From: Chet Ramey Date: Tue, 13 Dec 2011 03:01:40 +0000 (-0500) Subject: commit bash-20100701 snapshot X-Git-Tag: bash-4.3-alpha~167 X-Git-Url: http://git.ipfire.org/?a=commitdiff_plain;h=7d92f73f39072f1d6888f41c90cd8bb47d28b489;p=thirdparty%2Fbash.git commit bash-20100701 snapshot --- diff --git a/CWRU/CWRU.chlog b/CWRU/CWRU.chlog index 3c810ba64..11095486e 100644 --- a/CWRU/CWRU.chlog +++ b/CWRU/CWRU.chlog @@ -10148,3 +10148,55 @@ parse.y - add `TIMEIGN' token to handle `time -p -- ...'. Pointed out by Laszlo Ersek on austin-group list + 6/28 + ---- +jobs.c + - treat a shell with (subshell_environment&SUBSHELL_PIPE) != 0 like + a command substitution in wait_for and act like we received a + SIGINT if a job we're waiting for dies of SIGINT. Fixes bug + reported by Ilya Basin + + 7/2 + --- +jobs.c + - if fork() fails in make_child, try to reap some dead children before + retrying + +execute_cmd.c + - change execute_pipeline to run the last command of a non-asynchronous + pipeline in the current shell environment if the `lastpipe' shell + option is enabled and job control is not active. Code from + Werner Fink + +parse.y + - Posix says (issue 267) that time is not recognized as a keyword + if the next token begins with a `-' + +doc/{bash.1,bashref.texi} + - changed the descriptions of BASH_SOURCE, BASH_LINENO, and FUNCNAME + as proposed in Ubuntu bug 591677. + - document new `lastpipe' shell option that runs last command of a + pipeline in the current shell environment + - document new posix-mode behavior with `time -p' + + 7/5 + --- +aclocal.m4 + - new autoconf test WEXITSTATUS_OFFSET, bit offset in status word + returned by wait() of the process's exit status + +jobs.[ch] + - change stop_pipeline to return the actual index of the job just + created and added to the jobs table, instead of the current job + - job_exit_status and job_exit_signal are now global functions, with + extern declarations in jobs.h + - append_process: new utility function for use by the lastpipe code, + takes info, creates a PROCESS from them, and adds it to the end of + the passed job id's pipeline. lastpipe code uses it to add a dummy + process for the last command in the pipeline + - freeze_jobs_list: new utility function so rest of shell can freeze + the jobs list. Used by the lastpipe code + +execute_cmd.c + - changes to lastpipe code to make `pipefail' option, $PIPESTATUS, and + $? work correctly. Uses append_process and job_exit_status diff --git a/CWRU/CWRU.chlog~ b/CWRU/CWRU.chlog~ index afc06d6ed..ce9009c15 100644 --- a/CWRU/CWRU.chlog~ +++ b/CWRU/CWRU.chlog~ @@ -10141,3 +10141,60 @@ subst.c execute_cmd.c - add missing initializers for sh_coproc to eliminate a compiler warning. Patch from Werner Fink + + 6/27 + ---- +parse.y + - add `TIMEIGN' token to handle `time -p -- ...'. Pointed out by + Laszlo Ersek on austin-group list + + 6/28 + ---- +jobs.c + - treat a shell with (subshell_environment&SUBSHELL_PIPE) != 0 like + a command substitution in wait_for and act like we received a + SIGINT if a job we're waiting for dies of SIGINT. Fixes bug + reported by Ilya Basin + + 7/2 + --- +jobs.c + - if fork() fails in make_child, try to reap some dead children before + retrying + +execute_cmd.c + - change execute_pipeline to run the last command of a non-asynchronous + pipeline in the current shell environment if the `lastpipe' shell + option is enabled and job control is not active. Code from + Werner Fink + +parse.y + - Posix says (issue 267) that time is not recognized as a keyword + if the next token begins with a `-' + +doc/{bash.1,bashref.texi} + - changed the descriptions of BASH_SOURCE, BASH_LINENO, and FUNCNAME + as proposed in Ubuntu bug 591677. + - document new `lastpipe' shell option that runs last command of a + pipeline in the current shell environment + - document new posix-mode behavior with `time -p' + + 7/5 + --- +aclocal.m4 + - new autoconf test WEXITSTATUS_OFFSET, bit offset in status word + returned by wait() of the process's exit status + +jobs.[ch] + - change stop_pipeline to return the actual index of the job just + created and added to the jobs table, instead of the current job + - job_exit_status and job_exit_signal are now global functions, with + extern declarations in jobs.h + - append_process: new utility function for use by the lastpipe code, + takes info, creates a PROCESS from them, and adds it to the end of + the passed job id's pipeline. lastpipe code uses it to add a dummy + process for the last command in the pipeline + +execute_cmd.c + - changes to lastpipe code to make `pipefail' option, $PIPESTATUS, and + $? work correctly. Uses append_process and job_exit_status diff --git a/MANIFEST b/MANIFEST index d8c2d99f0..3b2b747aa 100644 --- a/MANIFEST +++ b/MANIFEST @@ -908,6 +908,9 @@ tests/jobs2.sub f tests/jobs3.sub f tests/jobs4.sub f tests/jobs.right f +tests/lastpipe.right f +tests/lastpipe.tests f +tests/lastpipe1.sub f tests/mapfile.data f tests/mapfile.right f tests/mapfile.tests f @@ -1023,6 +1026,7 @@ tests/run-intl f tests/run-iquote f tests/run-invert f tests/run-jobs f +tests/run-lastpipe f tests/run-mapfile f tests/run-more-exp f tests/run-new-exp f diff --git a/MANIFEST~ b/MANIFEST~ index a626098bf..d8c2d99f0 100644 --- a/MANIFEST~ +++ b/MANIFEST~ @@ -778,6 +778,7 @@ tests/builtins.tests f tests/builtins.right f tests/builtins1.sub f tests/builtins2.sub f +tests/builtins3.sub f tests/source1.sub f tests/source2.sub f tests/source3.sub f diff --git a/aclocal.m4 b/aclocal.m4 index 9549f70ab..716a04361 100644 --- a/aclocal.m4 +++ b/aclocal.m4 @@ -4119,3 +4119,51 @@ main() [Define if you have a standard-conformant vsnprintf function.]) fi ]) + +AC_DEFUN(BASH_STRUCT_WEXITSTATUS_OFFSET, +[AC_MSG_CHECKING(for offset of exit status in return status from wait) +AC_CACHE_VAL(bash_cv_wexitstatus_offset, +[AC_RUN_IFELSE([ +#include +#include + +#include + +main(c, v) + int c; + char **v; +{ + pid_t pid, p; + int s, i, n; + + s = 0; + pid = fork(); + if (pid == 0) + exit (42); + + /* wait for the process */ + p = wait(&s); + if (p != pid) + exit (255); + + /* crack s */ + for (i = 0; i < (sizeof(s) - 8); i++) + { + n = (s >> i) & 0xff; + if (n == 42) + exit (i); + } + + exit (254); +} +], bash_cv_wexitstatus_offset=0, bash_cv_wexitstatus_offset=$?, + [AC_MSG_WARN(cannot check WEXITSTATUS offset if cross compiling -- defaulting to 0) + bash_cv_wexitstatus_offset=0] +)]) +if test "$bash_cv_wexitstatus_offset" -gt 32 ; then + AC_MSG_WARN(bad exit status from test program -- defaulting to 0) + bash_cv_wexitstatus_offset=0 +fi +AC_MSG_RESULT($bash_cv_wexitstatus_offset) +AC_DEFINE_UNQUOTED([WEXITSTATUS_OFFSET], [$bash_cv_wexitstatus_offset], [Offset of exit status in wait status word]) +]) diff --git a/aclocal.m4~ b/aclocal.m4~ index dd7360803..d5244a817 100644 --- a/aclocal.m4~ +++ b/aclocal.m4~ @@ -1704,7 +1704,6 @@ AC_REPLACE_FUNCS(mbschr) AC_CHECK_FUNC(wcrtomb, AC_DEFINE(HAVE_WCRTOMB)) AC_CHECK_FUNC(wcscoll, AC_DEFINE(HAVE_WCSCOLL)) AC_CHECK_FUNC(wcsdup, AC_DEFINE(HAVE_WCSDUP)) -AC_CHECK_FUNC(wcswidth, AC_DEFINE(HAVE_WCSWIDTH)) AC_CHECK_FUNC(wcwidth, AC_DEFINE(HAVE_WCWIDTH)) AC_CHECK_FUNC(wctype, AC_DEFINE(HAVE_WCTYPE)) @@ -4120,3 +4119,47 @@ main() [Define if you have a standard-conformant vsnprintf function.]) fi ]) + +AC_DEFUN(BASH_STRUCT_WEXITSTATUS_OFFSET, +[AC_MSG_CHECKING(for offset of exit status in return status from wait) +AC_CACHE_VAL(bash_cv_wexitstatus_offset, +[AC_RUN_IFELSE([ +#include +#include + +#include + +main(c, v) + int c; + char **v; +{ + pid_t pid, p; + int s, i, n; + + s = 0; + pid = fork(); + if (pid == 0) + exit (42); + + /* wait for the process */ + p = wait(&s); + if (p != pid) + exit (255); + + /* crack s */ + for (i = 0; i < (sizeof(s) - 8); i++) + { + n = (s >> i) & 0xff; + if (n == 42) + exit (i); + } + + exit (254); +} +], bash_cv_wexitstatus_offset=0, bash_cv_wexitstatus_offset=$?, + [AC_MSG_WARN(cannot check WEXITSTATUS offset if cross compiling -- defaulting to 0) + bash_cv_wexitstatus_offset=0] +)]) +AC_MSG_RESULT($bash_cv_wexitstatus_offset) +AC_DEFINE_UNQUOTED([WEXITSTATUS_OFFSET], [$bash_cv_wexitstatus_offset], [Offset of exit status in wait status word]) +]) diff --git a/autom4te.cache/output.0 b/autom4te.cache/output.0 index b171291b6..c5295b74e 100644 --- a/autom4te.cache/output.0 +++ b/autom4te.cache/output.0 @@ -1,5 +1,5 @@ @%:@! /bin/sh -@%:@ From configure.in for Bash 4.2, version 4.031. +@%:@ From configure.in for Bash 4.2, version 4.032. @%:@ Guess values for system-dependent variables and create Makefiles. @%:@ Generated by GNU Autoconf 2.63 for bash 4.2-devel. @%:@ @@ -28279,6 +28279,105 @@ _ACEOF fi +{ $as_echo "$as_me:$LINENO: checking for offset of exit status in return status from wait" >&5 +$as_echo_n "checking for offset of exit status in return status from wait... " >&6; } +if test "${bash_cv_wexitstatus_offset+set}" = set; then + $as_echo_n "(cached) " >&6 +else + if test "$cross_compiling" = yes; then + { $as_echo "$as_me:$LINENO: WARNING: cannot check WEXITSTATUS offset if cross compiling -- defaulting to 0" >&5 +$as_echo "$as_me: WARNING: cannot check WEXITSTATUS offset if cross compiling -- defaulting to 0" >&2;} + bash_cv_wexitstatus_offset=0 + +else + cat >conftest.$ac_ext <<_ACEOF + +#include +#include + +#include + +main(c, v) + int c; + char **v; +{ + pid_t pid, p; + int s, i, n; + + s = 0; + pid = fork(); + if (pid == 0) + exit (42); + + /* wait for the process */ + p = wait(&s); + if (p != pid) + exit (255); + + /* crack s */ + for (i = 0; i < (sizeof(s) - 8); i++) + { + n = (s >> i) & 0xff; + if (n == 42) + exit (i); + } + + exit (254); +} + +_ACEOF +rm -f conftest$ac_exeext +if { (ac_try="$ac_link" +case "(($ac_try" in + *\"* | *\`* | *\\*) ac_try_echo=\$ac_try;; + *) ac_try_echo=$ac_try;; +esac +eval ac_try_echo="\"\$as_me:$LINENO: $ac_try_echo\"" +$as_echo "$ac_try_echo") >&5 + (eval "$ac_link") 2>&5 + ac_status=$? + $as_echo "$as_me:$LINENO: \$? = $ac_status" >&5 + (exit $ac_status); } && { ac_try='./conftest$ac_exeext' + { (case "(($ac_try" in + *\"* | *\`* | *\\*) ac_try_echo=\$ac_try;; + *) ac_try_echo=$ac_try;; +esac +eval ac_try_echo="\"\$as_me:$LINENO: $ac_try_echo\"" +$as_echo "$ac_try_echo") >&5 + (eval "$ac_try") 2>&5 + ac_status=$? + $as_echo "$as_me:$LINENO: \$? = $ac_status" >&5 + (exit $ac_status); }; }; then + bash_cv_wexitstatus_offset=0 +else + $as_echo "$as_me: program exited with status $ac_status" >&5 +$as_echo "$as_me: failed program was:" >&5 +sed 's/^/| /' conftest.$ac_ext >&5 + +( exit $ac_status ) +bash_cv_wexitstatus_offset=$? +fi +rm -rf conftest.dSYM +rm -f core *.core core.conftest.* gmon.out bb.out conftest$ac_exeext conftest.$ac_objext conftest.$ac_ext +fi + + +fi + +if test "$bash_cv_wexitstatus_offset" -gt 32 ; then + { $as_echo "$as_me:$LINENO: WARNING: bad exit status from test program -- defaulting to 0" >&5 +$as_echo "$as_me: WARNING: bad exit status from test program -- defaulting to 0" >&2;} + bash_cv_wexitstatus_offset=0 +fi +{ $as_echo "$as_me:$LINENO: result: $bash_cv_wexitstatus_offset" >&5 +$as_echo "$bash_cv_wexitstatus_offset" >&6; } + +cat >>confdefs.h <<_ACEOF +@%:@define WEXITSTATUS_OFFSET $bash_cv_wexitstatus_offset +_ACEOF + + + { $as_echo "$as_me:$LINENO: checking for the existence of strsignal" >&5 $as_echo_n "checking for the existence of strsignal... " >&6; } if test "${bash_cv_have_strsignal+set}" = set; then diff --git a/autom4te.cache/requests b/autom4te.cache/requests index 4a5e08c95..014c15267 100644 --- a/autom4te.cache/requests +++ b/autom4te.cache/requests @@ -15,25 +15,25 @@ 'configure.in' ], { - '_LT_AC_TAGCONFIG' => 1, 'AM_PROG_F77_C_O' => 1, - 'AC_INIT' => 1, + '_LT_AC_TAGCONFIG' => 1, 'm4_pattern_forbid' => 1, - '_AM_COND_IF' => 1, + 'AC_INIT' => 1, 'AC_CANONICAL_TARGET' => 1, - 'AC_SUBST' => 1, + '_AM_COND_IF' => 1, 'AC_CONFIG_LIBOBJ_DIR' => 1, - 'AC_FC_SRCEXT' => 1, + 'AC_SUBST' => 1, 'AC_CANONICAL_HOST' => 1, + 'AC_FC_SRCEXT' => 1, 'AC_PROG_LIBTOOL' => 1, 'AM_INIT_AUTOMAKE' => 1, 'AC_CONFIG_SUBDIRS' => 1, 'AM_AUTOMAKE_VERSION' => 1, 'LT_CONFIG_LTDL_DIR' => 1, - 'AC_REQUIRE_AUX_FILE' => 1, 'AC_CONFIG_LINKS' => 1, - 'm4_sinclude' => 1, + 'AC_REQUIRE_AUX_FILE' => 1, 'LT_SUPPORTED_TAG' => 1, + 'm4_sinclude' => 1, 'AM_MAINTAINER_MODE' => 1, 'AM_GNU_GETTEXT_INTL_SUBDIR' => 1, '_m4_warn' => 1, @@ -49,13 +49,13 @@ 'AC_CANONICAL_BUILD' => 1, 'AC_FC_FREEFORM' => 1, 'AH_OUTPUT' => 1, - '_AM_SUBST_NOTMAKE' => 1, 'AC_CONFIG_AUX_DIR' => 1, - 'sinclude' => 1, - 'm4_pattern_allow' => 1, + '_AM_SUBST_NOTMAKE' => 1, 'AM_PROG_CC_C_O' => 1, - 'AC_CANONICAL_SYSTEM' => 1, + 'm4_pattern_allow' => 1, + 'sinclude' => 1, 'AM_CONDITIONAL' => 1, + 'AC_CANONICAL_SYSTEM' => 1, 'AC_CONFIG_HEADERS' => 1, 'AC_DEFINE_TRACE_LITERAL' => 1, 'm4_include' => 1, diff --git a/autom4te.cache/traces.0 b/autom4te.cache/traces.0 index 933497aac..20d34e6b5 100644 --- a/autom4te.cache/traces.0 +++ b/autom4te.cache/traces.0 @@ -2229,213 +2229,217 @@ m4trace:configure.in:918: -1- AH_OUTPUT([HAVE_TZNAME], [/* Define to 1 if you do #undef HAVE_TZNAME]) m4trace:configure.in:919: -1- AC_DEFINE_TRACE_LITERAL([HAVE_STRUCT_TIMEZONE]) m4trace:configure.in:919: -1- m4_pattern_allow([^HAVE_STRUCT_TIMEZONE$]) -m4trace:configure.in:922: -1- _m4_warn([obsolete], [The macro `AC_TRY_LINK' is obsolete. +m4trace:configure.in:921: -1- AC_DEFINE_TRACE_LITERAL([WEXITSTATUS_OFFSET]) +m4trace:configure.in:921: -1- m4_pattern_allow([^WEXITSTATUS_OFFSET$]) +m4trace:configure.in:921: -1- AH_OUTPUT([WEXITSTATUS_OFFSET], [/* Offset of exit status in wait status word */ +#undef WEXITSTATUS_OFFSET]) +m4trace:configure.in:924: -1- _m4_warn([obsolete], [The macro `AC_TRY_LINK' is obsolete. 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You should run autoupdate.], [../../lib/autoconf/general.m4:2470: AC_TRY_COMPILE is expanded from... ../../lib/m4sugar/m4sh.m4:505: AS_IF is expanded from... ../../lib/autoconf/general.m4:2462: AC_COMPILE_IFELSE is expanded from... @@ -2443,140 +2447,140 @@ You should run autoupdate.], [../../lib/autoconf/general.m4:2470: AC_TRY_COMPILE ../../lib/m4sugar/m4sh.m4:505: AS_IF is expanded from... ../../lib/autoconf/general.m4:1974: AC_CACHE_VAL is expanded from... aclocal.m4:1605: BASH_CHECK_KERNEL_RLIMIT is expanded from... -configure.in:971: the top level]) -m4trace:configure.in:971: -1- AC_DEFINE_TRACE_LITERAL([RLIMIT_NEEDS_KERNEL]) -m4trace:configure.in:971: -1- m4_pattern_allow([^RLIMIT_NEEDS_KERNEL$]) -m4trace:configure.in:981: -1- AC_SUBST([TERMCAP_LIB]) -m4trace:configure.in:981: -1- AC_SUBST_TRACE([TERMCAP_LIB]) -m4trace:configure.in:981: -1- m4_pattern_allow([^TERMCAP_LIB$]) -m4trace:configure.in:982: -1- AC_SUBST([TERMCAP_DEP]) -m4trace:configure.in:982: -1- AC_SUBST_TRACE([TERMCAP_DEP]) -m4trace:configure.in:982: -1- m4_pattern_allow([^TERMCAP_DEP$]) -m4trace:configure.in:984: -1- AC_DEFINE_TRACE_LITERAL([HAVE_DEV_FD]) -m4trace:configure.in:984: -1- m4_pattern_allow([^HAVE_DEV_FD$]) -m4trace:configure.in:984: -1- AC_DEFINE_TRACE_LITERAL([DEV_FD_PREFIX]) -m4trace:configure.in:984: -1- m4_pattern_allow([^DEV_FD_PREFIX$]) -m4trace:configure.in:984: -1- AC_DEFINE_TRACE_LITERAL([HAVE_DEV_FD]) -m4trace:configure.in:984: -1- m4_pattern_allow([^HAVE_DEV_FD$]) -m4trace:configure.in:984: -1- AC_DEFINE_TRACE_LITERAL([DEV_FD_PREFIX]) -m4trace:configure.in:984: -1- m4_pattern_allow([^DEV_FD_PREFIX$]) -m4trace:configure.in:985: -1- AC_DEFINE_TRACE_LITERAL([HAVE_DEV_STDIN]) -m4trace:configure.in:985: -1- m4_pattern_allow([^HAVE_DEV_STDIN$]) -m4trace:configure.in:986: -1- AC_DEFINE_TRACE_LITERAL([DEFAULT_MAIL_DIRECTORY]) -m4trace:configure.in:986: -1- m4_pattern_allow([^DEFAULT_MAIL_DIRECTORY$]) -m4trace:configure.in:993: -1- AC_DEFINE_TRACE_LITERAL([JOB_CONTROL]) -m4trace:configure.in:993: -1- m4_pattern_allow([^JOB_CONTROL$]) -m4trace:configure.in:999: -1- AC_SUBST([JOBS_O]) -m4trace:configure.in:999: -1- AC_SUBST_TRACE([JOBS_O]) -m4trace:configure.in:999: -1- m4_pattern_allow([^JOBS_O$]) -m4trace:configure.in:1012: -1- AC_DEFINE_TRACE_LITERAL([SVR4_2]) -m4trace:configure.in:1012: -1- m4_pattern_allow([^SVR4_2$]) -m4trace:configure.in:1013: -1- AC_DEFINE_TRACE_LITERAL([SVR4]) -m4trace:configure.in:1013: -1- m4_pattern_allow([^SVR4$]) -m4trace:configure.in:1014: -1- AC_DEFINE_TRACE_LITERAL([SVR4]) -m4trace:configure.in:1014: -1- m4_pattern_allow([^SVR4$]) -m4trace:configure.in:1015: -1- AC_DEFINE_TRACE_LITERAL([SVR5]) -m4trace:configure.in:1015: -1- m4_pattern_allow([^SVR5$]) -m4trace:configure.in:1034: -1- AC_DEFINE_TRACE_LITERAL([PGRP_PIPE]) -m4trace:configure.in:1034: -1- m4_pattern_allow([^PGRP_PIPE$]) -m4trace:configure.in:1081: -1- AC_SUBST([SHOBJ_CC]) -m4trace:configure.in:1081: -1- AC_SUBST_TRACE([SHOBJ_CC]) -m4trace:configure.in:1081: -1- m4_pattern_allow([^SHOBJ_CC$]) -m4trace:configure.in:1082: -1- AC_SUBST([SHOBJ_CFLAGS]) -m4trace:configure.in:1082: -1- AC_SUBST_TRACE([SHOBJ_CFLAGS]) -m4trace:configure.in:1082: -1- m4_pattern_allow([^SHOBJ_CFLAGS$]) -m4trace:configure.in:1083: -1- AC_SUBST([SHOBJ_LD]) -m4trace:configure.in:1083: -1- AC_SUBST_TRACE([SHOBJ_LD]) -m4trace:configure.in:1083: -1- m4_pattern_allow([^SHOBJ_LD$]) -m4trace:configure.in:1084: -1- AC_SUBST([SHOBJ_LDFLAGS]) -m4trace:configure.in:1084: -1- AC_SUBST_TRACE([SHOBJ_LDFLAGS]) -m4trace:configure.in:1084: -1- m4_pattern_allow([^SHOBJ_LDFLAGS$]) -m4trace:configure.in:1085: -1- AC_SUBST([SHOBJ_XLDFLAGS]) -m4trace:configure.in:1085: -1- AC_SUBST_TRACE([SHOBJ_XLDFLAGS]) -m4trace:configure.in:1085: -1- m4_pattern_allow([^SHOBJ_XLDFLAGS$]) -m4trace:configure.in:1086: -1- AC_SUBST([SHOBJ_LIBS]) -m4trace:configure.in:1086: -1- AC_SUBST_TRACE([SHOBJ_LIBS]) -m4trace:configure.in:1086: -1- m4_pattern_allow([^SHOBJ_LIBS$]) -m4trace:configure.in:1087: -1- AC_SUBST([SHOBJ_STATUS]) -m4trace:configure.in:1087: -1- AC_SUBST_TRACE([SHOBJ_STATUS]) -m4trace:configure.in:1087: -1- m4_pattern_allow([^SHOBJ_STATUS$]) -m4trace:configure.in:1119: -1- AC_SUBST([PROFILE_FLAGS]) -m4trace:configure.in:1119: -1- AC_SUBST_TRACE([PROFILE_FLAGS]) -m4trace:configure.in:1119: -1- m4_pattern_allow([^PROFILE_FLAGS$]) -m4trace:configure.in:1121: -1- AC_SUBST([incdir]) -m4trace:configure.in:1121: -1- AC_SUBST_TRACE([incdir]) -m4trace:configure.in:1121: -1- m4_pattern_allow([^incdir$]) -m4trace:configure.in:1122: -1- AC_SUBST([BUILD_DIR]) -m4trace:configure.in:1122: -1- AC_SUBST_TRACE([BUILD_DIR]) -m4trace:configure.in:1122: -1- m4_pattern_allow([^BUILD_DIR$]) -m4trace:configure.in:1125: -1- AC_SUBST([datarootdir]) -m4trace:configure.in:1125: -1- AC_SUBST_TRACE([datarootdir]) -m4trace:configure.in:1125: -1- m4_pattern_allow([^datarootdir$]) -m4trace:configure.in:1126: -1- AC_SUBST([localedir]) -m4trace:configure.in:1126: -1- AC_SUBST_TRACE([localedir]) -m4trace:configure.in:1126: -1- m4_pattern_allow([^localedir$]) -m4trace:configure.in:1128: -1- AC_SUBST([YACC]) -m4trace:configure.in:1128: -1- AC_SUBST_TRACE([YACC]) -m4trace:configure.in:1128: -1- m4_pattern_allow([^YACC$]) -m4trace:configure.in:1129: -1- AC_SUBST([AR]) -m4trace:configure.in:1129: -1- AC_SUBST_TRACE([AR]) -m4trace:configure.in:1129: -1- m4_pattern_allow([^AR$]) -m4trace:configure.in:1130: -1- AC_SUBST([ARFLAGS]) -m4trace:configure.in:1130: -1- AC_SUBST_TRACE([ARFLAGS]) -m4trace:configure.in:1130: -1- m4_pattern_allow([^ARFLAGS$]) -m4trace:configure.in:1132: -1- AC_SUBST([BASHVERS]) -m4trace:configure.in:1132: -1- AC_SUBST_TRACE([BASHVERS]) -m4trace:configure.in:1132: -1- m4_pattern_allow([^BASHVERS$]) -m4trace:configure.in:1133: -1- AC_SUBST([RELSTATUS]) -m4trace:configure.in:1133: -1- AC_SUBST_TRACE([RELSTATUS]) -m4trace:configure.in:1133: -1- m4_pattern_allow([^RELSTATUS$]) -m4trace:configure.in:1134: -1- AC_SUBST([DEBUG]) -m4trace:configure.in:1134: -1- AC_SUBST_TRACE([DEBUG]) -m4trace:configure.in:1134: -1- m4_pattern_allow([^DEBUG$]) -m4trace:configure.in:1135: -1- AC_SUBST([MALLOC_DEBUG]) -m4trace:configure.in:1135: -1- AC_SUBST_TRACE([MALLOC_DEBUG]) -m4trace:configure.in:1135: -1- m4_pattern_allow([^MALLOC_DEBUG$]) -m4trace:configure.in:1137: -1- AC_SUBST([host_cpu]) -m4trace:configure.in:1137: -1- AC_SUBST_TRACE([host_cpu]) -m4trace:configure.in:1137: -1- m4_pattern_allow([^host_cpu$]) -m4trace:configure.in:1138: -1- AC_SUBST([host_vendor]) -m4trace:configure.in:1138: -1- AC_SUBST_TRACE([host_vendor]) -m4trace:configure.in:1138: -1- m4_pattern_allow([^host_vendor$]) -m4trace:configure.in:1139: -1- AC_SUBST([host_os]) -m4trace:configure.in:1139: -1- AC_SUBST_TRACE([host_os]) -m4trace:configure.in:1139: -1- m4_pattern_allow([^host_os$]) -m4trace:configure.in:1141: -1- AC_SUBST([LOCAL_LIBS]) -m4trace:configure.in:1141: -1- AC_SUBST_TRACE([LOCAL_LIBS]) -m4trace:configure.in:1141: -1- m4_pattern_allow([^LOCAL_LIBS$]) -m4trace:configure.in:1142: -1- AC_SUBST([LOCAL_CFLAGS]) -m4trace:configure.in:1142: -1- AC_SUBST_TRACE([LOCAL_CFLAGS]) -m4trace:configure.in:1142: -1- m4_pattern_allow([^LOCAL_CFLAGS$]) -m4trace:configure.in:1143: -1- AC_SUBST([LOCAL_LDFLAGS]) -m4trace:configure.in:1143: -1- AC_SUBST_TRACE([LOCAL_LDFLAGS]) -m4trace:configure.in:1143: -1- m4_pattern_allow([^LOCAL_LDFLAGS$]) -m4trace:configure.in:1144: -1- AC_SUBST([LOCAL_DEFS]) -m4trace:configure.in:1144: -1- AC_SUBST_TRACE([LOCAL_DEFS]) -m4trace:configure.in:1144: -1- m4_pattern_allow([^LOCAL_DEFS$]) -m4trace:configure.in:1149: -1- AC_CONFIG_FILES([Makefile builtins/Makefile lib/readline/Makefile lib/glob/Makefile \ +configure.in:973: the top level]) +m4trace:configure.in:973: -1- AC_DEFINE_TRACE_LITERAL([RLIMIT_NEEDS_KERNEL]) +m4trace:configure.in:973: -1- m4_pattern_allow([^RLIMIT_NEEDS_KERNEL$]) +m4trace:configure.in:983: -1- AC_SUBST([TERMCAP_LIB]) +m4trace:configure.in:983: -1- AC_SUBST_TRACE([TERMCAP_LIB]) +m4trace:configure.in:983: -1- m4_pattern_allow([^TERMCAP_LIB$]) +m4trace:configure.in:984: -1- AC_SUBST([TERMCAP_DEP]) +m4trace:configure.in:984: -1- AC_SUBST_TRACE([TERMCAP_DEP]) +m4trace:configure.in:984: -1- m4_pattern_allow([^TERMCAP_DEP$]) +m4trace:configure.in:986: -1- AC_DEFINE_TRACE_LITERAL([HAVE_DEV_FD]) +m4trace:configure.in:986: -1- m4_pattern_allow([^HAVE_DEV_FD$]) +m4trace:configure.in:986: -1- AC_DEFINE_TRACE_LITERAL([DEV_FD_PREFIX]) +m4trace:configure.in:986: -1- m4_pattern_allow([^DEV_FD_PREFIX$]) +m4trace:configure.in:986: -1- AC_DEFINE_TRACE_LITERAL([HAVE_DEV_FD]) +m4trace:configure.in:986: -1- m4_pattern_allow([^HAVE_DEV_FD$]) +m4trace:configure.in:986: -1- AC_DEFINE_TRACE_LITERAL([DEV_FD_PREFIX]) +m4trace:configure.in:986: -1- m4_pattern_allow([^DEV_FD_PREFIX$]) +m4trace:configure.in:987: -1- AC_DEFINE_TRACE_LITERAL([HAVE_DEV_STDIN]) +m4trace:configure.in:987: -1- m4_pattern_allow([^HAVE_DEV_STDIN$]) +m4trace:configure.in:988: -1- AC_DEFINE_TRACE_LITERAL([DEFAULT_MAIL_DIRECTORY]) +m4trace:configure.in:988: -1- m4_pattern_allow([^DEFAULT_MAIL_DIRECTORY$]) +m4trace:configure.in:995: -1- AC_DEFINE_TRACE_LITERAL([JOB_CONTROL]) +m4trace:configure.in:995: -1- m4_pattern_allow([^JOB_CONTROL$]) +m4trace:configure.in:1001: -1- AC_SUBST([JOBS_O]) +m4trace:configure.in:1001: -1- AC_SUBST_TRACE([JOBS_O]) +m4trace:configure.in:1001: -1- m4_pattern_allow([^JOBS_O$]) +m4trace:configure.in:1014: -1- AC_DEFINE_TRACE_LITERAL([SVR4_2]) +m4trace:configure.in:1014: -1- m4_pattern_allow([^SVR4_2$]) +m4trace:configure.in:1015: -1- AC_DEFINE_TRACE_LITERAL([SVR4]) +m4trace:configure.in:1015: -1- m4_pattern_allow([^SVR4$]) +m4trace:configure.in:1016: -1- AC_DEFINE_TRACE_LITERAL([SVR4]) +m4trace:configure.in:1016: -1- m4_pattern_allow([^SVR4$]) +m4trace:configure.in:1017: -1- AC_DEFINE_TRACE_LITERAL([SVR5]) +m4trace:configure.in:1017: -1- m4_pattern_allow([^SVR5$]) +m4trace:configure.in:1036: -1- AC_DEFINE_TRACE_LITERAL([PGRP_PIPE]) +m4trace:configure.in:1036: -1- m4_pattern_allow([^PGRP_PIPE$]) +m4trace:configure.in:1083: -1- AC_SUBST([SHOBJ_CC]) +m4trace:configure.in:1083: -1- AC_SUBST_TRACE([SHOBJ_CC]) +m4trace:configure.in:1083: -1- m4_pattern_allow([^SHOBJ_CC$]) +m4trace:configure.in:1084: -1- AC_SUBST([SHOBJ_CFLAGS]) +m4trace:configure.in:1084: -1- AC_SUBST_TRACE([SHOBJ_CFLAGS]) +m4trace:configure.in:1084: -1- m4_pattern_allow([^SHOBJ_CFLAGS$]) +m4trace:configure.in:1085: -1- AC_SUBST([SHOBJ_LD]) +m4trace:configure.in:1085: -1- AC_SUBST_TRACE([SHOBJ_LD]) +m4trace:configure.in:1085: -1- m4_pattern_allow([^SHOBJ_LD$]) +m4trace:configure.in:1086: -1- AC_SUBST([SHOBJ_LDFLAGS]) +m4trace:configure.in:1086: -1- AC_SUBST_TRACE([SHOBJ_LDFLAGS]) +m4trace:configure.in:1086: -1- m4_pattern_allow([^SHOBJ_LDFLAGS$]) +m4trace:configure.in:1087: -1- AC_SUBST([SHOBJ_XLDFLAGS]) +m4trace:configure.in:1087: -1- AC_SUBST_TRACE([SHOBJ_XLDFLAGS]) +m4trace:configure.in:1087: -1- m4_pattern_allow([^SHOBJ_XLDFLAGS$]) +m4trace:configure.in:1088: -1- AC_SUBST([SHOBJ_LIBS]) +m4trace:configure.in:1088: -1- AC_SUBST_TRACE([SHOBJ_LIBS]) +m4trace:configure.in:1088: -1- m4_pattern_allow([^SHOBJ_LIBS$]) +m4trace:configure.in:1089: -1- AC_SUBST([SHOBJ_STATUS]) +m4trace:configure.in:1089: -1- AC_SUBST_TRACE([SHOBJ_STATUS]) +m4trace:configure.in:1089: -1- m4_pattern_allow([^SHOBJ_STATUS$]) +m4trace:configure.in:1121: -1- AC_SUBST([PROFILE_FLAGS]) +m4trace:configure.in:1121: -1- AC_SUBST_TRACE([PROFILE_FLAGS]) +m4trace:configure.in:1121: -1- m4_pattern_allow([^PROFILE_FLAGS$]) +m4trace:configure.in:1123: -1- AC_SUBST([incdir]) +m4trace:configure.in:1123: -1- AC_SUBST_TRACE([incdir]) +m4trace:configure.in:1123: -1- m4_pattern_allow([^incdir$]) +m4trace:configure.in:1124: -1- AC_SUBST([BUILD_DIR]) +m4trace:configure.in:1124: -1- AC_SUBST_TRACE([BUILD_DIR]) +m4trace:configure.in:1124: -1- m4_pattern_allow([^BUILD_DIR$]) +m4trace:configure.in:1127: -1- AC_SUBST([datarootdir]) +m4trace:configure.in:1127: -1- AC_SUBST_TRACE([datarootdir]) +m4trace:configure.in:1127: -1- m4_pattern_allow([^datarootdir$]) +m4trace:configure.in:1128: -1- AC_SUBST([localedir]) +m4trace:configure.in:1128: -1- AC_SUBST_TRACE([localedir]) +m4trace:configure.in:1128: -1- m4_pattern_allow([^localedir$]) +m4trace:configure.in:1130: -1- AC_SUBST([YACC]) +m4trace:configure.in:1130: -1- AC_SUBST_TRACE([YACC]) +m4trace:configure.in:1130: -1- m4_pattern_allow([^YACC$]) +m4trace:configure.in:1131: -1- AC_SUBST([AR]) +m4trace:configure.in:1131: -1- AC_SUBST_TRACE([AR]) +m4trace:configure.in:1131: -1- m4_pattern_allow([^AR$]) +m4trace:configure.in:1132: -1- AC_SUBST([ARFLAGS]) +m4trace:configure.in:1132: -1- AC_SUBST_TRACE([ARFLAGS]) +m4trace:configure.in:1132: -1- m4_pattern_allow([^ARFLAGS$]) +m4trace:configure.in:1134: -1- AC_SUBST([BASHVERS]) +m4trace:configure.in:1134: -1- AC_SUBST_TRACE([BASHVERS]) +m4trace:configure.in:1134: -1- m4_pattern_allow([^BASHVERS$]) +m4trace:configure.in:1135: -1- AC_SUBST([RELSTATUS]) +m4trace:configure.in:1135: -1- AC_SUBST_TRACE([RELSTATUS]) +m4trace:configure.in:1135: -1- m4_pattern_allow([^RELSTATUS$]) +m4trace:configure.in:1136: -1- AC_SUBST([DEBUG]) +m4trace:configure.in:1136: -1- AC_SUBST_TRACE([DEBUG]) +m4trace:configure.in:1136: -1- m4_pattern_allow([^DEBUG$]) +m4trace:configure.in:1137: -1- AC_SUBST([MALLOC_DEBUG]) +m4trace:configure.in:1137: -1- AC_SUBST_TRACE([MALLOC_DEBUG]) +m4trace:configure.in:1137: -1- m4_pattern_allow([^MALLOC_DEBUG$]) +m4trace:configure.in:1139: -1- AC_SUBST([host_cpu]) +m4trace:configure.in:1139: -1- AC_SUBST_TRACE([host_cpu]) +m4trace:configure.in:1139: -1- m4_pattern_allow([^host_cpu$]) +m4trace:configure.in:1140: -1- AC_SUBST([host_vendor]) +m4trace:configure.in:1140: -1- AC_SUBST_TRACE([host_vendor]) +m4trace:configure.in:1140: -1- m4_pattern_allow([^host_vendor$]) +m4trace:configure.in:1141: -1- AC_SUBST([host_os]) +m4trace:configure.in:1141: -1- AC_SUBST_TRACE([host_os]) +m4trace:configure.in:1141: -1- m4_pattern_allow([^host_os$]) +m4trace:configure.in:1143: -1- AC_SUBST([LOCAL_LIBS]) +m4trace:configure.in:1143: -1- AC_SUBST_TRACE([LOCAL_LIBS]) +m4trace:configure.in:1143: -1- m4_pattern_allow([^LOCAL_LIBS$]) +m4trace:configure.in:1144: -1- AC_SUBST([LOCAL_CFLAGS]) +m4trace:configure.in:1144: -1- AC_SUBST_TRACE([LOCAL_CFLAGS]) +m4trace:configure.in:1144: -1- m4_pattern_allow([^LOCAL_CFLAGS$]) +m4trace:configure.in:1145: -1- AC_SUBST([LOCAL_LDFLAGS]) +m4trace:configure.in:1145: -1- AC_SUBST_TRACE([LOCAL_LDFLAGS]) +m4trace:configure.in:1145: -1- m4_pattern_allow([^LOCAL_LDFLAGS$]) +m4trace:configure.in:1146: -1- AC_SUBST([LOCAL_DEFS]) +m4trace:configure.in:1146: -1- AC_SUBST_TRACE([LOCAL_DEFS]) +m4trace:configure.in:1146: -1- m4_pattern_allow([^LOCAL_DEFS$]) +m4trace:configure.in:1151: -1- AC_CONFIG_FILES([Makefile builtins/Makefile lib/readline/Makefile lib/glob/Makefile \ lib/intl/Makefile \ lib/malloc/Makefile lib/sh/Makefile lib/termcap/Makefile \ lib/tilde/Makefile doc/Makefile support/Makefile po/Makefile.in \ examples/loadables/Makefile examples/loadables/perl/Makefile]) -m4trace:configure.in:1149: -1- _m4_warn([obsolete], [AC_OUTPUT should be used without arguments. +m4trace:configure.in:1151: -1- _m4_warn([obsolete], [AC_OUTPUT should be used without arguments. You should run autoupdate.], []) -m4trace:configure.in:1149: -1- AC_SUBST([LIB@&t@OBJS], [$ac_libobjs]) -m4trace:configure.in:1149: -1- AC_SUBST_TRACE([LIB@&t@OBJS]) -m4trace:configure.in:1149: -1- m4_pattern_allow([^LIB@&t@OBJS$]) -m4trace:configure.in:1149: -1- AC_SUBST([LTLIBOBJS], [$ac_ltlibobjs]) -m4trace:configure.in:1149: -1- AC_SUBST_TRACE([LTLIBOBJS]) -m4trace:configure.in:1149: -1- m4_pattern_allow([^LTLIBOBJS$]) -m4trace:configure.in:1149: -1- AC_SUBST_TRACE([top_builddir]) -m4trace:configure.in:1149: -1- AC_SUBST_TRACE([top_build_prefix]) -m4trace:configure.in:1149: -1- AC_SUBST_TRACE([srcdir]) -m4trace:configure.in:1149: -1- AC_SUBST_TRACE([abs_srcdir]) -m4trace:configure.in:1149: -1- AC_SUBST_TRACE([top_srcdir]) -m4trace:configure.in:1149: -1- AC_SUBST_TRACE([abs_top_srcdir]) -m4trace:configure.in:1149: -1- AC_SUBST_TRACE([builddir]) -m4trace:configure.in:1149: -1- AC_SUBST_TRACE([abs_builddir]) -m4trace:configure.in:1149: -1- AC_SUBST_TRACE([abs_top_builddir]) -m4trace:configure.in:1149: -1- AC_SUBST_TRACE([INSTALL]) +m4trace:configure.in:1151: -1- AC_SUBST([LIB@&t@OBJS], [$ac_libobjs]) +m4trace:configure.in:1151: -1- AC_SUBST_TRACE([LIB@&t@OBJS]) +m4trace:configure.in:1151: -1- m4_pattern_allow([^LIB@&t@OBJS$]) +m4trace:configure.in:1151: -1- AC_SUBST([LTLIBOBJS], [$ac_ltlibobjs]) +m4trace:configure.in:1151: -1- AC_SUBST_TRACE([LTLIBOBJS]) +m4trace:configure.in:1151: -1- m4_pattern_allow([^LTLIBOBJS$]) +m4trace:configure.in:1151: -1- AC_SUBST_TRACE([top_builddir]) +m4trace:configure.in:1151: -1- AC_SUBST_TRACE([top_build_prefix]) +m4trace:configure.in:1151: -1- AC_SUBST_TRACE([srcdir]) +m4trace:configure.in:1151: -1- AC_SUBST_TRACE([abs_srcdir]) +m4trace:configure.in:1151: -1- AC_SUBST_TRACE([top_srcdir]) +m4trace:configure.in:1151: -1- AC_SUBST_TRACE([abs_top_srcdir]) +m4trace:configure.in:1151: -1- AC_SUBST_TRACE([builddir]) +m4trace:configure.in:1151: -1- AC_SUBST_TRACE([abs_builddir]) +m4trace:configure.in:1151: -1- AC_SUBST_TRACE([abs_top_builddir]) +m4trace:configure.in:1151: -1- AC_SUBST_TRACE([INSTALL]) diff --git a/builtins/shopt.def b/builtins/shopt.def index b610a2662..27685aa69 100644 --- a/builtins/shopt.def +++ b/builtins/shopt.def @@ -84,6 +84,7 @@ extern int gnu_error_format; extern int check_jobs_at_exit; extern int autocd; extern int glob_star; +extern int lastpipe_opt; #if defined (EXTENDED_GLOB) extern int extended_glob; @@ -177,6 +178,7 @@ static struct { #endif { "huponexit", &hup_on_exit, (shopt_set_func_t *)NULL }, { "interactive_comments", &interactive_comments, set_shellopts_after_change }, + { "lastpipe", &lastpipe_opt, (shopt_set_func_t *)NULL }, #if defined (HISTORY) { "lithist", &literal_history, (shopt_set_func_t *)NULL }, #endif diff --git a/builtins/shopt.def~ b/builtins/shopt.def~ index 47d7f12da..b610a2662 100644 --- a/builtins/shopt.def~ +++ b/builtins/shopt.def~ @@ -1,7 +1,7 @@ This file is shopt.def, from which is created shopt.c. It implements the Bash `shopt' builtin. -Copyright (C) 1994-2009 Free Software Foundation, Inc. +Copyright (C) 1994-2010 Free Software Foundation, Inc. This file is part of GNU Bash, the Bourne Again SHell. diff --git a/command.h b/command.h index 189df6a4a..0aca4eac1 100644 --- a/command.h +++ b/command.h @@ -169,6 +169,7 @@ typedef struct element { #define CMD_STDIN_REDIR 0x400 /* async command needs implicit &5 +$as_echo_n "checking for offset of exit status in return status from wait... " >&6; } +if test "${bash_cv_wexitstatus_offset+set}" = set; then + $as_echo_n "(cached) " >&6 +else + if test "$cross_compiling" = yes; then + { $as_echo "$as_me:$LINENO: WARNING: cannot check WEXITSTATUS offset if cross compiling -- defaulting to 0" >&5 +$as_echo "$as_me: WARNING: cannot check WEXITSTATUS offset if cross compiling -- defaulting to 0" >&2;} + bash_cv_wexitstatus_offset=0 + +else + cat >conftest.$ac_ext <<_ACEOF + +#include +#include + +#include + +main(c, v) + int c; + char **v; +{ + pid_t pid, p; + int s, i, n; + + s = 0; + pid = fork(); + if (pid == 0) + exit (42); + + /* wait for the process */ + p = wait(&s); + if (p != pid) + exit (255); + + /* crack s */ + for (i = 0; i < (sizeof(s) - 8); i++) + { + n = (s >> i) & 0xff; + if (n == 42) + exit (i); + } + + exit (254); +} + +_ACEOF +rm -f conftest$ac_exeext +if { (ac_try="$ac_link" +case "(($ac_try" in + *\"* | *\`* | *\\*) ac_try_echo=\$ac_try;; + *) ac_try_echo=$ac_try;; +esac +eval ac_try_echo="\"\$as_me:$LINENO: $ac_try_echo\"" +$as_echo "$ac_try_echo") >&5 + (eval "$ac_link") 2>&5 + ac_status=$? + $as_echo "$as_me:$LINENO: \$? = $ac_status" >&5 + (exit $ac_status); } && { ac_try='./conftest$ac_exeext' + { (case "(($ac_try" in + *\"* | *\`* | *\\*) ac_try_echo=\$ac_try;; + *) ac_try_echo=$ac_try;; +esac +eval ac_try_echo="\"\$as_me:$LINENO: $ac_try_echo\"" +$as_echo "$ac_try_echo") >&5 + (eval "$ac_try") 2>&5 + ac_status=$? + $as_echo "$as_me:$LINENO: \$? = $ac_status" >&5 + (exit $ac_status); }; }; then + bash_cv_wexitstatus_offset=0 +else + $as_echo "$as_me: program exited with status $ac_status" >&5 +$as_echo "$as_me: failed program was:" >&5 +sed 's/^/| /' conftest.$ac_ext >&5 + +( exit $ac_status ) +bash_cv_wexitstatus_offset=$? +fi +rm -rf conftest.dSYM +rm -f core *.core core.conftest.* gmon.out bb.out conftest$ac_exeext conftest.$ac_objext conftest.$ac_ext +fi + + +fi + +if test "$bash_cv_wexitstatus_offset" -gt 32 ; then + { $as_echo "$as_me:$LINENO: WARNING: bad exit status from test program -- defaulting to 0" >&5 +$as_echo "$as_me: WARNING: bad exit status from test program -- defaulting to 0" >&2;} + bash_cv_wexitstatus_offset=0 +fi +{ $as_echo "$as_me:$LINENO: result: $bash_cv_wexitstatus_offset" >&5 +$as_echo "$bash_cv_wexitstatus_offset" >&6; } + +cat >>confdefs.h <<_ACEOF +#define WEXITSTATUS_OFFSET $bash_cv_wexitstatus_offset +_ACEOF + + + { $as_echo "$as_me:$LINENO: checking for the existence of strsignal" >&5 $as_echo_n "checking for the existence of strsignal... " >&6; } if test "${bash_cv_have_strsignal+set}" = set; then diff --git a/configure.in b/configure.in index 0af9555da..4c9289aab 100644 --- a/configure.in +++ b/configure.in @@ -21,7 +21,7 @@ dnl Process this file with autoconf to produce a configure script. # You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License # along with this program. If not, see . -AC_REVISION([for Bash 4.2, version 4.031])dnl +AC_REVISION([for Bash 4.2, version 4.032])dnl define(bashvers, 4.2) define(relstatus, devel) @@ -918,6 +918,8 @@ AC_STRUCT_TM AC_STRUCT_TIMEZONE BASH_STRUCT_TIMEZONE +BASH_STRUCT_WEXITSTATUS_OFFSET + dnl presence and behavior of C library functions BASH_FUNC_STRSIGNAL BASH_FUNC_OPENDIR_CHECK diff --git a/configure.in~ b/configure.in~ index 6cecad511..0af9555da 100644 --- a/configure.in~ +++ b/configure.in~ @@ -1,5 +1,5 @@ dnl -dnl Configure script for bash-4.1 +dnl Configure script for bash-4.2 dnl dnl report bugs to chet@po.cwru.edu dnl @@ -21,10 +21,10 @@ dnl Process this file with autoconf to produce a configure script. # You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License # along with this program. If not, see . -AC_REVISION([for Bash 4.1, version 4.023])dnl +AC_REVISION([for Bash 4.2, version 4.031])dnl -define(bashvers, 4.1) -define(relstatus, maint) +define(bashvers, 4.2) +define(relstatus, devel) AC_INIT([bash], bashvers-relstatus, [bug-bash@gnu.org]) diff --git a/doc/bash.0 b/doc/bash.0 index 533c9ee4b..1f6b9034a 100644 --- a/doc/bash.0 +++ b/doc/bash.0 @@ -1258,10 +1258,12 @@ PPAARRAAMMEETTEERRSS An indexed array is created automatically if any variable is assigned to using the syntax _n_a_m_e[_s_u_b_s_c_r_i_p_t]=_v_a_l_u_e. The _s_u_b_s_c_r_i_p_t is treated as - an arithmetic expression that must evaluate to a number greater than or - equal to zero. To explicitly declare an indexed array, use ddeeccllaarree --aa - _n_a_m_e (see SSHHEELLLL BBUUIILLTTIINN CCOOMMMMAANNDDSS below). ddeeccllaarree --aa _n_a_m_e[[_s_u_b_s_c_r_i_p_t]] is - also accepted; the _s_u_b_s_c_r_i_p_t is ignored. + an arithmetic expression that must evaluate to a number. If _s_u_b_s_c_r_i_p_t + evaluates to a number less than zero, it is used as an offset from one + greater than the array's maximum index (so a subcript of -1 refers to + the last element of the array). To explicitly declare an indexed + array, use ddeeccllaarree --aa _n_a_m_e (see SSHHEELLLL BBUUIILLTTIINN CCOOMMMMAANNDDSS below). ddeeccllaarree + --aa _n_a_m_e[[_s_u_b_s_c_r_i_p_t]] is also accepted; the _s_u_b_s_c_r_i_p_t is ignored. Associative arrays are created using ddeeccllaarree --AA _n_a_m_e. @@ -1480,109 +1482,113 @@ EEXXPPAANNSSIIOONN _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r starting at the character specified by _o_f_f_s_e_t. If _l_e_n_g_t_h is omitted, expands to the substring of _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r start- ing at the character specified by _o_f_f_s_e_t. _l_e_n_g_t_h and _o_f_f_s_e_t are - arithmetic expressions (see AARRIITTHHMMEETTIICC EEVVAALLUUAATTIIOONN below). - _l_e_n_g_t_h must evaluate to a number greater than or equal to zero. - If _o_f_f_s_e_t evaluates to a number less than zero, the value is - used as an offset from the end of the value of _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r. If - _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r is @@, the result is _l_e_n_g_t_h positional parameters - beginning at _o_f_f_s_e_t. If _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r is an indexed array name sub- - scripted by @ or *, the result is the _l_e_n_g_t_h members of the - array beginning with ${_p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r[_o_f_f_s_e_t]}. A negative _o_f_f_s_e_t is - taken relative to one greater than the maximum index of the - specified array. Substring expansion applied to an associative - array produces undefined results. Note that a negative offset - must be separated from the colon by at least one space to avoid - being confused with the :- expansion. Substring indexing is - zero-based unless the positional parameters are used, in which - case the indexing starts at 1 by default. If _o_f_f_s_e_t is 0, and - the positional parameters are used, $$00 is prefixed to the list. + arithmetic expressions (see AARRIITTHHMMEETTIICC EEVVAALLUUAATTIIOONN below). If + _o_f_f_s_e_t evaluates to a number less than zero, the value is used + as an offset from the end of the value of _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r. If _l_e_n_g_t_h + evaluates to a number less than zero, and _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r is not @@ and + not an indexed or associative array, it is interpreted as an + offset from the end of the value of _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r rather than a num- + ber of characters, and the expansion is the characters between + the two offsets. If _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r is @@, the result is _l_e_n_g_t_h posi- + tional parameters beginning at _o_f_f_s_e_t. If _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r is an + indexed array name subscripted by @ or *, the result is the + _l_e_n_g_t_h members of the array beginning with ${_p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r[_o_f_f_s_e_t]}. + A negative _o_f_f_s_e_t is taken relative to one greater than the max- + imum index of the specified array. Substring expansion applied + to an associative array produces undefined results. Note that a + negative offset must be separated from the colon by at least one + space to avoid being confused with the :- expansion. Substring + indexing is zero-based unless the positional parameters are + used, in which case the indexing starts at 1 by default. If + _o_f_f_s_e_t is 0, and the positional parameters are used, $$00 is pre- + fixed to the list. ${!!_p_r_e_f_i_x**} ${!!_p_r_e_f_i_x@@} - NNaammeess mmaattcchhiinngg pprreeffiixx.. Expands to the names of variables whose + NNaammeess mmaattcchhiinngg pprreeffiixx.. Expands to the names of variables whose names begin with _p_r_e_f_i_x, separated by the first character of the - IIFFSS special variable. When _@ is used and the expansion appears - within double quotes, each variable name expands to a separate + IIFFSS special variable. When _@ is used and the expansion appears + within double quotes, each variable name expands to a separate word. ${!!_n_a_m_e[_@]} ${!!_n_a_m_e[_*]} - LLiisstt ooff aarrrraayy kkeeyyss.. If _n_a_m_e is an array variable, expands to - the list of array indices (keys) assigned in _n_a_m_e. If _n_a_m_e is - not an array, expands to 0 if _n_a_m_e is set and null otherwise. - When _@ is used and the expansion appears within double quotes, + LLiisstt ooff aarrrraayy kkeeyyss.. If _n_a_m_e is an array variable, expands to + the list of array indices (keys) assigned in _n_a_m_e. If _n_a_m_e is + not an array, expands to 0 if _n_a_m_e is set and null otherwise. + When _@ is used and the expansion appears within double quotes, each key expands to a separate word. ${##_p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r} - PPaarraammeetteerr lleennggtthh.. The length in characters of the value of - _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r is substituted. If _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r is ** or @@, the value - substituted is the number of positional parameters. If _p_a_r_a_m_e_- - _t_e_r is an array name subscripted by ** or @@, the value substi- + PPaarraammeetteerr lleennggtthh.. The length in characters of the value of + _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r is substituted. If _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r is ** or @@, the value + substituted is the number of positional parameters. If _p_a_r_a_m_e_- + _t_e_r is an array name subscripted by ** or @@, the value substi- tuted is the number of elements in the array. ${_p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r##_w_o_r_d} ${_p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r####_w_o_r_d} RReemmoovvee mmaattcchhiinngg pprreeffiixx ppaatttteerrnn.. The _w_o_r_d is expanded to produce a pattern just as in pathname expansion. If the pattern matches - the beginning of the value of _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r, then the result of the - expansion is the expanded value of _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r with the shortest - matching pattern (the ``##'' case) or the longest matching pat- - tern (the ``####'' case) deleted. If _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r is @@ or **, the - pattern removal operation is applied to each positional parame- + the beginning of the value of _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r, then the result of the + expansion is the expanded value of _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r with the shortest + matching pattern (the ``##'' case) or the longest matching pat- + tern (the ``####'' case) deleted. If _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r is @@ or **, the + pattern removal operation is applied to each positional parame- ter in turn, and the expansion is the resultant list. If _p_a_r_a_m_- - _e_t_e_r is an array variable subscripted with @@ or **, the pattern - removal operation is applied to each member of the array in + _e_t_e_r is an array variable subscripted with @@ or **, the pattern + removal operation is applied to each member of the array in turn, and the expansion is the resultant list. ${_p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r%%_w_o_r_d} ${_p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r%%%%_w_o_r_d} RReemmoovvee mmaattcchhiinngg ssuuffffiixx ppaatttteerrnn.. The _w_o_r_d is expanded to produce a pattern just as in pathname expansion. If the pattern matches - a trailing portion of the expanded value of _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r, then the - result of the expansion is the expanded value of _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r with - the shortest matching pattern (the ``%%'' case) or the longest - matching pattern (the ``%%%%'' case) deleted. If _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r is @@ - or **, the pattern removal operation is applied to each posi- - tional parameter in turn, and the expansion is the resultant - list. If _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r is an array variable subscripted with @@ or - **, the pattern removal operation is applied to each member of + a trailing portion of the expanded value of _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r, then the + result of the expansion is the expanded value of _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r with + the shortest matching pattern (the ``%%'' case) or the longest + matching pattern (the ``%%%%'' case) deleted. If _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r is @@ + or **, the pattern removal operation is applied to each posi- + tional parameter in turn, and the expansion is the resultant + list. If _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r is an array variable subscripted with @@ or + **, the pattern removal operation is applied to each member of the array in turn, and the expansion is the resultant list. ${_p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r//_p_a_t_t_e_r_n//_s_t_r_i_n_g} PPaatttteerrnn ssuubbssttiittuuttiioonn.. The _p_a_t_t_e_r_n is expanded to produce a pat- - tern just as in pathname expansion. _P_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r is expanded and - the longest match of _p_a_t_t_e_r_n against its value is replaced with - _s_t_r_i_n_g. If _p_a_t_t_e_r_n begins with //, all matches of _p_a_t_t_e_r_n are - replaced with _s_t_r_i_n_g. Normally only the first match is + tern just as in pathname expansion. _P_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r is expanded and + the longest match of _p_a_t_t_e_r_n against its value is replaced with + _s_t_r_i_n_g. If _p_a_t_t_e_r_n begins with //, all matches of _p_a_t_t_e_r_n are + replaced with _s_t_r_i_n_g. Normally only the first match is replaced. If _p_a_t_t_e_r_n begins with ##, it must match at the begin- ning of the expanded value of _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r. If _p_a_t_t_e_r_n begins with - %%, it must match at the end of the expanded value of _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r. + %%, it must match at the end of the expanded value of _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r. If _s_t_r_i_n_g is null, matches of _p_a_t_t_e_r_n are deleted and the // fol- lowing _p_a_t_t_e_r_n may be omitted. If _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r is @@ or **, the sub- - stitution operation is applied to each positional parameter in - turn, and the expansion is the resultant list. If _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r is - an array variable subscripted with @@ or **, the substitution - operation is applied to each member of the array in turn, and + stitution operation is applied to each positional parameter in + turn, and the expansion is the resultant list. If _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r is + an array variable subscripted with @@ or **, the substitution + operation is applied to each member of the array in turn, and the expansion is the resultant list. ${_p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r^^_p_a_t_t_e_r_n} ${_p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r^^^^_p_a_t_t_e_r_n} ${_p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r,,_p_a_t_t_e_r_n} ${_p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r,,,,_p_a_t_t_e_r_n} - CCaassee mmooddiiffiiccaattiioonn.. This expansion modifies the case of alpha- - betic characters in _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r. The _p_a_t_t_e_r_n is expanded to pro- - duce a pattern just as in pathname expansion. The ^^ operator - converts lowercase letters matching _p_a_t_t_e_r_n to uppercase; the ,, - operator converts matching uppercase letters to lowercase. The - ^^^^ and ,,,, expansions convert each matched character in the - expanded value; the ^^ and ,, expansions match and convert only - the first character in the expanded value. If _p_a_t_t_e_r_n is omit- - ted, it is treated like a ??, which matches every character. If - _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r is @@ or **, the case modification operation is applied - to each positional parameter in turn, and the expansion is the - resultant list. If _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r is an array variable subscripted - with @@ or **, the case modification operation is applied to each - member of the array in turn, and the expansion is the resultant + CCaassee mmooddiiffiiccaattiioonn.. This expansion modifies the case of alpha- + betic characters in _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r. The _p_a_t_t_e_r_n is expanded to pro- + duce a pattern just as in pathname expansion. The ^^ operator + converts lowercase letters matching _p_a_t_t_e_r_n to uppercase; the ,, + operator converts matching uppercase letters to lowercase. The + ^^^^ and ,,,, expansions convert each matched character in the + expanded value; the ^^ and ,, expansions match and convert only + the first character in the expanded value. If _p_a_t_t_e_r_n is omit- + ted, it is treated like a ??, which matches every character. If + _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r is @@ or **, the case modification operation is applied + to each positional parameter in turn, and the expansion is the + resultant list. If _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r is an array variable subscripted + with @@ or **, the case modification operation is applied to each + member of the array in turn, and the expansion is the resultant list. CCoommmmaanndd SSuubbssttiittuuttiioonn @@ -1595,160 +1601,160 @@ EEXXPPAANNSSIIOONN ``_c_o_m_m_a_n_d`` BBaasshh performs the expansion by executing _c_o_m_m_a_n_d and replacing the com- - mand substitution with the standard output of the command, with any + mand substitution with the standard output of the command, with any trailing newlines deleted. Embedded newlines are not deleted, but they - may be removed during word splitting. The command substitution $$((ccaatt + may be removed during word splitting. The command substitution $$((ccaatt _f_i_l_e)) can be replaced by the equivalent but faster $$((<< _f_i_l_e)). - When the old-style backquote form of substitution is used, backslash - retains its literal meaning except when followed by $$, ``, or \\. The + When the old-style backquote form of substitution is used, backslash + retains its literal meaning except when followed by $$, ``, or \\. The first backquote not preceded by a backslash terminates the command sub- - stitution. When using the $(_c_o_m_m_a_n_d) form, all characters between the + stitution. When using the $(_c_o_m_m_a_n_d) form, all characters between the parentheses make up the command; none are treated specially. Command substitutions may be nested. To nest when using the backquoted form, escape the inner backquotes with backslashes. - If the substitution appears within double quotes, word splitting and + If the substitution appears within double quotes, word splitting and pathname expansion are not performed on the results. AArriitthhmmeettiicc EExxppaannssiioonn - Arithmetic expansion allows the evaluation of an arithmetic expression - and the substitution of the result. The format for arithmetic expan- + Arithmetic expansion allows the evaluation of an arithmetic expression + and the substitution of the result. The format for arithmetic expan- sion is: $$((((_e_x_p_r_e_s_s_i_o_n)))) - The _e_x_p_r_e_s_s_i_o_n is treated as if it were within double quotes, but a - double quote inside the parentheses is not treated specially. All + The _e_x_p_r_e_s_s_i_o_n is treated as if it were within double quotes, but a + double quote inside the parentheses is not treated specially. All tokens in the expression undergo parameter expansion, string expansion, - command substitution, and quote removal. Arithmetic expansions may be + command substitution, and quote removal. Arithmetic expansions may be nested. - The evaluation is performed according to the rules listed below under + The evaluation is performed according to the rules listed below under AARRIITTHHMMEETTIICC EEVVAALLUUAATTIIOONN. If _e_x_p_r_e_s_s_i_o_n is invalid, bbaasshh prints a message indicating failure and no substitution occurs. PPrroocceessss SSuubbssttiittuuttiioonn - _P_r_o_c_e_s_s _s_u_b_s_t_i_t_u_t_i_o_n is supported on systems that support named pipes - (_F_I_F_O_s) or the //ddeevv//ffdd method of naming open files. It takes the form - of <<((_l_i_s_t)) or >>((_l_i_s_t)). The process _l_i_s_t is run with its input or out- + _P_r_o_c_e_s_s _s_u_b_s_t_i_t_u_t_i_o_n is supported on systems that support named pipes + (_F_I_F_O_s) or the //ddeevv//ffdd method of naming open files. It takes the form + of <<((_l_i_s_t)) or >>((_l_i_s_t)). The process _l_i_s_t is run with its input or out- put connected to a _F_I_F_O or some file in //ddeevv//ffdd. The name of this file - is passed as an argument to the current command as the result of the - expansion. If the >>((_l_i_s_t)) form is used, writing to the file will pro- - vide input for _l_i_s_t. If the <<((_l_i_s_t)) form is used, the file passed as + is passed as an argument to the current command as the result of the + expansion. If the >>((_l_i_s_t)) form is used, writing to the file will pro- + vide input for _l_i_s_t. If the <<((_l_i_s_t)) form is used, the file passed as an argument should be read to obtain the output of _l_i_s_t. - When available, process substitution is performed simultaneously with - parameter and variable expansion, command substitution, and arithmetic + When available, process substitution is performed simultaneously with + parameter and variable expansion, command substitution, and arithmetic expansion. WWoorrdd SSpplliittttiinngg - The shell scans the results of parameter expansion, command substitu- - tion, and arithmetic expansion that did not occur within double quotes + The shell scans the results of parameter expansion, command substitu- + tion, and arithmetic expansion that did not occur within double quotes for _w_o_r_d _s_p_l_i_t_t_i_n_g. - The shell treats each character of IIFFSS as a delimiter, and splits the + The shell treats each character of IIFFSS as a delimiter, and splits the results of the other expansions into words on these characters. If IIFFSS - is unset, or its value is exactly <><><>, the default, - then sequences of <>, <>, and <> at the beginning and - end of the results of the previous expansions are ignored, and any - sequence of IIFFSS characters not at the beginning or end serves to - delimit words. If IIFFSS has a value other than the default, then + is unset, or its value is exactly <><><>, the default, + then sequences of <>, <>, and <> at the beginning and + end of the results of the previous expansions are ignored, and any + sequence of IIFFSS characters not at the beginning or end serves to + delimit words. If IIFFSS has a value other than the default, then sequences of the whitespace characters ssppaaccee and ttaabb are ignored at the - beginning and end of the word, as long as the whitespace character is - in the value of IIFFSS (an IIFFSS whitespace character). Any character in - IIFFSS that is not IIFFSS whitespace, along with any adjacent IIFFSS whitespace - characters, delimits a field. A sequence of IIFFSS whitespace characters - is also treated as a delimiter. If the value of IIFFSS is null, no word + beginning and end of the word, as long as the whitespace character is + in the value of IIFFSS (an IIFFSS whitespace character). Any character in + IIFFSS that is not IIFFSS whitespace, along with any adjacent IIFFSS whitespace + characters, delimits a field. A sequence of IIFFSS whitespace characters + is also treated as a delimiter. If the value of IIFFSS is null, no word splitting occurs. - Explicit null arguments ("""" or '''') are retained. Unquoted implicit + Explicit null arguments ("""" or '''') are retained. Unquoted implicit null arguments, resulting from the expansion of parameters that have no - values, are removed. If a parameter with no value is expanded within + values, are removed. If a parameter with no value is expanded within double quotes, a null argument results and is retained. Note that if no expansion occurs, no splitting is performed. PPaatthhnnaammee EExxppaannssiioonn - After word splitting, unless the --ff option has been set, bbaasshh scans - each word for the characters **, ??, and [[. If one of these characters - appears, then the word is regarded as a _p_a_t_t_e_r_n, and replaced with an - alphabetically sorted list of file names matching the pattern. If no - matching file names are found, and the shell option nnuullllgglloobb is not - enabled, the word is left unchanged. If the nnuullllgglloobb option is set, - and no matches are found, the word is removed. If the ffaaiillgglloobb shell - option is set, and no matches are found, an error message is printed - and the command is not executed. If the shell option nnooccaasseegglloobb is - enabled, the match is performed without regard to the case of alpha- - betic characters. When a pattern is used for pathname expansion, the - character ````..'''' at the start of a name or immediately following a - slash must be matched explicitly, unless the shell option ddoottgglloobb is - set. When matching a pathname, the slash character must always be - matched explicitly. In other cases, the ````..'''' character is not - treated specially. See the description of sshhoopptt below under SSHHEELLLL - BBUUIILLTTIINN CCOOMMMMAANNDDSS for a description of the nnooccaasseegglloobb, nnuullllgglloobb, ffaaiill-- + After word splitting, unless the --ff option has been set, bbaasshh scans + each word for the characters **, ??, and [[. If one of these characters + appears, then the word is regarded as a _p_a_t_t_e_r_n, and replaced with an + alphabetically sorted list of file names matching the pattern. If no + matching file names are found, and the shell option nnuullllgglloobb is not + enabled, the word is left unchanged. If the nnuullllgglloobb option is set, + and no matches are found, the word is removed. If the ffaaiillgglloobb shell + option is set, and no matches are found, an error message is printed + and the command is not executed. If the shell option nnooccaasseegglloobb is + enabled, the match is performed without regard to the case of alpha- + betic characters. When a pattern is used for pathname expansion, the + character ````..'''' at the start of a name or immediately following a + slash must be matched explicitly, unless the shell option ddoottgglloobb is + set. When matching a pathname, the slash character must always be + matched explicitly. In other cases, the ````..'''' character is not + treated specially. See the description of sshhoopptt below under SSHHEELLLL + BBUUIILLTTIINN CCOOMMMMAANNDDSS for a description of the nnooccaasseegglloobb, nnuullllgglloobb, ffaaiill-- gglloobb, and ddoottgglloobb shell options. - The GGLLOOBBIIGGNNOORREE shell variable may be used to restrict the set of file - names matching a _p_a_t_t_e_r_n. If GGLLOOBBIIGGNNOORREE is set, each matching file - name that also matches one of the patterns in GGLLOOBBIIGGNNOORREE is removed + The GGLLOOBBIIGGNNOORREE shell variable may be used to restrict the set of file + names matching a _p_a_t_t_e_r_n. If GGLLOOBBIIGGNNOORREE is set, each matching file + name that also matches one of the patterns in GGLLOOBBIIGGNNOORREE is removed from the list of matches. The file names ````..'''' and ````....'''' are always - ignored when GGLLOOBBIIGGNNOORREE is set and not null. However, setting GGLLOOBBIIGG-- - NNOORREE to a non-null value has the effect of enabling the ddoottgglloobb shell + ignored when GGLLOOBBIIGGNNOORREE is set and not null. However, setting GGLLOOBBIIGG-- + NNOORREE to a non-null value has the effect of enabling the ddoottgglloobb shell option, so all other file names beginning with a ````..'''' will match. To - get the old behavior of ignoring file names beginning with a ````..'''', - make ````..**'''' one of the patterns in GGLLOOBBIIGGNNOORREE. The ddoottgglloobb option is + get the old behavior of ignoring file names beginning with a ````..'''', + make ````..**'''' one of the patterns in GGLLOOBBIIGGNNOORREE. The ddoottgglloobb option is disabled when GGLLOOBBIIGGNNOORREE is unset. PPaatttteerrnn MMaattcchhiinngg Any character that appears in a pattern, other than the special pattern - characters described below, matches itself. The NUL character may not - occur in a pattern. A backslash escapes the following character; the - escaping backslash is discarded when matching. The special pattern + characters described below, matches itself. The NUL character may not + occur in a pattern. A backslash escapes the following character; the + escaping backslash is discarded when matching. The special pattern characters must be quoted if they are to be matched literally. The special pattern characters have the following meanings: - ** Matches any string, including the null string. When the gglloobb-- + ** Matches any string, including the null string. When the gglloobb-- ssttaarr shell option is enabled, and ** is used in a pathname expan- - sion context, two adjacent **s used as a single pattern will + sion context, two adjacent **s used as a single pattern will match all files and zero or more directories and subdirectories. - If followed by a //, two adjacent **s will match only directories + If followed by a //, two adjacent **s will match only directories and subdirectories. ?? Matches any single character. - [[......]] Matches any one of the enclosed characters. A pair of charac- + [[......]] Matches any one of the enclosed characters. A pair of charac- ters separated by a hyphen denotes a _r_a_n_g_e _e_x_p_r_e_s_s_i_o_n; any char- - acter that sorts between those two characters, inclusive, using - the current locale's collating sequence and character set, is - matched. If the first character following the [[ is a !! or a ^^ - then any character not enclosed is matched. The sorting order - of characters in range expressions is determined by the current - locale and the value of the LLCC__CCOOLLLLAATTEE shell variable, if set. - A -- may be matched by including it as the first or last charac- + acter that sorts between those two characters, inclusive, using + the current locale's collating sequence and character set, is + matched. If the first character following the [[ is a !! or a ^^ + then any character not enclosed is matched. The sorting order + of characters in range expressions is determined by the current + locale and the value of the LLCC__CCOOLLLLAATTEE shell variable, if set. + A -- may be matched by including it as the first or last charac- ter in the set. A ]] may be matched by including it as the first character in the set. - Within [[ and ]], _c_h_a_r_a_c_t_e_r _c_l_a_s_s_e_s can be specified using the - syntax [[::_c_l_a_s_s::]], where _c_l_a_s_s is one of the following classes + Within [[ and ]], _c_h_a_r_a_c_t_e_r _c_l_a_s_s_e_s can be specified using the + syntax [[::_c_l_a_s_s::]], where _c_l_a_s_s is one of the following classes defined in the POSIX standard: - aallnnuumm aallpphhaa aasscciiii bbllaannkk ccnnttrrll ddiiggiitt ggrraapphh lloowweerr pprriinntt ppuunncctt + aallnnuumm aallpphhaa aasscciiii bbllaannkk ccnnttrrll ddiiggiitt ggrraapphh lloowweerr pprriinntt ppuunncctt ssppaaccee uuppppeerr wwoorrdd xxddiiggiitt A character class matches any character belonging to that class. - The wwoorrdd character class matches letters, digits, and the char- + The wwoorrdd character class matches letters, digits, and the char- acter _. - Within [[ and ]], an _e_q_u_i_v_a_l_e_n_c_e _c_l_a_s_s can be specified using the - syntax [[==_c==]], which matches all characters with the same colla- - tion weight (as defined by the current locale) as the character + Within [[ and ]], an _e_q_u_i_v_a_l_e_n_c_e _c_l_a_s_s can be specified using the + syntax [[==_c==]], which matches all characters with the same colla- + tion weight (as defined by the current locale) as the character _c. Within [[ and ]], the syntax [[.._s_y_m_b_o_l..]] matches the collating sym- bol _s_y_m_b_o_l. If the eexxttgglloobb shell option is enabled using the sshhoopptt builtin, several - extended pattern matching operators are recognized. In the following + extended pattern matching operators are recognized. In the following description, a _p_a_t_t_e_r_n_-_l_i_s_t is a list of one or more patterns separated by a ||. Composite patterns may be formed using one or more of the fol- lowing sub-patterns: @@ -1766,55 +1772,55 @@ EEXXPPAANNSSIIOONN QQuuoottee RReemmoovvaall After the preceding expansions, all unquoted occurrences of the charac- - ters \\, '', and "" that did not result from one of the above expansions + ters \\, '', and "" that did not result from one of the above expansions are removed. RREEDDIIRREECCTTIIOONN - Before a command is executed, its input and output may be _r_e_d_i_r_e_c_t_e_d - using a special notation interpreted by the shell. Redirection may - also be used to open and close files for the current shell execution + Before a command is executed, its input and output may be _r_e_d_i_r_e_c_t_e_d + using a special notation interpreted by the shell. Redirection may + also be used to open and close files for the current shell execution environment. The following redirection operators may precede or appear anywhere within a _s_i_m_p_l_e _c_o_m_m_a_n_d or may follow a _c_o_m_m_a_n_d. Redirections are processed in the order they appear, from left to right. - Each redirection that may be preceded by a file descriptor number may + Each redirection that may be preceded by a file descriptor number may instead be preceded by a word of the form {_v_a_r_n_a_m_e}. In this case, for each redirection operator except >&- and <&-, the shell will allocate a - file descriptor greater than 10 and assign it to _v_a_r_n_a_m_e. If >&- or - <&- is preceded by {_v_a_r_n_a_m_e}, the value of _v_a_r_n_a_m_e defines the file + file descriptor greater than 10 and assign it to _v_a_r_n_a_m_e. If >&- or + <&- is preceded by {_v_a_r_n_a_m_e}, the value of _v_a_r_n_a_m_e defines the file descriptor to close. - In the following descriptions, if the file descriptor number is omit- - ted, and the first character of the redirection operator is <<, the re- - direction refers to the standard input (file descriptor 0). If the - first character of the redirection operator is >>, the redirection + In the following descriptions, if the file descriptor number is omit- + ted, and the first character of the redirection operator is <<, the re- + direction refers to the standard input (file descriptor 0). If the + first character of the redirection operator is >>, the redirection refers to the standard output (file descriptor 1). - The word following the redirection operator in the following descrip- - tions, unless otherwise noted, is subjected to brace expansion, tilde + The word following the redirection operator in the following descrip- + tions, unless otherwise noted, is subjected to brace expansion, tilde expansion, parameter expansion, command substitution, arithmetic expan- - sion, quote removal, pathname expansion, and word splitting. If it + sion, quote removal, pathname expansion, and word splitting. If it expands to more than one word, bbaasshh reports an error. - Note that the order of redirections is significant. For example, the + Note that the order of redirections is significant. For example, the command ls >> dirlist 2>>&&1 - directs both standard output and standard error to the file _d_i_r_l_i_s_t, + directs both standard output and standard error to the file _d_i_r_l_i_s_t, while the command ls 2>>&&1 >> dirlist - directs only the standard output to file _d_i_r_l_i_s_t, because the standard - error was duplicated from the standard output before the standard out- + directs only the standard output to file _d_i_r_l_i_s_t, because the standard + error was duplicated from the standard output before the standard out- put was redirected to _d_i_r_l_i_s_t. BBaasshh handles several filenames specially when they are used in redirec- tions, as described in the following table: //ddeevv//ffdd//_f_d - If _f_d is a valid integer, file descriptor _f_d is dupli- + If _f_d is a valid integer, file descriptor _f_d is dupli- cated. //ddeevv//ssttddiinn File descriptor 0 is duplicated. @@ -1824,22 +1830,22 @@ RREEDDIIRREECCTTIIOONN File descriptor 2 is duplicated. //ddeevv//ttccpp//_h_o_s_t//_p_o_r_t If _h_o_s_t is a valid hostname or Internet address, and _p_o_r_t - is an integer port number or service name, bbaasshh attempts + is an integer port number or service name, bbaasshh attempts to open a TCP connection to the corresponding socket. //ddeevv//uuddpp//_h_o_s_t//_p_o_r_t If _h_o_s_t is a valid hostname or Internet address, and _p_o_r_t - is an integer port number or service name, bbaasshh attempts + is an integer port number or service name, bbaasshh attempts to open a UDP connection to the corresponding socket. A failure to open or create a file causes the redirection to fail. - Redirections using file descriptors greater than 9 should be used with - care, as they may conflict with file descriptors the shell uses inter- + Redirections using file descriptors greater than 9 should be used with + care, as they may conflict with file descriptors the shell uses inter- nally. RReeddiirreeccttiinngg IInnppuutt Redirection of input causes the file whose name results from the expan- - sion of _w_o_r_d to be opened for reading on file descriptor _n, or the + sion of _w_o_r_d to be opened for reading on file descriptor _n, or the standard input (file descriptor 0) if _n is not specified. The general format for redirecting input is: @@ -1847,27 +1853,27 @@ RREEDDIIRREECCTTIIOONN [_n]<<_w_o_r_d RReeddiirreeccttiinngg OOuuttppuutt - Redirection of output causes the file whose name results from the + Redirection of output causes the file whose name results from the expansion of _w_o_r_d to be opened for writing on file descriptor _n, or the standard output (file descriptor 1) if _n is not specified. If the file - does not exist it is created; if it does exist it is truncated to zero + does not exist it is created; if it does exist it is truncated to zero size. The general format for redirecting output is: [_n]>>_w_o_r_d - If the redirection operator is >>, and the nnoocclloobbbbeerr option to the sseett - builtin has been enabled, the redirection will fail if the file whose - name results from the expansion of _w_o_r_d exists and is a regular file. + If the redirection operator is >>, and the nnoocclloobbbbeerr option to the sseett + builtin has been enabled, the redirection will fail if the file whose + name results from the expansion of _w_o_r_d exists and is a regular file. If the redirection operator is >>||, or the redirection operator is >> and the nnoocclloobbbbeerr option to the sseett builtin command is not enabled, the re- direction is attempted even if the file named by _w_o_r_d exists. AAppppeennddiinngg RReeddiirreecctteedd OOuuttppuutt - Redirection of output in this fashion causes the file whose name - results from the expansion of _w_o_r_d to be opened for appending on file - descriptor _n, or the standard output (file descriptor 1) if _n is not + Redirection of output in this fashion causes the file whose name + results from the expansion of _w_o_r_d to be opened for appending on file + descriptor _n, or the standard output (file descriptor 1) if _n is not specified. If the file does not exist it is created. The general format for appending output is: @@ -1876,11 +1882,11 @@ RREEDDIIRREECCTTIIOONN RReeddiirreeccttiinngg SSttaannddaarrdd OOuuttppuutt aanndd SSttaannddaarrdd EErrrroorr - This construct allows both the standard output (file descriptor 1) and - the standard error output (file descriptor 2) to be redirected to the + This construct allows both the standard output (file descriptor 1) and + the standard error output (file descriptor 2) to be redirected to the file whose name is the expansion of _w_o_r_d. - There are two formats for redirecting standard output and standard + There are two formats for redirecting standard output and standard error: &&>>_w_o_r_d @@ -1894,8 +1900,8 @@ RREEDDIIRREECCTTIIOONN AAppppeennddiinngg SSttaannddaarrdd OOuuttppuutt aanndd SSttaannddaarrdd EErrrroorr - This construct allows both the standard output (file descriptor 1) and - the standard error output (file descriptor 2) to be appended to the + This construct allows both the standard output (file descriptor 1) and + the standard error output (file descriptor 2) to be appended to the file whose name is the expansion of _w_o_r_d. The format for appending standard output and standard error is: @@ -1907,9 +1913,9 @@ RREEDDIIRREECCTTIIOONN >>>>_w_o_r_d 2>>&&1 HHeerree DDooccuummeennttss - This type of redirection instructs the shell to read input from the + This type of redirection instructs the shell to read input from the current source until a line containing only _d_e_l_i_m_i_t_e_r (with no trailing - blanks) is seen. All of the lines read up to that point are then used + blanks) is seen. All of the lines read up to that point are then used as the standard input for a command. The format of here-documents is: @@ -1918,18 +1924,18 @@ RREEDDIIRREECCTTIIOONN _h_e_r_e_-_d_o_c_u_m_e_n_t _d_e_l_i_m_i_t_e_r - No parameter expansion, command substitution, arithmetic expansion, or + No parameter expansion, command substitution, arithmetic expansion, or pathname expansion is performed on _w_o_r_d. If any characters in _w_o_r_d are - quoted, the _d_e_l_i_m_i_t_e_r is the result of quote removal on _w_o_r_d, and the - lines in the here-document are not expanded. If _w_o_r_d is unquoted, all - lines of the here-document are subjected to parameter expansion, com- - mand substitution, and arithmetic expansion. In the latter case, the - character sequence \\<> is ignored, and \\ must be used to quote + quoted, the _d_e_l_i_m_i_t_e_r is the result of quote removal on _w_o_r_d, and the + lines in the here-document are not expanded. If _w_o_r_d is unquoted, all + lines of the here-document are subjected to parameter expansion, com- + mand substitution, and arithmetic expansion. In the latter case, the + character sequence \\<> is ignored, and \\ must be used to quote the characters \\, $$, and ``. If the redirection operator is <<<<--, then all leading tab characters are - stripped from input lines and the line containing _d_e_l_i_m_i_t_e_r. This - allows here-documents within shell scripts to be indented in a natural + stripped from input lines and the line containing _d_e_l_i_m_i_t_e_r. This + allows here-documents within shell scripts to be indented in a natural fashion. HHeerree SSttrriinnggss @@ -1945,20 +1951,20 @@ RREEDDIIRREECCTTIIOONN [_n]<<&&_w_o_r_d is used to duplicate input file descriptors. If _w_o_r_d expands to one or - more digits, the file descriptor denoted by _n is made to be a copy of - that file descriptor. If the digits in _w_o_r_d do not specify a file - descriptor open for input, a redirection error occurs. If _w_o_r_d evalu- - ates to --, file descriptor _n is closed. If _n is not specified, the + more digits, the file descriptor denoted by _n is made to be a copy of + that file descriptor. If the digits in _w_o_r_d do not specify a file + descriptor open for input, a redirection error occurs. If _w_o_r_d evalu- + ates to --, file descriptor _n is closed. If _n is not specified, the standard input (file descriptor 0) is used. The operator [_n]>>&&_w_o_r_d - is used similarly to duplicate output file descriptors. If _n is not - specified, the standard output (file descriptor 1) is used. If the - digits in _w_o_r_d do not specify a file descriptor open for output, a re- - direction error occurs. As a special case, if _n is omitted, and _w_o_r_d + is used similarly to duplicate output file descriptors. If _n is not + specified, the standard output (file descriptor 1) is used. If the + digits in _w_o_r_d do not specify a file descriptor open for output, a re- + direction error occurs. As a special case, if _n is omitted, and _w_o_r_d does not expand to one or more digits, the standard output and standard error are redirected as described previously. @@ -1967,7 +1973,7 @@ RREEDDIIRREECCTTIIOONN [_n]<<&&_d_i_g_i_t-- - moves the file descriptor _d_i_g_i_t to file descriptor _n, or the standard + moves the file descriptor _d_i_g_i_t to file descriptor _n, or the standard input (file descriptor 0) if _n is not specified. _d_i_g_i_t is closed after being duplicated to _n. @@ -1975,7 +1981,7 @@ RREEDDIIRREECCTTIIOONN [_n]>>&&_d_i_g_i_t-- - moves the file descriptor _d_i_g_i_t to file descriptor _n, or the standard + moves the file descriptor _d_i_g_i_t to file descriptor _n, or the standard output (file descriptor 1) if _n is not specified. OOppeenniinngg FFiillee DDeessccrriippttoorrss ffoorr RReeaaddiinngg aanndd WWrriittiinngg @@ -1983,115 +1989,115 @@ RREEDDIIRREECCTTIIOONN [_n]<<>>_w_o_r_d - causes the file whose name is the expansion of _w_o_r_d to be opened for - both reading and writing on file descriptor _n, or on file descriptor 0 + causes the file whose name is the expansion of _w_o_r_d to be opened for + both reading and writing on file descriptor _n, or on file descriptor 0 if _n is not specified. If the file does not exist, it is created. AALLIIAASSEESS - _A_l_i_a_s_e_s allow a string to be substituted for a word when it is used as - the first word of a simple command. The shell maintains a list of - aliases that may be set and unset with the aalliiaass and uunnaalliiaass builtin - commands (see SSHHEELLLL BBUUIILLTTIINN CCOOMMMMAANNDDSS below). The first word of each - simple command, if unquoted, is checked to see if it has an alias. If - so, that word is replaced by the text of the alias. The characters //, - $$, ``, and == and any of the shell _m_e_t_a_c_h_a_r_a_c_t_e_r_s or quoting characters + _A_l_i_a_s_e_s allow a string to be substituted for a word when it is used as + the first word of a simple command. The shell maintains a list of + aliases that may be set and unset with the aalliiaass and uunnaalliiaass builtin + commands (see SSHHEELLLL BBUUIILLTTIINN CCOOMMMMAANNDDSS below). The first word of each + simple command, if unquoted, is checked to see if it has an alias. If + so, that word is replaced by the text of the alias. The characters //, + $$, ``, and == and any of the shell _m_e_t_a_c_h_a_r_a_c_t_e_r_s or quoting characters listed above may not appear in an alias name. The replacement text may - contain any valid shell input, including shell metacharacters. The - first word of the replacement text is tested for aliases, but a word - that is identical to an alias being expanded is not expanded a second - time. This means that one may alias llss to llss --FF, for instance, and - bbaasshh does not try to recursively expand the replacement text. If the - last character of the alias value is a _b_l_a_n_k, then the next command + contain any valid shell input, including shell metacharacters. The + first word of the replacement text is tested for aliases, but a word + that is identical to an alias being expanded is not expanded a second + time. This means that one may alias llss to llss --FF, for instance, and + bbaasshh does not try to recursively expand the replacement text. If the + last character of the alias value is a _b_l_a_n_k, then the next command word following the alias is also checked for alias expansion. Aliases are created and listed with the aalliiaass command, and removed with the uunnaalliiaass command. - There is no mechanism for using arguments in the replacement text. If - arguments are needed, a shell function should be used (see FFUUNNCCTTIIOONNSS + There is no mechanism for using arguments in the replacement text. If + arguments are needed, a shell function should be used (see FFUUNNCCTTIIOONNSS below). - Aliases are not expanded when the shell is not interactive, unless the - eexxppaanndd__aalliiaasseess shell option is set using sshhoopptt (see the description of + Aliases are not expanded when the shell is not interactive, unless the + eexxppaanndd__aalliiaasseess shell option is set using sshhoopptt (see the description of sshhoopptt under SSHHEELLLL BBUUIILLTTIINN CCOOMMMMAANNDDSS below). - The rules concerning the definition and use of aliases are somewhat - confusing. BBaasshh always reads at least one complete line of input - before executing any of the commands on that line. Aliases are - expanded when a command is read, not when it is executed. Therefore, - an alias definition appearing on the same line as another command does - not take effect until the next line of input is read. The commands + The rules concerning the definition and use of aliases are somewhat + confusing. BBaasshh always reads at least one complete line of input + before executing any of the commands on that line. Aliases are + expanded when a command is read, not when it is executed. Therefore, + an alias definition appearing on the same line as another command does + not take effect until the next line of input is read. The commands following the alias definition on that line are not affected by the new - alias. This behavior is also an issue when functions are executed. - Aliases are expanded when a function definition is read, not when the - function is executed, because a function definition is itself a com- + alias. This behavior is also an issue when functions are executed. + Aliases are expanded when a function definition is read, not when the + function is executed, because a function definition is itself a com- pound command. As a consequence, aliases defined in a function are not - available until after that function is executed. To be safe, always - put alias definitions on a separate line, and do not use aalliiaass in com- + available until after that function is executed. To be safe, always + put alias definitions on a separate line, and do not use aalliiaass in com- pound commands. For almost every purpose, aliases are superseded by shell functions. FFUUNNCCTTIIOONNSS - A shell function, defined as described above under SSHHEELLLL GGRRAAMMMMAARR, - stores a series of commands for later execution. When the name of a - shell function is used as a simple command name, the list of commands + A shell function, defined as described above under SSHHEELLLL GGRRAAMMMMAARR, + stores a series of commands for later execution. When the name of a + shell function is used as a simple command name, the list of commands associated with that function name is executed. Functions are executed - in the context of the current shell; no new process is created to - interpret them (contrast this with the execution of a shell script). - When a function is executed, the arguments to the function become the + in the context of the current shell; no new process is created to + interpret them (contrast this with the execution of a shell script). + When a function is executed, the arguments to the function become the positional parameters during its execution. The special parameter ## is - updated to reflect the change. Special parameter 0 is unchanged. The - first element of the FFUUNNCCNNAAMMEE variable is set to the name of the func- + updated to reflect the change. Special parameter 0 is unchanged. The + first element of the FFUUNNCCNNAAMMEE variable is set to the name of the func- tion while the function is executing. - All other aspects of the shell execution environment are identical + All other aspects of the shell execution environment are identical between a function and its caller with these exceptions: the DDEEBBUUGG and - RREETTUURRNN traps (see the description of the ttrraapp builtin under SSHHEELLLL - BBUUIILLTTIINN CCOOMMMMAANNDDSS below) are not inherited unless the function has been - given the ttrraaccee attribute (see the description of the ddeeccllaarree builtin - below) or the --oo ffuunnccttrraaccee shell option has been enabled with the sseett - builtin (in which case all functions inherit the DDEEBBUUGG and RREETTUURRNN - traps), and the EERRRR trap is not inherited unless the --oo eerrrrttrraaccee shell + RREETTUURRNN traps (see the description of the ttrraapp builtin under SSHHEELLLL + BBUUIILLTTIINN CCOOMMMMAANNDDSS below) are not inherited unless the function has been + given the ttrraaccee attribute (see the description of the ddeeccllaarree builtin + below) or the --oo ffuunnccttrraaccee shell option has been enabled with the sseett + builtin (in which case all functions inherit the DDEEBBUUGG and RREETTUURRNN + traps), and the EERRRR trap is not inherited unless the --oo eerrrrttrraaccee shell option has been enabled. - Variables local to the function may be declared with the llooccaall builtin + Variables local to the function may be declared with the llooccaall builtin command. Ordinarily, variables and their values are shared between the function and its caller. - The FFUUNNCCNNEESSTT variable, if set to a numeric value greater than 0, - defines a maximum function nesting level. Function invocations that + The FFUUNNCCNNEESSTT variable, if set to a numeric value greater than 0, + defines a maximum function nesting level. Function invocations that exceed the limit cause the entire command to abort. - If the builtin command rreettuurrnn is executed in a function, the function - completes and execution resumes with the next command after the func- - tion call. Any command associated with the RREETTUURRNN trap is executed + If the builtin command rreettuurrnn is executed in a function, the function + completes and execution resumes with the next command after the func- + tion call. Any command associated with the RREETTUURRNN trap is executed before execution resumes. When a function completes, the values of the - positional parameters and the special parameter ## are restored to the + positional parameters and the special parameter ## are restored to the values they had prior to the function's execution. - Function names and definitions may be listed with the --ff option to the + Function names and definitions may be listed with the --ff option to the ddeeccllaarree or ttyyppeesseett builtin commands. The --FF option to ddeeccllaarree or ttyyppee-- - sseett will list the function names only (and optionally the source file - and line number, if the eexxttddeebbuugg shell option is enabled). Functions - may be exported so that subshells automatically have them defined with - the --ff option to the eexxppoorrtt builtin. A function definition may be - deleted using the --ff option to the uunnsseett builtin. Note that shell + sseett will list the function names only (and optionally the source file + and line number, if the eexxttddeebbuugg shell option is enabled). Functions + may be exported so that subshells automatically have them defined with + the --ff option to the eexxppoorrtt builtin. A function definition may be + deleted using the --ff option to the uunnsseett builtin. Note that shell functions and variables with the same name may result in multiple iden- - tically-named entries in the environment passed to the shell's chil- + tically-named entries in the environment passed to the shell's chil- dren. Care should be taken in cases where this may cause a problem. - Functions may be recursive. No limit is imposed on the number of + Functions may be recursive. No limit is imposed on the number of recursive calls. AARRIITTHHMMEETTIICC EEVVAALLUUAATTIIOONN - The shell allows arithmetic expressions to be evaluated, under certain - circumstances (see the lleett and ddeeccllaarree builtin commands and AArriitthhmmeettiicc - EExxppaannssiioonn). Evaluation is done in fixed-width integers with no check - for overflow, though division by 0 is trapped and flagged as an error. - The operators and their precedence, associativity, and values are the - same as in the C language. The following list of operators is grouped - into levels of equal-precedence operators. The levels are listed in + The shell allows arithmetic expressions to be evaluated, under certain + circumstances (see the lleett and ddeeccllaarree builtin commands and AArriitthhmmeettiicc + EExxppaannssiioonn). Evaluation is done in fixed-width integers with no check + for overflow, though division by 0 is trapped and flagged as an error. + The operators and their precedence, associativity, and values are the + same as in the C language. The following list of operators is grouped + into levels of equal-precedence operators. The levels are listed in order of decreasing precedence. _i_d++++ _i_d---- @@ -2119,46 +2125,46 @@ AARRIITTHHMMEETTIICC EEVVAALLUUAATTIIOONN _e_x_p_r_1 ,, _e_x_p_r_2 comma - Shell variables are allowed as operands; parameter expansion is per- + Shell variables are allowed as operands; parameter expansion is per- formed before the expression is evaluated. Within an expression, shell - variables may also be referenced by name without using the parameter - expansion syntax. A shell variable that is null or unset evaluates to + variables may also be referenced by name without using the parameter + expansion syntax. A shell variable that is null or unset evaluates to 0 when referenced by name without using the parameter expansion syntax. - The value of a variable is evaluated as an arithmetic expression when - it is referenced, or when a variable which has been given the _i_n_t_e_g_e_r + The value of a variable is evaluated as an arithmetic expression when + it is referenced, or when a variable which has been given the _i_n_t_e_g_e_r attribute using ddeeccllaarree --ii is assigned a value. A null value evaluates - to 0. A shell variable need not have its integer attribute turned on + to 0. A shell variable need not have its integer attribute turned on to be used in an expression. Constants with a leading 0 are interpreted as octal numbers. A leading - 0x or 0X denotes hexadecimal. Otherwise, numbers take the form - [_b_a_s_e_#]n, where the optional _b_a_s_e is a decimal number between 2 and 64 - representing the arithmetic base, and _n is a number in that base. If - _b_a_s_e_# is omitted, then base 10 is used. The digits greater than 9 are - represented by the lowercase letters, the uppercase letters, @, and _, - in that order. If _b_a_s_e is less than or equal to 36, lowercase and - uppercase letters may be used interchangeably to represent numbers + 0x or 0X denotes hexadecimal. Otherwise, numbers take the form + [_b_a_s_e_#]n, where the optional _b_a_s_e is a decimal number between 2 and 64 + representing the arithmetic base, and _n is a number in that base. If + _b_a_s_e_# is omitted, then base 10 is used. The digits greater than 9 are + represented by the lowercase letters, the uppercase letters, @, and _, + in that order. If _b_a_s_e is less than or equal to 36, lowercase and + uppercase letters may be used interchangeably to represent numbers between 10 and 35. - Operators are evaluated in order of precedence. Sub-expressions in - parentheses are evaluated first and may override the precedence rules + Operators are evaluated in order of precedence. Sub-expressions in + parentheses are evaluated first and may override the precedence rules above. CCOONNDDIITTIIOONNAALL EEXXPPRREESSSSIIOONNSS - Conditional expressions are used by the [[[[ compound command and the - tteesstt and [[ builtin commands to test file attributes and perform string - and arithmetic comparisons. Expressions are formed from the following - unary or binary primaries. If any _f_i_l_e argument to one of the pri- + Conditional expressions are used by the [[[[ compound command and the + tteesstt and [[ builtin commands to test file attributes and perform string + and arithmetic comparisons. Expressions are formed from the following + unary or binary primaries. If any _f_i_l_e argument to one of the pri- maries is of the form _/_d_e_v_/_f_d_/_n, then file descriptor _n is checked. If - the _f_i_l_e argument to one of the primaries is one of _/_d_e_v_/_s_t_d_i_n, - _/_d_e_v_/_s_t_d_o_u_t, or _/_d_e_v_/_s_t_d_e_r_r, file descriptor 0, 1, or 2, respectively, + the _f_i_l_e argument to one of the primaries is one of _/_d_e_v_/_s_t_d_i_n, + _/_d_e_v_/_s_t_d_o_u_t, or _/_d_e_v_/_s_t_d_e_r_r, file descriptor 0, 1, or 2, respectively, is checked. Unless otherwise specified, primaries that operate on files follow sym- bolic links and operate on the target of the link, rather than the link itself. - When used with [[[[, The << and >> operators sort lexicographically using + When used with [[[[, The << and >> operators sort lexicographically using the current locale. --aa _f_i_l_e @@ -2197,27 +2203,27 @@ CCOONNDDIITTIIOONNAALL EEXXPPRREESSSSIIOONNSS --LL _f_i_l_e True if _f_i_l_e exists and is a symbolic link. --NN _f_i_l_e - True if _f_i_l_e exists and has been modified since it was last + True if _f_i_l_e exists and has been modified since it was last read. --OO _f_i_l_e True if _f_i_l_e exists and is owned by the effective user id. --SS _f_i_l_e True if _f_i_l_e exists and is a socket. _f_i_l_e_1 --eeff _f_i_l_e_2 - True if _f_i_l_e_1 and _f_i_l_e_2 refer to the same device and inode num- + True if _f_i_l_e_1 and _f_i_l_e_2 refer to the same device and inode num- bers. _f_i_l_e_1 -nntt _f_i_l_e_2 - True if _f_i_l_e_1 is newer (according to modification date) than + True if _f_i_l_e_1 is newer (according to modification date) than _f_i_l_e_2, or if _f_i_l_e_1 exists and _f_i_l_e_2 does not. _f_i_l_e_1 -oott _f_i_l_e_2 - True if _f_i_l_e_1 is older than _f_i_l_e_2, or if _f_i_l_e_2 exists and _f_i_l_e_1 + True if _f_i_l_e_1 is older than _f_i_l_e_2, or if _f_i_l_e_2 exists and _f_i_l_e_1 does not. --oo _o_p_t_n_a_m_e - True if the shell option _o_p_t_n_a_m_e is enabled. See the list of - options under the description of the --oo option to the sseett + True if the shell option _o_p_t_n_a_m_e is enabled. See the list of + options under the description of the --oo option to the sseett builtin below. --vv _v_a_r_n_a_m_e - True if the shell variable _v_a_r_n_a_m_e is set (has been assigned a + True if the shell variable _v_a_r_n_a_m_e is set (has been assigned a value). --zz _s_t_r_i_n_g True if the length of _s_t_r_i_n_g is zero. @@ -2227,7 +2233,7 @@ CCOONNDDIITTIIOONNAALL EEXXPPRREESSSSIIOONNSS _s_t_r_i_n_g_1 ==== _s_t_r_i_n_g_2 _s_t_r_i_n_g_1 == _s_t_r_i_n_g_2 - True if the strings are equal. == should be used with the tteesstt + True if the strings are equal. == should be used with the tteesstt command for POSIX conformance. _s_t_r_i_n_g_1 !!== _s_t_r_i_n_g_2 @@ -2240,107 +2246,107 @@ CCOONNDDIITTIIOONNAALL EEXXPPRREESSSSIIOONNSS True if _s_t_r_i_n_g_1 sorts after _s_t_r_i_n_g_2 lexicographically. _a_r_g_1 OOPP _a_r_g_2 - OOPP is one of --eeqq, --nnee, --lltt, --llee, --ggtt, or --ggee. These arithmetic - binary operators return true if _a_r_g_1 is equal to, not equal to, - less than, less than or equal to, greater than, or greater than - or equal to _a_r_g_2, respectively. _A_r_g_1 and _a_r_g_2 may be positive + OOPP is one of --eeqq, --nnee, --lltt, --llee, --ggtt, or --ggee. These arithmetic + binary operators return true if _a_r_g_1 is equal to, not equal to, + less than, less than or equal to, greater than, or greater than + or equal to _a_r_g_2, respectively. _A_r_g_1 and _a_r_g_2 may be positive or negative integers. SSIIMMPPLLEE CCOOMMMMAANNDD EEXXPPAANNSSIIOONN - When a simple command is executed, the shell performs the following + When a simple command is executed, the shell performs the following expansions, assignments, and redirections, from left to right. - 1. The words that the parser has marked as variable assignments - (those preceding the command name) and redirections are saved + 1. The words that the parser has marked as variable assignments + (those preceding the command name) and redirections are saved for later processing. - 2. The words that are not variable assignments or redirections are - expanded. If any words remain after expansion, the first word - is taken to be the name of the command and the remaining words + 2. The words that are not variable assignments or redirections are + expanded. If any words remain after expansion, the first word + is taken to be the name of the command and the remaining words are the arguments. 3. Redirections are performed as described above under RREEDDIIRREECCTTIIOONN. 4. The text after the == in each variable assignment undergoes tilde expansion, parameter expansion, command substitution, arithmetic - expansion, and quote removal before being assigned to the vari- + expansion, and quote removal before being assigned to the vari- able. If no command name results, the variable assignments affect the current - shell environment. Otherwise, the variables are added to the environ- - ment of the executed command and do not affect the current shell envi- - ronment. If any of the assignments attempts to assign a value to a - readonly variable, an error occurs, and the command exits with a non- + shell environment. Otherwise, the variables are added to the environ- + ment of the executed command and do not affect the current shell envi- + ronment. If any of the assignments attempts to assign a value to a + readonly variable, an error occurs, and the command exits with a non- zero status. - If no command name results, redirections are performed, but do not - affect the current shell environment. A redirection error causes the + If no command name results, redirections are performed, but do not + affect the current shell environment. A redirection error causes the command to exit with a non-zero status. - If there is a command name left after expansion, execution proceeds as - described below. Otherwise, the command exits. If one of the expan- - sions contained a command substitution, the exit status of the command - is the exit status of the last command substitution performed. If + If there is a command name left after expansion, execution proceeds as + described below. Otherwise, the command exits. If one of the expan- + sions contained a command substitution, the exit status of the command + is the exit status of the last command substitution performed. If there were no command substitutions, the command exits with a status of zero. CCOOMMMMAANNDD EEXXEECCUUTTIIOONN - After a command has been split into words, if it results in a simple - command and an optional list of arguments, the following actions are + After a command has been split into words, if it results in a simple + command and an optional list of arguments, the following actions are taken. - If the command name contains no slashes, the shell attempts to locate - it. If there exists a shell function by that name, that function is - invoked as described above in FFUUNNCCTTIIOONNSS. If the name does not match a - function, the shell searches for it in the list of shell builtins. If + If the command name contains no slashes, the shell attempts to locate + it. If there exists a shell function by that name, that function is + invoked as described above in FFUUNNCCTTIIOONNSS. If the name does not match a + function, the shell searches for it in the list of shell builtins. If a match is found, that builtin is invoked. - If the name is neither a shell function nor a builtin, and contains no - slashes, bbaasshh searches each element of the PPAATTHH for a directory con- - taining an executable file by that name. BBaasshh uses a hash table to - remember the full pathnames of executable files (see hhaasshh under SSHHEELLLL - BBUUIILLTTIINN CCOOMMMMAANNDDSS below). A full search of the directories in PPAATTHH is - performed only if the command is not found in the hash table. If the + If the name is neither a shell function nor a builtin, and contains no + slashes, bbaasshh searches each element of the PPAATTHH for a directory con- + taining an executable file by that name. BBaasshh uses a hash table to + remember the full pathnames of executable files (see hhaasshh under SSHHEELLLL + BBUUIILLTTIINN CCOOMMMMAANNDDSS below). A full search of the directories in PPAATTHH is + performed only if the command is not found in the hash table. If the search is unsuccessful, the shell searches for a defined shell function named ccoommmmaanndd__nnoott__ffoouunndd__hhaannddllee. If that function exists, it is invoked - with the original command and the original command's arguments as its - arguments, and the function's exit status becomes the exit status of - the shell. If that function is not defined, the shell prints an error + with the original command and the original command's arguments as its + arguments, and the function's exit status becomes the exit status of + the shell. If that function is not defined, the shell prints an error message and returns an exit status of 127. - If the search is successful, or if the command name contains one or + If the search is successful, or if the command name contains one or more slashes, the shell executes the named program in a separate execu- tion environment. Argument 0 is set to the name given, and the remain- ing arguments to the command are set to the arguments given, if any. - If this execution fails because the file is not in executable format, - and the file is not a directory, it is assumed to be a _s_h_e_l_l _s_c_r_i_p_t, a - file containing shell commands. A subshell is spawned to execute it. - This subshell reinitializes itself, so that the effect is as if a new - shell had been invoked to handle the script, with the exception that - the locations of commands remembered by the parent (see hhaasshh below + If this execution fails because the file is not in executable format, + and the file is not a directory, it is assumed to be a _s_h_e_l_l _s_c_r_i_p_t, a + file containing shell commands. A subshell is spawned to execute it. + This subshell reinitializes itself, so that the effect is as if a new + shell had been invoked to handle the script, with the exception that + the locations of commands remembered by the parent (see hhaasshh below under SSHHEELLLL BBUUIILLTTIINN CCOOMMMMAANNDDSS) are retained by the child. - If the program is a file beginning with ##!!, the remainder of the first - line specifies an interpreter for the program. The shell executes the + If the program is a file beginning with ##!!, the remainder of the first + line specifies an interpreter for the program. The shell executes the specified interpreter on operating systems that do not handle this exe- cutable format themselves. The arguments to the interpreter consist of - a single optional argument following the interpreter name on the first - line of the program, followed by the name of the program, followed by + a single optional argument following the interpreter name on the first + line of the program, followed by the name of the program, followed by the command arguments, if any. CCOOMMMMAANNDD EEXXEECCUUTTIIOONN EENNVVIIRROONNMMEENNTT - The shell has an _e_x_e_c_u_t_i_o_n _e_n_v_i_r_o_n_m_e_n_t, which consists of the follow- + The shell has an _e_x_e_c_u_t_i_o_n _e_n_v_i_r_o_n_m_e_n_t, which consists of the follow- ing: - +o open files inherited by the shell at invocation, as modified by + +o open files inherited by the shell at invocation, as modified by redirections supplied to the eexxeecc builtin - +o the current working directory as set by ccdd, ppuusshhdd, or ppooppdd, or + +o the current working directory as set by ccdd, ppuusshhdd, or ppooppdd, or inherited by the shell at invocation - +o the file creation mode mask as set by uummaasskk or inherited from + +o the file creation mode mask as set by uummaasskk or inherited from the shell's parent +o current traps set by ttrraapp @@ -2348,242 +2354,242 @@ CCOOMMMMAANNDD EEXXEECCUUTTIIOONN EENNVVIIRROONNMMEENN +o shell parameters that are set by variable assignment or with sseett or inherited from the shell's parent in the environment - +o shell functions defined during execution or inherited from the + +o shell functions defined during execution or inherited from the shell's parent in the environment - +o options enabled at invocation (either by default or with com- + +o options enabled at invocation (either by default or with com- mand-line arguments) or by sseett +o options enabled by sshhoopptt +o shell aliases defined with aalliiaass - +o various process IDs, including those of background jobs, the + +o various process IDs, including those of background jobs, the value of $$$$, and the value of PPPPIIDD - When a simple command other than a builtin or shell function is to be - executed, it is invoked in a separate execution environment that con- - sists of the following. Unless otherwise noted, the values are inher- + When a simple command other than a builtin or shell function is to be + executed, it is invoked in a separate execution environment that con- + sists of the following. Unless otherwise noted, the values are inher- ited from the shell. - +o the shell's open files, plus any modifications and additions + +o the shell's open files, plus any modifications and additions specified by redirections to the command +o the current working directory +o the file creation mode mask - +o shell variables and functions marked for export, along with + +o shell variables and functions marked for export, along with variables exported for the command, passed in the environment +o traps caught by the shell are reset to the values inherited from the shell's parent, and traps ignored by the shell are ignored - A command invoked in this separate environment cannot affect the + A command invoked in this separate environment cannot affect the shell's execution environment. - Command substitution, commands grouped with parentheses, and asynchro- + Command substitution, commands grouped with parentheses, and asynchro- nous commands are invoked in a subshell environment that is a duplicate - of the shell environment, except that traps caught by the shell are + of the shell environment, except that traps caught by the shell are reset to the values that the shell inherited from its parent at invoca- tion. Builtin commands that are invoked as part of a pipeline are also executed in a subshell environment. Changes made to the subshell envi- ronment cannot affect the shell's execution environment. Subshells spawned to execute command substitutions inherit the value of - the --ee option from the parent shell. When not in posix mode, Bash + the --ee option from the parent shell. When not in posix mode, Bash clears the --ee option in such subshells. - If a command is followed by a && and job control is not active, the - default standard input for the command is the empty file _/_d_e_v_/_n_u_l_l. - Otherwise, the invoked command inherits the file descriptors of the + If a command is followed by a && and job control is not active, the + default standard input for the command is the empty file _/_d_e_v_/_n_u_l_l. + Otherwise, the invoked command inherits the file descriptors of the calling shell as modified by redirections. EENNVVIIRROONNMMEENNTT - When a program is invoked it is given an array of strings called the + When a program is invoked it is given an array of strings called the _e_n_v_i_r_o_n_m_e_n_t. This is a list of _n_a_m_e-_v_a_l_u_e pairs, of the form _n_a_m_e=_v_a_l_u_e. - The shell provides several ways to manipulate the environment. On + The shell provides several ways to manipulate the environment. On invocation, the shell scans its own environment and creates a parameter - for each name found, automatically marking it for _e_x_p_o_r_t to child pro- - cesses. Executed commands inherit the environment. The eexxppoorrtt and - ddeeccllaarree --xx commands allow parameters and functions to be added to and + for each name found, automatically marking it for _e_x_p_o_r_t to child pro- + cesses. Executed commands inherit the environment. The eexxppoorrtt and + ddeeccllaarree --xx commands allow parameters and functions to be added to and deleted from the environment. If the value of a parameter in the envi- - ronment is modified, the new value becomes part of the environment, - replacing the old. The environment inherited by any executed command - consists of the shell's initial environment, whose values may be modi- - fied in the shell, less any pairs removed by the uunnsseett command, plus + ronment is modified, the new value becomes part of the environment, + replacing the old. The environment inherited by any executed command + consists of the shell's initial environment, whose values may be modi- + fied in the shell, less any pairs removed by the uunnsseett command, plus any additions via the eexxppoorrtt and ddeeccllaarree --xx commands. - The environment for any _s_i_m_p_l_e _c_o_m_m_a_n_d or function may be augmented - temporarily by prefixing it with parameter assignments, as described + The environment for any _s_i_m_p_l_e _c_o_m_m_a_n_d or function may be augmented + temporarily by prefixing it with parameter assignments, as described above in PPAARRAAMMEETTEERRSS. These assignment statements affect only the envi- ronment seen by that command. - If the --kk option is set (see the sseett builtin command below), then _a_l_l - parameter assignments are placed in the environment for a command, not + If the --kk option is set (see the sseett builtin command below), then _a_l_l + parameter assignments are placed in the environment for a command, not just those that precede the command name. - When bbaasshh invokes an external command, the variable __ is set to the - full file name of the command and passed to that command in its envi- + When bbaasshh invokes an external command, the variable __ is set to the + full file name of the command and passed to that command in its envi- ronment. EEXXIITT SSTTAATTUUSS - The exit status of an executed command is the value returned by the + The exit status of an executed command is the value returned by the _w_a_i_t_p_i_d system call or equivalent function. Exit statuses fall between - 0 and 255, though, as explained below, the shell may use values above + 0 and 255, though, as explained below, the shell may use values above 125 specially. Exit statuses from shell builtins and compound commands - are also limited to this range. Under certain circumstances, the shell + are also limited to this range. Under certain circumstances, the shell will use special values to indicate specific failure modes. For the shell's purposes, a command which exits with a zero exit status - has succeeded. An exit status of zero indicates success. A non-zero - exit status indicates failure. When a command terminates on a fatal + has succeeded. An exit status of zero indicates success. A non-zero + exit status indicates failure. When a command terminates on a fatal signal _N, bbaasshh uses the value of 128+_N as the exit status. - If a command is not found, the child process created to execute it - returns a status of 127. If a command is found but is not executable, + If a command is not found, the child process created to execute it + returns a status of 127. If a command is found but is not executable, the return status is 126. If a command fails because of an error during expansion or redirection, the exit status is greater than zero. - Shell builtin commands return a status of 0 (_t_r_u_e) if successful, and - non-zero (_f_a_l_s_e) if an error occurs while they execute. All builtins + Shell builtin commands return a status of 0 (_t_r_u_e) if successful, and + non-zero (_f_a_l_s_e) if an error occurs while they execute. All builtins return an exit status of 2 to indicate incorrect usage. - BBaasshh itself returns the exit status of the last command executed, - unless a syntax error occurs, in which case it exits with a non-zero + BBaasshh itself returns the exit status of the last command executed, + unless a syntax error occurs, in which case it exits with a non-zero value. See also the eexxiitt builtin command below. SSIIGGNNAALLSS - When bbaasshh is interactive, in the absence of any traps, it ignores + When bbaasshh is interactive, in the absence of any traps, it ignores SSIIGGTTEERRMM (so that kkiillll 00 does not kill an interactive shell), and SSIIGGIINNTT - is caught and handled (so that the wwaaiitt builtin is interruptible). In - all cases, bbaasshh ignores SSIIGGQQUUIITT. If job control is in effect, bbaasshh + is caught and handled (so that the wwaaiitt builtin is interruptible). In + all cases, bbaasshh ignores SSIIGGQQUUIITT. If job control is in effect, bbaasshh ignores SSIIGGTTTTIINN, SSIIGGTTTTOOUU, and SSIIGGTTSSTTPP. Non-builtin commands run by bbaasshh have signal handlers set to the values - inherited by the shell from its parent. When job control is not in - effect, asynchronous commands ignore SSIIGGIINNTT and SSIIGGQQUUIITT in addition to - these inherited handlers. Commands run as a result of command substi- + inherited by the shell from its parent. When job control is not in + effect, asynchronous commands ignore SSIIGGIINNTT and SSIIGGQQUUIITT in addition to + these inherited handlers. Commands run as a result of command substi- tution ignore the keyboard-generated job control signals SSIIGGTTTTIINN, SSIIGGTT-- TTOOUU, and SSIIGGTTSSTTPP. - The shell exits by default upon receipt of a SSIIGGHHUUPP. Before exiting, - an interactive shell resends the SSIIGGHHUUPP to all jobs, running or + The shell exits by default upon receipt of a SSIIGGHHUUPP. Before exiting, + an interactive shell resends the SSIIGGHHUUPP to all jobs, running or stopped. Stopped jobs are sent SSIIGGCCOONNTT to ensure that they receive the - SSIIGGHHUUPP. To prevent the shell from sending the signal to a particular - job, it should be removed from the jobs table with the ddiissoowwnn builtin - (see SSHHEELLLL BBUUIILLTTIINN CCOOMMMMAANNDDSS below) or marked to not receive SSIIGGHHUUPP + SSIIGGHHUUPP. To prevent the shell from sending the signal to a particular + job, it should be removed from the jobs table with the ddiissoowwnn builtin + (see SSHHEELLLL BBUUIILLTTIINN CCOOMMMMAANNDDSS below) or marked to not receive SSIIGGHHUUPP using ddiissoowwnn --hh. - If the hhuuppoonneexxiitt shell option has been set with sshhoopptt, bbaasshh sends a + If the hhuuppoonneexxiitt shell option has been set with sshhoopptt, bbaasshh sends a SSIIGGHHUUPP to all jobs when an interactive login shell exits. - If bbaasshh is waiting for a command to complete and receives a signal for + If bbaasshh is waiting for a command to complete and receives a signal for which a trap has been set, the trap will not be executed until the com- - mand completes. When bbaasshh is waiting for an asynchronous command via - the wwaaiitt builtin, the reception of a signal for which a trap has been + mand completes. When bbaasshh is waiting for an asynchronous command via + the wwaaiitt builtin, the reception of a signal for which a trap has been set will cause the wwaaiitt builtin to return immediately with an exit sta- tus greater than 128, immediately after which the trap is executed. JJOOBB CCOONNTTRROOLL - _J_o_b _c_o_n_t_r_o_l refers to the ability to selectively stop (_s_u_s_p_e_n_d) the + _J_o_b _c_o_n_t_r_o_l refers to the ability to selectively stop (_s_u_s_p_e_n_d) the execution of processes and continue (_r_e_s_u_m_e) their execution at a later - point. A user typically employs this facility via an interactive - interface supplied jointly by the operating system kernel's terminal + point. A user typically employs this facility via an interactive + interface supplied jointly by the operating system kernel's terminal driver and bbaasshh. - The shell associates a _j_o_b with each pipeline. It keeps a table of - currently executing jobs, which may be listed with the jjoobbss command. - When bbaasshh starts a job asynchronously (in the _b_a_c_k_g_r_o_u_n_d), it prints a + The shell associates a _j_o_b with each pipeline. It keeps a table of + currently executing jobs, which may be listed with the jjoobbss command. + When bbaasshh starts a job asynchronously (in the _b_a_c_k_g_r_o_u_n_d), it prints a line that looks like: [1] 25647 indicating that this job is job number 1 and that the process ID of the last process in the pipeline associated with this job is 25647. All of - the processes in a single pipeline are members of the same job. BBaasshh + the processes in a single pipeline are members of the same job. BBaasshh uses the _j_o_b abstraction as the basis for job control. - To facilitate the implementation of the user interface to job control, + To facilitate the implementation of the user interface to job control, the operating system maintains the notion of a _c_u_r_r_e_n_t _t_e_r_m_i_n_a_l _p_r_o_c_e_s_s _g_r_o_u_p _I_D. Members of this process group (processes whose process group ID is equal to the current terminal process group ID) receive keyboard- - generated signals such as SSIIGGIINNTT. These processes are said to be in - the _f_o_r_e_g_r_o_u_n_d. _B_a_c_k_g_r_o_u_n_d processes are those whose process group ID + generated signals such as SSIIGGIINNTT. These processes are said to be in + the _f_o_r_e_g_r_o_u_n_d. _B_a_c_k_g_r_o_u_n_d processes are those whose process group ID differs from the terminal's; such processes are immune to keyboard-gen- erated signals. Only foreground processes are allowed to read from or, - if the user so specifies with stty tostop, write to the terminal. - Background processes which attempt to read from (write to when stty - tostop is in effect) the terminal are sent a SSIIGGTTTTIINN ((SSIIGGTTTTOOUU)) signal - by the kernel's terminal driver, which, unless caught, suspends the + if the user so specifies with stty tostop, write to the terminal. + Background processes which attempt to read from (write to when stty + tostop is in effect) the terminal are sent a SSIIGGTTTTIINN ((SSIIGGTTTTOOUU)) signal + by the kernel's terminal driver, which, unless caught, suspends the process. - If the operating system on which bbaasshh is running supports job control, + If the operating system on which bbaasshh is running supports job control, bbaasshh contains facilities to use it. Typing the _s_u_s_p_e_n_d character (typ- ically ^^ZZ, Control-Z) while a process is running causes that process to - be stopped and returns control to bbaasshh. Typing the _d_e_l_a_y_e_d _s_u_s_p_e_n_d - character (typically ^^YY, Control-Y) causes the process to be stopped - when it attempts to read input from the terminal, and control to be - returned to bbaasshh. The user may then manipulate the state of this job, - using the bbgg command to continue it in the background, the ffgg command + be stopped and returns control to bbaasshh. Typing the _d_e_l_a_y_e_d _s_u_s_p_e_n_d + character (typically ^^YY, Control-Y) causes the process to be stopped + when it attempts to read input from the terminal, and control to be + returned to bbaasshh. The user may then manipulate the state of this job, + using the bbgg command to continue it in the background, the ffgg command to continue it in the foreground, or