
+	      free (istring);
+	      return ((tword == &expand_wdesc_error) ? &expand_word_error
+						     : &expand_word_fatal);
+	    }
+	  if (contains_dollar_at && has_dollar_at)
+	    *contains_dollar_at = 1;
+
+	  if (tword && (tword->flags & W_HASQUOTEDNULL))
+	    had_quoted_null = 1;
+
+	  temp = tword ? tword->word : (char *)NULL;
+	  dispose_word_desc (tword);
+
+	  /* Kill quoted nulls; we will add them back at the end of
+	     expand_word_internal if nothing else in the string */
+	  if (had_quoted_null && temp && QUOTED_NULL (temp))
+	    {
+	      FREE (temp);
+	      temp = (char *)NULL;
+	    }
+
+	  goto add_string;
+	  break;
+
+	case '`':		/* Backquoted command substitution. */
+	  {
+	    t_index = sindex++;
+
+	    temp = string_extract (string, &sindex, "`", SX_REQMATCH);
+	    /* The test of sindex against t_index is to allow bare instances of
+	       ` to pass through, for backwards compatibility. */
+	    if (temp == &extract_string_error || temp == &extract_string_fatal)
+	      {
+		if (sindex - 1 == t_index)
+		  {
+		    sindex = t_index;
+		    goto add_character;
+		  }
+		last_command_exit_value = EXECUTION_FAILURE;
+		report_error (_("bad substitution: no closing \"`\" in %s") , string+t_index);
+		free (string);
+		free (istring);
+		return ((temp == &extract_string_error) ? &expand_word_error
+							: &expand_word_fatal);
+	      }
+		
+	    if (expanded_something)
+	      *expanded_something = 1;
+
+	    if (word->flags & W_NOCOMSUB)
+	      /* sindex + 1 because string[sindex] == '`' */
+	      temp1 = substring (string, t_index, sindex + 1);
+	    else
+	      {
+		de_backslash (temp);
+		tword = command_substitute (temp, quoted);
+		temp1 = tword ? tword->word : (char *)NULL;
+		if (tword)
+		  dispose_word_desc (tword);
+	      }
+	    FREE (temp);
+	    temp = temp1;
+	    goto dollar_add_string;
+	  }
+
+	case '\\':
+	  if (string[sindex + 1] == '\n')
+	    {
+	      sindex += 2;
+	      continue;
+	    }
+
+	  c = string[++sindex];
+
+	  if (quoted & Q_HERE_DOCUMENT)
+	    tflag = CBSHDOC;
+	  else if (quoted & Q_DOUBLE_QUOTES)
+	    tflag = CBSDQUOTE;
+	  else
+	    tflag = 0;
+
+	  /* From Posix discussion on austin-group list:  Backslash escaping
+	     a } in ${...} is removed.  Issue 0000221 */
+	  if ((quoted & Q_DOLBRACE) && c == RBRACE)
+	    {
+	      SCOPY_CHAR_I (twochars, CTLESC, c, string, sindex, string_size);
+	    }
+	  /* This is the fix for " $@\ " */
+	  else if ((quoted & (Q_HERE_DOCUMENT|Q_DOUBLE_QUOTES)) && ((sh_syntaxtab[c] & tflag) == 0) && isexp == 0 && isifs (c))
+	    {
+	      RESIZE_MALLOCED_BUFFER (istring, istring_index, 2, istring_size,
+				      DEFAULT_ARRAY_SIZE);
+	      istring[istring_index++] = CTLESC;
+	      istring[istring_index++] = '\\';
+	      istring[istring_index] = '\0';
+
+	      SCOPY_CHAR_I (twochars, CTLESC, c, string, sindex, string_size);
+	    }
+	  else if ((quoted & (Q_HERE_DOCUMENT|Q_DOUBLE_QUOTES)) && ((sh_syntaxtab[c] & tflag) == 0))
+	    {
+	      SCOPY_CHAR_I (twochars, '\\', c, string, sindex, string_size);
+	    }
+	  else if (c == 0)
+	    {
+	      c = CTLNUL;
+	      sindex--;		/* add_character: label increments sindex */
+	      goto add_character;
+	    }
+	  else
+	    {
+	      SCOPY_CHAR_I (twochars, CTLESC, c, string, sindex, string_size);
+	    }
+
+	  sindex++;
+add_twochars:
+	  /* BEFORE jumping here, we need to increment sindex if appropriate */
+	  RESIZE_MALLOCED_BUFFER (istring, istring_index, 2, istring_size,
+				  DEFAULT_ARRAY_SIZE);
+	  istring[istring_index++] = twochars[0];
+	  istring[istring_index++] = twochars[1];
+	  istring[istring_index] = '\0';
+
+	  break;
+
+	case '"':
+	  if ((quoted & (Q_DOUBLE_QUOTES|Q_HERE_DOCUMENT)))
+	    goto add_character;
+
+	  t_index = ++sindex;
+	  temp = string_extract_double_quoted (string, &sindex, 0);
+
+	  /* If the quotes surrounded the entire string, then the
+	     whole word was quoted. */
+	  quoted_state = (t_index == 1 && string[sindex] == '\0')
+			    ? WHOLLY_QUOTED
+			    : PARTIALLY_QUOTED;
+
+	  if (temp && *temp)
+	    {
+	      tword = alloc_word_desc ();
+	      tword->word = temp;
+
+	      temp = (char *)NULL;
+
+	      temp_has_dollar_at = 0;	/* XXX */
+	      /* Need to get W_HASQUOTEDNULL flag through this function. */
+	      list = expand_word_internal (tword, Q_DOUBLE_QUOTES, 0, &temp_has_dollar_at, (int *)NULL);
+	      has_dollar_at += temp_has_dollar_at;
+
+	      if (list == &expand_word_error || list == &expand_word_fatal)
+		{
+		  free (istring);
+		  free (string);
+		  /* expand_word_internal has already freed temp_word->word
+		     for us because of the way it prints error messages. */
+		  tword->word = (char *)NULL;
+		  dispose_word (tword);
+		  return list;
+		}
+
+	      dispose_word (tword);
+
+	      /* "$@" (a double-quoted dollar-at) expands into nothing,
+		 not even a NULL word, when there are no positional
+		 parameters. */
+	      if (list == 0 && has_dollar_at)
+		{
+		  quoted_dollar_at++;
+		  break;
+		}
+
+	      /* If we get "$@", we know we have expanded something, so we
+		 need to remember it for the final split on $IFS.  This is
+		 a special case; it's the only case where a quoted string
+		 can expand into more than one word.  It's going to come back
+		 from the above call to expand_word_internal as a list with
+		 a single word, in which all characters are quoted and
+		 separated by blanks.  What we want to do is to turn it back
+		 into a list for the next piece of code. */
+	      if (list)
+		dequote_list (list);
+
+	      if (list && list->word && (list->word->flags & W_HASQUOTEDNULL))
+		had_quoted_null = 1;		/* XXX */
+
+	      if (has_dollar_at)
+		{
+		  quoted_dollar_at++;
+		  if (contains_dollar_at)
