From: Chet Ramey Date: Mon, 7 Apr 2025 16:36:49 +0000 (-0400) Subject: Bash-5.3-rc1 release X-Git-Tag: bash-5.3-rc1 X-Git-Url: http://git.ipfire.org/?a=commitdiff_plain;h=c8f067a9670dc2624cea3460d6d69489642044e9;p=thirdparty%2Fbash.git Bash-5.3-rc1 release --- diff --git a/CHANGES b/CHANGES index 4b826d0a4..2b9718efd 100644 --- a/CHANGES +++ b/CHANGES @@ -1,3 +1,74 @@ +This document details the changes between this version, bash-5.3-rc1, and +the previous version, bash-5.3-beta. + +1. Changes to Bash + +a. Fixed a bug where backslash did not quote multibyte characters in some + cases. + +b. Requesting the length of an element of an unset array is a fatal error + when `set -u' is enabled and the subscript is not `@' or `*'. + +c. Prompt expansion now quotes the results of \U. + +d. Changes to `set -e' exit behavior in posix mode, since POSIX now says to + exit as if executing the `exit builtin with no arguments'. + +e. Fixes to the `exec' builtin to undo redirections if it is given a command + name to execute and the exection fails, but the shell does not exit. This + is POSIX interp 1896. + +f. Fixed a bug that resulted in `wait' setting $? to 255 in some cases when + waiting for a specific PID. + +g. Fixed a bug involving redirections to the file descriptor bash is using to + read a script. + +h. In POSIX mode, `kill' returns a failure status if any of the PID/job + arguments are not found or if sending the signal fails. + +i. Fixed a bug that caused an invalid brace sequence expression to mess up + expansion of an enclosing brace expansion. + +j. Fixed a bug in command printing that output the wrong default file + descriptor for the <> redirection. + +k. User-specified subshells (`(...)') now update BASH_COMMAND in the subshell. + +l. Fixed a display bug with the `help -m' and loadable builtins. + +m. Fixed a potential file descriptor leak when trying to use a pipe for a + here document. + +n. Fix a bug with multiple assignment statements preceding a simple command + containing nofork comsubs. + +o. Fix a potential bug that could result in a NULL buffered stream even with + a valid input file descriptor. + +2. Changes to Readline + +a. Fixed a bug that allowed a history search to change the current history + list position. + +b. Fixed a bug that allowed ^G to retain a saved command to execute. + +c. Updates to new export-completions command to allow filename suffixes. + +d. Fixed a redisplay bug with prompts containing multiple sequences of + invisible characters that are longer than the screen width. + +3. New Features in Bash + +a. There is a new `fltexpr' loadable builtin to perform floating-point + arithmetic similarly to `let'. + +4. New Features in Readline + +a. Readline can reset its idea of the screen dimensions when executing after + a SIGCONT. + +------------------------------------------------------------------------------ This document details the changes between this version, bash-5.3-beta, and the previous version, bash-5.3-alpha. @@ -152,7 +223,7 @@ l. There is a new `bash_source_fullpath' shopt option, which makes bash put at configure time. m. Posix mode now forces job notifications to occur when the new edition of - POSIX specifes (since it now specifies them). + POSIX specifies (since it now specifies them). n. Interactive shells don't print job notifications while sourcing scripts. @@ -325,7 +396,7 @@ vv. Fixed a bug that caused unset not to remove a function named a[b] if ww. Posix mode doesn't perform function lookup for function names containing a slash. -xx. <( and >( can now be used in funtion names. +xx. <( and >( can now be used in function names. yy. Fixed a bug that caused tilde expansion not to be performed on some array subscripts. @@ -451,7 +522,7 @@ oooo. If the cd builtin uses $OLDPWD, allow it to use $CDPATH if the user has set it to something that's not a full pathname. pppp. The test builtin only supports the optional argument to -t if parsing - an expression with more than four aguments and not in posix mode. + an expression with more than four arguments and not in posix mode. qqqq. Changes to filename quoting and rewriting to deal with NFC and NFD Unicode forms (primarily for macOS). @@ -618,7 +689,7 @@ a. Fixed a bug in clearing the visible line structure before redisplay. b. Fix a bug where setlocale(3) returning NULL caused a crash. c. Fixed signal checking in callback mode to handle signals that arrive before - readline restore's the application's signal handlers. + readline restores the application's signal handlers. d. Fixed a bug with word completion where the directory name needs to be dequoted and tilde-expanded. @@ -675,7 +746,7 @@ u. Call the filename rewrite hook on the word being completed before comparing strings. v. Fix infinite recursion that can happen if someone binds a key that doesn't - have a different upper and lower case represenation to do-lowercase-version. + have a different upper and lower case representation to do-lowercase-version. w. Check for non-ANSI (dumb) terminals a little more thoroughly. @@ -718,12 +789,12 @@ j. `trap' has a new -P option that prints the trap action associated with each signal argument. k. The `command' builtin preceding a declaration builtin (e.g., `declare') - preserves the special asisgnment statement parsing for the declation + preserves the special assignment statement parsing for the declation builtin. This is a new POSIX requirement. l. `printf' uses the `alternate form' for %q and %Q to force single quoting. -m. `printf' now interprets %ls (%S) and %lc (%C)nas referring to wide strings +m. `printf' now interprets %ls (%S) and %lc (%C) as referring to wide strings and characters, respectively, when in a multibyte locale. n. The shell can be compiled with a different default value for the @@ -817,6 +888,8 @@ i. Incremental and non-incremental searches now allow ^V/^Q (or, in the former case, anything bound to quoted-insert) to quote characters in the search string. +j. There is a new rl_print_keybinding function that prints the key bindings + for a single bindable function specified by name. ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ This document details the changes between this version, bash-5.2-release, and the previous version, bash-5.2-rc4. @@ -1883,7 +1956,7 @@ n. The `test -N' operator uses nanosecond timestamp granularity if it's available. o. Bash posix mode now treats assignment statements preceding shell function - definitions the same as in its default mode, since POSIX has changed and + calls the same as in its default mode, since POSIX has changed and no longer requires those assignments to persist after the function returns (POSIX interp 654). diff --git a/CWRU/PLATFORMS b/CWRU/PLATFORMS deleted file mode 100644 index f05caff56..000000000 --- a/CWRU/PLATFORMS +++ /dev/null @@ -1,31 +0,0 @@ -The version of bash in this directory has been compiled on the -following systems: - -By chet: - -SunOS 4.1.4 -SunOS 5.5 -BSDI BSD/OS 2.1 -FreeBSD 2.2 -NetBSD 1.2 -AIX 4.2 -AIX 4.1.4 -HP/UX 9.05, 10.01, 10.10, 10.20 -Linux 2.0.29 (libc 5.3.12) -Linux 2.0.4 (libc 5.3.12) - -By other testers: - -SCO ODT 2.0 -SCO 3.2v5.0, 3.2v4.2 -SunOS 5.3 -SunOS 5.5 -BSD/OS 2.1 -FreeBSD 2.2 -SunOS 4.1.3 -Irix 5.3 -Irix 6.2 -Linux 2.0 (unknown distribution) -Digital OSF/1 3.2 -GNU Hurd 0.1 -SVR4.2 diff --git a/CWRU/audit-patch b/CWRU/audit-patch deleted file mode 100644 index 3e14cccf6..000000000 --- a/CWRU/audit-patch +++ /dev/null @@ -1,339 +0,0 @@ -Date: Tue, 06 Feb 2007 16:06:58 -0500 -From: Steve Grubb -Subject: Re: bash and linux audit -To: chet.ramey@case.edu -Organization: Red Hat - -OK, I released audit 1.4 Sunday which has the logging function for user -commands. It produces audit events like this: - -type=USER_CMD msg=audit(01/30/2007 18:23:45.793:143) : user pid=22862 uid=root -auid=root subj=system_u:system_r:unconfined_t:s0-s0:c0.c1023 -msg='cwd=/root/test dir cmd=ls -l (terminal=tty1 res=success)' - -diff -urp bash-3.2.orig/config-bot.h bash-3.2/config-bot.h ---- bash-3.2.orig/config-bot.h 2007-01-03 09:01:05.000000000 -0500 -+++ bash-3.2/config-bot.h 2007-01-20 11:59:23.000000000 -0500 -@@ -97,6 +97,11 @@ - # define RESTRICTED_SHELL_NAME "rbash" - #endif - -+/* If the shell is called by this name, it will become audited. */ -+#if defined (AUDIT_SHELL) -+# define AUDIT_SHELL_NAME "aubash" -+#endif -+ - /***********************************************************/ - /* Make sure feature defines have necessary prerequisites. */ - /***********************************************************/ -diff -urp bash-3.2.orig/config.h.in bash-3.2/config.h.in ---- bash-3.2.orig/config.h.in 2007-01-03 09:01:05.000000000 -0500 -+++ bash-3.2/config.h.in 2007-01-20 11:59:23.000000000 -0500 -@@ -81,6 +81,11 @@ - flag. */ - #undef RESTRICTED_SHELL - -+/* Define AUDIT_SHELL if you want the generated shell to audit all -+ actions performed by root account. The shell thus generated can become -+ audited by being run with the name "aubash". */ -+#undef AUDIT_SHELL -+ - /* Define DISABLED_BUILTINS if you want "builtin foo" to always run the - shell builtin "foo", even if it has been disabled with "enable -n foo". */ - #undef DISABLED_BUILTINS -diff -urp bash-3.2.orig/configure.in bash-3.2/configure.in ---- bash-3.2.orig/configure.in 2007-01-03 09:01:05.000000000 -0500 -+++ bash-3.2/configure.in 2007-01-20 11:59:23.000000000 -0500 -@@ -162,6 +162,7 @@ opt_history=yes - opt_bang_history=yes - opt_dirstack=yes - opt_restricted=yes -+opt_audit=yes - opt_process_subst=yes - opt_prompt_decoding=yes - opt_select=yes -@@ -195,8 +196,8 @@ dnl a minimal configuration turns everyt - dnl added individually - if test $opt_minimal_config = yes; then - opt_job_control=no opt_alias=no opt_readline=no -- opt_history=no opt_bang_history=no opt_dirstack=no -- opt_restricted=no opt_process_subst=no opt_prompt_decoding=no -+ opt_history=no opt_bang_history=no opt_dirstack=no opt_restricted=no -+ opt_audit=no opt_process_subst=no opt_prompt_decoding=no - opt_select=no opt_help=no opt_array_variables=no opt_dparen_arith=no - opt_brace_expansion=no opt_disabled_builtins=no opt_command_timing=no - opt_extended_glob=no opt_cond_command=no opt_arith_for_command=no -@@ -227,6 +228,7 @@ AC_ARG_ENABLE(progcomp, AC_HELP_STRING([ - AC_ARG_ENABLE(prompt-string-decoding, AC_HELP_STRING([--enable-prompt-string-decoding], [turn on escape character decoding in prompts]), opt_prompt_decoding=$enableval) - AC_ARG_ENABLE(readline, AC_HELP_STRING([--enable-readline], [turn on command line editing]), opt_readline=$enableval) - AC_ARG_ENABLE(restricted, AC_HELP_STRING([--enable-restricted], [enable a restricted shell]), opt_restricted=$enableval) -+AC_ARG_ENABLE(audit, AC_HELP_STRING([--enable-audit], [enable an audited shell]), opt_audit=$enableval) - AC_ARG_ENABLE(select, AC_HELP_STRING([--enable-select], [include select command]), opt_select=$enableval) - AC_ARG_ENABLE(separate-helpfiles, AC_HELP_STRING([--enable-separate-helpfiles], [use external files for help builtin documentation]), opt_separate_help=$enableval) - AC_ARG_ENABLE(single-help-strings, AC_HELP_STRING([--enable-single-help-strings], [store help documentation as a single string to ease translation]), opt_single_longdoc_strings=$enableval) -@@ -254,6 +256,10 @@ fi - if test $opt_restricted = yes; then - AC_DEFINE(RESTRICTED_SHELL) - fi -+if test $opt_audit = yes; then -+AC_DEFINE(AUDIT_SHELL) -+AUDIT_LIB='-laudit' -+fi - if test $opt_process_subst = yes; then - AC_DEFINE(PROCESS_SUBSTITUTION) - fi -@@ -355,6 +361,8 @@ AC_SUBST(HELPDIRDEFINE) - AC_SUBST(HELPINSTALL) - AC_SUBST(HELPSTRINGS) - -+AC_SUBST(AUDIT_LIB) -+ - echo "" - echo "Beginning configuration for bash-$BASHVERS-$RELSTATUS for ${host_cpu}-${host_vendor}-${host_os}" - echo "" -diff -urp bash-3.2.orig/doc/bash.1 bash-3.2/doc/bash.1 ---- bash-3.2.orig/doc/bash.1 2007-01-03 09:01:05.000000000 -0500 -+++ bash-3.2/doc/bash.1 2007-01-20 11:59:23.000000000 -0500 -@@ -155,6 +155,12 @@ single-character options to be recognize - .PP - .PD 0 - .TP -+.B \-\-audit -+The shell logs all commands run by the root user (see -+.SM -+.B "AUDIT SHELL" -+below). -+.TP - .B \-\-debugger - Arrange for the debugger profile to be executed before the shell - starts. -@@ -8770,6 +8776,17 @@ turns off any restrictions in the shell - script. - .\" end of rbash.1 - .if \n(zY=1 .ig zY -+.SH "AUDIT SHELL" -+.zY -+.PP -+If -+.B bash -+is started with the name -+.BR aubash , -+or the -+.B \-\-audit -+option is supplied at invocation, the shell logs all commands issued by the root user to the audit system. -+.if \n(zY=1 .ig zY - .SH "SEE ALSO" - .PD 0 - .TP -diff -urp bash-3.2.orig/eval.c bash-3.2/eval.c ---- bash-3.2.orig/eval.c 2007-01-03 09:01:06.000000000 -0500 -+++ bash-3.2/eval.c 2007-01-20 11:59:23.000000000 -0500 -@@ -45,6 +45,11 @@ - # include "bashhist.h" - #endif - -+#if defined (AUDIT_SHELL) -+# include -+# include -+#endif -+ - extern int EOF_reached; - extern int indirection_level; - extern int posixly_correct; -@@ -58,6 +63,38 @@ extern int rpm_requires; - static void send_pwd_to_eterm __P((void)); - static sighandler alrm_catcher __P((int)); - -+#if defined (AUDIT_SHELL) -+static int audit_fd = -1; -+ -+static int -+audit_start () -+{ -+ audit_fd = audit_open (); -+ if (audit_fd < 0) -+ return -1; -+ else -+ return 0; -+} -+ -+static int -+audit (cmd, result) -+ char *cmd; -+ int result; -+{ -+ int rc; -+ -+ if (audit_fd < 0) -+ return 0; -+ -+ rc = audit_log_user_command (audit_fd, AUDIT_USER_CMD, cmd, -+ NULL, !result); -+ close (audit_fd); -+ audit_fd = -1; -+ return rc; -+} -+#endif -+ -+ - /* Read and execute commands until EOF is reached. This assumes that - the input source has already been initialized. */ - int -@@ -145,7 +182,25 @@ reader_loop () - - executing = 1; - stdin_redir = 0; -+#if defined (AUDIT_SHELL) -+ if (audited && interactive_shell && getuid () == 0) -+ { -+ if (audit_start () < 0) -+ { -+ if (errno != EINVAL && errno != EPROTONOSUPPORT && -+ errno != EAFNOSUPPORT) -+ return EXECUTION_FAILURE; -+ } -+ } -+#endif -+ - execute_command (current_command); -+#if defined (AUDIT_SHELL) -+ { -+ extern char *shell_input_line; -+ audit (shell_input_line, last_command_exit_value); -+ } -+#endif - - exec_done: - QUIT; -diff -urp bash-3.2.orig/externs.h bash-3.2/externs.h ---- bash-3.2.orig/externs.h 2007-01-03 09:01:06.000000000 -0500 -+++ bash-3.2/externs.h 2007-01-20 12:05:00.000000000 -0500 -@@ -77,6 +77,10 @@ extern int shell_is_restricted __P((char - extern int maybe_make_restricted __P((char *)); - #endif - -+#if defined (AUDIT_SHELL) -+extern int maybe_make_audited __P((char *)); -+#endif -+ - extern void unset_bash_input __P((int)); - extern void get_current_user_info __P((void)); - -diff -urp bash-3.2.orig/flags.c bash-3.2/flags.c ---- bash-3.2.orig/flags.c 2007-01-03 09:01:06.000000000 -0500 -+++ bash-3.2/flags.c 2007-01-20 11:59:23.000000000 -0500 -@@ -142,6 +142,12 @@ int restricted = 0; /* currently restri - int restricted_shell = 0; /* shell was started in restricted mode. */ - #endif /* RESTRICTED_SHELL */ - -+#if defined (AUDIT_SHELL) -+/* Non-zero means that this shell is audited. An audited shell records -+ each command that the root user executes. */ -+int audited = 0; /* shell was started in audit mode. */ -+#endif /* AUDIT_SHELL */ -+ - /* Non-zero means that this shell is running in `privileged' mode. This - is required if the shell is to run setuid. If the `-p' option is - not supplied at startup, and the real and effective uids or gids -diff -urp bash-3.2.orig/flags.h bash-3.2/flags.h ---- bash-3.2.orig/flags.h 2007-01-03 09:01:06.000000000 -0500 -+++ bash-3.2/flags.h 2007-01-20 11:59:23.000000000 -0500 -@@ -66,6 +66,10 @@ extern int restricted; - extern int restricted_shell; - #endif /* RESTRICTED_SHELL */ - -+#if defined (AUDIT_SHELL) -+extern int audited; -+#endif /* AUDIT_SHELL */ -+ - extern int *find_flag __P((int)); - extern int change_flag __P((int, int)); - extern char *which_set_flags __P((void)); -Only in bash-3.2: .made -diff -urp bash-3.2.orig/Makefile.in bash-3.2/Makefile.in ---- bash-3.2.orig/Makefile.in 2007-01-03 09:01:06.000000000 -0500 -+++ bash-3.2/Makefile.in 2007-01-20 11:59:23.000000000 -0500 -@@ -366,6 +366,8 @@ MALLOC_LIBRARY = @MALLOC_LIBRARY@ - MALLOC_LDFLAGS = @MALLOC_LDFLAGS@ - MALLOC_DEP = @MALLOC_DEP@ - -+AUDIT_LIB = @AUDIT_LIB@ -+ - ALLOC_HEADERS = $(ALLOC_LIBSRC)/getpagesize.h $(ALLOC_LIBSRC)/shmalloc.h \ - $(ALLOC_LIBSRC)/imalloc.h $(ALLOC_LIBSRC)/mstats.h \ - $(ALLOC_LIBSRC)/table.h $(ALLOC_LIBSRC)/watch.h -@@ -386,7 +388,7 @@ BASHINCFILES = $(BASHINCDIR)/posixstat. - $(BASHINCDIR)/ocache.h - - LIBRARIES = $(SHLIB_LIB) $(READLINE_LIB) $(HISTORY_LIB) $(TERMCAP_LIB) $(GLOB_LIB) \ -- $(TILDE_LIB) $(MALLOC_LIB) $(INTL_LIB) $(LOCAL_LIBS) -+ $(TILDE_LIB) $(MALLOC_LIB) $(INTL_LIB) $(LOCAL_LIBS) $(AUDIT_LIB) - - LIBDEP = $(SHLIB_DEP) $(INTL_DEP) $(READLINE_DEP) $(HISTORY_DEP) $(TERMCAP_DEP) $(GLOB_DEP) \ - $(TILDE_DEP) $(MALLOC_DEP) -diff -urp bash-3.2.orig/parse.y bash-3.2/parse.y ---- bash-3.2.orig/parse.y 2007-01-03 09:01:06.000000000 -0500 -+++ bash-3.2/parse.y 2007-01-20 11:59:23.000000000 -0500 -@@ -258,7 +258,7 @@ int need_here_doc; - - /* Where shell input comes from. History expansion is performed on each - line when the shell is interactive. */ --static char *shell_input_line = (char *)NULL; -+char *shell_input_line = (char *)NULL; - static int shell_input_line_index; - static int shell_input_line_size; /* Amount allocated for shell_input_line. */ - static int shell_input_line_len; /* strlen (shell_input_line) */ -diff -urp bash-3.2.orig/shell.c bash-3.2/shell.c ---- bash-3.2.orig/shell.c 2007-01-03 09:01:06.000000000 -0500 -+++ bash-3.2/shell.c 2007-01-20 12:04:23.000000000 -0500 -@@ -240,6 +240,9 @@ struct { - #if defined (RESTRICTED_SHELL) - { "restricted", Int, &restricted, (char **)0x0 }, - #endif -+#if defined (AUDIT_SHELL) -+ { "audit", Int, &audited, (char **)0x0 }, -+#endif - { "verbose", Int, &echo_input_at_read, (char **)0x0 }, - { "version", Int, &do_version, (char **)0x0 }, - { "wordexp", Int, &wordexp_only, (char **)0x0 }, -@@ -644,6 +647,10 @@ main (argc, argv, env) - maybe_make_restricted (shell_name); - #endif /* RESTRICTED_SHELL */ - -+#if defined (AUDIT_SHELL) -+ maybe_make_audited (shell_name); -+#endif -+ - if (wordexp_only) - { - startup_state = 3; -@@ -1143,6 +1150,29 @@ maybe_make_restricted (name) - } - #endif /* RESTRICTED_SHELL */ - -+#if defined (AUDIT_SHELL) -+/* Perhaps make this shell an `audited' one, based on NAME. If the -+ basename of NAME is "aubash", then this shell is audited. The -+ name of the audited shell is a configurable option, see config.h. -+ In an audited shell, all actions performed by root will be logged -+ to the audit system. -+ Do this also if `audited' is already set to 1 maybe the shell was -+ started with --audit. */ -+int -+maybe_make_audited (name) -+ char *name; -+{ -+ char *temp; -+ -+ temp = base_pathname (name); -+ if (*temp == '-') -+ temp++; -+ if (audited || (STREQ (temp, AUDIT_SHELL_NAME))) -+ audited = 1; -+ return (audited); -+} -+#endif /* AUDIT_SHELL */ -+ - /* Fetch the current set of uids and gids and return 1 if we're running - setuid or setgid. */ - static int diff --git a/CWRU/changelog b/CWRU/changelog index bd87d2c9d..b024047f4 100644 --- a/CWRU/changelog +++ b/CWRU/changelog @@ -10772,3 +10772,334 @@ lib/readline/isearch.c ----- CHANGES,NEWS - updated for bash-5.3-beta + + 12/15 + ----- +lib/readline/histexpand.c + - get_history_event: make sure we don't change history_offset whether + the search succeeds or fails, don't set it to history_length. + Callers don't expect to have the history offset changed out from + under them. + Fixes bug reported by Grisha Levit + + 12/16 + ----- +lib/readline/util.c + - _rl_abort_internal: make sure to clear _rl_command_to_execute + Report and patch from Grisha Levit + +tests/printf7.sub,tests/cond-regexp2.sub + - accommodate different error messages across different systems + + 1/2/2025 + -------- +tests/run-all, tests/run-minimal + - BASHOPTS: unset or unexport as appropriate, same as SHELLOPTS + From a report by Martin D Kealey + + 1/9 + --- +subst.c + - string_extract_verbatim: take into account the fact that CTLESC can + quote multibyte characters; use ADVANCE_CHAR instead of increment + Fixes bug reported by jktseug@gmail.com + + 1/10 + ---- +expr.c + - expr_bind_variable,expr_streval: suppress additional expansion if + called by the `let' builtin, whether or not array_expand_once is set + - expr_skipsubscript: suppress expansion while parsing subscripts + whether array_expand_once is set or not + Still have to change tests if this goes final + These are all conditional on shell_compatibility_level > 51 + From a bug-bash post by Greg Wooledge + + 1/14 + ---- +lib/readline/complete.c + - _rl_export_completions: use print_filename instead of fprintf to + display the possible completions so slashes and file types can + be included + From a patch from Matthew Tromp + + 1/15 + ---- +examples/loadables/fltexpr.c + - fltexpr: new loadable builtin to do floating-point arithmetic + expression evaluation and optionally print the result + + 1/16 + ---- +builtins/printf.def + - getarg(), advancearg(): cosmetic changes to make it easier to + implement %N$ format specifiers in the future + + 1/18 + ---- +subst.c + - array_length_reference: requesting the length of an element of an + unset variable using array syntax is a fatal error when `set -u' + is enabled and the subscript is not `@' or `*'. + Inspired by a report from Ian Kelling + + 1/20 + ---- +parse.y + - decode_prompt_string: since Debian has made the spectaculary bad call + to allow arbitrary characters in usernames, protect the results of + the \u expansion in the same way as \[Ww] and \[Hh] (externally- + controlled data) + From https://savannah.gnu.org/patch/?10496 + + 1/21 + ---- +eval.c + - reader_loop: if we longjmp with ERREXIT, don't reset any local + function contexts in posix mode, since POSIX says to exit as if + executing the `exit builtin with no arguments'. Revision of change + from 7/2022. + From a report by Ivan Shapovalov in 11/2024 + +lib/readline/display.c + - rl_redisplay: after calling update_line, when putting the cursor + where it needs to be and reprinting part of the line with the + prompt that contains invisible characters, make sure we start to + output characters at the portion in the prompt buffer that begins + on the current line and only offset by the number of invisible + characters on the current line, and set _rl_last_c_pos accordingly + in both multibyte and singlebyte locales. + Fixes bug reported by Andreas Schwab + + 1/22 + ---- +execute_cmd.c + - execute_builtin_or_function: if we're executing the exec builtin, + and there are redirections, let exec_builtin handle disposing of + redirection_undo_list if there is no program name to execute, so + it's still there if exec returns and doesn't exit the shell. + Then we can manage disposing of exec_redirection_undo_list and + letting the redirections be undone as normal. + This is POSIX interp 1896, with modifications from + https://www.austingroupbugs.net/view.php?id=1896#c7037 + +builtins/exec.def + - exec_builtin: dispose of redirection_undo_list and set it to NULL + if there is no program name operand; let execute_builtin_or_function + clean it up + + 1/23 + ---- +lib/readline/terminal.c + - _rl_tcgetwinsize,_rl_tcsetwinsize: function wrappers for tcgetwinsize/ + tcsetwinsize with fallbacks to ioctl if those functions aren't + available + - _rl_get_screensize: use _rl_tcgetwinsize + +lib/readline/rlwinsize.h + - _rl_tcgetwinsize,_rl_tcsetwinsize: extern function declarations + +lib/readine/rltty.c + - set_winsize: use _rl_tcgetwinsize/_rl_tcsetwinsize + - set_winsize: if _rl_tcgetwinsize succeeds, use the values to set + readline's idea of the screen size via _rl_set_screen_size + Inspired by a discussion with Olav Mørkrid + + 1/24 + ---- +lib/readline/signals.c + - _rl_handling_signal: new private variable, set to the signal we're + currently handling in _rl_signal_handler (SIGWINCH) or + _rl_handle_signal (all others). Only valid if RL_STATE_SIGHANDLER + is set + +lib/readline/rlprivate.h + - _rl_handling_signal: new extern declaration + +lib/readline/rltty.c + - set_winsize: only set readline's idea of the screen size if we're + executing in a signal handler context and handling SIGTSTP and the + application has indicated that it doesn't want the environment + variables LINES and COLUMNS to have priority (rl_prefer_env_winsize) + + 1/30 + ---- +jobs.c + - wait_for_single_pid: if wait_for returns -1/ECHILD, make sure to + return 257 just as if the child was not found, optionally printing + an error message if JWAIT_PERROR is supplied + From a discussion with Ian + + 2/8 + --- +redir.c + - do_redirection_internal: keep track of whether the redirector fd + was active with a new variable. Not used yet, should be optimized + out. + - add_undo_fd_redirect: new undo function using r_move_input so we + don't need a dup redir and a separate close redir to undo. Not + used yet + - do_redirection_internal: only call check_bash_input if we're + creating an undo list and not running one + +command.h + - OUTPUT_REDIRECT: add r_output_force + +input.c + - check_bash_input: if we dup the bash input fd to another in + save_bash_input, return that fd. Continue to return -1 on error + and 0 if we don't do anything but sync + +execute_cmd.c + - execute_null_command: force a subshell if any of the redirections + involve the bash input buffered fd. + From a report by Martin D Kealey + + 2/10 + ---- + +examples/loadables/chmod.c + - chmod: new loadable builtin, inspired by zhixu.liu@gmail.com in + https://savannah.gnu.org/patch/?10499 + + 2/11 + ---- +builtins/kill.def + - kill_builtin: in posix mode, return a failure status if any of the + pid/job arguments are not found or sending the signal fails. This + is consistent with + https://pubs.opengroup.org/onlinepubs/9799919799/utilities/kill.html#tag_20_64_14 + + 2/12 + ---- +braces.c + - brace_gobbler: take a new argument in which to return the type of + brace expansion (comma or sequence) we think we've found; change + all callers + - brace_expand: even if we find a BRACE_ARG_SEPARATOR, don't try to + perform expansion if brace_gobbler doesn't think we have a + BRACE_COMMA expansion + - valid_seqterm: new function, performs minimal validation on a + sequence expansion, used to skip over invalid sequence expressions + in brace_expand + - brace_expand: call valid_seqterm if brace_gobbler finds a BRACE_SEQ + expansion + Inspired by report from Robert Elz + + 2/13 + ---- +doc/bash.1,doc/bashref.texi + - clarified the handling of double quotes in EXPRESSION in + (( EXPRESSION )) and $(( EXPRESSION )) to say that only unescaped + double quotes are removed + +expr.c + - expr_bind_variable,expr_streval: revert change from 1/10 that + suppresses additional expansion when called by the `let' builtin, + tag for possible inclusion in a future release when I can look + at parallel changes to ((...)) and $((...)) (and probably + declare 'a[" "]=12' or similar) + + 2/14 + ---- + +lib/sh/zmapfd.c,externs.h + - zmapfd: now returns ssize_t in case of large files when size_t is + larger than int + +builtins/evalfile.c,builtins/help.def + - zmapfd: changed callers + +print_cmd.c + - print_redirection: the default file descriptor for <> is 0 + Report and fix from Emanuele Torre + + 2/18 + ---- +configure.ac + - check for d_type member of struct dirent for future use + + 2/24 + ---- +doc/bash.1,doc/bashref.texi + - document the word expansions performed on indexed array subscripts + and assoc array keys + - document the possibility and effect of empty strings on arithmetic + evaluation for substring expansion, arithmetic expansion, operands + to the the [[ command's arithmetic operators, the expression in + the (( compound command, and indexed array subscripts + + 2/24 + ---- +execute_cmd.c + - execute_command_internal: if executing a (...) subshell, make sure + to update BASH_COMMAND before exiting on an error return from the + subshell with -e set + Report from Max Bowsher + + 3/3 + --- +redir.c + - here_document_to_fd: if we are trying to use a pipe for a here + document, but the F_GETPIPE_SZ fcntl returns a value shorter than + the here document length, make sure to close the pipe file descriptors + +builtins/ulimit.def + - pipesize: use pathconf and _PC_PIPE_BUF if available + + 3/8 + --- +braces.c + - brace_expand: make sure to call valid_seqterm with the right length + so that text[tlen] == '}' + + 3/10 + ---- +builtins/help.def + - show_manpage: if the first line of long_doc doesn't contain a + newline, e.g., if it's a loadable builtin, add one so there's the + usual space between NAME and SYNOPSIS + +m4/codeset.m4 + - define HAVE_NL_LANGINFO + +lib/sh/strftime.c + - updates for locale-awareness + + 3/14 + ---- +lib/termcap/termcap.c,lib/termcap/tparam.c + - updates for ISO C + + 3/17 + ---- +configure.ac + - update release to rc1, update CHANGES and NEWS + + 3/19 + ---- +lib/readline/rlmbutil.h + - _rl_wcwidth: make sure wchar_t constants have an `L' prefix + + 3/24 + ---- +subst.c + - function_substitute: set temporary_env to NULL (we've already + set up an unwind-protect for it) before pushing the context, so + pop_context doesn't free it out from underneath the caller. + Report from Emanuele Torre + + 3/27 + ---- +shell.c + - set_bash_input: if the call to with_input_from_buffered_stream does + not result in a valid buffer corresponding to the file descriptor, + print an error message and set last_command_exit_value + From a report in https://savannah.gnu.org/patch/?10512 + + 4/3 + --- +lib/sh/gettimeofday.c + - updated from version in gnulib + +[bash-5.3-rc1 frozen] diff --git a/CWRU/mh-folder-comp b/CWRU/mh-folder-comp deleted file mode 100644 index 905000c7a..000000000 --- a/CWRU/mh-folder-comp +++ /dev/null @@ -1,449 +0,0 @@ -From jwe@che.utexas.edu Wed Sep 21 17:23:40 1994 -Flags: 10 -Return-Path: jwe@che.utexas.edu -Received: from po.CWRU.Edu (root@po.CWRU.Edu [129.22.4.2]) by odin.INS.CWRU.Edu with ESMTP (8.6.8.1+cwru/CWRU-2.1-ins) - id RAA04010; Wed, 21 Sep 1994 17:23:39 -0400 (from jwe@che.utexas.edu for ) -Received: from life.ai.mit.edu (life.ai.mit.edu [128.52.32.80]) by po.CWRU.Edu with SMTP (8.6.8.1+cwru/CWRU-2.2) - id RAA02121; Wed, 21 Sep 1994 17:23:28 -0400 (from jwe@che.utexas.edu for ) -Received: from schoch.che.utexas.edu by life.ai.mit.edu (4.1/AI-4.10) for chet@po.cwru.edu id AA09989; Wed, 21 Sep 94 17:23:17 EDT -Received: from localhost (jwe@localhost) by schoch.che.utexas.edu (8.6.8.1/8.6) with SMTP id QAA05737; Wed, 21 Sep 1994 16:22:01 -0500 -Message-Id: <199409212122.QAA05737@schoch.che.utexas.edu> -To: march@tudor.com -Cc: bug-bash@prep.ai.mit.edu -Subject: Re: Completion feature possible? -In-Reply-To: Your message of 21 Sep 94 13:30:22 EDT -Date: Wed, 21 Sep 94 16:22:00 EDT -From: John Eaton - -Gregory F. March wrote: - -: I was having a discussion about MH with one of my friends the other -: day and I got to thinking that the +folder/subfolder scheme for naming -: mail folders is a real pain because completion doesn't work on -: them. Someone then mentioned that zsh (I think) has the ability to -: specify how to complete (I guess where to look for the files) for -: different prefixes. Bash right now knows about '@', '~', and '$' (any -: others?). It would be really helpful if one could define something -: like: -: -: completion '+' "$HOME/Mail" -: -: in a config file someplace. Would this be easy? Is there a list of -: TODO item that someone might want to add this to? - -It would be nice to have a general completion feature like this. - -Until that happens, maybe you will find the following patch useful. -It makes MH folder name completion work with bash. The diffs are -relative to version 1.14.2. - -I realize that changes to readline.c and and complete.c are not good -since they add some MH-specific stuff to the readline code and not to -bash, but when I first wrote this, I had no idea what else to do. - -Chet, would you consider adding this if it were cleaned up a bit? -Made optional with cpp conditionals? - -This feature has been very useful to me for the last several years -(since about 1.05 or 1.06, I think). - -Thanks, - --- -John W. Eaton | 4.3BSD is not perfect. -- Leffler, et al. (1989). -jwe@che.utexas.edu | - - --------------------------------cut here------------------------------- -diff -rc bash-1.14.2/bashline.c bash-1.14.2.local/bashline.c -*** bash-1.14.2/bashline.c Wed Aug 3 09:32:45 1994 ---- bash-1.14.2.local/bashline.c Wed Sep 21 15:39:04 1994 -*************** -*** 58,63 **** ---- 58,64 ---- - static char *hostname_completion_function (); - static char *command_word_completion_function (); - static char *command_subst_completion_function (); -+ static char *mh_folder_completion_function (); - - static void snarf_hosts_from_file (), add_host_name (); - static void sort_hostname_list (); -*************** -*** 90,95 **** ---- 91,98 ---- - bash_complete_username_internal (), - bash_complete_hostname (), bash_possible_hostname_completions (), - bash_complete_hostname_internal (), -+ bash_complete_mh_folder (), bash_possible_mh_folder_completions (), -+ bash_complete_mh_folder_internal (), - bash_complete_variable (), bash_possible_variable_completions (), - bash_complete_variable_internal (), - bash_complete_command (), bash_possible_command_completions (), -*************** -*** 134,140 **** - rl_terminal_name = get_string_value ("TERM"); - rl_instream = stdin; - rl_outstream = stderr; -! rl_special_prefixes = "$@"; - - /* Allow conditional parsing of the ~/.inputrc file. */ - rl_readline_name = "Bash"; ---- 137,143 ---- - rl_terminal_name = get_string_value ("TERM"); - rl_instream = stdin; - rl_outstream = stderr; -! rl_special_prefixes = "$@+"; - - /* Allow conditional parsing of the ~/.inputrc file. */ - rl_readline_name = "Bash"; -*************** -*** 193,198 **** ---- 196,207 ---- - rl_bind_key_in_map ('@', bash_possible_hostname_completions, - emacs_ctlx_keymap); - -+ rl_add_defun ("complete-mh-folder", bash_complete_mh_folder, META('+')); -+ rl_add_defun ("possible-mh-folder-completions", -+ bash_possible_mh_folder_completions, -1); -+ rl_bind_key_in_map ('+', bash_possible_mh_folder_completions, -+ emacs_ctlx_keymap); -+ - rl_add_defun ("complete-variable", bash_complete_variable, -1); - rl_bind_key_in_map ('$', bash_complete_variable, emacs_meta_keymap); - rl_add_defun ("possible-variable-completions", -*************** -*** 656,661 **** ---- 665,677 ---- - if (!matches && *text == '@') - matches = completion_matches (text, hostname_completion_function); - -+ /* Another one. Why not? If the word starts in '+', then look for -+ matching mh folders for completion first. */ -+ if (!matches && *text == '+') -+ { -+ matches = completion_matches (text, mh_folder_completion_function); -+ } -+ - /* And last, (but not least) if this word is in a command position, then - complete over possible command names, including aliases, functions, - and command names. */ -*************** -*** 1077,1082 **** ---- 1093,1185 ---- - return ((char *)NULL); - } - -+ /* How about a completion function for mh folders? */ -+ static char * -+ mh_folder_completion_function (text, state) -+ int state; -+ char *text; -+ { -+ extern int rl_filename_completion_desired; -+ -+ extern char *get_mh_path (); -+ -+ static char *mh_path = (char *)NULL; -+ static int len; -+ static int istate; -+ static char *val; -+ char *hint; -+ -+ static char *mh_folder_hint = (char *)NULL; -+ -+ /* If we don't have any state, make some. */ -+ if (!state) -+ { -+ val = (char *)NULL; -+ -+ if (mh_path) -+ free (mh_path); -+ -+ mh_path = get_mh_path (); -+ if (!mh_path && !(hint[1] == '/' || hint[1] == '.')) -+ return ((char *)NULL); -+ -+ len = strlen (mh_path); -+ } -+ -+ if (mh_folder_hint) -+ free (mh_folder_hint); -+ -+ hint = text; -+ if (*hint == '+') -+ hint++; -+ -+ mh_folder_hint = (char *)xmalloc (2 + len + strlen (hint)); -+ if (*hint == '/' || *hint == '.') { -+ len = -1; -+ sprintf (mh_folder_hint, "%s", hint); -+ } else -+ sprintf (mh_folder_hint, "%s/%s", mh_path, hint); -+ -+ istate = (val != (char *)NULL); -+ -+ again: -+ val = filename_completion_function (mh_folder_hint, istate); -+ istate = 1; -+ -+ if (!val) -+ { -+ return ((char *)NULL); -+ } -+ else -+ { -+ char *ptr = val + len + 1, *temp; -+ struct stat sb; -+ int status = stat (val, &sb); -+ -+ if (status != 0) -+ return ((char *)NULL); -+ -+ if ((sb.st_mode & S_IFDIR) == S_IFDIR) -+ { -+ temp = (char *)xmalloc (2 + strlen (ptr)); -+ *temp = '+'; -+ strcpy (temp + 1, ptr); -+ -+ free (val); -+ val = ""; -+ -+ rl_filename_completion_desired = 1; -+ -+ return (temp); -+ } -+ else -+ { -+ free (val); -+ } -+ goto again; -+ } -+ } -+ - /* History and alias expand the line. */ - static char * - history_expand_line_internal (line) -*************** -*** 1628,1633 **** ---- 1731,1773 ---- - { - bash_specific_completion - (what_to_do, (Function *)username_completion_function); -+ } -+ -+ static void -+ bash_complete_mh_folder (ignore, ignore2) -+ int ignore, ignore2; -+ { -+ bash_complete_mh_folder_internal (TAB); -+ } -+ -+ static void -+ bash_possible_mh_folder_completions (ignore, ignore2) -+ int ignore, ignore2; -+ { -+ bash_complete_mh_folder_internal ('?'); -+ } -+ -+ static void -+ bash_complete_mh_folder_internal (what_to_do) -+ int what_to_do; -+ { -+ Function *orig_func; -+ CPPFunction *orig_attempt_func; -+ char *orig_rl_completer_word_break_characters; -+ extern char *rl_completer_word_break_characters; -+ -+ orig_func = rl_completion_entry_function; -+ orig_attempt_func = rl_attempted_completion_function; -+ orig_rl_completer_word_break_characters = rl_completer_word_break_characters; -+ rl_completion_entry_function = (Function *)mh_folder_completion_function; -+ rl_attempted_completion_function = (CPPFunction *)NULL; -+ rl_completer_word_break_characters = " \t\n\"\'"; -+ -+ rl_complete_internal (what_to_do); -+ -+ rl_completion_entry_function = orig_func; -+ rl_attempted_completion_function = orig_attempt_func; -+ rl_completer_word_break_characters = orig_rl_completer_word_break_characters; - } - - static void -Only in bash-1.14.2.local: bashline.c.orig -diff -rc bash-1.14.2/lib/readline/complete.c bash-1.14.2.local/lib/readline/complete.c -*** bash-1.14.2/lib/readline/complete.c Tue Jul 26 12:59:57 1994 ---- bash-1.14.2.local/lib/readline/complete.c Wed Sep 21 15:41:19 1994 -*************** -*** 733,751 **** - if (rl_filename_completion_desired) - { - struct stat finfo; -! char *filename = tilde_expand (matches[0]); - -! if ((stat (filename, &finfo) == 0) && S_ISDIR (finfo.st_mode)) - { -! if (rl_line_buffer[rl_point] != '/') -! rl_insert_text ("/"); - } -! else - { -! if (rl_point == rl_end) -! rl_insert_text (temp_string); - } -- free (filename); - } - else - { ---- 733,768 ---- - if (rl_filename_completion_desired) - { - struct stat finfo; -! char *tilde_expand (); -! char *plus_expand (); -! char *filename = (char *) NULL; - -! switch (*matches[0]) - { -! case '+': -! filename = plus_expand (matches[0]); -! break; -! case '~': -! default: -! filename = tilde_expand (matches[0]); -! break; - } -! -! if (filename) - { -! if ((stat (filename, &finfo) == 0) -! && S_ISDIR (finfo.st_mode)) -! { -! if (rl_line_buffer[rl_point] != '/') -! rl_insert_text ("/"); -! } -! else -! { -! if (rl_point == rl_end) -! rl_insert_text (temp_string); -! } -! free (filename); - } - } - else - { -Only in bash-1.14.2.local/lib/readline: diffs -diff -rc bash-1.14.2/lib/readline/readline.c bash-1.14.2.local/lib/readline/readline.c -*** bash-1.14.2/lib/readline/readline.c Fri Aug 12 12:47:46 1994 ---- bash-1.14.2.local/lib/readline/readline.c Wed Sep 21 15:36:07 1994 -*************** -*** 23,28 **** ---- 23,29 ---- - #define READLINE_LIBRARY - - #include -+ #include - #include - #include - #if !defined (NO_SYS_FILE) -*************** -*** 3518,3523 **** ---- 3519,3616 ---- - } - - #endif /* TEST */ -+ -+ #define cr_whitespace(c) ((c) == '\r' || (c) == '\n' || whitespace(c)) -+ -+ char * -+ get_mh_path () -+ { -+ static FILE *fp = (FILE *)NULL; -+ char buf[512]; /* XXX */ -+ char profile[512]; /* XXX */ -+ char *bp; -+ char *temp_home; -+ char *temp_path; -+ -+ temp_home = (char *)getenv ("HOME"); -+ if (!temp_home) -+ return ((char *)NULL); -+ -+ strcpy (profile, temp_home); -+ strcat (profile, "/.mh_profile"); -+ -+ if (fp) -+ fclose (fp); -+ -+ fp = fopen (profile, "r"); -+ if (fp == (FILE *)NULL) -+ return ((char *)NULL); -+ -+ while (fgets (buf, 512, fp) != (char *)NULL) /* XXX */ -+ { -+ if ((bp = strstr (buf, "Path:")) != (char *)NULL) -+ { -+ bp += 5; -+ while (whitespace (*bp)) -+ bp++; -+ -+ if (*bp == '\0') -+ return ((char *)NULL); -+ -+ temp_path = (char *)xmalloc (3 + strlen (bp) + strlen (temp_home)); -+ -+ strcpy (temp_path, temp_home); -+ strcat (temp_path, "/"); -+ strcat (temp_path, bp); -+ -+ bp = temp_path; -+ -+ while (!(cr_whitespace (*bp))) -+ bp++; -+ -+ *bp = '\0'; -+ -+ return temp_path; -+ } -+ } -+ -+ return ((char *)NULL); -+ } -+ -+ /* Expand FILENAME if it begins with a plus. This always returns -+ a new string. */ -+ char * -+ plus_expand (filename) -+ char *filename; -+ { -+ static char *dirname = (char *)NULL; -+ -+ if (filename && *filename == '+') -+ { -+ char *mh_path = get_mh_path (); -+ -+ if (filename[1] == '/' || filename[1] == '.') -+ { -+ dirname = (char *)xmalloc (1 + strlen (filename)); -+ -+ strcpy(dirname, filename+1); -+ -+ return dirname; -+ } -+ -+ if (mh_path) -+ { -+ dirname = (char *)xmalloc (1 + strlen (filename) + strlen (mh_path)); -+ -+ strcpy (dirname, mh_path); -+ strcat (dirname, "/"); -+ strcat (dirname, filename+1); -+ -+ return dirname; -+ } -+ } -+ return (char *)NULL; -+ } - - - /* - diff --git a/ChangeLog b/ChangeLog index bd87d2c9d..b024047f4 100644 --- a/ChangeLog +++ b/ChangeLog @@ -10772,3 +10772,334 @@ lib/readline/isearch.c ----- CHANGES,NEWS - updated for bash-5.3-beta + + 12/15 + ----- +lib/readline/histexpand.c + - get_history_event: make sure we don't change history_offset whether + the search succeeds or fails, don't set it to history_length. + Callers don't expect to have the history offset changed out from + under them. + Fixes bug reported by Grisha Levit + + 12/16 + ----- +lib/readline/util.c + - _rl_abort_internal: make sure to clear _rl_command_to_execute + Report and patch from Grisha Levit + +tests/printf7.sub,tests/cond-regexp2.sub + - accommodate different error messages across different systems + + 1/2/2025 + -------- +tests/run-all, tests/run-minimal + - BASHOPTS: unset or unexport as appropriate, same as SHELLOPTS + From a report by Martin D Kealey + + 1/9 + --- +subst.c + - string_extract_verbatim: take into account the fact that CTLESC can + quote multibyte characters; use ADVANCE_CHAR instead of increment + Fixes bug reported by jktseug@gmail.com + + 1/10 + ---- +expr.c + - expr_bind_variable,expr_streval: suppress additional expansion if + called by the `let' builtin, whether or not array_expand_once is set + - expr_skipsubscript: suppress expansion while parsing subscripts + whether array_expand_once is set or not + Still have to change tests if this goes final + These are all conditional on shell_compatibility_level > 51 + From a bug-bash post by Greg Wooledge + + 1/14 + ---- +lib/readline/complete.c + - _rl_export_completions: use print_filename instead of fprintf to + display the possible completions so slashes and file types can + be included + From a patch from Matthew Tromp + + 1/15 + ---- +examples/loadables/fltexpr.c + - fltexpr: new loadable builtin to do floating-point arithmetic + expression evaluation and optionally print the result + + 1/16 + ---- +builtins/printf.def + - getarg(), advancearg(): cosmetic changes to make it easier to + implement %N$ format specifiers in the future + + 1/18 + ---- +subst.c + - array_length_reference: requesting the length of an element of an + unset variable using array syntax is a fatal error when `set -u' + is enabled and the subscript is not `@' or `*'. + Inspired by a report from Ian Kelling + + 1/20 + ---- +parse.y + - decode_prompt_string: since Debian has made the spectaculary bad call + to allow arbitrary characters in usernames, protect the results of + the \u expansion in the same way as \[Ww] and \[Hh] (externally- + controlled data) + From https://savannah.gnu.org/patch/?10496 + + 1/21 + ---- +eval.c + - reader_loop: if we longjmp with ERREXIT, don't reset any local + function contexts in posix mode, since POSIX says to exit as if + executing the `exit builtin with no arguments'. Revision of change + from 7/2022. + From a report by Ivan Shapovalov in 11/2024 + +lib/readline/display.c + - rl_redisplay: after calling update_line, when putting the cursor + where it needs to be and reprinting part of the line with the + prompt that contains invisible characters, make sure we start to + output characters at the portion in the prompt buffer that begins + on the current line and only offset by the number of invisible + characters on the current line, and set _rl_last_c_pos accordingly + in both multibyte and singlebyte locales. + Fixes bug reported by Andreas Schwab + + 1/22 + ---- +execute_cmd.c + - execute_builtin_or_function: if we're executing the exec builtin, + and there are redirections, let exec_builtin handle disposing of + redirection_undo_list if there is no program name to execute, so + it's still there if exec returns and doesn't exit the shell. + Then we can manage disposing of exec_redirection_undo_list and + letting the redirections be undone as normal. + This is POSIX interp 1896, with modifications from + https://www.austingroupbugs.net/view.php?id=1896#c7037 + +builtins/exec.def + - exec_builtin: dispose of redirection_undo_list and set it to NULL + if there is no program name operand; let execute_builtin_or_function + clean it up + + 1/23 + ---- +lib/readline/terminal.c + - _rl_tcgetwinsize,_rl_tcsetwinsize: function wrappers for tcgetwinsize/ + tcsetwinsize with fallbacks to ioctl if those functions aren't + available + - _rl_get_screensize: use _rl_tcgetwinsize + +lib/readline/rlwinsize.h + - _rl_tcgetwinsize,_rl_tcsetwinsize: extern function declarations + +lib/readine/rltty.c + - set_winsize: use _rl_tcgetwinsize/_rl_tcsetwinsize + - set_winsize: if _rl_tcgetwinsize succeeds, use the values to set + readline's idea of the screen size via _rl_set_screen_size + Inspired by a discussion with Olav Mørkrid + + 1/24 + ---- +lib/readline/signals.c + - _rl_handling_signal: new private variable, set to the signal we're + currently handling in _rl_signal_handler (SIGWINCH) or + _rl_handle_signal (all others). Only valid if RL_STATE_SIGHANDLER + is set + +lib/readline/rlprivate.h + - _rl_handling_signal: new extern declaration + +lib/readline/rltty.c + - set_winsize: only set readline's idea of the screen size if we're + executing in a signal handler context and handling SIGTSTP and the + application has indicated that it doesn't want the environment + variables LINES and COLUMNS to have priority (rl_prefer_env_winsize) + + 1/30 + ---- +jobs.c + - wait_for_single_pid: if wait_for returns -1/ECHILD, make sure to + return 257 just as if the child was not found, optionally printing + an error message if JWAIT_PERROR is supplied + From a discussion with Ian + + 2/8 + --- +redir.c + - do_redirection_internal: keep track of whether the redirector fd + was active with a new variable. Not used yet, should be optimized + out. + - add_undo_fd_redirect: new undo function using r_move_input so we + don't need a dup redir and a separate close redir to undo. Not + used yet + - do_redirection_internal: only call check_bash_input if we're + creating an undo list and not running one + +command.h + - OUTPUT_REDIRECT: add r_output_force + +input.c + - check_bash_input: if we dup the bash input fd to another in + save_bash_input, return that fd. Continue to return -1 on error + and 0 if we don't do anything but sync + +execute_cmd.c + - execute_null_command: force a subshell if any of the redirections + involve the bash input buffered fd. + From a report by Martin D Kealey + + 2/10 + ---- + +examples/loadables/chmod.c + - chmod: new loadable builtin, inspired by zhixu.liu@gmail.com in + https://savannah.gnu.org/patch/?10499 + + 2/11 + ---- +builtins/kill.def + - kill_builtin: in posix mode, return a failure status if any of the + pid/job arguments are not found or sending the signal fails. This + is consistent with + https://pubs.opengroup.org/onlinepubs/9799919799/utilities/kill.html#tag_20_64_14 + + 2/12 + ---- +braces.c + - brace_gobbler: take a new argument in which to return the type of + brace expansion (comma or sequence) we think we've found; change + all callers + - brace_expand: even if we find a BRACE_ARG_SEPARATOR, don't try to + perform expansion if brace_gobbler doesn't think we have a + BRACE_COMMA expansion + - valid_seqterm: new function, performs minimal validation on a + sequence expansion, used to skip over invalid sequence expressions + in brace_expand + - brace_expand: call valid_seqterm if brace_gobbler finds a BRACE_SEQ + expansion + Inspired by report from Robert Elz + + 2/13 + ---- +doc/bash.1,doc/bashref.texi + - clarified the handling of double quotes in EXPRESSION in + (( EXPRESSION )) and $(( EXPRESSION )) to say that only unescaped + double quotes are removed + +expr.c + - expr_bind_variable,expr_streval: revert change from 1/10 that + suppresses additional expansion when called by the `let' builtin, + tag for possible inclusion in a future release when I can look + at parallel changes to ((...)) and $((...)) (and probably + declare 'a[" "]=12' or similar) + + 2/14 + ---- + +lib/sh/zmapfd.c,externs.h + - zmapfd: now returns ssize_t in case of large files when size_t is + larger than int + +builtins/evalfile.c,builtins/help.def + - zmapfd: changed callers + +print_cmd.c + - print_redirection: the default file descriptor for <> is 0 + Report and fix from Emanuele Torre + + 2/18 + ---- +configure.ac + - check for d_type member of struct dirent for future use + + 2/24 + ---- +doc/bash.1,doc/bashref.texi + - document the word expansions performed on indexed array subscripts + and assoc array keys + - document the possibility and effect of empty strings on arithmetic + evaluation for substring expansion, arithmetic expansion, operands + to the the [[ command's arithmetic operators, the expression in + the (( compound command, and indexed array subscripts + + 2/24 + ---- +execute_cmd.c + - execute_command_internal: if executing a (...) subshell, make sure + to update BASH_COMMAND before exiting on an error return from the + subshell with -e set + Report from Max Bowsher + + 3/3 + --- +redir.c + - here_document_to_fd: if we are trying to use a pipe for a here + document, but the F_GETPIPE_SZ fcntl returns a value shorter than + the here document length, make sure to close the pipe file descriptors + +builtins/ulimit.def + - pipesize: use pathconf and _PC_PIPE_BUF if available + + 3/8 + --- +braces.c + - brace_expand: make sure to call valid_seqterm with the right length + so that text[tlen] == '}' + + 3/10 + ---- +builtins/help.def + - show_manpage: if the first line of long_doc doesn't contain a + newline, e.g., if it's a loadable builtin, add one so there's the + usual space between NAME and SYNOPSIS + +m4/codeset.m4 + - define HAVE_NL_LANGINFO + +lib/sh/strftime.c + - updates for locale-awareness + + 3/14 + ---- +lib/termcap/termcap.c,lib/termcap/tparam.c + - updates for ISO C + + 3/17 + ---- +configure.ac + - update release to rc1, update CHANGES and NEWS + + 3/19 + ---- +lib/readline/rlmbutil.h + - _rl_wcwidth: make sure wchar_t constants have an `L' prefix + + 3/24 + ---- +subst.c + - function_substitute: set temporary_env to NULL (we've already + set up an unwind-protect for it) before pushing the context, so + pop_context doesn't free it out from underneath the caller. + Report from Emanuele Torre + + 3/27 + ---- +shell.c + - set_bash_input: if the call to with_input_from_buffered_stream does + not result in a valid buffer corresponding to the file descriptor, + print an error message and set last_command_exit_value + From a report in https://savannah.gnu.org/patch/?10512 + + 4/3 + --- +lib/sh/gettimeofday.c + - updated from version in gnulib + +[bash-5.3-rc1 frozen] diff --git a/MANIFEST b/MANIFEST index 2d43261e3..5dcd8cce1 100644 --- a/MANIFEST +++ b/MANIFEST @@ -533,6 +533,7 @@ m4/timespec.m4 f m4/bison.m4 f m4/c-bool.m4 f m4/codeset.m4 f +m4/d-type.m4 f m4/extern-inline.m4 f m4/fcntl-o.m4 f m4/flexmember.m4 f @@ -645,6 +646,8 @@ po/ru.po f po/sk.gmo f po/sk.po f po/sl.gmo f +po/sq.po f +po/sq.gmo f po/sr.po f po/sr.gmo f po/sl.po f @@ -782,7 +785,9 @@ examples/loadables/getconf.h f examples/loadables/getconf.c f examples/loadables/fdflags.c f examples/loadables/finfo.c f +examples/loadables/fltexpr.c f examples/loadables/cat.c f +examples/loadables/chmod.c f examples/loadables/csv.c f examples/loadables/dsv.c f examples/loadables/kv.c f @@ -963,6 +968,7 @@ tests/arith6.sub f tests/arith7.sub f tests/arith8.sub f tests/arith9.sub f +tests/arith10.sub f tests/array.tests f tests/array.right f tests/array1.sub f @@ -1178,6 +1184,7 @@ tests/exec13.sub f tests/exec14.sub f tests/exec15.sub f tests/exec16.sub f +tests/exec17.sub f tests/exp.tests f tests/exp.right f tests/exp1.sub f diff --git a/MANIFEST.doc b/MANIFEST.doc deleted file mode 100644 index 736ad5b5e..000000000 --- a/MANIFEST.doc +++ /dev/null @@ -1,24 +0,0 @@ -# -# Master Manifest file for documentation-only distribution -# -doc d -MANIFEST.doc f -doc/article.ps f -doc/rose94.ps f -doc/bash.ps f -doc/bashbug.ps f -doc/builtins.ps f -doc/rbash.ps f -doc/bashref.ps f -doc/bashref.dvi f -doc/bash.0 f -doc/bashbug.0 f -doc/builtins.0 f -doc/rbash.0 f -doc/article.txt f -doc/bash.html f -doc/bashref.html f -doc/article.pdf f -doc/bash.pdf f -doc/bashref.pdf f -doc/rose94.pdf f diff --git a/Makefile.in b/Makefile.in index 30237239f..3e8e86586 100644 --- a/Makefile.in +++ b/Makefile.in @@ -1,6 +1,6 @@ # Makefile for bash-5.3, version 5.8 # -# Copyright (C) 1996-2024 Free Software Foundation, Inc. +# Copyright (C) 1996-2025 Free Software Foundation, Inc. # This program is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify # it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by @@ -1182,6 +1182,7 @@ expr.o: quit.h ${BASHINCDIR}/maxpath.h unwind_prot.h dispose_cmd.h expr.o: make_cmd.h subst.h sig.h pathnames.h externs.h flags.h execute_cmd.h expr.o: ${BASHINCDIR}/chartypes.h expr.o: assoc.h ${BASHINCDIR}/ocache.h ${BASHINCDIR}/typemax.h +expr.o: $(DEFSRC)/common.h $(DEFDIR)/builtext.h findcmd.o: config.h bashtypes.h ${BASHINCDIR}/filecntl.h ${BASHINCDIR}/posixstat.h bashansi.h findcmd.o: ${BASHINCDIR}/ansi_stdlib.h ${BASHINCDIR}/memalloc.h shell.h syntax.h bashjmp.h ${BASHINCDIR}/posixjmp.h command.h findcmd.o: ${BASHINCDIR}/stdc.h error.h general.h xmalloc.h variables.h arrayfunc.h conftypes.h quit.h ${BASHINCDIR}/maxpath.h unwind_prot.h diff --git a/NEWS b/NEWS index 3bd189d7b..84b11c8dd 100644 --- a/NEWS +++ b/NEWS @@ -29,12 +29,12 @@ j. `trap' has a new -P option that prints the trap action associated with each signal argument. k. The `command' builtin preceding a declaration builtin (e.g., `declare') - preserves the special asisgnment statement parsing for the declation + preserves the special asisgnment statement parsing for the declaration builtin. This is a new POSIX requirement. l. `printf' uses the `alternate form' for %q and %Q to force single quoting. -m. `printf' now interprets %ls (%S) and %lc (%C)nas referring to wide strings +m. `printf' now interprets %ls (%S) and %lc (%C) as referring to wide strings and characters, respectively, when in a multibyte locale. n. The shell can be compiled with a different default value for the @@ -129,7 +129,7 @@ pp. There is a new `bash_source_fullpath' shopt option, which makes bash put at configure time. qq. Posix mode now forces job notifications to occur when the new edition of - POSIX specifes (since it now specifies them). + POSIX specifies (since it now specifies them). rr. Interactive shells don't print job notifications while sourcing scripts. @@ -143,6 +143,9 @@ uu. If `exit' is run in a trap and not supplied an exit status argument, it `top level' and would cause the trap to end (that is, not in a subshell). This is from Posix interp 1602. +vv. There is a new `fltexpr' builtin to perform floating-point arithmetic + similarly to `let'. + 2. New Features in Readline a. Output a newline if there is no prompt and readline reads an empty line. @@ -175,18 +178,24 @@ i. Incremental and non-incremental searches now allow ^V/^Q (or, in the former case, anything bound to quoted-insert) to quote characters in the search string. -j. Documentation has been significantly updated. +j. There is a new rl_print_keybinding function that prints the key bindings + for a single bindable function specified by name. + +k. Documentation has been significantly updated. -k. New `force-meta-prefix' bindable variable, which forces the use of ESC as +l. New `force-meta-prefix' bindable variable, which forces the use of ESC as the meta prefix when using "\M-" in key bindings instead of overloading convert-meta. -l. The default value for `readline-colored-completion-prefix' no longer has a +m. The default value for `readline-colored-completion-prefix' no longer has a leading `.'; the original report was based on a misunderstanding. -m. There is a new bindable command, `export-completions', which writes the +n. There is a new bindable command, `export-completions', which writes the possible completions for a word to the standard output in a defined format. +o. Readline can reset its idea of the screen dimensions when executing after + a SIGCONT. + ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- This is a terse description of the new features added to bash-5.2 since the release of bash-5.1. As always, the manual page (doc/bash.1) is diff --git a/POSIX b/POSIX index b313af820..20130133a 100644 --- a/POSIX +++ b/POSIX @@ -45,7 +45,7 @@ editing commands were left out due to objections. Although Bash is an implementation of the POSIX shell specification, there are areas where the Bash default behavior differs from the specification. The Bash “posix mode” changes the Bash behavior in these -areas so that it conforms more closely to the standard. +areas so that it conforms more strictly to the standard. Starting Bash with the ‘--posix’ command-line option or executing ‘set -o posix’ while Bash is running will cause Bash to conform more closely @@ -55,7 +55,7 @@ by POSIX in areas where the Bash default differs. When invoked as ‘sh’, Bash enters POSIX mode after reading the startup files. -The following list is what's changed when 'POSIX mode' is in effect: +The following list is what's changed when POSIX mode is in effect: 1. Bash ensures that the ‘POSIXLY_CORRECT’ variable is set. @@ -180,7 +180,7 @@ The following list is what's changed when 'POSIX mode' is in effect: double-quoted string, even if the ‘histexpand’ option is enabled. 31. When printing shell function definitions (e.g., by ‘type’), Bash - does not print the ‘function’ keyword unless necessary. + does not print the ‘function’ reserved word unless necessary. 32. Non-interactive shells exit if a syntax error in an arithmetic expansion results in an invalid expression. @@ -289,72 +289,77 @@ The following list is what's changed when 'POSIX mode' is in effect: 58. The ‘kill’ builtin does not accept signal names with a ‘SIG’ prefix. - 59. The ‘printf’ builtin uses ‘double’ (via ‘strtod’) to convert + 59. The ‘kill’ builtin returns a failure status if any of the pid or + job arguments are invalid or if sending the specified signal to any + of them fails. In default mode, ‘kill’ returns success if the + signal was successfully sent to any of the specified processes. + + 60. The ‘printf’ builtin uses ‘double’ (via ‘strtod’) to convert arguments corresponding to floating point conversion specifiers, instead of ‘long double’ if it's available. The ‘L’ length modifier forces ‘printf’ to use ‘long double’ if it's available. - 60. The ‘pwd’ builtin verifies that the value it prints is the same as + 61. The ‘pwd’ builtin verifies that the value it prints is the same as the current directory, even if it is not asked to check the file system with the ‘-P’ option. - 61. The ‘read’ builtin may be interrupted by a signal for which a trap + 62. The ‘read’ builtin may be interrupted by a signal for which a trap has been set. If Bash receives a trapped signal while executing ‘read’, the trap handler executes and ‘read’ returns an exit status greater than 128. - 62. When the ‘set’ builtin is invoked without options, it does not + 63. When the ‘set’ builtin is invoked without options, it does not display shell function names and definitions. - 63. When the ‘set’ builtin is invoked without options, it displays + 64. When the ‘set’ builtin is invoked without options, it displays variable values without quotes, unless they contain shell metacharacters, even if the result contains nonprinting characters. - 64. The ‘test’ builtin compares strings using the current locale when + 65. The ‘test’ builtin compares strings using the current locale when evaluating the ‘<’ and ‘>’ binary operators. - 65. The ‘test’ builtin's ‘-t’ unary primary requires an argument. + 66. The ‘test’ builtin's ‘-t’ unary primary requires an argument. Historical versions of ‘test’ made the argument optional in certain cases, and Bash attempts to accommodate those for backwards compatibility. - 66. The ‘trap’ builtin displays signal names without the leading + 67. The ‘trap’ builtin displays signal names without the leading ‘SIG’. - 67. The ‘trap’ builtin doesn't check the first argument for a possible + 68. The ‘trap’ builtin doesn't check the first argument for a possible signal specification and revert the signal handling to the original disposition if it is, unless that argument consists solely of digits and is a valid signal number. If users want to reset the handler for a given signal to the original disposition, they should use ‘-’ as the first argument. - 68. ‘trap -p’ without arguments displays signals whose dispositions + 69. ‘trap -p’ without arguments displays signals whose dispositions are set to SIG_DFL and those that were ignored when the shell started, not just trapped signals. - 69. The ‘type’ and ‘command’ builtins will not report a non-executable + 70. The ‘type’ and ‘command’ builtins will not report a non-executable file as having been found, though the shell will attempt to execute such a file if it is the only so-named file found in ‘$PATH’. - 70. The ‘ulimit’ builtin uses a block size of 512 bytes for the ‘-c’ + 71. The ‘ulimit’ builtin uses a block size of 512 bytes for the ‘-c’ and ‘-f’ options. - 71. The ‘unset’ builtin with the ‘-v’ option specified returns a fatal + 72. The ‘unset’ builtin with the ‘-v’ option specified returns a fatal error if it attempts to unset a ‘readonly’ or ‘non-unsettable’ variable, which causes a non-interactive shell to exit. - 72. When asked to unset a variable that appears in an assignment + 73. When asked to unset a variable that appears in an assignment statement preceding the command, the ‘unset’ builtin attempts to unset a variable of the same name in the current or previous scope as well. This implements the required "if an assigned variable is further modified by the utility, the modifications made by the utility shall persist" behavior. - 73. The arrival of ‘SIGCHLD’ when a trap is set on ‘SIGCHLD’ does not + 74. The arrival of ‘SIGCHLD’ when a trap is set on ‘SIGCHLD’ does not interrupt the ‘wait’ builtin and cause it to return immediately. The trap command is run once for each child that exits. - 74. Bash removes an exited background process's status from the list + 75. Bash removes an exited background process's status from the list of such statuses after the ‘wait’ builtin returns it. There is other POSIX behavior that Bash does not implement by default diff --git a/aclocal.m4 b/aclocal.m4 index 7253f2c42..bd598666c 100644 --- a/aclocal.m4 +++ b/aclocal.m4 @@ -3,7 +3,7 @@ dnl Bash specific tests dnl dnl Some derived from PDKSH 5.1.3 autoconf tests dnl -dnl Copyright (C) 1987-2024 Free Software Foundation, Inc. +dnl Copyright (C) 1987-2025 Free Software Foundation, Inc. dnl dnl diff --git a/arrayfunc.c b/arrayfunc.c index 72921a18e..715460d59 100644 --- a/arrayfunc.c +++ b/arrayfunc.c @@ -1,6 +1,6 @@ /* arrayfunc.c -- High-level array functions used by other parts of the shell. */ -/* Copyright (C) 2001-2024 Free Software Foundation, Inc. +/* Copyright (C) 2001-2025 Free Software Foundation, Inc. This file is part of GNU Bash, the Bourne Again SHell. @@ -916,7 +916,7 @@ assign_array_var_from_string (SHELL_VAR *var, char *value, int flags) return var; nlist = expand_compound_array_assignment (var, value, flags); - /* This is were we set ASS_NOEXPAND and ASS_ONEWORD if we need to, since + /* This is where we set ASS_NOEXPAND and ASS_ONEWORD if we need to, since expand_compound_array_assignment performs word expansions. Honors array_expand_once; allows @ and * as associative array keys. */ aflags = flags | (array_expand_once ? ASS_NOEXPAND : 0) | ASS_ALLOWALLSUB; diff --git a/braces.c b/braces.c index 57c0b109d..49bd770e6 100644 --- a/braces.c +++ b/braces.c @@ -1,6 +1,6 @@ /* braces.c -- code for doing word expansion in curly braces. */ -/* Copyright (C) 1987-2020,2022-2024 Free Software Foundation, Inc. +/* Copyright (C) 1987-2020,2022-2025 Free Software Foundation, Inc. ` This file is part of GNU Bash, the Bourne Again SHell. @@ -61,6 +61,11 @@ extern int errno; #define BRACE_SEQ_SPECIFIER ".." +/* What kind of brace expansion do we think we have? brace_gobbler() decides. */ +#define BRACE_COMMA 0x01 +#define BRACE_SEQ 0x02 +#define BRACE_NONE 0x04 + extern int asprintf (char **, const char *, ...) __attribute__((__format__ (printf, 2, 3))); /* Basic idea: @@ -75,9 +80,10 @@ extern int asprintf (char **, const char *, ...) __attribute__((__format__ (prin /* The character which is used to separate arguments. */ static const int brace_arg_separator = ','; -static int brace_gobbler (char *, size_t, int *, int); +static int brace_gobbler (char *, size_t, int *, int *, int); static char **expand_amble (char *, size_t, int); static char **expand_seqterm (char *, size_t); +static int valid_seqterm (char *, size_t); static char **mkseq (intmax_t, intmax_t, intmax_t, int, size_t); static char **array_concat (char **, char **); @@ -97,12 +103,12 @@ dump_result (a) char ** brace_expand (char *text) { - register int start; + int start; size_t tlen; char *preamble, *postamble, *amble; size_t alen; char **tack, **result; - int i, j, c, c1; + int i, j, c, c1, etype; DECLARE_MBSTATE; @@ -110,13 +116,13 @@ brace_expand (char *text) tlen = strlen (text); i = 0; #if defined (CSH_BRACE_COMPAT) - c = brace_gobbler (text, tlen, &i, '{'); /* } */ + c = brace_gobbler (text, tlen, &i, (int *)NULL, '{'); /* } */ #else /* Make sure that when we exit this loop, c == 0 or text[i] begins a valid brace expansion sequence. */ do { - c = brace_gobbler (text, tlen, &i, '{'); /* } */ + c = brace_gobbler (text, tlen, &i, (int *)NULL, '{'); /* } */ if (i >= tlen) break; c1 = c; @@ -125,7 +131,16 @@ brace_expand (char *text) if (c) { start = j = i + 1; /* { */ - c = brace_gobbler (text, tlen, &j, '}'); + c = brace_gobbler (text, tlen, &j, &etype, '}'); +#if 1 + /* One alternative is to perform validity checking on the sequence + terms here. If the sequence expression is invalid, we just skip + over the open brace and go on, leaving other brace expressions in + the candidate sequence expression to be expanded. */ + if (etype == BRACE_SEQ && valid_seqterm (text + start, j - start) == 0) + c = 0; +#endif + if (c == 0) /* it's not */ { i++; @@ -160,7 +175,7 @@ brace_expand (char *text) /* Find the amble. This is the stuff inside this set of braces. */ start = ++i; - c = brace_gobbler (text, tlen, &i, '}'); + c = brace_gobbler (text, tlen, &i, &etype, '}'); /* What if there isn't a matching close brace? */ if (c == 0) @@ -206,8 +221,8 @@ brace_expand (char *text) #if defined (SHELL) INITIALIZE_MBSTATE; - /* If the amble does not contain an unquoted BRACE_ARG_SEPARATOR, then - just return without doing any expansion. */ + /* If the amble does not contain an unquoted BRACE_ARG_SEPARATOR, and we + think we have a BRACE_COMMA-separated sequence, then do no expansion. */ j = 0; while (amble[j]) { @@ -218,14 +233,19 @@ brace_expand (char *text) continue; } - if (amble[j] == brace_arg_separator) + if (amble[j] == brace_arg_separator && etype == BRACE_COMMA) break; ADVANCE_CHAR (amble, alen, j); } - if (amble[j] == 0) + /* If we think we have a sequence expression, try to expand it. */ + if (amble[j] == 0 && etype == BRACE_SEQ) { + /* The other alternative (see call to valid_seqterm() above) is to + perform the validity checking in expand_seqterm(). If we do this, + and the sequence isn't valid, we just treat the entire candidate + sequence expansion as a single unexpanded string. */ tack = expand_seqterm (amble, alen); if (tack) goto add_tack; @@ -293,7 +313,7 @@ expand_amble (char *text, size_t tlen, int flags) c = 1; while (c) { - c = brace_gobbler (text, tlen, &i, brace_arg_separator); + c = brace_gobbler (text, tlen, &i, (int *)NULL, brace_arg_separator); #if defined (SHELL) tem = substring (text, start, i); #else @@ -455,6 +475,44 @@ mkseq (intmax_t start, intmax_t end, intmax_t incr, int type, size_t width) return (result); } +/* For now. */ +static int +valid_seqterm (char *text, size_t tlen) +{ + char *t, *lhs, *rhs; + int lhs_t, rhs_t; + int c; + + c = text[tlen]; /* XXX - text[tlen] == RBRACE */ + text[tlen] = '\0'; /* don't be tricked by something later in the string */ + t = strstr (text, BRACE_SEQ_SPECIFIER); + text[tlen] = c; + + if (t == 0) + return 0; /* invalid */ + + lhs = text; + rhs = t + sizeof(BRACE_SEQ_SPECIFIER) - 1; + + /*{*/ + if (lhs[0] == BRACE_SEQ_SPECIFIER[0] || rhs[0] == '}') + return 0; /* invalid */ + + /* Now figure out whether LHS and RHS are integers or letters. Both + sides have to match. Minimal checking here, just enough to throw out the + obvious invalid candidates. */ + lhs_t = (ISDIGIT (lhs[0]) || ((lhs[0] == '+' || lhs[0] == '-') && ISDIGIT (lhs[1]))) ? ST_INT : + (ISALPHA (lhs[0]) && lhs[1] == '.') ? ST_CHAR : ST_BAD; + + rhs_t = (ISDIGIT (rhs[0]) || ((rhs[0] == '+' || rhs[0] == '-') && ISDIGIT (rhs[1]))) ? ST_INT : +/*{*/ (ISALPHA (rhs[0]) && (rhs[1] == '}' || rhs[1] == '.')) ? ST_CHAR : ST_BAD; + + if (lhs_t != rhs_t || lhs_t == ST_BAD || rhs_t == ST_BAD) + return 0; /* invalid */ + + return 1; +} + static char ** expand_seqterm (char *text, size_t tlen) { @@ -577,9 +635,9 @@ expand_seqterm (char *text, size_t tlen) an inner set of braces. */ static int -brace_gobbler (char *text, size_t tlen, int *indx, int satisfy) +brace_gobbler (char *text, size_t tlen, int *indx, int *typep, int satisfy) { - register int i, c, quoted, level, commas, pass_next; + int i, c, quoted, level, commas, pass_next, btype; #if defined (SHELL) size_t si; char *t; @@ -587,6 +645,7 @@ brace_gobbler (char *text, size_t tlen, int *indx, int satisfy) DECLARE_MBSTATE; level = quoted = pass_next = 0; + btype = BRACE_NONE; #if defined (CSH_BRACE_COMPAT) commas = 1; #else @@ -719,10 +778,16 @@ comsub: level--; #if !defined (CSH_BRACE_COMPAT) else if (satisfy == '}' && c == brace_arg_separator && level == 0) - commas++; + { + btype = BRACE_COMMA; + commas++; + } else if (satisfy == '}' && STREQN (text+i, BRACE_SEQ_SPECIFIER, 2) && text[i+2] != satisfy && level == 0) - commas++; + { + btype = BRACE_SEQ; + commas++; + } #endif #if defined (SHELL) @@ -733,6 +798,8 @@ comsub: } *indx = i; + if (typep) + *typep = btype; return (c); } diff --git a/builtins/exec.def b/builtins/exec.def index 461864b5b..285f9ddfe 100644 --- a/builtins/exec.def +++ b/builtins/exec.def @@ -1,7 +1,7 @@ This file is exec.def, from which is created exec.c. It implements the builtin "exec" in Bash. -Copyright (C) 1987-2021,2022,2024 Free Software Foundation, Inc. +Copyright (C) 1987-2021,2022,2024,2025 Free Software Foundation, Inc. This file is part of GNU Bash, the Bourne Again SHell. @@ -128,12 +128,13 @@ exec_builtin (WORD_LIST *list) } list = loptend; - /* First, let the redirections remain. */ - dispose_redirects (redirection_undo_list); - redirection_undo_list = (REDIRECT *)NULL; - + /* First, let the redirections remain if exec is called without operands */ if (list == 0) - return (EXECUTION_SUCCESS); + { + dispose_redirects (redirection_undo_list); + redirection_undo_list = (REDIRECT *)NULL; + return (EXECUTION_SUCCESS); + } #if defined (RESTRICTED_SHELL) if (restricted) diff --git a/builtins/help.def b/builtins/help.def index 8881900ce..e7e9789d8 100644 --- a/builtins/help.def +++ b/builtins/help.def @@ -1,7 +1,7 @@ This file is help.def, from which is created help.c. It implements the builtin "help" in Bash. -Copyright (C) 1987-2024 Free Software Foundation, Inc. +Copyright (C) 1987-2025 Free Software Foundation, Inc. This file is part of GNU Bash, the Bourne Again SHell. @@ -245,7 +245,8 @@ show_longdoc (int i) static void show_desc (char *name, int i) { - register int j, r; + int j; + ssize_t r; char * const *doc, *line; int fd, usefile; @@ -258,8 +259,13 @@ show_desc (char *name, int i) if (fd < 0) return; r = zmapfd (fd, &line, doc[0]); + if (r < 0) + { + builtin_error ("%s: %s: %s", doc[0], _("read error"), strerror (errno)); + free (line); + line = (char *)NULL; + } close (fd); - /* XXX - handle errors if zmapfd returns < 0 */ } else line = doc ? doc[0] : (char *)NULL; @@ -281,6 +287,7 @@ static void show_manpage (char *name, int i) { register int j; + ssize_t r; char * const *doc; char *line; int fd, usefile; @@ -293,7 +300,13 @@ show_manpage (char *name, int i) fd = open_helpfile (doc[0]); if (fd < 0) return; - zmapfd (fd, &line, doc[0]); + r = zmapfd (fd, &line, doc[0]); + if (r < 0) + { + builtin_error ("%s: %s: %s", doc[0], _("read error"), strerror (errno)); + free (line); + line = (char *)NULL; + } close (fd); } else @@ -308,6 +321,10 @@ show_manpage (char *name, int i) if (line[j] == '\n') break; } + /* If the line doesn't end with a newline, e.g., if it's a loadable builtin, + add one. */ + if (line[j] != '\n') + putchar ('\n'); printf ("\n"); /* SYNOPSIS */ diff --git a/builtins/history.def b/builtins/history.def index f5dd416bb..fa79c0b93 100644 --- a/builtins/history.def +++ b/builtins/history.def @@ -1,7 +1,7 @@ This file is history.def, from which is created history.c. It implements the builtin "history" in Bash. -Copyright (C) 1987-2024 Free Software Foundation, Inc. +Copyright (C) 1987-2025 Free Software Foundation, Inc. This file is part of GNU Bash, the Bourne Again SHell. @@ -298,6 +298,11 @@ history_builtin (WORD_LIST *list) result = read_history (filename); history_lines_in_file = history_lines_read_from_file; /* history_lines_in_file = where_history () + history_base - 1; */ +#if 0 + /* Report read errors from the history library. */ + if (result > 0) + builtin_error ("%s: %s: %s", filename, _("read error"), strerror (errno)); +#endif } else if (flags & NFLAG) /* Read `new' history from file. */ { @@ -312,6 +317,12 @@ history_builtin (WORD_LIST *list) history_lines_in_file = history_lines_read_from_file; /* history_lines_in_file = where_history () + history_base - 1; */ +#if 0 + /* Report read errors from the history library. */ + if (result > 0) + builtin_error ("%s: %s: %s", filename, _("read error"), strerror (errno)); +#endif + /* If we're rewriting the history file at shell exit rather than just appending the lines from this session to it, the question is whether we reset history_lines_this_session to 0, losing any history entries diff --git a/builtins/inlib.def b/builtins/inlib.def deleted file mode 100644 index c4faf0d53..000000000 --- a/builtins/inlib.def +++ /dev/null @@ -1,80 +0,0 @@ -This file is inlib.def, from which is created inlib.c. -It implements the Apollo-specific builtin "inlib" in Bash. - -Copyright (C) 1987-2002 Free Software Foundation, Inc. - -This file is part of GNU Bash, the Bourne Again SHell. - -Bash is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify -it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by -the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or -(at your option) any later version. - -Bash is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, -but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of -MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the -GNU General Public License for more details. - -You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License -along with Bash. If not, see . - -$PRODUCES inlib.c -#include - -#include -#include "../shell.h" - -$BUILTIN inlib -$FUNCTION inlib_builtin -$DEPENDS_ON apollo -$SHORT_DOC inlib pathname [pathname...] -Install user-supplied library. - -Install a user-supplied library specified by pathname in the current -shell process. The library is used to resolve external references -in programs and libraries loaded after its installation. Note -that the library is not loaded into the address space unless it is -needed to resolve an external reference. The list of inlibed -libraries is passed to all children of the current shell. - -Exit Status: -Returns success unless PATHNAME is not found or an error occurs. -$END - -#if defined (apollo) - -#include -#include - -inlib_builtin (list) - WORD_LIST *list; -{ - status_$t status; - int return_value; - short len; - - if (!list) - { - builtin_usage (); - return (EX_USAGE); - } - - return_value = EXECUTION_SUCCESS; - - while (list) - { - len = (short)strlen (list->word->word); - loader_$inlib (list->word->word, len, &status); - - if (status.all != status_$ok) - { - builtin_error (_("%s: inlib failed"), list->word->word); - return_value = EXECUTION_FAILURE; - } - - list = list->next; - } - - return (return_value); -} -#endif /* apollo */ diff --git a/builtins/kill.def b/builtins/kill.def index f09c932af..7b16cf499 100644 --- a/builtins/kill.def +++ b/builtins/kill.def @@ -84,7 +84,7 @@ static void kill_error (pid_t, int); int kill_builtin (WORD_LIST *list) { - int sig, any_succeeded, listing, saw_signal, dflags; + int sig, any_succeeded, any_failed, listing, saw_signal, dflags; char *sigspec, *word; pid_t pid; intmax_t pid_value; @@ -96,7 +96,7 @@ kill_builtin (WORD_LIST *list) } CHECK_HELPOPT (list); - any_succeeded = listing = saw_signal = 0; + any_succeeded = any_failed = listing = saw_signal = 0; sig = SIGTERM; sigspec = "TERM"; @@ -199,6 +199,7 @@ use_sigspec: sh_invalidsig (sigspec); else kill_error (pid, errno); + any_failed++; CONTINUE_OR_FAIL; } else @@ -247,6 +248,7 @@ use_sigspec: sh_invalidsig (sigspec); else kill_error (pid, errno); + any_failed++; CONTINUE_OR_FAIL; } else @@ -262,7 +264,10 @@ use_sigspec: list = list->next; } - return (any_succeeded ? EXECUTION_SUCCESS : EXECUTION_FAILURE); + if (posixly_correct) + return ((any_failed == 0) ? EXECUTION_SUCCESS : EXECUTION_FAILURE); + else + return (any_succeeded ? EXECUTION_SUCCESS : EXECUTION_FAILURE); } static void diff --git a/builtins/printf.def b/builtins/printf.def index 0ba0e6342..7d7f8c266 100644 --- a/builtins/printf.def +++ b/builtins/printf.def @@ -1,7 +1,7 @@ This file is printf.def, from which is created printf.c. It implements the builtin "printf" in Bash. -Copyright (C) 1997-2024 Free Software Foundation, Inc. +Copyright (C) 1997-2025 Free Software Foundation, Inc. This file is part of GNU Bash, the Bourne Again SHell. @@ -242,6 +242,12 @@ static char *vbuf, *vname; static size_t vbsize; static size_t vblen; +/* printf format numbered argument support */ +static char **narg_argv; +static int narg_argc; +static int narg_maxind; +static int narg_curind; + static intmax_t tw; static char *conv_buf; @@ -1329,16 +1335,32 @@ mklong (char *str, char *modifiers, size_t mlen) return (conv_buf); } +static inline char * +getarg (void) +{ + return (garglist ? garglist->word->word : 0); +} + +static inline void +advancearg (void) +{ + garglist = garglist->next; +} + static int getchr (void) { int ret; + char *arg; + + arg = getarg (); - if (garglist == 0) + if (arg == 0) return ('\0'); - ret = (int)garglist->word->word[0]; - garglist = garglist->next; + ret = (int)arg[0]; + + advancearg (); return ret; } @@ -1347,11 +1369,11 @@ getstr (void) { char *ret; - if (garglist == 0) + ret = getarg (); + if (ret == 0) return (""); - ret = garglist->word->word; - garglist = garglist->next; + advancearg (); return ret; } @@ -1379,23 +1401,25 @@ static int getint (int overflow_retval) { intmax_t ret; - char *ep; + char *ep, *arg; int overflow; - if (garglist == 0) + arg = getarg (); + + if (arg == 0) return (0); - if (garglist->word->word[0] == '\'' || garglist->word->word[0] == '"') + if (arg[0] == '\'' || arg[0] == '"') return asciicode (); errno = 0; - ret = strtoimax (garglist->word->word, &ep, 0); + ret = strtoimax (arg, &ep, 0); if (overflow = (errno == ERANGE) || (ret < INT_MIN || ret > INT_MAX)) errno = ERANGE; /* force errno */ - chk_converror (garglist->word->word, ep); + chk_converror (arg, ep); - garglist = garglist->next; + advancearg (); return (overflow ? overflow_retval : (int)ret); } @@ -1403,20 +1427,22 @@ static intmax_t getintmax (void) { intmax_t ret; - char *ep; + char *ep, *arg; - if (garglist == 0) + arg = getarg (); + + if (arg == 0) return (0); - if (garglist->word->word[0] == '\'' || garglist->word->word[0] == '"') + if (arg[0] == '\'' || arg[0] == '"') return asciicode (); errno = 0; - ret = strtoimax (garglist->word->word, &ep, 0); + ret = strtoimax (arg, &ep, 0); - chk_converror (garglist->word->word, ep); + chk_converror (arg, ep); - garglist = garglist->next; + advancearg (); return (ret); } @@ -1424,20 +1450,22 @@ static uintmax_t getuintmax (void) { uintmax_t ret; - char *ep; + char *ep, *arg; - if (garglist == 0) + arg = getarg (); + + if (arg == 0) return (0); - if (garglist->word->word[0] == '\'' || garglist->word->word[0] == '"') + if (arg[0] == '\'' || arg[0] == '"') return asciicode (); errno = 0; - ret = strtoumax (garglist->word->word, &ep, 0); + ret = strtoumax (arg, &ep, 0); - chk_converror (garglist->word->word, ep); + chk_converror (arg, ep); - garglist = garglist->next; + advancearg (); return (ret); } @@ -1445,20 +1473,22 @@ static double getdouble (void) { double ret; - char *ep; + char *ep, *arg; + + arg = getarg (); - if (garglist == 0) + if (arg == 0) return (0); - if (garglist->word->word[0] == '\'' || garglist->word->word[0] == '"') + if (arg[0] == '\'' || arg[0] == '"') return asciicode (); errno = 0; - ret = strtod (garglist->word->word, &ep); + ret = strtod (arg, &ep); - chk_converror (garglist->word->word, ep); + chk_converror (arg, ep); - garglist = garglist->next; + advancearg (); return (ret); } @@ -1466,20 +1496,22 @@ static floatmax_t getfloatmax (void) { floatmax_t ret; - char *ep; + char *ep, *arg; + + arg = getarg (); - if (garglist == 0) + if (arg == 0) return (0); - if (garglist->word->word[0] == '\'' || garglist->word->word[0] == '"') + if (arg[0] == '\'' || arg[0] == '"') return asciicode (); errno = 0; - ret = strtofltmax (garglist->word->word, &ep); + ret = strtofltmax (arg, &ep); - chk_converror (garglist->word->word, ep); + chk_converror (arg, ep); - garglist = garglist->next; + advancearg (); return (ret); } @@ -1488,23 +1520,25 @@ static intmax_t asciicode (void) { register intmax_t ch; + char *arg; #if defined (HANDLE_MULTIBYTE) wchar_t wc; size_t slen, mblength; #endif DECLARE_MBSTATE; + arg = getarg (); #if defined (HANDLE_MULTIBYTE) - slen = strlen (garglist->word->word+1); + slen = strlen (arg+1); wc = 0; - mblength = mbrtowc (&wc, garglist->word->word+1, slen, &state); + mblength = mbrtowc (&wc, arg+1, slen, &state); if (MB_INVALIDCH (mblength) == 0) ch = wc; /* XXX */ else #endif - ch = (unsigned char)garglist->word->word[1]; + ch = (unsigned char)arg[1]; - garglist = garglist->next; + advancearg (); return (ch); } @@ -1515,16 +1549,18 @@ getwidestr (size_t *lenp) wchar_t *ws; const char *mbs; size_t slen, mblength; + char *arg; DECLARE_MBSTATE; - if (garglist == 0) + arg = getarg (); + if (arg == 0) { if (lenp) *lenp = 0; return NULL; } - mbs = garglist->word->word; + mbs = arg; slen = strlen (mbs); ws = (wchar_t *)xmalloc ((slen + 1) * sizeof (wchar_t)); mblength = mbsrtowcs (ws, &mbs, slen + 1, &state); @@ -1535,13 +1571,13 @@ getwidestr (size_t *lenp) { int i; for (i = 0; i < slen; i++) - ws[i] = (wchar_t)garglist->word->word[i]; + ws[i] = (wchar_t)arg[i]; ws[slen] = L'\0'; if (lenp) *lenp = slen; } - garglist = garglist->next; + advancearg (); return (ws); } @@ -1550,17 +1586,19 @@ getwidechar (void) { wchar_t wc; size_t slen, mblength; + char *arg; DECLARE_MBSTATE; - if (garglist == 0) + arg = getarg (); + if (arg == 0) return L'\0'; wc = 0; - mblength = mbrtowc (&wc, garglist->word->word, locale_mb_cur_max, &state); + mblength = mbrtowc (&wc, arg, locale_mb_cur_max, &state); if (MB_INVALIDCH (mblength)) - wc = (wchar_t)garglist->word->word[0]; + wc = (wchar_t)arg[0]; - garglist = garglist->next; + advancearg (); return (wc); } diff --git a/builtins/shopt.def b/builtins/shopt.def index 8d7ff4542..cf6f6be12 100644 --- a/builtins/shopt.def +++ b/builtins/shopt.def @@ -1,7 +1,7 @@ This file is shopt.def, from which is created shopt.c. It implements the Bash `shopt' builtin. -Copyright (C) 1994-2024 Free Software Foundation, Inc. +Copyright (C) 1994-2025 Free Software Foundation, Inc. This file is part of GNU Bash, the Bourne Again SHell. @@ -70,7 +70,7 @@ $END #define UNSETOPT 0 #define SETOPT 1 -#define OPTFMT "%-15s\t%s\n" +#define OPTFMT "%-20s\t%s\n" extern int allow_null_glob_expansion, fail_glob_expansion, glob_dot_filenames; extern int cdable_vars, mail_warning, source_uses_path; diff --git a/builtins/ulimit.def b/builtins/ulimit.def index a2e0f8c02..1251dfa6e 100644 --- a/builtins/ulimit.def +++ b/builtins/ulimit.def @@ -1,7 +1,7 @@ This file is ulimit.def, from which is created ulimit.c. It implements the builtin "ulimit" in Bash. -Copyright (C) 1987-2024 Free Software Foundation, Inc. +Copyright (C) 1987-2025 Free Software Foundation, Inc. This file is part of GNU Bash, the Bourne Again SHell. @@ -157,7 +157,9 @@ extern int errno; # define RLIMIT_FILESIZE 256 #endif -#define RLIMIT_PIPESIZE 257 +#ifndef RLIMIT_PIPESIZE +# define RLIMIT_PIPESIZE 257 +#endif #ifdef RLIMIT_NOFILE # define RLIMIT_OPENFILES RLIMIT_NOFILE @@ -673,9 +675,22 @@ filesize (RLIMTYPE *valuep) #endif } +/* The longtime problem here is that PIPE_BUF has atomicity restrictions, and + is not the true pipe capacity. Only a few systems can retrieve this at + runtime. */ static int pipesize (RLIMTYPE *valuep) { +#if defined (HAVE_PATHCONF) && defined (_PC_PIPE_BUF) + long r; + + r = pathconf (".", _PC_PIPE_BUF); + if (r >= 0) + { + *valuep = (RLIMTYPE) r; + return 0; + } +#endif #if defined (PIPE_BUF) /* This is defined on Posix systems. */ *valuep = (RLIMTYPE) PIPE_BUF; diff --git a/builtins/umask.def b/builtins/umask.def index d3488bf90..2172d5a8f 100644 --- a/builtins/umask.def +++ b/builtins/umask.def @@ -283,7 +283,11 @@ start_op: perm |= S_IWUGO; break; case 'X': - /* for chmod, this includes S_ISDIR but that doesn't make sense here */ + /* for chmod, this includes S_ISDIR but that doesn't make sense for umask */ +#if defined (S_IFDIR) + if (this_shell_builtin != umask_builtin && (initial_bits & S_IFDIR) == 0) + break; +#endif if ((initial_bits & S_IXUGO) == 0) break; /* no-op if original mask doesn't include execute bits */ /* FALLTHROUGH */ diff --git a/command.h b/command.h index 1c0681482..189b00def 100644 --- a/command.h +++ b/command.h @@ -49,7 +49,7 @@ enum r_instruction { (ri == r_output_direction || ri == r_err_and_out) #define OUTPUT_REDIRECT(ri) \ - (ri == r_output_direction || ri == r_input_output || ri == r_err_and_out || ri == r_append_err_and_out) + (ri == r_output_direction || ri == r_input_output || ri == r_err_and_out || ri == r_append_err_and_out || ri == r_output_force) #define INPUT_REDIRECT(ri) \ (ri == r_input_direction || ri == r_inputa_direction || ri == r_input_output) diff --git a/config.h.in b/config.h.in index dbef3a745..7dac61a97 100644 --- a/config.h.in +++ b/config.h.in @@ -434,6 +434,8 @@ #undef HAVE_STRUCT_DIRENT_D_NAMLEN +#undef HAVE_STRUCT_DIRENT_D_TYPE + #undef TIOCSTAT_IN_SYS_IOCTL #undef FIONREAD_IN_SYS_IOCTL diff --git a/configure b/configure index 1d8f69da7..c3707a85d 100755 --- a/configure +++ b/configure @@ -1,7 +1,7 @@ #! /bin/sh -# From configure.ac for Bash 5.3, version 5.074. +# From configure.ac for Bash 5.3, version 5.076. # Guess values for system-dependent variables and create Makefiles. -# Generated by GNU Autoconf 2.72 for bash 5.3-beta. +# Generated by GNU Autoconf 2.72 for bash 5.3-rc1. # # Report bugs to . # @@ -605,8 +605,8 @@ MAKEFLAGS= # Identity of this package. PACKAGE_NAME='bash' PACKAGE_TARNAME='bash' -PACKAGE_VERSION='5.3-beta' -PACKAGE_STRING='bash 5.3-beta' +PACKAGE_VERSION='5.3-rc1' +PACKAGE_STRING='bash 5.3-rc1' PACKAGE_BUGREPORT='bug-bash@gnu.org' PACKAGE_URL='' @@ -1465,7 +1465,7 @@ if test "$ac_init_help" = "long"; then # Omit some internal or obsolete options to make the list less imposing. # This message is too long to be a string in the A/UX 3.1 sh. cat <<_ACEOF -'configure' configures bash 5.3-beta to adapt to many kinds of systems. +'configure' configures bash 5.3-rc1 to adapt to many kinds of systems. Usage: $0 [OPTION]... [VAR=VALUE]... @@ -1531,7 +1531,7 @@ fi if test -n "$ac_init_help"; then case $ac_init_help in - short | recursive ) echo "Configuration of bash 5.3-beta:";; + short | recursive ) echo "Configuration of bash 5.3-rc1:";; esac cat <<\_ACEOF @@ -1739,7 +1739,7 @@ fi test -n "$ac_init_help" && exit $ac_status if $ac_init_version; then cat <<\_ACEOF -bash configure 5.3-beta +bash configure 5.3-rc1 generated by GNU Autoconf 2.72 Copyright (C) 2023 Free Software Foundation, Inc. @@ -2417,7 +2417,7 @@ cat >config.log <<_ACEOF This file contains any messages produced by compilers while running configure, to aid debugging if configure makes a mistake. -It was created by bash $as_me 5.3-beta, which was +It was created by bash $as_me 5.3-rc1, which was generated by GNU Autoconf 2.72. Invocation command line was $ $0$ac_configure_args_raw @@ -3216,7 +3216,7 @@ ac_config_headers="$ac_config_headers config.h buildconf.h" BASHVERS=5.3 -RELSTATUS=beta +RELSTATUS=rc1 case "$RELSTATUS" in alp*|bet*|dev*|rc*|releng*|maint*) DEBUG='-DDEBUG' MALLOC_DEBUG='-DMALLOC_DEBUG' ;; @@ -6922,6 +6922,12 @@ fi +# d-type.m4 +# serial 12 + + + + { printf "%s\n" "$as_me:${as_lineno-$LINENO}: checking for an ANSI C-conforming const" >&5 printf %s "checking for an ANSI C-conforming const... " >&6; } @@ -9222,8 +9228,8 @@ rm -f core conftest.err conftest.$ac_objext conftest.beam \ LIBS=$save_LIBS test $gl_pthread_api = yes && break done - echo "$as_me:9225: gl_pthread_api=$gl_pthread_api" >&5 - echo "$as_me:9226: LIBPTHREAD=$LIBPTHREAD" >&5 + echo "$as_me:9231: gl_pthread_api=$gl_pthread_api" >&5 + echo "$as_me:9232: LIBPTHREAD=$LIBPTHREAD" >&5 gl_pthread_in_glibc=no # On Linux with glibc >= 2.34, libc contains the fully functional @@ -9249,7 +9255,7 @@ rm -rf conftest* ;; esac - echo "$as_me:9252: gl_pthread_in_glibc=$gl_pthread_in_glibc" >&5 + echo "$as_me:9258: gl_pthread_in_glibc=$gl_pthread_in_glibc" >&5 # Test for libpthread by looking for pthread_kill. (Not pthread_self, # since it is defined as a macro on OSF/1.) @@ -9427,7 +9433,7 @@ fi fi fi - echo "$as_me:9430: LIBPMULTITHREAD=$LIBPMULTITHREAD" >&5 + echo "$as_me:9436: LIBPMULTITHREAD=$LIBPMULTITHREAD" >&5 fi { printf "%s\n" "$as_me:${as_lineno-$LINENO}: checking whether POSIX threads API is available" >&5 printf %s "checking whether POSIX threads API is available... " >&6; } @@ -9674,8 +9680,8 @@ rm -f core conftest.err conftest.$ac_objext conftest.beam \ LIBS=$save_LIBS test $gl_pthread_api = yes && break done - echo "$as_me:9677: gl_pthread_api=$gl_pthread_api" >&5 - echo "$as_me:9678: LIBPTHREAD=$LIBPTHREAD" >&5 + echo "$as_me:9683: gl_pthread_api=$gl_pthread_api" >&5 + echo "$as_me:9684: LIBPTHREAD=$LIBPTHREAD" >&5 gl_pthread_in_glibc=no # On Linux with glibc >= 2.34, libc contains the fully functional @@ -9701,7 +9707,7 @@ rm -rf conftest* ;; esac - echo "$as_me:9704: gl_pthread_in_glibc=$gl_pthread_in_glibc" >&5 + echo "$as_me:9710: gl_pthread_in_glibc=$gl_pthread_in_glibc" >&5 # Test for libpthread by looking for pthread_kill. (Not pthread_self, # since it is defined as a macro on OSF/1.) @@ -9879,7 +9885,7 @@ fi fi fi - echo "$as_me:9882: LIBPMULTITHREAD=$LIBPMULTITHREAD" >&5 + echo "$as_me:9888: LIBPMULTITHREAD=$LIBPMULTITHREAD" >&5 fi { printf "%s\n" "$as_me:${as_lineno-$LINENO}: checking whether POSIX threads API is available" >&5 printf %s "checking whether POSIX threads API is available... " >&6; } @@ -13461,6 +13467,8 @@ fi { printf "%s\n" "$as_me:${as_lineno-$LINENO}: result: $am_cv_langinfo_codeset" >&5 printf "%s\n" "$am_cv_langinfo_codeset" >&6; } if test $am_cv_langinfo_codeset = yes; then + printf "%s\n" "#define HAVE_NL_LANGINFO 1" >>confdefs.h + printf "%s\n" "#define HAVE_LANGINFO_CODESET 1" >>confdefs.h @@ -20005,6 +20013,48 @@ printf "%s\n" "#define HAVE_STRUCT_DIRENT_D_NAMLEN 1" >>confdefs.h fi +{ printf "%s\n" "$as_me:${as_lineno-$LINENO}: checking for d_type member in directory struct" >&5 +printf %s "checking for d_type member in directory struct... " >&6; } +if test ${gl_cv_struct_dirent_d_type+y} +then : + printf %s "(cached) " >&6 +else case e in #( + e) cat confdefs.h - <<_ACEOF >conftest.$ac_ext +/* end confdefs.h. */ + +#include +#include + +int +main (void) +{ +struct dirent dp; dp.d_type = 0; + ; + return 0; +} +_ACEOF +if ac_fn_c_try_link "$LINENO" +then : + gl_cv_struct_dirent_d_type=yes +else case e in #( + e) gl_cv_struct_dirent_d_type=no ;; +esac +fi +rm -f core conftest.err conftest.$ac_objext conftest.beam \ + conftest$ac_exeext conftest.$ac_ext + + ;; +esac +fi +{ printf "%s\n" "$as_me:${as_lineno-$LINENO}: result: $gl_cv_struct_dirent_d_type" >&5 +printf "%s\n" "$gl_cv_struct_dirent_d_type" >&6; } + if test $gl_cv_struct_dirent_d_type = yes; then + +printf "%s\n" "#define HAVE_STRUCT_DIRENT_D_TYPE 1" >>confdefs.h + + fi + + { printf "%s\n" "$as_me:${as_lineno-$LINENO}: checking for struct winsize in sys/ioctl.h and termios.h" >&5 printf %s "checking for struct winsize in sys/ioctl.h and termios.h... " >&6; } if test ${bash_cv_struct_winsize_header+y} @@ -23589,7 +23639,7 @@ cat >>$CONFIG_STATUS <<\_ACEOF || ac_write_fail=1 # report actual input values of CONFIG_FILES etc. instead of their # values after options handling. ac_log=" -This file was extended by bash $as_me 5.3-beta, which was +This file was extended by bash $as_me 5.3-rc1, which was generated by GNU Autoconf 2.72. Invocation command line was CONFIG_FILES = $CONFIG_FILES @@ -23657,7 +23707,7 @@ ac_cs_config_escaped=`printf "%s\n" "$ac_cs_config" | sed "s/^ //; s/'/'\\\\\\\\ cat >>$CONFIG_STATUS <<_ACEOF || ac_write_fail=1 ac_cs_config='$ac_cs_config_escaped' ac_cs_version="\\ -bash config.status 5.3-beta +bash config.status 5.3-rc1 configured by $0, generated by GNU Autoconf 2.72, with options \\"\$ac_cs_config\\" diff --git a/configure.ac b/configure.ac index 6409f85b6..35639ed3d 100644 --- a/configure.ac +++ b/configure.ac @@ -5,7 +5,7 @@ dnl report bugs to chet.ramey@case.edu dnl dnl Process this file with autoconf to produce a configure script. -# Copyright (C) 1987-2024 Free Software Foundation, Inc. +# Copyright (C) 1987-2025 Free Software Foundation, Inc. # # This program is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify @@ -21,10 +21,10 @@ dnl Process this file with autoconf to produce a configure script. # You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License # along with this program. If not, see . -AC_REVISION([for Bash 5.3, version 5.074])dnl +AC_REVISION([for Bash 5.3, version 5.076])dnl define(bashvers, 5.3) -define(relstatus, beta) +define(relstatus, rc1) AC_INIT([bash], bashvers-relstatus, [bug-bash@gnu.org]) @@ -778,6 +778,7 @@ m4_include([m4/glibc21.m4]) m4_include([m4/host-cpu-c-abi.m4]) m4_include([m4/c-bool.m4]) +m4_include([m4/d-type.m4]) dnl C compiler characteristics AC_C_CONST @@ -1079,6 +1080,7 @@ BASH_STRUCT_TERMIO_LDISC BASH_STRUCT_DIRENT_D_INO BASH_STRUCT_DIRENT_D_FILENO BASH_STRUCT_DIRENT_D_NAMLEN +gl_CHECK_TYPE_STRUCT_DIRENT_D_TYPE BASH_STRUCT_WINSIZE BASH_STRUCT_TIMEVAL AC_CHECK_MEMBERS([struct stat.st_blocks]) diff --git a/configure.in b/configure.in deleted file mode 100644 index d7e09983c..000000000 --- a/configure.in +++ /dev/null @@ -1,1161 +0,0 @@ -dnl -dnl Configure script for bash-4.2 -dnl -dnl report bugs to chet@po.cwru.edu -dnl -dnl Process this file with autoconf to produce a configure script. - -# Copyright (C) 1987-2011 Free Software Foundation, Inc. - -# -# This program is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify -# it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by -# the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or -# (at your option) any later version. -# -# This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, -# but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of -# MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the -# GNU General Public License for more details. -# -# You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License -# along with this program. If not, see . - -AC_REVISION([for Bash 4.2, version 4.037])dnl - -define(bashvers, 4.2) -define(relstatus, release) - -AC_INIT([bash], bashvers-relstatus, [bug-bash@gnu.org]) - -dnl make sure we are using a recent autoconf version -AC_PREREQ(2.50) - -AC_CONFIG_SRCDIR(shell.h) -dnl where to find install.sh, config.sub, and config.guess -AC_CONFIG_AUX_DIR(./support) -AC_CONFIG_HEADERS(config.h) - -dnl checks for version info -BASHVERS=bashvers -RELSTATUS=relstatus - -dnl defaults for debug settings -case "$RELSTATUS" in -alp*|bet*|dev*|rc*|maint*) DEBUG='-DDEBUG' MALLOC_DEBUG='-DMALLOC_DEBUG' ;; -*) DEBUG= MALLOC_DEBUG= ;; -esac - -dnl canonicalize the host and os so we can do some tricky things before -dnl parsing options -AC_CANONICAL_HOST - -dnl configure defaults -opt_bash_malloc=yes -opt_purify=no -opt_purecov=no -opt_afs=no -opt_curses=no -opt_with_installed_readline=no - -#htmldir= - -dnl some systems should be configured without the bash malloc by default -dnl and some need a special compiler or loader -dnl look in the NOTES file for more -case "${host_cpu}-${host_os}" in -alpha*-*) opt_bash_malloc=no ;; # alpha running osf/1 or linux -*[[Cc]]ray*-*) opt_bash_malloc=no ;; # Crays -*-osf1*) opt_bash_malloc=no ;; # other osf/1 machines -sparc-svr4*) opt_bash_malloc=no ;; # sparc SVR4, SVR4.2 -sparc-netbsd*) opt_bash_malloc=no ;; # needs 8-byte alignment -mips-irix6*) opt_bash_malloc=no ;; # needs 8-byte alignment -m68k-sysv) opt_bash_malloc=no ;; # fixes file descriptor leak in closedir -sparc-linux*) opt_bash_malloc=no ;; # sparc running linux; requires ELF -#*-freebsd*-gnu) opt_bash_malloc=no ;; # there's some undetermined problem here -#*-freebsd*) opt_bash_malloc=no ;; # they claim it's better; I disagree -*-openbsd*) opt_bash_malloc=no ;; # they claim it needs eight-bit alignment -*-aix*) opt_bash_malloc=no ;; # AIX machines -*-nextstep*) opt_bash_malloc=no ;; # NeXT machines running NeXTstep -*-macos*) opt_bash_malloc=no ;; # Apple MacOS X -*-rhapsody*) opt_bash_malloc=no ;; # Apple Rhapsody (MacOS X) -*-darwin*) opt_bash_malloc=no ;; # Apple Darwin (MacOS X) -*-dgux*) opt_bash_malloc=no ;; # DG/UX machines -*-qnx*) opt_bash_malloc=no ;; # QNX 4.2, QNX 6.x -*-machten4) opt_bash_malloc=no ;; # MachTen 4.x -*-bsdi2.1|*-bsdi3.?) opt_bash_malloc=no ; : ${CC:=shlicc2} ;; # for loadable builtins -*-beos*) opt_bash_malloc=no ;; # they say it's suitable -*-cygwin*) opt_bash_malloc=no ;; # Cygnus's CYGWIN environment -*-opennt*|*-interix*) opt_bash_malloc=no ;; # Interix, now owned by Microsoft -esac - -# memory scrambling on free() -case "${host_os}" in -sco3.2v5*|sco3.2v4*) opt_memscramble=no ;; -*) opt_memscramble=yes ;; -esac - -dnl -dnl macros for the bash debugger -dnl -dnl AM_PATH_LISPDIR -AC_ARG_VAR(DEBUGGER_START_FILE, [location of bash debugger initialization file]) - -dnl arguments to configure -dnl packages -AC_ARG_WITH(afs, AC_HELP_STRING([--with-afs], [if you are running AFS]), opt_afs=$withval) -AC_ARG_WITH(bash-malloc, 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-ac_cv_func_rename=${ac_cv_func_rename='yes'} -ac_cv_func_sbrk=${ac_cv_func_sbrk='yes'} -ac_cv_func_select=${ac_cv_func_select='yes'} -ac_cv_func_setdtablesize=${ac_cv_func_setdtablesize='yes'} -ac_cv_func_setenv=${ac_cv_func_setenv='yes'} -ac_cv_func_setlinebuf=${ac_cv_func_setlinebuf='no'} -ac_cv_func_setlocale=${ac_cv_func_setlocale='yes'} -ac_cv_func_setvbuf=${ac_cv_func_setvbuf='yes'} -ac_cv_func_setvbuf_reversed=${ac_cv_func_setvbuf_reversed='no'} -ac_cv_func_siginterrupt=${ac_cv_func_siginterrupt='no'} -ac_cv_func_snprintf=${ac_cv_func_snprintf='yes'} -ac_cv_func_strcasecmp=${ac_cv_func_strcasecmp='yes'} -ac_cv_func_strchr=${ac_cv_func_strchr='yes'} -ac_cv_func_strcoll_works=${ac_cv_func_strcoll_works='yes'} -ac_cv_func_strerror=${ac_cv_func_strerror='yes'} -ac_cv_func_strpbrk=${ac_cv_func_strpbrk='yes'} -ac_cv_func_strtod=${ac_cv_func_strtod='yes'} -ac_cv_func_strtoimax=${ac_cv_func_strtoimax='no'} -ac_cv_func_strtol=${ac_cv_func_strtol='yes'} -ac_cv_func_strtoll=${ac_cv_func_strtoll='no'} -ac_cv_func_strtoul=${ac_cv_func_strtoul='yes'} -ac_cv_func_strtoull=${ac_cv_func_strtoull='no'} -ac_cv_func_strtoumax=${ac_cv_func_strtoumax='no'} -ac_cv_func_sysconf=${ac_cv_func_sysconf='yes'} -ac_cv_func_tcgetattr=${ac_cv_func_tcgetattr='yes'} -ac_cv_func_tcgetpgrp=${ac_cv_func_tcgetpgrp='yes'} -ac_cv_func_textdomain=${ac_cv_func_textdomain='no'} -ac_cv_func_times=${ac_cv_func_times='yes'} -ac_cv_func_ttyname=${ac_cv_func_ttyname='yes'} -ac_cv_func_tzset=${ac_cv_func_tzset='yes'} -ac_cv_func_ulimit=${ac_cv_func_ulimit='no'} -ac_cv_func_uname=${ac_cv_func_uname='yes'} -ac_cv_func_vasprintf=${ac_cv_func_vasprintf='no'} -ac_cv_func_vprintf=${ac_cv_func_vprintf='yes'} -ac_cv_func_vsnprintf=${ac_cv_func_vsnprintf='yes'} -ac_cv_func_wait3=${ac_cv_func_wait3='yes'} -ac_cv_func_waitpid=${ac_cv_func_waitpid='yes'} -ac_cv_have_decl_confstr=${ac_cv_have_decl_confstr='no'} -ac_cv_have_decl_printf=${ac_cv_have_decl_printf='yes'} -ac_cv_have_decl_sbrk=${ac_cv_have_decl_sbrk='yes'} -ac_cv_have_decl_strsignal=${ac_cv_have_decl_strsignal='yes'} -ac_cv_have_decl_strtold=${ac_cv_have_decl_strtold='no'} -ac_cv_header_arpa_inet_h=${ac_cv_header_arpa_inet_h='yes'} -ac_cv_header_dirent_dirent_h=${ac_cv_header_dirent_dirent_h='yes'} -ac_cv_header_dlfcn_h=${ac_cv_header_dlfcn_h='yes'} -ac_cv_header_grp_h=${ac_cv_header_grp_h='yes'} -ac_cv_header_inttypes_h=${ac_cv_header_inttypes_h='no'} -ac_cv_header_libintl_h=${ac_cv_header_libintl_h='yes'} -ac_cv_header_limits_h=${ac_cv_header_limits_h='yes'} -ac_cv_header_locale_h=${ac_cv_header_locale_h='yes'} -ac_cv_header_memory_h=${ac_cv_header_memory_h='yes'} -ac_cv_header_minix_config_h=${ac_cv_header_minix_config_h='no'} -ac_cv_header_netdb_h=${ac_cv_header_netdb_h='yes'} -ac_cv_header_netinet_in_h=${ac_cv_header_netinet_in_h='yes'} -ac_cv_header_stat_broken=${ac_cv_header_stat_broken='no'} -ac_cv_header_stdarg_h=${ac_cv_header_stdarg_h='yes'} -ac_cv_header_stdc=${ac_cv_header_stdc='yes'} -ac_cv_header_stddef_h=${ac_cv_header_stddef_h='yes'} -ac_cv_header_stdint_h=${ac_cv_header_stdint_h='no'} -ac_cv_header_stdlib_h=${ac_cv_header_stdlib_h='yes'} -ac_cv_header_string_h=${ac_cv_header_string_h='yes'} -ac_cv_header_strings_h=${ac_cv_header_strings_h='yes'} -ac_cv_header_sys_file_h=${ac_cv_header_sys_file_h='yes'} -ac_cv_header_sys_param_h=${ac_cv_header_sys_param_h='yes'} -ac_cv_header_sys_pte_h=${ac_cv_header_sys_pte_h='no'} -ac_cv_header_sys_ptem_h=${ac_cv_header_sys_ptem_h='no'} -ac_cv_header_sys_resource_h=${ac_cv_header_sys_resource_h='yes'} -ac_cv_header_sys_select_h=${ac_cv_header_sys_select_h='yes'} -ac_cv_header_sys_socket_h=${ac_cv_header_sys_socket_h='yes'} -ac_cv_header_sys_stat_h=${ac_cv_header_sys_stat_h='yes'} -ac_cv_header_sys_stream_h=${ac_cv_header_sys_stream_h='no'} -ac_cv_header_sys_time_h=${ac_cv_header_sys_time_h='yes'} -ac_cv_header_sys_times_h=${ac_cv_header_sys_times_h='yes'} -ac_cv_header_sys_types_h=${ac_cv_header_sys_types_h='yes'} -ac_cv_header_sys_wait_h=${ac_cv_header_sys_wait_h='yes'} -ac_cv_header_termcap_h=${ac_cv_header_termcap_h='yes'} -ac_cv_header_termio_h=${ac_cv_header_termio_h='yes'} -ac_cv_header_termios_h=${ac_cv_header_termios_h='yes'} -ac_cv_header_time=${ac_cv_header_time='yes'} -ac_cv_header_unistd_h=${ac_cv_header_unistd_h='yes'} -ac_cv_header_varargs_h=${ac_cv_header_varargs_h='yes'} -ac_cv_host=${ac_cv_host='i686-pc-cygwin'} -ac_cv_host_alias=${ac_cv_host_alias='i686-pc-cygwin'} -ac_cv_lib_dir_opendir=${ac_cv_lib_dir_opendir='no'} -ac_cv_lib_dl_dlopen=${ac_cv_lib_dl_dlopen='no'} -ac_cv_lib_intl_bindtextdomain=${ac_cv_lib_intl_bindtextdomain='yes'} -ac_cv_lib_termcap_tgetent=${ac_cv_lib_termcap_tgetent='yes'} -ac_cv_member_struct_stat_st_blocks=${ac_cv_member_struct_stat_st_blocks='yes'} -ac_cv_member_struct_termio_c_line=${ac_cv_member_struct_termio_c_line='yes'} -ac_cv_member_struct_termios_c_line=${ac_cv_member_struct_termios_c_line='yes'} -ac_cv_objext=${ac_cv_objext='o'} -ac_cv_path_install=${ac_cv_path_install='/usr/bin/install -c'} -ac_cv_prog_AR=${ac_cv_prog_AR='ar'} -ac_cv_prog_CPP=${ac_cv_prog_CPP='gcc -E'} -ac_cv_prog_YACC=${ac_cv_prog_YACC='bison -y'} -ac_cv_prog_ac_ct_CC=${ac_cv_prog_ac_ct_CC='gcc'} -ac_cv_prog_ac_ct_RANLIB=${ac_cv_prog_ac_ct_RANLIB='ranlib'} -ac_cv_prog_cc_g=${ac_cv_prog_cc_g='yes'} -ac_cv_prog_cc_stdc=${ac_cv_prog_cc_stdc=''} -ac_cv_prog_gcc_traditional=${ac_cv_prog_gcc_traditional='no'} -ac_cv_prog_make_make_set=${ac_cv_prog_make_make_set='yes'} -ac_cv_sizeof_char=${ac_cv_sizeof_char='1'} -ac_cv_sizeof_char_p=${ac_cv_sizeof_char_p='4'} -ac_cv_sizeof_double=${ac_cv_sizeof_double='8'} -ac_cv_sizeof_int=${ac_cv_sizeof_int='4'} -ac_cv_sizeof_long=${ac_cv_sizeof_long='4'} -ac_cv_sizeof_long_long=${ac_cv_sizeof_long_long='8'} -ac_cv_sizeof_short=${ac_cv_sizeof_short='2'} -ac_cv_sys_file_offset_bits=${ac_cv_sys_file_offset_bits='no'} -ac_cv_sys_interpreter=${ac_cv_sys_interpreter='yes'} -ac_cv_sys_large_files=${ac_cv_sys_large_files='no'} -ac_cv_sys_largefile_CC=${ac_cv_sys_largefile_CC='no'} -ac_cv_sys_posix_termios=${ac_cv_sys_posix_termios='yes'} -ac_cv_sys_tiocgwinsz_in_termios_h=${ac_cv_sys_tiocgwinsz_in_termios_h='yes'} -ac_cv_type_bits16_t=${ac_cv_type_bits16_t='no'} -ac_cv_type_bits32_t=${ac_cv_type_bits32_t='no'} -ac_cv_type_bits64_t=${ac_cv_type_bits64_t='no'} -ac_cv_type_char=${ac_cv_type_char='yes'} -ac_cv_type_char_p=${ac_cv_type_char_p='yes'} -ac_cv_type_double=${ac_cv_type_double='yes'} -ac_cv_type_getgroups=${ac_cv_type_getgroups='gid_t'} -ac_cv_type_int=${ac_cv_type_int='yes'} -ac_cv_type_long=${ac_cv_type_long='yes'} -ac_cv_type_long_long=${ac_cv_type_long_long='yes'} -ac_cv_type_mode_t=${ac_cv_type_mode_t='yes'} -ac_cv_type_off_t=${ac_cv_type_off_t='yes'} -ac_cv_type_pid_t=${ac_cv_type_pid_t='yes'} -ac_cv_type_ptrdiff_t=${ac_cv_type_ptrdiff_t='yes'} -ac_cv_type_short=${ac_cv_type_short='yes'} -ac_cv_type_signal=${ac_cv_type_signal='void'} -ac_cv_type_size_t=${ac_cv_type_size_t='yes'} -ac_cv_type_ssize_t=${ac_cv_type_ssize_t='yes'} -ac_cv_type_time_t=${ac_cv_type_time_t='yes'} -ac_cv_type_u_bits16_t=${ac_cv_type_u_bits16_t='no'} -ac_cv_type_u_bits32_t=${ac_cv_type_u_bits32_t='no'} -ac_cv_type_u_int=${ac_cv_type_u_int='yes'} -ac_cv_type_u_long=${ac_cv_type_u_long='yes'} -ac_cv_type_uid_t=${ac_cv_type_uid_t='yes'} -ac_cv_working_alloca_h=${ac_cv_working_alloca_h='no'} - -bash_cv_decl_strtoimax=${bash_cv_decl_strtoimax='no'} -bash_cv_decl_strtol=${bash_cv_decl_strtol='yes'} -bash_cv_decl_strtoll=${bash_cv_decl_strtoll='no'} -bash_cv_decl_strtoul=${bash_cv_decl_strtoul='yes'} -bash_cv_decl_strtoull=${bash_cv_decl_strtoull='no'} -bash_cv_decl_strtoumax=${bash_cv_decl_strtoumax='no'} -bash_cv_decl_under_sys_siglist=${bash_cv_decl_under_sys_siglist='no'} -bash_cv_dev_fd=${bash_cv_dev_fd='absent'} -bash_cv_dev_stdin=${bash_cv_dev_stdin='absent'} -bash_cv_dirent_has_d_fileno=${bash_cv_dirent_has_d_fileno='no'} -bash_cv_dirent_has_dino=${bash_cv_dirent_has_dino='yes'} -bash_cv_dup2_broken=${bash_cv_dup2_broken='no'} -bash_cv_fionread_in_ioctl=${bash_cv_fionread_in_ioctl='no'} -bash_cv_func_sigsetjmp=${bash_cv_func_sigsetjmp='present'} -bash_cv_func_strcoll_broken=${bash_cv_func_strcoll_broken='no'} -bash_cv_getenv_redef=${bash_cv_getenv_redef='yes'} -bash_cv_getpw_declared=${bash_cv_getpw_declared='yes'} -bash_cv_have_strsignal=${bash_cv_have_strsignal='yes'} -bash_cv_job_control_missing=${bash_cv_job_control_missing='present'} -bash_cv_mail_dir=${bash_cv_mail_dir='unknown'} -bash_cv_must_reinstall_sighandlers=${bash_cv_must_reinstall_sighandlers='no'} -bash_cv_opendir_not_robust=${bash_cv_opendir_not_robust='no'} -bash_cv_pgrp_pipe=${bash_cv_pgrp_pipe='no'} -bash_cv_printf_a_format=${bash_cv_printf_a_format='no'} -bash_cv_signal_vintage=${bash_cv_signal_vintage='posix'} -bash_cv_speed_t_in_sys_types=${bash_cv_speed_t_in_sys_types='no'} -bash_cv_struct_timeval=${bash_cv_struct_timeval='yes'} -bash_cv_struct_winsize_header=${bash_cv_struct_winsize_header='termios_h'} -bash_cv_sys_errlist=${bash_cv_sys_errlist='no'} -bash_cv_sys_named_pipes=${bash_cv_sys_named_pipes='present'} -bash_cv_sys_siglist=${bash_cv_sys_siglist='no'} -bash_cv_termcap_lib=${bash_cv_termcap_lib='libtermcap'} -bash_cv_tiocstat_in_ioctl=${bash_cv_tiocstat_in_ioctl='no'} -bash_cv_type_clock_t=${bash_cv_type_clock_t='yes'} -bash_cv_type_intmax_t=${bash_cv_type_intmax_t='no'} -bash_cv_type_long_long=${bash_cv_type_long_long='long long'} -bash_cv_type_quad_t=${bash_cv_type_quad_t='no'} -bash_cv_type_rlimit=${bash_cv_type_rlimit='rlim_t'} -bash_cv_type_sigset_t=${bash_cv_type_sigset_t='yes'} -bash_cv_type_socklen_t=${bash_cv_type_socklen_t='no'} -bash_cv_type_uintmax_t=${bash_cv_type_uintmax_t='no'} -bash_cv_type_unsigned_long_long=${bash_cv_type_unsigned_long_long='unsigned long long'} -bash_cv_ulimit_maxfds=${bash_cv_ulimit_maxfds='no'} -bash_cv_under_sys_siglist=${bash_cv_under_sys_siglist='no'} -bash_cv_unusable_rtsigs=${bash_cv_unusable_rtsigs='no'} -bash_cv_void_sighandler=${bash_cv_void_sighandler='yes'} diff --git a/doc/bash.0 b/doc/bash.0 index d8aa1ad21..37deeb587 100644 --- a/doc/bash.0 +++ b/doc/bash.0 @@ -7,29 +7,34 @@ SSYYNNOOPPSSIISS bbaasshh [options] [command_string | file] CCOOPPYYRRIIGGHHTT - Bash is Copyright (C) 1989-2024 by the Free Software Foundation, Inc. + Bash is Copyright (C) 1989-2025 by the Free Software Foundation, Inc. DDEESSCCRRIIPPTTIIOONN - BBaasshh is an sshh-compatible command language interpreter that executes - commands read from the standard input, from a string, or from a file. - BBaasshh also incorporates useful features from the _K_o_r_n and _C shells (kksshh - and ccsshh). - - POSIX is the name for a family of computing standards based on Unix. - BBaasshh is intended to be a conformant implementation of the Shell and - Utilities portion of the IEEE POSIX specification (IEEE Standard - 1003.1). BBaasshh can be configured to be POSIX-conformant by default. + BBaasshh is a command language interpreter that executes commands read from + the standard input, from a string, or from a file. It is a reimplemen- + tation and extension of the Bourne shell, the historical Unix command + language interpreter. BBaasshh also incorporates useful features from the + _K_o_r_n and _C shells (kksshh and ccsshh). + + POSIX is the name for a family of computing standards based on Unix. + BBaasshh is intended to be a conformant implementation of the Shell and + Utilities portion of the IEEE POSIX specification (IEEE Standard + 1003.1). BBaasshh POSIX mode (hereafter referred to as _p_o_s_i_x _m_o_d_e) changes + the shell's behavior where its default operation differs from the stan- + dard to strictly conform to the standard. See SSEEEE AALLSSOO below for a + reference to a document that details how posix mode affects bbaasshh's be- + havior. BBaasshh can be configured to be POSIX-conformant by default. OOPPTTIIOONNSS All of the single-character shell options documented in the description - of the sseett builtin command, including --oo, can be used as options when - the shell is invoked. In addition, bbaasshh interprets the following op- + of the sseett builtin command, including --oo, can be used as options when + the shell is invoked. In addition, bbaasshh interprets the following op- tions when it is invoked: - --cc If the --cc option is present, then commands are read from the + --cc If the --cc option is present, then commands are read from the first non-option argument _c_o_m_m_a_n_d___s_t_r_i_n_g. If there are argu- - ments after the _c_o_m_m_a_n_d___s_t_r_i_n_g, the first argument is as- - signed to $$00 and any remaining arguments are assigned to the + ments after the _c_o_m_m_a_n_d___s_t_r_i_n_g, the first argument is as- + signed to $$00 and any remaining arguments are assigned to the positional parameters. The assignment to $$00 sets the name of the shell, which is used in warning and error messages. @@ -38,72 +43,72 @@ OOPPTTIIOONNSS --ll Make bbaasshh act as if it had been invoked as a login shell (see IINNVVOOCCAATTIIOONN below). - --rr If the --rr option is present, the shell becomes _r_e_s_t_r_i_c_t_e_d + --rr If the --rr option is present, the shell becomes _r_e_s_t_r_i_c_t_e_d (see RREESSTTRRIICCTTEEDD SSHHEELLLL below). - --ss If the --ss option is present, or if no arguments remain after + --ss If the --ss option is present, or if no arguments remain after option processing, the shell reads commands from the standard - input. This option allows the positional parameters to be - set when invoking an interactive shell or when reading input + input. This option allows the positional parameters to be + set when invoking an interactive shell or when reading input through a pipe. - --DD Print a list of all double-quoted strings preceded by $$ on - the standard output. These are the strings that are subject - to language translation when the current locale is not CC or - PPOOSSIIXX. This implies the --nn option; no commands will be exe- + --DD Print a list of all double-quoted strings preceded by $$ on + the standard output. These are the strings that are subject + to language translation when the current locale is not CC or + PPOOSSIIXX. This implies the --nn option; no commands will be exe- cuted. [[--++]]OO [[_s_h_o_p_t___o_p_t_i_o_n]] - _s_h_o_p_t___o_p_t_i_o_n is one of the shell options accepted by the - sshhoopptt builtin (see SSHHEELLLL BBUUIILLTTIINN CCOOMMMMAANNDDSS below). If + _s_h_o_p_t___o_p_t_i_o_n is one of the shell options accepted by the + sshhoopptt builtin (see SSHHEELLLL BBUUIILLTTIINN CCOOMMMMAANNDDSS below). If _s_h_o_p_t___o_p_t_i_o_n is present, --OO sets the value of that option; ++OO - unsets it. If _s_h_o_p_t___o_p_t_i_o_n is not supplied, bbaasshh prints the - names and values of the shell options accepted by sshhoopptt on - the standard output. If the invocation option is ++OO, the + unsets it. If _s_h_o_p_t___o_p_t_i_o_n is not supplied, bbaasshh prints the + names and values of the shell options accepted by sshhoopptt on + the standard output. If the invocation option is ++OO, the output is displayed in a format that may be reused as input. - ---- A ---- signals the end of options and disables further option - processing. Any arguments after the ---- are treated as a - shell script filename (see below) and arguments passed to + ---- A ---- signals the end of options and disables further option + processing. Any arguments after the ---- are treated as a + shell script filename (see below) and arguments passed to that script. An argument of -- is equivalent to ----. - BBaasshh also interprets a number of multi-character options. These op- - tions must appear on the command line before the single-character op- + BBaasshh also interprets a number of multi-character options. These op- + tions must appear on the command line before the single-character op- tions to be recognized. ----ddeebbuuggggeerr Arrange for the debugger profile to be executed before the shell - starts. Turns on extended debugging mode (see the description + starts. Turns on extended debugging mode (see the description of the eexxttddeebbuugg option to the sshhoopptt builtin below). ----dduummpp--ppoo--ssttrriinnggss - Equivalent to --DD, but the output is in the GNU _g_e_t_t_e_x_t "po" + Equivalent to --DD, but the output is in the GNU _g_e_t_t_e_x_t "po" (portable object) file format. ----dduummpp--ssttrriinnggss Equivalent to --DD. - ----hheellpp Display a usage message on standard output and exit success- + ----hheellpp Display a usage message on standard output and exit success- fully. ----iinniitt--ffiillee _f_i_l_e ----rrccffiillee _f_i_l_e Execute commands from _f_i_l_e instead of the standard personal ini- - tialization file _~_/_._b_a_s_h_r_c if the shell is interactive (see IINN-- + tialization file _~_/_._b_a_s_h_r_c if the shell is interactive (see IINN-- VVOOCCAATTIIOONN below). ----llooggiinn Equivalent to --ll. ----nnooeeddiittiinngg - Do not use the GNU rreeaaddlliinnee library to read command lines when + Do not use the GNU rreeaaddlliinnee library to read command lines when the shell is interactive. ----nnoopprrooffiillee - Do not read either the system-wide startup file _/_e_t_c_/_p_r_o_f_i_l_e or - any of the personal initialization files _~_/_._b_a_s_h___p_r_o_f_i_l_e, - _~_/_._b_a_s_h___l_o_g_i_n, or _~_/_._p_r_o_f_i_l_e. By default, bbaasshh reads these - files when it is invoked as a login shell (see IINNVVOOCCAATTIIOONN be- + Do not read either the system-wide startup file _/_e_t_c_/_p_r_o_f_i_l_e or + any of the personal initialization files _~_/_._b_a_s_h___p_r_o_f_i_l_e, + _~_/_._b_a_s_h___l_o_g_i_n, or _~_/_._p_r_o_f_i_l_e. By default, bbaasshh reads these + files when it is invoked as a login shell (see IINNVVOOCCAATTIIOONN be- low). ----nnoorrcc Do not read and execute the personal initialization file @@ -111,10 +116,8 @@ OOPPTTIIOONNSS fault if the shell is invoked as sshh. ----ppoossiixx - Change the behavior of bbaasshh where the default operation differs - from the POSIX standard to match the standard (_p_o_s_i_x _m_o_d_e). See - SSEEEE AALLSSOO below for a reference to a document that details how - posix mode affects BBaasshh's behavior. + Enable posix mode; change the behavior of bbaasshh where the default + operation differs from the POSIX standard to match the standard. ----rreessttrriicctteedd The shell becomes restricted (see RREESSTTRRIICCTTEEDD SSHHEELLLL below). @@ -123,58 +126,58 @@ OOPPTTIIOONNSS Equivalent to --vv. ----vveerrssiioonn - Show version information for this instance of bbaasshh on the stan- + Show version information for this instance of bbaasshh on the stan- dard output and exit successfully. AARRGGUUMMEENNTTSS If arguments remain after option processing, and neither the --cc nor the - --ss option has been supplied, the first argument is assumed to be the - name of a file containing shell commands (a _s_h_e_l_l _s_c_r_i_p_t). If bbaasshh is - invoked in this fashion, $$00 is set to the name of the file, and the po- - sitional parameters are set to the remaining arguments. BBaasshh reads and - executes commands from this file, then exits. BBaasshh's exit status is + --ss option has been supplied, the first argument is treated as the name + of a file containing shell commands (a _s_h_e_l_l _s_c_r_i_p_t). When bbaasshh is in- + voked in this fashion, $$00 is set to the name of the file, and the posi- + tional parameters are set to the remaining arguments. BBaasshh reads and + executes commands from this file, then exits. BBaasshh's exit status is the exit status of the last command executed in the script. If no com- - mands are executed, the exit status is 0. Bash first attempts to open - the file in the current directory, and, if no file is found, then - searches the directories in PPAATTHH for the script. + mands are executed, the exit status is 0. BBaasshh first attempts to open + the file in the current directory, and, if no file is found, searches + the directories in PPAATTHH for the script. IINNVVOOCCAATTIIOONN - A _l_o_g_i_n _s_h_e_l_l is one whose first character of argument zero is a --, or + A _l_o_g_i_n _s_h_e_l_l is one whose first character of argument zero is a --, or one started with the ----llooggiinn option. - An _i_n_t_e_r_a_c_t_i_v_e shell is one started without non-option arguments (un- - less --ss is specified) and without the --cc option, whose standard input - and standard error are both connected to terminals (as determined by - _i_s_a_t_t_y(3)), or one started with the --ii option. BBaasshh sets PPSS11 and $$-- - includes ii if the shell is interactive, so a shell script or a startup + An _i_n_t_e_r_a_c_t_i_v_e _s_h_e_l_l is one started without non-option arguments (un- + less --ss is specified) and without the --cc option, and whose standard in- + put and standard error are both connected to terminals (as determined + by _i_s_a_t_t_y(3)), or one started with the --ii option. BBaasshh sets PPSS11 and $$-- + includes ii if the shell is interactive, so a shell script or a startup file can test this state. - The following paragraphs describe how bbaasshh executes its startup files. - If any of the files exist but cannot be read, bbaasshh reports an error. - Tildes are expanded in filenames as described below under TTiillddee EExxppaann-- + The following paragraphs describe how bbaasshh executes its startup files. + If any of the files exist but cannot be read, bbaasshh reports an error. + Tildes are expanded in filenames as described below under TTiillddee EExxppaann-- ssiioonn in the EEXXPPAANNSSIIOONN section. - When bbaasshh is invoked as an interactive login shell, or as a non-inter- - active shell with the ----llooggiinn option, it first reads and executes com- - mands from the file _/_e_t_c_/_p_r_o_f_i_l_e, if that file exists. After reading + When bbaasshh is invoked as an interactive login shell, or as a non-inter- + active shell with the ----llooggiinn option, it first reads and executes com- + mands from the file _/_e_t_c_/_p_r_o_f_i_l_e, if that file exists. After reading that file, it looks for _~_/_._b_a_s_h___p_r_o_f_i_l_e, _~_/_._b_a_s_h___l_o_g_i_n, and _~_/_._p_r_o_f_i_l_e, - in that order, and reads and executes commands from the first one that - exists and is readable. The ----nnoopprrooffiillee option may be used when the + in that order, and reads and executes commands from the first one that + exists and is readable. The ----nnoopprrooffiillee option may be used when the shell is started to inhibit this behavior. When an interactive login shell exits, or a non-interactive login shell - executes the eexxiitt builtin command, bbaasshh reads and executes commands + executes the eexxiitt builtin command, bbaasshh reads and executes commands from the file _~_/_._b_a_s_h___l_o_g_o_u_t, if it exists. - When an interactive shell that is not a login shell is started, bbaasshh - reads and executes commands from _~_/_._b_a_s_h_r_c, if that file exists. The - ----nnoorrcc option inhibits this behavior. The ----rrccffiillee _f_i_l_e option causes + When an interactive shell that is not a login shell is started, bbaasshh + reads and executes commands from _~_/_._b_a_s_h_r_c, if that file exists. The + ----nnoorrcc option inhibits this behavior. The ----rrccffiillee _f_i_l_e option causes bbaasshh to use _f_i_l_e instead of _~_/_._b_a_s_h_r_c. - When bbaasshh is started non-interactively, to run a shell script, for ex- - ample, it looks for the variable BBAASSHH__EENNVV in the environment, expands - its value if it appears there, and uses the expanded value as the name - of a file to read and execute. BBaasshh behaves as if the following com- + When bbaasshh is started non-interactively, to run a shell script, for ex- + ample, it looks for the variable BBAASSHH__EENNVV in the environment, expands + its value if it appears there, and uses the expanded value as the name + of a file to read and execute. BBaasshh behaves as if the following com- mand were executed: if [ -n "$BASH_ENV" ]; then . "$BASH_ENV"; fi @@ -182,60 +185,62 @@ IINNVVOOCCAATTIIOONN but does not use the value of the PPAATTHH variable to search for the file- name. - If bbaasshh is invoked with the name sshh, it tries to mimic the startup be- - havior of historical versions of sshh as closely as possible, while con- - forming to the POSIX standard as well. When invoked as an interactive - login shell, or a non-interactive shell with the ----llooggiinn option, it - first attempts to read and execute commands from _/_e_t_c_/_p_r_o_f_i_l_e and + If bbaasshh is invoked with the name sshh, it tries to mimic the startup be- + havior of historical versions of sshh as closely as possible, while con- + forming to the POSIX standard as well. When invoked as an interactive + login shell, or a non-interactive shell with the ----llooggiinn option, it + first attempts to read and execute commands from _/_e_t_c_/_p_r_o_f_i_l_e and _~_/_._p_r_o_f_i_l_e, in that order. The ----nnoopprrooffiillee option inhibits this behav- ior. When invoked as an interactive shell with the name sshh, bbaasshh looks - for the variable EENNVV, expands its value if it is defined, and uses the - expanded value as the name of a file to read and execute. Since a - shell invoked as sshh does not attempt to read and execute commands from - any other startup files, the ----rrccffiillee option has no effect. A non-in- - teractive shell invoked with the name sshh does not attempt to read any - other startup files. When invoked as sshh, bbaasshh enters posix mode after - reading the startup files. - - When bbaasshh is started in posix mode, as with the ----ppoossiixx command line + for the variable EENNVV, expands its value if it is defined, and uses the + expanded value as the name of a file to read and execute. Since a + shell invoked as sshh does not attempt to read and execute commands from + any other startup files, the ----rrccffiillee option has no effect. A non-in- + teractive shell invoked with the name sshh does not attempt to read any + other startup files. + + When invoked as sshh, bbaasshh enters posix mode after reading the startup + files. + + When bbaasshh is started in posix mode, as with the ----ppoossiixx command line option, it follows the POSIX standard for startup files. In this mode, - interactive shells expand the EENNVV variable and read and execute com- + interactive shells expand the EENNVV variable and read and execute com- mands from the file whose name is the expanded value. No other startup files are read. BBaasshh attempts to determine when it is being run with its standard input - connected to a network connection, as when executed by the historical - and rarely-seen remote shell daemon, usually _r_s_h_d, or the secure shell - daemon _s_s_h_d. If bbaasshh determines it is being run non-interactively in - this fashion, it reads and executes commands from _~_/_._b_a_s_h_r_c, if that - file exists and is readable. BBaasshh does not read this file if invoked - as sshh. The ----nnoorrcc option inhibits this behavior, and the ----rrccffiillee op- - tion makes bbaasshh use a different file instead of _~_/_._b_a_s_h_r_c, but neither - _r_s_h_d nor _s_s_h_d generally invoke the shell with those options or allow + connected to a network connection, as when executed by the historical + and rarely-seen remote shell daemon, usually _r_s_h_d, or the secure shell + daemon _s_s_h_d. If bbaasshh determines it is being run non-interactively in + this fashion, it reads and executes commands from _~_/_._b_a_s_h_r_c, if that + file exists and is readable. BBaasshh does not read this file if invoked + as sshh. The ----nnoorrcc option inhibits this behavior, and the ----rrccffiillee op- + tion makes bbaasshh use a different file instead of _~_/_._b_a_s_h_r_c, but neither + _r_s_h_d nor _s_s_h_d generally invoke the shell with those options or allow them to be specified. If the shell is started with the effective user (group) id not equal to the real user (group) id, and the --pp option is not supplied, no startup files are read, shell functions are not inherited from the environment, - the SSHHEELLLLOOPPTTSS, BBAASSHHOOPPTTSS, CCDDPPAATTHH, and GGLLOOBBIIGGNNOORREE variables, if they ap- - pear in the environment, are ignored, and the effective user id is set - to the real user id. If the --pp option is supplied at invocation, the + the SSHHEELLLLOOPPTTSS, BBAASSHHOOPPTTSS, CCDDPPAATTHH, and GGLLOOBBIIGGNNOORREE variables, if they ap- + pear in the environment, are ignored, and the effective user id is set + to the real user id. If the --pp option is supplied at invocation, the startup behavior is the same, but the effective user id is not reset. DDEEFFIINNIITTIIOONNSS - The following definitions are used throughout the rest of this docu- + The following definitions are used throughout the rest of this docu- ment. bbllaannkk A space or tab. wwhhiitteessppaaccee - A character belonging to the ssppaaccee character class in the cur- + A character belonging to the ssppaaccee character class in the cur- rent locale, or for which _i_s_s_p_a_c_e(3) returns true. - wwoorrdd A sequence of characters considered as a single unit by the + wwoorrdd A sequence of characters considered as a single unit by the shell. Also known as a ttookkeenn. - nnaammee A _w_o_r_d consisting only of alphanumeric characters and under- - scores, and beginning with an alphabetic character or an under- + nnaammee A _w_o_r_d consisting only of alphanumeric characters and under- + scores, and beginning with an alphabetic character or an under- score. Also referred to as an iiddeennttiiffiieerr. mmeettaacchhaarraacctteerr - A character that, when unquoted, separates words. One of the + A character that, when unquoted, separates words. One of the following: || && ;; (( )) << >> ssppaaccee ttaabb nneewwlliinnee ccoonnttrrooll ooppeerraattoorr @@ -246,139 +251,141 @@ DDEEFFIINNIITTIIOONNSS RREESSEERRVVEEDD WWOORRDDSS _R_e_s_e_r_v_e_d _w_o_r_d_s are words that have a special meaning to the shell. The following words are recognized as reserved when unquoted and either the - first word of a command (see SSHHEELLLL GGRRAAMMMMAARR below), the third word of a - ccaassee or sseelleecctt command (only iinn is valid), or the third word of a ffoorr + first word of a command (see SSHHEELLLL GGRRAAMMMMAARR below), the third word of a + ccaassee or sseelleecctt command (only iinn is valid), or the third word of a ffoorr command (only iinn and ddoo are valid): - !! ccaassee ccoopprroocc ddoo ddoonnee eelliiff eellssee eessaacc ffii ffoorr ffuunnccttiioonn iiff iinn sseelleecctt + !! ccaassee ccoopprroocc ddoo ddoonnee eelliiff eellssee eessaacc ffii ffoorr ffuunnccttiioonn iiff iinn sseelleecctt tthheenn uunnttiill wwhhiillee {{ }} ttiimmee [[[[ ]]]] SSHHEELLLL GGRRAAMMMMAARR - This section describes the syntax of the various forms of shell com- + This section describes the syntax of the various forms of shell com- mands. SSiimmppllee CCoommmmaannddss - A _s_i_m_p_l_e _c_o_m_m_a_n_d is a sequence of optional variable assignments fol- - lowed by bbllaannkk-separated words and redirections, and terminated by a + A _s_i_m_p_l_e _c_o_m_m_a_n_d is a sequence of optional variable assignments fol- + lowed by bbllaannkk-separated words and redirections, and terminated by a _c_o_n_t_r_o_l _o_p_e_r_a_t_o_r. The first word specifies the command to be executed, - and is passed as argument zero. The remaining words are passed as ar- + and is passed as argument zero. The remaining words are passed as ar- guments to the invoked command. - The return value of a _s_i_m_p_l_e _c_o_m_m_a_n_d is its exit status, or 128+_n if + The return value of a _s_i_m_p_l_e _c_o_m_m_a_n_d is its exit status, or 128+_n if the command is terminated by signal _n. PPiippeelliinneess - A _p_i_p_e_l_i_n_e is a sequence of one or more commands separated by one of + A _p_i_p_e_l_i_n_e is a sequence of one or more commands separated by one of the control operators || or ||&&. The format for a pipeline is: [ttiimmee [--pp]] [ ! ] _c_o_m_m_a_n_d_1 [ [|||||&&] _c_o_m_m_a_n_d_2 ... ] The standard output of _c_o_m_m_a_n_d_1 is connected via a pipe to the standard - input of _c_o_m_m_a_n_d_2. This connection is performed before any redirec- - tions specified by the _c_o_m_m_a_n_d_1(see RREEDDIIRREECCTTIIOONN below). If ||&& is the - pipeline operator, _c_o_m_m_a_n_d_1's standard error, in addition to its stan- - dard output, is connected to _c_o_m_m_a_n_d_2's standard input through the - pipe; it is shorthand for 22>>&&11 ||. This implicit redirection of the - standard error to the standard output is performed after any redirec- + input of _c_o_m_m_a_n_d_2. This connection is performed before any redirec- + tions specified by the _c_o_m_m_a_n_d_1(see RREEDDIIRREECCTTIIOONN below). If ||&& is the + pipeline operator, _c_o_m_m_a_n_d_1's standard error, in addition to its stan- + dard output, is connected to _c_o_m_m_a_n_d_2's standard input through the + pipe; it is shorthand for 22>>&&11 ||. This implicit redirection of the + standard error to the standard output is performed after any redirec- tions specified by _c_o_m_m_a_n_d_1. The return status of a pipeline is the exit status of the last command, - unless the ppiippeeffaaiill option is enabled. If ppiippeeffaaiill is enabled, the - pipeline's return status is the value of the last (rightmost) command - to exit with a non-zero status, or zero if all commands exit success- + unless the ppiippeeffaaiill option is enabled. If ppiippeeffaaiill is enabled, the + pipeline's return status is the value of the last (rightmost) command + to exit with a non-zero status, or zero if all commands exit success- fully. If the reserved word !! precedes a pipeline, the exit status of - that pipeline is the logical negation of the exit status as described - above. If a pipeline is executed synchronously, the shell waits for + that pipeline is the logical negation of the exit status as described + above. If a pipeline is executed synchronously, the shell waits for all commands in the pipeline to terminate before returning a value. - If the ttiimmee reserved word precedes a pipeline, the shell reports the - elapsed as well as user and system time consumed by its execution when - the pipeline terminates. The --pp option changes the output format to - that specified by POSIX. When the shell is in posix mode, it does not - recognize ttiimmee as a reserved word if the next token begins with a "-". - The value of the TTIIMMEEFFOORRMMAATT variable is a format string that specifies - how the timing information should be displayed; see the description of + If the ttiimmee reserved word precedes a pipeline, the shell reports the + elapsed as well as user and system time consumed by its execution when + the pipeline terminates. The --pp option changes the output format to + that specified by POSIX. When the shell is in posix mode, it does not + recognize ttiimmee as a reserved word if the next token begins with a "-". + The value of the TTIIMMEEFFOORRMMAATT variable is a format string that specifies + how the timing information should be displayed; see the description of TTIIMMEEFFOORRMMAATT below under SShheellll VVaarriiaabblleess. - When the shell is in posix mode, ttiimmee may appear by itself as the only - word in a simple command. In this case, the shell displays the total + When the shell is in posix mode, ttiimmee may appear by itself as the only + word in a simple command. In this case, the shell displays the total user and system time consumed by the shell and its children. The TTIIMMEE-- FFOORRMMAATT variable specifies the format of the time information. - Each command in a multi-command pipeline, where pipes are created, is - executed in a _s_u_b_s_h_e_l_l, which is a separate process. See CCOOMMMMAANNDD EEXXEE-- - CCUUTTIIOONN EENNVVIIRROONNMMEENNTT for a description of subshells and a subshell envi- - ronment. If the llaassttppiippee option is enabled using the sshhoopptt builtin - (see the description of sshhoopptt below), and job control is not active, + Each command in a multi-command pipeline, where pipes are created, is + executed in a _s_u_b_s_h_e_l_l, which is a separate process. See CCOOMMMMAANNDD EEXXEE-- + CCUUTTIIOONN EENNVVIIRROONNMMEENNTT for a description of subshells and a subshell envi- + ronment. If the llaassttppiippee option is enabled using the sshhoopptt builtin + (see the description of sshhoopptt below), and job control is not active, the last element of a pipeline may be run by the shell process. LLiissttss - A _l_i_s_t is a sequence of one or more pipelines separated by one of the + A _l_i_s_t is a sequence of one or more pipelines separated by one of the operators ;;, &&, &&&&, or ||||, and optionally terminated by one of ;;, &&, or <>. Of these list operators, &&&& and |||| have equal precedence, followed by ;; and &&, which have equal precedence. - A sequence of one or more newlines may appear in a _l_i_s_t instead of a + A sequence of one or more newlines may appear in a _l_i_s_t instead of a semicolon to delimit commands. - If a command is terminated by the control operator &&, the shell exe- - cutes the command in the _b_a_c_k_g_r_o_u_n_d in a subshell. The shell does not - wait for the command to finish, and the return status is 0. These are - referred to as _a_s_y_n_c_h_r_o_n_o_u_s commands. Commands separated by a ;; are + If a command is terminated by the control operator &&, the shell exe- + cutes the command in the _b_a_c_k_g_r_o_u_n_d in a subshell. The shell does not + wait for the command to finish, and the return status is 0. These are + referred to as _a_s_y_n_c_h_r_o_n_o_u_s commands. Commands separated by a ;; are executed sequentially; the shell waits for each command to terminate in - turn. The return status is the exit status of the last command exe- + turn. The return status is the exit status of the last command exe- cuted. - AND and OR lists are sequences of one or more pipelines separated by - the &&&& and |||| control operators, respectively. AND and OR lists are + AND and OR lists are sequences of one or more pipelines separated by + the &&&& and |||| control operators, respectively. AND and OR lists are executed with left associativity. An AND list has the form _c_o_m_m_a_n_d_1 &&&& _c_o_m_m_a_n_d_2 - _c_o_m_m_a_n_d_2 is executed if, and only if, _c_o_m_m_a_n_d_1 returns an exit status + _c_o_m_m_a_n_d_2 is executed if, and only if, _c_o_m_m_a_n_d_1 returns an exit status of zero (success). An OR list has the form _c_o_m_m_a_n_d_1 |||| _c_o_m_m_a_n_d_2 - _c_o_m_m_a_n_d_2 is executed if, and only if, _c_o_m_m_a_n_d_1 returns a non-zero exit - status. The return status of AND and OR lists is the exit status of + _c_o_m_m_a_n_d_2 is executed if, and only if, _c_o_m_m_a_n_d_1 returns a non-zero exit + status. The return status of AND and OR lists is the exit status of the last command executed in the list. CCoommppoouunndd CCoommmmaannddss - A _c_o_m_p_o_u_n_d _c_o_m_m_a_n_d is one of the following. In most cases a _l_i_s_t in a - command's description may be separated from the rest of the command by - one or more newlines, and may be followed by a newline in place of a + A _c_o_m_p_o_u_n_d _c_o_m_m_a_n_d is one of the following. In most cases a _l_i_s_t in a + command's description may be separated from the rest of the command by + one or more newlines, and may be followed by a newline in place of a semicolon. - (_l_i_s_t) _l_i_s_t is executed in a subshell (see CCOOMMMMAANNDD EEXXEECCUUTTIIOONN EENNVVIIRROONN-- - MMEENNTT below for a description of a subshell environment). Vari- - able assignments and builtin commands that affect the shell's + (_l_i_s_t) _l_i_s_t is executed in a subshell (see CCOOMMMMAANNDD EEXXEECCUUTTIIOONN EENNVVIIRROONN-- + MMEENNTT below for a description of a subshell environment). Vari- + able assignments and builtin commands that affect the shell's environment do not remain in effect after the command completes. The return status is the exit status of _l_i_s_t. { _l_i_s_t; } _l_i_s_t is executed in the current shell environment. _l_i_s_t must be - terminated with a newline or semicolon. This is known as a + terminated with a newline or semicolon. This is known as a _g_r_o_u_p _c_o_m_m_a_n_d. The return status is the exit status of _l_i_s_t. - Note that unlike the metacharacters (( and )), {{ and }} are _r_e_- - _s_e_r_v_e_d _w_o_r_d_s and must occur where a reserved word is permitted - to be recognized. Since they do not cause a word break, they - must be separated from _l_i_s_t by whitespace or another shell + Note that unlike the metacharacters (( and )), {{ and }} are _r_e_- + _s_e_r_v_e_d _w_o_r_d_s and must occur where a reserved word is permitted + to be recognized. Since they do not cause a word break, they + must be separated from _l_i_s_t by whitespace or another shell metacharacter. ((_e_x_p_r_e_s_s_i_o_n)) - The arithmetic _e_x_p_r_e_s_s_i_o_n is evaluated according to the rules - described below under AARRIITTHHMMEETTIICC EEVVAALLUUAATTIIOONN. If the value of - the expression is non-zero, the return status is 0; otherwise - the return status is 1. The _e_x_p_r_e_s_s_i_o_n undergoes the same ex- - pansions as if it were within double quotes, but double quote - characters in _e_x_p_r_e_s_s_i_o_n are not treated specially and are re- - moved. + The arithmetic _e_x_p_r_e_s_s_i_o_n is evaluated according to the rules + described below under AARRIITTHHMMEETTIICC EEVVAALLUUAATTIIOONN. If the value of + the expression is non-zero, the return status is 0; otherwise + the return status is 1. The _e_x_p_r_e_s_s_i_o_n undergoes the same ex- + pansions as if it were within double quotes, but unescaped dou- + ble quote characters in _e_x_p_r_e_s_s_i_o_n are not treated specially and + are removed. Since this can potentially result in empty + strings, this command treats those as expressions that evaluate + to 0. [[[[ _e_x_p_r_e_s_s_i_o_n ]]]] Evaluate the conditional expression _e_x_p_r_e_s_s_i_o_n and return a sta- @@ -456,7 +463,7 @@ SSHHEELLLL GGRRAAMMMMAARR of _e_x_p_r_e_s_s_i_o_n_1 is sufficient to determine the return value of the entire conditional expression. - ffoorr _n_a_m_e [ [ iinn [ _w_o_r_d _._._. ] ] ; ] ddoo _l_i_s_t ; ddoonnee + ffoorr _n_a_m_e [ [ iinn _w_o_r_d _._._. ] ; ] ddoo _l_i_s_t ; ddoonnee First, expand The list of words following iinn, generating a list of items. Then, the variable _n_a_m_e is set to each element of this list in turn, and _l_i_s_t is executed each time. If the iinn @@ -467,7 +474,7 @@ SSHHEELLLL GGRRAAMMMMAARR empty list, no commands are executed, and the return status is 0. - ffoorr (( _e_x_p_r_1 ; _e_x_p_r_2 ; _e_x_p_r_3 )) ; ddoo _l_i_s_t ; ddoonnee + ffoorr (( _e_x_p_r_1 ; _e_x_p_r_2 ; _e_x_p_r_3 )) [;] ddoo _l_i_s_t ; ddoonnee First, evaluate the arithmetic expression _e_x_p_r_1 according to the rules described below under AARRIITTHHMMEETTIICC EEVVAALLUUAATTIIOONN. Then, re- peatedly evaluate the arithmetic expression _e_x_p_r_2 until it eval- @@ -518,7 +525,7 @@ SSHHEELLLL GGRRAAMMMMAARR execution to continue with the _l_i_s_t associated with the next pattern list. Using ;;;;&& in place of ;;;; causes the shell to test the next pattern list in the statement, if any, and execute any - associated _l_i_s_t if the match succeeds. continuing the case + associated _l_i_s_t if the match succeeds, continuing the case statement execution as if the pattern list had not matched. The exit status is zero if no pattern matches. @@ -737,7 +744,7 @@ PPAARRAAMMEETTEERRSS a valid value. Once a variable is set, it may be unset only by using the uunnsseett builtin command (see SSHHEELLLL BBUUIILLTTIINN CCOOMMMMAANNDDSS below). - A _v_a_r_i_a_b_l_e may be assigned to by a statement of the form + A _v_a_r_i_a_b_l_e is assigned to using a statement of the form _n_a_m_e=[_v_a_l_u_e] @@ -754,31 +761,31 @@ PPAARRAAMMEETTEERRSS the ccoommmmaanndd builtin and retain these assignment statement properties. In the context where an assignment statement is assigning a value to a - shell variable or array index, the += operator appends to or adds to + shell variable or array index, the "+=" operator appends to or adds to the variable's previous value. This includes arguments to _d_e_c_l_a_r_a_t_i_o_n - commands such as ddeeccllaarree that accept assignment statements. When += is - applied to a variable for which the iinntteeggeerr attribute has been set, the - variable's current value and _v_a_l_u_e are each evaluated as arithmetic ex- - pressions, and the sum of the results is assigned as the variable's + commands such as ddeeccllaarree that accept assignment