the kkiillll command to kill it. A ^^ZZ takes effect immediately, and has the additional side effect of causing pending output and typeahead to be discarded. There are a number of ways to refer to a job in the shell. The charac- - ter %% introduces a job specification (_j_o_b_s_p_e_c). Job number _n may be + ter %% introduces a job specification (_j_o_b_s_p_e_c). Job number _n may be referred to as %%nn. A job may also be referred to using a prefix of the name used to start it, or using a substring that appears in its command - line. For example, %%ccee refers to a stopped ccee job. If a prefix - matches more than one job, bbaasshh reports an error. Using %%??ccee, on the - other hand, refers to any job containing the string ccee in its command - line. If the substring matches more than one job, bbaasshh reports an - error. The symbols %%%% and %%++ refer to the shell's notion of the _c_u_r_- - _r_e_n_t _j_o_b, which is the last job stopped while it was in the foreground + line. For example, %%ccee refers to a stopped ccee job. If a prefix + matches more than one job, bbaasshh reports an error. Using %%??ccee, on the + other hand, refers to any job containing the string ccee in its command + line. If the substring matches more than one job, bbaasshh reports an + error. The symbols %%%% and %%++ refer to the shell's notion of the _c_u_r_- + _r_e_n_t _j_o_b, which is the last job stopped while it was in the foreground or started in the background. The _p_r_e_v_i_o_u_s _j_o_b may be referenced using %%--. If there is only a single job, %%++ and %%-- can both be used to refer - to that job. In output pertaining to jobs (e.g., the output of the + to that job. In output pertaining to jobs (e.g., the output of the jjoobbss command), the current job is always flagged with a ++, and the pre- - vious job with a --. A single % (with no accompanying job specifica- + vious job with a --. A single % (with no accompanying job specifica- tion) also refers to the current job. - Simply naming a job can be used to bring it into the foreground: %%11 is - a synonym for ````ffgg %%11'''', bringing job 1 from the background into the - foreground. Similarly, ````%%11 &&'''' resumes job 1 in the background, + Simply naming a job can be used to bring it into the foreground: %%11 is + a synonym for ````ffgg %%11'''', bringing job 1 from the background into the + foreground. Similarly, ````%%11 &&'''' resumes job 1 in the background, equivalent to ````bbgg %%11''''. - The shell learns immediately whenever a job changes state. Normally, + The shell learns immediately whenever a job changes state. Normally, bbaasshh waits until it is about to print a prompt before reporting changes - in a job's status so as to not interrupt any other output. If the --bb + in a job's status so as to not interrupt any other output. If the --bb option to the sseett builtin command is enabled, bbaasshh reports such changes - immediately. Any trap on SSIIGGCCHHLLDD is executed for each child that + immediately. Any trap on SSIIGGCCHHLLDD is executed for each child that exits. - If an attempt to exit bbaasshh is made while jobs are stopped (or, if the - cchheecckkjjoobbss shell option has been enabled using the sshhoopptt builtin, run- + If an attempt to exit bbaasshh is made while jobs are stopped (or, if the + cchheecckkjjoobbss shell option has been enabled using the sshhoopptt builtin, run- ning), the shell prints a warning message, and, if the cchheecckkjjoobbss option - is enabled, lists the jobs and their statuses. The jjoobbss command may - then be used to inspect their status. If a second attempt to exit is - made without an intervening command, the shell does not print another + is enabled, lists the jobs and their statuses. The jjoobbss command may + then be used to inspect their status. If a second attempt to exit is + made without an intervening command, the shell does not print another warning, and any stopped jobs are terminated. PPRROOMMPPTTIINNGG When executing interactively, bbaasshh displays the primary prompt PPSS11 when - it is ready to read a command, and the secondary prompt PPSS22 when it - needs more input to complete a command. BBaasshh allows these prompt - strings to be customized by inserting a number of backslash-escaped + it is ready to read a command, and the secondary prompt PPSS22 when it + needs more input to complete a command. BBaasshh allows these prompt + strings to be customized by inserting a number of backslash-escaped special characters that are decoded as follows: \\aa an ASCII bell character (07) - \\dd the date in "Weekday Month Date" format (e.g., "Tue May + \\dd the date in "Weekday Month Date" format (e.g., "Tue May 26") \\DD{{_f_o_r_m_a_t}} - the _f_o_r_m_a_t is passed to _s_t_r_f_t_i_m_e(3) and the result is - inserted into the prompt string; an empty _f_o_r_m_a_t results + the _f_o_r_m_a_t is passed to _s_t_r_f_t_i_m_e(3) and the result is + inserted into the prompt string; an empty _f_o_r_m_a_t results in a locale-specific time representation. The braces are required \\ee an ASCII escape character (033) @@ -2593,7 +2599,7 @@ PPRROOMMPPTTIINNGG \\ll the basename of the shell's terminal device name \\nn newline \\rr carriage return - \\ss the name of the shell, the basename of $$00 (the portion + \\ss the name of the shell, the basename of $$00 (the portion following the final slash) \\tt the current time in 24-hour HH:MM:SS format \\TT the current time in 12-hour HH:MM:SS format @@ -2602,8 +2608,8 @@ PPRROOMMPPTTIINNGG \\uu the username of the current user \\vv the version of bbaasshh (e.g., 2.00) \\VV the release of bbaasshh, version + patch level (e.g., 2.00.0) - \\ww the current working directory, with $$HHOOMMEE abbreviated - with a tilde (uses the value of the PPRROOMMPPTT__DDIIRRTTRRIIMM vari- + \\ww the current working directory, with $$HHOOMMEE abbreviated + with a tilde (uses the value of the PPRROOMMPPTT__DDIIRRTTRRIIMM vari- able) \\WW the basename of the current working directory, with $$HHOOMMEE abbreviated with a tilde @@ -2612,66 +2618,66 @@ PPRROOMMPPTTIINNGG \\$$ if the effective UID is 0, a ##, otherwise a $$ \\_n_n_n the character corresponding to the octal number _n_n_n \\\\ a backslash - \\[[ begin a sequence of non-printing characters, which could - be used to embed a terminal control sequence into the + \\[[ begin a sequence of non-printing characters, which could + be used to embed a terminal control sequence into the prompt \\]] end a sequence of non-printing characters - The command number and the history number are usually different: the - history number of a command is its position in the history list, which - may include commands restored from the history file (see HHIISSTTOORRYY - below), while the command number is the position in the sequence of - commands executed during the current shell session. After the string - is decoded, it is expanded via parameter expansion, command substitu- - tion, arithmetic expansion, and quote removal, subject to the value of - the pprroommppttvvaarrss shell option (see the description of the sshhoopptt command + The command number and the history number are usually different: the + history number of a command is its position in the history list, which + may include commands restored from the history file (see HHIISSTTOORRYY + below), while the command number is the position in the sequence of + commands executed during the current shell session. After the string + is decoded, it is expanded via parameter expansion, command substitu- + tion, arithmetic expansion, and quote removal, subject to the value of + the pprroommppttvvaarrss shell option (see the description of the sshhoopptt command under SSHHEELLLL BBUUIILLTTIINN CCOOMMMMAANNDDSS below). RREEAADDLLIINNEE - This is the library that handles reading input when using an interac- + This is the library that handles reading input when using an interac- tive shell, unless the ----nnooeeddiittiinngg option is given at shell invocation. Line editing is also used when using the --ee option to the rreeaadd builtin. By default, the line editing commands are similar to those of emacs. A vi-style line editing interface is also available. Line editing can be - enabled at any time using the --oo eemmaaccss or --oo vvii options to the sseett - builtin (see SSHHEELLLL BBUUIILLTTIINN CCOOMMMMAANNDDSS below). To turn off line editing - after the shell is running, use the ++oo eemmaaccss or ++oo vvii options to the + enabled at any time using the --oo eemmaaccss or --oo vvii options to the sseett + builtin (see SSHHEELLLL BBUUIILLTTIINN CCOOMMMMAANNDDSS below). To turn off line editing + after the shell is running, use the ++oo eemmaaccss or ++oo vvii options to the sseett builtin. RReeaaddlliinnee NNoottaattiioonn In this section, the emacs-style notation is used to denote keystrokes. - Control keys are denoted by C-_k_e_y, e.g., C-n means Control-N. Simi- - larly, _m_e_t_a keys are denoted by M-_k_e_y, so M-x means Meta-X. (On key- - boards without a _m_e_t_a key, M-_x means ESC _x, i.e., press the Escape key + Control keys are denoted by C-_k_e_y, e.g., C-n means Control-N. Simi- + larly, _m_e_t_a keys are denoted by M-_k_e_y, so M-x means Meta-X. (On key- + boards without a _m_e_t_a key, M-_x means ESC _x, i.e., press the Escape key then the _x key. This makes ESC the _m_e_t_a _p_r_e_f_i_x. The combination M-C-_x - means ESC-Control-_x, or press the Escape key then hold the Control key + means ESC-Control-_x, or press the Escape key then hold the Control key while pressing the _x key.) Readline commands may be given numeric _a_r_g_u_m_e_n_t_s, which normally act as - a repeat count. Sometimes, however, it is the sign of the argument - that is significant. Passing a negative argument to a command that - acts in the forward direction (e.g., kkiillll--lliinnee) causes that command to - act in a backward direction. Commands whose behavior with arguments + a repeat count. Sometimes, however, it is the sign of the argument + that is significant. Passing a negative argument to a command that + acts in the forward direction (e.g., kkiillll--lliinnee) causes that command to + act in a backward direction. Commands whose behavior with arguments deviates from this are noted below. - When a command is described as _k_i_l_l_i_n_g text, the text deleted is saved + When a command is described as _k_i_l_l_i_n_g text, the text deleted is saved for possible future retrieval (_y_a_n_k_i_n_g). The killed text is saved in a _k_i_l_l _r_i_n_g. Consecutive kills cause the text to be accumulated into one unit, which can be yanked all at once. Commands which do not kill text separate the chunks of text on the kill ring. RReeaaddlliinnee IInniittiiaalliizzaattiioonn - Readline is customized by putting commands in an initialization file - (the _i_n_p_u_t_r_c file). The name of this file is taken from the value of - the IINNPPUUTTRRCC variable. If that variable is unset, the default is - _~_/_._i_n_p_u_t_r_c. When a program which uses the readline library starts up, + Readline is customized by putting commands in an initialization file + (the _i_n_p_u_t_r_c file). The name of this file is taken from the value of + the IINNPPUUTTRRCC variable. If that variable is unset, the default is + _~_/_._i_n_p_u_t_r_c. When a program which uses the readline library starts up, the initialization file is read, and the key bindings and variables are - set. There are only a few basic constructs allowed in the readline - initialization file. Blank lines are ignored. Lines beginning with a - ## are comments. Lines beginning with a $$ indicate conditional con- + set. There are only a few basic constructs allowed in the readline + initialization file. Blank lines are ignored. Lines beginning with a + ## are comments. Lines beginning with a $$ indicate conditional con- structs. Other lines denote key bindings and variable settings. - The default key-bindings may be changed with an _i_n_p_u_t_r_c file. Other + The default key-bindings may be changed with an _i_n_p_u_t_r_c file. Other programs that use this library may add their own commands and bindings. For example, placing @@ -2679,19 +2685,19 @@ RREEAADDLLIINNEE M-Control-u: universal-argument or C-Meta-u: universal-argument - into the _i_n_p_u_t_r_c would make M-C-u execute the readline command _u_n_i_v_e_r_- + into the _i_n_p_u_t_r_c would make M-C-u execute the readline command _u_n_i_v_e_r_- _s_a_l_-_a_r_g_u_m_e_n_t. - The following symbolic character names are recognized: _R_U_B_O_U_T, _D_E_L, + The following symbolic character names are recognized: _R_U_B_O_U_T, _D_E_L, _E_S_C, _L_F_D, _N_E_W_L_I_N_E, _R_E_T, _R_E_T_U_R_N, _S_P_C, _S_P_A_C_E, and _T_A_B. - In addition to command names, readline allows keys to be bound to a + In addition to command names, readline allows keys to be bound to a string that is inserted when the key is pressed (a _m_a_c_r_o). RReeaaddlliinnee KKeeyy BBiinnddiinnggss - The syntax for controlling key bindings in the _i_n_p_u_t_r_c file is simple. - All that is required is the name of the command or the text of a macro - and a key sequence to which it should be bound. The name may be speci- + The syntax for controlling key bindings in the _i_n_p_u_t_r_c file is simple. + All that is required is the name of the command or the text of a macro + and a key sequence to which it should be bound. The name may be speci- fied in one of two ways: as a symbolic key name, possibly with _M_e_t_a_- or _C_o_n_t_r_o_l_- prefixes, or as a key sequence. @@ -2702,15 +2708,15 @@ RREEAADDLLIINNEE Meta-Rubout: backward-kill-word Control-o: "> output" - In the above example, _C_-_u is bound to the function uunniivveerrssaall--aarrgguummeenntt, - _M_-_D_E_L is bound to the function bbaacckkwwaarrdd--kkiillll--wwoorrdd, and _C_-_o is bound to - run the macro expressed on the right hand side (that is, to insert the + In the above example, _C_-_u is bound to the function uunniivveerrssaall--aarrgguummeenntt, + _M_-_D_E_L is bound to the function bbaacckkwwaarrdd--kkiillll--wwoorrdd, and _C_-_o is bound to + run the macro expressed on the right hand side (that is, to insert the text ``> output'' into the line). - In the second form, ""kkeeyysseeqq"":_f_u_n_c_t_i_o_n_-_n_a_m_e or _m_a_c_r_o, kkeeyysseeqq differs - from kkeeyynnaammee above in that strings denoting an entire key sequence may - be specified by placing the sequence within double quotes. Some GNU - Emacs style key escapes can be used, as in the following example, but + In the second form, ""kkeeyysseeqq"":_f_u_n_c_t_i_o_n_-_n_a_m_e or _m_a_c_r_o, kkeeyysseeqq differs + from kkeeyynnaammee above in that strings denoting an entire key sequence may + be specified by placing the sequence within double quotes. Some GNU + Emacs style key escapes can be used, as in the following example, but the symbolic character names are not recognized. "\C-u": universal-argument @@ -2718,7 +2724,7 @@ RREEAADDLLIINNEE "\e[11~": "Function Key 1" In this example, _C_-_u is again bound to the function uunniivveerrssaall--aarrgguummeenntt. - _C_-_x _C_-_r is bound to the function rree--rreeaadd--iinniitt--ffiillee, and _E_S_C _[ _1 _1 _~ is + _C_-_x _C_-_r is bound to the function rree--rreeaadd--iinniitt--ffiillee, and _E_S_C _[ _1 _1 _~ is bound to insert the text ``Function Key 1''. The full set of GNU Emacs style escape sequences is @@ -2729,7 +2735,7 @@ RREEAADDLLIINNEE \\"" literal " \\'' literal ' - In addition to the GNU Emacs style escape sequences, a second set of + In addition to the GNU Emacs style escape sequences, a second set of backslash escapes is available: \\aa alert (bell) \\bb backspace @@ -2739,20 +2745,20 @@ RREEAADDLLIINNEE \\rr carriage return \\tt horizontal tab \\vv vertical tab - \\_n_n_n the eight-bit character whose value is the octal value + \\_n_n_n the eight-bit character whose value is the octal value _n_n_n (one to three digits) - \\xx_H_H the eight-bit character whose value is the hexadecimal + \\xx_H_H the eight-bit character whose value is the hexadecimal value _H_H (one or two hex digits) When entering the text of a macro, single or double quotes must be used to indicate a macro definition. Unquoted text is assumed to be a func- - tion name. In the macro body, the backslash escapes described above - are expanded. Backslash will quote any other character in the macro + tion name. In the macro body, the backslash escapes described above + are expanded. Backslash will quote any other character in the macro text, including " and '. - BBaasshh allows the current readline key bindings to be displayed or modi- - fied with the bbiinndd builtin command. The editing mode may be switched - during interactive use by using the --oo option to the sseett builtin com- + BBaasshh allows the current readline key bindings to be displayed or modi- + fied with the bbiinndd builtin command. The editing mode may be switched + during interactive use by using the --oo option to the sseett builtin com- mand (see SSHHEELLLL BBUUIILLTTIINN CCOOMMMMAANNDDSS below). RReeaaddlliinnee VVaarriiaabblleess @@ -2762,186 +2768,186 @@ RREEAADDLLIINNEE sseett _v_a_r_i_a_b_l_e_-_n_a_m_e _v_a_l_u_e - Except where noted, readline variables can take the values OOnn or OOffff - (without regard to case). Unrecognized variable names are ignored. - When a variable value is read, empty or null values, "on" (case-insen- + Except where noted, readline variables can take the values OOnn or OOffff + (without regard to case). Unrecognized variable names are ignored. + When a variable value is read, empty or null values, "on" (case-insen- sitive), and "1" are equivalent to OOnn. All other values are equivalent to OOffff. The variables and their default values are: bbeellll--ssttyyllee ((aauuddiibbllee)) - Controls what happens when readline wants to ring the terminal + Controls what happens when readline wants to ring the terminal bell. If set to nnoonnee, readline never rings the bell. If set to - vviissiibbllee, readline uses a visible bell if one is available. If + vviissiibbllee, readline uses a visible bell if one is available. If set to aauuddiibbllee, readline attempts to ring the terminal's bell. bbiinndd--ttttyy--ssppeecciiaall--cchhaarrss ((OOnn)) - If set to OOnn, readline attempts to bind the control characters + If set to OOnn, readline attempts to bind the control characters treated specially by the kernel's terminal driver to their read- line equivalents. ccoommmmeenntt--bbeeggiinn ((````##'''')) - The string that is inserted when the readline iinnsseerrtt--ccoommmmeenntt + The string that is inserted when the readline iinnsseerrtt--ccoommmmeenntt command is executed. This command is bound to MM--## in emacs mode and to ## in vi command mode. ccoommpplleettiioonn--iiggnnoorree--ccaassee ((OOffff)) If set to OOnn, readline performs filename matching and completion in a case-insensitive fashion. ccoommpplleettiioonn--pprreeffiixx--ddiissppllaayy--lleennggtthh ((00)) - The length in characters of the common prefix of a list of pos- - sible completions that is displayed without modification. When - set to a value greater than zero, common prefixes longer than - this value are replaced with an ellipsis when displaying possi- + The length in characters of the common prefix of a list of pos- + sible completions that is displayed without modification. When + set to a value greater than zero, common prefixes longer than + this value are replaced with an ellipsis when displaying possi- ble completions. ccoommpplleettiioonn--qquueerryy--iitteemmss ((110000)) - This determines when the user is queried about viewing the num- - ber of possible completions generated by the ppoossssiibbllee--ccoommppllee-- - ttiioonnss command. It may be set to any integer value greater than - or equal to zero. If the number of possible completions is + This determines when the user is queried about viewing the num- + ber of possible completions generated by the ppoossssiibbllee--ccoommppllee-- + ttiioonnss command. It may be set to any integer value greater than + or equal to zero. If the number of possible completions is greater than or equal to the value of this variable, the user is - asked whether or not he wishes to view them; otherwise they are + asked whether or not he wishes to view them; otherwise they are simply listed on the terminal. ccoonnvveerrtt--mmeettaa ((OOnn)) - If set to OOnn, readline will convert characters with the eighth + If set to OOnn, readline will convert characters with the eighth bit set to an ASCII key sequence by stripping the eighth bit and - prefixing an escape character (in effect, using escape as the + prefixing an escape character (in effect, using escape as the _m_e_t_a _p_r_e_f_i_x). ddiissaabbllee--ccoommpplleettiioonn ((OOffff)) If set to OOnn, readline will inhibit word completion. Completion - characters will be inserted into the line as if they had been + characters will be inserted into the line as if they had been mapped to sseellff--iinnsseerrtt. eeddiittiinngg--mmooddee ((eemmaaccss)) Controls whether readline begins with a set of key bindings sim- ilar to _e_m_a_c_s or _v_i. eeddiittiinngg--mmooddee can be set to either eemmaaccss or vvii. eecchhoo--ccoonnttrrooll--cchhaarraacctteerrss ((OOnn)) - When set to OOnn, on operating systems that indicate they support + When set to OOnn, on operating systems that indicate they support it, readline echoes a character corresponding to a signal gener- ated from the keyboard. eennaabbllee--kkeeyyppaadd ((OOffff)) When set to OOnn, readline will try to enable the application key- - pad when it is called. Some systems need this to enable the + pad when it is called. Some systems need this to enable the arrow keys. eennaabbllee--mmeettaa--kkeeyy ((OOnn)) - When set to OOnn, readline will try to enable any meta modifier - key the terminal claims to support when it is called. On many + When set to OOnn, readline will try to enable any meta modifier + key the terminal claims to support when it is called. On many terminals, the meta key is used to send eight-bit characters. eexxppaanndd--ttiillddee ((OOffff)) - If set to oonn, tilde expansion is performed when readline + If set to oonn, tilde expansion is performed when readline attempts word completion. hhiissttoorryy--pprreesseerrvvee--ppooiinntt ((OOffff)) - If set to oonn, the history code attempts to place point at the - same location on each history line retrieved with pprreevviioouuss--hhiiss-- + If set to oonn, the history code attempts to place point at the + same location on each history line retrieved with pprreevviioouuss--hhiiss-- ttoorryy or nneexxtt--hhiissttoorryy. hhiissttoorryy--ssiizzee ((00)) - Set the maximum number of history entries saved in the history + Set the maximum number of history entries saved in the history list. If set to zero, the number of entries in the history list is not limited. hhoorriizzoonnttaall--ssccrroollll--mmooddee ((OOffff)) - When set to OOnn, makes readline use a single line for display, + When set to OOnn, makes readline use a single line for display, scrolling the input horizontally on a single screen line when it - becomes longer than the screen width rather than wrapping to a + becomes longer than the screen width rather than wrapping to a new line. iinnppuutt--mmeettaa ((OOffff)) - If set to OOnn, readline will enable eight-bit input (that is, it - will not strip the high bit from the characters it reads), + If set to OOnn, readline will enable eight-bit input (that is, it + will not strip the high bit from the characters it reads), regardless of what the terminal claims it can support. The name mmeettaa--ffllaagg is a synonym for this variable. iisseeaarrcchh--tteerrmmiinnaattoorrss ((````CC--[[CC--JJ'''')) - The string of characters that should terminate an incremental - search without subsequently executing the character as a com- - mand. If this variable has not been given a value, the charac- + The string of characters that should terminate an incremental + search without subsequently executing the character as a com- + mand. If this variable has not been given a value, the charac- ters _E_S_C and _C_-_J will terminate an incremental search. kkeeyymmaapp ((eemmaaccss)) - Set the current readline keymap. The set of valid keymap names - is _e_m_a_c_s_, _e_m_a_c_s_-_s_t_a_n_d_a_r_d_, _e_m_a_c_s_-_m_e_t_a_, _e_m_a_c_s_-_c_t_l_x_, _v_i_, _v_i_-_c_o_m_- - _m_a_n_d, and _v_i_-_i_n_s_e_r_t. _v_i is equivalent to _v_i_-_c_o_m_m_a_n_d; _e_m_a_c_s is - equivalent to _e_m_a_c_s_-_s_t_a_n_d_a_r_d. The default value is _e_m_a_c_s; the + Set the current readline keymap. The set of valid keymap names + is _e_m_a_c_s_, _e_m_a_c_s_-_s_t_a_n_d_a_r_d_, _e_m_a_c_s_-_m_e_t_a_, _e_m_a_c_s_-_c_t_l_x_, _v_i_, _v_i_-_c_o_m_- + _m_a_n_d, and _v_i_-_i_n_s_e_r_t. _v_i is equivalent to _v_i_-_c_o_m_m_a_n_d; _e_m_a_c_s is + equivalent to _e_m_a_c_s_-_s_t_a_n_d_a_r_d. The default value is _e_m_a_c_s; the value of eeddiittiinngg--mmooddee also affects the default keymap. mmaarrkk--ddiirreeccttoorriieess ((OOnn)) If set to OOnn, completed directory names have a slash appended. mmaarrkk--mmooddiiffiieedd--lliinneess ((OOffff)) - If set to OOnn, history lines that have been modified are dis- + If set to OOnn, history lines that have been modified are dis- played with a preceding asterisk (**). mmaarrkk--ssyymmlliinnkkeedd--ddiirreeccttoorriieess ((OOffff)) If set to OOnn, completed names which are symbolic links to direc- - tories have a slash appended (subject to the value of + tories have a slash appended (subject to the value of mmaarrkk--ddiirreeccttoorriieess). mmaattcchh--hhiiddddeenn--ffiilleess ((OOnn)) - This variable, when set to OOnn, causes readline to match files - whose names begin with a `.' (hidden files) when performing - filename completion. If set to OOffff, the leading `.' must be + This variable, when set to OOnn, causes readline to match files + whose names begin with a `.' (hidden files) when performing + filename completion. If set to OOffff, the leading `.' must be supplied by the user in the filename to be completed. oouuttppuutt--mmeettaa ((OOffff)) - If set to OOnn, readline will display characters with the eighth + If set to OOnn, readline will display characters with the eighth bit set directly rather than as a meta-prefixed escape sequence. ppaaggee--ccoommpplleettiioonnss ((OOnn)) - If set to OOnn, readline uses an internal _m_o_r_e-like pager to dis- + If set to OOnn, readline uses an internal _m_o_r_e-like pager to dis- play a screenful of possible completions at a time. pprriinntt--ccoommpplleettiioonnss--hhoorriizzoonnttaallllyy ((OOffff)) - If set to OOnn, readline will display completions with matches - sorted horizontally in alphabetical order, rather than down the + If set to OOnn, readline will display completions with matches + sorted horizontally in alphabetical order, rather than down the screen. rreevveerrtt--aallll--aatt--nneewwlliinnee ((OOffff)) - If set to oonn, readline will undo all changes to history lines + If set to oonn, readline will undo all changes to history lines before returning when aacccceepptt--lliinnee is executed. By default, his- - tory lines may be modified and retain individual undo lists + tory lines may be modified and retain individual undo lists across calls to rreeaaddlliinnee. sshhooww--aallll--iiff--aammbbiigguuoouuss ((OOffff)) - This alters the default behavior of the completion functions. + This alters the default behavior of the completion functions. If set to oonn, words which have more than one possible completion - cause the matches to be listed immediately instead of ringing + cause the matches to be listed immediately instead of ringing the bell. sshhooww--aallll--iiff--uunnmmooddiiffiieedd ((OOffff)) - This alters the default behavior of the completion functions in + This alters the default behavior of the completion functions in a fashion similar to sshhooww--aallll--iiff--aammbbiigguuoouuss. If set to oonn, words - which have more than one possible completion without any possi- - ble partial completion (the possible completions don't share a - common prefix) cause the matches to be listed immediately + which have more than one possible completion without any possi- + ble partial completion (the possible completions don't share a + common prefix) cause the matches to be listed immediately instead of ringing the bell. sskkiipp--ccoommpplleetteedd--tteexxtt ((OOffff)) - If set to OOnn, this alters the default completion behavior when - inserting a single match into the line. It's only active when - performing completion in the middle of a word. If enabled, - readline does not insert characters from the completion that - match characters after point in the word being completed, so + If set to OOnn, this alters the default completion behavior when + inserting a single match into the line. It's only active when + performing completion in the middle of a word. If enabled, + readline does not insert characters from the completion that + match characters after point in the word being completed, so portions of the word following the cursor are not duplicated. vviissiibbllee--ssttaattss ((OOffff)) - If set to OOnn, a character denoting a file's type as reported by - _s_t_a_t(2) is appended to the filename when listing possible com- + If set to OOnn, a character denoting a file's type as reported by + _s_t_a_t(2) is appended to the filename when listing possible com- pletions. RReeaaddlliinnee CCoonnddiittiioonnaall CCoonnssttrruuccttss - Readline implements a facility similar in spirit to the conditional - compilation features of the C preprocessor which allows key bindings - and variable settings to be performed as the result of tests. There + Readline implements a facility similar in spirit to the conditional + compilation features of the C preprocessor which allows key bindings + and variable settings to be performed as the result of tests. There are four parser directives used. - $$iiff The $$iiff construct allows bindings to be made based on the edit- - ing mode, the terminal being used, or the application using - readline. The text of the test extends to the end of the line; + $$iiff The $$iiff construct allows bindings to be made based on the edit- + ing mode, the terminal being used, or the application using + readline. The text of the test extends to the end of the line; no characters are required to isolate it. - mmooddee The mmooddee== form of the $$iiff directive is used to test - whether readline is in emacs or vi mode. This may be - used in conjunction with the sseett kkeeyymmaapp command, for - instance, to set bindings in the _e_m_a_c_s_-_s_t_a_n_d_a_r_d and - _e_m_a_c_s_-_c_t_l_x keymaps only if readline is starting out in + mmooddee The mmooddee== form of the $$iiff directive is used to test + whether readline is in emacs or vi mode. This may be + used in conjunction with the sseett kkeeyymmaapp command, for + instance, to set bindings in the _e_m_a_c_s_-_s_t_a_n_d_a_r_d and + _e_m_a_c_s_-_c_t_l_x keymaps only if readline is starting out in emacs mode. - tteerrmm The tteerrmm== form may be used to include terminal-specific + tteerrmm The tteerrmm== form may be used to include terminal-specific key bindings, perhaps to bind the key sequences output by the terminal's function keys. The word on the right side of the == is tested against the both full name of the ter- - minal and the portion of the terminal name before the - first --. This allows _s_u_n to match both _s_u_n and _s_u_n_-_c_m_d, + minal and the portion of the terminal name before the + first --. This allows _s_u_n to match both _s_u_n and _s_u_n_-_c_m_d, for instance. aapppplliiccaattiioonn The aapppplliiccaattiioonn construct is used to include application- specific settings. Each program using the readline - library sets the _a_p_p_l_i_c_a_t_i_o_n _n_a_m_e, and an initialization + library sets the _a_p_p_l_i_c_a_t_i_o_n _n_a_m_e, and an initialization file can test for a particular value. This could be used - to bind key sequences to functions useful for a specific - program. For instance, the following command adds a key - sequence that quotes the current or previous word in + to bind key sequences to functions useful for a specific + program. For instance, the following command adds a key + sequence that quotes the current or previous word in Bash: $$iiff Bash @@ -2956,51 +2962,51 @@ RREEAADDLLIINNEE test fails. $$iinncclluuddee - This directive takes a single filename as an argument and reads - commands and bindings from that file. For example, the follow- + This directive takes a single filename as an argument and reads + commands and bindings from that file. For example, the follow- ing directive would read _/_e_t_c_/_i_n_p_u_t_r_c: $$iinncclluuddee _/_e_t_c_/_i_n_p_u_t_r_c SSeeaarrcchhiinngg - Readline provides commands for searching through the command history + Readline provides commands for searching through the command history (see HHIISSTTOORRYY below) for lines containing a specified string. There are two search modes: _i_n_c_r_e_m_e_n_t_a_l and _n_o_n_-_i_n_c_r_e_m_e_n_t_a_l. - Incremental searches begin before the user has finished typing the - search string. As each character of the search string is typed, read- + Incremental searches begin before the user has finished typing the + search string. As each character of the search string is typed, read- line displays the next entry from the history matching the string typed - so far. An incremental search requires only as many characters as - needed to find the desired history entry. The characters present in - the value of the iisseeaarrcchh--tteerrmmiinnaattoorrss variable are used to terminate an + so far. An incremental search requires only as many characters as + needed to find the desired history entry. The characters present in + the value of the iisseeaarrcchh--tteerrmmiinnaattoorrss variable are used to terminate an incremental search. If that variable has not been assigned a value the - Escape and Control-J characters will terminate an incremental search. - Control-G will abort an incremental search and restore the original - line. When the search is terminated, the history entry containing the + Escape and Control-J characters will terminate an incremental search. + Control-G will abort an incremental search and restore the original + line. When the search is terminated, the history entry containing the search string becomes the current line. - To find other matching entries in the history list, type Control-S or - Control-R as appropriate. This will search backward or forward in the - history for the next entry matching the search string typed so far. - Any other key sequence bound to a readline command will terminate the - search and execute that command. For instance, a _n_e_w_l_i_n_e will termi- + To find other matching entries in the history list, type Control-S or + Control-R as appropriate. This will search backward or forward in the + history for the next entry matching the search string typed so far. + Any other key sequence bound to a readline command will terminate the + search and execute that command. For instance, a _n_e_w_l_i_n_e will termi- nate the search and accept the line, thereby executing the command from the history list. Readline remembers the last incremental search string. If two Control- - Rs are typed without any intervening characters defining a new search + Rs are typed without any intervening characters defining a new search string, any remembered search string is used. - Non-incremental searches read the entire search string before starting - to search for matching history lines. The search string may be typed + Non-incremental searches read the entire search string before starting + to search for matching history lines. The search string may be typed by the user or be part of the contents of the current line. RReeaaddlliinnee CCoommmmaanndd NNaammeess - The following is a list of the names of the commands and the default + The following is a list of the names of the commands and the default key sequences to which they are bound. Command names without an accom- panying key sequence are unbound by default. In the following descrip- - tions, _p_o_i_n_t refers to the current cursor position, and _m_a_r_k refers to - a cursor position saved by the sseett--mmaarrkk command. The text between the + tions, _p_o_i_n_t refers to the current cursor position, and _m_a_r_k refers to + a cursor position saved by the sseett--mmaarrkk command. The text between the point and mark is referred to as the _r_e_g_i_o_n. CCoommmmaannddss ffoorr MMoovviinngg @@ -3016,17 +3022,17 @@ RREEAADDLLIINNEE Move forward to the end of the next word. Words are composed of alphanumeric characters (letters and digits). bbaacckkwwaarrdd--wwoorrdd ((MM--bb)) - Move back to the start of the current or previous word. Words + Move back to the start of the current or previous word. Words are composed of alphanumeric characters (letters and digits). sshheellll--ffoorrwwaarrdd--wwoorrdd - Move forward to the end of the next word. Words are delimited + Move forward to the end of the next word. Words are delimited by non-quoted shell metacharacters. sshheellll--bbaacckkwwaarrdd--wwoorrdd - Move back to the start of the current or previous word. Words + Move back to the start of the current or previous word. Words are delimited by non-quoted shell metacharacters. cclleeaarr--ssccrreeeenn ((CC--ll)) - Clear the screen leaving the current line at the top of the - screen. With an argument, refresh the current line without + Clear the screen leaving the current line at the top of the + screen. With an argument, refresh the current line without clearing the screen. rreeddrraaww--ccuurrrreenntt--lliinnee Refresh the current line. @@ -3034,132 +3040,132 @@ RREEAADDLLIINNEE CCoommmmaannddss ffoorr MMaanniippuullaattiinngg tthhee HHiissttoorryy aacccceepptt--lliinnee ((NNeewwlliinnee,, RReettuurrnn)) Accept the line regardless of where the cursor is. If this line - is non-empty, add it to the history list according to the state - of the HHIISSTTCCOONNTTRROOLL variable. If the line is a modified history + is non-empty, add it to the history list according to the state + of the HHIISSTTCCOONNTTRROOLL variable. If the line is a modified history line, then restore the history line to its original state. pprreevviioouuss--hhiissttoorryy ((CC--pp)) Fetch the previous command from the history list, moving back in the list. nneexxtt--hhiissttoorryy ((CC--nn)) - Fetch the next command from the history list, moving forward in + Fetch the next command from the history list, moving forward in the list. bbeeggiinnnniinngg--ooff--hhiissttoorryy ((MM--<<)) Move to the first line in the history. eenndd--ooff--hhiissttoorryy ((MM-->>)) - Move to the end of the input history, i.e., the line currently + Move to the end of the input history, i.e., the line currently being entered. rreevveerrssee--sseeaarrcchh--hhiissttoorryy ((CC--rr)) - Search backward starting at the current line and moving `up' - through the history as necessary. This is an incremental + Search backward starting at the current line and moving `up' + through the history as necessary. This is an incremental search. ffoorrwwaarrdd--sseeaarrcchh--hhiissttoorryy ((CC--ss)) - Search forward starting at the current line and moving `down' - through the history as necessary. This is an incremental + Search forward starting at the current line and moving `down' + through the history as necessary. This is an incremental search. nnoonn--iinnccrreemmeennttaall--rreevveerrssee--sseeaarrcchh--hhiissttoorryy ((MM--pp)) Search backward through the history starting at the current line - using a non-incremental search for a string supplied by the + using a non-incremental search for a string supplied by the user. nnoonn--iinnccrreemmeennttaall--ffoorrwwaarrdd--sseeaarrcchh--hhiissttoorryy ((MM--nn)) - Search forward through the history using a non-incremental + Search forward through the history using a non-incremental search for a string supplied by the user. hhiissttoorryy--sseeaarrcchh--ffoorrwwaarrdd - Search forward through the history for the string of characters - between the start of the current line and the point. This is a + Search forward through the history for the string of characters + between the start of the current line and the point. This is a non-incremental search. hhiissttoorryy--sseeaarrcchh--bbaacckkwwaarrdd Search backward through the history for the string of characters - between the start of the current line and the point. This is a + between the start of the current line and the point. This is a non-incremental search. yyaannkk--nntthh--aarrgg ((MM--CC--yy)) - Insert the first argument to the previous command (usually the + Insert the first argument to the previous command (usually the second word on the previous line) at point. With an argument _n, - insert the _nth word from the previous command (the words in the - previous command begin with word 0). A negative argument + insert the _nth word from the previous command (the words in the + previous command begin with word 0). A negative argument inserts the _nth word from the end of the previous command. Once - the argument _n is computed, the argument is extracted as if the + the argument _n is computed, the argument is extracted as if the "!_n" history expansion had been specified. yyaannkk--llaasstt--aarrgg ((MM--..,, MM--__)) - Insert the last argument to the previous command (the last word - of the previous history entry). With an argument, behave - exactly like yyaannkk--nntthh--aarrgg. Successive calls to yyaannkk--llaasstt--aarrgg - move back through the history list, inserting the last argument + Insert the last argument to the previous command (the last word + of the previous history entry). With an argument, behave + exactly like yyaannkk--nntthh--aarrgg. Successive calls to yyaannkk--llaasstt--aarrgg + move back through the history list, inserting the last argument of each line in turn. The history expansion facilities are used - to extract the last argument, as if the "!$" history expansion + to extract the last argument, as if the "!$" history expansion had been specified. sshheellll--eexxppaanndd--lliinnee ((MM--CC--ee)) Expand the line as the shell does. This performs alias and his- tory expansion as well as all of the shell word expansions. See - HHIISSTTOORRYY EEXXPPAANNSSIIOONN below for a description of history expansion. + HHIISSTTOORRYY EEXXPPAANNSSIIOONN below for a description of history expansion. hhiissttoorryy--eexxppaanndd--lliinnee ((MM--^^)) - Perform history expansion on the current line. See HHIISSTTOORRYY + Perform history expansion on the current line. See HHIISSTTOORRYY EEXXPPAANNSSIIOONN below for a description of history expansion. mmaaggiicc--ssppaaccee - Perform history expansion on the current line and insert a + Perform history expansion on the current line and insert a space. See HHIISSTTOORRYY EEXXPPAANNSSIIOONN below for a description of history expansion. aalliiaass--eexxppaanndd--lliinnee - Perform alias expansion on the current line. See AALLIIAASSEESS above + Perform alias expansion on the current line. See AALLIIAASSEESS above for a description of alias expansion. hhiissttoorryy--aanndd--aalliiaass--eexxppaanndd--lliinnee Perform history and alias expansion on the current line. iinnsseerrtt--llaasstt--aarrgguummeenntt ((MM--..,, MM--__)) A synonym for yyaannkk--llaasstt--aarrgg. ooppeerraattee--aanndd--ggeett--nneexxtt ((CC--oo)) - Accept the current line for execution and fetch the next line - relative to the current line from the history for editing. Any + Accept the current line for execution and fetch the next line + relative to the current line from the history for editing. Any argument is ignored. eeddiitt--aanndd--eexxeeccuuttee--ccoommmmaanndd ((CC--xxCC--ee)) - Invoke an editor on the current command line, and execute the - result as shell commands. BBaasshh attempts to invoke $$VVIISSUUAALL, + Invoke an editor on the current command line, and execute the + result as shell commands. BBaasshh attempts to invoke $$VVIISSUUAALL, $$EEDDIITTOORR, and _e_m_a_c_s as the editor, in that order. CCoommmmaannddss ffoorr CChhaannggiinngg TTeexxtt ddeelleettee--cchhaarr ((CC--dd)) - Delete the character at point. If point is at the beginning of - the line, there are no characters in the line, and the last + Delete the character at point. If point is at the beginning of + the line, there are no characters in the line, and the last character typed was not bound to ddeelleettee--cchhaarr, then return EEOOFF. bbaacckkwwaarrdd--ddeelleettee--cchhaarr ((RRuubboouutt)) - Delete the character behind the cursor. When given a numeric + Delete the character behind the cursor. When given a numeric argument, save the deleted text on the kill ring. ffoorrwwaarrdd--bbaacckkwwaarrdd--ddeelleettee--cchhaarr - Delete the character under the cursor, unless the cursor is at + Delete the character under the cursor, unless the cursor is at the end of the line, in which case the character behind the cur- sor is deleted. qquuootteedd--iinnsseerrtt ((CC--qq,, CC--vv)) - Add the next character typed to the line verbatim. This is how + Add the next character typed to the line verbatim. This is how to insert characters like CC--qq, for example. ttaabb--iinnsseerrtt ((CC--vv TTAABB)) Insert a tab character. sseellff--iinnsseerrtt ((aa,, bb,, AA,, 11,, !!,, ......)) Insert the character typed. ttrraannssppoossee--cchhaarrss ((CC--tt)) - Drag the character before point forward over the character at - point, moving point forward as well. If point is at the end of - the line, then this transposes the two characters before point. + Drag the character before point forward over the character at + point, moving point forward as well. If point is at the end of + the line, then this transposes the two characters before point. Negative arguments have no effect. ttrraannssppoossee--wwoorrddss ((MM--tt)) - Drag the word before point past the word after point, moving - point over that word as well. If point is at the end of the + Drag the word before point past the word after point, moving + point over that word as well. If point is at the end of the line, this transposes the last two words on the line. uuppccaassee--wwoorrdd ((MM--uu)) - Uppercase the current (or following) word. With a negative + Uppercase the current (or following) word. With a negative argument, uppercase the previous word, but do not move point. ddoowwnnccaassee--wwoorrdd ((MM--ll)) - Lowercase the current (or following) word. With a negative + Lowercase the current (or following) word. With a negative argument, lowercase the previous word, but do not move point. ccaappiittaalliizzee--wwoorrdd ((MM--cc)) - Capitalize the current (or following) word. With a negative + Capitalize the current (or following) word. With a negative argument, capitalize the previous word, but do not move point. oovveerrwwrriittee--mmooddee - Toggle overwrite mode. With an explicit positive numeric argu- + Toggle overwrite mode. With an explicit positive numeric argu- ment, switches to overwrite mode. With an explicit non-positive numeric argument, switches to insert mode. This command affects - only eemmaaccss mode; vvii mode does overwrite differently. Each call + only eemmaaccss mode; vvii mode does overwrite differently. Each call to _r_e_a_d_l_i_n_e_(_) starts in insert mode. In overwrite mode, charac- - ters bound to sseellff--iinnsseerrtt replace the text at point rather than - pushing the text to the right. Characters bound to bbaacckk-- - wwaarrdd--ddeelleettee--cchhaarr replace the character before point with a + ters bound to sseellff--iinnsseerrtt replace the text at point rather than + pushing the text to the right. Characters bound to bbaacckk-- + wwaarrdd--ddeelleettee--cchhaarr replace the character before point with a space. By default, this command is unbound. KKiilllliinngg aanndd YYaannkkiinngg @@ -3168,31 +3174,31 @@ RREEAADDLLIINNEE bbaacckkwwaarrdd--kkiillll--lliinnee ((CC--xx RRuubboouutt)) Kill backward to the beginning of the line. uunniixx--lliinnee--ddiissccaarrdd ((CC--uu)) - Kill backward from point to the beginning of the line. The + Kill backward from point to the beginning of the line. The killed text is saved on the kill-ring. kkiillll--wwhhoollee--lliinnee - Kill all characters on the current line, no matter where point + Kill all characters on the current line, no matter where point is. kkiillll--wwoorrdd ((MM--dd)) - Kill from point to the end of the current word, or if between - words, to the end of the next word. Word boundaries are the + Kill from point to the end of the current word, or if between + words, to the end of the next word. Word boundaries are the same as those used by ffoorrwwaarrdd--wwoorrdd. bbaacckkwwaarrdd--kkiillll--wwoorrdd ((MM--RRuubboouutt)) - Kill the word behind point. Word boundaries are the same as + Kill the word behind point. Word boundaries are the same as those used by bbaacckkwwaarrdd--wwoorrdd. sshheellll--kkiillll--wwoorrdd ((MM--dd)) - Kill from point to the end of the current word, or if between - words, to the end of the next word. Word boundaries are the + Kill from point to the end of the current word, or if between + words, to the end of the next word. Word boundaries are the same as those used by sshheellll--ffoorrwwaarrdd--wwoorrdd. sshheellll--bbaacckkwwaarrdd--kkiillll--wwoorrdd ((MM--RRuubboouutt)) - Kill the word behind point. Word boundaries are the same as + Kill the word behind point. Word boundaries are the same as those used by sshheellll--bbaacckkwwaarrdd--wwoorrdd. uunniixx--wwoorrdd--rruubboouutt ((CC--ww)) - Kill the word behind point, using white space as a word bound- + Kill the word behind point, using white space as a word bound- ary. The killed text is saved on the kill-ring. uunniixx--ffiilleennaammee--rruubboouutt - Kill the word behind point, using white space and the slash - character as the word boundaries. The killed text is saved on + Kill the word behind point, using white space and the slash + character as the word boundaries. The killed text is saved on the kill-ring. ddeelleettee--hhoorriizzoonnttaall--ssppaaccee ((MM--\\)) Delete all spaces and tabs around point. @@ -3201,65 +3207,65 @@ RREEAADDLLIINNEE ccooppyy--rreeggiioonn--aass--kkiillll Copy the text in the region to the kill buffer. ccooppyy--bbaacckkwwaarrdd--wwoorrdd - Copy the word before point to the kill buffer. The word bound- + Copy the word before point to the kill buffer. The word bound- aries are the same as bbaacckkwwaarrdd--wwoorrdd. ccooppyy--ffoorrwwaarrdd--wwoorrdd - Copy the word following point to the kill buffer. The word + Copy the word following point to the kill buffer. The word boundaries are the same as ffoorrwwaarrdd--wwoorrdd. yyaannkk ((CC--yy)) Yank the top of the kill ring into the buffer at point. yyaannkk--ppoopp ((MM--yy)) - Rotate the kill ring, and yank the new top. Only works follow- + Rotate the kill ring, and yank the new top. Only works follow- ing yyaannkk or yyaannkk--ppoopp. NNuummeerriicc AArrgguummeennttss ddiiggiitt--aarrgguummeenntt ((MM--00,, MM--11,, ......,, MM----)) - Add this digit to the argument already accumulating, or start a + Add this digit to the argument already accumulating, or start a new argument. M-- starts a negative argument. uunniivveerrssaall--aarrgguummeenntt - This is another way to specify an argument. If this command is - followed by one or more digits, optionally with a leading minus - sign, those digits define the argument. If the command is fol- - lowed by digits, executing uunniivveerrssaall--aarrgguummeenntt again ends the - numeric argument, but is otherwise ignored. As a special case, - if this command is immediately followed by a character that is - neither a digit or minus sign, the argument count for the next - command is multiplied by four. The argument count is initially - one, so executing this function the first time makes the argu- + This is another way to specify an argument. If this command is + followed by one or more digits, optionally with a leading minus + sign, those digits define the argument. If the command is fol- + lowed by digits, executing uunniivveerrssaall--aarrgguummeenntt again ends the + numeric argument, but is otherwise ignored. As a special case, + if this command is immediately followed by a character that is + neither a digit or minus sign, the argument count for the next + command is multiplied by four. The argument count is initially + one, so executing this function the first time makes the argu- ment count four, a second time makes the argument count sixteen, and so on. CCoommpplleettiinngg ccoommpplleettee ((TTAABB)) - Attempt to perform completion on the text before point. BBaasshh + Attempt to perform completion on the text before point. BBaasshh attempts completion treating the text as a variable (if the text - begins with $$), username (if the text begins with ~~), hostname - (if the text begins with @@), or command (including aliases and + begins with $$), username (if the text begins with ~~), hostname + (if the text begins with @@), or command (including aliases and functions) in turn. If none of these produces a match, filename completion is attempted. ppoossssiibbllee--ccoommpplleettiioonnss ((MM--??)) List the possible completions of the text before point. iinnsseerrtt--ccoommpplleettiioonnss ((MM--**)) - Insert all completions of the text before point that would have + Insert all completions of the text before point that would have been generated by ppoossssiibbllee--ccoommpplleettiioonnss. mmeennuu--ccoommpplleettee - Similar to ccoommpplleettee, but replaces the word to be completed with - a single match from the list of possible completions. Repeated - execution of mmeennuu--ccoommpplleettee steps through the list of possible - completions, inserting each match in turn. At the end of the + Similar to ccoommpplleettee, but replaces the word to be completed with + a single match from the list of possible completions. Repeated + execution of mmeennuu--ccoommpplleettee steps through the list of possible + completions, inserting each match in turn. At the end of the list of completions, the bell is rung (subject to the setting of bbeellll--ssttyyllee) and the original text is restored. An argument of _n - moves _n positions forward in the list of matches; a negative - argument may be used to move backward through the list. This - command is intended to be bound to TTAABB, but is unbound by + moves _n positions forward in the list of matches; a negative + argument may be used to move backward through the list. This + command is intended to be bound to TTAABB, but is unbound by default.cc mmeennuu--ccoommpplleettee--kkrrdd - Identicwwal to mmeennuu--ccoommpplleettee, but moves backward through the list - of possible completions, as if mmeennuu--ccoommpplleettee had been given a + Identicwwal to mmeennuu--ccoommpplleettee, but moves backward through the list + of possible completions, as if mmeennuu--ccoommpplleettee had been given a negative argument. This command is unbound by default. ddeelleettee--cchhaarr--oorr--lliisstt - Deletes the character under the cursor if not at the beginning - or end of the line (like ddeelleettee--cchhaarr). If at the end of the + Deletes the character under the cursor if not at the beginning + or end of the line (like ddeelleettee--cchhaarr). If at the end of the line, behaves identically to ppoossssiibbllee--ccoommpplleettiioonnss. This command is unbound by default. ccoommpplleettee--ffiilleennaammee ((MM--//)) @@ -3268,213 +3274,213 @@ RREEAADDLLIINNEE List the possible completions of the text before point, treating it as a filename. ccoommpplleettee--uusseerrnnaammee ((MM--~~)) - Attempt completion on the text before point, treating it as a + Attempt completion on the text before point, treating it as a username. ppoossssiibbllee--uusseerrnnaammee--ccoommpplleettiioonnss ((CC--xx ~~)) List the possible completions of the text before point, treating it as a username. ccoommpplleettee--vvaarriiaabbllee ((MM--$$)) - Attempt completion on the text before point, treating it as a + Attempt completion on the text before point, treating it as a shell variable. ppoossssiibbllee--vvaarriiaabbllee--ccoommpplleettiioonnss ((CC--xx $$)) List the possible completions of the text before point, treating it as a shell variable. ccoommpplleettee--hhoossttnnaammee ((MM--@@)) - Attempt completion on the text before point, treating it as a + Attempt completion on the text before point, treating it as a hostname. ppoossssiibbllee--hhoossttnnaammee--ccoommpplleettiioonnss ((CC--xx @@)) List the possible completions of the text before point, treating it as a hostname. ccoommpplleettee--ccoommmmaanndd ((MM--!!)) - Attempt completion on the text before point, treating it as a - command name. Command completion attempts to match the text - against aliases, reserved words, shell functions, shell + Attempt completion on the text before point, treating it as a + command name. Command completion attempts to match the text + against aliases, reserved words, shell functions, shell builtins, and finally executable filenames, in that order. ppoossssiibbllee--ccoommmmaanndd--ccoommpplleettiioonnss ((CC--xx !!)) List the possible completions of the text before point, treating it as a command name. ddyynnaammiicc--ccoommpplleettee--hhiissttoorryy ((MM--TTAABB)) - Attempt completion on the text before point, comparing the text - against lines from the history list for possible completion + Attempt completion on the text before point, comparing the text + against lines from the history list for possible completion matches. ddaabbbbrreevv--eexxppaanndd - Attempt menu completion on the text before point, comparing the + Attempt menu completion on the text before point, comparing the text against lines from the history list for possible completion matches. ccoommpplleettee--iinnttoo--bbrraacceess ((MM--{{)) Perform filename completion and insert the list of possible com- - pletions enclosed within braces so the list is available to the + pletions enclosed within braces so the list is available to the shell (see BBrraaccee EExxppaannssiioonn above). KKeeyybbooaarrdd MMaaccrrooss ssttaarrtt--kkbbdd--mmaaccrroo ((CC--xx (()) - Begin saving the characters typed into the current keyboard + Begin saving the characters typed into the current keyboard macro. eenndd--kkbbdd--mmaaccrroo ((CC--xx )))) Stop saving the characters typed into the current keyboard macro and store the definition. ccaallll--llaasstt--kkbbdd--mmaaccrroo ((CC--xx ee)) - Re-execute the last keyboard macro defined, by making the char- + Re-execute the last keyboard macro defined, by making the char- acters in the macro appear as if typed at the keyboard. MMiisscceellllaanneeoouuss rree--rreeaadd--iinniitt--ffiillee ((CC--xx CC--rr)) - Read in the contents of the _i_n_p_u_t_r_c file, and incorporate any + Read in the contents of the _i_n_p_u_t_r_c file, and incorporate any bindings or variable assignments found there. aabboorrtt ((CC--gg)) - Abort the current editing command and ring the terminal's bell + Abort the current editing command and ring the terminal's bell (subject to the setting of bbeellll--ssttyyllee). ddoo--uuppppeerrccaassee--vveerrssiioonn ((MM--aa,, MM--bb,, MM--_x,, ......)) - If the metafied character _x is lowercase, run the command that + If the metafied character _x is lowercase, run the command that is bound to the corresponding uppercase character. pprreeffiixx--mmeettaa ((EESSCC)) Metafy the next character typed. EESSCC ff is equivalent to MMeettaa--ff. uunnddoo ((CC--__,, CC--xx CC--uu)) Incremental undo, separately remembered for each line. rreevveerrtt--lliinnee ((MM--rr)) - Undo all changes made to this line. This is like executing the - uunnddoo command enough times to return the line to its initial + Undo all changes made to this line. This is like executing the + uunnddoo command enough times to return the line to its initial state. ttiillddee--eexxppaanndd ((MM--&&)) Perform tilde expansion on the current word. sseett--mmaarrkk ((CC--@@,, MM--<>)) - Set the mark to the point. If a numeric argument is supplied, + Set the mark to the point. If a numeric argument is supplied, the mark is set to that position. eexxcchhaannggee--ppooiinntt--aanndd--mmaarrkk ((CC--xx CC--xx)) - Swap the point with the mark. The current cursor position is - set to the saved position, and the old cursor position is saved + Swap the point with the mark. The current cursor position is + set to the saved position, and the old cursor position is saved as the mark. cchhaarraacctteerr--sseeaarrcchh ((CC--]])) A character is read and point is moved to the next occurrence of - that character. A negative count searches for previous occur- + that character. A negative count searches for previous occur- rences. cchhaarraacctteerr--sseeaarrcchh--bbaacckkwwaarrdd ((MM--CC--]])) - A character is read and point is moved to the previous occur- - rence of that character. A negative count searches for subse- + A character is read and point is moved to the previous occur- + rence of that character. A negative count searches for subse- quent occurrences. sskkiipp--ccssii--sseeqquueennccee (()) - Read enough characters to consume a multi-key sequence such as - those defined for keys like Home and End. Such sequences begin + Read enough characters to consume a multi-key sequence such as + those defined for keys like Home and End. Such sequences begin with a Control Sequence Indicator (CSI), usually ESC-[. If this - sequence is bound to "\[", keys producing such sequences will - have no effect unless explicitly bound to a readline command, - instead of inserting stray characters into the editing buffer. + sequence is bound to "\[", keys producing such sequences will + have no effect unless explicitly bound to a readline command, + instead of inserting stray characters into the editing buffer. This is unbound by default, but usually bound to ESC-[. iinnsseerrtt--ccoommmmeenntt ((MM--##)) - Without a numeric argument, the value of the readline ccoomm-- - mmeenntt--bbeeggiinn variable is inserted at the beginning of the current + Without a numeric argument, the value of the readline ccoomm-- + mmeenntt--bbeeggiinn variable is inserted at the beginning of the current line. If a numeric argument is supplied, this command acts as a - toggle: if the characters at the beginning of the line do not - match the value of ccoommmmeenntt--bbeeggiinn, the value is inserted, other- + toggle: if the characters at the beginning of the line do not + match the value of ccoommmmeenntt--bbeeggiinn, the value is inserted, other- wise the characters in ccoommmmeenntt--bbeeggiinn are deleted from the begin- - ning of the line. In either case, the line is accepted as if a - newline had been typed. The default value of ccoommmmeenntt--bbeeggiinn - causes this command to make the current line a shell comment. - If a numeric argument causes the comment character to be + ning of the line. In either case, the line is accepted as if a + newline had been typed. The default value of ccoommmmeenntt--bbeeggiinn + causes this command to make the current line a shell comment. + If a numeric argument causes the comment character to be removed, the line will be executed by the shell. gglloobb--ccoommpplleettee--wwoorrdd ((MM--gg)) - The word before point is treated as a pattern for pathname - expansion, with an asterisk implicitly appended. This pattern - is used to generate a list of matching file names for possible + The word before point is treated as a pattern for pathname + expansion, with an asterisk implicitly appended. This pattern + is used to generate a list of matching file names for possible completions. gglloobb--eexxppaanndd--wwoorrdd ((CC--xx **)) - The word before point is treated as a pattern for pathname - expansion, and the list of matching file names is inserted, - replacing the word. If a numeric argument is supplied, an + The word before point is treated as a pattern for pathname + expansion, and the list of matching file names is inserted, + replacing the word. If a numeric argument is supplied, an asterisk is appended before pathname expansion. gglloobb--lliisstt--eexxppaannssiioonnss ((CC--xx gg)) - The list of expansions that would have been generated by - gglloobb--eexxppaanndd--wwoorrdd is displayed, and the line is redrawn. If a - numeric argument is supplied, an asterisk is appended before + The list of expansions that would have been generated by + gglloobb--eexxppaanndd--wwoorrdd is displayed, and the line is redrawn. If a + numeric argument is supplied, an asterisk is appended before pathname expansion. dduummpp--ffuunnccttiioonnss - Print all of the functions and their key bindings to the read- + Print all of the functions and their key bindings to the read- line output stream. If a numeric argument is supplied, the out- - put is formatted in such a way that it can be made part of an + put is formatted in such a way that it can be made part of an _i_n_p_u_t_r_c file. dduummpp--vvaarriiaabblleess Print all of the settable readline variables and their values to - the readline output stream. If a numeric argument is supplied, - the output is formatted in such a way that it can be made part + the readline output stream. If a numeric argument is supplied, + the output is formatted in such a way that it can be made part of an _i_n_p_u_t_r_c file. dduummpp--mmaaccrrooss - Print all of the readline key sequences bound to macros and the - strings they output. If a numeric argument is supplied, the + Print all of the readline key sequences bound to macros and the + strings they output. If a numeric argument is supplied, the output is formatted in such a way that it can be made part of an _i_n_p_u_t_r_c file. ddiissppllaayy--sshheellll--vveerrssiioonn ((CC--xx CC--vv)) - Display version information about the current instance of bbaasshh. + Display version information about the current instance of bbaasshh. PPrrooggrraammmmaabbllee CCoommpplleettiioonn - When word completion is attempted for an argument to a command for - which a completion specification (a _c_o_m_p_s_p_e_c) has been defined using - the ccoommpplleettee builtin (see SSHHEELLLL BBUUIILLTTIINN CCOOMMMMAANNDDSS below), the pro- + When word completion is attempted for an argument to a command for + which a completion specification (a _c_o_m_p_s_p_e_c) has been defined using + the ccoommpplleettee builtin (see SSHHEELLLL BBUUIILLTTIINN CCOOMMMMAANNDDSS below), the pro- grammable completion facilities are invoked. - First, the command name is identified. If the command word is the - empty string (completion attempted at the beginning of an empty line), - any compspec defined with the --EE option to ccoommpplleettee is used. If a - compspec has been defined for that command, the compspec is used to + First, the command name is identified. If the command word is the + empty string (completion attempted at the beginning of an empty line), + any compspec defined with the --EE option to ccoommpplleettee is used. If a + compspec has been defined for that command, the compspec is used to generate the list of possible completions for the word. If the command - word is a full pathname, a compspec for the full pathname is searched - for first. If no compspec is found for the full pathname, an attempt - is made to find a compspec for the portion following the final slash. - If those searches to not result in a compspec, any compspec defined + word is a full pathname, a compspec for the full pathname is searched + for first. If no compspec is found for the full pathname, an attempt + is made to find a compspec for the portion following the final slash. + If those searches to not result in a compspec, any compspec defined with the --DD option to ccoommpplleettee is used as the default. - Once a compspec has been found, it is used to generate the list of - matching words. If a compspec is not found, the default bbaasshh comple- + Once a compspec has been found, it is used to generate the list of + matching words. If a compspec is not found, the default bbaasshh comple- tion as described above under CCoommpplleettiinngg is performed. - First, the actions specified by the compspec are used. Only matches - which are prefixed by the word being completed are returned. When the - --ff or --dd option is used for filename or directory name completion, the + First, the actions specified by the compspec are used. Only matches + which are prefixed by the word being completed are returned. When the + --ff or --dd option is used for filename or directory name completion, the shell variable FFIIGGNNOORREE is used to filter the matches. - Any completions specified by a pathname expansion pattern to the --GG + Any completions specified by a pathname expansion pattern to the --GG option are generated next. The words generated by the pattern need not - match the word being completed. The GGLLOOBBIIGGNNOORREE shell variable is not + match the word being completed. The GGLLOOBBIIGGNNOORREE shell variable is not used to filter the matches, but the FFIIGGNNOORREE variable is used. - Next, the string specified as the argument to the --WW option is consid- - ered. The string is first split using the characters in the IIFFSS spe- - cial variable as delimiters. Shell quoting is honored. Each word is - then expanded using brace expansion, tilde expansion, parameter and - variable expansion, command substitution, and arithmetic expansion, as + Next, the string specified as the argument to the --WW option is consid- + ered. The string is first split using the characters in the IIFFSS spe- + cial variable as delimiters. Shell quoting is honored. Each word is + then expanded using brace expansion, tilde expansion, parameter and + variable expansion, command substitution, and arithmetic expansion, as described above under EEXXPPAANNSSIIOONN. The results are split using the rules described above under WWoorrdd SSpplliittttiinngg. The results of the expansion are prefix-matched against the word being completed, and the matching words become the possible completions. - After these matches have been generated, any shell function or command - specified with the --FF and --CC options is invoked. When the command or + After these matches have been generated, any shell function or command + specified with the --FF and --CC options is invoked. When the command or function is invoked, the CCOOMMPP__LLIINNEE, CCOOMMPP__PPOOIINNTT, CCOOMMPP__KKEEYY, and CCOOMMPP__TTYYPPEE variables are assigned values as described above under SShheellll VVaarriiaabblleess. - If a shell function is being invoked, the CCOOMMPP__WWOORRDDSS and CCOOMMPP__CCWWOORRDD - variables are also set. When the function or command is invoked, the - first argument is the name of the command whose arguments are being - completed, the second argument is the word being completed, and the - third argument is the word preceding the word being completed on the - current command line. No filtering of the generated completions - against the word being completed is performed; the function or command + If a shell function is being invoked, the CCOOMMPP__WWOORRDDSS and CCOOMMPP__CCWWOORRDD + variables are also set. When the function or command is invoked, the + first argument is the name of the command whose arguments are being + completed, the second argument is the word being completed, and the + third argument is the word preceding the word being completed on the + current command line. No filtering of the generated completions + against the word being completed is performed; the function or command has complete freedom in generating the matches. - Any function specified with --FF is invoked first. The function may use - any of the shell facilities, including the ccoommppggeenn builtin described - below, to generate the matches. It must put the possible completions + Any function specified with --FF is invoked first. The function may use + any of the shell facilities, including the ccoommppggeenn builtin described + below, to generate the matches. It must put the possible completions in the CCOOMMPPRREEPPLLYY array variable. - Next, any command specified with the --CC option is invoked in an envi- - ronment equivalent to command substitution. It should print a list of - completions, one per line, to the standard output. Backslash may be + Next, any command specified with the --CC option is invoked in an envi- + ronment equivalent to command substitution. It should print a list of + completions, one per line, to the standard output. Backslash may be used to escape a newline, if necessary. - After all of the possible completions are generated, any filter speci- - fied with the --XX option is applied to the list. The filter is a pat- - tern as used for pathname expansion; a && in the pattern is replaced - with the text of the word being completed. A literal && may be escaped - with a backslash; the backslash is removed before attempting a match. - Any completion that matches the pattern will be removed from the list. + After all of the possible completions are generated, any filter speci- + fied with the --XX option is applied to the list. The filter is a pat- + tern as used for pathname expansion; a && in the pattern is replaced + with the text of the word being completed. A literal && may be escaped + with a backslash; the backslash is removed before attempting a match. + Any completion that matches the pattern will be removed from the list. A leading !! negates the pattern; in this case any completion not match- ing the pattern will be removed. @@ -3482,44 +3488,44 @@ RREEAADDLLIINNEE added to each member of the completion list, and the result is returned to the readline completion code as the list of possible completions. - If the previously-applied actions do not generate any matches, and the - --oo ddiirrnnaammeess option was supplied to ccoommpplleettee when the compspec was + If the previously-applied actions do not generate any matches, and the + --oo ddiirrnnaammeess option was supplied to ccoommpplleettee when the compspec was defined, directory name completion is attempted. - If the --oo pplluussddiirrss option was supplied to ccoommpplleettee when the compspec + If the --oo pplluussddiirrss option was supplied to ccoommpplleettee when the compspec was defined, directory name completion is attempted and any matches are added to the results of the other actions. - By default, if a compspec is found, whatever it generates is returned - to the completion code as the full set of possible completions. The + By default, if a compspec is found, whatever it generates is returned + to the completion code as the full set of possible completions. The default bbaasshh completions are not attempted, and the readline default of filename completion is disabled. If the --oo bbaasshhddeeffaauulltt option was sup- - plied to ccoommpplleettee when the compspec was defined, the bbaasshh default com- + plied to ccoommpplleettee when the compspec was defined, the bbaasshh default com- pletions are attempted if the compspec generates no matches. If the --oo - ddeeffaauulltt option was supplied to ccoommpplleettee when the compspec was defined, - readline's default completion will be performed if the compspec (and, + ddeeffaauulltt option was supplied to ccoommpplleettee when the compspec was defined, + readline's default completion will be performed if the compspec (and, if attempted, the default bbaasshh completions) generate no matches. - When a compspec indicates that directory name completion is desired, - the programmable completion functions force readline to append a slash - to completed names which are symbolic links to directories, subject to - the value of the mmaarrkk--ddiirreeccttoorriieess readline variable, regardless of the + When a compspec indicates that directory name completion is desired, + the programmable completion functions force readline to append a slash + to completed names which are symbolic links to directories, subject to + the value of the mmaarrkk--ddiirreeccttoorriieess readline variable, regardless of the setting of the mmaarrkk--ssyymmlliinnkkeedd--ddiirreeccttoorriieess readline variable. - There is some support for dynamically modifying completions. This is - most useful when used in combination with a default completion speci- - fied with ccoommpplleettee --DD. It's possible for shell functions executed as - completion handlers to indicate that completion should be retried by - returning an exit status of 124. If a shell function returns 124, and + There is some support for dynamically modifying completions. This is + most useful when used in combination with a default completion speci- + fied with ccoommpplleettee --DD. It's possible for shell functions executed as + completion handlers to indicate that completion should be retried by + returning an exit status of 124. If a shell function returns 124, and changes the compspec associated with the command on which completion is - being attempted (supplied as the first argument when the function is + being attempted (supplied as the first argument when the function is executed), programmable completion restarts from the beginning, with an - attempt to find a new compspec for that command. This allows a set of - completions to be built dynamically as completion is attempted, rather + attempt to find a new compspec for that command. This allows a set of + completions to be built dynamically as completion is attempted, rather than being loaded all at once. - For instance, assuming that there is a library of compspecs, each kept - in a file corresponding to the name of the command, the following + For instance, assuming that there is a library of compspecs, each kept + in a file corresponding to the name of the command, the following default completion function would load completions dynamically: _completion_loader() @@ -3530,111 +3536,111 @@ RREEAADDLLIINNEE HHIISSTTOORRYY - When the --oo hhiissttoorryy option to the sseett builtin is enabled, the shell + When the --oo hhiissttoorryy option to the sseett builtin is enabled, the shell provides access to the _c_o_m_m_a_n_d _h_i_s_t_o_r_y, the list of commands previously - typed. The value of the HHIISSTTSSIIZZEE variable is used as the number of + typed. The value of the HHIISSTTSSIIZZEE variable is used as the number of commands to save in a history list. The text of the last HHIISSTTSSIIZZEE com- - mands (default 500) is saved. The shell stores each command in the - history list prior to parameter and variable expansion (see EEXXPPAANNSSIIOONN - above) but after history expansion is performed, subject to the values + mands (default 500) is saved. The shell stores each command in the + history list prior to parameter and variable expansion (see EEXXPPAANNSSIIOONN + above) but after history expansion is performed, subject to the values of the shell variables HHIISSTTIIGGNNOORREE and HHIISSTTCCOONNTTRROOLL. On startup, the history is initialized from the file named by the vari- - able HHIISSTTFFIILLEE (default _~_/_._b_a_s_h___h_i_s_t_o_r_y). The file named by the value - of HHIISSTTFFIILLEE is truncated, if necessary, to contain no more than the - number of lines specified by the value of HHIISSTTFFIILLEESSIIZZEE. When the his- - tory file is read, lines beginning with the history comment character - followed immediately by a digit are interpreted as timestamps for the - preceding history line. These timestamps are optionally displayed - depending on the value of the HHIISSTTTTIIMMEEFFOORRMMAATT variable. When an inter- - active shell exits, the last $$HHIISSTTSSIIZZEE lines are copied from the his- + able HHIISSTTFFIILLEE (default _~_/_._b_a_s_h___h_i_s_t_o_r_y). The file named by the value + of HHIISSTTFFIILLEE is truncated, if necessary, to contain no more than the + number of lines specified by the value of HHIISSTTFFIILLEESSIIZZEE. When the his- + tory file is read, lines beginning with the history comment character + followed immediately by a digit are interpreted as timestamps for the + preceding history line. These timestamps are optionally displayed + depending on the value of the HHIISSTTTTIIMMEEFFOORRMMAATT variable. When an inter- + active shell exits, the last $$HHIISSTTSSIIZZEE lines are copied from the his- tory list to $$HHIISSTTFFIILLEE. If the hhiissttaappppeenndd shell option is enabled (see the description of sshhoopptt under SSHHEELLLL BBUUIILLTTIINN CCOOMMMMAANNDDSS below), the lines - are appended to the history file, otherwise the history file is over- - written. If HHIISSTTFFIILLEE is unset, or if the history file is unwritable, - the history is not saved. If the HHIISSTTTTIIMMEEFFOORRMMAATT variable is set, time + are appended to the history file, otherwise the history file is over- + written. If HHIISSTTFFIILLEE is unset, or if the history file is unwritable, + the history is not saved. If the HHIISSTTTTIIMMEEFFOORRMMAATT variable is set, time stamps are written to the history file, marked with the history comment - character, so they may be preserved across shell sessions. This uses + character, so they may be preserved across shell sessions. This uses the history comment character to distinguish timestamps from other his- tory lines. After saving the history, the history file is truncated to - contain no more than HHIISSTTFFIILLEESSIIZZEE lines. If HHIISSTTFFIILLEESSIIZZEE is not set, + contain no more than HHIISSTTFFIILLEESSIIZZEE lines. If HHIISSTTFFIILLEESSIIZZEE is not set, no truncation is performed. - The builtin command ffcc (see SSHHEELLLL BBUUIILLTTIINN CCOOMMMMAANNDDSS below) may be used + The builtin command ffcc (see SSHHEELLLL BBUUIILLTTIINN CCOOMMMMAANNDDSS below) may be used to list or edit and re-execute a portion of the history list. The hhiiss-- - ttoorryy builtin may be used to display or modify the history list and - manipulate the history file. When using command-line editing, search - commands are available in each editing mode that provide access to the + ttoorryy builtin may be used to display or modify the history list and + manipulate the history file. When using command-line editing, search + commands are available in each editing mode that provide access to the history list. - The shell allows control over which commands are saved on the history + The shell allows control over which commands are saved on the history list. The HHIISSTTCCOONNTTRROOLL and HHIISSTTIIGGNNOORREE variables may be set to cause the shell to save only a subset of the commands entered. The ccmmddhhiisstt shell - option, if enabled, causes the shell to attempt to save each line of a - multi-line command in the same history entry, adding semicolons where - necessary to preserve syntactic correctness. The lliitthhiisstt shell option - causes the shell to save the command with embedded newlines instead of + option, if enabled, causes the shell to attempt to save each line of a + multi-line command in the same history entry, adding semicolons where + necessary to preserve syntactic correctness. The lliitthhiisstt shell option + causes the shell to save the command with embedded newlines instead of semicolons. See the description of the sshhoopptt builtin below under SSHHEELLLL BBUUIILLTTIINN CCOOMMMMAANNDDSS for information on setting and unsetting shell options. HHIISSTTOORRYY EEXXPPAANNSSIIOONN - The shell supports a history expansion feature that is similar to the - history expansion in ccsshh.. This section describes what syntax features - are available. This feature is enabled by default for interactive + The shell supports a history expansion feature that is similar to the + history expansion in ccsshh.. This section describes what syntax features + are available. This feature is enabled by default for interactive shells, and can be disabled using the ++HH option to the sseett builtin com- mand (see SSHHEELLLL BBUUIILLTTIINN CCOOMMMMAANNDDSS below). Non-interactive shells do not perform history expansion by default. History expansions introduce words from the history list into the input - stream, making it easy to repeat commands, insert the arguments to a + stream, making it easy to repeat commands, insert the arguments to a previous command into the current input line, or fix errors in previous commands quickly. - History expansion is performed immediately after a complete line is - read, before the shell breaks it into words. It takes place in two - parts. The first is to determine which line from the history list to + History expansion is performed immediately after a complete line is + read, before the shell breaks it into words. It takes place in two + parts. The first is to determine which line from the history list to use during substitution. The second is to select portions of that line for inclusion into the current one. The line selected from the history - is the _e_v_e_n_t, and the portions of that line that are acted upon are - _w_o_r_d_s. Various _m_o_d_i_f_i_e_r_s are available to manipulate the selected + is the _e_v_e_n_t, and the portions of that line that are acted upon are + _w_o_r_d_s. Various _m_o_d_i_f_i_e_r_s are available to manipulate the selected words. The line is broken into words in the same fashion as when read- - ing input, so that several _m_e_t_a_c_h_a_r_a_c_t_e_r-separated words surrounded by - quotes are considered one word. History expansions are introduced by - the appearance of the history expansion character, which is !! by - default. Only backslash (\\) and single quotes can quote the history + ing input, so that several _m_e_t_a_c_h_a_r_a_c_t_e_r-separated words surrounded by + quotes are considered one word. History expansions are introduced by + the appearance of the history expansion character, which is !! by + default. Only backslash (\\) and single quotes can quote the history expansion character. - Several characters inhibit history expansion if found immediately fol- - lowing the history expansion character, even if it is unquoted: space, - tab, newline, carriage return, and ==. If the eexxttgglloobb shell option is + Several characters inhibit history expansion if found immediately fol- + lowing the history expansion character, even if it is unquoted: space, + tab, newline, carriage return, and ==. If the eexxttgglloobb shell option is enabled, (( will also inhibit expansion. - Several shell options settable with the sshhoopptt builtin may be used to - tailor the behavior of history expansion. If the hhiissttvveerriiffyy shell + Several shell options settable with the sshhoopptt builtin may be used to + tailor the behavior of history expansion. If the hhiissttvveerriiffyy shell option is enabled (see the description of the sshhoopptt builtin below), and - rreeaaddlliinnee is being used, history substitutions are not immediately - passed to the shell parser. Instead, the expanded line is reloaded + rreeaaddlliinnee is being used, history substitutions are not immediately + passed to the shell parser. Instead, the expanded line is reloaded into the rreeaaddlliinnee editing buffer for further modification. If rreeaaddlliinnee - is being used, and the hhiissttrreeeeddiitt shell option is enabled, a failed - history substitution will be reloaded into the rreeaaddlliinnee editing buffer - for correction. The --pp option to the hhiissttoorryy builtin command may be - used to see what a history expansion will do before using it. The --ss + is being used, and the hhiissttrreeeeddiitt shell option is enabled, a failed + history substitution will be reloaded into the rreeaaddlliinnee editing buffer + for correction. The --pp option to the hhiissttoorryy builtin command may be + used to see what a history expansion will do before using it. The --ss option to the hhiissttoorryy builtin may be used to add commands to the end of - the history list without actually executing them, so that they are + the history list without actually executing them, so that they are available for subsequent recall. - The shell allows control of the various characters used by the history + The shell allows control of the various characters used by the history expansion mechanism (see the description of hhiissttcchhaarrss above under SShheellll - VVaarriiaabblleess). The shell uses the history comment character to mark his- + VVaarriiaabblleess). The shell uses the history comment character to mark his- tory timestamps when writing the history file. EEvveenntt DDeessiiggnnaattoorrss - An event designator is a reference to a command line entry in the his- + An event designator is a reference to a command line entry in the his- tory list. - !! Start a history substitution, except when followed by a bbllaannkk, - newline, carriage return, = or ( (when the eexxttgglloobb shell option + !! Start a history substitution, except when followed by a bbllaannkk, + newline, carriage return, = or ( (when the eexxttgglloobb shell option is enabled using the sshhoopptt builtin). !!_n Refer to command line _n. !!--_n Refer to the current command line minus _n. @@ -3642,21 +3648,21 @@ HHIISSTTOORRYY EEXXPPAANNSSIIOONN !!_s_t_r_i_n_g Refer to the most recent command starting with _s_t_r_i_n_g. !!??_s_t_r_i_n_g[[??]] - Refer to the most recent command containing _s_t_r_i_n_g. The trail- + Refer to the most recent command containing _s_t_r_i_n_g. The trail- ing ?? may be omitted if _s_t_r_i_n_g is followed immediately by a new- line. ^^_s_t_r_i_n_g_1^^_s_t_r_i_n_g_2^^ - Quick substitution. Repeat the last command, replacing _s_t_r_i_n_g_1 + Quick substitution. Repeat the last command, replacing _s_t_r_i_n_g_1 with _s_t_r_i_n_g_2. Equivalent to ``!!:s/_s_t_r_i_n_g_1/_s_t_r_i_n_g_2/'' (see MMoodd-- iiffiieerrss below). !!## The entire command line typed so far. WWoorrdd DDeessiiggnnaattoorrss - Word designators are used to select desired words from the event. A :: - separates the event specification from the word designator. It may be - omitted if the word designator begins with a ^^, $$, **, --, or %%. Words - are numbered from the beginning of the line, with the first word being - denoted by 0 (zero). Words are inserted into the current line sepa- + Word designators are used to select desired words from the event. A :: + separates the event specification from the word designator. It may be + omitted if the word designator begins with a ^^, $$, **, --, or %%. Words + are numbered from the beginning of the line, with the first word being + denoted by 0 (zero). Words are inserted into the current line sepa- rated by single spaces. 00 ((zzeerroo)) @@ -3666,17 +3672,17 @@ HHIISSTTOORRYY EEXXPPAANNSSIIOONN $$ The last argument. %% The word matched by the most recent `?_s_t_r_i_n_g?' search. _x--_y A range of words; `-_y' abbreviates `0-_y'. - ** All of the words but the zeroth. This is a synonym for `_1_-_$'. - It is not an error to use ** if there is just one word in the + ** All of the words but the zeroth. This is a synonym for `_1_-_$'. + It is not an error to use ** if there is just one word in the event; the empty string is returned in that case. xx** Abbreviates _x_-_$. xx-- Abbreviates _x_-_$ like xx**, but omits the last word. - If a word designator is supplied without an event specification, the + If a word designator is supplied without an event specification, the previous command is used as the event. MMooddiiffiieerrss - After the optional word designator, there may appear a sequence of one + After the optional word designator, there may appear a sequence of one or more of the following modifiers, each preceded by a `:'. hh Remove a trailing file name component, leaving only the head. @@ -3685,74 +3691,74 @@ HHIISSTTOORRYY EEXXPPAANNSSIIOONN ee Remove all but the trailing suffix. pp Print the new command but do not execute it. qq Quote the substituted words, escaping further substitutions. - xx Quote the substituted words as with qq, but break into words at + xx Quote the substituted words as with qq, but break into words at bbllaannkkss and newlines. ss//_o_l_d//_n_e_w// - Substitute _n_e_w for the first occurrence of _o_l_d in the event - line. Any delimiter can be used in place of /. The final - delimiter is optional if it is the last character of the event - line. The delimiter may be quoted in _o_l_d and _n_e_w with a single - backslash. If & appears in _n_e_w, it is replaced by _o_l_d. A sin- - gle backslash will quote the &. If _o_l_d is null, it is set to - the last _o_l_d substituted, or, if no previous history substitu- + Substitute _n_e_w for the first occurrence of _o_l_d in the event + line. Any delimiter can be used in place of /. The final + delimiter is optional if it is the last character of the event + line. The delimiter may be quoted in _o_l_d and _n_e_w with a single + backslash. If & appears in _n_e_w, it is replaced by _o_l_d. A sin- + gle backslash will quote the &. If _o_l_d is null, it is set to + the last _o_l_d substituted, or, if no previous history substitu- tions took place, the last _s_t_r_i_n_g in a !!??_s_t_r_i_n_g[[??]] search. && Repeat the previous substitution. gg Cause changes to be applied over the entire event line. This is - used in conjunction with `::ss' (e.g., `::ggss//_o_l_d//_n_e_w//') or `::&&'. - If used with `::ss', any delimiter can be used in place of /, and - the final delimiter is optional if it is the last character of + used in conjunction with `::ss' (e.g., `::ggss//_o_l_d//_n_e_w//') or `::&&'. + If used with `::ss', any delimiter can be used in place of /, and + the final delimiter is optional if it is the last character of the event line. An aa may be used as a synonym for gg. - GG Apply the following `ss' modifier once to each word in the event + GG Apply the following `ss' modifier once to each word in the event line. SSHHEELLLL BBUUIILLTTIINN CCOOMMMMAANNDDSS Unless otherwise noted, each builtin command documented in this section as accepting options preceded by -- accepts ---- to signify the end of the - options. The ::, ttrruuee, ffaallssee, and tteesstt builtins do not accept options + options. The ::, ttrruuee, ffaallssee, and tteesstt builtins do not accept options and do not treat ---- specially. The eexxiitt, llooggoouutt, bbrreeaakk, ccoonnttiinnuuee, lleett, - and sshhiifftt builtins accept and process arguments beginning with -- with- - out requiring ----. Other builtins that accept arguments but are not - specified as accepting options interpret arguments beginning with -- as + and sshhiifftt builtins accept and process arguments beginning with -- with- + out requiring ----. Other builtins that accept arguments but are not + specified as accepting options interpret arguments beginning with -- as invalid options and require ---- to prevent this interpretation. :: [_a_r_g_u_m_e_n_t_s] - No effect; the command does nothing beyond expanding _a_r_g_u_m_e_n_t_s - and performing any specified redirections. A zero exit code is + No effect; the command does nothing beyond expanding _a_r_g_u_m_e_n_t_s + and performing any specified redirections. A zero exit code is returned. .. _f_i_l_e_n_a_m_e [_a_r_g_u_m_e_n_t_s] ssoouurrccee _f_i_l_e_n_a_m_e [_a_r_g_u_m_e_n_t_s] - Read and execute commands from _f_i_l_e_n_a_m_e in the current shell - environment and return the exit status of the last command exe- + Read and execute commands from _f_i_l_e_n_a_m_e in the current shell + environment and return the exit status of the last command exe- cuted from _f_i_l_e_n_a_m_e. If _f_i_l_e_n_a_m_e does not contain a slash, file - names in PPAATTHH are used to find the directory containing _f_i_l_e_- - _n_a_m_e. The file searched for in PPAATTHH need not be executable. - When bbaasshh is not in _p_o_s_i_x _m_o_d_e, the current directory is - searched if no file is found in PPAATTHH. If the ssoouurrcceeppaatthh option - to the sshhoopptt builtin command is turned off, the PPAATTHH is not - searched. If any _a_r_g_u_m_e_n_t_s are supplied, they become the posi- - tional parameters when _f_i_l_e_n_a_m_e is executed. Otherwise the - positional parameters are unchanged. The return status is the - status of the last command exited within the script (0 if no - commands are executed), and false if _f_i_l_e_n_a_m_e is not found or + names in PPAATTHH are used to find the directory containing _f_i_l_e_- + _n_a_m_e. The file searched for in PPAATTHH need not be executable. + When bbaasshh is not in _p_o_s_i_x _m_o_d_e, the current directory is + searched if no file is found in PPAATTHH. If the ssoouurrcceeppaatthh option + to the sshhoopptt builtin command is turned off, the PPAATTHH is not + searched. If any _a_r_g_u_m_e_n_t_s are supplied, they become the posi- + tional parameters when _f_i_l_e_n_a_m_e is executed. Otherwise the + positional parameters are unchanged. The return status is the + status of the last command exited within the script (0 if no + commands are executed), and false if _f_i_l_e_n_a_m_e is not found or cannot be read. aalliiaass [--pp] [_n_a_m_e[=_v_a_l_u_e] ...] AAlliiaass with no arguments or with the --pp option prints the list of - aliases in the form aalliiaass _n_a_m_e=_v_a_l_u_e on standard output. When - arguments are supplied, an alias is defined for each _n_a_m_e whose + aliases in the form aalliiaass _n_a_m_e=_v_a_l_u_e on standard output. When + arguments are supplied, an alias is defined for each _n_a_m_e whose _v_a_l_u_e is given. A trailing space in _v_a_l_u_e causes the next word to be checked for alias substitution when the alias is expanded. - For each _n_a_m_e in the argument list for which no _v_a_l_u_e is sup- - plied, the name and value of the alias is printed. AAlliiaass - returns true unless a _n_a_m_e is given for which no alias has been + For each _n_a_m_e in the argument list for which no _v_a_l_u_e is sup- + plied, the name and value of the alias is printed. AAlliiaass + returns true unless a _n_a_m_e is given for which no alias has been defined. bbgg [_j_o_b_s_p_e_c ...] - Resume each suspended job _j_o_b_s_p_e_c in the background, as if it + Resume each suspended job _j_o_b_s_p_e_c in the background, as if it had been started with &&. If _j_o_b_s_p_e_c is not present, the shell's - notion of the _c_u_r_r_e_n_t _j_o_b is used. bbgg _j_o_b_s_p_e_c returns 0 unless - run when job control is disabled or, when run with job control - enabled, any specified _j_o_b_s_p_e_c was not found or was started + notion of the _c_u_r_r_e_n_t _j_o_b is used. bbgg _j_o_b_s_p_e_c returns 0 unless + run when job control is disabled or, when run with job control + enabled, any specified _j_o_b_s_p_e_c was not found or was started without job control. bbiinndd [--mm _k_e_y_m_a_p] [--llppssvvPPSSVV] @@ -3761,28 +3767,28 @@ SSHHEELLLL BBUUIILLTTIINN CCOOMMMMAANNDDSS bbiinndd [--mm _k_e_y_m_a_p] --xx _k_e_y_s_e_q:_s_h_e_l_l_-_c_o_m_m_a_n_d bbiinndd [--mm _k_e_y_m_a_p] _k_e_y_s_e_q:_f_u_n_c_t_i_o_n_-_n_a_m_e bbiinndd _r_e_a_d_l_i_n_e_-_c_o_m_m_a_n_d - Display current rreeaaddlliinnee key and function bindings, bind a key - sequence to a rreeaaddlliinnee function or macro, or set a rreeaaddlliinnee - variable. Each non-option argument is a command as it would - appear in _._i_n_p_u_t_r_c, but each binding or command must be passed - as a separate argument; e.g., '"\C-x\C-r": re-read-init-file'. + Display current rreeaaddlliinnee key and function bindings, bind a key + sequence to a rreeaaddlliinnee function or macro, or set a rreeaaddlliinnee + variable. Each non-option argument is a command as it would + appear in _._i_n_p_u_t_r_c, but each binding or command must be passed + as a separate argument; e.g., '"\C-x\C-r": re-read-init-file'. Options, if supplied, have the following meanings: --mm _k_e_y_m_a_p Use _k_e_y_m_a_p as the keymap to be affected by the subsequent bindings. Acceptable _k_e_y_m_a_p names are _e_m_a_c_s_, _e_m_a_c_s_-_s_t_a_n_- - _d_a_r_d_, _e_m_a_c_s_-_m_e_t_a_, _e_m_a_c_s_-_c_t_l_x_, _v_i_, _v_i_-_m_o_v_e_, _v_i_-_c_o_m_m_a_n_d, - and _v_i_-_i_n_s_e_r_t. _v_i is equivalent to _v_i_-_c_o_m_m_a_n_d; _e_m_a_c_s is + _d_a_r_d_, _e_m_a_c_s_-_m_e_t_a_, _e_m_a_c_s_-_c_t_l_x_, _v_i_, _v_i_-_m_o_v_e_, _v_i_-_c_o_m_m_a_n_d, + and _v_i_-_i_n_s_e_r_t. _v_i is equivalent to _v_i_-_c_o_m_m_a_n_d; _e_m_a_c_s is equivalent to _e_m_a_c_s_-_s_t_a_n_d_a_r_d. --ll List the names of all rreeaaddlliinnee functions. - --pp Display rreeaaddlliinnee function names and bindings in such a + --pp Display rreeaaddlliinnee function names and bindings in such a way that they can be re-read. --PP List current rreeaaddlliinnee function names and bindings. - --ss Display rreeaaddlliinnee key sequences bound to macros and the - strings they output in such a way that they can be re- + --ss Display rreeaaddlliinnee key sequences bound to macros and the + strings they output in such a way that they can be re- read. - --SS Display rreeaaddlliinnee key sequences bound to macros and the + --SS Display rreeaaddlliinnee key sequences bound to macros and the strings they output. - --vv Display rreeaaddlliinnee variable names and values in such a way + --vv Display rreeaaddlliinnee variable names and values in such a way that they can be re-read. --VV List current rreeaaddlliinnee variable names and values. --ff _f_i_l_e_n_a_m_e @@ -3794,157 +3800,157 @@ SSHHEELLLL BBUUIILLTTIINN CCOOMMMMAANNDDSS --rr _k_e_y_s_e_q Remove any current binding for _k_e_y_s_e_q. --xx _k_e_y_s_e_q::_s_h_e_l_l_-_c_o_m_m_a_n_d - Cause _s_h_e_l_l_-_c_o_m_m_a_n_d to be executed whenever _k_e_y_s_e_q is - entered. When _s_h_e_l_l_-_c_o_m_m_a_n_d is executed, the shell sets - the RREEAADDLLIINNEE__LLIINNEE variable to the contents of the rreeaadd-- - lliinnee line buffer and the RREEAADDLLIINNEE__PPOOIINNTT variable to the + Cause _s_h_e_l_l_-_c_o_m_m_a_n_d to be executed whenever _k_e_y_s_e_q is + entered. When _s_h_e_l_l_-_c_o_m_m_a_n_d is executed, the shell sets + the RREEAADDLLIINNEE__LLIINNEE variable to the contents of the rreeaadd-- + lliinnee line buffer and the RREEAADDLLIINNEE__PPOOIINNTT variable to the current location of the insertion point. If the executed - command changes the value of RREEAADDLLIINNEE__LLIINNEE or RREEAADD-- - LLIINNEE__PPOOIINNTT, those new values will be reflected in the + command changes the value of RREEAADDLLIINNEE__LLIINNEE or RREEAADD-- + LLIINNEE__PPOOIINNTT, those new values will be reflected in the editing state. - The return value is 0 unless an unrecognized option is given or + The return value is 0 unless an unrecognized option is given or an error occurred. bbrreeaakk [_n] - Exit from within a ffoorr, wwhhiillee, uunnttiill, or sseelleecctt loop. If _n is - specified, break _n levels. _n must be >= 1. If _n is greater - than the number of enclosing loops, all enclosing loops are - exited. The return value is 0 unless _n is not greater than or + Exit from within a ffoorr, wwhhiillee, uunnttiill, or sseelleecctt loop. If _n is + specified, break _n levels. _n must be >= 1. If _n is greater + than the number of enclosing loops, all enclosing loops are + exited. The return value is 0 unless _n is not greater than or equal to 1. bbuuiillttiinn _s_h_e_l_l_-_b_u_i_l_t_i_n [_a_r_g_u_m_e_n_t_s] - Execute the specified shell builtin, passing it _a_r_g_u_m_e_n_t_s, and + Execute the specified shell builtin, passing it _a_r_g_u_m_e_n_t_s, and return its exit status. This is useful when defining a function - whose name is the same as a shell builtin, retaining the func- + whose name is the same as a shell builtin, retaining the func- tionality of the builtin within the function. The ccdd builtin is - commonly redefined this way. The return status is false if + commonly redefined this way. The return status is false if _s_h_e_l_l_-_b_u_i_l_t_i_n is not a shell builtin command. ccaalllleerr [_e_x_p_r] Returns the context of any active subroutine call (a shell func- tion or a script executed with the .. or ssoouurrccee builtins). With- out _e_x_p_r, ccaalllleerr displays the line number and source filename of - the current subroutine call. If a non-negative integer is sup- + the current subroutine call. If a non-negative integer is sup- plied as _e_x_p_r, ccaalllleerr displays the line number, subroutine name, - and source file corresponding to that position in the current - execution call stack. This extra information may be used, for - example, to print a stack trace. The current frame is frame 0. - The return value is 0 unless the shell is not executing a sub- - routine call or _e_x_p_r does not correspond to a valid position in + and source file corresponding to that position in the current + execution call stack. This extra information may be used, for + example, to print a stack trace. The current frame is frame 0. + The return value is 0 unless the shell is not executing a sub- + routine call or _e_x_p_r does not correspond to a valid position in the call stack. ccdd [--LL|[--PP [--ee]]] [_d_i_r] - Change the current directory to _d_i_r. The variable HHOOMMEE is the - default _d_i_r. The variable CCDDPPAATTHH defines the search path for - the directory containing _d_i_r. Alternative directory names in - CCDDPPAATTHH are separated by a colon (:). A null directory name in - CCDDPPAATTHH is the same as the current directory, i.e., ``..''. If - _d_i_r begins with a slash (/), then CCDDPPAATTHH is not used. The --PP - option says to use the physical directory structure instead of - following symbolic links (see also the --PP option to the sseett + Change the current directory to _d_i_r. The variable HHOOMMEE is the + default _d_i_r. The variable CCDDPPAATTHH defines the search path for + the directory containing _d_i_r. Alternative directory names in + CCDDPPAATTHH are separated by a colon (:). A null directory name in + CCDDPPAATTHH is the same as the current directory, i.e., ``..''