+		    *contains_dollar_at = 1;
+		  if (expanded_something)
+		    *expanded_something = 1;
+		}
+	    }
+	  else
+	    {
+	      /* What we have is "".  This is a minor optimization. */
+	      FREE (temp);
+	      list = (WORD_LIST *)NULL;
+	    }
+
+	  /* The code above *might* return a list (consider the case of "$@",
+	     where it returns "$1", "$2", etc.).  We can't throw away the
+	     rest of the list, and we have to make sure each word gets added
+	     as quoted.  We test on tresult->next:  if it is non-NULL, we
+	     quote the whole list, save it to a string with string_list, and
+	     add that string. We don't need to quote the results of this
+	     (and it would be wrong, since that would quote the separators
+	     as well), so we go directly to add_string. */
+	  if (list)
+	    {
+	      if (list->next)
+		{
+		  /* Testing quoted_dollar_at makes sure that "$@" is
+		     split correctly when $IFS does not contain a space. */
+		  temp = quoted_dollar_at
+				? string_list_dollar_at (list, Q_DOUBLE_QUOTES)
+				: string_list (quote_list (list));
+		  dispose_words (list);
+		  goto add_string;
+		}
+	      else
+		{
+		  temp = savestring (list->word->word);
+		  tflag = list->word->flags;
+		  dispose_words (list);
+
+		  /* If the string is not a quoted null string, we want
+		     to remove any embedded unquoted CTLNUL characters.
+		     We do not want to turn quoted null strings back into
+		     the empty string, though.  We do this because we
+		     want to remove any quoted nulls from expansions that
+		     contain other characters.  For example, if we have
+		     x"$*"y or "x$*y" and there are no positional parameters,
+		     the $* should expand into nothing. */
+		  /* We use the W_HASQUOTEDNULL flag to differentiate the
+		     cases:  a quoted null character as above and when
+		     CTLNUL is contained in the (non-null) expansion
+		     of some variable.  We use the had_quoted_null flag to
+		     pass the value through this function to its caller. */
+		  if ((tflag & W_HASQUOTEDNULL) && QUOTED_NULL (temp) == 0)
+		    remove_quoted_nulls (temp);	/* XXX */
+		}
+	    }
+	  else
+	    temp = (char *)NULL;
+
+	  /* We do not want to add quoted nulls to strings that are only
+	     partially quoted; we can throw them away.  The exception to
+	     this is when we are going to be performing word splitting,
+	     since we have to preserve a null argument if the next character
+	     will cause word splitting. */
+	  if (temp == 0 && quoted_state == PARTIALLY_QUOTED && (word->flags & (W_NOSPLIT|W_NOSPLIT2)))
+	    continue;
+
+	add_quoted_string:
+
+	  if (temp)
+	    {
+	      temp1 = temp;
+	      temp = quote_string (temp);
+	      free (temp1);
+	      goto add_string;
+	    }
+	  else
+	    {
+	      /* Add NULL arg. */
+	      c = CTLNUL;
+	      sindex--;		/* add_character: label increments sindex */
+	      goto add_character;
+	    }
+
+	  /* break; */
+
+	case '\'':
+	  if ((quoted & (Q_DOUBLE_QUOTES|Q_HERE_DOCUMENT)))
+	    goto add_character;
+
+	  t_index = ++sindex;
+	  temp = string_extract_single_quoted (string, &sindex);
+
+	  /* If the entire STRING was surrounded by single quotes,
+	     then the string is wholly quoted. */
+	  quoted_state = (t_index == 1 && string[sindex] == '\0')
+			    ? WHOLLY_QUOTED
+			    : PARTIALLY_QUOTED;
+
+	  /* If all we had was '', it is a null expansion. */
+	  if (*temp == '\0')
+	    {
+	      free (temp);
+	      temp = (char *)NULL;
+	    }
+	  else
+	    remove_quoted_escapes (temp);	/* ??? */
+
+	  /* We do not want to add quoted nulls to strings that are only
+	     partially quoted; such nulls are discarded. */
+	  if (temp == 0 && (quoted_state == PARTIALLY_QUOTED))
+	    continue;
+
+	  /* If we have a quoted null expansion, add a quoted NULL to istring. */
+	  if (temp == 0)
+	    {
+	      c = CTLNUL;
+	      sindex--;		/* add_character: label increments sindex */
+	      goto add_character;
+	    }
+	  else
+	    goto add_quoted_string;
+
+	  /* break; */
+
+	default:
+	  /* This is the fix for " $@ " */
+	add_ifs_character:
+	  if ((quoted & (Q_HERE_DOCUMENT|Q_DOUBLE_QUOTES)) || (isexp == 0 && isifs (c)))
+	    {
+	      if (string[sindex])	/* from old goto dollar_add_string */
+		sindex++;
+	      if (c == 0)
+		{
+		  c = CTLNUL;
+		  goto add_character;
+		}
+	      else
+		{
+#if HANDLE_MULTIBYTE
+		  if (MB_CUR_MAX > 1)
+		    sindex--;
+
+		  if (MB_CUR_MAX > 1)
+		    {
+		      SADD_MBQCHAR_BODY(temp, string, sindex, string_size);
+		    }
+		  else
+#endif
+		    {
+		      twochars[0] = CTLESC;
+		      twochars[1] = c;
+		      goto add_twochars;
+		    }
+		}
+	    }
+
+	  SADD_MBCHAR (temp, string, sindex, string_size);
+
+	add_character:
+	  RESIZE_MALLOCED_BUFFER (istring, istring_index, 1, istring_size,
+				  DEFAULT_ARRAY_SIZE);
+	  istring[istring_index++] = c;
+	  istring[istring_index] = '\0';
+
+	  /* Next character. */
+	  sindex++;
+	}
+    }
+
+finished_with_string:
+  /* OK, we're ready to return.  If we have a quoted string, and
+     quoted_dollar_at is not set, we do no splitting at all; otherwise
+     we split on ' '.  The routines that call this will handle what to
+     do if nothing has been expanded. */
+
+  /* Partially and wholly quoted strings which expand to the empty
+     string are retained as an empty arguments.  Unquoted strings
+     which expand to the empty string are discarded.  The single
+     exception is the case of expanding "$@" when there are no
+     positional parameters.  In that case, we discard the expansion. */
+
+  /* Because of how the code that handles "" and '' in partially
+     quoted strings works, we need to make ISTRING into a QUOTED_NULL
+     if we saw quoting characters, but the expansion was empty.