statements. When "+=" + is applied to a variable for which the iinntteeggeerr attribute has been set, + the variable's current value and _v_a_l_u_e are each evaluated as arithmetic + expressions, and the sum of the results is assigned as the variable's value. The current value is usually an integer constant, but may be an - expression. When += is applied to an array variable using compound as- - signment (see AArrrraayyss below), the variable's value is not unset (as it - is when using =), and new values are appended to the array beginning at - one greater than the array's maximum index (for indexed arrays) or - added as additional key-value pairs in an associative array. When ap- - plied to a string-valued variable, _v_a_l_u_e is expanded and appended to - the variable's value. + expression. When "+=" is applied to an array variable using compound + assignment (see AArrrraayyss below), the variable's value is not unset (as it + is when using and new values are appended to the array beginning at one + greater than the array's maximum index (for indexed arrays) or added as + additional key-value pairs in an associative array. When applied to a + string-valued variable, _v_a_l_u_e is expanded and appended to the vari- + able's value. A variable can be assigned the _n_a_m_e_r_e_f attribute using the --nn option to - the ddeeccllaarree or llooccaall builtin commands (see the descriptions of ddeeccllaarree - and llooccaall below) to create a _n_a_m_e_r_e_f, or a reference to another vari- - able. This allows variables to be manipulated indirectly. Whenever - the nameref variable is referenced, assigned to, unset, or has its at- - tributes modified (other than using or changing the _n_a_m_e_r_e_f attribute - itself), the operation is actually performed on the variable specified - by the nameref variable's value. A nameref is commonly used within + the ddeeccllaarree or llooccaall builtin commands (see the descriptions of ddeeccllaarree + and llooccaall below) to create a _n_a_m_e_r_e_f, or a reference to another vari- + able. This allows variables to be manipulated indirectly. Whenever + the nameref variable is referenced, assigned to, unset, or has its at- + tributes modified (other than using or changing the _n_a_m_e_r_e_f attribute + itself), the operation is actually performed on the variable specified + by the nameref variable's value. A nameref is commonly used within shell functions to refer to a variable whose name is passed as an argu- - ment to the function. For instance, if a variable name is passed to a + ment to the function. For instance, if a variable name is passed to a shell function as its first argument, running declare -n ref=$1 @@ -787,103 +794,108 @@ PPAARRAAMMEETTEERRSS the variable name passed as the first argument. References and assign- ments to rreeff, and changes to its attributes, are treated as references, assignments, and attribute modifications to the variable whose name was - passed as $$11. If the control variable in a ffoorr loop has the nameref - attribute, the list of words can be a list of shell variables, and a - name reference is established for each word in the list, in turn, when - the loop is executed. Array variables cannot be given the nnaammeerreeff at- - tribute. However, nameref variables can reference array variables and + passed as $$11. If the control variable in a ffoorr loop has the nameref + attribute, the list of words can be a list of shell variables, and a + name reference is established for each word in the list, in turn, when + the loop is executed. Array variables cannot be given the nnaammeerreeff at- + tribute. However, nameref variables can reference array variables and subscripted array variables. Namerefs can be unset using the --nn option to the uunnsseett builtin. Otherwise, if uunnsseett is executed with the name of - a nameref variable as an argument, the variable referenced by the + a nameref variable as an argument, the variable referenced by the nameref variable is unset. + When the shell starts, it reads its environment and creates a shell + variable from each environment variable that has a valid name, as de- + scribed below (see EENNVVIIRROONNMMEENNTT). + PPoossiittiioonnaall PPaarraammeetteerrss - A _p_o_s_i_t_i_o_n_a_l _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r is a parameter denoted by one or more digits, + A _p_o_s_i_t_i_o_n_a_l _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r is a parameter denoted by one or more digits, other than the single digit 0. Positional parameters are assigned from - the shell's arguments when it is invoked, and may be reassigned using - the sseett builtin command. Positional parameters may not be assigned to - with assignment statements. The positional parameters are temporarily + the shell's arguments when it is invoked, and may be reassigned using + the sseett builtin command. Positional parameters may not be assigned to + with assignment statements. The positional parameters are temporarily replaced when a shell function is executed (see FFUUNNCCTTIIOONNSS below). - When a positional parameter consisting of more than a single digit is + When a positional parameter consisting of more than a single digit is expanded, it must be enclosed in braces (see EEXXPPAANNSSIIOONN below). Without braces, a digit following $ can only refer to one of the first nine po- - sitional parameters ($$11--$$99) or the special parameter $$00 (see the next + sitional parameters ($$11--$$99) or the special parameter $$00 (see the next section). SSppeecciiaall PPaarraammeetteerrss - The shell treats several parameters specially. These parameters may + The shell treats several parameters specially. These parameters may only be referenced; assignment to them is not allowed. Special parame- ters are denoted by one of the following characters. - ** ($$**) Expands to the positional parameters, starting from one. - When the expansion is not within double quotes, each positional - parameter expands to a separate word. In contexts where word - expansions are performed, those words are subject to further - word splitting and pathname expansion. When the expansion oc- - curs within double quotes, it expands to a single word with the - value of each parameter separated by the first character of the + ** ($$**) Expands to the positional parameters, starting from one. + When the expansion is not within double quotes, each positional + parameter expands to a separate word. In contexts where word + expansions are performed, those words are subject to further + word splitting and pathname expansion. When the expansion oc- + curs within double quotes, it expands to a single word with the + value of each parameter separated by the first character of the IIFFSS variable. That is, ""$$**"" is equivalent to ""$$11_c$$22_c......"", where - _c is the first character of the value of the IIFFSS variable. If + _c is the first character of the value of the IIFFSS variable. If IIFFSS is unset, the parameters are separated by spaces. If IIFFSS is null, the parameters are joined without intervening separators. - @@ ($$@@) Expands to the positional parameters, starting from one. + @@ ($$@@) Expands to the positional parameters, starting from one. In contexts where word splitting is performed, this expands each - positional parameter to a separate word; if not within double - quotes, these words are subject to word splitting. In contexts + positional parameter to a separate word; if not within double + quotes, these words are subject to word splitting. In contexts where word splitting is not performed, such as the value portion - of an assignment statement, this expands to a single word with + of an assignment statement, this expands to a single word with each positional parameter separated by a space. When the expan- - sion occurs within double quotes, and word splitting is per- - formed, each parameter expands to a separate word. That is, + sion occurs within double quotes, and word splitting is per- + formed, each parameter expands to a separate word. That is, ""$$@@"" is equivalent to ""$$11"" ""$$22"" ...... If the double-quoted expan- - sion occurs within a word, the expansion of the first parameter + sion occurs within a word, the expansion of the first parameter is joined with the expansion of the beginning part of the origi- nal word, and the expansion of the last parameter is joined with the expansion of the last part of the original word. When there - are no positional parameters, ""$$@@"" and $$@@ expand to nothing + are no positional parameters, ""$$@@"" and $$@@ expand to nothing (i.e., they are removed). ## ($$##) Expands to the number of positional parameters in decimal. - ?? ($$??) Expands to the exit status of the most recently executed + ?? ($$??) Expands to the exit status of the most recently executed command. -- ($$--) Expands to the current option flags as specified upon invo- - cation, by the sseett builtin command, or those set by the shell + cation, by the sseett builtin command, or those set by the shell itself (such as the --ii option). - $$ ($$$$) Expands to the process ID of the shell. In a subshell, it + $$ ($$$$) Expands to the process ID of the shell. In a subshell, it expands to the process ID of the parent shell, not the subshell. - !! ($$!!)Expands to the process ID of the job most recently placed + !! ($$!!)Expands to the process ID of the job most recently placed into the background, whether executed as an asynchronous command or using the bbgg builtin (see JJOOBB CCOONNTTRROOLL below). - 00 ($$00) Expands to the name of the shell or shell script. This is - set at shell initialization. If bbaasshh is invoked with a file of - commands, $$00 is set to the name of that file. If bbaasshh is + 00 ($$00) Expands to the name of the shell or shell script. This is + set at shell initialization. If bbaasshh is invoked with a file of + commands, $$00 is set to the name of that file. If bbaasshh is started with the --cc option, then $$00 is set to the first argument - after the string to be executed, if one is present. Otherwise, + after the string to be executed, if one is present. Otherwise, it is set to the filename used to invoke bbaasshh, as given by argu- ment zero. SShheellll VVaarriiaabblleess The shell sets following variables: - __ ($$__, an underscore) This has a number of meanings depending on + __ ($$__, an underscore) This has a number of meanings depending on context. At shell startup, __ is set to the pathname used to in- - voke the shell or shell script being executed as passed in the - environment or argument list. Subsequently, it expands to the - last argument to the previous simple command executed in the - foreground, after expansion. It is also set to the full path- - name used to invoke each command executed and placed in the en- - vironment exported to that command. When checking mail, $$__ ex- + voke the shell or shell script being executed as passed in the + environment or argument list. Subsequently, it expands to the + last argument to the previous simple command executed in the + foreground, after expansion. It is also set to the full path- + name used to invoke each command executed and placed in the en- + vironment exported to that command. When checking mail, $$__ ex- pands to the name of the mail file currently being checked. - BBAASSHH Expands to the full filename used to invoke this instance of + BBAASSHH Expands to the full filename used to invoke this instance of bbaasshh. BBAASSHHOOPPTTSS - A colon-separated list of enabled shell options. Each word in - the list is a valid argument for the --ss option to the sshhoopptt + A colon-separated list of enabled shell options. Each word in + the list is a valid argument for the --ss option to the sshhoopptt builtin command (see SSHHEELLLL BBUUIILLTTIINN CCOOMMMMAANNDDSS below). The options - appearing in BBAASSHHOOPPTTSS are those reported as _o_n by sshhoopptt. If - this variable is in the environment when bbaasshh starts up, the + appearing in BBAASSHHOOPPTTSS are those reported as _o_n by sshhoopptt. If + this variable is in the environment when bbaasshh starts up, the shell enables each option in the list before reading any startup - files. This variable is read-only. + files. If this variable is exported, child shells will enable + each option in the list. This variable is read-only. BBAASSHHPPIIDD Expands to the process ID of the current bbaasshh process. This differs from $$$$ under certain circumstances, such as subshells @@ -954,7 +966,7 @@ PPAARRAAMMEETTEERRSS ments to BBAASSHH__LLIINNEENNOO have no effect, and it may not be unset. BBAASSHH__LLOOAADDAABBLLEESS__PPAATTHH A colon-separated list of directories in which the eennaabbllee com- - mand. looks for dynamically loadable builtins. + mand looks for dynamically loadable builtins. BBAASSHH__MMOONNOOSSEECCOONNDDSS Each time this variable is referenced, it expands to the value returned by the system's monotonic clock, if one is available. @@ -1169,193 +1181,199 @@ PPAARRAAMMEETTEERRSS appearing in SSHHEELLLLOOPPTTSS are those reported as _o_n by sseett --oo. If this variable is in the environment when bbaasshh starts up, the shell enables each option in the list before reading any startup - files. This variable is read-only. + files. If this variable is exported, child shells will enable + each option in the list. This variable is read-only. SSHHLLVVLL Incremented by one each time an instance of bbaasshh is started. SSRRAANNDDOOMM - Each time it is referenced, this variable expands to a 32-bit + Each time it is referenced, this variable expands to a 32-bit pseudo-random number. The random number generator is not linear - on systems that support _/_d_e_v_/_u_r_a_n_d_o_m or _a_r_c_4_r_a_n_d_o_m(3), so each + on systems that support _/_d_e_v_/_u_r_a_n_d_o_m or _a_r_c_4_r_a_n_d_o_m(3), so each returned number has no relationship to the numbers preceding it. - The random number generator cannot be seeded, so assignments to + The random number generator cannot be seeded, so assignments to this variable have no effect. If SSRRAANNDDOOMM is unset, it loses its special properties, even if it is subsequently reset. UUIIDD Expands to the user ID of the current user, initialized at shell startup. This variable is readonly. - The shell uses the following variables. In some cases, bbaasshh assigns a + The shell uses the following variables. In some cases, bbaasshh assigns a default value to a variable; these cases are noted below. BBAASSHH__CCOOMMPPAATT - The value is used to set the shell's compatibility level. See - SSHHEELLLL CCOOMMPPAATTIIBBIILLIITTYY MMOODDEE below for a description of the various + The value is used to set the shell's compatibility level. See + SSHHEELLLL CCOOMMPPAATTIIBBIILLIITTYY MMOODDEE below for a description of the various compatibility levels and their effects. The value may be a dec- - imal number (e.g., 4.2) or an integer (e.g., 42) corresponding - to the desired compatibility level. If BBAASSHH__CCOOMMPPAATT is unset or - set to the empty string, the compatibility level is set to the - default for the current version. If BBAASSHH__CCOOMMPPAATT is set to a - value that is not one of the valid compatibility levels, the - shell prints an error message and sets the compatibility level - to the default for the current version. A subset of the valid - values correspond to the compatibility levels described below - under SSHHEELLLL CCOOMMPPAATTIIBBIILLIITTYY MMOODDEE. For example, 4.2 and 42 are - valid values that correspond to the ccoommppaatt4422 sshhoopptt option and - set the compatibility level to 42. The current version is also + imal number (e.g., 4.2) or an integer (e.g., 42) corresponding + to the desired compatibility level. If BBAASSHH__CCOOMMPPAATT is unset or + set to the empty string, the compatibility level is set to the + default for the current version. If BBAASSHH__CCOOMMPPAATT is set to a + value that is not one of the valid compatibility levels, the + shell prints an error message and sets the compatibility level + to the default for the current version. A subset of the valid + values correspond to the compatibility levels described below + under SSHHEELLLL CCOOMMPPAATTIIBBIILLIITTYY MMOODDEE. For example, 4.2 and 42 are + valid values that correspond to the ccoommppaatt4422 sshhoopptt option and + set the compatibility level to 42. The current version is also a valid value. BBAASSHH__EENNVV - If this parameter is set when bbaasshh is executing a shell script, - its expanded value is interpreted as a filename containing com- - mands to initialize the shell before it reads and executes com- - mands from the script. The value of BBAASSHH__EENNVV is subjected to + If this parameter is set when bbaasshh is executing a shell script, + its expanded value is interpreted as a filename containing com- + mands to initialize the shell before it reads and executes com- + mands from the script. The value of BBAASSHH__EENNVV is subjected to parameter expansion, command substitution, and arithmetic expan- - sion before being interpreted as a filename. PPAATTHH is not used + sion before being interpreted as a filename. PPAATTHH is not used to search for the resultant filename. BBAASSHH__XXTTRRAACCEEFFDD - If set to an integer corresponding to a valid file descriptor, - bbaasshh writes the trace output generated when "set -x" is enabled - to that file descriptor, instead of the standard error. The - file descriptor is closed when BBAASSHH__XXTTRRAACCEEFFDD is unset or as- + If set to an integer corresponding to a valid file descriptor, + bbaasshh writes the trace output generated when "set -x" is enabled + to that file descriptor, instead of the standard error. The + file descriptor is closed when BBAASSHH__XXTTRRAACCEEFFDD is unset or as- signed a new value. Unsetting BBAASSHH__XXTTRRAACCEEFFDD or assigning it the - empty string causes the trace output to be sent to the standard + empty string causes the trace output to be sent to the standard error. Note that setting BBAASSHH__XXTTRRAACCEEFFDD to 2 (the standard error - file descriptor) and then unsetting it will result in the stan- + file descriptor) and then unsetting it will result in the stan- dard error being closed. - CCDDPPAATTHH The search path for the ccdd command. This is a colon-separated + CCDDPPAATTHH The search path for the ccdd command. This is a colon-separated list of directories where the shell looks for directories speci- - fied as arguments to the ccdd command. A sample value is + fied as arguments to the ccdd command. A sample value is ".:~:/usr". CCHHIILLDD__MMAAXX - Set the number of exited child status values for the shell to - remember. BBaasshh will not allow this value to be decreased below - a POSIX-mandated minimum, and there is a maximum value (cur- - rently 8192) that this may not exceed. The minimum value is + Set the number of exited child status values for the shell to + remember. BBaasshh will not allow this value to be decreased below + a POSIX-mandated minimum, and there is a maximum value (cur- + rently 8192) that this may not exceed. The minimum value is system-dependent. CCOOLLUUMMNNSS - Used by the sseelleecctt compound command to determine the terminal - width when printing selection lists. Automatically set if the - cchheecckkwwiinnssiizzee option is enabled or in an interactive shell upon + Used by the sseelleecctt compound command to determine the terminal + width when printing selection lists. Automatically set if the + cchheecckkwwiinnssiizzee option is enabled or in an interactive shell upon receipt of a SSIIGGWWIINNCCHH. CCOOMMPPRREEPPLLYY An array variable from which bbaasshh reads the possible completions - generated by a shell function invoked by the programmable com- - pletion facility (see PPrrooggrraammmmaabbllee CCoommpplleettiioonn below). Each ar- + generated by a shell function invoked by the programmable com- + pletion facility (see PPrrooggrraammmmaabbllee CCoommpplleettiioonn below). Each ar- ray element contains one possible completion. - EEMMAACCSS If bbaasshh finds this variable in the environment when the shell - starts with value "t", it assumes that the shell is running in + EEMMAACCSS If bbaasshh finds this variable in the environment when the shell + starts with value "t", it assumes that the shell is running in an Emacs shell buffer and disables line editing. - EENNVV Expanded and executed similarly to BBAASSHH__EENNVV (see IINNVVOOCCAATTIIOONN + EENNVV Expanded and executed similarly to BBAASSHH__EENNVV (see IINNVVOOCCAATTIIOONN above) when an interactive shell is invoked in posix mode. EEXXEECCIIGGNNOORREE - A colon-separated list of shell patterns (see PPaatttteerrnn MMaattcchhiinngg) - defining the set of filenames to be ignored by command search - using PPAATTHH. Files whose full pathnames match one of these pat- - terns are not considered executable files for the purposes of + A colon-separated list of shell patterns (see PPaatttteerrnn MMaattcchhiinngg) + defining the set of filenames to be ignored by command search + using PPAATTHH. Files whose full pathnames match one of these pat- + terns are not considered executable files for the purposes of completion and command execution via PPAATTHH lookup. This does not affect the behavior of the [[, tteesstt, and [[[[ commands. Full path- - names in the command hash table are not subject to EEXXEECCIIGGNNOORREE. - Use this variable to ignore shared library files that have the - executable bit set, but are not executable files. The pattern + names in the command hash table are not subject to EEXXEECCIIGGNNOORREE. + Use this variable to ignore shared library files that have the + executable bit set, but are not executable files. The pattern matching honors the setting of the eexxttgglloobb shell option. FFCCEEDDIITT The default editor for the ffcc builtin command. FFIIGGNNOORREE - A colon-separated list of suffixes to ignore when performing + A colon-separated list of suffixes to ignore when performing filename completion (see RREEAADDLLIINNEE below). A filename whose suf- - fix matches one of the entries in FFIIGGNNOORREE is excluded from the + fix matches one of the entries in FFIIGGNNOORREE is excluded from the list of matched filenames. A sample value is ".o:~". FFUUNNCCNNEESSTT - If set to a numeric value greater than 0, defines a maximum - function nesting level. Function invocations that exceed this + If set to a numeric value greater than 0, defines a maximum + function nesting level. Function invocations that exceed this nesting level cause the current command to abort. GGLLOOBBIIGGNNOORREE - A colon-separated list of patterns defining the set of file - names to be ignored by pathname expansion. If a file name - matched by a pathname expansion pattern also matches one of the - patterns in GGLLOOBBIIGGNNOORREE, it is removed from the list of matches. + A colon-separated list of patterns defining the set of file + names to be ignored by pathname expansion. If a file name + matched by a pathname expansion pattern also matches one of the + patterns in GGLLOOBBIIGGNNOORREE, it is removed from the list of matches. The pattern matching honors the setting of the eexxttgglloobb shell op- tion. GGLLOOBBSSOORRTT - Controls how the results of pathname expansion are sorted. The - value of this variable specifies the sort criteria and sort or- - der for the results of pathname expansion. If this variable is - unset or set to the null string, pathname expansion uses the - historical behavior of sorting by name, in ascending lexico- + Controls how the results of pathname expansion are sorted. The + value of this variable specifies the sort criteria and sort or- + der for the results of pathname expansion. If this variable is + unset or set to the null string, pathname expansion uses the + historical behavior of sorting by name, in ascending lexico- graphic order as determined by the LLCC__CCOOLLLLAATTEE shell variable. - If set, a valid value begins with an optional _+, which is ig- + If set, a valid value begins with an optional _+, which is ig- nored, or _-, which reverses the sort order from ascending to de- - scending, followed by a sort specifier. The valid sort speci- - fiers are _n_a_m_e, _n_u_m_e_r_i_c, _s_i_z_e, _m_t_i_m_e, _a_t_i_m_e, _c_t_i_m_e, and _b_l_o_c_k_s, + scending, followed by a sort specifier. The valid sort speci- + fiers are _n_a_m_e, _n_u_m_e_r_i_c, _s_i_z_e, _m_t_i_m_e, _a_t_i_m_e, _c_t_i_m_e, and _b_l_o_c_k_s, which sort the files on name, names in numeric rather than lexi- - cographic order, file size, modification time, access time, in- - ode change time, and number of blocks, respectively. If any of - the non-name keys compare as equal (e.g., if two files are the + cographic order, file size, modification time, access time, in- + ode change time, and number of blocks, respectively. If any of + the non-name keys compare as equal (e.g., if two files are the same size), sorting uses the name as a secondary sort key. - For example, a value of _-_m_t_i_m_e sorts the results in descending + For example, a value of _-_m_t_i_m_e sorts the results in descending order by modification time (newest first). - The _n_u_m_e_r_i_c specifier treats names consisting solely of digits - as numbers and sorts them using their numeric value (so "2" + The _n_u_m_e_r_i_c specifier treats names consisting solely of digits + as numbers and sorts them using their numeric value (so "2" sorts before "10", for example). When using _n_u_m_e_r_i_c, names con- - taining non-digits sort after all the all-digit names and are + taining non-digits sort after all the all-digit names and are sorted by name using the traditional behavior. A sort specifier of _n_o_s_o_r_t disables sorting completely; bbaasshh re- - turns the results in the order they are read from the file sys- + turns the results in the order they are read from the file sys- tem, ignoring any leading _-. - If the sort specifier is missing, it defaults to _n_a_m_e, so a - value of _+ is equivalent to the null string, and a value of _- - sorts by name in descending order. Any invalid value restores + If the sort specifier is missing, it defaults to _n_a_m_e, so a + value of _+ is equivalent to the null string, and a value of _- + sorts by name in descending order. Any invalid value restores the historical sorting behavior. HHIISSTTCCOONNTTRROOLL - A colon-separated list of values controlling how commands are - saved on the history list. If the list of values includes - _i_g_n_o_r_e_s_p_a_c_e, lines which begin with a ssppaaccee character are not - saved in the history list. A value of _i_g_n_o_r_e_d_u_p_s causes lines + A colon-separated list of values controlling how commands are + saved on the history list. If the list of values includes + _i_g_n_o_r_e_s_p_a_c_e, lines which begin with a ssppaaccee character are not + saved in the history list. A value of _i_g_n_o_r_e_d_u_p_s causes lines matching the previous history entry not to be saved. A value of _i_g_n_o_r_e_b_o_t_h is shorthand for _i_g_n_o_r_e_s_p_a_c_e and _i_g_n_o_r_e_d_u_p_s. A value of _e_r_a_s_e_d_u_p_s causes all previous lines matching the current line - to be removed from the history list before that line is saved. - Any value not in the above list is ignored. If HHIISSTTCCOONNTTRROOLL is - unset, or does not include a valid value, bbaasshh saves all lines - read by the shell parser on the history list, subject to the + to be removed from the history list before that line is saved. + Any value not in the above list is ignored. If HHIISSTTCCOONNTTRROOLL is + unset, or does not include a valid value, bbaasshh saves all lines + read by the shell parser on the history list, subject to the value of HHIISSTTIIGGNNOORREE. If the first line of a multi-line compound - command was saved, the second and subsequent lines are not - tested, and are added to the history regardless of the value of - HHIISSTTCCOONNTTRROOLL. If the first line was not saved, the second and + command was saved, the second and subsequent lines are not + tested, and are added to the history regardless of the value of + HHIISSTTCCOONNTTRROOLL. If the first line was not saved, the second and subsequent lines of the command are not saved either. HHIISSTTFFIILLEE The name of the file in which command history is saved (see HHIISS-- - TTOORRYY below). BBaasshh assigns a default value of _~_/_._b_a_s_h___h_i_s_t_o_r_y. - If HHIISSTTFFIILLEE is unset or null, the shell does not save the com- + TTOORRYY below). BBaasshh assigns a default value of _~_/_._b_a_s_h___h_i_s_t_o_r_y. + If HHIISSTTFFIILLEE is unset or null, the shell does not save the com- mand history when it exits. HHIISSTTFFIILLEESSIIZZEE The maximum number of lines contained in the history file. When - this variable is assigned a value, the history file is trun- - cated, if necessary, to contain no more than that number of - lines by removing the oldest entries. The history file is also + this variable is assigned a value, the history file is trun- + cated, if necessary, to contain no more than that number of + lines by removing the oldest entries. The history file is also truncated to this size after writing it when a shell exits or by - the hhiissttoorryy builtin. If the value is 0, the history file is - truncated to zero size. Non-numeric values and numeric values - less than zero inhibit truncation. The shell sets the default + the hhiissttoorryy builtin. If the value is 0, the history file is + truncated to zero size. Non-numeric values and numeric values + less than zero inhibit truncation. The shell sets the default value to the value of HHIISSTTSSIIZZEE after reading any startup files. HHIISSTTIIGGNNOORREE - A colon-separated list of patterns used to decide which command - lines should be saved on the history list. If a command line - matches one of the patterns in the value of HHIISSTTIIGGNNOORREE, it is - not saved on the history list. Each pattern is anchored at the - beginning of the line and must match the complete line (bbaasshh - does not implicitly append a "**"). Each pattern is tested - against the line after the checks specified by HHIISSTTCCOONNTTRROOLL are + A colon-separated list of patterns used to decide which command + lines should be saved on the history list. If a command line + matches one of the patterns in the value of HHIISSTTIIGGNNOORREE, it is + not saved on the history list. Each pattern is anchored at the + beginning of the line and must match the complete line (bbaasshh + does not implicitly append a "**"). Each pattern is tested + against the line after the checks specified by HHIISSTTCCOONNTTRROOLL are applied. In addition to the normal shell pattern matching char- - acters, "&&" matches the previous history line. A backslash es- - capes the "&&"; the backslash is removed before attempting a - match. If the first line of a multi-line compound command was - saved, the second and subsequent lines are not tested, and are - added to the history regardless of the value of HHIISSTTIIGGNNOORREE. If + acters, "&&" matches the previous history line. A backslash es- + capes the "&&"; the backslash is removed before attempting a + match. If the first line of a multi-line compound command was + saved, the second and subsequent lines are not tested, and are + added to the history regardless of the value of HHIISSTTIIGGNNOORREE. If the first line was not saved, the second and subsequent lines of - the command are not saved either. The pattern matching honors + the command are not saved either. The pattern matching honors the setting of the eexxttgglloobb shell option. + HHIISSTTIIGGNNOORREE subsumes some of the function of HHIISSTTCCOONNTTRROOLL. A pat- + tern of "&" is identical to "ignoredups", and a pattern of "[ + ]*" is identical to "ignorespace". Combining these two pat- + terns, separating them with a colon, provides the functionality + of "ignoreboth". HHIISSTTSSIIZZEE The number of commands to remember in the command history (see HHIISSTTOORRYY below). If the value is 0, commands are not saved in @@ -1383,127 +1401,126 @@ PPAARRAAMMEETTEERRSS the new file to the existing list. If HHOOSSTTFFIILLEE is set, but has no value, or does not name a readable file, bbaasshh attempts to read _/_e_t_c_/_h_o_s_t_s to obtain the list of possible hostname comple- - tions. When HHOOSSTTFFIILLEE is unset, bbaasshh clears the the hostname - list. + tions. When HHOOSSTTFFIILLEE is unset, bbaasshh clears the hostname list. IIFFSS The _I_n_t_e_r_n_a_l _F_i_e_l_d _S_e_p_a_r_a_t_o_r that is used for word splitting af- - ter expansion and to split lines into words with the rreeaadd + ter expansion and to split lines into words with the rreeaadd builtin command. Word splitting is described below under EEXXPPAANN-- SSIIOONN. The default value is "". IIGGNNOORREEEEOOFF Controls the action of an interactive shell on receipt of an EEOOFF character as the sole input. If set, the value is the number of - consecutive EEOOFF characters which must be typed as the first - characters on an input line before bbaasshh exits. If the variable - is set but does not have a numeric value, or the value is null, - the default value is 10. If it is unset, EEOOFF signifies the end + consecutive EEOOFF characters which must be typed as the first + characters on an input line before bbaasshh exits. If the variable + is set but does not have a numeric value, or the value is null, + the default value is 10. If it is unset, EEOOFF signifies the end of input to the shell. IINNPPUUTTRRCC - The filename for the rreeaaddlliinnee startup file, overriding the de- + The filename for the rreeaaddlliinnee startup file, overriding the de- fault of _~_/_._i_n_p_u_t_r_c (see RREEAADDLLIINNEE below). IINNSSIIDDEE__EEMMAACCSS - If this variable appears in the environment when the shell - starts, bbaasshh assumes that it is running inside an Emacs shell - buffer and may disable line editing, depending on the value of + If this variable appears in the environment when the shell + starts, bbaasshh assumes that it is running inside an Emacs shell + buffer and may disable line editing, depending on the value of TTEERRMM. - LLAANNGG Used to determine the locale category for any category not + LLAANNGG Used to determine the locale category for any category not specifically selected with a variable starting with LLCC__. - LLCC__AALLLL This variable overrides the value of LLAANNGG and any other LLCC__ + LLCC__AALLLL This variable overrides the value of LLAANNGG and any other LLCC__ variable specifying a locale category. LLCC__CCOOLLLLAATTEE - This variable determines the collation order used when sorting - the results of pathname expansion, and determines the behavior - of range expressions, equivalence classes, and collating se- + This variable determines the collation order used when sorting + the results of pathname expansion, and determines the behavior + of range expressions, equivalence classes, and collating se- quences within pathname expansion and pattern matching. LLCC__CCTTYYPPEE - This variable determines the interpretation of characters and - the behavior of character classes within pathname expansion and + This variable determines the interpretation of characters and + the behavior of character classes within pathname expansion and pattern matching. LLCC__MMEESSSSAAGGEESS - This variable determines the locale used to translate double- + This variable determines the locale used to translate double- quoted strings preceded by a $$. LLCC__NNUUMMEERRIICC - This variable determines the locale category used for number + This variable determines the locale category used for number formatting. LLCC__TTIIMMEE - This variable determines the locale category used for data and + This variable determines the locale category used for data and time formatting. - LLIINNEESS Used by the sseelleecctt compound command to determine the column - length for printing selection lists. Automatically set if the - cchheecckkwwiinnssiizzee option is enabled or in an interactive shell upon + LLIINNEESS Used by the sseelleecctt compound command to determine the column + length for printing selection lists. Automatically set if the + cchheecckkwwiinnssiizzee option is enabled or in an interactive shell upon receipt of a SSIIGGWWIINNCCHH. MMAAIILL If the value is set to a file or directory name and the MMAAIILLPPAATTHH - variable is not set, bbaasshh informs the user of the arrival of + variable is not set, bbaasshh informs the user of the arrival of mail in the specified file or Maildir-format directory. MMAAIILLCCHHEECCKK - Specifies how often (in seconds) bbaasshh checks for mail. The de- - fault is 60 seconds. When it is time to check for mail, the - shell does so before displaying the primary prompt. If this - variable is unset, or set to a value that is not a number + Specifies how often (in seconds) bbaasshh checks for mail. The de- + fault is 60 seconds. When it is time to check for mail, the + shell does so before displaying the primary prompt. If this + variable is unset, or set to a value that is not a number greater than or equal to zero, the shell disables mail checking. MMAAIILLPPAATTHH A colon-separated list of filenames to be checked for mail. The message to be printed when mail arrives in a particular file may - be specified by separating the filename from the message with a - "?". When used in the text of the message, $$__ expands to the + be specified by separating the filename from the message with a + "?". When used in the text of the message, $$__ expands to the name of the current mailfile. For example: MMAAIILLPPAATTHH='/var/mail/bfox?"You have mail":~/shell-mail?"$_ has mail!"' - BBaasshh can be configured to supply a default value for this vari- - able (there is no value by default), but the location of the + BBaasshh can be configured to supply a default value for this vari- + able (there is no value by default), but the location of the user mail files that it uses is system dependent (e.g., /var/mail/$$UUSSEERR). OOPPTTEERRRR If set to the value 1, bbaasshh displays error messages generated by - the ggeettooppttss builtin command (see SSHHEELLLL BBUUIILLTTIINN CCOOMMMMAANNDDSS below). - OOPPTTEERRRR is initialized to 1 each time the shell is invoked or a + the ggeettooppttss builtin command (see SSHHEELLLL BBUUIILLTTIINN CCOOMMMMAANNDDSS below). + OOPPTTEERRRR is initialized to 1 each time the shell is invoked or a shell script is executed. - PPAATTHH The search path for commands. It is a colon-separated list of - directories in which the shell looks for commands (see CCOOMMMMAANNDD - EEXXEECCUUTTIIOONN below). A zero-length (null) directory name in the + PPAATTHH The search path for commands. It is a colon-separated list of + directories in which the shell looks for commands (see CCOOMMMMAANNDD + EEXXEECCUUTTIIOONN below). A zero-length (null) directory name in the value of PPAATTHH indicates the current directory. A null directory - name may appear as two adjacent colons, or as an initial or - trailing colon. The default path is system-dependent, and is + name may appear as two adjacent colons, or as an initial or + trailing colon. The default path is system-dependent, and is set by the administrator who installs bbaasshh. A common value is - "/usr/local/bin:/usr/local/sbin:/usr/bin:/usr/sbin:/bin:/sbin". + /usr/local/bin:/usr/local/sbin:/usr/bin:/usr/sbin:/bin:/sbin PPOOSSIIXXLLYY__CCOORRRREECCTT - If this variable is in the environment when bbaasshh starts, the - shell enters posix mode before reading the startup files, as if - the ----ppoossiixx invocation option had been supplied. If it is set - while the shell is running, bbaasshh enables posix mode, as if the + If this variable is in the environment when bbaasshh starts, the + shell enters posix mode before reading the startup files, as if + the ----ppoossiixx invocation option had been supplied. If it is set + while the shell is running, bbaasshh enables posix mode, as if the command "set -o posix" had been executed. When the shell enters posix mode, it sets this variable if it was not already set. PPRROOMMPPTT__CCOOMMMMAANNDD - If this variable is set, and is an array, the value of each set - element is executed as a command prior to issuing each primary - prompt. If this is set but not an array variable, its value is + If this variable is set, and is an array, the value of each set + element is executed as a command prior to issuing each primary + prompt. If this is set but not an array variable, its value is used as a command to execute instead. PPRROOMMPPTT__DDIIRRTTRRIIMM - If set to a number greater than zero, the value is used as the + If set to a number greater than zero, the value is used as the number of trailing directory components to retain when expanding - the \\ww and \\WW prompt string escapes (see PPRROOMMPPTTIINNGG below). + the \\ww and \\WW prompt string escapes (see PPRROOMMPPTTIINNGG below). Characters removed are replaced with an ellipsis. - PPSS00 The value of this parameter is expanded (see PPRROOMMPPTTIINNGG below) - and displayed by interactive shells after reading a command and + PPSS00 The value of this parameter is expanded (see PPRROOMMPPTTIINNGG below) + and displayed by interactive shells after reading a command and before the command is executed. - PPSS11 The value of this parameter is expanded (see PPRROOMMPPTTIINNGG below) - and used as the primary prompt string. The default value is + PPSS11 The value of this parameter is expanded (see PPRROOMMPPTTIINNGG below) + and used as the primary prompt string. The default value is "\s-\v\$ ". - PPSS22 The value of this parameter is expanded as with PPSS11 and used as + PPSS22 The value of this parameter is expanded as with PPSS11 and used as the secondary prompt string. The default is "> ". PPSS33 The value of this parameter is used as the prompt for the sseelleecctt command (see SSHHEELLLL GGRRAAMMMMAARR above). - PPSS44 The value of this parameter is expanded as with PPSS11 and the + PPSS44 The value of this parameter is expanded as with PPSS11 and the value is printed before each command bbaasshh displays during an ex- ecution trace. The first character of the expanded value of PPSS44 is replicated multiple times, as necessary, to indicate multiple levels of indirection. The default is "+ ". - SSHHEELLLL This variable expands to the full pathname to the shell. If it - is not set when the shell starts, bbaasshh assigns to it the full + SSHHEELLLL This variable expands to the full pathname to the shell. If it + is not set when the shell starts, bbaasshh assigns to it the full pathname of the current user's login shell. TTIIMMEEFFOORRMMAATT - The value of this parameter is used as a format string specify- - ing how the timing information for pipelines prefixed with the - ttiimmee reserved word should be displayed. The %% character intro- - duces an escape sequence that is expanded to a time value or - other information. The escape sequences and their meanings are + The value of this parameter is used as a format string specify- + ing how the timing information for pipelines prefixed with the + ttiimmee reserved word should be displayed. The %% character intro- + duces an escape sequence that is expanded to a time value or + other information. The escape sequences and their meanings are as follows; the brackets denote optional portions. %%%% A literal %%. %%[[_p]][[ll]]RR The elapsed time in seconds. @@ -1511,80 +1528,98 @@ PPAARRAAMMEETTEERRSS %%[[_p]][[ll]]SS The number of CPU seconds spent in system mode. %%PP The CPU percentage, computed as (%U + %S) / %R. - The optional _p is a digit specifying the _p_r_e_c_i_s_i_o_n, the number + The optional _p is a digit specifying the _p_r_e_c_i_s_i_o_n, the number of fractional digits after a decimal point. A value of 0 causes - no decimal point or fraction to be output. ttiimmee prints at most - six digits after the decimal point; values of _p greater than 6 + no decimal point or fraction to be output. ttiimmee prints at most + six digits after the decimal point; values of _p greater than 6 are changed to 6. If _p is not specified, ttiimmee prints three dig- its after the decimal point. - The optional ll specifies a longer format, including minutes, of - the form _M_Mm_S_S._F_Fs. The value of _p determines whether or not + The optional ll specifies a longer format, including minutes, of + the form _M_Mm_S_S._F_Fs. The value of _p determines whether or not the fraction is included. - If this variable is not set, bbaasshh acts as if it had the value - $$''\\nnrreeaall\\tt%%33llRR\\nnuusseerr\\tt%%33llUU\\nnssyyss\\tt%%33llSS''. If the value is null, - bbaasshh does not display any timing information. A trailing new- + If this variable is not set, bbaasshh acts as if it had the value + $$''\\nnrreeaall\\tt%%33llRR\\nnuusseerr\\tt%%33llUU\\nnssyyss\\tt%%33llSS''. If the value is null, + bbaasshh does not display any timing information. A trailing new- line is added when the format string is displayed. - TTMMOOUUTT If set to a value greater than zero, the rreeaadd builtin uses the - value as its default timeout. The sseelleecctt command terminates if - input does not arrive after TTMMOOUUTT seconds when input is coming - from a terminal. In an interactive shell, the value is inter- - preted as the number of seconds to wait for a line of input af- - ter issuing the primary prompt. BBaasshh terminates after waiting - for that number of seconds if a complete line of input does not + TTMMOOUUTT If set to a value greater than zero, the rreeaadd builtin uses the + value as its default timeout. The sseelleecctt command terminates if + input does not arrive after TTMMOOUUTT seconds when input is coming + from a terminal. In an interactive shell, the value is inter- + preted as the number of seconds to wait for a line of input af- + ter issuing the primary prompt. BBaasshh terminates after waiting + for that number of seconds if a complete line of input does not arrive. - TTMMPPDDIIRR If set, bbaasshh uses its value as the name of a directory in which + TTMMPPDDIIRR If set, bbaasshh uses its value as the name of a directory in which bbaasshh creates temporary files for the shell's use. aauuttoo__rreessuummee This variable controls how the shell interacts with the user and - job control. If this variable is set, simple commands consist- - ing of only a single word, without redirections, are treated as - candidates for resumption of an existing stopped job. There is - no ambiguity allowed; if there is more than one job beginning - with or containing the word, this selects the most recently ac- - cessed job. The _n_a_m_e of a stopped job, in this context, is the - command line used to start it, as displayed by jjoobbss. If set to - the value _e_x_a_c_t, the word must match the name of a stopped job - exactly; if set to _s_u_b_s_t_r_i_n_g, the word needs to match a sub- - string of the name of a stopped job. The _s_u_b_s_t_r_i_n_g value pro- + job control. If this variable is set, simple commands consist- + ing of only a single word, without redirections, are treated as + candidates for resumption of an existing stopped job. There is + no ambiguity allowed; if there is more than one job beginning + with or containing the word, this selects the most recently ac- + cessed job. The _n_a_m_e of a stopped job, in this context, is the + command line used to start it, as displayed by jjoobbss. If set to + the value _e_x_a_c_t, the word must match the name of a stopped job + exactly; if set to _s_u_b_s_t_r_i_n_g, the word needs to match a sub- + string of the name of a stopped job. The _s_u_b_s_t_r_i_n_g value pro- vides functionality analogous to the %%?? job identifier (see JJOOBB - CCOONNTTRROOLL below). If set to any other value (e.g., _p_r_e_f_i_x), the - word must be a prefix of a stopped job's name; this provides + CCOONNTTRROOLL below). If set to any other value (e.g., _p_r_e_f_i_x), the + word must be a prefix of a stopped job's name; this provides functionality analogous to the %%_s_t_r_i_n_g job identifier. hhiissttcchhaarrss - The two or three characters which control history expansion, - quick substitution, and tokenization (see HHIISSTTOORRYY EEXXPPAANNSSIIOONN be- - low). The first character is the _h_i_s_t_o_r_y _e_x_p_a_n_s_i_o_n character, - the character which begins a history expansion, normally "!!". - The second character is the _q_u_i_c_k _s_u_b_s_t_i_t_u_t_i_o_n character, nor- - mally "^^". When it appears as the first character on the line, + The two or three characters which control history expansion, + quick substitution, and tokenization (see HHIISSTTOORRYY EEXXPPAANNSSIIOONN be- + low). The first character is the _h_i_s_t_o_r_y _e_x_p_a_n_s_i_o_n character, + the character which begins a history expansion, normally "!!". + The second character is the _q_u_i_c_k _s_u_b_s_t_i_t_u_t_i_o_n character, nor- + mally "^^". When it appears as the first character on the line, history substitution repeats the previous command, replacing one - string with another. The optional third character is the char- - acter which indicates that the remainder of the line is a com- - ment when found as the first character of a word, normally "##". - The history comment character disables history substitution for - the remaining words on the line. It does not necessarily cause - the shell parser to treat the rest of the line as a comment. + string with another. The optional third character is the _h_i_s_- + _t_o_r_y _c_o_m_m_e_n_t character, normally "##", which indicates that the + remainder of the line is a comment when it appears as the first + character of a word. The history comment character disables + history substitution for the remaining words on the line. It + does not necessarily cause the shell parser to treat the rest of + the line as a comment. AArrrraayyss - BBaasshh provides one-dimensional indexed and associative array variables. - Any variable may be used as an indexed array; the ddeeccllaarree builtin ex- - plicitly declares an array. There is no maximum limit on the size of - an array, nor any requirement that members be indexed or assigned con- - tiguously. Indexed arrays are referenced using arithmetic expressions - that must expand to an integer and are zero-based; associative arrays - are referenced using arbitrary strings. Unless otherwise noted, in- - dexed array indices must be non-negative integers. - - An indexed array is created automatically if any variable is assigned - to using the syntax _n_a_m_e[_s_u_b_s_c_r_i_p_t]=_v_a_l_u_e. The _s_u_b_s_c_r_i_p_t is treated as - an arithmetic expression that must evaluate to a number greater than or - equal to zero. To explicitly declare an indexed array, use ddeeccllaarree --aa - _n_a_m_e (see SSHHEELLLL BBUUIILLTTIINN CCOOMMMMAANNDDSS below). ddeeccllaarree --aa _n_a_m_e[[_s_u_b_s_c_r_i_p_t]] is - also accepted; the _s_u_b_s_c_r_i_p_t is ignored. - - Associative arrays are created using ddeeccllaarree --AA _n_a_m_e. + BBaasshh provides one-dimensional indexed and associative array variables. + Any variable may be used as an indexed array; the ddeeccllaarree builtin ex- + plicitly declares an array. There is no maximum limit on the size of + an array, nor any requirement that members be indexed or assigned con- + tiguously. Indexed arrays are referenced using arithmetic expressions + that must expand to an integer (see AARRIITTHHMMEETTIICC EEVVAALLUUAATTIIOONN below) and + are zero-based; associative arrays are referenced using arbitrary + strings. Unless otherwise noted, indexed array indices must be non- + negative integers. + + The shell performs parameter and variable expansion, arithmetic expan- + sion, command substitution, and quote removal on indexed array sub- + scripts. Since this can potentially result in empty strings, subscript + indexing treats those as expressions that evaluate to 0. + + The shell performs tilde expansion, parameter and variable expansion, + arithmetic expansion, command substitution, and quote removal on asso- + ciative array subscripts. Empty strings cannot be used as associative + array keys. + + BBaasshh automatically creates an indexed array if any variable is assigned + to using the syntax + _n_a_m_e[_s_u_b_s_c_r_i_p_t]=_v_a_l_u_e . + The _s_u_b_s_c_r_i_p_t is treated as an arithmetic expression that must evaluate + to a number greater than or equal to zero. To explicitly declare an + indexed array, use + ddeeccllaarree --aa _n_a_m_e + (see SSHHEELLLL BBUUIILLTTIINN CCOOMMMMAANNDDSS below). + ddeeccllaarree --aa _n_a_m_e[_s_u_b_s_c_r_i_p_t] + is also accepted; the _s_u_b_s_c_r_i_p_t is ignored. + + Associative arrays are created using + ddeeccllaarree --AA _n_a_m_e + . Attributes may be specified for an array variable using the ddeeccllaarree and rreeaaddoonnllyy builtins. Each attribute applies to all members of an array. @@ -1621,72 +1656,72 @@ PPAARRAAMMEETTEERRSS the maximum index of _n_a_m_e, so negative indices count back from the end of the array, and an index of -1 references the last element. - The += operator appends to an array variable when assigning using the + The "+=" operator appends to an array variable when assigning using the compound assignment syntax; see PPAARRAAMMEETTEERRSS above. - An array element is referenced using ${_n_a_m_e[_s_u_b_s_c_r_i_p_t]}. The braces - are required to avoid conflicts with pathname expansion. If _s_u_b_s_c_r_i_p_t + An array element is referenced using ${_n_a_m_e[_s_u_b_s_c_r_i_p_t]}. The braces + are required to avoid conflicts with pathname expansion. If _s_u_b_s_c_r_i_p_t is @@ or **, the word expands to all members of _n_a_m_e, unless noted in the - description of a builtin or word expansion. These subscripts differ - only when the word appears within double quotes. If the word is dou- - ble-quoted, ${_n_a_m_e[*]} expands to a single word with the value of each - array member separated by the first character of the IIFFSS special vari- - able, and ${_n_a_m_e[@]} expands each element of _n_a_m_e to a separate word. + description of a builtin or word expansion. These subscripts differ + only when the word appears within double quotes. If the word is dou- + ble-quoted, ${_n_a_m_e[*]} expands to a single word with the value of each + array member separated by the first character of the IIFFSS special vari- + able, and ${_n_a_m_e[@]} expands each element of _n_a_m_e to a separate word. When there are no array members, ${_n_a_m_e[@]} expands to nothing. If the - double-quoted expansion occurs within a word, the expansion of the - first parameter is joined with the beginning part of the expansion of - the original word, and the expansion of the last parameter is joined - with the last part of the expansion of the original word. This is - analogous to the expansion of the special parameters ** and @@ (see SSppee-- + double-quoted expansion occurs within a word, the expansion of the + first parameter is joined with the beginning part of the expansion of + the original word, and the expansion of the last parameter is joined + with the last part of the expansion of the original word. This is + analogous to the expansion of the special parameters ** and @@ (see SSppee-- cciiaall PPaarraammeetteerrss above). - ${#_n_a_m_e[_s_u_b_s_c_r_i_p_t]} expands to the length of ${_n_a_m_e[_s_u_b_s_c_r_i_p_t]}. If + ${#_n_a_m_e[_s_u_b_s_c_r_i_p_t]} expands to the length of ${_n_a_m_e[_s_u_b_s_c_r_i_p_t]}. If _s_u_b_s_c_r_i_p_t is ** or @@, the expansion is the number of elements in the ar- ray. If the _s_u_b_s_c_r_i_p_t used to reference an element of an indexed array eval- - uates to a number less than zero, it is interpreted as relative to one - greater than the maximum index of the array, so negative indices count - back from the end of the array, and an index of -1 references the last + uates to a number less than zero, it is interpreted as relative to one + greater than the maximum index of the array, so negative indices count + back from the end of the array, and an index of -1 references the last element. Referencing an array variable without a subscript is equivalent to ref- - erencing the array with a subscript of 0. Any reference to a variable + erencing the array with a subscript of 0. Any reference to a variable using a valid subscript is valid; bbaasshh creates an array if necessary. - An array variable is considered set if a subscript has been assigned a + An array variable is considered set if a subscript has been assigned a value. The null string is a valid value. - It is possible to obtain the keys (indices) of an array as well as the - values. ${!!_n_a_m_e[_@]} and ${!!_n_a_m_e[_*]} expand to the indices assigned in + It is possible to obtain the keys (indices) of an array as well as the + values. ${!!_n_a_m_e[_@]} and ${!!_n_a_m_e[_*]} expand to the indices assigned in array variable _n_a_m_e. The treatment when in double quotes is similar to the expansion of the special parameters _@ and _* within double quotes. The uunnsseett builtin is used to destroy arrays. uunnsseett _n_a_m_e[_s_u_b_s_c_r_i_p_t] un- - sets the array element at index _s_u_b_s_c_r_i_p_t, for both indexed and asso- - ciative arrays. Negative subscripts to indexed arrays are interpreted - as described above. Unsetting the last element of an array variable - does not unset the variable. uunnsseett _n_a_m_e, where _n_a_m_e is an array, re- - moves the entire array. uunnsseett _n_a_m_e[_s_u_b_s_c_r_i_p_t] behaves differently de- - pending on whether _n_a_m_e is an indexed or associative array when _s_u_b_- + sets the array element at index _s_u_b_s_c_r_i_p_t, for both indexed and asso- + ciative arrays. Negative subscripts to indexed arrays are interpreted + as described above. Unsetting the last element of an array variable + does not unset the variable. uunnsseett _n_a_m_e, where _n_a_m_e is an array, re- + moves the entire array. uunnsseett _n_a_m_e[_s_u_b_s_c_r_i_p_t] behaves differently de- + pending on whether _n_a_m_e is an indexed or associative array when _s_u_b_- _s_c_r_i_p_t is ** or @@. If _n_a_m_e is an associative array, this unsets the el- - ement with subscript ** or @@. If _n_a_m_e is an indexed array, unset re- + ement with subscript ** or @@. If _n_a_m_e is an indexed array, unset re- moves all of the elements but does not remove the array itself. - When using a variable name with a subscript as an argument to a com- - mand, such as with uunnsseett, without using the word expansion syntax de- - scribed above, (e.g., unset a[4]), the argument is subject to pathname - expansion. Quote the argument if pathname expansion is not desired + When using a variable name with a subscript as an argument to a com- + mand, such as with uunnsseett, without using the word expansion syntax de- + scribed above, (e.g., unset a[4]), the argument is subject to pathname + expansion. Quote the argument if pathname expansion is not desired (e.g., unset 'a[4]'). - The ddeeccllaarree, llooccaall, and rreeaaddoonnllyy builtins each accept a --aa option to - specify an indexed array and a --AA option to specify an associative ar- - ray. If both options are supplied, --AA takes precedence. The rreeaadd - builtin accepts a --aa option to assign a list of words read from the + The ddeeccllaarree, llooccaall, and rreeaaddoonnllyy builtins each accept a --aa option to + specify an indexed array and a --AA option to specify an associative ar- + ray. If both options are supplied, --AA takes precedence. The rreeaadd + builtin accepts a --aa option to assign a list of words read from the standard input to an array. The sseett and ddeeccllaarree builtins display array - values in a way that allows them to be reused as assignments. Other - builtins accept array name arguments as well (e.g., mmaappffiillee); see the - descriptions of individual builtins below for details. The shell pro- + values in a way that allows them to be reused as assignments. Other + builtins accept array name arguments as well (e.g., mmaappffiillee); see the + descriptions of individual builtins below for details. The shell pro- vides a number of builtin array variables. EEXXPPAANNSSIIOONN @@ -1696,53 +1731,51 @@ EEXXPPAANNSSIIOONN _m_e_t_i_c _e_x_p_a_n_s_i_o_n, _w_o_r_d _s_p_l_i_t_t_i_n_g, _p_a_t_h_n_a_m_e _e_x_p_a_n_s_i_o_n, and _q_u_o_t_e _r_e_m_o_v_a_l. The order of expansions is: brace expansion; tilde expansion, parameter - and variable expansion, arithmetic expansion, and command substitution - (done in a left-to-right fashion); word splitting; pathname expansion; + and variable expansion, arithmetic expansion, and command substitution + (done in a left-to-right fashion); word splitting; pathname expansion; and quote removal. On systems that can support it, there is an additional expansion avail- - able: _p_r_o_c_e_s_s _s_u_b_s_t_i_t_u_t_i_o_n. This is performed at the same time as - tilde, parameter, variable, and arithmetic expansion and command sub- + able: _p_r_o_c_e_s_s _s_u_b_s_t_i_t_u_t_i_o_n. This is performed at the same time as + tilde, parameter, variable, and arithmetic expansion and command sub- stitution. - _Q_u_o_t_e _r_e_m_o_v_a_l is always performed last. It removes quote characters - present in the original word, not ones resulting from one of the other + _Q_u_o_t_e _r_e_m_o_v_a_l is always performed last. It removes quote characters + present in the original word, not ones resulting from one of the other expansions, unless they have been quoted themselves. - Only brace expansion, word splitting, and pathname expansion can in- - crease the number of words of the expansion; other expansions expand a - single word to a single word. The only exceptions to this are the ex- + Only brace expansion, word splitting, and pathname expansion can in- + crease the number of words of the expansion; other expansions expand a + single word to a single word. The only exceptions to this are the ex- pansions of ""$$@@"" and ""$${{_n_a_m_e[[@@]]}}"", and, in most cases, $$** and $${{_n_a_m_e[[**]]}} as explained above (see PPAARRAAMMEETTEERRSS). BBrraaccee EExxppaannssiioonn - _B_r_a_c_e _e_x_p_a_n_s_i_o_n is a mechanism to generate arbitrary strings sharing a + _B_r_a_c_e _e_x_p_a_n_s_i_o_n is a mechanism to generate arbitrary strings sharing a common prefix and suffix, either of which can be empty. This mechanism - is similar to _p_a_t_h_n_a_m_e _e_x_p_a_n_s_i_o_n, but the filenames generated need not - exist. Patterns to be brace expanded are formed from an optional _p_r_e_- - _a_m_b_l_e, followed by either a series of comma-separated strings or a se- - quence expression between a pair of braces, followed by an optional - _p_o_s_t_s_c_r_i_p_t. The preamble is prefixed to each string contained within - the braces, and the postscript is then appended to each resulting + is similar to _p_a_t_h_n_a_m_e _e_x_p_a_n_s_i_o_n, but the filenames generated need not + exist. Patterns to be brace expanded are formed from an optional _p_r_e_- + _a_m_b_l_e, followed by either a series of comma-separated strings or a se- + quence expression between a pair of braces, followed by an optional + _p_o_s_t_s_c_r_i_p_t. The preamble is prefixed to each string contained within + the braces, and the postscript is then appended to each resulting string, expanding left to right. - Brace expansions may be nested. The results of each expanded string + Brace expansions may be nested. The results of each expanded string are not sorted; brace expansion preserves left to right order. For ex- ample, a{{d,c,b}}e expands into "ade ace abe". - A sequence expression takes the form {{_x...._y[[...._i_n_c_r]]}}, where _x and _y are - either integers or single letters, and _i_n_c_r, an optional increment, is + A sequence expression takes the form _x...._y[[...._i_n_c_r]], where _x and _y are + either integers or single letters, and _i_n_c_r, an optional increment, is an integer. When integers are supplied, the expression expands to each - number between _x and _y, inclusive. If either _x or _y begins with _0, - each generated term will contain the same number of digits, zero- - padding where necessary. When either _x or _y begins with a zero, the - shell attempts to force all generated terms to contain the same number - of digits, zero-padding where necessary. When letters are supplied, - the expression expands to each character lexicographically between _x - and _y, inclusive, using the default C locale. Note that both _x and _y - must be of the same type (integer or letter). When the increment is - supplied, it is used as the difference between each term. The default - increment is 1 or -1 as appropriate. + number between _x and _y, inclusive. If either _x or _y begins with a + zero, each generated term will contain the same number of digits, zero- + padding where necessary. When letters are supplied, the expression ex- + pands to each character lexicographically between _x and _y, inclusive, + using the C locale. Note that both _x and _y must be of the same type + (integer or letter). When the increment is supplied, it is used as the + difference between each term. The default increment is 1 or -1 as ap- + propriate. Brace expansion is performed before any other expansions, and any char- acters special to other expansions are preserved in the result. It is @@ -1753,10 +1786,10 @@ EEXXPPAANNSSIIOONN closing braces, and at least one unquoted comma or a valid sequence ex- pression. Any incorrectly formed brace expansion is left unchanged. - A {{ or ,, may be quoted with a backslash to prevent its being considered - part of a brace expression. To avoid conflicts with parameter expan- - sion, the string $${{ is not considered eligible for brace expansion, and - inhibits brace expansion until the closing }}. + A "{" or Q , may be quoted with a backslash to prevent its being con- + sidered part of a brace expression. To avoid conflicts with parameter + expansion, the string "${" is not considered eligible for brace expan- + sion, and inhibits brace expansion until the closing "}". This construct is typically used as shorthand when the common prefix of the strings to be generated is longer than in the above example: @@ -1769,8 +1802,8 @@ EEXXPPAANNSSIIOONN versions of sshh. sshh does not treat opening or closing braces specially when they appear as part of a word, and preserves them in the output. BBaasshh removes braces from words as a consequence of brace expansion. - For example, a word entered to sshh as _f_i_l_e_{_1_,_2_} appears identically in - the output. BBaasshh outputs that word as _f_i_l_e_1 _f_i_l_e_2 after brace expan- + For example, a word entered to sshh as "file{1,2}" appears identically in + the output. BBaasshh outputs that word as "file1 file2" after brace expan- sion. Start bbaasshh with the ++BB option or disable brace expansion with the ++BB option to the sseett command (see SSHHEELLLL BBUUIILLTTIINN CCOOMMMMAANNDDSS below) for strict sshh compatibility. @@ -1890,67 +1923,70 @@ EEXXPPAANNSSIIOONN value of _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r starting at the character specified by _o_f_f_- _s_e_t. If _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r is @@ or **, an indexed array subscripted by @@ or **, or an associative array name, the results differ as de- - scribed below. If _l_e_n_g_t_h is omitted, expands to the substring - of the value of _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r starting at the character specified by - _o_f_f_s_e_t and extending to the end of the value. _l_e_n_g_t_h and _o_f_f_s_e_t - are arithmetic expressions (see AARRIITTHHMMEETTIICC EEVVAALLUUAATTIIOONN below). - - If _o_f_f_s_e_t evaluates to a number less than zero, the value is + scribed below. If ::_l_e_n_g_t_h is omitted (the first form above), + this expands to the substring of the value of _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r starting + at the character specified by _o_f_f_s_e_t and extending to the end of + the value. If _o_f_f_s_e_t is omitted, it is treated as 0. If _l_e_n_g_t_h + is omitted, but the colon after _o_f_f_s_e_t is present, it is treated + as 0. _l_e_n_g_t_h and _o_f_f_s_e_t are arithmetic expressions (see AARRIITTHH-- + MMEETTIICC EEVVAALLUUAATTIIOONN below). + + If _o_f_f_s_e_t evaluates to a number less than zero, the value is used as an offset in characters from the end of the value of _p_a_- - _r_a_m_e_t_e_r. If _l_e_n_g_t_h evaluates to a number less than zero, it is + _r_a_m_e_t_e_r. If _l_e_n_g_t_h evaluates to a number less than zero, it is interpreted as an offset in characters from the end of the value - of _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r rather than a number of characters, and the expan- - sion is the characters between _o_f_f_s_e_t and that result. Note - that a negative offset must be separated from the colon by at + of _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r rather than a number of characters, and the expan- + sion is the characters between _o_f_f_s_e_t and that result. Note + that a negative offset must be separated from the colon by at least one space to avoid being confused with the ::-- expansion. - If _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r is @@ or **, the result is _l_e_n_g_t_h positional parame- - ters beginning at _o_f_f_s_e_t. A negative _o_f_f_s_e_t is taken relative - to one greater than the greatest positional parameter, so an + If _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r is @@ or **, the result is _l_e_n_g_t_h positional parame- + ters beginning at _o_f_f_s_e_t. A negative _o_f_f_s_e_t is taken relative + to one greater than the greatest positional parameter, so an offset of -1 evaluates to the last positional parameter (or 0 if - there are no positional parameters). It is an expansion error + there are no positional parameters). It is an expansion error if _l_e_n_g_t_h evaluates to a number less than zero. If _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r is an indexed array name subscripted by @ or *, the result is the _l_e_n_g_t_h members of the array beginning with ${_p_a_r_a_- - _m_e_t_e_r[_o_f_f_s_e_t]}. A negative _o_f_f_s_e_t is taken relative to one + _m_e_t_e_r[_o_f_f_s_e_t]}. A negative _o_f_f_s_e_t is taken relative to one greater than the maximum index of the specified array. It is an expansion error if _l_e_n_g_t_h evaluates to a number less than zero. Substring expansion applied to an associative array produces un- defined results. - Substring indexing is zero-based unless the positional parame- - ters are used, in which case the indexing starts at 1 by de- - fault. If _o_f_f_s_e_t is 0, and the positional parameters are used, + Substring indexing is zero-based unless the positional parame- + ters are used, in which case the indexing starts at 1 by de- + fault. If _o_f_f_s_e_t is 0, and the positional parameters are used, $$00 is prefixed to the list. ${!!_p_r_e_f_i_x**} ${!!_p_r_e_f_i_x@@} - NNaammeess mmaattcchhiinngg pprreeffiixx. Expands to the names of variables whose + NNaammeess mmaattcchhiinngg pprreeffiixx. Expands to the names of variables whose names begin with _p_r_e_f_i_x, separated by the first character of the - IIFFSS special variable. When _@ is used and the expansion appears - within double quotes, each variable name expands to a separate + IIFFSS special variable. When _@ is used and the expansion appears + within double quotes, each variable name expands to a separate word. ${!!_n_a_m_e[_@]} ${!!