. If + _d_i_r begins with a slash (/), then CCDDPPAATTHH is not used. The --PP + option says to use the physical directory structure instead of + following symbolic links (see also the --PP option to the sseett builtin command); the --LL option forces symbolic links to be fol- - lowed. If the --ee option is supplied with --PP, and the current + lowed. If the --ee option is supplied with --PP, and the current working directory cannot be successfully determined after a suc- cessful directory change, ccdd will return an unsuccessful status. - An argument of -- is equivalent to $$OOLLDDPPWWDD. If a non-empty - directory name from CCDDPPAATTHH is used, or if -- is the first argu- + An argument of -- is equivalent to $$OOLLDDPPWWDD. If a non-empty + directory name from CCDDPPAATTHH is used, or if -- is the first argu- ment, and the directory change is successful, the absolute path- - name of the new working directory is written to the standard - output. The return value is true if the directory was success- + name of the new working directory is written to the standard + output. The return value is true if the directory was success- fully changed; false otherwise. ccoommmmaanndd [--ppVVvv] _c_o_m_m_a_n_d [_a_r_g ...] - Run _c_o_m_m_a_n_d with _a_r_g_s suppressing the normal shell function - lookup. Only builtin commands or commands found in the PPAATTHH are - executed. If the --pp option is given, the search for _c_o_m_m_a_n_d is - performed using a default value for PPAATTHH that is guaranteed to - find all of the standard utilities. If either the --VV or --vv + Run _c_o_m_m_a_n_d with _a_r_g_s suppressing the normal shell function + lookup. Only builtin commands or commands found in the PPAATTHH are + executed. If the --pp option is given, the search for _c_o_m_m_a_n_d is + performed using a default value for PPAATTHH that is guaranteed to + find all of the standard utilities. If either the --VV or --vv option is supplied, a description of _c_o_m_m_a_n_d is printed. The --vv - option causes a single word indicating the command or file name + option causes a single word indicating the command or file name used to invoke _c_o_m_m_a_n_d to be displayed; the --VV option produces a - more verbose description. If the --VV or --vv option is supplied, - the exit status is 0 if _c_o_m_m_a_n_d was found, and 1 if not. If + more verbose description. If the --VV or --vv option is supplied, + the exit status is 0 if _c_o_m_m_a_n_d was found, and 1 if not. If neither option is supplied and an error occurred or _c_o_m_m_a_n_d can- - not be found, the exit status is 127. Otherwise, the exit sta- + not be found, the exit status is 127. Otherwise, the exit sta- tus of the ccoommmmaanndd builtin is the exit status of _c_o_m_m_a_n_d. ccoommppggeenn [_o_p_t_i_o_n] [_w_o_r_d] - Generate possible completion matches for _w_o_r_d according to the - _o_p_t_i_o_ns, which may be any option accepted by the ccoommpplleettee - builtin with the exception of --pp and --rr, and write the matches - to the standard output. When using the --FF or --CC options, the - various shell variables set by the programmable completion + Generate possible completion matches for _w_o_r_d according to the + _o_p_t_i_o_ns, which may be any option accepted by the ccoommpplleettee + builtin with the exception of --pp and --rr, and write the matches + to the standard output. When using the --FF or --CC options, the + various shell variables set by the programmable completion facilities, while available, will not have useful values. - The matches will be generated in the same way as if the pro- - grammable completion code had generated them directly from a + The matches will be generated in the same way as if the pro- + grammable completion code had generated them directly from a completion specification with the same flags. If _w_o_r_d is speci- fied, only those completions matching _w_o_r_d will be displayed. - The return value is true unless an invalid option is supplied, + The return value is true unless an invalid option is supplied, or no matches were generated. - ccoommpplleettee [--aabbccddeeffggjjkkssuuvv] [--oo _c_o_m_p_-_o_p_t_i_o_n] [--DDEE] [--AA _a_c_t_i_o_n] [--GG _g_l_o_b_- + ccoommpplleettee [--aabbccddeeffggjjkkssuuvv] [--oo _c_o_m_p_-_o_p_t_i_o_n] [--DDEE] [--AA _a_c_t_i_o_n] [--GG _g_l_o_b_- _p_a_t] [--WW _w_o_r_d_l_i_s_t] [--FF _f_u_n_c_t_i_o_n] [--CC _c_o_m_m_a_n_d] [--XX _f_i_l_t_e_r_p_a_t] [--PP _p_r_e_f_i_x] [--SS _s_u_f_f_i_x] _n_a_m_e [_n_a_m_e _._._.] ccoommpplleettee --pprr [--DDEE] [_n_a_m_e ...] - Specify how arguments to each _n_a_m_e should be completed. If the - --pp option is supplied, or if no options are supplied, existing - completion specifications are printed in a way that allows them + Specify how arguments to each _n_a_m_e should be completed. If the + --pp option is supplied, or if no options are supplied, existing + completion specifications are printed in a way that allows them to be reused as input. The --rr option removes a completion spec- - ification for each _n_a_m_e, or, if no _n_a_m_es are supplied, all com- + ification for each _n_a_m_e, or, if no _n_a_m_es are supplied, all com- pletion specifications. The --DD option indicates that the - remaining options and actions should apply to the ``default'' - command completion; that is, completion attempted on a command - for which no completion has previously been defined. The --EE - option indicates that the remaining options and actions should - apply to ``empty'' command completion; that is, completion + remaining options and actions should apply to the ``default'' + command completion; that is, completion attempted on a command + for which no completion has previously been defined. The --EE + option indicates that the remaining options and actions should + apply to ``empty'' command completion; that is, completion attempted on a blank line. - The process of applying these completion specifications when - word completion is attempted is described above under PPrroo-- + The process of applying these completion specifications when + word completion is attempted is described above under PPrroo-- ggrraammmmaabbllee CCoommpplleettiioonn. - Other options, if specified, have the following meanings. The - arguments to the --GG, --WW, and --XX options (and, if necessary, the - --PP and --SS options) should be quoted to protect them from expan- + Other options, if specified, have the following meanings. The + arguments to the --GG, --WW, and --XX options (and, if necessary, the + --PP and --SS options) should be quoted to protect them from expan- sion before the ccoommpplleettee builtin is invoked. --oo _c_o_m_p_-_o_p_t_i_o_n - The _c_o_m_p_-_o_p_t_i_o_n controls several aspects of the comp- - spec's behavior beyond the simple generation of comple- + The _c_o_m_p_-_o_p_t_i_o_n controls several aspects of the comp- + spec's behavior beyond the simple generation of comple- tions. _c_o_m_p_-_o_p_t_i_o_n may be one of: bbaasshhddeeffaauulltt Perform the rest of the default bbaasshh completions if the compspec generates no matches. - ddeeffaauulltt Use readline's default filename completion if + ddeeffaauulltt Use readline's default filename completion if the compspec generates no matches. ddiirrnnaammeess - Perform directory name completion if the comp- + Perform directory name completion if the comp- spec generates no matches. ffiilleennaammeess - Tell readline that the compspec generates file- - names, so it can perform any filename-specific - processing (like adding a slash to directory - names, quoting special characters, or suppress- - ing trailing spaces). Intended to be used with + Tell readline that the compspec generates file- + names, so it can perform any filename-specific + processing (like adding a slash to directory + names, quoting special characters, or suppress- + ing trailing spaces). Intended to be used with shell functions. - nnoossppaaccee Tell readline not to append a space (the - default) to words completed at the end of the + nnoossppaaccee Tell readline not to append a space (the + default) to words completed at the end of the line. pplluussddiirrss - After any matches defined by the compspec are - generated, directory name completion is - attempted and any matches are added to the + After any matches defined by the compspec are + generated, directory name completion is + attempted and any matches are added to the results of the other actions. --AA _a_c_t_i_o_n - The _a_c_t_i_o_n may be one of the following to generate a + The _a_c_t_i_o_n may be one of the following to generate a list of possible completions: aalliiaass Alias names. May also be specified as --aa. aarrrraayyvvaarr Array variable names. bbiinnddiinngg RReeaaddlliinnee key binding names. - bbuuiillttiinn Names of shell builtin commands. May also be + bbuuiillttiinn Names of shell builtin commands. May also be specified as --bb. ccoommmmaanndd Command names. May also be specified as --cc. ddiirreeccttoorryy @@ -3952,7 +3958,7 @@ SSHHEELLLL BBUUIILLTTIINN CCOOMMMMAANNDDSS ddiissaabblleedd Names of disabled shell builtins. eennaabblleedd Names of enabled shell builtins. - eexxppoorrtt Names of exported shell variables. May also be + eexxppoorrtt Names of exported shell variables. May also be specified as --ee. ffiillee File names. May also be specified as --ff. ffuunnccttiioonn @@ -3961,17 +3967,17 @@ SSHHEELLLL BBUUIILLTTIINN CCOOMMMMAANNDDSS hheellppttooppiicc Help topics as accepted by the hheellpp builtin. hhoossttnnaammee - Hostnames, as taken from the file specified by + Hostnames, as taken from the file specified by the HHOOSSTTFFIILLEE shell variable. - jjoobb Job names, if job control is active. May also + jjoobb Job names, if job control is active. May also be specified as --jj. - kkeeyywwoorrdd Shell reserved words. May also be specified as + kkeeyywwoorrdd Shell reserved words. May also be specified as --kk. rruunnnniinngg Names of running jobs, if job control is active. sseerrvviiccee Service names. May also be specified as --ss. - sseettoopptt Valid arguments for the --oo option to the sseett + sseettoopptt Valid arguments for the --oo option to the sseett builtin. - sshhoopptt Shell option names as accepted by the sshhoopptt + sshhoopptt Shell option names as accepted by the sshhoopptt builtin. ssiiggnnaall Signal names. ssttooppppeedd Names of stopped jobs, if job control is active. @@ -3980,173 +3986,173 @@ SSHHEELLLL BBUUIILLTTIINN CCOOMMMMAANNDDSS Names of all shell variables. May also be spec- ified as --vv. --CC _c_o_m_m_a_n_d - _c_o_m_m_a_n_d is executed in a subshell environment, and its + _c_o_m_m_a_n_d is executed in a subshell environment, and its output is used as the possible completions. --FF _f_u_n_c_t_i_o_n - The shell function _f_u_n_c_t_i_o_n is executed in the current - shell environment. When it finishes, the possible com- - pletions are retrieved from the value of the CCOOMMPPRREEPPLLYY + The shell function _f_u_n_c_t_i_o_n is executed in the current + shell environment. When it finishes, the possible com- + pletions are retrieved from the value of the CCOOMMPPRREEPPLLYY array variable. --GG _g_l_o_b_p_a_t - The pathname expansion pattern _g_l_o_b_p_a_t is expanded to + The pathname expansion pattern _g_l_o_b_p_a_t is expanded to generate the possible completions. --PP _p_r_e_f_i_x - _p_r_e_f_i_x is added at the beginning of each possible com- + _p_r_e_f_i_x is added at the beginning of each possible com- pletion after all other options have been applied. --SS _s_u_f_f_i_x _s_u_f_f_i_x is appended to each possible completion after all other options have been applied. --WW _w_o_r_d_l_i_s_t - The _w_o_r_d_l_i_s_t is split using the characters in the IIFFSS - special variable as delimiters, and each resultant word - is expanded. The possible completions are the members - of the resultant list which match the word being com- + The _w_o_r_d_l_i_s_t is split using the characters in the IIFFSS + special variable as delimiters, and each resultant word + is expanded. The possible completions are the members + of the resultant list which match the word being com- pleted. --XX _f_i_l_t_e_r_p_a_t - _f_i_l_t_e_r_p_a_t is a pattern as used for pathname expansion. + _f_i_l_t_e_r_p_a_t is a pattern as used for pathname expansion. It is applied to the list of possible completions gener- - ated by the preceding options and arguments, and each - completion matching _f_i_l_t_e_r_p_a_t is removed from the list. - A leading !! in _f_i_l_t_e_r_p_a_t negates the pattern; in this - case, any completion not matching _f_i_l_t_e_r_p_a_t is removed. - - The return value is true unless an invalid option is supplied, - an option other than --pp or --rr is supplied without a _n_a_m_e argu- - ment, an attempt is made to remove a completion specification + ated by the preceding options and arguments, and each + completion matching _f_i_l_t_e_r_p_a_t is removed from the list. + A leading !! in _f_i_l_t_e_r_p_a_t negates the pattern; in this + case, any completion not matching _f_i_l_t_e_r_p_a_t is removed. + + The return value is true unless an invalid option is supplied, + an option other than --pp or --rr is supplied without a _n_a_m_e argu- + ment, an attempt is made to remove a completion specification for a _n_a_m_e for which no specification exists, or an error occurs adding a completion specification. ccoommppoopptt [--oo _o_p_t_i_o_n] [--DDEE] [++oo _o_p_t_i_o_n] [_n_a_m_e] Modify completion options for each _n_a_m_e according to the - _o_p_t_i_o_ns, or for the currently-executing completion if no _n_a_m_es - are supplied. If no _o_p_t_i_o_ns are given, display the completion - options for each _n_a_m_e or the current completion. The possible - values of _o_p_t_i_o_n are those valid for the ccoommpplleettee builtin - described above. The --DD option indicates that the remaining + _o_p_t_i_o_ns, or for the currently-executing completion if no _n_a_m_es + are supplied. If no _o_p_t_i_o_ns are given, display the completion + options for each _n_a_m_e or the current completion. The possible + values of _o_p_t_i_o_n are those valid for the ccoommpplleettee builtin + described above. The --DD option indicates that the remaining options should apply to the ``default'' command completion; that - is, completion attempted on a command for which no completion - has previously been defined. The --EE option indicates that the - remaining options should apply to ``empty'' command completion; + is, completion attempted on a command for which no completion + has previously been defined. The --EE option indicates that the + remaining options should apply to ``empty'' command completion; that is, completion attempted on a blank line. - The return value is true unless an invalid option is supplied, + The return value is true unless an invalid option is supplied, an attempt is made to modify the options for a _n_a_m_e for which no completion specification exists, or an output error occurs. ccoonnttiinnuuee [_n] Resume the next iteration of the enclosing ffoorr, wwhhiillee, uunnttiill, or - sseelleecctt loop. If _n is specified, resume at the _nth enclosing - loop. _n must be >= 1. If _n is greater than the number of - enclosing loops, the last enclosing loop (the ``top-level'' + sseelleecctt loop. If _n is specified, resume at the _nth enclosing + loop. _n must be >= 1. If _n is greater than the number of + enclosing loops, the last enclosing loop (the ``top-level'' loop) is resumed. The return value is 0 unless _n is not greater than or equal to 1. ddeeccllaarree [--aaAAffFFggiillrrttuuxx] [--pp] [_n_a_m_e[=_v_a_l_u_e] ...] ttyyppeesseett [--aaAAffFFggiillrrttuuxx] [--pp] [_n_a_m_e[=_v_a_l_u_e] ...] - Declare variables and/or give them attributes. If no _n_a_m_es are - given then display the values of variables. The --pp option will + Declare variables and/or give them attributes. If no _n_a_m_es are + given then display the values of variables. The --pp option will display the attributes and values of each _n_a_m_e. When --pp is used with _n_a_m_e arguments, additional options are ignored. When --pp is - supplied without _n_a_m_e arguments, it will display the attributes - and values of all variables having the attributes specified by - the additional options. If no other options are supplied with - --pp, ddeeccllaarree will display the attributes and values of all shell - variables. The --ff option will restrict the display to shell + supplied without _n_a_m_e arguments, it will display the attributes + and values of all variables having the attributes specified by + the additional options. If no other options are supplied with + --pp, ddeeccllaarree will display the attributes and values of all shell + variables. The --ff option will restrict the display to shell functions. The --FF option inhibits the display of function defi- - nitions; only the function name and attributes are printed. If - the eexxttddeebbuugg shell option is enabled using sshhoopptt, the source + nitions; only the function name and attributes are printed. If + the eexxttddeebbuugg shell option is enabled using sshhoopptt, the source file name and line number where the function is defined are dis- played as well. The --FF option implies --ff. The --gg option forces - variables to be created or modified at the global scope, even - when ddeeccllaarree is executed in a shell function. It is ignored in - all other cases. The following options can be used to restrict - output to variables with the specified attribute or to give + variables to be created or modified at the global scope, even + when ddeeccllaarree is executed in a shell function. It is ignored in + all other cases. The following options can be used to restrict + output to variables with the specified attribute or to give variables attributes: - --aa Each _n_a_m_e is an indexed array variable (see AArrrraayyss + --aa Each _n_a_m_e is an indexed array variable (see AArrrraayyss above). - --AA Each _n_a_m_e is an associative array variable (see AArrrraayyss + --AA Each _n_a_m_e is an associative array variable (see AArrrraayyss above). --ff Use function names only. --ii The variable is treated as an integer; arithmetic evalua- - tion (see AARRIITTHHMMEETTIICC EEVVAALLUUAATTIIOONN above) is performed when + tion (see AARRIITTHHMMEETTIICC EEVVAALLUUAATTIIOONN above) is performed when the variable is assigned a value. - --ll When the variable is assigned a value, all upper-case - characters are converted to lower-case. The upper-case + --ll When the variable is assigned a value, all upper-case + characters are converted to lower-case. The upper-case attribute is disabled. --rr Make _n_a_m_es readonly. These names cannot then be assigned values by subsequent assignment statements or unset. - --tt Give each _n_a_m_e the _t_r_a_c_e attribute. Traced functions - inherit the DDEEBBUUGG and RREETTUURRNN traps from the calling - shell. The trace attribute has no special meaning for + --tt Give each _n_a_m_e the _t_r_a_c_e attribute. Traced functions + inherit the DDEEBBUUGG and RREETTUURRNN traps from the calling + shell. The trace attribute has no special meaning for variables. - --uu When the variable is assigned a value, all lower-case - characters are converted to upper-case. The lower-case + --uu When the variable is assigned a value, all lower-case + characters are converted to upper-case. The lower-case attribute is disabled. - --xx Mark _n_a_m_es for export to subsequent commands via the + --xx Mark _n_a_m_es for export to subsequent commands via the environment. - Using `+' instead of `-' turns off the attribute instead, with + Using `+' instead of `-' turns off the attribute instead, with the exceptions that ++aa may not be used to destroy an array vari- - able and ++rr will not remove the readonly attribute. When used + able and ++rr will not remove the readonly attribute. When used in a function, makes each _n_a_m_e local, as with the llooccaall command, - unless the --ggPP ooppttiioonn iiss ssuupppplliieedd,, IIff aa vvaarriiaabbllee nnaammee iiss ffooll-- + unless the --ggPP ooppttiioonn iiss ssuupppplliieedd,, IIff aa vvaarriiaabbllee nnaammee iiss ffooll-- lloowweedd bbyy ==_v_a_l_u_e,, tthhee vvaalluuee ooff tthhee vvaarriiaabbllee iiss sseett ttoo _v_a_l_u_e.. TThhee - rreettuurrnn vvaalluuee iiss 00 uunnlleessss aann iinnvvaalliidd ooppttiioonn iiss eennccoouunntteerreedd,, aann - aatttteemmpptt iiss mmaaddee ttoo ddeeffiinnee aa ffuunnccttiioonn uussiinngg ````--ff ffoooo==bbaarr'''',, aann - aatttteemmpptt iiss mmaaddee ttoo aassssiiggnn aa vvaalluuee ttoo aa rreeaaddoonnllyy vvaarriiaabbllee,, aann - aatttteemmpptt iiss mmaaddee ttoo aassssiiggnn aa vvaalluuee ttoo aann aarrrraayy vvaarriiaabbllee wwiitthhoouutt - uussiinngg tthhee ccoommppoouunndd aassssiiggnnmmeenntt ssyynnttaaxx ((sseeee AArrrraayyss above), one of + rreettuurrnn vvaalluuee iiss 00 uunnlleessss aann iinnvvaalliidd ooppttiioonn iiss eennccoouunntteerreedd,, aann + aatttteemmpptt iiss mmaaddee ttoo ddeeffiinnee aa ffuunnccttiioonn uussiinngg ````--ff ffoooo==bbaarr'''',, aann + aatttteemmpptt iiss mmaaddee ttoo aassssiiggnn aa vvaalluuee ttoo aa rreeaaddoonnllyy vvaarriiaabbllee,, aann + aatttteemmpptt iiss mmaaddee ttoo aassssiiggnn aa vvaalluuee ttoo aann aarrrraayy vvaarriiaabbllee wwiitthhoouutt + uussiinngg tthhee ccoommppoouunndd aassssiiggnnmmeenntt ssyynnttaaxx ((sseeee AArrrraayyss above), one of the _n_a_m_e_s is not a valid shell variable name, an attempt is made - to turn off readonly status for a readonly variable, an attempt - is made to turn off array status for an array variable, or an + to turn off readonly status for a readonly variable, an attempt + is made to turn off array status for an array variable, or an attempt is made to display a non-existent function with --ff. ddiirrss [[++_n]] [[--_n]] [[--ccllppvv]] - Without options, displays the list of currently remembered - directories. The default display is on a single line with - directory names separated by spaces. Directories are added to - the list with the ppuusshhdd command; the ppooppdd command removes + Without options, displays the list of currently remembered + directories. The default display is on a single line with + directory names separated by spaces. Directories are added to + the list with the ppuusshhdd command; the ppooppdd command removes entries from the list. ++_n Displays the _nth entry counting from the left of the list shown by ddiirrss when invoked without options, starting with zero. - --_n Displays the _nth entry counting from the right of the + --_n Displays the _nth entry counting from the right of the list shown by ddiirrss when invoked without options, starting with zero. --cc Clears the directory stack by deleting all of the entries. - --ll Produces a longer listing; the default listing format + --ll Produces a longer listing; the default listing format uses a tilde to denote the home directory. --pp Print the directory stack with one entry per line. - --vv Print the directory stack with one entry per line, pre- + --vv Print the directory stack with one entry per line, pre- fixing each entry with its index in the stack. - The return value is 0 unless an invalid option is supplied or _n + The return value is 0 unless an invalid option is supplied or _n indexes beyond the end of the directory stack. ddiissoowwnn [--aarr] [--hh] [_j_o_b_s_p_e_c ...] - Without options, each _j_o_b_s_p_e_c is removed from the table of - active jobs. If _j_o_b_s_p_e_c is not present, and neither --aa nor --rr - is supplied, the shell's notion of the _c_u_r_r_e_n_t _j_o_b is used. If + Without options, each _j_o_b_s_p_e_c is removed from the table of + active jobs. If _j_o_b_s_p_e_c is not present, and neither --aa nor --rr + is supplied, the shell's notion of the _c_u_r_r_e_n_t _j_o_b is used. If the --hh option is given, each _j_o_b_s_p_e_c is not removed from the ta- - ble, but is marked so that SSIIGGHHUUPP is not sent to the job if the - shell receives a SSIIGGHHUUPP. If no _j_o_b_s_p_e_c is present, and neither - the --aa nor the --rr option is supplied, the _c_u_r_r_e_n_t _j_o_b is used. + ble, but is marked so that SSIIGGHHUUPP is not sent to the job if the + shell receives a SSIIGGHHUUPP. If no _j_o_b_s_p_e_c is present, and neither + the --aa nor the --rr option is supplied, the _c_u_r_r_e_n_t _j_o_b is used. If no _j_o_b_s_p_e_c is supplied, the --aa option means to remove or mark - all jobs; the --rr option without a _j_o_b_s_p_e_c argument restricts - operation to running jobs. The return value is 0 unless a _j_o_b_- + all jobs; the --rr option without a _j_o_b_s_p_e_c argument restricts + operation to running jobs. The return value is 0 unless a _j_o_b_- _s_p_e_c does not specify a valid job. eecchhoo [--nneeEE] [_a_r_g ...] - Output the _a_r_gs, separated by spaces, followed by a newline. + Output the _a_r_gs, separated by spaces, followed by a newline. The return status is always 0. If --nn is specified, the trailing - newline is suppressed. If the --ee option is given, interpreta- - tion of the following backslash-escaped characters is enabled. - The --EE option disables the interpretation of these escape char- - acters, even on systems where they are interpreted by default. - The xxppgg__eecchhoo shell option may be used to dynamically determine - whether or not eecchhoo expands these escape characters by default. - eecchhoo does not interpret ---- to mean the end of options. eecchhoo + newline is suppressed. If the --ee option is given, interpreta- + tion of the following backslash-escaped characters is enabled. + The --EE option disables the interpretation of these escape char- + acters, even on systems where they are interpreted by default. + The xxppgg__eecchhoo shell option may be used to dynamically determine + whether or not eecchhoo expands these escape characters by default. + eecchhoo does not interpret ---- to mean the end of options. eecchhoo interprets the following escape sequences: \\aa alert (bell) \\bb backspace @@ -4158,190 +4164,190 @@ SSHHEELLLL BBUUIILLTTIINN CCOOMMMMAANNDDSS \\tt horizontal tab \\vv vertical tab \\\\ backslash - \\00_n_n_n the eight-bit character whose value is the octal value + \\00_n_n_n the eight-bit character whose value is the octal value _n_n_n (zero to three octal digits) - \\xx_H_H the eight-bit character whose value is the hexadecimal + \\xx_H_H the eight-bit character whose value is the hexadecimal value _H_H (one or two hex digits) - \\uu_H_H_H_H the Unicode (ISO/IEC 10646) character whose value is the + \\uu_H_H_H_H the Unicode (ISO/IEC 10646) character whose value is the hexadecimal value _H_H_H_H (one to four hex digits) \\UU_H_H_H_H_H_H_H_H - the Unicode (ISO/IEC 10646) character whose value is the + the Unicode (ISO/IEC 10646) character whose value is the hexadecimal value _H_H_H_H_H_H_H_H (one to eight hex digits) eennaabbllee [--aa] [--ddnnppss] [--ff _f_i_l_e_n_a_m_e] [_n_a_m_e ...] - Enable and disable builtin shell commands. Disabling a builtin + Enable and disable builtin shell commands. Disabling a builtin allows a disk command which has the same name as a shell builtin - to be executed without specifying a full pathname, even though - the shell normally searches for builtins before disk commands. - If --nn is used, each _n_a_m_e is disabled; otherwise, _n_a_m_e_s are + to be executed without specifying a full pathname, even though + the shell normally searches for builtins before disk commands. + If --nn is used, each _n_a_m_e is disabled; otherwise, _n_a_m_e_s are enabled. For example, to use the tteesstt binary found via the PPAATTHH - instead of the shell builtin version, run ``enable -n test''. - The --ff option means to load the new builtin command _n_a_m_e from + instead of the shell builtin version, run ``enable -n test''. + The --ff option means to load the new builtin command _n_a_m_e from shared object _f_i_l_e_n_a_m_e, on systems that support dynamic loading. - The --dd option will delete a builtin previously loaded with --ff. + The --dd option will delete a builtin previously loaded with --ff. If no _n_a_m_e arguments are given, or if the --pp option is supplied, a list of shell builtins is printed. With no other option argu- - ments, the list consists of all enabled shell builtins. If --nn - is supplied, only disabled builtins are printed. If --aa is sup- - plied, the list printed includes all builtins, with an indica- - tion of whether or not each is enabled. If --ss is supplied, the - output is restricted to the POSIX _s_p_e_c_i_a_l builtins. The return - value is 0 unless a _n_a_m_e is not a shell builtin or there is an + ments, the list consists of all enabled shell builtins. If --nn + is supplied, only disabled builtins are printed. If --aa is sup- + plied, the list printed includes all builtins, with an indica- + tion of whether or not each is enabled. If --ss is supplied, the + output is restricted to the POSIX _s_p_e_c_i_a_l builtins. The return + value is 0 unless a _n_a_m_e is not a shell builtin or there is an error loading a new builtin from a shared object. eevvaall [_a_r_g ...] - The _a_r_gs are read and concatenated together into a single com- - mand. This command is then read and executed by the shell, and - its exit status is returned as the value of eevvaall. If there are + The _a_r_gs are read and concatenated together into a single com- + mand. This command is then read and executed by the shell, and + its exit status is returned as the value of eevvaall. If there are no _a_r_g_s, or only null arguments, eevvaall returns 0. eexxeecc [--ccll] [--aa _n_a_m_e] [_c_o_m_m_a_n_d [_a_r_g_u_m_e_n_t_s]] - If _c_o_m_m_a_n_d is specified, it replaces the shell. No new process - is created. The _a_r_g_u_m_e_n_t_s become the arguments to _c_o_m_m_a_n_d. If + If _c_o_m_m_a_n_d is specified, it replaces the shell. No new process + is created. The _a_r_g_u_m_e_n_t_s become the arguments to _c_o_m_m_a_n_d. If the --ll option is supplied, the shell places a dash at the begin- - ning of the zeroth argument passed to _c_o_m_m_a_n_d. This is what + ning of the zeroth argument passed to _c_o_m_m_a_n_d. This is what _l_o_g_i_n(1) does. The --cc option causes _c_o_m_m_a_n_d to be executed with - an empty environment. If --aa is supplied, the shell passes _n_a_m_e + an empty environment. If --aa is supplied, the shell passes _n_a_m_e as the zeroth argument to the executed command. If _c_o_m_m_a_n_d can- - not be executed for some reason, a non-interactive shell exits, - unless the shell option eexxeeccffaaiill is enabled, in which case it - returns failure. An interactive shell returns failure if the + not be executed for some reason, a non-interactive shell exits, + unless the shell option eexxeeccffaaiill is enabled, in which case it + returns failure. An interactive shell returns failure if the file cannot be executed. If _c_o_m_m_a_n_d is not specified, any redi- rections take effect in the current shell, and the return status - is 0. If there is a redirection error, the return status is 1. + is 0. If there is a redirection error, the return status is 1. eexxiitt [_n] - Cause the shell to exit with a status of _n. If _n is omitted, + Cause the shell to exit with a status of _n. If _n is omitted, the exit status is that of the last command executed. A trap on EEXXIITT is executed before the shell terminates. eexxppoorrtt [--ffnn] [_n_a_m_e[=_w_o_r_d]] ... eexxppoorrtt --pp - The supplied _n_a_m_e_s are marked for automatic export to the envi- - ronment of subsequently executed commands. If the --ff option is - given, the _n_a_m_e_s refer to functions. If no _n_a_m_e_s are given, or - if the --pp option is supplied, a list of all names that are - exported in this shell is printed. The --nn option causes the - export property to be removed from each _n_a_m_e. If a variable - name is followed by =_w_o_r_d, the value of the variable is set to - _w_o_r_d. eexxppoorrtt returns an exit status of 0 unless an invalid - option is encountered, one of the _n_a_m_e_s is not a valid shell + The supplied _n_a_m_e_s are marked for automatic export to the envi- + ronment of subsequently executed commands. If the --ff option is + given, the _n_a_m_e_s refer to functions. If no _n_a_m_e_s are given, or + if the --pp option is supplied, a list of all names that are + exported in this shell is printed. The --nn option causes the + export property to be removed from each _n_a_m_e. If a variable + name is followed by =_w_o_r_d, the value of the variable is set to + _w_o_r_d. eexxppoorrtt returns an exit status of 0 unless an invalid + option is encountered, one of the _n_a_m_e_s is not a valid shell variable name, or --ff is supplied with a _n_a_m_e that is not a func- tion. ffcc [--ee _e_n_a_m_e] [--llnnrr] [_f_i_r_s_t] [_l_a_s_t] ffcc --ss [_p_a_t=_r_e_p] [_c_m_d] - Fix Command. In the first form, a range of commands from _f_i_r_s_t - to _l_a_s_t is selected from the history list. _F_i_r_s_t and _l_a_s_t may - be specified as a string (to locate the last command beginning - with that string) or as a number (an index into the history + Fix Command. In the first form, a range of commands from _f_i_r_s_t + to _l_a_s_t is selected from the history list. _F_i_r_s_t and _l_a_s_t may + be specified as a string (to locate the last command beginning + with that string) or as a number (an index into the history list, where a negative number is used as an offset from the cur- rent command number). If _l_a_s_t is not specified it is set to the - current command for listing (so that ``fc -l -10'' prints the + current command for listing (so that ``fc -l -10'' prints the last 10 commands) and to _f_i_r_s_t otherwise. If _f_i_r_s_t is not spec- - ified it is set to the previous command for editing and -16 for + ified it is set to the previous command for editing and -16 for listing. - The --nn option suppresses the command numbers when listing. The - --rr option reverses the order of the commands. If the --ll option - is given, the commands are listed on standard output. Other- - wise, the editor given by _e_n_a_m_e is invoked on a file containing - those commands. If _e_n_a_m_e is not given, the value of the FFCCEEDDIITT - variable is used, and the value of EEDDIITTOORR if FFCCEEDDIITT is not set. - If neither variable is set, _v_i is used. When editing is com- + The --nn option suppresses the command numbers when listing. The + --rr option reverses the order of the commands. If the --ll option + is given, the commands are listed on standard output. Other- + wise, the editor given by _e_n_a_m_e is invoked on a file containing + those commands. If _e_n_a_m_e is not given, the value of the FFCCEEDDIITT + variable is used, and the value of EEDDIITTOORR if FFCCEEDDIITT is not set. + If neither variable is set, _v_i is used. When editing is com- plete, the edited commands are echoed and executed. - In the second form, _c_o_m_m_a_n_d is re-executed after each instance - of _p_a_t is replaced by _r_e_p. A useful alias to use with this is - ``r="fc -s"'', so that typing ``r cc'' runs the last command + In the second form, _c_o_m_m_a_n_d is re-executed after each instance + of _p_a_t is replaced by _r_e_p. A useful alias to use with this is + ``r="fc -s"'', so that typing ``r cc'' runs the last command beginning with ``cc'' and typing ``r'' re-executes the last com- mand. - If the first form is used, the return value is 0 unless an - invalid option is encountered or _f_i_r_s_t or _l_a_s_t specify history - lines out of range. If the --ee option is supplied, the return + If the first form is used, the return value is 0 unless an + invalid option is encountered or _f_i_r_s_t or _l_a_s_t specify history + lines out of range. If the --ee option is supplied, the return value is the value of the last command executed or failure if an error occurs with the temporary file of commands. If the second - form is used, the return status is that of the command re-exe- - cuted, unless _c_m_d does not specify a valid history line, in + form is used, the return status is that of the command re-exe- + cuted, unless _c_m_d does not specify a valid history line, in which case ffcc returns failure. ffgg [_j_o_b_s_p_e_c] - Resume _j_o_b_s_p_e_c in the foreground, and make it the current job. + Resume _j_o_b_s_p_e_c in the foreground, and make it the current job. If _j_o_b_s_p_e_c is not present, the shell's notion of the _c_u_r_r_e_n_t _j_o_b - is used. The return value is that of the command placed into - the foreground, or failure if run when job control is disabled + is used. The return value is that of the command placed into + the foreground, or failure if run when job control is disabled or, when run with job control enabled, if _j_o_b_s_p_e_c does not spec- - ify a valid job or _j_o_b_s_p_e_c specifies a job that was started + ify a valid job or _j_o_b_s_p_e_c specifies a job that was started without job control. ggeettooppttss _o_p_t_s_t_r_i_n_g _n_a_m_e [_a_r_g_s] - ggeettooppttss is used by shell procedures to parse positional parame- - ters. _o_p_t_s_t_r_i_n_g contains the option characters to be recog- - nized; if a character is followed by a colon, the option is - expected to have an argument, which should be separated from it - by white space. The colon and question mark characters may not - be used as option characters. Each time it is invoked, ggeettooppttss - places the next option in the shell variable _n_a_m_e, initializing + ggeettooppttss is used by shell procedures to parse positional parame- + ters. _o_p_t_s_t_r_i_n_g contains the option characters to be recog- + nized; if a character is followed by a colon, the option is + expected to have an argument, which should be separated from it + by white space. The colon and question mark characters may not + be used as option characters. Each time it is invoked, ggeettooppttss + places the next option in the shell variable _n_a_m_e, initializing _n_a_m_e if it does not exist, and the index of the next argument to be processed into the variable OOPPTTIINNDD. OOPPTTIINNDD is initialized to - 1 each time the shell or a shell script is invoked. When an - option requires an argument, ggeettooppttss places that argument into - the variable OOPPTTAARRGG. The shell does not reset OOPPTTIINNDD automati- - cally; it must be manually reset between multiple calls to + 1 each time the shell or a shell script is invoked. When an + option requires an argument, ggeettooppttss places that argument into + the variable OOPPTTAARRGG. The shell does not reset OOPPTTIINNDD automati- + cally; it must be manually reset between multiple calls to ggeettooppttss within the same shell invocation if a new set of parame- ters is to be used. - When the end of options is encountered, ggeettooppttss exits with a - return value greater than zero. OOPPTTIINNDD is set to the index of + When the end of options is encountered, ggeettooppttss exits with a + return value greater than zero. OOPPTTIINNDD is set to the index of the first non-option argument, and nnaammee is set to ?. - ggeettooppttss normally parses the positional parameters, but if more + ggeettooppttss normally parses the positional parameters, but if more arguments are given in _a_r_g_s, ggeettooppttss parses those instead. - ggeettooppttss can report errors in two ways. If the first character - of _o_p_t_s_t_r_i_n_g is a colon, _s_i_l_e_n_t error reporting is used. In - normal operation diagnostic messages are printed when invalid - options or missing option arguments are encountered. If the - variable OOPPTTEERRRR is set to 0, no error messages will be dis- + ggeettooppttss can report errors in two ways. If the first character + of _o_p_t_s_t_r_i_n_g is a colon, _s_i_l_e_n_t error reporting is used. In + normal operation diagnostic messages are printed when invalid + options or missing option arguments are encountered. If the + variable OOPPTTEERRRR is set to 0, no error messages will be dis- played, even if the first character of _o_p_t_s_t_r_i_n_g is not a colon. If an invalid option is seen, ggeettooppttss places ? into _n_a_m_e and, if - not silent, prints an error message and unsets OOPPTTAARRGG. If - ggeettooppttss is silent, the option character found is placed in + not silent, prints an error message and unsets OOPPTTAARRGG. If + ggeettooppttss is silent, the option character found is placed in OOPPTTAARRGG and no diagnostic message is printed. - If a required argument is not found, and ggeettooppttss is not silent, - a question mark (??) is placed in _n_a_m_e, OOPPTTAARRGG is unset, and a - diagnostic message is printed. If ggeettooppttss is silent, then a - colon (::) is placed in _n_a_m_e and OOPPTTAARRGG is set to the option + If a required argument is not found, and ggeettooppttss is not silent, + a question mark (??) is placed in _n_a_m_e, OOPPTTAARRGG is unset, and a + diagnostic message is printed. If ggeettooppttss is silent, then a + colon (::) is placed in _n_a_m_e and OOPPTTAARRGG is set to the option character found. - ggeettooppttss returns true if an option, specified or unspecified, is + ggeettooppttss returns true if an option, specified or unspecified, is found. It returns false if the end of options is encountered or an error occurs. hhaasshh [--llrr] [--pp _f_i_l_e_n_a_m_e] [--ddtt] [_n_a_m_e] Each time hhaasshh is invoked, the full pathname of the command _n_a_m_e - is determined by searching the directories in $$PPAATTHH and remem- + is determined by searching the directories in $$PPAATTHH and remem- bered. Any previously-remembered pathname is discarded. If the --pp option is supplied, no path search is performed, and _f_i_l_e_n_a_m_e - is used as the full file name of the command. The --rr option - causes the shell to forget all remembered locations. The --dd - option causes the shell to forget the remembered location of - each _n_a_m_e. If the --tt option is supplied, the full pathname to - which each _n_a_m_e corresponds is printed. If multiple _n_a_m_e argu- - ments are supplied with --tt, the _n_a_m_e is printed before the - hashed full pathname. The --ll option causes output to be dis- + is used as the full file name of the command. The --rr option + causes the shell to forget all remembered locations. The --dd + option causes the shell to forget the remembered location of + each _n_a_m_e. If the --tt option is supplied, the full pathname to + which each _n_a_m_e corresponds is printed. If multiple _n_a_m_e argu- + ments are supplied with --tt, the _n_a_m_e is printed before the + hashed full pathname. The --ll option causes output to be dis- played in a format that may be reused as input. If no arguments - are given, or if only --ll is supplied, information about remem- - bered commands is printed. The return status is true unless a + are given, or if only --ll is supplied, information about remem- + bered commands is printed. The return status is true unless a _n_a_m_e is not found or an invalid option is supplied. hheellpp [--ddmmss] [_p_a_t_t_e_r_n] - Display helpful information about builtin commands. If _p_a_t_t_e_r_n - is specified, hheellpp gives detailed help on all commands matching - _p_a_t_t_e_r_n; otherwise help for all the builtins and shell control + Display helpful information about builtin commands. If _p_a_t_t_e_r_n + is specified, hheellpp gives detailed help on all commands matching + _p_a_t_t_e_r_n; otherwise help for all the builtins and shell control structures is printed. --dd Display a short description of each _p_a_t_t_e_r_n --mm Display the description of each _p_a_t_t_e_r_n in a manpage-like @@ -4357,44 +4363,44 @@ SSHHEELLLL BBUUIILLTTIINN CCOOMMMMAANNDDSS hhiissttoorryy --ss _a_r_g [_a_r_g _._._.] With no options, display the command history list with line num- bers. Lines listed with a ** have been modified. An argument of - _n lists only the last _n lines. If the shell variable HHIISSTTTTIIMMEE-- - FFOORRMMAATT is set and not null, it is used as a format string for - _s_t_r_f_t_i_m_e(3) to display the time stamp associated with each dis- - played history entry. No intervening blank is printed between - the formatted time stamp and the history line. If _f_i_l_e_n_a_m_e is - supplied, it is used as the name of the history file; if not, - the value of HHIISSTTFFIILLEE is used. Options, if supplied, have the + _n lists only the last _n lines. If the shell variable HHIISSTTTTIIMMEE-- + FFOORRMMAATT is set and not null, it is used as a format string for + _s_t_r_f_t_i_m_e(3) to display the time stamp associated with each dis- + played history entry. No intervening blank is printed between + the formatted time stamp and the history line. If _f_i_l_e_n_a_m_e is + supplied, it is used as the name of the history file; if not, + the value of HHIISSTTFFIILLEE is used. Options, if supplied, have the following meanings: --cc Clear the history list by deleting all the entries. --dd _o_f_f_s_e_t Delete the history entry at position _o_f_f_s_e_t. - --aa Append the ``new'' history lines (history lines entered - since the beginning of the current bbaasshh session) to the + --aa Append the ``new'' history lines (history lines entered + since the beginning of the current bbaasshh session) to the history file. - --nn Read the history lines not already read from the history - file into the current history list. These are lines - appended to the history file since the beginning of the + --nn Read the history lines not already read from the history + file into the current history list. These are lines + appended to the history file since the beginning of the current bbaasshh session. --rr Read the contents of the history file and use them as the current history. - --ww Write the current history to the history file, overwrit- + --ww Write the current history to the history file, overwrit- ing the history file's contents. - --pp Perform history substitution on the following _a_r_g_s and - display the result on the standard output. Does not - store the results in the history list. Each _a_r_g must be + --pp Perform history substitution on the following _a_r_g_s and + display the result on the standard output. Does not + store the results in the history list. Each _a_r_g must be quoted to disable normal history expansion. - --ss Store the _a_r_g_s in the history list as a single entry. - The last command in the history list is removed before + --ss Store the _a_r_g_s in the history list as a single entry. + The last command in the history list is removed before the _a_r_g_s are added. - If the HHIISSTTTTIIMMEEFFOORRMMAATT variable is set, the time stamp informa- - tion associated with each history entry is written to the his- - tory file, marked with the history comment character. When the - history file is read, lines beginning with the history comment - character followed immediately by a digit are interpreted as + If the HHIISSTTTTIIMMEEFFOORRMMAATT variable is set, the time stamp informa- + tion associated with each history entry is written to the his- + tory file, marked with the history comment character. When the + history file is read, lines beginning with the history comment + character followed immediately by a digit are interpreted as timestamps for the previous history line. The return value is 0 - unless an invalid option is encountered, an error occurs while - reading or writing the history file, an invalid _o_f_f_s_e_t is sup- + unless an invalid option is encountered, an error occurs while + reading or writing the history file, an invalid _o_f_f_s_e_t is sup- plied as an argument to --dd, or the history expansion supplied as an argument to --pp fails. @@ -4403,195 +4409,195 @@ SSHHEELLLL BBUUIILLTTIINN CCOOMMMMAANNDDSS The first form lists the active jobs. The options have the fol- lowing meanings: --ll List process IDs in addition to the normal information. - --nn Display information only about jobs that have changed - status since the user was last notified of their status. - --pp List only the process ID of the job's process group + --nn Display information only about jobs that have changed + status since the user was last notified of their status. + --pp List only the process ID of the job's process group leader. --rr Restrict output to running jobs. --ss Restrict output to stopped jobs. - If _j_o_b_s_p_e_c is given, output is restricted to information about - that job. The return status is 0 unless an invalid option is + If _j_o_b_s_p_e_c is given, output is restricted to information about + that job. The return status is 0 unless an invalid option is encountered or an invalid _j_o_b_s_p_e_c is supplied. If the --xx option is supplied, jjoobbss replaces any _j_o_b_s_p_e_c found in - _c_o_m_m_a_n_d or _a_r_g_s with the corresponding process group ID, and + _c_o_m_m_a_n_d or _a_r_g_s with the corresponding process group ID, and executes _c_o_m_m_a_n_d passing it _a_r_g_s, returning its exit status. kkiillll [--ss _s_i_g_s_p_e_c | --nn _s_i_g_n_u_m | --_s_i_g_s_p_e_c] [_p_i_d | _j_o_b_s_p_e_c] ... kkiillll --ll [_s_i_g_s_p_e_c | _e_x_i_t___s_t_a_t_u_s] - Send the signal named by _s_i_g_s_p_e_c or _s_i_g_n_u_m to the processes - named by _p_i_d or _j_o_b_s_p_e_c. _s_i_g_s_p_e_c is either a case-insensitive - signal name such as SSIIGGKKIILLLL (with or without the SSIIGG prefix) or - a signal number; _s_i_g_n_u_m is a signal number. If _s_i_g_s_p_e_c is not - present, then SSIIGGTTEERRMM is assumed. An argument of --ll lists the - signal names. If any arguments are supplied when --ll is given, - the names of the signals corresponding to the arguments are + Send the signal named by _s_i_g_s_p_e_c or _s_i_g_n_u_m to the processes + named by _p_i_d or _j_o_b_s_p_e_c. _s_i_g_s_p_e_c is either a case-insensitive + signal name such as SSIIGGKKIILLLL (with or without the SSIIGG prefix) or + a signal number; _s_i_g_n_u_m is a signal number. If _s_i_g_s_p_e_c is not + present, then SSIIGGTTEERRMM is assumed. An argument of --ll lists the + signal names. If any arguments are supplied when --ll is given, + the names of the signals corresponding to the arguments are listed, and the return status is 0. The _e_x_i_t___s_t_a_t_u_s argument to - --ll is a number specifying either a signal number or the exit - status of a process terminated by a signal. kkiillll returns true - if at least one signal was successfully sent, or false if an + --ll is a number specifying either a signal number or the exit + status of a process terminated by a signal. kkiillll returns true + if at least one signal was successfully sent, or false if an error occurs or an invalid option is encountered. lleett _a_r_g [_a_r_g ...] Each _a_r_g is an arithmetic expression to be evaluated (see AARRIITTHH-- - MMEETTIICC EEVVAALLUUAATTIIOONN above). If the last _a_r_g evaluates to 0, lleett + MMEETTIICC EEVVAALLUUAATTIIOONN above). If the last _a_r_g evaluates to 0, lleett returns 1; 0 is returned otherwise. llooccaall [_o_p_t_i_o_n] [_n_a_m_e[=_v_a_l_u_e] ...] - For each argument, a local variable named _n_a_m_e is created, and - assigned _v_a_l_u_e. The _o_p_t_i_o_n can be any of the options accepted + For each argument, a local variable named _n_a_m_e is created, and + assigned _v_a_l_u_e. The _o_p_t_i_o_n can be any of the options accepted by ddeeccllaarree. When llooccaall is used within a function, it causes the - variable _n_a_m_e to have a visible scope restricted to that func- + variable _n_a_m_e to have a visible scope restricted to that func- tion and its children. With no operands, llooccaall writes a list of - local variables to the standard output. It is an error to use + local variables to the standard output. It is an error to use llooccaall when not within a function. The return status is 0 unless - llooccaall is used outside a function, an invalid _n_a_m_e is supplied, + llooccaall is used outside a function, an invalid _n_a_m_e is supplied, or _n_a_m_e is a readonly variable. llooggoouutt Exit a login shell. - mmaappffiillee [--nn _c_o_u_n_t] [--OO _o_r_i_g_i_n] [--ss _c_o_u_n_t] [--tt] [--uu _f_d] [--CC _c_a_l_l_b_a_c_k] + mmaappffiillee [--nn _c_o_u_n_t] [--OO _o_r_i_g_i_n] [--ss _c_o_u_n_t] [--tt] [--uu _f_d] [--CC _c_a_l_l_b_a_c_k] [--cc _q_u_a_n_t_u_m] [_a_r_r_a_y] - rreeaaddaarrrraayy [--nn _c_o_u_n_t] [--OO _o_r_i_g_i_n] [--ss _c_o_u_n_t] [--tt] [--uu _f_d] [--CC _c_a_l_l_b_a_c_k] + rreeaaddaarrrraayy [--nn _c_o_u_n_t] [--OO _o_r_i_g_i_n] [--ss _c_o_u_n_t] [--tt] [--uu _f_d] [--CC _c_a_l_l_b_a_c_k] [--cc _q_u_a_n_t_u_m] [_a_r_r_a_y] - Read lines from the standard input into the indexed array vari- - able _a_r_r_a_y, or from file descriptor _f_d if the --uu option is sup- - plied. The variable MMAAPPFFIILLEE is the default _a_r_r_a_y. Options, if + Read lines from the standard input into the indexed array vari- + able _a_r_r_a_y, or from file descriptor _f_d if the --uu option is sup- + plied. The variable MMAAPPFFIILLEE is the default _a_r_r_a_y. Options, if supplied, have the following meanings: - --nn Copy at most _c_o_u_n_t lines. If _c_o_u_n_t is 0, all lines are + --nn Copy at most _c_o_u_n_t lines. If _c_o_u_n_t is 0, all lines are copied. - --OO Begin assigning to _a_r_r_a_y at index _o_r_i_g_i_n. The default + --OO Begin assigning to _a_r_r_a_y at index _o_r_i_g_i_n. The default index is 0. --ss Discard the first _c_o_u_n_t lines read. --tt Remove a trailing newline from each line read. - --uu Read lines from file descriptor _f_d instead of the stan- + --uu Read lines from file descriptor _f_d instead of the stan- dard input. - --CC Evaluate _c_a_l_l_b_a_c_k each time _q_u_a_n_t_u_m lines are read. The + --CC Evaluate _c_a_l_l_b_a_c_k each time _q_u_a_n_t_u_m lines are read. The --cc option specifies _q_u_a_n_t_u_m. - --cc Specify the number of lines read between each call to + --cc Specify the number of lines read between each call to _c_a_l_l_b_a_c_k. - If --CC is specified without --cc, the default quantum is 5000. + If --CC is specified without --cc, the default quantum is 5000. When _c_a_l_l_b_a_c_k is evaluated, it is supplied the index of the next array element to be assigned and the line to be assigned to that - element as additional arguments. _c_a_l_l_b_a_c_k is evaluated after + element as additional arguments. _c_a_l_l_b_a_c_k is evaluated after the line is read but before the array element is assigned. - If not supplied with an explicit origin, mmaappffiillee will clear + If not supplied with an explicit origin, mmaappffiillee will clear _a_r_r_a_y before assigning to it. - mmaappffiillee returns successfully unless an invalid option or option - argument is supplied, _a_r_r_a_y is invalid or unassignable, or if + mmaappffiillee returns successfully unless an invalid option or option + argument is supplied, _a_r_r_a_y is invalid or unassignable, or if _a_r_r_a_y is not an indexed array. ppooppdd [-nn] [+_n] [-_n] - Removes entries from the directory stack. With no arguments, - removes the top directory from the stack, and performs a ccdd to + Removes entries from the directory stack. With no arguments, + removes the top directory from the stack, and performs a ccdd to the new top directory. Arguments, if supplied, have the follow- ing meanings: - --nn Suppresses the normal change of directory when removing - directories from the stack, so that only the stack is + --nn Suppresses the normal change of directory when removing + directories from the stack, so that only the stack is manipulated. - ++_n Removes the _nth entry counting from the left of the list - shown by ddiirrss, starting with zero. For example: ``popd + ++_n Removes the _nth entry counting from the left of the list + shown by ddiirrss, starting with zero. For example: ``popd +0'' removes the first directory, ``popd +1'' the second. --_n Removes the _nth entry counting from the right of the list - shown by ddiirrss, starting with zero. For example: ``popd - -0'' removes the last directory, ``popd -1'' the next to + shown by ddiirrss, starting with zero. For example: ``popd + -0'' removes the last directory, ``popd -1'' the next to last. - If the ppooppdd command is successful, a ddiirrss is performed as well, - and the return status is 0. ppooppdd returns false if an invalid + If the ppooppdd command is successful, a ddiirrss is performed as well, + and the return status is 0. ppooppdd returns false if an invalid option is encountered, the directory stack is empty, a non-exis- tent directory stack entry is specified, or the directory change fails. pprriinnttff [--vv _v_a_r] _f_o_r_m_a_t [_a_r_g_u_m_e_n_t_s] - Write the formatted _a_r_g_u_m_e_n_t_s to the standard output under the - control of the _f_o_r_m_a_t. The --vv option causes the output to be - assigned to the variable _v_a_r rather than being printed to the + Write the formatted _a_r_g_u_m_e_n_t_s to the standard output under the + control of the _f_o_r_m_a_t. The --vv option causes the output to be + assigned to the variable _v_a_r rather than being printed to the standard output. - The _f_o_r_m_a_t is a character string which contains three types of - objects: plain characters, which are simply copied to standard - output, character escape sequences, which are converted and - copied to the standard output, and format specifications, each - of which causes printing of the next successive _a_r_g_u_m_e_n_t. In + The _f_o_r_m_a_t is a character string which contains three types of + objects: plain characters, which are simply copied to standard + output, character escape sequences, which are converted and + copied to the standard output, and format specifications, each + of which causes printing of the next successive _a_r_g_u_m_e_n_t. In addition to the standard _p_r_i_n_t_f(1) format specifications, pprriinnttff interprets the following extensions: %%bb causes pprriinnttff to expand backslash escape sequences in the corresponding _a_r_g_u_m_e_n_t (except that \\cc terminates output, - backslashes in \\'', \\"", and \\?? are not removed, and octal + backslashes in \\'', \\"", and \\?? are not removed, and octal escapes beginning with \\00 may contain up to four digits). - %%qq causes pprriinnttff to output the corresponding _a_r_g_u_m_e_n_t in a + %%qq causes pprriinnttff to output the corresponding _a_r_g_u_m_e_n_t in a format that can be reused as shell input. %%((_d_a_t_e_f_m_t))TT - causes pprriinnttff to output the date-time string resulting - from using _d_a_t_e_f_m_t as a format string for _s_t_r_f_t_i_m_e(3). + causes pprriinnttff to output the date-time string resulting + from using _d_a_t_e_f_m_t as a format string for _s_t_r_f_t_i_m_e(3). The corresponding _a_r_g_u_m_e_n_t is an integer representing the - number of seconds since the epoch. Two special argument - values may be used: -1 represents the current time, and + number of seconds since the epoch. Two special argument + values may be used: -1 represents the current time, and -2 represents the time the shell was invoked. - Arguments to non-string format specifiers are treated as C con- + Arguments to non-string format specifiers are treated as C con- stants, except that a leading plus or minus sign is allowed, and - if the leading character is a single or double quote, the value + if the leading character is a single or double quote, the value is the ASCII value of the following character. - The _f_o_r_m_a_t is reused as necessary to consume all of the _a_r_g_u_- + The _f_o_r_m_a_t is reused as necessary to consume all of the _a_r_g_u_- _m_e_n_t_s. If the _f_o_r_m_a_t requires more _a_r_g_u_m_e_n_t_s than are supplied, - the extra format specifications behave as if a zero value or - null string, as appropriate, had been supplied. The return + the extra format specifications behave as if a zero value or + null string, as appropriate, had been supplied. The return value is zero on success, non-zero on failure. ppuusshhdd [--nn] [+_n] [-_n] ppuusshhdd [--nn] [_d_i_r] - Adds a directory to the top of the directory stack, or rotates - the stack, making the new top of the stack the current working + Adds a directory to the top of the directory stack, or rotates + the stack, making the new top of the stack the current working directory. With no arguments, exchanges the top two directories - and returns 0, unless the directory stack is empty. Arguments, + and returns 0, unless the directory stack is empty. Arguments, if supplied, have the following meanings: - --nn Suppresses the normal change of directory when adding - directories to the stack, so that only the stack is + --nn Suppresses the normal change of directory when adding + directories to the stack, so that only the stack is manipulated. - ++_n Rotates the stack so that the _nth directory (counting - from the left of the list shown by ddiirrss, starting with + ++_n Rotates the stack so that the _nth directory (counting + from the left of the list shown by ddiirrss, starting with zero) is at the top. - --_n Rotates the stack so that the _nth directory (counting - from the right of the list shown by ddiirrss, starting with + --_n Rotates the stack so that the _nth directory (counting + from the right of the list shown by ddiirrss, starting with zero) is at the top. _d_i_r Adds _d_i_r to the directory stack at the top, making it the new current working directory. If the ppuusshhdd command is successful, a ddiirrss is performed as well. - If the first form is used, ppuusshhdd returns 0 unless the cd to _d_i_r - fails. With the second form, ppuusshhdd returns 0 unless the direc- - tory stack is empty, a non-existent directory stack element is - specified, or the directory change to the specified new current + If the first form is used, ppuusshhdd returns 0 unless the cd to _d_i_r + fails. With the second form, ppuusshhdd returns 0 unless the direc- + tory stack is empty, a non-existent directory stack element is + specified, or the directory change to the specified new current directory fails. ppwwdd [--LLPP] - Print the absolute pathname of the current working directory. + Print the absolute pathname of the current working directory. The pathname printed contains no symbolic links if the --PP option is supplied or the --oo pphhyyssiiccaall option to the sseett builtin command - is enabled. If the --LL option is used, the pathname printed may - contain symbolic links. The return status is 0 unless an error - occurs while reading the name of the current directory or an + is enabled. If the --LL option is used, the pathname printed may + contain symbolic links. The return status is 0 unless an error + occurs while reading the name of the current directory or an invalid option is supplied. rreeaadd [--eerrss] [--aa _a_n_a_m_e] [--dd _d_e_l_i_m] [--ii _t_e_x_t] [--nn _n_c_h_a_r_s] [--NN _n_c_h_a_r_s] [--pp _p_r_o_m_p_t] [--tt _t_i_m_e_o_u_t] [--uu _f_d] [_n_a_m_e ...] - One line is read from the standard input, or from the file - descriptor _f_d supplied as an argument to the --uu option, and the + One line is read from the standard input, or from the file + descriptor _f_d supplied as an argument to the --uu option, and the first word is assigned to the first _n_a_m_e, the second word to the - second _n_a_m_e, and so on, with leftover words and their interven- - ing separators assigned to the last _n_a_m_e. If there are fewer + second _n_a_m_e, and so on, with leftover words and their interven- + ing separators assigned to the last _n_a_m_e. If there are fewer words read from the input stream than names, the remaining names - are assigned empty values. The characters in IIFFSS are used to - split the line into words. The backslash character (\\) may be - used to remove any special meaning for the next character read - and for line continuation. Options, if supplied, have the fol- + are assigned empty values. The characters in IIFFSS are used to + split the line into words. The backslash character (\\) may be + used to remove any special meaning for the next character read + and for line continuation. Options, if supplied, have the fol- lowing meanings: --aa _a_n_a_m_e The words are assigned to sequential indices of the array @@ -4599,132 +4605,132 @@ SSHHEELLLL BBUUIILLTTIINN CCOOMMMMAANNDDSS new values are assigned. Other _n_a_m_e arguments are ignored. --dd _d_e_l_i_m - The first character of _d_e_l_i_m is used to terminate the + The first character of _d_e_l_i_m is used to terminate the input line, rather than newline. --ee If the standard input is coming from a terminal, rreeaaddlliinnee - (see RREEAADDLLIINNEE above) is used to obtain the line. Read- - line uses the current (or default, if line editing was + (see RREEAADDLLIINNEE above) is used to obtain the line. Read- + line uses the current (or default, if line editing was not previously active) editing settings. --ii _t_e_x_t - If rreeaaddlliinnee is being used to read the line, _t_e_x_t is + If rreeaaddlliinnee is being used to read the line, _t_e_x_t is placed into the editing buffer before editing begins. --nn _n_c_h_a_r_s - rreeaadd returns after reading _n_c_h_a_r_s characters rather than - waiting for a complete line of input, but honor a delim- - iter if fewer than _n_c_h_a_r_s characters are read before the + rreeaadd returns after reading _n_c_h_a_r_s characters rather than + waiting for a complete line of input, but honor a delim- + iter if fewer than _n_c_h_a_r_s characters are read before the delimiter. --NN _n_c_h_a_r_s - rreeaadd returns after reading exactly _n_c_h_a_r_s characters - rather than waiting for a complete line of input, unless - EOF is encountered or rreeaadd times out. Delimiter charac- - ters encountered in the input are not treated specially - and do not cause rreeaadd to return until _n_c_h_a_r_s characters + rreeaadd returns after reading exactly _n_c_h_a_r_s characters + rather than waiting for a complete line of input, unless + EOF is encountered or rreeaadd times out. Delimiter charac- + ters encountered in the input are not treated specially + and do not cause rreeaadd to return until _n_c_h_a_r_s characters are read. --pp _p_r_o_m_p_t Display _p_r_o_m_p_t on standard error, without a trailing new- line, before attempting to read any input. The prompt is displayed only if input is coming from a terminal. --rr Backslash does not act as an escape character. The back- - slash is considered to be part of the line. In particu- - lar, a backslash-newline pair may not be used as a line + slash is considered to be part of the line. In particu- + lar, a backslash-newline pair may not be used as a line continuation. --ss Silent mode. If input is coming from a terminal, charac- ters are not echoed. --tt _t_i_m_e_o_u_t - Cause rreeaadd to time out and return failure if a complete - line of input is not read within _t_i_m_e_o_u_t seconds. _t_i_m_e_- - _o_u_t may be a decimal number with a fractional portion - following the decimal point. This option is only effec- - tive if rreeaadd is reading input from a terminal, pipe, or - other special file; it has no effect when reading from - regular files. If _t_i_m_e_o_u_t is 0, rreeaadd returns success if - input is available on the specified file descriptor, - failure otherwise. The exit status is greater than 128 + Cause rreeaadd to time out and return failure if a complete + line of input is not read within _t_i_m_e_o_u_t seconds. _t_i_m_e_- + _o_u_t may be a decimal number with a fractional portion + following the decimal point. This option is only effec- + tive if rreeaadd is reading input from a terminal, pipe, or + other special file; it has no effect when reading from + regular files. If _t_i_m_e_o_u_t is 0, rreeaadd returns success if + input is available on the specified file descriptor, + failure otherwise. The exit status is greater than 128 if the timeout is exceeded. --uu _f_d Read input from file descriptor _f_d. If no _n_a_m_e_s are supplied, the line read is assigned to the vari- - able RREEPPLLYY. The return code is zero, unless end-of-file is - encountered, rreeaadd times out (in which case the return code is - greater than 128), or an invalid file descriptor is supplied as + able RREEPPLLYY. The return code is zero, unless end-of-file is + encountered, rreeaadd times out (in which case the return code is + greater than 128), or an invalid file descriptor is supplied as the argument to --uu. rreeaaddoonnllyy [--aaAAppff] [_n_a_m_e[=_w_o_r_d] ...] - The given _n_a_m_e_s are marked readonly; the values of these _n_a_m_e_s - may not be changed by subsequent assignment. If the --ff option - is supplied, the functions corresponding to the _n_a_m_e_s are so - marked. The --aa option restricts the variables to indexed - arrays; the --AA option restricts the variables to associative - arrays. If no _n_a_m_e arguments are given, or if the --pp option is - supplied, a list of all readonly names is printed. The --pp - option causes output to be displayed in a format that may be - reused as input. If a variable name is followed by =_w_o_r_d, the - value of the variable is set to _w_o_r_d. The return status is 0 + The given _n_a_m_e_s are marked readonly; the values of these _n_a_m_e_s + may not be changed by subsequent assignment. If the --ff option + is supplied, the functions corresponding to the _n_a_m_e_s are so + marked. The --aa option restricts the variables to indexed + arrays; the --AA option restricts the variables to associative + arrays. If no _n_a_m_e arguments are given, or if the --pp option is + supplied, a list of all readonly names is printed. The --pp + option causes output to be displayed in a format that may be + reused as input. If a variable name is followed by =_w_o_r_d, the + value of the variable is set to _w_o_r_d. The return status is 0 unless an invalid option is encountered, one of the _n_a_m_e_s is not - a valid shell variable name, or --ff is supplied with a _n_a_m_e that + a valid shell variable name, or --ff is supplied with a _n_a_m_e that is not a function. rreettuurrnn [_n] - Causes a function to exit with the return value specified by _n. - If _n is omitted, the return status is that of the last command - executed in the function body. If used outside a function, but - during execution of a script by the .. (ssoouurrccee) command, it + Causes a function to exit with the return value specified by _n. + If _n is omitted, the return status is that of the last command + executed in the function body. If used outside a function, but + during execution of a script by the .. (ssoouurrccee) command, it causes the shell to stop executing that script and return either - _n or the exit status of the last command executed within the - script as the exit status of the script. If used outside a - function and not during execution of a script by .., the return + _n or the exit status of the last command executed within the + script as the exit status of the script. If used outside a + function and not during execution of a script by .., the return status is false. Any command associated with the RREETTUURRNN trap is - executed before execution resumes after the function or script. + executed before execution resumes after the function or script. sseett [----aabbeeffhhkkmmnnppttuuvvxxBBCCEEHHPPTT] [--oo _o_p_t_i_o_n] [_a_r_g ...] sseett [++aabbeeffhhkkmmnnppttuuvvxxBBCCEEHHPPTT] [++oo _o_p_t_i_o_n] [_a_r_g ...] - Without options, the name and value of each shell variable are + Without options, the name and value of each shell variable are displayed in a format that can be reused as input for setting or resetting the currently-set variables. Read-only variables can- - not be reset. In _p_o_s_i_x _m_o_d_e, only shell variables are listed. - The output is sorted according to the current locale. When - options are specified, they set or unset shell attributes. Any - arguments remaining after option processing are treated as val- + not be reset. In _p_o_s_i_x _m_o_d_e, only shell variables are listed. + The output is sorted according to the current locale. When + options are specified, they set or unset shell attributes. Any + arguments remaining after option processing are treated as val- ues for the positional parameters and are assigned, in order, to - $$11, $$22, ...... $$_n. Options, if specified, have the following + $$11, $$22, ...... $$_n. Options, if specified, have the following meanings: - --aa Automatically mark variables and functions which are - modified or created for export to the environment of + --aa Automatically mark variables and functions which are + modified or created for export to the environment of subsequent commands. - --bb Report the status of terminated background jobs immedi- + --bb Report the status of terminated background jobs immedi- ately, rather than before the next primary prompt. This is effective only when job control is enabled. - --ee Exit immediately if a _p_i_p_e_l_i_n_e (which may consist of a - single _s_i_m_p_l_e _c_o_m_m_a_n_d), a _s_u_b_s_h_e_l_l command enclosed in - parentheses, or one of the commands executed as part of - a command list enclosed by braces (see SSHHEELLLL GGRRAAMMMMAARR + --ee Exit immediately if a _p_i_p_e_l_i_n_e (which may consist of a + single _s_i_m_p_l_e _c_o_m_m_a_n_d), a _s_u_b_s_h_e_l_l command enclosed in + parentheses, or one of the commands executed as part of + a command list enclosed by braces (see SSHHEELLLL GGRRAAMMMMAARR above) exits with a non-zero status. The shell does not - exit if the command that fails is part of the command - list immediately following a wwhhiillee or uunnttiill keyword, - part of the test following the iiff or eelliiff reserved - words, part of any command executed in a &&&& or |||| list - except the command following the final &&&& or ||||, any - command in a pipeline but the last, or if the command's - return value is being inverted with !!. A trap on EERRRR, + exit if the command that fails is part of the command + list immediately following a wwhhiillee or uunnttiill keyword, + part of the test following the iiff or eelliiff reserved + words, part of any command executed in a &&&& or |||| list + except the command following the final &&&& or ||||, any + command in a pipeline but the last, or if the command's + return value is being inverted with !!. A trap on EERRRR, if set, is executed before the shell exits. This option applies to the shell environment and each subshell envi- - ronment separately (see CCOOMMMMAANNDD EEXXEECCUUTTIIOONN EENNVVIIRROONNMMEENNTT + ronment separately (see CCOOMMMMAANNDD EEXXEECCUUTTIIOONN EENNVVIIRROONNMMEENNTT above), and may cause subshells to exit before executing all the commands in the subshell. --ff Disable pathname expansion. - --hh Remember the location of commands as they are looked up + --hh Remember the location of commands as they are looked up for execution. This is enabled by default. - --kk All arguments in the form of assignment statements are - placed in the environment for a command, not just those + --kk All arguments in the form of assignment statements are + placed in the environment for a command, not just those that precede the command name. - --mm Monitor mode. Job control is enabled. This option is - on by default for interactive shells on systems that - support it (see JJOOBB CCOONNTTRROOLL above). Background pro- - cesses run in a separate process group and a line con- - taining their exit status is printed upon their comple- + --mm Monitor mode. Job control is enabled. This option is + on by default for interactive shells on systems that + support it (see JJOOBB CCOONNTTRROOLL above). Background pro- + cesses run in a separate process group and a line con- + taining their exit status is printed upon their comple- tion. --nn Read commands but do not execute them. This may be used - to check a shell script for syntax errors. This is + to check a shell script for syntax errors. This is ignored by interactive shells. --oo _o_p_t_i_o_n_-_n_a_m_e The _o_p_t_i_o_n_-_n_a_m_e can be one of the following: @@ -4732,10 +4738,10 @@ SSHHEELLLL BBUUIILLTTIINN CCOOMMMMAANNDDSS Same as --aa. bbrraacceeeexxppaanndd Same as --BB. - eemmaaccss Use an emacs-style command line editing inter- + eemmaaccss Use an emacs-style command line editing inter- face. This is enabled by default when the shell is interactive, unless the shell is started with - the ----nnooeeddiittiinngg option. This also affects the + the ----nnooeeddiittiinngg option. This also affects the editing interface used for rreeaadd --ee. eerrrreexxiitt Same as --ee. eerrrrttrraaccee @@ -4749,8 +4755,8 @@ SSHHEELLLL BBUUIILLTTIINN CCOOMMMMAANNDDSS HHIISSTTOORRYY. This option is on by default in inter- active shells. iiggnnoorreeeeooff - The effect is as if the shell command - ``IGNOREEOF=10'' had been executed (see SShheellll + The effect is as if the shell command + ``IGNOREEOF=10'' had been executed (see SShheellll VVaarriiaabblleess above). kkeeyywwoorrdd Same as --kk. mmoonniittoorr Same as --mm. @@ -4765,158 +4771,158 @@ SSHHEELLLL BBUUIILLTTIINN CCOOMMMMAANNDDSS pphhyyssiiccaall Same as --PP. ppiippeeffaaiill - If set, the return value of a pipeline is the - value of the last (rightmost) command to exit - with a non-zero status, or zero if all commands - in the pipeline exit successfully. This option + If set, the return value of a pipeline is the + value of the last (rightmost) command to exit + with a non-zero status, or zero if all commands + in the pipeline exit successfully. This option is disabled by default. - ppoossiixx Change the behavior of bbaasshh where the default - operation differs from the POSIX standard to + ppoossiixx Change the behavior of bbaasshh where the default + operation differs from the POSIX standard to match the standard (_p_o_s_i_x _m_o_d_e). pprriivviilleeggeedd Same as --pp. vveerrbboossee Same as --vv. - vvii Use a vi-style command line editing interface. + vvii Use a vi-style command line editing interface. This also affects the editing interface used for rreeaadd --ee. xxttrraaccee Same as --xx. If --oo is supplied with no _o_p_t_i_o_n_-_n_a_m_e, the values of the - current options are printed. If ++oo is supplied with no - _o_p_t_i_o_n_-_n_a_m_e, a series of sseett commands to recreate the - current option settings is displayed on the standard + current options are printed. If ++oo is supplied with no + _o_p_t_i_o_n_-_n_a_m_e, a series of sseett commands to recreate the + current option settings is displayed on the standard output. - --pp Turn on _p_r_i_v_i_l_e_g_e_d mode. In this mode, the $$EENNVV and - $$BBAASSHH__EENNVV files are not processed, shell functions are - not inherited from the environment, and the SSHHEELLLLOOPPTTSS, - BBAASSHHOOPPTTSS, CCDDPPAATTHH, and GGLLOOBBIIGGNNOORREE variables, if they + --pp Turn on _p_r_i_v_i_l_e_g_e_d mode. In this mode, the $$EENNVV and + $$BBAASSHH__EENNVV files are not processed, shell functions are + not inherited from the environment, and the SSHHEELLLLOOPPTTSS, + BBAASSHHOOPPTTSS, CCDDPPAATTHH, and GGLLOOBBIIGGNNOORREE variables, if they appear in the environment, are ignored. If the shell is - started with the effective user (group) id not equal to - the real user (group) id, and the --pp option is not sup- + started with the effective user (group) id not equal to + the real user (group) id, and the --pp option is not sup- plied, these actions are taken and the effective user id - is set to the real user id. If the --pp option is sup- - plied at startup, the effective user id is not reset. - Turning this option off causes the effective user and + is set to the real user id. If the --pp option is sup- + plied at startup, the effective user id is not reset. + Turning this option off causes the effective user and group ids to be set to the real user and group ids. --tt Exit after reading and executing one command. --uu Treat unset variables and parameters other than the spe- - cial parameters "@" and "*" as an error when performing - parameter expansion. If expansion is attempted on an - unset variable or parameter, the shell prints an error - message, and, if not interactive, exits with a non-zero + cial parameters "@" and "*" as an error when performing + parameter expansion. If expansion is attempted on an + unset variable or parameter, the shell prints an error + message, and, if not interactive, exits with a non-zero status. --vv Print shell input lines as they are read. - --xx After expanding each _s_i_m_p_l_e _c_o_m_m_a_n_d, ffoorr command, ccaassee + --xx After expanding each _s_i_m_p_l_e _c_o_m_m_a_n_d, ffoorr command, ccaassee command, sseelleecctt command, or arithmetic ffoorr command, dis- - play the expanded value of PPSS44, followed by the command + play the expanded value of PPSS44, followed by the command and its expanded arguments or associated word list. - --BB The shell performs brace expansion (see BBrraaccee EExxppaannssiioonn + --BB The shell performs brace expansion (see BBrraaccee EExxppaannssiioonn above). This is on by default. - --CC If set, bbaasshh does not overwrite an existing file with - the >>, >>&&, and <<>> redirection operators. This may be + --CC If set, bbaasshh does not overwrite an existing file with + the >>, >>&&, and <<>> redirection operators. This may be overridden when creating output files by using the redi- rection operator >>|| instead of >>. --EE If set, any trap on EERRRR is inherited by shell functions, - command substitutions, and commands executed in a sub- - shell environment. The EERRRR trap is normally not inher- + command substitutions, and commands executed in a sub- + shell environment. The EERRRR trap is normally not inher- ited in such cases. --HH Enable !! style history substitution. This option is on by default when the shell is interactive. - --PP If set, the shell does not follow symbolic links when - executing commands such as ccdd that change the current + --PP If set, the shell does not follow symbolic links when + executing commands such as ccdd that change the current working directory. It uses the physical directory structure instead. By default, bbaasshh follows the logical - chain of directories when performing commands which + chain of directories when performing commands which change the current directory. - --TT If set, any traps on DDEEBBUUGG and RREETTUURRNN are inherited by - shell functions, command substitutions, and commands - executed in a subshell environment. The DDEEBBUUGG and + --TT If set, any traps on DDEEBBUUGG and RREETTUURRNN are inherited by + shell functions, command substitutions, and commands + executed in a subshell environment. The DDEEBBUUGG and RREETTUURRNN traps are normally not inherited in such cases. - ---- If no arguments follow this option, then the positional + ---- If no arguments follow this option, then the positional parameters are unset. Otherwise, the positional parame- - ters are set to the _a_r_gs, even if some of them begin + ters are set to the _a_r_gs, even if some of them begin with a --. - -- Signal the end of options, cause all remaining _a_r_gs to + -- Signal the end of options, cause all remaining _a_r_gs to be assigned to the positional parameters. The --xx and --vv options are turned off. If there are no _a_r_gs, the posi- tional parameters remain unchanged. - The options are off by default unless otherwise noted. Using + - rather than - causes these options to be turned off. The - options can also be specified as arguments to an invocation of - the shell. The current set of options may be found in $$--. The + The options are off by default unless otherwise noted. Using + + rather than - causes these options to be turned off. The + options can also be specified as arguments to an invocation of + the shell. The current set of options may be found in $$--. The return status is always true unless an invalid option is encoun- tered. sshhiifftt [_n] - The positional parameters from _n+1 ... are renamed to $$11 ........ - Parameters represented by the numbers $$## down to $$##-_n+1 are - unset. _n must be a non-negative number less than or equal to - $$##. If _n is 0, no parameters are changed. If _n is not given, - it is assumed to be 1. If _n is greater than $$##, the positional - parameters are not changed. The return status is greater than + The positional parameters from _n+1 ... are renamed to $$11 ........ + Parameters represented by the numbers $$## down to $$##-_n+1 are + unset. _n must be a non-negative number less than or equal to + $$##. If _n is 0, no parameters are changed. If _n is not given, + it is assumed to be 1. If _n is greater than $$##, the positional + parameters are not changed. The return status is greater than zero if _n is greater than $$## or less than zero; otherwise 0. sshhoopptt [--ppqqssuu] [--oo] [_o_p_t_n_a_m_e ...] Toggle the values of variables controlling optional shell behav- ior. With no options, or with the --pp option, a list of all set- table options is displayed, with an indication of whether or not - each is set. The --pp option causes output to be displayed in a - form that may be reused as input. Other options have the fol- + each is set. The --pp option causes output to be displayed in a + form that may be reused as input. Other options have the fol- lowing meanings: --ss Enable (set) each _o_p_t_n_a_m_e. --uu Disable (unset) each _o_p_t_n_a_m_e. - --qq Suppresses normal output (quiet mode); the return status + --qq Suppresses normal output (quiet mode); the return status indicates whether the _o_p_t_n_a_m_e is set or unset. If multi- - ple _o_p_t_n_a_m_e arguments are given with --qq, the return sta- - tus is zero if all _o_p_t_n_a_m_e_s are enabled; non-zero other- + ple _o_p_t_n_a_m_e arguments are given with --qq, the return sta- + tus is zero if all _o_p_t_n_a_m_e_s are enabled; non-zero other- wise. - --oo Restricts the values of _o_p_t_n_a_m_e to be those defined for + --oo Restricts the values of _o_p_t_n_a_m_e to be those defined for the --oo option to the sseett builtin. - If either --ss or --uu is used with no _o_p_t_n_a_m_e arguments, the dis- + If either --ss or --uu is used with no _o_p_t_n_a_m_e arguments, the dis- play is limited to those options which are set or unset, respec- - tively. Unless otherwise noted, the sshhoopptt options are disabled + tively. Unless otherwise noted, the sshhoopptt options are disabled (unset) by default. - The return status when listing options is zero if all _o_p_t_n_a_m_e_s - are enabled, non-zero otherwise. When setting or unsetting - options, the return status is zero unless an _o_p_t_n_a_m_e is not a + The return status when listing options is zero if all _o_p_t_n_a_m_e_s + are enabled, non-zero otherwise. When setting or unsetting + options, the return status is zero unless an _o_p_t_n_a_m_e is not a valid shell option. The list of sshhoopptt options is: - aauuttooccdd If set, a command name that is the name of a directory - is executed as if it were the argument to the ccdd com- + aauuttooccdd If set, a command name that is the name of a directory + is executed as if it were the argument to the ccdd com- mand. This option is only used by interactive shells. ccddaabbllee__vvaarrss - If set, an argument to the ccdd builtin command that is - not a directory is assumed to be the name of a variable + If set, an argument to the ccdd builtin command that is + not a directory is assumed to be the name of a variable whose value is the directory to change to. ccddssppeellll If set, minor errors in the spelling of a directory com- - ponent in a ccdd command will be corrected. The errors + ponent in a ccdd command will be corrected. The errors checked for are transposed characters, a missing charac- - ter, and one character too many. If a correction is - found, the corrected file name is printed, and the com- - mand proceeds. This option is only used by interactive + ter, and one character too many. If a correction is + found, the corrected file name is printed, and the com- + mand proceeds. This option is only used by interactive shells. cchheecckkhhaasshh If set, bbaasshh checks that a command found in the hash ta- - ble exists before trying to execute it. If a hashed - command no longer exists, a normal path search is per- + ble exists before trying to execute it. If a hashed + command no longer exists, a normal path search is per- formed. cchheecckkjjoobbss If set, bbaasshh lists the status of any stopped and running - jobs before exiting an interactive shell. If any jobs + jobs before exiting an interactive shell. If any jobs are running, this causes the exit to be deferred until a - second exit is attempted without an intervening command - (see JJOOBB CCOONNTTRROOLL above). The shell always postpones + second exit is attempted without an intervening command + (see JJOOBB CCOONNTTRROOLL above). The shell always postpones exiting if any jobs are stopped. cchheecckkwwiinnssiizzee - If set, bbaasshh checks the window size after each command - and, if necessary, updates the values of LLIINNEESS and CCOOLL-- + If set, bbaasshh checks the window size after each command + and, if necessary, updates the values of LLIINNEESS and CCOOLL-- UUMMNNSS. - ccmmddhhiisstt If set, bbaasshh attempts to save all lines of a multiple- - line command in the same history entry. This allows + ccmmddhhiisstt If set, bbaasshh attempts to save all lines of a multiple- + line command in the same history entry. This allows easy re-editing of multi-line commands. ccoommppaatt3311 If set, bbaasshh changes its behavior to that of version 3.1 @@ -4924,65 +4930,73 @@ SSHHEELLLL BBUUIILLTTIINN CCOOMMMMAANNDDSS mand's =~ operator. ccoommppaatt3322 If set, bbaasshh changes its behavior to that of version 3.2 - with respect to locale-specific string comparison when + with respect to locale-specific string comparison when using the conditional command's < and > operators. ccoommppaatt4400 If set, bbaasshh changes its behavior to that of version 4.0 - with respect to locale-specific string comparison when - using the conditional command's < and > operators and + with respect to locale-specific string comparison when + using the conditional command's < and > operators and the effect of interrupting a command list. + ccoommppaatt4411 + @item compat41 If set, bbaasshh, when in posix mode, treats + a single quote in a double-quoted parameter expansion as + a special character. The single quotes must match (an + even number) and the characters between the single + quotes are considered quoted. This is the behavior of + posix mode through version 4.1. The default bash behav- + ior remains as in previous versions. ddiirrssppeellll - If set, bbaasshh attempts spelling correction on directory - names during word completion if the directory name ini- + If set, bbaasshh attempts spelling correction on directory + names during word completion if the directory name ini- tially supplied does not exist. - ddoottgglloobb If set, bbaasshh includes filenames beginning with a `.' in + ddoottgglloobb If set, bbaasshh includes filenames beginning with a `.' in the results of pathname expansion. eexxeeccffaaiill If set, a non-interactive shell will not exit if it can- - not execute the file specified as an argument to the - eexxeecc builtin command. An interactive shell does not + not execute the file specified as an argument to the + eexxeecc builtin command. An interactive shell does not exit if eexxeecc fails. eexxppaanndd__aalliiaasseess - If set, aliases are expanded as described above under + If set, aliases are expanded as described above under AALLIIAASSEESS. This option is enabled by default for interac- tive shells. eexxttddeebbuugg - If set, behavior intended for use by debuggers is + If set, behavior intended for use by debuggers is enabled: 11.. The --FF option to the ddeeccllaarree builtin displays the source file name and line number corresponding to each function name supplied as an argument. - 22.. If the command run by the DDEEBBUUGG trap returns a - non-zero value, the next command is skipped and + 22.. If the command run by the DDEEBBUUGG trap returns a + non-zero value, the next command is skipped and not executed. - 33.. If the command run by the DDEEBBUUGG trap returns a - value of 2, and the shell is executing in a sub- - routine (a shell function or a shell script exe- - cuted by the .. or ssoouurrccee builtins), a call to + 33.. If the command run by the DDEEBBUUGG trap returns a + value of 2, and the shell is executing in a sub- + routine (a shell function or a shell script exe- + cuted by the .. or ssoouurrccee builtins), a call to rreettuurrnn is simulated. - 44.. BBAASSHH__AARRGGCC and BBAASSHH__AARRGGVV are updated as described + 44.. BBAASSHH__AARRGGCC and BBAASSHH__AARRGGVV are updated as described in their descriptions above. - 55.. Function tracing is enabled: command substitu- + 55.. Function tracing is enabled: command substitu- tion, shell functions, and subshells invoked with (( _c_o_m_m_a_n_d )) inherit the DDEEBBUUGG and RREETTUURRNN traps. - 66.. Error tracing is enabled: command substitution, - shell functions, and subshells invoked with (( + 66.. Error tracing is enabled: command substitution, + shell functions, and subshells invoked with (( _c_o_m_m_a_n_d )) inherit the EERRRR trap. eexxttgglloobb If set, the extended pattern matching features described above under PPaatthhnnaammee EExxppaannssiioonn are enabled. eexxttqquuoottee - If set, $$'_s_t_r_i_n_g' and $$"_s_t_r_i_n_g" quoting is performed - within $${{_p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r}} expansions enclosed in double + If set, $$'_s_t_r_i_n_g' and $$"_s_t_r_i_n_g" quoting is performed + within $${{_p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r}} expansions enclosed in double quotes. This option is enabled by default. ffaaiillgglloobb - If set, patterns which fail to match filenames during + If set, patterns which fail to match filenames during pathname expansion result in an expansion error. ffoorrccee__ffiiggnnoorree - If set, the suffixes specified by the FFIIGGNNOORREE shell - variable cause words to be ignored when performing word + If set, the suffixes specified by the FFIIGGNNOORREE shell + variable cause words to be ignored when performing word completion even if the ignored words are the only possi- ble completions. See SSHHEELLLL VVAARRIIAABBLLEESS above for a - description of FFIIGGNNOORREE. This option is enabled by + description of FFIIGGNNOORREE. This option is enabled by default. gglloobbssttaarr If set, the pattern **** used in a pathname expansion con- @@ -4993,58 +5007,58 @@ SSHHEELLLL BBUUIILLTTIINN CCOOMMMMAANNDDSS If set, shell error messages are written in the standard GNU error message format. hhiissttaappppeenndd - If set, the history list is appended to the file named - by the value of the HHIISSTTFFIILLEE variable when the shell + If set, the history list is appended to the file named + by the value of the HHIISSTTFFIILLEE variable when the shell exits, rather than overwriting the file. hhiissttrreeeeddiitt - If set, and rreeaaddlliinnee is being used, a user is given the + If set, and rreeaaddlliinnee is being used, a user is given the opportunity to re-edit a failed history substitution. hhiissttvveerriiffyy - If set, and rreeaaddlliinnee is being used, the results of his- - tory substitution are not immediately passed to the - shell parser. Instead, the resulting line is loaded + If set, and rreeaaddlliinnee is being used, the results of his- + tory substitution are not immediately passed to the + shell parser. Instead, the resulting line is loaded into the rreeaaddlliinnee editing buffer, allowing further modi- fication. hhoossttccoommpplleettee If set, and rreeaaddlliinnee is being used, bbaasshh will attempt to - perform hostname completion when a word containing a @@ - is being completed (see CCoommpplleettiinngg under RREEAADDLLIINNEE + perform hostname completion when a word containing a @@ + is being completed (see CCoommpplleettiinngg under RREEAADDLLIINNEE above). This is enabled by default. hhuuppoonneexxiitt If set, bbaasshh will send SSIIGGHHUUPP to all jobs when an inter- active login shell exits. iinntteerraaccttiivvee__ccoommmmeennttss If set, allow a word beginning with ## to cause that word - and all remaining characters on that line to be ignored - in an interactive shell (see CCOOMMMMEENNTTSS above). This + and all remaining characters on that line to be ignored + in an interactive shell (see CCOOMMMMEENNTTSS above). This option is enabled by default. - lliitthhiisstt If set, and the ccmmddhhiisstt option is enabled, multi-line + lliitthhiisstt If set, and the ccmmddhhiisstt option is enabled, multi-line commands are saved to the history with embedded newlines rather than using semicolon separators where possible. llooggiinn__sshheellll - The shell sets this option if it is started as a login - shell (see IINNVVOOCCAATTIIOONN above). The value may not be + The shell sets this option if it is started as a login + shell (see IINNVVOOCCAATTIIOONN above). The value may not be changed. mmaaiillwwaarrnn - If set, and a file that bbaasshh is checking for mail has - been accessed since the last time it was checked, the - message ``The mail in _m_a_i_l_f_i_l_e has been read'' is dis- + If set, and a file that bbaasshh is checking for mail has + been accessed since the last time it was checked, the + message ``The mail in _m_a_i_l_f_i_l_e has been read'' is dis- played. nnoo__eemmppttyy__ccmmdd__ccoommpplleettiioonn - If set, and rreeaaddlliinnee is being used, bbaasshh will not + If set, and rreeaaddlliinnee is being used, bbaasshh will not attempt to search the PPAATTHH for possible completions when completion is attempted on an empty line. nnooccaasseegglloobb - If set, bbaasshh matches filenames in a case-insensitive + If set, bbaasshh matches filenames in a case-insensitive fashion when performing pathname expansion (see PPaatthhnnaammee EExxppaannssiioonn above). nnooccaasseemmaattcchh - If set, bbaasshh matches patterns in a case-insensitive + If set, bbaasshh matches patterns in a case-insensitive fashion when performing matching while executing ccaassee or [[[[ conditional commands. nnuullllgglloobb - If set, bbaasshh allows patterns which match no files (see - PPaatthhnnaammee EExxppaannssiioonn above) to expand to a null string, + If set, bbaasshh allows patterns which match no files (see + PPaatthhnnaammee EExxppaannssiioonn above) to expand to a null string, rather than themselves. pprrooggccoommpp If set, the programmable completion facilities (see PPrroo-- @@ -5052,47 +5066,47 @@ SSHHEELLLL BBUUIILLTTIINN CCOOMMMMAANNDDSS enabled by default. pprroommppttvvaarrss If set, prompt strings undergo parameter expansion, com- - mand substitution, arithmetic expansion, and quote - removal after being expanded as described in PPRROOMMPPTTIINNGG + mand substitution, arithmetic expansion, and quote + removal after being expanded as described in PPRROOMMPPTTIINNGG above. This option is enabled by default. rreessttrriicctteedd__sshheellll - The shell sets this option if it is started in + The shell sets this option if it is started in restricted mode (see RREESSTTRRIICCTTEEDD SSHHEELLLL below). The value - may not be changed. This is not reset when the startup - files are executed, allowing the startup files to dis- + may not be changed. This is not reset when the startup + files are executed, allowing the startup files to dis- cover whether or not a shell is restricted. sshhiifftt__vveerrbboossee - If set, the sshhiifftt builtin prints an error message when + If set, the sshhiifftt builtin prints an error message when the shift count exceeds the number of positional parame- ters. ssoouurrcceeppaatthh If set, the ssoouurrccee (..) builtin uses the value of PPAATTHH to - find the directory containing the file supplied as an + find the directory containing the file supplied as an argument. This option is enabled by default. xxppgg__eecchhoo - If set, the eecchhoo builtin expands backslash-escape + If set, the eecchhoo builtin expands backslash-escape sequences by default. ssuussppeenndd [--ff] - Suspend the execution of this shell until it receives a SSIIGGCCOONNTT + Suspend the execution of this shell until it receives a SSIIGGCCOONNTT signal. A login shell cannot be suspended; the --ff option can be used to override this and force the suspension. The return sta- - tus is 0 unless the shell is a login shell and --ff is not sup- + tus is 0 unless the shell is a login shell and --ff is not sup- plied, or if job control is not enabled. tteesstt _e_x_p_r [[ _e_x_p_r ]] - Return a status of 0 or 1 depending on the evaluation of the - conditional expression _e_x_p_r. Each operator and operand must be - a separate argument. Expressions are composed of the primaries - described above under CCOONNDDIITTIIOONNAALL EEXXPPRREESSSSIIOONNSS. tteesstt does not + Return a status of 0 or 1 depending on the evaluation of the + conditional expression _e_x_p_r. Each operator and operand must be + a separate argument. Expressions are composed of the primaries + described above under CCOONNDDIITTIIOONNAALL EEXXPPRREESSSSIIOONNSS. tteesstt does not accept any options, nor does it accept and ignore an argument of ---- as signifying the end of options. - Expressions may be combined using the following operators, + Expressions may be combined using the following operators, listed in decreasing order of precedence. The evaluation depends on the number of arguments; see below. !! _e_x_p_r True if _e_x_p_r is false. (( _e_x_p_r )) - Returns the value of _e_x_p_r. This may be used to override + Returns the value of _e_x_p_r. This may be used to override the normal precedence of operators. _e_x_p_r_1 -aa _e_x_p_r_2 True if both _e_x_p_r_1 and _e_x_p_r_2 are true. @@ -5109,59 +5123,59 @@ SSHHEELLLL BBUUIILLTTIINN CCOOMMMMAANNDDSS null. 2 arguments If the first argument is !!, the expression is true if and - only if the second argument is null. If the first argu- - ment is one of the unary conditional operators listed - above under CCOONNDDIITTIIOONNAALL EEXXPPRREESSSSIIOONNSS, the expression is + only if the second argument is null. If the first argu- + ment is one of the unary conditional operators listed + above under CCOONNDDIITTIIOONNAALL EEXXPPRREESSSSIIOONNSS, the expression is true if the unary test is true. If the first argument is not a valid unary conditional operator, the expression is false. 3 arguments - If the second argument is one of the binary conditional + If the second argument is one of the binary conditional operators listed above under CCOONNDDIITTIIOONNAALL EEXXPPRREESSSSIIOONNSS, the result of the expression is the result of the binary test - using the first and third arguments as operands. The --aa - and --oo operators are considered binary operators when - there are three arguments. If the first argument is !!, - the value is the negation of the two-argument test using + using the first and third arguments as operands. The --aa + and --oo operators are considered binary operators when + there are three arguments. If the first argument is !!, + the value is the negation of the two-argument test using the second and third arguments. If the first argument is exactly (( and the third argument is exactly )), the result - is the one-argument test of the second argument. Other- + is the one-argument test of the second argument. Other- wise, the expression is false. 4 arguments If the first argument is !!, the result is the negation of - the three-argument expression composed of the remaining + the three-argument expression composed of the remaining arguments. Otherwise, the expression is parsed and eval- - uated according to precedence using the rules listed + uated according to precedence using the rules listed above. 5 or more arguments - The expression is parsed and evaluated according to + The expression is parsed and evaluated according to precedence using the rules listed above. - ttiimmeess Print the accumulated user and system times for the shell and + ttiimmeess Print the accumulated user and system times for the shell and for processes run from the shell. The return status is 0. ttrraapp [--llpp] [[_a_r_g] _s_i_g_s_p_e_c ...] - The command _a_r_g is to be read and executed when the shell - receives signal(s) _s_i_g_s_p_e_c. If _a_r_g is absent (and there is a - single _s_i_g_s_p_e_c) or --, each specified signal is reset to its - original disposition (the value it had upon entrance to the - shell). If _a_r_g is the null string the signal specified by each - _s_i_g_s_p_e_c is ignored by the shell and by the commands it invokes. - If _a_r_g is not present and --pp has been supplied, then the trap - commands associated with each _s_i_g_s_p_e_c are displayed. If no - arguments are supplied or if only --pp is given, ttrraapp prints the - list of commands associated with each signal. The --ll option - causes the shell to print a list of signal names and their cor- - responding numbers. Each _s_i_g_s_p_e_c is either a signal name - defined in <_s_i_g_n_a_l_._h>, or a signal number. Signal names are + The command _a_r_g is to be read and executed when the shell + receives signal(s) _s_i_g_s_p_e_c. If _a_r_g is absent (and there is a + single _s_i_g_s_p_e_c) or --, each specified signal is reset to its + original disposition (the value it had upon entrance to the + shell). If _a_r_g is the null string the signal specified by each + _s_i_g_s_p_e_c is ignored by the shell and by the commands it invokes. + If _a_r_g is not present and --pp has been supplied, then the trap + commands associated with each _s_i_g_s_p_e_c are displayed. If no + arguments are supplied or if only --pp is given, ttrraapp prints the + list of commands associated with each signal. The --ll option + causes the shell to print a list of signal names and their cor- + responding numbers. Each _s_i_g_s_p_e_c is either a signal name + defined in <_s_i_g_n_a_l_._h>, or a signal number. Signal names are case insensitive and the SSIIGG prefix is optional. - If a _s_i_g_s_p_e_c is EEXXIITT (0) the command _a_r_g is executed on exit - from the shell. If a _s_i_g_s_p_e_c is DDEEBBUUGG, the command _a_r_g is exe- - cuted before every _s_i_m_p_l_e _c_o_m_m_a_n_d, _f_o_r command, _c_a_s_e command, - _s_e_l_e_c_t command, every arithmetic _f_o_r command, and before the - first command executes in a shell function (see SSHHEELLLL GGRRAAMMMMAARR - above). Refer to the description of the eexxttddeebbuugg option to the + If a _s_i_g_s_p_e_c is EEXXIITT (0) the command _a_r_g is executed on exit + from the shell. If a _s_i_g_s_p_e_c is DDEEBBUUGG, the command _a_r_g is exe- + cuted before every _s_i_m_p_l_e _c_o_m_m_a_n_d, _f_o_r command, _c_a_s_e command, + _s_e_l_e_c_t command, every arithmetic _f_o_r command, and before the + first command executes in a shell function (see SSHHEELLLL GGRRAAMMMMAARR + above). Refer to the description of the eexxttddeebbuugg option to the sshhoopptt builtin for details of its effect on the DDEEBBUUGG trap. If a _s_i_g_s_p_e_c is RREETTUURRNN, the command _a_r_g is executed each time a shell function or a script executed with the .. or ssoouurrccee builtins fin- @@ -5169,53 +5183,53 @@ SSHHEELLLL BBUUIILLTTIINN CCOOMMMMAANNDDSS If a _s_i_g_s_p_e_c is EERRRR, the command _a_r_g is executed whenever a sim- ple command has a non-zero exit status, subject to the following - conditions. The EERRRR trap is not executed if the failed command - is part of the command list immediately following a wwhhiillee or - uunnttiill keyword, part of the test in an _i_f statement, part of a - command executed in a &&&& or |||| list, or if the command's return - value is being inverted via !!. These are the same conditions + conditions. The EERRRR trap is not executed if the failed command + is part of the command list immediately following a wwhhiillee or + uunnttiill keyword, part of the test in an _i_f statement, part of a + command executed in a &&&& or |||| list, or if the command's return + value is being inverted via !!. These are the same conditions obeyed by the eerrrreexxiitt option. - Signals ignored upon entry to the shell cannot be trapped or - reset. Trapped signals that are not being ignored are reset to + Signals ignored upon entry to the shell cannot be trapped or + reset. Trapped signals that are not being ignored are reset to their original values in a subshell or subshell environment when - one is created. The return status is false if any _s_i_g_s_p_e_c is + one is created. The return status is false if any _s_i_g_s_p_e_c is invalid; otherwise ttrraapp returns true. ttyyppee [--aaffttppPP] _n_a_m_e [_n_a_m_e ...] - With no options, indicate how each _n_a_m_e would be interpreted if + With no options, indicate how each _n_a_m_e would be interpreted if used as a command name. If the --tt option is used, ttyyppee prints a - string which is one of _a_l_i_a_s, _k_e_y_w_o_r_d, _f_u_n_c_t_i_o_n, _b_u_i_l_t_i_n, or - _f_i_l_e if _n_a_m_e is an alias, shell reserved word, function, - builtin, or disk file, respectively. If the _n_a_m_e is not found, - then nothing is printed, and an exit status of false is - returned. If the --pp option is used, ttyyppee either returns the + string which is one of _a_l_i_a_s, _k_e_y_w_o_r_d, _f_u_n_c_t_i_o_n, _b_u_i_l_t_i_n, or + _f_i_l_e if _n_a_m_e is an alias, shell reserved word, function, + builtin, or disk file, respectively. If the _n_a_m_e is not found, + then nothing is printed, and an exit status of false is + returned. If the --pp option is used, ttyyppee either returns the name of the disk file that would be executed if _n_a_m_e were speci- fied as a command name, or nothing if ``type -t name'' would not - return _f_i_l_e. The --PP option forces a PPAATTHH search for each _n_a_m_e, + return _f_i_l_e. The --PP option forces a PPAATTHH search for each _n_a_m_e, even if ``type -t name'' would not return _f_i_l_e. If a command is - hashed, --pp and --PP print the hashed value, not necessarily the + hashed, --pp and --PP print the hashed value, not necessarily the file that appears first in PPAATTHH. If the --aa option is used, ttyyppee - prints all of the places that contain an executable named _n_a_m_e. - This includes aliases and functions, if and only if the --pp - option is not also used. The table of hashed commands is not - consulted when using --aa. The --ff option suppresses shell func- - tion lookup, as with the ccoommmmaanndd builtin. ttyyppee returns true if + prints all of the places that contain an executable named _n_a_m_e. + This includes aliases and functions, if and only if the --pp + option is not also used. The table of hashed commands is not + consulted when using --aa. The --ff option suppresses shell func- + tion lookup, as with the ccoommmmaanndd builtin. ttyyppee returns true if all of the arguments are found, false if any are not found. uulliimmiitt [--HHSSTTaabbccddeeffiillmmnnppqqrrssttuuvvxx [_l_i_m_i_t]] - Provides control over the resources available to the shell and - to processes started by it, on systems that allow such control. + Provides control over the resources available to the shell and + to processes started by it, on systems that allow such control. The --HH and --SS options specify that the hard or soft limit is set - for the given resource. A hard limit cannot be increased by a - non-root user once it is set; a soft limit may be increased up - to the value of the hard limit. If neither --HH nor --SS is speci- + for the given resource. A hard limit cannot be increased by a + non-root user once it is set; a soft limit may be increased up + to the value of the hard limit. If neither --HH nor --SS is speci- fied, both the soft and hard limits are set. The value of _l_i_m_i_t can be a number in the unit specified for the resource or one of the special values hhaarrdd, ssoofftt, or uunnlliimmiitteedd, which stand for the - current hard limit, the current soft limit, and no limit, - respectively. If _l_i_m_i_t is omitted, the current value of the - soft limit of the resource is printed, unless the --HH option is + current hard limit, the current soft limit, and no limit, + respectively. If _l_i_m_i_t is omitted, the current value of the + soft limit of the resource is printed, unless the --HH option is given. When more than one resource is specified, the limit name and unit are printed before the value. Other options are inter- preted as follows: @@ -5224,11 +5238,11 @@ SSHHEELLLL BBUUIILLTTIINN CCOOMMMMAANNDDSS --cc The maximum size of core files created --dd The maximum size of a process's data segment --ee The maximum scheduling priority ("nice") - --ff The maximum size of files written by the shell and its + --ff The maximum size of files written by the shell and its children --ii The maximum number of pending signals --ll The maximum size that may be locked into memory - --mm The maximum resident set size (many systems do not honor + --mm The maximum resident set size (many systems do not honor this limit) --nn The maximum number of open file descriptors (most systems do not allow this value to be set) @@ -5237,65 +5251,65 @@ SSHHEELLLL BBUUIILLTTIINN CCOOMMMMAANNDDSS --rr The maximum real-time scheduling priority --ss The maximum stack size --tt The maximum amount of cpu time in seconds - --uu The maximum number of processes available to a single + --uu The maximum number of processes available to a single user - --vv The maximum amount of virtual memory available to the + --vv The maximum amount of virtual memory available to the shell and, on some systems, to its children --xx The maximum number of file locks --TT The maximum number of threads If _l_i_m_i_t is given, it is the new value of the specified resource (the --aa option is display only). If no option is given, then --ff - is assumed. Values are in 1024-byte increments, except for --tt, - which is in seconds, --pp, which is in units of 512-byte blocks, - and --TT, --bb, --nn, and --uu, which are unscaled values. The return + is assumed. Values are in 1024-byte increments, except for --tt, + which is in seconds, --pp, which is in units of 512-byte blocks, + and --TT, --bb, --nn, and --uu, which are unscaled values. The return status is 0 unless an invalid option or argument is supplied, or an error occurs while setting a new limit. uummaasskk [--pp] [--SS] [_m_o_d_e] The user file-creation mask is set to _m_o_d_e. If _m_o_d_e begins with - a digit, it is interpreted as an octal number; otherwise it is - interpreted as a symbolic mode mask similar to that accepted by - _c_h_m_o_d(1). If _m_o_d_e is omitted, the current value of the mask is - printed. The --SS option causes the mask to be printed in sym- - bolic form; the default output is an octal number. If the --pp + a digit, it is interpreted as an octal number; otherwise it is + interpreted as a symbolic mode mask similar to that accepted by + _c_h_m_o_d(1). If _m_o_d_e is omitted, the current value of the mask is + printed. The --SS option causes the mask to be printed in sym- + bolic form; the default output is an octal number. If the --pp option is supplied, and _m_o_d_e is omitted, the output is in a form that may be reused as input. The return status is 0 if the mode - was successfully changed or if no _m_o_d_e argument was supplied, + was successfully changed or if no _m_o_d_e argument was supplied, and false otherwise. uunnaalliiaass [-aa] [_n_a_m_e ...] - Remove each _n_a_m_e from the list of defined aliases. If --aa is - supplied, all alias definitions are removed. The return value + Remove each _n_a_m_e from the list of defined aliases. If --aa is + supplied, all alias definitions are removed. The return value is true unless a supplied _n_a_m_e is not a defined alias. uunnsseett [-ffvv] [_n_a_m_e ...] - For each _n_a_m_e, remove the corresponding variable or function. + For each _n_a_m_e, remove the corresponding variable or function. If no options are supplied, or the --vv option is given, each _n_a_m_e - refers to a shell variable. Read-only variables may not be - unset. If --ff is specified, each _n_a_m_e refers to a shell func- - tion, and the function definition is removed. Each unset vari- - able or function is removed from the environment passed to sub- - sequent commands. If any of CCOOMMPP__WWOORRDDBBRREEAAKKSS, RRAANNDDOOMM, SSEECCOONNDDSS, - LLIINNEENNOO, HHIISSTTCCMMDD, FFUUNNCCNNAAMMEE, GGRROOUUPPSS, or DDIIRRSSTTAACCKK are unset, they - lose their special properties, even if they are subsequently + refers to a shell variable. Read-only variables may not be + unset. If --ff is specified, each _n_a_m_e refers to a shell func- + tion, and the function definition is removed. Each unset vari- + able or function is removed from the environment passed to sub- + sequent commands. If any of CCOOMMPP__WWOORRDDBBRREEAAKKSS, RRAANNDDOOMM, SSEECCOONNDDSS, + LLIINNEENNOO, HHIISSTTCCMMDD, FFUUNNCCNNAAMMEE, GGRROOUUPPSS, or DDIIRRSSTTAACCKK are unset, they + lose their special properties, even if they are subsequently reset. The exit status is true unless a _n_a_m_e is readonly. wwaaiitt [_n _._._.] - Wait for each specified process and return its termination sta- - tus. Each _n may be a process ID or a job specification; if a - job spec is given, all processes in that job's pipeline are - waited for. If _n is not given, all currently active child pro- - cesses are waited for, and the return status is zero. If _n - specifies a non-existent process or job, the return status is - 127. Otherwise, the return status is the exit status of the + Wait for each specified process and return its termination sta- + tus. Each _n may be a process ID or a job specification; if a + job spec is given, all processes in that job's pipeline are + waited for. If _n is not given, all currently active child pro- + cesses are waited for, and the return status is zero. If _n + specifies a non-existent process or job, the return status is + 127. Otherwise, the return status is the exit status of the last process or job waited for. RREESSTTRRIICCTTEEDD SSHHEELLLL If bbaasshh is started with the name rrbbaasshh, or the --rr option is supplied at - invocation, the shell becomes restricted. A restricted shell is used - to set up an environment more controlled than the standard shell. It - behaves identically to bbaasshh with the exception that the following are + invocation, the shell becomes restricted. A restricted shell is used + to set up an environment more controlled than the standard shell. It + behaves identically to bbaasshh with the exception that the following are disallowed or not performed: +o changing directories with ccdd @@ -5304,16 +5318,16 @@ RREESSTTRRIICCTTEEDD SSHHEELLLL +o specifying command names containing // - +o specifying a file name containing a // as an argument to the .. + +o specifying a file name containing a // as an argument to the .. builtin command - +o Specifying a filename containing a slash as an argument to the + +o Specifying a filename containing a slash as an argument to the --pp option to the hhaasshh builtin command - +o importing function definitions from the shell environment at + +o importing function definitions from the shell environment at startup - +o parsing the value of SSHHEELLLLOOPPTTSS from the shell environment at + +o parsing the value of SSHHEELLLLOOPPTTSS from the shell environment at startup +o redirecting output using the >, >|, <>, >&, &>, and >> redirect- @@ -5322,10 +5336,10 @@ RREESSTTRRIICCTTEEDD SSHHEELLLL +o using the eexxeecc builtin command to replace the shell with another command - +o adding or deleting builtin commands with the --ff and --dd options + +o adding or deleting builtin commands with the --ff and --dd options to the eennaabbllee builtin command - +o Using the eennaabbllee builtin command to enable disabled shell + +o Using the eennaabbllee builtin command to enable disabled shell builtins +o specifying the --pp option to the ccoommmmaanndd builtin command @@ -5335,14 +5349,14 @@ RREESSTTRRIICCTTEEDD SSHHEELLLL These restrictions are enforced after any startup files are read. When a command that is found to be a shell script is executed (see CCOOMM-- - MMAANNDD EEXXEECCUUTTIIOONN above), rrbbaasshh turns off any restrictions in the shell + MMAANNDD EEXXEECCUUTTIIOONN above), rrbbaasshh turns off any restrictions in the shell spawned to execute the script. SSEEEE AALLSSOO _B_a_s_h _R_e_f_e_r_e_n_c_e _M_a_n_u_a_l, Brian Fox and Chet Ramey _T_h_e _G_n_u _R_e_a_d_l_i_n_e _L_i_b_r_a_r_y, Brian Fox and Chet Ramey _T_h_e _G_n_u _H_i_s_t_o_r_y _L_i_b_r_a_r_y, Brian Fox and Chet Ramey - _P_o_r_t_a_b_l_e _O_p_e_r_a_t_i_n_g _S_y_s_t_e_m _I_n_t_e_r_f_a_c_e _(_P_O_S_I_X_) _P_a_r_t _2_: _S_h_e_l_l _a_n_d _U_t_i_l_i_- + _P_o_r_t_a_b_l_e _O_p_e_r_a_t_i_n_g _S_y_s_t_e_m _I_n_t_e_r_f_a_c_e _(_P_O_S_I_X_) _P_a_r_t _2_: _S_h_e_l_l _a_n_d _U_t_i_l_i_- _t_i_e_s, IEEE _s_h(1), _k_s_h(1), _c_s_h(1) _e_m_a_c_s(1), _v_i(1) @@ -5358,7 +5372,7 @@ FFIILLEESS _~_/_._b_a_s_h_r_c The individual per-interactive-shell startup file _~_/_._b_a_s_h___l_o_g_o_u_t - The individual login shell cleanup file, executed when a login + The individual login shell cleanup file, executed when a login shell exits _~_/_._i_n_p_u_t_r_c Individual _r_e_a_d_l_i_n_e initialization file @@ -5372,14 +5386,14 @@ AAUUTTHHOORRSS BBUUGG RREEPPOORRTTSS If you find a bug in bbaasshh,, you should report it. But first, you should - make sure that it really is a bug, and that it appears in the latest - version of bbaasshh. The latest version is always available from + make sure that it really is a bug, and that it appears in the latest + version of bbaasshh. The latest version is always available from _f_t_p_:_/_/_f_t_p_._g_n_u_._o_r_g_/_p_u_b_/_g_n_u_/_b_a_s_h_/. - Once you have determined that a bug actually exists, use the _b_a_s_h_b_u_g - command to submit a bug report. If you have a fix, you are encouraged - to mail that as well! Suggestions and `philosophical' bug reports may - be mailed to _b_u_g_-_b_a_s_h_@_g_n_u_._o_r_g or posted to the Usenet newsgroup + Once you have determined that a bug actually exists, use the _b_a_s_h_b_u_g + command to submit a bug report. If you have a fix, you are encouraged + to mail that as well! Suggestions and `philosophical' bug reports may + be mailed to _b_u_g_-_b_a_s_h_@_g_n_u_._o_r_g or posted to the Usenet newsgroup ggnnuu..bbaasshh..bbuugg. ALL bug reports should include: @@ -5390,7 +5404,7 @@ BBUUGG RREEPPOORRTTSS A description of the bug behaviour A short script or `recipe' which exercises the bug - _b_a_s_h_b_u_g inserts the first three items automatically into the template + _b_a_s_h_b_u_g inserts the first three items automatically into the template it provides for filing a bug report. Comments and bug reports concerning this manual page should be directed @@ -5407,10 +5421,10 @@ BBUUGGSS Shell builtin commands and functions are not stoppable/restartable. Compound commands and command sequences of the form `a ; b ; c' are not - handled gracefully when process suspension is attempted. When a - process is stopped, the shell immediately executes the next command in - the sequence. It suffices to place the sequence of commands between - parentheses to force it into a subshell, which may be stopped as a + handled gracefully when process suspension is attempted. When a + process is stopped, the shell immediately executes the next command in + the sequence. It suffices to place the sequence of commands between + parentheses to force it into a subshell, which may be stopped as a unit. Array variables may not (yet) be exported. @@ -5419,4 +5433,4 @@ BBUUGGSS -GNU Bash-4.1 2010 May 30 BASH(1) +GNU Bash-4.1 2010 June 12 BASH(1) diff --git a/doc/bash.1 b/doc/bash.1 index 80f977f63..e65aec773 100644 --- a/doc/bash.1 +++ b/doc/bash.1 @@ -5,12 +5,12 @@ .\" Case Western Reserve University .\" chet@po.cwru.edu .\" -.\" Last Change: Sat Jun 12 15:34:58 EDT 2010 +.\" Last Change: Fri Jul 2 17:31:49 EDT 2010 .\" .\" bash_builtins, strip all but Built-Ins section .if \n(zZ=1 .ig zZ .if \n(zY=1 .ig zY -.TH BASH 1 "2010 June 12" "GNU Bash-4.1" +.TH BASH 1 "2010 July 2" "GNU Bash-4.1" .\" .\" There's some problem with having a `@' .\" in a tagged paragraph with the BSD man macros. @@ -554,6 +554,8 @@ reserved word precedes a pipeline, the elapsed as well as user and system time consumed by its execution are reported when the pipeline terminates. The \fB\-p\fP option changes the output format to that specified by POSIX. +When the shell is in \fIposix mode\fP, it does not recognize +\fBtime\fP as a reserved word if the next token begins with a `-'. The .SM .B TIMEFORMAT @@ -1429,14 +1431,15 @@ The command argument to the \fB\-c\fP invocation option. .TP .B BASH_LINENO An array variable whose members are the line numbers in source files -corresponding to each member of +where each corresponding member of .SM -.BR FUNCNAME . +.B FUNCNAME +was invoked. \fB${BASH_LINENO[\fP\fI$i\fP\fB]}\fP is the line number in the source -file where \fB${FUNCNAME[\fP\fI$i\fP\fB]}\fP was called +file (\fB${BASH_SOURCE[\fP\fI$i+1\fP\fB]}\fP) where +\fB${FUNCNAME[\fP\fI$i\fP\fB]}\fP was called (or \fB${BASH_LINENO[\fP\fI$i-1\fP\fB]}\fP if referenced within another shell function). -The corresponding source file name is \fB${BASH_SOURCE[\fP\fI$i\fP\fB]}\fP. Use .SM .B LINENO @@ -1452,11 +1455,15 @@ string matching the \fIn\fPth parenthesized subexpression. This variable is read-only. .TP .B BASH_SOURCE -An array variable whose members are the source filenames corresponding -to the elements in the +An array variable whose members are the source filenames +where the corresponding shell function names in the .SM .B FUNCNAME -array variable. +array variable are defined. +The shell function +\fB${FUNCNAME[\fP\fI$i\fP\fB]}\fP is defined in the file +\fB${BASH_SOURCE[\fP\fI$i\fP\fB]}\fP and called from +\fB${BASH_SOURCE[\fP\fI$i+1\fP\fB]}\fP. .TP .B BASH_SUBSHELL Incremented by one each time a subshell or subshell environment is spawned. @@ -1593,7 +1600,7 @@ An array variable containing the names of all shell functions currently in the execution call stack. The element with index 0 is the name of any currently-executing shell function. -The bottom-most element is +The bottom-most element (the one with the highest index) is .if t \f(CW"main"\fP. .if n "main". This variable exists only when a shell function is executing. @@ -1606,6 +1613,16 @@ If .B FUNCNAME is unset, it loses its special properties, even if it is subsequently reset. +.if t .sp 0.5 +.if n .sp 1 +This variable can be used with \fBBASH_LINENO\fP and \fBBASH_SOURCE\fP. +Each element of \fBFUNCNAME\fP has corresponding elements in +\fBBASH_LINENO\fP and \fBBASH_SOURCE\fP to describe the call stack. +For instance, \fB${FUNCNAME[\fP\fI$i\fP\fB]}\fP was called from the file +\fB${BASH_SOURCE[\fP\fI$i+1\fP\fB]}\fP at line number +\fB${BASH_LINENO[\fP\fI$i\fP\fB]}\fP. +The \fBcaller\fP builtin displays the current call stack using this +information. .TP .B GROUPS An array variable containing the list of groups of which the current @@ -3851,8 +3868,10 @@ in multiple identically-named entries in the environment passed to the shell's children. Care should be taken in cases where this may cause a problem. .PP -Functions may be recursive. No limit is imposed on the number -of recursive calls. +Functions may be recursive. +The \fBFUNCNEST\fP variable may be used to limit the depth of the +function call stack and restrict the number of function invocations. +By default, no limit is imposed on the number of recursive calls. .SH "ARITHMETIC EVALUATION" The shell allows arithmetic expressions to be evaluated, under certain circumstances (see the \fBlet\fP and \fBdeclare\fP builtin @@ -9048,6 +9067,10 @@ line to be ignored in an interactive shell (see .B COMMENTS above). This option is enabled by default. .TP 8 +.B lastpipe +If set, and job control is not active, the shell runs the last command of +a pipeline not executed in the background in the current shell environment. +.TP 8 .B lithist If set, and the .B cmdhist diff --git a/doc/bash.1~ b/doc/bash.1~ index bd683a5cb..98faf6943 100644 --- a/doc/bash.1~ +++ b/doc/bash.1~ @@ -5,12 +5,12 @@ .\" Case Western Reserve University .\" chet@po.cwru.edu .\" -.\" Last Change: Sat Jun 12 15:34:58 EDT 2010 +.\" Last Change: Fri Jul 2 17:31:49 EDT 2010 .\" .\" bash_builtins, strip all but Built-Ins section .if \n(zZ=1 .ig zZ .if \n(zY=1 .ig zY -.TH BASH 1 "2010 June 12" "GNU Bash-4.1" +.TH BASH 1 "2010 July 2" "GNU Bash-4.1" .\" .\" There's some problem with having a `@' .\" in a tagged paragraph with the BSD man macros. @@ -554,6 +554,8 @@ reserved word precedes a pipeline, the elapsed as well as user and system time consumed by its execution are reported when the pipeline terminates. The \fB\-p\fP option changes the output format to that specified by POSIX. +When the shell is in \fIposix mode\fP, it does not recognize +\fBtime\fP as a reserved word if the next token begins with a `-'. The .SM .B TIMEFORMAT @@ -1429,14 +1431,15 @@ The command argument to the \fB\-c\fP invocation option. .TP .B BASH_LINENO An array variable whose members are the line numbers in source files -corresponding to each member of +where each corresponding member of .SM -.BR FUNCNAME . +.B FUNCNAME +was invoked. \fB${BASH_LINENO[\fP\fI$i\fP\fB]}\fP is the line number in the source -file where \fB${FUNCNAME[\fP\fI$i\fP\fB]}\fP was called +file (\fB${BASH_SOURCE[\fP\fI$i+1\fP\fB]}\fP) where +\fB${FUNCNAME[\fP\fI$i\fP\fB]}\fP was called (or \fB${BASH_LINENO[\fP\fI$i-1\fP\fB]}\fP if referenced within another shell function). -The corresponding source file name is \fB${BASH_SOURCE[\fP\fI$i\fP\fB]}\fP. Use .SM .B LINENO @@ -1452,11 +1455,15 @@ string matching the \fIn\fPth parenthesized subexpression. This variable is read-only. .TP .B BASH_SOURCE -An array variable whose members are the source filenames corresponding -to the elements in the +An array variable whose members are the source filenames +where the corresponding shell function names in the .SM .B FUNCNAME -array variable. +array variable are defined. +The shell function +\fB${FUNCNAME[\fP\fI$i\fP\fB]}\fP is defined in the file +\fB${BASH_SOURCE[\fP\fI$i\fP\fB]}\fP and called from +\fB${BASH_SOURCE[\fP\fI$i+1\fP\fB]}\fP. .TP .B BASH_SUBSHELL Incremented by one each time a subshell or subshell environment is spawned. @@ -1593,7 +1600,7 @@ An array variable containing the names of all shell functions currently in the execution call stack. The element with index 0 is the name of any currently-executing shell function. -The bottom-most element is +The bottom-most element (the one with the highest index) is .if t \f(CW"main"\fP. .if n "main". This variable exists only when a shell function is executing. @@ -1606,6 +1613,16 @@ If .B FUNCNAME is unset, it loses its special properties, even if it is subsequently reset. +.if t .sp 0.5 +.if n .sp 1 +This variable can be used with \fBBASH_LINENO\fP and \fBBASH_SOURCE\fP. +Each element of \fBFUNCNAME\fP has corresponding elements in +\fBBASH_LINENO\fP and \fBBASH_SOURCE\fP to describe the call stack. +For instance, \fB${FUNCNAME[\fP\fI$i\fP\fB]}\fP was called from the file +\fB${BASH_SOURCE[\fP\fI$i+1\fP\fB]}\fP at line number +\fB${BASH_LINENO[\fP\fI$i\fP\fB]}\fP. +The \fBcaller\fP builtin displays the current call stack using this +information. .TP .B GROUPS An array variable containing the list of groups of which the current @@ -8897,6 +8914,7 @@ when in posix mode, treats a single quote in a double-quoted parameter expansion as a special character. The single quotes must match (an even number) and the characters between the single quotes are considered quoted. This is the behavior of posix mode through version 4.1. +The default bash behavior remains as in previous versions. .TP 8 .B dirspell If set, @@ -9047,6 +9065,10 @@ line to be ignored in an interactive shell (see .B COMMENTS above). This option is enabled by default. .TP 8 +.B lastpipe +If set, and job control is not active, the shell runs the last command of +a pipeline not executed in the background in the current shell environment. +.TP 8 .B lithist If set, and the .B cmdhist diff --git a/doc/bash.html b/doc/bash.html index bea57bc4b..162593013 100644 --- a/doc/bash.html +++ b/doc/bash.html @@ -3,7 +3,7 @@ -
BASH(1)2010 May 30BASH(1) +BASH(1)2010 June 12BASH(1)

Index @@ -3007,9 +3007,14 @@ An indexed array is created automatically if any variable is assigned to using the syntax name[subscript]=value. The subscript -is treated as an arithmetic expression that must evaluate to a number -greater than or equal to zero. To explicitly declare an indexed array, -use +is treated as an arithmetic expression that must evaluate to a number. +If +subscript + +evaluates to a number less than zero, it is used as +an offset from one greater than the array's maximum index (so a subcript +of -1 refers to the last element of the array). +To explicitly declare an indexed array, use declare -a name (see @@ -3491,9 +3496,13 @@ If length is omitted, expands to the substring of below). -length must evaluate to a number greater than or equal to zero. If offset evaluates to a number less than zero, the value is used as an offset from the end of the value of parameter. +If length evaluates to a number less than zero, and parameter +is not @ and not an indexed or associative array, it is interpreted +as an offset from the end of the value of parameter rather than +a number of characters, and the expansion is the characters between the +two offsets. If parameter is @, the result is length positional parameters beginning at offset. If parameter is an indexed array name subscripted by @ or *, @@ -11373,6 +11382,18 @@ If set, changes its behavior to that of version 4.0 with respect to locale-specific string comparison when using the conditional command's < and > operators and the effect of interrupting a command list. +
compat41 + +
+@item compat41 +If set, +bash, + +when in posix mode, treats a single quote in a double-quoted +parameter expansion as a special character. The single quotes must match +(an even number) and the characters between the single quotes are considered +quoted. This is the behavior of posix mode through version 4.1. +The default bash behavior remains as in previous versions.
dirspell
@@ -12608,7 +12629,7 @@ There may be only one active coprocess at a time.
-
GNU Bash-4.12010 May 30BASH(1) +GNU Bash-4.12010 June 12BASH(1)
@@ -12714,6 +12735,6 @@ There may be only one active coprocess at a time.
This document was created by man2html from bash.1.