+     "" and '' are tossed away before we get to this point when
+     processing partially quoted strings.  This makes "" and $xxx""
+     equivalent when xxx is unset.  We also look to see whether we
+     saw a quoted null from a ${} expansion and add one back if we
+     need to. */
+
+  /* If we expand to nothing and there were no single or double quotes
+     in the word, we throw it away.  Otherwise, we return a NULL word.
+     The single exception is for $@ surrounded by double quotes when
+     there are no positional parameters.  In that case, we also throw
+     the word away. */
+
+  if (*istring == '\0')
+    {
+      if (quoted_dollar_at == 0 && (had_quoted_null || quoted_state == PARTIALLY_QUOTED))
+	{
+	  istring[0] = CTLNUL;
+	  istring[1] = '\0';
+	  tword = make_bare_word (istring);
+	  tword->flags |= W_HASQUOTEDNULL;		/* XXX */
+	  list = make_word_list (tword, (WORD_LIST *)NULL);
+	  if (quoted & (Q_HERE_DOCUMENT|Q_DOUBLE_QUOTES))
+	    tword->flags |= W_QUOTED;
+	}
+      /* According to sh, ksh, and Posix.2, if a word expands into nothing
+	 and a double-quoted "$@" appears anywhere in it, then the entire
+	 word is removed. */
+      else  if (quoted_state == UNQUOTED || quoted_dollar_at)
+	list = (WORD_LIST *)NULL;
+#if 0
+      else
+	{
+	  tword = make_bare_word (istring);
+	  if (quoted & (Q_HERE_DOCUMENT|Q_DOUBLE_QUOTES))
+	    tword->flags |= W_QUOTED;
+	  list = make_word_list (tword, (WORD_LIST *)NULL);
+	}
+#else
+      else
+	list = (WORD_LIST *)NULL;
+#endif
+    }
+  else if (word->flags & W_NOSPLIT)
+    {
+      tword = make_bare_word (istring);
+      if (word->flags & W_ASSIGNMENT)
+	tword->flags |= W_ASSIGNMENT;	/* XXX */
+      if (word->flags & W_COMPASSIGN)
+	tword->flags |= W_COMPASSIGN;	/* XXX */
+      if (word->flags & W_NOGLOB)
+	tword->flags |= W_NOGLOB;	/* XXX */
+      if (word->flags & W_NOBRACE)
+	tword->flags |= W_NOBRACE;	/* XXX */
+      if (word->flags & W_NOEXPAND)
+	tword->flags |= W_NOEXPAND;	/* XXX */
+      if (quoted & (Q_HERE_DOCUMENT|Q_DOUBLE_QUOTES))
+	tword->flags |= W_QUOTED;
+      if (had_quoted_null && QUOTED_NULL (istring))
+	tword->flags |= W_HASQUOTEDNULL;
+      list = make_word_list (tword, (WORD_LIST *)NULL);
+    }
+  else
+    {
+      char *ifs_chars;
+
+      ifs_chars = (quoted_dollar_at || has_dollar_at) ? ifs_value : (char *)NULL;
+
+      /* If we have $@, we need to split the results no matter what.  If
+	 IFS is unset or NULL, string_list_dollar_at has separated the
+	 positional parameters with a space, so we split on space (we have
+	 set ifs_chars to " \t\n" above if ifs is unset).  If IFS is set,
+	 string_list_dollar_at has separated the positional parameters
+	 with the first character of $IFS, so we split on $IFS.  If
+	 SPLIT_ON_SPACES is set, we expanded $* (unquoted) with IFS either
+	 unset or null, and we want to make sure that we split on spaces
+	 regardless of what else has happened to IFS since the expansion. */
+      if (split_on_spaces)
+	list = list_string (istring, " ", 1);	/* XXX quoted == 1? */
+      else if (has_dollar_at && ifs_chars)
+	list = list_string (istring, *ifs_chars ? ifs_chars : " ", 1);
+      else
+	{
+	  tword = make_bare_word (istring);
+	  if ((quoted & (Q_DOUBLE_QUOTES|Q_HERE_DOCUMENT)) || (quoted_state == WHOLLY_QUOTED))
+	    tword->flags |= W_QUOTED;
+	  if (word->flags & W_ASSIGNMENT)
+	    tword->flags |= W_ASSIGNMENT;
+	  if (word->flags & W_COMPASSIGN)
+	    tword->flags |= W_COMPASSIGN;
+	  if (word->flags & W_NOGLOB)
+	    tword->flags |= W_NOGLOB;
+	  if (word->flags & W_NOBRACE)
+	    tword->flags |= W_NOBRACE;
+	  if (word->flags & W_NOEXPAND)
+	    tword->flags |= W_NOEXPAND;
+	  if (had_quoted_null && QUOTED_NULL (istring))
+	    tword->flags |= W_HASQUOTEDNULL;	/* XXX */
+	  list = make_word_list (tword, (WORD_LIST *)NULL);
+	}
+    }
+
+  free (istring);
+  return (list);
+}
+
+/* **************************************************************** */
+/*								    */
+/*		   Functions for Quote Removal			    */
+/*								    */
+/* **************************************************************** */
+
+/* Perform quote removal on STRING.  If QUOTED > 0, assume we are obeying the
+   backslash quoting rules for within double quotes or a here document. */
+char *
+string_quote_removal (string, quoted)
+     char *string;
+     int quoted;
+{
+  size_t slen;
+  char *r, *result_string, *temp, *send;
+  int sindex, tindex, dquote;
+  unsigned char c;
+  DECLARE_MBSTATE;
+
+  /* The result can be no longer than the original string. */
+  slen = strlen (string);
+  send = string + slen;
+
+  r = result_string = (char *)xmalloc (slen + 1);
+
+  for (dquote = sindex = 0; c = string[sindex];)
+    {
+      switch (c)
+	{
+	case '\\':
+	  c = string[++sindex];
+	  if (c == 0)
+	    {