_n_a_m_e[_*]} - LLiisstt ooff aarrrraayy kkeeyyss. If _n_a_m_e is an array variable, expands to - the list of array indices (keys) assigned in _n_a_m_e. If _n_a_m_e is - not an array, expands to 0 if _n_a_m_e is set and null otherwise. - When _@ is used and the expansion appears within double quotes, + LLiisstt ooff aarrrraayy kkeeyyss. If _n_a_m_e is an array variable, expands to + the list of array indices (keys) assigned in _n_a_m_e. If _n_a_m_e is + not an array, expands to 0 if _n_a_m_e is set and null otherwise. + When _@ is used and the expansion appears within double quotes, each key expands to a separate word. ${##_p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r} - PPaarraammeetteerr lleennggtthh. Substitutes the length in characters of the - expanded value of _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r. If _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r is ** or @@, the value - substituted is the number of positional parameters. If _p_a_r_a_m_e_- - _t_e_r is an array name subscripted by ** or @@, the value substi- - tuted is the number of elements in the array. If _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r is - an indexed array name subscripted by a negative number, that - number is interpreted as relative to one greater than the maxi- - mum index of _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r, so negative indices count back from the - end of the array, and an index of -1 references the last ele- + PPaarraammeetteerr lleennggtthh. Substitutes the length in characters of the + expanded value of _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r. If _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r is ** or @@, the value + substituted is the number of positional parameters. If _p_a_r_a_m_e_- + _t_e_r is an array name subscripted by ** or @@, the value substi- + tuted is the number of elements in the array. If _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r is + an indexed array name subscripted by a negative number, that + number is interpreted as relative to one greater than the maxi- + mum index of _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r, so negative indices count back from the + end of the array, and an index of -1 references the last ele- ment. ${_p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r##_w_o_r_d} @@ -1958,15 +1994,15 @@ EEXXPPAANNSSIIOONN RReemmoovvee mmaattcchhiinngg pprreeffiixx ppaatttteerrnn. The _w_o_r_d is expanded to produce a pattern just as in pathname expansion, and matched against the expanded value of _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r using the rules described under PPaatt-- - tteerrnn MMaattcchhiinngg below. If the pattern matches the beginning of - the value of _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r, then the result of the expansion is the - expanded value of _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r with the shortest matching pattern - (the "#" case) or the longest matching pattern (the "##" case) - deleted. If _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r is @@ or **, the pattern removal operation - is applied to each positional parameter in turn, and the expan- - sion is the resultant list. If _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r is an array variable - subscripted with @@ or **, the pattern removal operation is ap- - plied to each member of the array in turn, and the expansion is + tteerrnn MMaattcchhiinngg below. If the pattern matches the beginning of + the value of _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r, then the result of the expansion is the + expanded value of _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r with the shortest matching pattern + (the "#" case) or the longest matching pattern (the "##" case) + deleted. If _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r is @@ or **, the pattern removal operation + is applied to each positional parameter in turn, and the expan- + sion is the resultant list. If _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r is an array variable + subscripted with @@ or **, the pattern removal operation is ap- + plied to each member of the array in turn, and the expansion is the resultant list. ${_p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r%%_w_o_r_d} @@ -1974,15 +2010,15 @@ EEXXPPAANNSSIIOONN RReemmoovvee mmaattcchhiinngg ssuuffffiixx ppaatttteerrnn. The _w_o_r_d is expanded to produce a pattern just as in pathname expansion, and matched against the expanded value of _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r using the rules described under PPaatt-- - tteerrnn MMaattcchhiinngg below. If the pattern matches a trailing portion - of the expanded value of _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r, then the result of the ex- - pansion is the expanded value of _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r with the shortest - matching pattern (the "%" case) or the longest matching pattern - (the "%%" case) deleted. If _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r is @@ or **, the pattern - removal operation is applied to each positional parameter in - turn, and the expansion is the resultant list. If _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r is - an array variable subscripted with @@ or **, the pattern removal - operation is applied to each member of the array in turn, and + tteerrnn MMaattcchhiinngg below. If the pattern matches a trailing portion + of the expanded value of _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r, then the result of the ex- + pansion is the expanded value of _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r with the shortest + matching pattern (the "%" case) or the longest matching pattern + (the "%%" case) deleted. If _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r is @@ or **, the pattern + removal operation is applied to each positional parameter in + turn, and the expansion is the resultant list. If _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r is + an array variable subscripted with @@ or **, the pattern removal + operation is applied to each member of the array in turn, and the expansion is the resultant list. ${_p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r//_p_a_t_t_e_r_n//_s_t_r_i_n_g} @@ -1990,12 +2026,12 @@ EEXXPPAANNSSIIOONN ${_p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r//##_p_a_t_t_e_r_n//_s_t_r_i_n_g} ${_p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r//%%_p_a_t_t_e_r_n//_s_t_r_i_n_g} PPaatttteerrnn ssuubbssttiittuuttiioonn. The _p_a_t_t_e_r_n is expanded to produce a pat- - tern just as in pathname expansion and matched against the ex- - panded value of _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r using the rules described under PPaatt-- - tteerrnn MMaattcchhiinngg below. The longest match of _p_a_t_t_e_r_n in the ex- - panded value is replaced with _s_t_r_i_n_g. _s_t_r_i_n_g undergoes tilde - expansion, parameter and variable expansion, arithmetic expan- - sion, command and process substitution, and quote removal. + tern and matched against the expanded value of _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r as de- + scribed under PPaatttteerrnn MMaattcchhiinngg below. The longest match of _p_a_t_- + _t_e_r_n in the expanded value is replaced with _s_t_r_i_n_g. _s_t_r_i_n_g un- + dergoes tilde expansion, parameter and variable expansion, + arithmetic expansion, command and process substitution, and + quote removal. In the first form above, only the first match is replaced. If there are two slashes separating _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r and _p_a_t_t_e_r_n (the sec- @@ -2047,19 +2083,20 @@ EEXXPPAANNSSIIOONN ${_p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r,,_p_a_t_t_e_r_n} ${_p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r,,,,_p_a_t_t_e_r_n} CCaassee mmooddiiffiiccaattiioonn. This expansion modifies the case of alpha- - betic characters in _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r. The _p_a_t_t_e_r_n is expanded to pro- - duce a pattern just as in pathname expansion. Each character in - the expanded value of _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r is tested against _p_a_t_t_e_r_n, and, - if it matches the pattern, its case is converted. The pattern - should not attempt to match more than one character. - - The ^^ operator converts lowercase letters matching _p_a_t_t_e_r_n to - uppercase; the ,, operator converts matching uppercase letters to - lowercase. The ^^^^ and ,,,, expansions convert each matched char- - acter in the expanded value; the ^^ and ,, expansions match and - convert only the first character in the expanded value. If _p_a_t_- - _t_e_r_n is omitted, it is treated like a ??, which matches every - character. + betic characters in _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r. First, the _p_a_t_t_e_r_n is expanded + to produce a pattern as described below under PPaatttteerrnn MMaattcchhiinngg. + BBaasshh then examines characters in the expanded value of _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r + against _p_a_t_t_e_r_n as described below. If a character matches the + pattern, its case is converted. The pattern should not attempt + to match more than one character. + + Using "^" converts lowercase letters matching _p_a_t_t_e_r_n to upper- + case; "," converts matching uppercase letters to lowercase. The + ^^ and ,, variants examine the first character in the expanded + value and convert its case if it matches _p_a_t_t_e_r_n; the ^^^^ and ,,,, + variants examine all characters in the expanded value and con- + vert each one that matches _p_a_t_t_e_r_n. If _p_a_t_t_e_r_n is omitted, it + is treated like a ??, which matches every character. If _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r is @@ or **, the case modification operation is ap- plied to each positional parameter in turn, and the expansion is @@ -2179,11 +2216,13 @@ EEXXPPAANNSSIIOONN $$((((_e_x_p_r_e_s_s_i_o_n)))) The _e_x_p_r_e_s_s_i_o_n undergoes the same expansions as if it were within dou- - ble quotes, but double quote characters in _e_x_p_r_e_s_s_i_o_n are not treated - specially and are removed. All tokens in the expression undergo para- - meter and variable expansion, command substitution, and quote removal. - The result is treated as the arithmetic expression to be evaluated. - Arithmetic expansions may be nested. + ble quotes, but unescaped double quote characters in _e_x_p_r_e_s_s_i_o_n are not + treated specially and are removed. All tokens in the expression un- + dergo parameter and variable expansion, command substitution, and quote + removal. The result is treated as the arithmetic expression to be + evaluated. Since the way Bash handles double quotes can potentially + result in empty strings, arithmetic expansion treats those as expres- + sions that evaluate to 0. Arithmetic expansions may be nested. The evaluation is performed according to the rules listed below under AARRIITTHHMMEETTIICC EEVVAALLUUAATTIIOONN. If _e_x_p_r_e_s_s_i_o_n is invalid, bbaasshh prints a message @@ -2203,7 +2242,7 @@ EEXXPPAANNSSIIOONN sis, otherwise the construct would be interpreted as a redirection. Process substitution is supported on systems that support named pipes - (_F_I_F_O_s) or the //ddeevv//ffdd method of naming open files. + (_F_I_F_O_s) or the _/_d_e_v_/_f_d method of naming open files. When available, process substitution is performed simultaneously with parameter and variable expansion, command substitution, and arithmetic @@ -2302,8 +2341,9 @@ EEXXPPAANNSSIIOONN GGLLOOBBIIGGNNOORREE pattern matching honors the setting of the eexxttgglloobb shell op- tion. - The GGLLOOBBSSOORRTT shell variable controls how the results of pathname expan- - sion are sorted, as described above. + The value of the GGLLOOBBSSOORRTT shell variable controls how the results of + pathname expansion are sorted, as described above under SShheellll VVaarrii-- + aabblleess. PPaatttteerrnn MMaattcchhiinngg @@ -2499,14 +2539,14 @@ RREEDDIIRREECCTTIIOONN [_n]>>_w_o_r_d If the redirection operator is >>, and the nnoocclloobbbbeerr option to the sseett - builtin has been enabled, the redirection fails if the file whose name - results from the expansion of _w_o_r_d exists and is a regular file. If - the redirection operator is >>||, or the redirection operator is >> and - the nnoocclloobbbbeerr option to the sseett builtin command is not enabled, bbaasshh + builtin command has been enabled, the redirection fails if the file + whose name results from the expansion of _w_o_r_d exists and is a regular + file. If the redirection operator is >>||, or the redirection operator + is >> and the nnoocclloobbbbeerr option to the sseett builtin is not enabled, bbaasshh attempts the redirection even if the file named by _w_o_r_d exists. AAppppeennddiinngg RReeddiirreecctteedd OOuuttppuutt - Redirecting output in this fashion opens the file whose name results + Redirecting output in this fashion opens the file whose name results from the expansion of _w_o_r_d for appending on file descriptor _n, or the standard output (file descriptor 1) if _n is not specified. If the file does not exist it is created. @@ -2565,26 +2605,25 @@ RREEDDIIRREECCTTIIOONN _d_e_l_i_m_i_t_e_r The shell does not perform parameter and variable expansion, command - substitution, arithmetic expansion, or pathname expansion is performed - on _w_o_r_d. + substitution, arithmetic expansion, or pathname expansion on _w_o_r_d. If any part of _w_o_r_d is quoted, the _d_e_l_i_m_i_t_e_r is the result of quote re- moval on _w_o_r_d, and the lines in the here-document are not expanded. If - _w_o_r_d is unquoted, the _d_e_l_i_m_i_t_e_r is _w_o_r_d itself, and the here-document - text is treated similarly to a double-quoted string: all lines of the - here-document are subjected to parameter expansion, command substitu- - tion, and arithmetic expansion, the character sequence \\<> is + _w_o_r_d is unquoted, the _d_e_l_i_m_i_t_e_r is _w_o_r_d itself, and the here-document + text is treated similarly to a double-quoted string: all lines of the + here-document are subjected to parameter expansion, command substitu- + tion, and arithmetic expansion, the character sequence \\<> is treated literally, and \\ must be used to quote the characters \\, $$, and ``; however, double quote characters have no special meaning. - If the redirection operator is <<<<--, then the shell strips all leading - tab characters from input lines and the line containing _d_e_l_i_m_i_t_e_r. - This allows here-documents within shell scripts to be indented in a + If the redirection operator is <<<<--, then the shell strips all leading + tab characters from input lines and the line containing _d_e_l_i_m_i_t_e_r. + This allows here-documents within shell scripts to be indented in a natural fashion. If the delimiter is not quoted, the \\<> sequence is treated as a - line continuation: the two lines are joined and the backslash-newline - is removed. This happens while reading the here-document, before the + line continuation: the two lines are joined and the backslash-newline + is removed. This happens while reading the here-document, before the check for the ending delimiter, so joined lines can form the end delim- iter. @@ -2593,9 +2632,9 @@ RREEDDIIRREECCTTIIOONN [_n]<<<<<<_w_o_r_d - The _w_o_r_d undergoes tilde expansion, parameter and variable expansion, - command substitution, arithmetic expansion, and quote removal. Path- - name expansion and word splitting are not performed. The result is + The _w_o_r_d undergoes tilde expansion, parameter and variable expansion, + command substitution, arithmetic expansion, and quote removal. Path- + name expansion and word splitting are not performed. The result is supplied as a single string, with a newline appended, to the command on its standard input (or file descriptor _n if _n is specified). @@ -2605,22 +2644,22 @@ RREEDDIIRREECCTTIIOONN [_n]<<&&_w_o_r_d is used to duplicate input file descriptors. If _w_o_r_d expands to one or - more digits, file descriptor _n is made to be a copy of that file de- + more digits, file descriptor _n is made to be a copy of that file de- scriptor. It is a redirection error if the digits in _w_o_r_d do not spec- ify a file descriptor open for input. If _w_o_r_d evaluates to --, file de- - scriptor _n is closed. If _n is not specified, this uses the standard + scriptor _n is closed. If _n is not specified, this uses the standard input (file descriptor 0). The operator [_n]>>&&_w_o_r_d - is used similarly to duplicate output file descriptors. If _n is not - specified, this uses the standard output (file descriptor 1). It is a - redirection error if the digits in _w_o_r_d do not specify a file descrip- - tor open for output. If _w_o_r_d evaluates to --, file descriptor _n is - closed. As a special case, if _n is omitted, and _w_o_r_d does not expand - to one or more digits or --, this redirects the standard output and + is used similarly to duplicate output file descriptors. If _n is not + specified, this uses the standard output (file descriptor 1). It is a + redirection error if the digits in _w_o_r_d do not specify a file descrip- + tor open for output. If _w_o_r_d evaluates to --, file descriptor _n is + closed. As a special case, if _n is omitted, and _w_o_r_d does not expand + to one or more digits or --, this redirects the standard output and standard error as described previously. MMoovviinngg FFiillee DDeessccrriippttoorrss @@ -2628,7 +2667,7 @@ RREEDDIIRREECCTTIIOONN [_n]<<&&_d_i_g_i_t-- - moves the file descriptor _d_i_g_i_t to file descriptor _n, or the standard + moves the file descriptor _d_i_g_i_t to file descriptor _n, or the standard input (file descriptor 0) if _n is not specified. _d_i_g_i_t is closed after being duplicated to _n. @@ -2636,7 +2675,7 @@ RREEDDIIRREECCTTIIOONN [_n]>>&&_d_i_g_i_t-- - moves the file descriptor _d_i_g_i_t to file descriptor _n, or the standard + moves the file descriptor _d_i_g_i_t to file descriptor _n, or the standard output (file descriptor 1) if _n is not specified. OOppeenniinngg FFiillee DDeessccrriippttoorrss ffoorr RReeaaddiinngg aanndd WWrriittiinngg @@ -2649,170 +2688,170 @@ RREEDDIIRREECCTTIIOONN ified. If the file does not exist, it is created. AALLIIAASSEESS - _A_l_i_a_s_e_s allow a string to be substituted for a word that is in a posi- - tion in the input where it can be the first word of a simple command. - Aliases have names and corresponding values that are set and unset us- - ing the aalliiaass and uunnaalliiaass builtin commands (see SSHHEELLLL BBUUIILLTTIINN CCOOMMMMAANNDDSS + _A_l_i_a_s_e_s allow a string to be substituted for a word that is in a posi- + tion in the input where it can be the first word of a simple command. + Aliases have names and corresponding values that are set and unset us- + ing the aalliiaass and uunnaalliiaass builtin commands (see SSHHEELLLL BBUUIILLTTIINN CCOOMMMMAANNDDSS below). - If the shell reads an unquoted word in the right position, it checks - the word to see if it matches an alias name. If it matches, the shell - replaces the word with the alias value, and reads that value as if it + If the shell reads an unquoted word in the right position, it checks + the word to see if it matches an alias name. If it matches, the shell + replaces the word with the alias value, and reads that value as if it had been read instead of the word. The shell doesn't look at any char- acters following the word before attempting alias substitution. - The characters //, $$, ``, and == and any of the shell _m_e_t_a_c_h_a_r_a_c_t_e_r_s or - quoting characters listed above may not appear in an alias name. The - replacement text may contain any valid shell input, including shell - metacharacters. The first word of the replacement text is tested for + The characters //, $$, ``, and == and any of the shell _m_e_t_a_c_h_a_r_a_c_t_e_r_s or + quoting characters listed above may not appear in an alias name. The + replacement text may contain any valid shell input, including shell + metacharacters. The first word of the replacement text is tested for aliases, but a word that is identical to an alias being expanded is not expanded a second time. This means that one may alias llss to llss --FF, for - instance, and bbaasshh does not try to recursively expand the replacement + instance, and bbaasshh does not try to recursively expand the replacement text. - If the last character of the alias value is a _b_l_a_n_k, the shell checks + If the last character of the alias value is a _b_l_a_n_k, the shell checks the next command word following the alias for alias expansion. Aliases are created and listed with the aalliiaass command, and removed with the uunnaalliiaass command. - There is no mechanism for using arguments in the replacement text. If - arguments are needed, use a shell function (see FFUUNNCCTTIIOONNSS below) in- + There is no mechanism for using arguments in the replacement text. If + arguments are needed, use a shell function (see FFUUNNCCTTIIOONNSS below) in- stead. - Aliases are not expanded when the shell is not interactive, unless the - eexxppaanndd__aalliiaasseess shell option is set using sshhoopptt (see the description of + Aliases are not expanded when the shell is not interactive, unless the + eexxppaanndd__aalliiaasseess shell option is set using sshhoopptt (see the description of sshhoopptt under SSHHEELLLL BBUUIILLTTIINN CCOOMMMMAANNDDSS below). - The rules concerning the definition and use of aliases are somewhat - confusing. BBaasshh always reads at least one complete line of input, and - all lines that make up a compound command, before executing any of the - commands on that line or the compound command. Aliases are expanded - when a command is read, not when it is executed. Therefore, an alias - definition appearing on the same line as another command does not take + The rules concerning the definition and use of aliases are somewhat + confusing. BBaasshh always reads at least one complete line of input, and + all lines that make up a compound command, before executing any of the + commands on that line or the compound command. Aliases are expanded + when a command is read, not when it is executed. Therefore, an alias + definition appearing on the same line as another command does not take effect until the shell reads the next line of input, and an alias defi- - nition in a compound command does not take effect until the shell - parses and executes the entire compound command. The commands follow- - ing the alias definition on that line, or in the rest of a compound - command, are not affected by the new alias. This behavior is also an - issue when functions are executed. Aliases are expanded when a func- - tion definition is read, not when the function is executed, because a + nition in a compound command does not take effect until the shell + parses and executes the entire compound command. The commands follow- + ing the alias definition on that line, or in the rest of a compound + command, are not affected by the new alias. This behavior is also an + issue when functions are executed. Aliases are expanded when a func- + tion definition is read, not when the function is executed, because a function definition is itself a command. As a consequence, aliases de- fined in a function are not available until after that function is exe- - cuted. To be safe, always put alias definitions on a separate line, + cuted. To be safe, always put alias definitions on a separate line, and do not use aalliiaass in compound commands. For almost every purpose, shell functions are preferable to aliases. FFUUNNCCTTIIOONNSS - A shell function, defined as described above under SSHHEELLLL GGRRAAMMMMAARR, - stores a series of commands for later execution. When the name of a + A shell function, defined as described above under SSHHEELLLL GGRRAAMMMMAARR, + stores a series of commands for later execution. When the name of a shell function is used as a simple command name, the shell executes the list of commands associated with that function name. Functions are ex- - ecuted in the context of the calling shell; there is no new process - created to interpret them (contrast this with the execution of a shell + ecuted in the context of the calling shell; there is no new process + created to interpret them (contrast this with the execution of a shell script). - When a function is executed, the arguments to the function become the + When a function is executed, the arguments to the function become the positional parameters during its execution. The special parameter ## is - updated to reflect the new positional parameters. Special parameter 00 + updated to reflect the new positional parameters. Special parameter 00 is unchanged. The first element of the FFUUNNCCNNAAMMEE variable is set to the name of the function while the function is executing. - All other aspects of the shell execution environment are identical be- - tween a function and its caller with these exceptions: the DDEEBBUUGG and - RREETTUURRNN traps (see the description of the ttrraapp builtin under SSHHEELLLL - BBUUIILLTTIINN CCOOMMMMAANNDDSS below) are not inherited unless the function has been - given the ttrraaccee attribute (see the description of the ddeeccllaarree builtin - below) or the --oo ffuunnccttrraaccee shell option has been enabled with the sseett - builtin (in which case all functions inherit the DDEEBBUUGG and RREETTUURRNN - traps), and the EERRRR trap is not inherited unless the --oo eerrrrttrraaccee shell + All other aspects of the shell execution environment are identical be- + tween a function and its caller with these exceptions: the DDEEBBUUGG and + RREETTUURRNN traps (see the description of the ttrraapp builtin under SSHHEELLLL + BBUUIILLTTIINN CCOOMMMMAANNDDSS below) are not inherited unless the function has been + given the ttrraaccee attribute (see the description of the ddeeccllaarree builtin + below) or the --oo ffuunnccttrraaccee shell option has been enabled with the sseett + builtin (in which case all functions inherit the DDEEBBUUGG and RREETTUURRNN + traps), and the EERRRR trap is not inherited unless the --oo eerrrrttrraaccee shell option has been enabled. - Variables local to the function are declared with the llooccaall builtin - command (_l_o_c_a_l _v_a_r_i_a_b_l_e_s). Ordinarily, variables and their values are - shared between the function and its caller. If a variable is declared - llooccaall, the variable's visible scope is restricted to that function and + Variables local to the function are declared with the llooccaall builtin + command (_l_o_c_a_l _v_a_r_i_a_b_l_e_s). Ordinarily, variables and their values are + shared between the function and its caller. If a variable is declared + llooccaall, the variable's visible scope is restricted to that function and its children (including the functions it calls). In the following description, the _c_u_r_r_e_n_t _s_c_o_p_e is a currently- execut- ing function. Previous scopes consist of that function's caller and so - on, back to the "global" scope, where the shell is not executing any - shell function. A local variable at the current scope is a variable - declared using the llooccaall or ddeeccllaarree builtins in the function that is + on, back to the "global" scope, where the shell is not executing any + shell function. A local variable at the current scope is a variable + declared using the llooccaall or ddeeccllaarree builtins in the function that is currently executing. - Local variables "shadow" variables with the same name declared at pre- - vious scopes. For instance, a local variable declared in a function + Local variables "shadow" variables with the same name declared at pre- + vious scopes. For instance, a local variable declared in a function hides variables with the same name declared at previous scopes, includ- - ing global variables: references and assignments refer to the local - variable, leaving the variables at previous scopes unmodified. When + ing global variables: references and assignments refer to the local + variable, leaving the variables at previous scopes unmodified. When the function returns, the global variable is once again visible. - The shell uses _d_y_n_a_m_i_c _s_c_o_p_i_n_g to control a variable's visibility - within functions. With dynamic scoping, visible variables and their - values are a result of the sequence of function calls that caused exe- - cution to reach the current function. The value of a variable that a - function sees depends on its value within its caller, if any, whether - that caller is the global scope or another shell function. This is + The shell uses _d_y_n_a_m_i_c _s_c_o_p_i_n_g to control a variable's visibility + within functions. With dynamic scoping, visible variables and their + values are a result of the sequence of function calls that caused exe- + cution to reach the current function. The value of a variable that a + function sees depends on its value within its caller, if any, whether + that caller is the global scope or another shell function. This is also the value that a local variable declaration shadows, and the value that is restored when the function returns. - For example, if a variable _v_a_r is declared as local in function _f_u_n_c_1, - and _f_u_n_c_1 calls another function _f_u_n_c_2, references to _v_a_r made from - within _f_u_n_c_2 resolve to the local variable _v_a_r from _f_u_n_c_1, shadowing + For example, if a variable _v_a_r is declared as local in function _f_u_n_c_1, + and _f_u_n_c_1 calls another function _f_u_n_c_2, references to _v_a_r made from + within _f_u_n_c_2 resolve to the local variable _v_a_r from _f_u_n_c_1, shadowing any global variable named _v_a_r. The uunnsseett builtin also acts using the same dynamic scope: if a variable - is local to the current scope, uunnsseett unsets it; otherwise the unset - will refer to the variable found in any calling scope as described - above. If a variable at the current local scope is unset, it remains - so (appearing as unset) until it is reset in that scope or until the + is local to the current scope, uunnsseett unsets it; otherwise the unset + will refer to the variable found in any calling scope as described + above. If a variable at the current local scope is unset, it remains + so (appearing as unset) until it is reset in that scope or until the function returns. Once the function returns, any instance of the vari- able at a previous scope becomes visible. If the unset acts on a vari- - able at a previous scope, any instance of a variable with that name - that had been shadowed becomes visible (see below how the llooccaallvvaarr__uunn-- + able at a previous scope, any instance of a variable with that name + that had been shadowed becomes visible (see below how the llooccaallvvaarr__uunn-- sseett shell option changes this behavior). - The FFUUNNCCNNEESSTT variable, if set to a numeric value greater than 0, de- - fines a maximum function nesting level. Function invocations that ex- + The FFUUNNCCNNEESSTT variable, if set to a numeric value greater than 0, de- + fines a maximum function nesting level. Function invocations that ex- ceed the limit cause the entire command to abort. - If the builtin command rreettuurrnn is executed in a function, the function - completes and execution resumes with the next command after the func- + If the builtin command rreettuurrnn is executed in a function, the function + completes and execution resumes with the next command after the func- tion call. If rreettuurrnn is supplied a numeric argument, that is the func- - tion's return status; otherwise the function's return status is the - exit status of the last command executed before the rreettuurrnn. Any com- - mand associated with the RREETTUURRNN trap is executed before execution re- + tion's return status; otherwise the function's return status is the + exit status of the last command executed before the rreettuurrnn. Any com- + mand associated with the RREETTUURRNN trap is executed before execution re- sumes. When a function completes, the values of the positional parame- - ters and the special parameter ## are restored to the values they had + ters and the special parameter ## are restored to the values they had prior to the function's execution. The --ff option to the ddeeccllaarree or ttyyppeesseett builtin commands lists function - names and definitions. The --FF option to ddeeccllaarree or ttyyppeesseett lists the + names and definitions. The --FF option to ddeeccllaarree or ttyyppeesseett lists the function names only (and optionally the source file and line number, if - the eexxttddeebbuugg shell option is enabled). Functions may be exported so - that child shell processes (those created when executing a separate + the eexxttddeebbuugg shell option is enabled). Functions may be exported so + that child shell processes (those created when executing a separate shell invocation) automatically have them defined with the --ff option to the eexxppoorrtt builtin. The --ff option to the uunnsseett builtin deletes a func- tion definition. Functions may be recursive. The FFUUNNCCNNEESSTT variable may be used to limit - the depth of the function call stack and restrict the number of func- - tion invocations. By default, bbaasshh imposes no limit on the number of + the depth of the function call stack and restrict the number of func- + tion invocations. By default, bbaasshh imposes no limit on the number of recursive calls. AARRIITTHHMMEETTIICC EEVVAALLUUAATTIIOONN - The shell allows arithmetic expressions to be evaluated, under certain - circumstances (see the lleett and ddeeccllaarree builtin commands, the (((( com- - pound command, the arithmetic ffoorr command, the [[[[ conditional command, + The shell allows arithmetic expressions to be evaluated, under certain + circumstances (see the lleett and ddeeccllaarree builtin commands, the (((( com- + pound command, the arithmetic ffoorr command, the [[[[ conditional command, and AArriitthhmmeettiicc EExxppaannssiioonn). - Evaluation is done in the largest fixed-width integers available, with - no check for overflow, though division by 0 is trapped and flagged as - an error. The operators and their precedence, associativity, and val- + Evaluation is done in the largest fixed-width integers available, with + no check for overflow, though division by 0 is trapped and flagged as + an error. The operators and their precedence, associativity, and val- ues are the same as in the C language. The following list of operators - is grouped into levels of equal-precedence operators. The levels are + is grouped into levels of equal-precedence operators. The levels are listed in order of decreasing precedence. _i_d++++ _i_d---- @@ -2840,63 +2879,63 @@ AARRIITTHHMMEETTIICC EEVVAALLUUAATTIIOONN _e_x_p_r_1 ,, _e_x_p_r_2 comma - Shell variables are allowed as operands; parameter expansion is per- + Shell variables are allowed as operands; parameter expansion is per- formed before the expression is evaluated. Within an expression, shell - variables may also be referenced by name without using the parameter + variables may also be referenced by name without using the parameter expansion syntax. This means you can use "x", where _x is a shell vari- able name, in an arithmetic expression, and the shell will evaluate its - value as an expression and use the result. A shell variable that is + value as an expression and use the result. A shell variable that is null or unset evaluates to 0 when referenced by name in an expression. - The value of a variable is evaluated as an arithmetic expression when - it is referenced, or when a variable which has been given the _i_n_t_e_g_e_r + The value of a variable is evaluated as an arithmetic expression when + it is referenced, or when a variable which has been given the _i_n_t_e_g_e_r attribute using ddeeccllaarree --ii is assigned a value. A null value evaluates - to 0. A shell variable need not have its _i_n_t_e_g_e_r attribute turned on + to 0. A shell variable need not have its _i_n_t_e_g_e_r attribute turned on to be used in an expression. Integer constants follow the C language definition, without suffixes or character constants. Constants with a leading 0 are interpreted as oc- - tal numbers. A leading 0x or 0X denotes hexadecimal. Otherwise, num- - bers take the form [_b_a_s_e_#]n, where the optional _b_a_s_e is a decimal num- - ber between 2 and 64 representing the arithmetic base, and _n is a num- - ber in that base. If _b_a_s_e_# is omitted, then base 10 is used. When + tal numbers. A leading 0x or 0X denotes hexadecimal. Otherwise, num- + bers take the form [_b_a_s_e_#]n, where the optional _b_a_s_e is a decimal num- + ber between 2 and 64 representing the arithmetic base, and _n is a num- + ber in that base. If _b_a_s_e_# is omitted, then base 10 is used. When specifying _n, if a non-digit is required, the digits greater than 9 are - represented by the lowercase letters, the uppercase letters, @, and _, - in that order. If _b_a_s_e is less than or equal to 36, lowercase and up- - percase letters may be used interchangeably to represent numbers be- + represented by the lowercase letters, the uppercase letters, @, and _, + in that order. If _b_a_s_e is less than or equal to 36, lowercase and up- + percase letters may be used interchangeably to represent numbers be- tween 10 and 35. Operators are evaluated in precedence order. Sub-expressions in paren- theses are evaluated first and may override the precedence rules above. CCOONNDDIITTIIOONNAALL EEXXPPRREESSSSIIOONNSS - Conditional expressions are used by the [[[[ compound command and the - tteesstt and [[ builtin commands to test file attributes and perform string - and arithmetic comparisons. The tteesstt and [[ commands determine their - behavior based on the number of arguments; see the descriptions of + Conditional expressions are used by the [[[[ compound command and the + tteesstt and [[ builtin commands to test file attributes and perform string + and arithmetic comparisons. The tteesstt and [[ commands determine their + behavior based on the number of arguments; see the descriptions of those commands for any other command-specific actions. Expressions are formed from the unary or binary primaries listed below. - Unary expressions are often used to examine the status of a file or - shell variable. Binary operators are used for string, numeric, and + Unary expressions are often used to examine the status of a file or + shell variable. Binary operators are used for string, numeric, and file attribute comparisons. - BBaasshh handles several filenames specially when they are used in expres- + BBaasshh handles several filenames specially when they are used in expres- sions. If the operating system on which bbaasshh is running provides these - special files, bash will use them; otherwise it will emulate them in- - ternally with this behavior: If any _f_i_l_e argument to one of the pri- - maries is of the form _/_d_e_v_/_f_d_/_n, then bbaasshh checks file descriptor _n. - If the _f_i_l_e argument to one of the primaries is one of _/_d_e_v_/_s_t_d_i_n, - _/_d_e_v_/_s_t_d_o_u_t, or _/_d_e_v_/_s_t_d_e_r_r, bbaasshh checks file descriptor 0, 1, or 2, + special files, bash will use them; otherwise it will emulate them in- + ternally with this behavior: If any _f_i_l_e argument to one of the pri- + maries is of the form _/_d_e_v_/_f_d_/_n, then bbaasshh checks file descriptor _n. + If the _f_i_l_e argument to one of the primaries is one of _/_d_e_v_/_s_t_d_i_n, + _/_d_e_v_/_s_t_d_o_u_t, or _/_d_e_v_/_s_t_d_e_r_r, bbaasshh checks file descriptor 0, 1, or 2, respectively. Unless otherwise specified, primaries that operate on files follow sym- bolic links and operate on the target of the link, rather than the link itself. - When used with [[[[, or when the shell is in posix mode, the << and >> op- - erators sort lexicographically using the current locale. When the - shell is not in posix mode, the tteesstt command sorts using ASCII order- + When used with [[[[, or when the shell is in posix mode, the << and >> op- + erators sort lexicographically using the current locale. When the + shell is not in posix mode, the tteesstt command sorts using ASCII order- ing. --aa _f_i_l_e @@ -2935,25 +2974,25 @@ CCOONNDDIITTIIOONNAALL EEXXPPRREESSSSIIOONNSS --LL _f_i_l_e True if _f_i_l_e exists and is a symbolic link. --NN _f_i_l_e - True if _f_i_l_e exists and has been modified since it was last ac- + True if _f_i_l_e exists and has been modified since it was last ac- cessed. --OO _f_i_l_e True if _f_i_l_e exists and is owned by the effective user id. --SS _f_i_l_e True if _f_i_l_e exists and is a socket. --oo _o_p_t_n_a_m_e - True if the shell option _o_p_t_n_a_m_e is enabled. See the list of - options under the description of the --oo option to the sseett + True if the shell option _o_p_t_n_a_m_e is enabled. See the list of + options under the description of the --oo option to the sseett builtin below. --vv _v_a_r_n_a_m_e - True if the shell variable _v_a_r_n_a_m_e is set (has been assigned a - value). If _v_a_r_n_a_m_e is an indexed array variable name sub- - scripted by _@ or _*, this returns true if the array has any set + True if the shell variable _v_a_r_n_a_m_e is set (has been assigned a + value). If _v_a_r_n_a_m_e is an indexed array variable name sub- + scripted by _@ or _*, this returns true if the array has any set elements. If _v_a_r_n_a_m_e is an associative array variable name sub- - scripted by _@ or _*, this returns true if an element with that + scripted by _@ or _*, this returns true if an element with that key is set. --RR _v_a_r_n_a_m_e - True if the shell variable _v_a_r_n_a_m_e is set and is a name refer- + True if the shell variable _v_a_r_n_a_m_e is set and is a name refer- ence. --zz _s_t_r_i_n_g True if the length of _s_t_r_i_n_g is zero. @@ -2963,8 +3002,8 @@ CCOONNDDIITTIIOONNAALL EEXXPPRREESSSSIIOONNSS _s_t_r_i_n_g_1 ==== _s_t_r_i_n_g_2 _s_t_r_i_n_g_1 == _s_t_r_i_n_g_2 - True if the strings are equal. == should be used with the tteesstt - command for POSIX conformance. When used with the [[[[ command, + True if the strings are equal. == should be used with the tteesstt + command for POSIX conformance. When used with the [[[[ command, this performs pattern matching as described above (CCoommppoouunndd CCoomm-- mmaannddss). _s_t_r_i_n_g_1 !!== _s_t_r_i_n_g_2 @@ -2975,23 +3014,26 @@ CCOONNDDIITTIIOONNAALL EEXXPPRREESSSSIIOONNSS True if _s_t_r_i_n_g_1 sorts after _s_t_r_i_n_g_2 lexicographically. _f_i_l_e_1 --eeff _f_i_l_e_2 - True if _f_i_l_e_1 and _f_i_l_e_2 refer to the same device and inode num- + True if _f_i_l_e_1 and _f_i_l_e_2 refer to the same device and inode num- bers. _f_i_l_e_1 -nntt _f_i_l_e_2 - True if _f_i_l_e_1 is newer (according to modification date) than + True if _f_i_l_e_1 is newer (according to modification date) than _f_i_l_e_2, or if _f_i_l_e_1 exists and _f_i_l_e_2 does not. _f_i_l_e_1 -oott _f_i_l_e_2 - True if _f_i_l_e_1 is older than _f_i_l_e_2, or if _f_i_l_e_2 exists and _f_i_l_e_1 + True if _f_i_l_e_1 is older than _f_i_l_e_2, or if _f_i_l_e_2 exists and _f_i_l_e_1 does not. _a_r_g_1 OOPP _a_r_g_2 - OOPP is one of --eeqq, --nnee, --lltt, --llee, --ggtt, or --ggee. These arithmetic - binary operators return true if _a_r_g_1 is equal to, not equal to, - less than, less than or equal to, greater than, or greater than - or equal to _a_r_g_2, respectively. _a_r_g_1 and _a_r_g_2 may be positive - or negative integers. When used with the [[[[ command, _a_r_g_1 and - _a_r_g_2 are evaluated as arithmetic expressions (see AARRIITTHHMMEETTIICC - EEVVAALLUUAATTIIOONN above). + OOPP is one of --eeqq, --nnee, --lltt, --llee, --ggtt, or --ggee. These arithmetic + binary operators return true if _a_r_g_1 is equal to, not equal to, + less than, less than or equal to, greater than, or greater than + or equal to _a_r_g_2, respectively. _a_r_g_1 and _a_r_g_2 may be positive + or negative integers. When used with the [[[[ command, _a_r_g_1 and + _a_r_g_2 are evaluated as arithmetic expressions (see AARRIITTHHMMEETTIICC + EEVVAALLUUAATTIIOONN above). Since the expansions the [[[[ command performs + on _a_r_g_1 and _a_r_g_2 can potentially result in empty strings, arith- + metic expression evaluation treats those as expressions that + evaluate to 0. SSIIMMPPLLEE CCOOMMMMAANNDD EEXXPPAANNSSIIOONN When the shell executes a simple command, it performs the following ex- @@ -3328,123 +3370,125 @@ JJOOBB CCOONNTTRROOLL To facilitate the implementation of the user interface to job control, each process has a _p_r_o_c_e_s_s _g_r_o_u_p _I_D, and the operating system maintains - the notion of a _c_u_r_r_e_n_t _t_e_r_m_i_n_a_l _p_r_o_c_e_s_s _g_r_o_u_p _I_D. Processes that have - the same process group ID are said to be part of the same _p_r_o_c_e_s_s - _g_r_o_u_p. Members of the _f_o_r_e_g_r_o_u_n_d process group (processes whose - process group ID is equal to the current terminal process group ID) re- - ceive keyboard-generated signals such as SSIIGGIINNTT. Processes in the - foreground process group are said to be _f_o_r_e_g_r_o_u_n_d processes. _B_a_c_k_- - _g_r_o_u_n_d processes are those whose process group ID differs from the ter- - minal's; such processes are immune to keyboard-generated signals. Only - foreground processes are allowed to read from or, if the user so speci- - fies with "stty tostop", write to the terminal. Background processes - which attempt to read from (write to when "tostop" is in effect) the - terminal are sent a SSIIGGTTTTIINN ((SSIIGGTTTTOOUU)) signal by the kernel's terminal - driver, which, unless caught, suspends the process. - - If the operating system on which bbaasshh is running supports job control, + the notion of a _c_u_r_r_e_n_t _t_e_r_m_i_n_a_l _p_r_o_c_e_s_s _g_r_o_u_p _I_D. This terminal + process group ID is associated with the _c_o_n_t_r_o_l_l_i_n_g _t_e_r_m_i_n_a_l. + + Processes that have the same process group ID are said to be part of + the same _p_r_o_c_e_s_s _g_r_o_u_p. Members of the _f_o_r_e_g_r_o_u_n_d process group + (processes whose process group ID is equal to the current terminal + process group ID) receive keyboard-generated signals such as SSIIGGIINNTT. + Processes in the foreground process group are said to be _f_o_r_e_g_r_o_u_n_d + processes. _B_a_c_k_g_r_o_u_n_d processes are those whose process group ID dif- + fers from the controlling terminal's; such processes are immune to key- + board-generated signals. Only foreground processes are allowed to read + from or, if the user so specifies with "stty tostop", write to the con- + trolling terminal. The system sends a SSIIGGTTTTIINN ((SSIIGGTTTTOOUU)) signal to + background processes which attempt to read from (write to when "tostop" + is in effect) the terminal, which, unless caught, suspends the process. + + If the operating system on which bbaasshh is running supports job control, bbaasshh contains facilities to use it. Typing the _s_u_s_p_e_n_d character (typ- ically ^^ZZ, Control-Z) while a process is running stops that process and - returns control to bbaasshh. Typing the _d_e_l_a_y_e_d _s_u_s_p_e_n_d character (typi- - cally ^^YY, Control-Y) causes the process stop when it attempts to read - input from the terminal, and returns control to bbaasshh. The user then - manipulates the state of this job, using the bbgg command to continue it - in the background, the ffgg command to continue it in the foreground, or - the kkiillll command to kill it. The suspend character takes effect imme- - diately, and has the additional side effect of discarding any pending + returns control to bbaasshh. Typing the _d_e_l_a_y_e_d _s_u_s_p_e_n_d character (typi- + cally ^^YY, Control-Y) causes the process stop when it attempts to read + input from the terminal, and returns control to bbaasshh. The user then + manipulates the state of this job, using the bbgg command to continue it + in the background, the ffgg command to continue it in the foreground, or + the kkiillll command to kill it. The suspend character takes effect imme- + diately, and has the additional side effect of discarding any pending output and typeahead. To force a background process to stop, or stop a - process that's not associated with the current terminal session, send + process that's not associated with the current terminal session, send it the SSIIGGSSTTOOPP signal using kkiillll. There are a number of ways to refer to a job in the shell. The %% char- acter introduces a job specification (jobspec). - Job number _n may be referred to as %%nn. A job may also be referred to - using a prefix of the name used to start it, or using a substring that - appears in its command line. For example, %%ccee refers to a job whose - command name begins with ccee. Using %%??ccee, on the other hand, refers to + Job number _n may be referred to as %%nn. A job may also be referred to + using a prefix of the name used to start it, or using a substring that + appears in its command line. For example, %%ccee refers to a job whose + command name begins with ccee. Using %%??ccee, on the other hand, refers to any job containing the string ccee in its command line. If the prefix or substring matches more than one job, bbaasshh reports an error. - The symbols %%%% and %%++ refer to the shell's notion of the _c_u_r_r_e_n_t _j_o_b. - A single % (with no accompanying job specification) also refers to the - current job. %%-- refers to the _p_r_e_v_i_o_u_s _j_o_b. When a job starts in the + The symbols %%%% and %%++ refer to the shell's notion of the _c_u_r_r_e_n_t _j_o_b. + A single % (with no accompanying job specification) also refers to the + current job. %%-- refers to the _p_r_e_v_i_o_u_s _j_o_b. When a job starts in the background, a job stops while in the foreground, or a job is resumed in - the background, it becomes the current job. The job that was the cur- - rent job becomes the previous job. When the current job terminates, - the previous job becomes the current job. If there is only a single - job, %%++ and %%-- can both be used to refer to that job. In output per- + the background, it becomes the current job. The job that was the cur- + rent job becomes the previous job. When the current job terminates, + the previous job becomes the current job. If there is only a single + job, %%++ and %%-- can both be used to refer to that job. In output per- taining to jobs (e.g., the output of the jjoobbss command), the current job is always marked with a ++, and the previous job with a --. - Simply naming a job can be used to bring it into the foreground: %%11 is - a synonym for "fg %1", bringing job 1 from the background into the + Simply naming a job can be used to bring it into the foreground: %%11 is + a synonym for "fg %1", bringing job 1 from the background into the foreground. Similarly, "%1 &" resumes job 1 in the background, equiva- lent to "bg %1". - The shell learns immediately whenever a job changes state. Normally, - bbaasshh waits until it is about to print a prompt before notifying the - user about changes in a job's status so as to not interrupt any other - output, though it will notify of changes in a job's status after a - foreground command in a list completes, before executing the next com- - mand in the list. If the --bb option to the sseett builtin command is en- + The shell learns immediately whenever a job changes state. Normally, + bbaasshh waits until it is about to print a prompt before notifying the + user about changes in a job's status so as to not interrupt any other + output, though it will notify of changes in a job's status after a + foreground command in a list completes, before executing the next com- + mand in the list. If the --bb option to the sseett builtin command is en- abled, bbaasshh reports status changes immediately. BBaasshh executes any trap on SSIIGGCCHHLLDD for each child that terminates. When a job terminates and bbaasshh notifies the user about it, bbaasshh removes - the job from the table. It will not appear in jjoobbss output, but wwaaiitt - will report its exit status, as long as it's supplied the process ID - associated with the job as an argument. When the table is empty, job + the job from the table. It will not appear in jjoobbss output, but wwaaiitt + will report its exit status, as long as it's supplied the process ID + associated with the job as an argument. When the table is empty, job numbers start over at 1. - If a user attempts to exit bbaasshh while jobs are stopped (or, if the - cchheecckkjjoobbss shell option has been enabled using the sshhoopptt builtin, run- + If a user attempts to exit bbaasshh while jobs are stopped (or, if the + cchheecckkjjoobbss shell option has been enabled using the sshhoopptt builtin, run- ning), the shell prints a warning message, and, if the cchheecckkjjoobbss option - is enabled, lists the jobs and their statuses. The jjoobbss command may + is enabled, lists the jobs and their statuses. The jjoobbss command may then be used to inspect their status. If the user immediately attempts - to exit again, without an intervening command, bbaasshh does not print an- + to exit again, without an intervening command, bbaasshh does not print an- other warning, and terminates any stopped jobs. - When the shell is waiting for a job or process using the wwaaiitt builtin, - and job control is enabled, wwaaiitt will return when the job changes + When the shell is waiting for a job or process using the wwaaiitt builtin, + and job control is enabled, wwaaiitt will return when the job changes state. The --ff option causes wwaaiitt to wait until the job or process ter- minates before returning. PPRROOMMPPTTIINNGG When executing interactively, bbaasshh displays the primary prompt PPSS11 when - it is ready to read a command, and the secondary prompt PPSS22 when it + it is ready to read a command, and the secondary prompt PPSS22 when it needs more input to complete a command. - BBaasshh examines the value of the array variable PPRROOMMPPTT__CCOOMMMMAANNDD just be- - fore printing each primary prompt. If any elements in PPRROOMMPPTT__CCOOMMMMAANNDD - are set and non-null, Bash executes each value, in numeric order, just - as if it had been typed on the command line. BBaasshh displays PPSS00 after + BBaasshh examines the value of the array variable PPRROOMMPPTT__CCOOMMMMAANNDD just be- + fore printing each primary prompt. If any elements in PPRROOMMPPTT__CCOOMMMMAANNDD + are set and non-null, Bash executes each value, in numeric order, just + as if it had been typed on the command line. BBaasshh displays PPSS00 after it reads a command but before executing it. - BBaasshh displays PPSS44 as described above before tracing each command when + BBaasshh displays PPSS44 as described above before tracing each command when the --xx option is enabled. BBaasshh allows the prompt strings PPSS00, PPSS11, PPSS22, and PPSS44, to be customized - by inserting a number of backslash-escaped special characters that are + by inserting a number of backslash-escaped special characters that are decoded as follows: \\aa An ASCII bell character (07). - \\dd The date in "Weekday Month Date" format (e.g., "Tue May + \\dd The date in "Weekday Month Date" format (e.g., "Tue May 26"). \\DD{{_f_o_r_m_a_t}} The _f_o_r_m_a_t is passed to _s_t_r_f_t_i_m_e(3) and the result is in- serted into the prompt string; an empty _f_o_r_m_a_t results in - a locale-specific time representation. The braces are + a locale-specific time representation. The braces are required. \\ee An ASCII escape character (033). \\hh The hostname up to the first ".". \\HH The hostname. \\jj The number of jobs currently managed by the shell. - \\ll The basename of the shell's terminal device name (e.g., + \\ll The basename of the shell's terminal device name (e.g., "ttys0"). \\nn A newline. \\rr A carriage return. - \\ss The name of the shell: the basename of $$00 (the portion + \\ss The name of the shell: the basename of $$00 (the portion following the final slash). \\tt The current time in 24-hour HH:MM:SS format. \\TT The current time in 12-hour HH:MM:SS format. @@ -3453,104 +3497,104 @@ PPRROOMMPPTTIINNGG \\uu The username of the current user. \\vv The bbaasshh version (e.g., 2.00). \\VV The bbaasshh release, version + patch level (e.g., 2.00.0) - \\ww The value of the PPWWDD shell variable ($$PPWWDD), with $$HHOOMMEE - abbreviated with a tilde (uses the value of the + \\ww The value of the PPWWDD shell variable ($$PPWWDD), with $$HHOOMMEE + abbreviated with a tilde (uses the value of the PPRROOMMPPTT__DDIIRRTTRRIIMM variable). - \\WW The basename of $$PPWWDD, with $$HHOOMMEE abbreviated with a + \\WW The basename of $$PPWWDD, with $$HHOOMMEE abbreviated with a tilde. \\!! The history number of this command. \\## The command number of this command. \\$$ If the effective UID is 0, a ##, otherwise a $$. \\_n_n_n The character corresponding to the octal number _n_n_n. \\\\ A backslash. - \\[[ Begin a sequence of non-printing characters, which could - be used to embed a terminal control sequence into the + \\[[ Begin a sequence of non-printing characters, which could + be used to embed a terminal control sequence into the prompt. \\]] End a sequence of non-printing characters. - The command number and the history number are usually different: the - history number of a command is its position in the history list, which - may include commands restored from the history file (see HHIISSTTOORRYY be- - low), while the command number is the position in the sequence of com- - mands executed during the current shell session. After the string is - decoded, it is expanded via parameter expansion, command substitution, - arithmetic expansion, and quote removal, subject to the value of the + The command number and the history number are usually different: the + history number of a command is its position in the history list, which + may include commands restored from the history file (see HHIISSTTOORRYY be- + low), while the command number is the position in the sequence of com- + mands executed during the current shell session. After the string is + decoded, it is expanded via parameter expansion, command substitution, + arithmetic expansion, and quote removal, subject to the value of the pprroommppttvvaarrss shell option (see the description of the sshhoopptt command under - SSHHEELLLL BBUUIILLTTIINN CCOOMMMMAANNDDSS below). This can have unwanted side effects if - escaped portions of the string appear within command substitution or + SSHHEELLLL BBUUIILLTTIINN CCOOMMMMAANNDDSS below). This can have unwanted side effects if + escaped portions of the string appear within command substitution or contain characters special to word expansion. RREEAADDLLIINNEE - This is the library that handles reading input when using an interac- - tive shell, unless the ----nnooeeddiittiinngg option is supplied at shell invoca- - tion. Line editing is also used when using the --ee option to the rreeaadd + This is the library that handles reading input when using an interac- + tive shell, unless the ----nnooeeddiittiinngg option is supplied at shell invoca- + tion. Line editing is also used when using the --ee option to the rreeaadd builtin. By default, the line editing commands are similar to those of emacs; a vi-style line editing interface is also available. Line edit- - ing can be enabled at any time using the --oo eemmaaccss or --oo vvii options to - the sseett builtin (see SSHHEELLLL BBUUIILLTTIINN CCOOMMMMAANNDDSS below). To turn off line - editing after the shell is running, use the ++oo eemmaaccss or ++oo vvii options + ing can be enabled at any time using the --oo eemmaaccss or --oo vvii options to + the sseett builtin (see SSHHEELLLL BBUUIILLTTIINN CCOOMMMMAANNDDSS below). To turn off line + editing after the shell is running, use the ++oo eemmaaccss or ++oo vvii options to the sseett builtin. RReeaaddlliinnee NNoottaattiioonn - This section uses Emacs-style editing concepts and uses its notation - for keystrokes. Control keys are denoted by C-_k_e_y, e.g., C-n means - Control-N. Similarly, _m_e_t_a keys are denoted by M-_k_e_y, so M-x means + This section uses Emacs-style editing concepts and uses its notation + for keystrokes. Control keys are denoted by C-_k_e_y, e.g., C-n means + Control-N. Similarly, _m_e_t_a keys are denoted by M-_k_e_y, so M-x means Meta-X. The Meta key is often labeled "Alt" or "Option". - On keyboards without a _M_e_t_a key, M-_x means ESC _x, i.e., press and re- - lease the Escape key, then press and release the _x key, in sequence. - This makes ESC the _m_e_t_a _p_r_e_f_i_x. The combination M-C-_x means ESC Con- - trol-_x: press and release the Escape key, then press and hold the Con- + On keyboards without a _M_e_t_a key, M-_x means ESC _x, i.e., press and re- + lease the Escape key, then press and release the _x key, in sequence. + This makes ESC the _m_e_t_a _p_r_e_f_i_x. The combination M-C-_x means ESC Con- + trol-_x: press and release the Escape key, then press and hold the Con- trol key while pressing the _x key, then release both. - On some keyboards, the Meta key modifier produces characters with the - eighth bit (0200) set. You can use the eennaabbllee--mmeettaa--kkeeyy variable to - control whether or not it does this, if the keyboard allows it. On - many others, the terminal or terminal emulator converts the metafied - key to a key sequence beginning with ESC as described in the preceding + On some keyboards, the Meta key modifier produces characters with the + eighth bit (0200) set. You can use the eennaabbllee--mmeettaa--kkeeyy variable to + control whether or not it does this, if the keyboard allows it. On + many others, the terminal or terminal emulator converts the metafied + key to a key sequence beginning with ESC as described in the preceding paragraph. - If your _M_e_t_a key produces a key sequence with the ESC meta prefix, you - can make M-_k_e_y key bindings you specify (see RReeaaddlliinnee KKeeyy BBiinnddiinnggss be- + If your _M_e_t_a key produces a key sequence with the ESC meta prefix, you + can make M-_k_e_y key bindings you specify (see RReeaaddlliinnee KKeeyy BBiinnddiinnggss be- low) do the same thing by setting the ffoorrccee--mmeettaa--pprreeffiixx variable. RReeaaddlliinnee commands may be given numeric _a_r_g_u_m_e_n_t_s, which normally act as - a repeat count. Sometimes, however, it is the sign of the argument - that is significant. Passing a negative argument to a command that - acts in the forward direction (e.g., kkiillll--lliinnee) makes that command act - in a backward direction. Commands whose behavior with arguments devi- + a repeat count. Sometimes, however, it is the sign of the argument + that is significant. Passing a negative argument to a command that + acts in the forward direction (e.g., kkiillll--lliinnee) makes that command act + in a backward direction. Commands whose behavior with arguments devi- ates from this are noted below. - The _p_o_i_n_t is the current cursor position, and _m_a_r_k refers to a saved + The _p_o_i_n_t is the current cursor position, and _m_a_r_k refers to a saved cursor position. The text between the point and mark is referred to as the _r_e_g_i_o_n. RReeaaddlliinnee has the concept of an _a_c_t_i_v_e _r_e_g_i_o_n: when the re- - gion is active, rreeaaddlliinnee redisplay highlights the region using the + gion is active, rreeaaddlliinnee redisplay highlights the region using the value of the aaccttiivvee--rreeggiioonn--ssttaarrtt--ccoolloorr variable. The eennaabbllee--aaccttiivvee--rree-- - ggiioonn variable turns this on and off. Several commands set the region + ggiioonn variable turns this on and off. Several commands set the region to active; those are noted below. - When a command is described as _k_i_l_l_i_n_g text, the text deleted is saved + When a command is described as _k_i_l_l_i_n_g text, the text deleted is saved for possible future retrieval (_y_a_n_k_i_n_g). The killed text is saved in a - _k_i_l_l _r_i_n_g. Consecutive kills accumulate the deleted text into one + _k_i_l_l _r_i_n_g. Consecutive kills accumulate the deleted text into one unit, which can be yanked all at once. Commands which do not kill text separate the chunks of text on the kill ring. RReeaaddlliinnee IInniittiiaalliizzaattiioonn - RReeaaddlliinnee is customized by putting commands in an initialization file - (the _i_n_p_u_t_r_c file). The name of this file is taken from the value of - the IINNPPUUTTRRCC shell variable. If that variable is unset, the default is - _~_/_._i_n_p_u_t_r_c. If that file does not exist or cannot be read, rreeaaddlliinnee - looks for _/_e_t_c_/_i_n_p_u_t_r_c. When a program that uses the rreeaaddlliinnee library - starts up, rreeaaddlliinnee reads the initialization file and sets the key + RReeaaddlliinnee is customized by putting commands in an initialization file + (the _i_n_p_u_t_r_c file). The name of this file is taken from the value of + the IINNPPUUTTRRCC shell variable. If that variable is unset, the default is + _~_/_._i_n_p_u_t_r_c. If that file does not exist or cannot be read, rreeaaddlliinnee + looks for _/_e_t_c_/_i_n_p_u_t_r_c. When a program that uses the rreeaaddlliinnee library + starts up, rreeaaddlliinnee reads the initialization file and sets the key bindings and variables found there, before reading any user input. - There are only a few basic constructs allowed in the inputrc file. + There are only a few basic constructs allowed in the inputrc file. Blank lines are ignored. Lines beginning with a ## are comments. Lines beginning with a $$ indicate conditional constructs. Other lines denote key bindings and variable settings. The default key-bindings in this section may be changed using key bind- - ing commands in the _i_n_p_u_t_r_c file. Programs that use the rreeaaddlliinnee li- + ing commands in the _i_n_p_u_t_r_c file. Programs that use the rreeaaddlliinnee li- brary, including bbaasshh, may add their own commands and bindings. For example, placing @@ -3559,26 +3603,26 @@ RREEAADDLLIINNEE or C-Meta-u: universal-argument - into the _i_n_p_u_t_r_c would make M-C-u execute the rreeaaddlliinnee command _u_n_i_v_e_r_- + into the _i_n_p_u_t_r_c would make M-C-u execute the rreeaaddlliinnee command _u_n_i_v_e_r_- _s_a_l_-_a_r_g_u_m_e_n_t. - Key bindings may contain the following symbolic character names: _D_E_L, - _E_S_C, _E_S_C_A_P_E, _L_F_D, _N_E_W_L_I_N_E, _R_E_T, _R_E_T_U_R_N, _R_U_B_O_U_T (a destructive back- + Key bindings may contain the following symbolic character names: _D_E_L, + _E_S_C, _E_S_C_A_P_E, _L_F_D, _N_E_W_L_I_N_E, _R_E_T, _R_E_T_U_R_N, _R_U_B_O_U_T (a destructive back- space), _S_P_A_C_E, _S_P_C, and _T_A_B. - In addition to command names, rreeaaddlliinnee allows keys to be bound to a + In addition to command names, rreeaaddlliinnee allows keys to be bound to a string that is inserted when the key is pressed (a _m_a_c_r_o). The differ- - ence between a macro and a command is that a macro is enclosed in sin- + ence between a macro and a command is that a macro is enclosed in sin- gle or double quotes. RReeaaddlliinnee KKeeyy BBiinnddiinnggss - The syntax for controlling key bindings in the _i_n_p_u_t_r_c file is simple. - All that is required is the name of the command or the text of a macro - and a key sequence to which it should be bound. The key sequence may - be specified in one of two ways: as a symbolic key name, possibly with - _M_e_t_a_- or _C_o_n_t_r_o_l_- prefixes, or as a key sequence composed of one or - more characters enclosed in double quotes. The key sequence and name - are separated by a colon. There can be no whitespace between the name + The syntax for controlling key bindings in the _i_n_p_u_t_r_c file is simple. + All that is required is the name of the command or the text of a macro + and a key sequence to which it should be bound. The key sequence may + be specified in one of two ways: as a symbolic key name, possibly with + _M_e_t_a_- or _C_o_n_t_r_o_l_- prefixes, or as a key sequence composed of one or + more characters enclosed in double quotes. The key sequence and name + are separated by a colon. There can be no whitespace between the name and the colon. When using the form kkeeyynnaammee:_f_u_n_c_t_i_o_n_-_n_a_m_e or _m_a_c_r_o, _k_e_y_n_a_m_e is the name @@ -3588,15 +3632,15 @@ RREEAADDLLIINNEE Meta-Rubout: backward-kill-word Control-o: "> output" - In the above example, _C_-_u is bound to the function uunniivveerrssaall--aarrgguummeenntt, - _M_-_D_E_L is bound to the function bbaacckkwwaarrdd--kkiillll--wwoorrdd, and _C_-_o is bound to - run the macro expressed on the right hand side (that is, to insert the + In the above example, _C_-_u is bound to the function uunniivveerrssaall--aarrgguummeenntt, + _M_-_D_E_L is bound to the function bbaacckkwwaarrdd--kkiillll--wwoorrdd, and _C_-_o is bound to + run the macro expressed on the right hand side (that is, to insert the text "> output" into the line). - In the second form, ""kkeeyysseeqq"":_f_u_n_c_t_i_o_n_-_n_a_m_e or _m_a_c_r_o, kkeeyysseeqq differs - from kkeeyynnaammee above in that strings denoting an entire key sequence may - be specified by placing the sequence within double quotes. Some GNU - Emacs style key escapes can be used, as in the following example, but + In the second form, ""kkeeyysseeqq"":_f_u_n_c_t_i_o_n_-_n_a_m_e or _m_a_c_r_o, kkeeyysseeqq differs + from kkeeyynnaammee above in that strings denoting an entire key sequence may + be specified by placing the sequence within double quotes. Some GNU + Emacs style key escapes can be used, as in the following example, but none of the symbolic character names are recognized. "\C-u": universal-argument @@ -3604,21 +3648,21 @@ RREEAADDLLIINNEE "\e[11~": "Function Key 1" In this example, _C_-_u is again bound to the function uunniivveerrssaall--aarrgguummeenntt. - _C_-_x _C_-_r is bound to the function rree--rreeaadd--iinniitt--ffiillee, and _E_S_C _[ _1 _1 _~ is + _C_-_x _C_-_r is bound to the function rree--rreeaadd--iinniitt--ffiillee, and _E_S_C _[ _1 _1 _~ is bound to insert the text "Function Key 1". - The full set of GNU Emacs style escape sequences available when speci- + The full set of GNU Emacs style escape sequences available when speci- fying key sequences is \\CC-- A control prefix. - \\MM-- Adding the meta prefix or converting the following char- - acter to a meta character, as described below under + \\MM-- Adding the meta prefix or converting the following char- + acter to a meta character, as described below under ffoorrccee--mmeettaa--pprreeffiixx. \\ee An escape character. \\\\ Backslash. \\"" Literal ", a double quote. \\'' Literal ', a single quote. - In addition to the GNU Emacs style escape sequences, a second set of + In addition to the GNU Emacs style escape sequences, a second set of backslash escapes is available: \\aa alert (bell) \\bb backspace @@ -3628,20 +3672,20 @@ RREEAADDLLIINNEE \\rr carriage return \\tt horizontal tab \\vv vertical tab - \\_n_n_n The eight-bit character whose value is the octal value + \\_n_n_n The eight-bit character whose value is the octal value _n_n_n (one to three digits). - \\xx_H_H The eight-bit character whose value is the hexadecimal + \\xx_H_H The eight-bit character whose value is the hexadecimal value _H_H (one or two hex digits). When entering the text of a macro, single or double quotes must be used to indicate a macro definition. Unquoted text is assumed to be a func- - tion name. The backslash escapes described above are expanded in the - macro body. Backslash quotes any other character in the macro text, + tion name. The backslash escapes described above are expanded in the + macro body. Backslash quotes any other character in the macro text, including " and '. - BBaasshh will display or modify the current rreeaaddlliinnee key bindings with the + BBaasshh will display or modify the current rreeaaddlliinnee key bindings with the bbiinndd builtin command. The --oo eemmaaccss or --oo vvii options to the sseett builtin - (see SSHHEELLLL BBUUIILLTTIINN CCOOMMMMAANNDDSS below) change the editing mode during in- + (see SSHHEELLLL BBUUIILLTTIINN CCOOMMMMAANNDDSS below) change the editing mode during in- teractive use. RReeaaddlliinnee VVaarriiaabblleess @@ -3652,186 +3696,185 @@ RREEAADDLLIINNEE sseett _v_a_r_i_a_b_l_e_-_n_a_m_e _v_a_l_u_e or using the bbiinndd builtin command (see SSHHEELLLL BBUUIILLTTIINN CCOOMMMMAANNDDSS below). - Except where noted, rreeaaddlliinnee variables can take the values OOnn or OOffff - (without regard to case). Unrecognized variable names are ignored. + Except where noted, rreeaaddlliinnee variables can take the values OOnn or OOffff + (without regard to case). Unrecognized variable names are ignored. When rreeaaddlliinnee reads a variable value, empty or null values, "on" (case- - insensitive), and "1" are equivalent to OOnn. All other values are + insensitive), and "1" are equivalent to OOnn. All other values are equivalent to OOffff. - The bbiinndd --VV command lists the current rreeaaddlliinnee variable names and val- + The bbiinndd --VV command lists the current rreeaaddlliinnee variable names and val- ues (see SSHHEELLLL BBUUIILLTTIINN CCOOMMMMAANNDDSS below). The variables and their default values are: aaccttiivvee--rreeggiioonn--ssttaarrtt--ccoolloorr - A string variable that controls the text color and background - when displaying the text in the active region (see the descrip- - tion of eennaabbllee--aaccttiivvee--rreeggiioonn below). This string must not take + A string variable that controls the text color and background + when displaying the text in the active region (see the