-Time: 07 June 2010 16:19:05 EDT +Time: 29 June 2010 14:02:49 EDT diff --git a/doc/bash.pdf b/doc/bash.pdf index 6f3db020e..1e206e9ee 100644 Binary files a/doc/bash.pdf and b/doc/bash.pdf differ diff --git a/doc/bash.ps b/doc/bash.ps index 32fcae44c..5a8302a80 100644 --- a/doc/bash.ps +++ b/doc/bash.ps @@ -1,6 +1,6 @@ %!PS-Adobe-3.0 %%Creator: groff version 1.19.2 -%%CreationDate: Mon Jun 7 16:18:58 2010 +%%CreationDate: Tue Jun 29 14:02:43 2010 %%DocumentNeededResources: font Times-Roman %%+ font Times-Bold %%+ font Times-Italic @@ -330,7 +330,7 @@ F .475(xtended deb)-.15 F(ug-)-.2 E 144 686.4 Q .3 -.15(ve \()-.25 H(see).15 E F4(INV)2.5 E(OCA)-.405 E (TION)-.855 E F0(belo)2.25 E(w\).)-.25 E F2(\255\255login)108 703.2 Q F0 (Equi)144 715.2 Q -.25(va)-.25 G(lent to).25 E F22.5 E F0(.)A -(GNU Bash-4.1)72 768 Q(2010 May 30)147.345 E(1)202.335 E 0 Cg EP +(GNU Bash-4.1)72 768 Q(2010 June 12)147.345 E(1)202.335 E 0 Cg EP %%Page: 2 2 %%BeginPageSetup BP @@ -452,7 +452,7 @@ F(ariable)-.25 E F3 -.27(BA)108 679.2 S(SH_ENV).27 E F0 1.01(in the en) 108 727.2 S 2.5(tt).2 G(he v)-2.5 E(alue of the)-.25 E F3 -.666(PA)2.5 G (TH)-.189 E F0 -.25(va)2.25 G (riable is not used to search for the \214le name.).25 E(GNU Bash-4.1)72 -768 Q(2010 May 30)147.345 E(2)202.335 E 0 Cg EP +768 Q(2010 June 12)147.345 E(2)202.335 E 0 Cg EP %%Page: 3 3 %%BeginPageSetup BP @@ -580,7 +580,7 @@ F1(Pipelines)87 691.2 Q F0(A)108 703.2 Q F2(pipeline)2.996 E F0 .496(is\ a sequence of one or more commands separated by one of the control ope\ rators)2.996 F F1(|)2.996 E F0(or)2.996 E F1(|&)2.996 E F0 5.496(.T)C (he)-5.496 E(format for a pipeline is:)108 715.2 Q(GNU Bash-4.1)72 768 Q -(2010 May 30)147.345 E(3)202.335 E 0 Cg EP +(2010 June 12)147.345 E(3)202.335 E 0 Cg EP %%Page: 4 4 %%BeginPageSetup BP @@ -700,7 +700,7 @@ E F2 -.37(re)2.72 G .22(served wor).37 F(ds)-.37 E F0 .22 -.15 G 2.756(on)-2.757 G .256(ot cause a w)-2.756 F .256(ord break, the) -.1 F 2.756(ym)-.15 G .256(ust be separated)-2.756 F(from)144 727.2 Q F2 (list)2.5 E F0(by whitespace or another shell metacharacter)2.5 E(.)-.55 -E(GNU Bash-4.1)72 768 Q(2010 May 30)147.345 E(4)202.335 E 0 Cg EP +E(GNU Bash-4.1)72 768 Q(2010 June 12)147.345 E(4)202.335 E 0 Cg EP %%Page: 5 5 %%BeginPageSetup BP @@ -833,7 +833,7 @@ E F1 -.2(ex)3.061 G(pr2).2 E F0 .562(is then e)3.062 F -.25(va)-.25 G 2.139(luates to zero.).25 F 2.139(Each time)7.139 F F1 -.2(ex)4.639 G (pr2).2 E F0 -.25(eva)4.639 G 2.139(luates to a non-zero v).25 F(alue,) -.25 E F1(list)4.639 E F0 2.138(is e)4.638 F -.15(xe)-.15 G 2.138 -(cuted and the).15 F(GNU Bash-4.1)72 768 Q(2010 May 30)147.345 E(5) +(cuted and the).15 F(GNU Bash-4.1)72 768 Q(2010 June 12)147.345 E(5) 202.335 E 0 Cg EP %%Page: 6 6 %%BeginPageSetup @@ -986,7 +986,7 @@ F .511(xt of the e)-.15 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .511(cuting shell.).15 F .511 (descriptor is assigned to)108 722.4 R F1 -.27(NA)4.899 G(ME).27 E F0 4.899([1]. 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This)-.1 F .516(is analogous)3.016 -F .228(to the e)108 631.2 R .228(xpansion of the special parameters)-.15 +F .228(to the e)108 655.2 R .228(xpansion of the special parameters)-.15 F F1(*)2.728 E F0(and)2.728 E F1(@)2.728 E F0(\(see)2.728 E F1 .228 (Special P)2.728 F(arameters)-.1 E F0(abo)2.727 E -.15(ve)-.15 G 2.727 -(\). ${#).15 F F3(name)A F0([)A F3(subscript)A F0(]})A -.15(ex)108 643.2 +(\). ${#).15 F F3(name)A F0([)A F3(subscript)A F0(]})A -.15(ex)108 667.2 S .886(pands to the length of ${).15 F F3(name)A F0([)A F3(subscript)A F0 3.386(]}. If)B F3(subscript)3.386 E F0(is)3.386 E F1(*)3.386 E F0(or) 3.386 E F1(@)3.386 E F0 3.386(,t)C .886(he e)-3.386 F .886 -(xpansion is the number of ele-)-.15 F .463(ments in the array)108 655.2 +(xpansion is the number of ele-)-.15 F .463(ments in the array)108 679.2 R 5.463(.R)-.65 G .463(eferencing an array v)-5.463 F .462 (ariable without a subscript is equi)-.25 F -.25(va)-.25 G .462 -(lent to referencing the array).25 F(with a subscript of 0.)108 667.2 Q -.168(An array v)108 684 R .168 +(lent to referencing the array).25 F(with a subscript of 0.)108 691.2 Q +.168(An array v)108 708 R .168 (ariable is considered set if a subscript has been assigned a v)-.25 F 2.668(alue. The)-.25 F .168(null string is a v)2.668 F .168(alid v)-.25 -F(alue.)-.25 E(The)108 700.8 Q F1(unset)2.767 E F0 -.2(bu)2.767 G .267 -(iltin is used to destro).2 F 2.767(ya)-.1 G(rrays.)-2.767 E F1(unset) -5.267 E F3(name)2.767 E F0([)A F3(subscript)A F0 2.767(]d)C(estro)-2.767 -E .267(ys the array element at inde)-.1 F(x)-.15 E F3(sub-)2.766 E -(script)108 712.8 Q F0 6.204(.C)C 1.204(are must be tak)-6.204 F 1.204 -(en to a)-.1 F -.2(vo)-.2 G 1.205(id unw).2 F 1.205(anted side ef)-.1 F -1.205(fects caused by pathname e)-.25 F(xpansion.)-.15 E F1(unset)6.205 -E F3(name)3.705 E F0(,)A(where)108 724.8 Q F3(name)2.5 E F0(is an array) -2.5 E 2.5(,o)-.65 G(r)-2.5 E F1(unset)2.5 E F3(name)2.5 E F0([)A F3 -(subscript)A F0(], where)A F3(subscript)2.5 E F0(is)2.5 E F1(*)2.5 E F0 -(or)2.5 E F1(@)2.5 E F0 2.5(,r)C(emo)-2.5 E -.15(ve)-.15 G 2.5(st).15 G -(he entire array)-2.5 E(.)-.65 E(GNU Bash-4.1)72 768 Q(2010 May 30) -147.345 E(17)197.335 E 0 Cg EP +F(alue.)-.25 E(The)108 724.8 Q F1(unset)4.1 E F0 -.2(bu)4.1 G 1.6 +(iltin is used to destro).2 F 4.099(ya)-.1 G(rrays.)-4.099 E F1(unset) +6.599 E F3(name)4.099 E F0([)A F3(subscript)A F0 4.099(]d)C(estro)-4.099 +E 1.599(ys the array element at inde)-.1 F(x)-.15 E(GNU Bash-4.1)72 768 +Q(2010 June 12)147.345 E(17)197.335 E 0 Cg EP %%Page: 18 18 %%BeginPageSetup BP %%EndPageSetup /F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 389.54(SH\(1\) B).35 F(ASH\(1\)) --.35 E(The)108 84 Q/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(declar)3.574 E(e)-.18 E F0(,)A -F1(local)3.574 E F0 3.574(,a)C(nd)-3.574 E F1 -.18(re)3.574 G(adonly).18 -E F0 -.2(bu)3.574 G 1.073(iltins each accept a).2 F F13.573 E F0 -1.073(option to specify an inde)3.573 F -.15(xe)-.15 G 3.573(da).15 G -1.073(rray and a)-3.573 F F13.573 E F0 .751 -(option to specify an associati)108 96 R 1.051 -.15(ve a)-.25 H(rray).15 -E 5.751(.T)-.65 G(he)-5.751 E F1 -.18(re)3.251 G(ad).18 E F0 -.2(bu) -3.251 G .752(iltin accepts a).2 F F13.252 E F0 .752 +-.35 E/F1 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(subscript)108 84 Q F0 5.278(.C)C .278 +(are must be tak)-5.278 F .278(en to a)-.1 F -.2(vo)-.2 G .279(id unw).2 +F .279(anted side ef)-.1 F .279(fects caused by pathname e)-.25 F +(xpansion.)-.15 E/F2 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(unset)5.279 E F1(name)2.779 E F0 +(,)A(where)108 96 Q F1(name)2.5 E F0(is an array)2.5 E 2.5(,o)-.65 G(r) +-2.5 E F2(unset)2.5 E F1(name)2.5 E F0([)A F1(subscript)A F0(], where)A +F1(subscript)2.5 E F0(is)2.5 E F2(*)2.5 E F0(or)2.5 E F2(@)2.5 E F0 2.5 +(,r)C(emo)-2.5 E -.15(ve)-.15 G 2.5(st).15 G(he entire array)-2.5 E(.) +-.65 E(The)108 112.8 Q F2(declar)3.574 E(e)-.18 E F0(,)A F2(local)3.574 +E F0 3.574(,a)C(nd)-3.574 E F2 -.18(re)3.574 G(adonly).18 E F0 -.2(bu) +3.574 G 1.073(iltins each accept a).2 F F23.573 E F0 1.073 +(option to specify an inde)3.573 F -.15(xe)-.15 G 3.573(da).15 G 1.073 +(rray and a)-3.573 F F23.573 E F0 .751 +(option to specify an associati)108 124.8 R 1.051 -.15(ve a)-.25 H(rray) +.15 E 5.751(.T)-.65 G(he)-5.751 E F2 -.18(re)3.251 G(ad).18 E F0 -.2(bu) +3.251 G .752(iltin accepts a).2 F F23.252 E F0 .752 (option to assign a list of w)3.252 F .752(ords read)-.1 F .502 -(from the standard input to an array)108 108 R 5.502(.T)-.65 G(he)-5.502 -E F1(set)3.002 E F0(and)3.002 E F1(declar)3.002 E(e)-.18 E F0 -.2(bu) -3.002 G .502(iltins display array v).2 F .502(alues in a w)-.25 F .502 -(ay that allo)-.1 F(ws)-.25 E(them to be reused as assignments.)108 120 -Q/F2 10.95/Times-Bold@0 SF(EXP)72 136.8 Q(ANSION)-.81 E F0 .76(Expansio\ -n is performed on the command line after it has been split into w)108 -148.8 R 3.26(ords. There)-.1 F .76(are se)3.26 F -.15(ve)-.25 G 3.26(nk) -.15 G .76(inds of)-3.26 F -.15(ex)108 160.8 S .37(pansion performed:).15 -F/F3 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(br)2.869 E .369(ace e)-.15 F(xpansion)-.2 E F0 -(,).24 E F3 .369(tilde e)2.869 F(xpansion)-.2 E F0(,).24 E F3(par)2.869 -E .369(ameter and variable e)-.15 F(xpansion)-.2 E F0(,).24 E F3 .369 -(command sub-)2.869 F(stitution)108 172.8 Q F0(,).24 E F3(arithmetic e) -2.5 E(xpansion)-.2 E F0(,).24 E F3(wor)2.5 E 2.5(ds)-.37 G(plitting)-2.5 -E F0 2.5(,a).22 G(nd)-2.5 E F3(pathname e)2.5 E(xpansion)-.2 E F0(.).24 -E .47(The order of e)108 189.6 R .471(xpansions is: brace e)-.15 F .471 -(xpansion, tilde e)-.15 F .471(xpansion, parameter)-.15 F 2.971(,v)-.4 G -.471(ariable and arithmetic e)-3.221 F(xpansion)-.15 E -(and command substitution \(done in a left-to-right f)108 201.6 Q +(from the standard input to an array)108 136.8 R 5.502(.T)-.65 G(he) +-5.502 E F2(set)3.002 E F0(and)3.002 E F2(declar)3.002 E(e)-.18 E F0 -.2 +(bu)3.002 G .502(iltins display array v).2 F .502(alues in a w)-.25 F +.502(ay that allo)-.1 F(ws)-.25 E(them to be reused as assignments.)108 +148.8 Q/F3 10.95/Times-Bold@0 SF(EXP)72 165.6 Q(ANSION)-.81 E F0 .76(Ex\ +pansion is performed on the command line after it has been split into w) +108 177.6 R 3.26(ords. There)-.1 F .76(are se)3.26 F -.15(ve)-.25 G 3.26 +(nk).15 G .76(inds of)-3.26 F -.15(ex)108 189.6 S .37 +(pansion performed:).15 F F1(br)2.869 E .369(ace e)-.15 F(xpansion)-.2 E +F0(,).24 E F1 .369(tilde e)2.869 F(xpansion)-.2 E F0(,).24 E F1(par) +2.869 E .369(ameter and variable e)-.15 F(xpansion)-.2 E F0(,).24 E F1 +.369(command sub-)2.869 F(stitution)108 201.6 Q F0(,).24 E F1 +(arithmetic e)2.5 E(xpansion)-.2 E F0(,).24 E F1(wor)2.5 E 2.5(ds)-.37 G +(plitting)-2.5 E F0 2.5(,a).22 G(nd)-2.5 E F1(pathname e)2.5 E(xpansion) +-.2 E F0(.).24 E .47(The order of e)108 218.4 R .471 +(xpansions is: brace e)-.15 F .471(xpansion, tilde e)-.15 F .471 +(xpansion, parameter)-.15 F 2.971(,v)-.4 G .471 +(ariable and arithmetic e)-3.221 F(xpansion)-.15 E +(and command substitution \(done in a left-to-right f)108 230.4 Q (ashion\), w)-.1 E(ord splitting, and pathname e)-.1 E(xpansion.)-.15 E -(On systems that can support it, there is an additional e)108 218.4 Q -(xpansion a)-.15 E -.25(va)-.2 G(ilable:).25 E F3(pr)2.5 E -(ocess substitution)-.45 E F0(.)A 1.487(Only brace e)108 235.2 R 1.487 +(On systems that can support it, there is an additional e)108 247.2 Q +(xpansion a)-.15 E -.25(va)-.2 G(ilable:).25 E F1(pr)2.5 E +(ocess substitution)-.45 E F0(.)A 1.487(Only brace e)108 264 R 1.487 (xpansion, w)-.15 F 1.487(ord splitting, and pathname e)-.1 F 1.487 (xpansion can change the number of w)-.15 F 1.486(ords of the)-.1 F -.15 -(ex)108 247.2 S 1.164(pansion; other e).15 F 1.164(xpansions e)-.15 F +(ex)108 276 S 1.164(pansion; other e).15 F 1.164(xpansions e)-.15 F 1.164(xpand a single w)-.15 F 1.165(ord to a single w)-.1 F 3.665 (ord. The)-.1 F 1.165(only e)3.665 F 1.165(xceptions to this are the) --.15 F -.15(ex)108 259.2 S(pansions of ").15 E F1($@)A F0 2.5("a)C(nd ") --2.5 E F1(${)A F3(name)A F1([@]})A F0 2.5("a)C 2.5(se)-2.5 G +-.15 F -.15(ex)108 288 S(pansions of ").15 E F2($@)A F0 2.5("a)C(nd ") +-2.5 E F2(${)A F1(name)A F2([@]})A F0 2.5("a)C 2.5(se)-2.5 G (xplained abo)-2.65 E .3 -.15(ve \()-.15 H(see).15 E/F4 9/Times-Bold@0 -SF -.666(PA)2.5 G(RAMETERS).666 E/F5 9/Times-Roman@0 SF(\).)A F1 -(Brace Expansion)87 276 Q F3(Br)108.58 288 Q .606(ace e)-.15 F(xpansion) --.2 E F0 .606 +SF -.666(PA)2.5 G(RAMETERS).666 E/F5 9/Times-Roman@0 SF(\).)A F2 +(Brace Expansion)87 304.8 Q F1(Br)108.58 316.8 Q .606(ace e)-.15 F +(xpansion)-.2 E F0 .606 (is a mechanism by which arbitrary strings may be generated.)3.346 F -.606(This mechanism is similar)5.606 F(to)108 300 Q F3 .415(pathname e) -2.915 F(xpansion)-.2 E F0 2.915(,b)C .415 +.606(This mechanism is similar)5.606 F(to)108 328.8 Q F1 .415 +(pathname e)2.915 F(xpansion)-.2 E F0 2.915(,b)C .415 (ut the \214lenames generated need not e)-3.115 F 2.915(xist. P)-.15 F .415(atterns to be brace e)-.15 F .415(xpanded tak)-.15 F 2.915(et)-.1 G -(he)-2.915 E .152(form of an optional)108 312 R F3(pr)2.652 E(eamble) +(he)-2.915 E .152(form of an optional)108 340.8 R F1(pr)2.652 E(eamble) -.37 E F0 2.651(,f).18 G(ollo)-2.651 E .151 (wed by either a series of comma-separated strings or a sequence e)-.25 -F(xpres-)-.15 E .563(sion between a pair of braces, follo)108 324 R .563 -(wed by an optional)-.25 F F3(postscript)3.063 E F0 5.563(.T).68 G .563 -(he preamble is pre\214x)-5.563 F .563(ed to each string)-.15 F .659(co\ -ntained within the braces, and the postscript is then appended to each \ -resulting string, e)108 336 R .658(xpanding left to)-.15 F(right.)108 -348 Q .718(Brace e)108 364.8 R .719(xpansions may be nested.)-.15 F .719 -(The results of each e)5.719 F .719 +F(xpres-)-.15 E .563(sion between a pair of braces, follo)108 352.8 R +.563(wed by an optional)-.25 F F1(postscript)3.063 E F0 5.563(.T).68 G +.563(he preamble is pre\214x)-5.563 F .563(ed to each string)-.15 F .659 +(contained within the braces, and the postscript is then appended to ea\ +ch resulting string, e)108 364.8 R .658(xpanding left to)-.15 F(right.) +108 376.8 Q .718(Brace e)108 393.6 R .719(xpansions may be nested.)-.15 +F .719(The results of each e)5.719 F .719 (xpanded string are not sorted; left to right order is)-.15 F(preserv) -108 376.8 Q 2.5(ed. F)-.15 F(or e)-.15 E(xample, a)-.15 E F1({)A F0 -(d,c,b)A F1(})A F0 2.5(ee)C(xpands into `ade ace abe'.)-2.65 E 3.243(As) -108 393.6 S .743(equence e)-3.243 F .743(xpression tak)-.15 F .743 -(es the form)-.1 F F1({)3.243 E F3(x)A F1(..)A F3(y)A F1([..)A F3(incr)A -F1(]})A F0 3.243(,w)C(here)-3.243 E F3(x)3.243 E F0(and)3.242 E F3(y) +108 405.6 Q 2.5(ed. F)-.15 F(or e)-.15 E(xample, a)-.15 E F2({)A F0 +(d,c,b)A F2(})A F0 2.5(ee)C(xpands into `ade ace abe'.)-2.65 E 3.243(As) +108 422.4 S .743(equence e)-3.243 F .743(xpression tak)-.15 F .743 +(es the form)-.1 F F2({)3.243 E F1(x)A F2(..)A F1(y)A F2([..)A F1(incr)A +F2(]})A F0 3.243(,w)C(here)-3.243 E F1(x)3.243 E F0(and)3.242 E F1(y) 3.242 E F0 .742(are either inte)3.242 F .742(gers or single characters,) --.15 F(and)108 405.6 Q F3(incr)3.031 E F0 3.031(,a)C 3.032(no)-3.031 G +-.15 F(and)108 434.4 Q F1(incr)3.031 E F0 3.031(,a)C 3.032(no)-3.031 G .532(ptional increment, is an inte)-3.032 F(ger)-.15 E 5.532(.W)-.55 G .532(hen inte)-5.532 F .532(gers are supplied, the e)-.15 F .532 (xpression e)-.15 F .532(xpands to each)-.15 F .078(number between)108 -417.6 R F3(x)2.578 E F0(and)2.578 E F3(y)2.578 E F0 2.578(,i)C(nclusi) +446.4 R F1(x)2.578 E F0(and)2.578 E F1(y)2.578 E F0 2.578(,i)C(nclusi) -2.578 E -.15(ve)-.25 G 5.078(.S).15 G .078(upplied inte)-5.078 F .077 -(gers may be pre\214x)-.15 F .077(ed with)-.15 F F3(0)2.577 E F0 .077 +(gers may be pre\214x)-.15 F .077(ed with)-.15 F F1(0)2.577 E F0 .077 (to force each term to ha)2.577 F .377 -.15(ve t)-.2 H(he).15 E .014 -(same width.)108 429.6 R .014(When either)5.014 F F3(x)2.514 E F0(or) -2.514 E F3(y)2.514 E F0(be)2.514 E .015(gins with a zero, the shell att\ +(same width.)108 458.4 R .014(When either)5.014 F F1(x)2.514 E F0(or) +2.514 E F1(y)2.514 E F0(be)2.514 E .015(gins with a zero, the shell att\ empts to force all generated terms to contain)-.15 F 1.143 -(the same number of digits, zero-padding where necessary)108 441.6 R +(the same number of digits, zero-padding where necessary)108 470.4 R 6.143(.W)-.65 G 1.143(hen characters are supplied, the e)-6.143 F -(xpression)-.15 E -.15(ex)108 453.6 S .541(pands to each character le) -.15 F .541(xicographically between)-.15 F F3(x)3.041 E F0(and)3.042 E F3 +(xpression)-.15 E -.15(ex)108 482.4 S .541(pands to each character le) +.15 F .541(xicographically between)-.15 F F1(x)3.041 E F0(and)3.042 E F1 (y)3.042 E F0 3.042(,i)C(nclusi)-3.042 E -.15(ve)-.25 G 5.542(.N).15 G -.542(ote that both)-5.542 F F3(x)3.042 E F0(and)3.042 E F3(y)3.042 E F0 -.542(must be of)3.042 F .183(the same type.)108 465.6 R .182 +.542(ote that both)-5.542 F F1(x)3.042 E F0(and)3.042 E F1(y)3.042 E F0 +.542(must be of)3.042 F .183(the same type.)108 494.4 R .182 (When the increment is supplied, it is used as the dif)5.183 F .182 (ference between each term.)-.25 F .182(The def)5.182 F(ault)-.1 E -(increment is 1 or -1 as appropriate.)108 477.6 Q .581(Brace e)108 494.4 +(increment is 1 or -1 as appropriate.)108 506.4 Q .581(Brace e)108 523.2 R .581(xpansion is performed before an)-.15 F 3.081(yo)-.15 G .581 (ther e)-3.081 F .581(xpansions, and an)-.15 F 3.082(yc)-.15 G .582 (haracters special to other e)-3.082 F(xpansions)-.15 E .016 -(are preserv)108 506.4 R .016(ed in the result.)-.15 F .016 -(It is strictly te)5.016 F(xtual.)-.15 E F1(Bash)5.016 E F0 .015 +(are preserv)108 535.2 R .016(ed in the result.)-.15 F .016 +(It is strictly te)5.016 F(xtual.)-.15 E F2(Bash)5.016 E F0 .015 (does not apply an)2.516 F 2.515(ys)-.15 G .015 -(yntactic interpretation to the con-)-2.515 F(te)108 518.4 Q +(yntactic interpretation to the con-)-2.515 F(te)108 547.2 Q (xt of the e)-.15 E(xpansion or the te)-.15 E(xt between the braces.) --.15 E 3.632(Ac)108 535.2 S 1.132(orrectly-formed brace e)-3.632 F 1.132 -(xpansion must contain unquoted opening and closing braces, and at leas\ -t one)-.15 F 3.441(unquoted comma or a v)108 547.2 R 3.441 -(alid sequence e)-.25 F 5.941(xpression. An)-.15 F 5.941(yi)-.15 G 3.441 +-.15 E 3.632(Ac)108 564 S 1.132(orrectly-formed brace e)-3.632 F 1.132(\ +xpansion must contain unquoted opening and closing braces, and at least\ + one)-.15 F 3.441(unquoted comma or a v)108 576 R 3.441(alid sequence e) +-.25 F 5.941(xpression. An)-.15 F 5.941(yi)-.15 G 3.441 (ncorrectly formed brace e)-5.941 F 3.44(xpansion is left)-.15 F 2.755 -(unchanged. A)108 559.2 R F1({)2.755 E F0(or)2.755 E F1(,)2.755 E F0 -.255(may be quoted with a backslash to pre)2.755 F -.15(ve)-.25 G .255 +(unchanged. A)108 588 R F2({)2.755 E F0(or)2.755 E F2(,)2.755 E F0 .255 +(may be quoted with a backslash to pre)2.755 F -.15(ve)-.25 G .255 (nt its being considered part of a brace e).15 F(xpres-)-.15 E 2.911 -(sion. T)108 571.2 R 2.911(oa)-.8 G -.2(vo)-3.111 G .411 +(sion. T)108 600 R 2.911(oa)-.8 G -.2(vo)-3.111 G .411 (id con\215icts with parameter e).2 F .411(xpansion, the string)-.15 F -F1(${)2.911 E F0 .41(is not considered eligible for brace e)2.911 F -(xpan-)-.15 E(sion.)108 583.2 Q 1.476(This construct is typically used \ -as shorthand when the common pre\214x of the strings to be generated is) -108 600 R(longer than in the abo)108 612 Q .3 -.15(ve ex)-.15 H(ample:) -.15 E(mkdir /usr/local/src/bash/{old,ne)144 628.8 Q -.65(w,)-.25 G -(dist,b).65 E(ugs})-.2 E(or)108 640.8 Q(cho)144 652.8 Q +F2(${)2.911 E F0 .41(is not considered eligible for brace e)2.911 F +(xpan-)-.15 E(sion.)108 612 Q 1.476(This construct is typically used as\ + shorthand when the common pre\214x of the strings to be generated is) +108 628.8 R(longer than in the abo)108 640.8 Q .3 -.15(ve ex)-.15 H +(ample:).15 E(mkdir /usr/local/src/bash/{old,ne)144 657.6 Q -.65(w,)-.25 +G(dist,b).65 E(ugs})-.2 E(or)108 669.6 Q(cho)144 681.6 Q (wn root /usr/{ucb/{e)-.25 E(x,edit},lib/{e)-.15 E(x?.?*,ho)-.15 E(w_e) --.25 E(x}})-.15 E .618(Brace e)108 669.6 R .618 +-.25 E(x}})-.15 E .618(Brace e)108 698.4 R .618 (xpansion introduces a slight incompatibility with historical v)-.15 F -.618(ersions of)-.15 F F1(sh)3.118 E F0(.)A F1(sh)5.618 E F0 .618 +.618(ersions of)-.15 F F2(sh)3.118 E F0(.)A F2(sh)5.618 E F0 .618 (does not treat open-)3.118 F .247 -(ing or closing braces specially when the)108 681.6 R 2.747(ya)-.15 G +(ing or closing braces specially when the)108 710.4 R 2.747(ya)-.15 G .247(ppear as part of a w)-2.747 F .248(ord, and preserv)-.1 F .248 -(es them in the output.)-.15 F F1(Bash)5.248 E F0(remo)108 693.6 Q -.15 +(es them in the output.)-.15 F F2(Bash)5.248 E F0(remo)108 722.4 Q -.15 (ve)-.15 G 3.53(sb).15 G 1.03(races from w)-3.53 F 1.03 (ords as a consequence of brace e)-.1 F 3.53(xpansion. F)-.15 F 1.03 -(or e)-.15 F 1.03(xample, a w)-.15 F 1.03(ord entered to)-.1 F F1(sh) -3.53 E F0(as)3.53 E F3(\214le{1,2})108 705.6 Q F0 .514 -(appears identically in the output.)3.014 F .515(The same w)5.515 F .515 -(ord is output as)-.1 F F3 .515(\214le1 \214le2)4.925 F F0 .515(after e) -3.035 F .515(xpansion by)-.15 F F1(bash)3.015 E F0(.)A .437 -(If strict compatibility with)108 717.6 R F1(sh)2.936 E F0 .436 -(is desired, start)2.936 F F1(bash)2.936 E F0 .436(with the)2.936 F F1 -(+B)2.936 E F0 .436(option or disable brace e)2.936 F .436 -(xpansion with the)-.15 F F1(+B)108 729.6 Q F0(option to the)2.5 E F1 -(set)2.5 E F0(command \(see)2.5 E F4(SHELL B)2.5 E(UIL)-.09 E -(TIN COMMANDS)-.828 E F0(belo)2.25 E(w\).)-.25 E(GNU Bash-4.1)72 768 Q -(2010 May 30)147.345 E(18)197.335 E 0 Cg EP +(or e)-.15 F 1.03(xample, a w)-.15 F 1.03(ord entered to)-.1 F F2(sh) +3.53 E F0(as)3.53 E(GNU Bash-4.1)72 768 Q(2010 June 12)147.345 E(18) +197.335 E 0 Cg EP %%Page: 19 19 %%BeginPageSetup BP %%EndPageSetup /F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 389.54(SH\(1\) B).35 F(ASH\(1\)) --.35 E/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 SF -.18(Ti)87 84 S(lde Expansion).18 E F0 -1.086(If a w)108 96 R 1.086(ord be)-.1 F 1.086 -(gins with an unquoted tilde character \(`)-.15 F F1(~)A F0 1.087 +-.35 E/F1 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(\214le{1,2})108 84 Q F0 .514 +(appears identically in the output.)3.014 F .515(The same w)5.515 F .515 +(ord is output as)-.1 F F1 .515(\214le1 \214le2)4.925 F F0 .515(after e) +3.035 F .515(xpansion by)-.15 F/F2 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(bash)3.015 E F0(.) +A .437(If strict compatibility with)108 96 R F2(sh)2.936 E F0 .436 +(is desired, start)2.936 F F2(bash)2.936 E F0 .436(with the)2.936 F F2 +(+B)2.936 E F0 .436(option or disable brace e)2.936 F .436 +(xpansion with the)-.15 F F2(+B)108 108 Q F0(option to the)2.5 E F2(set) +2.5 E F0(command \(see)2.5 E/F3 9/Times-Bold@0 SF(SHELL B)2.5 E(UIL)-.09 +E(TIN COMMANDS)-.828 E F0(belo)2.25 E(w\).)-.25 E F2 -.18(Ti)87 124.8 S +(lde Expansion).18 E F0 1.086(If a w)108 136.8 R 1.086(ord be)-.1 F +1.086(gins with an unquoted tilde character \(`)-.15 F F2(~)A F0 1.087 ('\), all of the characters preceding the \214rst unquoted)B .185(slash\ \(or all characters, if there is no unquoted slash\) are considered a) -108 108 R/F2 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(tilde-pr)2.685 E(e\214x)-.37 E F0 -5.185(.I)C 2.685(fn)-5.185 G .185(one of the characters)-2.685 F .725(i\ -n the tilde-pre\214x are quoted, the characters in the tilde-pre\214x f\ -ollo)108 120 R .726(wing the tilde are treated as a possible)-.25 F F2 -(lo)108 132 Q .523(gin name)-.1 F F0 5.523(.I)C 3.023(ft)-5.523 G .523 +108 148.8 R F1(tilde-pr)2.685 E(e\214x)-.37 E F0 5.185(.I)C 2.685(fn) +-5.185 G .185(one of the characters)-2.685 F .725(in the tilde-pre\214x\ + are quoted, the characters in the tilde-pre\214x follo)108 160.8 R .726 +(wing the tilde are treated as a possible)-.25 F F1(lo)108 172.8 Q .523 +(gin name)-.1 F F0 5.523(.I)C 3.023(ft)-5.523 G .523 (his login name is the null string, the tilde is replaced with the v) --3.023 F .522(alue of the shell parameter)-.25 F/F3 9/Times-Bold@0 SF -(HOME)108 144 Q/F4 9/Times-Roman@0 SF(.)A F0(If)4.786 E F3(HOME)2.786 E -F0 .287(is unset, the home directory of the user e)2.536 F -.15(xe)-.15 -G .287(cuting the shell is substituted instead.).15 F(Other)5.287 E(-) --.2 E(wise, the tilde-pre\214x is replaced with the home directory asso\ -ciated with the speci\214ed login name.)108 156 Q .093 -(If the tilde-pre\214x is a `~+', the v)108 172.8 R .092 +-3.023 F .522(alue of the shell parameter)-.25 F F3(HOME)108 184.8 Q/F4 +9/Times-Roman@0 SF(.)A F0(If)4.786 E F3(HOME)2.786 E F0 .287 +(is unset, the home directory of the user e)2.536 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .287 +(cuting the shell is substituted instead.).15 F(Other)5.287 E(-)-.2 E(w\ +ise, the tilde-pre\214x is replaced with the home directory associated \ +with the speci\214ed login name.)108 196.8 Q .093 +(If the tilde-pre\214x is a `~+', the v)108 213.6 R .092 (alue of the shell v)-.25 F(ariable)-.25 E F3(PWD)2.592 E F0 .092 (replaces the tilde-pre\214x.)2.342 F .092(If the tilde-pre\214x is) -5.092 F 3.403(a`)108 184.8 S .903(~\255', the v)-3.403 F .903 +5.092 F 3.403(a`)108 225.6 S .903(~\255', the v)-3.403 F .903 (alue of the shell v)-.25 F(ariable)-.25 E F3(OLDPWD)3.404 E F4(,)A F0 .904(if it is set, is substituted.)3.154 F .904(If the characters follo) 5.904 F .904(wing the)-.25 F 1.642 -(tilde in the tilde-pre\214x consist of a number)108 196.8 R F2(N)4.142 +(tilde in the tilde-pre\214x consist of a number)108 237.6 R F1(N)4.142 E F0 4.142(,o)C 1.642(ptionally pre\214x)-4.142 F 1.641 (ed by a `+' or a `\255', the tilde-pre\214x is)-.15 F 1.437(replaced w\ ith the corresponding element from the directory stack, as it w)108 -208.8 R 1.438(ould be displayed by the)-.1 F F1(dirs)3.938 E F0 -.2(bu) -108 220.8 S .455(iltin in).2 F -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G 2.955(dw).1 G +249.6 R 1.438(ould be displayed by the)-.1 F F2(dirs)3.938 E F0 -.2(bu) +108 261.6 S .455(iltin in).2 F -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G 2.955(dw).1 G .455(ith the tilde-pre\214x as an ar)-2.955 F 2.954(gument. If)-.18 F .454(the characters follo)2.954 F .454 (wing the tilde in the tilde-pre\214x)-.25 F (consist of a number without a leading `+' or `\255', `+' is assumed.) -108 232.8 Q(If the login name is in)108 249.6 Q -.25(va)-.4 G +108 273.6 Q(If the login name is in)108 290.4 Q -.25(va)-.4 G (lid, or the tilde e).25 E(xpansion f)-.15 E(ails, the w)-.1 E -(ord is unchanged.)-.1 E .166(Each v)108 266.4 R .167 +(ord is unchanged.)-.1 E .166(Each v)108 307.2 R .167 (ariable assignment is check)-.25 F .167(ed for unquoted tilde-pre\214x) --.1 F .167(es immediately follo)-.15 F .167(wing a)-.25 F F1(:)2.667 E -F0 .167(or the \214rst)2.667 F F1(=)2.667 E F0 5.167(.I)C(n)-5.167 E -.282(these cases, tilde e)108 278.4 R .282(xpansion is also performed.) +-.1 F .167(es immediately follo)-.15 F .167(wing a)-.25 F F2(:)2.667 E +F0 .167(or the \214rst)2.667 F F2(=)2.667 E F0 5.167(.I)C(n)-5.167 E +.282(these cases, tilde e)108 319.2 R .282(xpansion is also performed.) -.15 F(Consequently)5.282 E 2.782(,o)-.65 G .282 (ne may use \214le names with tildes in assign-)-2.782 F(ments to)108 -290.4 Q F3 -.666(PA)2.5 G(TH)-.189 E F4(,)A F3(MAILP)2.25 E -.855(AT) +331.2 Q F3 -.666(PA)2.5 G(TH)-.189 E F4(,)A F3(MAILP)2.25 E -.855(AT) -.666 G(H).855 E F4(,)A F0(and)2.25 E F3(CDP)2.5 E -.855(AT)-.666 G(H) .855 E F4(,)A F0(and the shell assigns the e)2.25 E(xpanded v)-.15 E -(alue.)-.25 E F1 -.1(Pa)87 307.2 S(rameter Expansion).1 E F0 1.605 -(The `)108 319.2 R F1($)A F0 4.105('c)C 1.605 -(haracter introduces parameter e)-4.105 F 1.606 -(xpansion, command substitution, or arithmetic e)-.15 F 4.106 -(xpansion. The)-.15 F .407(parameter name or symbol to be e)108 331.2 R -.407(xpanded may be enclosed in braces, which are optional b)-.15 F .406 -(ut serv)-.2 F 2.906(et)-.15 G 2.906(op)-2.906 G(ro-)-2.906 E .032 -(tect the v)108 343.2 R .032(ariable to be e)-.25 F .032 +(alue.)-.25 E F2 -.1(Pa)87 348 S(rameter Expansion).1 E F0 1.605(The `) +108 360 R F2($)A F0 4.105('c)C 1.605(haracter introduces parameter e) +-4.105 F 1.606(xpansion, command substitution, or arithmetic e)-.15 F +4.106(xpansion. The)-.15 F .407(parameter name or symbol to be e)108 372 +R .407(xpanded may be enclosed in braces, which are optional b)-.15 F +.406(ut serv)-.2 F 2.906(et)-.15 G 2.906(op)-2.906 G(ro-)-2.906 E .032 +(tect the v)108 384 R .032(ariable to be e)-.25 F .032 (xpanded from characters immediately follo)-.15 F .033 -(wing it which could be interpreted as part)-.25 F(of the name.)108 -355.2 Q 1.19 -(When braces are used, the matching ending brace is the \214rst `)108 -372 R F1(})A F0 3.689('n)C 1.189(ot escaped by a backslash or within a) --3.689 F 2.15(quoted string, and not within an embedded arithmetic e)108 -384 R 2.15(xpansion, command substitution, or parameter)-.15 F -.15(ex) -108 396 S(pansion.).15 E(${)108 412.8 Q F2(par)A(ameter)-.15 E F0(})A -1.205(The v)144 424.8 R 1.205(alue of)-.25 F F2(par)3.705 E(ameter)-.15 -E F0 1.204(is substituted.)3.705 F 1.204(The braces are required when) -6.204 F F2(par)4.954 E(ameter)-.15 E F0 1.204(is a positional)4.434 F -.264(parameter with more than one digit, or when)144 436.8 R F2(par) -4.014 E(ameter)-.15 E F0 .264(is follo)3.494 F .264 +(wing it which could be interpreted as part)-.25 F(of the name.)108 396 +Q 1.19(When braces are used, the matching ending brace is the \214rst `) +108 412.8 R F2(})A F0 3.689('n)C 1.189 +(ot escaped by a backslash or within a)-3.689 F 2.15 +(quoted string, and not within an embedded arithmetic e)108 424.8 R 2.15 +(xpansion, command substitution, or parameter)-.15 F -.15(ex)108 436.8 S +(pansion.).15 E(${)108 453.6 Q F1(par)A(ameter)-.15 E F0(})A 1.205 +(The v)144 465.6 R 1.205(alue of)-.25 F F1(par)3.705 E(ameter)-.15 E F0 +1.204(is substituted.)3.705 F 1.204(The braces are required when)6.204 F +F1(par)4.954 E(ameter)-.15 E F0 1.204(is a positional)4.434 F .264 +(parameter with more than one digit, or when)144 477.6 R F1(par)4.014 E +(ameter)-.15 E F0 .264(is follo)3.494 F .264 (wed by a character which is not to)-.25 F -(be interpreted as part of its name.)144 448.8 Q .686 -(If the \214rst character of)108 465.6 R F2(par)3.186 E(ameter)-.15 E F0 -.685(is an e)3.185 F .685(xclamation point \()-.15 F F1(!)A F0 .685 +(be interpreted as part of its name.)144 489.6 Q .686 +(If the \214rst character of)108 506.4 R F1(par)3.186 E(ameter)-.15 E F0 +.685(is an e)3.185 F .685(xclamation point \()-.15 F F2(!)A F0 .685 (\), a le)B -.15(ve)-.25 G 3.185(lo).15 G 3.185(fv)-3.185 G .685 -(ariable indirection is introduced.)-3.435 F F1(Bash)108 477.6 Q F0 .106 +(ariable indirection is introduced.)-3.435 F F2(Bash)108 518.4 Q F0 .106 (uses the v)2.606 F .106(alue of the v)-.25 F .106 -(ariable formed from the rest of)-.25 F F2(par)2.606 E(ameter)-.15 E F0 +(ariable formed from the rest of)-.25 F F1(par)2.606 E(ameter)-.15 E F0 .106(as the name of the v)2.606 F .106(ariable; this v)-.25 F(ari-)-.25 -E .352(able is then e)108 489.6 R .352(xpanded and that v)-.15 F .351 +E .352(able is then e)108 530.4 R .352(xpanded and that v)-.15 F .351 (alue is used in the rest of the substitution, rather than the v)-.25 F -.351(alue of)-.25 F F2(par)2.851 E(ame-)-.15 E(ter)108 501.6 Q F0 2.519 -(itself. This)2.519 F .019(is kno)2.519 F .019(wn as)-.25 F F2(indir) +.351(alue of)-.25 F F1(par)2.851 E(ame-)-.15 E(ter)108 542.4 Q F0 2.519 +(itself. This)2.519 F .019(is kno)2.519 F .019(wn as)-.25 F F1(indir) 2.519 E .019(ect e)-.37 F(xpansion)-.2 E F0 5.019(.T)C .019(he e)-5.019 -F .02(xceptions to this are the e)-.15 F .02(xpansions of ${!)-.15 F F2 -(pr)A(e\214x)-.37 E F0 .02(*} and)B(${)108 513.6 Q F1(!)A F2(name)A F0 -([)A F2(@)A F0 .763(]} described belo)B 4.563 -.65(w. T)-.25 H .763 +F .02(xceptions to this are the e)-.15 F .02(xpansions of ${!)-.15 F F1 +(pr)A(e\214x)-.37 E F0 .02(*} and)B(${)108 554.4 Q F2(!)A F1(name)A F0 +([)A F1(@)A F0 .763(]} described belo)B 4.563 -.65(w. T)-.25 H .763 (he e).65 F .763(xclamation point must immediately follo)-.15 F 3.263 (wt)-.25 G .763(he left brace in order to)-3.263 F -(introduce indirection.)108 525.6 Q .334(In each of the cases belo)108 -542.4 R -.65(w,)-.25 G F2(wor)3.484 E(d)-.37 E F0 .334 +(introduce indirection.)108 566.4 Q .334(In each of the cases belo)108 +583.2 R -.65(w,)-.25 G F1(wor)3.484 E(d)-.37 E F0 .334 (is subject to tilde e)2.834 F .334(xpansion, parameter e)-.15 F .334 -(xpansion, command substitution,)-.15 F(and arithmetic e)108 554.4 Q -(xpansion.)-.15 E .698(When not performing substring e)108 571.2 R .698 -(xpansion, using the forms documented belo)-.15 F -.65(w,)-.25 G F1 +(xpansion, command substitution,)-.15 F(and arithmetic e)108 595.2 Q +(xpansion.)-.15 E .698(When not performing substring e)108 612 R .698 +(xpansion, using the forms documented belo)-.15 F -.65(w,)-.25 G F2 (bash)3.848 E F0 .697(tests for a parameter)3.198 F -(that is unset or null.)108 583.2 Q(Omitting the colon results in a tes\ -t only for a parameter that is unset.)5 E(${)108 600 Q F2(par)A(ameter) --.15 E F1<3aad>A F2(wor)A(d)-.37 E F0(})A F1 .722(Use Default V)144 612 -R(alues)-.92 E F0 5.722(.I)C(f)-5.722 E F2(par)4.472 E(ameter)-.15 E F0 -.723(is unset or null, the e)3.952 F .723(xpansion of)-.15 F F2(wor) -3.563 E(d)-.37 E F0 .723(is substituted.)3.993 F(Other)5.723 E(-)-.2 E -(wise, the v)144 624 Q(alue of)-.25 E F2(par)3.75 E(ameter)-.15 E F0 -(is substituted.)3.23 E(${)108 636 Q F2(par)A(ameter)-.15 E F1(:=)A F2 -(wor)A(d)-.37 E F0(})A F1 2.005(Assign Default V)144 648 R(alues)-.92 E -F0 7.005(.I)C(f)-7.005 E F2(par)5.755 E(ameter)-.15 E F0 2.005 -(is unset or null, the e)5.235 F 2.004(xpansion of)-.15 F F2(wor)4.844 E -(d)-.37 E F0 2.004(is assigned to)5.274 F F2(par)144 660 Q(ameter)-.15 E -F0 5.278(.T).73 G .278(he v)-5.278 F .278(alue of)-.25 F F2(par)4.028 E -(ameter)-.15 E F0 .278(is then substituted.)3.508 F .279 +(that is unset or null.)108 624 Q(Omitting the colon results in a test \ +only for a parameter that is unset.)5 E(${)108 640.8 Q F1(par)A(ameter) +-.15 E F2<3aad>A F1(wor)A(d)-.37 E F0(})A F2 .722(Use Default V)144 +652.8 R(alues)-.92 E F0 5.722(.I)C(f)-5.722 E F1(par)4.472 E(ameter)-.15 +E F0 .723(is unset or null, the e)3.952 F .723(xpansion of)-.15 F F1 +(wor)3.563 E(d)-.37 E F0 .723(is substituted.)3.993 F(Other)5.723 E(-) +-.2 E(wise, the v)144 664.8 Q(alue of)-.25 E F1(par)3.75 E(ameter)-.15 E +F0(is substituted.)3.23 E(${)108 676.8 Q F1(par)A(ameter)-.15 E F2(:=)A +F1(wor)A(d)-.37 E F0(})A F2 2.005(Assign Default V)144 688.8 R(alues) +-.92 E F0 7.005(.I)C(f)-7.005 E F1(par)5.755 E(ameter)-.15 E F0 2.005 +(is unset or null, the e)5.235 F 2.004(xpansion of)-.15 F F1(wor)4.844 E +(d)-.37 E F0 2.004(is assigned to)5.274 F F1(par)144 700.8 Q(ameter)-.15 +E F0 5.278(.T).73 G .278(he v)-5.278 F .278(alue of)-.25 F F1(par)4.028 +E(ameter)-.15 E F0 .278(is then substituted.)3.508 F .279 (Positional parameters and special param-)5.278 F -(eters may not be assigned to in this w)144 672 Q(ay)-.1 E(.)-.65 E(${) -108 684 Q F2(par)A(ameter)-.15 E F1(:?)A F2(wor)A(d)-.37 E F0(})A F1 -.535(Display Err)144 696 R .535(or if Null or Unset)-.18 F F0 5.535(.I)C -(f)-5.535 E F2(par)4.285 E(ameter)-.15 E F0 .535 -(is null or unset, the e)3.765 F .535(xpansion of)-.15 F F2(wor)3.035 E -(d)-.37 E F0 .535(\(or a mes-)3.035 F .661(sage to that ef)144 708 R -.661(fect if)-.25 F F2(wor)3.501 E(d)-.37 E F0 .662(is not present\) is\ - written to the standard error and the shell, if it is not)3.931 F -(interacti)144 720 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.5(,e).15 G 2.5(xits. Otherwise,) --2.65 F(the v)2.5 E(alue of)-.25 E F2(par)2.5 E(ameter)-.15 E F0 -(is substituted.)2.5 E(GNU Bash-4.1)72 768 Q(2010 May 30)147.345 E(19) -197.335 E 0 Cg EP +(eters may not be assigned to in this w)144 712.8 Q(ay)-.1 E(.)-.65 E +(GNU Bash-4.1)72 768 Q(2010 June 12)147.345 E(19)197.335 E 0 Cg EP %%Page: 20 20 %%BeginPageSetup BP %%EndPageSetup /F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 389.54(SH\(1\) B).35 F(ASH\(1\)) -.35 E(${)108 84 Q/F1 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(par)A(ameter)-.15 E/F2 10 -/Times-Bold@0 SF(:+)A F1(wor)A(d)-.37 E F0(})A F2 .745(Use Alter)144 96 -R .745(nate V)-.15 F(alue)-.92 E F0 5.745(.I)C(f)-5.745 E F1(par)4.495 E +/Times-Bold@0 SF(:?)A F1(wor)A(d)-.37 E F0(})A F2 .535(Display Err)144 +96 R .535(or if Null or Unset)-.18 F F0 5.535(.I)C(f)-5.535 E F1(par) +4.285 E(ameter)-.15 E F0 .535(is null or unset, the e)3.765 F .535 +(xpansion of)-.15 F F1(wor)3.035 E(d)-.37 E F0 .535(\(or a mes-)3.035 F +.661(sage to that ef)144 108 R .661(fect if)-.25 F F1(wor)3.501 E(d)-.37 +E F0 .662(is not present\) is written to the standard error and the she\ +ll, if it is not)3.931 F(interacti)144 120 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.5(,e).15 G +2.5(xits. Otherwise,)-2.65 F(the v)2.5 E(alue of)-.25 E F1(par)2.5 E +(ameter)-.15 E F0(is substituted.)2.5 E(${)108 132 Q F1(par)A(ameter) +-.15 E F2(:+)A F1(wor)A(d)-.37 E F0(})A F2 .745(Use Alter)144 144 R .745 +(nate V)-.15 F(alue)-.92 E F0 5.745(.I)C(f)-5.745 E F1(par)4.495 E (ameter)-.15 E F0 .745 (is null or unset, nothing is substituted, otherwise the e)3.975 F -(xpan-)-.15 E(sion of)144 108 Q F1(wor)2.84 E(d)-.37 E F0 -(is substituted.)3.27 E(${)108 120 Q F1(par)A(ameter)-.15 E F2(:)A F1 -(of)A(fset)-.18 E F0(})A(${)108 132 Q F1(par)A(ameter)-.15 E F2(:)A F1 +(xpan-)-.15 E(sion of)144 156 Q F1(wor)2.84 E(d)-.37 E F0 +(is substituted.)3.27 E(${)108 168 Q F1(par)A(ameter)-.15 E F2(:)A F1 +(of)A(fset)-.18 E F0(})A(${)108 180 Q F1(par)A(ameter)-.15 E F2(:)A F1 (of)A(fset)-.18 E F2(:)A F1(length)A F0(})A F2 .796 -(Substring Expansion.)144 144 R F0 .796(Expands to up to)5.796 F F1 +(Substring Expansion.)144 192 R F0 .796(Expands to up to)5.796 F F1 (length)3.296 E F0 .796(characters of)3.296 F F1(par)3.296 E(ameter)-.15 -E F0 .797(starting at the character)3.296 F .229(speci\214ed by)144 156 +E F0 .797(starting at the character)3.296 F .229(speci\214ed by)144 204 R F1(of)2.729 E(fset)-.18 E F0 5.229(.I)C(f)-5.229 E F1(length)2.729 E F0 .229(is omitted, e)2.729 F .229(xpands to the substring of)-.15 F F1 (par)2.729 E(ameter)-.15 E F0 .228(starting at the char)2.728 F(-)-.2 E -.432(acter speci\214ed by)144 168 R F1(of)2.933 E(fset)-.18 E F0(.)A F1 +.432(acter speci\214ed by)144 216 R F1(of)2.933 E(fset)-.18 E F0(.)A F1 (length)5.433 E F0(and)2.933 E F1(of)2.933 E(fset)-.18 E F0 .433 (are arithmetic e)2.933 F .433(xpressions \(see)-.15 F/F3 9/Times-Bold@0 -SF .433(ARITHMETIC EV)2.933 F(ALU-)-1.215 E -.855(AT)144 180 S(ION).855 -E F0(belo)2.577 E(w\).)-.25 E F1(length)5.327 E F0 .327(must e)2.827 F --.25(va)-.25 G .326(luate to a number greater than or equal to zero.).25 -F(If)5.326 E F1(of)2.826 E(fset)-.18 E F0 -.25(eva)2.826 G(luates).25 E -.015(to a number less than zero, the v)144 192 R .015 -(alue is used as an of)-.25 F .015(fset from the end of the v)-.25 F -.016(alue of)-.25 F F1(par)2.516 E(ameter)-.15 E F0 5.016(.I)C(f)-5.016 -E F1(par)144 204 Q(ameter)-.15 E F0(is)3.25 E F2(@)3.25 E F0 3.25(,t)C -.75(he result is)-3.25 F F1(length)3.25 E F0 .75 -(positional parameters be)3.25 F .75(ginning at)-.15 F F1(of)3.25 E -(fset)-.18 E F0 5.75(.I)C(f)-5.75 E F1(par)3.25 E(ameter)-.15 E F0 .75 -(is an)3.25 F(inde)144 216 Q -.15(xe)-.15 G 2.701(da).15 G .201 -(rray name subscripted by @ or *, the result is the)-2.701 F F1(length) -2.701 E F0 .202(members of the array be)2.701 F(ginning)-.15 E 1.283 -(with ${)144 228 R F1(par)A(ameter)-.15 E F0([)A F1(of)A(fset)-.18 E F0 -3.783(]}. A)B(ne)3.783 E -.05(ga)-.15 G(ti).05 E -.15(ve)-.25 G F1(of) -3.933 E(fset)-.18 E F0 1.282(is tak)3.782 F 1.282(en relati)-.1 F 1.582 --.15(ve t)-.25 H 3.782(oo).15 G 1.282(ne greater than the maximum)-3.782 -F(inde)144 240 Q 3.434(xo)-.15 G 3.434(ft)-3.434 G .934 -(he speci\214ed array)-3.434 F 5.934(.S)-.65 G .935(ubstring e)-5.934 F -.935(xpansion applied to an associati)-.15 F 1.235 -.15(ve a)-.25 H .935 -(rray produces unde-).15 F .262(\214ned results.)144 252 R .261 -(Note that a ne)5.262 F -.05(ga)-.15 G(ti).05 E .561 -.15(ve o)-.25 H --.25(ff).15 G .261 -(set must be separated from the colon by at least one space to).25 F -.2 -(avo)144 264 S .154(id being confused with the :- e).2 F 2.655 -(xpansion. Substring)-.15 F(inde)2.655 E .155 -(xing is zero-based unless the positional)-.15 F .532 -(parameters are used, in which case the inde)144 276 R .532 -(xing starts at 1 by def)-.15 F 3.032(ault. If)-.1 F F1(of)3.032 E(fset) --.18 E F0 .532(is 0, and the posi-)3.032 F(tional parameters are used,) -144 288 Q F2($0)2.5 E F0(is pre\214x)2.5 E(ed to the list.)-.15 E(${)108 -304.8 Q F2(!)A F1(pr)A(e\214x)-.37 E F2(*)A F0(})A(${)108 316.8 Q F2(!)A -F1(pr)A(e\214x)-.37 E F2(@)A F0(})A F2 .084(Names matching pr)144 328.8 -R(e\214x.)-.18 E F0 .084(Expands to the names of v)5.084 F .084 -(ariables whose names be)-.25 F .085(gin with)-.15 F F1(pr)2.585 E -(e\214x)-.37 E F0 2.585(,s)C(epa-)-2.585 E .258 -(rated by the \214rst character of the)144 340.8 R F3(IFS)2.758 E F0 -.257(special v)2.507 F 2.757(ariable. When)-.25 F F1(@)2.757 E F0 .257 -(is used and the e)2.757 F .257(xpansion appears)-.15 F -(within double quotes, each v)144 352.8 Q(ariable name e)-.25 E -(xpands to a separate w)-.15 E(ord.)-.1 E(${)108 369.6 Q F2(!)A F1(name) -A F0([)A F1(@)A F0(]})A(${)108 381.6 Q F2(!)A F1(name)A F0([)A F1(*)A F0 -(]})A F2 2.035(List of array k)144 393.6 R(eys.)-.1 E F0(If)7.036 E F1 +SF .433(ARITHMETIC EV)2.933 F(ALU-)-1.215 E -.855(AT)144 228 S(ION).855 +E F0(belo)2.926 E 3.176(w\). If)-.25 F F1(of)3.176 E(fset)-.18 E F0 -.25 +(eva)3.176 G .676(luates to a number less than zero, the v).25 F .675 +(alue is used as an of)-.25 F .675(fset from)-.25 F .102 +(the end of the v)144 240 R .103(alue of)-.25 F F1(par)2.603 E(ameter) +-.15 E F0 5.103(.I)C(f)-5.103 E F1(length)2.603 E F0 -.25(eva)2.603 G +.103(luates to a number less than zero, and).25 F F1(par)2.603 E(ameter) +-.15 E F0(is)2.603 E(not)144 252 Q F2(@)3.643 E F0 1.143 +(and not an inde)3.643 F -.15(xe)-.15 G 3.643(do).15 G 3.643(ra)-3.643 G +(ssociati)-3.643 E 1.443 -.15(ve a)-.25 H(rray).15 E 3.643(,i)-.65 G +3.643(ti)-3.643 G 3.643(si)-3.643 G 1.142(nterpreted as an of)-3.643 F +1.142(fset from the end of the)-.25 F -.25(va)144 264 S .037(lue of).25 +F F1(par)2.537 E(ameter)-.15 E F0 .037 +(rather than a number of characters, and the e)2.537 F .038 +(xpansion is the characters between)-.15 F .074(the tw)144 276 R 2.574 +(oo)-.1 G -.25(ff)-2.574 G 2.574(sets. If).25 F F1(par)2.574 E(ameter) +-.15 E F0(is)2.574 E F2(@)2.574 E F0 2.574(,t)C .074(he result is)-2.574 +F F1(length)2.574 E F0 .074(positional parameters be)2.574 F .073 +(ginning at)-.15 F F1(of)2.573 E(fset)-.18 E F0 5.073(.I)C(f)-5.073 E F1 +(par)144 288 Q(ameter)-.15 E F0 .205(is an inde)2.705 F -.15(xe)-.15 G +2.705(da).15 G .205(rray name subscripted by @ or *, the result is the) +-2.705 F F1(length)2.705 E F0 .205(members of the)2.705 F .697(array be) +144 300 R .697(ginning with ${)-.15 F F1(par)A(ameter)-.15 E F0([)A F1 +(of)A(fset)-.18 E F0 3.197(]}. A)B(ne)3.197 E -.05(ga)-.15 G(ti).05 E +-.15(ve)-.25 G F1(of)3.347 E(fset)-.18 E F0 .697(is tak)3.197 F .697 +(en relati)-.1 F .997 -.15(ve t)-.25 H 3.197(oo).15 G .697 +(ne greater than)-3.197 F 1.403(the maximum inde)144 312 R 3.903(xo)-.15 +G 3.903(ft)-3.903 G 1.403(he speci\214ed array)-3.903 F 6.403(.S)-.65 G +1.403(ubstring e)-6.403 F 1.403(xpansion applied to an associati)-.15 F +1.704 -.15(ve a)-.25 H(rray).15 E 1.295(produces unde\214ned results.) +144 324 R 1.295(Note that a ne)6.295 F -.05(ga)-.15 G(ti).05 E 1.595 +-.15(ve o)-.25 H -.25(ff).15 G 1.294 +(set must be separated from the colon by at).25 F .958 +(least one space to a)144 336 R -.2(vo)-.2 G .959 +(id being confused with the :- e).2 F 3.459(xpansion. Substring)-.15 F +(inde)3.459 E .959(xing is zero-based)-.15 F .415 +(unless the positional parameters are used, in which case the inde)144 +348 R .414(xing starts at 1 by def)-.15 F 2.914(ault. If)-.1 F F1(of) +2.914 E(f-)-.18 E(set)144 360 Q F0 +(is 0, and the positional parameters are used,)2.5 E F2($0)2.5 E F0 +(is pre\214x)2.5 E(ed to the list.)-.15 E(${)108 376.8 Q F2(!)A F1(pr)A +(e\214x)-.37 E F2(*)A F0(})A(${)108 388.8 Q F2(!)A F1(pr)A(e\214x)-.37 E +F2(@)A F0(})A F2 .084(Names matching pr)144 400.8 R(e\214x.)-.18 E F0 +.084(Expands to the names of v)5.084 F .084(ariables whose names be)-.25 +F .085(gin with)-.15 F F1(pr)2.585 E(e\214x)-.37 E F0 2.585(,s)C(epa-) +-2.585 E .258(rated by the \214rst character of the)144 412.8 R F3(IFS) +2.758 E F0 .257(special v)2.507 F 2.757(ariable. When)-.25 F F1(@)2.757 +E F0 .257(is used and the e)2.757 F .257(xpansion appears)-.15 F +(within double quotes, each v)144 424.8 Q(ariable name e)-.25 E +(xpands to a separate w)-.15 E(ord.)-.1 E(${)108 441.6 Q F2(!)A F1(name) +A F0([)A F1(@)A F0(]})A(${)108 453.6 Q F2(!)A F1(name)A F0([)A F1(*)A F0 +(]})A F2 2.035(List of array k)144 465.6 R(eys.)-.1 E F0(If)7.036 E F1 (name)4.536 E F0 2.036(is an array v)4.536 F 2.036(ariable, e)-.25 F 2.036(xpands to the list of array indices \(k)-.15 F -.15(ey)-.1 G(s\)) -.15 E .596(assigned in)144 405.6 R F1(name)3.096 E F0 5.596(.I)C(f) +.15 E .596(assigned in)144 477.6 R F1(name)3.096 E F0 5.596(.I)C(f) -5.596 E F1(name)3.096 E F0 .595(is not an array)3.096 F 3.095(,e)-.65 G .595(xpands to 0 if)-3.245 F F1(name)3.095 E F0 .595 -(is set and null otherwise.)3.095 F(When)5.595 E F1(@)144 417.6 Q F0 +(is set and null otherwise.)3.095 F(When)5.595 E F1(@)144 489.6 Q F0 (is used and the e)2.5 E(xpansion appears within double quotes, each k) -.15 E .3 -.15(ey ex)-.1 H(pands to a separate w).15 E(ord.)-.1 E(${)108 -434.4 Q F2(#)A F1(par)A(ameter)-.15 E F0(})A F2 -.1(Pa)144 446.4 S .47 +506.4 Q F2(#)A F1(par)A(ameter)-.15 E F0(})A F2 -.1(Pa)144 518.4 S .47 (rameter length.).1 F F0 .471(The length in characters of the v)5.47 F .471(alue of)-.25 F F1(par)2.971 E(ameter)-.15 E F0 .471 (is substituted.)2.971 F(If)5.471 E F1(par)4.221 E(ame-)-.15 E(ter)144 -458.4 Q F0(is)4.439 E F2(*)3.709 E F0(or)3.709 E F2(@)3.709 E F0 3.708 +530.4 Q F0(is)4.439 E F2(*)3.709 E F0(or)3.709 E F2(@)3.709 E F0 3.708 (,t)C 1.208(he v)-3.708 F 1.208 (alue substituted is the number of positional parameters.)-.25 F(If) 6.208 E F1(par)4.958 E(ameter)-.15 E F0 1.208(is an)4.438 F -(array name subscripted by)144 470.4 Q F2(*)2.5 E F0(or)2.5 E F2(@)2.5 E +(array name subscripted by)144 542.4 Q F2(*)2.5 E F0(or)2.5 E F2(@)2.5 E F0 2.5(,t)C(he v)-2.5 E (alue substituted is the number of elements in the array)-.25 E(.)-.65 E -(${)108 487.2 Q F1(par)A(ameter)-.15 E F2(#)A F1(wor)A(d)-.37 E F0(})A -(${)108 499.2 Q F1(par)A(ameter)-.15 E F2(##)A F1(wor)A(d)-.37 E F0(})A -F2(Remo)144 511.2 Q 1.396 -.1(ve m)-.1 H 1.196(atching pr).1 F 1.196 +(${)108 559.2 Q F1(par)A(ameter)-.15 E F2(#)A F1(wor)A(d)-.37 E F0(})A +(${)108 571.2 Q F1(par)A(ameter)-.15 E F2(##)A F1(wor)A(d)-.37 E F0(})A +F2(Remo)144 583.2 Q 1.396 -.1(ve m)-.1 H 1.196(atching pr).1 F 1.196 (e\214x patter)-.18 F(n.)-.15 E F0(The)6.196 E F1(wor)4.036 E(d)-.37 E F0 1.196(is e)4.466 F 1.196 (xpanded to produce a pattern just as in path-)-.15 F .152(name e)144 -523.2 R 2.652(xpansion. If)-.15 F .152(the pattern matches the be)2.652 +595.2 R 2.652(xpansion. If)-.15 F .152(the pattern matches the be)2.652 F .152(ginning of the v)-.15 F .152(alue of)-.25 F F1(par)2.652 E (ameter)-.15 E F0 2.652(,t).73 G .151(hen the result of)-2.652 F 1.4 -(the e)144 535.2 R 1.4(xpansion is the e)-.15 F 1.4(xpanded v)-.15 F 1.4 +(the e)144 607.2 R 1.4(xpansion is the e)-.15 F 1.4(xpanded v)-.15 F 1.4 (alue of)-.25 F F1(par)5.15 E(ameter)-.15 E F0 1.4 (with the shortest matching pattern \(the `)4.63 F(`)-.74 E F2(#)A F0 --.74('')C .281(case\) or the longest matching pattern \(the `)144 547.2 +-.74('')C .281(case\) or the longest matching pattern \(the `)144 619.2 R(`)-.74 E F2(##)A F0 1.761 -.74('' c)D .281(ase\) deleted.).74 F(If) 5.281 E F1(par)4.031 E(ameter)-.15 E F0(is)3.511 E F2(@)2.781 E F0(or) 2.781 E F2(*)2.781 E F0 2.781(,t)C .281(he pattern)-2.781 F(remo)144 -559.2 Q -.25(va)-.15 G 3.274(lo).25 G .774 +631.2 Q -.25(va)-.15 G 3.274(lo).25 G .774 (peration is applied to each positional parameter in turn, and the e) --3.274 F .774(xpansion is the resul-)-.15 F .402(tant list.)144 571.2 R +-3.274 F .774(xpansion is the resul-)-.15 F .402(tant list.)144 643.2 R (If)5.402 E F1(par)4.152 E(ameter)-.15 E F0 .401(is an array v)3.632 F .401(ariable subscripted with)-.25 F F2(@)2.901 E F0(or)2.901 E F2(*) 2.901 E F0 2.901(,t)C .401(he pattern remo)-2.901 F -.25(va)-.15 G 2.901 (lo).25 G(peration)-2.901 E -(is applied to each member of the array in turn, and the e)144 583.2 Q -(xpansion is the resultant list.)-.15 E(${)108 600 Q F1(par)A(ameter) --.15 E F2(%)A F1(wor)A(d)-.37 E F0(})A(${)108 612 Q F1(par)A(ameter)-.15 -E F2(%%)A F1(wor)A(d)-.37 E F0(})A F2(Remo)144 624 Q .346 -.1(ve m)-.1 H +(is applied to each member of the array in turn, and the e)144 655.2 Q +(xpansion is the resultant list.)-.15 E(${)108 672 Q F1(par)A(ameter) +-.15 E F2(%)A F1(wor)A(d)-.37 E F0(})A(${)108 684 Q F1(par)A(ameter)-.15 +E F2(%%)A F1(wor)A(d)-.37 E F0(})A F2(Remo)144 696 Q .346 -.1(ve m)-.1 H .146(atching suf\214x patter).1 F(n.)-.15 E F0(The)5.146 E F1(wor)2.646 E(d)-.37 E F0 .147(is e)2.647 F .147 -(xpanded to produce a pattern just as in pathname)-.15 F -.15(ex)144 636 +(xpanded to produce a pattern just as in pathname)-.15 F -.15(ex)144 708 S 3.088(pansion. If).15 F .588 (the pattern matches a trailing portion of the e)3.088 F .588(xpanded v) -.15 F .588(alue of)-.25 F F1(par)3.088 E(ameter)-.15 E F0 3.088(,t).73 -G .588(hen the)-3.088 F .226(result of the e)144 648 R .226 +G .588(hen the)-3.088 F .226(result of the e)144 720 R .226 (xpansion is the e)-.15 F .226(xpanded v)-.15 F .226(alue of)-.25 F F1 (par)3.976 E(ameter)-.15 E F0 .226 -(with the shortest matching pattern \(the)3.456 F -.74(``)144 660 S F2 -(%).74 E F0 1.522 -.74('' c)D .042 -(ase\) or the longest matching pattern \(the `).74 F(`)-.74 E F2(%%)A F0 -1.522 -.74('' c)D .042(ase\) deleted.).74 F(If)5.042 E F1(par)3.792 E -(ameter)-.15 E F0(is)3.272 E F2(@)2.541 E F0(or)2.541 E F2(*)2.541 E F0 -2.541(,t)C(he)-2.541 E .44(pattern remo)144 672 R -.25(va)-.15 G 2.94 -(lo).25 G .441 -(peration is applied to each positional parameter in turn, and the e) --2.94 F .441(xpansion is the)-.15 F .241(resultant list.)144 684 R(If) -5.241 E F1(par)3.991 E(ameter)-.15 E F0 .241(is an array v)3.471 F .241 -(ariable subscripted with)-.25 F F2(@)2.741 E F0(or)2.74 E F2(*)2.74 E -F0 2.74(,t)C .24(he pattern remo)-2.74 F -.25(va)-.15 G 2.74(lo).25 G -(per)-2.74 E(-)-.2 E -(ation is applied to each member of the array in turn, and the e)144 696 -Q(xpansion is the resultant list.)-.15 E(GNU Bash-4.1)72 768 Q -(2010 May 30)147.345 E(20)197.335 E 0 Cg EP +(with the shortest matching pattern \(the)3.456 F(GNU Bash-4.1)72 768 Q +(2010 June 12)147.345 E(20)197.335 E 0 Cg EP %%Page: 21 21 %%BeginPageSetup BP %%EndPageSetup /F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 389.54(SH\(1\) B).35 F(ASH\(1\)) --.35 E(${)108 84 Q/F1 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(par)A(ameter)-.15 E/F2 10 -/Times-Bold@0 SF(/)A F1(pattern)A F2(/)A F1(string)A F0(})A F2 -.1(Pa) -144 96 S(tter).1 E 3.606(ns)-.15 G(ubstitution.)-3.606 E F0(The)6.106 E -F1(pattern)3.606 E F0 1.106(is e)3.606 F 1.107 +-.35 E -.74(``)144 84 S/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(%).74 E F0 1.522 -.74 +('' c)D .042(ase\) or the longest matching pattern \(the `).74 F(`)-.74 +E F1(%%)A F0 1.522 -.74('' c)D .042(ase\) deleted.).74 F(If)5.042 E/F2 +10/Times-Italic@0 SF(par)3.792 E(ameter)-.15 E F0(is)3.272 E F1(@)2.541 +E F0(or)2.541 E F1(*)2.541 E F0 2.541(,t)C(he)-2.541 E .44(pattern remo) +144 96 R -.25(va)-.15 G 2.94(lo).25 G .441 +(peration is applied to each positional parameter in turn, and the e) +-2.94 F .441(xpansion is the)-.15 F .241(resultant list.)144 108 R(If) +5.241 E F2(par)3.991 E(ameter)-.15 E F0 .241(is an array v)3.471 F .241 +(ariable subscripted with)-.25 F F1(@)2.741 E F0(or)2.74 E F1(*)2.74 E +F0 2.74(,t)C .24(he pattern remo)-2.74 F -.25(va)-.15 G 2.74(lo).25 G +(per)-2.74 E(-)-.2 E +(ation is applied to each member of the array in turn, and the e)144 120 +Q(xpansion is the resultant list.)-.15 E(${)108 136.8 Q F2(par)A(ameter) +-.15 E F1(/)A F2(pattern)A F1(/)A F2(string)A F0(})A F1 -.1(Pa)144 148.8 +S(tter).1 E 3.606(ns)-.15 G(ubstitution.)-3.606 E F0(The)6.106 E F2 +(pattern)3.606 E F0 1.106(is e)3.606 F 1.107 (xpanded to produce a pattern just as in pathname e)-.15 F(xpan-)-.15 E -(sion.)144 108 Q F1 -.8(Pa)6.034 G -.15(ra).8 G(meter).15 E F0 1.034 -(is e)3.534 F 1.033(xpanded and the longest match of)-.15 F F1(pattern) +(sion.)144 160.8 Q F2 -.8(Pa)6.034 G -.15(ra).8 G(meter).15 E F0 1.034 +(is e)3.534 F 1.033(xpanded and the longest match of)-.15 F F2(pattern) 3.533 E F0(ag)3.533 E 1.033(ainst its v)-.05 F 1.033 -(alue is replaced with)-.25 F F1(string)144 120 Q F0 5.16(.I)C(f)-5.16 E -F1(pattern)2.66 E F0(be)2.66 E .16(gins with)-.15 F F2(/)2.66 E F0 2.66 -(,a)C .161(ll matches of)-2.66 F F1(pattern)2.661 E F0 .161 -(are replaced with)2.661 F F1(string)2.661 E F0 5.161(.N)C .161 -(ormally only the)-5.161 F .807(\214rst match is replaced.)144 132 R(If) -5.807 E F1(pattern)3.307 E F0(be)3.307 E .807(gins with)-.15 F F2(#) +(alue is replaced with)-.25 F F2(string)144 172.8 Q F0 5.16(.I)C(f)-5.16 +E F2(pattern)2.66 E F0(be)2.66 E .16(gins with)-.15 F F1(/)2.66 E F0 +2.66(,a)C .161(ll matches of)-2.66 F F2(pattern)2.661 E F0 .161 +(are replaced with)2.661 F F2(string)2.661 E F0 5.161(.N)C .161 +(ormally only the)-5.161 F .807(\214rst match is replaced.)144 184.8 R +(If)5.807 E F2(pattern)3.307 E F0(be)3.307 E .807(gins with)-.15 F F1(#) 3.307 E F0 3.306(,i)C 3.306(tm)-3.306 G .806(ust match at the be)-3.306 -F .806(ginning of the e)-.15 F(xpanded)-.15 E -.25(va)144 144 S .62 -(lue of).25 F F1(par)3.12 E(ameter)-.15 E F0 5.62(.I)C(f)-5.62 E F1 -(pattern)3.12 E F0(be)3.12 E .62(gins with)-.15 F F2(%)3.12 E F0 3.12 +F .806(ginning of the e)-.15 F(xpanded)-.15 E -.25(va)144 196.8 S .62 +(lue of).25 F F2(par)3.12 E(ameter)-.15 E F0 5.62(.I)C(f)-5.62 E F2 +(pattern)3.12 E F0(be)3.12 E .62(gins with)-.15 F F1(%)3.12 E F0 3.12 (,i)C 3.121(tm)-3.12 G .621(ust match at the end of the e)-3.121 F .621 -(xpanded v)-.15 F .621(alue of)-.25 F F1(par)144 156 Q(ameter)-.15 E F0 -6.254(.I)C(f)-6.254 E F1(string)3.754 E F0 1.253(is null, matches of) -3.753 F F1(pattern)3.753 E F0 1.253(are deleted and the)3.753 F F2(/) -3.753 E F0(follo)3.753 E(wing)-.25 E F1(pattern)3.753 E F0 1.253(may be) -3.753 F 2.678(omitted. If)144 168 R F1(par)3.928 E(ameter)-.15 E F0(is) -3.408 E F2(@)2.678 E F0(or)2.678 E F2(*)2.679 E F0 2.679(,t)C .179 +(xpanded v)-.15 F .621(alue of)-.25 F F2(par)144 208.8 Q(ameter)-.15 E +F0 6.254(.I)C(f)-6.254 E F2(string)3.754 E F0 1.253(is null, matches of) +3.753 F F2(pattern)3.753 E F0 1.253(are deleted and the)3.753 F F1(/) +3.753 E F0(follo)3.753 E(wing)-.25 E F2(pattern)3.753 E F0 1.253(may be) +3.753 F 2.678(omitted. If)144 220.8 R F2(par)3.928 E(ameter)-.15 E F0 +(is)3.408 E F1(@)2.678 E F0(or)2.678 E F1(*)2.679 E F0 2.679(,t)C .179 (he substitution operation is applied to each positional parameter) --2.679 F .619(in turn, and the e)144 180 R .619 -(xpansion is the resultant list.)-.15 F(If)5.619 E F1(par)4.369 E +-2.679 F .619(in turn, and the e)144 232.8 R .619 +(xpansion is the resultant list.)-.15 F(If)5.619 E F2(par)4.369 E (ameter)-.15 E F0 .618(is an array v)3.849 F .618 -(ariable subscripted with)-.25 F F2(@)144 192 Q F0(or)3.223 E F2(*)3.223 -E F0 3.223(,t)C .723(he substitution operation is applied to each membe\ -r of the array in turn, and the e)-3.223 F(xpan-)-.15 E -(sion is the resultant list.)144 204 Q(${)108 220.8 Q F1(par)A(ameter) --.15 E F2(^)A F1(pattern)A F0(})A(${)108 232.8 Q F1(par)A(ameter)-.15 E -F2(^^)A F1(pattern)A F0(})A(${)108 244.8 Q F1(par)A(ameter)-.15 E F2(,)A -F1(pattern)A F0(})A(${)108 256.8 Q F1(par)A(ameter)-.15 E F2(,,)A F1 -(pattern)A F0(})A F2 .438(Case modi\214cation.)144 268.8 R F0 .438 +(ariable subscripted with)-.25 F F1(@)144 244.8 Q F0(or)3.223 E F1(*) +3.223 E F0 3.223(,t)C .723(he substitution operation is applied to each\ + member of the array in turn, and the e)-3.223 F(xpan-)-.15 E +(sion is the resultant list.)144 256.8 Q(${)108 273.6 Q F2(par)A(ameter) +-.15 E F1(^)A F2(pattern)A F0(})A(${)108 285.6 Q F2(par)A(ameter)-.15 E +F1(^^)A F2(pattern)A F0(})A(${)108 297.6 Q F2(par)A(ameter)-.15 E F1(,)A +F2(pattern)A F0(})A(${)108 309.6 Q F2(par)A(ameter)-.15 E F1(,,)A F2 +(pattern)A F0(})A F1 .438(Case modi\214cation.)144 321.6 R F0 .438 (This e)5.438 F .437 -(xpansion modi\214es the case of alphabetic characters in)-.15 F F1(par) -2.937 E(ameter)-.15 E F0 5.437(.T)C(he)-5.437 E F1(pattern)144 280.8 Q +(xpansion modi\214es the case of alphabetic characters in)-.15 F F2(par) +2.937 E(ameter)-.15 E F0 5.437(.T)C(he)-5.437 E F2(pattern)144 333.6 Q F0 .813(is e)3.313 F .813 (xpanded to produce a pattern just as in pathname e)-.15 F 3.314 -(xpansion. The)-.15 F F2(^)3.314 E F0 .814(operator con)3.314 F -.15(ve) --.4 G(rts).15 E(lo)144 292.8 Q .181(wercase letters matching)-.25 F F1 -(pattern)2.681 E F0 .181(to uppercase; the)2.681 F F2(,)2.681 E F0 .181 +(xpansion. The)-.15 F F1(^)3.314 E F0 .814(operator con)3.314 F -.15(ve) +-.4 G(rts).15 E(lo)144 345.6 Q .181(wercase letters matching)-.25 F F2 +(pattern)2.681 E F0 .181(to uppercase; the)2.681 F F1(,)2.681 E F0 .181 (operator con)2.681 F -.15(ve)-.4 G .18(rts matching uppercase letters) -.15 F .085(to lo)144 304.8 R 2.585(wercase. The)-.25 F F2(^^)2.585 E F0 -(and)2.585 E F2(,,)2.585 E F0 -.15(ex)2.585 G .085(pansions con).15 F +.15 F .085(to lo)144 357.6 R 2.585(wercase. The)-.25 F F1(^^)2.585 E F0 +(and)2.585 E F1(,,)2.585 E F0 -.15(ex)2.585 G .085(pansions con).15 F -.15(ve)-.4 G .085(rt each matched character in the e).15 F .085 -(xpanded v)-.15 F .085(alue; the)-.25 F F2(^)2.585 E F0(and)144 316.8 Q -F2(,)3.591 E F0 -.15(ex)3.591 G 1.091(pansions match and con).15 F -.15 +(xpanded v)-.15 F .085(alue; the)-.25 F F1(^)2.585 E F0(and)144 369.6 Q +F1(,)3.591 E F0 -.15(ex)3.591 G 1.091(pansions match and con).15 F -.15 (ve)-.4 G 1.091(rt only the \214rst character in the e).15 F 1.09 -(xpanded v)-.15 F 3.59(alue. If)-.25 F F1(pattern)3.59 E F0(is)3.59 E -1.12(omitted, it is treated lik)144 328.8 R 3.62(ea)-.1 G F2(?)A F0 3.62 +(xpanded v)-.15 F 3.59(alue. If)-.25 F F2(pattern)3.59 E F0(is)3.59 E +1.12(omitted, it is treated lik)144 381.6 R 3.62(ea)-.1 G F1(?)A F0 3.62 (,w)C 1.12(hich matches e)-3.62 F -.15(ve)-.25 G 1.121(ry character).15 -F 6.121(.I)-.55 G(f)-6.121 E F1(par)4.871 E(ameter)-.15 E F0(is)4.351 E -F2(@)3.621 E F0(or)3.621 E F2(*)3.621 E F0 3.621(,t)C 1.121(he case) +F 6.121(.I)-.55 G(f)-6.121 E F2(par)4.871 E(ameter)-.15 E F0(is)4.351 E +F1(@)3.621 E F0(or)3.621 E F1(*)3.621 E F0 3.621(,t)C 1.121(he case) -3.621 F 1.335(modi\214cation operation is applied to each positional p\ -arameter in turn, and the e)144 340.8 R 1.335(xpansion is the)-.15 F -1.308(resultant list.)144 352.8 R(If)6.308 E F1(par)5.058 E(ameter)-.15 +arameter in turn, and the e)144 393.6 R 1.335(xpansion is the)-.15 F +1.308(resultant list.)144 405.6 R(If)6.308 E F2(par)5.058 E(ameter)-.15 E F0 1.308(is an array v)4.538 F 1.308(ariable subscripted with)-.25 F -F2(@)3.808 E F0(or)3.808 E F2(*)3.808 E F0 3.808(,t)C 1.308 +F1(@)3.808 E F0(or)3.808 E F1(*)3.808 E F0 3.808(,t)C 1.308 (he case modi\214cation)-3.808 F (operation is applied to each member of the array in turn, and the e)144 -364.8 Q(xpansion is the resultant list.)-.15 E F2(Command Substitution) -87 381.6 Q F1 1.698(Command substitution)108 393.6 R F0(allo)4.198 E +417.6 Q(xpansion is the resultant list.)-.15 E F1(Command Substitution) +87 434.4 Q F2 1.698(Command substitution)108 446.4 R F0(allo)4.198 E 1.697(ws the output of a command to replace the command name.)-.25 F -1.697(There are tw)6.697 F(o)-.1 E(forms:)108 405.6 Q F2($\()144 427.2 Q -F1(command)A F2(\))1.666 E F0(or)108 439.2 Q F2<92>144 451.2 Q F1 -(command)A F2<92>A(Bash)108 468 Q F0 .019(performs the e)2.519 F .019 -(xpansion by e)-.15 F -.15(xe)-.15 G(cuting).15 E F1(command)2.519 E F0 +1.697(There are tw)6.697 F(o)-.1 E(forms:)108 458.4 Q F1($\()144 480 Q +F2(command)A F1(\))1.666 E F0(or)108 492 Q F1<92>144 504 Q F2(command)A +F1<92>A(Bash)108 520.8 Q F0 .019(performs the e)2.519 F .019 +(xpansion by e)-.15 F -.15(xe)-.15 G(cuting).15 E F2(command)2.519 E F0 .02(and replacing the command substitution with the stan-)2.519 F .768 -(dard output of the command, with an)108 480 R 3.268(yt)-.15 G .768 +(dard output of the command, with an)108 532.8 R 3.268(yt)-.15 G .768 (railing ne)-3.268 F .768(wlines deleted.)-.25 F .768(Embedded ne)5.768 -F .768(wlines are not deleted, b)-.25 F(ut)-.2 E(the)108 492 Q 3.218(ym) --.15 G .718(ay be remo)-3.218 F -.15(ve)-.15 G 3.218(dd).15 G .719 +F .768(wlines are not deleted, b)-.25 F(ut)-.2 E(the)108 544.8 Q 3.218 +(ym)-.15 G .718(ay be remo)-3.218 F -.15(ve)-.15 G 3.218(dd).15 G .719 (uring w)-3.218 F .719(ord splitting.)-.1 F .719 -(The command substitution)5.719 F F2($\(cat)3.219 E F1(\214le)3.219 E F2 -(\))A F0 .719(can be replaced by the)3.219 F(equi)108 504 Q -.25(va)-.25 -G(lent b).25 E(ut f)-.2 E(aster)-.1 E F2($\(<)2.5 E F1(\214le)2.5 E F2 -(\))A F0(.)A 1.724(When the old-style backquote form of substitution is\ - used, backslash retains its literal meaning e)108 520.8 R(xcept)-.15 E -.314(when follo)108 532.8 R .314(wed by)-.25 F F2($)2.814 E F0(,)A F2 -<92>2.814 E F0 2.814(,o)C(r)-2.814 E F2(\\)2.814 E F0 5.314(.T)C .315(h\ +(The command substitution)5.719 F F1($\(cat)3.219 E F2(\214le)3.219 E F1 +(\))A F0 .719(can be replaced by the)3.219 F(equi)108 556.8 Q -.25(va) +-.25 G(lent b).25 E(ut f)-.2 E(aster)-.1 E F1($\(<)2.5 E F2(\214le)2.5 E +F1(\))A F0(.)A 1.724(When the old-style backquote form of substitution \ +is used, backslash retains its literal meaning e)108 573.6 R(xcept)-.15 +E .314(when follo)108 585.6 R .314(wed by)-.25 F F1($)2.814 E F0(,)A F1 +<92>2.814 E F0 2.814(,o)C(r)-2.814 E F1(\\)2.814 E F0 5.314(.T)C .315(h\ e \214rst backquote not preceded by a backslash terminates the command \ -sub-)-5.314 F 3.887(stitution. When)108 544.8 R 1.387(using the $\() -3.887 F F1(command).833 E F0 3.887(\)f)1.666 G 1.386 +sub-)-5.314 F 3.887(stitution. When)108 597.6 R 1.387(using the $\() +3.887 F F2(command).833 E F0 3.887(\)f)1.666 G 1.386 (orm, all characters between the parentheses mak)-3.887 F 3.886(eu)-.1 G 3.886(pt)-3.886 G 1.386(he com-)-3.886 F -(mand; none are treated specially)108 556.8 Q(.)-.65 E .894 -(Command substitutions may be nested.)108 573.6 R 2.494 -.8(To n)5.894 H +(mand; none are treated specially)108 609.6 Q(.)-.65 E .894 +(Command substitutions may be nested.)108 626.4 R 2.494 -.8(To n)5.894 H .894(est when using the backquoted form, escape the inner back-).8 F -(quotes with backslashes.)108 585.6 Q .422 -(If the substitution appears within double quotes, w)108 602.4 R .422 +(quotes with backslashes.)108 638.4 Q .422 +(If the substitution appears within double quotes, w)108 655.2 R .422 (ord splitting and pathname e)-.1 F .422(xpansion are not performed)-.15 -F(on the results.)108 614.4 Q F2(Arithmetic Expansion)87 631.2 Q F0 -1.034(Arithmetic e)108 643.2 R 1.034(xpansion allo)-.15 F 1.034 -(ws the e)-.25 F -.25(va)-.25 G 1.034(luation of an arithmetic e).25 F -1.035(xpression and the substitution of the result.)-.15 F -(The format for arithmetic e)108 655.2 Q(xpansion is:)-.15 E F2($\(\() -144 672 Q F1 -.2(ex)C(pr).2 E(ession)-.37 E F2(\)\))A F0(The)108 688.8 Q -F1 -.2(ex)2.666 G(pr).2 E(ession)-.37 E F0 .165 -(is treated as if it were within double quotes, b)2.906 F .165 -(ut a double quote inside the parentheses is not)-.2 F 1.074 -(treated specially)108 700.8 R 6.074(.A)-.65 G 1.074(ll tok)-6.074 F -1.074(ens in the e)-.1 F 1.074(xpression under)-.15 F 1.074 -(go parameter e)-.18 F 1.074(xpansion, string e)-.15 F 1.075 -(xpansion, command)-.15 F(substitution, and quote remo)108 712.8 Q -.25 -(va)-.15 G 2.5(l. Arithmetic).25 F -.15(ex)2.5 G -(pansions may be nested.).15 E 1.379(The e)108 729.6 R -.25(va)-.25 G -1.378(luation is performed according to the rules listed belo).25 F -3.878(wu)-.25 G(nder)-3.878 E/F3 9/Times-Bold@0 SF 1.378(ARITHMETIC EV) -3.878 F(ALU)-1.215 E -.855(AT)-.54 G(ION).855 E/F4 9/Times-Roman@0 SF(.) -A F0(If)5.878 E(GNU Bash-4.1)72 768 Q(2010 May 30)147.345 E(21)197.335 E -0 Cg EP +F(on the results.)108 667.2 Q F1(Arithmetic Expansion)87 684 Q F0 1.034 +(Arithmetic e)108 696 R 1.034(xpansion allo)-.15 F 1.034(ws the e)-.25 F +-.25(va)-.25 G 1.034(luation of an arithmetic e).25 F 1.035 +(xpression and the substitution of the result.)-.15 F +(The format for arithmetic e)108 708 Q(xpansion is:)-.15 E F1($\(\()144 +724.8 Q F2 -.2(ex)C(pr).2 E(ession)-.37 E F1(\)\))A F0(GNU Bash-4.1)72 +768 Q(2010 June 12)147.345 E(21)197.335 E 0 Cg EP %%Page: 22 22 %%BeginPageSetup BP %%EndPageSetup /F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 389.54(SH\(1\) B).35 F(ASH\(1\)) --.35 E/F1 10/Times-Italic@0 SF -.2(ex)108 84 S(pr).2 E(ession)-.37 E F0 -(is in)2.74 E -.25(va)-.4 G(lid,).25 E/F2 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(bash)2.5 E -F0(prints a message indicating f)2.5 E -(ailure and no substitution occurs.)-.1 E F2(Pr)87 100.8 Q -(ocess Substitution)-.18 E F1(Pr)108 112.8 Q .97(ocess substitution)-.45 -F F0 .971(is supported on systems that support named pipes \()3.47 F F1 -(FIFOs)A F0 3.471(\)o)C 3.471(rt)-3.471 G(he)-3.471 E F2(/de)3.471 E -(v/fd)-.15 E F0 .971(method of)3.471 F .022(naming open \214les.)108 -124.8 R .021(It tak)5.022 F .021(es the form of)-.1 F F2(<\()2.521 E F1 -(list)A F2(\)).833 E F0(or)2.521 E F2(>\()2.521 E F1(list)A F2(\)).833 E -F0 5.021(.T)C .021(he process)-5.021 F F1(list)2.521 E F0 .021 -(is run with its input or output con-)2.521 F .058(nected to a)108 136.8 -R F1(FIFO)2.558 E F0 .058(or some \214le in)2.558 F F2(/de)2.558 E(v/fd) +-.35 E(The)108 84 Q/F1 10/Times-Italic@0 SF -.2(ex)2.666 G(pr).2 E +(ession)-.37 E F0 .165(is treated as if it were within double quotes, b) +2.906 F .165(ut a double quote inside the parentheses is not)-.2 F 1.074 +(treated specially)108 96 R 6.074(.A)-.65 G 1.074(ll tok)-6.074 F 1.074 +(ens in the e)-.1 F 1.074(xpression under)-.15 F 1.074(go parameter e) +-.18 F 1.074(xpansion, string e)-.15 F 1.075(xpansion, command)-.15 F +(substitution, and quote remo)108 108 Q -.25(va)-.15 G 2.5 +(l. Arithmetic).25 F -.15(ex)2.5 G(pansions may be nested.).15 E 1.379 +(The e)108 124.8 R -.25(va)-.25 G 1.378 +(luation is performed according to the rules listed belo).25 F 3.878(wu) +-.25 G(nder)-3.878 E/F2 9/Times-Bold@0 SF 1.378(ARITHMETIC EV)3.878 F +(ALU)-1.215 E -.855(AT)-.54 G(ION).855 E/F3 9/Times-Roman@0 SF(.)A F0 +(If)5.878 E F1 -.2(ex)108 136.8 S(pr).2 E(ession)-.37 E F0(is in)2.74 E +-.25(va)-.4 G(lid,).25 E/F4 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(bash)2.5 E F0 +(prints a message indicating f)2.5 E(ailure and no substitution occurs.) +-.1 E F4(Pr)87 153.6 Q(ocess Substitution)-.18 E F1(Pr)108 165.6 Q .97 +(ocess substitution)-.45 F F0 .971 +(is supported on systems that support named pipes \()3.47 F F1(FIFOs)A +F0 3.471(\)o)C 3.471(rt)-3.471 G(he)-3.471 E F4(/de)3.471 E(v/fd)-.15 E +F0 .971(method of)3.471 F .022(naming open \214les.)108 177.6 R .021 +(It tak)5.022 F .021(es the form of)-.1 F F4(<\()2.521 E F1(list)A F4 +(\)).833 E F0(or)2.521 E F4(>\()2.521 E F1(list)A F4(\)).833 E F0 5.021 +(.T)C .021(he process)-5.021 F F1(list)2.521 E F0 .021 +(is run with its input or output con-)2.521 F .058(nected to a)108 189.6 +R F1(FIFO)2.558 E F0 .058(or some \214le in)2.558 F F4(/de)2.558 E(v/fd) -.15 E F0 5.058(.T)C .058(he name of this \214le is passed as an ar) -5.058 F .059(gument to the current com-)-.18 F .131 -(mand as the result of the e)108 148.8 R 2.631(xpansion. If)-.15 F(the) -2.63 E F2(>\()2.63 E F1(list)A F2(\)).833 E F0 .13 +(mand as the result of the e)108 201.6 R 2.631(xpansion. If)-.15 F(the) +2.63 E F4(>\()2.63 E F1(list)A F4(\)).833 E F0 .13 (form is used, writing to the \214le will pro)2.63 F .13(vide input for) --.15 F F1(list)2.63 E F0(.)A(If the)108 160.8 Q F2(<\()2.5 E F1(list)A -F2(\)).833 E F0(form is used, the \214le passed as an ar)2.5 E +-.15 F F1(list)2.63 E F0(.)A(If the)108 213.6 Q F4(<\()2.5 E F1(list)A +F4(\)).833 E F0(form is used, the \214le passed as an ar)2.5 E (gument should be read to obtain the output of)-.18 E F1(list)2.5 E F0 -(.)A .896(When a)108 177.6 R -.25(va)-.2 G .896(ilable, process substit\ +(.)A .896(When a)108 230.4 R -.25(va)-.2 G .896(ilable, process substit\ ution is performed simultaneously with parameter and v).25 F .897 (ariable e)-.25 F(xpansion,)-.15 E -(command substitution, and arithmetic e)108 189.6 Q(xpansion.)-.15 E F2 --.75(Wo)87 206.4 S(rd Splitting).75 E F0 1.143 -(The shell scans the results of parameter e)108 218.4 R 1.142 +(command substitution, and arithmetic e)108 242.4 Q(xpansion.)-.15 E F4 +-.75(Wo)87 259.2 S(rd Splitting).75 E F0 1.143 +(The shell scans the results of parameter e)108 271.2 R 1.142 (xpansion, command substitution, and arithmetic e)-.15 F 1.142 -(xpansion that)-.15 F(did not occur within double quotes for)108 230.4 Q +(xpansion that)-.15 F(did not occur within double quotes for)108 283.2 Q F1(wor)2.5 E 2.5(ds)-.37 G(plitting)-2.5 E F0(.).22 E .063 -(The shell treats each character of)108 247.2 R/F3 9/Times-Bold@0 SF -(IFS)2.563 E F0 .063(as a delimiter)2.313 F 2.563(,a)-.4 G .063 +(The shell treats each character of)108 300 R F2(IFS)2.563 E F0 .063 +(as a delimiter)2.313 F 2.563(,a)-.4 G .063 (nd splits the results of the other e)-2.563 F .063(xpansions into w) --.15 F(ords)-.1 E 1.789(on these characters.)108 259.2 R(If)6.789 E F3 +-.15 F(ords)-.1 E 1.789(on these characters.)108 312 R(If)6.789 E F2 (IFS)4.289 E F0 1.788(is unset, or its v)4.039 F 1.788(alue is e)-.25 F -(xactly)-.15 E F2()4.288 E F0 4.288(,t)C 1.788 -(he def)-4.288 F 1.788(ault, then)-.1 F .021(sequences of)108 271.2 R F2 -()2.521 E F0(,)A F2()2.521 E F0 2.521(,a)C(nd)-2.521 E F2 +(xactly)-.15 E F4()4.288 E F0 4.288(,t)C 1.788 +(he def)-4.288 F 1.788(ault, then)-.1 F .021(sequences of)108 324 R F4 +()2.521 E F0(,)A F4()2.521 E F0 2.521(,a)C(nd)-2.521 E F4 ()2.521 E F0 .021(at the be)2.521 F .021 (ginning and end of the results of the pre)-.15 F .022(vious e)-.25 F -(xpan-)-.15 E .586(sions are ignored, and an)108 283.2 R 3.086(ys)-.15 G -.586(equence of)-3.086 F F3(IFS)3.086 E F0 .586 +(xpan-)-.15 E .586(sions are ignored, and an)108 336 R 3.086(ys)-.15 G +.586(equence of)-3.086 F F2(IFS)3.086 E F0 .586 (characters not at the be)2.836 F .586(ginning or end serv)-.15 F .585 -(es to delimit w)-.15 F(ords.)-.1 E(If)108 295.2 Q F3(IFS)3.617 E F0 -1.117(has a v)3.367 F 1.117(alue other than the def)-.25 F 1.117 -(ault, then sequences of the whitespace characters)-.1 F F2(space)3.617 -E F0(and)3.617 E F2(tab)3.617 E F0(are)3.617 E .315(ignored at the be) -108 307.2 R .315(ginning and end of the w)-.15 F .315 +(es to delimit w)-.15 F(ords.)-.1 E(If)108 348 Q F2(IFS)3.617 E F0 1.117 +(has a v)3.367 F 1.117(alue other than the def)-.25 F 1.117 +(ault, then sequences of the whitespace characters)-.1 F F4(space)3.617 +E F0(and)3.617 E F4(tab)3.617 E F0(are)3.617 E .315(ignored at the be) +108 360 R .315(ginning and end of the w)-.15 F .315 (ord, as long as the whitespace character is in the v)-.1 F .315 -(alue of)-.25 F F3(IFS)2.815 E F0(\(an)2.565 E F3(IFS)108 319.2 Q F0 -1.053(whitespace character\).)3.303 F(An)6.053 E 3.553(yc)-.15 G 1.053 -(haracter in)-3.553 F F3(IFS)3.553 E F0 1.053(that is not)3.303 F F3 +(alue of)-.25 F F2(IFS)2.815 E F0(\(an)2.565 E F2(IFS)108 372 Q F0 1.053 +(whitespace character\).)3.303 F(An)6.053 E 3.553(yc)-.15 G 1.053 +(haracter in)-3.553 F F2(IFS)3.553 E F0 1.053(that is not)3.303 F F2 (IFS)3.553 E F0 1.054(whitespace, along with an)3.304 F 3.554(ya)-.15 G -(djacent)-3.554 E F3(IFS)3.554 E F0 .332 -(whitespace characters, delimits a \214eld.)108 331.2 R 2.832(As)5.332 G -.332(equence of)-2.832 F F3(IFS)2.832 E F0 .331 -(whitespace characters is also treated as a delim-)2.582 F(iter)108 -343.2 Q 5(.I)-.55 G 2.5(ft)-5 G(he v)-2.5 E(alue of)-.25 E F3(IFS)2.5 E -F0(is null, no w)2.25 E(ord splitting occurs.)-.1 E 1.878 -(Explicit null ar)108 360 R 1.878(guments \()-.18 F F2 .833("").833 G F0 -(or)3.545 E F2 .833<0808>5.211 G F0 4.378(\)a)C 1.878(re retained.) +(djacent)-3.554 E F2(IFS)3.554 E F0 .332 +(whitespace characters, delimits a \214eld.)108 384 R 2.832(As)5.332 G +.332(equence of)-2.832 F F2(IFS)2.832 E F0 .331 +(whitespace characters is also treated as a delim-)2.582 F(iter)108 396 +Q 5(.I)-.55 G 2.5(ft)-5 G(he v)-2.5 E(alue of)-.25 E F2(IFS)2.5 E F0 +(is null, no w)2.25 E(ord splitting occurs.)-.1 E 1.878 +(Explicit null ar)108 412.8 R 1.878(guments \()-.18 F F4 .833("").833 G +F0(or)3.545 E F4 .833<0808>5.211 G F0 4.378(\)a)C 1.878(re retained.) -4.378 F 1.878(Unquoted implicit null ar)6.878 F 1.879 -(guments, resulting from the)-.18 F -.15(ex)108 372 S .177 +(guments, resulting from the)-.18 F -.15(ex)108 424.8 S .177 (pansion of parameters that ha).15 F .477 -.15(ve n)-.2 H 2.677(ov).15 G .177(alues, are remo)-2.927 F -.15(ve)-.15 G 2.676(d. If).15 F 2.676(ap) 2.676 G .176(arameter with no v)-2.676 F .176(alue is e)-.25 F .176 -(xpanded within)-.15 F(double quotes, a null ar)108 384 Q -(gument results and is retained.)-.18 E(Note that if no e)108 400.8 Q -(xpansion occurs, no splitting is performed.)-.15 E F2 -.1(Pa)87 417.6 S -(thname Expansion).1 E F0 .37(After w)108 429.6 R .37 -(ord splitting, unless the)-.1 F F22.87 E F0 .37 -(option has been set,)2.87 F F2(bash)2.87 E F0 .371(scans each w)2.871 F -.371(ord for the characters)-.1 F F2(*)2.871 E F0(,)A F2(?)2.871 E F0 -2.871(,a)C(nd)-2.871 E F2([)2.871 E F0(.)A .678 -(If one of these characters appears, then the w)108 441.6 R .677 +(xpanded within)-.15 F(double quotes, a null ar)108 436.8 Q +(gument results and is retained.)-.18 E(Note that if no e)108 453.6 Q +(xpansion occurs, no splitting is performed.)-.15 E F4 -.1(Pa)87 470.4 S +(thname Expansion).1 E F0 .37(After w)108 482.4 R .37 +(ord splitting, unless the)-.1 F F42.87 E F0 .37 +(option has been set,)2.87 F F4(bash)2.87 E F0 .371(scans each w)2.871 F +.371(ord for the characters)-.1 F F4(*)2.871 E F0(,)A F4(?)2.871 E F0 +2.871(,a)C(nd)-2.871 E F4([)2.871 E F0(.)A .678 +(If one of these characters appears, then the w)108 494.4 R .677 (ord is re)-.1 F -.05(ga)-.15 G .677(rded as a).05 F F1(pattern)3.177 E F0 3.177(,a).24 G .677(nd replaced with an alphabeti-)-3.177 F 1.456 -(cally sorted list of \214le names matching the pattern.)108 453.6 R +(cally sorted list of \214le names matching the pattern.)108 506.4 R 1.457(If no matching \214le names are found, and the shell)6.457 F -(option)108 465.6 Q F2(nullglob)2.538 E F0 .038(is not enabled, the w) -2.538 F .038(ord is left unchanged.)-.1 F .038(If the)5.038 F F2 +(option)108 518.4 Q F4(nullglob)2.538 E F0 .038(is not enabled, the w) +2.538 F .038(ord is left unchanged.)-.1 F .038(If the)5.038 F F4 (nullglob)2.538 E F0 .038(option is set, and no matches are)2.538 F .305 -(found, the w)108 477.6 R .305(ord is remo)-.1 F -.15(ve)-.15 G 2.805 -(d. If).15 F(the)2.805 E F2(failglob)2.805 E F0 .305 +(found, the w)108 530.4 R .305(ord is remo)-.1 F -.15(ve)-.15 G 2.805 +(d. If).15 F(the)2.805 E F4(failglob)2.805 E F0 .305 (shell option is set, and no matches are found, an error message)2.805 F -.929(is printed and the command is not e)108 489.6 R -.15(xe)-.15 G -3.428(cuted. If).15 F .928(the shell option)3.428 F F2(nocaseglob)3.428 +.929(is printed and the command is not e)108 542.4 R -.15(xe)-.15 G +3.428(cuted. If).15 F .928(the shell option)3.428 F F4(nocaseglob)3.428 E F0 .928(is enabled, the match is per)3.428 F(-)-.2 E .032 -(formed without re)108 501.6 R -.05(ga)-.15 G .032 +(formed without re)108 554.4 R -.05(ga)-.15 G .032 (rd to the case of alphabetic characters.).05 F .033 (When a pattern is used for pathname e)5.033 F(xpansion,)-.15 E .105 -(the character)108 513.6 R F2 -.63(``)2.605 G -.55(.').63 G(')-.08 E F0 +(the character)108 566.4 R F4 -.63(``)2.605 G -.55(.').63 G(')-.08 E F0 .105(at the start of a name or immediately follo)5.105 F .104 (wing a slash must be matched e)-.25 F(xplicitly)-.15 E 2.604(,u)-.65 G -(nless)-2.604 E .887(the shell option)108 525.6 R F2(dotglob)3.387 E F0 +(nless)-2.604 E .887(the shell option)108 578.4 R F4(dotglob)3.387 E F0 .887(is set.)3.387 F .888 (When matching a pathname, the slash character must al)5.887 F -.1(wa) --.1 G .888(ys be matched).1 F -.15(ex)108 537.6 S(plicitly).15 E 6.166 -(.I)-.65 G 3.666(no)-6.166 G 1.166(ther cases, the)-3.666 F F2 -.63(``) +-.1 G .888(ys be matched).1 F -.15(ex)108 590.4 S(plicitly).15 E 6.166 +(.I)-.65 G 3.666(no)-6.166 G 1.166(ther cases, the)-3.666 F F4 -.63(``) 3.666 G -.55(.').63 G(')-.08 E F0 1.166 (character is not treated specially)6.166 F 6.165(.S)-.65 G 1.165 -(ee the description of)-6.165 F F2(shopt)3.665 E F0(belo)3.665 E(w)-.25 -E(under)108 549.6 Q F3 .477(SHELL B)2.977 F(UIL)-.09 E .477 -(TIN COMMANDS)-.828 F F0 .477(for a description of the)2.727 F F2 -(nocaseglob)2.978 E F0(,)A F2(nullglob)2.978 E F0(,)A F2(failglob)2.978 -E F0 2.978(,a)C(nd)-2.978 E F2(dotglob)2.978 E F0(shell options.)108 -561.6 Q(The)108 578.4 Q F3(GLOBIGNORE)2.631 E F0 .131(shell v)2.381 F +(ee the description of)-6.165 F F4(shopt)3.665 E F0(belo)3.665 E(w)-.25 +E(under)108 602.4 Q F2 .477(SHELL B)2.977 F(UIL)-.09 E .477 +(TIN COMMANDS)-.828 F F0 .477(for a description of the)2.727 F F4 +(nocaseglob)2.978 E F0(,)A F4(nullglob)2.978 E F0(,)A F4(failglob)2.978 +E F0 2.978(,a)C(nd)-2.978 E F4(dotglob)2.978 E F0(shell options.)108 +614.4 Q(The)108 631.2 Q F2(GLOBIGNORE)2.631 E F0 .131(shell v)2.381 F .131(ariable may be used to restrict the set of \214le names matching a) --.25 F F1(pattern)2.63 E F0 5.13(.I).24 G(f)-5.13 E F3(GLO-)2.63 E -(BIGNORE)108 590.4 Q F0 2.015(is set, each matching \214le name that al\ -so matches one of the patterns in)4.264 F F3(GLOBIGNORE)4.515 E F0(is) -4.265 E(remo)108 602.4 Q -.15(ve)-.15 G 2.504(df).15 G .004 -(rom the list of matches.)-2.504 F .003(The \214le names)5.003 F F2 -.63 -(``)2.503 G -.55(.').63 G(')-.08 E F0(and)5.003 E F2 -.63(``)2.503 G(..) +-.25 F F1(pattern)2.63 E F0 5.13(.I).24 G(f)-5.13 E F2(GLO-)2.63 E +(BIGNORE)108 643.2 Q F0 2.015(is set, each matching \214le name that al\ +so matches one of the patterns in)4.264 F F2(GLOBIGNORE)4.515 E F0(is) +4.265 E(remo)108 655.2 Q -.15(ve)-.15 G 2.504(df).15 G .004 +(rom the list of matches.)-2.504 F .003(The \214le names)5.003 F F4 -.63 +(``)2.503 G -.55(.').63 G(')-.08 E F0(and)5.003 E F4 -.63(``)2.503 G(..) .63 E -.63('')-.55 G F0 .003(are al)5.633 F -.1(wa)-.1 G .003 -(ys ignored when).1 F F3(GLOBIGNORE)2.503 E F0(is)2.253 E .045 -(set and not null.)108 614.4 R(Ho)5.045 E(we)-.25 E -.15(ve)-.25 G .845 --.4(r, s).15 H(etting).4 E F3(GLOBIGNORE)2.545 E F0 .046 +(ys ignored when).1 F F2(GLOBIGNORE)2.503 E F0(is)2.253 E .045 +(set and not null.)108 667.2 R(Ho)5.045 E(we)-.25 E -.15(ve)-.25 G .845 +-.4(r, s).15 H(etting).4 E F2(GLOBIGNORE)2.545 E F0 .046 (to a non-null v)2.296 F .046(alue has the ef)-.25 F .046 -(fect of enabling the)-.25 F F2(dotglob)2.546 E F0 .614 -(shell option, so all other \214le names be)108 626.4 R .614 -(ginning with a)-.15 F F2 -.63(``)3.114 G -.55(.').63 G(')-.08 E F0 .614 +(fect of enabling the)-.25 F F4(dotglob)2.546 E F0 .614 +(shell option, so all other \214le names be)108 679.2 R .614 +(ginning with a)-.15 F F4 -.63(``)3.114 G -.55(.').63 G(')-.08 E F0 .614 (will match.)5.614 F 2.213 -.8(To g)5.614 H .613(et the old beha).8 F -.613(vior of ignoring)-.2 F .456(\214le names be)108 638.4 R .456 -(ginning with a)-.15 F F2 -.63(``)2.957 G -.55(.').63 G(')-.08 E F0 -2.957(,m)C(ak)-2.957 E(e)-.1 E F2 -.63(``)2.957 G(.*').63 E(')-.63 E F0 -.457(one of the patterns in)5.457 F F3(GLOBIGNORE)2.957 E/F4 9 -/Times-Roman@0 SF(.)A F0(The)4.957 E F2(dotglob)2.957 E F0 .457 -(option is)2.957 F(disabled when)108 650.4 Q F3(GLOBIGNORE)2.5 E F0 -(is unset.)2.25 E F2 -.1(Pa)108 667.2 S(tter).1 E 2.5(nM)-.15 G(atching) --2.5 E F0(An)108 684 Q 3.138(yc)-.15 G .638(haracter that appears in a \ -pattern, other than the special pattern characters described belo)-3.138 -F 1.938 -.65(w, m)-.25 H(atches).65 E 3.62(itself. The)108 696 R 1.12 -(NUL character may not occur in a pattern.)3.62 F 3.62(Ab)6.12 G 1.12 -(ackslash escapes the follo)-3.62 F 1.12(wing character; the)-.25 F .576 -(escaping backslash is discarded when matching.)108 708 R .576 -(The special pattern characters must be quoted if the)5.576 F 3.076(ya) --.15 G(re)-3.076 E(to be matched literally)108 720 Q(.)-.65 E -(GNU Bash-4.1)72 768 Q(2010 May 30)147.345 E(22)197.335 E 0 Cg EP +.613(vior of ignoring)-.2 F .456(\214le names be)108 691.2 R .456 +(ginning with a)-.15 F F4 -.63(``)2.957 G -.55(.').63 G(')-.08 E F0 +2.957(,m)C(ak)-2.957 E(e)-.1 E F4 -.63(``)2.957 G(.*').63 E(')-.63 E F0 +.457(one of the patterns in)5.457 F F2(GLOBIGNORE)2.957 E F3(.)A F0(The) +4.957 E F4(dotglob)2.957 E F0 .457(option is)2.957 F(disabled when)108 +703.2 Q F2(GLOBIGNORE)2.5 E F0(is unset.)2.25 E F4 -.1(Pa)108 720 S +(tter).1 E 2.5(nM)-.15 G(atching)-2.5 E F0(GNU Bash-4.1)72 768 Q +(2010 June 12)147.345 E(22)197.335 E 0 Cg EP %%Page: 23 23 %%BeginPageSetup BP %%EndPageSetup /F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 389.54(SH\(1\) B).35 F(ASH\(1\)) --.35 E(The special pattern characters ha)108 84 Q .3 -.15(ve t)-.2 H -(he follo).15 E(wing meanings:)-.25 E/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(*)108 100.8 +-.35 E(An)108 84 Q 3.138(yc)-.15 G .638(haracter that appears in a patt\ +ern, other than the special pattern characters described belo)-3.138 F +1.938 -.65(w, m)-.25 H(atches).65 E 3.62(itself. The)108 96 R 1.12 +(NUL character may not occur in a pattern.)3.62 F 3.62(Ab)6.12 G 1.12 +(ackslash escapes the follo)-3.62 F 1.12(wing character; the)-.25 F .576 +(escaping backslash is discarded when matching.)108 108 R .576 +(The special pattern characters must be quoted if the)5.576 F 3.076(ya) +-.15 G(re)-3.076 E(to be matched literally)108 120 Q(.)-.65 E +(The special pattern characters ha)108 136.8 Q .3 -.15(ve t)-.2 H +(he follo).15 E(wing meanings:)-.25 E/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(*)108 153.6 Q F0 .455(Matches an)31 F 2.955(ys)-.15 G .455 (tring, including the null string.)-2.955 F .455(When the)5.455 F F1 (globstar)2.955 E F0 .455(shell option is enabled, and)2.955 F F1(*) -2.955 E F0(is)2.955 E .315(used in a pathname e)144 112.8 R .314 +2.955 E F0(is)2.955 E .315(used in a pathname e)144 165.6 R .314 (xpansion conte)-.15 F .314(xt, tw)-.15 F 2.814(oa)-.1 G(djacent)-2.814 E F1(*)2.814 E F0 2.814(su)C .314 (sed as a single pattern will match all \214les)-2.814 F 1.183 -(and zero or more directories and subdirectories.)144 124.8 R 1.183 +(and zero or more directories and subdirectories.)144 177.6 R 1.183 (If follo)6.183 F 1.183(wed by a)-.25 F F1(/)3.683 E F0 3.683(,t)C 1.383 -.1(wo a)-3.683 H(djacent).1 E F1(*)3.683 E F0 3.684(sw)C 1.184 -(ill match)-3.684 F(only directories and subdirectories.)144 136.8 Q F1 -(?)108 148.8 Q F0(Matches an)31 E 2.5(ys)-.15 G(ingle character)-2.5 E -(.)-.55 E F1([...])108 160.8 Q F0 .257(Matches an)21.84 F 2.757(yo)-.15 +(ill match)-3.684 F(only directories and subdirectories.)144 189.6 Q F1 +(?)108 201.6 Q F0(Matches an)31 E 2.5(ys)-.15 G(ingle character)-2.5 E +(.)-.55 E F1([...])108 213.6 Q F0 .257(Matches an)21.84 F 2.757(yo)-.15 G .257(ne of the enclosed characters.)-2.757 F 2.757(Ap)5.257 G .257 (air of characters separated by a h)-2.757 F .256(yphen denotes a)-.05 F -/F2 10/Times-Italic@0 SF -.15(ra)144 172.8 S(ng).15 E 3.289(ee)-.1 G +/F2 10/Times-Italic@0 SF -.15(ra)144 225.6 S(ng).15 E 3.289(ee)-.1 G (xpr)-3.489 E(ession)-.37 E F0 3.289(;a)C 1.089 -.15(ny c)-3.289 H .789 (haracter that sorts between those tw).15 F 3.289(oc)-.1 G .789 (haracters, inclusi)-3.289 F -.15(ve)-.25 G 3.29(,u).15 G .79 -(sing the cur)-3.29 F(-)-.2 E .35(rent locale')144 184.8 R 2.85(sc)-.55 +(sing the cur)-3.29 F(-)-.2 E .35(rent locale')144 237.6 R 2.85(sc)-.55 G .35(ollating sequence and character set, is matched.)-2.85 F .349 (If the \214rst character follo)5.349 F .349(wing the)-.25 F F1([)2.849 -E F0 .563(is a)144 196.8 R F1(!)3.063 E F0 .563(or a)5.563 F F1(^)3.063 +E F0 .563(is a)144 249.6 R F1(!)3.063 E F0 .563(or a)5.563 F F1(^)3.063 E F0 .564(then an)3.063 F 3.064(yc)-.15 G .564 (haracter not enclosed is matched.)-3.064 F .564 -(The sorting order of characters in range)5.564 F -.15(ex)144 208.8 S +(The sorting order of characters in range)5.564 F -.15(ex)144 261.6 S .467(pressions is determined by the current locale and the v).15 F .467 (alue of the)-.25 F/F3 9/Times-Bold@0 SF(LC_COLLA)2.966 E(TE)-.855 E F0 -.466(shell v)2.716 F(ariable,)-.25 E 1.076(if set.)144 220.8 R(A)6.076 E +.466(shell v)2.716 F(ariable,)-.25 E 1.076(if set.)144 273.6 R(A)6.076 E F13.576 E F0 1.077(may be matched by including it as the \214rst or\ last character in the set.)3.576 F(A)6.077 E F1(])3.577 E F0 1.077 (may be)3.577 F -(matched by including it as the \214rst character in the set.)144 232.8 -Q -.4(Wi)144 250.8 S(thin).4 E F1([)2.915 E F0(and)2.915 E F1(])2.915 E +(matched by including it as the \214rst character in the set.)144 285.6 +Q -.4(Wi)144 303.6 S(thin).4 E F1([)2.915 E F0(and)2.915 E F1(])2.915 E F0(,)A F2 -.15(ch)2.915 G(ar).15 E .415(acter classes)-.15 F F0 .415 (can be speci\214ed using the syntax)2.915 F F1([:)2.915 E F2(class)A F1 (:])A F0 2.914(,w)C(here)-2.914 E F2(class)2.914 E F0 .414(is one of) -2.914 F(the follo)144 262.8 Q +2.914 F(the follo)144 315.6 Q (wing classes de\214ned in the POSIX standard:)-.25 E F1 5.421 -(alnum alpha ascii blank cntrl digit graph lo)144 274.8 R 5.421 -(wer print punct space upper w)-.1 F(ord)-.1 E(xdigit)144 286.8 Q F0 -2.519(Ac)144 298.8 S .019(haracter class matches an)-2.519 F 2.519(yc) +(alnum alpha ascii blank cntrl digit graph lo)144 327.6 R 5.421 +(wer print punct space upper w)-.1 F(ord)-.1 E(xdigit)144 339.6 Q F0 +2.519(Ac)144 351.6 S .019(haracter class matches an)-2.519 F 2.519(yc) -.15 G .019(haracter belonging to that class.)-2.519 F(The)5.018 E F1 -.1(wo)2.518 G(rd).1 E F0 .018(character class matches)2.518 F -(letters, digits, and the character _.)144 310.8 Q -.4(Wi)144 328.8 S +(letters, digits, and the character _.)144 363.6 Q -.4(Wi)144 381.6 S (thin).4 E F1([)3.546 E F0(and)3.546 E F1(])3.546 E F0 3.546(,a)C(n) -3.546 E F2 1.046(equivalence class)3.546 F F0 1.046 (can be speci\214ed using the syntax)3.546 F F1([=)3.547 E F2(c)A F1(=]) A F0 3.547(,w)C 1.047(hich matches all)-3.547 F(characters with the sam\ e collation weight \(as de\214ned by the current locale\) as the charac\ -ter)144 340.8 Q F2(c)2.5 E F0(.)A -.4(Wi)144 358.8 S(thin).4 E F1([)2.5 +ter)144 393.6 Q F2(c)2.5 E F0(.)A -.4(Wi)144 411.6 S(thin).4 E F1([)2.5 E F0(and)2.5 E F1(])2.5 E F0 2.5(,t)C(he syntax)-2.5 E F1([.)2.5 E F2 (symbol)A F1(.])A F0(matches the collating symbol)2.5 E F2(symbol)2.5 E -F0(.)A .705(If the)108 375.6 R F1(extglob)3.205 E F0 .705 +F0(.)A .705(If the)108 428.4 R F1(extglob)3.205 E F0 .705 (shell option is enabled using the)3.205 F F1(shopt)3.205 E F0 -.2(bu) 3.205 G .704(iltin, se).2 F -.15(ve)-.25 G .704(ral e).15 F .704 (xtended pattern matching operators)-.15 F .255(are recognized.)108 -387.6 R .255(In the follo)5.255 F .255(wing description, a)-.25 F F2 +440.4 R .255(In the follo)5.255 F .255(wing description, a)-.25 F F2 (pattern-list)2.755 E F0 .255 (is a list of one or more patterns separated by a)2.755 F F1(|)2.756 E F0(.)A(Composite patterns may be formed using one or more of the follo) -108 399.6 Q(wing sub-patterns:)-.25 E F1(?