+	      *r++ = '\\';
+	      break;
+	    }
+	  if (((quoted & (Q_HERE_DOCUMENT|Q_DOUBLE_QUOTES)) || dquote) && (sh_syntaxtab[c] & CBSDQUOTE) == 0)
+	    *r++ = '\\';
+	  /* FALLTHROUGH */
+
+	default:
+	  SCOPY_CHAR_M (r, string, send, sindex);
+	  break;
+
+	case '\'':
+	  if ((quoted & (Q_HERE_DOCUMENT|Q_DOUBLE_QUOTES)) || dquote)
+	    {
+	      *r++ = c;
+	      sindex++;
+	      break;
+	    }
+	  tindex = sindex + 1;
+	  temp = string_extract_single_quoted (string, &tindex);
+	  if (temp)
+	    {
+	      strcpy (r, temp);
+	      r += strlen (r);
+	      free (temp);
+	    }
+	  sindex = tindex;
+	  break;
+
+	case '"':
+	  dquote = 1 - dquote;
+	  sindex++;
+	  break;
+	}
+    }
+    *r = '\0';
+    return (result_string);
+}
+
+#if 0
+/* UNUSED */
+/* Perform quote removal on word WORD.  This allocates and returns a new
+   WORD_DESC *. */
+WORD_DESC *
+word_quote_removal (word, quoted)
+     WORD_DESC *word;
+     int quoted;
+{
+  WORD_DESC *w;
+  char *t;
+
+  t = string_quote_removal (word->word, quoted);
+  w = alloc_word_desc ();
+  w->word = t ? t : savestring ("");
+  return (w);
+}
+
+/* Perform quote removal on all words in LIST.  If QUOTED is non-zero,
+   the members of the list are treated as if they are surrounded by
+   double quotes.  Return a new list, or NULL if LIST is NULL. */
+WORD_LIST *
+word_list_quote_removal (list, quoted)
+     WORD_LIST *list;
+     int quoted;
+{
+  WORD_LIST *result, *t, *tresult, *e;
+
+  for (t = list, result = (WORD_LIST *)NULL; t; t = t->next)
+    {
+      tresult = make_word_list (word_quote_removal (t->word, quoted), (WORD_LIST *)NULL);
+#if 0
+      result = (WORD_LIST *) list_append (result, tresult);
+#else
+      if (result == 0)
+	result = e = tresult;
+      else
+	{
+	  e->next = tresult;
+	  while (e->next)
+	    e = e->next;
+	}
+#endif
+    }
+  return (result);
+}
+#endif
+
+/*******************************************
+ *					   *
+ *    Functions to perform word splitting  *
+ *					   *
+ *******************************************/
+
+void
+setifs (v)
+     SHELL_VAR *v;
+{
+  char *t;
+  unsigned char uc;
+
+  ifs_var = v;
+  ifs_value = (v && value_cell (v)) ? value_cell (v) : " \t\n";
+
+  ifs_is_set = ifs_var != 0;
+  ifs_is_null = ifs_is_set && (*ifs_value == 0);
+
+  /* Should really merge ifs_cmap with sh_syntaxtab.  XXX - doesn't yet
+     handle multibyte chars in IFS */
+  memset (ifs_cmap, '\0', sizeof (ifs_cmap));
+  for (t = ifs_value ; t && *t; t++)
+    {
+      uc = *t;
+      ifs_cmap[uc] = 1;
+    }
+
+#if defined (HANDLE_MULTIBYTE)
+  if (ifs_value == 0)
+    {
+      ifs_firstc[0] = '\0';
+      ifs_firstc_len = 1;
+    }
+  else
+    {
+      size_t ifs_len;
+      ifs_len = strnlen (ifs_value, MB_CUR_MAX);
+      ifs_firstc_len = MBLEN (ifs_value, ifs_len);
+      if (ifs_firstc_len == 1 || ifs_firstc_len == 0 || MB_INVALIDCH (ifs_firstc_len))
+	{
+	  ifs_firstc[0] = ifs_value[0];
+	  ifs_firstc[1] = '\0';
+	  ifs_firstc_len = 1;
+	}
+      else
+	memcpy (ifs_firstc, ifs_value, ifs_firstc_len);
+    }
+#else
+  ifs_firstc = ifs_value ? *ifs_value : 0;
+#endif
+}
+
+char *
+getifs ()
+{
+  return ifs_value;
+}
+
+/* This splits a single word into a WORD LIST on $IFS, but only if the word
+   is not quoted.  list_string () performs quote removal for us, even if we
+   don't do any splitting. */
+WORD_LIST *
+word_split (w, ifs_chars)
+     WORD_DESC *w;
+     char *ifs_chars;
+{
+  WORD_LIST *result;
+
+  if (w)
+    {
+      char *xifs;
+
+      xifs = ((w->flags & W_QUOTED) || ifs_chars == 0) ? "" : ifs_chars;
+      result = list_string (w->word, xifs, w->flags & W_QUOTED);
+    }
+  else
+    result = (WORD_LIST *)NULL;
+
+  return (result);
+}
+
+/* Perform word splitting on LIST and return the RESULT.  It is possible
+   to return (WORD_LIST *)NULL. */
+static WORD_LIST *
+word_list_split (list)
+     WORD_LIST *list;
+{
+  WORD_LIST *result, *t, *tresult, *e;
+
+  for (t = list, result = (WORD_LIST *)NULL; t; t = t->next)
+    {
+      tresult = word_split (t->word, ifs_value);
+      if (result == 0)
+        result = e = tresult;
+      else
+	{
+	  e->next = tresult;
+	  while (e->next)
+	    e = e->next;
+	}
+    }
+  return (result);
+}
+
+/**************************************************
+ * 						  *
+ *    Functions to expand an entire WORD_LIST	  *
+ *						  *
+ **************************************************/
+
+/* Do any word-expansion-specific cleanup and jump to top_level */
+static void
+exp_jump_to_top_level (v)
+     int v;
+{
+  set_pipestatus_from_exit (last_command_exit_value);
+
+  /* Cleanup code goes here. */
+  expand_no_split_dollar_star = 0;	/* XXX */
+  expanding_redir = 0;
+  assigning_in_environment = 0;
+
+  if (parse_and_execute_level == 0)
+    top_level_cleanup ();			/* from sig.c */
+