descrip- + tion of eennaabbllee--aaccttiivvee--rreeggiioonn below). This string must not take up any physical character positions on the display, so it should - consist only of terminal escape sequences. It is output to the - terminal before displaying the text in the active region. This - variable is reset to the default value whenever the terminal - type changes. The default value is the string that puts the - terminal in standout mode, as obtained from the terminal's ter- + consist only of terminal escape sequences. It is output to the + terminal before displaying the text in the active region. This + variable is reset to the default value whenever the terminal + type changes. The default value is the string that puts the + terminal in standout mode, as obtained from the terminal's ter- minfo description. A sample value might be "\e[01;33m". aaccttiivvee--rreeggiioonn--eenndd--ccoolloorr - A string variable that "undoes" the effects of aaccttiivvee--rree-- - ggiioonn--ssttaarrtt--ccoolloorr and restores "normal" terminal display appear- - ance after displaying text in the active region. This string - must not take up any physical character positions on the dis- - play, so it should consist only of terminal escape sequences. - It is output to the terminal after displaying the text in the - active region. This variable is reset to the default value - whenever the terminal type changes. The default value is the - string that restores the terminal from standout mode, as ob- + A string variable that "undoes" the effects of aaccttiivvee--rree-- + ggiioonn--ssttaarrtt--ccoolloorr and restores "normal" terminal display appear- + ance after displaying text in the active region. This string + must not take up any physical character positions on the dis- + play, so it should consist only of terminal escape sequences. + It is output to the terminal after displaying the text in the + active region. This variable is reset to the default value + whenever the terminal type changes. The default value is the + string that restores the terminal from standout mode, as ob- tained from the terminal's terminfo description. A sample value might be "\e[0m". bbeellll--ssttyyllee ((aauuddiibbllee)) - Controls what happens when rreeaaddlliinnee wants to ring the terminal + Controls what happens when rreeaaddlliinnee wants to ring the terminal bell. If set to nnoonnee, rreeaaddlliinnee never rings the bell. If set to - vviissiibbllee, rreeaaddlliinnee uses a visible bell if one is available. If + vviissiibbllee, rreeaaddlliinnee uses a visible bell if one is available. If set to aauuddiibbllee, rreeaaddlliinnee attempts to ring the terminal's bell. bbiinndd--ttttyy--ssppeecciiaall--cchhaarrss ((OOnn)) - If set to OOnn, rreeaaddlliinnee attempts to bind the control characters - that are treated specially by the kernel's terminal driver to + If set to OOnn, rreeaaddlliinnee attempts to bind the control characters + that are treated specially by the kernel's terminal driver to their rreeaaddlliinnee equivalents. These override the default rreeaaddlliinnee bindings described here. Type "stty -a" at a bbaasshh prompt to see - your current terminal settings, including the special control + your current terminal settings, including the special control characters (usually cccchhaarrss). bblliinnkk--mmaattcchhiinngg--ppaarreenn ((OOffff)) If set to OOnn, rreeaaddlliinnee attempts to briefly move the cursor to an opening parenthesis when a closing parenthesis is inserted. ccoolloorreedd--ccoommpplleettiioonn--pprreeffiixx ((OOffff)) - If set to OOnn, when listing completions, rreeaaddlliinnee displays the + If set to OOnn, when listing completions, rreeaaddlliinnee displays the common prefix of the set of possible completions using a differ- - ent color. The color definitions are taken from the value of + ent color. The color definitions are taken from the value of the LLSS__CCOOLLOORRSS environment variable. If there is a color defini- tion in $$LLSS__CCOOLLOORRSS for the custom suffix ".readline-colored-com- - pletion-prefix", rreeaaddlliinnee uses this color for the common prefix + pletion-prefix", rreeaaddlliinnee uses this color for the common prefix instead of its default. ccoolloorreedd--ssttaattss ((OOffff)) - If set to OOnn, rreeaaddlliinnee displays possible completions using dif- - ferent colors to indicate their file type. The color defini- - tions are taken from the value of the LLSS__CCOOLLOORRSS environment + If set to OOnn, rreeaaddlliinnee displays possible completions using dif- + ferent colors to indicate their file type. The color defini- + tions are taken from the value of the LLSS__CCOOLLOORRSS environment variable. ccoommmmeenntt--bbeeggiinn (("##")) - The string that the rreeaaddlliinnee iinnsseerrtt--ccoommmmeenntt command inserts. - This command is bound to MM--## in emacs mode and to ## in vi com- + The string that the rreeaaddlliinnee iinnsseerrtt--ccoommmmeenntt command inserts. + This command is bound to MM--## in emacs mode and to ## in vi com- mand mode. ccoommpplleettiioonn--ddiissppllaayy--wwiiddtthh ((--11)) - The number of screen columns used to display possible matches - when performing completion. The value is ignored if it is less - than 0 or greater than the terminal screen width. A value of 0 - causes matches to be displayed one per line. The default value + The number of screen columns used to display possible matches + when performing completion. The value is ignored if it is less + than 0 or greater than the terminal screen width. A value of 0 + causes matches to be displayed one per line. The default value is -1. ccoommpplleettiioonn--iiggnnoorree--ccaassee ((OOffff)) If set to OOnn, rreeaaddlliinnee performs filename matching and completion in a case-insensitive fashion. ccoommpplleettiioonn--mmaapp--ccaassee ((OOffff)) - If set to OOnn, and ccoommpplleettiioonn--iiggnnoorree--ccaassee is enabled, rreeaaddlliinnee - treats hyphens (_-) and underscores (__) as equivalent when per- + If set to OOnn, and ccoommpplleettiioonn--iiggnnoorree--ccaassee is enabled, rreeaaddlliinnee + treats hyphens (_-) and underscores (__) as equivalent when per- forming case-insensitive filename matching and completion. ccoommpplleettiioonn--pprreeffiixx--ddiissppllaayy--lleennggtthh ((00)) - The maximum length in characters of the common prefix of a list - of possible completions that is displayed without modification. - When set to a value greater than zero, rreeaaddlliinnee replaces common + The maximum length in characters of the common prefix of a list + of possible completions that is displayed without modification. + When set to a value greater than zero, rreeaaddlliinnee replaces common prefixes longer than this value with an ellipsis when displaying possible completions. If a completion begins with a period, and - eeaaddlliinnee is completing filenames, it uses three underscores in- + eeaaddlliinnee is completing filenames, it uses three underscores in- stead of an ellipsis. ccoommpplleettiioonn--qquueerryy--iitteemmss ((110000)) - This determines when the user is queried about viewing the num- - ber of possible completions generated by the ppoossssiibbllee--ccoommppllee-- - ttiioonnss command. It may be set to any integer value greater than - or equal to zero. If the number of possible completions is - greater than or equal to the value of this variable, rreeaaddlliinnee - asks whether or not the user wishes to view them; otherwise - rreeaaddlliinnee simply lists them on the terminal. A zero value means + This determines when the user is queried about viewing the num- + ber of possible completions generated by the ppoossssiibbllee--ccoommppllee-- + ttiioonnss command. It may be set to any integer value greater than + or equal to zero. If the number of possible completions is + greater than or equal to the value of this variable, rreeaaddlliinnee + asks whether or not the user wishes to view them; otherwise + rreeaaddlliinnee simply lists them on the terminal. A zero value means rreeaaddlliinnee should never ask; negative values are treated as zero. ccoonnvveerrtt--mmeettaa ((OOnn)) - If set to OOnn, rreeaaddlliinnee converts characters it reads that have - the eighth bit set to an ASCII key sequence by clearing the + If set to OOnn, rreeaaddlliinnee converts characters it reads that have + the eighth bit set to an ASCII key sequence by clearing the eighth bit and prefixing it with an escape character (converting - the character to have the meta prefix). The default is _O_n, but - rreeaaddlliinnee sets it to _O_f_f if the locale contains characters whose + the character to have the meta prefix). The default is _O_n, but + rreeaaddlliinnee sets it to _O_f_f if the locale contains characters whose encodings may include bytes with the eighth bit set. This vari- - able is dependent on the LLCC__CCTTYYPPEE locale category, and may - change if the locale changes. This variable also affects key + able is dependent on the LLCC__CCTTYYPPEE locale category, and may + change if the locale changes. This variable also affects key bindings; see the description of ffoorrccee--mmeettaa--pprreeffiixx below. ddiissaabbllee--ccoommpplleettiioonn ((OOffff)) - If set to OOnn, rreeaaddlliinnee inhibits word completion. Completion + If set to OOnn, rreeaaddlliinnee inhibits word completion. Completion characters are inserted into the line as if they had been mapped to sseellff--iinnsseerrtt. eecchhoo--ccoonnttrrooll--cchhaarraacctteerrss ((OOnn)) - When set to OOnn, on operating systems that indicate they support + When set to OOnn, on operating systems that indicate they support it, rreeaaddlliinnee echoes a character corresponding to a signal gener- ated from the keyboard. eeddiittiinngg--mmooddee ((eemmaaccss)) - Controls whether rreeaaddlliinnee uses a set of key bindings similar to + Controls whether rreeaaddlliinnee uses a set of key bindings similar to _E_m_a_c_s or _v_i. eeddiittiinngg--mmooddee can be set to either eemmaaccss or vvii. eemmaaccss--mmooddee--ssttrriinngg ((@@)) - If the _s_h_o_w_-_m_o_d_e_-_i_n_-_p_r_o_m_p_t variable is enabled, this string is + If the _s_h_o_w_-_m_o_d_e_-_i_n_-_p_r_o_m_p_t variable is enabled, this string is displayed immediately before the last line of the primary prompt when emacs editing mode is active. The value is expanded like a - key binding, so the standard set of meta- and control- prefixes - and backslash escape sequences is available. The \1 and \2 es- - capes begin and end sequences of non-printing characters, which - can be used to embed a terminal control sequence into the mode + key binding, so the standard set of meta- and control- prefixes + and backslash escape sequences is available. The \1 and \2 es- + capes begin and end sequences of non-printing characters, which + can be used to embed a terminal control sequence into the mode string. eennaabbllee--aaccttiivvee--rreeggiioonn ((OOnn)) - When this variable is set to _O_n, rreeaaddlliinnee allows certain com- + When this variable is set to _O_n, rreeaaddlliinnee allows certain com- mands to designate the region as _a_c_t_i_v_e. When the region is ac- tive, rreeaaddlliinnee highlights the text in the region using the value of the aaccttiivvee--rreeggiioonn--ssttaarrtt--ccoolloorr variable, which defaults to the - string that enables the terminal's standout mode. The active + string that enables the terminal's standout mode. The active region shows the text inserted by bracketed-paste and any match- ing text found by incremental and non-incremental history searches. eennaabbllee--bbrraacckkeetteedd--ppaassttee ((OOnn)) - When set to OOnn, rreeaaddlliinnee configures the terminal to insert each - paste into the editing buffer as a single string of characters, - instead of treating each character as if it had been read from - the keyboard. This is called _b_r_a_c_k_e_t_e_d_-_p_a_s_t_e _m_o_d_e; it prevents - rreeaaddlliinnee from executing any editing commands bound to key se- + When set to OOnn, rreeaaddlliinnee configures the terminal to insert each + paste into the editing buffer as a single string of characters, + instead of treating each character as if it had been read from + the keyboard. This is called _b_r_a_c_k_e_t_e_d_-_p_a_s_t_e _m_o_d_e; it prevents + rreeaaddlliinnee from executing any editing commands bound to key se- quences appearing in the pasted text. eennaabbllee--kkeeyyppaadd ((OOffff)) When set to OOnn, rreeaaddlliinnee tries to enable the application keypad - when it is called. Some systems need this to enable the arrow + when it is called. Some systems need this to enable the arrow keys. eennaabbllee--mmeettaa--kkeeyy ((OOnn)) - When set to OOnn, rreeaaddlliinnee tries to enable any meta modifier key + When set to OOnn, rreeaaddlliinnee tries to enable any meta modifier key the terminal claims to support. On many terminals, the Meta key - is used to send eight-bit characters; this variable checks for - the terminal capability that indicates the terminal can enable - and disable a mode that sets the eighth bit of a character - (0200) if the Meta key is held down when the character is typed + is used to send eight-bit characters; this variable checks for + the terminal capability that indicates the terminal can enable + and disable a mode that sets the eighth bit of a character + (0200) if the Meta key is held down when the character is typed (a meta character). eexxppaanndd--ttiillddee ((OOffff)) If set to OOnn, rreeaaddlliinnee performs tilde expansion when it attempts word completion. ffoorrccee--mmeettaa--pprreeffiixx ((OOffff)) - If set to OOnn, rreeaaddlliinnee modifies its behavior when binding key - sequences containing \M- or Meta- (see KKeeyy BBiinnddiinnggss above) by + If set to OOnn, rreeaaddlliinnee modifies its behavior when binding key + sequences containing \M- or Meta- (see KKeeyy BBiinnddiinnggss above) by converting a key sequence of the form \M-_C or Meta-_C to the two- - character sequence EESSCC _C (adding the meta prefix). If + character sequence EESSCC _C (adding the meta prefix). If ffoorrccee--mmeettaa--pprreeffiixx is set to OOffff (the default), rreeaaddlliinnee uses the - value of the ccoonnvveerrtt--mmeettaa variable to determine whether to per- - form this conversion: if ccoonnvveerrtt--mmeettaa is OOnn, rreeaaddlliinnee performs - the conversion described above; if it is OOffff, rreeaaddlliinnee converts + value of the ccoonnvveerrtt--mmeettaa variable to determine whether to per- + form this conversion: if ccoonnvveerrtt--mmeettaa is OOnn, rreeaaddlliinnee performs + the conversion described above; if it is OOffff, rreeaaddlliinnee converts _C to a meta character by setting the eighth bit (0200). hhiissttoorryy--pprreesseerrvvee--ppooiinntt ((OOffff)) - If set to OOnn, the history code attempts to place point at the - same location on each history line retrieved with pprreevviioouuss--hhiiss-- + If set to OOnn, the history code attempts to place point at the + same location on each history line retrieved with pprreevviioouuss--hhiiss-- ttoorryy or nneexxtt--hhiissttoorryy. hhiissttoorryy--ssiizzee ((uunnsseett)) - Set the maximum number of history entries saved in the history - list. If set to zero, any existing history entries are deleted + Set the maximum number of history entries saved in the history + list. If set to zero, any existing history entries are deleted and no new entries are saved. If set to a value less than zero, - the number of history entries is not limited. By default, bbaasshh - sets the the maximum number of history entries to the value of - the HHIISSTTSSIIZZEE shell variable. Setting _h_i_s_t_o_r_y_-_s_i_z_e to a non-nu- - meric value will set the maximum number of history entries to - 500. + the number of history entries is not limited. By default, bbaasshh + sets the maximum number of history entries to the value of the + HHIISSTTSSIIZZEE shell variable. Setting _h_i_s_t_o_r_y_-_s_i_z_e to a non-numeric + value will set the maximum number of history entries to 500. hhoorriizzoonnttaall--ssccrroollll--mmooddee ((OOffff)) Setting this variable to OOnn makes rreeaaddlliinnee use a single line for display, scrolling the input horizontally on a single screen @@ -4103,10 +4146,10 @@ RREEAADDLLIINNEE bbaacckkwwaarrdd--wwoorrdd ((MM--bb)) Move back to the start of the current or previous word. Words are composed of alphanumeric characters (letters and digits). - sshheellll--ffoorrwwaarrdd--wwoorrdd + sshheellll--ffoorrwwaarrdd--wwoorrdd ((MM--CC--ff)) Move forward to the end of the next word. Words are delimited by non-quoted shell metacharacters. - sshheellll--bbaacckkwwaarrdd--wwoorrdd + sshheellll--bbaacckkwwaarrdd--wwoorrdd ((MM--CC--bb)) Move back to the start of the current or previous word. Words are delimited by non-quoted shell metacharacters. pprreevviioouuss--ssccrreeeenn--lliinnee @@ -4127,8 +4170,8 @@ RREEAADDLLIINNEE at the top of the screen. cclleeaarr--ssccrreeeenn ((CC--ll)) Clear the screen, then redraw the current line, leaving the cur- - rent line at the top of the screen. With an argument, refresh - the current line without clearing the screen. + rent line at the top of the screen. With a numeric argument, + refresh the current line without clearing the screen. rreeddrraaww--ccuurrrreenntt--lliinnee Refresh the current line. @@ -4291,7 +4334,7 @@ RREEAADDLLIINNEE Negative arguments have no effect. ttrraannssppoossee--wwoorrddss ((MM--tt)) Drag the word before point past the word after point, moving - point over that word as well. If point is at the end of the + point past that word as well. If point is at the end of the line, this transposes the last two words on the line. sshheellll--ttrraannssppoossee--wwoorrddss ((MM--CC--tt)) Drag the word before point past the word after point, moving @@ -4433,7 +4476,7 @@ RREEAADDLLIINNEE +o the number of matches _N; +o the word being completed; - +o _S:_E, where S and E are the start and end offsets of the + +o _S:_E, where _S and _E are the start and end offsets of the word in the rreeaaddlliinnee line buffer; then +o each match, one per line @@ -4778,7 +4821,7 @@ HHIISSTTOORRYY values of the shell variables HHIISSTTIIGGNNOORREE and HHIISSTTCCOONNTTRROOLL. On startup, bbaasshh initializes the history list by reading history en- - tries from the the file named by the HHIISSTTFFIILLEE variable (default + tries from the file named by the HHIISSTTFFIILLEE variable (default _~_/_._b_a_s_h___h_i_s_t_o_r_y). That file is referred to as the _h_i_s_t_o_r_y _f_i_l_e. The history file is truncated, if necessary, to contain no more than the number of history entries specified by the value of the HHIISSTTFFIILLEESSIIZZEE @@ -5209,7 +5252,7 @@ SSHHEELLLL BBUUIILLTTIINN CCOOMMMMAANNDDSS An argument of -- is converted to $$OOLLDDPPWWDD before attempting the directory change. - If ccdd uses a non-empty directory name from CCDDPPAATTHH,, or if -- is + If ccdd uses a non-empty directory name from CCDDPPAATTHH, or if -- is the first argument, and the directory change is successful, ccdd writes the absolute pathname of the new working directory to the standard output. @@ -5530,7 +5573,7 @@ SSHHEELLLL BBUUIILLTTIINN CCOOMMMMAANNDDSS attributes do not take effect until subsequent assignments. The return value is 0 unless an invalid option is encountered, - an attempt is made to define a function using "-f foo=bar". an + an attempt is made to define a function using "-f foo=bar", an attempt is made to assign a value to a readonly variable, an at- tempt is made to assign a value to an array variable without us- ing the compound assignment syntax (see AArrrraayyss above), one of @@ -5627,7 +5670,7 @@ SSHHEELLLL BBUUIILLTTIINN CCOOMMMMAANNDDSS though the shell normally searches for builtins before files. If --nn is supplied, each _n_a_m_e is disabled; otherwise, _n_a_m_es are - enabled. For example, to use the tteesstt binary found usin g PPAATTHH + enabled. For example, to use the tteesstt binary found using PPAATTHH instead of the shell builtin version, run "enable -n test". If no _n_a_m_e arguments are supplied, or if the --pp option is sup- @@ -5843,13 +5886,25 @@ SSHHEELLLL BBUUIILLTTIINN CCOOMMMMAANNDDSS hheellpp [--ddmmss] [_p_a_t_t_e_r_n] Display helpful information about builtin commands. If _p_a_t_t_e_r_n is specified, hheellpp gives detailed help on all commands matching - _p_a_t_t_e_r_n; otherwise it displays a list of all the builtins and - shell compound commands. + _p_a_t_t_e_r_n as described below; otherwise it displays a list of all + the builtins and shell compound commands. + + Options, if supplied, have the follow meanings: + --dd Display a short description of each _p_a_t_t_e_r_n --mm Display the description of each _p_a_t_t_e_r_n in a manpage-like format --ss Display only a short usage synopsis for each _p_a_t_t_e_r_n + If _p_a_t_t_e_r_n contains pattern matching characters (see PPaatttteerrnn + MMaattcchhiinngg above) it's treated as a shell pattern and hheellpp prints + the description of each help topic matching _p_a_t_t_e_r_n. + + If not, and _p_a_t_t_e_r_n exactly matches the name of a help topic, + hheellpp prints the description associated with that topic. Other- + wise, hheellpp performs prefix matching and prints the descriptions + of all matching help topics. + The return status is 0 unless no command matches _p_a_t_t_e_r_n. hhiissttoorryy [[_n]] @@ -5859,18 +5914,18 @@ SSHHEELLLL BBUUIILLTTIINN CCOOMMMMAANNDDSS hhiissttoorryy --aannrrww [_f_i_l_e_n_a_m_e] hhiissttoorryy --pp _a_r_g [_a_r_g ...] hhiissttoorryy --ss _a_r_g [_a_r_g ...] - With no options, display the command history list with numbers. - Entries prefixed with a ** have been modified. An argument of _n - lists only the last _n entries. If the shell variable HHIISSTTTTIIMMEE-- - FFOORRMMAATT is set and not null, it is used as a format string for - _s_t_r_f_t_i_m_e(3) to display the time stamp associated with each dis- - played history entry. If hhiissttoorryy uses HHIISSTTTTIIMMEEFFOORRMMAATT, it does - not print an intervening space between the formatted time stamp + With no options, display the command history list with numbers. + Entries prefixed with a ** have been modified. An argument of _n + lists only the last _n entries. If the shell variable HHIISSTTTTIIMMEE-- + FFOORRMMAATT is set and not null, it is used as a format string for + _s_t_r_f_t_i_m_e(3) to display the time stamp associated with each dis- + played history entry. If hhiissttoorryy uses HHIISSTTTTIIMMEEFFOORRMMAATT, it does + not print an intervening space between the formatted time stamp and the history entry. If _f_i_l_e_n_a_m_e is supplied, hhiissttoorryy uses it as the name of the his- - tory file; if not, it uses the value of HHIISSTTFFIILLEE. If _f_i_l_e_n_a_m_e - is not supplied and HHIISSTTFFIILLEE is unset or null, the --aa,, --nn,, --rr,, + tory file; if not, it uses the value of HHIISSTTFFIILLEE. If _f_i_l_e_n_a_m_e + is not supplied and HHIISSTTFFIILLEE is unset or null, the --aa,, --nn,, --rr,, and --ww options have no effect. Options, if supplied, have the following meanings: @@ -5878,20 +5933,20 @@ SSHHEELLLL BBUUIILLTTIINN CCOOMMMMAANNDDSS can be used with the other options to replace the history list. --dd _o_f_f_s_e_t - Delete the history entry at position _o_f_f_s_e_t. If _o_f_f_s_e_t + Delete the history entry at position _o_f_f_s_e_t. If _o_f_f_s_e_t is negative, it is interpreted as relative to one greater than the last history position, so negative indices count - back from the end of the history, and an index of -1 + back from the end of the history, and an index of -1 refers to the current hhiissttoorryy --dd command. --dd _s_t_a_r_t-_e_n_d - Delete the range of history entries between positions - _s_t_a_r_t and _e_n_d, inclusive. Positive and negative values + Delete the range of history entries between positions + _s_t_a_r_t and _e_n_d, inclusive. Positive and negative values for _s_t_a_r_t and _e_n_d are interpreted as described above. - --aa Append the "new" history lines to the history file. - These are history lines entered since the beginning of + --aa Append the "new" history lines to the history file. + These are history lines entered since the beginning of the current bbaasshh session, but not already appended to the history file. - --nn Read the history lines not already read from the history + --nn Read the history lines not already read from the history file and add them to the current history list. These are lines appended to the history file since the beginning of the current bbaasshh session. @@ -5899,24 +5954,24 @@ SSHHEELLLL BBUUIILLTTIINN CCOOMMMMAANNDDSS rent history list. --ww Write the current history list to the history file, over- writing the history file. - --pp Perform history substitution on the following _a_r_g_s and - display the result on the standard output, without stor- - ing the results in the history list. Each _a_r_g must be + --pp Perform history substitution on the following _a_r_g_s and + display the result on the standard output, without stor- + ing the results in the history list. Each _a_r_g must be quoted to disable normal history expansion. - --ss Store the _a_r_g_s in the history list as a single entry. - The last command in the history list is removed before + --ss Store the _a_r_g_s in the history list as a single entry. + The last command in the history list is removed before adding the _a_r_g_s. - If the HHIISSTTTTIIMMEEFFOORRMMAATT variable is set, hhiissttoorryy writes the time + If the HHIISSTTTTIIMMEEFFOORRMMAATT variable is set, hhiissttoorryy writes the time stamp information associated with each history entry to the his- - tory file, marked with the history comment character as de- - scribed above. When the history file is read, lines beginning - with the history comment character followed immediately by a - digit are interpreted as timestamps for the following history + tory file, marked with the history comment character as de- + scribed above. When the history file is read, lines beginning + with the history comment character followed immediately by a + digit are interpreted as timestamps for the following history entry. - The return value is 0 unless an invalid option is encountered, - an error occurs while reading or writing the history file, an + The return value is 0 unless an invalid option is encountered, + an error occurs while reading or writing the history file, an invalid _o_f_f_s_e_t or range is supplied as an argument to --dd, or the history expansion supplied as an argument to --pp fails. @@ -5925,14 +5980,14 @@ SSHHEELLLL BBUUIILLTTIINN CCOOMMMMAANNDDSS The first form lists the active jobs. The options have the fol- lowing meanings: --ll List process IDs in addition to the normal information. - --nn Display information only about jobs that have changed + --nn Display information only about jobs that have changed status since the user was last notified of their status. - --pp List only the process ID of the job's process group + --pp List only the process ID of the job's process group leader. --rr Display only running jobs. --ss Display only stopped jobs. - If _j_o_b_s_p_e_c is supplied, jjoobbss restricts output to information + If _j_o_b_s_p_e_c is supplied, jjoobbss restricts output to information about that job. The return status is 0 unless an invalid option is encountered or an invalid _j_o_b_s_p_e_c is supplied. @@ -5942,405 +5997,405 @@ SSHHEELLLL BBUUIILLTTIINN CCOOMMMMAANNDDSS kkiillll [--ss _s_i_g_s_p_e_c | --nn _s_i_g_n_u_m | --_s_i_g_s_p_e_c] _i_d [ ... ] kkiillll --ll|--LL [_s_i_g_s_p_e_c | _e_x_i_t___s_t_a_t_u_s] - Send the signal specified by _s_i_g_s_p_e_c or _s_i_g_n_u_m to the processes + Send the signal specified by _s_i_g_s_p_e_c or _s_i_g_n_u_m to the processes named by each _i_d. Each _i_d may be a job specification _j_o_b_s_p_e_c or - a process ID _p_i_d. _s_i_g_s_p_e_c is either a case-insensitive signal - name such as SSIIGGKKIILLLL (with or without the SSIIGG prefix) or a sig- - nal number; _s_i_g_n_u_m is a signal number. If _s_i_g_s_p_e_c is not sup- + a process ID _p_i_d. _s_i_g_s_p_e_c is either a case-insensitive signal + name such as SSIIGGKKIILLLL (with or without the SSIIGG prefix) or a sig- + nal number; _s_i_g_n_u_m is a signal number. If _s_i_g_s_p_e_c is not sup- plied, then kkiillll sends SSIIGGTTEERRMM. The --ll option lists the signal names. If any arguments are sup- plied when --ll is given, kkiillll lists the names of the signals cor- - responding to the arguments, and the return status is 0. The - _e_x_i_t___s_t_a_t_u_s argument to --ll is a number specifying either a sig- - nal number or the exit status of a process terminated by a sig- - nal; if it is supplied, kkiillll prints the name of the signal that + responding to the arguments, and the return status is 0. The + _e_x_i_t___s_t_a_t_u_s argument to --ll is a number specifying either a sig- + nal number or the exit status of a process terminated by a sig- + nal; if it is supplied, kkiillll prints the name of the signal that caused the process to terminate. kkiillll assumes that process exit statuses are greater than 128; anything less than that is a sig- nal number. The --LL option is equivalent to --ll. - kkiillll returns true if at least one signal was successfully sent, + kkiillll returns true if at least one signal was successfully sent, or false if an error occurs or an invalid option is encountered. lleett _a_r_g [_a_r_g ...] - Each _a_r_g is evaluated as an arithmetic expression (see AARRIITTHH-- - MMEETTIICC EEVVAALLUUAATTIIOONN above). If the last _a_r_g evaluates to 0, lleett + Each _a_r_g is evaluated as an arithmetic expression (see AARRIITTHH-- + MMEETTIICC EEVVAALLUUAATTIIOONN above). If the last _a_r_g evaluates to 0, lleett returns 1; otherwise lleett returns 0. llooccaall [_o_p_t_i_o_n] [_n_a_m_e[=_v_a_l_u_e] ... | - ] For each argument, create a local variable named _n_a_m_e and assign - it _v_a_l_u_e. The _o_p_t_i_o_n can be any of the options accepted by ddee-- - ccllaarree. When llooccaall is used within a function, it causes the - variable _n_a_m_e to have a visible scope restricted to that func- - tion and its children. It is an error to use llooccaall when not + it _v_a_l_u_e. The _o_p_t_i_o_n can be any of the options accepted by ddee-- + ccllaarree. When llooccaall is used within a function, it causes the + variable _n_a_m_e to have a visible scope restricted to that func- + tion and its children. It is an error to use llooccaall when not within a function. - If _n_a_m_e is -, it makes the set of shell options local to the - function in which llooccaall is invoked: any shell options changed - using the sseett builtin inside the function after the call to lloo-- - ccaall are restored to their original values when the function re- - turns. The restore is performed as if a series of sseett commands - were executed to restore the values that were in place before + If _n_a_m_e is -, it makes the set of shell options local to the + function in which llooccaall is invoked: any shell options changed + using the sseett builtin inside the function after the call to lloo-- + ccaall are restored to their original values when the function re- + turns. The restore is performed as if a series of sseett commands + were executed to restore the values that were in place before the function. - With no operands, llooccaall writes a list of local variables to the + With no operands, llooccaall writes a list of local variables to the standard output. - The return status is 0 unless llooccaall is used outside a function, + The return status is 0 unless llooccaall is used outside a function, an invalid _n_a_m_e is supplied, or _n_a_m_e is a readonly variable. llooggoouutt [[_n]] - Exit a login shell, returning a status of _n to the shell's par- + Exit a login shell, returning a status of _n to the shell's par- ent. mmaappffiillee [--dd _d_e_l_i_m] [--nn _c_o_u_n_t] [--OO _o_r_i_g_i_n] [--ss _c_o_u_n_t] [--tt] [--uu _f_d] [--CC _c_a_l_l_b_a_c_k] [--cc _q_u_a_n_t_u_m] [_a_r_r_a_y] rreeaaddaarrrraayy [--dd _d_e_l_i_m] [--nn _c_o_u_n_t] [--OO _o_r_i_g_i_n] [--ss _c_o_u_n_t] [--tt] [--uu _f_d] [--CC _c_a_l_l_b_a_c_k] [--cc _q_u_a_n_t_u_m] [_a_r_r_a_y] - Read lines from the standard input, or from file descriptor _f_d - if the --uu option is supplied, into the indexed array variable - _a_r_r_a_y. The variable MMAAPPFFIILLEE is the default _a_r_r_a_y. Options, if + Read lines from the standard input, or from file descriptor _f_d + if the --uu option is supplied, into the indexed array variable + _a_r_r_a_y. The variable MMAAPPFFIILLEE is the default _a_r_r_a_y. Options, if supplied, have the following meanings: - --dd Use the first character of _d_e_l_i_m to terminate each input + --dd Use the first character of _d_e_l_i_m to terminate each input line, rather than newline. If _d_e_l_i_m is the empty string, mmaappffiillee will terminate a line when it reads a NUL charac- ter. --nn Copy at most _c_o_u_n_t lines. If _c_o_u_n_t is 0, copy all lines. - --OO Begin assigning to _a_r_r_a_y at index _o_r_i_g_i_n. The default + --OO Begin assigning to _a_r_r_a_y at index _o_r_i_g_i_n. The default index is 0. --ss Discard the first _c_o_u_n_t lines read. - --tt Remove a trailing _d_e_l_i_m (default newline) from each line + --tt Remove a trailing _d_e_l_i_m (default newline) from each line read. - --uu Read lines from file descriptor _f_d instead of the stan- + --uu Read lines from file descriptor _f_d instead of the stan- dard input. - --CC Evaluate _c_a_l_l_b_a_c_k each time _q_u_a_n_t_u_m lines are read. The + --CC Evaluate _c_a_l_l_b_a_c_k each time _q_u_a_n_t_u_m lines are read. The --cc option specifies _q_u_a_n_t_u_m. - --cc Specify the number of lines read between each call to + --cc Specify the number of lines read between each call to _c_a_l_l_b_a_c_k. - If --CC is specified without --cc, the default quantum is 5000. + If --CC is specified without --cc, the default quantum is 5000. When _c_a_l_l_b_a_c_k is evaluated, it is supplied the index of the next array element to be assigned and the line to be assigned to that - element as additional arguments. _c_a_l_l_b_a_c_k is evaluated after + element as additional arguments. _c_a_l_l_b_a_c_k is evaluated after the line is read but before the array element is assigned. - If not supplied with an explicit origin, mmaappffiillee will clear _a_r_- + If not supplied with an explicit origin, mmaappffiillee will clear _a_r_- _r_a_y before assigning to it. mmaappffiillee returns zero unless an invalid option or option argument - is supplied, _a_r_r_a_y is invalid or unassignable, or if _a_r_r_a_y is + is supplied, _a_r_r_a_y is invalid or unassignable, or if _a_r_r_a_y is not an indexed array. ppooppdd [-nn] [+_n] [-_n] - Remove entries from the directory stack. The elements are num- - bered from 0 starting at the first directory listed by ddiirrss, so - ppooppdd is equivalent to "popd +0." With no arguments, ppooppdd re- - moves the top directory from the stack, and changes to the new + Remove entries from the directory stack. The elements are num- + bered from 0 starting at the first directory listed by ddiirrss, so + ppooppdd is equivalent to "popd +0." With no arguments, ppooppdd re- + moves the top directory from the stack, and changes to the new top directory. Arguments, if supplied, have the following mean- ings: --nn Suppress the normal change of directory when removing di- rectories from the stack, only manipulate the stack. - ++_n Remove the _nth entry counting from the left of the list - shown by ddiirrss, starting with zero, from the stack. For + ++_n Remove the _nth entry counting from the left of the list + shown by ddiirrss, starting with zero, from the stack. For example: "popd +0" removes the first directory, "popd +1" the second. - --_n Remove the _nth entry counting from the right of the list - shown by ddiirrss, starting with zero. For example: "popd - -0" removes the last directory, "popd -1" the next to + --_n Remove the _nth entry counting from the right of the list + shown by ddiirrss, starting with zero. For example: "popd + -0" removes the last directory, "popd -1" the next to last. - If the top element of the directory stack is modified, and the - _-_n option was not supplied, ppooppdd uses the ccdd builtin to change + If the top element of the directory stack is modified, and the + _-_n option was not supplied, ppooppdd uses the ccdd builtin to change to the directory at the top of the stack. If the ccdd fails, ppooppdd returns a non-zero value. - Otherwise, ppooppdd returns false if an invalid option is supplied, - the directory stack is empty, or _n specifies a non-existent di- + Otherwise, ppooppdd returns false if an invalid option is supplied, + the directory stack is empty, or _n specifies a non-existent di- rectory stack entry. - If the ppooppdd command is successful, bbaasshh runs ddiirrss to show the - final contents of the directory stack, and the return status is + If the ppooppdd command is successful, bbaasshh runs ddiirrss to show the + final contents of the directory stack, and the return status is 0. pprriinnttff [--vv _v_a_r] _f_o_r_m_a_t [_a_r_g_u_m_e_n_t_s] - Write the formatted _a_r_g_u_m_e_n_t_s to the standard output under the - control of the _f_o_r_m_a_t. The --vv option assigns the output to the + Write the formatted _a_r_g_u_m_e_n_t_s to the standard output under the + control of the _f_o_r_m_a_t. The --vv option assigns the output to the variable _v_a_r rather than printing it to the standard output. - The _f_o_r_m_a_t is a character string which contains three types of - objects: plain characters, which are simply copied to standard - output, character escape sequences, which are converted and - copied to the standard output, and format specifications, each - of which causes printing of the next successive _a_r_g_u_m_e_n_t. In - addition to the standard _p_r_i_n_t_f(3) format characters ccCCssSS-- + The _f_o_r_m_a_t is a character string which contains three types of + objects: plain characters, which are simply copied to standard + output, character escape sequences, which are converted and + copied to the standard output, and format specifications, each + of which causes printing of the next successive _a_r_g_u_m_e_n_t. In + addition to the standard _p_r_i_n_t_f(3) format characters ccCCssSS-- nnddiioouuxxXXeeEEffFFggGGaaAA, pprriinnttff interprets the following additional for- mat specifiers: %%bb causes pprriinnttff to expand backslash escape sequences in the corresponding _a_r_g_u_m_e_n_t in the same way as eecchhoo --ee. - %%qq causes pprriinnttff to output the corresponding _a_r_g_u_m_e_n_t in a - format that can be reused as shell input. %%qq and %%QQ use - the $$'''' quoting style if any characters in the argument - string require it, and backslash quoting otherwise. If - the format string uses the _p_r_i_n_t_f alternate form, these + %%qq causes pprriinnttff to output the corresponding _a_r_g_u_m_e_n_t in a + format that can be reused as shell input. %%qq and %%QQ use + the $$'''' quoting style if any characters in the argument + string require it, and backslash quoting otherwise. If + the format string uses the _p_r_i_n_t_f alternate form, these two formats quote the argument string using single quotes. - %%QQ like %%qq, but applies any supplied precision to the _a_r_g_u_- + %%QQ like %%qq, but applies any supplied precision to the _a_r_g_u_- _m_e_n_t before quoting it. %%((_d_a_t_e_f_m_t))TT - causes pprriinnttff to output the date-time string resulting - from using _d_a_t_e_f_m_t as a format string for _s_t_r_f_t_i_m_e(3). + causes pprriinnttff to output the date-time string resulting + from using _d_a_t_e_f_m_t as a format string for _s_t_r_f_t_i_m_e(3). The corresponding _a_r_g_u_m_e_n_t is an integer representing the number of seconds since the epoch. This format specifier recognizes two special argument values: -1 represents the - current time, and -2 represents the time the shell was + current time, and -2 represents the time the shell was invoked. If no argument is specified, conversion behaves - as if -1 had been supplied. This is an exception to the + as if -1 had been supplied. This is an exception to the usual pprriinnttff behavior. The %b, %q, and %T format specifiers all use the field width and precision arguments from the format specification and write that - many bytes from (or use that wide a field for) the expanded ar- - gument, which usually contains more characters than the origi- + many bytes from (or use that wide a field for) the expanded ar- + gument, which usually contains more characters than the origi- nal. The %n format specifier accepts a corresponding argument that is treated as a shell variable name. - The %s and %c format specifiers accept an l (long) modifier, + The %s and %c format specifiers accept an l (long) modifier, which forces them to convert the argument string to a wide-char- acter string and apply any supplied field width and precision in terms of characters, not bytes. The %S and %C format specifiers are equivalent to %ls and %lc, respectively. - Arguments to non-string format specifiers are treated as C con- + Arguments to non-string format specifiers are treated as C con- stants, except that a leading plus or minus sign is allowed, and - if the leading character is a single or double quote, the value - is the numeric value of the following character, using the cur- + if the leading character is a single or double quote, the value + is the numeric value of the following character, using the cur- rent locale. - The _f_o_r_m_a_t is reused as necessary to consume all of the _a_r_g_u_- + The _f_o_r_m_a_t is reused as necessary to consume all of the _a_r_g_u_- _m_e_n_t_s. If the _f_o_r_m_a_t requires more _a_r_g_u_m_e_n_t_s than are supplied, - the extra format specifications behave as if a zero value or - null string, as appropriate, had been supplied. The return - value is zero on success, non-zero if an invalid option is sup- + the extra format specifications behave as if a zero value or + null string, as appropriate, had been supplied. The return + value is zero on success, non-zero if an invalid option is sup- plied or a write or assignment error occurs. ppuusshhdd [--nn] [+_n] [-_n] ppuusshhdd [--nn] [_d_i_r] Add a directory to the top of the directory stack, or rotate the - stack, making the new top of the stack the current working di- - rectory. With no arguments, ppuusshhdd exchanges the top two ele- - ments of the directory stack. Arguments, if supplied, have the + stack, making the new top of the stack the current working di- + rectory. With no arguments, ppuusshhdd exchanges the top two ele- + ments of the directory stack. Arguments, if supplied, have the following meanings: - --nn Suppress the normal change of directory when rotating or - adding directories to the stack, only manipulate the + --nn Suppress the normal change of directory when rotating or + adding directories to the stack, only manipulate the stack. ++_n Rotate the stack so that the _nth directory (counting from - the left of the list shown by ddiirrss, starting with zero) + the left of the list shown by ddiirrss, starting with zero) is at the top. - --_n Rotates the stack so that the _nth directory (counting - from the right of the list shown by ddiirrss, starting with + --_n Rotates the stack so that the _nth directory (counting + from the right of the list shown by ddiirrss, starting with zero) is at the top. _d_i_r Adds _d_i_r to the directory stack at the top. After the stack has been modified, if the --nn option was not sup- - plied, ppuusshhdd uses the ccdd builtin to change to the directory at + plied, ppuusshhdd uses the ccdd builtin to change to the directory at the top of the stack. If the ccdd fails, ppuusshhdd returns a non-zero value. - Otherwise, if no arguments are supplied, ppuusshhdd returns zero un- - less the directory stack is empty. When rotating the directory + Otherwise, if no arguments are supplied, ppuusshhdd returns zero un- + less the directory stack is empty. When rotating the directory stack, ppuusshhdd returns zero unless the directory stack is empty or _n specifies a non-existent directory stack element. - If the ppuusshhdd command is successful, bbaasshh runs ddiirrss to show the + If the ppuusshhdd command is successful, bbaasshh runs ddiirrss to show the final contents of the directory stack. ppwwdd [--LLPP] - Print the absolute pathname of the current working directory. + Print the absolute pathname of the current working directory. The pathname printed contains no symbolic links if the --PP option is supplied or the --oo pphhyyssiiccaall option to the sseett builtin command - is enabled. If the --LL option is used, the pathname printed may - contain symbolic links. The return status is 0 unless an error + is enabled. If the --LL option is used, the pathname printed may + contain symbolic links. The return status is 0 unless an error occurs while reading the name of the current directory or an in- valid option is supplied. rreeaadd [--EEeerrss] [--aa _a_n_a_m_e] [--dd _d_e_l_i_m] [--ii _t_e_x_t] [--nn _n_c_h_a_r_s] [--NN _n_c_h_a_r_s] [--pp _p_r_o_m_p_t] [--tt _t_i_m_e_o_u_t] [--uu _f_d] [_n_a_m_e ...] Read one line from the standard input, or from the file descrip- - tor _f_d supplied as an argument to the --uu option, split it into - words as described above under WWoorrdd SSpplliittttiinngg, and assign the - first word to the first _n_a_m_e, the second word to the second - _n_a_m_e, and so on. If there are more words than names, the re- - maining words and their intervening delimiters are assigned to - the last _n_a_m_e. If there are fewer words read from the input - stream than names, the remaining names are assigned empty val- - ues. The characters in the value of the IIFFSS variable are used + tor _f_d supplied as an argument to the --uu option, split it into + words as described above under WWoorrdd SSpplliittttiinngg, and assign the + first word to the first _n_a_m_e, the second word to the second + _n_a_m_e, and so on. If there are more words than names, the re- + maining words and their intervening delimiters are assigned to + the last _n_a_m_e. If there are fewer words read from the input + stream than names, the remaining names are assigned empty val- + ues. The characters in the value of the IIFFSS variable are used to split the line into words using the same rules the shell uses for expansion (described above under WWoorrdd SSpplliittttiinngg). The back- - slash character (\\) removes any special meaning for the next + slash character (\\) removes any special meaning for the next character read and is used for line continuation. Options, if supplied, have the following meanings: --aa _a_n_a_m_e The words are assigned to sequential indices of the array variable _a_n_a_m_e, starting at 0. _a_n_a_m_e is unset before any - new values are assigned. Other _n_a_m_e arguments are ig- + new values are assigned. Other _n_a_m_e arguments are ig- nored. --dd _d_e_l_i_m - The first character of _d_e_l_i_m terminates the input line, - rather than newline. If _d_e_l_i_m is the empty string, rreeaadd + The first character of _d_e_l_i_m terminates the input line, + rather than newline. If _d_e_l_i_m is the empty string, rreeaadd will terminate a line when it reads a NUL character. - --ee If the standard input is coming from a terminal, rreeaadd - uses rreeaaddlliinnee (see RREEAADDLLIINNEE above) to obtain the line. - RReeaaddlliinnee uses the current (or default, if line editing - was not previously active) editing settings, but uses + --ee If the standard input is coming from a terminal, rreeaadd + uses rreeaaddlliinnee (see RREEAADDLLIINNEE above) to obtain the line. + RReeaaddlliinnee uses the current (or default, if line editing + was not previously active) editing settings, but uses rreeaaddlliinnee's default filename completion. - --EE If the standard input is coming from a terminal, rreeaadd - uses rreeaaddlliinnee (see RREEAADDLLIINNEE above) to obtain the line. - RReeaaddlliinnee uses the current (or default, if line editing - was not previously active) editing settings, but uses + --EE If the standard input is coming from a terminal, rreeaadd + uses rreeaaddlliinnee (see RREEAADDLLIINNEE above) to obtain the line. + RReeaaddlliinnee uses the current (or default, if line editing + was not previously active) editing settings, but uses bash's default completion, including programmable comple- tion. --ii _t_e_x_t - If rreeaaddlliinnee is being used to read the line, rreeaadd places + If rreeaaddlliinnee is being used to read the line, rreeaadd places _t_e_x_t into the editing buffer before editing begins. --nn _n_c_h_a_r_s - rreeaadd returns after reading _n_c_h_a_r_s characters rather than - waiting for a complete line of input, unless it encoun- - ters EOF or rreeaadd times out, but honors a delimiter if it + rreeaadd returns after reading _n_c_h_a_r_s characters rather than + waiting for a complete line of input, unless it encoun- + ters EOF or rreeaadd times out, but honors a delimiter if it reads fewer than _n_c_h_a_r_s characters before the delimiter. --NN _n_c_h_a_r_s - rreeaadd returns after reading exactly _n_c_h_a_r_s characters - rather than waiting for a complete line of input, unless + rreeaadd returns after reading exactly _n_c_h_a_r_s characters + rather than waiting for a complete line of input, unless it encounters EOF or rreeaadd times out. Any delimiter char- - acters in the input are not treated specially and do not + acters in the input are not treated specially and do not cause rreeaadd to return until it has read _n_c_h_a_r_s characters. The result is not split on the characters in IIFFSS; the in- tent is that the variable is assigned exactly the charac- - ters read (with the exception of backslash; see the --rr + ters read (with the exception of backslash; see the --rr option below). --pp _p_r_o_m_p_t Display _p_r_o_m_p_t on standard error, without a trailing new- - line, before attempting to read any input, but only if + line, before attempting to read any input, but only if input is coming from a terminal. --rr Backslash does not act as an escape character. The back- - slash is considered to be part of the line. In particu- - lar, a backslash-newline pair may not then be used as a + slash is considered to be part of the line. In particu- + lar, a backslash-newline pair may not then be used as a line continuation. --ss Silent mode. If input is coming from a terminal, charac- ters are not echoed. --tt _t_i_m_e_o_u_t - Cause rreeaadd to time out and return failure if it does not - read a complete line of input (or a specified number of - characters) within _t_i_m_e_o_u_t seconds. _t_i_m_e_o_u_t may be a - decimal number with a fractional portion following the - decimal point. This option is only effective if rreeaadd is - reading input from a terminal, pipe, or other special - file; it has no effect when reading from regular files. - If rreeaadd times out, it saves any partial input read into - the specified variable _n_a_m_e, and the exit status is - greater than 128. If _t_i_m_e_o_u_t is 0, rreeaadd returns immedi- - ately, without trying to read any data. In this case, - the exit status is 0 if input is available on the speci- - fied file descriptor, or the read will return EOF, non- + Cause rreeaadd to time out and return failure if it does not + read a complete line of input (or a specified number of + characters) within _t_i_m_e_o_u_t seconds. _t_i_m_e_o_u_t may be a + decimal number with a fractional portion following the + decimal point. This option is only effective if rreeaadd is + reading input from a terminal, pipe, or other special + file; it has no effect when reading from regular files. + If rreeaadd times out, it saves any partial input read into + the specified variable _n_a_m_e, and the exit status is + greater than 128. If _t_i_m_e_o_u_t is 0, rreeaadd returns immedi- + ately, without trying to read any data. In this case, + the exit status is 0 if input is available on the speci- + fied file descriptor, or the read will return EOF, non- zero otherwise. - --uu _f_d Read input from file descriptor _f_d instead of the stan- + --uu _f_d Read input from file descriptor _f_d instead of the stan- dard input. - Other than the case where _d_e_l_i_m is the empty string, rreeaadd ig- + Other than the case where _d_e_l_i_m is the empty string, rreeaadd ig- nores any NUL characters in the input. - If no _n_a_m_e_s are supplied, rreeaadd assigns the line read, without - the ending delimiter but otherwise unmodified, to the variable + If no _n_a_m_e_s are supplied, rreeaadd assigns the line read, without + the ending delimiter but otherwise unmodified, to the variable RREEPPLLYY. The exit status is zero, unless end-of-file is encountered, rreeaadd - times out (in which case the status is greater than 128), a + times out (in which case the status is greater than 128), a variable assignment error (such as assigning to a readonly vari- - able) occurs, or an invalid file descriptor is supplied as the + able) occurs, or an invalid file descriptor is supplied as the argument to --uu. rreeaaddoonnllyy [--aaAAff] [--pp] [_n_a_m_e[=_w_o_r_d] ...] - The given _n_a_m_e_s are marked readonly; the values of these _n_a_m_e_s + The given _n_a_m_e_s are marked readonly; the values of these _n_a_m_e_s may not be changed by subsequent assignment or unset. If the --ff - option is supplied, each _n_a_m_e refers to a shell function. The - --aa option restricts the variables to indexed arrays; the --AA op- + option is supplied, each _n_a_m_e refers to a shell function. The + --aa option restricts the variables to indexed arrays; the --AA op- tion restricts the variables to associative arrays. If both op- - tions are supplied, --AA takes precedence. If no _n_a_m_e arguments - are supplied, or if the --pp option is supplied, print a list of - all readonly names. The other options may be used to restrict + tions are supplied, --AA takes precedence. If no _n_a_m_e arguments + are supplied, or if the --pp option is supplied, print a list of + all readonly names. The other options may be used to restrict the output to a subset of the set of readonly names. The --pp op- tion displays output in a format that may be reused as input. - rreeaaddoonnllyy allows the value of a variable to be set at the same + rreeaaddoonnllyy allows the value of a variable to be set at the same time the readonly attribute is changed by following the variable - name with =_v_a_l_u_e. This sets the value of the variable is to + name with =_v_a_l_u_e. This sets the value of the variable is to _v_a_l_u_e while modifying the readonly attribute. - The return status is 0 unless an invalid option is encountered, - one of the _n_a_m_e_s is not a valid shell variable name, or --ff is + The return status is 0 unless an invalid option is encountered, + one of the _n_a_m_e_s is not a valid shell variable name, or --ff is supplied with a _n_a_m_e that is not a function. rreettuurrnn [_n] - Stop executing a shell function or sourced file and return the + Stop executing a shell function or sourced file and return the value specified by _n to its caller. If _n is omitted, the return - status is that of the last command executed. If rreettuurrnn is exe- - cuted by a trap handler, the last command used to determine the + status is that of the last command executed. If rreettuurrnn is exe- + cuted by a trap handler, the last command used to determine the status is the last command executed before the trap handler. If rreettuurrnn is executed during a DDEEBBUUGG trap, the last command used to - determine the status is the last command executed by the trap + determine the status is the last command executed by the trap handler before rreettuurrnn was invoked. When rreettuurrnn is used to terminate execution of a script being ex- - ecuted by the .. (ssoouurrccee) command, it causes the shell to stop - executing that script and return either _n or the exit status of - the last command executed within the script as the exit status - of the script. If _n is supplied, the return value is its least + ecuted by the .. (ssoouurrccee) command, it causes the shell to stop + executing that script and return either _n or the exit status of + the last command executed within the script as the exit status + of the script. If _n is supplied, the return value is its least significant 8 bits. - Any command associated with the RREETTUURRNN trap is executed before + Any command associated with the RREETTUURRNN trap is executed before execution resumes after the function or script. - The return status is non-zero if rreettuurrnn is supplied a non-nu- + The return status is non-zero if rreettuurrnn is supplied a non-nu- meric argument, or is used outside a function and not during ex- ecution of a script by .. or ssoouurrccee. sseett [--aabbeeffhhkkmmnnppttuuvvxxBBCCEEHHPPTT] [--oo _o_p_t_i_o_n_-_n_a_m_e] [----] [--] [_a_r_g ...] sseett [++aabbeeffhhkkmmnnppttuuvvxxBBCCEEHHPPTT] [++oo _o_p_t_i_o_n_-_n_a_m_e] [----] [--] [_a_r_g ...] sseett --oo - sseett ++oo Without options, display the name and value of each shell vari- - able in a format that can be reused as input for setting or re- + sseett ++oo Without options, display the name and value of each shell vari- + able in a format that can be reused as input for setting or re- setting the currently-set variables. Read-only variables cannot - be reset. In posix mode, only shell variables are listed. The - output is sorted according to the current locale. When options - are specified, they set or unset shell attributes. Any argu- - ments remaining after option processing are treated as values + be reset. In posix mode, only shell variables are listed. The + output is sorted according to the current locale. When options + are specified, they set or unset shell attributes. Any argu- + ments remaining after option processing are treated as values for the positional parameters and are assigned, in order, to $$11, - $$22, ..., $$_n. Options, if specified, have the following mean- + $$22, ..., $$_n. Options, if specified, have the following mean- ings: --aa Each variable or function that is created or modified is - given the export attribute and marked for export to the + given the export attribute and marked for export to the environment of subsequent commands. - --bb Report the status of terminated background jobs immedi- + --bb Report the status of terminated background jobs immedi- ately, rather than before the next primary prompt or af- - ter a foreground command terminates. This is effective + ter a foreground command terminates. This is effective only when job control is enabled. - --ee Exit immediately if a _p_i_p_e_l_i_n_e (which may consist of a - single _s_i_m_p_l_e _c_o_m_m_a_n_d), a _l_i_s_t, or a _c_o_m_p_o_u_n_d _c_o_m_m_a_n_d + --ee Exit immediately if a _p_i_p_e_l_i_n_e (which may consist of a + single _s_i_m_p_l_e _c_o_m_m_a_n_d), a _l_i_s_t, or a _c_o_m_p_o_u_n_d _c_o_m_m_a_n_d (see SSHHEELLLL GGRRAAMMMMAARR above), exits with a non-zero status. - The shell does not exit if the command that fails is - part of the command list immediately following a wwhhiillee - or uunnttiill keyword, part of the test following the iiff or - eelliiff reserved words, part of any command executed in a - &&&& or |||| list except the command following the final &&&& - or ||||, any command in a pipeline but the last (subject - to the state of the ppiippeeffaaiill shell option), or if the - command's return value is being inverted with !!. If a - compound command other than a subshell returns a non- - zero status because a command failed while --ee was being - ignored, the shell does not exit. A trap on EERRRR, if - set, is executed before the shell exits. This option + The shell does not exit if the command that fails is + part of the command list immediately following a wwhhiillee + or uunnttiill reserved word, part of the test following the + iiff or eelliiff reserved words, part of any command executed + in a &&&& or |||| list except the command following the fi- + nal &&&& or ||||, any command in a pipeline but the last + (subject to the state of the ppiippeeffaaiill shell option), or + if the command's return value is being inverted with !!. + If a compound command other than a subshell returns a + non-zero status because a command failed while --ee was + being ignored, the shell does not exit. A trap on EERRRR, + if set, is executed before the shell exits. This option applies to the shell environment and each subshell envi- ronment separately (see CCOOMMMMAANNDD EEXXEECCUUTTIIOONN EENNVVIIRROONNMMEENNTT above), and may cause subshells to exit before executing @@ -6414,179 +6469,179 @@ SSHHEELLLL BBUUIILLTTIINN CCOOMMMMAANNDDSS with a non-zero status, or zero if all commands in the pipeline exit successfully. This option is disabled by default. - ppoossiixx Change the behavior of bbaasshh where the default - operation differs from the POSIX standard to - match the standard (_p_o_s_i_x _m_o_d_e). See SSEEEE AALLSSOO - below for a reference to a document that details - how posix mode affects bash's behavior. + ppoossiixx Enable posix mode; change the behavior of bbaasshh + where the default operation differs from the + POSIX standard to match the standard. See SSEEEE + AALLSSOO below for a reference to a document that + details how posix mode affects bash's behavior. pprriivviilleeggeedd Same as --pp. vveerrbboossee Same as --vv. - vvii Use a vi-style command line editing interface. + vvii Use a vi-style command line editing interface. This also affects the editing interface used for rreeaadd --ee. xxttrraaccee Same as --xx. - If --oo is supplied with no _o_p_t_i_o_n_-_n_a_m_e, sseett prints the - current shell option settings. If ++oo is supplied with - no _o_p_t_i_o_n_-_n_a_m_e, sseett prints a series of sseett commands to - recreate the current option settings on the standard + If --oo is supplied with no _o_p_t_i_o_n_-_n_a_m_e, sseett prints the + current shell option settings. If ++oo is supplied with + no _o_p_t_i_o_n_-_n_a_m_e, sseett prints a series of sseett commands to + recreate the current option settings on the standard output. - --pp Turn on _p_r_i_v_i_l_e_g_e_d mode. In this mode, the shell does - not read the $$EENNVV and $$BBAASSHH__EENNVV files, shell functions - are not inherited from the environment, and the SSHHEELL-- - LLOOPPTTSS, BBAASSHHOOPPTTSS, CCDDPPAATTHH, and GGLLOOBBIIGGNNOORREE variables, if - they appear in the environment, are ignored. If the - shell is started with the effective user (group) id not - equal to the real user (group) id, and the --pp option is - not supplied, these actions are taken and the effective + --pp Turn on _p_r_i_v_i_l_e_g_e_d mode. In this mode, the shell does + not read the $$EENNVV and $$BBAASSHH__EENNVV files, shell functions + are not inherited from the environment, and the SSHHEELL-- + LLOOPPTTSS, BBAASSHHOOPPTTSS, CCDDPPAATTHH, and GGLLOOBBIIGGNNOORREE variables, if + they appear in the environment, are ignored. If the + shell is started with the effective user (group) id not + equal to the real user (group) id, and the --pp option is + not supplied, these actions are taken and the effective user id is set to the real user id. If the --pp option is supplied at startup, the effective user id is not reset. - Turning this option off causes the effective user and + Turning this option off causes the effective user and group ids to be set to the real user and group ids. --rr Enable restricted shell mode. This option cannot be un- set once it has been set. --tt Exit after reading and executing one command. --uu Treat unset variables and parameters other than the spe- - cial parameters "@" and "*", or array variables sub- - scripted with "@" or "*", as an error when performing - parameter expansion. If expansion is attempted on an - unset variable or parameter, the shell prints an error - message, and, if not interactive, exits with a non-zero + cial parameters "@" and "*", or array variables sub- + scripted with "@" or "*", as an error when performing + parameter expansion. If expansion is attempted on an + unset variable or parameter, the shell prints an error + message, and, if not interactive, exits with a non-zero status. --vv Print shell input lines as they are read. - --xx After expanding each _s_i_m_p_l_e _c_o_m_m_a_n_d, ffoorr command, ccaassee + --xx After expanding each _s_i_m_p_l_e _c_o_m_m_a_n_d, ffoorr command, ccaassee command, sseelleecctt command, or arithmetic ffoorr command, dis- - play the expanded value of PPSS44, followed by the command - and its expanded arguments or associated word list, to + play the expanded value of PPSS44, followed by the command + and its expanded arguments or associated word list, to the standard error. - --BB The shell performs brace expansion (see BBrraaccee EExxppaannssiioonn + --BB The shell performs brace expansion (see BBrraaccee EExxppaannssiioonn above). This is on by default. - --CC If set, bbaasshh does not overwrite an existing file with - the >>, >>&&, and <<>> redirection operators. Using the - redirection operator >>|| instead of >> will override this + --CC If set, bbaasshh does not overwrite an existing file with + the >>, >>&&, and <<>> redirection operators. Using the + redirection operator >>|| instead of >> will override this and force the creation of an output file. --EE If set, any trap on EERRRR is inherited by shell functions, - command substitutions, and commands executed in a sub- - shell environment. The EERRRR trap is normally not inher- + command substitutions, and commands executed in a sub- + shell environment. The EERRRR trap is normally not inher- ited in such cases. --HH Enable !! style history substitution. This option is on by default when the shell is interactive. - --PP If set, the shell does not resolve symbolic links when - executing commands such as ccdd that change the current + --PP If set, the shell does not resolve symbolic links when + executing commands such as ccdd that change the current working directory. It uses the physical directory structure instead. By default, bbaasshh follows the logical - chain of directories when performing commands which + chain of directories when performing commands which change the current directory. - --TT If set, any traps on DDEEBBUUGG and RREETTUURRNN are inherited by + --TT If set, any traps on DDEEBBUUGG and RREETTUURRNN are inherited by shell functions, command substitutions, and commands ex- - ecuted in a subshell environment. The DDEEBBUUGG and RREETTUURRNN + ecuted in a subshell environment. The DDEEBBUUGG and RREETTUURRNN traps are normally not inherited in such cases. ---- If no arguments follow this option, unset the positional parameters. Otherwise, set the positional parameters to the _a_r_gs, even if some of them begin with a --. -- Signal the end of options, and assign all remaining _a_r_gs to the positional parameters. The --xx and --vv options are - turned off. If there are no _a_r_gs, the positional para- + turned off. If there are no _a_r_gs, the positional para- meters remain unchanged. - The options are off by default unless otherwise noted. Using + - rather than - causes these options to be turned off. The op- + The options are off by default unless otherwise noted. Using + + rather than - causes these options to be turned off. The op- tions can also be specified as arguments to an invocation of the - shell. The current set of options may be found in $$--. The re- - turn status is always zero unless an invalid option is encoun- + shell. The current set of options may be found in $$--. The re- + turn status is always zero unless an invalid option is encoun- tered. sshhiifftt [_n] Rename positional parameters from _n+1 ... to $$11 ........ Parameters - represented by the numbers $$## down to $$##-_n+1 are unset. _n must - be a non-negative number less than or equal to $$##. If _n is 0, - no parameters are changed. If _n is not given, it is assumed to - be 1. If _n is greater than $$##, the positional parameters are - not changed. The return status is greater than zero if _n is + represented by the numbers $$## down to $$##-_n+1 are unset. _n must + be a non-negative number less than or equal to $$##. If _n is 0, + no parameters are changed. If _n is not given, it is assumed to + be 1. If _n is greater than $$##, the positional parameters are + not changed. The return status is greater than zero if _n is greater than $$## or less than zero; otherwise 0. sshhoopptt [--ppqqssuu] [--oo] [_o_p_t_n_a_m_e ...] - Toggle the values of settings controlling optional shell behav- - ior. The settings can be either those listed below, or, if the + Toggle the values of settings controlling optional shell behav- + ior. The settings can be either those listed below, or, if the --oo option is used, those available with the --oo option to the sseett builtin command. - With no options, or with the --pp option, display a list of all - settable options, with an indication of whether or not each is - set; if any _o_p_t_n_a_m_e_s are supplied, the output is restricted to + With no options, or with the --pp option, display a list of all + settable options, with an indication of whether or not each is + set; if any _o_p_t_n_a_m_e_s are supplied, the output is restricted to those options. The --pp option displays output in a form that may be reused as input. Other options have the following meanings: --ss Enable (set) each _o_p_t_n_a_m_e. --uu Disable (unset) each _o_p_t_n_a_m_e. - --qq Suppresses normal output (quiet mode); the return status + --qq Suppresses normal output (quiet mode); the return status indicates whether the _o_p_t_n_a_m_e is set or unset. If multi- - ple _o_p_t_n_a_m_e arguments are supplied with --qq, the return + ple _o_p_t_n_a_m_e arguments are supplied with --qq, the return status is zero if all _o_p_t_n_a_m_e_s are enabled; non-zero oth- erwise. - --oo Restricts the values of _o_p_t_n_a_m_e to be those defined for + --oo Restricts the values of _o_p_t_n_a_m_e to be those defined for the --oo option to the sseett builtin. - If either --ss or --uu is used with no _o_p_t_n_a_m_e arguments, sshhoopptt - shows only those options which are set or unset, respectively. - Unless otherwise noted, the sshhoopptt options are disabled (unset) + If either --ss or --uu is used with no _o_p_t_n_a_m_e arguments, sshhoopptt + shows only those options which are set or unset, respectively. + Unless otherwise noted, the sshhoopptt options are disabled (unset) by default. - The return status when listing options is zero if all _o_p_t_n_a_m_e_s - are enabled, non-zero otherwise. When setting or unsetting op- - tions, the return status is zero unless an _o_p_t_n_a_m_e is not a + The return status when listing options is zero if all _o_p_t_n_a_m_e_s + are enabled, non-zero otherwise. When setting or unsetting op- + tions, the return status is zero unless an _o_p_t_n_a_m_e is not a valid shell option. The list of sshhoopptt options is: aarrrraayy__eexxppaanndd__oonnccee - If set, the shell suppresses multiple evaluation of as- + If set, the shell suppresses multiple evaluation of as- sociative and indexed array subscripts during arithmetic expression evaluation, while executing builtins that can - perform variable assignments, and while executing + perform variable assignments, and while executing builtins that perform array dereferencing. aassssoocc__eexxppaanndd__oonnccee Deprecated; a synonym for aarrrraayy__eexxppaanndd__oonnccee. - aauuttooccdd If set, a command name that is the name of a directory - is executed as if it were the argument to the ccdd com- + aauuttooccdd If set, a command name that is the name of a directory + is executed as if it were the argument to the ccdd com- mand. This option is only used by interactive shells. bbaasshh__ssoouurrccee__ffuullllppaatthh - If set, filenames added to the BBAASSHH__SSOOUURRCCEE array vari- - able are converted to full pathnames (see SShheellll VVaarrii-- + If set, filenames added to the BBAASSHH__SSOOUURRCCEE array vari- + able are converted to full pathnames (see SShheellll VVaarrii-- aabblleess above). ccddaabbllee__vvaarrss - If set, an argument to the ccdd builtin command that is - not a directory is assumed to be the name of a variable + If set, an argument to the ccdd builtin command that is + not a directory is assumed to be the name of a variable whose value is the directory to change to. - ccddssppeellll If set, the ccdd command attempts to correct minor errors - in the spelling of a directory component. Minor errors - include transposed characters, a missing character, and + ccddssppeellll If set, the ccdd command attempts to correct minor errors + in the spelling of a directory component. Minor errors + include transposed characters, a missing character, and one extra character. If ccdd corrects the directory name, - it prints the corrected filename, and the command pro- + it prints the corrected filename, and the command pro- ceeds. This option is only used by interactive shells. cchheecckkhhaasshh If set, bbaasshh checks that a command found in the hash ta- - ble exists before trying to execute it. If a hashed - command no longer exists, bbaasshh performs a normal path + ble exists before trying to execute it. If a hashed + command no longer exists, bbaasshh performs a normal path search. cchheecckkjjoobbss If set, bbaasshh lists the status of any stopped and running - jobs before exiting an interactive shell. If any jobs + jobs before exiting an interactive shell. If any jobs are running, bbaasshh defers the exit until a second exit is - attempted without an intervening command (see JJOOBB CCOONN-- - TTRROOLL above). The shell always postpones exiting if any + attempted without an intervening command (see JJOOBB CCOONN-- + TTRROOLL above). The shell always postpones exiting if any jobs are stopped. cchheecckkwwiinnssiizzee - If set, bbaasshh checks the window size after each external - (non-builtin) command and, if necessary, updates the - values of LLIINNEESS and CCOOLLUUMMNNSS, using the file descriptor - associated with the standard error if it is a terminal. + If set, bbaasshh checks the window size after each external + (non-builtin) command and, if necessary, updates the + values of LLIINNEESS and CCOOLLUUMMNNSS, using the file descriptor + associated with the standard error if it is a terminal. This option is enabled by default. - ccmmddhhiisstt If set, bbaasshh attempts to save all lines of a multiple- - line command in the same history entry. This allows - easy re-editing of multi-line commands. This option is - enabled by default, but only has an effect if command + ccmmddhhiisstt If set, bbaasshh attempts to save all lines of a multiple- + line command in the same history entry. This allows + easy re-editing of multi-line commands. This option is + enabled by default, but only has an effect if command history is enabled, as described above under HHIISSTTOORRYY. ccoommppaatt3311 ccoommppaatt3322 @@ -6595,144 +6650,143 @@ SSHHEELLLL BBUUIILLTTIINN CCOOMMMMAANNDDSS ccoommppaatt4422 ccoommppaatt4433 ccoommppaatt4444 - ccoommppaatt5500 - These control aspects of the shell's compatibility mode + These control aspects of the shell's compatibility mode (see SSHHEELLLL CCOOMMPPAATTIIBBIILLIITTYY MMOODDEE below). ccoommpplleettee__ffuullllqquuoottee - If set, bbaasshh quotes all shell metacharacters in file- - names and directory names when performing completion. + If set, bbaasshh quotes all shell metacharacters in file- + names and directory names when performing completion. If not set, bbaasshh removes metacharacters such as the dol- - lar sign from the set of characters that will be quoted - in completed filenames when these metacharacters appear - in shell variable references in words to be completed. - This means that dollar signs in variable names that ex- - pand to directories will not be quoted; however, any - dollar signs appearing in filenames will not be quoted, - either. This is active only when bash is using back- - slashes to quote completed filenames. This variable is - set by default, which is the default bash behavior in + lar sign from the set of characters that will be quoted + in completed filenames when these metacharacters appear + in shell variable references in words to be completed. + This means that dollar signs in variable names that ex- + pand to directories will not be quoted; however, any + dollar signs appearing in filenames will not be quoted, + either. This is active only when bash is using back- + slashes to quote completed filenames. This variable is + set by default, which is the default bash behavior in versions through 4.2. ddiirreexxppaanndd - If set, bbaasshh replaces directory names with the results - of word expansion when performing filename completion. + If set, bbaasshh replaces directory names with the results + of word expansion when performing filename completion. This changes the contents of the rreeaaddlliinnee editing - buffer. If not set, bbaasshh attempts to preserve what the + buffer. If not set, bbaasshh attempts to preserve what the user typed. ddiirrssppeellll - If set, bbaasshh attempts spelling correction on directory - names during word completion if the directory name ini- + If set, bbaasshh attempts spelling correction on directory + names during word completion if the directory name ini- tially supplied does not exist. - ddoottgglloobb If set, bbaasshh includes filenames beginning with a "." in - the results of pathname expansion. The filenames _. and + ddoottgglloobb If set, bbaasshh includes filenames beginning with a "." in + the results of pathname expansion. The filenames _. and _._. must always be matched explicitly, even if ddoottgglloobb is set. eexxeeccffaaiill If set, a non-interactive shell will not exit if it can- - not execute the file specified as an argument to the - eexxeecc builtin. An interactive shell does not exit if + not execute the file specified as an argument to the + eexxeecc builtin. An interactive shell does not exit if eexxeecc fails. eexxppaanndd__aalliiaasseess - If set, aliases are expanded as described above under + If set, aliases are expanded as described above under AALLIIAASSEESS. This option is enabled by default for interac- tive shells. eexxttddeebbuugg - If set at shell invocation, or in a shell startup file, + If set at shell invocation, or in a shell startup file, arrange to execute the debugger profile before the shell - starts, identical to the ----ddeebbuuggggeerr option. If set af- - ter invocation, behavior intended for use by debuggers + starts, identical to the ----ddeebbuuggggeerr option. If set af- + ter invocation, behavior intended for use by debuggers is enabled: 11.. The --FF option to the ddeeccllaarree builtin displays the source file name and line number corresponding to each function name supplied as an argument. - 22.. If the command run by the DDEEBBUUGG trap returns a - non-zero value, the next command is skipped and + 22.. If the command run by the DDEEBBUUGG trap returns a + non-zero value, the next command is skipped and not executed. - 33.. If the command run by the DDEEBBUUGG trap returns a - value of 2, and the shell is executing in a sub- - routine (a shell function or a shell script exe- - cuted by the .. or ssoouurrccee builtins), the shell + 33.. If the command run by the DDEEBBUUGG trap returns a + value of 2, and the shell is executing in a sub- + routine (a shell function or a shell script exe- + cuted by the .. or ssoouurrccee builtins), the shell simulates a call to rreettuurrnn. - 44.. BBAASSHH__AARRGGCC and BBAASSHH__AARRGGVV are updated as described + 44.. BBAASSHH__AARRGGCC and BBAASSHH__AARRGGVV are updated as described in their descriptions above). - 55.. Function tracing is enabled: command substitu- + 55.. Function tracing is enabled: command substitu- tion, shell functions, and subshells invoked with (( _c_o_m_m_a_n_d )) inherit the DDEEBBUUGG and RREETTUURRNN traps. - 66.. Error tracing is enabled: command substitution, - shell functions, and subshells invoked with (( + 66.. Error tracing is enabled: command substitution, + shell functions, and subshells invoked with (( _c_o_m_m_a_n_d )) inherit the EERRRR trap. - eexxttgglloobb If set, enable the extended pattern matching features + eexxttgglloobb If set, enable the extended pattern matching features described above under PPaatthhnnaammee EExxppaannssiioonn. eexxttqquuoottee - If set, $$'_s_t_r_i_n_g' and $$"_s_t_r_i_n_g" quoting is performed - within $${{_p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r}} expansions enclosed in double + If set, $$'_s_t_r_i_n_g' and $$"_s_t_r_i_n_g" quoting is performed + within $${{_p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r}} expansions enclosed in double quotes. This option is enabled by default. ffaaiillgglloobb - If set, patterns which fail to match filenames during + If set, patterns which fail to match filenames during pathname expansion result in an expansion error. ffoorrccee__ffiiggnnoorree - If set, the suffixes specified by the FFIIGGNNOORREE shell - variable cause words to be ignored when performing word + If set, the suffixes specified by the FFIIGGNNOORREE shell + variable cause words to be ignored when performing word completion even if the ignored words are the only possi- - ble completions. See SShheellll VVaarriiaabblleess above for a de- - scription of FFIIGGNNOORREE. This option is enabled by de- + ble completions. See SShheellll VVaarriiaabblleess above for a de- + scription of FFIIGGNNOORREE. This option is enabled by de- fault. gglloobbaasscciiiirraannggeess - If set, range expressions used in pattern matching - bracket expressions (see PPaatttteerrnn MMaattcchhiinngg above) behave - as if in the traditional C locale when performing com- - parisons. That is, pattern matching does not take the - current locale's collating sequence into account, so bb - will not collate between AA and BB, and upper-case and + If set, range expressions used in pattern matching + bracket expressions (see PPaatttteerrnn MMaattcchhiinngg above) behave + as if in the traditional C locale when performing com- + parisons. That is, pattern matching does not take the + current locale's collating sequence into account, so bb + will not collate between AA and BB, and upper-case and lower-case ASCII characters will collate together. gglloobbsskkiippddoottss - If set, pathname expansion will never match the file- - names _. and _._., even if the pattern begins with a ".". + If set, pathname expansion will never match the file- + names _. and _._., even if the pattern begins with a ".". This option is enabled by default. gglloobbssttaarr If set, the pattern **** used in a pathname expansion con- - text will match all files and zero or more directories - and subdirectories. If the pattern is followed by a //, + text will match all files and zero or more directories + and subdirectories. If the pattern is followed by a //, only directories and subdirectories match. ggnnuu__eerrrrffmmtt If set, shell error messages are written in the standard GNU error message format. hhiissttaappppeenndd - If set, the history list is appended to the file named + If set, the history list is appended to the file named by the value of the HHIISSTTFFIILLEE variable when the shell ex- its, rather than overwriting the file. hhiissttrreeeeddiitt - If set, and rreeaaddlliinnee is being used, the user is given - the opportunity to re-edit a failed history substitu- + If set, and rreeaaddlliinnee is being used, the user is given + the opportunity to re-edit a failed history substitu- tion. hhiissttvveerriiffyy - If set, and rreeaaddlliinnee is being used, the results of his- - tory substitution are not immediately passed to the - shell parser. Instead, the resulting line is loaded + If set, and rreeaaddlliinnee is being used, the results of his- + tory substitution are not immediately passed to the + shell parser. Instead, the resulting line is loaded into the rreeaaddlliinnee editing buffer, allowing further modi- fication. hhoossttccoommpplleettee If set, and rreeaaddlliinnee is being used, bbaasshh will attempt to - perform hostname completion when a word containing a @@ - is being completed (see CCoommpplleettiinngg under RREEAADDLLIINNEE + perform hostname completion when a word containing a @@ + is being completed (see CCoommpplleettiinngg under RREEAADDLLIINNEE above). This is enabled by default. hhuuppoonneexxiitt If set, bbaasshh will send SSIIGGHHUUPP to all jobs when an inter- active login shell exits. iinnhheerriitt__eerrrreexxiitt - If set, command substitution inherits the value of the - eerrrreexxiitt option, instead of unsetting it in the subshell - environment. This option is enabled when posix mode is + If set, command substitution inherits the value of the + eerrrreexxiitt option, instead of unsetting it in the subshell + environment. This option is enabled when posix mode is enabled. iinntteerraaccttiivvee__ccoommmmeennttss - In an interactive shell, a word beginning with ## causes - that word and all remaining characters on that line to - be ignored, as in a non-interactive shell (see CCOOMMMMEENNTTSS + In an interactive shell, a word beginning with ## causes + that word and all remaining characters on that line to + be ignored, as in a non-interactive shell (see CCOOMMMMEENNTTSS above). This option is enabled by default. llaassttppiippee - If set, and job control is not active, the shell runs + If set, and job control is not active, the shell runs the last command of a pipeline not executed in the back- ground in the current shell environment. - lliitthhiisstt If set, and the ccmmddhhiisstt option is enabled, multi-line + lliitthhiisstt If set, and the ccmmddhhiisstt option is enabled, multi-line commands are saved to the history with embedded newlines rather than using semicolon separators where possible. llooccaallvvaarr__iinnhheerriitt @@ -6741,37 +6795,37 @@ SSHHEELLLL BBUUIILLTTIINN CCOOMMMMAANNDDSS scope before any new value is assigned. The nameref at- tribute is not inherited. llooccaallvvaarr__uunnsseett - If set, calling uunnsseett on local variables in previous - function scopes marks them so subsequent lookups find + If set, calling uunnsseett on local variables in previous + function scopes marks them so subsequent lookups find them unset until that function returns. This is identi- - cal to the behavior of unsetting local variables at the + cal to the behavior of unsetting local variables at the current function scope. llooggiinn__sshheellll - The shell sets this option if it is started as a login - shell (see IINNVVOOCCAATTIIOONN above). The value may not be + The shell sets this option if it is started as a login + shell (see IINNVVOOCCAATTIIOONN above). The value may not be changed. mmaaiillwwaarrnn - If set, and a file that bbaasshh is checking for mail has - been accessed since the last time it was checked, bbaasshh - displays the message "The mail in _m_a_i_l_f_i_l_e has been + If set, and a file that bbaasshh is checking for mail has + been accessed since the last time it was checked, bbaasshh + displays the message "The mail in _m_a_i_l_f_i_l_e has been read". nnoo__eemmppttyy__ccmmdd__ccoommpplleettiioonn If set, and rreeaaddlliinnee is being used, bbaasshh does not search - PPAATTHH for possible completions when completion is at- + PPAATTHH for possible completions when completion is at- tempted on an empty line. nnooccaasseegglloobb - If set, bbaasshh matches filenames in a case-insensitive + If set, bbaasshh matches filenames in a case-insensitive fashion when performing pathname expansion (see PPaatthhnnaammee EExxppaannssiioonn above). nnooccaasseemmaattcchh - If set, bbaasshh matches patterns in a case-insensitive + If set, bbaasshh matches patterns in a case-insensitive fashion when performing matching while executing ccaassee or [[[[ conditional commands, when performing pattern substi- - tution word expansions, or when filtering possible com- + tution word expansions, or when filtering possible com- pletions as part of programmable completion. nnooeexxppaanndd__ttrraannssllaattiioonn - If set, bbaasshh encloses the translated results of $$""..."" - quoting in single quotes instead of double quotes. If + If set, bbaasshh encloses the translated results of $$""..."" + quoting in single quotes instead of double quotes. If the string is not translated, this has no effect. nnuullllgglloobb If set, pathname expansion patterns which match no files @@ -6779,73 +6833,73 @@ SSHHEELLLL BBUUIILLTTIINN CCOOMMMMAANNDDSS removed, rather than expanding to themselves. ppaattssuubb__rreeppllaacceemmeenntt If set, bbaasshh expands occurrences of && in the replacement - string of pattern substitution to the text matched by - the pattern, as described under PPaarraammeetteerr EExxppaannssiioonn + string of pattern substitution to the text matched by + the pattern, as described under PPaarraammeetteerr EExxppaannssiioonn above. This option is enabled by default. pprrooggccoommpp - If set, enable the programmable completion facilities + If set, enable the programmable completion facilities (see PPrrooggrraammmmaabbllee CCoommpplleettiioonn above). This option is en- abled by default. pprrooggccoommpp__aalliiaass - If set, and programmable completion is enabled, bbaasshh - treats a command name that doesn't have any completions + If set, and programmable completion is enabled, bbaasshh + treats a command name that doesn't have any completions as a possible alias and attempts alias expansion. If it - has an alias, bbaasshh attempts programmable completion us- + has an alias, bbaasshh attempts programmable completion us- ing the command word resulting from the expanded alias. pprroommppttvvaarrss If set, prompt strings undergo parameter expansion, com- - mand substitution, arithmetic expansion, and quote re- - moval after being expanded as described in PPRROOMMPPTTIINNGG + mand substitution, arithmetic expansion, and quote re- + moval after being expanded as described in PPRROOMMPPTTIINNGG above. This option is enabled by default. rreessttrriicctteedd__sshheellll - The shell sets this option if it is started in re- - stricted mode (see RREESSTTRRIICCTTEEDD SSHHEELLLL below). The value - may not be changed. This is not reset when the startup - files are executed, allowing the startup files to dis- + The shell sets this option if it is started in re- + stricted mode (see RREESSTTRRIICCTTEEDD SSHHEELLLL below). The value + may not be changed. This is not reset when the startup + files are executed, allowing the startup files to dis- cover whether or not a shell is restricted. sshhiifftt__vveerrbboossee - If set, the sshhiifftt builtin prints an error message when + If set, the sshhiifftt builtin prints an error message when the shift count exceeds the number of positional parame- ters. ssoouurrcceeppaatthh If set, the .. (ssoouurrccee) builtin uses the value of PPAATTHH to - find the directory containing the file supplied as an - argument when the --pp option is not supplied. This op- + find the directory containing the file supplied as an + argument when the --pp option is not supplied. This op- tion is enabled by default. vvaarrrreeddiirr__cclloossee - If set, the shell automatically closes file descriptors - assigned using the _{_v_a_r_n_a_m_e_} redirection syntax (see + If set, the shell automatically closes file descriptors + assigned using the _{_v_a_r_n_a_m_e_} redirection syntax (see RREEDDIIRREECCTTIIOONN above) instead of leaving them open when the command completes. xxppgg__eecchhoo - If set, the eecchhoo builtin expands backslash-escape se- - quences by default. If the ppoossiixx shell option is also + If set, the eecchhoo builtin expands backslash-escape se- + quences by default. If the ppoossiixx shell option is also enabled, eecchhoo does not interpret any options. ssuussppeenndd [--ff] - Suspend the execution of this shell until it receives a SSIIGGCCOONNTT - signal. A login shell, or a shell without job control enabled, - cannot be suspended; the --ff option will override this and force - the suspension. The return status is 0 unless the shell is a - login shell or job control is not enabled and --ff is not sup- + Suspend the execution of this shell until it receives a SSIIGGCCOONNTT + signal. A login shell, or a shell without job control enabled, + cannot be suspended; the --ff option will override this and force + the suspension. The return status is 0 unless the shell is a + login shell or job control is not enabled and --ff is not sup- plied. tteesstt _e_x_p_r [[ _e_x_p_r ]] Return a status of 0 (true) or 1 (false) depending on the evalu- - ation of the conditional expression _e_x_p_r. Each operator and - operand must be a separate argument. Expressions are composed - of the primaries described above under CCOONNDDIITTIIOONNAALL EEXXPPRREESSSSIIOONNSS. - tteesstt does not accept any options, nor does it accept and ignore + ation of the conditional expression _e_x_p_r. Each operator and + operand must be a separate argument. Expressions are composed + of the primaries described above under CCOONNDDIITTIIOONNAALL EEXXPPRREESSSSIIOONNSS. + tteesstt does not accept any options, nor does it accept and ignore an argument of ---- as signifying the end of options. - Expressions may be combined using the following operators, - listed in decreasing order of precedence. The evaluation de- + Expressions may be combined using the following operators, + listed in decreasing order of precedence. The evaluation de- pends on the number of arguments; see below. tteesstt uses operator precedence when there are five or more arguments. !! _e_x_p_r True if _e_x_p_r is false. (( _e_x_p_r )) - Returns the value of _e_x_p_r. This may be used to override + Returns the value of _e_x_p_r. This may be used to override normal operator precedence. _e_x_p_r_1 -aa _e_x_p_r_2 True if both _e_x_p_r_1 and _e_x_p_r_2 are true. @@ -6862,104 +6916,105 @@ SSHHEELLLL BBUUIILLTTIINN CCOOMMMMAANNDDSS null. 2 arguments If the first argument is !!, the expression is true if and - only if the second argument is null. If the first argu- - ment is one of the unary conditional operators listed - above under CCOONNDDIITTIIOONNAALL EEXXPPRREESSSSIIOONNSS, the expression is + only if the second argument is null. If the first argu- + ment is one of the unary conditional operators listed + above under CCOONNDDIITTIIOONNAALL EEXXPPRREESSSSIIOONNSS, the expression is true if the unary test is true. If the first argument is not a valid unary conditional operator, the expression is false. 3 arguments The following conditions are applied in the order listed. - If the second argument is one of the binary conditional + If the second argument is one of the binary conditional operators listed above under CCOONNDDIITTIIOONNAALL EEXXPPRREESSSSIIOONNSS, the result of the expression is the result of the binary test - using the first and third arguments as operands. The --aa - and --oo operators are considered binary operators when - there are three arguments. If the first argument is !!, - the value is the negation of the two-argument test using + using the first and third arguments as operands. The --aa + and --oo operators are considered binary operators when + there are three arguments. If the first argument is !!, + the value is the negation of the two-argument test using the second and third arguments. If the first argument is exactly (( and the third argument is exactly )), the result - is the one-argument test of the second argument. Other- + is the one-argument test of the second argument. Other- wise, the expression is false. 4 arguments The following conditions are applied in the order listed. If the first argument is !!, the result is the negation of - the three-argument expression composed of the remaining - arguments. If the first argument is exactly (( and the + the three-argument expression composed of the remaining + arguments. If the first argument is exactly (( and the fourth argument is exactly )), the result is the two-argu- - ment test of the second and third arguments. Otherwise, - the expression is parsed and evaluated according to + ment test of the second and third arguments. Otherwise, + the expression is parsed and evaluated according to precedence using the rules listed above. 5 or more arguments - The expression is parsed and evaluated according to + The expression is parsed and evaluated according to precedence using the rules listed above. When the shell is in posix mode, or if the expression is part of the [[[[ command, the << and >> operators sort using the current lo- - cale. If the shell is not in posix mode, the tteesstt and [[ com- + cale. If the shell is not in posix mode, the tteesstt and [[ com- mands sort lexicographically using ASCII ordering. - The historical operator-precedence parsing with 4 or more argu- - ments can lead to ambiguities when it encounters strings that - look like primaries. The POSIX standard has deprecated the --aa - and --oo primaries and enclosing expressions within parentheses. - Scripts should no longer use them. It's much more reliable to - restrict test invocations to a single primary, and to replace + The historical operator-precedence parsing with 4 or more argu- + ments can lead to ambiguities when it encounters strings that + look like primaries. The POSIX standard has deprecated the --aa + and --oo primaries and enclosing expressions within parentheses. + Scripts should no longer use them. It's much more reliable to + restrict test invocations to a single primary, and to replace uses of --aa and --oo with the shell's &&&& and |||| list operators. - ttiimmeess Print the accumulated user and system times for the shell and + ttiimmeess Print the accumulated user and system times for the shell and for processes run from the shell. The return status is 0. ttrraapp [--llppPP] [[_a_c_t_i_o_n] _s_i_g_s_p_e_c ...] The _a_c_t_i_o_n is a command that is read and executed when the shell - receives any of the signals _s_i_g_s_p_e_c. If _a_c_t_i_o_n is absent (and + receives any of the signals _s_i_g_s_p_e_c. If _a_c_t_i_o_n is absent (and there is a single _s_i_g_s_p_e_c) or --, each specified _s_i_g_s_p_e_c is reset - to the value it had when the shell was started. If _a_c_t_i_o_n is - the null string the signal specified by each _s_i_g_s_p_e_c is ignored + to the value it had when the shell was started. If _a_c_t_i_o_n is + the null string the signal specified by each _s_i_g_s_p_e_c is ignored by the shell and by the commands it invokes. - If no arguments are supplied, ttrraapp displays the actions associ- + If no arguments are supplied, ttrraapp displays the actions associ- ated with each trapped signal as a set of ttrraapp commands that can - be reused as shell input to restore the current signal disposi- - tions. If --pp is given, and _a_c_t_i_o_n is not present, then ttrraapp - displays the actions associated with each _s_i_g_s_p_e_c or, if none + be reused as shell input to restore the current signal disposi- + tions. If --pp is given, and _a_c_t_i_o_n is not present, then ttrraapp + displays the actions associated with each _s_i_g_s_p_e_c or, if none are supplied, for all trapped signals, as a set of ttrraapp commands - that can be reused as shell input to restore the current signal - dispositions. The --PP option behaves similarly, but displays - only the actions associated with each _s_i_g_s_p_e_c argument. --PP re- - quires at least one _s_i_g_s_p_e_c argument. The --PP or --pp options may - be used in a subshell environment (e.g., command substitution) - and, as long as they are used before ttrraapp is used to change a + that can be reused as shell input to restore the current signal + dispositions. The --PP option behaves similarly, but displays + only the actions associated with each _s_i_g_s_p_e_c argument. --PP re- + quires at least one _s_i_g_s_p_e_c argument. The --PP or --pp options may + be used in a subshell environment (e.g., command substitution) + and, as long as they are used before ttrraapp is used to change a signal's handling, will display the state of its parent's traps. - The --ll option prints a list of signal names and their corre- - sponding numbers. Each _s_i_g_s_p_e_c is either a signal name defined + The --ll option prints a list of signal names and their corre- + sponding numbers. Each _s_i_g_s_p_e_c is either a signal name defined in <_s_i_g_n_a_l_._h>, or a signal number. Signal names are case insen- - sitive and the SSIIGG prefix is optional. If --ll is supplied with + sitive and the SSIIGG prefix is optional. If --ll is supplied with no _s_i_g_s_p_e_c arguments, it prints a list of valid signal names. - If a _s_i_g_s_p_e_c is EEXXIITT (0), _a_c_t_i_o_n is executed on exit from the - shell. If a _s_i_g_s_p_e_c is DDEEBBUUGG, _a_c_t_i_o_n is executed before every - _s_i_m_p_l_e _c_o_m_m_a_n_d, _f_o_r command, _c_a_s_e command, _s_e_l_e_c_t command, (( - arithmetic command, [[ conditional command, arithmetic _f_o_r com- - mand, and before the first command executes in a shell function - (see SSHHEELLLL GGRRAAMMMMAARR above). Refer to the description of the - eexxttddeebbuugg shell option (see sshhoopptt above) for details of its ef- - fect on the DDEEBBUUGG trap. If a _s_i_g_s_p_e_c is RREETTUURRNN, _a_c_t_i_o_n is exe- + If a _s_i_g_s_p_e_c is EEXXIITT (0), _a_c_t_i_o_n is executed on exit from the + shell. If a _s_i_g_s_p_e_c is DDEEBBUUGG, _a_c_t_i_o_n is executed before every + _s_i_m_p_l_e _c_o_m_m_a_n_d, _f_o_r command, _c_a_s_e command, _s_e_l_e_c_t command, (( + arithmetic command, [[ conditional command, arithmetic _f_o_r com- + mand, and before the first command executes in a shell function + (see SSHHEELLLL GGRRAAMMMMAARR above). Refer to the description of the + eexxttddeebbuugg shell option (see sshhoopptt above) for details of its ef- + fect on the DDEEBBUUGG trap. If a _s_i_g_s_p_e_c is RREETTUURRNN, _a_c_t_i_o_n is exe- cuted each time a shell function or a script executed with the .. or ssoouurrccee builtins finishes executing. - If a _s_i_g_s_p_e_c is EERRRR, _a_c_t_i_o_n is executed whenever a pipeline - (which may consist of a single simple command), a list, or a - compound command returns a non-zero exit status, subject to the - following conditions. The EERRRR trap is not executed if the + If a _s_i_g_s_p_e_c is EERRRR, _a_c_t_i_o_n is executed whenever a pipeline + (which may consist of a single simple command), a list, or a + compound command returns a non-zero exit status, subject to the + following conditions. The EERRRR trap is not executed if the failed command is part of the command list immediately following - a wwhhiillee or uunnttiill keyword, part of the test in an _i_f statement, - part of a command executed in a &&&& or |||| list except the command - following the final &&&& or ||||, any command in a pipeline but the - last (subject to the state of the ppiippeeffaaiill shell option), or if - the command's return value is being inverted using !!. These are - the same conditions obeyed by the eerrrreexxiitt (--ee) option. + a wwhhiillee or uunnttiill reserved word, part of the test in an _i_f state- + ment, part of a command executed in a &&&& or |||| list except the + command following the final &&&& or ||||, any command in a pipeline + but the last (subject to the state of the ppiippeeffaaiill shell op- + tion), or if the command's return value is being inverted using + !!. These are the same conditions obeyed by the eerrrreexxiitt (--ee) op- + tion. When the shell is not interactive, signals ignored upon entry to the shell cannot be trapped or reset. Interactive shells permit @@ -7196,7 +7251,7 @@ SSHHEELLLL CCOOMMPPAATTIIBBIILLIITTYY MMOODDEE locale's collation sequence and _s_t_r_c_o_l_l(3). ccoommppaatt4411 - +o In _p_o_s_i_x mode, ttiimmee may be followed by options and still + +o In posix mode, ttiimmee may be followed by options and still be recognized as a reserved word (this is POSIX interpre- tation 267). +o In _p_o_s_i_x mode, the parser requires that an even number of @@ -7327,8 +7382,8 @@ RREESSTTRRIICCTTEEDD SSHHEELLLL +o Importing function definitions from the shell environment at startup. - +o Parsing the value of SSHHEELLLLOOPPTTSS from the shell environment at - startup. + +o Parsing the values of BBAASSHHOOPPTTSS and SSHHEELLLLOOPPTTSS from the shell en- + vironment at startup. +o Redirecting output using the >, >|, <>, >&, &>, and >> redirec- tion operators. @@ -7408,7 +7463,7 @@ BBUUGG RREEPPOORRTTSS The version number of bbaasshh The hardware and operating system The compiler used to compile - A description of the bug behaviour + A description of the bug behavior A short script or "recipe" which exercises the bug _b_a_s_h_b_u_g inserts the first three items automatically into the template @@ -7421,7 +7476,7 @@ BBUUGGSS It's too big and too slow. There are some subtle differences between bbaasshh and traditional versions - of sshh, mostly because of the PPOOSSIIXX specification. + of sshh, mostly because of the POSIX specification. Aliases are confusing in some uses. @@ -7437,4 +7492,4 @@ BBUUGGSS Array variables may not (yet) be exported. -GNU Bash 5.3 2024 December 12 _B_A_S_H(1) +GNU Bash 5.3 2025 February 24 _B_A_S_H(1) diff --git a/doc/bash.1 b/doc/bash.1 index a5a8e445c..4e2eb5f1d 100644 --- a/doc/bash.1 +++ b/doc/bash.1 @@ -5,9 +5,13 @@ .\" Case Western Reserve University .\" chet.ramey@case.edu .\" -.\" Last Change: Thu Dec 12 13:37:07 EST 2024 +.\" Last Change: Mon Feb 24 16:09:49 EST 2025 .\" -.\" bash_builtins, strip all but Builtins section +.\" For bash_builtins, strip all but "SHELL BUILTIN COMMANDS" section +.\" For rbash, strip all but "RESTRICTED SHELL" section +.\" +.\" Both conditionalize text based on the base page being formatted +.\" using the zZ and zY registers, respectively .\" .\" Ensure the registers are initialized to avoid groff warnings. .nr zZ +0 @@ -17,7 +21,7 @@ .ds zY \" empty .if \n(zZ=1 .ig zZ .if \n(zY=1 .ig zY -.TH BASH 1 "2024 December 12" "GNU Bash 5.3" +.TH BASH 1 "2025 February 24" "GNU Bash 5.3" .\" .ie \n(.g \{\ .ds ' \(aq @@ -66,24 +70,40 @@ bash \- GNU Bourne-Again SHell [options] [command_string | file] .SH COPYRIGHT -.if n Bash is Copyright (C) 1989-2024 by the Free Software Foundation, Inc. -.if t Bash is Copyright \(co 1989-2024 by the Free Software Foundation, Inc. +.if n Bash is Copyright (C) 1989-2025 by the Free Software Foundation, Inc. +.if t Bash is Copyright \(co 1989-2025 by the Free Software Foundation, Inc. .SH DESCRIPTION .B Bash -is an \fBsh\fP-compatible command language interpreter that +is a command language interpreter that executes commands read from the standard input, from a string, or from a file. +It is a reimplementation and extension of the Bourne shell, +the historical Unix command language interpreter. .B Bash also incorporates useful features from the \fIKorn\fP and \fIC\fP shells (\fBksh\fP and \fBcsh\fP). .PP -POSIX is the name for a family of computing standards based on Unix. +.SM POSIX +is the name for a family of computing standards based on Unix. .B Bash is intended to be a conformant implementation of the -Shell and Utilities portion of the IEEE POSIX specification -(IEEE Standard 1003.1). +Shell and Utilities portion of the IEEE +.SM POSIX +specification (IEEE Standard 1003.1). .B Bash -can be configured to be POSIX-conformant by default. +.SM POSIX +mode (hereafter referred to as \fIposix mode\fP) +changes the shell's behavior where its default operation differs +from the standard to strictly conform to the standard. +See +.SM +.B "SEE ALSO" +below for a reference to a document that details how posix mode affects +\fBbash\fP's behavior. +.B Bash +can be configured to be +.SM POSIX\c +-conformant by default. .SH OPTIONS All of the single-character shell options documented in the description of the \fBset\fP builtin command, including \fB\-o\fP, @@ -244,13 +264,11 @@ This option is on by default if the shell is invoked as .BR sh . .TP .B \-\-posix -Change the behavior of \fBbash\fP where the default operation differs -from the POSIX standard to match the standard (\fIposix mode\fP). -See -.SM -.B "SEE ALSO" -below for a reference to a document that details how posix mode affects -\fBBash\fP's behavior. +Enable posix mode; +change the behavior of \fBbash\fP +where the default operation differs from the +.SM POSIX +standard to match the standard. .TP .B \-\-restricted The shell becomes restricted (see @@ -270,9 +288,9 @@ If arguments remain after option processing, and neither the .B \-c nor the .B \-s -option has been supplied, the first argument is assumed to -be the name of a file containing shell commands (a \fIshell script\fP). -If +option has been supplied, the first argument is treated as +the name of a file containing shell commands (a \fIshell script\fP). +When .B bash is invoked in this fashion, .B $0 @@ -283,8 +301,9 @@ reads and executes commands from this file, then exits. \fBBash\fP's exit status is the exit status of the last command executed in the script. If no commands are executed, the exit status is 0. -Bash first attempts to open the file in the current directory, and, -if no file is found, then searches the directories in +.B Bash +first attempts to open the file in the current directory, +and, if no file is found, searches the directories in .SM .B PATH for the script. @@ -295,12 +314,12 @@ or one started with the .B \-\-login option. .PP -An \fIinteractive\fP shell is one started without non-option arguments +An \fIinteractive shell\fP is one started without non-option arguments (unless \fB\-s\fP is specified) and without the .B \-c option, -whose standard input and standard error are +and whose standard input and standard error are both connected to terminals (as determined by .IR isatty (3)), or one started with the @@ -397,10 +416,12 @@ is invoked with the name it tries to mimic the startup behavior of historical versions of .B sh as closely as possible, -while conforming to the POSIX standard as well. +while conforming to the +.SM POSIX +standard as well. When invoked as an interactive login shell, or a non-interactive -shell with the \fB\-\-login\fP option, it first attempts to -read and execute commands from +shell with the \fB\-\-login\fP option, it first attempts to read +and execute commands from .FN /etc/profile and .FN \*~/.profile , @@ -425,6 +446,7 @@ option has no effect. A non-interactive shell invoked with the name .B sh does not attempt to read any other startup files. +.PP When invoked as .BR sh , .B bash @@ -434,7 +456,9 @@ When .B bash is started in posix mode, as with the .B \-\-posix -command line option, it follows the POSIX standard for startup files. +command line option, it follows the +.SM POSIX +standard for startup files. In this mode, interactive shells expand the .SM .B ENV @@ -605,7 +629,9 @@ If the reserved word precedes a pipeline, the shell reports the elapsed as well as user and system time consumed by its execution when the pipeline terminates. -The \fB\-p\fP option changes the output format to that specified by POSIX. +The \fB\-p\fP option changes the output format to that specified by +.SM POSIX\c +\&. When the shell is in posix mode, it does not recognize \fBtime\fP as a reserved word if the next token begins with a .Q \- . @@ -745,8 +771,11 @@ otherwise the return status is 1. The \fIexpression\fP undergoes the same expansions as if it were within double quotes, -but double quote characters in \fIexpression\fP are not treated +but unescaped double quote characters +in \fIexpression\fP are not treated specially and are removed. +Since this can potentially result in empty strings, this command treats +those as expressions that evaluate to 0. .TP \fB[[\fP \fIexpression\fP \fB]]\fP .PD @@ -784,8 +813,12 @@ instead of having any special pattern matching meaning. An additional binary operator, \fB=\*~\fP, is available, with the same precedence as \fB==\fP and \fB!=\fP. When it is used, the string to the right of the operator is considered -a POSIX extended regular expression and matched accordingly -(using the POSIX \fIregcomp\fP and \fIregexec\fP interfaces +a +.SM POSIX +extended regular expression and matched accordingly +(using the +.SM POSIX +\fIregcomp\fP and \fIregexec\fP interfaces usually described in .IR regex (3)). The return value is 0 if the string matches @@ -870,7 +903,7 @@ operators do not evaluate \fIexpression2\fP if the value of the entire conditional expression. .RE .TP -\fBfor\fP \fIname\fP [ [ \fBin\fP [ \fIword .\|.\|.\&\fP ] ] ; ] \fBdo\fP \fIlist\fP ; \fBdone\fP +\fBfor\fP \fIname\fP [ [ \fBin\fP \fIword .\|.\|.\&\fP ] ; ] \fBdo\fP \fIlist\fP ; \fBdone\fP First, expand The list of words following \fBin\fP, generating a list of items. Then, the variable \fIname\fP is set to each element of this list @@ -884,7 +917,7 @@ The return status is the exit status of the last command that executes. If the expansion of the items following \fBin\fP results in an empty list, no commands are executed, and the return status is 0. .TP -\fBfor\fP (( \fIexpr1\fP ; \fIexpr2\fP ; \fIexpr3\fP )) ; \fBdo\fP \fIlist\fP ; \fBdone\fP +\fBfor\fP (( \fIexpr1\fP ; \fIexpr2\fP ; \fIexpr3\fP )) [;] \fBdo\fP \fIlist\fP ; \fBdone\fP First, evaluate the arithmetic expression \fIexpr1\fP according to the rules described below under .SM @@ -973,7 +1006,7 @@ Using \fB;&\fP in place of \fB;;\fP causes execution to continue with the \fIlist\fP associated with the next pattern list. Using \fB;;&\fP in place of \fB;;\fP causes the shell to test the next pattern list in the statement, if any, and execute any associated \fIlist\fP -if the match succeeds. +if the match succeeds, continuing the case statement execution as if the pattern list had not matched. The exit status is zero if no pattern matches. .IP @@ -1103,7 +1136,9 @@ parentheses are not supplied, the braces are recommended. \fIcompound\-command\fP is executed whenever \fIfname\fP is specified as the name of a simple command. When in posix mode, \fIfname\fP must be a valid shell \fIname\fP -and may not be the name of one of the POSIX \fIspecial builtins\fP. +and may not be the name of one of the +.SM POSIX +\fIspecial builtins\fP. In default mode, a function name can be any unquoted shell word that does not contain \fB$\fP. .PP @@ -1221,8 +1256,8 @@ The special parameters .B * and .B @ -have special meaning when in double -quotes (see +have special meaning when in double quotes +(see .SM .B PARAMETERS below). @@ -1349,7 +1384,7 @@ below). .PP A .I variable -may be assigned to by a statement of the form +is assigned to using a statement of the form .RS .PP \fIname\fP=[\fIvalue\fP] @@ -1390,25 +1425,34 @@ one or more instances of the \fBcommand\fP builtin and retain these assignment statement properties. .PP In the context where an assignment statement is assigning a value -to a shell variable or array index, -the += operator appends to or adds to +to a shell variable or array index, the +.Q += +operator appends to or adds to the variable's previous value. This includes arguments to \fIdeclaration\fP commands such as -\fBdeclare\fP that accept assignment statements. -When += is applied to a variable -for which the \fBinteger\fP attribute has been set, +.B \%declare +that accept assignment statements. +When +.Q += +is applied to a variable for which the +.B \%integer +attribute has been set, the variable's current value and \fIvalue\fP are each evaluated as arithmetic expressions, and the sum of the results is assigned as the variable's value. The current value is usually an integer constant, but may be an expression. -When += is applied to an array variable using compound assignment +When +.Q += +is applied to an array variable using compound assignment (see .B Arrays -below), the -variable's value is not unset (as it is when using =), and new -values are appended to the array beginning at one greater than the array's -maximum index (for indexed arrays) or added as additional key\-value pairs -in an associative array. +below), +the variable's value is not unset +(as it is when using +.@ = ), +and new values are appended to the array +beginning at one greater than the array's maximum index (for indexed arrays) +or added as additional key\-value pairs in an associative array. When applied to a string-valued variable, \fIvalue\fP is expanded and appended to the variable's value. .PP @@ -1448,6 +1492,13 @@ array variables. Namerefs can be unset using the \fB\-n\fP option to the \fBunset\fP builtin. Otherwise, if \fBunset\fP is executed with the name of a nameref variable as an argument, the variable referenced by the nameref variable is unset. +.PP +When the shell starts, it reads its environment and creates a shell +variable from each environment variable that has a valid name, +as described below +(see +.SM +.BR ENVIRONMENT ). .SS Positional Parameters A .I positional parameter @@ -1625,6 +1676,8 @@ If this variable is in the environment when .B bash starts up, the shell enables each option in the list before reading any startup files. +If this variable is exported, child shells will enable each option +in the list. This variable is read-only. .TP .B BASHPID @@ -1768,7 +1821,7 @@ have no effect, and it may not be unset. .B BASH_LOADABLES_PATH A colon-separated list of directories in which the .B enable -command. +command looks for dynamically loadable builtins. .TP @@ -2163,7 +2216,9 @@ is unset, it loses its special properties, even if it is subsequently reset. .TP .B READLINE_ARGUMENT -Any numeric argument given to a \fBreadline\fP command that was defined using +Any numeric argument given to a +.B \%readline +command that was defined using .Q "bind \-x" (see .SM @@ -2245,6 +2300,8 @@ If this variable is in the environment when .B bash starts up, the shell enables each option in the list before reading any startup files. +If this variable is exported, child shells will enable each option +in the list. This variable is read-only. .TP .B SHLVL @@ -2360,9 +2417,10 @@ A sample value is .TP .B CHILD_MAX Set the number of exited child status values for the shell to remember. -\fBBash\fP will not allow this value to be decreased below a POSIX-mandated -minimum, and there is a maximum value (currently 8192) that this may -not exceed. +\fBBash\fP will not allow this value to be decreased below a +.SM POSIX\c +-mandated minimum, +and there is a maximum value (currently 8192) that this may not exceed. The minimum value is system-dependent. .TP .B COLUMNS @@ -2562,7 +2620,9 @@ When this variable is assigned a value, the history file is truncated, if necessary, to contain no more than that number of lines by removing the oldest entries. The history file is also truncated to this size after -writing it when a shell exits or by the \fBhistory\fP builtin. +writing it when a shell exits or by the +.B \%history +builtin. If the value is 0, the history file is truncated to zero size. Non-numeric values and numeric values less than zero inhibit truncation. The shell sets the default value to the value of @@ -2599,8 +2659,26 @@ and are added to the history regardless of the value of .BR HISTIGNORE . If the first line was not saved, the second and subsequent lines of the command are not saved either. -The pattern matching honors the setting of the \fBextglob\fP shell -option. +The pattern matching honors the setting of the +.B \%extglob +shell option. +.IP +.SM +.B HISTIGNORE +subsumes some of the function of +.SM +.BR HISTCONTROL . +A pattern of +.Q & +is identical to +.Q \%ignoredups , +and a pattern of +.Q "[ ]*" +is identical to +.Q \%ignorespace . +Combining these two patterns, separating them with a colon, +provides the functionality of +.Q \%ignoreboth . .TP .B HISTSIZE The number of commands to remember in the command history (see @@ -2649,7 +2727,7 @@ to obtain the list of possible hostname completions. When .SM .B HOSTFILE -is unset, \fBbash\fP clears the the hostname list. +is unset, \fBbash\fP clears the hostname list. .TP .B IFS The @@ -2817,15 +2895,22 @@ The default path is system-dependent, and is set by the administrator who installs .BR bash . A common value is -.na -.Q /usr/local/bin:/usr/local/sbin:/usr/bin:/usr/sbin:/bin:/sbin . -.ad +.RS +.RS 5n +.EX +/usr/local/bin:/usr/local/sbin:\c +.if \n(LL<78n .br +/usr/bin:/usr/sbin:/bin:/sbin +.EE +.RE +.RE .TP .B POSIXLY_CORRECT If this variable is in the environment when \fBbash\fP starts, the shell enters posix mode before reading the startup files, as if the .B \-\-posix -invocation option had been supplied. If it is set while the shell is +invocation option had been supplied. +If it is set while the shell is running, \fBbash\fP enables posix mode, as if the command .Q "set \-o posix" had been executed. @@ -3017,10 +3102,13 @@ The second character is the \fIquick substitution\fP character, normally When it appears as the first character on the line, history substitution repeats the previous command, replacing one string with another. -The optional third character is the character which indicates that -the remainder of the line is a comment when found as the first character -of a word, normally -.Q \fB#\fP . +The optional third character is the +\fIhistory comment\fP +character, normally +.Q \fB#\fP , +which indicates +that the remainder of the line is a comment +when it appears as the first character of a word. The history comment character disables history substitution for the remaining words on the line. It does not necessarily cause the shell parser to treat the rest of the @@ -3036,34 +3124,65 @@ There is no maximum limit on the size of an array, nor any requirement that members be indexed or assigned contiguously. Indexed arrays are referenced using arithmetic expressions -that must expand to an integer and are zero-based; +that must expand to an integer +(see +.SM +.B +ARITHMETIC EVALUATION +below) +and are zero-based; associative arrays are referenced using arbitrary strings. Unless otherwise noted, indexed array indices must be non-negative integers. .PP -An indexed array is created automatically if any variable is assigned to -using the syntax -\fIname\fP[\fIsubscript\fP]=\fIvalue\fP. +The shell performs +parameter and variable expansion, arithmetic expansion, +command substitution, and quote removal +on indexed array subscripts. +Since this +can potentially result in empty strings, +subscript indexing treats +those as expressions that evaluate to 0. +.PP +The shell performs +tilde expansion, +parameter and variable expansion, arithmetic expansion, +command substitution, and quote removal +on associative array subscripts. +Empty strings cannot be used as associative array keys. +.PP +\fBBash\fP automatically creates an indexed array +if any variable is assigned to using the syntax +.RS +\fIname\fP[\fIsubscript\fP]=\fIvalue\fP +\&. +.RE The .I subscript is treated as an arithmetic expression that must evaluate to a number greater than or equal to zero. To explicitly declare an indexed array, use -.B declare \-a \fIname\fP +.RS +.BI "declare \-a\ " name +.RE (see .SM .B "SHELL BUILTIN COMMANDS" below). -.B declare \-a \fIname\fP[\fIsubscript\fP] +.RS +\fBdeclare \-a\fP \fIname\fP[\fIsubscript\fP] +.RE is also accepted; the \fIsubscript\fP is ignored. .PP Associative arrays are created using -.BR "declare \-A \fIname\fP" . +.RS +.BI "declare \-A\ " name +.RE +\&. .PP -Attributes may be -specified for an array variable using the -.B declare +Attributes may be specified for an array variable using the +.B \%declare and -.B readonly +.B \%readonly builtins. Each attribute applies to all members of an array. .PP @@ -3112,7 +3231,9 @@ interpreted as relative to one greater than the maximum index of \fIname\fP, so negative indices count back from the end of the array, and an index of \-1 references the last element. .PP -The += operator appends to an array variable when assigning +The +.Q += +operator appends to an array variable when assigning using the compound assignment syntax; see .SM .B PARAMETERS @@ -3284,12 +3405,12 @@ need not exist. Patterns to be brace expanded are formed from an optional .IR preamble , followed by either a series of comma-separated strings or -a sequence expression between a pair of braces, followed by -an optional +a sequence expression between a pair of braces, +followed by an optional .IR postscript . -The preamble is prefixed to each string contained -within the braces, and the postscript is then appended -to each resulting string, expanding left to right. +The preamble is prefixed to each string contained within the braces, +and the postscript is then appended to each resulting string, +expanding left to right. .PP Brace expansions may be nested. The results of each expanded string are not sorted; @@ -3298,20 +3419,17 @@ For example, a\fB{\fPd,c,b\fB}\fPe expands into .Q "ade ace abe" . .PP A sequence expression takes the form -\fB{\fP\fIx\fP\fB..\fP\fIy\fP\fB[..\fP\fIincr\fP\fB]}\fP, +\fIx\fP\fB..\fP\fIy\fP\fB[..\fP\fIincr\fP\fB]\fP, where \fIx\fP and \fIy\fP are either integers or single letters, and \fIincr\fP, an optional increment, is an integer. When integers are supplied, the expression expands to each number between \fIx\fP and \fIy\fP, inclusive. -If either \fIx\fP or \fIy\fP begins with \fI0\fP, +If either \fIx\fP or \fIy\fP begins with a zero, each generated term will contain the same number of digits, zero-padding where necessary. -When either \fIx\fP or \fPy\fP begins with a zero, the shell -attempts to force all generated terms to contain the same number of digits, -zero-padding where necessary. When letters are supplied, the expression expands to each character lexicographically between \fIx\fP and \fIy\fP, inclusive, -using the default C locale. +using the C locale. Note that both \fIx\fP and \fIy\fP must be of the same type (integer or letter). When the increment is supplied, it is used as the difference between @@ -3331,22 +3449,32 @@ and closing braces, and at least one unquoted comma or a valid sequence expression. Any incorrectly formed brace expansion is left unchanged. .PP -A \fB{\fP or \fB,\fP may be quoted with a backslash to prevent its +A +.Q { +or +Q , +may be quoted with a backslash to prevent its being considered part of a brace expression. -To avoid conflicts with parameter expansion, the string \fB${\fP -is not considered eligible for brace expansion, and inhibits brace -expansion until the closing \fB}\fP. +To avoid conflicts with parameter expansion, the string +.Q ${ +is not considered eligible for brace expansion, +and inhibits brace expansion until the closing +.Q } . .PP This construct is typically used as shorthand when the common prefix of the strings to be generated is longer than in the above example: -.RS .PP +.RS +.EX mkdir /usr/local/src/bash/{old,new,dist,bugs} +.EE .RE or .RS +.EX chown root /usr/{ucb/{ex,edit},lib/{ex?.?*,how_ex}} +.EE .RE .PP Brace expansion introduces a slight incompatibility with @@ -3356,14 +3484,15 @@ historical versions of does not treat opening or closing braces specially when they appear as part of a word, and preserves them in the output. .B Bash -removes braces from words as a consequence of brace -expansion. +removes braces from words as a consequence of brace expansion. For example, a word entered to .B sh -as \fIfile{1,2}\fP +as +.Q file{1,2} appears identically in the output. -\fBBash\fP outputs that word as -.I file1 file2 +.B Bash +outputs that word as +.Q "file1 file2" after brace expansion. Start .B bash @@ -3457,8 +3586,9 @@ of variable assignments (as described above under .SM .BR PARAMETERS ) when they appear as arguments to simple commands. -\fBBash\fP does not do this, except for the \fIdeclaration\fP commands listed -above, when in posix mode. +\fBBash\fP does not do this, +except for the \fIdeclaration\fP commands listed above, +when in posix mode. .SS Parameter Expansion The .Q \fB$\fP @@ -3578,9 +3708,15 @@ starting at the character specified by \fIoffset\fP. If \fIparameter\fP is \fB@\fP or \fB*\fP, an indexed array subscripted by \fB@\fP or \fB*\fP, or an associative array name, the results differ as described below. -If \fIlength\fP is omitted, expands to the substring of the value of +If \fB:\fP\fIlength\fP is omitted (the first form above), this +expands to the substring of the value of \fIparameter\fP starting at the character specified by \fIoffset\fP and extending to the end of the value. +If \fIoffset\fP is omitted, +it is treated as 0. +If \fIlength\fP is omitted, +but the colon after \fIoffset\fP is present, +it is treated as 0. \fIlength\fP and \fIoffset\fP are arithmetic expressions (see .SM .B @@ -3762,10 +3898,9 @@ ${\fIparameter\fP\fB/#\fP\fIpattern\fP\fB/\fP\fIstring\fP} ${\fIparameter\fP\fB/%\fP\fIpattern\fP\fB/\fP\fIstring\fP} .PD \fBPattern substitution\fP. -The \fIpattern\fP is expanded to produce a pattern just as in -pathname expansion and matched against the expanded value of -\fIparameter\fP -using the rules described under +The \fIpattern\fP is expanded to produce a pattern +and matched against the expanded value of \fIparameter\fP +as described under .B "Pattern Matching" below. The longest match of \fIpattern\fP @@ -3845,18 +3980,29 @@ ${\fIparameter\fP\fB,,\fP\fIpattern\fP} .PD \fBCase modification\fP. This expansion modifies the case of alphabetic characters in \fIparameter\fP. -The \fIpattern\fP is expanded to produce a pattern just as in -pathname expansion. -Each character in the expanded value of \fIparameter\fP is tested against -\fIpattern\fP, and, if it matches the pattern, its case is converted. +First, the \fIpattern\fP is expanded to produce a pattern +as described below under +.SM +.BR "Pattern Matching" . +.B Bash +then examines characters in the expanded value of \fIparameter\fP +against \fIpattern\fP as described below. +If a character matches the pattern, its case is converted. The pattern should not attempt to match more than one character. .IP -The \fB\*^\fP operator converts lowercase letters matching \fIpattern\fP -to uppercase; the \fB,\fP operator converts matching uppercase letters -to lowercase. -The \fB\*^\*^\fP and \fB,,\fP expansions convert each matched character in the -expanded value; the \fB\*^\fP and \fB,\fP expansions match and convert only -the first character in the expanded value. +Using +.Q \*^ +converts lowercase letters matching \fIpattern\fP to uppercase; +.Q , +converts matching uppercase letters to lowercase. +The +\fB\*^\fP and \fB,\fP variants +examine the first character in the expanded value +and convert its case if it matches \fIpattern\fP; +the +\fB\*^\*^\fP and \fB,,\fP variants +examine all characters in the expanded value +and convert each one that matches \fIpattern\fP. If \fIpattern\fP is omitted, it is treated like a \fB?\fP, which matches every character. .IP @@ -4043,11 +4189,16 @@ The .I expression undergoes the same expansions as if it were within double quotes, -but double quote characters in \fIexpression\fP are not treated specially -and are removed. +but unescaped double quote characters +in \fIexpression\fP are not treated +specially and are removed. All tokens in the expression undergo parameter and variable expansion, command substitution, and quote removal. The result is treated as the arithmetic expression to be evaluated. +Since the way Bash handles double quotes +can potentially result in empty strings, +arithmetic expansion treats +those as expressions that evaluate to 0. Arithmetic expansions may be nested. .PP The evaluation is performed according to the rules listed below under @@ -4073,7 +4224,8 @@ This filename is passed as an argument to the current command as the result of the expansion. .PP -If the \fB>(\fP\fIlist\^\fP\fB)\fP form is used, writing to +If the +\fB>(\fP\fIlist\^\fP\fB)\fP form is used, writing to the file provides input for \fIlist\fP. If the \fB<(\fP\fIlist\^\fP\fB)\fP form is used, reading the file @@ -4083,7 +4235,7 @@ and the left parenthesis, otherwise the construct would be interpreted as a redirection. .PP Process substitution is supported on systems that support named -pipes (\fIFIFOs\fP) or the \fB/dev/fd\fP method of naming open files. +pipes (\fIFIFOs\fP) or the \fI/dev/fd\fP method of naming open files. .PP When available, process substitution is performed simultaneously with parameter and variable expansion, @@ -4294,7 +4446,8 @@ make .Q .* one of the patterns in .SM -.BR GLOBIGNORE . +.B GLOBIGNORE\c +\&. The .B dotglob option is disabled when @@ -4306,13 +4459,14 @@ The pattern matching honors the setting of the \fBextglob\fP shell option. .PP -The +The value of the .SM .B GLOBSORT shell variable controls how the results of pathname expansion are sorted, -as described above. +as described above under +.BR "Shell Variables" . .PP -\fBPattern Matching\fP +.B "Pattern Matching" .PP Any character that appears in a pattern, other than the special pattern characters described below, matches itself. @@ -4388,7 +4542,9 @@ shell option. Within a bracket expression, \fIcharacter classes\fP can be specified using the syntax \fB[:\fP\fIclass\fP\fB:]\fP, where \fIclass\fP is one of the -following classes defined in the POSIX standard: +following classes defined in the +.SM POSIX +standard: .IP .RS .B @@ -4641,7 +4797,7 @@ and the .B noclobber option to the .B set -builtin has been enabled, the redirection fails if the file +builtin command has been enabled, the redirection fails if the file whose name results from the expansion of \fIword\fP exists and is a regular file. If the redirection operator is @@ -4652,11 +4808,11 @@ and the .B noclobber option to the .B set -builtin command is not enabled, +builtin is not enabled, \fBbash\fP attempts the redirection even if the file named by \fIword\fP exists. .SS Appending Redirected Output -Redirecting output in this fashion opens +Redirecting output in this fashion opens the file whose name results from the expansion of .I word for appending on file descriptor @@ -4741,7 +4897,7 @@ The format of here-documents is: .PP The shell does not perform parameter and variable expansion, command substitution, -arithmetic expansion, or pathname expansion is performed on +arithmetic expansion, or pathname expansion on .IR word . .PP If any part of @@ -5411,7 +5567,9 @@ is non-zero. .TP \fIstring1\fP \fB=\fP \fIstring2\fP True if the strings are equal. -\fB=\fP should be used with the \fBtest\fP command for POSIX conformance. +\fB=\fP should be used with the \fBtest\fP command for +.SM POSIX +conformance. When used with the \fB[[\fP command, this performs pattern matching as described above (\fBCompound Commands\fP). .TP @@ -5465,6 +5623,13 @@ are evaluated as arithmetic expressions (see .SM .B "ARITHMETIC EVALUATION" above). +Since the expansions the \fB[[\fP command performs on +.I arg1 +and +.I arg2 +can potentially result in empty strings, +arithmetic expression evaluation treats +those as expressions that evaluate to 0. .PD .SH "SIMPLE COMMAND EXPANSION" When the shell executes a simple command, it performs the following @@ -6009,6 +6174,9 @@ To facilitate the implementation of the user interface to job control, each process has a \fIprocess group ID\fP, and the operating system maintains the notion of a \fIcurrent terminal process group ID\fP. +This terminal process group ID is associated with the +\fIcontrolling terminal\fP. +.PP Processes that have the same process group ID are said to be part of the same \fIprocess group\fP. Members of the \fIforeground\fP process group (processes whose @@ -6020,18 +6188,21 @@ Processes in the foreground process group are said to be .I foreground processes. .I Background -processes are those whose process group ID differs from the terminal's; +processes are those whose process group ID differs from the +controlling terminal's; such processes are immune to keyboard-generated signals. -Only foreground processes are allowed to read from or, if the -user so specifies with +Only foreground processes are allowed to read from or, +if the user so specifies with .Q "stty tostop" , -write to the terminal. -Background processes which attempt to read from (write to when -.Q tostop -is in effect) the terminal are sent a +write to the controlling terminal. +The system sends a .SM .B "SIGTTIN (SIGTTOU)" -signal by the kernel's terminal driver, +signal to background processes which attempt to +read from (write to when +.Q tostop +is in effect) +the terminal, which, unless caught, suspends the process. .PP If the operating system on which @@ -6941,7 +7112,7 @@ If set to zero, any existing history entries are deleted and no new entries are saved. If set to a value less than zero, the number of history entries is not limited. -By default, \fBbash\fP sets the the maximum number of history entries to +By default, \fBbash\fP sets the maximum number of history entries to the value of the \fBHISTSIZE\fP shell variable. Setting \fIhistory\-size\fP to a non-numeric value will set the maximum number of history entries to 500. @@ -7322,11 +7493,11 @@ Words are composed of alphanumeric characters (letters and digits). Move back to the start of the current or previous word. Words are composed of alphanumeric characters (letters and digits). .TP -.B shell\-forward\-word +.B shell\-forward\-word (M\-C\-f) Move forward to the end of the next word. Words are delimited by non-quoted shell metacharacters. .TP -.B shell\-backward\-word +.B shell\-backward\-word (M\-C\-b) Move back to the start of the current or previous word. Words are delimited by non-quoted shell metacharacters. .TP @@ -7355,7 +7526,7 @@ leaving the current line at the top of the screen. Clear the screen, then redraw the current line, leaving the current line at the top of the screen. -With an argument, refresh the current line without clearing the +With a numeric argument, refresh the current line without clearing the screen. .TP .B redraw\-current\-line @@ -7600,7 +7771,7 @@ Negative arguments have no effect. .TP .B transpose\-words (M\-t) Drag the word before point past the word after point, -moving point over that word as well. +moving point past that word as well. If point is at the end of the line, this transposes the last two words on the line. .TP @@ -7803,7 +7974,7 @@ the number of matches \fIN\fP; the word being completed; .IP \(bu \fIS\fP:\fIE\fP, -where S and E are the start and end offsets of the word +where \fIS\fP and \fIE\fP are the start and end offsets of the word in the \fBreadline\fP line buffer; then .IP \(bu each match, one per line @@ -8320,7 +8491,7 @@ and .PP On startup, \fBbash\fP initializes the history list by reading history entries from the -the file named by the +file named by the .SM .B HISTFILE variable (default @@ -9156,7 +9327,7 @@ before attempting the directory change. .IP If \fBcd\fP uses a non-empty directory name from .SM -.BR CDPATH, +.BR CDPATH , or if \fB\-\fP is the first argument, and the directory change is successful, \fBcd\fP writes the absolute pathname of the new working directory to the standard output. @@ -9705,7 +9876,7 @@ subsequent assignments. .PP The return value is 0 unless an invalid option is encountered, an attempt is made to define a function using -.Q "\-f foo=bar" . +.Q "\-f foo=bar" , an attempt is made to assign a value to a readonly variable, an attempt is made to assign a value to an array variable without using the compound assignment syntax (see @@ -9888,7 +10059,7 @@ If \fB\-n\fP is supplied, each \fIname\fP is disabled; otherwise, \fIname\fPs are enabled. For example, to use the .B test -binary found usin g +binary found using .SM .B PATH instead of the shell builtin version, run @@ -9902,7 +10073,8 @@ shell builtins. If \fB\-n\fP is supplied, print only disabled builtins. If \fB\-a\fP is supplied, the list printed includes all builtins, with an indication of whether or not each is enabled. -The \fB\-s\fP option means to restrict the output to the POSIX +The \fB\-s\fP option means to restrict the output to the +.SM POSIX \fIspecial\fP builtins. .IP The @@ -9922,7 +10094,8 @@ to force a search of the current directory. The .B \-d option will delete a builtin previously loaded with \fB\-f\fP. -If \fI\-s\fP is used with \fI\-f\fP, the new builtin becomes a POSIX +If \fI\-s\fP is used with \fI\-f\fP, the new builtin becomes a +.SM POSIX special builtin. .IP If no options are supplied and a \fIname\fP is not a shell builtin, @@ -10314,12 +10487,15 @@ If is specified, .B help gives detailed help on all commands matching -.IR pattern ; +.I pattern +as described below; otherwise it displays a list of all the builtins and shell compound commands. +.IP +Options, if supplied, have the follow meanings: .RS -.PD 0 .TP +.PD 0 .B \-d Display a short description of each \fIpattern\fP .TP @@ -10331,6 +10507,21 @@ Display only a short usage synopsis for each \fIpattern\fP .PD .RE .IP +If \fIpattern\fP contains pattern matching characters +(see +.SM +.B "Pattern Matching" +above) +it's treated as a shell pattern and +\fBhelp\fP prints the description of each +help topic matching \fIpattern\fP. +.IP +If not, and \fIpattern\fP exactly matches the name of a help topic, +\fBhelp\fP prints the description +associated with that topic. +Otherwise, \fBhelp\fP performs prefix matching and +prints the descriptions of all matching help topics. +.IP The return status is 0 unless no command matches .IR pattern . .TP @@ -11200,7 +11391,7 @@ command that fails is part of the command list immediately following a .B while or .B until -keyword, +reserved word, part of the test following the .B if or @@ -11373,10 +11564,13 @@ commands in the pipeline exit successfully. This option is disabled by default. .TP 8 .B posix -Change the behavior of +Enable posix mode; +change the behavior of .B bash where the default operation differs -from the POSIX standard to match the standard (\fIposix mode\fP). +from the +.SM POSIX +standard to match the standard. See .SM .B "SEE ALSO" @@ -11732,8 +11926,6 @@ under .B compat43 .TP 8 .B compat44 -.TP 8 -.B compat50 .PD These control aspects of the shell's compatibility mode (see @@ -12264,7 +12456,8 @@ commands sort lexicographically using ASCII ordering. .PP The historical operator-precedence parsing with 4 or more arguments can lead to ambiguities when it encounters strings that look like primaries. -The POSIX +The +.SM POSIX standard has deprecated the \fB\-a\fP and \fB\-o\fP primaries and enclosing expressions within parentheses. Scripts should no longer use them. @@ -12397,7 +12590,7 @@ command is part of the command list immediately following a .B while or .B until -keyword, +reserved word, part of the test in an .I if statement, part of a command executed in a @@ -12581,7 +12774,9 @@ allow this value to be set). The pipe size in 512-byte blocks (this may not be set). .TP .B \-q -The maximum number of bytes in POSIX message queues. +The maximum number of bytes in +.SM POSIX +message queues. .TP .B \-r The maximum real-time scheduling priority. @@ -12899,14 +13094,18 @@ bash-4.1 and later use the current locale's collation sequence and .PD 0 .RS .IP \(bu -In \fIposix\fP mode, \fBtime\fP may be followed by options and still be -recognized as a reserved word (this is POSIX interpretation 267). +In posix mode, \fBtime\fP may be followed by options and still be +recognized as a reserved word (this is +.SM POSIX +interpretation 267). .IP \(bu In \fIposix\fP mode, the parser requires that an even number of single quotes occur in the \fIword\fP portion of a double-quoted parameter expansion and treats them specially, so that characters within the single quotes are considered quoted -(this is POSIX interpretation 221). +(this is +.SM POSIX +interpretation 221). .RE .PD .TP @@ -12920,7 +13119,9 @@ undergo quote removal, as it does in versions after bash-4.2. In posix mode, single quotes are considered special when expanding the \fIword\fP portion of a double-quoted parameter expansion and can be used to quote a closing brace or other special character -(this is part of POSIX interpretation 221); +(this is part of +.SM POSIX +interpretation 221); in later versions, single quotes are not special within double-quoted word expansions. .RE @@ -13111,7 +13312,10 @@ builtin command. .IP \(bu Importing function definitions from the shell environment at startup. .IP \(bu -Parsing the value of +Parsing the values of +.SM +.B BASHOPTS +and .SM .B SHELLOPTS from the shell environment at startup. @@ -13239,7 +13443,7 @@ The hardware and operating system .TP The compiler used to compile .TP -A description of the bug behaviour +A description of the bug behavior .TP A short script or \c .Q recipe " \c" @@ -13261,8 +13465,7 @@ There are some subtle differences between and traditional versions of .BR sh , mostly because of the -.SM -.B POSIX +.SM POSIX specification. .PP Aliases are confusing in some uses. diff --git a/doc/bash.html b/doc/bash.html index 11f90e3b4..c83ae0486 100644 --- a/doc/bash.html +++ b/doc/bash.html @@ -3,7 +3,7 @@ -
BASH(1)2024 December 12BASH(1) +BASH(1)2025 February 24BASH(1)