\()144 423.6 Q F2 +108 452.4 Q(wing sub-patterns:)-.25 E F1(?\()144 476.4 Q F2 (pattern-list).833 E F1(\)).833 E F0 -(Matches zero or one occurrence of the gi)180 435.6 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.5 -(np).15 G(atterns)-2.5 E F1(*\()144 447.6 Q F2(pattern-list).833 E F1 -(\)).833 E F0(Matches zero or more occurrences of the gi)180 459.6 Q --.15(ve)-.25 G 2.5(np).15 G(atterns)-2.5 E F1(+\()144 471.6 Q F2 +(Matches zero or one occurrence of the gi)180 488.4 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.5 +(np).15 G(atterns)-2.5 E F1(*\()144 500.4 Q F2(pattern-list).833 E F1 +(\)).833 E F0(Matches zero or more occurrences of the gi)180 512.4 Q +-.15(ve)-.25 G 2.5(np).15 G(atterns)-2.5 E F1(+\()144 524.4 Q F2 (pattern-list).833 E F1(\)).833 E F0 -(Matches one or more occurrences of the gi)180 483.6 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G -2.5(np).15 G(atterns)-2.5 E F1(@\()144 495.6 Q F2(pattern-list).833 E F1 -(\)).833 E F0(Matches one of the gi)180 507.6 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.5(np) -.15 G(atterns)-2.5 E F1(!\()144 519.6 Q F2(pattern-list).833 E F1(\)) -.833 E F0(Matches an)180 531.6 Q(ything e)-.15 E(xcept one of the gi) --.15 E -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.5(np).15 G(atterns)-2.5 E F1(Quote Remo)87 548.4 -Q -.1(va)-.1 G(l).1 E F0 1.113(After the preceding e)108 560.4 R 1.113 +(Matches one or more occurrences of the gi)180 536.4 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G +2.5(np).15 G(atterns)-2.5 E F1(@\()144 548.4 Q F2(pattern-list).833 E F1 +(\)).833 E F0(Matches one of the gi)180 560.4 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.5(np) +.15 G(atterns)-2.5 E F1(!\()144 572.4 Q F2(pattern-list).833 E F1(\)) +.833 E F0(Matches an)180 584.4 Q(ything e)-.15 E(xcept one of the gi) +-.15 E -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.5(np).15 G(atterns)-2.5 E F1(Quote Remo)87 601.2 +Q -.1(va)-.1 G(l).1 E F0 1.113(After the preceding e)108 613.2 R 1.113 (xpansions, all unquoted occurrences of the characters)-.15 F F1(\\) 3.613 E F0(,)A F1<08>3.612 E F0 3.612(,a)C(nd)-3.612 E F1(")4.445 E F0 -1.112(that did not result)4.445 F(from one of the abo)108 572.4 Q .3 +1.112(that did not result)4.445 F(from one of the abo)108 625.2 Q .3 -.15(ve ex)-.15 H(pansions are remo).15 E -.15(ve)-.15 G(d.).15 E/F4 -10.95/Times-Bold@0 SF(REDIRECTION)72 589.2 Q F0 .545 -(Before a command is e)108 601.2 R -.15(xe)-.15 G .545 +10.95/Times-Bold@0 SF(REDIRECTION)72 642 Q F0 .545 +(Before a command is e)108 654 R -.15(xe)-.15 G .545 (cuted, its input and output may be).15 F F2 -.37(re)3.045 G(dir).37 E (ected)-.37 E F0 .545(using a special notation interpreted)3.815 F .617 -(by the shell.)108 613.2 R .617(Redirection may also be used to open an\ -d close \214les for the current shell e)5.617 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .616 -(cution en).15 F(viron-)-.4 E 3.274(ment. The)108 625.2 R(follo)3.274 E +(by the shell.)108 666 R .617(Redirection may also be used to open and \ +close \214les for the current shell e)5.617 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .616 +(cution en).15 F(viron-)-.4 E 3.274(ment. The)108 678 R(follo)3.274 E .774(wing redirection operators may precede or appear an)-.25 F .774 (ywhere within a)-.15 F F2 .775(simple command)3.615 F F0(or)4.045 E -(may follo)108 637.2 Q 2.5(wa)-.25 G F2(command)A F0 5(.R).77 G +(may follo)108 690 Q 2.5(wa)-.25 G F2(command)A F0 5(.R).77 G (edirections are processed in the order the)-5 E 2.5(ya)-.15 G(ppear) -2.5 E 2.5(,f)-.4 G(rom left to right.)-2.5 E .771(Each redirection tha\ t may be preceded by a \214le descriptor number may instead be preceded\ - by a w)108 654 R .771(ord of)-.1 F .292(the form {)108 666 R F2 + by a w)108 706.8 R .771(ord of)-.1 F .292(the form {)108 718.8 R F2 (varname)A F0 2.793(}. In)B .293 (this case, for each redirection operator e)2.793 F .293 -(xcept >&- and <&-, the shell will allocate)-.15 F 3.499<618c>108 678 S -.999(le descriptor greater than 10 and assign it to)-3.499 F F2(varname) -3.499 E F0 5.999(.I)C 3.499(f>)-5.999 G .999(&- or <&- is preceded by {) --3.499 F F2(varname)A F0 .998(}, the)B -.25(va)108 690 S(lue of).25 E F2 -(varname)2.5 E F0(de\214nes the \214le descriptor to close.)2.5 E .283 -(In the follo)108 706.8 R .284(wing descriptions, if the \214le descrip\ -tor number is omitted, and the \214rst character of the redirect-)-.25 F -.513(ion operator is)108 718.8 R F1(<)3.012 E F0 3.012(,t)C .512 -(he redirection refers to the standard input \(\214le descriptor 0\).) --3.012 F .512(If the \214rst character of the)5.512 F -(redirection operator is)108 730.8 Q F1(>)2.5 E F0 2.5(,t)C -(he redirection refers to the standard output \(\214le descriptor 1\).) --2.5 E(GNU Bash-4.1)72 768 Q(2010 May 30)147.345 E(23)197.335 E 0 Cg EP +(xcept >&- and <&-, the shell will allocate)-.15 F 3.499<618c>108 730.8 +S .999(le descriptor greater than 10 and assign it to)-3.499 F F2 +(varname)3.499 E F0 5.999(.I)C 3.499(f>)-5.999 G .999 +(&- or <&- is preceded by {)-3.499 F F2(varname)A F0 .998(}, the)B +(GNU Bash-4.1)72 768 Q(2010 June 12)147.345 E(23)197.335 E 0 Cg EP %%Page: 24 24 %%BeginPageSetup BP %%EndPageSetup /F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 389.54(SH\(1\) B).35 F(ASH\(1\)) --.35 E .824(The w)108 84 R .824(ord follo)-.1 F .824 +-.35 E -.25(va)108 84 S(lue of).25 E/F1 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(varname)2.5 +E F0(de\214nes the \214le descriptor to close.)2.5 E .283(In the follo) +108 100.8 R .284(wing descriptions, if the \214le descriptor number is \ +omitted, and the \214rst character of the redirect-)-.25 F .513 +(ion operator is)108 112.8 R/F2 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(<)3.012 E F0 3.012 +(,t)C .512 +(he redirection refers to the standard input \(\214le descriptor 0\).) +-3.012 F .512(If the \214rst character of the)5.512 F +(redirection operator is)108 124.8 Q F2(>)2.5 E F0 2.5(,t)C +(he redirection refers to the standard output \(\214le descriptor 1\).) +-2.5 E .824(The w)108 141.6 R .824(ord follo)-.1 F .824 (wing the redirection operator in the follo)-.25 F .825 (wing descriptions, unless otherwise noted, is sub-)-.25 F .773 -(jected to brace e)108 96 R .773(xpansion, tilde e)-.15 F .773 +(jected to brace e)108 153.6 R .773(xpansion, tilde e)-.15 F .773 (xpansion, parameter e)-.15 F .772 (xpansion, command substitution, arithmetic e)-.15 F(xpan-)-.15 E .843 -(sion, quote remo)108 108 R -.25(va)-.15 G .843(l, pathname e).25 F .843 -(xpansion, and w)-.15 F .843(ord splitting.)-.1 F .843(If it e)5.843 F -.843(xpands to more than one w)-.15 F(ord,)-.1 E/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 SF -(bash)3.344 E F0(reports an error)108 120 Q(.)-.55 E -(Note that the order of redirections is signi\214cant.)108 136.8 Q -.15 -(Fo)5 G 2.5(re).15 G(xample, the command)-2.65 E(ls)144 153.6 Q F1(>)2.5 -E F0(dirlist 2)2.5 E F1(>&)A F0(1)A -(directs both standard output and standard error to the \214le)108 170.4 -Q/F2 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(dirlist)2.5 E F0 2.5(,w).68 G -(hile the command)-2.5 E(ls 2)144 187.2 Q F1(>&)A F0(1)A F1(>)2.5 E F0 -(dirlist)2.5 E .527(directs only the standard output to \214le)108 204 R -F2(dirlist)3.027 E F0 3.027(,b).68 G .527(ecause the standard error w) --3.027 F .527(as duplicated from the standard)-.1 F -(output before the standard output w)108 216 Q(as redirected to)-.1 E F2 -(dirlist)2.5 E F0(.).68 E F1(Bash)108 232.8 Q F0 .598(handles se)3.098 F --.15(ve)-.25 G .598(ral \214lenames specially when the).15 F 3.099(ya) +(sion, quote remo)108 165.6 R -.25(va)-.15 G .843(l, pathname e).25 F +.843(xpansion, and w)-.15 F .843(ord splitting.)-.1 F .843(If it e)5.843 +F .843(xpands to more than one w)-.15 F(ord,)-.1 E F2(bash)3.344 E F0 +(reports an error)108 177.6 Q(.)-.55 E +(Note that the order of redirections is signi\214cant.)108 194.4 Q -.15 +(Fo)5 G 2.5(re).15 G(xample, the command)-2.65 E(ls)144 211.2 Q F2(>)2.5 +E F0(dirlist 2)2.5 E F2(>&)A F0(1)A +(directs both standard output and standard error to the \214le)108 228 Q +F1(dirlist)2.5 E F0 2.5(,w).68 G(hile the command)-2.5 E(ls 2)144 244.8 +Q F2(>&)A F0(1)A F2(>)2.5 E F0(dirlist)2.5 E .527 +(directs only the standard output to \214le)108 261.6 R F1(dirlist)3.027 +E F0 3.027(,b).68 G .527(ecause the standard error w)-3.027 F .527 +(as duplicated from the standard)-.1 F +(output before the standard output w)108 273.6 Q(as redirected to)-.1 E +F1(dirlist)2.5 E F0(.).68 E F2(Bash)108 290.4 Q F0 .598(handles se)3.098 +F -.15(ve)-.25 G .598(ral \214lenames specially when the).15 F 3.099(ya) -.15 G .599(re used in redirections, as described in the follo)-3.099 F -(wing)-.25 E(table:)108 244.8 Q F1(/de)144 261.6 Q(v/fd/)-.15 E F2(fd)A -F0(If)180 273.6 Q F2(fd)2.5 E F0(is a v)2.5 E(alid inte)-.25 E(ger)-.15 -E 2.5<2c8c>-.4 G(le descriptor)-2.5 E F2(fd)2.5 E F0(is duplicated.)2.5 -E F1(/de)144 285.6 Q(v/stdin)-.15 E F0(File descriptor 0 is duplicated.) -180 297.6 Q F1(/de)144 309.6 Q(v/stdout)-.15 E F0 -(File descriptor 1 is duplicated.)180 321.6 Q F1(/de)144 333.6 Q -(v/stderr)-.15 E F0(File descriptor 2 is duplicated.)180 345.6 Q F1(/de) -144 357.6 Q(v/tcp/)-.15 E F2(host)A F1(/)A F2(port)A F0(If)180 369.6 Q -F2(host)2.997 E F0 .497(is a v)2.997 F .497 -(alid hostname or Internet address, and)-.25 F F2(port)2.996 E F0 .496 +(wing)-.25 E(table:)108 302.4 Q F2(/de)144 319.2 Q(v/fd/)-.15 E F1(fd)A +F0(If)180 331.2 Q F1(fd)2.5 E F0(is a v)2.5 E(alid inte)-.25 E(ger)-.15 +E 2.5<2c8c>-.4 G(le descriptor)-2.5 E F1(fd)2.5 E F0(is duplicated.)2.5 +E F2(/de)144 343.2 Q(v/stdin)-.15 E F0(File descriptor 0 is duplicated.) +180 355.2 Q F2(/de)144 367.2 Q(v/stdout)-.15 E F0 +(File descriptor 1 is duplicated.)180 379.2 Q F2(/de)144 391.2 Q +(v/stderr)-.15 E F0(File descriptor 2 is duplicated.)180 403.2 Q F2(/de) +144 415.2 Q(v/tcp/)-.15 E F1(host)A F2(/)A F1(port)A F0(If)180 427.2 Q +F1(host)2.997 E F0 .497(is a v)2.997 F .497 +(alid hostname or Internet address, and)-.25 F F1(port)2.996 E F0 .496 (is an inte)2.996 F .496(ger port number or ser)-.15 F(-)-.2 E -(vice name,)180 381.6 Q F1(bash)2.5 E F0 +(vice name,)180 439.2 Q F2(bash)2.5 E F0 (attempts to open a TCP connection to the corresponding sock)2.5 E(et.) --.1 E F1(/de)144 393.6 Q(v/udp/)-.15 E F2(host)A F1(/)A F2(port)A F0(If) -180 405.6 Q F2(host)2.996 E F0 .496(is a v)2.996 F .496 -(alid hostname or Internet address, and)-.25 F F2(port)2.997 E F0 .497 +-.1 E F2(/de)144 451.2 Q(v/udp/)-.15 E F1(host)A F2(/)A F1(port)A F0(If) +180 463.2 Q F1(host)2.996 E F0 .496(is a v)2.996 F .496 +(alid hostname or Internet address, and)-.25 F F1(port)2.997 E F0 .497 (is an inte)2.997 F .497(ger port number or ser)-.15 F(-)-.2 E -(vice name,)180 417.6 Q F1(bash)2.5 E F0 +(vice name,)180 475.2 Q F2(bash)2.5 E F0 (attempts to open a UDP connection to the corresponding sock)2.5 E(et.) --.1 E 2.5(Af)108 434.4 S +-.1 E 2.5(Af)108 492 S (ailure to open or create a \214le causes the redirection to f)-2.6 E (ail.)-.1 E .947(Redirections using \214le descriptors greater than 9 s\ -hould be used with care, as the)108 451.2 R 3.446(ym)-.15 G .946 +hould be used with care, as the)108 508.8 R 3.446(ym)-.15 G .946 (ay con\215ict with \214le)-3.446 F -(descriptors the shell uses internally)108 463.2 Q(.)-.65 E F1(Redir)87 -480 Q(ecting Input)-.18 E F0 .391 +(descriptors the shell uses internally)108 520.8 Q(.)-.65 E F2(Redir)87 +537.6 Q(ecting Input)-.18 E F0 .391 (Redirection of input causes the \214le whose name results from the e) -108 492 R .391(xpansion of)-.15 F F2(wor)3.231 E(d)-.37 E F0 .391 -(to be opened for read-)3.661 F(ing on \214le descriptor)108 504 Q F2(n) -2.5 E F0 2.5(,o).24 G 2.5(rt)-2.5 G -(he standard input \(\214le descriptor 0\) if)-2.5 E F2(n)2.86 E F0 +108 549.6 R .391(xpansion of)-.15 F F1(wor)3.231 E(d)-.37 E F0 .391 +(to be opened for read-)3.661 F(ing on \214le descriptor)108 561.6 Q F1 +(n)2.5 E F0 2.5(,o).24 G 2.5(rt)-2.5 G +(he standard input \(\214le descriptor 0\) if)-2.5 E F1(n)2.86 E F0 (is not speci\214ed.)2.74 E -(The general format for redirecting input is:)108 520.8 Q([)144 537.6 Q -F2(n)A F0(])A F1(<)A F2(wor)A(d)-.37 E F1(Redir)87 554.4 Q -(ecting Output)-.18 E F0 .175 +(The general format for redirecting input is:)108 578.4 Q([)144 595.2 Q +F1(n)A F0(])A F2(<)A F1(wor)A(d)-.37 E F2(Redir)87 612 Q(ecting Output) +-.18 E F0 .175 (Redirection of output causes the \214le whose name results from the e) -108 566.4 R .174(xpansion of)-.15 F F2(wor)3.014 E(d)-.37 E F0 .174 -(to be opened for writ-)3.444 F .824(ing on \214le descriptor)108 578.4 -R F2(n)3.324 E F0 3.324(,o).24 G 3.324(rt)-3.324 G .824 -(he standard output \(\214le descriptor 1\) if)-3.324 F F2(n)3.684 E F0 +108 624 R .174(xpansion of)-.15 F F1(wor)3.014 E(d)-.37 E F0 .174 +(to be opened for writ-)3.444 F .824(ing on \214le descriptor)108 636 R +F1(n)3.324 E F0 3.324(,o).24 G 3.324(rt)-3.324 G .824 +(he standard output \(\214le descriptor 1\) if)-3.324 F F1(n)3.684 E F0 .824(is not speci\214ed.)3.564 F .825(If the \214le does not)5.825 F --.15(ex)108 590.4 S(ist it is created; if it does e).15 E +-.15(ex)108 648 S(ist it is created; if it does e).15 E (xist it is truncated to zero size.)-.15 E -(The general format for redirecting output is:)108 607.2 Q([)144 624 Q -F2(n)A F0(])A F1(>)A F2(wor)A(d)-.37 E F0 .155 -(If the redirection operator is)108 640.8 R F1(>)2.655 E F0 2.655(,a)C -.155(nd the)-2.655 F F1(noclob)2.655 E(ber)-.1 E F0 .154(option to the) -2.654 F F1(set)2.654 E F0 -.2(bu)2.654 G .154 -(iltin has been enabled, the redirection).2 F .657(will f)108 652.8 R +(The general format for redirecting output is:)108 664.8 Q([)144 681.6 Q +F1(n)A F0(])A F2(>)A F1(wor)A(d)-.37 E F0 .155 +(If the redirection operator is)108 698.4 R F2(>)2.655 E F0 2.655(,a)C +.155(nd the)-2.655 F F2(noclob)2.655 E(ber)-.1 E F0 .154(option to the) +2.654 F F2(set)2.654 E F0 -.2(bu)2.654 G .154 +(iltin has been enabled, the redirection).2 F .657(will f)108 710.4 R .657(ail if the \214le whose name results from the e)-.1 F .658 -(xpansion of)-.15 F F2(wor)3.158 E(d)-.37 E F0 -.15(ex)3.158 G .658 +(xpansion of)-.15 F F1(wor)3.158 E(d)-.37 E F0 -.15(ex)3.158 G .658 (ists and is a re).15 F .658(gular \214le.)-.15 F .658(If the redi-) -5.658 F .409(rection operator is)108 664.8 R F1(>|)2.909 E F0 2.909(,o)C -2.909(rt)-2.909 G .409(he redirection operator is)-2.909 F F1(>)2.909 E -F0 .409(and the)2.909 F F1(noclob)2.909 E(ber)-.1 E F0 .409 -(option to the)2.909 F F1(set)2.909 E F0 -.2(bu)2.908 G .408 -(iltin command).2 F(is not enabled, the redirection is attempted e)108 -676.8 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.5(ni).15 G 2.5(ft)-2.5 G(he \214le named by) --2.5 E F2(wor)2.5 E(d)-.37 E F0 -.15(ex)2.5 G(ists.).15 E F1 -.25(Ap)87 -693.6 S(pending Redir).25 E(ected Output)-.18 E F0 .641 -(Redirection of output in this f)108 705.6 R .642 -(ashion causes the \214le whose name results from the e)-.1 F .642 -(xpansion of)-.15 F F2(wor)3.482 E(d)-.37 E F0 .642(to be)3.912 F .474 -(opened for appending on \214le descriptor)108 717.6 R F2(n)2.974 E F0 -2.974(,o).24 G 2.974(rt)-2.974 G .474 -(he standard output \(\214le descriptor 1\) if)-2.974 F F2(n)3.333 E F0 -.473(is not speci\214ed.)3.213 F(If)5.473 E(the \214le does not e)108 -729.6 Q(xist it is created.)-.15 E(GNU Bash-4.1)72 768 Q(2010 May 30) -147.345 E(24)197.335 E 0 Cg EP +5.658 F .409(rection operator is)108 722.4 R F2(>|)2.909 E F0 2.909(,o)C +2.909(rt)-2.909 G .409(he redirection operator is)-2.909 F F2(>)2.909 E +F0 .409(and the)2.909 F F2(noclob)2.909 E(ber)-.1 E F0 .409 +(option to the)2.909 F F2(set)2.909 E F0 -.2(bu)2.908 G .408 +(iltin command).2 F(GNU Bash-4.1)72 768 Q(2010 June 12)147.345 E(24) +197.335 E 0 Cg EP %%Page: 25 25 %%BeginPageSetup BP %%EndPageSetup /F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 389.54(SH\(1\) B).35 F(ASH\(1\)) --.35 E(The general format for appending output is:)108 84 Q([)144 100.8 -Q/F1 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(n)A F0(])A/F2 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(>>)A F1(wor)A -(d)-.37 E F2(Redir)87 122.4 Q(ecting Standard Output and Standard Err) --.18 E(or)-.18 E F0 .248(This construct allo)108 134.4 R .249(ws both t\ -he standard output \(\214le descriptor 1\) and the standard error outpu\ -t \(\214le descrip-)-.25 F -(tor 2\) to be redirected to the \214le whose name is the e)108 146.4 Q +-.35 E(is not enabled, the redirection is attempted e)108 84 Q -.15(ve) +-.25 G 2.5(ni).15 G 2.5(ft)-2.5 G(he \214le named by)-2.5 E/F1 10 +/Times-Italic@0 SF(wor)2.5 E(d)-.37 E F0 -.15(ex)2.5 G(ists.).15 E/F2 10 +/Times-Bold@0 SF -.25(Ap)87 100.8 S(pending Redir).25 E(ected Output) +-.18 E F0 .641(Redirection of output in this f)108 112.8 R .642 +(ashion causes the \214le whose name results from the e)-.1 F .642 +(xpansion of)-.15 F F1(wor)3.482 E(d)-.37 E F0 .642(to be)3.912 F .474 +(opened for appending on \214le descriptor)108 124.8 R F1(n)2.974 E F0 +2.974(,o).24 G 2.974(rt)-2.974 G .474 +(he standard output \(\214le descriptor 1\) if)-2.974 F F1(n)3.333 E F0 +.473(is not speci\214ed.)3.213 F(If)5.473 E(the \214le does not e)108 +136.8 Q(xist it is created.)-.15 E +(The general format for appending output is:)108 153.6 Q([)144 170.4 Q +F1(n)A F0(])A F2(>>)A F1(wor)A(d)-.37 E F2(Redir)87 192 Q +(ecting Standard Output and Standard Err)-.18 E(or)-.18 E F0 .248 +(This construct allo)108 204 R .249(ws both the standard output \(\214l\ +e descriptor 1\) and the standard error output \(\214le descrip-)-.25 F +(tor 2\) to be redirected to the \214le whose name is the e)108 216 Q (xpansion of)-.15 E F1(wor)2.5 E(d)-.37 E F0(.).77 E(There are tw)108 -163.2 Q 2.5(of)-.1 G +232.8 Q 2.5(of)-.1 G (ormats for redirecting standard output and standard error:)-2.5 E F2 -(&>)144 180 Q F1(wor)A(d)-.37 E F0(and)108 192 Q F2(>&)144 204 Q F1(wor) -A(d)-.37 E F0(Of the tw)108 220.8 Q 2.5(of)-.1 G +(&>)144 249.6 Q F1(wor)A(d)-.37 E F0(and)108 261.6 Q F2(>&)144 273.6 Q +F1(wor)A(d)-.37 E F0(Of the tw)108 290.4 Q 2.5(of)-.1 G (orms, the \214rst is preferred.)-2.5 E(This is semantically equi)5 E --.25(va)-.25 G(lent to).25 E F2(>)144 237.6 Q F1(wor)A(d)-.37 E F0(2)2.5 -E F2(>&)A F0(1)A F2 -.25(Ap)87 259.2 S +-.25(va)-.25 G(lent to).25 E F2(>)144 307.2 Q F1(wor)A(d)-.37 E F0(2)2.5 +E F2(>&)A F0(1)A F2 -.25(Ap)87 328.8 S (pending Standard Output and Standard Err).25 E(or)-.18 E F0 .249 -(This construct allo)108 271.2 R .249(ws both the standard output \(\ +(This construct allo)108 340.8 R .249(ws both the standard output \(\ \214le descriptor 1\) and the standard error output \(\214le descrip-) -.25 F(tor 2\) to be appended to the \214le whose name is the e)108 -283.2 Q(xpansion of)-.15 E F1(wor)2.5 E(d)-.37 E F0(.).77 E -(The format for appending standard output and standard error is:)108 300 -Q F2(&>>)144 316.8 Q F1(wor)A(d)-.37 E F0(This is semantically equi)108 -333.6 Q -.25(va)-.25 G(lent to).25 E F2(>>)144 350.4 Q F1(wor)A(d)-.37 E -F0(2)2.5 E F2(>&)A F0(1)A F2(Her)87 367.2 Q 2.5(eD)-.18 G(ocuments)-2.5 -E F0 .33(This type of redirection instructs the shell to read input fro\ -m the current source until a line containing only)108 379.2 R F1 -(delimiter)108.35 391.2 Q F0 .615(\(with no trailing blanks\) is seen.) -3.845 F .615 +352.8 Q(xpansion of)-.15 E F1(wor)2.5 E(d)-.37 E F0(.).77 E +(The format for appending standard output and standard error is:)108 +369.6 Q F2(&>>)144 386.4 Q F1(wor)A(d)-.37 E F0 +(This is semantically equi)108 403.2 Q -.25(va)-.25 G(lent to).25 E F2 +(>>)144 420 Q F1(wor)A(d)-.37 E F0(2)2.5 E F2(>&)A F0(1)A F2(Her)87 +436.8 Q 2.5(eD)-.18 G(ocuments)-2.5 E F0 .33(This type of redirection i\ +nstructs the shell to read input from the current source until a line c\ +ontaining only)108 448.8 R F1(delimiter)108.35 460.8 Q F0 .615 +(\(with no trailing blanks\) is seen.)3.845 F .615 (All of the lines read up to that point are then used as the stan-)5.615 -F(dard input for a command.)108 403.2 Q -(The format of here-documents is:)108 420 Q F2(<<)144 436.8 Q F0([)A F2 -A F0(])A F1(wor)A(d)-.37 E(her)164 448.8 Q(e-document)-.37 E -(delimiter)144 460.8 Q F0 .127(No parameter e)108 477.6 R .127 +F(dard input for a command.)108 472.8 Q +(The format of here-documents is:)108 489.6 Q F2(<<)144 506.4 Q F0([)A +F2A F0(])A F1(wor)A(d)-.37 E(her)164 518.4 Q(e-document)-.37 E +(delimiter)144 530.4 Q F0 .127(No parameter e)108 547.2 R .127 (xpansion, command substitution, arithmetic e)-.15 F .127 (xpansion, or pathname e)-.15 F .128(xpansion is performed)-.15 F(on)108 -489.6 Q F1(wor)3.275 E(d)-.37 E F0 5.775(.I).77 G 3.275(fa)-5.775 G +559.2 Q F1(wor)3.275 E(d)-.37 E F0 5.775(.I).77 G 3.275(fa)-5.775 G 1.075 -.15(ny c)-3.275 H .774(haracters in).15 F F1(wor)3.614 E(d)-.37 E F0 .774(are quoted, the)4.044 F F1(delimiter)3.624 E F0 .774 (is the result of quote remo)4.004 F -.25(va)-.15 G 3.274(lo).25 G(n) -3.274 E F1(wor)3.274 E(d)-.37 E F0 3.274(,a).77 G(nd)-3.274 E .904 -(the lines in the here-document are not e)108 501.6 R 3.405(xpanded. If) +(the lines in the here-document are not e)108 571.2 R 3.405(xpanded. If) -.15 F F1(wor)3.405 E(d)-.37 E F0 .905 (is unquoted, all lines of the here-document are)3.405 F .695 -(subjected to parameter e)108 513.6 R .695 +(subjected to parameter e)108 583.2 R .695 (xpansion, command substitution, and arithmetic e)-.15 F 3.194 (xpansion. In)-.15 F .694(the latter case, the)3.194 F -(character sequence)108 525.6 Q F2(\\)2.5 E F0(is ignored, and) +(character sequence)108 595.2 Q F2(\\)2.5 E F0(is ignored, and) 2.5 E F2(\\)2.5 E F0(must be used to quote the characters)2.5 E F2(\\) 2.5 E F0(,)A F2($)2.5 E F0 2.5(,a)C(nd)-2.5 E F2<92>2.5 E F0(.)A .601 -(If the redirection operator is)108 542.4 R F2(<<\255)3.101 E F0 3.101 -(,t)C .601(hen all leading tab characters are stripped from input lines\ - and the line)-3.101 F(containing)108 554.4 Q F1(delimiter)2.5 E F0 5 -(.T).73 G(his allo)-5 E +(If the redirection operator is)108 612 R F2(<<\255)3.101 E F0 3.101(,t) +C .601(hen all leading tab characters are stripped from input lines and\ + the line)-3.101 F(containing)108 624 Q F1(delimiter)2.5 E F0 5(.T).73 G +(his allo)-5 E (ws here-documents within shell scripts to be indented in a natural f) --.25 E(ashion.)-.1 E F2(Her)87 571.2 Q 2.5(eS)-.18 G(trings)-2.5 E F0 -2.5(Av)108 583.2 S(ariant of here documents, the format is:)-2.75 E F2 -(<<<)144 600 Q F1(wor)A(d)-.37 E F0(The)108 616.8 Q F1(wor)2.5 E(d)-.37 -E F0(is e)2.5 E +-.25 E(ashion.)-.1 E F2(Her)87 640.8 Q 2.5(eS)-.18 G(trings)-2.5 E F0 +2.5(Av)108 652.8 S(ariant of here documents, the format is:)-2.75 E F2 +(<<<)144 669.6 Q F1(wor)A(d)-.37 E F0(The)108 686.4 Q F1(wor)2.5 E(d) +-.37 E F0(is e)2.5 E (xpanded and supplied to the command on its standard input.)-.15 E F2 -(Duplicating File Descriptors)87 633.6 Q F0(The redirection operator)108 -645.6 Q([)144 662.4 Q F1(n)A F0(])A F2(<&)A F1(wor)A(d)-.37 E F0 .127 -(is used to duplicate input \214le descriptors.)108 679.2 R(If)5.127 E +(Duplicating File Descriptors)87 703.2 Q F0(The redirection operator)108 +715.2 Q(GNU Bash-4.1)72 768 Q(2010 June 12)147.345 E(25)197.335 E 0 Cg +EP +%%Page: 26 26 +%%BeginPageSetup +BP +%%EndPageSetup +/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 389.54(SH\(1\) B).35 F(ASH\(1\)) +-.35 E([)144 84 Q/F1 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(n)A F0(])A/F2 10/Times-Bold@0 +SF(<&)A F1(wor)A(d)-.37 E F0 .127 +(is used to duplicate input \214le descriptors.)108 100.8 R(If)5.127 E F1(wor)2.967 E(d)-.37 E F0 -.15(ex)3.397 G .126 (pands to one or more digits, the \214le descriptor denoted).15 F(by)108 -691.2 Q F1(n)3.317 E F0 .457(is made to be a cop)3.197 F 2.957(yo)-.1 G +112.8 Q F1(n)3.317 E F0 .457(is made to be a cop)3.197 F 2.957(yo)-.1 G 2.957(ft)-2.957 G .457(hat \214le descriptor)-2.957 F 5.457(.I)-.55 G 2.957(ft)-5.457 G .457(he digits in)-2.957 F F1(wor)3.298 E(d)-.37 E F0 .458(do not specify a \214le descriptor open)3.728 F .15 -(for input, a redirection error occurs.)108 703.2 R(If)5.15 E F1(wor) +(for input, a redirection error occurs.)108 124.8 R(If)5.15 E F1(wor) 2.99 E(d)-.37 E F0 -.25(eva)3.42 G .15(luates to).25 F F22.65 E F0 2.649<2c8c>C .149(le descriptor)-2.649 F F1(n)3.009 E F0 .149 (is closed.)2.889 F(If)5.149 E F1(n)3.009 E F0 .149(is not speci\214ed,) -2.889 F(the standard input \(\214le descriptor 0\) is used.)108 715.2 Q -(GNU Bash-4.1)72 768 Q(2010 May 30)147.345 E(25)197.335 E 0 Cg EP -%%Page: 26 26 -%%BeginPageSetup -BP -%%EndPageSetup -/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 389.54(SH\(1\) B).35 F(ASH\(1\)) --.35 E(The operator)108 84 Q([)144 100.8 Q/F1 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(n)A -F0(])A/F2 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(>&)A F1(wor)A(d)-.37 E F0 .443 -(is used similarly to duplicate output \214le descriptors.)108 117.6 R +2.889 F(the standard input \(\214le descriptor 0\) is used.)108 136.8 Q +(The operator)108 153.6 Q([)144 170.4 Q F1(n)A F0(])A F2(>&)A F1(wor)A +(d)-.37 E F0 .443 +(is used similarly to duplicate output \214le descriptors.)108 187.2 R (If)5.443 E F1(n)3.304 E F0 .444 (is not speci\214ed, the standard output \(\214le descrip-)3.184 F 1.358 -(tor 1\) is used.)108 129.6 R 1.358(If the digits in)6.358 F F1(wor) +(tor 1\) is used.)108 199.2 R 1.358(If the digits in)6.358 F F1(wor) 4.198 E(d)-.37 E F0 1.357(do not specify a \214le descriptor open for o\ -utput, a redirection error)4.628 F 2.596(occurs. As)108 141.6 R 2.596 +utput, a redirection error)4.628 F 2.596(occurs. As)108 211.2 R 2.596 (as)2.596 G .096(pecial case, if)-2.596 F F1(n)2.596 E F0 .096 (is omitted, and)2.596 F F1(wor)2.596 E(d)-.37 E F0 .096(does not e) 2.596 F .096(xpand to one or more digits, the standard out-)-.15 F -(put and standard error are redirected as described pre)108 153.6 Q -(viously)-.25 E(.)-.65 E F2(Mo)87 170.4 Q(ving File Descriptors)-.1 E F0 -(The redirection operator)108 182.4 Q([)144 199.2 Q F1(n)A F0(])A F2(<&) -A F1(digit)A F2A F0(mo)108 216 Q -.15(ve)-.15 G 3.036(st).15 G .536 +(put and standard error are redirected as described pre)108 223.2 Q +(viously)-.25 E(.)-.65 E F2(Mo)87 240 Q(ving File Descriptors)-.1 E F0 +(The redirection operator)108 252 Q([)144 268.8 Q F1(n)A F0(])A F2(<&)A +F1(digit)A F2A F0(mo)108 285.6 Q -.15(ve)-.15 G 3.036(st).15 G .536 (he \214le descriptor)-3.036 F F1(digit)3.036 E F0 .536 (to \214le descriptor)3.036 F F1(n)3.036 E F0 3.036(,o).24 G 3.036(rt) -3.036 G .535(he standard input \(\214le descriptor 0\) if)-3.036 F F1 -(n)3.035 E F0 .535(is not speci-)3.035 F(\214ed.)108 228 Q F1(digit)5 E -F0(is closed after being duplicated to)2.5 E F1(n)2.5 E F0(.)A -(Similarly)108 244.8 Q 2.5(,t)-.65 G(he redirection operator)-2.5 E([) -144 261.6 Q F1(n)A F0(])A F2(>&)A F1(digit)A F2A F0(mo)108 278.4 Q +(n)3.035 E F0 .535(is not speci-)3.035 F(\214ed.)108 297.6 Q F1(digit)5 +E F0(is closed after being duplicated to)2.5 E F1(n)2.5 E F0(.)A +(Similarly)108 314.4 Q 2.5(,t)-.65 G(he redirection operator)-2.5 E([) +144 331.2 Q F1(n)A F0(])A F2(>&)A F1(digit)A F2A F0(mo)108 348 Q -.15(ve)-.15 G 2.785(st).15 G .285(he \214le descriptor)-2.785 F F1 (digit)2.785 E F0 .285(to \214le descriptor)2.785 F F1(n)2.785 E F0 2.785(,o).24 G 2.785(rt)-2.785 G .286 (he standard output \(\214le descriptor 1\) if)-2.785 F F1(n)2.786 E F0 -.286(is not speci-)2.786 F(\214ed.)108 290.4 Q F2 -(Opening File Descriptors f)87 307.2 Q(or Reading and Writing)-.25 E F0 -(The redirection operator)108 319.2 Q([)144 336 Q F1(n)A F0(])A F2(<>)A -F1(wor)A(d)-.37 E F0 1.349(causes the \214le whose name is the e)108 -352.8 R 1.349(xpansion of)-.15 F F1(wor)4.189 E(d)-.37 E F0 1.349 +.286(is not speci-)2.786 F(\214ed.)108 360 Q F2 +(Opening File Descriptors f)87 376.8 Q(or Reading and Writing)-.25 E F0 +(The redirection operator)108 388.8 Q([)144 405.6 Q F1(n)A F0(])A F2(<>) +A F1(wor)A(d)-.37 E F0 1.349(causes the \214le whose name is the e)108 +422.4 R 1.349(xpansion of)-.15 F F1(wor)4.189 E(d)-.37 E F0 1.349 (to be opened for both reading and writing on \214le)4.619 F(descriptor) -108 364.8 Q F1(n)2.5 E F0 2.5(,o).24 G 2.5(ro)-2.5 G 2.5<6e8c>-2.5 G +108 434.4 Q F1(n)2.5 E F0 2.5(,o).24 G 2.5(ro)-2.5 G 2.5<6e8c>-2.5 G (le descriptor 0 if)-2.5 E F1(n)2.86 E F0(is not speci\214ed.)2.74 E (If the \214le does not e)5 E(xist, it is created.)-.15 E/F3 10.95 -/Times-Bold@0 SF(ALIASES)72 381.6 Q F1(Aliases)108 393.6 Q F0(allo)3.173 +/Times-Bold@0 SF(ALIASES)72 451.2 Q F1(Aliases)108 463.2 Q F0(allo)3.173 E 3.173(was)-.25 G .674(tring to be substituted for a w)-3.173 F .674 (ord when it is used as the \214rst w)-.1 F .674 (ord of a simple command.)-.1 F .394(The shell maintains a list of alia\ -ses that may be set and unset with the)108 405.6 R F2(alias)2.893 E F0 +ses that may be set and unset with the)108 475.2 R F2(alias)2.893 E F0 (and)2.893 E F2(unalias)2.893 E F0 -.2(bu)2.893 G .393(iltin commands).2 -F(\(see)108 417.6 Q/F4 9/Times-Bold@0 SF 1.979(SHELL B)4.479 F(UIL)-.09 +F(\(see)108 487.2 Q/F4 9/Times-Bold@0 SF 1.979(SHELL B)4.479 F(UIL)-.09 E 1.979(TIN COMMANDS)-.828 F F0(belo)4.229 E 4.48(w\). The)-.25 F 1.98 (\214rst w)4.48 F 1.98(ord of each simple command, if unquoted, is)-.1 F -(check)108 429.6 Q .473(ed to see if it has an alias.)-.1 F .473 +(check)108 499.2 Q .473(ed to see if it has an alias.)-.1 F .473 (If so, that w)5.473 F .472(ord is replaced by the te)-.1 F .472 (xt of the alias.)-.15 F .472(The characters)5.472 F F2(/)2.972 E F0(,)A -F2($)2.972 E F0(,)A F2<92>2.972 E F0(,)A(and)108 441.6 Q F2(=)3.611 E F0 +F2($)2.972 E F0(,)A F2<92>2.972 E F0(,)A(and)108 511.2 Q F2(=)3.611 E F0 1.111(and an)3.611 F 3.611(yo)-.15 G 3.611(ft)-3.611 G 1.111(he shell) -3.611 F F1(metac)3.612 E(har)-.15 E(acter)-.15 E(s)-.1 E F0 1.112 (or quoting characters listed abo)3.612 F 1.412 -.15(ve m)-.15 H 1.112 -(ay not appear in an alias).15 F 3.62(name. The)108 453.6 R 1.12 +(ay not appear in an alias).15 F 3.62(name. The)108 523.2 R 1.12 (replacement te)3.62 F 1.119(xt may contain an)-.15 F 3.619(yv)-.15 G 1.119(alid shell input, including shell metacharacters.)-3.869 F 1.119 -(The \214rst)6.119 F -.1(wo)108 465.6 S .513(rd of the replacement te).1 +(The \214rst)6.119 F -.1(wo)108 535.2 S .513(rd of the replacement te).1 F .513(xt is tested for aliases, b)-.15 F .513(ut a w)-.2 F .514 (ord that is identical to an alias being e)-.1 F .514(xpanded is)-.15 F -.296(not e)108 477.6 R .296(xpanded a second time.)-.15 F .296 +.296(not e)108 547.2 R .296(xpanded a second time.)-.15 F .296 (This means that one may alias)5.296 F F2(ls)2.796 E F0(to)2.796 E F2 .296(ls \255F)2.796 F F0 2.796(,f)C .295(or instance, and)-2.796 F F2 -(bash)2.795 E F0 .295(does not try)2.795 F .542(to recursi)108 489.6 R +(bash)2.795 E F0 .295(does not try)2.795 F .542(to recursi)108 559.2 R -.15(ve)-.25 G .542(ly e).15 F .542(xpand the replacement te)-.15 F 3.042(xt. If)-.15 F .543(the last character of the alias v)3.042 F .543 (alue is a)-.25 F F1(blank)3.043 E F0 3.043(,t).67 G .543(hen the ne) --3.043 F(xt)-.15 E(command w)108 501.6 Q(ord follo)-.1 E +-3.043 F(xt)-.15 E(command w)108 571.2 Q(ord follo)-.1 E (wing the alias is also check)-.25 E(ed for alias e)-.1 E(xpansion.)-.15 -E(Aliases are created and listed with the)108 518.4 Q F2(alias)2.5 E F0 +E(Aliases are created and listed with the)108 588 Q F2(alias)2.5 E F0 (command, and remo)2.5 E -.15(ve)-.15 G 2.5(dw).15 G(ith the)-2.5 E F2 (unalias)2.5 E F0(command.)2.5 E .284 -(There is no mechanism for using ar)108 535.2 R .284 +(There is no mechanism for using ar)108 604.8 R .284 (guments in the replacement te)-.18 F 2.784(xt. If)-.15 F(ar)2.784 E .284(guments are needed, a shell func-)-.18 F(tion should be used \(see) -108 547.2 Q F4(FUNCTIONS)2.5 E F0(belo)2.25 E(w\).)-.25 E 1.22 -(Aliases are not e)108 564 R 1.22 +108 616.8 Q F4(FUNCTIONS)2.5 E F0(belo)2.25 E(w\).)-.25 E 1.22 +(Aliases are not e)108 633.6 R 1.22 (xpanded when the shell is not interacti)-.15 F -.15(ve)-.25 G 3.72(,u) .15 G 1.22(nless the)-3.72 F F2(expand_aliases)3.72 E F0 1.22 -(shell option is set)3.72 F(using)108 576 Q F2(shopt)2.5 E F0 +(shell option is set)3.72 F(using)108 645.6 Q F2(shopt)2.5 E F0 (\(see the description of)2.5 E F2(shopt)2.5 E F0(under)2.5 E F4 (SHELL B)2.5 E(UIL)-.09 E(TIN COMMANDS)-.828 E F0(belo)2.25 E(w\).)-.25 E .436 (The rules concerning the de\214nition and use of aliases are some)108 -592.8 R .435(what confusing.)-.25 F F2(Bash)5.435 E F0(al)2.935 E -.1 +662.4 R .435(what confusing.)-.25 F F2(Bash)5.435 E F0(al)2.935 E -.1 (wa)-.1 G .435(ys reads at least).1 F .337 -(one complete line of input before e)108 604.8 R -.15(xe)-.15 G .338 +(one complete line of input before e)108 674.4 R -.15(xe)-.15 G .338 (cuting an).15 F 2.838(yo)-.15 G 2.838(ft)-2.838 G .338 (he commands on that line.)-2.838 F .338(Aliases are e)5.338 F .338 -(xpanded when)-.15 F 3.404(ac)108 616.8 S .904 +(xpanded when)-.15 F 3.404(ac)108 686.4 S .904 (ommand is read, not when it is e)-3.404 F -.15(xe)-.15 G 3.404 (cuted. Therefore,).15 F .904 (an alias de\214nition appearing on the same line as)3.404 F 1.161 -(another command does not tak)108 628.8 R 3.662(ee)-.1 G -.25(ff)-3.662 +(another command does not tak)108 698.4 R 3.662(ee)-.1 G -.25(ff)-3.662 G 1.162(ect until the ne).25 F 1.162(xt line of input is read.)-.15 F 1.162(The commands follo)6.162 F 1.162(wing the)-.25 F .277 -(alias de\214nition on that line are not af)108 640.8 R .277 +(alias de\214nition on that line are not af)108 710.4 R .277 (fected by the ne)-.25 F 2.777(wa)-.25 G 2.777(lias. This)-2.777 F(beha) 2.777 E .277(vior is also an issue when functions)-.2 F .698(are e)108 -652.8 R -.15(xe)-.15 G 3.198(cuted. Aliases).15 F .698(are e)3.198 F +722.4 R -.15(xe)-.15 G 3.198(cuted. Aliases).15 F .698(are e)3.198 F .699(xpanded when a function de\214nition is read, not when the functio\ -n is e)-.15 F -.15(xe)-.15 G(cuted,).15 E .495 -(because a function de\214nition is itself a compound command.)108 664.8 -R .494(As a consequence, aliases de\214ned in a func-)5.494 F .084 -(tion are not a)108 676.8 R -.25(va)-.2 G .084 -(ilable until after that function is e).25 F -.15(xe)-.15 G 2.584 -(cuted. T).15 F 2.584(ob)-.8 G 2.584(es)-2.584 G .084(afe, al)-2.584 F --.1(wa)-.1 G .085(ys put alias de\214nitions on a sepa-).1 F -(rate line, and do not use)108 688.8 Q F2(alias)2.5 E F0 -(in compound commands.)2.5 E -.15(Fo)108 705.6 S 2.5(ra).15 G(lmost e) --2.5 E -.15(ve)-.25 G -(ry purpose, aliases are superseded by shell functions.).15 E -(GNU Bash-4.1)72 768 Q(2010 May 30)147.345 E(26)197.335 E 0 Cg EP +n is e)-.15 F -.15(xe)-.15 G(cuted,).15 E(GNU Bash-4.1)72 768 Q +(2010 June 12)147.345 E(26)197.335 E 0 Cg EP %%Page: 27 27 %%BeginPageSetup BP %%EndPageSetup /F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 389.54(SH\(1\) B).35 F(ASH\(1\)) --.35 E/F1 10.95/Times-Bold@0 SF(FUNCTIONS)72 84 Q F0 3.468(As)108 96 S -.968(hell function, de\214ned as described abo)-3.468 F 1.267 -.15(ve u) --.15 H(nder).15 E/F2 9/Times-Bold@0 SF .967(SHELL GRAMMAR)3.467 F/F3 9 +-.35 E .495 +(because a function de\214nition is itself a compound command.)108 84 R +.494(As a consequence, aliases de\214ned in a func-)5.494 F .084 +(tion are not a)108 96 R -.25(va)-.2 G .084 +(ilable until after that function is e).25 F -.15(xe)-.15 G 2.584 +(cuted. T).15 F 2.584(ob)-.8 G 2.584(es)-2.584 G .084(afe, al)-2.584 F +-.1(wa)-.1 G .085(ys put alias de\214nitions on a sepa-).1 F +(rate line, and do not use)108 108 Q/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(alias)2.5 E +F0(in compound commands.)2.5 E -.15(Fo)108 124.8 S 2.5(ra).15 G(lmost e) +-2.5 E -.15(ve)-.25 G +(ry purpose, aliases are superseded by shell functions.).15 E/F2 10.95 +/Times-Bold@0 SF(FUNCTIONS)72 141.6 Q F0 3.468(As)108 153.6 S .968 +(hell function, de\214ned as described abo)-3.468 F 1.267 -.15(ve u)-.15 +H(nder).15 E/F3 9/Times-Bold@0 SF .967(SHELL GRAMMAR)3.467 F/F4 9 /Times-Roman@0 SF(,)A F0 .967(stores a series of commands for)3.217 F -1.001(later e)108 108 R -.15(xe)-.15 G 3.501(cution. When).15 F 1.002(t\ -he name of a shell function is used as a simple command name, the list \ -of com-)3.501 F .316(mands associated with that function name is e)108 -120 R -.15(xe)-.15 G 2.816(cuted. Functions).15 F .316(are e)2.816 F +1.001(later e)108 165.6 R -.15(xe)-.15 G 3.501(cution. When).15 F 1.002 +(the name of a shell function is used as a simple command name, the lis\ +t of com-)3.501 F .316(mands associated with that function name is e)108 +177.6 R -.15(xe)-.15 G 2.816(cuted. Functions).15 F .316(are e)2.816 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .315(cuted in the conte).15 F .315(xt of the current)-.15 -F .035(shell; no ne)108 132 R 2.535(wp)-.25 G .036 +F .035(shell; no ne)108 189.6 R 2.535(wp)-.25 G .036 (rocess is created to interpret them \(contrast this with the e)-2.535 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .036(cution of a shell script\).).15 F .036(When a)5.036 -F .64(function is e)108 144 R -.15(xe)-.15 G .64(cuted, the ar).15 F +F .64(function is e)108 201.6 R -.15(xe)-.15 G .64(cuted, the ar).15 F .639 (guments to the function become the positional parameters during its e) --.18 F -.15(xe)-.15 G(cution.).15 E .532(The special parameter)108 156 R -/F4 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(#)3.032 E F0 .532 -(is updated to re\215ect the change.)3.032 F .533 +-.18 F -.15(xe)-.15 G(cution.).15 E .532(The special parameter)108 213.6 +R F1(#)3.032 E F0 .532(is updated to re\215ect the change.)3.032 F .533 (Special parameter 0 is unchanged.)5.532 F .533(The \214rst ele-)5.533 F -(ment of the)108 168 Q F2(FUNCN)2.5 E(AME)-.18 E F0 -.25(va)2.25 G +(ment of the)108 225.6 Q F3(FUNCN)2.5 E(AME)-.18 E F0 -.25(va)2.25 G (riable is set to the name of the function while the function is e).25 E -.15(xe)-.15 G(cuting.).15 E 1.25(All other aspects of the shell e)108 -184.8 R -.15(xe)-.15 G 1.25(cution en).15 F 1.25 +242.4 R -.15(xe)-.15 G 1.25(cution en).15 F 1.25 (vironment are identical between a function and its caller with)-.4 F -1.048(these e)108 196.8 R 3.548(xceptions: the)-.15 F F2(DEB)3.548 E(UG) --.09 E F0(and)3.298 E F4(RETURN)3.548 E F0 1.048 -(traps \(see the description of the)3.548 F F4(trap)3.548 E F0 -.2(bu) -3.548 G 1.048(iltin under).2 F F2(SHELL)3.549 E -.09(BU)108 208.8 S(IL) +1.048(these e)108 254.4 R 3.548(xceptions: the)-.15 F F3(DEB)3.548 E(UG) +-.09 E F0(and)3.298 E F1(RETURN)3.548 E F0 1.048 +(traps \(see the description of the)3.548 F F1(trap)3.548 E F0 -.2(bu) +3.548 G 1.048(iltin under).2 F F3(SHELL)3.549 E -.09(BU)108 266.4 S(IL) .09 E .479(TIN COMMANDS)-.828 F F0(belo)2.729 E .479 (w\) are not inherited unless the function has been gi)-.25 F -.15(ve) --.25 G 2.978(nt).15 G(he)-2.978 E F4(trace)2.978 E F0(attrib)2.978 E -.478(ute \(see)-.2 F .42(the description of the)108 220.8 R F2(declar) +-.25 G 2.978(nt).15 G(he)-2.978 E F1(trace)2.978 E F0(attrib)2.978 E +.478(ute \(see)-.2 F .42(the description of the)108 278.4 R F3(declar) 2.92 E(e)-.162 E F0 -.2(bu)2.67 G .42(iltin belo).2 F .42(w\) or the) --.25 F F4 .42(\255o functrace)2.92 F F0 .42 -(shell option has been enabled with the)2.92 F F4(set)2.921 E F0 -.2(bu) -108 232.8 S .072(iltin \(in which case all functions inherit the).2 F F4 -(DEB)2.572 E(UG)-.1 E F0(and)2.572 E F4(RETURN)2.572 E F0 .072 -(traps\), and the)2.572 F F2(ERR)2.571 E F0 .071(trap is not inher)2.321 -F(-)-.2 E(ited unless the)108 244.8 Q F4(\255o errtrace)2.5 E F0 -(shell option has been enabled.)2.5 E -1.11(Va)108 261.6 S .655 -(riables local to the function may be declared with the)1.11 F F4(local) +-.25 F F1 .42(\255o functrace)2.92 F F0 .42 +(shell option has been enabled with the)2.92 F F1(set)2.921 E F0 -.2(bu) +108 290.4 S .072(iltin \(in which case all functions inherit the).2 F F1 +(DEB)2.572 E(UG)-.1 E F0(and)2.572 E F1(RETURN)2.572 E F0 .072 +(traps\), and the)2.572 F F3(ERR)2.571 E F0 .071(trap is not inher)2.321 +F(-)-.2 E(ited unless the)108 302.4 Q F1(\255o errtrace)2.5 E F0 +(shell option has been enabled.)2.5 E -1.11(Va)108 319.2 S .655 +(riables local to the function may be declared with the)1.11 F F1(local) 3.155 E F0 -.2(bu)3.156 G .656(iltin command.).2 F(Ordinarily)5.656 E -3.156(,v)-.65 G .656(ariables and)-3.406 F(their v)108 273.6 Q +3.156(,v)-.65 G .656(ariables and)-3.406 F(their v)108 331.2 Q (alues are shared between the function and its caller)-.25 E(.)-.55 E -(The)108 290.4 Q F4(FUNCNEST)3.529 E F0 -.25(va)3.529 G 1.028 +(The)108 348 Q F1(FUNCNEST)3.529 E F0 -.25(va)3.529 G 1.028 (riable, if set to a numeric v).25 F 1.028 (alue greater than 0, de\214nes a maximum function nesting)-.25 F(le)108 -302.4 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.5(l. Function).15 F(in)2.5 E -.2(vo)-.4 G +360 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.5(l. Function).15 F(in)2.5 E -.2(vo)-.4 G (cations that e).2 E(xceed the limit cause the entire command to abort.) --.15 E .043(If the b)108 319.2 R .043(uiltin command)-.2 F F4 -.18(re) +-.15 E .043(If the b)108 376.8 R .043(uiltin command)-.2 F F1 -.18(re) 2.543 G(tur).18 E(n)-.15 E F0 .043(is e)2.543 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .043 (cuted in a function, the function completes and e).15 F -.15(xe)-.15 G -.044(cution resumes with).15 F 1.012(the ne)108 331.2 R 1.012 +.044(cution resumes with).15 F 1.012(the ne)108 388.8 R 1.012 (xt command after the function call.)-.15 F(An)6.011 E 3.511(yc)-.15 G -1.011(ommand associated with the)-3.511 F F4(RETURN)3.511 E F0 1.011 -(trap is e)3.511 F -.15(xe)-.15 G(cuted).15 E .213(before e)108 343.2 R +1.011(ommand associated with the)-3.511 F F1(RETURN)3.511 E F0 1.011 +(trap is e)3.511 F -.15(xe)-.15 G(cuted).15 E .213(before e)108 400.8 R -.15(xe)-.15 G .213(cution resumes.).15 F .213 (When a function completes, the v)5.213 F .214 (alues of the positional parameters and the spe-)-.25 F(cial parameter) -108 355.2 Q F4(#)2.5 E F0(are restored to the v)2.5 E(alues the)-.25 E +108 412.8 Q F1(#)2.5 E F0(are restored to the v)2.5 E(alues the)-.25 E 2.5(yh)-.15 G(ad prior to the function')-2.5 E 2.5(se)-.55 G -.15(xe) -2.65 G(cution.).15 E 1.359 -(Function names and de\214nitions may be listed with the)108 372 R F4 -3.858 E F0 1.358(option to the)3.858 F F4(declar)3.858 E(e)-.18 E -F0(or)3.858 E F4(typeset)3.858 E F0 -.2(bu)3.858 G 1.358(iltin com-).2 F -3.39(mands. The)108 384 R F43.39 E F0 .89(option to)3.39 F F4 -(declar)3.39 E(e)-.18 E F0(or)3.39 E F4(typeset)3.39 E F0 .89 +(Function names and de\214nitions may be listed with the)108 429.6 R F1 +3.858 E F0 1.358(option to the)3.858 F F1(declar)3.858 E(e)-.18 E +F0(or)3.858 E F1(typeset)3.858 E F0 -.2(bu)3.858 G 1.358(iltin com-).2 F +3.39(mands. The)108 441.6 R F13.39 E F0 .89(option to)3.39 F F1 +(declar)3.39 E(e)-.18 E F0(or)3.39 E F1(typeset)3.39 E F0 .89 (will list the function names only \(and optionally the source)3.39 F -.327(\214le and line number)108 396 R 2.827(,i)-.4 G 2.827(ft)-2.827 G -(he)-2.827 E F4(extdeb)2.827 E(ug)-.2 E F0 .326 +.327(\214le and line number)108 453.6 R 2.827(,i)-.4 G 2.827(ft)-2.827 G +(he)-2.827 E F1(extdeb)2.827 E(ug)-.2 E F0 .326 (shell option is enabled\).)2.827 F .326(Functions may be e)5.326 F .326 -(xported so that subshells)-.15 F 1.297(automatically ha)108 408 R 1.597 --.15(ve t)-.2 H 1.297(hem de\214ned with the).15 F F43.797 E F0 -1.297(option to the)3.797 F F4(export)3.798 E F0 -.2(bu)3.798 G 3.798 +(xported so that subshells)-.15 F 1.297(automatically ha)108 465.6 R +1.597 -.15(ve t)-.2 H 1.297(hem de\214ned with the).15 F F13.797 E +F0 1.297(option to the)3.797 F F1(export)3.798 E F0 -.2(bu)3.798 G 3.798 (iltin. A).2 F 1.298(function de\214nition may be)3.798 F .161 -(deleted using the)108 420 R F42.661 E F0 .161(option to the)2.661 -F F4(unset)2.661 E F0 -.2(bu)2.661 G 2.661(iltin. Note).2 F .16 +(deleted using the)108 477.6 R F12.661 E F0 .161(option to the) +2.661 F F1(unset)2.661 E F0 -.2(bu)2.661 G 2.661(iltin. Note).2 F .16 (that shell functions and v)2.661 F .16(ariables with the same name)-.25 F 1.325(may result in multiple identically-named entries in the en)108 -432 R 1.325(vironment passed to the shell')-.4 F 3.825(sc)-.55 G 3.825 -(hildren. Care)-3.825 F(should be tak)108 444 Q +489.6 R 1.325(vironment passed to the shell')-.4 F 3.825(sc)-.55 G 3.825 +(hildren. Care)-3.825 F(should be tak)108 501.6 Q (en in cases where this may cause a problem.)-.1 E -(Functions may be recursi)108 460.8 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G 5(.N).15 G 2.5(ol) +(Functions may be recursi)108 518.4 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G 5(.N).15 G 2.5(ol) -5 G(imit is imposed on the number of recursi)-2.5 E .3 -.15(ve c)-.25 H -(alls.).15 E F1(ARITHMETIC EV)72 477.6 Q(ALU)-1.478 E -1.04(AT)-.657 G -(ION)1.04 E F0 2.298(The shell allo)108 489.6 R 2.297(ws arithmetic e) +(alls.).15 E F2(ARITHMETIC EV)72 535.2 Q(ALU)-1.478 E -1.04(AT)-.657 G +(ION)1.04 E F0 2.298(The shell allo)108 547.2 R 2.297(ws arithmetic e) -.25 F 2.297(xpressions to be e)-.15 F -.25(va)-.25 G 2.297 -(luated, under certain circumstances \(see the).25 F F4(let)4.797 E F0 -(and)4.797 E F4(declar)108 501.6 Q(e)-.18 E F0 -.2(bu)2.705 G .205 -(iltin commands and).2 F F4 .205(Arithmetic Expansion)2.705 F F0 2.705 +(luated, under certain circumstances \(see the).25 F F1(let)4.797 E F0 +(and)4.797 E F1(declar)108 559.2 Q(e)-.18 E F0 -.2(bu)2.705 G .205 +(iltin commands and).2 F F1 .205(Arithmetic Expansion)2.705 F F0 2.705 (\). Ev)B .205(aluation is done in \214x)-.25 F .206(ed-width inte)-.15 -F .206(gers with no)-.15 F .429(check for o)108 513.6 R -.15(ve)-.15 G +F .206(gers with no)-.15 F .429(check for o)108 571.2 R -.15(ve)-.15 G (r\215o).15 E 1.729 -.65(w, t)-.25 H .429(hough di).65 F .428 (vision by 0 is trapped and \215agged as an error)-.25 F 5.428(.T)-.55 G .428(he operators and their prece-)-5.428 F 1.919(dence, associati)108 -525.6 R(vity)-.25 E 4.419(,a)-.65 G 1.919(nd v)-4.419 F 1.919 +583.2 R(vity)-.25 E 4.419(,a)-.65 G 1.919(nd v)-4.419 F 1.919 (alues are the same as in the C language.)-.25 F 1.92(The follo)6.92 F -1.92(wing list of operators is)-.25 F(grouped into le)108 537.6 Q -.15 +1.92(wing list of operators is)-.25 F(grouped into le)108 595.2 Q -.15 (ve)-.25 G(ls of equal-precedence operators.).15 E(The le)5 E -.15(ve) -.25 G(ls are listed in order of decreasing precedence.).15 E/F5 10 -/Times-Italic@0 SF(id)108 554.4 Q F4(++)A F5(id)2.5 E F4A F0 -.25 -(va)144 566.4 S(riable post-increment and post-decrement).25 E F4(++)108 -578.4 Q F5(id)A F42.5 E F5(id)A F0 -.25(va)144 590.4 S -(riable pre-increment and pre-decrement).25 E F4 2.5108 602.4 S F0 -(unary minus and plus)19.6 E F4 2.5(!~)108 614.4 S F0 -(logical and bitwise ne)24.34 E -.05(ga)-.15 G(tion).05 E F4(**)108 -626.4 Q F0 -.15(ex)26 G(ponentiation).15 E F4 2.5(*/%)108 638.4 S F0 -(multiplication, di)10.72 E(vision, remainder)-.25 E F4 2.5<2bad>108 -650.4 S F0(addition, subtraction)19.6 E F4(<< >>)108 662.4 Q F0 -(left and right bitwise shifts)10.7 E F4(<= >= < >)108 674.4 Q F0 -(comparison)144 686.4 Q F4(== !=)108 698.4 Q F0(equality and inequality) -13.07 E F4(&)108 710.4 Q F0(bitwise AND)27.67 E(GNU Bash-4.1)72 768 Q -(2010 May 30)147.345 E(27)197.335 E 0 Cg EP +/Times-Italic@0 SF(id)108 612 Q F1(++)A F5(id)2.5 E F1A F0 -.25 +(va)144 624 S(riable post-increment and post-decrement).25 E F1(++)108 +636 Q F5(id)A F12.5 E F5(id)A F0 -.25(va)144 648 S +(riable pre-increment and pre-decrement).25 E F1 2.5108 660 S F0 +(unary minus and plus)19.6 E F1 2.5(!~)108 672 S F0 +(logical and bitwise ne)24.34 E -.05(ga)-.15 G(tion).05 E F1(**)108 684 +Q F0 -.15(ex)26 G(ponentiation).15 E F1 2.5(*/%)108 696 S F0 +(multiplication, di)10.72 E(vision, remainder)-.25 E F1 2.5<2bad>108 708 +S F0(addition, subtraction)19.6 E(GNU Bash-4.1)72 768 Q(2010 June 12) +147.345 E(27)197.335 E 0 Cg EP %%Page: 28 28 %%BeginPageSetup BP %%EndPageSetup /F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 389.54(SH\(1\) B).35 F(ASH\(1\)) --.35 E/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(^)108 84 Q F0(bitwise e)32.67 E(xclusi)-.15 -E .3 -.15(ve O)-.25 H(R).15 E F1(|)108 96 Q F0(bitwise OR)33.8 E F1(&&) -108 108 Q F0(logical AND)19.34 E F1(||)108 120 Q F0(logical OR)31.6 E/F2 -10/Times-Italic@0 SF -.2(ex)108 132 S(pr).2 E F1(?)A F2 -.2(ex)C(pr).2 E -F1(:)A F2 -.2(ex)C(pr).2 E F0(conditional operator)144 144 Q F1 2.5(=*) -108 156 S 2.5(=/)-2.5 G 2.5(=%)-2.5 G 2.5(=+)-2.5 G 2.5<3dad>-2.5 G 2.5 -(=<)-2.5 G(<= >>= &= ^= |=)-2.5 E F0(assignment)144 168 Q F2 -.2(ex)108 -180 S(pr1).2 E F1(,)2.5 E F2 -.2(ex)2.5 G(pr2).2 E F0(comma)144 192 Q -.68(Shell v)108 208.8 R .68(ariables are allo)-.25 F .68 -(wed as operands; parameter e)-.25 F .68 +-.35 E/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(<< >>)108 84 Q F0 +(left and right bitwise shifts)10.7 E F1(<= >= < >)108 96 Q F0 +(comparison)144 108 Q F1(== !=)108 120 Q F0(equality and inequality) +13.07 E F1(&)108 132 Q F0(bitwise AND)27.67 E F1(^)108 144 Q F0 +(bitwise e)32.67 E(xclusi)-.15 E .3 -.15(ve O)-.25 H(R).15 E F1(|)108 +156 Q F0(bitwise OR)33.8 E F1(&&)108 168 Q F0(logical AND)19.34 E F1(||) +108 180 Q F0(logical OR)31.6 E/F2 10/Times-Italic@0 SF -.2(ex)108 192 S +(pr).2 E F1(?)A F2 -.2(ex)C(pr).2 E F1(:)A F2 -.2(ex)C(pr).2 E F0 +(conditional operator)144 204 Q F1 2.5(=*)108 216 S 2.5(=/)-2.5 G 2.5 +(=%)-2.5 G 2.5(=+)-2.5 G 2.5<3dad>-2.5 G 2.5(=<)-2.5 G(<= >>= &= ^= |=) +-2.5 E F0(assignment)144 228 Q F2 -.2(ex)108 240 S(pr1).2 E F1(,)2.5 E +F2 -.2(ex)2.5 G(pr2).2 E F0(comma)144 252 Q .68(Shell v)108 268.8 R .68 +(ariables are allo)-.25 F .68(wed as operands; parameter e)-.25 F .68 (xpansion is performed before the e)-.15 F .68(xpression is e)-.15 F --.25(va)-.25 G(lu-).25 E 3.507(ated. W)108 220.8 R 1.007(ithin an e)-.4 +-.25(va)-.25 G(lu-).25 E 3.507(ated. W)108 280.8 R 1.007(ithin an e)-.4 F 1.007(xpression, shell v)-.15 F 1.007 (ariables may also be referenced by name without using the parameter) --.25 F -.15(ex)108 232.8 S 1.041(pansion syntax.).15 F 3.541(As)6.041 G +-.25 F -.15(ex)108 292.8 S 1.041(pansion syntax.).15 F 3.541(As)6.041 G 1.041(hell v)-3.541 F 1.041(ariable that is null or unset e)-.25 F -.25 (va)-.25 G 1.04(luates to 0 when referenced by name without).25 F 1.466 -(using the parameter e)108 244.8 R 1.466(xpansion syntax.)-.15 F 1.467 +(using the parameter e)108 304.8 R 1.466(xpansion syntax.)-.15 F 1.467 (The v)6.466 F 1.467(alue of a v)-.25 F 1.467(ariable is e)-.25 F -.25 (va)-.25 G 1.467(luated as an arithmetic e).25 F(xpression)-.15 E 1.39 -(when it is referenced, or when a v)108 256.8 R 1.389 +(when it is referenced, or when a v)108 316.8 R 1.389 (ariable which has been gi)-.25 F -.15(ve)-.25 G 3.889(nt).15 G(he) -3.889 E F2(inte)3.889 E -.1(ge)-.4 G(r).1 E F0(attrib)3.889 E 1.389 (ute using)-.2 F F1(declar)3.889 E 3.889(e-)-.18 G(i)-3.889 E F0(is) -3.889 E .343(assigned a v)108 268.8 R 2.843(alue. A)-.25 F .343(null v) +3.889 E .343(assigned a v)108 328.8 R 2.843(alue. A)-.25 F .343(null v) 2.843 F .343(alue e)-.25 F -.25(va)-.25 G .343(luates to 0.).25 F 2.843 (As)5.343 G .343(hell v)-2.843 F .343(ariable need not ha)-.25 F .643 -.15(ve i)-.2 H .343(ts inte).15 F .344(ger attrib)-.15 F .344 -(ute turned on)-.2 F(to be used in an e)108 280.8 Q(xpression.)-.15 E +(ute turned on)-.2 F(to be used in an e)108 340.8 Q(xpression.)-.15 E 1.406(Constants with a leading 0 are interpreted as octal numbers.)108 -297.6 R 3.906(Al)6.406 G 1.406(eading 0x or 0X denotes he)-3.906 F -(xadecimal.)-.15 E .112(Otherwise, numbers tak)108 309.6 R 2.612(et)-.1 +357.6 R 3.906(Al)6.406 G 1.406(eading 0x or 0X denotes he)-3.906 F +(xadecimal.)-.15 E .112(Otherwise, numbers tak)108 369.6 R 2.612(et)-.1 G .112(he form [)-2.612 F F2(base#)A F0 .112(]n, where the optional)B F2 (base)2.612 E F0 .113(is a decimal number between 2 and 64)2.612 F .534 -(representing the arithmetic base, and)108 321.6 R F2(n)3.034 E F0 .534 +(representing the arithmetic base, and)108 381.6 R F2(n)3.034 E F0 .534 (is a number in that base.)3.034 F(If)5.533 E F2(base#)3.033 E F0 .533 (is omitted, then base 10 is used.)3.033 F .915 -(The digits greater than 9 are represented by the lo)108 333.6 R .916 +(The digits greater than 9 are represented by the lo)108 393.6 R .916 (wercase letters, the uppercase letters, @, and _, in that)-.25 F(order) -108 345.6 Q 5.671(.I)-.55 G(f)-5.671 E F2(base)3.171 E F0 .671 +108 405.6 Q 5.671(.I)-.55 G(f)-5.671 E F2(base)3.171 E F0 .671 (is less than or equal to 36, lo)3.171 F .67 (wercase and uppercase letters may be used interchangeably to)-.25 F -(represent numbers between 10 and 35.)108 357.6 Q .234(Operators are e) -108 374.4 R -.25(va)-.25 G .234(luated in order of precedence.).25 F +(represent numbers between 10 and 35.)108 417.6 Q .234(Operators are e) +108 434.4 R -.25(va)-.25 G .234(luated in order of precedence.).25 F (Sub-e)5.234 E .234(xpressions in parentheses are e)-.15 F -.25(va)-.25 -G .235(luated \214rst and may).25 F -.15(ove)108 386.4 S +G .235(luated \214rst and may).25 F -.15(ove)108 446.4 S (rride the precedence rules abo).15 E -.15(ve)-.15 G(.).15 E/F3 10.95 -/Times-Bold@0 SF(CONDITION)72 403.2 Q(AL EXPRESSIONS)-.219 E F0 .256 -(Conditional e)108 415.2 R .256(xpressions are used by the)-.15 F F1([[) +/Times-Bold@0 SF(CONDITION)72 463.2 Q(AL EXPRESSIONS)-.219 E F0 .256 +(Conditional e)108 475.2 R .256(xpressions are used by the)-.15 F F1([[) 2.755 E F0 .255(compound command and the)2.755 F F1(test)2.755 E F0(and) 2.755 E F1([)2.755 E F0 -.2(bu)2.755 G .255(iltin commands to test).2 F -.77(\214le attrib)108 427.2 R .77 +.77(\214le attrib)108 487.2 R .77 (utes and perform string and arithmetic comparisons.)-.2 F .77 (Expressions are formed from the follo)5.77 F(wing)-.25 E 1.041 -(unary or binary primaries.)108 439.2 R 1.041(If an)6.041 F(y)-.15 E F2 +(unary or binary primaries.)108 499.2 R 1.041(If an)6.041 F(y)-.15 E F2 (\214le)3.541 E F0(ar)3.541 E 1.04 (gument to one of the primaries is of the form)-.18 F F2(/de)3.54 E -(v/fd/n)-.15 E F0 3.54(,t)C 1.04(hen \214le)-3.54 F(descriptor)108 451.2 +(v/fd/n)-.15 E F0 3.54(,t)C 1.04(hen \214le)-3.54 F(descriptor)108 511.2 Q F2(n)3.788 E F0 1.289(is check)3.788 F 3.789(ed. If)-.1 F(the)3.789 E F2(\214le)3.789 E F0(ar)3.789 E 1.289 (gument to one of the primaries is one of)-.18 F F2(/de)3.789 E(v/stdin) -.15 E F0(,)A F2(/de)3.789 E(v/stdout)-.15 E F0 3.789(,o)C(r)-3.789 E F2 -(/de)108 463.2 Q(v/stderr)-.15 E F0 2.5<2c8c>C +(/de)108 523.2 Q(v/stderr)-.15 E F0 2.5<2c8c>C (le descriptor 0, 1, or 2, respecti)-2.5 E -.15(ve)-.25 G(ly).15 E 2.5 (,i)-.65 G 2.5(sc)-2.5 G(heck)-2.5 E(ed.)-.1 E .722 (Unless otherwise speci\214ed, primaries that operate on \214les follo) -108 480 R 3.221(ws)-.25 G .721(ymbolic links and operate on the tar) --3.221 F(get)-.18 E(of the link, rather than the link itself.)108 492 Q -(When used with)108 510 Q F1([[)2.5 E F0 2.5(,T)C(he)-2.5 E F1(<)2.5 E +108 540 R 3.221(ws)-.25 G .721(ymbolic links and operate on the tar) +-3.221 F(get)-.18 E(of the link, rather than the link itself.)108 552 Q +(When used with)108 570 Q F1([[)2.5 E F0 2.5(,T)C(he)-2.5 E F1(<)2.5 E F0(and)2.5 E F1(>)2.5 E F0(operators sort le)2.5 E -(xicographically using the current locale.)-.15 E F1108 534 Q F2 +(xicographically using the current locale.)-.15 E F1108 594 Q F2 (\214le)2.5 E F0 -.35(Tr)10.58 G(ue if).35 E F2(\214le)2.5 E F0 -.15(ex) -2.5 G(ists.).15 E F1108 546 Q F2(\214le)2.5 E F0 -.35(Tr)10.02 G +2.5 G(ists.).15 E F1108 606 Q F2(\214le)2.5 E F0 -.35(Tr)10.02 G (ue if).35 E F2(\214le)2.5 E F0 -.15(ex)2.5 G -(ists and is a block special \214le.).15 E F1108 558 Q F2(\214le) +(ists and is a block special \214le.).15 E F1108 618 Q F2(\214le) 2.5 E F0 -.35(Tr)11.14 G(ue if).35 E F2(\214le)2.5 E F0 -.15(ex)2.5 G -(ists and is a character special \214le.).15 E F1108 570 Q F2 +(ists and is a character special \214le.).15 E F1108 630 Q F2 (\214le)2.5 E F0 -.35(Tr)10.02 G(ue if).35 E F2(\214le)2.5 E F0 -.15(ex) -2.5 G(ists and is a directory).15 E(.)-.65 E F1108 582 Q F2 +2.5 G(ists and is a directory).15 E(.)-.65 E F1108 642 Q F2 (\214le)2.5 E F0 -.35(Tr)11.14 G(ue if).35 E F2(\214le)2.5 E F0 -.15(ex) -2.5 G(ists.).15 E F1108 594 Q F2(\214le)2.5 E F0 -.35(Tr)12.25 G +2.5 G(ists.).15 E F1108 654 Q F2(\214le)2.5 E F0 -.35(Tr)12.25 G (ue if).35 E F2(\214le)2.5 E F0 -.15(ex)2.5 G(ists and is a re).15 E -(gular \214le.)-.15 E F1108 606 Q F2(\214le)2.5 E F0 -.35(Tr)10.58 +(gular \214le.)-.15 E F1108 666 Q F2(\214le)2.5 E F0 -.35(Tr)10.58 G(ue if).35 E F2(\214le)2.5 E F0 -.15(ex)2.5 G -(ists and is set-group-id.).15 E F1108 618 Q F2(\214le)2.5 E F0 +(ists and is set-group-id.).15 E F1108 678 Q F2(\214le)2.5 E F0 -.35(Tr)10.02 G(ue if).35 E F2(\214le)2.5 E F0 -.15(ex)2.5 G -(ists and is a symbolic link.).15 E F1108 630 Q F2(\214le)2.5 E F0 +(ists and is a symbolic link.).15 E F1108 690 Q F2(\214le)2.5 E F0 -.35(Tr)10.02 G(ue if).35 E F2(\214le)2.5 E F0 -.15(ex)2.5 G (ists and its `).15 E(`stick)-.74 E(y')-.15 E 2.5('b)-.74 G(it is set.) --2.5 E F1108 642 Q F2(\214le)2.5 E F0 -.35(Tr)10.02 G(ue if).35 E +-2.5 E F1108 702 Q F2(\214le)2.5 E F0 -.35(Tr)10.02 G(ue if).35 E F2(\214le)2.5 E F0 -.15(ex)2.5 G(ists and is a named pipe \(FIFO\).).15 -E F1108 654 Q F2(\214le)2.5 E F0 -.35(Tr)11.14 G(ue if).35 E F2 -(\214le)2.5 E F0 -.15(ex)2.5 G(ists and is readable.).15 E F1108 -666 Q F2(\214le)2.5 E F0 -.35(Tr)11.69 G(ue if).35 E F2(\214le)2.5 E F0 --.15(ex)2.5 G(ists and has a size greater than zero.).15 E F1108 -678 Q F2(fd)2.5 E F0 -.35(Tr)16.69 G(ue if \214le descriptor).35 E F2 -(fd)4.47 E F0(is open and refers to a terminal.)3.27 E F1108 690 Q -F2(\214le)2.5 E F0 -.35(Tr)10.02 G(ue if).35 E F2(\214le)2.5 E F0 -.15 -(ex)2.5 G(ists and its set-user).15 E(-id bit is set.)-.2 E F1108 -702 Q F2(\214le)2.5 E F0 -.35(Tr)8.36 G(ue if).35 E F2(\214le)2.5 E F0 --.15(ex)2.5 G(ists and is writable.).15 E F1108 714 Q F2(\214le) -2.5 E F0 -.35(Tr)10.58 G(ue if).35 E F2(\214le)2.5 E F0 -.15(ex)2.5 G -(ists and is e).15 E -.15(xe)-.15 G(cutable.).15 E(GNU Bash-4.1)72 768 Q -(2010 May 30)147.345 E(28)197.335 E 0 Cg EP +E F1108 714 Q F2(\214le)2.5 E F0 -.35(Tr)11.14 G(ue if).35 E F2 +(\214le)2.5 E F0 -.15(ex)2.5 G(ists and is readable.).15 E(GNU Bash-4.1) +72 768 Q(2010 June 12)147.345 E(28)197.335 E 0 Cg EP %%Page: 29 29 %%BeginPageSetup BP %%EndPageSetup /F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 389.54(SH\(1\) B).35 F(ASH\(1\)) --.35 E/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 SF108 84 Q/F2 10/Times-Italic@0 SF +-.35 E/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 SF108 84 Q/F2 10/Times-Italic@0 SF +(\214le)2.5 E F0 -.35(Tr)11.69 G(ue if).35 E F2(\214le)2.5 E F0 -.15(ex) +2.5 G(ists and has a size greater than zero.).15 E F1108 96 Q F2 +(fd)2.5 E F0 -.35(Tr)16.69 G(ue if \214le descriptor).35 E F2(fd)4.47 E +F0(is open and refers to a terminal.)3.27 E F1108 108 Q F2(\214le) +2.5 E F0 -.35(Tr)10.02 G(ue if).35 E F2(\214le)2.5 E F0 -.15(ex)2.5 G +(ists and its set-user).15 E(-id bit is set.)-.2 E F1108 120 Q F2 +(\214le)2.5 E F0 -.35(Tr)8.36 G(ue if).35 E F2(\214le)2.5 E F0 -.15(ex) +2.5 G(ists and is writable.).15 E F1108 132 Q F2(\214le)2.5 E F0 +-.35(Tr)10.58 G(ue if).35 E F2(\214le)2.5 E F0 -.15(ex)2.5 G +(ists and is e).15 E -.15(xe)-.15 G(cutable.).15 E F1108 144 Q F2 (\214le)2.5 E F0 -.35(Tr)7.8 G(ue if).35 E F2(\214le)2.5 E F0 -.15(ex) 2.5 G(ists and is o).15 E(wned by the ef)-.25 E(fecti)-.25 E .3 -.15 -(ve g)-.25 H(roup id.).15 E F1108 96 Q F2(\214le)2.5 E F0 -.35(Tr) -8.91 G(ue if).35 E F2(\214le)2.5 E F0 -.15(ex)2.5 G -(ists and is a symbolic link.).15 E F1108 108 Q F2(\214le)2.5 E F0 +(ve g)-.25 H(roup id.).15 E F1108 156 Q F2(\214le)2.5 E F0 -.35 +(Tr)8.91 G(ue if).35 E F2(\214le)2.5 E F0 -.15(ex)2.5 G +(ists and is a symbolic link.).15 E F1108 168 Q F2(\214le)2.5 E F0 -.35(Tr)8.36 G(ue if).35 E F2(\214le)2.5 E F0 -.15(ex)2.5 G (ists and has been modi\214ed since it w).15 E(as last read.)-.1 E F1 -108 120 Q F2(\214le)2.5 E F0 -.35(Tr)7.8 G(ue if).35 E F2(\214le) +108 180 Q F2(\214le)2.5 E F0 -.35(Tr)7.8 G(ue if).35 E F2(\214le) 2.5 E F0 -.15(ex)2.5 G(ists and is o).15 E(wned by the ef)-.25 E(fecti) --.25 E .3 -.15(ve u)-.25 H(ser id.).15 E F1108 132 Q F2(\214le)2.5 +-.25 E .3 -.15(ve u)-.25 H(ser id.).15 E F1108 192 Q F2(\214le)2.5 E F0 -.35(Tr)10.02 G(ue if).35 E F2(\214le)2.5 E F0 -.15(ex)2.5 G -(ists and is a sock).15 E(et.)-.1 E F2(\214le1)108 144 Q F1(\255ef)2.5 E -F2(\214le2)2.5 E F0 -.35(Tr)144 156 S(ue if).35 E F2(\214le1)2.5 E F0 +(ists and is a sock).15 E(et.)-.1 E F2(\214le1)108 204 Q F1(\255ef)2.5 E +F2(\214le2)2.5 E F0 -.35(Tr)144 216 S(ue if).35 E F2(\214le1)2.5 E F0 (and)2.5 E F2(\214le2)2.5 E F0(refer to the same de)2.5 E -(vice and inode numbers.)-.25 E F2(\214le1)108 168 Q F02.5 E F1(nt)A -F2(\214le2)2.5 E F0 -.35(Tr)144 180 S .038(ue if).35 F F2(\214le1)2.538 +(vice and inode numbers.)-.25 E F2(\214le1)108 228 Q F02.5 E F1(nt)A +F2(\214le2)2.5 E F0 -.35(Tr)144 240 S .038(ue if).35 F F2(\214le1)2.538 E F0 .039(is ne)2.539 F .039 (wer \(according to modi\214cation date\) than)-.25 F F2(\214le2)2.539 E F0 2.539(,o)C 2.539(ri)-2.539 G(f)-2.539 E F2(\214le1)2.539 E F0 -.15 (ex)2.539 G .039(ists and).15 F F2(\214le2)2.539 E F0 .039(does not.) -2.539 F F2(\214le1)108 192 Q F02.5 E F1(ot)A F2(\214le2)2.5 E F0 --.35(Tr)144 204 S(ue if).35 E F2(\214le1)2.5 E F0(is older than)2.5 E F2 +2.539 F F2(\214le1)108 252 Q F02.5 E F1(ot)A F2(\214le2)2.5 E F0 +-.35(Tr)144 264 S(ue if).35 E F2(\214le1)2.5 E F0(is older than)2.5 E F2 (\214le2)2.5 E F0 2.5(,o)C 2.5(ri)-2.5 G(f)-2.5 E F2(\214le2)2.5 E F0 -.15(ex)2.5 G(ists and).15 E F2(\214le1)2.5 E F0(does not.)2.5 E F1 -108 216 Q F2(optname)2.5 E F0 -.35(Tr)144 228 S .263 +108 276 Q F2(optname)2.5 E F0 -.35(Tr)144 288 S .263 (ue if the shell option).35 F F2(optname)2.992 E F0 .262(is enabled.) 2.942 F .262(See the list of options under the description of the)5.262 -F F12.762 E F0(option to the)144 240 Q F1(set)2.5 E F0 -.2(bu)2.5 -G(iltin belo).2 E -.65(w.)-.25 G F1108 252 Q F2(varname)2.5 E F0 --.35(Tr)144 264 S(ue if the shell v).35 E(ariable)-.25 E F2(varname)2.79 +F F12.762 E F0(option to the)144 300 Q F1(set)2.5 E F0 -.2(bu)2.5 +G(iltin belo).2 E -.65(w.)-.25 G F1108 312 Q F2(varname)2.5 E F0 +-.35(Tr)144 324 S(ue if the shell v).35 E(ariable)-.25 E F2(varname)2.79 E F0(is set \(has been assigned a v)2.68 E(alue\).)-.25 E F1108 -276 Q F2(string)2.5 E F0 -.35(Tr)144 288 S(ue if the length of).35 E F2 -(string)2.5 E F0(is zero.)2.5 E F2(string)108 300 Q F1108 312 Q F2 -(string)2.5 E F0 -.35(Tr)144 324 S(ue if the length of).35 E F2(string) -2.84 E F0(is non-zero.)2.72 E F2(string1)108 340.8 Q F1(==)2.5 E F2 -(string2)2.5 E(string1)108 352.8 Q F1(=)2.5 E F2(string2)2.5 E F0 -.35 -(Tr)144 364.8 S(ue if the strings are equal.).35 E F1(=)5 E F0 +336 Q F2(string)2.5 E F0 -.35(Tr)144 348 S(ue if the length of).35 E F2 +(string)2.5 E F0(is zero.)2.5 E F2(string)108 360 Q F1108 372 Q F2 +(string)2.5 E F0 -.35(Tr)144 384 S(ue if the length of).35 E F2(string) +2.84 E F0(is non-zero.)2.72 E F2(string1)108 400.8 Q F1(==)2.5 E F2 +(string2)2.5 E(string1)108 412.8 Q F1(=)2.5 E F2(string2)2.5 E F0 -.35 +(Tr)144 424.8 S(ue if the strings are equal.).35 E F1(=)5 E F0 (should be used with the)2.5 E F1(test)2.5 E F0 -(command for POSIX conformance.)2.5 E F2(string1)108 381.6 Q F1(!=)2.5 E -F2(string2)2.5 E F0 -.35(Tr)144 393.6 S -(ue if the strings are not equal.).35 E F2(string1)108 410.4 Q F1(<)2.5 -E F2(string2)2.5 E F0 -.35(Tr)144 422.4 S(ue if).35 E F2(string1)2.5 E +(command for POSIX conformance.)2.5 E F2(string1)108 441.6 Q F1(!=)2.5 E +F2(string2)2.5 E F0 -.35(Tr)144 453.6 S +(ue if the strings are not equal.).35 E F2(string1)108 470.4 Q F1(<)2.5 +E F2(string2)2.5 E F0 -.35(Tr)144 482.4 S(ue if).35 E F2(string1)2.5 E F0(sorts before)2.5 E F2(string2)2.5 E F0(le)2.5 E(xicographically)-.15 -E(.)-.65 E F2(string1)108 439.2 Q F1(>)2.5 E F2(string2)2.5 E F0 -.35 -(Tr)144 451.2 S(ue if).35 E F2(string1)2.5 E F0(sorts after)2.5 E F2 +E(.)-.65 E F2(string1)108 499.2 Q F1(>)2.5 E F2(string2)2.5 E F0 -.35 +(Tr)144 511.2 S(ue if).35 E F2(string1)2.5 E F0(sorts after)2.5 E F2 (string2)2.5 E F0(le)2.5 E(xicographically)-.15 E(.)-.65 E F2(ar)108.33 -468 Q(g1)-.37 E F1(OP)2.5 E F2(ar)2.5 E(g2)-.37 E/F3 9/Times-Bold@0 SF -(OP)144 480 Q F0 .385(is one of)2.634 F F1(\255eq)2.885 E F0(,)A F1 +528 Q(g1)-.37 E F1(OP)2.5 E F2(ar)2.5 E(g2)-.37 E/F3 9/Times-Bold@0 SF +(OP)144 540 Q F0 .385(is one of)2.634 F F1(\255eq)2.885 E F0(,)A F1 (\255ne)2.885 E F0(,)A F1(\255lt)2.885 E F0(,)A F1(\255le)2.885 E F0(,)A F1(\255gt)2.885 E F0 2.885(,o)C(r)-2.885 E F1(\255ge)2.885 E F0 5.385 (.T)C .385(hese arithmetic binary operators return true if)-5.385 F F2 (ar)2.885 E(g1)-.37 E F0 .845(is equal to, not equal to, less than, les\ -s than or equal to, greater than, or greater than or equal to)144 492 R -F2(ar)144 504 Q(g2)-.37 E F0 2.5(,r)C(especti)-2.5 E -.15(ve)-.25 G(ly) +s than or equal to, greater than, or greater than or equal to)144 552 R +F2(ar)144 564 Q(g2)-.37 E F0 2.5(,r)C(especti)-2.5 E -.15(ve)-.25 G(ly) .15 E(.)-.65 E F2(Ar)6.01 E(g1)-.37 E F0(and)2.5 E F2(ar)2.83 E(g2)-.37 E F0(may be positi)2.52 E .3 -.15(ve o)-.25 H 2.5(rn).15 G -2.25 -.15 (eg a)-2.5 H(ti).15 E .3 -.15(ve i)-.25 H(nte).15 E(gers.)-.15 E/F4 -10.95/Times-Bold@0 SF(SIMPLE COMMAND EXP)72 520.8 Q(ANSION)-.81 E F0 -.613(When a simple command is e)108 532.8 R -.15(xe)-.15 G .614 +10.95/Times-Bold@0 SF(SIMPLE COMMAND EXP)72 580.8 Q(ANSION)-.81 E F0 +.613(When a simple command is e)108 592.8 R -.15(xe)-.15 G .614 (cuted, the shell performs the follo).15 F .614(wing e)-.25 F .614 (xpansions, assignments, and redi-)-.15 F(rections, from left to right.) -108 544.8 Q 26(1. The)108 561.6 R -.1(wo)4.349 G 1.849 +108 604.8 Q 26(1. The)108 621.6 R -.1(wo)4.349 G 1.849 (rds that the parser has mark).1 F 1.848(ed as v)-.1 F 1.848 (ariable assignments \(those preceding the command)-.25 F -(name\) and redirections are sa)144 573.6 Q -.15(ve)-.2 G 2.5(df).15 G -(or later processing.)-2.5 E 26(2. The)108 590.4 R -.1(wo)3.663 G 1.163 +(name\) and redirections are sa)144 633.6 Q -.15(ve)-.2 G 2.5(df).15 G +(or later processing.)-2.5 E 26(2. The)108 650.4 R -.1(wo)3.663 G 1.163 (rds that are not v).1 F 1.164 (ariable assignments or redirections are e)-.25 F 3.664(xpanded. If)-.15 F(an)3.664 E 3.664(yw)-.15 G 1.164(ords remain)-3.764 F .776(after e)144 -602.4 R .776(xpansion, the \214rst w)-.15 F .776(ord is tak)-.1 F .775 +662.4 R .776(xpansion, the \214rst w)-.15 F .776(ord is tak)-.1 F .775 (en to be the name of the command and the remaining w)-.1 F(ords)-.1 E -(are the ar)144 614.4 Q(guments.)-.18 E 26(3. Redirections)108 631.2 R +(are the ar)144 674.4 Q(guments.)-.18 E 26(3. Redirections)108 691.2 R (are performed as described abo)2.5 E .3 -.15(ve u)-.15 H(nder).15 E F3 -(REDIRECTION)2.5 E/F5 9/Times-Roman@0 SF(.)A F0 26(4. The)108 648 R(te) +(REDIRECTION)2.5 E/F5 9/Times-Roman@0 SF(.)A F0 26(4. The)108 708 R(te) 3.216 E .717(xt after the)-.15 F F1(=)3.217 E F0 .717(in each v)3.217 F .717(ariable assignment under)-.25 F .717(goes tilde e)-.18 F .717 -(xpansion, parameter e)-.15 F(xpansion,)-.15 E .34 -(command substitution, arithmetic e)144 660 R .339 -(xpansion, and quote remo)-.15 F -.25(va)-.15 G 2.839(lb).25 G .339 -(efore being assigned to the v)-2.839 F(ari-)-.25 E(able.)144 672 Q .332 -(If no command name results, the v)108 688.8 R .332 +(xpansion, parameter e)-.15 F(xpansion,)-.15 E 2.291 +(command substitution, arithmetic e)144 720 R 2.291 +(xpansion, and quote remo)-.15 F -.25(va)-.15 G 4.791(lb).25 G 2.291 +(efore being assigned to the)-4.791 F(GNU Bash-4.1)72 768 Q +(2010 June 12)147.345 E(29)197.335 E 0 Cg EP +%%Page: 30 30 +%%BeginPageSetup +BP +%%EndPageSetup +/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 389.54(SH\(1\) B).35 F(ASH\(1\)) +-.35 E -.25(va)144 84 S(riable.).25 E .332 +(If no command name results, the v)108 100.8 R .332 (ariable assignments af)-.25 F .332(fect the current shell en)-.25 F -2.833(vironment. Otherwise,)-.4 F(the)2.833 E -.25(va)108 700.8 S .757 +2.833(vironment. Otherwise,)-.4 F(the)2.833 E -.25(va)108 112.8 S .757 (riables are added to the en).25 F .757(vironment of the e)-.4 F -.15 (xe)-.15 G .757(cuted command and do not af).15 F .757 -(fect the current shell en)-.25 F(vi-)-.4 E 3.176(ronment. If)108 712.8 +(fect the current shell en)-.25 F(vi-)-.4 E 3.176(ronment. If)108 124.8 R(an)3.176 E 3.176(yo)-.15 G 3.176(ft)-3.176 G .677 (he assignments attempts to assign a v)-3.176 F .677 (alue to a readonly v)-.25 F .677(ariable, an error occurs, and)-.25 F -(the command e)108 724.8 Q(xits with a non-zero status.)-.15 E -(GNU Bash-4.1)72 768 Q(2010 May 30)147.345 E(29)197.335 E 0 Cg EP -%%Page: 30 30 -%%BeginPageSetup -BP -%%EndPageSetup -/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 389.54(SH\(1\) B).35 F(ASH\(1\)) --.35 E .15(If no command name results, redirections are performed, b)108 -84 R .149(ut do not af)-.2 F .149(fect the current shell en)-.25 F 2.649 -(vironment. A)-.4 F(redirection error causes the command to e)108 96 Q -(xit with a non-zero status.)-.15 E 1.064 -(If there is a command name left after e)108 112.8 R 1.064(xpansion, e) +(the command e)108 136.8 Q(xits with a non-zero status.)-.15 E .15 +(If no command name results, redirections are performed, b)108 153.6 R +.149(ut do not af)-.2 F .149(fect the current shell en)-.25 F 2.649 +(vironment. A)-.4 F(redirection error causes the command to e)108 165.6 +Q(xit with a non-zero status.)-.15 E 1.064 +(If there is a command name left after e)108 182.4 R 1.064(xpansion, e) -.15 F -.15(xe)-.15 G 1.064(cution proceeds as described belo).15 F 4.864 -.65(w. O)-.25 H 1.064(therwise, the).65 F .069(command e)108 -124.8 R 2.569(xits. If)-.15 F .069(one of the e)2.569 F .069 +194.4 R 2.569(xits. If)-.15 F .069(one of the e)2.569 F .069 (xpansions contained a command substitution, the e)-.15 F .068 -(xit status of the command)-.15 F .466(is the e)108 136.8 R .466 +(xit status of the command)-.15 F .466(is the e)108 206.4 R .466 (xit status of the last command substitution performed.)-.15 F .467 -(If there were no command substitutions, the)5.466 F(command e)108 148.8 +(If there were no command substitutions, the)5.466 F(command e)108 218.4 Q(xits with a status of zero.)-.15 E/F1 10.95/Times-Bold@0 SF -(COMMAND EXECUTION)72 165.6 Q F0 .547 -(After a command has been split into w)108 177.6 R .546 +(COMMAND EXECUTION)72 235.2 Q F0 .547 +(After a command has been split into w)108 247.2 R .546 (ords, if it results in a simple command and an optional list of ar)-.1 -F(gu-)-.18 E(ments, the follo)108 189.6 Q(wing actions are tak)-.25 E +F(gu-)-.18 E(ments, the follo)108 259.2 Q(wing actions are tak)-.25 E (en.)-.1 E .379(If the command name contains no slashes, the shell atte\ -mpts to locate it.)108 206.4 R .379(If there e)5.379 F .379 +mpts to locate it.)108 276 R .379(If there e)5.379 F .379 (xists a shell function by)-.15 F .246(that name, that function is in) -108 218.4 R -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G 2.746(da).1 G 2.746(sd)-2.746 G -.246(escribed abo)-2.746 F .546 -.15(ve i)-.15 H(n).15 E/F2 9 -/Times-Bold@0 SF(FUNCTIONS)2.746 E/F3 9/Times-Roman@0 SF(.)A F0 .246 +108 288 R -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G 2.746(da).1 G 2.746(sd)-2.746 G .246 +(escribed abo)-2.746 F .546 -.15(ve i)-.15 H(n).15 E/F2 9/Times-Bold@0 +SF(FUNCTIONS)2.746 E/F3 9/Times-Roman@0 SF(.)A F0 .246 (If the name does not match a func-)4.746 F -(tion, the shell searches for it in the list of shell b)108 230.4 Q 2.5 +(tion, the shell searches for it in the list of shell b)108 300 Q 2.5 (uiltins. If)-.2 F 2.5(am)2.5 G(atch is found, that b)-2.5 E (uiltin is in)-.2 E -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G(d.).1 E .309 -(If the name is neither a shell function nor a b)108 247.2 R .31 +(If the name is neither a shell function nor a b)108 316.8 R .31 (uiltin, and contains no slashes,)-.2 F/F4 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(bash)2.81 -E F0 .31(searches each element of)2.81 F(the)108 259.2 Q F2 -.666(PA) +E F0 .31(searches each element of)2.81 F(the)108 328.8 Q F2 -.666(PA) 3.163 G(TH)-.189 E F0 .662(for a directory containing an e)2.913 F -.15 (xe)-.15 G .662(cutable \214le by that name.).15 F F4(Bash)5.662 E F0 .662(uses a hash table to remember)3.162 F 1.914 -(the full pathnames of e)108 271.2 R -.15(xe)-.15 G 1.915 +(the full pathnames of e)108 340.8 R -.15(xe)-.15 G 1.915 (cutable \214les \(see).15 F F4(hash)4.415 E F0(under)4.415 E F2 1.915 (SHELL B)4.415 F(UIL)-.09 E 1.915(TIN COMMANDS)-.828 F F0(belo)4.165 E 4.415(w\). A)-.25 F(full)4.415 E .72(search of the directories in)108 -283.2 R F2 -.666(PA)3.22 G(TH)-.189 E F0 .719 +352.8 R F2 -.666(PA)3.22 G(TH)-.189 E F0 .719 (is performed only if the command is not found in the hash table.)2.97 F .719(If the)5.719 F .956(search is unsuccessful, the shell searches for\ - a de\214ned shell function named)108 295.2 R F4(command_not_f)3.456 E -(ound_han-)-.25 E(dle)108 307.2 Q F0 5.278(.I)C 2.778(ft)-5.278 G .278 + a de\214ned shell function named)108 364.8 R F4(command_not_f)3.456 E +(ound_han-)-.25 E(dle)108 376.8 Q F0 5.278(.I)C 2.778(ft)-5.278 G .278 (hat function e)-2.778 F .278(xists, it is in)-.15 F -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1 (ke).2 G 2.778(dw).1 G .277 (ith the original command and the original command')-2.778 F 2.777(sa) --.55 G -.18(rg)-2.777 G(uments).18 E .775(as its ar)108 319.2 R .775 +-.55 G -.18(rg)-2.777 G(uments).18 E .775(as its ar)108 388.8 R .775 (guments, and the function')-.18 F 3.275(se)-.55 G .775 (xit status becomes the e)-3.425 F .775(xit status of the shell.)-.15 F .776(If that function is not)5.776 F -(de\214ned, the shell prints an error message and returns an e)108 331.2 +(de\214ned, the shell prints an error message and returns an e)108 400.8 Q(xit status of 127.)-.15 E 1.089(If the search is successful, or if th\ -e command name contains one or more slashes, the shell e)108 348 R -.15 -(xe)-.15 G 1.089(cutes the).15 F .197(named program in a separate e)108 -360 R -.15(xe)-.15 G .197(cution en).15 F 2.698(vironment. Ar)-.4 F .198 -(gument 0 is set to the name gi)-.18 F -.15(ve)-.25 G .198 -(n, and the remain-).15 F(ing ar)108 372 Q +e command name contains one or more slashes, the shell e)108 417.6 R +-.15(xe)-.15 G 1.089(cutes the).15 F .197(named program in a separate e) +108 429.6 R -.15(xe)-.15 G .197(cution en).15 F 2.698(vironment. Ar)-.4 +F .198(gument 0 is set to the name gi)-.18 F -.15(ve)-.25 G .198 +(n, and the remain-).15 F(ing ar)108 441.6 Q (guments to the command are set to the ar)-.18 E(guments gi)-.18 E -.15 -(ve)-.25 G(n, if an).15 E -.65(y.)-.15 G 1.809(If this e)108 388.8 R +(ve)-.25 G(n, if an).15 E -.65(y.)-.15 G 1.809(If this e)108 458.4 R -.15(xe)-.15 G 1.809(cution f).15 F 1.809 (ails because the \214le is not in e)-.1 F -.15(xe)-.15 G 1.809 (cutable format, and the \214le is not a directory).15 F 4.309(,i)-.65 G -4.309(ti)-4.309 G(s)-4.309 E .677(assumed to be a)108 400.8 R/F5 10 +4.309(ti)-4.309 G(s)-4.309 E .677(assumed to be a)108 470.4 R/F5 10 /Times-Italic@0 SF .678(shell script)3.177 F F0 3.178(,a\214)C .678 (le containing shell commands.)-3.178 F 3.178(As)5.678 G .678 (ubshell is spa)-3.178 F .678(wned to e)-.15 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .678 (cute it.).15 F(This)5.678 E .33 -(subshell reinitializes itself, so that the ef)108 412.8 R .33 +(subshell reinitializes itself, so that the ef)108 482.4 R .33 (fect is as if a ne)-.25 F 2.829(ws)-.25 G .329(hell had been in)-2.829 F -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G 2.829(dt).1 G 2.829(oh)-2.829 G .329 -(andle the script, with)-2.829 F 1.219(the e)108 424.8 R 1.219 +(andle the script, with)-2.829 F 1.219(the e)108 494.4 R 1.219 (xception that the locations of commands remembered by the parent \(see) -.15 F F4(hash)3.719 E F0(belo)3.719 E 3.719(wu)-.25 G(nder)-3.719 E F2 -(SHELL)3.719 E -.09(BU)108 436.8 S(IL).09 E(TIN COMMANDS)-.828 E F3(\))A +(SHELL)3.719 E -.09(BU)108 506.4 S(IL).09 E(TIN COMMANDS)-.828 E F3(\))A F0(are retained by the child.)2.25 E .348(If the program is a \214le be) -108 453.6 R .348(ginning with)-.15 F F4(#!)2.848 E F0 2.848(,t)C .347(h\ +108 523.2 R .348(ginning with)-.15 F F4(#!)2.848 E F0 2.848(,t)C .347(h\ e remainder of the \214rst line speci\214es an interpreter for the pro-) --2.848 F 3.178(gram. 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Unless)-.25 F .134(otherwise noted, the v)2.634 F .134(alues are inherited from)-.25 F -(the shell.)108 124.8 Q 32.5<8374>108 141.6 S 1.056(he shell')-32.5 F +(the shell.)108 192 Q 32.5<8374>108 208.8 S 1.056(he shell')-32.5 F 3.556(so)-.55 G 1.056(pen \214les, plus an)-3.556 F 3.556(ym)-.15 G 1.056 (odi\214cations and additions speci\214ed by redirections to the com-) --3.556 F(mand)144 153.6 Q 32.5<8374>108 170.4 S(he current w)-32.5 E -(orking directory)-.1 E 32.5<8374>108 187.2 S -(he \214le creation mode mask)-32.5 E 32.5<8373>108 204 S .856(hell v) +-3.556 F(mand)144 220.8 Q 32.5<8374>108 237.6 S(he current w)-32.5 E +(orking directory)-.1 E 32.5<8374>108 254.4 S +(he \214le creation mode mask)-32.5 E 32.5<8373>108 271.2 S .856(hell v) -32.5 F .857(ariables and functions mark)-.25 F .857(ed for e)-.1 F .857 (xport, along with v)-.15 F .857(ariables e)-.25 F .857 -(xported for the command,)-.15 F(passed in the en)144 216 Q(vironment) --.4 E 32.5<8374>108 232.8 S .307 +(xported for the command,)-.15 F(passed in the en)144 283.2 Q(vironment) +-.4 E 32.5<8374>108 300 S .307 (raps caught by the shell are reset to the v)-32.5 F .306 (alues inherited from the shell')-.25 F 2.806(sp)-.55 G .306 -(arent, and traps ignored)-2.806 F(by the shell are ignored)144 244.8 Q -2.5(Ac)108 261.6 S(ommand in)-2.5 E -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G 2.5(di).1 G +(arent, and traps ignored)-2.806 F(by the shell are ignored)144 312 Q +2.5(Ac)108 328.8 S(ommand in)-2.5 E -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G 2.5(di).1 G 2.5(nt)-2.5 G(his separate en)-2.5 E(vironment cannot af)-.4 E (fect the shell')-.25 E 2.5(se)-.55 G -.15(xe)-2.65 G(cution en).15 E (vironment.)-.4 E .577(Command substitution, commands grouped with pare\ -ntheses, and asynchronous commands are in)108 278.4 R -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1 -(ke).2 G 3.078(di).1 G(n)-3.078 E 2.745(as)108 290.4 S .245(ubshell en) +ntheses, and asynchronous commands are in)108 345.6 R -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1 +(ke).2 G 3.078(di).1 G(n)-3.078 E 2.745(as)108 357.6 S .245(ubshell en) -2.745 F .245(vironment that is a duplicate of the shell en)-.4 F .244 (vironment, e)-.4 F .244(xcept that traps caught by the shell are)-.15 F -.358(reset to the v)108 302.4 R .358 +.358(reset to the v)108 369.6 R .358 (alues that the shell inherited from its parent at in)-.25 F -.2(vo)-.4 G 2.858(cation. Builtin).2 F .359(commands that are in)2.859 F -.2(vo) --.4 G -.1(ke).2 G(d).1 E .857(as part of a pipeline are also e)108 314.4 +-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G(d).1 E .857(as part of a pipeline are also e)108 381.6 R -.15(xe)-.15 G .856(cuted in a subshell en).15 F 3.356 (vironment. Changes)-.4 F .856(made to the subshell en)3.356 F(viron-) --.4 E(ment cannot af)108 326.4 Q(fect the shell')-.25 E 2.5(se)-.55 G +-.4 E(ment cannot af)108 393.6 Q(fect the shell')-.25 E 2.5(se)-.55 G -.15(xe)-2.65 G(cution en).15 E(vironment.)-.4 E 1.376(Subshells spa)108 -343.2 R 1.376(wned to e)-.15 F -.15(xe)-.15 G 1.377 +410.4 R 1.376(wned to e)-.15 F -.15(xe)-.15 G 1.377 (cute command substitutions inherit the v).15 F 1.377(alue of the)-.25 F F13.877 E F0 1.377(option from the parent)3.877 F 2.5(shell. When) -108 355.2 R(not in posix mode, Bash clears the)2.5 E F12.5 E F0 -(option in such subshells.)2.5 E .405(If a command is follo)108 372 R +108 422.4 R(not in posix mode, Bash clears the)2.5 E F12.5 E F0 +(option in such subshells.)2.5 E .405(If a command is follo)108 439.2 R .405(wed by a)-.25 F F1(&)2.905 E F0 .404(and job control is not acti) 2.905 F -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.904(,t).15 G .404(he def)-2.904 F .404 (ault standard input for the command)-.1 F .197(is the empty \214le)108 -384 R/F3 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(/de)2.697 E(v/null)-.15 E F0 5.197(.O)C +451.2 R/F3 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(/de)2.697 E(v/null)-.15 E F0 5.197(.O)C .197(therwise, the in)-5.197 F -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G 2.697(dc).1 G .198(ommand inherits the \214le descriptors of the calling shell)-2.697 -F(as modi\214ed by redirections.)108 396 Q/F4 10.95/Times-Bold@0 SF -(ENVIR)72 412.8 Q(ONMENT)-.329 E F0 2.354(When a program is in)108 424.8 -R -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G 4.853(di).1 G 4.853(ti)-4.853 G 4.853(sg) --4.853 G -2.15 -.25(iv e)-4.853 H 4.853(na).25 G 4.853(na)-4.853 G 2.353 +F(as modi\214ed by redirections.)108 463.2 Q/F4 10.95/Times-Bold@0 SF +(ENVIR)72 480 Q(ONMENT)-.329 E F0 2.354(When a program is in)108 492 R +-.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G 4.853(di).1 G 4.853(ti)-4.853 G 4.853(sg)-4.853 +G -2.15 -.25(iv e)-4.853 H 4.853(na).25 G 4.853(na)-4.853 G 2.353 (rray of strings called the)-4.853 F F3(en)4.853 E(vir)-.4 E(onment)-.45 -E F0 7.353(.T).68 G 2.353(his is a list of)-7.353 F F3(name)108 436.8 Q -F0A F3(value)A F0(pairs, of the form)2.5 E F3(name)2.5 E F0(=)A F3 -(value)A F0(.).18 E 1.485(The shell pro)108 453.6 R 1.485(vides se)-.15 +E F0 7.353(.T).68 G 2.353(his is a list of)-7.353 F F3(name)108 504 Q F0 +A F3(value)A F0(pairs, of the form)2.5 E F3(name)2.5 E F0(=)A F3 +(value)A F0(.).18 E 1.485(The shell pro)108 520.8 R 1.485(vides se)-.15 F -.15(ve)-.25 G 1.485(ral w).15 F 1.485(ays to manipulate the en)-.1 F 3.985(vironment. On)-.4 F(in)3.985 E -.2(vo)-.4 G 1.486 -(cation, the shell scans its o).2 F(wn)-.25 E(en)108 465.6 Q .144(viron\ +(cation, the shell scans its o).2 F(wn)-.25 E(en)108 532.8 Q .144(viron\ ment and creates a parameter for each name found, automatically marking\ it for)-.4 F F3 -.2(ex)2.643 G(port).2 E F0 .143(to child pro-)3.323 F -2.703(cesses. Ex)108 477.6 R .203(ecuted commands inherit the en)-.15 F +2.703(cesses. Ex)108 544.8 R .203(ecuted commands inherit the en)-.15 F 2.703(vironment. The)-.4 F F1(export)2.703 E F0(and)2.703 E F1(declar) 2.703 E 2.703<65ad>-.18 G(x)-2.703 E F0 .203(commands allo)2.703 F 2.704 (wp)-.25 G(aram-)-2.704 E 1.153 -(eters and functions to be added to and deleted from the en)108 489.6 R +(eters and functions to be added to and deleted from the en)108 556.8 R 3.653(vironment. If)-.4 F 1.153(the v)3.653 F 1.153 -(alue of a parameter in the)-.25 F(en)108 501.6 Q .64 +(alue of a parameter in the)-.25 F(en)108 568.8 Q .64 (vironment is modi\214ed, the ne)-.4 F 3.14(wv)-.25 G .64 (alue becomes part of the en)-3.39 F .64(vironment, replacing the old.) --.4 F .64(The en)5.64 F(viron-)-.4 E .58(ment inherited by an)108 513.6 +-.4 F .64(The en)5.64 F(viron-)-.4 E .58(ment inherited by an)108 580.8 R 3.08(ye)-.15 G -.15(xe)-3.23 G .58 (cuted command consists of the shell').15 F 3.08(si)-.55 G .58 (nitial en)-3.08 F .58(vironment, whose v)-.4 F .58(alues may be)-.25 F -.3(modi\214ed in the shell, less an)108 525.6 R 2.8(yp)-.15 G .3 +.3(modi\214ed in the shell, less an)108 592.8 R 2.8(yp)-.15 G .3 (airs remo)-2.8 F -.15(ve)-.15 G 2.8(db).15 G 2.801(yt)-2.8 G(he)-2.801 E F1(unset)2.801 E F0 .301(command, plus an)2.801 F 2.801(ya)-.15 G .301 (dditions via the)-2.801 F F1(export)2.801 E F0(and)2.801 E F1(declar) -108 537.6 Q 2.5<65ad>-.18 G(x)-2.5 E F0(commands.)2.5 E .563(The en)108 -554.4 R .563(vironment for an)-.4 F(y)-.15 E F3 .563(simple command) +108 604.8 Q 2.5<65ad>-.18 G(x)-2.5 E F0(commands.)2.5 E .563(The en)108 +621.6 R .563(vironment for an)-.4 F(y)-.15 E F3 .563(simple command) 3.403 F F0 .562 (or function may be augmented temporarily by pre\214xing it with)3.833 F -.202(parameter assignments, as described abo)108 566.4 R .502 -.15(ve i) +.202(parameter assignments, as described abo)108 633.6 R .502 -.15(ve i) -.15 H(n).15 E F2 -.666(PA)2.702 G(RAMETERS).666 E/F5 9/Times-Roman@0 SF (.)A F0 .202(These assignment statements af)4.702 F .203(fect only the) --.25 F(en)108 578.4 Q(vironment seen by that command.)-.4 E .81(If the) -108 595.2 R F13.31 E F0 .81(option is set \(see the)3.31 F F1(set) +-.25 F(en)108 645.6 Q(vironment seen by that command.)-.4 E .81(If the) +108 662.4 R F13.31 E F0 .81(option is set \(see the)3.31 F F1(set) 3.31 E F0 -.2(bu)3.31 G .81(iltin command belo).2 F .81(w\), then)-.25 F F3(all)3.64 E F0 .81(parameter assignments are placed in)3.82 F(the en) -108 607.2 Q +108 674.4 Q (vironment for a command, not just those that precede the command name.) --.4 E(When)108 624 Q F1(bash)3.396 E F0(in)3.396 E -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke) -.2 G 3.396(sa).1 G 3.397(ne)-3.396 G .897(xternal command, the v)-3.547 -F(ariable)-.25 E F1(_)3.397 E F0 .897 +-.4 E(When)108 691.2 Q F1(bash)3.396 E F0(in)3.396 E -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1 +(ke).2 G 3.396(sa).1 G 3.397(ne)-3.396 G .897(xternal command, the v) +-3.547 F(ariable)-.25 E F1(_)3.397 E F0 .897 (is set to the full \214le name of the command and)3.397 F -(passed to that command in its en)108 636 Q(vironment.)-.4 E F4(EXIT ST) -72 652.8 Q -1.04(AT)-.986 G(US)1.04 E F0 .151(The e)108 664.8 R .151 -(xit status of an e)-.15 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .151(cuted command is the v) -.15 F .15(alue returned by the)-.25 F F3(waitpid)2.65 E F0 .15 -(system call or equi)2.65 F -.25(va)-.25 G .15(lent func-).25 F 2.847 -(tion. Exit)108 676.8 R .347(statuses f)2.847 F .347 -(all between 0 and 255, though, as e)-.1 F .347(xplained belo)-.15 F -1.647 -.65(w, t)-.25 H .347(he shell may use v).65 F .348(alues abo)-.25 -F .648 -.15(ve 1)-.15 H(25).15 E(specially)108 688.8 Q 5.674(.E)-.65 G -.674(xit statuses from shell b)-5.674 F .673 -(uiltins and compound commands are also limited to this range. Under)-.2 -F(certain circumstances, the shell will use special v)108 700.8 Q -(alues to indicate speci\214c f)-.25 E(ailure modes.)