+  jump_to_top_level (v);
+}
+
+/* Put NLIST (which is a WORD_LIST * of only one element) at the front of
+   ELIST, and set ELIST to the new list. */
+#define PREPEND_LIST(nlist, elist) \
+	do { nlist->next = elist; elist = nlist; } while (0)
+
+/* Separate out any initial variable assignments from TLIST.  If set -k has
+   been executed, remove all assignment statements from TLIST.  Initial
+   variable assignments and other environment assignments are placed
+   on SUBST_ASSIGN_VARLIST. */
+static WORD_LIST *
+separate_out_assignments (tlist)
+     WORD_LIST *tlist;
+{
+  register WORD_LIST *vp, *lp;
+
+  if (tlist == 0)
+    return ((WORD_LIST *)NULL);
+
+  if (subst_assign_varlist)
+    dispose_words (subst_assign_varlist);	/* Clean up after previous error */
+
+  subst_assign_varlist = (WORD_LIST *)NULL;
+  vp = lp = tlist;
+
+  /* Separate out variable assignments at the start of the command.
+     Loop invariant: vp->next == lp
+     Loop postcondition:
+	lp = list of words left after assignment statements skipped
+	tlist = original list of words
+  */
+  while (lp && (lp->word->flags & W_ASSIGNMENT))
+    {
+      vp = lp;
+      lp = lp->next;
+    }
+
+  /* If lp != tlist, we have some initial assignment statements.
+     We make SUBST_ASSIGN_VARLIST point to the list of assignment
+     words and TLIST point to the remaining words.  */
+  if (lp != tlist)
+    {
+      subst_assign_varlist = tlist;
+      /* ASSERT(vp->next == lp); */
+      vp->next = (WORD_LIST *)NULL;	/* terminate variable list */
+      tlist = lp;			/* remainder of word list */
+    }
+
+  /* vp == end of variable list */
+  /* tlist == remainder of original word list without variable assignments */
+  if (!tlist)
+    /* All the words in tlist were assignment statements */
+    return ((WORD_LIST *)NULL);
+
+  /* ASSERT(tlist != NULL); */
+  /* ASSERT((tlist->word->flags & W_ASSIGNMENT) == 0); */
+
+  /* If the -k option is in effect, we need to go through the remaining
+     words, separate out the assignment words, and place them on
+     SUBST_ASSIGN_VARLIST. */
+  if (place_keywords_in_env)
+    {
+      WORD_LIST *tp;	/* tp == running pointer into tlist */
+
+      tp = tlist;
+      lp = tlist->next;
+
+      /* Loop Invariant: tp->next == lp */
+      /* Loop postcondition: tlist == word list without assignment statements */
+      while (lp)
+	{
+	  if (lp->word->flags & W_ASSIGNMENT)
+	    {
+	      /* Found an assignment statement, add this word to end of
+		 subst_assign_varlist (vp). */
+	      if (!subst_assign_varlist)
+		subst_assign_varlist = vp = lp;
+	      else
+		{
+		  vp->next = lp;
+		  vp = lp;
+		}
+
+	      /* Remove the word pointed to by LP from TLIST. */
+	      tp->next = lp->next;
+	      /* ASSERT(vp == lp); */
+	      lp->next = (WORD_LIST *)NULL;
+	      lp = tp->next;
+	    }
+	  else
+	    {
+	      tp = lp;
+	      lp = lp->next;
+	    }
+	}
+    }
+  return (tlist);
+}
+
+#define WEXP_VARASSIGN	0x001
+#define WEXP_BRACEEXP	0x002
+#define WEXP_TILDEEXP	0x004
+#define WEXP_PARAMEXP	0x008
+#define WEXP_PATHEXP	0x010
+
+/* All of the expansions, including variable assignments at the start of
+   the list. */
+#define WEXP_ALL	(WEXP_VARASSIGN|WEXP_BRACEEXP|WEXP_TILDEEXP|WEXP_PARAMEXP|WEXP_PATHEXP)
+
+/* All of the expansions except variable assignments at the start of
+   the list. */
+#define WEXP_NOVARS	(WEXP_BRACEEXP|WEXP_TILDEEXP|WEXP_PARAMEXP|WEXP_PATHEXP)
+
+/* All of the `shell expansions': brace expansion, tilde expansion, parameter
+   expansion, command substitution, arithmetic expansion, word splitting, and
+   quote removal. */
+#define WEXP_SHELLEXP	(WEXP_BRACEEXP|WEXP_TILDEEXP|WEXP_PARAMEXP)
+
+/* Take the list of words in LIST and do the various substitutions.  Return
+   a new list of words which is the expanded list, and without things like
+   variable assignments. */
+
+WORD_LIST *
+expand_words (list)
+     WORD_LIST *list;
+{
+  return (expand_word_list_internal (list, WEXP_ALL));
+}
+
+/* Same as expand_words (), but doesn't hack variable or environment
+   variables. */
+WORD_LIST *
+expand_words_no_vars (list)
+     WORD_LIST *list;
+{
+  return (expand_word_list_internal (list, WEXP_NOVARS));
+}
+
+WORD_LIST *
+expand_words_shellexp (list)
+     WORD_LIST *list;
+{
+  return (expand_word_list_internal (list, WEXP_SHELLEXP));
+}
+
+static WORD_LIST *
+glob_expand_word_list (tlist, eflags)
+     WORD_LIST *tlist;
+     int eflags;
+{
+  char **glob_array, *temp_string;
+  register int glob_index;
+  WORD_LIST *glob_list, *output_list, *disposables, *next;
+  WORD_DESC *tword;
+
+  output_list = disposables = (WORD_LIST *)NULL;
+  glob_array = (char **)NULL;
+  while (tlist)
+    {
+      /* For each word, either globbing is attempted or the word is
+	 added to orig_list.  If globbing succeeds, the results are