Index @@ -48,30 +48,48 @@ bash - GNU Bourne-Again SHell

COPYRIGHT

-Bash is Copyright © 1989-2024 by the Free Software Foundation, Inc. +Bash is Copyright © 1989-2025 by the Free Software Foundation, Inc.  

DESCRIPTION

Bash -is an sh-compatible command language interpreter that +is a command language interpreter that executes commands read from the standard input, from a string, or from a file. +It is a reimplementation and extension of the Bourne shell, +the historical Unix command language interpreter. Bash also incorporates useful features from the Korn and C shells (ksh and csh).

-POSIX is the name for a family of computing standards based on Unix. +POSIX +is the name for a family of computing standards based on Unix. Bash is intended to be a conformant implementation of the -Shell and Utilities portion of the IEEE POSIX specification -(IEEE Standard 1003.1). +Shell and Utilities portion of the IEEE +POSIX +specification (IEEE Standard 1003.1). Bash -can be configured to be POSIX-conformant by default. +POSIX +mode (hereafter referred to as posix mode) +changes the shell's behavior where its default operation differs +from the standard to strictly conform to the standard. +See +SEE ALSO + + +below for a reference to a document that details how posix mode affects +bash's behavior. +Bash + +can be configured to be +POSIX +-conformant by default.  

OPTIONS

@@ -294,14 +312,11 @@ This option is on by default if the shell is invoked as
--posix
-Change the behavior of bash where the default operation differs -from the POSIX standard to match the standard (posix mode). -See -SEE ALSO - - -below for a reference to a document that details how posix mode affects -Bash's behavior. +Enable posix mode; +change the behavior of bash +where the default operation differs from the +POSIX +standard to match the standard.
--restricted
@@ -331,9 +346,9 @@ If arguments remain after option processing, and neither the nor the -s -option has been supplied, the first argument is assumed to -be the name of a file containing shell commands (a shell script). -If +option has been supplied, the first argument is treated as +the name of a file containing shell commands (a shell script). +When bash is invoked in this fashion, @@ -347,8 +362,10 @@ reads and executes commands from this file, then exits. Bash's exit status is the exit status of the last command executed in the script. If no commands are executed, the exit status is 0. -Bash first attempts to open the file in the current directory, and, -if no file is found, then searches the directories in +Bash + +first attempts to open the file in the current directory, +and, if no file is found, searches the directories in PATH @@ -365,13 +382,13 @@ or one started with the option.

-An interactive shell is one started without non-option arguments +An interactive shell is one started without non-option arguments (unless -s is specified) and without the -c option, -whose standard input and standard error are +and whose standard input and standard error are both connected to terminals (as determined by isatty(3)), @@ -518,10 +535,12 @@ it tries to mimic the startup behavior of historical versions of sh as closely as possible, -while conforming to the POSIX standard as well. +while conforming to the +POSIX +standard as well. When invoked as an interactive login shell, or a non-interactive -shell with the --login option, it first attempts to -read and execute commands from +shell with the --login option, it first attempts to read +and execute commands from /etc/profile @@ -557,6 +576,8 @@ A non-interactive shell invoked with the name sh does not attempt to read any other startup files. +

+ When invoked as sh, @@ -571,7 +592,9 @@ When is started in posix mode, as with the --posix -command line option, it follows the POSIX standard for startup files. +command line option, it follows the +POSIX +standard for startup files. In this mode, interactive shells expand the ENV @@ -806,7 +829,9 @@ If the reserved word precedes a pipeline, the shell reports the elapsed as well as user and system time consumed by its execution when the pipeline terminates. -The -p option changes the output format to that specified by POSIX. +The -p option changes the output format to that specified by +POSIX +. When the shell is in posix mode, it does not recognize time as a reserved word if the next token begins with a @@ -985,8 +1010,11 @@ otherwise the return status is 1. The expression undergoes the same expansions as if it were within double quotes, -but double quote characters in expression are not treated +but unescaped double quote characters +in expression are not treated specially and are removed. +Since this can potentially result in empty strings, this command treats +those as expressions that evaluate to 0.

[[ expression ]]
Evaluate the conditional expression expression @@ -1025,8 +1053,12 @@ instead of having any special pattern matching meaning. An additional binary operator, =~, is available, with the same precedence as == and !=. When it is used, the string to the right of the operator is considered -a POSIX extended regular expression and matched accordingly -(using the POSIX regcomp and regexec interfaces +a +POSIX +extended regular expression and matched accordingly +(using the +POSIX +regcomp and regexec interfaces usually described in regex(3)). @@ -1126,7 +1158,7 @@ operators do not evaluate expression2 if the value of the entire conditional expression. -
for name [ [ in [ word ... ] ] ; ] do list ; done
+
for name [ [ in word ... ] ; ] do list ; done
First, expand The list of words following in, generating a list of items. Then, the variable name is set to each element of this list @@ -1140,7 +1172,7 @@ below). The return status is the exit status of the last command that executes. If the expansion of the items following in results in an empty list, no commands are executed, and the return status is 0. -
for (( expr1 ; expr2 ; expr3 )) ; do list ; done
+
for (( expr1 ; expr2 ; expr3 )) [;] do list ; done
First, evaluate the arithmetic expression expr1 according to the rules described below under ARITHMETIC EVALUATION. @@ -1240,7 +1272,7 @@ Using ;& in place of ;; causes execution to continue with the list associated with the next pattern list. Using ;;& in place of ;; causes the shell to test the next pattern list in the statement, if any, and execute any associated list -if the match succeeds. +if the match succeeds, continuing the case statement execution as if the pattern list had not matched. The exit status is zero if no pattern matches.
@@ -1390,7 +1422,9 @@ parentheses are not supplied, the braces are recommended. compound-command is executed whenever fname is specified as the name of a simple command. When in posix mode, fname must be a valid shell name -and may not be the name of one of the POSIX special builtins. +and may not be the name of one of the +POSIX +special builtins. In default mode, a function name can be any unquoted shell word that does not contain $. @@ -1550,8 +1584,8 @@ The special parameters and @ -have special meaning when in double -quotes (see +have special meaning when in double quotes +(see PARAMETERS @@ -1722,7 +1756,7 @@ below). A variable -may be assigned to by a statement of the form +is assigned to using a statement of the form

@@ -1780,26 +1814,37 @@ assignment statement properties.

In the context where an assignment statement is assigning a value -to a shell variable or array index, -the += operator appends to or adds to +to a shell variable or array index, the + +operator appends to or adds to the variable's previous value. This includes arguments to declaration commands such as -declare that accept assignment statements. -When += is applied to a variable -for which the integer attribute has been set, +declare + +that accept assignment statements. +When + +is applied to a variable for which the +integer + +attribute has been set, the variable's current value and value are each evaluated as arithmetic expressions, and the sum of the results is assigned as the variable's value. The current value is usually an integer constant, but may be an expression. -When += is applied to an array variable using compound assignment +When + +is applied to an array variable using compound assignment (see Arrays -below), the -variable's value is not unset (as it is when using =), and new -values are appended to the array beginning at one greater than the array's -maximum index (for indexed arrays) or added as additional key-value pairs -in an associative array. +below), +the variable's value is not unset +(as it is when using + +and new values are appended to the array +beginning at one greater than the array's maximum index (for indexed arrays) +or added as additional key-value pairs in an associative array. When applied to a string-valued variable, value is expanded and appended to the variable's value.

@@ -1843,6 +1888,15 @@ array variables. Namerefs can be unset using the -n option to the unset builtin. Otherwise, if unset is executed with the name of a nameref variable as an argument, the variable referenced by the nameref variable is unset. +

+ +When the shell starts, it reads its environment and creates a shell +variable from each environment variable that has a valid name, +as described below +(see +ENVIRONMENT). + +  

Positional Parameters

@@ -2071,6 +2125,8 @@ If this variable is in the environment when starts up, the shell enables each option in the list before reading any startup files. +If this variable is exported, child shells will enable each option +in the list. This variable is read-only.
BASHPID @@ -2246,7 +2302,7 @@ have no effect, and it may not be unset. A colon-separated list of directories in which the enable -command. +command looks for dynamically loadable builtins.
BASH_MONOSECONDS @@ -2737,7 +2793,10 @@ subsequently reset.
READLINE_ARGUMENT
-Any numeric argument given to a readline command that was defined using +Any numeric argument given to a +readline + +command that was defined using (see SHELL BUILTIN COMMANDS @@ -2841,6 +2900,8 @@ If this variable is in the environment when starts up, the shell enables each option in the list before reading any startup files. +If this variable is exported, child shells will enable each option +in the list. This variable is read-only.
SHLVL @@ -2985,9 +3046,10 @@ A sample value is
Set the number of exited child status values for the shell to remember. -Bash will not allow this value to be decreased below a POSIX-mandated -minimum, and there is a maximum value (currently 8192) that this may -not exceed. +Bash will not allow this value to be decreased below a +POSIX +-mandated minimum, +and there is a maximum value (currently 8192) that this may not exceed. The minimum value is system-dependent.
COLUMNS @@ -3232,7 +3294,10 @@ When this variable is assigned a value, the history file is truncated, if necessary, to contain no more than that number of lines by removing the oldest entries. The history file is also truncated to this size after -writing it when a shell exits or by the history builtin. +writing it when a shell exits or by the +history + +builtin. If the value is 0, the history file is truncated to zero size. Non-numeric values and numeric values less than zero inhibit truncation. The shell sets the default value to the value of @@ -3274,8 +3339,29 @@ and are added to the history regardless of the value of If the first line was not saved, the second and subsequent lines of the command are not saved either. -The pattern matching honors the setting of the extglob shell -option. +The pattern matching honors the setting of the +extglob + +shell option. +
+HISTIGNORE + + +subsumes some of the function of +HISTCONTROL. + + +A pattern of + +is identical to + +and a pattern of + +is identical to + +Combining these two patterns, separating them with a colon, +provides the functionality of +
HISTSIZE
@@ -3337,7 +3423,7 @@ When HOSTFILE -is unset, bash clears the the hostname list. +is unset, bash clears the hostname list.
IFS
@@ -3555,9 +3641,19 @@ and is set by the administrator who installs bash. A common value is +
+
+/usr/local/bin:/usr/local/sbin: +
+/usr/bin:/usr/sbin:/bin:/sbin + +
+ +
+
POSIXLY_CORRECT
@@ -3565,7 +3661,8 @@ If this variable is in the environment when bash starts, the shell enters posix mode before reading the startup files, as if the --posix -invocation option had been supplied. If it is set while the shell is +invocation option had been supplied. +If it is set while the shell is running, bash enables posix mode, as if the command had been executed. @@ -3801,10 +3898,13 @@ The second character is the quick substitution character, normally When it appears as the first character on the line, history substitution repeats the previous command, replacing one string with another. -The optional third character is the character which indicates that -the remainder of the line is a comment when found as the first character -of a word, normally +The optional third character is the +history comment +character, normally +which indicates +that the remainder of the line is a comment +when it appears as the first character of a word. The history comment character disables history substitution for the remaining words on the line. It does not necessarily cause the shell parser to treat the rest of the @@ -3825,39 +3925,75 @@ There is no maximum limit on the size of an array, nor any requirement that members be indexed or assigned contiguously. Indexed arrays are referenced using arithmetic expressions -that must expand to an integer and are zero-based; +that must expand to an integer +(see +ARITHMETIC EVALUATION + + +below) +and are zero-based; associative arrays are referenced using arbitrary strings. Unless otherwise noted, indexed array indices must be non-negative integers.

-An indexed array is created automatically if any variable is assigned to -using the syntax -name[subscript]=value. +The shell performs +parameter and variable expansion, arithmetic expansion, +command substitution, and quote removal +on indexed array subscripts. +Since this +can potentially result in empty strings, +subscript indexing treats +those as expressions that evaluate to 0. +

+ +The shell performs +tilde expansion, +parameter and variable expansion, arithmetic expansion, +command substitution, and quote removal +on associative array subscripts. +Empty strings cannot be used as associative array keys. +

+ +Bash automatically creates an indexed array +if any variable is assigned to using the syntax +

+name[subscript]=value +. +
+ The subscript is treated as an arithmetic expression that must evaluate to a number greater than or equal to zero. To explicitly declare an indexed array, use -declare -a name +
+declare -a name + +
(see SHELL BUILTIN COMMANDS below). -declare -a name[subscript] +
+declare -a name[subscript] +
is also accepted; the subscript is ignored.

Associative arrays are created using -declare -A name. +

+declare -A name + +
+.

-Attributes may be -specified for an array variable using the +Attributes may be specified for an array variable using the declare and @@ -3920,7 +4056,9 @@ interpreted as relative to one greater than the maximum index of array, and an index of -1 references the last element.

-The += operator appends to an array variable when assigning +The + +operator appends to an array variable when assigning using the compound assignment syntax; see PARAMETERS @@ -4139,13 +4277,13 @@ Patterns to be brace expanded are formed from an optional preamble, followed by either a series of comma-separated strings or -a sequence expression between a pair of braces, followed by -an optional +a sequence expression between a pair of braces, +followed by an optional postscript. -The preamble is prefixed to each string contained -within the braces, and the postscript is then appended -to each resulting string, expanding left to right. +The preamble is prefixed to each string contained within the braces, +and the postscript is then appended to each resulting string, +expanding left to right.

Brace expansions may be nested. @@ -4156,20 +4294,17 @@ For example, a{d,c,b}e expands into

A sequence expression takes the form -{x..y[..incr]}, +x..y[..incr], where x and y are either integers or single letters, and incr, an optional increment, is an integer. When integers are supplied, the expression expands to each number between x and y, inclusive. -If either x or y begins with 0, +If either x or y begins with a zero, each generated term will contain the same number of digits, zero-padding where necessary. -When either x or y begins with a zero, the shell -attempts to force all generated terms to contain the same number of digits, -zero-padding where necessary. When letters are supplied, the expression expands to each character lexicographically between x and y, inclusive, -using the default C locale. +using the C locale. Note that both x and y must be of the same type (integer or letter). When the increment is supplied, it is used as the difference between @@ -4193,25 +4328,35 @@ sequence expression. Any incorrectly formed brace expansion is left unchanged.

-A { or , may be quoted with a backslash to prevent its +A + +or +Q , +may be quoted with a backslash to prevent its being considered part of a brace expression. -To avoid conflicts with parameter expansion, the string ${ -is not considered eligible for brace expansion, and inhibits brace -expansion until the closing }. +To avoid conflicts with parameter expansion, the string + +is not considered eligible for brace expansion, +and inhibits brace expansion until the closing +

This construct is typically used as shorthand when the common prefix of the strings to be generated is longer than in the above example: -

+

+ mkdir /usr/local/src/bash/{old,new,dist,bugs} +
or
+ chown root /usr/{ucb/{ex,edit},lib/{ex?.?*,how_ex}} +

@@ -4226,15 +4371,16 @@ does not treat opening or closing braces specially when they appear as part of a word, and preserves them in the output. Bash -removes braces from words as a consequence of brace -expansion. +removes braces from words as a consequence of brace expansion. For example, a word entered to sh -as file{1,2} +as + appears identically in the output. -Bash outputs that word as -file1 file2 +Bash + +outputs that word as after brace expansion. Start @@ -4352,8 +4498,9 @@ of variable assignments (as described above under when they appear as arguments to simple commands. -Bash does not do this, except for the declaration commands listed -above, when in posix mode. +Bash does not do this, +except for the declaration commands listed above, +when in posix mode.  