-.1 E -.15(Fo)108 -717.6 S 3.372(rt).15 G .872(he shell')-3.372 F 3.372(sp)-.55 G .873 -(urposes, a command which e)-3.372 F .873(xits with a zero e)-.15 F .873 -(xit status has succeeded.)-.15 F .873(An e)5.873 F .873(xit status of) --.15 F 1.219(zero indicates success.)108 729.6 R 3.719(An)6.219 G 1.219 -(on-zero e)-3.719 F 1.219(xit status indicates f)-.15 F 3.719 -(ailure. When)-.1 F 3.718(ac)3.719 G 1.218(ommand terminates on a f) --3.718 F(atal)-.1 E(GNU Bash-4.1)72 768 Q(2010 May 30)147.345 E(31) -197.335 E 0 Cg EP +(passed to that command in its en)108 703.2 Q(vironment.)-.4 E +(GNU Bash-4.1)72 768 Q(2010 June 12)147.345 E(31)197.335 E 0 Cg EP %%Page: 32 32 %%BeginPageSetup BP %%EndPageSetup /F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 389.54(SH\(1\) B).35 F(ASH\(1\)) --.35 E(signal)108 84 Q/F1 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(N)2.5 E F0(,)A/F2 10 -/Times-Bold@0 SF(bash)2.5 E F0(uses the v)2.5 E(alue of 128+)-.25 E F1 +-.35 E/F1 10.95/Times-Bold@0 SF(EXIT ST)72 84 Q -1.04(AT)-.986 G(US)1.04 +E F0 .151(The e)108 96 R .151(xit status of an e)-.15 F -.15(xe)-.15 G +.151(cuted command is the v).15 F .15(alue returned by the)-.25 F/F2 10 +/Times-Italic@0 SF(waitpid)2.65 E F0 .15(system call or equi)2.65 F -.25 +(va)-.25 G .15(lent func-).25 F 2.847(tion. Exit)108 108 R .347 +(statuses f)2.847 F .347(all between 0 and 255, though, as e)-.1 F .347 +(xplained belo)-.15 F 1.647 -.65(w, t)-.25 H .347(he shell may use v).65 +F .348(alues abo)-.25 F .648 -.15(ve 1)-.15 H(25).15 E(specially)108 120 +Q 5.674(.E)-.65 G .674(xit statuses from shell b)-5.674 F .673 +(uiltins and compound commands are also limited to this range. Under)-.2 +F(certain circumstances, the shell will use special v)108 132 Q +(alues to indicate speci\214c f)-.25 E(ailure modes.)-.1 E -.15(Fo)108 +148.8 S 3.372(rt).15 G .872(he shell')-3.372 F 3.372(sp)-.55 G .873 +(urposes, a command which e)-3.372 F .873(xits with a zero e)-.15 F .873 +(xit status has succeeded.)-.15 F .873(An e)5.873 F .873(xit status of) +-.15 F .049(zero indicates success.)108 160.8 R 2.549(An)5.049 G .049 +(on-zero e)-2.549 F .049(xit status indicates f)-.15 F 2.549 +(ailure. When)-.1 F 2.549(ac)2.549 G .048(ommand terminates on a f) +-2.549 F .048(atal sig-)-.1 F(nal)108 172.8 Q F2(N)2.5 E F0(,)A/F3 10 +/Times-Bold@0 SF(bash)2.5 E F0(uses the v)2.5 E(alue of 128+)-.25 E F2 (N)A F0(as the e)2.5 E(xit status.)-.15 E .404 -(If a command is not found, the child process created to e)108 100.8 R +(If a command is not found, the child process created to e)108 189.6 R -.15(xe)-.15 G .404(cute it returns a status of 127.).15 F .405 -(If a command is)5.405 F(found b)108 112.8 Q(ut is not e)-.2 E -.15(xe) --.15 G(cutable, the return status is 126.).15 E(If a command f)108 129.6 +(If a command is)5.405 F(found b)108 201.6 Q(ut is not e)-.2 E -.15(xe) +-.15 G(cutable, the return status is 126.).15 E(If a command f)108 218.4 Q(ails because of an error during e)-.1 E (xpansion or redirection, the e)-.15 E(xit status is greater than zero.) --.15 E .081(Shell b)108 146.4 R .081 -(uiltin commands return a status of 0 \()-.2 F F1(true)A F0 2.581(\)i)C -2.581(fs)-2.581 G .08(uccessful, and non-zero \()-2.581 F F1(false)A F0 +-.15 E .081(Shell b)108 235.2 R .081 +(uiltin commands return a status of 0 \()-.2 F F2(true)A F0 2.581(\)i)C +2.581(fs)-2.581 G .08(uccessful, and non-zero \()-2.581 F F2(false)A F0 2.58(\)i)C 2.58(fa)-2.58 G 2.58(ne)-2.58 G .08(rror occurs while)-2.58 F -(the)108 158.4 Q 2.5(ye)-.15 G -.15(xe)-2.65 G 2.5(cute. All).15 F -.2 +(the)108 247.2 Q 2.5(ye)-.15 G -.15(xe)-2.65 G 2.5(cute. All).15 F -.2 (bu)2.5 G(iltins return an e).2 E -(xit status of 2 to indicate incorrect usage.)-.15 E F2(Bash)108 175.2 Q +(xit status of 2 to indicate incorrect usage.)-.15 E F3(Bash)108 264 Q F0 .201(itself returns the e)2.701 F .202 (xit status of the last command e)-.15 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .202 -(cuted, unless a syntax error occurs, in which case).15 F(it e)108 187.2 -Q(xits with a non-zero v)-.15 E 2.5(alue. See)-.25 F(also the)2.5 E F2 -(exit)2.5 E F0 -.2(bu)2.5 G(iltin command belo).2 E -.65(w.)-.25 G/F3 -10.95/Times-Bold@0 SF(SIGN)72 204 Q(ALS)-.219 E F0(When)108 216 Q F2 -(bash)3.183 E F0 .683(is interacti)3.183 F -.15(ve)-.25 G 3.183(,i).15 G -3.183(nt)-3.183 G .683(he absence of an)-3.183 F 3.183(yt)-.15 G .683 -(raps, it ignores)-3.183 F/F4 9/Times-Bold@0 SF(SIGTERM)3.183 E F0 .682 -(\(so that)2.933 F F2 .682(kill 0)3.182 F F0 .682(does not kill an)3.182 -F(interacti)108 228 Q .757 -.15(ve s)-.25 H .457(hell\), and).15 F F4 -(SIGINT)2.957 E F0 .458(is caught and handled \(so that the)2.707 F F2 -(wait)2.958 E F0 -.2(bu)2.958 G .458(iltin is interruptible\).).2 F .458 -(In all cases,)5.458 F F2(bash)108 240 Q F0(ignores)2.5 E F4(SIGQ)2.5 E -(UIT)-.09 E/F5 9/Times-Roman@0 SF(.)A F0(If job control is in ef)4.5 E -(fect,)-.25 E F2(bash)2.5 E F0(ignores)2.5 E F4(SIGTTIN)2.5 E F5(,)A F4 -(SIGTT)2.25 E(OU)-.162 E F5(,)A F0(and)2.25 E F4(SIGTSTP)2.5 E F5(.)A F0 -(Non-b)108 256.8 Q 1.065(uiltin commands run by)-.2 F F2(bash)3.565 E F0 -(ha)3.565 E 1.365 -.15(ve s)-.2 H 1.065(ignal handlers set to the v).15 -F 1.064(alues inherited by the shell from its)-.25 F 3.247(parent. When) -108 268.8 R .747(job control is not in ef)3.247 F .747 +(cuted, unless a syntax error occurs, in which case).15 F(it e)108 276 Q +(xits with a non-zero v)-.15 E 2.5(alue. See)-.25 F(also the)2.5 E F3 +(exit)2.5 E F0 -.2(bu)2.5 G(iltin command belo).2 E -.65(w.)-.25 G F1 +(SIGN)72 292.8 Q(ALS)-.219 E F0(When)108 304.8 Q F3(bash)3.183 E F0 .683 +(is interacti)3.183 F -.15(ve)-.25 G 3.183(,i).15 G 3.183(nt)-3.183 G +.683(he absence of an)-3.183 F 3.183(yt)-.15 G .683(raps, it ignores) +-3.183 F/F4 9/Times-Bold@0 SF(SIGTERM)3.183 E F0 .682(\(so that)2.933 F +F3 .682(kill 0)3.182 F F0 .682(does not kill an)3.182 F(interacti)108 +316.8 Q .757 -.15(ve s)-.25 H .457(hell\), and).15 F F4(SIGINT)2.957 E +F0 .458(is caught and handled \(so that the)2.707 F F3(wait)2.958 E F0 +-.2(bu)2.958 G .458(iltin is interruptible\).).2 F .458(In all cases,) +5.458 F F3(bash)108 328.8 Q F0(ignores)2.5 E F4(SIGQ)2.5 E(UIT)-.09 E/F5 +9/Times-Roman@0 SF(.)A F0(If job control is in ef)4.5 E(fect,)-.25 E F3 +(bash)2.5 E F0(ignores)2.5 E F4(SIGTTIN)2.5 E F5(,)A F4(SIGTT)2.25 E(OU) +-.162 E F5(,)A F0(and)2.25 E F4(SIGTSTP)2.5 E F5(.)A F0(Non-b)108 345.6 +Q 1.065(uiltin commands run by)-.2 F F3(bash)3.565 E F0(ha)3.565 E 1.365 +-.15(ve s)-.2 H 1.065(ignal handlers set to the v).15 F 1.064 +(alues inherited by the shell from its)-.25 F 3.247(parent. When)108 +357.6 R .747(job control is not in ef)3.247 F .747 (fect, asynchronous commands ignore)-.25 F F4(SIGINT)3.248 E F0(and) 2.998 E F4(SIGQ)3.248 E(UIT)-.09 E F0 .748(in addi-)2.998 F .653 -(tion to these inherited handlers.)108 280.8 R .653 +(tion to these inherited handlers.)108 369.6 R .653 (Commands run as a result of command substitution ignore the k)5.653 F --.15(ey)-.1 G(board-).15 E(generated job control signals)108 292.8 Q F4 +-.15(ey)-.1 G(board-).15 E(generated job control signals)108 381.6 Q F4 (SIGTTIN)2.5 E F5(,)A F4(SIGTT)2.25 E(OU)-.162 E F5(,)A F0(and)2.25 E F4 -(SIGTSTP)2.5 E F5(.)A F0 2.045(The shell e)108 309.6 R 2.045 +(SIGTSTP)2.5 E F5(.)A F0 2.045(The shell e)108 398.4 R 2.045 (xits by def)-.15 F 2.045(ault upon receipt of a)-.1 F F4(SIGHUP)4.545 E F5(.)A F0 2.045(Before e)6.545 F 2.045(xiting, an interacti)-.15 F 2.346 --.15(ve s)-.25 H 2.046(hell resends the).15 F F4(SIGHUP)108 321.6 Q F0 +-.15(ve s)-.25 H 2.046(hell resends the).15 F F4(SIGHUP)108 410.4 Q F0 1.005(to all jobs, running or stopped.)3.255 F 1.004 (Stopped jobs are sent)6.005 F F4(SIGCONT)3.504 E F0 1.004 (to ensure that the)3.254 F 3.504(yr)-.15 G(ecei)-3.504 E 1.304 -.15 -(ve t)-.25 H(he).15 E F4(SIGHUP)108 333.6 Q F5(.)A F0 2.529 -.8(To p) +(ve t)-.25 H(he).15 E F4(SIGHUP)108 422.4 Q F5(.)A F0 2.529 -.8(To p) 5.429 H(re).8 E -.15(ve)-.25 G .93(nt the shell from sending the signal\ to a particular job, it should be remo).15 F -.15(ve)-.15 G 3.43(df).15 -G .93(rom the)-3.43 F 1.357(jobs table with the)108 345.6 R F2(diso) +G .93(rom the)-3.43 F 1.357(jobs table with the)108 434.4 R F3(diso) 3.857 E(wn)-.1 E F0 -.2(bu)3.857 G 1.357(iltin \(see).2 F F4 1.356 (SHELL B)3.856 F(UIL)-.09 E 1.356(TIN COMMANDS)-.828 F F0(belo)3.606 E 1.356(w\) or mark)-.25 F 1.356(ed to not recei)-.1 F -.15(ve)-.25 G F4 -(SIGHUP)108 357.6 Q F0(using)2.25 E F2(diso)2.5 E(wn \255h)-.1 E F0(.)A -.166(If the)108 374.4 R F2(huponexit)2.666 E F0 .166 -(shell option has been set with)2.666 F F2(shopt)2.666 E F0(,)A F2(bash) +(SIGHUP)108 446.4 Q F0(using)2.25 E F3(diso)2.5 E(wn \255h)-.1 E F0(.)A +.166(If the)108 463.2 R F3(huponexit)2.666 E F0 .166 +(shell option has been set with)2.666 F F3(shopt)2.666 E F0(,)A F3(bash) 2.666 E F0 .166(sends a)2.666 F F4(SIGHUP)2.666 E F0 .166 (to all jobs when an interacti)2.416 F -.15(ve)-.25 G(login shell e)108 -386.4 Q(xits.)-.15 E(If)108 403.2 Q F2(bash)3.047 E F0 .547(is w)3.047 F +475.2 Q(xits.)-.15 E(If)108 492 Q F3(bash)3.047 E F0 .547(is w)3.047 F .546(aiting for a command to complete and recei)-.1 F -.15(ve)-.25 G 3.046(sas).15 G .546(ignal for which a trap has been set, the trap) --3.046 F .662(will not be e)108 415.2 R -.15(xe)-.15 G .662 -(cuted until the command completes.).15 F(When)5.663 E F2(bash)3.163 E +-3.046 F .662(will not be e)108 504 R -.15(xe)-.15 G .662 +(cuted until the command completes.).15 F(When)5.663 E F3(bash)3.163 E F0 .663(is w)3.163 F .663(aiting for an asynchronous command)-.1 F .99 -(via the)108 427.2 R F2(wait)3.49 E F0 -.2(bu)3.49 G .99(iltin, the rec\ -eption of a signal for which a trap has been set will cause the).2 F F2 +(via the)108 516 R F3(wait)3.49 E F0 -.2(bu)3.49 G .99(iltin, the recep\ +tion of a signal for which a trap has been set will cause the).2 F F3 (wait)3.49 E F0 -.2(bu)3.49 G .99(iltin to).2 F -(return immediately with an e)108 439.2 Q +(return immediately with an e)108 528 Q (xit status greater than 128, immediately after which the trap is e)-.15 -E -.15(xe)-.15 G(cuted.).15 E F3(JOB CONTR)72 456 Q(OL)-.329 E F1 -.25 -(Jo)108 468 S 4.567(bc).25 G(ontr)-4.567 E(ol)-.45 E F0 2.067 +E -.15(xe)-.15 G(cuted.).15 E F1(JOB CONTR)72 544.8 Q(OL)-.329 E F2 -.25 +(Jo)108 556.8 S 4.567(bc).25 G(ontr)-4.567 E(ol)-.45 E F0 2.067 (refers to the ability to selecti)5.077 F -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.067 -(ly stop \().15 F F1(suspend)A F0 4.567(\)t)C 2.068(he e)-4.567 F -.15 -(xe)-.15 G 2.068(cution of processes and continue).15 F(\()108 480 Q F1 --.37(re)C(sume).37 E F0 3.202(\)t)C .702(heir e)-3.202 F -.15(xe)-.15 G -.702(cution at a later point.).15 F 3.202(Au)5.702 G .702 +(ly stop \().15 F F2(suspend)A F0 4.567(\)t)C 2.068(he e)-4.567 F -.15 +(xe)-.15 G 2.068(cution of processes and continue).15 F(\()108 568.8 Q +F2 -.37(re)C(sume).37 E F0 3.202(\)t)C .702(heir e)-3.202 F -.15(xe)-.15 +G .702(cution at a later point.).15 F 3.202(Au)5.702 G .702 (ser typically emplo)-3.202 F .702(ys this f)-.1 F .702 (acility via an interacti)-.1 F 1.001 -.15(ve i)-.25 H(nterf).15 E(ace) --.1 E(supplied jointly by the operating system k)108 492 Q(ernel')-.1 E -2.5(st)-.55 G(erminal dri)-2.5 E -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.5(ra).15 G(nd)-2.5 E -F2(bash)2.5 E F0(.)A .784(The shell associates a)108 508.8 R F1(job) +-.1 E(supplied jointly by the operating system k)108 580.8 Q(ernel')-.1 +E 2.5(st)-.55 G(erminal dri)-2.5 E -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.5(ra).15 G(nd)-2.5 E +F3(bash)2.5 E F0(.)A .784(The shell associates a)108 597.6 R F2(job) 5.024 E F0 .784(with each pipeline.)3.514 F .784(It k)5.784 F .785 (eeps a table of currently e)-.1 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .785 -(cuting jobs, which may be).15 F .341(listed with the)108 520.8 R F2 -(jobs)2.841 E F0 2.841(command. When)2.841 F F2(bash)2.841 E F0 .341 -(starts a job asynchronously \(in the)2.841 F F1(bac)2.84 E(kgr)-.2 E -(ound)-.45 E F0 .34(\), it prints a line).77 F(that looks lik)108 532.8 -Q(e:)-.1 E([1] 25647)144 549.6 Q .241(indicating that this job is job n\ +(cuting jobs, which may be).15 F .341(listed with the)108 609.6 R F3 +(jobs)2.841 E F0 2.841(command. When)2.841 F F3(bash)2.841 E F0 .341 +(starts a job asynchronously \(in the)2.841 F F2(bac)2.84 E(kgr)-.2 E +(ound)-.45 E F0 .34(\), it prints a line).77 F(that looks lik)108 621.6 +Q(e:)-.1 E([1] 25647)144 638.4 Q .241(indicating that this job is job n\ umber 1 and that the process ID of the last process in the pipeline ass\ -ociated)108 566.4 R .733(with this job is 25647.)108 578.4 R .732 +ociated)108 655.2 R .733(with this job is 25647.)108 667.2 R .732 (All of the processes in a single pipeline are members of the same job) -5.733 F(.)-.4 E F2(Bash)5.732 E F0(uses)3.232 E(the)108 590.4 Q F1(job) +5.733 F(.)-.4 E F3(Bash)5.732 E F0(uses)3.232 E(the)108 679.2 Q F2(job) 4.24 E F0(abstraction as the basis for job control.)2.73 E 3.062 -.8 -(To f)108 607.2 T 1.462(acilitate the implementation of the user interf) -.7 F 1.463(ace to job control, the operating system maintains the)-.1 F -.871(notion of a)108 619.2 R F1(curr)3.371 E .871(ent terminal pr)-.37 F +(To f)108 696 T 1.462(acilitate the implementation of the user interf).7 +F 1.463(ace to job control, the operating system maintains the)-.1 F +.871(notion of a)108 708 R F2(curr)3.371 E .871(ent terminal pr)-.37 F .871(ocess gr)-.45 F .871(oup ID)-.45 F F0 5.871(.M)C .87 -(embers of this process group \(processes whose process)-5.871 F .023 +(embers of this process group \(processes whose process)-5.871 F 1.425 (group ID is equal to the current terminal process group ID\) recei)108 -631.2 R .323 -.15(ve k)-.25 H -.15(ey).05 G .023 -(board-generated signals such as).15 F F4(SIG-)2.523 E(INT)108 643.2 Q -F5(.)A F0 1.347(These processes are said to be in the)5.847 F F1(for) -3.846 E -.4(eg)-.37 G -.45(ro).4 G(und).45 E F0(.).77 E F1(Bac)6.926 E -(kgr)-.2 E(ound)-.45 E F0 1.346(processes are those whose process)4.616 -F .145(group ID dif)108 655.2 R .145(fers from the terminal')-.25 F .146 -(s; such processes are immune to k)-.55 F -.15(ey)-.1 G .146 -(board-generated signals.).15 F .146(Only fore-)5.146 F .16 -(ground processes are allo)108 667.2 R .16(wed to read from or)-.25 F -2.66(,i)-.4 G 2.66(ft)-2.66 G .16(he user so speci\214es with)-2.66 F/F6 -10/Courier@0 SF .16(stty tostop)2.66 F F0 2.66(,w)C .16(rite to the ter) --2.66 F(-)-.2 E 3.051(minal. Background)108 679.2 R .551 -(processes which attempt to read from \(write to when)3.051 F F6 .551 -(stty tostop)3.051 F F0 .552(is in ef)3.052 F .552(fect\) the)-.25 F -.718(terminal are sent a)108 691.2 R F4 .718(SIGTTIN \(SIGTT)3.218 F -(OU\))-.162 E F0 .718(signal by the k)2.968 F(ernel')-.1 E 3.217(st)-.55 -G .717(erminal dri)-3.217 F -.15(ve)-.25 G 1.517 -.4(r, w).15 H .717 -(hich, unless caught, sus-).4 F(pends the process.)108 703.2 Q 1.087 -(If the operating system on which)108 720 R F2(bash)3.587 E F0 1.088 -(is running supports job control,)3.588 F F2(bash)3.588 E F0 1.088 -(contains f)3.588 F 1.088(acilities to use it.)-.1 F(GNU Bash-4.1)72 768 -Q(2010 May 30)147.345 E(32)197.335 E 0 Cg EP +720 R 1.725 -.15(ve k)-.25 H -.15(ey).05 G 1.425 +(board-generated signals such as).15 F(GNU Bash-4.1)72 768 Q +(2010 June 12)147.345 E(32)197.335 E 0 Cg EP %%Page: 33 33 %%BeginPageSetup BP %%EndPageSetup /F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 389.54(SH\(1\) B).35 F(ASH\(1\)) --.35 E -.8(Ty)108 84 S .302(ping the).8 F/F1 10/Times-Italic@0 SF -(suspend)3.142 E F0 .302(character \(typically)3.572 F/F2 10 -/Times-Bold@0 SF(^Z)2.801 E F0 2.801(,C)C .301 +-.35 E/F1 9/Times-Bold@0 SF(SIGINT)108 84 Q/F2 9/Times-Roman@0 SF(.)A F0 +.313(These processes are said to be in the)4.813 F/F3 10/Times-Italic@0 +SF(for)2.813 E -.4(eg)-.37 G -.45(ro).4 G(und).45 E F0(.).77 E F3(Bac) +5.893 E(kgr)-.2 E(ound)-.45 E F0 .312(processes are those whose process) +3.583 F .145(group ID dif)108 96 R .145(fers from the terminal')-.25 F +.146(s; such processes are immune to k)-.55 F -.15(ey)-.1 G .146 +(board-generated signals.).15 F .146(Only fore-)5.146 F .16 +(ground processes are allo)108 108 R .16(wed to read from or)-.25 F 2.66 +(,i)-.4 G 2.66(ft)-2.66 G .16(he user so speci\214es with)-2.66 F/F4 10 +/Courier@0 SF .16(stty tostop)2.66 F F0 2.66(,w)C .16(rite to the ter) +-2.66 F(-)-.2 E 3.051(minal. Background)108 120 R .551 +(processes which attempt to read from \(write to when)3.051 F F4 .551 +(stty tostop)3.051 F F0 .552(is in ef)3.052 F .552(fect\) the)-.25 F +.718(terminal are sent a)108 132 R F1 .718(SIGTTIN \(SIGTT)3.218 F(OU\)) +-.162 E F0 .718(signal by the k)2.968 F(ernel')-.1 E 3.217(st)-.55 G +.717(erminal dri)-3.217 F -.15(ve)-.25 G 1.517 -.4(r, w).15 H .717 +(hich, unless caught, sus-).4 F(pends the process.)108 144 Q 1.087 +(If the operating system on which)108 160.8 R/F5 10/Times-Bold@0 SF +(bash)3.587 E F0 1.088(is running supports job control,)3.588 F F5(bash) +3.588 E F0 1.088(contains f)3.588 F 1.088(acilities to use it.)-.1 F -.8 +(Ty)108 172.8 S .302(ping the).8 F F3(suspend)3.142 E F0 .302 +(character \(typically)3.572 F F5(^Z)2.801 E F0 2.801(,C)C .301 (ontrol-Z\) while a process is running causes that process to be)-2.801 -F 2.142(stopped and returns control to)108 96 R F2(bash)4.642 E F0 7.142 -(.T)C 2.142(yping the)-7.942 F F1 2.142(delayed suspend)4.992 F F0 2.143 -(character \(typically)5.413 F F2(^Y)4.643 E F0 4.643(,C)C(ontrol-Y\)) --4.643 E .021(causes the process to be stopped when it attempts to read\ - input from the terminal, and control to be returned)108 108 R(to)108 -120 Q F2(bash)3.392 E F0 5.892(.T)C .892 +F 2.142(stopped and returns control to)108 184.8 R F5(bash)4.642 E F0 +7.142(.T)C 2.142(yping the)-7.942 F F3 2.142(delayed suspend)4.992 F F0 +2.143(character \(typically)5.413 F F5(^Y)4.643 E F0 4.643(,C)C +(ontrol-Y\))-4.643 E .021(causes the process to be stopped when it atte\ +mpts to read input from the terminal, and control to be returned)108 +196.8 R(to)108 208.8 Q F5(bash)3.392 E F0 5.892(.T)C .892 (he user may then manipulate the state of this job, using the)-5.892 F -F2(bg)3.392 E F0 .892(command to continue it in the)3.392 F .895 -(background, the)108 132 R F2(fg)3.395 E F0 .895 +F5(bg)3.392 E F0 .892(command to continue it in the)3.392 F .895 +(background, the)108 220.8 R F5(fg)3.395 E F0 .895 (command to continue it in the fore)3.395 F .895(ground, or the)-.15 F -F2(kill)3.395 E F0 .894(command to kill it.)3.395 F(A)5.894 E F2(^Z) -3.394 E F0(tak)3.394 E(es)-.1 E(ef)108 144 Q .948(fect immediately)-.25 -F 3.448(,a)-.65 G .948(nd has the additional side ef)-3.448 F .948 +F5(kill)3.395 E F0 .894(command to kill it.)3.395 F(A)5.894 E F5(^Z) +3.394 E F0(tak)3.394 E(es)-.1 E(ef)108 232.8 Q .948(fect immediately) +-.25 F 3.448(,a)-.65 G .948(nd has the additional side ef)-3.448 F .948 (fect of causing pending output and typeahead to be dis-)-.25 F(carded.) -108 156 Q .777(There are a number of w)108 172.8 R .777 -(ays to refer to a job in the shell.)-.1 F .777(The character)5.777 F F2 -(%)3.277 E F0 .777(introduces a job speci\214cation)3.277 F(\()108 184.8 -Q F1(jobspec)A F0 3.457(\). Job)B(number)3.457 E F1(n)3.817 E F0 .957 -(may be referred to as)3.697 F F2(%n)3.457 E F0 5.957(.A)C .957 +108 244.8 Q .777(There are a number of w)108 261.6 R .777 +(ays to refer to a job in the shell.)-.1 F .777(The character)5.777 F F5 +(%)3.277 E F0 .777(introduces a job speci\214cation)3.277 F(\()108 273.6 +Q F3(jobspec)A F0 3.457(\). Job)B(number)3.457 E F3(n)3.817 E F0 .957 +(may be referred to as)3.697 F F5(%n)3.457 E F0 5.957(.A)C .957 (job may also be referred to using a pre\214x of the)-2.5 F .59(name us\ ed to start it, or using a substring that appears in its command line.) -108 196.8 R -.15(Fo)5.59 G 3.09(re).15 G(xample,)-3.24 E F2(%ce)3.09 E -F0 .59(refers to a)3.09 F(stopped)108 208.8 Q F2(ce)3.463 E F0(job)3.463 +108 285.6 R -.15(Fo)5.59 G 3.09(re).15 G(xample,)-3.24 E F5(%ce)3.09 E +F0 .59(refers to a)3.09 F(stopped)108 297.6 Q F5(ce)3.463 E F0(job)3.463 E 5.963(.I)-.4 G 3.463(fap)-5.963 G .963 -(re\214x matches more than one job,)-3.463 F F2(bash)3.463 E F0 .963 -(reports an error)3.463 F 5.963(.U)-.55 G(sing)-5.963 E F2(%?ce)3.463 E +(re\214x matches more than one job,)-3.463 F F5(bash)3.463 E F0 .963 +(reports an error)3.463 F 5.963(.U)-.55 G(sing)-5.963 E F5(%?ce)3.463 E F0 3.464(,o)C 3.464(nt)-3.464 G .964(he other)-3.464 F .087 -(hand, refers to an)108 220.8 R 2.587(yj)-.15 G .087 -(ob containing the string)-2.587 F F2(ce)2.587 E F0 .087 +(hand, refers to an)108 309.6 R 2.587(yj)-.15 G .087 +(ob containing the string)-2.587 F F5(ce)2.587 E F0 .087 (in its command line.)2.587 F .087 -(If the substring matches more than one)5.087 F(job,)108 232.8 Q F2 +(If the substring matches more than one)5.087 F(job,)108 321.6 Q F5 (bash)2.518 E F0 .018(reports an error)2.518 F 5.018(.T)-.55 G .018 -(he symbols)-5.018 F F2(%%)2.518 E F0(and)2.518 E F2(%+)2.518 E F0 .018 +(he symbols)-5.018 F F5(%%)2.518 E F0(and)2.518 E F5(%+)2.518 E F0 .018 (refer to the shell')2.518 F 2.518(sn)-.55 G .018(otion of the)-2.518 F -F1(curr)2.518 E .018(ent job)-.37 F F0 2.518(,w).23 G .018(hich is) --2.518 F .495(the last job stopped while it w)108 244.8 R .495 +F3(curr)2.518 E .018(ent job)-.37 F F0 2.518(,w).23 G .018(hich is) +-2.518 F .495(the last job stopped while it w)108 333.6 R .495 (as in the fore)-.1 F .495(ground or started in the background.)-.15 F -(The)5.494 E F1(pr)4.244 E -.15(ev)-.37 G .494(ious job).15 F F0 .494 -(may be)3.224 F .787(referenced using)108 256.8 R F2<25ad>3.287 E F0 -5.787(.I)C 3.287(ft)-5.787 G .787(here is only a single job,)-3.287 F F2 -(%+)3.287 E F0(and)3.287 E F2<25ad>3.287 E F0 .788 +(The)5.494 E F3(pr)4.244 E -.15(ev)-.37 G .494(ious job).15 F F0 .494 +(may be)3.224 F .787(referenced using)108 345.6 R F5<25ad>3.287 E F0 +5.787(.I)C 3.287(ft)-5.787 G .787(here is only a single job,)-3.287 F F5 +(%+)3.287 E F0(and)3.287 E F5<25ad>3.287 E F0 .788 (can both be used to refer to that job)3.287 F 5.788(.I)-.4 G(n)-5.788 E -.257(output pertaining to jobs \(e.g., the output of the)108 268.8 R F2 +.257(output pertaining to jobs \(e.g., the output of the)108 357.6 R F5 (jobs)2.756 E F0 .256(command\), the current job is al)2.756 F -.1(wa) --.1 G .256(ys \215agged with a).1 F F2(+)2.756 E F0(,)A .41(and the pre) -108 280.8 R .41(vious job with a)-.25 F F22.91 E F0 5.41(.A)C .411 +-.1 G .256(ys \215agged with a).1 F F5(+)2.756 E F0(,)A .41(and the pre) +108 369.6 R .41(vious job with a)-.25 F F52.91 E F0 5.41(.A)C .411 (single % \(with no accompan)-2.5 F .411 (ying job speci\214cation\) also refers to the cur)-.15 F(-)-.2 E -(rent job)108 292.8 Q(.)-.4 E .444 -(Simply naming a job can be used to bring it into the fore)108 309.6 R -(ground:)-.15 E F2(%1)2.943 E F0 .443(is a synon)2.943 F .443(ym for) --.15 F F2 -.63(``)2.943 G .443(fg %1').63 F(')-.63 E F0 2.943(,b)C +(rent job)108 381.6 Q(.)-.4 E .444 +(Simply naming a job can be used to bring it into the fore)108 398.4 R +(ground:)-.15 E F5(%1)2.943 E F0 .443(is a synon)2.943 F .443(ym for) +-.15 F F5 -.63(``)2.943 G .443(fg %1').63 F(')-.63 E F0 2.943(,b)C (ringing)-2.943 E 1.472(job 1 from the background into the fore)108 -321.6 R 3.972(ground. Similarly)-.15 F(,)-.65 E F2 -.63(``)3.973 G 1.473 +410.4 R 3.972(ground. Similarly)-.15 F(,)-.65 E F5 -.63(``)3.973 G 1.473 (%1 &').63 F(')-.63 E F0 1.473(resumes job 1 in the background,)3.973 F -(equi)108 333.6 Q -.25(va)-.25 G(lent to).25 E F2 -.63(``)2.5 G(bg %1') -.63 E(')-.63 E F0(.)A .131(The shell learns immediately whene)108 350.4 +(equi)108 422.4 Q -.25(va)-.25 G(lent to).25 E F5 -.63(``)2.5 G(bg %1') +.63 E(')-.63 E F0(.)A .131(The shell learns immediately whene)108 439.2 R -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.631(raj).15 G .131(ob changes state.)-2.631 F -(Normally)5.131 E(,)-.65 E F2(bash)2.631 E F0 -.1(wa)2.63 G .13 +(Normally)5.131 E(,)-.65 E F5(bash)2.631 E F0 -.1(wa)2.63 G .13 (its until it is about to print a).1 F .157 -(prompt before reporting changes in a job')108 362.4 R 2.657(ss)-.55 G +(prompt before reporting changes in a job')108 451.2 R 2.657(ss)-.55 G .157(tatus so as to not interrupt an)-2.657 F 2.658(yo)-.15 G .158 -(ther output.)-2.658 F .158(If the)5.158 F F22.658 E F0 .158 -(option to)2.658 F(the)108 374.4 Q F2(set)3.952 E F0 -.2(bu)3.952 G -1.452(iltin command is enabled,).2 F F2(bash)3.952 E F0 1.451 +(ther output.)-2.658 F .158(If the)5.158 F F52.658 E F0 .158 +(option to)2.658 F(the)108 463.2 Q F5(set)3.952 E F0 -.2(bu)3.952 G +1.452(iltin command is enabled,).2 F F5(bash)3.952 E F0 1.451 (reports such changes immediately)3.952 F 6.451(.A)-.65 G 1.751 -.15 -(ny t)-6.451 H 1.451(rap on).15 F/F3 9/Times-Bold@0 SF(SIGCHLD)3.951 E -F0(is)3.701 E -.15(exe)108 386.4 S(cuted for each child that e).15 E -(xits.)-.15 E .032(If an attempt to e)108 403.2 R(xit)-.15 E F2(bash) -2.532 E F0 .032(is made while jobs are stopped \(or)2.532 F 2.533(,i)-.4 -G 2.533(ft)-2.533 G(he)-2.533 E F2(checkjobs)2.533 E F0 .033 -(shell option has been enabled)2.533 F 2.02(using the)108 415.2 R F2 +(ny t)-6.451 H 1.451(rap on).15 F F1(SIGCHLD)3.951 E F0(is)3.701 E -.15 +(exe)108 475.2 S(cuted for each child that e).15 E(xits.)-.15 E .032 +(If an attempt to e)108 492 R(xit)-.15 E F5(bash)2.532 E F0 .032 +(is made while jobs are stopped \(or)2.532 F 2.533(,i)-.4 G 2.533(ft) +-2.533 G(he)-2.533 E F5(checkjobs)2.533 E F0 .033 +(shell option has been enabled)2.533 F 2.02(using the)108 504 R F5 (shopt)4.52 E F0 -.2(bu)4.52 G 2.02 (iltin, running\), the shell prints a w).2 F 2.019 -(arning message, and, if the)-.1 F F2(checkjobs)4.519 E F0 2.019 +(arning message, and, if the)-.1 F F5(checkjobs)4.519 E F0 2.019 (option is)4.519 F .458(enabled, lists the jobs and their statuses.)108 -427.2 R(The)5.458 E F2(jobs)2.958 E F0 .459 +516 R(The)5.458 E F5(jobs)2.958 E F0 .459 (command may then be used to inspect their status.)2.958 F .459(If a) -5.459 F .604(second attempt to e)108 439.2 R .604 +5.459 F .604(second attempt to e)108 528 R .604 (xit is made without an interv)-.15 F .604 (ening command, the shell does not print another w)-.15 F(arning,)-.1 E -(and an)108 451.2 Q 2.5(ys)-.15 G(topped jobs are terminated.)-2.5 E/F4 -10.95/Times-Bold@0 SF(PR)72 468 Q(OMPTING)-.329 E F0 .644(When e)108 480 -R -.15(xe)-.15 G .644(cuting interacti).15 F -.15(ve)-.25 G(ly).15 E(,) --.65 E F2(bash)3.144 E F0 .645(displays the primary prompt)3.145 F F3 -(PS1)3.145 E F0 .645(when it is ready to read a command,)2.895 F 1.826 -(and the secondary prompt)108 492 R F3(PS2)4.326 E F0 1.825 -(when it needs more input to complete a command.)4.076 F F2(Bash)6.825 E +(and an)108 540 Q 2.5(ys)-.15 G(topped jobs are terminated.)-2.5 E/F6 +10.95/Times-Bold@0 SF(PR)72 556.8 Q(OMPTING)-.329 E F0 .644(When e)108 +568.8 R -.15(xe)-.15 G .644(cuting interacti).15 F -.15(ve)-.25 G(ly).15 +E(,)-.65 E F5(bash)3.144 E F0 .645(displays the primary prompt)3.145 F +F1(PS1)3.145 E F0 .645(when it is ready to read a command,)2.895 F 1.826 +(and the secondary prompt)108 580.8 R F1(PS2)4.326 E F0 1.825 +(when it needs more input to complete a command.)4.076 F F5(Bash)6.825 E F0(allo)4.325 E 1.825(ws these)-.25 F 1.499(prompt strings to be custom\ ized by inserting a number of backslash-escaped special characters that\ - are)108 504 R(decoded as follo)108 516 Q(ws:)-.25 E F2(\\a)144 528 Q F0 -(an ASCII bell character \(07\))28.22 E F2(\\d)144 540 Q F0 + are)108 592.8 R(decoded as follo)108 604.8 Q(ws:)-.25 E F5(\\a)144 +616.8 Q F0(an ASCII bell character \(07\))28.22 E F5(\\d)144 628.8 Q F0 (the date in "W)27.66 E(eekday Month Date" format \(e.g., "T)-.8 E -(ue May 26"\))-.45 E F2(\\D{)144 552 Q F1(format)A F2(})A F0(the)180 564 -Q F1(format)3.927 E F0 1.427(is passed to)3.927 F F1(strftime)3.927 E F0 -1.427(\(3\) and the result is inserted into the prompt string; an)B -(empty)180 576 Q F1(format)2.5 E F0 +(ue May 26"\))-.45 E F5(\\D{)144 640.8 Q F3(format)A F5(})A F0(the)180 +652.8 Q F3(format)3.927 E F0 1.427(is passed to)3.927 F F3(strftime) +3.927 E F0 1.427 +(\(3\) and the result is inserted into the prompt string; an)B(empty)180 +664.8 Q F3(format)2.5 E F0 (results in a locale-speci\214c time representation.)2.5 E -(The braces are required)5 E F2(\\e)144 588 Q F0 -(an ASCII escape character \(033\))28.78 E F2(\\h)144 600 Q F0 -(the hostname up to the \214rst `.)27.66 E(')-.7 E F2(\\H)144 612 Q F0 -(the hostname)25.44 E F2(\\j)144 624 Q F0 -(the number of jobs currently managed by the shell)29.89 E F2(\\l)144 -636 Q F0(the basename of the shell')30.44 E 2.5(st)-.55 G(erminal de) --2.5 E(vice name)-.25 E F2(\\n)144 648 Q F0(ne)27.66 E(wline)-.25 E F2 -(\\r)144 660 Q F0(carriage return)28.78 E F2(\\s)144 672 Q F0 -(the name of the shell, the basename of)29.33 E F2($0)2.5 E F0 -(\(the portion follo)2.5 E(wing the \214nal slash\))-.25 E F2(\\t)144 -684 Q F0(the current time in 24-hour HH:MM:SS format)29.89 E F2(\\T)144 -696 Q F0(the current time in 12-hour HH:MM:SS format)26.55 E F2(\\@)144 -708 Q F0(the current time in 12-hour am/pm format)23.92 E(GNU Bash-4.1) -72 768 Q(2010 May 30)147.345 E(33)197.335 E 0 Cg EP +(The braces are required)5 E F5(\\e)144 676.8 Q F0 +(an ASCII escape character \(033\))28.78 E F5(\\h)144 688.8 Q F0 +(the hostname up to the \214rst `.)27.66 E(')-.7 E F5(\\H)144 700.8 Q F0 +(the hostname)25.44 E F5(\\j)144 712.8 Q F0 +(the number of jobs currently managed by the shell)29.89 E(GNU Bash-4.1) +72 768 Q(2010 June 12)147.345 E(33)197.335 E 0 Cg EP %%Page: 34 34 %%BeginPageSetup BP %%EndPageSetup /F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 389.54(SH\(1\) B).35 F(ASH\(1\)) --.35 E/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(\\A)144 84 Q F0 -(the current time in 24-hour HH:MM format)26 E F1(\\u)144 96 Q F0 -(the username of the current user)27.66 E F1(\\v)144 108 Q F0(the v) -28.22 E(ersion of)-.15 E F1(bash)2.5 E F0(\(e.g., 2.00\))2.5 E F1(\\V) -144 120 Q F0(the release of)26 E F1(bash)2.5 E F0 2.5(,v)C +-.35 E/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(\\l)144 84 Q F0(the basename of the shell') +30.44 E 2.5(st)-.55 G(erminal de)-2.5 E(vice name)-.25 E F1(\\n)144 96 Q +F0(ne)27.66 E(wline)-.25 E F1(\\r)144 108 Q F0(carriage return)28.78 E +F1(\\s)144 120 Q F0(the name of the shell, the basename of)29.33 E F1 +($0)2.5 E F0(\(the portion follo)2.5 E(wing the \214nal slash\))-.25 E +F1(\\t)144 132 Q F0(the current time in 24-hour HH:MM:SS format)29.89 E +F1(\\T)144 144 Q F0(the current time in 12-hour HH:MM:SS format)26.55 E +F1(\\@)144 156 Q F0(the current time in 12-hour am/pm format)23.92 E F1 +(\\A)144 168 Q F0(the current time in 24-hour HH:MM format)26 E F1(\\u) +144 180 Q F0(the username of the current user)27.66 E F1(\\v)144 192 Q +F0(the v)28.22 E(ersion of)-.15 E F1(bash)2.5 E F0(\(e.g., 2.00\))2.5 E +F1(\\V)144 204 Q F0(the release of)26 E F1(bash)2.5 E F0 2.5(,v)C (ersion + patch le)-2.65 E -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.5(l\().15 G(e.g., 2.00.0\)) --2.5 E F1(\\w)144 132 Q F0 .115(the current w)26 F .115 +-2.5 E F1(\\w)144 216 Q F0 .115(the current w)26 F .115 (orking directory)-.1 F 2.615(,w)-.65 G(ith)-2.615 E/F2 9/Times-Bold@0 SF($HOME)2.615 E F0(abbre)2.365 E .116(viated with a tilde \(uses the v) --.25 F .116(alue of the)-.25 F F2(PR)180 144 Q(OMPT_DIR)-.27 E(TRIM)-.36 -E F0 -.25(va)2.25 G(riable\)).25 E F1(\\W)144 156 Q F0 +-.25 F .116(alue of the)-.25 F F2(PR)180 228 Q(OMPT_DIR)-.27 E(TRIM)-.36 +E F0 -.25(va)2.25 G(riable\)).25 E F1(\\W)144 240 Q F0 (the basename of the current w)23.22 E(orking directory)-.1 E 2.5(,w) -.65 G(ith)-2.5 E F2($HOME)2.5 E F0(abbre)2.25 E(viated with a tilde) --.25 E F1(\\!)144 168 Q F0(the history number of this command)29.89 E F1 -(\\#)144 180 Q F0(the command number of this command)28.22 E F1(\\$)144 -192 Q F0(if the ef)28.22 E(fecti)-.25 E .3 -.15(ve U)-.25 H(ID is 0, a) -.15 E F1(#)2.5 E F0 2.5(,o)C(therwise a)-2.5 E F1($)2.5 E(\\)144 204 Q +-.25 E F1(\\!)144 252 Q F0(the history number of this command)29.89 E F1 +(\\#)144 264 Q F0(the command number of this command)28.22 E F1(\\$)144 +276 Q F0(if the ef)28.22 E(fecti)-.25 E .3 -.15(ve U)-.25 H(ID is 0, a) +.15 E F1(#)2.5 E F0 2.5(,o)C(therwise a)-2.5 E F1($)2.5 E(\\)144 288 Q /F3 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(nnn)A F0 (the character corresponding to the octal number)18.22 E F3(nnn)2.5 E F1 -(\\\\)144 216 Q F0 2.5(ab)30.44 G(ackslash)-2.5 E F1(\\[)144 228 Q F0 +(\\\\)144 300 Q F0 2.5(ab)30.44 G(ackslash)-2.5 E F1(\\[)144 312 Q F0 (be)29.89 E 1.257(gin a sequence of non-printing characters, which coul\ d be used to embed a terminal)-.15 F(control sequence into the prompt) -180 240 Q F1(\\])144 252 Q F0(end a sequence of non-printing characters) +180 324 Q F1(\\])144 336 Q F0(end a sequence of non-printing characters) 29.89 E .119(The command number and the history number are usually dif) -108 268.8 R .12(ferent: the history number of a command is its)-.25 F +108 352.8 R .12(ferent: the history number of a command is its)-.25 F 1.585(position in the history list, which may include commands restored\ - from the history \214le \(see)108 280.8 R F2(HIST)4.084 E(OR)-.162 E(Y) --.315 E F0(belo)108 292.8 Q .541(w\), while the command number is the p\ + from the history \214le \(see)108 364.8 R F2(HIST)4.084 E(OR)-.162 E(Y) +-.315 E F0(belo)108 376.8 Q .541(w\), while the command number is the p\ osition in the sequence of commands e)-.25 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .541 -(cuted during the cur).15 F(-)-.2 E .546(rent shell session.)108 304.8 R +(cuted during the cur).15 F(-)-.2 E .546(rent shell session.)108 388.8 R .546(After the string is decoded, it is e)5.546 F .546 (xpanded via parameter e)-.15 F .546(xpansion, command substitu-)-.15 F -.351(tion, arithmetic e)108 316.8 R .352(xpansion, and quote remo)-.15 F +.351(tion, arithmetic e)108 400.8 R .352(xpansion, and quote remo)-.15 F -.25(va)-.15 G .352(l, subject to the v).25 F .352(alue of the)-.25 F F1 (pr)2.852 E(omptv)-.18 E(ars)-.1 E F0 .352(shell option \(see the)2.852 -F(description of the)108 328.8 Q F1(shopt)2.5 E F0(command under)2.5 E +F(description of the)108 412.8 Q F1(shopt)2.5 E F0(command under)2.5 E F2(SHELL B)2.5 E(UIL)-.09 E(TIN COMMANDS)-.828 E F0(belo)2.25 E(w\).) --.25 E/F4 10.95/Times-Bold@0 SF(READLINE)72 345.6 Q F0 .151 +-.25 E/F4 10.95/Times-Bold@0 SF(READLINE)72 429.6 Q F0 .151 (This is the library that handles reading input when using an interacti) -108 357.6 R .45 -.15(ve s)-.25 H .15(hell, unless the).15 F F1 -(\255\255noediting)2.65 E F0(option)2.65 E 1.208(is gi)108 369.6 R -.15 +108 441.6 R .45 -.15(ve s)-.25 H .15(hell, unless the).15 F F1 +(\255\255noediting)2.65 E F0(option)2.65 E 1.208(is gi)108 453.6 R -.15 (ve)-.25 G 3.708(na).15 G 3.708(ts)-3.708 G 1.208(hell in)-3.708 F -.2 (vo)-.4 G 3.708(cation. Line).2 F 1.208 (editing is also used when using the)3.708 F F13.709 E F0 1.209 (option to the)3.709 F F1 -.18(re)3.709 G(ad).18 E F0 -.2(bu)3.709 G -3.709(iltin. By).2 F(def)108 381.6 Q .95 +3.709(iltin. By).2 F(def)108 465.6 Q .95 (ault, the line editing commands are similar to those of emacs.)-.1 F 3.449(Av)5.949 G .949(i-style line editing interf)-3.449 F .949 -(ace is also)-.1 F -.2(av)108 393.6 S 3.35(ailable. Line)-.05 F .85 +(ace is also)-.1 F -.2(av)108 477.6 S 3.35(ailable. Line)-.05 F .85 (editing can be enabled at an)3.35 F 3.35(yt)-.15 G .85(ime using the) -3.35 F F1 .85(\255o emacs)3.35 F F0(or)3.35 E F1 .85(\255o vi)3.35 F F0 .85(options to the)3.35 F F1(set)3.35 E F0 -.2(bu)3.35 G(iltin).2 E -(\(see)108 405.6 Q F2 .763(SHELL B)3.263 F(UIL)-.09 E .763(TIN COMMANDS) +(\(see)108 489.6 Q F2 .763(SHELL B)3.263 F(UIL)-.09 E .763(TIN COMMANDS) -.828 F F0(belo)3.013 E 3.263(w\). T)-.25 F 3.263(ot)-.8 G .763(urn of) -3.263 F 3.263(fl)-.25 G .763 (ine editing after the shell is running, use the)-3.263 F F1(+o)3.262 E -(emacs)108 417.6 Q F0(or)2.5 E F1(+o vi)2.5 E F0(options to the)2.5 E F1 -(set)2.5 E F0 -.2(bu)2.5 G(iltin.).2 E F1(Readline Notation)87 434.4 Q +(emacs)108 501.6 Q F0(or)2.5 E F1(+o vi)2.5 E F0(options to the)2.5 E F1 +(set)2.5 E F0 -.2(bu)2.5 G(iltin.).2 E F1(Readline Notation)87 518.4 Q F0 .567(In this section, the emacs-style notation is used to denote k) -108 446.4 R -.15(ey)-.1 G(strok).15 E 3.068(es. Control)-.1 F -.1(ke) +108 530.4 R -.15(ey)-.1 G(strok).15 E 3.068(es. Control)-.1 F -.1(ke) 3.068 G .568(ys are denoted by C\255)-.05 F F3 -.1(ke)C(y)-.2 E F0(,)A -1.153(e.g., C\255n means Control\255N.)108 458.4 R(Similarly)6.153 E(,) +1.153(e.g., C\255n means Control\255N.)108 542.4 R(Similarly)6.153 E(,) -.65 E F3(meta)4.033 E F0 -.1(ke)3.913 G 1.153(ys are denoted by M\255) -.05 F F3 -.1(ke)C(y)-.2 E F0 3.652(,s)C 3.652(oM)-3.652 G 1.152 -(\255x means Meta\255X.)-3.652 F(\(On)6.152 E -.1(ke)108 470.4 S .83 +(\255x means Meta\255X.)-3.652 F(\(On)6.152 E -.1(ke)108 554.4 S .83 (yboards without a)-.05 F F3(meta)3.71 E F0 -.1(ke)3.59 G 2.13 -.65 (y, M)-.05 H.65 E F3(x)A F0 .83(means ESC)3.33 F F3(x)3.33 E F0 3.33 (,i)C .831(.e., press the Escape k)-3.33 F 1.131 -.15(ey t)-.1 H .831 (hen the).15 F F3(x)4.101 E F0 -.1(ke)3.861 G 4.631 -.65(y. T)-.05 H -.831(his mak).65 F(es)-.1 E .6(ESC the)108 482.4 R F3 .6(meta pr)3.1 F +.831(his mak).65 F(es)-.1 E .6(ESC the)108 566.4 R F3 .6(meta pr)3.1 F (e\214x)-.37 E F0 5.6(.T)C .6(he combination M\255C\255)-5.6 F F3(x)A F0 .599(means ESC\255Control\255)3.099 F F3(x)A F0 3.099(,o)C 3.099(rp) -3.099 G .599(ress the Escape k)-3.099 F .899 -.15(ey t)-.1 H .599 -(hen hold).15 F(the Control k)108 494.4 Q .3 -.15(ey w)-.1 H +(hen hold).15 F(the Control k)108 578.4 Q .3 -.15(ey w)-.1 H (hile pressing the).15 E F3(x)3.27 E F0 -.1(ke)3.03 G -.65(y.)-.05 G(\)) -.65 E .619(Readline commands may be gi)108 511.2 R -.15(ve)-.25 G 3.119 +.65 E .619(Readline commands may be gi)108 595.2 R -.15(ve)-.25 G 3.119 (nn).15 G(umeric)-3.119 E F3(ar)3.119 E(guments)-.37 E F0 3.119(,w).27 G .619(hich normally act as a repeat count.)-3.119 F(Sometimes,)5.62 E(ho) -108 523.2 Q(we)-.25 E -.15(ve)-.25 G 1.419 -.4(r, i).15 H 3.119(ti).4 G +108 607.2 Q(we)-.25 E -.15(ve)-.25 G 1.419 -.4(r, i).15 H 3.119(ti).4 G 3.119(st)-3.119 G .619(he sign of the ar)-3.119 F .619 (gument that is signi\214cant.)-.18 F -.15(Pa)5.619 G .619(ssing a ne) .15 F -.05(ga)-.15 G(ti).05 E .919 -.15(ve a)-.25 H -.18(rg).15 G .619 -(ument to a command that).18 F 1.018(acts in the forw)108 535.2 R 1.018 +(ument to a command that).18 F 1.018(acts in the forw)108 619.2 R 1.018 (ard direction \(e.g.,)-.1 F F1(kill\255line)3.518 E F0 3.518(\)c)C 1.018(auses that command to act in a backw)-3.518 F 1.019 -(ard direction.)-.1 F(Com-)6.019 E(mands whose beha)108 547.2 Q +(ard direction.)-.1 F(Com-)6.019 E(mands whose beha)108 631.2 Q (vior with ar)-.2 E(guments de)-.18 E(viates from this are noted belo) --.25 E -.65(w.)-.25 G .812(When a command is described as)108 564 R F3 +-.25 E -.65(w.)-.25 G .812(When a command is described as)108 648 R F3 (killing)3.311 E F0(te)3.311 E .811(xt, the te)-.15 F .811 (xt deleted is sa)-.15 F -.15(ve)-.2 G 3.311(df).15 G .811 (or possible future retrie)-3.311 F -.25(va)-.25 G 3.311(l\().25 G F3 -(yank-)-3.311 E(ing)108 576 Q F0 2.529(\). The)B .029(killed te)2.529 F +(yank-)-3.311 E(ing)108 660 Q F0 2.529(\). The)B .029(killed te)2.529 F .029(xt is sa)-.15 F -.15(ve)-.2 G 2.529(di).15 G 2.529(na)-2.529 G F3 .029(kill ring)B F0 5.029(.C)C(onsecuti)-5.029 E .329 -.15(ve k)-.25 H .029(ills cause the te).15 F .029(xt to be accumulated into one unit,) --.15 F .567(which can be yank)108 588 R .567(ed all at once.)-.1 F .567 +-.15 F .567(which can be yank)108 672 R .567(ed all at once.)-.1 F .567 (Commands which do not kill te)5.567 F .567 (xt separate the chunks of te)-.15 F .567(xt on the kill)-.15 F(ring.) -108 600 Q F1(Readline Initialization)87 616.8 Q F0 .091(Readline is cus\ -tomized by putting commands in an initialization \214le \(the)108 628.8 +108 684 Q F1(Readline Initialization)87 700.8 Q F0 .091(Readline is cus\ +tomized by putting commands in an initialization \214le \(the)108 712.8 R F3(inputr)2.591 E(c)-.37 E F0 2.591(\214le\). The)2.591 F .092 -(name of this \214le)2.591 F .197(is tak)108 640.8 R .196(en from the v) +(name of this \214le)2.591 F .197(is tak)108 724.8 R .196(en from the v) -.1 F .196(alue of the)-.25 F F2(INPUTRC)2.696 E F0 -.25(va)2.446 G 2.696(riable. If).25 F .196(that v)2.696 F .196 (ariable is unset, the def)-.25 F .196(ault is)-.1 F F3(~/.inputr)2.696 -E(c)-.37 E F0 5.196(.W).31 G .196(hen a)-5.196 F 1.034(program which us\ -es the readline library starts up, the initialization \214le is read, a\ -nd the k)108 652.8 R 1.335 -.15(ey b)-.1 H 1.035(indings and).15 F -.25 -(va)108 664.8 S 1.15(riables are set.).25 F 1.15(There are only a fe) -6.15 F 3.649(wb)-.25 G 1.149(asic constructs allo)-3.649 F 1.149 -(wed in the readline initialization \214le.)-.25 F(Blank)6.149 E .736 -(lines are ignored.)108 676.8 R .737(Lines be)5.737 F .737 -(ginning with a)-.15 F F1(#)3.237 E F0 .737(are comments.)3.237 F .737 -(Lines be)5.737 F .737(ginning with a)-.15 F F1($)3.237 E F0 .737 -(indicate conditional)3.237 F 2.5(constructs. Other)108 688.8 R -(lines denote k)2.5 E .3 -.15(ey b)-.1 H(indings and v).15 E -(ariable settings.)-.25 E .987(The def)108 705.6 R .987(ault k)-.1 F --.15(ey)-.1 G .987(-bindings may be changed with an).15 F F3(inputr) -3.497 E(c)-.37 E F0 3.487(\214le. Other)3.797 F .987 -(programs that use this library may)3.487 F(add their o)108 717.6 Q -(wn commands and bindings.)-.25 E(GNU Bash-4.1)72 768 Q(2010 May 30) -147.345 E(34)197.335 E 0 Cg EP +E(c)-.37 E F0 5.196(.W).31 G .196(hen a)-5.196 F(GNU Bash-4.1)72 768 Q +(2010 June 12)147.345 E(34)197.335 E 0 Cg EP %%Page: 35 35 %%BeginPageSetup BP %%EndPageSetup /F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 389.54(SH\(1\) B).35 F(ASH\(1\)) --.35 E -.15(Fo)108 84 S 2.5(re).15 G(xample, placing)-2.65 E -(M\255Control\255u: uni)144 100.8 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G(rsal\255ar).15 E -(gument)-.18 E(or)108 112.8 Q(C\255Meta\255u: uni)144 124.8 Q -.15(ve) --.25 G(rsal\255ar).15 E(gument)-.18 E(into the)108 136.8 Q/F1 10 -/Times-Italic@0 SF(inputr)2.51 E(c)-.37 E F0 -.1(wo)2.81 G(uld mak).1 E -2.5(eM)-.1 G(\255C\255u e)-2.5 E -.15(xe)-.15 G -(cute the readline command).15 E F1(univer)2.5 E(sal\255ar)-.1 E(gument) --.37 E F0(.).68 E 1.26(The follo)108 153.6 R 1.261 -(wing symbolic character names are recognized:)-.25 F F1 -.4(RU)3.761 G -(BOUT).4 E F0(,)1.27 E F1(DEL)3.761 E F0(,).53 E F1(ESC)3.761 E F0(,).72 -E F1(LFD)3.761 E F0(,).28 E F1(NEWLINE)3.761 E F0(,).73 E F1(RET)3.761 E -F0(,)1.27 E F1(RETURN)108 165.6 Q F0(,)1.1 E F1(SPC)2.5 E F0(,).72 E F1 -(SP)2.5 E -.3(AC)-.9 G(E).3 E F0 2.5(,a).73 G(nd)-2.5 E F1 -.5(TA)2.5 G -(B).5 E F0(.).27 E .209(In addition to command names, readline allo)108 -182.4 R .209(ws k)-.25 F -.15(ey)-.1 G 2.709(st).15 G 2.709(ob)-2.709 G -2.709(eb)-2.709 G .209(ound to a string that is inserted when the k) --2.709 F .509 -.15(ey i)-.1 H(s).15 E(pressed \(a)108 194.4 Q F1(macr) -2.5 E(o)-.45 E F0(\).)A/F2 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(Readline K)87 211.2 Q -(ey Bindings)-.25 E F0 .366(The syntax for controlling k)108 223.2 R -.666 -.15(ey b)-.1 H .366(indings in the).15 F F1(inputr)2.876 E(c)-.37 -E F0 .366(\214le is simple.)3.176 F .366 -(All that is required is the name of the)5.366 F .383(command or the te) -108 235.2 R .383(xt of a macro and a k)-.15 F .683 -.15(ey s)-.1 H .383 +-.35 E 1.034(program which uses the readline library starts up, the ini\ +tialization \214le is read, and the k)108 84 R 1.335 -.15(ey b)-.1 H +1.035(indings and).15 F -.25(va)108 96 S 1.15(riables are set.).25 F +1.15(There are only a fe)6.15 F 3.649(wb)-.25 G 1.149 +(asic constructs allo)-3.649 F 1.149 +(wed in the readline initialization \214le.)-.25 F(Blank)6.149 E .736 +(lines are ignored.)108 108 R .737(Lines be)5.737 F .737(ginning with a) +-.15 F/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(#)3.237 E F0 .737(are comments.)3.237 F +.737(Lines be)5.737 F .737(ginning with a)-.15 F F1($)3.237 E F0 .737 +(indicate conditional)3.237 F 2.5(constructs. 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The name may be speci-).15 F .853 -(\214ed in one of tw)108 247.2 R 3.353(ow)-.1 G .853 +(\214ed in one of tw)108 328.8 R 3.353(ow)-.1 G .853 (ays: as a symbolic k)-3.453 F 1.153 -.15(ey n)-.1 H .853 -(ame, possibly with).15 F F1(Meta\255)3.353 E F0(or)3.353 E F1(Contr) +(ame, possibly with).15 F F2(Meta\255)3.353 E F0(or)3.353 E F2(Contr) 3.353 E(ol\255)-.45 E F0(pre\214x)3.353 E .853(es, or as a k)-.15 F -.15 -(ey)-.1 G(sequence.)108 259.2 Q 1.542(When using the form)108 276 R F2 --.1(ke)4.042 G(yname).1 E F0(:)A F1(function\255name).833 E F0(or)4.042 -E F1(macr)4.042 E(o)-.45 E F0(,)A F1 -.1(ke)4.042 G(yname)-.2 E F0 1.542 +(ey)-.1 G(sequence.)108 340.8 Q 1.542(When using the form)108 357.6 R F1 +-.1(ke)4.042 G(yname).1 E F0(:)A F2(function\255name).833 E F0(or)4.042 +E F2(macr)4.042 E(o)-.45 E F0(,)A F2 -.1(ke)4.042 G(yname)-.2 E F0 1.542 (is the name of a k)4.222 F 1.841 -.15(ey s)-.1 H 1.541(pelled out in) -.15 F 2.5(English. 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583.2 Q F0 -(literal ")27.67 E F2<5c08>144 595.2 Q F0(literal \010)30.44 E(In addit\ -ion to the GNU Emacs style escape sequences, a second set of backslash \ -escapes is a)108 612 Q -.25(va)-.2 G(ilable:).25 E F2(\\a)144 624 Q F0 -(alert \(bell\))28.22 E F2(\\b)144 636 Q F0(backspace)27.66 E F2(\\d)144 -648 Q F0(delete)27.66 E F2(\\f)144 660 Q F0(form feed)29.89 E F2(\\n)144 -672 Q F0(ne)27.66 E(wline)-.25 E F2(\\r)144 684 Q F0(carriage return) -28.78 E F2(\\t)144 696 Q F0(horizontal tab)29.89 E F2(\\v)144 708 Q F0 --.15(ve)28.22 G(rtical tab).15 E(GNU Bash-4.1)72 768 Q(2010 May 30) -147.345 E(35)197.335 E 0 Cg EP +("\\C\255x\\C\255r": re\255read\255init\255\214le)144 547.2 Q +("\\e[11~": "Function K)144 559.2 Q .3 -.15(ey 1)-.25 H(").15 E .315 +(In this e)108 576 R(xample,)-.15 E F2(C\255u)2.655 E F0 .315(is ag) +3.065 F .315(ain bound to the function)-.05 F F1(uni)2.815 E -.1(ve)-.1 +G(rsal\255ar).1 E(gument)-.1 E F0(.)A F2 .315(C\255x C\255r)5.155 F F0 +.314(is bound to the func-)3.544 F(tion)108 588 Q F1 -.18(re)2.5 G +.18 E(ead\255init\255\214le)-.18 E F0 2.5(,a)C(nd)-2.5 E F2(ESC [ 1 1 ~) +3.01 E F0(is bound to insert the te)3.94 E(xt)-.15 E F3(Function Key 1) +2.5 E F0(.)A(The full set of GNU Emacs style escape sequences is)108 +604.8 Q F1<5c43ad>144 616.8 Q F0(control pre\214x)20.3 E F1<5c4dad>144 +628.8 Q F0(meta pre\214x)18.08 E F1(\\e)144 640.8 Q F0 +(an escape character)28.78 E F1(\\\\)144 652.8 Q F0(backslash)30.44 E F1 +(\\")144 664.8 Q F0(literal ")27.67 E F1<5c08>144 676.8 Q F0 +(literal \010)30.44 E(In addition to the GNU Emacs style escape sequenc\ +es, a second set of backslash escapes is a)108 693.6 Q -.25(va)-.2 G +(ilable:).25 E F1(\\a)144 705.6 Q F0(alert \(bell\))28.22 E F1(\\b)144 +717.6 Q F0(backspace)27.66 E(GNU Bash-4.1)72 768 Q(2010 June 12)147.345 +E(35)197.335 E 0 Cg EP %%Page: 36 36 %%BeginPageSetup BP %%EndPageSetup /F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 389.54(SH\(1\) B).35 F(ASH\(1\)) --.35 E/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(\\)144 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Backslash)-.15 F -(will quote an)2.5 E 2.5(yo)-.15 G(ther character in the macro te)-2.5 E -(xt, including " and \010.)-.15 E F1(Bash)108 153.6 Q F0(allo)2.929 E -.429(ws the current readline k)-.25 F .729 -.15(ey b)-.1 H .429 +-.35 E/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(\\d)144 84 Q F0(delete)27.66 E F1(\\f)144 +96 Q F0(form feed)29.89 E F1(\\n)144 108 Q F0(ne)27.66 E(wline)-.25 E F1 +(\\r)144 120 Q F0(carriage return)28.78 E F1(\\t)144 132 Q F0 +(horizontal tab)29.89 E F1(\\v)144 144 Q F0 -.15(ve)28.22 G(rtical tab) +.15 E F1(\\)144 156 Q/F2 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(nnn)A F0 +(the eight-bit character whose v)18.22 E(alue is the octal v)-.25 E +(alue)-.25 E F2(nnn)2.5 E F0(\(one to three digits\))2.5 E F1(\\x)144 +168 Q F2(HH)A F0(the eight-bit character whose v)13.78 E(alue is the he) +-.25 E(xadecimal v)-.15 E(alue)-.25 E F2(HH)2.5 E F0(\(one or tw)2.5 E +2.5(oh)-.1 G .3 -.15(ex d)-2.5 H(igits\)).15 E 1.141 +(When entering the te)108 184.8 R 1.141(xt of a macro, single or double\ + quotes must be used to indicate a macro de\214nition.)-.15 F .09 +(Unquoted te)108 196.8 R .09(xt is assumed to be a function name.)-.15 F +.089(In the macro body)5.089 F 2.589(,t)-.65 G .089 +(he backslash escapes described abo)-2.589 F -.15(ve)-.15 G(are e)108 +208.8 Q 2.5(xpanded. Backslash)-.15 F(will quote an)2.5 E 2.5(yo)-.15 G +(ther character in the macro te)-2.5 E(xt, including " and \010.)-.15 E +F1(Bash)108 225.6 Q F0(allo)2.929 E .429(ws the current readline k)-.25 +F .729 -.15(ey b)-.1 H .429 (indings to be displayed or modi\214ed with the).15 F F1(bind)2.93 E F0 -.2(bu)2.93 G .43(iltin command.).2 F .046 -(The editing mode may be switched during interacti)108 165.6 R .346 -.15 +(The editing mode may be switched during interacti)108 237.6 R .346 -.15 (ve u)-.25 H .046(se by using the).15 F F12.545 E F0 .045 (option to the)2.545 F F1(set)2.545 E F0 -.2(bu)2.545 G .045 -(iltin command).2 F(\(see)108 177.6 Q/F3 9/Times-Bold@0 SF(SHELL B)2.5 E +(iltin command).2 F(\(see)108 249.6 Q/F3 9/Times-Bold@0 SF(SHELL B)2.5 E (UIL)-.09 E(TIN COMMANDS)-.828 E F0(belo)2.25 E(w\).)-.25 E F1 -(Readline V)87 194.4 Q(ariables)-.92 E F0 .043(Readline has v)108 206.4 +(Readline V)87 266.4 Q(ariables)-.92 E F0 .043(Readline has v)108 278.4 R .043(ariables that can be used to further customize its beha)-.25 F (vior)-.2 E 5.043(.A)-.55 G -.25(va)-2.5 G .043 -(riable may be set in the).25 F F2(inpu-)2.554 E(tr)108 218.4 Q(c)-.37 E -F0(\214le with a statement of the form)2.81 E F1(set)144 235.2 Q F2 +(riable may be set in the).25 F F2(inpu-)2.554 E(tr)108 290.4 Q(c)-.37 E +F0(\214le with a statement of the form)2.81 E F1(set)144 307.2 Q F2 (variable\255name value)2.5 E F0 .79(Except where noted, readline v)108 -252 R .79(ariables can tak)-.25 F 3.29(et)-.1 G .79(he v)-3.29 F(alues) +324 R .79(ariables can tak)-.25 F 3.29(et)-.1 G .79(he v)-3.29 F(alues) -.25 E F1(On)3.29 E F0(or)3.29 E F1(Off)3.29 E F0 .79(\(without re)3.29 F -.05(ga)-.15 G .79(rd to case\).).05 F(Unrecog-)5.79 E .448(nized v) -108 264 R .448(ariable names are ignored.)-.25 F .448(When a v)5.448 F +108 336 R .448(ariable names are ignored.)-.25 F .448(When a v)5.448 F .448(ariable v)-.25 F .448(alue is read, empty or null v)-.25 F .449 -(alues, "on" \(case-insensi-)-.25 F(ti)108 276 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G .468 +(alues, "on" \(case-insensi-)-.25 F(ti)108 348 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G .468 (\), and "1" are equi).15 F -.25(va)-.25 G .468(lent to).25 F F1(On) 2.968 E F0 5.468(.A)C .468(ll other v)-5.468 F .468(alues are equi)-.25 F -.25(va)-.25 G .468(lent to).25 F F1(Off)2.968 E F0 5.468(.T)C .467 (he v)-5.468 F .467(ariables and their def)-.25 F(ault)-.1 E -.25(va)108 -288 S(lues are:).25 E F1(bell\255style \(audible\))108 304.8 Q F0 .01 -(Controls what happens when readline w)144 316.8 R .011 +360 S(lues are:).25 E F1(bell\255style \(audible\))108 376.8 Q F0 .01 +(Controls what happens when readline w)144 388.8 R .011 (ants to ring the terminal bell.)-.1 F .011(If set to)5.011 F F1(none) 2.511 E F0 2.511(,r)C .011(eadline ne)-2.511 F -.15(ve)-.25 G(r).15 E -.94(rings the bell.)144 328.8 R .94(If set to)5.94 F F1(visible)3.44 E +.94(rings the bell.)144 400.8 R .94(If set to)5.94 F F1(visible)3.44 E F0 3.44(,r)C .94(eadline uses a visible bell if one is a)-3.44 F -.25 (va)-.2 G 3.44(ilable. If).25 F .94(set to)3.44 F F1(audible)3.44 E F0 -(,)A(readline attempts to ring the terminal')144 340.8 Q 2.5(sb)-.55 G -(ell.)-2.5 E F1(bind\255tty\255special\255chars \(On\))108 352.8 Q F0 -.055(If set to)144 364.8 R F1(On)2.555 E F0 2.555(,r)C .056(eadline att\ +(,)A(readline attempts to ring the terminal')144 412.8 Q 2.5(sb)-.55 G +(ell.)-2.5 E F1(bind\255tty\255special\255chars \(On\))108 424.8 Q F0 +.055(If set to)144 436.8 R F1(On)2.555 E F0 2.555(,r)C .056(eadline att\ empts to bind the control characters treated specially by the k)-2.555 F -(ernel')-.1 E 2.556(st)-.55 G(ermi-)-2.556 E(nal dri)144 376.8 Q -.15 +(ernel')-.1 E 2.556(st)-.55 G(ermi-)-2.556 E(nal dri)144 448.8 Q -.15 (ve)-.25 G 2.5(rt).15 G 2.5(ot)-2.5 G(heir readline equi)-2.5 E -.25(va) --.25 G(lents.).25 E F1(comment\255begin \(`)108 388.8 Q(`#')-.63 E('\)) --.63 E F0 .885(The string that is inserted when the readline)144 400.8 R +-.25 G(lents.).25 E F1(comment\255begin \(`)108 460.8 Q(`#')-.63 E('\)) +-.63 E F0 .885(The string that is inserted when the readline)144 472.8 R F1(insert\255comment)3.385 E F0 .884(command is e)3.384 F -.15(xe)-.15 G -3.384(cuted. This).15 F(com-)3.384 E(mand is bound to)144 412.8 Q F1 +3.384(cuted. This).15 F(com-)3.384 E(mand is bound to)144 484.8 Q F1 (M\255#)2.5 E F0(in emacs mode and to)2.5 E F1(#)2.5 E F0 -(in vi command mode.)2.5 E F1(completion\255ignor)108 424.8 Q -(e\255case \(Off\))-.18 E F0(If set to)144 436.8 Q F1(On)2.5 E F0 2.5 +(in vi command mode.)2.5 E F1(completion\255ignor)108 496.8 Q +(e\255case \(Off\))-.18 E F0(If set to)144 508.8 Q F1(On)2.5 E F0 2.5 (,r)C(eadline performs \214lename matching and completion in a case\255\ insensiti)-2.5 E .3 -.15(ve f)-.25 H(ashion.).05 E F1(completion\255pr) -108 448.8 Q(e\214x\255display\255length \(0\))-.18 E F0 .829(The length\ +108 520.8 Q(e\214x\255display\255length \(0\))-.18 E F0 .829(The length\ in characters of the common pre\214x of a list of possible completions\ - that is displayed)144 460.8 R 1.275(without modi\214cation.)144 472.8 R + that is displayed)144 532.8 R 1.275(without modi\214cation.)144 544.8 R 1.275(When set to a v)6.275 F 1.274 (alue greater than zero, common pre\214x)-.25 F 1.274 -(es longer than this)-.15 F -.25(va)144 484.8 S(lue are replaced with a\ +(es longer than this)-.15 F -.25(va)144 556.8 S(lue are replaced with a\ n ellipsis when displaying possible completions.).25 E F1 -(completion\255query\255items \(100\))108 496.8 Q F0 .529 -(This determines when the user is queried about vie)144 508.8 R .53 +(completion\255query\255items \(100\))108 568.8 Q F0 .529 +(This determines when the user is queried about vie)144 580.8 R .53 (wing the number of possible completions gen-)-.25 F .561(erated by the) -144 520.8 R F1(possible\255completions)3.061 E F0 3.061(command. It) +144 592.8 R F1(possible\255completions)3.061 E F0 3.061(command. It) 3.061 F .561(may be set to an)3.061 F 3.06(yi)-.15 G(nte)-3.06 E .56 (ger v)-.15 F .56(alue greater than or)-.25 F .782(equal to zero.)144 -532.8 R .783(If the number of possible completions is greater than or e\ -qual to the v)5.782 F .783(alue of this)-.25 F -.25(va)144 544.8 S .237 +604.8 R .783(If the number of possible completions is greater than or e\ +qual to the v)5.782 F .783(alue of this)-.25 F -.25(va)144 616.8 S .237 (riable, the user is ask).25 F .237(ed whether or not he wishes to vie) -.1 F 2.737(wt)-.25 G .237(hem; otherwise the)-2.737 F 2.737(ya)-.15 G -.237(re simply listed)-2.737 F(on the terminal.)144 556.8 Q F1(con)108 -568.8 Q -.1(ve)-.4 G(rt\255meta \(On\)).1 E F0 .612(If set to)144 580.8 +.237(re simply listed)-2.737 F(on the terminal.)144 628.8 Q F1(con)108 +640.8 Q -.1(ve)-.4 G(rt\255meta \(On\)).1 E F0 .612(If set to)144 652.8 R F1(On)3.112 E F0 3.112(,r)C .613(eadline will con)-3.112 F -.15(ve)-.4 G .613(rt characters with the eighth bit set to an ASCII k).15 F .913 -.15(ey s)-.1 H .613(equence by).15 F .541 (stripping the eighth bit and pre\214xing an escape character \(in ef) -144 592.8 R .541(fect, using escape as the)-.25 F F2 .541(meta pr)3.041 -F(e-)-.37 E<8c78>144 604.8 Q F0(\).)A F1(disable\255completion \(Off\)) -108 616.8 Q F0 .038(If set to)144 628.8 R F1(On)2.538 E F0 2.538(,r)C +144 664.8 R .541(fect, using escape as the)-.25 F F2 .541(meta pr)3.041 +F(e-)-.37 E<8c78>144 676.8 Q F0(\).)A F1(disable\255completion \(Off\)) +108 688.8 Q F0 .038(If set to)144 700.8 R F1(On)2.538 E F0 2.538(,r)C .038(eadline will inhibit w)-2.538 F .038(ord completion.)-.1 F .038 (Completion characters will be inserted into the)5.038 F(line as if the) -144 640.8 Q 2.5(yh)-.15 G(ad been mapped to)-2.5 E F1(self-insert)2.5 E -F0(.)A F1(editing\255mode \(emacs\))108 652.8 Q F0 .253 -(Controls whether readline be)144 664.8 R .253(gins with a set of k)-.15 -F .553 -.15(ey b)-.1 H .253(indings similar to).15 F F2(emacs)2.752 E F0 -(or)2.752 E F2(vi)2.752 E F0(.)A F1(editing\255mode)5.252 E F0 -(can be set to either)144 676.8 Q F1(emacs)2.5 E F0(or)2.5 E F1(vi)2.5 E -F0(.)A F1(echo\255contr)108 688.8 Q(ol\255characters \(On\))-.18 E F0 -1.21(When set to)144 700.8 R F1(On)3.71 E F0 3.71(,o)C 3.71(no)-3.71 G -1.211(perating systems that indicate the)-3.71 F 3.711(ys)-.15 G 1.211 -(upport it, readline echoes a character)-3.711 F -(corresponding to a signal generated from the k)144 712.8 Q -.15(ey)-.1 -G(board.).15 E(GNU Bash-4.1)72 768 Q(2010 May 30)147.345 E(36)197.335 E -0 Cg EP +144 712.8 Q 2.5(yh)-.15 G(ad been mapped to)-2.5 E F1(self-insert)2.5 E +F0(.)A(GNU Bash-4.1)72 768 Q(2010 June 12)147.345 E(36)197.335 E 0 Cg EP %%Page: 37 37 %%BeginPageSetup BP %%EndPageSetup /F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 389.54(SH\(1\) B).35 F(ASH\(1\)) --.35 E/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(enable\255k)108 84 Q(eypad \(Off\))-.1 E F0 -.893(When set to)144 96 R F1(On)3.393 E F0 3.393(,r)C .893 +-.35 E/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(editing\255mode \(emacs\))108 84 Q F0 .253 +(Controls whether readline be)144 96 R .253(gins with a set of k)-.15 F +.553 -.15(ey b)-.1 H .253(indings similar to).15 F/F2 10/Times-Italic@0 +SF(emacs)2.752 E F0(or)2.752 E F2(vi)2.752 E F0(.)A F1(editing\255mode) +5.252 E F0(can be set to either)144 108 Q F1(emacs)2.5 E F0(or)2.5 E F1 +(vi)2.5 E F0(.)A F1(echo\255contr)108 120 Q(ol\255characters \(On\))-.18 +E F0 1.21(When set to)144 132 R F1(On)3.71 E F0 3.71(,o)C 3.71(no)-3.71 +G 1.211(perating systems that indicate the)-3.71 F 3.711(ys)-.15 G 1.211 +(upport it, readline echoes a character)-3.711 F +(corresponding to a signal generated from the k)144 144 Q -.15(ey)-.1 G +(board.).15 E F1(enable\255k)108 156 Q(eypad \(Off\))-.1 E F0 .893 +(When set to)144 168 R F1(On)3.393 E F0 3.393(,r)C .893 (eadline will try to enable the application k)-3.393 F -.15(ey)-.1 G .893(pad when it is called.).15 F .892(Some sys-)5.893 F -(tems need this to enable the arro)144 108 Q 2.5(wk)-.25 G -.15(ey)-2.6 -G(s.).15 E F1(enable\255meta\255k)108 120 Q(ey \(On\))-.1 E F0 .64 -(When set to)144 132 R F1(On)3.14 E F0 3.14(,r)C .64 +(tems need this to enable the arro)144 180 Q 2.5(wk)-.25 G -.15(ey)-2.6 +G(s.).15 E F1(enable\255meta\255k)108 192 Q(ey \(On\))-.1 E F0 .64 +(When set to)144 204 R F1(On)3.14 E F0 3.14(,r)C .64 (eadline will try to enable an)-3.14 F 3.14(ym)-.15 G .64 (eta modi\214er k)-3.14 F .94 -.15(ey t)-.1 H .64 -(he terminal claims to support).15 F(when it is called.)144 144 Q +(he terminal claims to support).15 F(when it is called.)144 216 Q (On man)5 E 2.5(yt)-.15 G(erminals, the meta k)-2.5 E .3 -.15(ey i)-.1 H 2.5(su).15 G(sed to send eight-bit characters.)-2.5 E F1 -(expand\255tilde \(Off\))108 156 Q F0(If set to)144 168 Q F1(on)2.5 E F0 +(expand\255tilde \(Off\))108 228 Q F0(If set to)144 240 Q F1(on)2.5 E F0 2.5(,t)C(ilde e)-2.5 E(xpansion is performed when readline attempts w) --.15 E(ord completion.)-.1 E F1(history\255pr)108 180 Q(eser)-.18 E -.1 -(ve)-.1 G(\255point \(Off\)).1 E F0 1.493(If set to)144 192 R F1(on) +-.15 E(ord completion.)-.1 E F1(history\255pr)108 252 Q(eser)-.18 E -.1 +(ve)-.1 G(\255point \(Off\)).1 E F0 1.493(If set to)144 264 R F1(on) 3.993 E F0 3.993(,t)C 1.493(he history code attempts to place point at \ -the same location on each history line)-3.993 F(retrie)144 204 Q -.15 +the same location on each history line)-3.993 F(retrie)144 276 Q -.15 (ve)-.25 G 2.5(dw).15 G(ith)-2.5 E F1(pr)2.5 E -.15(ev)-.18 G (ious-history).15 E F0(or)2.5 E F1(next-history)2.5 E F0(.)A F1 -(history\255size \(0\))108 216 Q F0 .462 -(Set the maximum number of history entries sa)144 228 R -.15(ve)-.2 G +(history\255size \(0\))108 288 Q F0 .462 +(Set the maximum number of history entries sa)144 300 R -.15(ve)-.2 G 2.963(di).15 G 2.963(nt)-2.963 G .463(he history list.)-2.963 F .463 (If set to zero, the number of)5.463 F -(entries in the history list is not limited.)144 240 Q F1 -(horizontal\255scr)108 252 Q(oll\255mode \(Off\))-.18 E F0 .449 -(When set to)144 264 R F1(On)2.949 E F0 2.949(,m)C(ak)-2.949 E .448 +(entries in the history list is not limited.)144 312 Q F1 +(horizontal\255scr)108 324 Q(oll\255mode \(Off\))-.18 E F0 .449 +(When set to)144 336 R F1(On)2.949 E F0 2.949(,m)C(ak)-2.949 E .448 (es readline use a single line for display)-.1 F 2.948(,s)-.65 G .448 (crolling the input horizontally on a)-2.948 F 1.194(single screen line\ when it becomes longer than the screen width rather than wrapping to a\ - ne)144 276 R(w)-.25 E(line.)144 288 Q F1(input\255meta \(Off\))108 300 -Q F0 .228(If set to)144 312 R F1(On)2.728 E F0 2.728(,r)C .227(eadline \ + ne)144 348 R(w)-.25 E(line.)144 360 Q F1(input\255meta \(Off\))108 372 +Q F0 .228(If set to)144 384 R F1(On)2.728 E F0 2.728(,r)C .227(eadline \ will enable eight-bit input \(that is, it will not strip the high bit f\ -rom the char)-2.728 F(-)-.2 E .956(acters it reads\), re)144 324 R -.05 +rom the char)-2.728 F(-)-.2 E .956(acters it reads\), re)144 396 R -.05 (ga)-.15 G .956(rdless of what the terminal claims it can support.).05 F .957(The name)5.956 F F1(meta\255\215ag)3.457 E F0 .957(is a)3.457 F -(synon)144 336 Q(ym for this v)-.15 E(ariable.)-.25 E F1(isear)108 348 Q +(synon)144 408 Q(ym for this v)-.15 E(ariable.)-.25 E F1(isear)108 420 Q (ch\255terminators \(`)-.18 E(`C\255[C\255J')-.63 E('\))-.63 E F0 .439(\ The string of characters that should terminate an incremental search wi\ -thout subsequently e)144 360 R -.15(xe)-.15 G(cut-).15 E .934 -(ing the character as a command.)144 372 R .935(If this v)5.935 F .935 +thout subsequently e)144 432 R -.15(xe)-.15 G(cut-).15 E .934 +(ing the character as a command.)144 444 R .935(If this v)5.935 F .935 (ariable has not been gi)-.25 F -.15(ve)-.25 G 3.435(nav).15 G .935 -(alue, the characters)-3.685 F/F2 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(ESC)3.435 E F0 -(and)144 384 Q F2(C\255J)2.5 E F0(will terminate an incremental search.) -2.5 E F1 -.1(ke)108 396 S(ymap \(emacs\)).1 E F0 2.021 -(Set the current readline k)144 408 R -.15(ey)-.1 G 4.521(map. The).15 F -2.021(set of v)4.521 F 2.021(alid k)-.25 F -.15(ey)-.1 G 2.021 -(map names is).15 F F2 2.02(emacs, emacs\255standar)4.52 F(d,)-.37 E -.068(emacs\255meta, emacs\255ctlx, vi, vi\255command)144 420 R F0 2.568 -(,a)C(nd)-2.568 E F2(vi\255insert)2.568 E F0(.).68 E F2(vi)5.068 E F0 -.068(is equi)2.568 F -.25(va)-.25 G .068(lent to).25 F F2(vi\255command) -2.569 E F0(;)A F2(emacs)2.569 E F0 1.544(is equi)144 432 R -.25(va)-.25 +(alue, the characters)-3.685 F F2(ESC)3.435 E F0(and)144 456 Q F2 +(C\255J)2.5 E F0(will terminate an incremental search.)2.5 E F1 -.1(ke) +108 468 S(ymap \(emacs\)).1 E F0 2.021(Set the current readline k)144 +480 R -.15(ey)-.1 G 4.521(map. The).15 F 2.021(set of v)4.521 F 2.021 +(alid k)-.25 F -.15(ey)-.1 G 2.021(map names is).15 F F2 2.02 +(emacs, emacs\255standar)4.52 F(d,)-.37 E .068 +(emacs\255meta, emacs\255ctlx, vi, vi\255command)144 492 R F0 2.568(,a)C +(nd)-2.568 E F2(vi\255insert)2.568 E F0(.).68 E F2(vi)5.068 E F0 .068 +(is equi)2.568 F -.25(va)-.25 G .068(lent to).25 F F2(vi\255command) +2.569 E F0(;)A F2(emacs)2.569 E F0 1.544(is equi)144 504 R -.25(va)-.25 G 1.544(lent to).25 F F2(emacs\255standar)4.044 E(d)-.37 E F0 6.544(.T)C 1.544(he def)-6.544 F 1.544(ault v)-.1 F 1.544(alue is)-.25 F F2(emacs) 4.044 E F0 4.044(;t).27 G 1.544(he v)-4.044 F 1.544(alue of)-.25 F F1 -(editing\255mode)4.043 E F0(also)4.043 E(af)144 444 Q(fects the def)-.25 -E(ault k)-.1 E -.15(ey)-.1 G(map.).15 E F1(mark\255dir)108 456 Q -(ectories \(On\))-.18 E F0(If set to)144 468 Q F1(On)2.5 E F0 2.5(,c)C +(editing\255mode)4.043 E F0(also)4.043 E(af)144 516 Q(fects the def)-.25 +E(ault k)-.1 E -.15(ey)-.1 G(map.).15 E F1(mark\255dir)108 528 Q +(ectories \(On\))-.18 E F0(If set to)144 540 Q F1(On)2.5 E F0 2.5(,c)C (ompleted directory names ha)-2.5 E .3 -.15(ve a s)-.2 H(lash appended.) -.15 E F1(mark\255modi\214ed\255lines \(Off\))108 480 Q F0(If set to)144 -492 Q F1(On)2.5 E F0 2.5(,h)C(istory lines that ha)-2.5 E .3 -.15(ve b) +.15 E F1(mark\255modi\214ed\255lines \(Off\))108 552 Q F0(If set to)144 +564 Q F1(On)2.5 E F0 2.5(,h)C(istory lines that ha)-2.5 E .3 -.15(ve b) -.2 H(een modi\214ed are displayed with a preceding asterisk \().15 E F1 -(*)A F0(\).)A F1(mark\255symlink)108 504 Q(ed\255dir)-.1 E -(ectories \(Off\))-.18 E F0 .175(If set to)144 516 R F1(On)2.675 E F0 +(*)A F0(\).)A F1(mark\255symlink)108 576 Q(ed\255dir)-.1 E +(ectories \(Off\))-.18 E F0 .175(If set to)144 588 R F1(On)2.675 E F0 2.675(,c)C .175 (ompleted names which are symbolic links to directories ha)-2.675 F .475 --.15(ve a s)-.2 H .175(lash appended \(sub-).15 F(ject to the v)144 528 +-.15(ve a s)-.2 H .175(lash appended \(sub-).15 F(ject to the v)144 600 Q(alue of)-.25 E F1(mark\255dir)2.5 E(ectories)-.18 E F0(\).)A F1 -(match\255hidden\255\214les \(On\))108 540 Q F0 .193(This v)144 552 R +(match\255hidden\255\214les \(On\))108 612 Q F0 .193(This v)144 624 R .193(ariable, when set to)-.25 F F1(On)2.693 E F0 2.693(,c)C .192 (auses readline to match \214les whose names be)-2.693 F .192 (gin with a `.)-.15 F 2.692('\()-.7 G(hidden)-2.692 E .456 -(\214les\) when performing \214lename completion.)144 564 R .456 +(\214les\) when performing \214lename completion.)144 636 R .456 (If set to)5.456 F F1(Off)2.956 E F0 2.956(,t)C .456(he leading `.) -2.956 F 2.956('m)-.7 G .457(ust be supplied by the)-2.956 F -(user in the \214lename to be completed.)144 576 Q F1 -(output\255meta \(Off\))108 588 Q F0 .507(If set to)144 600 R F1(On) +(user in the \214lename to be completed.)144 648 Q F1 +(output\255meta \(Off\))108 660 Q F0 .507(If set to)144 672 R F1(On) 3.007 E F0 3.007(,r)C .507(eadline will display characters with the eig\ -hth bit set directly rather than as a meta-)-3.007 F(pre\214x)144 612 Q -(ed escape sequence.)-.15 E F1(page\255completions \(On\))108 624 Q F0 -.808(If set to)144 636 R F1(On)3.308 E F0 3.308(,r)C .808 +hth bit set directly rather than as a meta-)-3.007 F(pre\214x)144 684 Q +(ed escape sequence.)-.15 E F1(page\255completions \(On\))108 696 Q F0 +.808(If set to)144 708 R F1(On)3.308 E F0 3.308(,r)C .808 (eadline uses an internal)-3.308 F F2(mor)3.308 E(e)-.37 E F0(-lik)A 3.308(ep)-.1 G .808(ager to display a screenful of possible comple-) --3.308 F(tions at a time.)144 648 Q F1 -(print\255completions\255horizontally \(Off\))108 660 Q F0 1.319 -(If set to)144 672 R F1(On)3.819 E F0 3.819(,r)C 1.318(eadline will dis\ -play completions with matches sorted horizontally in alphabetical)-3.819 -F(order)144 684 Q 2.5(,r)-.4 G(ather than do)-2.5 E(wn the screen.)-.25 -E F1 -2.29 -.18(re v)108 696 T(ert\255all\255at\255newline \(Off\)).08 E -F0 .872(If set to)144 708 R F1(on)3.372 E F0 3.372(,r)C .873 -(eadline will undo all changes to history lines before returning when) --3.372 F F1(accept\255line)3.373 E F0(is)3.373 E -.15(exe)144 720 S -2.686(cuted. By).15 F(def)2.686 E .186 -(ault, history lines may be modi\214ed and retain indi)-.1 F .186 -(vidual undo lists across calls to)-.25 F(GNU Bash-4.1)72 768 Q -(2010 May 30)147.345 E(37)197.335 E 0 Cg EP +-3.308 F(tions at a time.)144 720 Q(GNU Bash-4.1)72 768 Q(2010 June 12) +147.345 E(37)197.335 E 0 Cg EP %%Page: 38 38 %%BeginPageSetup BP %%EndPageSetup /F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 389.54(SH\(1\) B).35 F(ASH\(1\)) --.35 E/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 SF -.18(re)144 84 S(adline).18 E F0(.)A F1 -(sho)108 96 Q(w\255all\255if\255ambiguous \(Off\))-.1 E F0 .477 -(This alters the def)144 108 R .477(ault beha)-.1 F .477 +-.35 E/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 SF +(print\255completions\255horizontally \(Off\))108 84 Q F0 1.319 +(If set to)144 96 R F1(On)3.819 E F0 3.819(,r)C 1.318(eadline will disp\ +lay completions with matches sorted horizontally in alphabetical)-3.819 +F(order)144 108 Q 2.5(,r)-.4 G(ather than do)-2.5 E(wn the screen.)-.25 +E F1 -2.29 -.18(re v)108 120 T(ert\255all\255at\255newline \(Off\)).08 E +F0 .872(If set to)144 132 R F1(on)3.372 E F0 3.372(,r)C .873 +(eadline will undo all changes to history lines before returning when) +-3.372 F F1(accept\255line)3.373 E F0(is)3.373 E -.15(exe)144 144 S +2.686(cuted. 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If)-.1 F .046(enabled, readline does not)2.546 F 1.394(insert characters from \ -the completion that match characters after point in the w)144 240 R -1.394(ord being com-)-.1 F(pleted, so portions of the w)144 252 Q +the completion that match characters after point in the w)144 312 R +1.394(ord being com-)-.1 F(pleted, so portions of the w)144 324 Q (ord follo)-.1 E(wing the cursor are not duplicated.)-.25 E F1 -(visible\255stats \(Off\))108 264 Q F0 .846(If set to)144 276 R F1(On) +(visible\255stats \(Off\))108 336 Q F0 .846(If set to)144 348 R F1(On) 3.346 E F0 3.346(,ac)C .846(haracter denoting a \214le')-3.346 F 3.346 (st)-.55 G .846(ype as reported by)-3.346 F/F2 10/Times-Italic@0 SF (stat)3.346 E F0 .846(\(2\) is appended to the \214lename)B -(when listing possible completions.)144 288 Q F1 -(Readline Conditional Constructs)87 304.8 Q F0 .05 -(Readline implements a f)108 316.8 R .05(acility similar in spirit to t\ +(when listing possible completions.)144 360 Q F1 +(Readline Conditional Constructs)87 376.8 Q F0 .05 +(Readline implements a f)108 388.8 R .05(acility similar in spirit to t\ he conditional compilation features of the C preprocessor)-.1 F .096 -(which allo)108 328.8 R .096(ws k)-.25 F .396 -.15(ey b)-.1 H .096 +(which allo)108 400.8 R .096(ws k)-.25 F .396 -.15(ey b)-.1 H .096 (indings and v).15 F .096 (ariable settings to be performed as the result of tests.)-.25 F .097 -(There are four parser)5.096 F(directi)108 340.8 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.5 -(su).15 G(sed.)-2.5 E F1($if)108 357.6 Q F0(The)24.89 E F1($if)2.963 E +(There are four parser)5.096 F(directi)108 412.8 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.5 +(su).15 G(sed.)-2.5 E F1($if)108 429.6 Q F0(The)24.89 E F1($if)2.963 E F0 .463(construct allo)2.963 F .462(ws bindings to be made based on the\ editing mode, the terminal being used,)-.25 F .477 -(or the application using readline.)144 369.6 R .477(The te)5.477 F .477 +(or the application using readline.)144 441.6 R .477(The te)5.477 F .477 (xt of the test e)-.15 F .477 (xtends to the end of the line; no characters)-.15 F -(are required to isolate it.)144 381.6 Q F1(mode)144 398.4 Q F0(The) +(are required to isolate it.)144 453.6 Q F1(mode)144 470.4 Q F0(The) 12.67 E F1(mode=)3.712 E F0 1.212(form of the)3.712 F F1($if)3.711 E F0 (directi)3.711 E 1.511 -.15(ve i)-.25 H 3.711(su).15 G 1.211 (sed to test whether readline is in emacs or vi)-3.711 F 3.065 -(mode. 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This)-.25 F .501(could be used to bind k)3.001 F .801 -.15(ey s)-.1 H .5(equences to functions useful for a spe-).15 F -.396(ci\214c program.)180 552 R -.15(Fo)5.396 G 2.896(ri).15 G .396 +.396(ci\214c program.)180 624 R -.15(Fo)5.396 G 2.896(ri).15 G .396 (nstance, the follo)-2.896 F .396(wing command adds a k)-.25 F .696 -.15 -(ey s)-.1 H .397(equence that quotes the).15 F(current or pre)180 564 Q -(vious w)-.25 E(ord in Bash:)-.1 E F1($if)180 588 Q F0(Bash)2.5 E 2.5 -(#Q)180 600 S(uote the current or pre)-2.5 E(vious w)-.25 E(ord)-.1 E -("\\C\255xq": "\\eb\\"\\ef\\"")180 612 Q F1($endif)180 624 Q($endif)108 -640.8 Q F0(This command, as seen in the pre)9.33 E(vious e)-.25 E -(xample, terminates an)-.15 E F1($if)2.5 E F0(command.)2.5 E F1($else) -108 657.6 Q F0(Commands in this branch of the)15.45 E F1($if)2.5 E F0 -(directi)2.5 E .3 -.15(ve a)-.25 H(re e).15 E -.15(xe)-.15 G -(cuted if the test f).15 E(ails.)-.1 E F1($include)108 674.4 Q F0 .357 -(This directi)144 686.4 R .657 -.15(ve t)-.25 H(ak).15 E .357 -(es a single \214lename as an ar)-.1 F .356 -(gument and reads commands and bindings from that)-.18 F 2.5(\214le. F) -144 698.4 R(or e)-.15 E(xample, the follo)-.15 E(wing directi)-.25 E .3 --.15(ve w)-.25 H(ould read).05 E F2(/etc/inputr)2.5 E(c)-.37 E F0(:)A F1 -($include)144 722.4 Q F2(/etc/inputr)5.833 E(c)-.37 E F0(GNU Bash-4.1)72 -768 Q(2010 May 30)147.345 E(38)197.335 E 0 Cg EP +(ey s)-.1 H .397(equence that quotes the).15 F(current or pre)180 636 Q +(vious w)-.25 E(ord in Bash:)-.1 E F1($if)180 660 Q F0(Bash)2.5 E 2.5 +(#Q)180 672 S(uote the current or pre)-2.5 E(vious w)-.25 E(ord)-.1 E +("\\C\255xq": "\\eb\\"\\ef\\"")180 684 Q F1($endif)180 696 Q($endif)108 +712.8 Q F0(This command, as seen in the pre)9.33 E(vious e)-.25 E +(xample, terminates an)-.15 E F1($if)2.5 E F0(command.)2.5 E +(GNU Bash-4.1)72 768 Q(2010 June 12)147.345 E(38)197.335 E 0 Cg EP %%Page: 39 39 %%BeginPageSetup BP %%EndPageSetup /F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 389.54(SH\(1\) B).35 F(ASH\(1\)) --.35 E/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(Sear)87 84 Q(ching)-.18 E F0 .834 -(Readline pro)108 96 R .834 +-.35 E/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 SF($else)108 84 Q F0 +(Commands in this branch of the)15.45 E F1($if)2.5 E F0(directi)2.5 E .3 +-.15(ve a)-.25 H(re e).15 E -.15(xe)-.15 G(cuted if the test f).15 E +(ails.)-.1 E F1($include)108 100.8 Q F0 .357(This directi)144 112.8 R +.657 -.15(ve t)-.25 H(ak).15 E .357(es a single \214lename as an ar)-.1 +F .356(gument and reads commands and bindings from that)-.18 F 2.5 +(\214le. F)144 124.8 R(or e)-.15 E(xample, the follo)-.15 E +(wing directi)-.25 E .3 -.15(ve w)-.25 H(ould read).05 E/F2 10 +/Times-Italic@0 SF(/etc/inputr)2.5 E(c)-.37 E F0(:)A F1($include)144 +148.8 Q F2(/etc/inputr)5.833 E(c)-.37 E F1(Sear)87 165.6 Q(ching)-.18 E +F0 .834(Readline pro)108 177.6 R .834 (vides commands for searching through the command history \(see)-.15 F -/F2 9/Times-Bold@0 SF(HIST)3.335 E(OR)-.162 E(Y)-.315 E F0(belo)3.085 E -.835(w\) for lines)-.25 F(containing a speci\214ed string.)108 108 Q -(There are tw)5 E 2.5(os)-.1 G(earch modes:)-2.5 E/F3 10/Times-Italic@0 -SF(incr)2.51 E(emental)-.37 E F0(and)3.01 E F3(non-incr)2.5 E(emental) --.37 E F0(.).51 E .698(Incremental searches be)108 124.8 R .698 +/F3 9/Times-Bold@0 SF(HIST)3.335 E(OR)-.162 E(Y)-.315 E F0(belo)3.085 E +.835(w\) for lines)-.25 F(containing a speci\214ed string.)108 189.6 Q +(There are tw)5 E 2.5(os)-.1 G(earch modes:)-2.5 E F2(incr)2.51 E +(emental)-.37 E F0(and)3.01 E F2(non-incr)2.5 E(emental)-.37 E F0(.).51 +E .698(Incremental searches be)108 206.4 R .698 (gin before the user has \214nished typing the search string.)-.15 F .697(As each character of the)5.697 F .112 -(search string is typed, readline displays the ne)108 136.8 R .112 +(search string is typed, readline displays the ne)108 218.4 R .112 (xt entry from the history matching the string typed so f)-.15 F(ar)-.1 E 5.113(.A)-.55 G(n)-5.113 E .542 -(incremental search requires only as man)108 148.8 R 3.042(yc)-.15 G +(incremental search requires only as man)108 230.4 R 3.042(yc)-.15 G .542(haracters as needed to \214nd the desired history entry)-3.042 F 5.541(.T)-.65 G .541(he char)-5.541 F(-)-.2 E .224 -(acters present in the v)108 160.8 R .224(alue of the)-.25 F F1(isear) +(acters present in the v)108 242.4 R .224(alue of the)-.25 F F1(isear) 2.724 E(ch-terminators)-.18 E F0 -.25(va)2.724 G .224 (riable are used to terminate an incremental search.).25 F .66 -(If that v)108 172.8 R .66(ariable has not been assigned a v)-.25 F .66 +(If that v)108 254.4 R .66(ariable has not been assigned a v)-.25 F .66 (alue the Escape and Control-J characters will terminate an incre-)-.25 -F .096(mental search.)108 184.8 R .096(Control-G will abort an incremen\ +F .096(mental search.)108 266.4 R .096(Control-G will abort an incremen\ tal search and restore the original line.)5.096 F .097 (When the search is)5.097 F(terminated, the history entry containing th\ -e search string becomes the current line.)108 196.8 Q 2.939 -.8(To \214) -108 213.6 T 1.339(nd other matching entries in the history list, type C\ +e search string becomes the current line.)108 278.4 Q 2.939 -.8(To \214) +108 295.2 T 1.339(nd other matching entries in the history list, type C\ ontrol-S or Control-R as appropriate.).8 F 1.338(This will)6.338 F .674 -(search backw)108 225.6 R .674(ard or forw)-.1 F .674 +(search backw)108 307.2 R .674(ard or forw)-.1 F .674 (ard in the history for the ne)-.1 F .675 (xt entry matching the search string typed so f)-.15 F(ar)-.1 E 5.675 -(.A)-.55 G -.15(ny)-5.675 G .175(other k)108 237.6 R .475 -.15(ey s)-.1 +(.A)-.55 G -.15(ny)-5.675 G .175(other k)108 319.2 R .475 -.15(ey s)-.1 H .174 (equence bound to a readline command will terminate the search and e).15 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .174(cute that command.).15 F -.15(Fo)5.174 G(r).15 E -.54(instance, a)108 249.6 R F3(ne)3.04 E(wline)-.15 E F0 .541 +.54(instance, a)108 331.2 R F2(ne)3.04 E(wline)-.15 E F0 .541 (will terminate the search and accept the line, thereby e)3.04 F -.15 (xe)-.15 G .541(cuting the command from the).15 F(history list.)108 -261.6 Q .653(Readline remembers the last incremental search string.)108 -278.4 R .653(If tw)5.653 F 3.153(oC)-.1 G .653 +343.2 Q .653(Readline remembers the last incremental search string.)108 +360 R .653(If tw)5.653 F 3.153(oC)-.1 G .653 (ontrol-Rs are typed without an)-3.153 F 3.152(yi)-.15 G(nterv)-3.152 E -(en-)-.15 E(ing characters de\214ning a ne)108 290.4 Q 2.5(ws)-.25 G +(en-)-.15 E(ing characters de\214ning a ne)108 372 Q 2.5(ws)-.25 G (earch string, an)-2.5 E 2.5(yr)-.15 G(emembered search string is used.) -2.5 E .567(Non-incremental searches read the entire search string befo\ -re starting to search for matching history lines.)108 307.2 R(The searc\ +re starting to search for matching history lines.)108 388.8 R(The searc\ h string may be typed by the user or be part of the contents of the cur\ -rent line.)108 319.2 Q F1(Readline Command Names)87 336 Q F0 1.392 -(The follo)108 348 R 1.391 +rent line.)108 400.8 Q F1(Readline Command Names)87 417.6 Q F0 1.392 +(The follo)108 429.6 R 1.391 (wing is a list of the names of the commands and the def)-.25 F 1.391 (ault k)-.1 F 1.691 -.15(ey s)-.1 H 1.391(equences to which the).15 F -3.891(ya)-.15 G(re)-3.891 E 2.621(bound. Command)108 360 R .121 +3.891(ya)-.15 G(re)-3.891 E 2.621(bound. Command)108 441.6 R .121 (names without an accompan)2.621 F .121(ying k)-.15 F .421 -.15(ey s)-.1 H .122(equence are unbound by def).15 F 2.622(ault. In)-.1 F .122 -(the follo)2.622 F(wing)-.25 E(descriptions,)108 372 Q F3(point)3.411 E -F0 .911(refers to the current cursor position, and)3.411 F F3(mark)3.411 -E F0 .91(refers to a cursor position sa)3.411 F -.15(ve)-.2 G 3.41(db) -.15 G 3.41(yt)-3.41 G(he)-3.41 E F1(set\255mark)108 384 Q F0 2.5 +(the follo)2.622 F(wing)-.25 E(descriptions,)108 453.6 Q F2(point)3.411 +E F0 .911(refers to the current cursor position, and)3.411 F F2(mark) +3.411 E F0 .91(refers to a cursor position sa)3.411 F -.15(ve)-.2 G 3.41 +(db).15 G 3.41(yt)-3.41 G(he)-3.41 E F1(set\255mark)108 465.6 Q F0 2.5 (command. The)2.5 F(te)2.5 E -(xt between the point and mark is referred to as the)-.15 E F3 -.37(re) -2.5 G(gion)-.03 E F0(.)A F1(Commands f)87 400.8 Q(or Mo)-.25 E(ving)-.1 -E(beginning\255of\255line \(C\255a\))108 412.8 Q F0(Mo)144 424.8 Q .3 +(xt between the point and mark is referred to as the)-.15 E F2 -.37(re) +2.5 G(gion)-.03 E F0(.)A F1(Commands f)87 482.4 Q(or Mo)-.25 E(ving)-.1 +E(beginning\255of\255line \(C\255a\))108 494.4 Q F0(Mo)144 506.4 Q .3 -.15(ve t)-.15 H 2.5(ot).15 G(he start of the current line.)-2.5 E F1 -(end\255of\255line \(C\255e\))108 436.8 Q F0(Mo)144 448.8 Q .3 -.15 +(end\255of\255line \(C\255e\))108 518.4 Q F0(Mo)144 530.4 Q .3 -.15 (ve t)-.15 H 2.5(ot).15 G(he end of the line.)-2.5 E F1 -.25(fo)108 -460.8 S(rward\255char \(C\255f\)).25 E F0(Mo)144 472.8 Q .3 -.15(ve f) +542.4 S(rward\255char \(C\255f\)).25 E F0(Mo)144 554.4 Q .3 -.15(ve f) -.15 H(orw).15 E(ard a character)-.1 E(.)-.55 E F1 -(backward\255char \(C\255b\))108 484.8 Q F0(Mo)144 496.8 Q .3 -.15(ve b) --.15 H(ack a character).15 E(.)-.55 E F1 -.25(fo)108 508.8 S(rward\255w) -.25 E(ord \(M\255f\))-.1 E F0(Mo)144 520.8 Q .822 -.15(ve f)-.15 H(orw) +(backward\255char \(C\255b\))108 566.4 Q F0(Mo)144 578.4 Q .3 -.15(ve b) +-.15 H(ack a character).15 E(.)-.55 E F1 -.25(fo)108 590.4 S(rward\255w) +.25 E(ord \(M\255f\))-.1 E F0(Mo)144 602.4 Q .822 -.15(ve f)-.15 H(orw) .15 E .522(ard to the end of the ne)-.1 F .523(xt w)-.15 F 3.023(ord. W) -.1 F .523(ords are composed of alphanumeric characters \(let-)-.8 F -(ters and digits\).)144 532.8 Q F1(backward\255w)108 544.8 Q -(ord \(M\255b\))-.1 E F0(Mo)144 556.8 Q 1.71 -.15(ve b)-.15 H 1.41 +(ters and digits\).)144 614.4 Q F1(backward\255w)108 626.4 Q +(ord \(M\255b\))-.1 E F0(Mo)144 638.4 Q 1.71 -.15(ve b)-.15 H 1.41 (ack to the start of the current or pre).15 F 1.41(vious w)-.25 F 3.91 (ord. W)-.1 F 1.41(ords are composed of alphanumeric)-.8 F -(characters \(letters and digits\).)144 568.8 Q F1(shell\255f)108 580.8 -Q(orward\255w)-.25 E(ord)-.1 E F0(Mo)144 592.8 Q .784 -.15(ve f)-.15 H +(characters \(letters and digits\).)144 650.4 Q F1(shell\255f)108 662.4 +Q(orward\255w)-.25 E(ord)-.1 E F0(Mo)144 674.4 Q .784 -.15(ve f)-.15 H (orw).15 E .484(ard to the end of the ne)-.1 F .484(xt w)-.15 F 2.984 (ord. W)-.1 F .484(ords are delimited by non-quoted shell metacharac-) --.8 F(ters.)144 604.8 Q F1(shell\255backward\255w)108 616.8 Q(ord)-.1 E -F0(Mo)144 628.8 Q .909 -.15(ve b)-.15 H .609 +-.8 F(ters.)144 686.4 Q F1(shell\255backward\255w)108 698.4 Q(ord)-.1 E +F0(Mo)144 710.4 Q .909 -.15(ve b)-.15 H .609 (ack to the start of the current or pre).15 F .609(vious w)-.25 F 3.109 (ord. W)-.1 F .608(ords are delimited by non-quoted shell)-.8 F -(metacharacters.)144 640.8 Q F1(clear\255scr)108 652.8 Q(een \(C\255l\)) --.18 E F0 .993(Clear the screen lea)144 664.8 R .993 -(ving the current line at the top of the screen.)-.2 F -.4(Wi)5.993 G -.993(th an ar).4 F .993(gument, refresh the)-.18 F -(current line without clearing the screen.)144 676.8 Q F1 -.18(re)108 -688.8 S(draw\255curr).18 E(ent\255line)-.18 E F0 -(Refresh the current line.)144 700.8 Q(GNU Bash-4.1)72 768 Q -(2010 May 30)147.345 E(39)197.335 E 0 Cg EP +(metacharacters.)144 722.4 Q(GNU Bash-4.1)72 768 Q(2010 June 12)147.345 +E(39)197.335 E 0 Cg EP %%Page: 40 40 %%BeginPageSetup BP %%EndPageSetup /F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 389.54(SH\(1\) B).35 F(ASH\(1\)) --.35 E/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(Commands f)87 84 Q -(or Manipulating the History)-.25 E(accept\255line \(Newline, Retur)108 -96 Q(n\))-.15 E F0 .159(Accept the line re)144 108 R -.05(ga)-.15 G .159 +-.35 E/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(clear\255scr)108 84 Q(een \(C\255l\))-.18 E +F0 .993(Clear the screen lea)144 96 R .993 +(ving the current line at the top of the screen.)-.2 F -.4(Wi)5.993 G +.993(th an ar).4 F .993(gument, refresh the)-.18 F +(current line without clearing the screen.)144 108 Q F1 -.18(re)108 120 +S(draw\255curr).18 E(ent\255line)-.18 E F0(Refresh the current line.)144 +132 Q F1(Commands f)87 148.8 Q(or Manipulating the History)-.25 E +(accept\255line \(Newline, Retur)108 160.8 Q(n\))-.15 E F0 .159 +(Accept the line re)144 172.8 R -.05(ga)-.15 G .159 (rdless of where the cursor is.).05 F .158(If this line is non-empty) 5.158 F 2.658(,a)-.65 G .158(dd it to the history list)-2.658 F .699 -(according to the state of the)144 120 R/F2 9/Times-Bold@0 SF(HISTCONTR) -3.199 E(OL)-.27 E F0 -.25(va)2.949 G 3.199(riable. If).25 F .699 -(the line is a modi\214ed history line, then)3.199 F -(restore the history line to its original state.)144 132 Q F1(pr)108 144 -Q -.15(ev)-.18 G(ious\255history \(C\255p\)).15 E F0(Fetch the pre)144 -156 Q(vious command from the history list, mo)-.25 E -(ving back in the list.)-.15 E F1(next\255history \(C\255n\))108 168 Q -F0(Fetch the ne)144 180 Q(xt command from the history list, mo)-.15 E -(ving forw)-.15 E(ard in the list.)-.1 E F1 -(beginning\255of\255history \(M\255<\))108 192 Q F0(Mo)144 204 Q .3 -.15 -(ve t)-.15 H 2.5(ot).15 G(he \214rst line in the history)-2.5 E(.)-.65 E -F1(end\255of\255history \(M\255>\))108 216 Q F0(Mo)144 228 Q .3 -.15 -(ve t)-.15 H 2.5(ot).15 G(he end of the input history)-2.5 E 2.5(,i)-.65 -G(.e., the line currently being entered.)-2.5 E F1 -2.29 -.18(re v)108 -240 T(erse\255sear).08 E(ch\255history \(C\255r\))-.18 E F0 1.471 -(Search backw)144 252 R 1.471(ard starting at the current line and mo) --.1 F 1.47(ving `up' through the history as necessary)-.15 F(.)-.65 E -(This is an incremental search.)144 264 Q F1 -.25(fo)108 276 S +(according to the state of the)144 184.8 R/F2 9/Times-Bold@0 SF +(HISTCONTR)3.199 E(OL)-.27 E F0 -.25(va)2.949 G 3.199(riable. If).25 F +.699(the line is a modi\214ed history line, then)3.199 F +(restore the history line to its original state.)144 196.8 Q F1(pr)108 +208.8 Q -.15(ev)-.18 G(ious\255history \(C\255p\)).15 E F0 +(Fetch the pre)144 220.8 Q(vious command from the history list, mo)-.25 +E(ving back in the list.)-.15 E F1(next\255history \(C\255n\))108 232.8 +Q F0(Fetch the ne)144 244.8 Q(xt command from the history list, mo)-.15 +E(ving forw)-.15 E(ard in the list.)-.1 E F1 +(beginning\255of\255history \(M\255<\))108 256.8 Q F0(Mo)144 268.8 Q .3 +-.15(ve t)-.15 H 2.5(ot).15 G(he \214rst line in the history)-2.5 E(.) +-.65 E F1(end\255of\255history \(M\255>\))108 280.8 Q F0(Mo)144 292.8 Q +.3 -.15(ve t)-.15 H 2.5(ot).15 G(he end of the input history)-2.5 E 2.5 +(,i)-.65 G(.e., the line currently being entered.)-2.5 E F1 -2.29 -.18 +(re v)108 304.8 T(erse\255sear).08 E(ch\255history \(C\255r\))-.18 E F0 +1.471(Search backw)144 316.8 R 1.471 +(ard starting at the current line and mo)-.1 F 1.47 +(ving `up' through the history as necessary)-.15 F(.)-.65 E +(This is an incremental search.)144 328.8 Q F1 -.25(fo)108 340.8 S (rward\255sear).25 E(ch\255history \(C\255s\))-.18 E F0 1.131 -(Search forw)144 288 R 1.131(ard starting at the current line and mo)-.1 -F 1.132(ving `do)-.15 F 1.132(wn' through the history as necessary)-.25 -F(.)