+	 added to orig_list and the word (tlist) is added to the list
+	 of disposable words.  If globbing fails and failed glob
+	 expansions are left unchanged (the shell default), the
+	 original word is added to orig_list.  If globbing fails and
+	 failed glob expansions are removed, the original word is
+	 added to the list of disposable words.  orig_list ends up
+	 in reverse order and requires a call to REVERSE_LIST to
+	 be set right.  After all words are examined, the disposable
+	 words are freed. */
+      next = tlist->next;
+
+      /* If the word isn't an assignment and contains an unquoted
+	 pattern matching character, then glob it. */
+      if ((tlist->word->flags & W_NOGLOB) == 0 &&
+	  unquoted_glob_pattern_p (tlist->word->word))
+	{
+	  glob_array = shell_glob_filename (tlist->word->word);
+
+	  /* Handle error cases.
+	     I don't think we should report errors like "No such file
+	     or directory".  However, I would like to report errors
+	     like "Read failed". */
+
+	  if (glob_array == 0 || GLOB_FAILED (glob_array))
+	    {
+	      glob_array = (char **)xmalloc (sizeof (char *));
+	      glob_array[0] = (char *)NULL;
+	    }
+
+	  /* Dequote the current word in case we have to use it. */
+	  if (glob_array[0] == NULL)
+	    {
+	      temp_string = dequote_string (tlist->word->word);
+	      free (tlist->word->word);
+	      tlist->word->word = temp_string;
+	    }
+
+	  /* Make the array into a word list. */
+	  glob_list = (WORD_LIST *)NULL;
+	  for (glob_index = 0; glob_array[glob_index]; glob_index++)
+	    {
+	      tword = make_bare_word (glob_array[glob_index]);
+	      glob_list = make_word_list (tword, glob_list);
+	    }
+
+	  if (glob_list)
+	    {
+	      output_list = (WORD_LIST *)list_append (glob_list, output_list);
+	      PREPEND_LIST (tlist, disposables);
+	    }
+	  else if (fail_glob_expansion != 0)
+	    {
+	      last_command_exit_value = EXECUTION_FAILURE;
+	      report_error (_("no match: %s"), tlist->word->word);
+	      exp_jump_to_top_level (DISCARD);
+	    }
+	  else if (allow_null_glob_expansion == 0)
+	    {
+	      /* Failed glob expressions are left unchanged. */
+	      PREPEND_LIST (tlist, output_list);
+	    }
+	  else
+	    {
+	      /* Failed glob expressions are removed. */
+	      PREPEND_LIST (tlist, disposables);
+	    }
+	}
+      else
+	{
+	  /* Dequote the string. */
+	  temp_string = dequote_string (tlist->word->word);
+	  free (tlist->word->word);
+	  tlist->word->word = temp_string;
+	  PREPEND_LIST (tlist, output_list);
+	}
+
+      strvec_dispose (glob_array);
+      glob_array = (char **)NULL;
+
+      tlist = next;
+    }
+
+  if (disposables)
+    dispose_words (disposables);
+
+  if (output_list)
+    output_list = REVERSE_LIST (output_list, WORD_LIST *);
+
+  return (output_list);
+}
+
+#if defined (BRACE_EXPANSION)
+static WORD_LIST *
+brace_expand_word_list (tlist, eflags)
+     WORD_LIST *tlist;
+     int eflags;
+{
+  register char **expansions;
+  char *temp_string;
+  WORD_LIST *disposables, *output_list, *next;
+  WORD_DESC *w;
+  int eindex;
+
+  for (disposables = output_list = (WORD_LIST *)NULL; tlist; tlist = next)
+    {
+      next = tlist->next;
+
+      if (tlist->word->flags & W_NOBRACE)
+        {
+/*itrace("brace_expand_word_list: %s: W_NOBRACE", tlist->word->word);*/
+	  PREPEND_LIST (tlist, output_list);
+	  continue;
+        }
+
+      if ((tlist->word->flags & (W_COMPASSIGN|W_ASSIGNARG)) == (W_COMPASSIGN|W_ASSIGNARG))
+        {
+/*itrace("brace_expand_word_list: %s: W_COMPASSIGN|W_ASSIGNARG", tlist->word->word);*/
+	  PREPEND_LIST (tlist, output_list);
+	  continue;
+        }
+
+      /* Only do brace expansion if the word has a brace character.  If
+	 not, just add the word list element to BRACES and continue.  In
+	 the common case, at least when running shell scripts, this will
+	 degenerate to a bunch of calls to `mbschr', and then what is
+	 basically a reversal of TLIST into BRACES, which is corrected
+	 by a call to REVERSE_LIST () on BRACES when the end of TLIST
+	 is reached. */
+      if (mbschr (tlist->word->word, LBRACE))
+	{
+	  expansions = brace_expand (tlist->word->word);
+
+	  for (eindex = 0; temp_string = expansions[eindex]; eindex++)
+	    {
+	      w = alloc_word_desc ();
+	      w->word = temp_string;
+
+	      /* If brace expansion didn't change the word, preserve
+		 the flags.  We may want to preserve the flags
+		 unconditionally someday -- XXX */
+	      if (STREQ (temp_string, tlist->word->word))
+		w->flags = tlist->word->flags;
+	      else
+		w = make_word_flags (w, temp_string);
+
+	      output_list = make_word_list (w, output_list);
+	    }
+	  free (expansions);
+
+	  /* Add TLIST to the list of words to be freed after brace
+	     expansion has been performed. */
+	  PREPEND_LIST (tlist, disposables);
+	}
+      else
+	PREPEND_LIST (tlist, output_list);
+    }
+
+  if (disposables)
+    dispose_words (disposables);
+
+  if (output_list)
+    output_list = REVERSE_LIST (output_list, WORD_LIST *);
+
+  return (output_list);
+}
+#endif
+
+#if defined (ARRAY_VARS)
+/* Take WORD, a compound associative array assignment, and internally run
+   'declare -A w', where W is the variable name portion of WORD. */
+static int
+make_internal_declare (word, option)
+     char *word;
+     char *option;
+{
+  int t;
+  WORD_LIST *wl;
+  WORD_DESC *w;
+
+  w = make_word (word);
+
+  t = assignment (w->word, 0);
+  w->word[t] = '\0';
+
+  wl = make_word_list (w, (WORD_LIST *)NULL);
+  wl = make_word_list (make_word (option), wl);
+
+  return (declare_builtin (wl));  
+}  
+#endif
+
+static WORD_LIST *
+shell_expand_word_list (tlist, eflags)
+     WORD_LIST *tlist;
+     int eflags;
+{
+  WORD_LIST *expanded, *orig_list, *new_list, *next, *temp_list;
+  int expanded_something, has_dollar_at;
+  char *temp_string;
+
+  /* We do tilde expansion all the time.  This is what 1003.2 says. */
+  new_list = (WORD_LIST *)NULL;
+  for (orig_list = tlist; tlist; tlist = next)
+    {
+      temp_string = tlist->word->word;
+
+      next = tlist->next;
+
+#if defined (ARRAY_VARS)
+      /* If this is a compound array assignment to a builtin that accepts
+         such assignments (e.g., `declare'), take the assignment and perform
+         it separately, handling the semantics of declarations inside shell
+         functions.  This avoids the double-evaluation of such arguments,
+         because `declare' does some evaluation of compound assignments on
+         its own. */
+      if ((tlist->word->flags & (W_COMPASSIGN|W_ASSIGNARG)) == (W_COMPASSIGN|W_ASSIGNARG))
+	{
+	  int t;
+	  char opts[8], opti;
+
+	  opti = 0;
+	  if (tlist->word->flags & (W_ASSIGNASSOC|W_ASSNGLOBAL|W_ASSIGNARRAY))
+	    opts[opti++] = '-';
+
+	  if ((tlist->word->flags & (W_ASSIGNASSOC|W_ASSNGLOBAL)) == (W_ASSIGNASSOC|W_ASSNGLOBAL))
+	    {
+	      opts[opti++] = 'g';
+	      opts[opti++] = 'A';
+	    }
+	  else if (tlist->word->flags & W_ASSIGNASSOC)
+	    opts[opti++] = 'A';
+	  else if ((tlist->word->flags & (W_ASSIGNARRAY|W_ASSNGLOBAL)) == (W_ASSIGNARRAY|W_ASSNGLOBAL))
+	    {
+	      opts[opti++] = 'g';
+	      opts[opti++] = 'a';
+	    }
+	  else if (tlist->word->flags & W_ASSIGNARRAY)
+	    opts[opti++] = 'a';
+	  else if (tlist->word->flags & W_ASSNGLOBAL)
+	    opts[opti++] = 'g';
+
+#if 0
+	  /* If we have special handling note the integer attribute */
+	  if (opti > 0 && (tlist->word->flags & W_ASSIGNINT))
+	    opts[opti++] = 'i';
+#endif
+
+	  opts[opti] = '\0';
+	  if (opti > 0)
+	    make_internal_declare (tlist->word->word, opts);
+
+	  t = do_word_assignment (tlist->word, 0);
+	  if (t == 0)
+	    {
+	      last_command_exit_value = EXECUTION_FAILURE;
+	      exp_jump_to_top_level (DISCARD);
+	    }
+
+	  /* Now transform the word as ksh93 appears to do and go on */
+	  t = assignment (tlist->word->word, 0);
+	  tlist->word->word[t] = '\0';
+	  tlist->word->flags &= ~(W_ASSIGNMENT|W_NOSPLIT|W_COMPASSIGN|W_ASSIGNARG|W_ASSIGNASSOC|W_ASSIGNARRAY);
+	}
+#endif
+
+      expanded_something = 0;
+      expanded = expand_word_internal
+	(tlist->word, 0, 0, &has_dollar_at, &expanded_something);
+
+      if (expanded == &expand_word_error || expanded == &expand_word_fatal)
+	{
+	  /* By convention, each time this error is returned,
+	     tlist->word->word has already been freed. */
+	  tlist->word->word = (char *)NULL;
+
+	  /* Dispose our copy of the original list. */
+	  dispose_words (orig_list);
+	  /* Dispose the new list we're building. */
+	  dispose_words (new_list);
+
+	  last_command_exit_value = EXECUTION_FAILURE;
+	  if (expanded == &expand_word_error)
+	    exp_jump_to_top_level (DISCARD);
+	  else
+	    exp_jump_to_top_level (FORCE_EOF);
+	}
+
+      /* Don't split words marked W_NOSPLIT. */
+      if (expanded_something && (tlist->word->flags & W_NOSPLIT) == 0)
+	{
+	  temp_list = word_list_split (expanded);
+	  dispose_words (expanded);
+	}
+      else
+	{
+	  /* If no parameter expansion, command substitution, process
+	     substitution, or arithmetic substitution took place, then
+	     do not do word splitting.  We still have to remove quoted
+	     null characters from the result. */
+	  word_list_remove_quoted_nulls (expanded);
+	  temp_list = expanded;
+	}
+
+      expanded = REVERSE_LIST (temp_list, WORD_LIST *);
+      new_list = (WORD_LIST *)list_append (expanded, new_list);
+    }
+
+  if (orig_list)  
+    dispose_words (orig_list);
+
+  if (new_list)
+    new_list = REVERSE_LIST (new_list, WORD_LIST *);
+
+  return (new_list);
+}
+
+/* The workhorse for expand_words () and expand_words_no_vars ().