-.65 E(This is an incremental search.)144 300 Q F1(non\255incr)108 -312 Q(emental\255r)-.18 E -2.3 -.15(ev e)-.18 H(rse\255sear).15 E -(ch\255history \(M\255p\))-.18 E F0 .165(Search backw)144 324 R .164(ar\ -d through the history starting at the current line using a non-incremen\ -tal search for)-.1 F 2.5(as)144 336 S(tring supplied by the user)-2.5 E -(.)-.55 E F1(non\255incr)108 348 Q(emental\255f)-.18 E(orward\255sear) --.25 E(ch\255history \(M\255n\))-.18 E F0 1.353(Search forw)144 360 R -1.354(ard through the history using a non-incremental search for a stri\ -ng supplied by the)-.1 F(user)144 372 Q(.)-.55 E F1(history\255sear)108 -384 Q(ch\255f)-.18 E(orward)-.25 E F0 .249(Search forw)144 396 R .249(a\ -rd through the history for the string of characters between the start o\ -f the current line)-.1 F(and the point.)144 408 Q -(This is a non-incremental search.)5 E F1(history\255sear)108 420 Q -(ch\255backward)-.18 E F0 .95(Search backw)144 432 R .951(ard through t\ -he history for the string of characters between the start of the curren\ -t)-.1 F(line and the point.)144 444 Q(This is a non-incremental search.) -5 E F1(yank\255nth\255ar)108 456 Q 2.5(g\()-.1 G<4dad43ad7929>-2.5 E F0 -.622(Insert the \214rst ar)144 468 R .622(gument to the pre)-.18 F .622 +(Search forw)144 352.8 R 1.131(ard starting at the current line and mo) +-.1 F 1.132(ving `do)-.15 F 1.132(wn' through the history as necessary) +-.25 F(.)-.65 E(This is an incremental search.)144 364.8 Q F1 +(non\255incr)108 376.8 Q(emental\255r)-.18 E -2.3 -.15(ev e)-.18 H +(rse\255sear).15 E(ch\255history \(M\255p\))-.18 E F0 .165(Search backw) +144 388.8 R .164(ard through the history starting at the current line u\ +sing a non-incremental search for)-.1 F 2.5(as)144 400.8 S +(tring supplied by the user)-2.5 E(.)-.55 E F1(non\255incr)108 412.8 Q +(emental\255f)-.18 E(orward\255sear)-.25 E(ch\255history \(M\255n\))-.18 +E F0 1.353(Search forw)144 424.8 R 1.354(ard through the history using \ +a non-incremental search for a string supplied by the)-.1 F(user)144 +436.8 Q(.)-.55 E F1(history\255sear)108 448.8 Q(ch\255f)-.18 E(orward) +-.25 E F0 .249(Search forw)144 460.8 R .249(ard through the history for\ + the string of characters between the start of the current line)-.1 F +(and the point.)144 472.8 Q(This is a non-incremental search.)5 E F1 +(history\255sear)108 484.8 Q(ch\255backward)-.18 E F0 .95(Search backw) +144 496.8 R .951(ard through the history for the string of characters b\ +etween the start of the current)-.1 F(line and the point.)144 508.8 Q +(This is a non-incremental search.)5 E F1(yank\255nth\255ar)108 520.8 Q +2.5(g\()-.1 G<4dad43ad7929>-2.5 E F0 .622(Insert the \214rst ar)144 +532.8 R .622(gument to the pre)-.18 F .622 (vious command \(usually the second w)-.25 F .622(ord on the pre)-.1 F -.622(vious line\))-.25 F .794(at point.)144 480 R -.4(Wi)5.794 G .794 +.622(vious line\))-.25 F .794(at point.)144 544.8 R -.4(Wi)5.794 G .794 (th an ar).4 F(gument)-.18 E/F3 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(n)3.294 E F0 3.294 (,i).24 G .794(nsert the)-3.294 F F3(n)3.294 E F0 .794(th w)B .794 (ord from the pre)-.1 F .794(vious command \(the w)-.25 F .795 -(ords in the)-.1 F(pre)144 492 Q .292(vious command be)-.25 F .292 +(ords in the)-.1 F(pre)144 556.8 Q .292(vious command be)-.25 F .292 (gin with w)-.15 F .291(ord 0\).)-.1 F 2.791(An)5.291 G -2.25 -.15(eg a) -2.791 H(ti).15 E .591 -.15(ve a)-.25 H -.18(rg).15 G .291 (ument inserts the).18 F F3(n)2.791 E F0 .291(th w)B .291 -(ord from the end of)-.1 F .281(the pre)144 504 R .281(vious command.) +(ord from the end of)-.1 F .281(the pre)144 568.8 R .281(vious command.) -.25 F .281(Once the ar)5.281 F(gument)-.18 E F3(n)2.781 E F0 .281 (is computed, the ar)2.781 F .281(gument is e)-.18 F .282 -(xtracted as if the "!)-.15 F F3(n)A F0(")A(history e)144 516 Q -(xpansion had been speci\214ed.)-.15 E F1(yank\255last\255ar)108 528 Q +(xtracted as if the "!)-.15 F F3(n)A F0(")A(history e)144 580.8 Q +(xpansion had been speci\214ed.)-.15 E F1(yank\255last\255ar)108 592.8 Q 2.5(g\()-.1 G -1.667(M\255. ,)-2.5 F -1.667(M\255_ \))2.5 F F0 1.308 -(Insert the last ar)144 540 R 1.308(gument to the pre)-.18 F 1.307 +(Insert the last ar)144 604.8 R 1.308(gument to the pre)-.18 F 1.307 (vious command \(the last w)-.25 F 1.307(ord of the pre)-.1 F 1.307 -(vious history entry\).)-.25 F -.4(Wi)144 552 S .735(th an ar).4 F .735 -(gument, beha)-.18 F 1.035 -.15(ve ex)-.2 H .735(actly lik).15 F(e)-.1 E -F1(yank\255nth\255ar)3.235 E(g)-.1 E F0 5.736(.S)C(uccessi)-5.736 E -1.036 -.15(ve c)-.25 H .736(alls to).15 F F1(yank\255last\255ar)3.236 E -(g)-.1 E F0(mo)3.236 E -.15(ve)-.15 G .728 -(back through the history list, inserting the last ar)144 564 R .728 +(vious history entry\).)-.25 F -.4(Wi)144 616.8 S .735(th an ar).4 F +.735(gument, beha)-.18 F 1.035 -.15(ve ex)-.2 H .735(actly lik).15 F(e) +-.1 E F1(yank\255nth\255ar)3.235 E(g)-.1 E F0 5.736(.S)C(uccessi)-5.736 +E 1.036 -.15(ve c)-.25 H .736(alls to).15 F F1(yank\255last\255ar)3.236 +E(g)-.1 E F0(mo)3.236 E -.15(ve)-.15 G .728 +(back through the history list, inserting the last ar)144 628.8 R .728 (gument of each line in turn.)-.18 F .728(The history e)5.728 F(xpan-) --.15 E .14(sion f)144 576 R .14(acilities are used to e)-.1 F .14 +-.15 E .14(sion f)144 640.8 R .14(acilities are used to e)-.1 F .14 (xtract the last ar)-.15 F .14(gument, as if the "!$" history e)-.18 F -.14(xpansion had been speci-)-.15 F(\214ed.)144 588 Q F1 -(shell\255expand\255line \(M\255C\255e\))108 600 Q F0 .623 -(Expand the line as the shell does.)144 612 R .622 +.14(xpansion had been speci-)-.15 F(\214ed.)144 652.8 Q F1 +(shell\255expand\255line \(M\255C\255e\))108 664.8 Q F0 .623 +(Expand the line as the shell does.)144 676.8 R .622 (This performs alias and history e)5.622 F .622 -(xpansion as well as all of the)-.15 F(shell w)144 624 Q(ord e)-.1 E 2.5 -(xpansions. 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F(tion of history e)144 724.8 Q(xpansion.)-.15 E(GNU Bash-4.1)72 +768 Q(2010 June 12)147.345 E(40)197.335 E 0 Cg EP %%Page: 41 41 %%BeginPageSetup BP %%EndPageSetup /F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 389.54(SH\(1\) B).35 F(ASH\(1\)) --.35 E/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(alias\255expand\255line)108 84 Q F0 .394 -(Perform alias e)144 96 R .394(xpansion on the current line.)-.15 F(See) -5.395 E/F2 9/Times-Bold@0 SF(ALIASES)2.895 E F0(abo)2.645 E .695 -.15 -(ve f)-.15 H .395(or a description of alias e).15 F(xpan-)-.15 E(sion.) -144 108 Q F1(history\255and\255alias\255expand\255line)108 120 Q F0 -(Perform history and alias e)144 132 Q(xpansion on the current line.) --.15 E F1(insert\255last\255ar)108 144 Q(gument \(M\255.)-.1 E 2.5(,M) -.833 G -1.667(\255_ \))-2.5 F F0 2.5(As)144 156 S(ynon)-2.5 E(ym for) +-.35 E/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(magic\255space)108 84 Q F0 1.627 +(Perform history e)144 96 R 1.627 +(xpansion on the current line and insert a space.)-.15 F(See)6.626 E/F2 +9/Times-Bold@0 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W)-.1 F 1.698(ith a ne)-.4 F +580.8 R 1.698(wing\) w)-.25 F 4.198(ord. W)-.1 F 1.698(ith a ne)-.4 F -.05(ga)-.15 G(ti).05 E 1.999 -.15(ve a)-.25 H -.18(rg).15 G 1.699 -(ument, uppercase the pre).18 F(vious)-.25 E -.1(wo)144 556.8 S(rd, b).1 -E(ut do not mo)-.2 E .3 -.15(ve p)-.15 H(oint.).15 E F1(do)108 568.8 Q -(wncase\255w)-.1 E(ord \(M\255l\))-.1 E F0(Lo)144 580.8 Q 1.648 +(ument, uppercase the pre).18 F(vious)-.25 E -.1(wo)144 592.8 S(rd, b).1 +E(ut do not mo)-.2 E .3 -.15(ve p)-.15 H(oint.).15 E F1(do)108 604.8 Q +(wncase\255w)-.1 E(ord \(M\255l\))-.1 E F0(Lo)144 616.8 Q 1.648 (wercase the current \(or follo)-.25 F 1.648(wing\) w)-.25 F 4.148 (ord. W)-.1 F 1.647(ith a ne)-.4 F -.05(ga)-.15 G(ti).05 E 1.947 -.15 (ve a)-.25 H -.18(rg).15 G 1.647(ument, lo).18 F 1.647(wercase the pre) --.25 F(vious)-.25 E -.1(wo)144 592.8 S(rd, b).1 E(ut do not mo)-.2 E .3 --.15(ve p)-.15 H(oint.).15 E F1(capitalize\255w)108 604.8 Q +-.25 F(vious)-.25 E -.1(wo)144 628.8 S(rd, b).1 E(ut do not mo)-.2 E .3 +-.15(ve p)-.15 H(oint.).15 E F1(capitalize\255w)108 640.8 Q (ord \(M\255c\))-.1 E F0 1.974(Capitalize the current \(or follo)144 -616.8 R 1.974(wing\) w)-.25 F 4.474(ord. W)-.1 F 1.974(ith a ne)-.4 F +652.8 R 1.974(wing\) w)-.25 F 4.474(ord. W)-.1 F 1.974(ith a ne)-.4 F -.05(ga)-.15 G(ti).05 E 2.274 -.15(ve a)-.25 H -.18(rg).15 G 1.975 -(ument, capitalize the pre).18 F(vious)-.25 E -.1(wo)144 628.8 S(rd, b) +(ument, capitalize the pre).18 F(vious)-.25 E -.1(wo)144 664.8 S(rd, b) .1 E(ut do not mo)-.2 E .3 -.15(ve p)-.15 H(oint.).15 E F1 -.1(ove)108 -640.8 S(rwrite\255mode).1 E F0 -.8(To)144 652.8 S .438(ggle o).8 F -.15 +676.8 S(rwrite\255mode).1 E F0 -.8(To)144 688.8 S .438(ggle o).8 F -.15 (ve)-.15 G .438(rwrite mode.).15 F -.4(Wi)5.438 G .438(th an e).4 F .438 (xplicit positi)-.15 F .737 -.15(ve n)-.25 H .437(umeric ar).15 F .437 (gument, switches to o)-.18 F -.15(ve)-.15 G .437(rwrite mode.).15 F -.4 -(Wi)144 664.8 S .78(th an e).4 F .781(xplicit non-positi)-.15 F 1.081 +(Wi)144 700.8 S .78(th an e).4 F .781(xplicit non-positi)-.15 F 1.081 -.15(ve n)-.25 H .781(umeric ar).15 F .781 (gument, switches to insert mode.)-.18 F .781(This command af)5.781 F -(fects)-.25 E(only)144 676.8 Q F1(emacs)4.395 E F0(mode;)4.395 E F1(vi) +(fects)-.25 E(only)144 712.8 Q F1(emacs)4.395 E F0(mode;)4.395 E F1(vi) 4.395 E F0 1.894(mode does o)4.395 F -.15(ve)-.15 G 1.894(rwrite dif).15 F(ferently)-.25 E 6.894(.E)-.65 G 1.894(ach call to)-6.894 F F4 -.37(re) 4.394 G(adline\(\)).37 E F0 1.894(starts in insert)4.394 F 3.968 -(mode. In)144 688.8 R -.15(ove)3.968 G 1.468 +(mode. In)144 724.8 R -.15(ove)3.968 G 1.468 (rwrite mode, characters bound to).15 F F1(self\255insert)3.969 E F0 -1.469(replace the te)3.969 F 1.469(xt at point rather than)-.15 F .958 -(pushing the te)144 700.8 R .958(xt to the right.)-.15 F .957 -(Characters bound to)5.958 F F1(backward\255delete\255char)3.457 E F0 -.957(replace the character)3.457 F(before point with a space.)144 712.8 -Q(By def)5 E(ault, this command is unbound.)-.1 E(GNU Bash-4.1)72 768 Q -(2010 May 30)147.345 E(41)197.335 E 0 Cg EP +1.469(replace the te)3.969 F 1.469(xt at point rather than)-.15 F +(GNU Bash-4.1)72 768 Q(2010 June 12)147.345 E(41)197.335 E 0 Cg EP %%Page: 42 42 %%BeginPageSetup BP %%EndPageSetup /F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 389.54(SH\(1\) B).35 F(ASH\(1\)) --.35 E/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(Killing and Y)87 84 Q(anking)-.85 E -(kill\255line \(C\255k\))108 96 Q F0(Kill the te)144 108 Q -(xt from point to the end of the line.)-.15 E F1 -(backward\255kill\255line \(C\255x Rubout\))108 120 Q F0(Kill backw)144 -132 Q(ard to the be)-.1 E(ginning of the line.)-.15 E F1 -(unix\255line\255discard \(C\255u\))108 144 Q F0(Kill backw)144 156 Q -(ard from point to the be)-.1 E(ginning of the line.)-.15 E +-.35 E .958(pushing the te)144 84 R .958(xt to the right.)-.15 F .957 +(Characters bound to)5.958 F/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 SF +(backward\255delete\255char)3.457 E F0 .957(replace the character)3.457 +F(before point with a space.)144 96 Q(By def)5 E +(ault, this command is unbound.)-.1 E F1(Killing and Y)87 112.8 Q +(anking)-.85 E(kill\255line \(C\255k\))108 124.8 Q F0(Kill the te)144 +136.8 Q(xt from point to the end of the line.)-.15 E F1 +(backward\255kill\255line \(C\255x Rubout\))108 148.8 Q F0(Kill backw) +144 160.8 Q(ard to the be)-.1 E(ginning of the line.)-.15 E F1 +(unix\255line\255discard \(C\255u\))108 172.8 Q F0(Kill backw)144 184.8 +Q(ard from point to the be)-.1 E(ginning of the line.)-.15 E (The killed te)5 E(xt is sa)-.15 E -.15(ve)-.2 G 2.5(do).15 G 2.5(nt) --2.5 G(he kill-ring.)-2.5 E F1(kill\255whole\255line)108 168 Q F0 +-2.5 G(he kill-ring.)-2.5 E F1(kill\255whole\255line)108 196.8 Q F0 (Kill all characters on the current line, no matter where point is.)144 -180 Q F1(kill\255w)108 192 Q(ord \(M\255d\))-.1 E F0 .728 -(Kill from point to the end of the current w)144 204 R .729 +208.8 Q F1(kill\255w)108 220.8 Q(ord \(M\255d\))-.1 E F0 .728 +(Kill from point to the end of the current w)144 232.8 R .729 (ord, or if between w)-.1 F .729(ords, to the end of the ne)-.1 F .729 -(xt w)-.15 F(ord.)-.1 E -.8(Wo)144 216 S +(xt w)-.15 F(ord.)-.1 E -.8(Wo)144 244.8 S (rd boundaries are the same as those used by).8 E F1 -.25(fo)2.5 G -(rward\255w).25 E(ord)-.1 E F0(.)A F1(backward\255kill\255w)108 228 Q -(ord \(M\255Rubout\))-.1 E F0(Kill the w)144 240 Q(ord behind point.)-.1 -E -.8(Wo)5 G(rd boundaries are the same as those used by).8 E F1 -(backward\255w)2.5 E(ord)-.1 E F0(.)A F1(shell\255kill\255w)108 252 Q +(rward\255w).25 E(ord)-.1 E F0(.)A F1(backward\255kill\255w)108 256.8 Q +(ord \(M\255Rubout\))-.1 E F0(Kill the w)144 268.8 Q(ord behind point.) +-.1 E -.8(Wo)5 G(rd boundaries are the same as those used by).8 E F1 +(backward\255w)2.5 E(ord)-.1 E F0(.)A F1(shell\255kill\255w)108 280.8 Q (ord \(M\255d\))-.1 E F0 .729 -(Kill from point to the end of the current w)144 264 R .728 +(Kill from point to the end of the current w)144 292.8 R .728 (ord, or if between w)-.1 F .728(ords, to the end of the ne)-.1 F .728 -(xt w)-.15 F(ord.)-.1 E -.8(Wo)144 276 S +(xt w)-.15 F(ord.)-.1 E -.8(Wo)144 304.8 S (rd boundaries are the same as those used by).8 E F1(shell\255f)2.5 E (orward\255w)-.25 E(ord)-.1 E F0(.)A F1(shell\255backward\255kill\255w) -108 288 Q(ord \(M\255Rubout\))-.1 E F0 3.025(Kill the w)144 300 R 3.025 -(ord behind point.)-.1 F -.8(Wo)8.025 G 3.025 +108 316.8 Q(ord \(M\255Rubout\))-.1 E F0 3.025(Kill the w)144 328.8 R +3.025(ord behind point.)-.1 F -.8(Wo)8.025 G 3.025 (rd boundaries are the same as those used by).8 F F1(shell\255back-) -5.525 E(ward\255w)144 312 Q(ord)-.1 E F0(.)A F1(unix\255w)108 324 Q -(ord\255rubout \(C\255w\))-.1 E F0 .365(Kill the w)144 336 R .365 +5.525 E(ward\255w)144 340.8 Q(ord)-.1 E F0(.)A F1(unix\255w)108 352.8 Q +(ord\255rubout \(C\255w\))-.1 E F0 .365(Kill the w)144 364.8 R .365 (ord behind point, using white space as a w)-.1 F .364(ord boundary)-.1 F 5.364(.T)-.65 G .364(he killed te)-5.364 F .364(xt is sa)-.15 F -.15 (ve)-.2 G 2.864(do).15 G 2.864(nt)-2.864 G(he)-2.864 E(kill-ring.)144 -348 Q F1(unix\255\214lename\255rubout)108 360 Q F0 .166(Kill the w)144 -372 R .166 +376.8 Q F1(unix\255\214lename\255rubout)108 388.8 Q F0 .166(Kill the w) +144 400.8 R .166 (ord behind point, using white space and the slash character as the w) --.1 F .167(ord boundaries.)-.1 F(The)5.167 E(killed te)144 384 Q +-.1 F .167(ord boundaries.)-.1 F(The)5.167 E(killed te)144 412.8 Q (xt is sa)-.15 E -.15(ve)-.2 G 2.5(do).15 G 2.5(nt)-2.5 G(he kill-ring.) --2.5 E F1(delete\255horizontal\255space \(M\255\\\))108 396 Q F0 -(Delete all spaces and tabs around point.)144 408 Q F1(kill\255r)108 420 -Q(egion)-.18 E F0(Kill the te)144 432 Q(xt in the current re)-.15 E -(gion.)-.15 E F1(copy\255r)108 444 Q(egion\255as\255kill)-.18 E F0(Cop) -144 456 Q 2.5(yt)-.1 G(he te)-2.5 E(xt in the re)-.15 E +-2.5 E F1(delete\255horizontal\255space \(M\255\\\))108 424.8 Q F0 +(Delete all spaces and tabs around point.)144 436.8 Q F1(kill\255r)108 +448.8 Q(egion)-.18 E F0(Kill the te)144 460.8 Q(xt in the current re) +-.15 E(gion.)-.15 E F1(copy\255r)108 472.8 Q(egion\255as\255kill)-.18 E +F0(Cop)144 484.8 Q 2.5(yt)-.1 G(he te)-2.5 E(xt in the re)-.15 E (gion to the kill b)-.15 E(uf)-.2 E(fer)-.25 E(.)-.55 E F1 -(copy\255backward\255w)108 468 Q(ord)-.1 E F0(Cop)144 480 Q 4.801(yt)-.1 -G 2.301(he w)-4.801 F 2.301(ord before point to the kill b)-.1 F(uf)-.2 -E(fer)-.25 E 7.301(.T)-.55 G 2.301(he w)-7.301 F 2.3 -(ord boundaries are the same as)-.1 F F1(back-)4.8 E(ward\255w)144 492 Q -(ord)-.1 E F0(.)A F1(copy\255f)108 504 Q(orward\255w)-.25 E(ord)-.1 E F0 -(Cop)144 516 Q 4.507(yt)-.1 G 2.007(he w)-4.507 F 2.007(ord follo)-.1 F -2.007(wing point to the kill b)-.25 F(uf)-.2 E(fer)-.25 E 7.008(.T)-.55 -G 2.008(he w)-7.008 F 2.008(ord boundaries are the same as)-.1 F F1 -.25 -(fo)4.508 G -.37(r-).25 G(ward\255w)144 528 Q(ord)-.1 E F0(.)A F1 -(yank \(C\255y\))108 540 Q F0 -1(Ya)144 552 S +(copy\255backward\255w)108 496.8 Q(ord)-.1 E F0(Cop)144 508.8 Q 4.801 +(yt)-.1 G 2.301(he w)-4.801 F 2.301(ord before point to the kill b)-.1 F +(uf)-.2 E(fer)-.25 E 7.301(.T)-.55 G 2.301(he w)-7.301 F 2.3 +(ord boundaries are the same as)-.1 F F1(back-)4.8 E(ward\255w)144 520.8 +Q(ord)-.1 E F0(.)A F1(copy\255f)108 532.8 Q(orward\255w)-.25 E(ord)-.1 E +F0(Cop)144 544.8 Q 4.507(yt)-.1 G 2.007(he w)-4.507 F 2.007(ord follo) +-.1 F 2.007(wing point to the kill b)-.25 F(uf)-.2 E(fer)-.25 E 7.008 +(.T)-.55 G 2.008(he w)-7.008 F 2.008(ord boundaries are the same as)-.1 +F F1 -.25(fo)4.508 G -.37(r-).25 G(ward\255w)144 556.8 Q(ord)-.1 E F0(.) +A F1(yank \(C\255y\))108 568.8 Q F0 -1(Ya)144 580.8 S (nk the top of the kill ring into the b)1 E(uf)-.2 E(fer at point.)-.25 -E F1(yank\255pop \(M\255y\))108 564 Q F0 -(Rotate the kill ring, and yank the ne)144 576 Q 2.5(wt)-.25 G 2.5 +E F1(yank\255pop \(M\255y\))108 592.8 Q F0 +(Rotate the kill ring, and yank the ne)144 604.8 Q 2.5(wt)-.25 G 2.5 (op. Only)-2.5 F -.1(wo)2.5 G(rks follo).1 E(wing)-.25 E F1(yank)2.5 E -F0(or)2.5 E F1(yank\255pop)2.5 E F0(.)A F1(Numeric Ar)87 592.8 Q -(guments)-.1 E(digit\255ar)108 604.8 Q +F0(or)2.5 E F1(yank\255pop)2.5 E F0(.)A F1(Numeric Ar)87 621.6 Q +(guments)-.1 E(digit\255ar)108 633.6 Q (gument \(M\2550, M\2551, ..., M\255\255\))-.1 E F0 .642 -(Add this digit to the ar)144 616.8 R .641 +(Add this digit to the ar)144 645.6 R .641 (gument already accumulating, or start a ne)-.18 F 3.141(wa)-.25 G -.18 (rg)-3.141 G 3.141(ument. M\255\255).18 F .641(starts a ne)3.141 F(g-) --.15 E(ati)144 628.8 Q .3 -.15(ve a)-.25 H -.18(rg).15 G(ument.).18 E F1 -(uni)108 640.8 Q -.1(ve)-.1 G(rsal\255ar).1 E(gument)-.1 E F0 .778 -(This is another w)144 652.8 R .779(ay to specify an ar)-.1 F 3.279 +-.15 E(ati)144 657.6 Q .3 -.15(ve a)-.25 H -.18(rg).15 G(ument.).18 E F1 +(uni)108 669.6 Q -.1(ve)-.1 G(rsal\255ar).1 E(gument)-.1 E F0 .778 +(This is another w)144 681.6 R .779(ay to specify an ar)-.1 F 3.279 (gument. If)-.18 F .779(this command is follo)3.279 F .779 (wed by one or more digits,)-.25 F 1.376 (optionally with a leading minus sign, those digits de\214ne the ar)144 -664.8 R 3.876(gument. If)-.18 F 1.376(the command is fol-)3.876 F(lo)144 -676.8 Q 1.17(wed by digits, e)-.25 F -.15(xe)-.15 G(cuting).15 E F1(uni) +693.6 R 3.876(gument. If)-.18 F 1.376(the command is fol-)3.876 F(lo)144 +705.6 Q 1.17(wed by digits, e)-.25 F -.15(xe)-.15 G(cuting).15 E F1(uni) 3.67 E -.1(ve)-.1 G(rsal\255ar).1 E(gument)-.1 E F0(ag)3.67 E 1.17 (ain ends the numeric ar)-.05 F 1.17(gument, b)-.18 F 1.17(ut is other) --.2 F(-)-.2 E .899(wise ignored.)144 688.8 R .898 +-.2 F(-)-.2 E .899(wise ignored.)144 717.6 R .898 (As a special case, if this command is immediately follo)5.899 F .898 (wed by a character that is)-.25 F .243 -(neither a digit or minus sign, the ar)144 700.8 R .243 +(neither a digit or minus sign, the ar)144 729.6 R .243 (gument count for the ne)-.18 F .243(xt command is multiplied by four) --.15 F 5.243(.T)-.55 G(he)-5.243 E(ar)144 712.8 Q .378 -(gument count is initially one, so e)-.18 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .378 -(cuting this function the \214rst time mak).15 F .378(es the ar)-.1 F -.378(gument count)-.18 F(four)144 724.8 Q 2.5(,as)-.4 G(econd time mak) --2.5 E(es the ar)-.1 E(gument count sixteen, and so on.)-.18 E -(GNU Bash-4.1)72 768 Q(2010 May 30)147.345 E(42)197.335 E 0 Cg EP +-.15 F 5.243(.T)-.55 G(he)-5.243 E(GNU Bash-4.1)72 768 Q(2010 June 12) +147.345 E(42)197.335 E 0 Cg EP %%Page: 43 43 %%BeginPageSetup BP %%EndPageSetup /F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 389.54(SH\(1\) B).35 F(ASH\(1\)) --.35 E/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(Completing)87 84 Q(complete \(T)108 96 Q -(AB\))-.9 E F0 1.137(Attempt to perform completion on the te)144 108 R -1.137(xt before point.)-.15 F F1(Bash)6.137 E F0 1.137 -(attempts completion treating the)3.637 F(te)144 120 Q .533(xt as a v) +-.35 E(ar)144 84 Q .378(gument count is initially one, so e)-.18 F -.15 +(xe)-.15 G .378(cuting this function the \214rst time mak).15 F .378 +(es the ar)-.1 F .378(gument count)-.18 F(four)144 96 Q 2.5(,as)-.4 G +(econd time mak)-2.5 E(es the ar)-.1 E(gument count sixteen, and so on.) +-.18 E/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(Completing)87 112.8 Q(complete \(T)108 +124.8 Q(AB\))-.9 E F0 1.137(Attempt to perform completion on the te)144 +136.8 R 1.137(xt before point.)-.15 F F1(Bash)6.137 E F0 1.137 +(attempts completion treating the)3.637 F(te)144 148.8 Q .533(xt as a v) -.15 F .533(ariable \(if the te)-.25 F .533(xt be)-.15 F .533(gins with) -.15 F F1($)3.033 E F0 .533(\), username \(if the te)B .532(xt be)-.15 F .532(gins with)-.15 F F1(~)3.032 E F0 .532(\), hostname \(if the)B(te) -144 132 Q .701(xt be)-.15 F .701(gins with)-.15 F F1(@)3.201 E F0 .701 +144 160.8 Q .701(xt be)-.15 F .701(gins with)-.15 F F1(@)3.201 E F0 .701 (\), or command \(including aliases and functions\) in turn.)B .702 (If none of these pro-)5.701 F -(duces a match, \214lename completion is attempted.)144 144 Q F1 -(possible\255completions \(M\255?\))108 156 Q F0 -(List the possible completions of the te)144 168 Q(xt before point.)-.15 -E F1(insert\255completions \(M\255*\))108 180 Q F0 .783 -(Insert all completions of the te)144 192 R .783(xt before point that w) --.15 F .783(ould ha)-.1 F 1.083 -.15(ve b)-.2 H .783(een generated by) -.15 F F1(possible\255com-)3.282 E(pletions)144 204 Q F0(.)A F1 -(menu\255complete)108 216 Q F0 .928(Similar to)144 228 R F1(complete) -3.428 E F0 3.428(,b)C .929(ut replaces the w)-3.628 F .929 -(ord to be completed with a single match from the list of)-.1 F 1.194 -(possible completions.)144 240 R 1.194(Repeated e)6.194 F -.15(xe)-.15 G -1.194(cution of).15 F F1(menu\255complete)3.694 E F0 1.193 +(duces a match, \214lename completion is attempted.)144 172.8 Q F1 +(possible\255completions \(M\255?\))108 184.8 Q F0 +(List the possible completions of the te)144 196.8 Q(xt before point.) +-.15 E F1(insert\255completions \(M\255*\))108 208.8 Q F0 .783 +(Insert all completions of the te)144 220.8 R .783 +(xt before point that w)-.15 F .783(ould ha)-.1 F 1.083 -.15(ve b)-.2 H +.783(een generated by).15 F F1(possible\255com-)3.282 E(pletions)144 +232.8 Q F0(.)A F1(menu\255complete)108 244.8 Q F0 .928(Similar to)144 +256.8 R F1(complete)3.428 E F0 3.428(,b)C .929(ut replaces the w)-3.628 +F .929(ord to be completed with a single match from the list of)-.1 F +1.194(possible completions.)144 268.8 R 1.194(Repeated e)6.194 F -.15 +(xe)-.15 G 1.194(cution of).15 F F1(menu\255complete)3.694 E F0 1.193 (steps through the list of possible)3.694 F .828 -(completions, inserting each match in turn.)144 252 R .828 +(completions, inserting each match in turn.)144 280.8 R .828 (At the end of the list of completions, the bell is rung)5.828 F .727 -(\(subject to the setting of)144 264 R F1(bell\255style)3.227 E F0 3.227 -(\)a)C .727(nd the original te)-3.227 F .727(xt is restored.)-.15 F .727 -(An ar)5.727 F .727(gument of)-.18 F/F2 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(n)3.227 E -F0(mo)3.227 E -.15(ve)-.15 G(s).15 E F2(n)3.227 E F0 1.73 -(positions forw)144 276 R 1.73(ard in the list of matches; a ne)-.1 F +(\(subject to the setting of)144 292.8 R F1(bell\255style)3.227 E F0 +3.227(\)a)C .727(nd the original te)-3.227 F .727(xt is restored.)-.15 F +.727(An ar)5.727 F .727(gument of)-.18 F/F2 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(n)3.227 +E F0(mo)3.227 E -.15(ve)-.15 G(s).15 E F2(n)3.227 E F0 1.73 +(positions forw)144 304.8 R 1.73(ard in the list of matches; a ne)-.1 F -.05(ga)-.15 G(ti).05 E 2.03 -.15(ve a)-.25 H -.18(rg).15 G 1.73 (ument may be used to mo).18 F 2.03 -.15(ve b)-.15 H(ackw).15 E(ard)-.1 -E(through the list.)144 288 Q(This command is intended to be bound to)5 -E F1 -.9(TA)2.5 G(B).9 E F0 2.5(,b)C(ut is unbound by def)-2.7 E(ault.) --.1 E F1(menu\255complete-)108 300 Q(w)10 I(k)-7.22 -10 M(c)-5.56 -10 M -(rd)2.78 10 M F0 .82(Identical to)144 312 R F1(menu\255complete)3.32 E -F0 3.32(,b)C .82(ut mo)-3.52 F -.15(ve)-.15 G 3.32(sb).15 G(ackw)-3.32 E -.82(ard through the list of possible completions, as if)-.1 F F1 -(menu\255complete)144 324 Q F0(had been gi)2.5 E -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.5(nan) -.15 G -2.25 -.15(eg a)-2.5 H(ti).15 E .3 -.15(ve a)-.25 H -.18(rg).15 G -2.5(ument. This).18 F(command is unbound by def)2.5 E(ault.)-.1 E F1 -(delete\255char\255or\255list)108 336 Q F0 .234 -(Deletes the character under the cursor if not at the be)144 348 R .234 -(ginning or end of the line \(lik)-.15 F(e)-.1 E F1(delete\255char)2.735 -E F0(\).)A .425(If at the end of the line, beha)144 360 R -.15(ve)-.2 G -2.925(si).15 G .425(dentically to)-2.925 F F1(possible\255completions) -2.925 E F0 5.425(.T)C .425(his command is unbound)-5.425 F(by def)144 -372 Q(ault.)-.1 E F1(complete\255\214lename \(M\255/\))108 384 Q F0 -(Attempt \214lename completion on the te)144 396 Q(xt before point.)-.15 -E F1(possible\255\214lename\255completions \(C\255x /\))108 408 Q F0 -(List the possible completions of the te)144 420 Q +E(through the list.)144 316.8 Q(This command is intended to be bound to) +5 E F1 -.9(TA)2.5 G(B).9 E F0 2.5(,b)C(ut is unbound by def)-2.7 E +(ault.)-.1 E F1(menu\255complete-)108 328.8 Q(w)10 I(k)-7.22 -10 M(c) +-5.56 -10 M(rd)2.78 10 M F0 .82(Identical to)144 340.8 R F1 +(menu\255complete)3.32 E F0 3.32(,b)C .82(ut mo)-3.52 F -.15(ve)-.15 G +3.32(sb).15 G(ackw)-3.32 E .82 +(ard through the list of possible completions, as if)-.1 F F1 +(menu\255complete)144 352.8 Q F0(had been gi)2.5 E -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.5 +(nan).15 G -2.25 -.15(eg a)-2.5 H(ti).15 E .3 -.15(ve a)-.25 H -.18(rg) +.15 G 2.5(ument. This).18 F(command is unbound by def)2.5 E(ault.)-.1 E +F1(delete\255char\255or\255list)108 364.8 Q F0 .234 +(Deletes the character under the cursor if not at the be)144 376.8 R +.234(ginning or end of the line \(lik)-.15 F(e)-.1 E F1(delete\255char) +2.735 E F0(\).)A .425(If at the end of the line, beha)144 388.8 R -.15 +(ve)-.2 G 2.925(si).15 G .425(dentically to)-2.925 F F1 +(possible\255completions)2.925 E F0 5.425(.T)C .425 +(his command is unbound)-5.425 F(by def)144 400.8 Q(ault.)-.1 E F1 +(complete\255\214lename \(M\255/\))108 412.8 Q F0 +(Attempt \214lename completion on the te)144 424.8 Q(xt before point.) +-.15 E F1(possible\255\214lename\255completions \(C\255x /\))108 436.8 Q +F0(List the possible completions of the te)144 448.8 Q (xt before point, treating it as a \214lename.)-.15 E F1 -(complete\255user)108 432 Q(name \(M\255~\))-.15 E F0 -(Attempt completion on the te)144 444 Q +(complete\255user)108 460.8 Q(name \(M\255~\))-.15 E F0 +(Attempt completion on the te)144 472.8 Q (xt before point, treating it as a username.)-.15 E F1(possible\255user) -108 456 Q(name\255completions \(C\255x ~\))-.15 E F0 -(List the possible completions of the te)144 468 Q +108 484.8 Q(name\255completions \(C\255x ~\))-.15 E F0 +(List the possible completions of the te)144 496.8 Q (xt before point, treating it as a username.)-.15 E F1(complete\255v)108 -480 Q(ariable \(M\255$\))-.1 E F0(Attempt completion on the te)144 492 Q -(xt before point, treating it as a shell v)-.15 E(ariable.)-.25 E F1 -(possible\255v)108 504 Q(ariable\255completions \(C\255x $\))-.1 E F0 -(List the possible completions of the te)144 516 Q +508.8 Q(ariable \(M\255$\))-.1 E F0(Attempt completion on the te)144 +520.8 Q(xt before point, treating it as a shell v)-.15 E(ariable.)-.25 E +F1(possible\255v)108 532.8 Q(ariable\255completions \(C\255x $\))-.1 E +F0(List the possible completions of the te)144 544.8 Q (xt before point, treating it as a shell v)-.15 E(ariable.)-.25 E F1 -(complete\255hostname \(M\255@\))108 528 Q F0 -(Attempt completion on the te)144 540 Q +(complete\255hostname \(M\255@\))108 556.8 Q F0 +(Attempt completion on the te)144 568.8 Q (xt before point, treating it as a hostname.)-.15 E F1 -(possible\255hostname\255completions \(C\255x @\))108 552 Q F0 -(List the possible completions of the te)144 564 Q +(possible\255hostname\255completions \(C\255x @\))108 580.8 Q F0 +(List the possible completions of the te)144 592.8 Q (xt before point, treating it as a hostname.)-.15 E F1 -(complete\255command \(M\255!\))108 576 Q F0 .58 -(Attempt completion on the te)144 588 R .581 +(complete\255command \(M\255!\))108 604.8 Q F0 .58 +(Attempt completion on the te)144 616.8 R .581 (xt before point, treating it as a command name.)-.15 F .581 -(Command comple-)5.581 F .715(tion attempts to match the te)144 600 R +(Command comple-)5.581 F .715(tion attempts to match the te)144 628.8 R .715(xt ag)-.15 F .715(ainst aliases, reserv)-.05 F .715(ed w)-.15 F .715(ords, shell functions, shell b)-.1 F .715(uiltins, and)-.2 F -(\214nally e)144 612 Q -.15(xe)-.15 G +(\214nally e)144 640.8 Q -.15(xe)-.15 G (cutable \214lenames, in that order).15 E(.)-.55 E F1 -(possible\255command\255completions \(C\255x !\))108 624 Q F0 -(List the possible completions of the te)144 636 Q +(possible\255command\255completions \(C\255x !\))108 652.8 Q F0 +(List the possible completions of the te)144 664.8 Q (xt before point, treating it as a command name.)-.15 E F1 -(dynamic\255complete\255history \(M\255T)108 648 Q(AB\))-.9 E F0 .424 -(Attempt completion on the te)144 660 R .425 +(dynamic\255complete\255history \(M\255T)108 676.8 Q(AB\))-.9 E F0 .424 +(Attempt completion on the te)144 688.8 R .425 (xt before point, comparing the te)-.15 F .425(xt ag)-.15 F .425 (ainst lines from the history list)-.05 F -(for possible completion matches.)144 672 Q F1(dab)108 684 Q(br)-.1 E --.15(ev)-.18 G(\255expand).15 E F0 .611 -(Attempt menu completion on the te)144 696 R .611 -(xt before point, comparing the te)-.15 F .61(xt ag)-.15 F .61 -(ainst lines from the his-)-.05 F -(tory list for possible completion matches.)144 708 Q(GNU Bash-4.1)72 -768 Q(2010 May 30)147.345 E(43)197.335 E 0 Cg EP +(for possible completion matches.)144 700.8 Q(GNU Bash-4.1)72 768 Q +(2010 June 12)147.345 E(43)197.335 E 0 Cg EP %%Page: 44 44 %%BeginPageSetup BP %%EndPageSetup /F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 389.54(SH\(1\) B).35 F(ASH\(1\)) --.35 E/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(complete\255into\255braces \(M\255{\))108 -84 Q F0 .4(Perform \214lename completion and insert the list of possibl\ -e completions enclosed within braces so)144 96 R(the list is a)144 108 Q --.25(va)-.2 G(ilable to the shell \(see).25 E F1(Brace Expansion)2.5 E -F0(abo)2.5 E -.15(ve)-.15 G(\).).15 E F1 -.25(Ke)87 124.8 S(yboard Macr) -.25 E(os)-.18 E(start\255kbd\255macr)108 136.8 Q 2.5(o\()-.18 G -(C\255x \()-2.5 E(\)).833 E F0(Be)144 148.8 Q(gin sa)-.15 E +-.35 E/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(dab)108 84 Q(br)-.1 E -.15(ev)-.18 G +(\255expand).15 E F0 .611(Attempt menu completion on the te)144 96 R +.611(xt before point, comparing the te)-.15 F .61(xt ag)-.15 F .61 +(ainst lines from the his-)-.05 F +(tory list for possible completion matches.)144 108 Q F1 +(complete\255into\255braces \(M\255{\))108 120 Q F0 .4(Perform \214lena\ +me completion and insert the list of possible completions enclosed with\ +in braces so)144 132 R(the list is a)144 144 Q -.25(va)-.2 G +(ilable to the shell \(see).25 E F1(Brace Expansion)2.5 E F0(abo)2.5 E +-.15(ve)-.15 G(\).).15 E F1 -.25(Ke)87 160.8 S(yboard Macr).25 E(os)-.18 +E(start\255kbd\255macr)108 172.8 Q 2.5(o\()-.18 G(C\255x \()-2.5 E(\)) +.833 E F0(Be)144 184.8 Q(gin sa)-.15 E (ving the characters typed into the current k)-.2 E -.15(ey)-.1 G -(board macro.).15 E F1(end\255kbd\255macr)108 160.8 Q 2.5(o\()-.18 G -(C\255x \))-2.5 E(\)).833 E F0(Stop sa)144 172.8 Q +(board macro.).15 E F1(end\255kbd\255macr)108 196.8 Q 2.5(o\()-.18 G +(C\255x \))-2.5 E(\)).833 E F0(Stop sa)144 208.8 Q (ving the characters typed into the current k)-.2 E -.15(ey)-.1 G (board macro and store the de\214nition.).15 E F1 -(call\255last\255kbd\255macr)108 184.8 Q 2.5(o\()-.18 G(C\255x e\))-2.5 -E F0(Re-e)144 196.8 Q -.15(xe)-.15 G 1(cute the last k).15 F -.15(ey)-.1 +(call\255last\255kbd\255macr)108 220.8 Q 2.5(o\()-.18 G(C\255x e\))-2.5 +E F0(Re-e)144 232.8 Q -.15(xe)-.15 G 1(cute the last k).15 F -.15(ey)-.1 G .999(board macro de\214ned, by making the characters in the macro app\ -ear as if).15 F(typed at the k)144 208.8 Q -.15(ey)-.1 G(board.).15 E F1 -(Miscellaneous)87 225.6 Q -.18(re)108 237.6 S.18 E +ear as if).15 F(typed at the k)144 244.8 Q -.15(ey)-.1 G(board.).15 E F1 +(Miscellaneous)87 261.6 Q -.18(re)108 273.6 S.18 E (ead\255init\255\214le \(C\255x C\255r\))-.18 E F0 1.776 -(Read in the contents of the)144 249.6 R/F2 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(inputr) +(Read in the contents of the)144 285.6 R/F2 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(inputr) 4.276 E(c)-.37 E F0 1.777(\214le, and incorporate an)4.276 F 4.277(yb) -.15 G 1.777(indings or v)-4.277 F 1.777(ariable assignments)-.25 F -(found there.)144 261.6 Q F1(abort \(C\255g\))108 273.6 Q F0 3.249 -(Abort the current editing command and ring the terminal')144 285.6 R +(found there.)144 297.6 Q F1(abort \(C\255g\))108 309.6 Q F0 3.249 +(Abort the current editing command and ring the terminal')144 321.6 R 5.748(sb)-.55 G 3.248(ell \(subject to the setting of)-5.748 F F1 -(bell\255style)144 297.6 Q F0(\).)A F1(do\255upper)108 309.6 Q +(bell\255style)144 333.6 Q F0(\).)A F1(do\255upper)108 345.6 Q (case\255v)-.18 E(ersion \(M\255a, M\255b, M\255)-.1 E F2(x)A F1 2.5(,.) -C(..\))-2.5 E F0 1.755(If the meta\214ed character)144 321.6 R F2(x) +C(..\))-2.5 E F0 1.755(If the meta\214ed character)144 357.6 R F2(x) 4.255 E F0 1.755(is lo)4.255 F 1.756 (wercase, run the command that is bound to the corresponding)-.25 F -(uppercase character)144 333.6 Q(.)-.55 E F1(pr)108 345.6 Q -(e\214x\255meta \(ESC\))-.18 E F0(Metafy the ne)144 357.6 Q +(uppercase character)144 369.6 Q(.)-.55 E F1(pr)108 381.6 Q +(e\214x\255meta \(ESC\))-.18 E F0(Metafy the ne)144 393.6 Q (xt character typed.)-.15 E/F3 9/Times-Bold@0 SF(ESC)5 E F1(f)2.25 E F0 (is equi)2.5 E -.25(va)-.25 G(lent to).25 E F1(Meta\255f)2.5 E F0(.)A F1 -(undo \(C\255_, C\255x C\255u\))108 369.6 Q F0 -(Incremental undo, separately remembered for each line.)144 381.6 Q F1 --2.29 -.18(re v)108 393.6 T(ert\255line \(M\255r\)).08 E F0 1.095 -(Undo all changes made to this line.)144 405.6 R 1.095(This is lik)6.095 +(undo \(C\255_, C\255x C\255u\))108 405.6 Q F0 +(Incremental undo, separately remembered for each line.)144 417.6 Q F1 +-2.29 -.18(re v)108 429.6 T(ert\255line \(M\255r\)).08 E F0 1.095 +(Undo all changes made to this line.)144 441.6 R 1.095(This is lik)6.095 F 3.595(ee)-.1 G -.15(xe)-3.745 G 1.095(cuting the).15 F F1(undo)3.595 E F0 1.095(command enough times to)3.595 F -(return the line to its initial state.)144 417.6 Q F1 -(tilde\255expand \(M\255&\))108 429.6 Q F0(Perform tilde e)144 441.6 Q +(return the line to its initial state.)144 453.6 Q F1 +(tilde\255expand \(M\255&\))108 465.6 Q F0(Perform tilde e)144 477.6 Q (xpansion on the current w)-.15 E(ord.)-.1 E F1 -(set\255mark \(C\255@, M\255\))108 453.6 Q F0 -(Set the mark to the point.)144 465.6 Q(If a numeric ar)5 E +(set\255mark \(C\255@, M\255\))108 489.6 Q F0 +(Set the mark to the point.)144 501.6 Q(If a numeric ar)5 E (gument is supplied, the mark is set to that position.)-.18 E F1 -(exchange\255point\255and\255mark \(C\255x C\255x\))108 477.6 Q F0(Sw) -144 489.6 Q .282(ap the point with the mark.)-.1 F .283 +(exchange\255point\255and\255mark \(C\255x C\255x\))108 513.6 Q F0(Sw) +144 525.6 Q .282(ap the point with the mark.)-.1 F .283 (The current cursor position is set to the sa)5.283 F -.15(ve)-.2 G 2.783(dp).15 G .283(osition, and the old)-2.783 F(cursor position is sa) -144 501.6 Q -.15(ve)-.2 G 2.5(da).15 G 2.5(st)-2.5 G(he mark.)-2.5 E F1 -(character\255sear)108 513.6 Q(ch \(C\255]\))-.18 E F0 3.036(Ac)144 -525.6 S .536(haracter is read and point is mo)-3.036 F -.15(ve)-.15 G +144 537.6 Q -.15(ve)-.2 G 2.5(da).15 G 2.5(st)-2.5 G(he mark.)-2.5 E F1 +(character\255sear)108 549.6 Q(ch \(C\255]\))-.18 E F0 3.036(Ac)144 +561.6 S .536(haracter is read and point is mo)-3.036 F -.15(ve)-.15 G 3.035(dt).15 G 3.035(ot)-3.035 G .535(he ne)-3.035 F .535 (xt occurrence of that character)-.15 F 5.535(.A)-.55 G(ne)-2.5 E -.05 (ga)-.15 G(ti).05 E .835 -.15(ve c)-.25 H(ount).15 E(searches for pre) -144 537.6 Q(vious occurrences.)-.25 E F1(character\255sear)108 549.6 Q -(ch\255backward \(M\255C\255]\))-.18 E F0 3.543(Ac)144 561.6 S 1.043 +144 573.6 Q(vious occurrences.)-.25 E F1(character\255sear)108 585.6 Q +(ch\255backward \(M\255C\255]\))-.18 E F0 3.543(Ac)144 597.6 S 1.043 (haracter is read and point is mo)-3.543 F -.15(ve)-.15 G 3.544(dt).15 G 3.544(ot)-3.544 G 1.044(he pre)-3.544 F 1.044 (vious occurrence of that character)-.25 F 6.044(.A)-.55 G(ne)-2.5 E -.05(ga)-.15 G(ti).05 E -.15(ve)-.25 G -(count searches for subsequent occurrences.)144 573.6 Q F1 -(skip\255csi\255sequence \(\))108 585.6 Q F0 1.827 -(Read enough characters to consume a multi-k)144 597.6 R 2.126 -.15 +(count searches for subsequent occurrences.)144 609.6 Q F1 +(skip\255csi\255sequence \(\))108 621.6 Q F0 1.827 +(Read enough characters to consume a multi-k)144 633.6 R 2.126 -.15 (ey s)-.1 H 1.826(equence such as those de\214ned for k).15 F -.15(ey) --.1 G 4.326(sl).15 G(ik)-4.326 E(e)-.1 E .79(Home and End.)144 609.6 R +-.1 G 4.326(sl).15 G(ik)-4.326 E(e)-.1 E .79(Home and End.)144 645.6 R .791(Such sequences be)5.79 F .791 (gin with a Control Sequence Indicator \(CSI\), usually ESC\255[.)-.15 F -.332(If this sequence is bound to "\\[", k)144 621.6 R -.15(ey)-.1 G +.332(If this sequence is bound to "\\[", k)144 657.6 R -.15(ey)-.1 G 2.831(sp).15 G .331(roducing such sequences will ha)-2.831 F .631 -.15 (ve n)-.2 H 2.831(oe).15 G -.25(ff)-2.831 G .331(ect unless e).25 F (xplic-)-.15 E .026(itly bound to a readline command, instead of insert\ -ing stray characters into the editing b)144 633.6 R(uf)-.2 E(fer)-.25 E -5.026(.T)-.55 G(his)-5.026 E(is unbound by def)144 645.6 Q(ault, b)-.1 E +ing stray characters into the editing b)144 669.6 R(uf)-.2 E(fer)-.25 E +5.026(.T)-.55 G(his)-5.026 E(is unbound by def)144 681.6 Q(ault, b)-.1 E (ut usually bound to ESC\255[.)-.2 E F1(insert\255comment \(M\255#\))108 -657.6 Q F0 -.4(Wi)144 669.6 S .481(thout a numeric ar).4 F .481 +693.6 Q F0 -.4(Wi)144 705.6 S .481(thout a numeric ar).4 F .481 (gument, the v)-.18 F .481(alue of the readline)-.25 F F1 (comment\255begin)2.981 E F0 -.25(va)2.981 G .48 -(riable is inserted at the).25 F(be)144 681.6 Q .097 +(riable is inserted at the).25 F(be)144 717.6 Q .097 (ginning of the current line.)-.15 F .098(If a numeric ar)5.097 F .098 (gument is supplied, this command acts as a toggle:)-.18 F(if)5.098 E -.322(the characters at the be)144 693.6 R .321 +.322(the characters at the be)144 729.6 R .321 (ginning of the line do not match the v)-.15 F .321(alue of)-.25 F F1 (comment\255begin)2.821 E F0 2.821(,t)C .321(he v)-2.821 F .321(alue is) --.25 F .831(inserted, otherwise the characters in)144 705.6 R F1 -(comment\255begin)3.331 E F0 .832(are deleted from the be)3.331 F .832 -(ginning of the line.)-.15 F 1.469 -(In either case, the line is accepted as if a ne)144 717.6 R 1.468 -(wline had been typed.)-.25 F 1.468(The def)6.468 F 1.468(ault v)-.1 F -1.468(alue of)-.25 F F1(com-)3.968 E(ment\255begin)144 729.6 Q F0 2.572 -(causes this command to mak)5.072 F 5.072(et)-.1 G 2.572 -(he current line a shell comment.)-5.072 F 2.573(If a numeric)7.572 F -(GNU Bash-4.1)72 768 Q(2010 May 30)147.345 E(44)197.335 E 0 Cg EP +-.25 F(GNU Bash-4.1)72 768 Q(2010 June 12)147.345 E(44)197.335 E 0 Cg EP %%Page: 45 45 %%BeginPageSetup BP %%EndPageSetup /F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 389.54(SH\(1\) B).35 F(ASH\(1\)) --.35 E(ar)144 84 Q(gument causes the comment character to be remo)-.18 E --.15(ve)-.15 G(d, the line will be e).15 E -.15(xe)-.15 G -(cuted by the shell.).15 E/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(glob\255complete\255w) -108 96 Q(ord \(M\255g\))-.1 E F0 .792(The w)144 108 R .791 +-.35 E .831(inserted, otherwise the characters in)144 84 R/F1 10 +/Times-Bold@0 SF(comment\255begin)3.331 E F0 .832 +(are deleted from the be)3.331 F .832(ginning of the line.)-.15 F 1.469 +(In either case, the line is accepted as if a ne)144 96 R 1.468 +(wline had been typed.)-.25 F 1.468(The def)6.468 F 1.468(ault v)-.1 F +1.468(alue of)-.25 F F1(com-)3.968 E(ment\255begin)144 108 Q F0 .839 +(causes this command to mak)3.339 F 3.339(et)-.1 G .839 +(he current line a shell comment.)-3.339 F .84(If a numeric ar)5.84 F +(gu-)-.18 E(ment causes the comment character to be remo)144 120 Q -.15 +(ve)-.15 G(d, the line will be e).15 E -.15(xe)-.15 G +(cuted by the shell.).15 E F1(glob\255complete\255w)108 132 Q +(ord \(M\255g\))-.1 E F0 .792(The w)144 144 R .791 (ord before point is treated as a pattern for pathname e)-.1 F .791 -(xpansion, with an asterisk implicitly)-.15 F 2.5(appended. This)144 120 +(xpansion, with an asterisk implicitly)-.15 F 2.5(appended. This)144 156 R(pattern is used to generate a list of matching \214le names for possi\ -ble completions.)2.5 E F1(glob\255expand\255w)108 132 Q -(ord \(C\255x *\))-.1 E F0 .371(The w)144 144 R .372 +ble completions.)2.5 E F1(glob\255expand\255w)108 168 Q +(ord \(C\255x *\))-.1 E F0 .371(The w)144 180 R .372 (ord before point is treated as a pattern for pathname e)-.1 F .372 (xpansion, and the list of matching \214le)-.15 F .516 -(names is inserted, replacing the w)144 156 R 3.016(ord. If)-.1 F 3.016 +(names is inserted, replacing the w)144 192 R 3.016(ord. If)-.1 F 3.016 (an)3.016 G .516(umeric ar)-3.016 F .516 (gument is supplied, an asterisk is appended)-.18 F(before pathname e) -144 168 Q(xpansion.)-.15 E F1(glob\255list\255expansions \(C\255x g\)) -108 180 Q F0 .923(The list of e)144 192 R .923(xpansions that w)-.15 F +144 204 Q(xpansion.)-.15 E F1(glob\255list\255expansions \(C\255x g\)) +108 216 Q F0 .923(The list of e)144 228 R .923(xpansions that w)-.15 F .923(ould ha)-.1 F 1.223 -.15(ve b)-.2 H .923(een generated by).15 F F1 (glob\255expand\255w)3.423 E(ord)-.1 E F0 .923(is displayed, and)3.423 F -.872(the line is redra)144 204 R 3.372(wn. If)-.15 F 3.372(an)3.372 G +.872(the line is redra)144 240 R 3.372(wn. If)-.15 F 3.372(an)3.372 G .872(umeric ar)-3.372 F .872 (gument is supplied, an asterisk is appended before pathname)-.18 F -.15 -(ex)144 216 S(pansion.).15 E F1(dump\255functions)108 228 Q F0 .626 -(Print all of the functions and their k)144 240 R .926 -.15(ey b)-.1 H +(ex)144 252 S(pansion.).15 E F1(dump\255functions)108 264 Q F0 .626 +(Print all of the functions and their k)144 276 R .926 -.15(ey b)-.1 H .627(indings to the readline output stream.).15 F .627(If a numeric ar) 5.627 F(gu-)-.18 E -(ment is supplied, the output is formatted in such a w)144 252 Q +(ment is supplied, the output is formatted in such a w)144 288 Q (ay that it can be made part of an)-.1 E/F2 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(inputr) -2.5 E(c)-.37 E F0(\214le.)2.5 E F1(dump\255v)108 264 Q(ariables)-.1 E F0 -1.8(Print all of the settable readline v)144 276 R 1.799 +2.5 E(c)-.37 E F0(\214le.)2.5 E F1(dump\255v)108 300 Q(ariables)-.1 E F0 +1.8(Print all of the settable readline v)144 312 R 1.799 (ariables and their v)-.25 F 1.799(alues to the readline output stream.) --.25 F 1.799(If a)6.799 F .304(numeric ar)144 288 R .304 +-.25 F 1.799(If a)6.799 F .304(numeric ar)144 324 R .304 (gument is supplied, the output is formatted in such a w)-.18 F .304 -(ay that it can be made part of an)-.1 F F2(inputr)144 300 Q(c)-.37 E F0 -(\214le.)2.5 E F1(dump\255macr)108 312 Q(os)-.18 E F0 .593 -(Print all of the readline k)144 324 R .893 -.15(ey s)-.1 H .592 +(ay that it can be made part of an)-.1 F F2(inputr)144 336 Q(c)-.37 E F0 +(\214le.)2.5 E F1(dump\255macr)108 348 Q(os)-.18 E F0 .593 +(Print all of the readline k)144 360 R .893 -.15(ey s)-.1 H .592 (equences bound to macros and the strings the).15 F 3.092(yo)-.15 G -3.092(utput. If)-3.092 F 3.092(an)3.092 G(umeric)-3.092 E(ar)144 336 Q +3.092(utput. If)-3.092 F 3.092(an)3.092 G(umeric)-3.092 E(ar)144 372 Q .528(gument is supplied, the output is formatted in such a w)-.18 F .528 (ay that it can be made part of an)-.1 F F2(inputr)3.028 E(c)-.37 E F0 -(\214le.)144 348 Q F1(display\255shell\255v)108 360 Q -(ersion \(C\255x C\255v\))-.1 E F0(Display v)144 372 Q +(\214le.)144 384 Q F1(display\255shell\255v)108 396 Q +(ersion \(C\255x C\255v\))-.1 E F0(Display v)144 408 Q (ersion information about the current instance of)-.15 E F1(bash)2.5 E -F0(.)A F1(Pr)87 388.8 Q(ogrammable Completion)-.18 E F0 .147(When w)108 -400.8 R .147(ord completion is attempted for an ar)-.1 F .147 +F0(.)A F1(Pr)87 424.8 Q(ogrammable Completion)-.18 E F0 .147(When w)108 +436.8 R .147(ord completion is attempted for an ar)-.1 F .147 (gument to a command for which a completion speci\214cation \(a)-.18 F -F2(compspec)108 412.8 Q F0 3.828(\)h)C 1.329 +F2(compspec)108 448.8 Q F0 3.828(\)h)C 1.329 (as been de\214ned using the)-3.828 F F1(complete)3.829 E F0 -.2(bu) 3.829 G 1.329(iltin \(see).2 F/F3 9/Times-Bold@0 SF 1.329(SHELL B)3.829 F(UIL)-.09 E 1.329(TIN COMMANDS)-.828 F F0(belo)3.579 E 1.329(w\), the) --.25 F(programmable completion f)108 424.8 Q(acilities are in)-.1 E -.2 +-.25 F(programmable completion f)108 460.8 Q(acilities are in)-.1 E -.2 (vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G(d.).1 E .498 -(First, the command name is identi\214ed.)108 441.6 R .498 +(First, the command name is identi\214ed.)108 477.6 R .498 (If the command w)5.498 F .497 (ord is the empty string \(completion attempted at)-.1 F .233(the be)108 -453.6 R .233(ginning of an empty line\), an)-.15 F 2.733(yc)-.15 G .233 +489.6 R .233(ginning of an empty line\), an)-.15 F 2.733(yc)-.15 G .233 (ompspec de\214ned with the)-2.733 F F12.733 E F0 .233(option to) 2.733 F F1(complete)2.733 E F0 .233(is used.)2.733 F .234(If a comp-) 5.234 F .481(spec has been de\214ned for that command, the compspec is \ -used to generate the list of possible completions)108 465.6 R .822 -(for the w)108 477.6 R 3.322(ord. If)-.1 F .822(the command w)3.322 F +used to generate the list of possible completions)108 501.6 R .822 +(for the w)108 513.6 R 3.322(ord. If)-.1 F .822(the command w)3.322 F .823(ord is a full pathname, a compspec for the full pathname is search\ -ed for)-.1 F 2.867(\214rst. If)108 489.6 R .366(no compspec is found fo\ +ed for)-.1 F 2.867(\214rst. If)108 525.6 R .366(no compspec is found fo\ r the full pathname, an attempt is made to \214nd a compspec for the po\ -rtion)2.867 F(follo)108 501.6 Q .421(wing the \214nal slash.)-.25 F .422 +rtion)2.867 F(follo)108 537.6 Q .421(wing the \214nal slash.)-.25 F .422 (If those searches to not result in a compspec, an)5.421 F 2.922(yc)-.15 G .422(ompspec de\214ned with the)-2.922 F F12.922 E F0(option to) -108 513.6 Q F1(complete)2.5 E F0(is used as the def)2.5 E(ault.)-.1 E +108 549.6 Q F1(complete)2.5 E F0(is used as the def)2.5 E(ault.)-.1 E .817(Once a compspec has been found, it is used to generate the list of\ - matching w)108 530.4 R 3.317(ords. If)-.1 F 3.317(ac)3.317 G .817 -(ompspec is not)-3.317 F(found, the def)108 542.4 Q(ault)-.1 E F1(bash) + matching w)108 566.4 R 3.317(ords. If)-.1 F 3.317(ac)3.317 G .817 +(ompspec is not)-3.317 F(found, the def)108 578.4 Q(ault)-.1 E F1(bash) 2.5 E F0(completion as described abo)2.5 E .3 -.15(ve u)-.15 H(nder).15 E F1(Completing)2.5 E F0(is performed.)2.5 E .463 -(First, the actions speci\214ed by the compspec are used.)108 559.2 R +(First, the actions speci\214ed by the compspec are used.)108 595.2 R .464(Only matches which are pre\214x)5.464 F .464(ed by the w)-.15 F -.464(ord being)-.1 F .596(completed are returned.)108 571.2 R .596 +.464(ord being)-.1 F .596(completed are returned.)108 607.2 R .596 (When the)5.596 F F13.096 E F0(or)3.095 E F13.095 E F0 .595 (option is used for \214lename or directory name completion, the)3.095 F -(shell v)108 583.2 Q(ariable)-.25 E F3(FIGNORE)2.5 E F0 -(is used to \214lter the matches.)2.25 E(An)108 600 Q 4.084(yc)-.15 G +(shell v)108 619.2 Q(ariable)-.25 E F3(FIGNORE)2.5 E F0 +(is used to \214lter the matches.)2.25 E(An)108 636 Q 4.084(yc)-.15 G 1.584(ompletions speci\214ed by a pathname e)-4.084 F 1.584 (xpansion pattern to the)-.15 F F14.084 E F0 1.584 -(option are generated ne)4.084 F 4.084(xt. The)-.15 F -.1(wo)108 612 S +(option are generated ne)4.084 F 4.084(xt. The)-.15 F -.1(wo)108 648 S .555(rds generated by the pattern need not match the w).1 F .554 (ord being completed.)-.1 F(The)5.554 E F3(GLOBIGNORE)3.054 E F0 .554 (shell v)2.804 F(ari-)-.25 E -(able is not used to \214lter the matches, b)108 624 Q(ut the)-.2 E F3 -(FIGNORE)2.5 E F0 -.25(va)2.25 G(riable is used.).25 E(Ne)108 640.8 Q +(able is not used to \214lter the matches, b)108 660 Q(ut the)-.2 E F3 +(FIGNORE)2.5 E F0 -.25(va)2.25 G(riable is used.).25 E(Ne)108 676.8 Q .32(xt, the string speci\214ed as the ar)-.15 F .32(gument to the)-.18 F F12.82 E F0 .321(option is considered.)2.821 F .321 (The string is \214rst split using the)5.321 F .413(characters in the) -108 652.8 R F3(IFS)2.913 E F0 .412(special v)2.663 F .412 +108 688.8 R F3(IFS)2.913 E F0 .412(special v)2.663 F .412 (ariable as delimiters.)-.25 F .412(Shell quoting is honored.)5.412 F .412(Each w)5.412 F .412(ord is then e)-.1 F(xpanded)-.15 E .091 -(using brace e)108 664.8 R .091(xpansion, tilde e)-.15 F .092 +(using brace e)108 700.8 R .091(xpansion, tilde e)-.15 F .092 (xpansion, parameter and v)-.15 F .092(ariable e)-.25 F .092 (xpansion, command substitution, and arith-)-.15 F 1.397(metic e)108 -676.8 R 1.396(xpansion, as described abo)-.15 F 1.696 -.15(ve u)-.15 H +712.8 R 1.396(xpansion, as described abo)-.15 F 1.696 -.15(ve u)-.15 H (nder).15 E F3(EXP)3.896 E(ANSION)-.666 E/F4 9/Times-Roman@0 SF(.)A F0 1.396(The results are split using the rules described)5.896 F(abo)108 -688.8 Q .509 -.15(ve u)-.15 H(nder).15 E F1 -.75(Wo)2.709 G .209 -(rd Splitting).75 F F0 5.209(.T)C .209(he results of the e)-5.209 F .209 -(xpansion are pre\214x-matched ag)-.15 F .21(ainst the w)-.05 F .21 -(ord being com-)-.1 F(pleted, and the matching w)108 700.8 Q -(ords become the possible completions.)-.1 E 1.238 -(After these matches ha)108 717.6 R 1.538 -.15(ve b)-.2 H 1.238 -(een generated, an).15 F 3.738(ys)-.15 G 1.237 -(hell function or command speci\214ed with the)-3.738 F F13.737 E -F0(and)3.737 E F13.737 E F0 3.375(options is in)108 729.6 R -.2 -(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G 5.875(d. When).1 F 3.375 -(the command or function is in)5.875 F -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G 3.375 -(d, the).1 F F3(COMP_LINE)5.876 E F4(,)A F3(COMP_POINT)5.626 E F4(,)A F0 -(GNU Bash-4.1)72 768 Q(2010 May 30)147.345 E(45)197.335 E 0 Cg EP +724.8 Q 2.17 -.15(ve u)-.15 H(nder).15 E F1 -.75(Wo)4.37 G 1.87 +(rd Splitting).75 F F0 6.87(.T)C 1.871(he results of the e)-6.87 F 1.871 +(xpansion are pre\214x-matched ag)-.15 F 1.871(ainst the w)-.05 F 1.871 +(ord being)-.1 F(GNU Bash-4.1)72 768 Q(2010 June 12)147.345 E(45)197.335 +E 0 Cg EP %%Page: 46 46 %%BeginPageSetup BP %%EndPageSetup /F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 389.54(SH\(1\) B).35 F(ASH\(1\)) --.35 E/F1 9/Times-Bold@0 SF(COMP_KEY)108 84 Q/F2 9/Times-Roman@0 SF(,)A -F0(and)2.408 E F1(COMP_TYPE)2.658 E F0 -.25(va)2.408 G .157 +-.35 E(completed, and the matching w)108 84 Q +(ords become the possible completions.)-.1 E 1.238 +(After these matches ha)108 100.8 R 1.538 -.15(ve b)-.2 H 1.238 +(een generated, an).15 F 3.738(ys)-.15 G 1.237 +(hell function or command speci\214ed with the)-3.738 F/F1 10 +/Times-Bold@0 SF3.737 E F0(and)3.737 E F13.737 E F0 3.375 +(options is in)108 112.8 R -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G 5.875(d. 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It)108 225.6 R .359(should print a list of completions, one\ +(stitution. It)108 266.4 R .359(should print a list of completions, one\ per line, to the standard output.)2.858 F .359(Backslash may be used) -5.359 F(to escape a ne)108 237.6 Q(wline, if necessary)-.25 E(.)-.65 E -.377(After all of the possible completions are generated, an)108 254.4 R -2.877<798c>-.15 G .377(lter speci\214ed with the)-2.877 F F32.876 -E F0 .376(option is applied to the)2.876 F 3.181(list. The)108 266.4 R +5.359 F(to escape a ne)108 278.4 Q(wline, if necessary)-.25 E(.)-.65 E +.377(After all of the possible completions are generated, an)108 295.2 R +2.877<798c>-.15 G .377(lter speci\214ed with the)-2.877 F F12.876 +E F0 .376(option is applied to the)2.876 F 3.181(list. 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The)-.1 F .227 (line is brok)2.726 F .227(en into w)-.1 F .227(ords in the same f)-.1 F -(ashion)-.1 E .352(as when reading input, so that se)108 640.8 R -.15 -(ve)-.25 G(ral).15 E F3(metac)2.852 E(har)-.15 E(acter)-.15 E F0 .351 +(ashion)-.1 E .352(as when reading input, so that se)108 669.6 R -.15 +(ve)-.25 G(ral).15 E F4(metac)2.852 E(har)-.15 E(acter)-.15 E F0 .351 (-separated w)B .351(ords surrounded by quotes are considered)-.1 F .624 -(one w)108 652.8 R 3.124(ord. History)-.1 F -.15(ex)3.124 G .624 +(one w)108 681.6 R 3.124(ord. History)-.1 F -.15(ex)3.124 G .624 (pansions are introduced by the appearance of the history e).15 F .625 -(xpansion character)-.15 F 3.125(,w)-.4 G(hich)-3.125 E(is)108 664.8 Q -F2(!)3.333 E F0(by def)3.333 E 2.5(ault. Only)-.1 F(backslash \()2.5 E -F2(\\).833 E F0 2.5(\)a).833 G(nd single quotes can quote the history e) --2.5 E(xpansion character)-.15 E(.)-.55 E(Se)108 681.6 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G +(xpansion character)-.15 F 3.125(,w)-.4 G(hich)-3.125 E(is)108 693.6 Q +F3(!)3.333 E F0(by def)3.333 E 2.5(ault. Only)-.1 F(backslash \()2.5 E +F3(\\).833 E F0 2.5(\)a).833 G(nd single quotes can quote the history e) +-2.5 E(xpansion character)-.15 E(.)-.55 E(Se)108 710.4 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G .03(ral characters inhibit history e).15 F .03 (xpansion if found immediately follo)-.15 F .03(wing the history e)-.25 -F .03(xpansion character)-.15 F(,)-.4 E -2.15 -.25(ev e)108 693.6 T +F .03(xpansion character)-.15 F(,)-.4 E -2.15 -.25(ev e)108 722.4 T 3.162(ni).25 G 3.162(fi)-3.162 G 3.162(ti)-3.162 G 3.162(su)-3.162 G .662(nquoted: space, tab, ne)-3.162 F .662(wline, carriage return, and) --.25 F F2(=)3.162 E F0 5.662(.I)C 3.162(ft)-5.662 G(he)-3.162 E F2 -(extglob)3.162 E F0 .662(shell option is enabled,)3.162 F F2(\()3.163 E -F0(will also inhibit e)108 705.6 Q(xpansion.)-.15 E(Se)108 722.4 Q -.15 -(ve)-.25 G .11(ral shell options settable with the).15 F F2(shopt)2.61 E -F0 -.2(bu)2.61 G .109(iltin may be used to tailor the beha).2 F .109 -(vior of history e)-.2 F(xpansion.)-.15 E(GNU Bash-4.1)72 768 Q -(2010 May 30)147.345 E(47)197.335 E 0 Cg EP +-.25 F F3(=)3.162 E F0 5.662(.I)C 3.162(ft)-5.662 G(he)-3.162 E F3 +(extglob)3.162 E F0 .662(shell option is enabled,)3.162 F F3(\()3.163 E +F0(GNU Bash-4.1)72 768 Q(2010 June 12)147.345 E(47)197.335 E 0 Cg EP %%Page: 48 48 %%BeginPageSetup BP %%EndPageSetup /F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 389.54(SH\(1\) B).35 F(ASH\(1\)) --.35 E 1.142(If the)108 84 R/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(histv)3.643 E(erify) --.1 E F0 1.143(shell option is enabled \(see the description of the) -3.643 F F1(shopt)3.643 E F0 -.2(bu)3.643 G 1.143(iltin belo).2 F 1.143 -(w\), and)-.25 F F1 -.18(re)3.643 G(adline).18 E F0(is)3.643 E .461(bei\ -ng used, history substitutions are not immediately passed to the shell \ -parser)108 96 R 5.46(.I)-.55 G .46(nstead, the e)-5.46 F .46 -(xpanded line)-.15 F 1.515(is reloaded into the)108 108 R F1 -.18(re) -4.015 G(adline).18 E F0 1.515(editing b)4.015 F(uf)-.2 E 1.516 +-.35 E(will also inhibit e)108 84 Q(xpansion.)-.15 E(Se)108 100.8 Q -.15 +(ve)-.25 G .11(ral shell options settable with the).15 F/F1 10 +/Times-Bold@0 SF(shopt)2.61 E F0 -.2(bu)2.61 G .109 +(iltin may be used to tailor the beha).2 F .109(vior of history e)-.2 F +(xpansion.)-.15 E 1.142(If the)108 112.8 R F1(histv)3.643 E(erify)-.1 E +F0 1.143(shell option is enabled \(see the description of the)3.643 F F1 +(shopt)3.643 E F0 -.2(bu)3.643 G 1.143(iltin belo).2 F 1.143(w\), and) +-.25 F F1 -.18(re)3.643 G(adline).18 E F0(is)3.643 E .461(being used, h\ +istory substitutions are not immediately passed to the shell parser)108 +124.8 R 5.46(.I)-.55 G .46(nstead, the e)-5.46 F .46(xpanded line)-.15 F +1.515(is reloaded into the)108 136.8 R F1 -.18(re)4.015 G(adline).18 E +F0 1.515(editing b)4.015 F(uf)-.2 E 1.516 (fer for further modi\214cation.)-.25 F(If)6.516 E F1 -.18(re)4.016 G -(adline).18 E F0 1.516(is being used, and the)4.016 F F1(histr)108 120 Q -(eedit)-.18 E F0 1.202(shell option is enabled, a f)3.702 F 1.202 +(adline).18 E F0 1.516(is being used, and the)4.016 F F1(histr)108 148.8 +Q(eedit)-.18 E F0 1.202(shell option is enabled, a f)3.702 F 1.202 (ailed history substitution will be reloaded into the)-.1 F F1 -.18(re) -3.702 G(adline).18 E F0(editing)3.702 E -.2(bu)108 132 S -.25(ff).2 G +3.702 G(adline).18 E F0(editing)3.702 E -.2(bu)108 160.8 S -.25(ff).2 G 1.16(er for correction.).25 F(The)6.16 E F13.66 E F0 1.16 (option to the)3.66 F F1(history)3.66 E F0 -.2(bu)3.661 G 1.161 -(iltin command may be used to see what a history).2 F -.15(ex)108 144 S -.056(pansion will do before using it.).15 F(The)5.056 E F12.556 E -F0 .056(option to the)2.556 F F1(history)2.555 E F0 -.2(bu)2.555 G .055 -(iltin may be used to add commands to the).2 F -(end of the history list without actually e)108 156 Q -.15(xe)-.15 G +(iltin command may be used to see what a history).2 F -.15(ex)108 172.8 +S .056(pansion will do before using it.).15 F(The)5.056 E F12.556 +E F0 .056(option to the)2.556 F F1(history)2.555 E F0 -.2(bu)2.555 G +.055(iltin may be used to add commands to the).2 F +(end of the history list without actually e)108 184.8 Q -.15(xe)-.15 G (cuting them, so that the).15 E 2.5(ya)-.15 G(re a)-2.5 E -.25(va)-.2 G -(ilable for subsequent recall.).25 E 2.2(The shell allo)108 172.8 R 2.2 +(ilable for subsequent recall.).25 E 2.2(The shell allo)108 201.6 R 2.2 (ws control of the v)-.25 F 2.2(arious characters used by the history e) -.25 F 2.2(xpansion mechanism \(see the)-.15 F 1.147(description of)108 -184.8 R F1(histchars)3.647 E F0(abo)3.647 E 1.447 -.15(ve u)-.15 H(nder) +213.6 R F1(histchars)3.647 E F0(abo)3.647 E 1.447 -.15(ve u)-.15 H(nder) .15 E F1 1.147(Shell V)3.647 F(ariables)-.92 E F0 3.646(\). The)B 1.146 (shell uses the history comment character to)3.646 F -(mark history timestamps when writing the history \214le.)108 196.8 Q F1 -(Ev)87 213.6 Q(ent Designators)-.1 E F0(An e)108 225.6 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G +(mark history timestamps when writing the history \214le.)108 225.6 Q F1 +(Ev)87 242.4 Q(ent Designators)-.1 E F0(An e)108 254.4 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G (nt designator is a reference to a command line entry in the history li\ -st.).15 E F1(!)108 242.4 Q F0 1.607(Start a history substitution, e) +st.).15 E F1(!)108 271.2 Q F0 1.607(Start a history substitution, e) 32.67 F 1.607(xcept when follo)-.15 F 1.607(wed by a)-.25 F F1(blank) 4.107 E F0 4.107(,n)C -.25(ew)-4.107 G 1.608 -(line, carriage return, = or \().25 F(\(when the)144 254.4 Q F1(extglob) +(line, carriage return, = or \().25 F(\(when the)144 283.2 Q F1(extglob) 2.5 E F0(shell option is enabled using the)2.5 E F1(shopt)2.5 E F0 -.2 -(bu)2.5 G(iltin\).).2 E F1(!)108 266.4 Q/F2 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(n)A F0 -(Refer to command line)27.67 E F2(n)2.5 E F0(.).24 E F1<21ad>108 278.4 Q +(bu)2.5 G(iltin\).).2 E F1(!)108 295.2 Q/F2 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(n)A F0 +(Refer to command line)27.67 E F2(n)2.5 E F0(.).24 E F1<21ad>108 307.2 Q F2(n)A F0(Refer to the current command line minus)21.97 E F2(n)2.5 E F0 -(.).24 E F1(!!)108 290.4 Q F0(Refer to the pre)29.34 E(vious command.) --.25 E(This is a synon)5 E(ym for `!\2551'.)-.15 E F1(!)108 302.4 Q F2 +(.).24 E F1(!!)108 319.2 Q F0(Refer to the pre)29.34 E(vious command.) +-.25 E(This is a synon)5 E(ym for `!\2551'.)-.15 E F1(!)108 331.2 Q F2 (string)A F0(Refer to the most recent command starting with)9.33 E F2 -(string)2.5 E F0(.).22 E F1(!?)108 314.4 Q F2(string)A F1([?])A F0 1.022 -(Refer to the most recent command containing)144 326.4 R F2(string)3.522 +(string)2.5 E F0(.).22 E F1(!?)108 343.2 Q F2(string)A F1([?])A F0 1.022 +(Refer to the most recent command containing)144 355.2 R F2(string)3.522 E F0 6.022(.T).22 G 1.022(he trailing)-6.022 F F1(?)3.522 E F0 1.022 (may be omitted if)3.522 F F2(string)3.861 E F0(is)3.741 E(follo)144 -338.4 Q(wed immediately by a ne)-.25 E(wline.)-.25 E/F3 12/Times-Bold@0 -SF(^)108 355.4 Q F2(string1)-5 I F3(^)5 I F2(string2)-5 I F3(^)5 I F0 -2.629(Quick substitution.)144 362.4 R 2.629 +367.2 Q(wed immediately by a ne)-.25 E(wline.)-.25 E/F3 12/Times-Bold@0 +SF(^)108 384.2 Q F2(string1)-5 I F3(^)5 I F2(string2)-5 I F3(^)5 I F0 +2.629(Quick substitution.)144 391.2 R 2.629 (Repeat the last command, replacing)7.629 F F2(string1)5.469 E F0(with) 5.129 E F2(string2)5.129 E F0 7.629(.E).02 G(qui)-7.629 E -.25(va)-.25 G -2.63(lent to).25 F -.74(``)144 374.4 S(!!:s/).74 E F2(string1)A F0(/)A +2.63(lent to).25 F -.74(``)144 403.2 S(!!:s/).74 E F2(string1)A F0(/)A F2(string2)A F0(/')A 2.5('\()-.74 G(see)-2.5 E F1(Modi\214ers)2.5 E F0 -(belo)2.5 E(w\).)-.25 E F1(!#)108 386.4 Q F0 +(belo)2.5 E(w\).)-.25 E F1(!#)108 415.2 Q F0 (The entire command line typed so f)27.67 E(ar)-.1 E(.)-.55 E F1 -.75 -(Wo)87 403.2 S(rd Designators).75 E F0 -.8(Wo)108 415.2 S 1.314 +(Wo)87 432 S(rd Designators).75 E F0 -.8(Wo)108 444 S 1.314 (rd designators are used to select desired w).8 F 1.314(ords from the e) -.1 F -.15(ve)-.25 G 3.814(nt. A).15 F F1(:)3.814 E F0 1.313 (separates the e)3.813 F -.15(ve)-.25 G 1.313(nt speci\214cation).15 F -.529(from the w)108 427.2 R .529(ord designator)-.1 F 5.529(.I)-.55 G +.529(from the w)108 456 R .529(ord designator)-.1 F 5.529(.I)-.55 G 3.029(tm)-5.529 G .529(ay be omitted if the w)-3.029 F .529 (ord designator be)-.1 F .529(gins with a)-.15 F F1(^)3.029 E F0(,)A F1 ($)3.029 E F0(,)A F1(*)3.029 E F0(,)A F13.029 E F0 3.029(,o)C(r) -3.029 E F1(%)3.029 E F0 5.53(.W)C(ords)-6.33 E 1.301 -(are numbered from the be)108 439.2 R 1.301 +(are numbered from the be)108 468 R 1.301 (ginning of the line, with the \214rst w)-.15 F 1.3 (ord being denoted by 0 \(zero\).)-.1 F -.8(Wo)6.3 G 1.3(rds are).8 F -(inserted into the current line separated by single spaces.)108 451.2 Q -F1 2.5(0\()108 468 S(zer)-2.5 E(o\))-.18 E F0(The zeroth w)144 480 Q 2.5 -(ord. F)-.1 F(or the shell, this is the command w)-.15 E(ord.)-.1 E F2 -(n)108.36 492 Q F0(The)30.64 E F2(n)2.5 E F0(th w)A(ord.)-.1 E F1(^)108 -504 Q F0(The \214rst ar)32.67 E 2.5(gument. That)-.18 F(is, w)2.5 E -(ord 1.)-.1 E F1($)108 516 Q F0(The last ar)31 E(gument.)-.18 E F1(%)108 -528 Q F0(The w)26 E(ord matched by the most recent `?)-.1 E F2(string)A -F0(?' search.)A F2(x)108.77 540 Q F1A F2(y)A F0 2.5(Ar)20.65 G -(ange of w)-2.5 E(ords; `\255)-.1 E F2(y)A F0 2.5('a)C(bbre)-2.5 E -(viates `0\255)-.25 E F2(y)A F0('.)A F1(*)108 552 Q F0 .315 +(inserted into the current line separated by single spaces.)108 480 Q F1 +2.5(0\()108 496.8 S(zer)-2.5 E(o\))-.18 E F0(The zeroth w)144 508.8 Q +2.5(ord. F)-.1 F(or the shell, this is the command w)-.15 E(ord.)-.1 E +F2(n)108.36 520.8 Q F0(The)30.64 E F2(n)2.5 E F0(th w)A(ord.)-.1 E F1(^) +108 532.8 Q F0(The \214rst ar)32.67 E 2.5(gument. That)-.18 F(is, w)2.5 +E(ord 1.)-.1 E F1($)108 544.8 Q F0(The last ar)31 E(gument.)-.18 E F1(%) +108 556.8 Q F0(The w)26 E(ord matched by the most recent `?)-.1 E F2 +(string)A F0(?' search.)A F2(x)108.77 568.8 Q F1A F2(y)A F0 2.5(Ar) +20.65 G(ange of w)-2.5 E(ords; `\255)-.1 E F2(y)A F0 2.5('a)C(bbre)-2.5 +E(viates `0\255)-.25 E F2(y)A F0('.)A F1(*)108 580.8 Q F0 .315 (All of the w)31 F .315(ords b)-.1 F .315(ut the zeroth.)-.2 F .315 (This is a synon)5.315 F .315(ym for `)-.15 F F2(1\255$)A F0 2.815 ('. It)B .315(is not an error to use)2.815 F F1(*)2.816 E F0 .316 -(if there is)2.816 F(just one w)144 564 Q(ord in the e)-.1 E -.15(ve) +(if there is)2.816 F(just one w)144 592.8 Q(ord in the e)-.1 E -.15(ve) -.25 G(nt; the empty string is returned in that case.).15 E F1(x*)108 -576 Q F0(Abbre)26 E(viates)-.25 E F2(x\255$)2.5 E F0(.)A F1<78ad>108 588 -Q F0(Abbre)25.3 E(viates)-.25 E F2(x\255$)2.5 E F0(lik)2.5 E(e)-.1 E F1 -(x*)2.5 E F0 2.5(,b)C(ut omits the last w)-2.7 E(ord.)-.1 E(If a w)108 -604.8 Q(ord designator is supplied without an e)-.1 E -.15(ve)-.25 G +604.8 Q F0(Abbre)26 E(viates)-.25 E F2(x\255$)2.5 E F0(.)A F1<78ad>108 +616.8 Q F0(Abbre)25.3 E(viates)-.25 E F2(x\255$)2.5 E F0(lik)2.5 E(e)-.1 +E F1(x*)2.5 E F0 2.5(,b)C(ut omits the last w)-2.7 E(ord.)-.1 E(If a w) +108 633.6 Q(ord designator is supplied without an e)-.1 E -.15(ve)-.25 G (nt speci\214cation, the pre).15 E(vious command is used as the e)-.25 E --.15(ve)-.25 G(nt.).15 E F1(Modi\214ers)87 621.6 Q F0 .184 -(After the optional w)108 633.6 R .184(ord designator)-.1 F 2.684(,t)-.4 +-.15(ve)-.25 G(nt.).15 E F1(Modi\214ers)87 650.4 Q F0 .184 +(After the optional w)108 662.4 R .184(ord designator)-.1 F 2.684(,t)-.4 G .183(here may appear a sequence of one or more of the follo)-2.684 F -.183(wing modi\214ers,)-.25 F(each preceded by a `:'.)108 645.6 Q F1(h) -108 662.4 Q F0(Remo)30.44 E .3 -.15(ve a t)-.15 H +.183(wing modi\214ers,)-.25 F(each preceded by a `:'.)108 674.4 Q F1(h) +108 691.2 Q F0(Remo)30.44 E .3 -.15(ve a t)-.15 H (railing \214le name component, lea).15 E(ving only the head.)-.2 E F1 -(t)108 674.4 Q F0(Remo)32.67 E .3 -.15(ve a)-.15 H +(t)108 703.2 Q F0(Remo)32.67 E .3 -.15(ve a)-.15 H (ll leading \214le name components, lea).15 E(ving the tail.)-.2 E F1(r) -108 686.4 Q F0(Remo)31.56 E .3 -.15(ve a t)-.15 H(railing suf).15 E +108 715.2 Q F0(Remo)31.56 E .3 -.15(ve a t)-.15 H(railing suf).15 E (\214x of the form)-.25 E F2(.xxx)2.5 E F0 2.5(,l)C(ea)-2.5 E -(ving the basename.)-.2 E F1(e)108 698.4 Q F0(Remo)31.56 E .3 -.15(ve a) --.15 H(ll b).15 E(ut the trailing suf)-.2 E(\214x.)-.25 E F1(p)108 710.4 -Q F0(Print the ne)30.44 E 2.5(wc)-.25 G(ommand b)-2.5 E(ut do not e)-.2 -E -.15(xe)-.15 G(cute it.).15 E(GNU Bash-4.1)72 768 Q(2010 May 30) -147.345 E(48)197.335 E 0 Cg EP +(ving the basename.)-.2 E(GNU Bash-4.1)72 768 Q(2010 June 12)147.345 E +(48)197.335 E 0 Cg EP %%Page: 49 49 %%BeginPageSetup BP %%EndPageSetup /F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 389.54(SH\(1\) B).35 F(ASH\(1\)) --.35 E/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(q)108 84 Q F0(Quote the substituted w)30.44 -E(ords, escaping further substitutions.)-.1 E F1(x)108 96 Q F0 +-.35 E/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(e)108 84 Q F0(Remo)31.56 E .3 -.15(ve a) +-.15 H(ll b).15 E(ut the trailing suf)-.2 E(\214x.)-.25 E F1(p)108 96 Q +F0(Print the ne)30.44 E 2.5(wc)-.25 G(ommand b)-2.5 E(ut do not e)-.2 E +-.15(xe)-.15 G(cute it.).15 E F1(q)108 108 Q F0(Quote the substituted w) +30.44 E(ords, escaping further substitutions.)-.1 E F1(x)108 120 Q F0 (Quote the substituted w)31 E(ords as with)-.1 E F1(q)2.5 E F0 2.5(,b)C (ut break into w)-2.7 E(ords at)-.1 E F1(blanks)2.5 E F0(and ne)2.5 E -(wlines.)-.25 E F1(s/)108 108 Q/F2 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(old)A F1(/)A F2 -(ne)A(w)-.15 E F1(/)A F0(Substitute)144 120 Q F2(ne)3.081 E(w)-.15 E F0 +(wlines.)-.25 E F1(s/)108 132 Q/F2 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(old)A F1(/)A F2 +(ne)A(w)-.15 E F1(/)A F0(Substitute)144 144 Q F2(ne)3.081 E(w)-.15 E F0 .221(for the \214rst occurrence of)3.031 F F2(old)2.951 E F0 .221 (in the e)3.491 F -.15(ve)-.25 G .221(nt line.).15 F(An)5.221 E 2.721 (yd)-.15 G .221(elimiter can be used in place)-2.721 F .617(of /.)144 -132 R .617 +156 R .617 (The \214nal delimiter is optional if it is the last character of the e) 5.617 F -.15(ve)-.25 G .617(nt line.).15 F .616(The delimiter may)5.616 -F .666(be quoted in)144 144 R F2(old)3.396 E F0(and)3.936 E F2(ne)3.526 +F .666(be quoted in)144 168 R F2(old)3.396 E F0(and)3.936 E F2(ne)3.526 E(w)-.15 E F0 .666(with a single backslash.)3.476 F .666 (If & appears in)5.666 F F2(ne)3.166 E(w)-.15 E F0 3.166(,i).31 G 3.166 (ti)-3.166 G 3.166(sr)-3.166 G .666(eplaced by)-3.166 F F2(old)3.166 E -F0 5.666(.A).77 G .275(single backslash will quote the &.)144 156 R(If) +F0 5.666(.A).77 G .275(single backslash will quote the &.)144 180 R(If) 5.275 E F2(old)3.004 E F0 .274(is null, it is set to the last)3.544 F F2 (old)3.004 E F0 .274(substituted, or)3.544 F 2.774(,i)-.4 G 2.774(fn) -2.774 G 2.774(op)-2.774 G(re)-2.774 E(vi-)-.25 E -(ous history substitutions took place, the last)144 168 Q F2(string)2.84 +(ous history substitutions took place, the last)144 192 Q F2(string)2.84 E F0(in a)2.72 E F1(!?)2.5 E F2(string)A F1([?])A F0(search.)5 E F1(&) -108 180 Q F0(Repeat the pre)27.67 E(vious substitution.)-.25 E F1(g)108 -192 Q F0 .397(Cause changes to be applied o)31 F -.15(ve)-.15 G 2.897 +108 204 Q F0(Repeat the pre)27.67 E(vious substitution.)-.25 E F1(g)108 +216 Q F0 .397(Cause changes to be applied o)31 F -.15(ve)-.15 G 2.897 (rt).15 G .398(he entire e)-2.897 F -.15(ve)-.25 G .398(nt line.).15 F .398(This is used in conjunction with `)5.398 F F1(:s)A F0 2.898('\()C -(e.g.,)-2.898 E(`)144 204 Q F1(:gs/)A F2(old)A F1(/)A F2(ne)A(w)-.15 E +(e.g.,)-2.898 E(`)144 228 Q F1(:gs/)A F2(old)A F1(/)A F2(ne)A(w)-.15 E F1(/)A F0 1.219('\) or `)B F1(:&)A F0 3.719('. If)B 1.219(used with `) 3.719 F F1(:s)A F0 1.218(', an)B 3.718(yd)-.15 G 1.218 (elimiter can be used in place of /, and the \214nal)-3.718 F .089 -(delimiter is optional if it is the last character of the e)144 216 R +(delimiter is optional if it is the last character of the e)144 240 R -.15(ve)-.25 G .09(nt line.).15 F(An)5.09 E F1(a)2.59 E F0 .09 -(may be used as a synon)2.59 F .09(ym for)-.15 F F1(g)144 228 Q F0(.)A -F1(G)108 240 Q F0(Apply the follo)28.22 E(wing `)-.25 E F1(s)A F0 2.5 +(may be used as a synon)2.59 F .09(ym for)-.15 F F1(g)144 252 Q F0(.)A +F1(G)108 264 Q F0(Apply the follo)28.22 E(wing `)-.25 E F1(s)A F0 2.5 ('m)C(odi\214er once to each w)-2.5 E(ord in the e)-.1 E -.15(ve)-.25 G -(nt line.).15 E/F3 10.95/Times-Bold@0 SF(SHELL B)72 256.8 Q(UIL)-.11 E -(TIN COMMANDS)-1.007 E F0 .063(Unless otherwise noted, each b)108 268.8 +(nt line.).15 E/F3 10.95/Times-Bold@0 SF(SHELL B)72 280.8 Q(UIL)-.11 E +(TIN COMMANDS)-1.007 E F0 .063(Unless otherwise noted, each b)108 292.8 R .062(uiltin command documented in this section as accepting options p\ -receded by)-.2 F F1108 280.8 Q F0(accepts)2.533 E F12.533 E F0 +receded by)-.2 F F1108 304.8 Q F0(accepts)2.533 E F12.533 E F0 .034(to signify the end of the options.)2.533 F(The)5.034 E F1(:)2.534 E F0(,)A F1(true)2.534 E F0(,)A F1(false)2.534 E F0 2.534(,a)C(nd)-2.534 E F1(test)2.534 E F0 -.2(bu)2.534 G .034(iltins do not accept options and) -.2 F .078(do not treat)108 292.8 R F12.577 E F0(specially)2.577 E +.2 F .078(do not treat)108 316.8 R F12.577 E F0(specially)2.577 E 5.077(.T)-.65 G(he)-5.077 E F1(exit)2.577 E F0(,)A F1(logout)2.577 E F0 (,)A F1(br)2.577 E(eak)-.18 E F0(,)A F1(continue)2.577 E F0(,)A F1(let) 2.577 E F0 2.577(,a)C(nd)-2.577 E F1(shift)2.577 E F0 -.2(bu)2.577 G .077(iltins accept and process ar).2 F(gu-)-.18 E .319(ments be)108 -304.8 R .319(ginning with)-.15 F F12.819 E F0 .319 +328.8 R .319(ginning with)-.15 F F12.819 E F0 .319 (without requiring)2.819 F F12.819 E F0 5.319(.O)C .319(ther b) -5.319 F .319(uiltins that accept ar)-.2 F .32(guments b)-.18 F .32 (ut are not speci\214ed as)-.2 F 1.144(accepting options interpret ar) -108 316.8 R 1.144(guments be)-.18 F 1.144(ginning with)-.15 F F1 +108 340.8 R 1.144(guments be)-.18 F 1.144(ginning with)-.15 F F1 3.643 E F0 1.143(as in)3.643 F -.25(va)-.4 G 1.143 (lid options and require).25 F F13.643 E F0 1.143(to pre)3.643 F --.15(ve)-.25 G 1.143(nt this).15 F(interpretation.)108 328.8 Q F1(:)108 -346.8 Q F0([)2.5 E F2(ar)A(guments)-.37 E F0(])A .451(No ef)144 358.8 R +-.15(ve)-.25 G 1.143(nt this).15 F(interpretation.)108 352.8 Q F1(:)108 +370.8 Q F0([)2.5 E F2(ar)A(guments)-.37 E F0(])A .451(No ef)144 382.8 R .451(fect; the command does nothing be)-.25 F .452(yond e)-.15 F (xpanding)-.15 E F2(ar)3.282 E(guments)-.37 E F0 .452(and performing an) 3.222 F 2.952(ys)-.15 G(peci\214ed)-2.952 E 2.5(redirections. A)144 -370.8 R(zero e)2.5 E(xit code is returned.)-.15 E F1(.)110.5 387.6 Q F2 +394.8 R(zero e)2.5 E(xit code is returned.)-.15 E F1(.)110.5 411.6 Q F2 (\214lename)6.666 E F0([)2.5 E F2(ar)A(guments)-.37 E F0(])A F1(sour)108 -399.6 Q(ce)-.18 E F2(\214lename)2.5 E F0([)2.5 E F2(ar)A(guments)-.37 E -F0(])A 1.02(Read and e)144 411.6 R -.15(xe)-.15 G 1.02 +423.6 Q(ce)-.18 E F2(\214lename)2.5 E F0([)2.5 E F2(ar)A(guments)-.37 E +F0(])A 1.02(Read and e)144 435.6 R -.15(xe)-.15 G 1.02 (cute commands from).15 F F2(\214lename)5.43 E F0 1.02 (in the current shell en)3.7 F 1.02(vironment and return the e)-.4 F -(xit)-.15 E 1.68(status of the last command e)144 423.6 R -.15(xe)-.15 G +(xit)-.15 E 1.68(status of the last command e)144 447.6 R -.15(xe)-.15 G 1.68(cuted from).15 F F2(\214lename)4.18 E F0 6.68(.I).18 G(f)-6.68 E F2 (\214lename)6.09 E F0 1.68(does not contain a slash, \214le)4.36 F .608 -(names in)144 435.6 R/F4 9/Times-Bold@0 SF -.666(PA)3.108 G(TH)-.189 E +(names in)144 459.6 R/F4 9/Times-Bold@0 SF -.666(PA)3.108 G(TH)-.189 E F0 .608(are used to \214nd the directory containing)2.858 F F2 (\214lename)3.108 E F0 5.608(.T).18 G .608(he \214le searched for in) --5.608 F F4 -.666(PA)3.108 G(TH)-.189 E F0 .832(need not be e)144 447.6 +-5.608 F F4 -.666(PA)3.108 G(TH)-.189 E F0 .832(need not be e)144 471.6 R -.15(xe)-.15 G 3.332(cutable. When).15 F F1(bash)3.332 E F0 .832 (is not in)3.332 F F2 .832(posix mode)3.332 F F0 3.332(,t)C .833 (he current directory is searched if no)-3.332 F .982 -(\214le is found in)144 459.6 R F4 -.666(PA)3.481 G(TH)-.189 E/F5 9 +(\214le is found in)144 483.6 R F4 -.666(PA)3.481 G(TH)-.189 E/F5 9 /Times-Roman@0 SF(.)A F0 .981(If the)5.481 F F1(sour)3.481 E(cepath)-.18 E F0 .981(option to the)3.481 F F1(shopt)3.481 E F0 -.2(bu)3.481 G .981 (iltin command is turned of).2 F .981(f, the)-.25 F F4 -.666(PA)144 -471.6 S(TH)-.189 E F0 .112(is not searched.)2.362 F .112(If an)5.112 F +495.6 S(TH)-.189 E F0 .112(is not searched.)2.362 F .112(If an)5.112 F (y)-.15 E F2(ar)2.612 E(guments)-.37 E F0 .112(are supplied, the)2.612 F 2.612(yb)-.15 G .112(ecome the positional parameters when)-2.612 F F2 -(\214lename)144 483.6 Q F0 .342(is e)2.842 F -.15(xe)-.15 G 2.842 +(\214lename)144 507.6 Q F0 .342(is e)2.842 F -.15(xe)-.15 G 2.842 (cuted. Otherwise).15 F .342(the positional parameters are unchanged.) 2.842 F .341(The return status is the)5.341 F .716 -(status of the last command e)144 495.6 R .716 +(status of the last command e)144 519.6 R .716 (xited within the script \(0 if no commands are e)-.15 F -.15(xe)-.15 G -.716(cuted\), and f).15 F .716(alse if)-.1 F F2(\214lename)145.91 507.6 -Q F0(is not found or cannot be read.)2.68 E F1(alias)108 524.4 Q F0([) +.716(cuted\), and f).15 F .716(alse if)-.1 F F2(\214lename)145.91 531.6 +Q F0(is not found or cannot be read.)2.68 E F1(alias)108 548.4 Q F0([) 2.5 E F1A F0 2.5(][)C F2(name)-2.5 E F0([=)A F2(value)A F0 2.5(].) -C(..])-2.5 E F1(Alias)144 536.4 Q F0 2.725(with no ar)5.225 F 2.724 +C(..])-2.5 E F1(Alias)144 560.4 Q F0 2.725(with no ar)5.225 F 2.724 (guments or with the)-.18 F F15.224 E F0 2.724 (option prints the list of aliases in the form)5.224 F F1(alias)5.224 E -F2(name)144 548.4 Q F0(=)A F2(value)A F0 .58(on standard output.)3.08 F +F2(name)144 572.4 Q F0(=)A F2(value)A F0 .58(on standard output.)3.08 F .58(When ar)5.58 F .58 (guments are supplied, an alias is de\214ned for each)-.18 F F2(name) -3.08 E F0(whose)144 560.4 Q F2(value)2.895 E F0 .395(is gi)2.895 F -.15 +3.08 E F0(whose)144 584.4 Q F2(value)2.895 E F0 .395(is gi)2.895 F -.15 (ve)-.25 G 2.895(n. A).15 F .395(trailing space in)2.895 F F2(value) 5.395 E F0 .395(causes the ne)2.895 F .395(xt w)-.15 F .395 (ord to be check)-.1 F .395(ed for alias sub-)-.1 F .054 -(stitution when the alias is e)144 572.4 R 2.554(xpanded. F)-.15 F .054 +(stitution when the alias is e)144 596.4 R 2.554(xpanded. F)-.15 F .054 (or each)-.15 F F2(name)2.554 E F0 .054(in the ar)2.554 F .054 (gument list for which no)-.18 F F2(value)2.554 E F0 .054(is sup-)2.554 -F 1.314(plied, the name and v)144 584.4 R 1.314 +F 1.314(plied, the name and v)144 608.4 R 1.314 (alue of the alias is printed.)-.25 F F1(Alias)6.314 E F0 1.314 (returns true unless a)3.814 F F2(name)3.814 E F0 1.313(is gi)3.814 F -.15(ve)-.25 G 3.813(nf).15 G(or)-3.813 E -(which no alias has been de\214ned.)144 596.4 Q F1(bg)108 613.2 Q F0([) +(which no alias has been de\214ned.)144 620.4 Q F1(bg)108 637.2 Q F0([) 2.5 E F2(jobspec)A F0(...])2.5 E .744(Resume each suspended job)144 -625.2 R F2(jobspec)3.244 E F0 .745 +649.2 R F2(jobspec)3.244 E F0 .745 (in the background, as if it had been started with)3.244 F F1(&)3.245 E -F0 5.745(.I)C(f)-5.745 E F2(job-)4.985 E(spec)144 637.2 Q F0 .672 +F0 5.745(.I)C(f)-5.745 E F2(job-)4.985 E(spec)144 661.2 Q F0 .672 (is not present, the shell')3.482 F 3.172(sn)-.55 G .672(otion of the) -3.172 F F2(curr)3.172 E .672(ent job)-.37 F F0 .672(is used.)3.172 F F1 (bg)5.671 E F2(jobspec)4.911 E F0 .671(returns 0 unless run)3.481 F .418 -(when job control is disabled or)144 649.2 R 2.919(,w)-.4 G .419 +(when job control is disabled or)144 673.2 R 2.919(,w)-.4 G .419 (hen run with job control enabled, an)-2.919 F 2.919(ys)-.15 G (peci\214ed)-2.919 E F2(jobspec)2.919 E F0 -.1(wa)2.919 G 2.919(sn).1 G -(ot)-2.919 E(found or w)144 661.2 Q(as started without job control.)-.1 -E F1(bind)108 678 Q F0([)2.5 E F1A F2 -.1(ke)2.5 G(ymap)-.2 E F0 -2.5(][)C F1(\255lpsvPSV)-2.5 E F0(])A F1(bind)108 690 Q F0([)2.5 E F1 -A F2 -.1(ke)2.5 G(ymap)-.2 E F0 2.5(][)C F1-2.5 E F2 -(function)2.5 E F0 2.5(][)C F1-2.5 E F2(function)2.5 E F0 2.5(][)C -F1-2.5 E F2 -.1(ke)2.5 G(yseq)-.2 E F0(])A F1(bind)108 702 Q F0([) -2.5 E F1A F2 -.1(ke)2.5 G(ymap)-.2 E F0(])A F12.5 E F2 -(\214lename)2.5 E F0(GNU Bash-4.1)72 768 Q(2010 May 30)147.345 E(49) -197.335 E 0 Cg EP +(ot)-2.919 E(found or w)144 685.2 Q(as started without job control.)-.1 +E F1(bind)108 702 Q F0([)2.5 E F1A F2 -.1(ke)2.5 G(ymap)-.2 E F0 +2.5(][)C F1(\255lpsvPSV)-2.5 E F0(])A(GNU Bash-4.1)72 768 Q +(2010 June 12)147.345 E(49)197.335 E 0 Cg EP %%Page: 50 50 %%BeginPageSetup BP %%EndPageSetup /F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 389.54(SH\(1\) B).35 F(ASH\(1\)) -.35 E/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(bind)108 84 Q F0([)2.5 E F1A/F2 10 -/Times-Italic@0 SF -.1(ke)2.5 G(ymap)-.2 E F0(])A F12.5 E F2 -.1 -(ke)2.5 G(yseq)-.2 E F0(:)A F2(shell\255command)A F1(bind)108 96 Q F0([) -2.5 E F1A F2 -.1(ke)2.5 G(ymap)-.2 E F0(])A F2 -.1(ke)2.5 G(yseq) --.2 E F0(:)A F2(function\255name)A F1(bind)108 108 Q F2 -.37(re)2.5 G -(adline\255command).37 E F0 .239(Display current)144 120 R F1 -.18(re) +/Times-Italic@0 SF -.1(ke)2.5 G(ymap)-.2 E F0 2.5(][)C F1-2.5 E F2 +(function)2.5 E F0 2.5(][)C F1-2.5 E F2(function)2.5 E F0 2.5(][)C +F1-2.5 E F2 -.1(ke)2.5 G(yseq)-.2 E F0(])A F1(bind)108 96 Q F0([) +2.5 E F1A F2 -.1(ke)2.5 G(ymap)-.2 E F0(])A F12.5 E F2 +(\214lename)2.5 E F1(bind)108 108 Q F0([)2.5 E F1A F2 -.1(ke)2.5 G +(ymap)-.2 E F0(])A F12.5 E F2 -.1(ke)2.5 G(yseq)-.2 E F0(:)A F2 +(shell\255command)A F1(bind)108 120 Q F0([)2.5 E F1A F2 -.1(ke)2.5 +G(ymap)-.2 E F0(])A F2 -.1(ke)2.5 G(yseq)-.2 E F0(:)A F2 +(function\255name)A F1(bind)108 132 Q F2 -.37(re)2.5 G +(adline\255command).37 E F0 .239(Display current)144 144 R F1 -.18(re) 2.739 G(adline).18 E F0 -.1(ke)2.739 G 2.739(ya)-.05 G .239 (nd function bindings, bind a k)-2.739 F .539 -.15(ey s)-.1 H .238 (equence to a).15 F F1 -.18(re)2.738 G(adline).18 E F0 .238(function or) -2.738 F .475(macro, or set a)144 132 R F1 -.18(re)2.975 G(adline).18 E +2.738 F .475(macro, or set a)144 156 R F1 -.18(re)2.975 G(adline).18 E F0 -.25(va)2.975 G 2.975(riable. Each).25 F .476(non-option ar)2.976 F .476(gument is a command as it w)-.18 F .476(ould appear in)-.1 F F2 -(.inputr)144 144 Q(c)-.37 E F0 2.984(,b).31 G .484 +(.inputr)144 168 Q(c)-.37 E F0 2.984(,b).31 G .484 (ut each binding or command must be passed as a separate ar)-3.184 F .483(gument; e.g., '"\\C\255x\\C\255r":)-.18 F 2.5 -(re\255read\255init\255\214le'. Options,)144 156 R(if supplied, ha)2.5 E -.3 -.15(ve t)-.2 H(he follo).15 E(wing meanings:)-.25 E F1144 168 -Q F2 -.1(ke)2.5 G(ymap)-.2 E F0(Use)180 180 Q F2 -.1(ke)5.158 G(ymap)-.2 +(re\255read\255init\255\214le'. Options,)144 180 R(if supplied, ha)2.5 E +.3 -.15(ve t)-.2 H(he follo).15 E(wing meanings:)-.25 E F1144 192 +Q F2 -.1(ke)2.5 G(ymap)-.2 E F0(Use)180 204 Q F2 -.1(ke)5.158 G(ymap)-.2 E F0 2.658(as the k)5.348 F -.15(ey)-.1 G 2.658(map to be af).15 F 2.659 (fected by the subsequent bindings.)-.25 F(Acceptable)7.659 E F2 -.1(ke) -180 192 S(ymap)-.2 E F0 3.193(names are)5.883 F F2 3.193 +180 216 S(ymap)-.2 E F0 3.193(names are)5.883 F F2 3.193 (emacs, emacs\255standar)5.693 F 3.192 (d, emacs\255meta, emacs\255ctlx, vi, vi\255mo)-.37 F(ve)-.1 E(,)-.1 E -(vi\255command)180 204 Q F0 4.429(,a)C(nd)-4.429 E F2(vi\255insert)4.429 +(vi\255command)180 228 Q F0 4.429(,a)C(nd)-4.429 E F2(vi\255insert)4.429 E F0(.).68 E F2(vi)6.929 E F0 1.929(is equi)4.429 F -.25(va)-.25 G 1.929 (lent to).25 F F2(vi\255command)4.429 E F0(;)A F2(emacs)4.429 E F0 1.929 (is equi)4.429 F -.25(va)-.25 G 1.93(lent to).25 F F2(emacs\255standar) -180 216 Q(d)-.37 E F0(.)A F1144 228 Q F0(List the names of all) +180 240 Q(d)-.37 E F0(.)A F1144 252 Q F0(List the names of all) 27.52 E F1 -.18(re)2.5 G(adline).18 E F0(functions.)2.5 E F1144 -240 Q F0(Display)24.74 E F1 -.18(re)2.5 G(adline).18 E F0 +264 Q F0(Display)24.74 E F1 -.18(re)2.5 G(adline).18 E F0 (function names and bindings in such a w)2.5 E(ay that the)-.1 E 2.5(yc) --.15 G(an be re-read.)-2.5 E F1144 252 Q F0(List current)24.19 E +-.15 G(an be re-read.)-2.5 E F1144 276 Q F0(List current)24.19 E F1 -.18(re)2.5 G(adline).18 E F0(function names and bindings.)2.5 E F1 -144 264 Q F0(Display)26.41 E F1 -.18(re)3.655 G(adline).18 E F0 +144 288 Q F0(Display)26.41 E F1 -.18(re)3.655 G(adline).18 E F0 -.1(ke)3.655 G 3.655(ys)-.05 G 1.155 (equences bound to macros and the strings the)-3.655 F 3.655(yo)-.15 G -1.155(utput in such a)-3.655 F -.1(wa)180 276 S 2.5(yt).1 G(hat the)-2.5 -E 2.5(yc)-.15 G(an be re-read.)-2.5 E F1144 288 Q F0(Display)24.74 +1.155(utput in such a)-3.655 F -.1(wa)180 300 S 2.5(yt).1 G(hat the)-2.5 +E 2.5(yc)-.15 G(an be re-read.)-2.5 E F1144 312 Q F0(Display)24.74 E F1 -.18(re)2.5 G(adline).18 E F0 -.1(ke)2.5 G 2.5(ys)-.05 G (equences bound to macros and the strings the)-2.5 E 2.5(yo)-.15 G -(utput.)-2.5 E F1144 300 Q F0(Display)25.3 E F1 -.18(re)2.5 G +(utput.)-2.5 E F1144 324 Q F0(Display)25.3 E F1 -.18(re)2.5 G (adline).18 E F0 -.25(va)2.5 G(riable names and v).25 E (alues in such a w)-.25 E(ay that the)-.1 E 2.5(yc)-.15 G -(an be re-read.)-2.5 E F1144 312 Q F0(List current)23.08 E F1 -.18 +(an be re-read.)-2.5 E F1144 336 Q F0(List current)23.08 E F1 -.18 (re)2.5 G(adline).18 E F0 -.25(va)2.5 G(riable names and v).25 E(alues.) --.25 E F1144 324 Q F2(\214lename)2.5 E F0(Read k)180 336 Q .3 -.15 +-.25 E F1144 348 Q F2(\214lename)2.5 E F0(Read k)180 360 Q .3 -.15 (ey b)-.1 H(indings from).15 E F2(\214lename)2.5 E F0(.)A F1144 -348 Q F2(function)2.5 E F0(Query about which k)180 360 Q -.15(ey)-.1 G +372 Q F2(function)2.5 E F0(Query about which k)180 384 Q -.15(ey)-.1 G 2.5(si).15 G -1.9 -.4(nv o)-2.5 H .2 -.1(ke t).4 H(he named).1 E F2 -(function)2.5 E F0(.)A F1144 372 Q F2(function)2.5 E F0 -(Unbind all k)180 384 Q -.15(ey)-.1 G 2.5(sb).15 G(ound to the named) --2.5 E F2(function)2.5 E F0(.)A F1144 396 Q F2 -.1(ke)2.5 G(yseq) --.2 E F0(Remo)180 408 Q .3 -.15(ve a)-.15 H .3 -.15(ny c).15 H +(function)2.5 E F0(.)A F1144 396 Q F2(function)2.5 E F0 +(Unbind all k)180 408 Q -.15(ey)-.1 G 2.5(sb).15 G(ound to the named) +-2.5 E F2(function)2.5 E F0(.)A F1144 420 Q F2 -.1(ke)2.5 G(yseq) +-.2 E F0(Remo)180 432 Q .3 -.15(ve a)-.15 H .3 -.15(ny c).15 H (urrent binding for).15 E F2 -.1(ke)2.5 G(yseq)-.2 E F0(.)A F1144 -420 Q F2 -.1(ke)2.5 G(yseq)-.2 E F1(:)A F2(shell\255command)A F0(Cause) -180 432 Q F2(shell\255command)4.325 E F0 1.825(to be e)4.325 F -.15(xe) +444 Q F2 -.1(ke)2.5 G(yseq)-.2 E F1(:)A F2(shell\255command)A F0(Cause) +180 456 Q F2(shell\255command)4.325 E F0 1.825(to be e)4.325 F -.15(xe) -.15 G 1.825(cuted whene).15 F -.15(ve)-.25 G(r).15 E F2 -.1(ke)4.325 G (yseq)-.2 E F0 1.825(is entered.)4.325 F(When)6.825 E F2(shell\255com-) -4.325 E(mand)180 444 Q F0 1.765(is e)4.265 F -.15(xe)-.15 G 1.765 +4.325 E(mand)180 468 Q F0 1.765(is e)4.265 F -.15(xe)-.15 G 1.765 (cuted, the shell sets the).15 F/F3 9/Times-Bold@0 SF(READLINE_LINE) 4.265 E F0 -.25(va)4.015 G 1.765(riable to the contents of the).25 F F1 --.18(re)180 456 S(adline).18 E F0 1.353(line b)3.852 F(uf)-.2 E 1.353 +-.18(re)180 480 S(adline).18 E F0 1.353(line b)3.852 F(uf)-.2 E 1.353 (fer and the)-.25 F F3(READLINE_POINT)3.853 E F0 -.25(va)3.603 G 1.353 (riable to the current location of the).25 F 2.012(insertion point.)180 -468 R 2.011(If the e)7.012 F -.15(xe)-.15 G 2.011 +492 R 2.011(If the e)7.012 F -.15(xe)-.15 G 2.011 (cuted command changes the v).15 F 2.011(alue of)-.25 F F3 -(READLINE_LINE)4.511 E F0(or)4.261 E F3(READLINE_POINT)180 480 Q/F4 9 +(READLINE_LINE)4.511 E F0(or)4.261 E F3(READLINE_POINT)180 504 Q/F4 9 /Times-Roman@0 SF(,)A F0(those ne)2.25 E 2.5(wv)-.25 G (alues will be re\215ected in the editing state.)-2.75 E(The return v) -144 496.8 Q(alue is 0 unless an unrecognized option is gi)-.25 E -.15 +144 520.8 Q(alue is 0 unless an unrecognized option is gi)-.25 E -.15 (ve)-.25 G 2.5(no).15 G 2.5(ra)-2.5 G 2.5(ne)-2.5 G(rror occurred.)-2.5 -E F1(br)108 513.6 Q(eak)-.18 E F0([)2.5 E F2(n)A F0(])A .054 -(Exit from within a)144 525.6 R F1 -.25(fo)2.554 G(r).25 E F0(,)A F1 +E F1(br)108 537.6 Q(eak)-.18 E F0([)2.5 E F2(n)A F0(])A .054 +(Exit from within a)144 549.6 R F1 -.25(fo)2.554 G(r).25 E F0(,)A F1 (while)2.554 E F0(,)A F1(until)2.555 E F0 2.555(,o)C(r)-2.555 E F1 (select)2.555 E F0 2.555(loop. If)2.555 F F2(n)2.555 E F0 .055 (is speci\214ed, break)2.555 F F2(n)2.555 E F0(le)2.555 E -.15(ve)-.25 G (ls.).15 E F2(n)5.415 E F0 .055(must be)2.795 F/F5 10/Symbol SF2.555 -E F0(1.)2.555 E(If)144 537.6 Q F2(n)3.075 E F0 .215(is greater than the\ +E F0(1.)2.555 E(If)144 561.6 Q F2(n)3.075 E F0 .215(is greater than the\ number of enclosing loops, all enclosing loops are e)2.955 F 2.714 (xited. The)-.15 F .214(return v)2.714 F(alue)-.25 E(is 0 unless)144 -549.6 Q F2(n)2.5 E F0(is not greater than or equal to 1.)2.5 E F1 -.2 -(bu)108 566.4 S(iltin).2 E F2(shell\255b)2.5 E(uiltin)-.2 E F0([)2.5 E -F2(ar)A(guments)-.37 E F0(])A(Ex)144 578.4 Q .792 +573.6 Q F2(n)2.5 E F0(is not greater than or equal to 1.)2.5 E F1 -.2 +(bu)108 590.4 S(iltin).2 E F2(shell\255b)2.5 E(uiltin)-.2 E F0([)2.5 E +F2(ar)A(guments)-.37 E F0(])A(Ex)144 602.4 Q .792 (ecute the speci\214ed shell b)-.15 F .792(uiltin, passing it)-.2 F F2 (ar)3.293 E(guments)-.37 E F0 3.293(,a).27 G .793(nd return its e)-3.293 F .793(xit status.)-.15 F .793(This is useful)5.793 F .616 (when de\214ning a function whose name is the same as a shell b)144 -590.4 R .615(uiltin, retaining the functionality of)-.2 F .57(the b)144 -602.4 R .57(uiltin within the function.)-.2 F(The)5.57 E F1(cd)3.07 E F0 +614.4 R .615(uiltin, retaining the functionality of)-.2 F .57(the b)144 +626.4 R .57(uiltin within the function.)-.2 F(The)5.57 E F1(cd)3.07 E F0 -.2(bu)3.07 G .57(iltin is commonly rede\214ned this w).2 F(ay)-.1 E -5.57(.T)-.65 G .57(he return status)-5.57 F(is f)144 614.4 Q(alse if)-.1 +5.57(.T)-.65 G .57(he return status)-5.57 F(is f)144 638.4 Q(alse if)-.1 E F2(shell\255b)2.84 E(uiltin)-.2 E F0(is not a shell b)2.74 E -(uiltin command.)-.2 E F1(caller)108 631.2 Q F0([)2.5 E F2 -.2(ex)C(pr) -.2 E F0(])A .254(Returns the conte)144 643.2 R .254(xt of an)-.15 F +(uiltin command.)-.2 E F1(caller)108 655.2 Q F0([)2.5 E F2 -.2(ex)C(pr) +.2 E F0(])A .254(Returns the conte)144 667.2 R .254(xt of an)-.15 F 2.754(ya)-.15 G(cti)-2.754 E .554 -.15(ve s)-.25 H .254 (ubroutine call \(a shell function or a script e).15 F -.15(xe)-.15 G -.254(cuted with the).15 F F1(.)2.753 E F0(or)2.753 E F1(sour)144 655.2 Q +.254(cuted with the).15 F F1(.)2.753 E F0(or)2.753 E F1(sour)144 679.2 Q (ce)-.18 E F0 -.2(bu)2.824 G 2.824(iltins\). W).2 F(ithout)-.4 E F2 -.2 (ex)2.824 G(pr).2 E F0(,)A F1(caller)2.824 E F0 .324 (displays the line number and source \214lename of the current)2.824 F -.254(subroutine call.)144 667.2 R .254(If a non-ne)5.254 F -.05(ga)-.15 +.254(subroutine call.)144 691.2 R .254(If a non-ne)5.254 F -.05(ga)-.15 G(ti).05 E .554 -.15(ve i)-.25 H(nte).15 E .253(ger is supplied as)-.15 F F2 -.2(ex)2.753 G(pr).2 E F0(,)A F1(caller)2.753 E F0 .253 (displays the line number)2.753 F 2.753(,s)-.4 G(ub-)-2.753 E 1.327(rou\ tine name, and source \214le corresponding to that position in the curr\ -ent e)144 679.2 R -.15(xe)-.15 G 1.328(cution call stack.).15 F .001 -(This e)144 691.2 R .001(xtra information may be used, for e)-.15 F .001 +ent e)144 703.2 R -.15(xe)-.15 G 1.328(cution call stack.).15 F .001 +(This e)144 715.2 R .001(xtra information may be used, for e)-.15 F .001 (xample, to print a stack trace.)-.15 F(The current frame is frame)5 E -3.019(0. The)144 703.2 R .519(return v)3.019 F .519 -(alue is 0 unless the shell is not e)-.25 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .52 -(cuting a subroutine call or).15 F F2 -.2(ex)3.02 G(pr).2 E F0 .52 -(does not corre-)3.02 F(spond to a v)144 715.2 Q -(alid position in the call stack.)-.25 E(GNU Bash-4.1)72 768 Q -(2010 May 30)147.345 E(50)197.335 E 0 Cg EP +4.513(0. The)144 727.2 R 2.013(return v)4.513 F 2.013 +(alue is 0 unless the shell is not e)-.25 F -.15(xe)-.15 G 2.014 +(cuting a subroutine call or).15 F F2 -.2(ex)4.514 G(pr).2 E F0 2.014 +(does not)4.514 F(GNU Bash-4.1)72 768 Q(2010 June 12)147.345 E(50) +197.335 E 0 Cg EP %%Page: 51 51 %%BeginPageSetup BP %%EndPageSetup /F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 389.54(SH\(1\) B).35 F(ASH\(1\)) --.35 E/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(cd)108 84 Q F0([)2.5 E F1A F0(|[)A F1 +-.35 E(correspond to a v)144 84 Q(alid position in the call stack.)-.25 +E/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(cd)108 100.8 Q F0([)2.5 E F1A F0(|[)A F1 A F0([)2.5 E F1A F0(]]] [)A/F2 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(dir)A F0 -(])A .21(Change the current directory to)144 96 R F2(dir)2.71 E F0 5.21 -(.T)C .21(he v)-5.21 F(ariable)-.25 E/F3 9/Times-Bold@0 SF(HOME)2.71 E -F0 .21(is the def)2.46 F(ault)-.1 E F2(dir)2.71 E F0 5.21(.T).73 G .21 +(])A .21(Change the current directory to)144 112.8 R F2(dir)2.71 E F0 +5.21(.T)C .21(he v)-5.21 F(ariable)-.25 E/F3 9/Times-Bold@0 SF(HOME)2.71 +E F0 .21(is the def)2.46 F(ault)-.1 E F2(dir)2.71 E F0 5.21(.T).73 G .21 (he v)-5.21 F(ariable)-.25 E F3(CDP)2.71 E -.855(AT)-.666 G(H).855 E F0 -.776(de\214nes the search path for the directory containing)144 108 R F2 -(dir)3.276 E F0 5.777(.A).73 G(lternati)-5.777 E 1.077 -.15(ve d)-.25 H -.777(irectory names in).15 F F3(CDP)3.277 E -.855(AT)-.666 G(H).855 E F0 -.764(are separated by a colon \(:\).)144 120 R 3.264(An)5.764 G .764 -(ull directory name in)-3.264 F F3(CDP)3.264 E -.855(AT)-.666 G(H).855 E -F0 .764(is the same as the current direc-)3.014 F(tory)144 132 Q 2.973 -(,i)-.65 G .473(.e., `)-2.973 F(`)-.74 E F1(.)A F0 -.74('')C 5.473(.I) -.74 G(f)-5.473 E F2(dir)3.323 E F0(be)3.703 E .474 +.776(de\214nes the search path for the directory containing)144 124.8 R +F2(dir)3.276 E F0 5.777(.A).73 G(lternati)-5.777 E 1.077 -.15(ve d)-.25 +H .777(irectory names in).15 F F3(CDP)3.277 E -.855(AT)-.666 G(H).855 E +F0 .764(are separated by a colon \(:\).)144 136.8 R 3.264(An)5.764 G +.764(ull directory name in)-3.264 F F3(CDP)3.264 E -.855(AT)-.666 G(H) +.855 E F0 .764(is the same as the current direc-)3.014 F(tory)144 148.8 +Q 2.973(,i)-.65 G .473(.e., `)-2.973 F(`)-.74 E F1(.)A F0 -.74('')C +5.473(.I).74 G(f)-5.473 E F2(dir)3.323 E F0(be)3.703 E .474 (gins with a slash \(/\), then)-.15 F F3(CDP)2.974 E -.855(AT)-.666 G(H) .855 E F0 .474(is not used. The)2.724 F F12.974 E F0 .474 -(option says to use)2.974 F .58(the ph)144 144 R .58 +(option says to use)2.974 F .58(the ph)144 160.8 R .58 (ysical directory structure instead of follo)-.05 F .579 (wing symbolic links \(see also the)-.25 F F13.079 E F0 .579 -(option to the)3.079 F F1(set)144 156 Q F0 -.2(bu)2.716 G .216 +(option to the)3.079 F F1(set)144 172.8 Q F0 -.2(bu)2.716 G .216 (iltin command\); the).2 F F12.716 E F0 .216 (option forces symbolic links to be follo)2.716 F 2.717(wed. If)-.25 F (the)2.717 E F12.717 E F0 .217(option is sup-)2.717 F 1.087 -(plied with)144 168 R F13.587 E F0 3.587(,a)C 1.087 +(plied with)144 184.8 R F13.587 E F0 3.587(,a)C 1.087 (nd the current w)-3.587 F 1.086 (orking directory cannot be successfully determined after a suc-)-.1 F -.44(cessful directory change,)144 180 R F1(cd)2.94 E F0 .44 +.44(cessful directory change,)144 196.8 R F1(cd)2.94 E F0 .44 (will return an unsuccessful status.)2.94 F .44(An ar)5.44 F .44 (gument of)-.18 F F12.94 E F0 .44(is equi)2.94 F -.25(va)-.25 G .44 -(lent to).25 F F3($OLDPWD)144 192 Q/F4 9/Times-Roman@0 SF(.)A F0 1.045 +(lent to).25 F F3($OLDPWD)144 208.8 Q/F4 9/Times-Roman@0 SF(.)A F0 1.045 (If a non-empty directory name from)5.545 F F3(CDP)3.545 E -.855(AT) -.666 G(H).855 E F0 1.044(is used, or if)3.295 F F13.544 E F0 1.044 (is the \214rst ar)3.544 F(gument,)-.18 E .021(and the directory change\ - is successful, the absolute pathname of the ne)144 204 R 2.522(ww)-.25 -G .022(orking directory is writ-)-2.622 F .165 -(ten to the standard output.)144 216 R .165(The return v)5.165 F .165 + is successful, the absolute pathname of the ne)144 220.8 R 2.522(ww) +-.25 G .022(orking directory is writ-)-2.622 F .165 +(ten to the standard output.)144 232.8 R .165(The return v)5.165 F .165 (alue is true if the directory w)-.25 F .165(as successfully changed; f) --.1 F(alse)-.1 E(otherwise.)144 228 Q F1(command)108 244.8 Q F0([)2.5 E -F1(\255pVv)A F0(])A F2(command)2.5 E F0([)2.5 E F2(ar)A(g)-.37 E F0 -(...])2.5 E(Run)144 256.8 Q F2(command)2.956 E F0(with)3.527 E F2(ar) +-.1 F(alse)-.1 E(otherwise.)144 244.8 Q F1(command)108 261.6 Q F0([)2.5 +E F1(\255pVv)A F0(])A F2(command)2.5 E F0([)2.5 E F2(ar)A(g)-.37 E F0 +(...])2.5 E(Run)144 273.6 Q F2(command)2.956 E F0(with)3.527 E F2(ar) 3.087 E(gs)-.37 E F0 .257 (suppressing the normal shell function lookup. Only b)3.027 F .257 -(uiltin commands or)-.2 F .502(commands found in the)144 268.8 R F3 +(uiltin commands or)-.2 F .502(commands found in the)144 285.6 R F3 -.666(PA)3.002 G(TH)-.189 E F0 .502(are e)2.752 F -.15(xe)-.15 G 3.002 (cuted. If).15 F(the)3.002 E F13.002 E F0 .502(option is gi)3.002 F -.15(ve)-.25 G .501(n, the search for).15 F F2(command)3.201 E F0(is) -3.771 E .399(performed using a def)144 280.8 R .399(ault v)-.1 F .399 +3.771 E .399(performed using a def)144 297.6 R .399(ault v)-.1 F .399 (alue for)-.25 F F3 -.666(PA)2.899 G(TH)-.189 E F0 .4 (that is guaranteed to \214nd all of the standard utilities.)2.649 F(If) -5.4 E .175(either the)144 292.8 R F12.675 E F0(or)2.675 E F1 +5.4 E .175(either the)144 309.6 R F12.675 E F0(or)2.675 E F1 2.675 E F0 .175(option is supplied, a description of)2.675 F F2(command) 2.875 E F0 .174(is printed.)3.445 F(The)5.174 E F12.674 E F0 .174 -(option causes)2.674 F 3.11(as)144 304.8 S .61(ingle w)-3.11 F .61 +(option causes)2.674 F 3.11(as)144 321.6 S .61(ingle w)-3.11 F .61 (ord indicating the command or \214le name used to in)-.1 F -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G F2(command)3.41 E F0 .61(to be displayed; the)3.88 F F1 -144 316.8 Q F0 .25(option produces a more v)2.75 F .25 +144 333.6 Q F0 .25(option produces a more v)2.75 F .25 (erbose description.)-.15 F .249(If the)5.25 F F12.749 E F0(or) 2.749 E F12.749 E F0 .249(option is supplied, the e)2.749 F .249 -(xit status)-.15 F 1.004(is 0 if)144 328.8 R F2(command)3.704 E F0 -.1 +(xit status)-.15 F 1.004(is 0 if)144 345.6 R F2(command)3.704 E F0 -.1 (wa)4.274 G 3.504(sf).1 G 1.005(ound, and 1 if not.)-3.504 F 1.005 (If neither option is supplied and an error occurred or)6.005 F F2 -(command)144.2 340.8 Q F0 1.599(cannot be found, the e)4.869 F 1.599 +(command)144.2 357.6 Q F0 1.599(cannot be found, the e)4.869 F 1.599 (xit status is 127.)-.15 F 1.599(Otherwise, the e)6.599 F 1.598 -(xit status of the)-.15 F F1(command)4.098 E F0 -.2(bu)144 352.8 S +(xit status of the)-.15 F F1(command)4.098 E F0 -.2(bu)144 369.6 S (iltin is the e).2 E(xit status of)-.15 E F2(command)2.5 E F0(.).77 E F1 -(compgen)108 369.6 Q F0([)2.5 E F2(option)A F0 2.5(][)C F2(wor)-2.5 E(d) --.37 E F0(])A .012(Generate possible completion matches for)144 381.6 R +(compgen)108 386.4 Q F0([)2.5 E F2(option)A F0 2.5(][)C F2(wor)-2.5 E(d) +-.37 E F0(])A .012(Generate possible completion matches for)144 398.4 R F2(wor)2.513 E(d)-.37 E F0 .013(according to the)2.513 F F2(option)2.513 E F0 .013(s, which may be an)B 2.513(yo)-.15 G(ption)-2.513 E .982 -(accepted by the)144 393.6 R F1(complete)3.482 E F0 -.2(bu)3.481 G .981 +(accepted by the)144 410.4 R F1(complete)3.482 E F0 -.2(bu)3.481 G .981 (iltin with the e).2 F .981(xception of)-.15 F F13.481 E F0(and) 3.481 E F13.481 E F0 3.481(,a)C .981(nd write the matches to the) --3.481 F 1.415(standard output.)144 405.6 R 1.415(When using the)6.415 F +-3.481 F 1.415(standard output.)144 422.4 R 1.415(When using the)6.415 F F13.915 E F0(or)3.915 E F13.915 E F0 1.415(options, the v) 3.915 F 1.415(arious shell v)-.25 F 1.415(ariables set by the pro-)-.25 -F(grammable completion f)144 417.6 Q(acilities, while a)-.1 E -.25(va) +F(grammable completion f)144 434.4 Q(acilities, while a)-.1 E -.25(va) -.2 G(ilable, will not ha).25 E .3 -.15(ve u)-.2 H(seful v).15 E(alues.) --.25 E .352(The matches will be generated in the same w)144 441.6 R .352 +-.25 E .352(The matches will be generated in the same w)144 458.4 R .352 (ay as if the programmable completion code had gen-)-.1 F .02(erated th\ em directly from a completion speci\214cation with the same \215ags.)144 -453.6 R(If)5.02 E F2(wor)2.52 E(d)-.37 E F0 .02(is speci\214ed, only) -2.52 F(those completions matching)144 465.6 Q F2(wor)2.5 E(d)-.37 E F0 -(will be displayed.)2.5 E(The return v)144 489.6 Q +470.4 R(If)5.02 E F2(wor)2.52 E(d)-.37 E F0 .02(is speci\214ed, only) +2.52 F(those completions matching)144 482.4 Q F2(wor)2.5 E(d)-.37 E F0 +(will be displayed.)2.5 E(The return v)144 506.4 Q (alue is true unless an in)-.25 E -.25(va)-.4 G (lid option is supplied, or no matches were generated.).25 E F1 -(complete)108 506.4 Q F0([)3.729 E F1(\255abcdefgjksuv)A F0 3.729(][)C +(complete)108 523.2 Q F0([)3.729 E F1(\255abcdefgjksuv)A F0 3.729(][)C F1-3.729 E F2(comp-option)3.729 E F0 3.729(][)C F1(\255DE)-3.729 E F0 3.728(][)C F1-3.728 E F2(action)3.728 E F0 3.728(][)C F1 -3.728 E F2(globpat)3.728 E F0 3.728(][)C F1-3.728 E F2(wor)3.728 E(dlist)-.37 E F0 3.728(][)C F1-3.728 E F2(func-)3.728 E(tion)108 -518.4 Q F0 2.5(][)C F1-2.5 E F2(command)2.5 E F0(])A([)144 530.4 Q +535.2 Q F0 2.5(][)C F1-2.5 E F2(command)2.5 E F0(])A([)144 547.2 Q F1A F2(\214lterpat)2.5 E F0 2.5(][)C F1-2.5 E F2(pr)2.5 E (e\214x)-.37 E F0 2.5(][)C F1-2.5 E F2(suf)2.5 E<8c78>-.18 E F0(]) A F2(name)2.5 E F0([)2.5 E F2(name ...)A F0(])A F1(complete \255pr)108 -542.4 Q F0([)2.5 E F1(\255DE)A F0 2.5(][)C F2(name)-2.5 E F0(...])2.5 E -.634(Specify ho)144 554.4 R 3.134(wa)-.25 G -.18(rg)-3.134 G .634 +559.2 Q F0([)2.5 E F1(\255DE)A F0 2.5(][)C F2(name)-2.5 E F0(...])2.5 E +.634(Specify ho)144 571.2 R 3.134(wa)-.25 G -.18(rg)-3.134 G .634 (uments to each).18 F F2(name)3.134 E F0 .634(should be completed.)3.134 F .633(If the)5.634 F F13.133 E F0 .633 (option is supplied, or if no)3.133 F .139(options are supplied, e)144 -566.4 R .139(xisting completion speci\214cations are printed in a w)-.15 +583.2 R .139(xisting completion speci\214cations are printed in a w)-.15 F .14(ay that allo)-.1 F .14(ws them to be)-.25 F .31(reused as input.) -144 578.4 R(The)5.31 E F12.81 E F0 .31(option remo)2.81 F -.15(ve) +144 595.2 R(The)5.31 E F12.81 E F0 .31(option remo)2.81 F -.15(ve) -.15 G 2.81(sac).15 G .31(ompletion speci\214cation for each)-2.81 F F2 (name)2.81 E F0 2.81(,o)C 1.11 -.4(r, i)-2.81 H 2.81(fn).4 G(o)-2.81 E F2(name)2.81 E F0(s)A 1.346 -(are supplied, all completion speci\214cations.)144 590.4 R(The)6.347 E +(are supplied, all completion speci\214cations.)144 607.2 R(The)6.347 E F13.847 E F0 1.347(option indicates that the remaining options) -3.847 F .5(and actions should apply to the `)144 602.4 R(`def)-.74 E +3.847 F .5(and actions should apply to the `)144 619.2 R(`def)-.74 E (ault')-.1 E 3('c)-.74 G .5 (ommand completion; that is, completion attempted on)-3 F 3.455(ac)144 -614.4 S .955(ommand for which no completion has pre)-3.455 F .955 +631.2 S .955(ommand for which no completion has pre)-3.455 F .955 (viously been de\214ned.)-.25 F(The)5.955 E F13.455 E F0 .955 (option indicates that)3.455 F .065 -(the remaining options and actions should apply to `)144 626.4 R +(the remaining options and actions should apply to `)144 643.2 R (`empty')-.74 E 2.564('c)-.74 G .064 (ommand completion; that is, comple-)-2.564 F -(tion attempted on a blank line.)144 638.4 Q 1.437 +(tion attempted on a blank line.)144 655.2 Q 1.437 (The process of applying these completion speci\214cations when w)144 -662.4 R 1.438(ord completion is attempted is)-.1 F(described abo)144 -674.4 Q .3 -.15(ve u)-.15 H(nder).15 E F1(Pr)2.5 E +679.2 R 1.438(ord completion is attempted is)-.1 F(described abo)144 +691.2 Q .3 -.15(ve u)-.15 H(nder).15 E F1(Pr)2.5 E (ogrammable Completion)-.18 E F0(.)A .556 -(Other options, if speci\214ed, ha)144 698.4 R .856 -.15(ve t)-.2 H .555 +(Other options, if speci\214ed, ha)144 715.2 R .856 -.15(ve t)-.2 H .555 (he follo).15 F .555(wing meanings.)-.25 F .555(The ar)5.555 F .555 (guments to the)-.18 F F13.055 E F0(,)A F13.055 E F0 3.055 -(,a)C(nd)-3.055 E F13.055 E F0 .722(options \(and, if necessary) -144 710.4 R 3.222(,t)-.65 G(he)-3.222 E F13.222 E F0(and)3.222 E -F13.222 E F0 .723 -(options\) should be quoted to protect them from e)3.222 F(xpan-)-.15 E -(sion before the)144 722.4 Q F1(complete)2.5 E F0 -.2(bu)2.5 G -(iltin is in).2 E -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G(d.).1 E(GNU Bash-4.1)72 768 Q -(2010 May 30)147.345 E(51)197.335 E 0 Cg EP +(,a)C(nd)-3.055 E F13.055 E F0 2.741(options \(and, if necessary) +144 727.2 R 5.241(,t)-.65 G(he)-5.241 E F15.241 E F0(and)5.241 E +F15.241 E F0 2.742 +(options\) should be quoted to protect them from)5.241 F(GNU Bash-4.1)72 +768 Q(2010 June 12)147.345 E(51)197.335 E 0 Cg EP %%Page: 52 52 %%BeginPageSetup BP %%EndPageSetup /F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 389.54(SH\(1\) B).35 F(ASH\(1\)) --.35 E/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 SF144 84 Q/F2 10/Times-Italic@0 SF -(comp-option)2.5 E F0(The)184 96 Q F2(comp-option)2.791 E F0 .291 -(controls se)2.791 F -.15(ve)-.25 G .291(ral aspects of the compspec') -.15 F 2.791(sb)-.55 G(eha)-2.791 E .291(vior be)-.2 F .291 -(yond the simple)-.15 F(generation of completions.)184 108 Q F2 -(comp-option)5 E F0(may be one of:)2.5 E F1(bashdefault)184 120 Q F0 -.281(Perform the rest of the def)224 132 R(ault)-.1 E F1(bash)2.781 E F0 -.281(completions if the compspec generates no)2.781 F(matches.)224 144 Q -F1(default)184 156 Q F0 2.876(Use readline')10 F 5.376(sd)-.55 G(ef) +-.35 E -.15(ex)144 84 S(pansion before the).15 E/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 SF +(complete)2.5 E F0 -.2(bu)2.5 G(iltin is in).2 E -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 +G(d.).1 E F1144 96 Q/F2 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(comp-option)2.5 E F0 +(The)184 108 Q F2(comp-option)2.791 E F0 .291(controls se)2.791 F -.15 +(ve)-.25 G .291(ral aspects of the compspec').15 F 2.791(sb)-.55 G(eha) +-2.791 E .291(vior be)-.2 F .291(yond the simple)-.15 F +(generation of completions.)184 120 Q F2(comp-option)5 E F0 +(may be one of:)2.5 E F1(bashdefault)184 132 Q F0 .281 +(Perform the rest of the def)224 144 R(ault)-.1 E F1(bash)2.781 E F0 +.281(completions if the compspec generates no)2.781 F(matches.)224 156 Q +F1(default)184 168 Q F0 2.876(Use readline')10 F 5.376(sd)-.55 G(ef) -5.376 E 2.875(ault \214lename completion if the compspec generates no) --.1 F(matches.)224 168 Q F1(dir)184 180 Q(names)-.15 E F0(Perform direc\ -tory name completion if the compspec generates no matches.)224 192 Q F1 -(\214lenames)184 204 Q F0 -.7(Te)224 216 S .137(ll readline that the co\ +-.1 F(matches.)224 180 Q F1(dir)184 192 Q(names)-.15 E F0(Perform direc\ +tory name completion if the compspec generates no matches.)224 204 Q F1 +(\214lenames)184 216 Q F0 -.7(Te)224 228 S .137(ll readline that the co\ mpspec generates \214lenames, so it can perform an).7 F 2.637<798c>-.15 -G(le-)-2.637 E .134(name\255speci\214c processing \(lik)224 228 R 2.634 +G(le-)-2.637 E .134(name\255speci\214c processing \(lik)224 240 R 2.634 (ea)-.1 G .134(dding a slash to directory names, quoting spe-)-2.634 F -.45(cial characters, or suppressing trailing spaces\).)224 240 R .45 -(Intended to be used with shell)5.45 F(functions.)224 252 Q F1(nospace) -184 264 Q F0 -.7(Te)6.11 G .22 +.45(cial characters, or suppressing trailing spaces\).)224 252 R .45 +(Intended to be used with shell)5.45 F(functions.)224 264 Q F1(nospace) +184 276 Q F0 -.7(Te)6.11 G .22 (ll readline not to append a space \(the def).7 F .22(ault\) to w)-.1 F -.22(ords completed at the end)-.1 F(of the line.)224 276 Q F1(plusdirs) -184 288 Q F0 1.985(After an)5.54 F 4.485(ym)-.15 G 1.985 +.22(ords completed at the end)-.1 F(of the line.)224 288 Q F1(plusdirs) +184 300 Q F0 1.985(After an)5.54 F 4.485(ym)-.15 G 1.985 (atches de\214ned by the compspec are generated, directory name)-4.485 F -.584(completion is attempted and an)224 300 R 3.084(ym)-.15 G .584 -(atches are added to the results of the other)-3.084 F(actions.)224 312 -Q F1144 324 Q F2(action)2.5 E F0(The)184 336 Q F2(action)2.5 E F0 +.584(completion is attempted and an)224 312 R 3.084(ym)-.15 G .584 +(atches are added to the results of the other)-3.084 F(actions.)224 324 +Q F1144 336 Q F2(action)2.5 E F0(The)184 348 Q F2(action)2.5 E F0 (may be one of the follo)2.5 E (wing to generate a list of possible completions:)-.25 E F1(alias)184 -348 Q F0(Alias names.)20.55 E(May also be speci\214ed as)5 E F12.5 -E F0(.)A F1(arrayv)184 360 Q(ar)-.1 E F0(Array v)224 372 Q -(ariable names.)-.25 E F1 4.7(binding Readline)184 384 R F0 -.1(ke)2.5 G -2.5(yb)-.05 G(inding names.)-2.5 E F1 -.2(bu)184 396 S(iltin).2 E F0 +360 Q F0(Alias names.)20.55 E(May also be speci\214ed as)5 E F12.5 +E F0(.)A F1(arrayv)184 372 Q(ar)-.1 E F0(Array v)224 384 Q +(ariable names.)-.25 E F1 4.7(binding Readline)184 396 R F0 -.1(ke)2.5 G +2.5(yb)-.05 G(inding names.)-2.5 E F1 -.2(bu)184 408 S(iltin).2 E F0 (Names of shell b)11.85 E(uiltin commands.)-.2 E -(May also be speci\214ed as)5 E F12.5 E F0(.)A F1(command)184 408 -Q F0(Command names.)224 420 Q(May also be speci\214ed as)5 E F12.5 -E F0(.)A F1(dir)184 432 Q(ectory)-.18 E F0(Directory names.)224 444 Q -(May also be speci\214ed as)5 E F12.5 E F0(.)A F1(disabled)184 456 -Q F0(Names of disabled shell b)224 468 Q(uiltins.)-.2 E F1(enabled)184 -480 Q F0(Names of enabled shell b)6.66 E(uiltins.)-.2 E F1(export)184 -492 Q F0(Names of e)12.23 E(xported shell v)-.15 E 2.5(ariables. May) +(May also be speci\214ed as)5 E F12.5 E F0(.)A F1(command)184 420 +Q F0(Command names.)224 432 Q(May also be speci\214ed as)5 E F12.5 +E F0(.)A F1(dir)184 444 Q(ectory)-.18 E F0(Directory names.)224 456 Q +(May also be speci\214ed as)5 E F12.5 E F0(.)A F1(disabled)184 468 +Q F0(Names of disabled shell b)224 480 Q(uiltins.)-.2 E F1(enabled)184 +492 Q F0(Names of enabled shell b)6.66 E(uiltins.)-.2 E F1(export)184 +504 Q F0(Names of e)12.23 E(xported shell v)-.15 E 2.5(ariables. May) -.25 F(also be speci\214ed as)2.5 E F12.5 E F0(.)A F1(\214le)184 -504 Q F0(File names.)27.22 E(May also be speci\214ed as)5 E F12.5 -E F0(.)A F1(function)184 516 Q F0(Names of shell functions.)224 528 Q F1 -(gr)184 540 Q(oup)-.18 E F0(Group names.)14.62 E +516 Q F0(File names.)27.22 E(May also be speci\214ed as)5 E F12.5 +E F0(.)A F1(function)184 528 Q F0(Names of shell functions.)224 540 Q F1 +(gr)184 552 Q(oup)-.18 E F0(Group names.)14.62 E (May also be speci\214ed as)5 E F12.5 E F0(.)A F1(helptopic)184 -552 Q F0(Help topics as accepted by the)224 564 Q F1(help)2.5 E F0 -.2 -(bu)2.5 G(iltin.).2 E F1(hostname)184 576 Q F0(Hostnames, as tak)224 588 +564 Q F0(Help topics as accepted by the)224 576 Q F1(help)2.5 E F0 -.2 +(bu)2.5 G(iltin.).2 E F1(hostname)184 588 Q F0(Hostnames, as tak)224 600 Q(en from the \214le speci\214ed by the)-.1 E/F3 9/Times-Bold@0 SF -(HOSTFILE)2.5 E F0(shell v)2.25 E(ariable.)-.25 E F1(job)184 600 Q F0 +(HOSTFILE)2.5 E F0(shell v)2.25 E(ariable.)-.25 E F1(job)184 612 Q F0 (Job names, if job control is acti)26.11 E -.15(ve)-.25 G 5(.M).15 G -(ay also be speci\214ed as)-5 E F12.5 E F0(.)A F1 -.1(ke)184 612 S -(yw).1 E(ord)-.1 E F0(Shell reserv)224 624 Q(ed w)-.15 E 2.5(ords. May) +(ay also be speci\214ed as)-5 E F12.5 E F0(.)A F1 -.1(ke)184 624 S +(yw).1 E(ord)-.1 E F0(Shell reserv)224 636 Q(ed w)-.15 E 2.5(ords. May) -.1 F(also be speci\214ed as)2.5 E F12.5 E F0(.)A F1(running)184 -636 Q F0(Names of running jobs, if job control is acti)5.54 E -.15(ve) --.25 G(.).15 E F1(ser)184 648 Q(vice)-.1 E F0(Service names.)10.67 E -(May also be speci\214ed as)5 E F12.5 E F0(.)A F1(setopt)184 660 Q +648 Q F0(Names of running jobs, if job control is acti)5.54 E -.15(ve) +-.25 G(.).15 E F1(ser)184 660 Q(vice)-.1 E F0(Service names.)10.67 E +(May also be speci\214ed as)5 E F12.5 E F0(.)A F1(setopt)184 672 Q F0 -1.11(Va)14.45 G(lid ar)1.11 E(guments for the)-.18 E F12.5 E F0(option to the)2.5 E F1(set)2.5 E F0 -.2(bu)2.5 G(iltin.).2 E F1 -(shopt)184 672 Q F0(Shell option names as accepted by the)16.66 E F1 -(shopt)2.5 E F0 -.2(bu)2.5 G(iltin.).2 E F1(signal)184 684 Q F0 -(Signal names.)14.99 E F1(stopped)184 696 Q F0 +(shopt)184 684 Q F0(Shell option names as accepted by the)16.66 E F1 +(shopt)2.5 E F0 -.2(bu)2.5 G(iltin.).2 E F1(signal)184 696 Q F0 +(Signal names.)14.99 E F1(stopped)184 708 Q F0 (Names of stopped jobs, if job control is acti)6.66 E -.15(ve)-.25 G(.) -.15 E F1(user)184 708 Q F0(User names.)21.67 E -(May also be speci\214ed as)5 E F12.5 E F0(.)A(GNU Bash-4.1)72 768 -Q(2010 May 30)147.345 E(52)197.335 E 0 Cg EP +.15 E(GNU Bash-4.1)72 768 Q(2010 June 12)147.345 E(52)197.335 E 0 Cg EP %%Page: 53 53 %%BeginPageSetup BP %%EndPageSetup /F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 389.54(SH\(1\) B).35 F(ASH\(1\)) --.35 E/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 SF -.1(va)184 84 S(riable).1 E F0 -(Names of all shell v)5.1 E 2.5(ariables. May)-.25 F -(also be speci\214ed as)2.5 E F12.5 E F0(.)A F1144 96 Q/F2 -10/Times-Italic@0 SF(command)2.5 E(command)184 108 Q F0 1.055(is e)3.555 +-.35 E/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(user)184 84 Q F0(User names.)21.67 E +(May also be speci\214ed as)5 E F12.5 E F0(.)A F1 -.1(va)184 96 S +(riable).1 E F0(Names of all shell v)5.1 E 2.5(ariables. May)-.25 F +(also be speci\214ed as)2.5 E F12.5 E F0(.)A F1144 108 Q/F2 +10/Times-Italic@0 SF(command)2.5 E(command)184 120 Q F0 1.055(is e)3.555 F -.15(xe)-.15 G 1.055(cuted in a subshell en).15 F 1.056 (vironment, and its output is used as the possible)-.4 F(completions.) -184 120 Q F1144 132 Q F2(function)2.5 E F0 1.181 -(The shell function)184 144 R F2(function)3.681 E F0 1.181(is e)3.681 F +184 132 Q F1144 144 Q F2(function)2.5 E F0 1.181 +(The shell function)184 156 R F2(function)3.681 E F0 1.181(is e)3.681 F -.15(xe)-.15 G 1.181(cuted in the current shell en).15 F 3.68 (vironment. When)-.4 F 1.18(it \214n-)3.68 F .932 -(ishes, the possible completions are retrie)184 156 R -.15(ve)-.25 G +(ishes, the possible completions are retrie)184 168 R -.15(ve)-.25 G 3.432(df).15 G .932(rom the v)-3.432 F .932(alue of the)-.25 F/F3 9 /Times-Bold@0 SF(COMPREPL)3.432 E(Y)-.828 E F0(array)3.182 E -.25(va)184 -168 S(riable.).25 E F1144 180 Q F2(globpat)2.5 E F0 1.008 -(The pathname e)184 192 R 1.008(xpansion pattern)-.15 F F2(globpat)3.507 +180 S(riable.).25 E F1144 192 Q F2(globpat)2.5 E F0 1.008 +(The pathname e)184 204 R 1.008(xpansion pattern)-.15 F F2(globpat)3.507 E F0 1.007(is e)3.507 F 1.007(xpanded to generate the possible comple-) --.15 F(tions.)184 204 Q F1144 216 Q F2(pr)2.5 E(e\214x)-.37 E(pr) -184 228 Q(e\214x)-.37 E F0 .534(is added at the be)3.034 F .534 +-.15 F(tions.)184 216 Q F1144 228 Q F2(pr)2.5 E(e\214x)-.37 E(pr) +184 240 Q(e\214x)-.37 E F0 .534(is added at the be)3.034 F .534 (ginning of each possible completion after all other options ha)-.15 F --.15(ve)-.2 G(been applied.)184 240 Q F1144 252 Q F2(suf)2.5 E +-.15(ve)-.2 G(been applied.)184 252 Q F1144 264 Q F2(suf)2.5 E 2.81(\214x suf)-.18 F<8c78>-.18 E F0 (is appended to each possible completion after all other options ha)2.5 -E .3 -.15(ve b)-.2 H(een applied.).15 E F1144 264 Q F2(wor)2.5 E -(dlist)-.37 E F0(The)184 276 Q F2(wor)3.64 E(dlist)-.37 E F0 1.14 +E .3 -.15(ve b)-.2 H(een applied.).15 E F1144 276 Q F2(wor)2.5 E +(dlist)-.37 E F0(The)184 288 Q F2(wor)3.64 E(dlist)-.37 E F0 1.14 (is split using the characters in the)3.64 F F3(IFS)3.64 E F0 1.139 (special v)3.39 F 1.139(ariable as delimiters, and)-.25 F 2.007 -(each resultant w)184 288 R 2.007(ord is e)-.1 F 4.507(xpanded. The)-.15 +(each resultant w)184 300 R 2.007(ord is e)-.1 F 4.507(xpanded. The)-.15 F 2.008(possible completions are the members of the)4.507 F -(resultant list which match the w)184 300 Q(ord being completed.)-.1 E -F1144 312 Q F2(\214lterpat)2.5 E(\214lterpat)184 324 Q F0 .456 +(resultant list which match the w)184 312 Q(ord being completed.)-.1 E +F1144 324 Q F2(\214lterpat)2.5 E(\214lterpat)184 336 Q F0 .456 (is a pattern as used for pathname e)2.956 F 2.956(xpansion. It)-.15 F .455(is applied to the list of possible)2.956 F 1.596 -(completions generated by the preceding options and ar)184 336 R 1.596 -(guments, and each completion)-.18 F(matching)184 348 Q F2(\214lterpat) +(completions generated by the preceding options and ar)184 348 R 1.596 +(guments, and each completion)-.18 F(matching)184 360 Q F2(\214lterpat) 3.205 E F0 .705(is remo)3.205 F -.15(ve)-.15 G 3.205(df).15 G .704 (rom the list.)-3.205 F 3.204(Al)5.704 G(eading)-3.204 E F1(!)3.204 E F0 (in)3.204 E F2(\214lterpat)3.204 E F0(ne)3.204 E -.05(ga)-.15 G .704 -(tes the pattern;).05 F(in this case, an)184 360 Q 2.5(yc)-.15 G +(tes the pattern;).05 F(in this case, an)184 372 Q 2.5(yc)-.15 G (ompletion not matching)-2.5 E F2(\214lterpat)2.5 E F0(is remo)2.5 E --.15(ve)-.15 G(d.).15 E .466(The return v)144 376.8 R .466 +-.15(ve)-.15 G(d.).15 E .466(The return v)144 388.8 R .466 (alue is true unless an in)-.25 F -.25(va)-.4 G .466 (lid option is supplied, an option other than).25 F F12.967 E F0 (or)2.967 E F12.967 E F0 .467(is sup-)2.967 F 1.362 -(plied without a)144 388.8 R F2(name)3.862 E F0(ar)3.862 E 1.361 +(plied without a)144 400.8 R F2(name)3.862 E F0(ar)3.862 E 1.361 (gument, an attempt is made to remo)-.18 F 1.661 -.15(ve a c)-.15 H -1.361(ompletion speci\214cation for a).15 F F2(name)144 400.8 Q F0 +1.361(ompletion speci\214cation for a).15 F F2(name)144 412.8 Q F0 (for which no speci\214cation e)2.5 E (xists, or an error occurs adding a completion speci\214cation.)-.15 E -F1(compopt)108 417.6 Q F0([)2.5 E F1A F2(option)2.5 E F0 2.5(][)C +F1(compopt)108 429.6 Q F0([)2.5 E F1A F2(option)2.5 E F0 2.5(][)C F1(\255DE)-2.5 E F0 2.5(][)C F1(+o)-2.5 E F2(option)2.5 E F0 2.5(][)C F2 -(name)-2.5 E F0(])A .447(Modify completion options for each)144 429.6 R +(name)-2.5 E F0(])A .447(Modify completion options for each)144 441.6 R F2(name)2.947 E F0 .447(according to the)2.947 F F2(option)2.947 E F0 .447(s, or for the currently-e)B -.15(xe)-.15 G(cuting).15 E .726 -(completion if no)144 441.6 R F2(name)3.226 E F0 3.226(sa)C .726 +(completion if no)144 453.6 R F2(name)3.226 E F0 3.226(sa)C .726 (re supplied.)-3.226 F .725(If no)5.725 F F2(option)3.225 E F0 3.225(sa) C .725(re gi)-3.225 F -.15(ve)-.25 G .725 -(n, display the completion options for).15 F(each)144 453.6 Q F2(name) +(n, display the completion options for).15 F(each)144 465.6 Q F2(name) 3.223 E F0 .723(or the current completion.)3.223 F .724(The possible v) 5.724 F .724(alues of)-.25 F F2(option)3.224 E F0 .724(are those v)3.224 -F .724(alid for the)-.25 F F1(com-)3.224 E(plete)144 465.6 Q F0 -.2(bu) +F .724(alid for the)-.25 F F1(com-)3.224 E(plete)144 477.6 Q F0 -.2(bu) 2.798 G .298(iltin described abo).2 F -.15(ve)-.15 G 5.297(.T).15 G(he) -5.297 E F12.797 E F0 .297 (option indicates that the remaining options should apply to)2.797 F -1.227(the `)144 477.6 R(`def)-.74 E(ault')-.1 E 3.727('c)-.74 G 1.228(o\ +1.227(the `)144 489.6 R(`def)-.74 E(ault')-.1 E 3.727('c)-.74 G 1.228(o\ mmand completion; that is, completion attempted on a command for which \ -no)-3.727 F 2.178(completion has pre)144 489.6 R 2.178 +no)-3.727 F 2.178(completion has pre)144 501.6 R 2.178 (viously been de\214ned.)-.25 F(The)7.178 E F14.678 E F0 2.177 (option indicates that the remaining options)4.677 F(should apply to `) -144 501.6 Q(`empty')-.74 E 2.5('c)-.74 G +144 513.6 Q(`empty')-.74 E 2.5('c)-.74 G (ommand completion; that is, completion attempted on a blank line.)-2.5 -E 1.387(The return v)144 525.6 R 1.387(alue is true unless an in)-.25 F +E 1.387(The return v)144 537.6 R 1.387(alue is true unless an in)-.25 F -.25(va)-.4 G 1.388 (lid option is supplied, an attempt is made to modify the).25 F -(options for a)144 537.6 Q F2(name)2.5 E F0 +(options for a)144 549.6 Q F2(name)2.5 E F0 (for which no completion speci\214cation e)2.5 E -(xists, or an output error occurs.)-.15 E F1(continue)108 554.4 Q F0([) -2.5 E F2(n)A F0(])A 1.754(Resume the ne)144 566.4 R 1.754 +(xists, or an output error occurs.)-.15 E F1(continue)108 566.4 Q F0([) +2.5 E F2(n)A F0(])A 1.754(Resume the ne)144 578.4 R 1.754 (xt iteration of the enclosing)-.15 F F1 -.25(fo)4.254 G(r).25 E F0(,)A F1(while)4.254 E F0(,)A F1(until)4.254 E F0 4.254(,o)C(r)-4.254 E F1 (select)4.254 E F0 4.253(loop. If)4.254 F F2(n)4.613 E F0 1.753 -(is speci\214ed,)4.493 F 1.208(resume at the)144 578.4 R F2(n)3.709 E F0 +(is speci\214ed,)4.493 F 1.208(resume at the)144 590.4 R F2(n)3.709 E F0 1.209(th enclosing loop.)B F2(n)6.569 E F0 1.209(must be)3.949 F/F4 10 /Symbol SF3.709 E F0 3.709(1. If)3.709 F F2(n)4.069 E F0 1.209 (is greater than the number of enclosing)3.949 F .514 -(loops, the last enclosing loop \(the `)144 590.4 R(`top-le)-.74 E -.15 +(loops, the last enclosing loop \(the `)144 602.4 R(`top-le)-.74 E -.15 (ve)-.25 G(l').15 E 3.014('l)-.74 G .514(oop\) is resumed.)-3.014 F .513 (The return v)5.513 F .513(alue is 0 unless)-.25 F F2(n)3.013 E F0(is) -3.013 E(not greater than or equal to 1.)144 602.4 Q F1(declar)108 619.2 +3.013 E(not greater than or equal to 1.)144 614.4 Q F1(declar)108 631.2 Q(e)-.18 E F0([)2.5 E F1(\255aAfFgilrtux)A F0 2.5(][)C F1-2.5 E F0 2.5(][)C F2(name)-2.5 E F0([=)A F2(value)A F0 2.5(].)C(..])-2.5 E F1 -(typeset)108 631.2 Q F0([)2.5 E F1(\255aAfFgilrtux)A F0 2.5(][)C F1 +(typeset)108 643.2 Q F0([)2.5 E F1(\255aAfFgilrtux)A F0 2.5(][)C F1 -2.5 E F0 2.5(][)C F2(name)-2.5 E F0([=)A F2(value)A F0 2.5(].)C -(..])-2.5 E 1.264(Declare v)144 643.2 R 1.264(ariables and/or gi)-.25 F +(..])-2.5 E 1.264(Declare v)144 655.2 R 1.264(ariables and/or gi)-.25 F 1.564 -.15(ve t)-.25 H 1.264(hem attrib).15 F 3.765(utes. If)-.2 F(no) 3.765 E F2(name)3.765 E F0 3.765(sa)C 1.265(re gi)-3.765 F -.15(ve)-.25 G 3.765(nt).15 G 1.265(hen display the v)-3.765 F 1.265(alues of)-.25 F --.25(va)144 655.2 S 3.483(riables. The).25 F F13.483 E F0 .983 +-.25(va)144 667.2 S 3.483(riables. The).25 F F13.483 E F0 .983 (option will display the attrib)3.483 F .983(utes and v)-.2 F .982 (alues of each)-.25 F F2(name)3.482 E F0 5.982(.W).18 G(hen)-5.982 E F1 -3.482 E F0 .982(is used)3.482 F(with)144 667.2 Q F2(name)3.579 E +3.482 E F0 .982(is used)3.482 F(with)144 679.2 Q F2(name)3.579 E F0(ar)3.579 E 1.079(guments, additional options are ignored.)-.18 F (When)6.079 E F13.579 E F0 1.079(is supplied without)3.579 F F2 (name)3.58 E F0(ar)3.58 E(gu-)-.18 E .151 -(ments, it will display the attrib)144 679.2 R .151(utes and v)-.2 F +(ments, it will display the attrib)144 691.2 R .151(utes and v)-.2 F .151(alues of all v)-.25 F .15(ariables ha)-.25 F .15(ving the attrib) -.2 F .15(utes speci\214ed by the)-.2 F .046(additional options.)144 -691.2 R .046(If no other options are supplied with)5.046 F F12.547 +703.2 R .046(If no other options are supplied with)5.046 F F12.547 E F0(,)A F1(declar)2.547 E(e)-.18 E F0 .047(will display the attrib) -2.547 F .047(utes and)-.2 F -.25(va)144 703.2 S 1.363 +2.547 F .047(utes and)-.2 F -.25(va)144 715.2 S 1.363 (lues of all shell v).25 F 3.863(ariables. The)-.25 F F13.863 E F0 1.362(option will restrict the display to shell functions.)3.863 F(The) 6.362 E F13.862 E F0 2.422(option inhibits the display of functio\ -n de\214nitions; only the function name and attrib)144 715.2 R 2.423 -(utes are)-.2 F 2.664(printed. If)144 727.2 R(the)2.664 E F1(extdeb) -2.664 E(ug)-.2 E F0 .164(shell option is enabled using)2.664 F F1(shopt) -2.664 E F0 2.664(,t)C .163(he source \214le name and line number)-2.664 -F(GNU Bash-4.1)72 768 Q(2010 May 30)147.345 E(53)197.335 E 0 Cg EP +n de\214nitions; only the function name and attrib)144 727.2 R 2.423 +(utes are)-.2 F(GNU Bash-4.1)72 768 Q(2010 June 12)147.345 E(53)197.335 +E 0 Cg EP %%Page: 54 54 %%BeginPageSetup BP %%EndPageSetup /F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 389.54(SH\(1\) B).35 F(ASH\(1\)) --.35 E 1.288(where the function is de\214ned are displayed as well.)144 -84 R(The)6.288 E/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 SF3.788 E F0 1.288 -(option implies)3.788 F F13.788 E F0 6.288(.T)C(he)-6.288 E F1 -3.789 E F0(option)3.789 E .491(forces v)144 96 R .491 +-.35 E 2.664(printed. If)144 84 R(the)2.664 E/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 SF +(extdeb)2.664 E(ug)-.2 E F0 .164(shell option is enabled using)2.664 F +F1(shopt)2.664 E F0 2.664(,t)C .163 +(he source \214le name and line number)-2.664 F 1.288 +(where the function is de\214ned are displayed as well.)144 96 R(The) +6.288 E F13.788 E F0 1.288(option implies)3.788 F F13.788 E +F0 6.288(.T)C(he)-6.288 E F13.789 E F0(option)3.789 E .491 +(forces v)144 108 R .491 (ariables to be created or modi\214ed at the global scope, e)-.25 F -.15 (ve)-.25 G 2.99(nw).15 G(hen)-2.99 E F1(declar)2.99 E(e)-.18 E F0 .49 (is e)2.99 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .49(cuted in a).15 F .124(shell function.) -144 108 R .124(It is ignored in all other cases.)5.124 F .125(The follo) +144 120 R .124(It is ignored in all other cases.)5.124 F .125(The follo) 5.125 F .125(wing options can be used to restrict output)-.25 F(to v)144 -120 Q(ariables with the speci\214ed attrib)-.25 E(ute or to gi)-.2 E .3 --.15(ve v)-.25 H(ariables attrib)-.1 E(utes:)-.2 E F1144 132 Q F0 +132 Q(ariables with the speci\214ed attrib)-.25 E(ute or to gi)-.2 E .3 +-.15(ve v)-.25 H(ariables attrib)-.1 E(utes:)-.2 E F1144 144 Q F0 (Each)25.3 E/F2 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(name)2.5 E F0(is an inde)2.5 E -.15 (xe)-.15 G 2.5(da).15 G(rray v)-2.5 E(ariable \(see)-.25 E F1(Arrays)2.5 -E F0(abo)2.5 E -.15(ve)-.15 G(\).).15 E F1144 144 Q F0(Each)23.08 +E F0(abo)2.5 E -.15(ve)-.15 G(\).).15 E F1144 156 Q F0(Each)23.08 E F2(name)2.5 E F0(is an associati)2.5 E .3 -.15(ve a)-.25 H(rray v).15 E(ariable \(see)-.25 E F1(Arrays)2.5 E F0(abo)2.5 E -.15(ve)-.15 G(\).) -.15 E F1144 156 Q F0(Use function names only)26.97 E(.)-.65 E F1 -144 168 Q F0 .558(The v)27.52 F .558 +.15 E F1144 168 Q F0(Use function names only)26.97 E(.)-.65 E F1 +144 180 Q F0 .558(The v)27.52 F .558 (ariable is treated as an inte)-.25 F .558(ger; arithmetic e)-.15 F -.25 (va)-.25 G .558(luation \(see).25 F/F3 9/Times-Bold@0 SF .557 -(ARITHMETIC EV)3.058 F(ALU)-1.215 E(A-)-.54 E(TION)180 180 Q F0(abo)2.25 +(ARITHMETIC EV)3.058 F(ALU)-1.215 E(A-)-.54 E(TION)180 192 Q F0(abo)2.25 E -.15(ve)-.15 G 2.5(\)i).15 G 2.5(sp)-2.5 G(erformed when the v)-2.5 E -(ariable is assigned a v)-.25 E(alue.)-.25 E F1144 192 Q F0 .909 +(ariable is assigned a v)-.25 E(alue.)-.25 E F1144 204 Q F0 .909 (When the v)27.52 F .909(ariable is assigned a v)-.25 F .909 (alue, all upper)-.25 F .909(-case characters are con)-.2 F -.15(ve)-.4 -G .91(rted to lo).15 F(wer)-.25 E(-)-.2 E 2.5(case. The)180 204 R(upper) -2.5 E(-case attrib)-.2 E(ute is disabled.)-.2 E F1144 216 Q F0 +G .91(rted to lo).15 F(wer)-.25 E(-)-.2 E 2.5(case. The)180 216 R(upper) +2.5 E(-case attrib)-.2 E(ute is disabled.)-.2 E F1144 228 Q F0 (Mak)25.86 E(e)-.1 E F2(name)5.047 E F0 5.047(sr)C(eadonly)-5.047 E 7.547(.T)-.65 G 2.546(hese names cannot then be assigned v)-7.547 F -2.546(alues by subsequent)-.25 F(assignment statements or unset.)180 228 -Q F1144 240 Q F0(Gi)26.97 E .729 -.15(ve e)-.25 H(ach).15 E F2 +2.546(alues by subsequent)-.25 F(assignment statements or unset.)180 240 +Q F1144 252 Q F0(Gi)26.97 E .729 -.15(ve e)-.25 H(ach).15 E F2 (name)2.929 E F0(the)2.929 E F2(tr)2.929 E(ace)-.15 E F0(attrib)2.929 E 2.929(ute. T)-.2 F .429(raced functions inherit the)-.35 F F1(DEB)2.929 E(UG)-.1 E F0(and)2.93 E F1(RETURN)2.93 E F0 -(traps from the calling shell.)180 252 Q(The trace attrib)5 E -(ute has no special meaning for v)-.2 E(ariables.)-.25 E F1144 264 +(traps from the calling shell.)180 264 Q(The trace attrib)5 E +(ute has no special meaning for v)-.2 E(ariables.)-.25 E F1144 276 Q F0 .91(When the v)24.74 F .909(ariable is assigned a v)-.25 F .909 (alue, all lo)-.25 F(wer)-.25 E .909(-case characters are con)-.2 F -.15 -(ve)-.4 G .909(rted to upper).15 F(-)-.2 E 2.5(case. The)180 276 R(lo) +(ve)-.4 G .909(rted to upper).15 F(-)-.2 E 2.5(case. The)180 288 R(lo) 2.5 E(wer)-.25 E(-case attrib)-.2 E(ute is disabled.)-.2 E F1144 -288 Q F0(Mark)25.3 E F2(name)2.5 E F0 2.5(sf)C(or e)-2.5 E +300 Q F0(Mark)25.3 E F2(name)2.5 E F0 2.5(sf)C(or e)-2.5 E (xport to subsequent commands via the en)-.15 E(vironment.)-.4 E .12 -(Using `+' instead of `\255' turns of)144 304.8 R 2.62(ft)-.25 G .12 +(Using `+' instead of `\255' turns of)144 316.8 R 2.62(ft)-.25 G .12 (he attrib)-2.62 F .121(ute instead, with the e)-.2 F .121 (xceptions that)-.15 F F1(+a)2.621 E F0 .121(may not be used)2.621 F -.645(to destro)144 316.8 R 3.145(ya)-.1 G 3.145(na)-3.145 G .645(rray v) +.645(to destro)144 328.8 R 3.145(ya)-.1 G 3.145(na)-3.145 G .645(rray v) -3.145 F .645(ariable and)-.25 F F1(+r)3.145 E F0 .645(will not remo) 3.145 F .945 -.15(ve t)-.15 H .645(he readonly attrib).15 F 3.144 -(ute. When)-.2 F .644(used in a func-)3.144 F .53(tion, mak)144 328.8 R +(ute. 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H(hells.).15 E F1(extdeb)144 360 Q(ug)-.2 E F0 -(If set, beha)184 372 Q(vior intended for use by deb)-.2 E -(uggers is enabled:)-.2 E F1(1.)184 384 Q F0(The)28.5 E F14.251 E +(This option is enabled)5.217 F(by def)184 420 Q(ault for interacti)-.1 +E .3 -.15(ve s)-.25 H(hells.).15 E F1(extdeb)144 432 Q(ug)-.2 E F0 +(If set, beha)184 444 Q(vior intended for use by deb)-.2 E +(uggers is enabled:)-.2 E F1(1.)184 456 Q F0(The)28.5 E F14.251 E F0 1.751(option to the)4.251 F F1(declar)4.251 E(e)-.18 E F0 -.2(bu) 4.251 G 1.751(iltin displays the source \214le name and line).2 F -(number corresponding to each function name supplied as an ar)220 396 Q -(gument.)-.18 E F1(2.)184 408 Q F0 1.667(If the command run by the)28.5 +(number corresponding to each function name supplied as an ar)220 468 Q +(gument.)-.18 E F1(2.)184 480 Q F0 1.667(If the command run by the)28.5 F F1(DEB)4.167 E(UG)-.1 E F0 1.667(trap returns a non-zero v)4.167 F -1.667(alue, the ne)-.25 F(xt)-.15 E(command is skipped and 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F0 1.359 +3.154 F(abo)220 552 Q -.15(ve)-.15 G(.).15 E F1(5.)184 564 Q F0 1.359 (Function tracing is enabled:)28.5 F 1.359 (command substitution, shell functions, and sub-)6.359 F(shells in)220 -504 Q -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G 2.5(dw).1 G(ith)-2.5 E F1(\()2.5 E/F4 10 +576 Q -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G 2.5(dw).1 G(ith)-2.5 E F1(\()2.5 E/F4 10 /Times-Italic@0 SF(command)2.5 E F1(\))2.5 E F0(inherit the)2.5 E F1 (DEB)2.5 E(UG)-.1 E F0(and)2.5 E F1(RETURN)2.5 E F0(traps.)2.5 E F1(6.) -184 516 Q F0 .805(Error tracing is enabled:)28.5 F .804 -(command substitution, shell functions, and subshells)5.805 F(in)220 528 +184 588 Q F0 .805(Error tracing is enabled:)28.5 F .804 +(command substitution, shell functions, and subshells)5.805 F(in)220 600 Q -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G 2.5(dw).1 G(ith)-2.5 E F1(\()2.5 E F4 (command)2.5 E F1(\))2.5 E F0(inherit the)2.5 E F1(ERR)2.5 E F0(trap.) -2.5 E F1(extglob)144 540 Q F0 .4(If set, the e)8.89 F .4 +2.5 E F1(extglob)144 612 Q F0 .4(If set, the e)8.89 F .4 (xtended pattern matching features described abo)-.15 F .7 -.15(ve u) --.15 H(nder).15 E F1 -.1(Pa)2.9 G .4(thname Expan-).1 F(sion)184 552 Q -F0(are enabled.)2.5 E F1(extquote)144 564 Q F0 2.473(If set,)184 576 R +-.15 H(nder).15 E F1 -.1(Pa)2.9 G .4(thname Expan-).1 F(sion)184 624 Q +F0(are enabled.)2.5 E F1(extquote)144 636 Q F0 2.473(If set,)184 648 R F1($)4.973 E F0<08>A F4(string)A F0 4.973<0861>C(nd)-4.973 E F1($)4.973 E F0(")A F4(string)A F0 4.973("q)C 2.473(uoting is performed within) -4.973 F F1(${)4.973 E F4(par)A(ameter)-.15 E F1(})A F0 -.15(ex)4.973 G -(pansions).15 E(enclosed in double quotes.)184 588 Q -(This option is enabled by def)5 E(ault.)-.1 E F1(failglob)144 600 Q F0 +(pansions).15 E(enclosed in double quotes.)184 660 Q +(This option is enabled by def)5 E(ault.)-.1 E F1(failglob)144 672 Q F0 1.424(If set, patterns which f)7.77 F 1.425 (ail to match \214lenames during pathname e)-.1 F 1.425 -(xpansion result in an)-.15 F -.15(ex)184 612 S(pansion error).15 E(.) --.55 E F1 -.25(fo)144 624 S -.18(rc).25 G(e_\214gnor).18 E(e)-.18 E F0 -.937(If set, the suf)184 636 R<8c78>-.25 E .936(es speci\214ed by the) +(xpansion result in an)-.15 F -.15(ex)184 684 S(pansion error).15 E(.) +-.55 E F1 -.25(fo)144 696 S -.18(rc).25 G(e_\214gnor).18 E(e)-.18 E F0 +.937(If set, the suf)184 708 R<8c78>-.25 E .936(es speci\214ed by the) -.15 F F2(FIGNORE)3.436 E F0 .936(shell v)3.186 F .936(ariable cause w) --.25 F .936(ords to be ignored)-.1 F .32(when performing w)184 648 R .32 -(ord completion e)-.1 F -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.82(ni).15 G 2.82(ft)-2.82 G .32 -(he ignored w)-2.82 F .32(ords are the only possible com-)-.1 F 2.948 -(pletions. See)184 660 R F2 .448(SHELL V)2.948 F(ARIABLES)-1.215 E F0 -(abo)2.698 E .748 -.15(ve f)-.15 H .448(or a description of).15 F F2 -(FIGNORE)2.947 E F3(.)A F0 .447(This option is)4.947 F(enabled by def) -184 672 Q(ault.)-.1 E F1(globstar)144 684 Q F0 .178(If set, the pattern) -5 F F1(**)2.678 E F0 .178(used in a pathname e)2.678 F .178 -(xpansion conte)-.15 F .179(xt will match a \214les and zero or)-.15 F -1.298(more directories and subdirectories.)184 696 R 1.298 -(If the pattern is follo)6.298 F 1.298(wed by a)-.25 F F1(/)3.797 E F0 -3.797(,o)C 1.297(nly directories)-3.797 F(and subdirectories match.)184 -708 Q(GNU Bash-4.1)72 768 Q(2010 May 30)147.345 E(65)197.335 E 0 Cg EP +-.25 F .936(ords to be ignored)-.1 F 2.267(when performing w)184 720 R +2.267(ord completion e)-.1 F -.15(ve)-.25 G 4.767(ni).15 G 4.767(ft) +-4.767 G 2.268(he ignored w)-4.767 F 2.268(ords are the only possible) +-.1 F(GNU Bash-4.1)72 768 Q(2010 June 12)147.345 E(65)197.335 E 0 Cg EP %%Page: 66 66 %%BeginPageSetup BP %%EndPageSetup /F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 389.54(SH\(1\) B).35 F(ASH\(1\)) --.35 E/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(gnu_errfmt)144 84 Q F0(If set, shell error\ - messages are written in the standard GNU error message format.)184 96 Q -F1(histappend)144 108 Q F0 .676 +-.35 E 5.039(completions. See)184 84 R/F1 9/Times-Bold@0 SF 2.538 +(SHELL V)5.038 F(ARIABLES)-1.215 E F0(abo)4.788 E 2.838 -.15(ve f)-.15 H +2.538(or a description of).15 F F1(FIGNORE)5.038 E/F2 9/Times-Roman@0 SF +(.)A F0(This)7.038 E(option is enabled by def)184 96 Q(ault.)-.1 E/F3 10 +/Times-Bold@0 SF(globstar)144 108 Q F0 .178(If set, the pattern)5 F F3 +(**)2.678 E F0 .178(used in a pathname e)2.678 F .178(xpansion conte) +-.15 F .179(xt will match a \214les and zero or)-.15 F 1.298 +(more directories and subdirectories.)184 120 R 1.298 +(If the pattern is follo)6.298 F 1.298(wed by a)-.25 F F3(/)3.797 E F0 +3.797(,o)C 1.297(nly directories)-3.797 F(and subdirectories match.)184 +132 Q F3(gnu_errfmt)144 144 Q F0(If set, shell error messages are writt\ +en in the standard GNU error message format.)184 156 Q F3(histappend)144 +168 Q F0 .676 (If set, the history list is appended to the \214le named by the v)184 -120 R .676(alue of the)-.25 F/F2 9/Times-Bold@0 SF(HISTFILE)3.177 E F0 --.25(va)2.927 G(ri-).25 E(able when the shell e)184 132 Q -(xits, rather than o)-.15 E -.15(ve)-.15 G(rwriting the \214le.).15 E F1 -(histr)144 144 Q(eedit)-.18 E F0 .576(If set, and)184 156 R F1 -.18(re) -3.076 G(adline).18 E F0 .575(is being used, a user is gi)3.076 F -.15 -(ve)-.25 G 3.075(nt).15 G .575(he opportunity to re-edit a f)-3.075 F -.575(ailed his-)-.1 F(tory substitution.)184 168 Q F1(histv)144 180 Q -(erify)-.1 E F0 .402(If set, and)184 192 R F1 -.18(re)2.903 G(adline).18 -E F0 .403 +180 R .676(alue of the)-.25 F F1(HISTFILE)3.177 E F0 -.25(va)2.927 G +(ri-).25 E(able when the shell e)184 192 Q(xits, rather than o)-.15 E +-.15(ve)-.15 G(rwriting the \214le.).15 E F3(histr)144 204 Q(eedit)-.18 +E F0 .576(If set, and)184 216 R F3 -.18(re)3.076 G(adline).18 E F0 .575 +(is being used, a user is gi)3.076 F -.15(ve)-.25 G 3.075(nt).15 G .575 +(he opportunity to re-edit a f)-3.075 F .575(ailed his-)-.1 F +(tory substitution.)184 228 Q F3(histv)144 240 Q(erify)-.1 E F0 .402 +(If set, and)184 252 R F3 -.18(re)2.903 G(adline).18 E F0 .403 (is being used, the results of history substitution are not immediately) -2.903 F .662(passed to the shell parser)184 204 R 5.662(.I)-.55 G .661 -(nstead, the resulting line is loaded into the)-5.662 F F1 -.18(re)3.161 -G(adline).18 E F0(editing)3.161 E -.2(bu)184 216 S -.25(ff).2 G(er).25 E -2.5(,a)-.4 G(llo)-2.5 E(wing further modi\214cation.)-.25 E F1 -(hostcomplete)144 228 Q F0 1.181(If set, and)184 240 R F1 -.18(re)3.681 -G(adline).18 E F0 1.181(is being used,)3.681 F F1(bash)3.682 E F0 1.182 +2.903 F .662(passed to the shell parser)184 264 R 5.662(.I)-.55 G .661 +(nstead, the resulting line is loaded into the)-5.662 F F3 -.18(re)3.161 +G(adline).18 E F0(editing)3.161 E -.2(bu)184 276 S -.25(ff).2 G(er).25 E +2.5(,a)-.4 G(llo)-2.5 E(wing further modi\214cation.)-.25 E F3 +(hostcomplete)144 288 Q F0 1.181(If set, and)184 300 R F3 -.18(re)3.681 +G(adline).18 E F0 1.181(is being used,)3.681 F F3(bash)3.682 E F0 1.182 (will attempt to perform hostname completion)3.682 F 1.381(when a w)184 -252 R 1.381(ord containing a)-.1 F F1(@)3.881 E F0 1.381 -(is being completed \(see)3.881 F F1(Completing)3.88 E F0(under)3.88 E -F2(READLINE)3.88 E F0(abo)184 264 Q -.15(ve)-.15 G 2.5(\). This).15 F -(is enabled by def)2.5 E(ault.)-.1 E F1(huponexit)144 276 Q F0(If set,) -184 288 Q F1(bash)2.5 E F0(will send)2.5 E F2(SIGHUP)2.5 E F0 +312 R 1.381(ord containing a)-.1 F F3(@)3.881 E F0 1.381 +(is being completed \(see)3.881 F F3(Completing)3.88 E F0(under)3.88 E +F1(READLINE)3.88 E F0(abo)184 324 Q -.15(ve)-.15 G 2.5(\). 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This).15 F .967(option is)3.467 F(enabled by def)184 396 Q +(ault.)-.1 E F3(lithist)144 408 Q F0 .654(If set, and the)15.55 F F3 (cmdhist)3.154 E F0 .654(option is enabled, multi-line commands are sa) 3.154 F -.15(ve)-.2 G 3.155(dt).15 G 3.155(ot)-3.155 G .655(he history) --3.155 F(with embedded ne)184 360 Q -(wlines rather than using semicolon separators where possible.)-.25 E F1 -(login_shell)144 372 Q F0 .486 +-3.155 F(with embedded ne)184 420 Q +(wlines rather than using semicolon separators where possible.)-.25 E F3 +(login_shell)144 432 Q F0 .486 (The shell sets this option if it is started as a login shell \(see)184 -384 R F2(INV)2.986 E(OCA)-.405 E(TION)-.855 E F0(abo)2.736 E -.15(ve) --.15 G 2.986(\). The).15 F -.25(va)184 396 S(lue may not be changed.).25 -E F1(mailwar)144 408 Q(n)-.15 E F0 .814(If set, and a \214le that)184 -420 R F1(bash)3.314 E F0 .815 +444 R F1(INV)2.986 E(OCA)-.405 E(TION)-.855 E F0(abo)2.736 E -.15(ve) +-.15 G 2.986(\). The).15 F -.25(va)184 456 S(lue may not be changed.).25 +E F3(mailwar)144 468 Q(n)-.15 E F0 .814(If set, and a \214le that)184 +480 R F3(bash)3.314 E F0 .815 (is checking for mail has been accessed since the last time it)3.314 F --.1(wa)184 432 S 2.5(sc).1 G(heck)-2.5 E(ed, the message `)-.1 E -(`The mail in)-.74 E/F3 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(mail\214le)2.5 E F0 -(has been read')2.5 E 2.5('i)-.74 G 2.5(sd)-2.5 G(isplayed.)-2.5 E F1 -(no_empty_cmd_completion)144 444 Q F0 .325(If set, and)184 456 R F1 -.18 -(re)2.825 G(adline).18 E F0 .325(is being used,)2.825 F F1(bash)2.824 E -F0 .324(will not attempt to search the)2.824 F F2 -.666(PA)2.824 G(TH) +-.1(wa)184 492 S 2.5(sc).1 G(heck)-2.5 E(ed, the message `)-.1 E +(`The mail in)-.74 E/F4 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(mail\214le)2.5 E F0 +(has been read')2.5 E 2.5('i)-.74 G 2.5(sd)-2.5 G(isplayed.)-2.5 E F3 +(no_empty_cmd_completion)144 504 Q F0 .325(If set, and)184 516 R F3 -.18 +(re)2.825 G(adline).18 E F0 .325(is being used,)2.825 F F3(bash)2.824 E +F0 .324(will not attempt to search the)2.824 F F1 -.666(PA)2.824 G(TH) -.189 E F0 .324(for possible)2.574 F -(completions when completion is attempted on an empty line.)184 468 Q F1 -(nocaseglob)144 480 Q F0 .436(If set,)184 492 R F1(bash)2.936 E F0 .436 +(completions when completion is attempted on an empty line.)184 528 Q F3 +(nocaseglob)144 540 Q F0 .436(If set,)184 552 R F3(bash)2.936 E F0 .436 (matches \214lenames in a case\255insensiti)2.936 F .737 -.15(ve f)-.25 -H .437(ashion when performing pathname).05 F -.15(ex)184 504 S -(pansion \(see).15 E F1 -.1(Pa)2.5 G(thname Expansion).1 E F0(abo)2.5 E --.15(ve)-.15 G(\).).15 E F1(nocasematch)144 516 Q F0 1.194(If set,)184 -528 R F1(bash)3.694 E F0 1.194(matches patterns in a case\255insensiti) +H .437(ashion when performing pathname).05 F -.15(ex)184 564 S +(pansion \(see).15 E F3 -.1(Pa)2.5 G(thname Expansion).1 E F0(abo)2.5 E +-.15(ve)-.15 G(\).).15 E F3(nocasematch)144 576 Q F0 1.194(If set,)184 +588 R F3(bash)3.694 E F0 1.194(matches patterns in a case\255insensiti) 3.694 F 1.493 -.15(ve f)-.25 H 1.193(ashion when performing matching).05 -F(while e)184 540 Q -.15(xe)-.15 G(cuting).15 E F1(case)2.5 E F0(or)2.5 -E F1([[)2.5 E F0(conditional commands.)2.5 E F1(nullglob)144 552 Q F0 -.854(If set,)184 564 R F1(bash)3.354 E F0(allo)3.354 E .855 -(ws patterns which match no \214les \(see)-.25 F F1 -.1(Pa)3.355 G .855 +F(while e)184 600 Q -.15(xe)-.15 G(cuting).15 E F3(case)2.5 E F0(or)2.5 +E F3([[)2.5 E F0(conditional commands.)2.5 E F3(nullglob)144 612 Q F0 +.854(If set,)184 624 R F3(bash)3.354 E F0(allo)3.354 E .855 +(ws patterns which match no \214les \(see)-.25 F F3 -.1(Pa)3.355 G .855 (thname Expansion).1 F F0(abo)3.355 E -.15(ve)-.15 G 3.355(\)t).15 G(o) --3.355 E -.15(ex)184 576 S(pand to a null string, rather than themselv) -.15 E(es.)-.15 E F1(pr)144 588 Q(ogcomp)-.18 E F0 .677 -(If set, the programmable completion f)184 600 R .677(acilities \(see) --.1 F F1(Pr)3.176 E .676(ogrammable Completion)-.18 F F0(abo)3.176 E --.15(ve)-.15 G(\)).15 E(are enabled.)184 612 Q -(This option is enabled by def)5 E(ault.)-.1 E F1(pr)144 624 Q(omptv) --.18 E(ars)-.1 E F0 1.447(If set, prompt strings under)184 636 R 1.448 +-3.355 E -.15(ex)184 636 S(pand to a null string, rather than themselv) +.15 E(es.)-.15 E F3(pr)144 648 Q(ogcomp)-.18 E F0 .677 +(If set, the programmable completion f)184 660 R .677(acilities \(see) +-.1 F F3(Pr)3.176 E .676(ogrammable Completion)-.18 F F0(abo)3.176 E +-.15(ve)-.15 G(\)).15 E(are enabled.)184 672 Q +(This option is enabled by def)5 E(ault.)-.1 E F3(pr)144 684 Q(omptv) +-.18 E(ars)-.1 E F0 1.447(If set, prompt strings under)184 696 R 1.448 (go parameter e)-.18 F 1.448(xpansion, command substitution, arithmetic) --.15 F -.15(ex)184 648 S .171(pansion, and quote remo).15 F -.25(va)-.15 +-.15 F -.15(ex)184 708 S .171(pansion, and quote remo).15 F -.25(va)-.15 G 2.67(la).25 G .17(fter being e)-2.67 F .17(xpanded as described in) --.15 F F2(PR)2.67 E(OMPTING)-.27 E F0(abo)2.42 E -.15(ve)-.15 G(.).15 E -(This option is enabled by def)184 660 Q(ault.)-.1 E F1 -.18(re)144 672 -S(stricted_shell).18 E F0 1.069 -(The shell sets this option if it is started in restricted mode \(see) -184 684 R F2 1.069(RESTRICTED SHELL)3.569 F F0(belo)184 696 Q 4.178 -(w\). The)-.25 F -.25(va)4.178 G 1.678(lue may not be changed.).25 F -1.678(This is not reset when the startup \214les are)6.678 F -.15(exe) -184 708 S(cuted, allo).15 E(wing the startup \214les to disco)-.25 E --.15(ve)-.15 G 2.5(rw).15 G(hether or not a shell is restricted.)-2.5 E -(GNU Bash-4.1)72 768 Q(2010 May 30)147.345 E(66)197.335 E 0 Cg EP +-.15 F F1(PR)2.67 E(OMPTING)-.27 E F0(abo)2.42 E -.15(ve)-.15 G(.).15 E +(This option is enabled by def)184 720 Q(ault.)-.1 E(GNU Bash-4.1)72 768 +Q(2010 June 12)147.345 E(66)197.335 E 0 Cg EP %%Page: 67 67 %%BeginPageSetup BP %%EndPageSetup /F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 389.54(SH\(1\) B).35 F(ASH\(1\)) --.35 E/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(shift_v)144 84 Q(erbose)-.1 E F0 .501 -(If set, the)184 96 R F1(shift)3.001 E F0 -.2(bu)3.001 G .501 +-.35 E/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 SF -.18(re)144 84 S(stricted_shell).18 E F0 +1.069 +(The shell sets this option if it is started in restricted mode \(see) +184 96 R/F2 9/Times-Bold@0 SF 1.069(RESTRICTED SHELL)3.569 F F0(belo)184 +108 Q 4.178(w\). The)-.25 F -.25(va)4.178 G 1.678 +(lue may not be changed.).25 F 1.678 +(This is not reset when the startup \214les are)6.678 F -.15(exe)184 120 +S(cuted, allo).15 E(wing the startup \214les to disco)-.25 E -.15(ve) +-.15 G 2.5(rw).15 G(hether or not a shell is restricted.)-2.5 E F1 +(shift_v)144 132 Q(erbose)-.1 E F0 .501(If set, the)184 144 R F1(shift) +3.001 E F0 -.2(bu)3.001 G .501 (iltin prints an error message when the shift count e).2 F .502 -(xceeds the number)-.15 F(of positional parameters.)184 108 Q F1(sour) -144 120 Q(cepath)-.18 E F0 .771(If set, the)184 132 R F1(sour)3.271 E +(xceeds the number)-.15 F(of positional parameters.)184 156 Q F1(sour) +144 168 Q(cepath)-.18 E F0 .771(If set, the)184 180 R F1(sour)3.271 E (ce)-.18 E F0(\()3.271 E F1(.)A F0 3.271(\)b)C .771(uiltin uses the v) --3.471 F .771(alue of)-.25 F/F2 9/Times-Bold@0 SF -.666(PA)3.27 G(TH) --.189 E F0 .77(to \214nd the directory containing the)3.02 F -(\214le supplied as an ar)184 144 Q 2.5(gument. 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This)-.18 F(option is enabled by def)2.5 E(ault.) +-.1 E F1(xpg_echo)144 204 Q F0(If set, the)184 216 Q F1(echo)2.5 E F0 +-.2(bu)2.5 G(iltin e).2 E(xpands backslash-escape sequences by def)-.15 +E(ault.)-.1 E F1(suspend)108 228 Q F0([)2.5 E F1A F0(])A 1.001 +(Suspend the e)144 240 R -.15(xe)-.15 G 1.001 +(cution of this shell until it recei).15 F -.15(ve)-.25 G 3.501(sa).15 G +F2(SIGCONT)A F0 3.502(signal. A)3.252 F 1.002(login shell cannot be) +3.502 F .023(suspended; the)144 252 R F12.523 E F0 .023 +(option can be used to o)2.523 F -.15(ve)-.15 G .022 (rride this and force the suspension.).15 F .022(The return status is) -5.022 F 2.5(0u)144 216 S(nless the shell is a login shell and)-2.5 E F1 +5.022 F 2.5(0u)144 264 S(nless the shell is a login shell and)-2.5 E F1 2.5 E F0(is not supplied, or if job control is not enabled.)2.5 E -F1(test)108 228 Q/F3 10/Times-Italic@0 SF -.2(ex)2.5 G(pr).2 E F1([)108 -240 Q F3 -.2(ex)2.5 G(pr).2 E F1(])2.5 E F0 1.15 +F1(test)108 276 Q/F3 10/Times-Italic@0 SF -.2(ex)2.5 G(pr).2 E F1([)108 +288 Q F3 -.2(ex)2.5 G(pr).2 E F1(])2.5 E F0 1.15 (Return a status of 0 or 1 depending on the e)6.77 F -.25(va)-.25 G 1.15 (luation of the conditional e).25 F(xpression)-.15 E F3 -.2(ex)3.65 G (pr).2 E F0 6.15(.E).73 G(ach)-6.15 E 1.188 -(operator and operand must be a separate ar)144 252 R 3.688 +(operator and operand must be a separate ar)144 300 R 3.688 (gument. Expressions)-.18 F 1.187(are composed of the primaries)3.688 F -1.889(described abo)144 264 R 2.189 -.15(ve u)-.15 H(nder).15 E F2 +1.889(described abo)144 312 R 2.189 -.15(ve u)-.15 H(nder).15 E F2 (CONDITION)4.389 E 1.889(AL EXPRESSIONS)-.18 F/F4 9/Times-Roman@0 SF(.)A F1(test)6.389 E F0 1.89(does not accept an)4.389 F 4.39(yo)-.15 G 1.89 -(ptions, nor)-4.39 F(does it accept and ignore an ar)144 276 Q +(ptions, nor)-4.39 F(does it accept and ignore an ar)144 324 Q (gument of)-.18 E F12.5 E F0(as signifying the end of options.)2.5 -E .786(Expressions may be combined using the follo)144 294 R .785 +E .786(Expressions may be combined using the follo)144 342 R .785 (wing operators, listed in decreasing order of prece-)-.25 F 2.5 -(dence. The)144 306 R -.25(eva)2.5 G +(dence. The)144 354 R -.25(eva)2.5 G (luation depends on the number of ar).25 E(guments; see belo)-.18 E -.65 -(w.)-.25 G F1(!)144 318 Q F3 -.2(ex)2.5 G(pr).2 E F0 -.35(Tr)12.6 G +(w.)-.25 G F1(!)144 366 Q F3 -.2(ex)2.5 G(pr).2 E F0 -.35(Tr)12.6 G (ue if).35 E F3 -.2(ex)2.5 G(pr).2 E F0(is f)3.23 E(alse.)-.1 E F1(\() -144 330 Q F3 -.2(ex)2.5 G(pr).2 E F1(\))2.5 E F0 .26(Returns the v)6.77 +144 378 Q F3 -.2(ex)2.5 G(pr).2 E F1(\))2.5 E F0 .26(Returns the v)6.77 F .26(alue of)-.25 F F3 -.2(ex)2.76 G(pr).2 E F0 5.26(.T)C .26 (his may be used to o)-5.26 F -.15(ve)-.15 G .26 -(rride the normal precedence of opera-).15 F(tors.)180 342 Q F3 -.2(ex) -144 354 S(pr1).2 E F02.5 E F1(a)A F3 -.2(ex)2.5 G(pr2).2 E F0 -.35 -(Tr)180 366 S(ue if both).35 E F3 -.2(ex)2.5 G(pr1).2 E F0(and)2.5 E F3 --.2(ex)2.5 G(pr2).2 E F0(are true.)2.52 E F3 -.2(ex)144 378 S(pr1).2 E -F02.5 E F1(o)A F3 -.2(ex)2.5 G(pr2).2 E F0 -.35(Tr)180 390 S +(rride the normal precedence of opera-).15 F(tors.)180 390 Q F3 -.2(ex) +144 402 S(pr1).2 E F02.5 E F1(a)A F3 -.2(ex)2.5 G(pr2).2 E F0 -.35 +(Tr)180 414 S(ue if both).35 E F3 -.2(ex)2.5 G(pr1).2 E F0(and)2.5 E F3 +-.2(ex)2.5 G(pr2).2 E F0(are true.)2.52 E F3 -.2(ex)144 426 S(pr1).2 E +F02.5 E F1(o)A F3 -.2(ex)2.5 G(pr2).2 E F0 -.35(Tr)180 438 S (ue if either).35 E F3 -.2(ex)2.5 G(pr1).2 E F0(or)2.5 E F3 -.2(ex)2.5 G -(pr2).2 E F0(is true.)2.52 E F1(test)144 406.8 Q F0(and)2.5 E F1([)2.5 E +(pr2).2 E F0(is true.)2.52 E F1(test)144 454.8 Q F0(and)2.5 E F1([)2.5 E F0 -.25(eva)2.5 G(luate conditional e).25 E (xpressions using a set of rules based on the number of ar)-.15 E -(guments.)-.18 E 2.5(0a)144 424.8 S -.18(rg)-2.5 G(uments).18 E(The e) -180 436.8 Q(xpression is f)-.15 E(alse.)-.1 E 2.5(1a)144 448.8 S -.18 -(rg)-2.5 G(ument).18 E(The e)180 460.8 Q +(guments.)-.18 E 2.5(0a)144 472.8 S -.18(rg)-2.5 G(uments).18 E(The e) +180 484.8 Q(xpression is f)-.15 E(alse.)-.1 E 2.5(1a)144 496.8 S -.18 +(rg)-2.5 G(ument).18 E(The e)180 508.8 Q (xpression is true if and only if the ar)-.15 E(gument is not null.)-.18 -E 2.5(2a)144 472.8 S -.18(rg)-2.5 G(uments).18 E .37(If the \214rst ar) -180 484.8 R .37(gument is)-.18 F F1(!)2.87 E F0 2.87(,t)C .37(he e)-2.87 +E 2.5(2a)144 520.8 S -.18(rg)-2.5 G(uments).18 E .37(If the \214rst ar) +180 532.8 R .37(gument is)-.18 F F1(!)2.87 E F0 2.87(,t)C .37(he e)-2.87 F .37(xpression is true if and only if the second ar)-.15 F .37 -(gument is null.)-.18 F .379(If the \214rst ar)180 496.8 R .38 +(gument is null.)-.18 F .379(If the \214rst ar)180 544.8 R .38 (gument is one of the unary conditional operators listed abo)-.18 F .68 --.15(ve u)-.15 H(nder).15 E F2(CONDI-)2.88 E(TION)180 508.8 Q .553 +-.15(ve u)-.15 H(nder).15 E F2(CONDI-)2.88 E(TION)180 556.8 Q .553 (AL EXPRESSIONS)-.18 F F4(,)A F0 .552(the e)2.802 F .552 (xpression is true if the unary test is true.)-.15 F .552 -(If the \214rst ar)5.552 F(gu-)-.18 E(ment is not a v)180 520.8 Q +(If the \214rst ar)5.552 F(gu-)-.18 E(ment is not a v)180 568.8 Q (alid unary conditional operator)-.25 E 2.5(,t)-.4 G(he e)-2.5 E -(xpression is f)-.15 E(alse.)-.1 E 2.5(3a)144 532.8 S -.18(rg)-2.5 G -(uments).18 E .023(If the second ar)180 544.8 R .023 +(xpression is f)-.15 E(alse.)-.1 E 2.5(3a)144 580.8 S -.18(rg)-2.5 G +(uments).18 E .023(If the second ar)180 592.8 R .023 (gument is one of the binary conditional operators listed abo)-.18 F -.324 -.15(ve u)-.15 H(nder).15 E F2(CON-)2.524 E(DITION)180 556.8 Q +.324 -.15(ve u)-.15 H(nder).15 E F2(CON-)2.524 E(DITION)180 604.8 Q 1.478(AL EXPRESSIONS)-.18 F F4(,)A F0 1.477(the result of the e)3.727 F 1.477(xpression is the result of the binary test)-.15 F .513 -(using the \214rst and third ar)180 568.8 R .513(guments as operands.) +(using the \214rst and third ar)180 616.8 R .513(guments as operands.) -.18 F(The)5.513 E F13.013 E F0(and)3.013 E F13.013 E F0 .513(operators are considered)3.013 F .972 -(binary operators when there are three ar)180 580.8 R 3.472(guments. If) +(binary operators when there are three ar)180 628.8 R 3.472(guments. If) -.18 F .972(the \214rst ar)3.472 F .972(gument is)-.18 F F1(!)3.472 E F0 -3.472(,t)C .972(he v)-3.472 F .972(alue is)-.25 F .883(the ne)180 592.8 +3.472(,t)C .972(he v)-3.472 F .972(alue is)-.25 F .883(the ne)180 640.8 R -.05(ga)-.15 G .883(tion of the tw).05 F(o-ar)-.1 E .884 (gument test using the second and third ar)-.18 F 3.384(guments. If)-.18 -F .884(the \214rst)3.384 F(ar)180 604.8 Q .875(gument is e)-.18 F +F .884(the \214rst)3.384 F(ar)180 652.8 Q .875(gument is e)-.18 F (xactly)-.15 E F1(\()3.375 E F0 .875(and the third ar)3.375 F .875 (gument is e)-.18 F(xactly)-.15 E F1(\))3.375 E F0 3.374(,t)C .874 (he result is the one-ar)-3.374 F(gument)-.18 E(test of the second ar) -180 616.8 Q 2.5(gument. Otherwise,)-.18 F(the e)2.5 E(xpression is f) --.15 E(alse.)-.1 E 2.5(4a)144 628.8 S -.18(rg)-2.5 G(uments).18 E .384 -(If the \214rst ar)180 640.8 R .384(gument is)-.18 F F1(!)2.884 E F0 +180 664.8 Q 2.5(gument. Otherwise,)-.18 F(the e)2.5 E(xpression is f) +-.15 E(alse.)-.1 E 2.5(4a)144 676.8 S -.18(rg)-2.5 G(uments).18 E .384 +(If the \214rst ar)180 688.8 R .384(gument is)-.18 F F1(!)2.884 E F0 2.885(,t)C .385(he result is the ne)-2.885 F -.05(ga)-.15 G .385 (tion of the three-ar).05 F .385(gument e)-.18 F .385(xpression com-) --.15 F 1.648(posed of the remaining ar)180 652.8 R 4.147 +-.15 F 1.648(posed of the remaining ar)180 700.8 R 4.147 (guments. Otherwise,)-.18 F 1.647(the e)4.147 F 1.647 (xpression is parsed and e)-.15 F -.25(va)-.25 G(luated).25 E -(according to precedence using the rules listed abo)180 664.8 Q -.15(ve) --.15 G(.).15 E 2.5(5o)144 676.8 S 2.5(rm)-2.5 G(ore ar)-2.5 E(guments) --.18 E 1.635(The e)180 688.8 R 1.635(xpression is parsed and e)-.15 F --.25(va)-.25 G 1.635 -(luated according to precedence using the rules listed).25 F(abo)180 -700.8 Q -.15(ve)-.15 G(.).15 E F1(times)108 717.6 Q F0 1.229(Print the \ -accumulated user and system times for the shell and for processes run f\ -rom the shell.)13.23 F(The return status is 0.)144 729.6 Q(GNU Bash-4.1) -72 768 Q(2010 May 30)147.345 E(67)197.335 E 0 Cg EP +(according to precedence using the rules listed abo)180 712.8 Q -.15(ve) +-.15 G(.).15 E(GNU Bash-4.1)72 768 Q(2010 June 12)147.345 E(67)197.335 E +0 Cg EP %%Page: 68 68 %%BeginPageSetup BP %%EndPageSetup /F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 389.54(SH\(1\) B).35 F(ASH\(1\)) --.35 E/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(trap)108 84 Q F0([)2.5 E F1(\255lp)A F0 2.5 -(][)C([)-2.5 E/F2 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(ar)A(g)-.37 E F0(])A F2(sigspec) -2.5 E F0(...])2.5 E .702(The command)144 96 R F2(ar)3.532 E(g)-.37 E F0 -.702(is to be read and e)3.422 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .702 +-.35 E 2.5(5o)144 84 S 2.5(rm)-2.5 G(ore ar)-2.5 E(guments)-.18 E 1.635 +(The e)180 96 R 1.635(xpression is parsed and e)-.15 F -.25(va)-.25 G +1.635(luated according to precedence using the rules listed).25 F(abo) +180 108 Q -.15(ve)-.15 G(.).15 E/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(times)108 124.8 Q +F0 1.229(Print the accumulated user and system times for the shell and \ +for processes run from the shell.)13.23 F(The return status is 0.)144 +136.8 Q F1(trap)108 153.6 Q F0([)2.5 E F1(\255lp)A F0 2.5(][)C([)-2.5 E +/F2 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(ar)A(g)-.37 E F0(])A F2(sigspec)2.5 E F0(...]) +2.5 E .702(The command)144 165.6 R F2(ar)3.532 E(g)-.37 E F0 .702 +(is to be read and e)3.422 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .702 (cuted when the shell recei).15 F -.15(ve)-.25 G 3.203(ss).15 G (ignal\(s\))-3.203 E F2(sigspec)3.203 E F0 5.703(.I).31 G(f)-5.703 E F2 (ar)3.533 E(g)-.37 E F0(is)3.423 E .609(absent \(and there is a single) -144 108 R F2(sigspec)3.108 E F0 3.108(\)o)C(r)-3.108 E F13.108 E F0 -3.108(,e)C .608 +144 177.6 R F2(sigspec)3.108 E F0 3.108(\)o)C(r)-3.108 E F13.108 E +F0 3.108(,e)C .608 (ach speci\214ed signal is reset to its original disposition)-3.108 F -.658(\(the v)144 120 R .658(alue it had upon entrance to the shell\).) +.658(\(the v)144 189.6 R .658(alue it had upon entrance to the shell\).) -.25 F(If)5.658 E F2(ar)3.488 E(g)-.37 E F0 .659 (is the null string the signal speci\214ed by each)3.378 F F2(sigspec) -144.34 132 Q F0 .581(is ignored by the shell and by the commands it in) -3.391 F -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G 3.08(s. 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Each)144 249.6 R F2(sigspec)4.651 E F0 1.811 (is either a signal name de\214ned in <)4.621 F F2(signal.h)A F0 1.81 (>, or a signal number)B 6.81(.S)-.55 G(ignal)-6.81 E -(names are case insensiti)144 192 Q .3 -.15(ve a)-.25 H(nd the).15 E/F3 -9/Times-Bold@0 SF(SIG)2.5 E F0(pre\214x is optional.)2.25 E 1.648(If a) -144 210 R F2(sigspec)4.488 E F0(is)4.458 E F3(EXIT)4.148 E F0 1.648 -(\(0\) the command)3.898 F F2(ar)4.479 E(g)-.37 E F0 1.649(is e)4.369 F --.15(xe)-.15 G 1.649(cuted on e).15 F 1.649(xit from the shell.)-.15 F -1.649(If a)6.649 F F2(sigspec)4.489 E F0(is)4.459 E F3(DEB)144 222 Q(UG) --.09 E/F4 9/Times-Roman@0 SF(,)A F0 1.168(the command)3.418 F F2(ar) -3.998 E(g)-.37 E F0 1.168(is e)3.888 F -.15(xe)-.15 G 1.167 +(names are case insensiti)144 261.6 Q .3 -.15(ve a)-.25 H(nd the).15 E +/F3 9/Times-Bold@0 SF(SIG)2.5 E F0(pre\214x is optional.)2.25 E 1.648 +(If a)144 279.6 R F2(sigspec)4.488 E F0(is)4.458 E F3(EXIT)4.148 E F0 +1.648(\(0\) the command)3.898 F F2(ar)4.479 E(g)-.37 E F0 1.649(is e) +4.369 F -.15(xe)-.15 G 1.649(cuted on e).15 F 1.649(xit from the shell.) +-.15 F 1.649(If a)6.649 F F2(sigspec)4.489 E F0(is)4.459 E F3(DEB)144 +291.6 Q(UG)-.09 E/F4 9/Times-Roman@0 SF(,)A F0 1.168(the command)3.418 F +F2(ar)3.998 E(g)-.37 E F0 1.168(is e)3.888 F -.15(xe)-.15 G 1.167 (cuted before e).15 F -.15(ve)-.25 G(ry).15 E F2 1.167(simple command) 3.667 F F0(,)A F2(for)3.667 E F0(command,)3.667 E F2(case)3.667 E F0 -(com-)3.667 E(mand,)144 234 Q F2(select)2.646 E F0 .146(command, e)2.646 -F -.15(ve)-.25 G .146(ry arithmetic).15 F F2(for)2.646 E F0 .147 +(com-)3.667 E(mand,)144 303.6 Q F2(select)2.646 E F0 .146(command, e) +2.646 F -.15(ve)-.25 G .146(ry arithmetic).15 F F2(for)2.646 E F0 .147 (command, and before the \214rst command e)2.646 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .147 -(cutes in a).15 F .146(shell function \(see)144 246 R F3 .146 +(cutes in a).15 F .146(shell function \(see)144 315.6 R F3 .146 (SHELL GRAMMAR)2.646 F F0(abo)2.396 E -.15(ve)-.15 G 2.646(\). Refer).15 F .146(to the description of the)2.646 F F1(extdeb)2.645 E(ug)-.2 E F0 -.145(option to)2.645 F(the)144 258 Q F1(shopt)3.2 E F0 -.2(bu)3.2 G .7 +.145(option to)2.645 F(the)144 327.6 Q F1(shopt)3.2 E F0 -.2(bu)3.2 G .7 (iltin for details of its ef).2 F .7(fect on the)-.25 F F1(DEB)3.2 E(UG) -.1 E F0 3.2(trap. If)3.2 F(a)3.2 E F2(sigspec)3.54 E F0(is)3.51 E F3 -(RETURN)3.2 E F4(,)A F0 .701(the com-)2.951 F(mand)144 270 Q F2(ar)3.474 -E(g)-.37 E F0 .644(is e)3.364 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .643 +(RETURN)3.2 E F4(,)A F0 .701(the com-)2.951 F(mand)144 339.6 Q F2(ar) +3.474 E(g)-.37 E F0 .644(is e)3.364 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .643 (cuted each time a shell function or a script e).15 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .643(cuted with the).15 F F1(.)3.143 E F0(or)3.143 E F1(sour)3.143 E(ce) --.18 E F0 -.2(bu)3.143 G(iltins).2 E(\214nishes e)144 282 Q -.15(xe)-.15 -G(cuting.).15 E .928(If a)144 300 R F2(sigspec)3.768 E F0(is)3.738 E F3 -(ERR)3.429 E F4(,)A F0 .929(the command)3.179 F F2(ar)3.759 E(g)-.37 E -F0 .929(is e)3.649 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .929(cuted whene).15 F -.15(ve)-.25 -G 3.429(ras).15 G .929(imple command has a non\255zero)-3.429 F -.15(ex) -144 312 S 1.009(it status, subject to the follo).15 F 1.009 -(wing conditions.)-.25 F(The)6.009 E F3(ERR)3.509 E F0 1.009 +-.18 E F0 -.2(bu)3.143 G(iltins).2 E(\214nishes e)144 351.6 Q -.15(xe) +-.15 G(cuting.).15 E .928(If a)144 369.6 R F2(sigspec)3.768 E F0(is) +3.738 E F3(ERR)3.429 E F4(,)A F0 .929(the command)3.179 F F2(ar)3.759 E +(g)-.37 E F0 .929(is e)3.649 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .929(cuted whene).15 F +-.15(ve)-.25 G 3.429(ras).15 G .929(imple command has a non\255zero) +-3.429 F -.15(ex)144 381.6 S 1.009(it status, subject to the follo).15 F +1.009(wing conditions.)-.25 F(The)6.009 E F3(ERR)3.509 E F0 1.009 (trap is not e)3.259 F -.15(xe)-.15 G 1.008(cuted if the f).15 F 1.008 (ailed com-)-.1 F .324 -(mand is part of the command list immediately follo)144 324 R .324 +(mand is part of the command list immediately follo)144 393.6 R .324 (wing a)-.25 F F1(while)2.824 E F0(or)2.824 E F1(until)2.824 E F0 -.1 (ke)2.824 G(yw)-.05 E .324(ord, part of the test)-.1 F 1.129(in an)144 -336 R F2(if)3.639 E F0 1.129(statement, part of a command e)5.589 F -.15 -(xe)-.15 G 1.129(cuted in a).15 F F1(&&)3.629 E F0(or)3.629 E/F5 10 +405.6 R F2(if)3.639 E F0 1.129(statement, part of a command e)5.589 F +-.15(xe)-.15 G 1.129(cuted in a).15 F F1(&&)3.629 E F0(or)3.629 E/F5 10 /Symbol SF3.629 E F0 1.129(list, or if the command')3.629 F 3.628 -(sr)-.55 G(eturn)-3.628 E -.25(va)144 348 S(lue is being in).25 E -.15 +(sr)-.55 G(eturn)-3.628 E -.25(va)144 417.6 S(lue is being in).25 E -.15 (ve)-.4 G(rted via).15 E F1(!)2.5 E F0 5(.T)C (hese are the same conditions obe)-5 E(yed by the)-.15 E F1(err)2.5 E (exit)-.18 E F0(option.)2.5 E 1.095 (Signals ignored upon entry to the shell cannot be trapped or reset.)144 -366 R -.35(Tr)6.095 G 1.095(apped signals that are not).35 F .662 -(being ignored are reset to their original v)144 378 R .662 +435.6 R -.35(Tr)6.095 G 1.095(apped signals that are not).35 F .662 +(being ignored are reset to their original v)144 447.6 R .662 (alues in a subshell or subshell en)-.25 F .661(vironment when one is) --.4 F 2.5(created. The)144 390 R(return status is f)2.5 E(alse if an)-.1 -E(y)-.15 E F2(sigspec)2.84 E F0(is in)2.81 E -.25(va)-.4 G +-.4 F 2.5(created. The)144 459.6 R(return status is f)2.5 E(alse if an) +-.1 E(y)-.15 E F2(sigspec)2.84 E F0(is in)2.81 E -.25(va)-.4 G (lid; otherwise).25 E F1(trap)2.5 E F0(returns true.)2.5 E F1(type)108 -406.8 Q F0([)2.5 E F1(\255aftpP)A F0(])A F2(name)2.5 E F0([)2.5 E F2 -(name)A F0(...])2.5 E -.4(Wi)144 418.8 S .173 +476.4 Q F0([)2.5 E F1(\255aftpP)A F0(])A F2(name)2.5 E F0([)2.5 E F2 +(name)A F0(...])2.5 E -.4(Wi)144 488.4 S .173 (th no options, indicate ho).4 F 2.673(we)-.25 G(ach)-2.673 E F2(name) 3.033 E F0 -.1(wo)2.853 G .174 (uld be interpreted if used as a command name.).1 F .174(If the)5.174 F -F1144 430.8 Q F0 .843(option is used,)3.343 F F1(type)3.343 E F0 +F1144 500.4 Q F0 .843(option is used,)3.343 F F1(type)3.343 E F0 .843(prints a string which is one of)3.343 F F2(alias)3.343 E F0(,).27 E F2 -.1(ke)3.343 G(ywor)-.2 E(d)-.37 E F0(,).77 E F2(function)3.343 E F0 (,).24 E F2 -.2(bu)3.342 G(iltin).2 E F0 3.342(,o).24 G(r)-3.342 E F2 -(\214le)5.252 E F0(if)3.522 E F2(name)144.36 442.8 Q F0 .086 +(\214le)5.252 E F0(if)3.522 E F2(name)144.36 512.4 Q F0 .086 (is an alias, shell reserv)2.766 F .086(ed w)-.15 F .086 (ord, function, b)-.1 F .087(uiltin, or disk \214le, respecti)-.2 F -.15 (ve)-.25 G(ly).15 E 5.087(.I)-.65 G 2.587(ft)-5.087 G(he)-2.587 E F2 (name)2.947 E F0 .087(is not)2.767 F .119 -(found, then nothing is printed, and an e)144 454.8 R .118 +(found, then nothing is printed, and an e)144 524.4 R .118 (xit status of f)-.15 F .118(alse is returned.)-.1 F .118(If the)5.118 F F12.618 E F0 .118(option is used,)2.618 F F1(type)2.618 E F0 .855 -(either returns the name of the disk \214le that w)144 466.8 R .855 +(either returns the name of the disk \214le that w)144 536.4 R .855 (ould be e)-.1 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .855(cuted if).15 F F2(name)3.715 E F0 .855(were speci\214ed as a com-)3.535 F .641(mand name, or nothing if) -144 478.8 R/F6 10/Courier@0 SF .641(type -t name)3.141 F F0 -.1(wo)3.141 +144 548.4 R/F6 10/Courier@0 SF .641(type -t name)3.141 F F0 -.1(wo)3.141 G .641(uld not return).1 F F2(\214le)3.14 E F0 5.64(.T).18 G(he)-5.64 E F13.14 E F0 .64(option forces a)3.14 F F3 -.666(PA)3.14 G(TH)-.189 -E F0 .112(search for each)144 490.8 R F2(name)2.612 E F0 2.612(,e)C -.15 +E F0 .112(search for each)144 560.4 R F2(name)2.612 E F0 2.612(,e)C -.15 (ve)-2.862 G 2.613(ni).15 G(f)-2.613 E F6 .113(type -t name)2.613 F F0 -.1(wo)2.613 G .113(uld not return).1 F F2(\214le)2.613 E F0 5.113(.I) .18 G 2.613(fac)-5.113 G .113(ommand is hashed,)-2.613 F F12.613 E -F0(and)144 502.8 Q F12.945 E F0 .445(print the hashed v)2.945 F +F0(and)144 572.4 Q F12.945 E F0 .445(print the hashed v)2.945 F .444(alue, not necessarily the \214le that appears \214rst in)-.25 F F3 -.666(PA)2.944 G(TH)-.189 E F4(.)A F0 .444(If the)4.944 F F12.944 -E F0(option)2.944 E .265(is used,)144 514.8 R F1(type)2.765 E F0 .265 +E F0(option)2.944 E .265(is used,)144 584.4 R F1(type)2.765 E F0 .265 (prints all of the places that contain an e)2.765 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .265 (cutable named).15 F F2(name)2.765 E F0 5.265(.T).18 G .265 (his includes aliases)-5.265 F .427(and functions, if and only if the) -144 526.8 R F12.926 E F0 .426(option is not also used.)2.926 F +144 596.4 R F12.926 E F0 .426(option is not also used.)2.926 F .426(The table of hashed commands is not)5.426 F .548 -(consulted when using)144 538.8 R F13.048 E F0 5.548(.T)C(he) +(consulted when using)144 608.4 R F13.048 E F0 5.548(.T)C(he) -5.548 E F13.048 E F0 .549 (option suppresses shell function lookup, as with the)3.048 F F1 -(command)3.049 E F0 -.2(bu)144 550.8 S(iltin.).2 E F1(type)5 E F0 +(command)3.049 E F0 -.2(bu)144 620.4 S(iltin.).2 E F1(type)5 E F0 (returns true if all of the ar)2.5 E(guments are found, f)-.18 E -(alse if an)-.1 E 2.5(ya)-.15 G(re not found.)-2.5 E F1(ulimit)108 567.6 +(alse if an)-.1 E 2.5(ya)-.15 G(re not found.)-2.5 E F1(ulimit)108 637.2 Q F0([)2.5 E F1(\255HST)A(abcde\214lmnpqrstuvx)-.92 E F0([)2.5 E F2 -(limit)A F0(]])A(Pro)144 579.6 Q .244(vides control o)-.15 F -.15(ve) +(limit)A F0(]])A(Pro)144 649.2 Q .244(vides control o)-.15 F -.15(ve) -.15 G 2.744(rt).15 G .244(he resources a)-2.744 F -.25(va)-.2 G .244 (ilable to the shell and to processes started by it, on systems).25 F -.943(that allo)144 591.6 R 3.443(ws)-.25 G .943(uch control.)-3.443 F +.943(that allo)144 661.2 R 3.443(ws)-.25 G .943(uch control.)-3.443 F (The)5.943 E F13.443 E F0(and)3.443 E F13.444 E F0 .944 (options specify that the hard or soft limit is set for the)3.444 F(gi) -144 603.6 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.709(nr).15 G 2.709(esource. A)-2.709 F .208 +144 673.2 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.709(nr).15 G 2.709(esource. A)-2.709 F .208 (hard limit cannot be increased by a non-root user once it is set; a so\ -ft limit may)2.709 F .425(be increased up to the v)144 615.6 R .425 +ft limit may)2.709 F .425(be increased up to the v)144 685.2 R .425 (alue of the hard limit.)-.25 F .426(If neither)5.425 F F12.926 E F0(nor)2.926 E F12.926 E F0 .426 (is speci\214ed, both the soft and)2.926 F .139(hard limits are set.)144 -627.6 R .139(The v)5.139 F .139(alue of)-.25 F F2(limit)2.729 E F0 .139 +697.2 R .139(The v)5.139 F .139(alue of)-.25 F F2(limit)2.729 E F0 .139 (can be a number in the unit speci\214ed for the resource or one)3.319 F -.741(of the special v)144 639.6 R(alues)-.25 E F1(hard)3.241 E F0(,)A F1 +.741(of the special v)144 709.2 R(alues)-.25 E F1(hard)3.241 E F0(,)A F1 (soft)3.241 E F0 3.241(,o)C(r)-3.241 E F1(unlimited)3.241 E F0 3.241(,w) C .741(hich stand for the current hard limit, the current)-3.241 F .78 -(soft limit, and no limit, respecti)144 651.6 R -.15(ve)-.25 G(ly).15 E +(soft limit, and no limit, respecti)144 721.2 R -.15(ve)-.25 G(ly).15 E 5.78(.I)-.65 G(f)-5.78 E F2(limit)3.37 E F0 .78 (is omitted, the current v)3.96 F .78(alue of the soft limit of the)-.25 -F .498(resource is printed, unless the)144 663.6 R F12.999 E F0 -.499(option is gi)2.999 F -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.999(n. When).15 F .499 -(more than one resource is speci\214ed, the)2.999 F -(limit name and unit are printed before the v)144 675.6 Q 2.5 -(alue. Other)-.25 F(options are interpreted as follo)2.5 E(ws:)-.25 E F1 -144 687.6 Q F0(All current limits are reported)25.3 E F1144 -699.6 Q F0(The maximum sock)24.74 E(et b)-.1 E(uf)-.2 E(fer size)-.25 E -F1144 711.6 Q F0(The maximum size of core \214les created)25.86 E -(GNU Bash-4.1)72 768 Q(2010 May 30)147.345 E(68)197.335 E 0 Cg EP +F(GNU Bash-4.1)72 768 Q(2010 June 12)147.345 E(68)197.335 E 0 Cg EP %%Page: 69 69 %%BeginPageSetup BP %%EndPageSetup /F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 389.54(SH\(1\) B).35 F(ASH\(1\)) --.35 E/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 SF144 84 Q F0 -(The maximum size of a process')24.74 E 2.5(sd)-.55 G(ata se)-2.5 E -(gment)-.15 E F1144 96 Q F0 -(The maximum scheduling priority \("nice"\))25.86 E F1144 108 Q F0 +-.35 E .498(resource is printed, unless the)144 84 R/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 +SF2.999 E F0 .499(option is gi)2.999 F -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.999 +(n. When).15 F .499(more than one resource is speci\214ed, the)2.999 F +(limit name and unit are printed before the v)144 96 Q 2.5(alue. Other) +-.25 F(options are interpreted as follo)2.5 E(ws:)-.25 E F1144 108 +Q F0(All current limits are reported)25.3 E F1144 120 Q F0 +(The maximum sock)24.74 E(et b)-.1 E(uf)-.2 E(fer size)-.25 E F1 +144 132 Q F0(The maximum size of core \214les created)25.86 E F1 +144 144 Q F0(The maximum size of a process')24.74 E 2.5(sd)-.55 G +(ata se)-2.5 E(gment)-.15 E F1144 156 Q F0 +(The maximum scheduling priority \("nice"\))25.86 E F1144 168 Q F0 (The maximum size of \214les written by the shell and its children)26.97 -E F1144 120 Q F0(The maximum number of pending signals)27.52 E F1 -144 132 Q F0(The maximum size that may be lock)27.52 E -(ed into memory)-.1 E F1144 144 Q F0 +E F1144 180 Q F0(The maximum number of pending signals)27.52 E F1 +144 192 Q F0(The maximum size that may be lock)27.52 E +(ed into memory)-.1 E F1144 204 Q F0 (The maximum resident set size \(man)21.97 E 2.5(ys)-.15 G -(ystems do not honor this limit\))-2.5 E F1144 156 Q F0 .791(The \ +(ystems do not honor this limit\))-2.5 E F1144 216 Q F0 .791(The \ maximum number of open \214le descriptors \(most systems do not allo) 24.74 F 3.29(wt)-.25 G .79(his v)-3.29 F .79(alue to)-.25 F(be set\))180 -168 Q F1144 180 Q F0 +228 Q F1144 240 Q F0 (The pipe size in 512-byte blocks \(this may not be set\))24.74 E F1 -144 192 Q F0(The maximum number of bytes in POSIX message queues) -24.74 E F1144 204 Q F0(The maximum real-time scheduling priority) -25.86 E F1144 216 Q F0(The maximum stack size)26.41 E F1144 -228 Q F0(The maximum amount of cpu time in seconds)26.97 E F1144 -240 Q F0(The maximum number of processes a)24.74 E -.25(va)-.2 G -(ilable to a single user).25 E F1144 252 Q F0 .47 +144 252 Q F0(The maximum number of bytes in POSIX message queues) +24.74 E F1144 264 Q F0(The maximum real-time scheduling priority) +25.86 E F1144 276 Q F0(The maximum stack size)26.41 E F1144 +288 Q F0(The maximum amount of cpu time in seconds)26.97 E F1144 +300 Q F0(The maximum number of processes a)24.74 E -.25(va)-.2 G +(ilable to a single user).25 E F1144 312 Q F0 .47 (The maximum amount of virtual memory a)25.3 F -.25(va)-.2 G .47 -(ilable to the shell and, on some systems, to).25 F(its children)180 264 -Q F1144 276 Q F0(The maximum number of \214le locks)25.3 E F1 -144 288 Q F0(The maximum number of threads)23.63 E(If)144 304.8 Q +(ilable to the shell and, on some systems, to).25 F(its children)180 324 +Q F1144 336 Q F0(The maximum number of \214le locks)25.3 E F1 +144 348 Q F0(The maximum number of threads)23.63 E(If)144 364.8 Q /F2 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(limit)2.933 E F0 .343(is gi)3.523 F -.15(ve) -.25 G .343(n, it is the ne).15 F 2.843(wv)-.25 G .343 (alue of the speci\214ed resource \(the)-3.093 F F12.843 E F0 .343 (option is display only\).)2.843 F .343(If no)5.343 F .175(option is gi) -144 316.8 R -.15(ve)-.25 G .175(n, then).15 F F12.675 E F0 .175 +144 376.8 R -.15(ve)-.25 G .175(n, then).15 F F12.675 E F0 .175 (is assumed.)2.675 F -1.11(Va)5.175 G .175 (lues are in 1024-byte increments, e)1.11 F .176(xcept for)-.15 F F1 -2.676 E F0 2.676(,w)C .176(hich is in)-2.676 F(seconds,)144 328.8 +2.676 E F0 2.676(,w)C .176(hich is in)-2.676 F(seconds,)144 388.8 Q F12.516 E F0 2.516(,w)C .016 (hich is in units of 512-byte blocks, and)-2.516 F F12.516 E F0(,) A F12.515 E F0(,)A F12.515 E F0 2.515(,a)C(nd)-2.515 E F1 2.515 E F0 2.515(,w)C .015(hich are unscaled v)-2.515 F(al-)-.25 E -3.787(ues. The)144 340.8 R 1.287(return status is 0 unless an in)3.787 F +3.787(ues. The)144 400.8 R 1.287(return status is 0 unless an in)3.787 F -.25(va)-.4 G 1.287(lid option or ar).25 F 1.287 (gument is supplied, or an error occurs)-.18 F(while setting a ne)144 -352.8 Q 2.5(wl)-.25 G(imit.)-2.5 E F1(umask)108 369.6 Q F0([)2.5 E F1 +412.8 Q 2.5(wl)-.25 G(imit.)-2.5 E F1(umask)108 429.6 Q F0([)2.5 E F1 A F0 2.5(][)C F1-2.5 E F0 2.5(][)C F2(mode)-2.5 E F0(])A .2 -(The user \214le-creation mask is set to)144 381.6 R F2(mode)2.7 E F0 +(The user \214le-creation mask is set to)144 441.6 R F2(mode)2.7 E F0 5.2(.I).18 G(f)-5.2 E F2(mode)3.08 E F0(be)2.88 E .2 (gins with a digit, it is interpreted as an octal)-.15 F .066(number; o\ therwise it is interpreted as a symbolic mode mask similar to that acce\ -pted by)144 393.6 R F2 -.15(ch)2.566 G(mod).15 E F0(\(1\).).77 E(If)144 -405.6 Q F2(mode)3.263 E F0 .382(is omitted, the current v)3.063 F .382 +pted by)144 453.6 R F2 -.15(ch)2.566 G(mod).15 E F0(\(1\).).77 E(If)144 +465.6 Q F2(mode)3.263 E F0 .382(is omitted, the current v)3.063 F .382 (alue of the mask is printed.)-.25 F(The)5.382 E F12.882 E F0 .382 (option causes the mask to be)2.882 F .547 -(printed in symbolic form; the def)144 417.6 R .547 +(printed in symbolic form; the def)144 477.6 R .547 (ault output is an octal number)-.1 F 5.547(.I)-.55 G 3.047(ft)-5.547 G (he)-3.047 E F13.047 E F0 .547(option is supplied, and)3.047 F F2 -(mode)144.38 429.6 Q F0 .552 +(mode)144.38 489.6 Q F0 .552 (is omitted, the output is in a form that may be reused as input.)3.232 -F .551(The return status is 0 if the)5.551 F(mode w)144 441.6 Q +F .551(The return status is 0 if the)5.551 F(mode w)144 501.6 Q (as successfully changed or if no)-.1 E F2(mode)2.5 E F0(ar)2.5 E (gument w)-.18 E(as supplied, and f)-.1 E(alse otherwise.)-.1 E F1 -(unalias)108 458.4 Q F0<5bad>2.5 E F1(a)A F0 2.5(][)C F2(name)-2.5 E F0 -(...])2.5 E(Remo)144 470.4 Q 1.955 -.15(ve e)-.15 H(ach).15 E F2(name) +(unalias)108 518.4 Q F0<5bad>2.5 E F1(a)A F0 2.5(][)C F2(name)-2.5 E F0 +(...])2.5 E(Remo)144 530.4 Q 1.955 -.15(ve e)-.15 H(ach).15 E F2(name) 4.155 E F0 1.655(from the list of de\214ned aliases.)4.155 F(If)6.655 E F14.155 E F0 1.655(is supplied, all alias de\214nitions are)4.155 -F(remo)144 482.4 Q -.15(ve)-.15 G 2.5(d. 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