+   First arg is LIST, a WORD_LIST of words.
+   Second arg EFLAGS is a flags word controlling which expansions are
+   performed.
+
+   This does all of the substitutions: brace expansion, tilde expansion,
+   parameter expansion, command substitution, arithmetic expansion,
+   process substitution, word splitting, and pathname expansion, according
+   to the bits set in EFLAGS.  Words with the W_QUOTED or W_NOSPLIT bits
+   set, or for which no expansion is done, do not undergo word splitting.
+   Words with the W_NOGLOB bit set do not undergo pathname expansion; words
+   with W_NOBRACE set do not undergo brace expansion (see
+   brace_expand_word_list above). */
+static WORD_LIST *
+expand_word_list_internal (list, eflags)
+     WORD_LIST *list;
+     int eflags;
+{
+  WORD_LIST *new_list, *temp_list;
+  int tint;
+
+  tempenv_assign_error = 0;
+  if (list == 0)
+    return ((WORD_LIST *)NULL);
+
+  garglist = new_list = copy_word_list (list);
+  if (eflags & WEXP_VARASSIGN)
+    {
+      garglist = new_list = separate_out_assignments (new_list);
+      if (new_list == 0)
+	{
+	  if (subst_assign_varlist)
+	    {
+	      /* All the words were variable assignments, so they are placed
+		 into the shell's environment. */
+	      for (temp_list = subst_assign_varlist; temp_list; temp_list = temp_list->next)
+		{
+		  this_command_name = (char *)NULL;	/* no arithmetic errors */
+		  tint = do_word_assignment (temp_list->word, 0);
+		  /* Variable assignment errors in non-interactive shells
+		     running in Posix.2 mode cause the shell to exit. */
+		  if (tint == 0)
+		    {
+		      last_command_exit_value = EXECUTION_FAILURE;
+		      if (interactive_shell == 0 && posixly_correct)
+			exp_jump_to_top_level (FORCE_EOF);
+		      else
+			exp_jump_to_top_level (DISCARD);
+		    }
+		}
+	      dispose_words (subst_assign_varlist);
+	      subst_assign_varlist = (WORD_LIST *)NULL;
+	    }
+	  return ((WORD_LIST *)NULL);
+	}
+    }
+
+  /* Begin expanding the words that remain.  The expansions take place on
+     things that aren't really variable assignments. */
+
+#if defined (BRACE_EXPANSION)
+  /* Do brace expansion on this word if there are any brace characters
+     in the string. */
+  if ((eflags & WEXP_BRACEEXP) && brace_expansion && new_list)
+    new_list = brace_expand_word_list (new_list, eflags);
+#endif /* BRACE_EXPANSION */
+
+  /* Perform the `normal' shell expansions: tilde expansion, parameter and
+     variable substitution, command substitution, arithmetic expansion,
+     and word splitting. */
+  new_list = shell_expand_word_list (new_list, eflags);
+
+  /* Okay, we're almost done.  Now let's just do some filename
+     globbing. */
+  if (new_list)
+    {
+      if ((eflags & WEXP_PATHEXP) && disallow_filename_globbing == 0)
+	/* Glob expand the word list unless globbing has been disabled. */
+	new_list = glob_expand_word_list (new_list, eflags);
+      else
+	/* Dequote the words, because we're not performing globbing. */
+	new_list = dequote_list (new_list);
+    }
+
+  if ((eflags & WEXP_VARASSIGN) && subst_assign_varlist)
+    {
+      sh_wassign_func_t *assign_func;
+      int is_special_builtin, is_builtin_or_func;
+
+      /* If the remainder of the words expand to nothing, Posix.2 requires
+	 that the variable and environment assignments affect the shell's
+	 environment. */
+      assign_func = new_list ? assign_in_env : do_word_assignment;
+      tempenv_assign_error = 0;
+
+      is_builtin_or_func = (new_list && new_list->word && (find_shell_builtin (new_list->word->word) || find_function (new_list->word->word)));
+      /* Posix says that special builtins exit if a variable assignment error
+	 occurs in an assignment preceding it. */
+      is_special_builtin = (posixly_correct && new_list && new_list->word && find_special_builtin (new_list->word->word));
+      
+      for (temp_list = subst_assign_varlist; temp_list; temp_list = temp_list->next)
+	{
+	  this_command_name = (char *)NULL;
+	  assigning_in_environment = (assign_func == assign_in_env);
+	  tint = (*assign_func) (temp_list->word, is_builtin_or_func);
+	  assigning_in_environment = 0;
+	  /* Variable assignment errors in non-interactive shells running
+	     in Posix.2 mode cause the shell to exit. */
+	  if (tint == 0)
+	    {
+	      if (assign_func == do_word_assignment)
+		{
+		  last_command_exit_value = EXECUTION_FAILURE;
+		  if (interactive_shell == 0 && posixly_correct && is_special_builtin)
+		    exp_jump_to_top_level (FORCE_EOF);
+		  else
+		    exp_jump_to_top_level (DISCARD);
+		}
+	      else
+		tempenv_assign_error++;
+	    }
+	}
+
+      dispose_words (subst_assign_varlist);
+      subst_assign_varlist = (WORD_LIST *)NULL;
+    }
+
+  return (new_list);
+}