Parameter Expansion

@@ -4493,9 +4640,15 @@ starting at the character specified by offset. If parameter is @ or *, an indexed array subscripted by @ or *, or an associative array name, the results differ as described below. -If length is omitted, expands to the substring of the value of +If :length is omitted (the first form above), this +expands to the substring of the value of parameter starting at the character specified by offset and extending to the end of the value. +If offset is omitted, +it is treated as 0. +If length is omitted, +but the colon after offset is present, +it is treated as 0. length and offset are arithmetic expressions (see ARITHMETIC EVALUATION @@ -4698,10 +4851,9 @@ ${parameter/pattern/string}
${parameter/%pattern/string}
Pattern substitution. -The pattern is expanded to produce a pattern just as in -pathname expansion and matched against the expanded value of -parameter -using the rules described under +The pattern is expanded to produce a pattern +and matched against the expanded value of parameter +as described under Pattern Matching below. @@ -4786,18 +4938,31 @@ ${parameter^pattern} Case modification. This expansion modifies the case of alphabetic characters in parameter. -The pattern is expanded to produce a pattern just as in -pathname expansion. -Each character in the expanded value of parameter is tested against -pattern, and, if it matches the pattern, its case is converted. +First, the pattern is expanded to produce a pattern +as described below under +Pattern Matching. + + +Bash + +then examines characters in the expanded value of parameter +against pattern as described below. +If a character matches the pattern, its case is converted. The pattern should not attempt to match more than one character.
-The ^ operator converts lowercase letters matching pattern -to uppercase; the , operator converts matching uppercase letters -to lowercase. -The ^^ and ,, expansions convert each matched character in the -expanded value; the ^ and , expansions match and convert only -the first character in the expanded value. +Using + +converts lowercase letters matching pattern to uppercase; + +converts matching uppercase letters to lowercase. +The +^ and , variants +examine the first character in the expanded value +and convert its case if it matches pattern; +the +^^ and ,, variants +examine all characters in the expanded value +and convert each one that matches pattern. If pattern is omitted, it is treated like a ?, which matches every character.
@@ -5040,11 +5205,16 @@ The undergoes the same expansions as if it were within double quotes, -but double quote characters in expression are not treated specially -and are removed. +but unescaped double quote characters +in expression are not treated +specially and are removed. All tokens in the expression undergo parameter and variable expansion, command substitution, and quote removal. The result is treated as the arithmetic expression to be evaluated. +Since the way Bash handles double quotes +can potentially result in empty strings, +arithmetic expansion treats +those as expressions that evaluate to 0. Arithmetic expansions may be nested.

@@ -5077,7 +5247,8 @@ passed as an argument to the current command as the result of the expansion.

-If the >(list) form is used, writing to +If the +>(list) form is used, writing to the file provides input for list. If the <(list) form is used, reading the file @@ -5088,7 +5259,7 @@ as a redirection.

Process substitution is supported on systems that support named -pipes (FIFOs) or the /dev/fd method of naming open files. +pipes (FIFOs) or the /dev/fd method of naming open files.

When available, process substitution is performed @@ -5369,9 +5540,10 @@ To get the old behavior of ignoring filenames beginning with a make one of the patterns in -GLOBIGNORE. +GLOBIGNORE +. The dotglob @@ -5387,15 +5559,18 @@ pattern matching honors the setting of the extglob shell option.

-The +The value of the GLOBSORT shell variable controls how the results of pathname expansion are sorted, -as described above. +as described above under +Shell Variables. +

Pattern Matching +

Any character that appears in a pattern, other than the special pattern @@ -5491,7 +5666,9 @@ shell option. Within a bracket expression, character classes can be specified using the syntax [:class:], where class is one of the -following classes defined in the POSIX standard: +following classes defined in the +POSIX +standard:

@@ -5816,7 +5993,7 @@ and the option to the set -builtin has been enabled, the redirection fails if the file +builtin command has been enabled, the redirection fails if the file whose name results from the expansion of word exists and is a regular file. If the redirection operator is @@ -5831,13 +6008,13 @@ and the option to the set -builtin command is not enabled, +builtin is not enabled, bash attempts the redirection even if the file named by word exists.  

Appending Redirected Output

-Redirecting output in this fashion opens +Redirecting output in this fashion opens the file whose name results from the expansion of word @@ -5957,7 +6134,7 @@ The format of here-documents is: The shell does not perform parameter and variable expansion, command substitution, -arithmetic expansion, or pathname expansion is performed on +arithmetic expansion, or pathname expansion on word.

@@ -6823,7 +7000,9 @@ is non-zero.

string1 = string2
True if the strings are equal. -= should be used with the test command for POSIX conformance. += should be used with the test command for +POSIX +conformance. When used with the [[ command, this performs pattern matching as described above (Compound Commands).
string1 != string2
@@ -6885,6 +7064,15 @@ are evaluated as arithmetic expressions (see above). +Since the expansions the [[ command performs on +arg1 + +and +arg2 + +can potentially result in empty strings, +arithmetic expression evaluation treats +those as expressions that evaluate to 0.
  @@ -7574,6 +7762,10 @@ To facilitate the implementation of the user interface to job control, each process has a process group ID, and the operating system maintains the notion of a current terminal process group ID. +This terminal process group ID is associated with the +controlling terminal. +

+ Processes that have the same process group ID are said to be part of the same process group. Members of the foreground process group (processes whose @@ -7588,19 +7780,22 @@ Processes in the foreground process group are said to be processes. Background -processes are those whose process group ID differs from the terminal's; +processes are those whose process group ID differs from the +controlling terminal's; such processes are immune to keyboard-generated signals. -Only foreground processes are allowed to read from or, if the -user so specifies with - -write to the terminal. -Background processes which attempt to read from (write to when +Only foreground processes are allowed to read from or, +if the user so specifies with -is in effect) the terminal are sent a +write to the controlling terminal. +The system sends a SIGTTIN (SIGTTOU) -signal by the kernel's terminal driver, +signal to background processes which attempt to +read from (write to when + +is in effect) +the terminal, which, unless caught, suspends the process.

@@ -8786,7 +8981,7 @@ If set to zero, any existing history entries are deleted and no new entries are saved. If set to a value less than zero, the number of history entries is not limited. -By default, bash sets the the maximum number of history entries to +By default, bash sets the maximum number of history entries to the value of the HISTSIZE shell variable. Setting history-size to a non-numeric value will set the maximum number of history entries to 500. @@ -9264,12 +9459,12 @@ Words are composed of alphanumeric characters (letters and digits).

Move back to the start of the current or previous word. Words are composed of alphanumeric characters (letters and digits). -
shell-forward-word +
shell-forward-word (M-C-f)
Move forward to the end of the next word. Words are delimited by non-quoted shell metacharacters. -
shell-backward-word +
shell-backward-word (M-C-b)
Move back to the start of the current or previous word. @@ -9304,7 +9499,7 @@ leaving the current line at the top of the screen. Clear the screen, then redraw the current line, leaving the current line at the top of the screen. -With an argument, refresh the current line without clearing the +With a numeric argument, refresh the current line without clearing the screen.
redraw-current-line @@ -9603,7 +9798,7 @@ Negative arguments have no effect.
Drag the word before point past the word after point, -moving point over that word as well. +moving point past that word as well. If point is at the end of the line, this transposes the last two words on the line.
shell-transpose-words (M-C-t) @@ -9854,7 +10049,7 @@ the number of matches N; the word being completed;
*
S:E, -where S and E are the start and end offsets of the word +where S and E are the start and end offsets of the word in the readline line buffer; then
*
each match, one per line @@ -10483,7 +10678,7 @@ and On startup, bash initializes the history list by reading history entries from the -the file named by the +file named by the HISTFILE @@ -11526,7 +11721,7 @@ is converted to before attempting the directory change.
If cd uses a non-empty directory name from -CDPATH, +CDPATH, or if - is the first argument, and the directory change is @@ -12396,7 +12591,7 @@ If -n is supplied, each name is disabled; otherwise, For example, to use the test -binary found usin g +binary found using PATH @@ -12420,7 +12615,8 @@ shell builtins. If -n is supplied, print only disabled builtins. If -a is supplied, the list printed includes all builtins, with an indication of whether or not each is enabled. -The -s option means to restrict the output to the POSIX +The -s option means to restrict the output to the +POSIX special builtins.
The @@ -12444,7 +12640,8 @@ The -d option will delete a builtin previously loaded with -f. -If -s is used with -f, the new builtin becomes a POSIX +If -s is used with -f, the new builtin becomes a +POSIX special builtin.
If no options are supplied and a name is not a shell builtin, @@ -12935,16 +13132,19 @@ is specified, help gives detailed help on all commands matching -pattern; +pattern +as described below; otherwise it displays a list of all the builtins and shell compound commands. +
+Options, if supplied, have the follow meanings:
-
-
-d - +
+-d + Display a short description of each pattern
-m @@ -12957,6 +13157,22 @@ Display only a short usage synopsis for each pattern
+
+If pattern contains pattern matching characters +(see +Pattern Matching + + +above) +it's treated as a shell pattern and +help prints the description of each +help topic matching pattern. +
+If not, and pattern exactly matches the name of a help topic, +help prints the description +associated with that topic. +Otherwise, help performs prefix matching and +prints the descriptions of all matching help topics.
The return status is 0 unless no command matches pattern. @@ -13965,7 +14181,7 @@ command that fails is part of the command list immediately following a or until -keyword, +reserved word, part of the test following the if @@ -14201,11 +14417,14 @@ This option is disabled by default.
posix
-Change the behavior of +Enable posix mode; +change the behavior of bash where the default operation differs -from the POSIX standard to match the standard (posix mode). +from the +POSIX +standard to match the standard. See SEE ALSO @@ -14663,9 +14882,6 @@ under
compat44 -
-
compat50 -
These control aspects of the shell's compatibility mode @@ -15313,7 +15529,8 @@ commands sort lexicographically using ASCII ordering. The historical operator-precedence parsing with 4 or more arguments can lead to ambiguities when it encounters strings that look like primaries. -The POSIX +The +POSIX standard has deprecated the -a and -o primaries and enclosing expressions within parentheses. Scripts should no longer use them. @@ -15479,7 +15696,7 @@ command is part of the command list immediately following a or until -keyword, +reserved word, part of the test in an if @@ -15713,7 +15930,9 @@ The pipe size in 512-byte blocks (this may not be set).
-q
-The maximum number of bytes in POSIX message queues. +The maximum number of bytes in +POSIX +message queues.
-r
@@ -16111,14 +16330,18 @@ bash-4.1 and later use the current locale's collation sequence and
*
-In posix mode, time may be followed by options and still be -recognized as a reserved word (this is POSIX interpretation 267). +In posix mode, time may be followed by options and still be +recognized as a reserved word (this is +POSIX +interpretation 267).
*
In posix mode, the parser requires that an even number of single quotes occur in the word portion of a double-quoted parameter expansion and treats them specially, so that characters within the single quotes are considered quoted -(this is POSIX interpretation 221). +(this is +POSIX +interpretation 221).
@@ -16133,7 +16356,9 @@ undergo quote removal, as it does in versions after bash-4.2. In posix mode, single quotes are considered special when expanding the word portion of a double-quoted parameter expansion and can be used to quote a closing brace or other special character -(this is part of POSIX interpretation 221); +(this is part of +POSIX +interpretation 221); in later versions, single quotes are not special within double-quoted word expansions.
@@ -16358,7 +16583,11 @@ builtin command.
*
Importing function definitions from the shell environment at startup.
*
-Parsing the value of +Parsing the values of +BASHOPTS + + +and SHELLOPTS @@ -16525,7 +16754,7 @@ ALL bug reports should include:
The version number of bash
The hardware and operating system
The compiler used to compile
-
A description of the bug behaviour
+
A description of the bug behavior
A short script or
which exercises the bug @@ -16556,9 +16785,7 @@ and traditional versions of sh, mostly because of the -POSIX - - +POSIX specification.

@@ -16586,7 +16813,7 @@ Array variables may not (yet) be exported.

-
GNU Bash 5.32024 December 12BASH(1) +GNU Bash 5.32025 February 24BASH(1)
@@ -16695,7 +16922,7 @@ Array variables may not (yet) be exported.
BUGS
-This document was created by man2html from /usr/local/src/bash/bash-20241207/doc/bash.1.
-Time: 12 December 2024 13:38:21 EST +This document was created by man2html from bash.1.
+Time: 31 March 2025 10:28:01 EDT diff --git a/doc/bash.info b/doc/bash.info index 1eafd9dff..625ddd0ca 100644 --- a/doc/bash.info +++ b/doc/bash.info @@ -1,12 +1,12 @@ This is bash.info, produced by makeinfo version 7.1 from bashref.texi. This text is a brief description of the features that are present in the -Bash shell (version 5.3, 12 December 2024). +Bash shell (version 5.3, 24 February 2025). - This is Edition 5.3, last updated 12 December 2024, of ‘The GNU Bash + This is Edition 5.3, last updated 24 February 2025, of ‘The GNU Bash Reference Manual’, for ‘Bash’, Version 5.3. - Copyright © 1988-2024 Free Software Foundation, Inc. + Copyright © 1988-2025 Free Software Foundation, Inc. Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this document under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License, @@ -26,10 +26,10 @@ Bash Features ************* This text is a brief description of the features that are present in the -Bash shell (version 5.3, 12 December 2024). The Bash home page is +Bash shell (version 5.3, 24 February 2025). The Bash home page is . - This is Edition 5.3, last updated 12 December 2024, of ‘The GNU Bash + This is Edition 5.3, last updated 24 February 2025, of ‘The GNU Bash Reference Manual’, for ‘Bash’, Version 5.3. Bash contains features that appear in other popular shells, and some @@ -842,7 +842,7 @@ syntax, it may be replaced with one or more newlines. ‘for’ The syntax of the ‘for’ command is: - for NAME [ [in [WORDS ...] ] ; ] do COMMANDS; done + for NAME [ [in WORDS ...] ; ] do COMMANDS; done Expand WORDS (*note Shell Expansions::), and then execute COMMANDS once for each word in the resultant list, with NAME bound to the @@ -855,9 +855,10 @@ syntax, it may be replaced with one or more newlines. executes. If there are no items in the expansion of WORDS, no commands are executed, and the return status is zero. - An alternate form of the ‘for’ command is also supported: + There is an alternate form of the ‘for’ command which is similar to + the C language: - for (( EXPR1 ; EXPR2 ; EXPR3 )) ; do COMMANDS ; done + for (( EXPR1 ; EXPR2 ; EXPR3 )) [;] do COMMANDS ; done First, evaluate the arithmetic expression EXPR1 according to the rules described below (*note Shell Arithmetic::). Then, repeatedly @@ -992,8 +993,10 @@ File: bash.info, Node: Conditional Constructs, Next: Command Grouping, Prev: The arithmetic EXPRESSION is evaluated according to the rules described below (*note Shell Arithmetic::). The EXPRESSION undergoes the same expansions as if it were within double quotes, - but double quote characters in EXPRESSION are not treated specially - and are removed. If the value of the expression is non-zero, the + but unescaped double quote characters in EXPRESSION are not treated + specially and are removed. Since this can potentially result in + empty strings, this command treats those as expressions that + evaluate to 0. If the value of the expression is non-zero, the return status is 0; otherwise the return status is 1. ‘[[...]]’ @@ -1448,7 +1451,7 @@ above. If a variable at the current local scope is unset, it remains so function returns. Once the function returns, any instance of the variable at a previous scope becomes visible. If the unset acts on a variable at a previous scope, any instance of a variable with that name -that had been shadowed will become visible (see below how the +that had been shadowed becomes visible (see below how the ‘localvar_unset’ shell option changes this behavior). The ‘-f’ option to the ‘declare’ (‘typeset’) builtin command (*note @@ -1489,7 +1492,7 @@ attributes. is a valid value. Once a variable is set, it may be unset only by using the ‘unset’ builtin command. - A variable may be assigned to by a statement of the form + A variable is assigned to using a statement of the form NAME=[VALUE] If VALUE is not given, the variable is assigned the null string. All VALUEs undergo tilde expansion, parameter and variable expansion, @@ -1550,6 +1553,10 @@ array variables. Namerefs can be unset using the ‘-n’ option to the is executed with the name of a nameref variable as an argument, the variable referenced by the nameref variable is unset. + When the shell starts, it reads its environment and creates a shell +variable from each environment variable that has a valid name, as +described below (*note Environment::). +  File: bash.info, Node: Positional Parameters, Next: Special Parameters, Up: Shell Parameters @@ -1718,17 +1725,16 @@ example, bash$ echo a{d,c,b}e ade ace abe - A sequence expression takes the form ‘{X..Y[..INCR]}’, where X and Y + A sequence expression takes the form ‘X..Y[..INCR]’, where X and Y are either integers or letters, and INCR, an optional increment, is an integer. When integers are supplied, the expression expands to each number between X and Y, inclusive. If either X or Y begins with a zero, each generated term will contain the same number of digits, zero-padding where necessary. When letters are supplied, the expression expands to -each character lexicographically between X and Y, inclusive, using the -default C locale. Note that both X and Y must be of the same type -(integer or letter). When the increment is supplied, it is used as the -difference between each term. The default increment is 1 or -1 as -appropriate. +each character lexicographically between X and Y, inclusive, using the C +locale. Note that both X and Y must be of the same type (integer or +letter). When the increment is supplied, it is used as the difference +between each term. The default increment is 1 or -1 as appropriate. Brace expansion is performed before any other expansions, and any characters special to other expansions are preserved in the result. It @@ -1739,7 +1745,7 @@ to the context of the expansion or the text between the braces. closing braces, and at least one unquoted comma or a valid sequence expression. Any incorrectly formed brace expansion is left unchanged. - A { or ‘,’ may be quoted with a backslash to prevent its being + A ‘{’ or ‘,’ may be quoted with a backslash to prevent its being considered part of a brace expression. To avoid conflicts with parameter expansion, the string ‘${’ is not considered eligible for brace expansion, and inhibits brace expansion until the closing ‘}’. @@ -1750,6 +1756,16 @@ of the strings to be generated is longer than in the above example: or chown root /usr/{ucb/{ex,edit},lib/{ex?.?*,how_ex}} + Brace expansion introduces a slight incompatibility with historical +versions of ‘sh’. ‘sh’ does not treat opening or closing braces +specially when they appear as part of a word, and preserves them in the +output. Bash removes braces from words as a consequence of brace +expansion. For example, a word entered to ‘sh’ as ‘file{1,2}’ appears +identically in the output. Bash outputs that word as ‘file1 file2’ +after brace expansion. Start Bash with the ‘+B’ option or disable brace +expansion with the ‘+B’ option to the ‘set’ command (*note Shell Builtin +Commands::) for strict ‘sh’ compatibility. +  File: bash.info, Node: Tilde Expansion, Next: Shell Parameter Expansion, Prev: Brace Expansion, Up: Shell Expansions @@ -1902,6 +1918,14 @@ omitted, the operator tests only for existence. $ echo $var DEFAULT $ var= + $ : ${var=DEFAULT} + $ echo $var + + $ var= + $ : ${var:=DEFAULT} + $ echo $var + DEFAULT + $ unset var $ : ${var:=DEFAULT} $ echo $var DEFAULT @@ -1917,6 +1941,16 @@ omitted, the operator tests only for existence. $ var= $ : ${var:?var is unset or null} bash: var: var is unset or null + $ echo ${var?var is unset} + + $ unset var + $ : ${var?var is unset} + bash: var: var is unset + $ : ${var:?var is unset or null} + bash: var: var is unset or null + $ var=123 + $ echo ${var:?var is unset or null} + 123 ‘${PARAMETER:+WORD}’ If PARAMETER is null or unset, nothing is substituted, otherwise @@ -1926,9 +1960,18 @@ omitted, the operator tests only for existence. $ var=123 $ echo ${var:+var is set and not null} var is set and not null + $ echo ${var+var is set} + var is set $ var= $ echo ${var:+var is set and not null} + $ echo ${var+var is set} + var is set + $ unset var + $ echo ${var+var is set} + + $ echo ${var:+var is set and not null} + $ ‘${PARAMETER:OFFSET}’ @@ -1937,11 +1980,13 @@ omitted, the operator tests only for existence. LENGTH characters of the value of PARAMETER starting at the character specified by OFFSET. If PARAMETER is ‘@’ or ‘*’, an indexed array subscripted by ‘@’ or ‘*’, or an associative array - name, the results differ as described below. If LENGTH is omitted, - it expands to the substring of the value of PARAMETER starting at - the character specified by OFFSET and extending to the end of the - value. LENGTH and OFFSET are arithmetic expressions (*note Shell - Arithmetic::). + name, the results differ as described below. If :LENGTH is omitted + (the first form above), this expands to the substring of the value + of PARAMETER starting at the character specified by OFFSET and + extending to the end of the value. If OFFSET is omitted, it is + treated as 0. If LENGTH is omitted, but the colon after OFFSET is + present, it is treated as 0. LENGTH and OFFSET are arithmetic + expressions (*note Shell Arithmetic::). If OFFSET evaluates to a number less than zero, the value is used as an offset in characters from the end of the value of PARAMETER. @@ -2128,13 +2173,12 @@ omitted, the operator tests only for existence. ‘${PARAMETER//PATTERN/STRING}’ ‘${PARAMETER/#PATTERN/STRING}’ ‘${PARAMETER/%PATTERN/STRING}’ - The PATTERN is expanded to produce a pattern just as in filename - expansion and matched against the expanded value of PARAMETER - according to the rules described below (*note Pattern Matching::). - The longest match of PATTERN in the expanded value is replaced with - STRING. STRING undergoes tilde expansion, parameter and variable - expansion, arithmetic expansion, command and process substitution, - and quote removal. + The PATTERN is expanded to produce a pattern and matched against + the expanded value of PARAMETER as described below (*note Pattern + Matching::). The longest match of PATTERN in the expanded value is + replaced with STRING. STRING undergoes tilde expansion, parameter + and variable expansion, arithmetic expansion, command and process + substitution, and quote removal. In the first form above, only the first match is replaced. If there are two slashes separating PARAMETER and PATTERN (the second @@ -2218,19 +2262,21 @@ omitted, the operator tests only for existence. ‘${PARAMETER,PATTERN}’ ‘${PARAMETER,,PATTERN}’ This expansion modifies the case of alphabetic characters in - PARAMETER. The PATTERN is expanded to produce a pattern just as in - filename expansion. Each character in the expanded value of - PARAMETER is tested against PATTERN, and, if it matches the + PARAMETER. First, the PATTERN is expanded to produce a pattern as + described below in *note Pattern Matching::. + + ‘Bash’ then examines characters in the expanded value of PARAMETER + against PATTERN as described below. If a character matches the pattern, its case is converted. The pattern should not attempt to match more than one character. - The ‘^’ operator converts lowercase letters matching PATTERN to - uppercase; the ‘,’ operator converts matching uppercase letters to - lowercase. The ‘^^’ and ‘,,’ expansions convert each matched - character in the expanded value; the ‘^’ and ‘,’ expansions match - and convert only the first character in the expanded value. If - PATTERN is omitted, it is treated like a ‘?’, which matches every - character. + Using ‘^’ converts lowercase letters matching PATTERN to uppercase; + ‘,’ converts matching uppercase letters to lowercase. The ‘^’ and + ‘,’ variants examine the first character in the expanded value and + convert its case if it matches PATTERN; the ‘^^’ and ‘,,’ variants + examine all characters in the expanded value and convert each one + that matches PATTERN. If PATTERN is omitted, it is treated like a + ‘?’, which matches every character. If PARAMETER is ‘@’ or ‘*’, the case modification operation is applied to each positional parameter in turn, and the expansion is @@ -2377,17 +2423,19 @@ File: bash.info, Node: Arithmetic Expansion, Next: Process Substitution, Prev 3.5.5 Arithmetic Expansion -------------------------- -Arithmetic expansion evalutes an arithmetic expression and substitutes +Arithmetic expansion evaluates an arithmetic expression and substitutes the result. The format for arithmetic expansion is: $(( EXPRESSION )) The EXPRESSION undergoes the same expansions as if it were within -double quotes, but double quote characters in EXPRESSION are not treated -specially and are removed. All tokens in the expression undergo -parameter and variable expansion, command substitution, and quote -removal. The result is treated as the arithmetic expression to be -evaluated. Arithmetic expansions may be nested. +double quotes, but unescaped double quote characters in EXPRESSION are +not treated specially and are removed. All tokens in the expression +undergo parameter and variable expansion, command substitution, and +quote removal. The result is treated as the arithmetic expression to be +evaluated. Since the way Bash handles double quotes can potentially +result in empty strings, arithmetic expansion treats those as +expressions that evaluate to 0. Arithmetic expansions may be nested. The evaluation is performed according to the rules listed below (*note Shell Arithmetic::). If the expression is invalid, Bash prints a @@ -2530,9 +2578,9 @@ patterns in ‘GLOBIGNORE’. The ‘dotglob’ option is disabled when ‘GLOBIGNORE’ is unset. The ‘GLOBIGNORE’ pattern matching honors the setting of the ‘extglob’ shell option. - After the pattern is expanded and matched against filenames, the -value of the ‘GLOBSORT’ shell variable controls how the results are -sorted, as described below (*note Bash Variables::). + The value of the ‘GLOBSORT’ shell variable controls how the results +of pathname expansion are sorted, as described below (*note Bash +Variables::).  File: bash.info, Node: Pattern Matching, Up: Filename Expansion @@ -2764,11 +2812,12 @@ created; if it does exist it is truncated to zero size. [N]>[|]WORD If the redirection operator is ‘>’, and the ‘noclobber’ option to the -‘set’ builtin has been enabled, the redirection fails if the file whose -name results from the expansion of WORD exists and is a regular file. -If the redirection operator is ‘>|’, or the redirection operator is ‘>’ -and the ‘noclobber’ option is not enabled, Bash attemps the redirection -even if the file named by WORD exists. +‘set’ builtin command has been enabled, the redirection fails if the +file whose name results from the expansion of WORD exists and is a +regular file. If the redirection operator is ‘>|’, or the redirection +operator is ‘>’ and the ‘noclobber’ option to the ‘set’ builtin is not +enabled, Bash attempts the redirection even if the file named by WORD +exists. 3.6.3 Appending Redirected Output --------------------------------- @@ -3838,7 +3887,7 @@ standard. The ACTION is a command that is read and executed when the shell receives any of the signals SIGSPEC. If ACTION is absent (and there is a single SIGSPEC) or equal to ‘-’, each specified - SIGSPEC'ss disposition is reset to the value it had when the shell + SIGSPEC's disposition is reset to the value it had when the shell was started. If ACTION is the null string, then the signal specified by each SIGSPEC is ignored by the shell and commands it invokes. @@ -3881,11 +3930,11 @@ standard. compound command returns a non-zero exit status, subject to the following conditions. The ‘ERR’ trap is not executed if the failed command is part of the command list immediately following an - ‘until’ or ‘while’ keyword, part of the test following the ‘if’ or - ‘elif’ reserved words, part of a command executed in a ‘&&’ or ‘||’ - list except the command following the final ‘&&’ or ‘||’, any - command in a pipeline but the last, (subject to the state of the - ‘pipefail’ shell option), or if the command's return status is + ‘until’ or ‘while’ reserved word, part of the test following the + ‘if’ or ‘elif’ reserved words, part of a command executed in a ‘&&’ + or ‘||’ list except the command following the final ‘&&’ or ‘||’, + any command in a pipeline but the last, (subject to the state of + the ‘pipefail’ shell option), or if the command's return status is being inverted using ‘!’. These are the same conditions obeyed by the ‘errexit’ (‘-e’) option. @@ -4053,7 +4102,7 @@ standard. optional, and Readline does not expand the command string before saving it. Since the entire key binding expression must be a single argument, it should be enclosed in single - quotes. When SHELL-COMMAND is executed, the shell sets thex + quotes. When SHELL-COMMAND is executed, the shell sets the ‘READLINE_LINE’ variable to the contents of the Readline line buffer and the ‘READLINE_POINT’ and ‘READLINE_MARK’ variables to the current location of the insertion point and the saved @@ -4305,7 +4354,8 @@ standard. ‘BASH_LOADABLES_PATH’ is system-dependent, and may include "." to force a search of the current directory. The ‘-d’ option will delete a builtin loaded with ‘-f’. If ‘-s’ is used with ‘-f’, the - new builtin becomes a special builtin (*note Special Builtins::). + new builtin becomes a POSIX special builtin (*note Special + Builtins::). If no options are supplied and a NAME is not a shell builtin, ‘enable’ will attempt to load NAME from a shared object named NAME, @@ -4319,8 +4369,8 @@ standard. Display helpful information about builtin commands. If PATTERN is specified, ‘help’ gives detailed help on all commands matching - PATTERN, otherwise it displays a list of all builtins and shell - compound commands. + PATTERN as described below; otherwise it displays a list of all + builtins and shell compound commands. Options, if supplied, have the following meanings: @@ -4332,6 +4382,15 @@ standard. ‘-s’ Display only a short usage synopsis for each PATTERN + If PATTERN contains pattern matching characters (*note Pattern + Matching::) it's treated as a shell pattern and ‘help’ prints the + description of each help topic matching PATTERN. + + If not, and PATTERN exactly matches the name of a help topic, + ‘help’ prints the description associated with that topic. + Otherwise, ‘help’ performs prefix matching and prints the + descriptions of all matching help topics. + The return status is zero unless no command matches PATTERN. ‘let’ @@ -4758,7 +4817,7 @@ standard. Values are in 1024-byte increments, except for ‘-t’, which is in seconds; ‘-R’, which is in microseconds; ‘-p’, which is in units of 512-byte blocks; ‘-P’, ‘-T’, ‘-b’, ‘-k’, ‘-n’ and ‘-u’, which are - unscaled values; and, when in POSIX Mode (*note Bash POSIX Mode::), + unscaled values; and, when in POSIX mode (*note Bash POSIX Mode::), ‘-c’ and ‘-f’, which are in 512-byte increments. The return status is zero unless an invalid option or argument is @@ -4830,9 +4889,9 @@ parameters, or to display the names and values of shell variables. a list (*note Lists::), or a compound command (*note Compound Commands::) returns a non-zero status. The shell does not exit if the command that fails is part of the command list - immediately following a ‘while’ or ‘until’ keyword, part of - the test in an ‘if’ statement, part of any command executed in - a ‘&&’ or ‘||’ list except the command following the final + immediately following a ‘while’ or ‘until’ reserved word, part + of the test in an ‘if’ statement, part of any command executed + in a ‘&&’ or ‘||’ list except the command following the final ‘&&’ or ‘||’, any command in a pipeline but the last (subject to the state of the ‘pipefail’ shell option), or if the command's return status is being inverted with ‘!’. If a @@ -4957,10 +5016,11 @@ parameters, or to display the names and values of shell variables. successfully. This option is disabled by default. ‘posix’ - Change the behavior of Bash where the default operation - differs from the POSIX standard to match the standard - (*note Bash POSIX Mode::). This is intended to make Bash - behave as a strict superset of that standard. + Enable POSIX mode; change the behavior of Bash where the + default operation differs from the POSIX standard to + match the standard (*note Bash POSIX Mode::). This is + intended to make Bash behave as a strict superset of that + standard. ‘privileged’ Same as ‘-p’. @@ -5607,8 +5667,9 @@ Variables::). command (*note The Shopt Builtin::). The options appearing in ‘BASHOPTS’ are those reported as ‘on’ by ‘shopt’. If this variable is in the environment when Bash starts up, the shell enables each - option in the list before reading any startup files. This variable - is readonly. + option in the list before reading any startup files. If this + variable is exported, child shells will enable each option in the + list. This variable is readonly. ‘BASHPID’ Expands to the process ID of the current Bash process. This @@ -5878,7 +5939,7 @@ Variables::). ‘ENV’ Expanded and executed similarly to ‘BASH_ENV’ (*note Bash Startup - Files::) when an interactive shell is invoked in POSIX Mode (*note + Files::) when an interactive shell is invoked in POSIX mode (*note Bash POSIX Mode::). ‘EPOCHREALTIME’ @@ -5999,15 +6060,16 @@ Variables::). substitution, and tokenization (*note History Interaction::). The first character is the “history expansion” character, the character which begins a history expansion, normally ‘!’. The second - character is the "quick substitution" character, normally ‘^’. + character is the “quick substitution” character, normally ‘^’. When it appears as the first character on the line, history substitution repeats the previous command, replacing one string - with another. The optional third character is the character which - indicates that the remainder of the line is a comment when found as - the first character of a word, usually ‘#’. The history comment - character disables history substitution for the remaining words on - the line. It does not necessarily cause the shell parser to treat - the rest of the line as a comment. + with another. The optional third character is the “history + comment” character, normally ‘#’, which indicates that the + remainder of the line is a comment when it appears as the first + character of a word. The history comment character disables + history substitution for the remaining words on the line. It does + not necessarily cause the shell parser to treat the rest of the + line as a comment. ‘HISTCMD’ The history number, or index in the history list, of the current @@ -6307,7 +6369,8 @@ Variables::). ‘SHELLOPTS’ are those reported as ‘on’ by ‘set -o’. If this variable is in the environment when Bash starts up, the shell enables each option in the list before reading any startup files. - This variable is readonly. + If this variable is exported, child shells will enable each option + in the list. This variable is readonly. ‘SHLVL’ Incremented by one each time a new instance of Bash is started. @@ -6468,10 +6531,11 @@ single-character options to be recognized. shell. This is on by default if the shell is invoked as ‘sh’. ‘--posix’ - Change the behavior of Bash where the default operation differs - from the POSIX standard to match the standard. This is intended to - make Bash behave as a strict superset of that standard. *Note Bash - POSIX Mode::, for a description of the Bash POSIX mode. + Enable POSIX mode; change the behavior of Bash where the default + operation differs from the POSIX standard to match the standard. + This is intended to make Bash behave as a strict superset of that + standard. *Note Bash POSIX Mode::, for a description of the Bash + POSIX mode. ‘--restricted’ Equivalent to ‘-r’. Make the shell a restricted shell (*note The @@ -6542,23 +6606,25 @@ invocation which are not available with the ‘set’ builtin. ‘-’ Equivalent to ‘--’. - A _login_ shell is one whose first character of argument zero is ‘-’, + A “login shell” is one whose first character of argument zero is ‘-’, or one invoked with the ‘--login’ option. - An _interactive_ shell is one started without non-option arguments, + An “interactive shell” is one started without non-option arguments, unless ‘-s’ is specified, without specifying the ‘-c’ option, and whose -input and output (using the standard error) are both connected to -terminals (as determined by ‘isatty(3)’), or one started with the ‘-i’ -option. *Note Interactive Shells::, for more information. +standard input and standard error are both connected to terminals (as +determined by isatty(3)), or one started with the ‘-i’ option. *Note +Interactive Shells::, for more information. If arguments remain after option processing, and neither the ‘-c’ nor -the ‘-s’ option has been supplied, the first argument is assumed to be -the name of a file containing shell commands (*note Shell Scripts::). -When Bash is invoked in this fashion, ‘$0’ is set to the name of the -file, and the positional parameters are set to the remaining arguments. -Bash reads and executes commands from this file, then exits. Bash's -exit status is the exit status of the last command executed in the -script. If no commands are executed, the exit status is 0. +the ‘-s’ option has been supplied, the first argument is treated as the +name of a file containing shell commands (*note Shell Scripts::). When +Bash is invoked in this fashion, ‘$0’ is set to the name of the file, +and the positional parameters are set to the remaining arguments. Bash +reads and executes commands from this file, then exits. Bash's exit +status is the exit status of the last command executed in the script. +If no commands are executed, the exit status is 0. Bash first attempts +to open the file in the current directory, and, if no file is found, +searches the directories in ‘PATH’ for the script.  File: bash.info, Node: Bash Startup Files, Next: Interactive Shells, Prev: Invoking Bash, Up: Bash Features @@ -6968,7 +7034,10 @@ link itself. greater than or equal to ARG2, respectively. ARG1 and ARG2 may be positive or negative integers. When used with the ‘[[’ command, ARG1 and ARG2 are evaluated as arithmetic expressions (*note Shell - Arithmetic::). + Arithmetic::). Since the expansions the ‘[[’ command performs on + ARG1 and ARG2 can potentially result in empty strings, arithmetic + expression evaluation treats those as expressions that evaluate to + 0.  File: bash.info, Node: Shell Arithmetic, Next: Aliases, Prev: Bash Conditional Expressions, Up: Bash Features @@ -7149,13 +7218,23 @@ expressions that must expand to an integer (*note Shell Arithmetic::)) and are zero-based; associative arrays use arbitrary strings. Unless otherwise noted, indexed array indices must be non-negative integers. - An indexed array is created automatically if any variable is assigned -to using the syntax + The shell performs parameter and variable expansion, arithmetic +expansion, command substitution, and quote removal on indexed array +subscripts. Since this can potentially result in empty strings, +subscript indexing treats those as expressions that evaluate to 0. + + The shell performs tilde expansion, parameter and variable expansion, +arithmetic expansion, command substitution, and quote removal on +associative array subscripts. Empty strings cannot be used as +associative array keys. + + Bash automatically creates an indexed array if any variable is +assigned to using the syntax NAME[SUBSCRIPT]=VALUE The SUBSCRIPT is treated as an arithmetic expression that must evaluate to a number greater than or equal to zero. To explicitly declare an -array, use +indexed array, use declare -a NAME (*note Bash Builtins::). The syntax declare -a NAME[SUBSCRIPT] @@ -7590,7 +7669,7 @@ editing commands were left out due to objections. Although Bash is an implementation of the POSIX shell specification, there are areas where the Bash default behavior differs from the specification. The Bash “posix mode” changes the Bash behavior in these -areas so that it conforms more closely to the standard. +areas so that it conforms more strictly to the standard. Starting Bash with the ‘--posix’ command-line option or executing ‘set -o posix’ while Bash is running will cause Bash to conform more @@ -7600,7 +7679,7 @@ specified by POSIX in areas where the Bash default differs. When invoked as ‘sh’, Bash enters POSIX mode after reading the startup files. - The following list is what's changed when 'POSIX mode' is in effect: + The following list is what's changed when POSIX mode is in effect: 1. Bash ensures that the ‘POSIXLY_CORRECT’ variable is set. @@ -7725,7 +7804,7 @@ startup files. double-quoted string, even if the ‘histexpand’ option is enabled. 31. When printing shell function definitions (e.g., by ‘type’), Bash - does not print the ‘function’ keyword unless necessary. + does not print the ‘function’ reserved word unless necessary. 32. Non-interactive shells exit if a syntax error in an arithmetic expansion results in an invalid expression. @@ -7834,72 +7913,77 @@ startup files. 58. The ‘kill’ builtin does not accept signal names with a ‘SIG’ prefix. - 59. The ‘printf’ builtin uses ‘double’ (via ‘strtod’) to convert + 59. The ‘kill’ builtin returns a failure status if any of the pid or + job arguments are invalid or if sending the specified signal to any + of them fails. In default mode, ‘kill’ returns success if the + signal was successfully sent to any of the specified processes. + + 60. The ‘printf’ builtin uses ‘double’ (via ‘strtod’) to convert arguments corresponding to floating point conversion specifiers, instead of ‘long double’ if it's available. The ‘L’ length modifier forces ‘printf’ to use ‘long double’ if it's available. - 60. The ‘pwd’ builtin verifies that the value it prints is the same as + 61. The ‘pwd’ builtin verifies that the value it prints is the same as the current directory, even if it is not asked to check the file system with the ‘-P’ option. - 61. The ‘read’ builtin may be interrupted by a signal for which a trap + 62. The ‘read’ builtin may be interrupted by a signal for which a trap has been set. If Bash receives a trapped signal while executing ‘read’, the trap handler executes and ‘read’ returns an exit status greater than 128. - 62. When the ‘set’ builtin is invoked without options, it does not + 63. When the ‘set’ builtin is invoked without options, it does not display shell function names and definitions. - 63. When the ‘set’ builtin is invoked without options, it displays + 64. When the ‘set’ builtin is invoked without options, it displays variable values without quotes, unless they contain shell metacharacters, even if the result contains nonprinting characters. - 64. The ‘test’ builtin compares strings using the current locale when + 65. The ‘test’ builtin compares strings using the current locale when evaluating the ‘<’ and ‘>’ binary operators. - 65. The ‘test’ builtin's ‘-t’ unary primary requires an argument. + 66. The ‘test’ builtin's ‘-t’ unary primary requires an argument. Historical versions of ‘test’ made the argument optional in certain cases, and Bash attempts to accommodate those for backwards compatibility. - 66. The ‘trap’ builtin displays signal names without the leading + 67. The ‘trap’ builtin displays signal names without the leading ‘SIG’. - 67. The ‘trap’ builtin doesn't check the first argument for a possible + 68. The ‘trap’ builtin doesn't check the first argument for a possible signal specification and revert the signal handling to the original disposition if it is, unless that argument consists solely of digits and is a valid signal number. If users want to reset the handler for a given signal to the original disposition, they should use ‘-’ as the first argument. - 68. ‘trap -p’ without arguments displays signals whose dispositions + 69. ‘trap -p’ without arguments displays signals whose dispositions are set to SIG_DFL and those that were ignored when the shell started, not just trapped signals. - 69. The ‘type’ and ‘command’ builtins will not report a non-executable + 70. The ‘type’ and ‘command’ builtins will not report a non-executable file as having been found, though the shell will attempt to execute such a file if it is the only so-named file found in ‘$PATH’. - 70. The ‘ulimit’ builtin uses a block size of 512 bytes for the ‘-c’ + 71. The ‘ulimit’ builtin uses a block size of 512 bytes for the ‘-c’ and ‘-f’ options. - 71. The ‘unset’ builtin with the ‘-v’ option specified returns a fatal + 72. The ‘unset’ builtin with the ‘-v’ option specified returns a fatal error if it attempts to unset a ‘readonly’ or ‘non-unsettable’ variable, which causes a non-interactive shell to exit. - 72. When asked to unset a variable that appears in an assignment + 73. When asked to unset a variable that appears in an assignment statement preceding the command, the ‘unset’ builtin attempts to unset a variable of the same name in the current or previous scope as well. This implements the required "if an assigned variable is further modified by the utility, the modifications made by the utility shall persist" behavior. - 73. The arrival of ‘SIGCHLD’ when a trap is set on ‘SIGCHLD’ does not + 74. The arrival of ‘SIGCHLD’ when a trap is set on ‘SIGCHLD’ does not interrupt the ‘wait’ builtin and cause it to return immediately. The trap command is run once for each child that exits. - 74. Bash removes an exited background process's status from the list + 75. Bash removes an exited background process's status from the list of such statuses after the ‘wait’ builtin returns it. There is other POSIX behavior that Bash does not implement by default @@ -7983,10 +8067,10 @@ required for bash-5.1 and later versions. collation sequence and strcoll(3). ‘compat41’ - • In posix mode, ‘time’ may be followed by options and still be + • In POSIX mode, ‘time’ may be followed by options and still be recognized as a reserved word (this is POSIX interpretation 267). - • In posix mode, the parser requires that an even number of + • In POSIX mode, the parser requires that an even number of single quotes occur in the WORD portion of a double-quoted ${...} parameter expansion and treats them specially, so that characters within the single quotes are considered quoted @@ -7996,7 +8080,7 @@ required for bash-5.1 and later versions. • The replacement string in double-quoted pattern substitution does not undergo quote removal, as it does in versions after bash-4.2. - • In posix mode, single quotes are considered special when + • In POSIX mode, single quotes are considered special when expanding the WORD portion of a double-quoted ${...} parameter expansion and can be used to quote a closing brace or other special character (this is part of POSIX interpretation 221); @@ -8005,7 +8089,7 @@ required for bash-5.1 and later versions. ‘compat43’ • Word expansion errors are considered non-fatal errors that - cause the current command to fail, even in posix mode (the + cause the current command to fail, even in POSIX mode (the default behavior is to make them fatal errors that cause the shell to exit). • When executing a shell function, the loop state @@ -8024,7 +8108,7 @@ required for bash-5.1 and later versions. • Variable assignments preceding builtins like ‘export’ and ‘readonly’ that set attributes continue to affect variables with the same name in the calling environment even if the - shell is not in posix mode. + shell is not in POSIX mode. ‘compat50 (set using BASH_COMPAT)’ • Bash-5.1 changed the way ‘$RANDOM’ is generated to introduce @@ -8125,19 +8209,22 @@ uses the JOB abstraction as the basis for job control. To facilitate the implementation of the user interface to job control, each process has a “process group ID”, and the operating system -maintains the notion of a current terminal process group ID. Processes -that have the same process group ID are said to be part of the same -“process group”. Members of the foreground process group (processes -whose process group ID is equal to the current terminal process group -ID) receive keyboard-generated signals such as ‘SIGINT’. Processes in -the foreground process group are said to be foreground processes. -Background processes are those whose process group ID differs from the -terminal's; such processes are immune to keyboard-generated signals. -Only foreground processes are allowed to read from or, if the user so -specifies with ‘stty tostop’, write to the terminal. Background -processes which attempt to read from (write to when ‘tostop’ is in -effect) the terminal are sent a ‘SIGTTIN’ (‘SIGTTOU’) signal by the -kernel's terminal driver, which, unless caught, suspends the process. +maintains the notion of a current terminal process group ID. This +terminal process group ID is associated with the “controlling terminal”. + + Processes that have the same process group ID are said to be part of +the same “process group”. Members of the foreground process group +(processes whose process group ID is equal to the current terminal +process group ID) receive keyboard-generated signals such as ‘SIGINT’. +Processes in the foreground process group are said to be foreground +processes. Background processes are those whose process group ID +differs from the controlling terminal's; such processes are immune to +keyboard-generated signals. Only foreground processes are allowed to +read from or, if the user so specifies with ‘stty tostop’, write to the +controlling terminal. The system sends a ‘SIGTTIN’ (‘SIGTTOU’) signal +to background processes which attempt to read from (write to when +‘tostop’ is in effect) the terminal, which, unless caught, suspends the +process. If the operating system on which Bash is running supports job control, Bash contains facilities to use it. Typing the “suspend” @@ -8947,9 +9034,9 @@ Variable Settings list. If set to zero, any existing history entries are deleted and no new entries are saved. If set to a value less than zero, the number of history entries is not limited. By - default, Bash sets the the maximum number of history entries - to the value of the ‘HISTSIZE’ shell variable. If you try to - set HISTORY-SIZE to a non-numeric value, the maximum number of + default, Bash sets the maximum number of history entries to + the value of the ‘HISTSIZE’ shell variable. If you try to set + HISTORY-SIZE to a non-numeric value, the maximum number of history entries will be set to 500. ‘horizontal-scroll-mode’ @@ -9229,7 +9316,7 @@ Key Bindings When entering the text of a macro, single or double quotes must be used to indicate a macro definition. Unquoted text is assumed to - be a function name. Tthe backslash escapes described above are + be a function name. The backslash escapes described above are expanded in the macro body. Backslash will quote any other character in the macro text, including ‘"’ and ‘'’. For example, the following binding will make ‘‘C-x’ \’ insert a single ‘\’ into @@ -9336,7 +9423,7 @@ File: bash.info, Node: Sample Init File, Prev: Conditional Init Constructs, U Here is an example of an INPUTRC file. This illustrates key binding, variable assignment, and conditional syntax. - # This file controls the behaviour of line input editing for + # This file controls the behavior of line input editing for # programs that use the GNU Readline library. Existing # programs include FTP, Bash, and GDB. # @@ -9527,7 +9614,8 @@ File: bash.info, Node: Commands For Moving, Next: Commands For History, Up: B ‘clear-screen (C-l)’ Clear the screen, then redraw the current line, leaving the current - line at the top of the screen. + line at the top of the screen. If given a numeric argument, this + refreshes the current line without clearing the screen. ‘redraw-current-line ()’ Refresh the current line. By default, this is unbound. @@ -10112,8 +10200,9 @@ File: bash.info, Node: Miscellaneous Commands, Prev: Keyboard Macros, Up: Bin Expand the line by performing shell word expansions. This performs alias and history expansion, $'STRING' and $"STRING" quoting, tilde expansion, parameter and variable expansion, arithmetic expansion, - command and proces substitution, word splitting, and quote removal. - An explicit argument suppresses command and process substitution. + command and process substitution, word splitting, and quote + removal. An explicit argument suppresses command and process + substitution. ‘history-expand-line (M-^)’ Perform history expansion on the current line. @@ -11083,8 +11172,9 @@ expansion uses the entire event. A ‘:’ separates the event specification from the word designator. It may be omitted if the word designator begins with a ‘^’, ‘$’, ‘*’, ‘-’, or ‘%’. Words are numbered from the beginning of the line, with the first word being denoted by 0 -(zero). Words are inserted into the current line separated by single -spaces. +(zero). That first word is usually the command word, and the arguments +begin with the second word. Words are inserted into the current line +separated by single spaces. For example, @@ -11093,7 +11183,7 @@ spaces. preceding command is repeated in toto. ‘!!:$’ - designates the last argument of the preceding command. This may be + designates the last word of the preceding command. This may be shortened to ‘!$’. ‘!fi:2’ @@ -11781,7 +11871,7 @@ fix, you are encouraged to submit that as well! Suggestions and • The version number of Bash. • The hardware and operating system. • The compiler used to compile Bash. - • A description of the bug behaviour. + • A description of the bug behavior. • A short script or 'recipe' which exercises the bug and may be used to reproduce it. @@ -11855,8 +11945,8 @@ historical Bourne shell) as the baseline reference. • Bash implements command aliases and the ‘alias’ and ‘unalias’ builtins (*note Aliases::). - • Bash implements the ‘!’ keyword to negate the return value of a - pipeline (*note Pipelines::). This is very useful when an ‘if’ + • Bash implements the ‘!’ reserved word to negate the return value of + a pipeline (*note Pipelines::). This is very useful when an ‘if’ statement needs to act only if a test fails. The Bash ‘-o pipefail’ option to ‘set’ will cause a pipeline to return a failure status if any command fails (*note The Set Builtin::). @@ -12780,26 +12870,26 @@ D.1 Index of Shell Builtin Commands (line 179) * hash: Bourne Shell Builtins. (line 231) -* help: Bash Builtins. (line 374) +* help: Bash Builtins. (line 375) * history: Bash History Builtins. (line 59) * jobs: Job Control Builtins. (line 28) * kill: Job Control Builtins. (line 61) -* let: Bash Builtins. (line 394) -* local: Bash Builtins. (line 403) -* logout: Bash Builtins. (line 428) -* mapfile: Bash Builtins. (line 433) +* let: Bash Builtins. (line 404) +* local: Bash Builtins. (line 413) +* logout: Bash Builtins. (line 438) +* mapfile: Bash Builtins. (line 443) * popd: Directory Stack Builtins. (line 37) -* printf: Bash Builtins. (line 478) +* printf: Bash Builtins. (line 488) * pushd: Directory Stack Builtins. (line 70) * pwd: Bourne Shell Builtins. (line 263) -* read: Bash Builtins. (line 548) -* readarray: Bash Builtins. (line 659) +* read: Bash Builtins. (line 558) +* readarray: Bash Builtins. (line 669) * readonly: Bourne Shell Builtins. (line 275) * return: Bourne Shell Builtins. @@ -12808,7 +12898,7 @@ D.1 Index of Shell Builtin Commands * shift: Bourne Shell Builtins. (line 325) * shopt: The Shopt Builtin. (line 9) -* source: Bash Builtins. (line 668) +* source: Bash Builtins. (line 678) * suspend: Job Control Builtins. (line 139) * test: Bourne Shell Builtins. @@ -12819,12 +12909,12 @@ D.1 Index of Shell Builtin Commands (line 444) * true: Bourne Shell Builtins. (line 510) -* type: Bash Builtins. (line 673) -* typeset: Bash Builtins. (line 710) -* ulimit: Bash Builtins. (line 716) +* type: Bash Builtins. (line 683) +* typeset: Bash Builtins. (line 720) +* ulimit: Bash Builtins. (line 726) * umask: Bourne Shell Builtins. (line 515) -* unalias: Bash Builtins. (line 824) +* unalias: Bash Builtins. (line 834) * unset: Bourne Shell Builtins. (line 533) * wait: Job Control Builtins. @@ -12841,9 +12931,9 @@ D.2 Index of Shell Reserved Words * !: Pipelines. (line 9) * [[: Conditional Constructs. - (line 126) + (line 128) * ]]: Conditional Constructs. - (line 126) + (line 128) * {: Command Grouping. (line 21) * }: Command Grouping. (line 21) * case: Conditional Constructs. @@ -12906,27 +12996,27 @@ D.3 Parameter and Variable Index * auto_resume: Job Control Variables. (line 6) * BASH: Bash Variables. (line 24) -* BASH_ALIASES: Bash Variables. (line 43) -* BASH_ARGC: Bash Variables. (line 52) -* BASH_ARGV: Bash Variables. (line 66) -* BASH_ARGV0: Bash Variables. (line 79) -* BASH_CMDS: Bash Variables. (line 87) -* BASH_COMMAND: Bash Variables. (line 96) -* BASH_COMPAT: Bash Variables. (line 103) -* BASH_ENV: Bash Variables. (line 119) -* BASH_EXECUTION_STRING: Bash Variables. (line 125) -* BASH_LINENO: Bash Variables. (line 128) -* BASH_LOADABLES_PATH: Bash Variables. (line 138) -* BASH_MONOSECONDS: Bash Variables. (line 142) -* BASH_REMATCH: Bash Variables. (line 149) -* BASH_SOURCE: Bash Variables. (line 157) -* BASH_SUBSHELL: Bash Variables. (line 165) -* BASH_TRAPSIG: Bash Variables. (line 171) -* BASH_VERSINFO: Bash Variables. (line 177) -* BASH_VERSION: Bash Variables. (line 200) -* BASH_XTRACEFD: Bash Variables. (line 204) +* BASH_ALIASES: Bash Variables. (line 44) +* BASH_ARGC: Bash Variables. (line 53) +* BASH_ARGV: Bash Variables. (line 67) +* BASH_ARGV0: Bash Variables. (line 80) +* BASH_CMDS: Bash Variables. (line 88) +* BASH_COMMAND: Bash Variables. (line 97) +* BASH_COMPAT: Bash Variables. (line 104) +* BASH_ENV: Bash Variables. (line 120) +* BASH_EXECUTION_STRING: Bash Variables. (line 126) +* BASH_LINENO: Bash Variables. (line 129) +* BASH_LOADABLES_PATH: Bash Variables. (line 139) +* BASH_MONOSECONDS: Bash Variables. (line 143) +* BASH_REMATCH: Bash Variables. (line 150) +* BASH_SOURCE: Bash Variables. (line 158) +* BASH_SUBSHELL: Bash Variables. (line 166) +* BASH_TRAPSIG: Bash Variables. (line 172) +* BASH_VERSINFO: Bash Variables. (line 178) +* BASH_VERSION: Bash Variables. (line 201) +* BASH_XTRACEFD: Bash Variables. (line 205) * BASHOPTS: Bash Variables. (line 27) -* BASHPID: Bash Variables. (line 36) +* BASHPID: Bash Variables. (line 37) * bell-style: Readline Init File Syntax. (line 64) * bind-tty-special-chars: Readline Init File Syntax. @@ -12935,21 +13025,21 @@ D.3 Parameter and Variable Index (line 79) * CDPATH: Bourne Shell Variables. (line 9) -* CHILD_MAX: Bash Variables. (line 216) +* CHILD_MAX: Bash Variables. (line 217) * colored-completion-prefix: Readline Init File Syntax. (line 84) * colored-stats: Readline Init File Syntax. (line 94) -* COLUMNS: Bash Variables. (line 223) +* COLUMNS: Bash Variables. (line 224) * comment-begin: Readline Init File Syntax. (line 100) -* COMP_CWORD: Bash Variables. (line 229) -* COMP_KEY: Bash Variables. (line 235) -* COMP_LINE: Bash Variables. (line 241) -* COMP_POINT: Bash Variables. (line 246) -* COMP_TYPE: Bash Variables. (line 254) -* COMP_WORDBREAKS: Bash Variables. (line 264) -* COMP_WORDS: Bash Variables. (line 270) +* COMP_CWORD: Bash Variables. (line 230) +* COMP_KEY: Bash Variables. (line 236) +* COMP_LINE: Bash Variables. (line 242) +* COMP_POINT: Bash Variables. (line 247) +* COMP_TYPE: Bash Variables. (line 255) +* COMP_WORDBREAKS: Bash Variables. (line 265) +* COMP_WORDS: Bash Variables. (line 271) * completion-display-width: Readline Init File Syntax. (line 104) * completion-ignore-case: Readline Init File Syntax. @@ -12960,18 +13050,18 @@ D.3 Parameter and Variable Index (line 122) * completion-query-items: Readline Init File Syntax. (line 131) -* COMPREPLY: Bash Variables. (line 277) +* COMPREPLY: Bash Variables. (line 278) * convert-meta: Readline Init File Syntax. (line 142) -* COPROC: Bash Variables. (line 283) -* DIRSTACK: Bash Variables. (line 287) +* COPROC: Bash Variables. (line 284) +* DIRSTACK: Bash Variables. (line 288) * disable-completion: Readline Init File Syntax. (line 154) * echo-control-characters: Readline Init File Syntax. (line 159) * editing-mode: Readline Init File Syntax. (line 164) -* EMACS: Bash Variables. (line 297) +* EMACS: Bash Variables. (line 298) * emacs-mode-string: Readline Init File Syntax. (line 170) * enable-active-region The: Readline Init File Syntax. @@ -12982,72 +13072,72 @@ D.3 Parameter and Variable Index (line 202) * enable-meta-key: Readline Init File Syntax. (line 207) -* ENV: Bash Variables. (line 302) -* EPOCHREALTIME: Bash Variables. (line 307) -* EPOCHSECONDS: Bash Variables. (line 315) -* EUID: Bash Variables. (line 322) -* EXECIGNORE: Bash Variables. (line 326) +* ENV: Bash Variables. (line 303) +* EPOCHREALTIME: Bash Variables. (line 308) +* EPOCHSECONDS: Bash Variables. (line 316) +* EUID: Bash Variables. (line 323) +* EXECIGNORE: Bash Variables. (line 327) * expand-tilde: Readline Init File Syntax. (line 217) -* FCEDIT: Bash Variables. (line 338) -* FIGNORE: Bash Variables. (line 341) +* FCEDIT: Bash Variables. (line 339) +* FIGNORE: Bash Variables. (line 342) * force-meta-prefix: Readline Init File Syntax. (line 221) -* FUNCNAME: Bash Variables. (line 347) -* FUNCNEST: Bash Variables. (line 364) -* GLOBIGNORE: Bash Variables. (line 369) -* GLOBSORT: Bash Variables. (line 376) -* GROUPS: Bash Variables. (line 414) -* histchars: Bash Variables. (line 420) -* HISTCMD: Bash Variables. (line 435) -* HISTCONTROL: Bash Variables. (line 441) -* HISTFILE: Bash Variables. (line 459) -* HISTFILESIZE: Bash Variables. (line 465) -* HISTIGNORE: Bash Variables. (line 476) +* FUNCNAME: Bash Variables. (line 348) +* FUNCNEST: Bash Variables. (line 365) +* GLOBIGNORE: Bash Variables. (line 370) +* GLOBSORT: Bash Variables. (line 377) +* GROUPS: Bash Variables. (line 415) +* histchars: Bash Variables. (line 421) +* HISTCMD: Bash Variables. (line 437) +* HISTCONTROL: Bash Variables. (line 443) +* HISTFILE: Bash Variables. (line 461) +* HISTFILESIZE: Bash Variables. (line 467) +* HISTIGNORE: Bash Variables. (line 478) * history-preserve-point: Readline Init File Syntax. (line 234) * history-size: Readline Init File Syntax. (line 240) -* HISTSIZE: Bash Variables. (line 500) -* HISTTIMEFORMAT: Bash Variables. (line 507) +* HISTSIZE: Bash Variables. (line 502) +* HISTTIMEFORMAT: Bash Variables. (line 509) * HOME: Bourne Shell Variables. (line 13) * horizontal-scroll-mode: Readline Init File Syntax. (line 250) -* HOSTFILE: Bash Variables. (line 516) -* HOSTNAME: Bash Variables. (line 527) -* HOSTTYPE: Bash Variables. (line 530) +* HOSTFILE: Bash Variables. (line 518) +* HOSTNAME: Bash Variables. (line 529) +* HOSTTYPE: Bash Variables. (line 532) * IFS: Bourne Shell Variables. (line 18) -* IGNOREEOF: Bash Variables. (line 533) +* IGNOREEOF: Bash Variables. (line 535) * input-meta: Readline Init File Syntax. (line 258) -* INPUTRC: Bash Variables. (line 542) -* INSIDE_EMACS: Bash Variables. (line 546) +* INPUTRC: Bash Variables. (line 544) +* INSIDE_EMACS: Bash Variables. (line 548) * isearch-terminators: Readline Init File Syntax. (line 269) * keymap: Readline Init File Syntax. (line 276) * LANG: Creating Internationalized Scripts. (line 51) -* LANG <1>: Bash Variables. (line 552) -* LC_ALL: Bash Variables. (line 556) -* LC_COLLATE: Bash Variables. (line 560) -* LC_CTYPE: Bash Variables. (line 567) +* LANG <1>: Bash Variables. (line 554) +* LC_ALL: Bash Variables. (line 558) +* LC_COLLATE: Bash Variables. (line 562) +* LC_CTYPE: Bash Variables. (line 569) * LC_MESSAGES: Creating Internationalized Scripts. (line 51) -* LC_MESSAGES <1>: Bash Variables. (line 572) -* LC_NUMERIC: Bash Variables. (line 576) -* LC_TIME: Bash Variables. (line 580) -* LINENO: Bash Variables. (line 584) -* LINES: Bash Variables. (line 591) -* MACHTYPE: Bash Variables. (line 597) +* LC_MESSAGES <1>: Bash Variables. (line 574) +* LC_NUMERIC: Bash Variables. (line 578) +* LC_TIME: Bash Variables. (line 582) +* LINENO: Bash Variables. (line 586) +* LINES: Bash Variables. (line 593) +* MACHTYPE: Bash Variables. (line 599) * MAIL: Bourne Shell Variables. (line 24) -* MAILCHECK: Bash Variables. (line 601) +* MAILCHECK: Bash Variables. (line 603) * MAILPATH: Bourne Shell Variables. (line 29) -* MAPFILE: Bash Variables. (line 609) +* MAPFILE: Bash Variables. (line 611) * mark-modified-lines: Readline Init File Syntax. (line 306) * mark-symlinked-directories: Readline Init File Syntax. @@ -13058,46 +13148,46 @@ D.3 Parameter and Variable Index (line 323) * meta-flag: Readline Init File Syntax. (line 258) -* OLDPWD: Bash Variables. (line 613) +* OLDPWD: Bash Variables. (line 615) * OPTARG: Bourne Shell Variables. (line 36) -* OPTERR: Bash Variables. (line 616) +* OPTERR: Bash Variables. (line 618) * OPTIND: Bourne Shell Variables. (line 40) -* OSTYPE: Bash Variables. (line 621) +* OSTYPE: Bash Variables. (line 623) * output-meta: Readline Init File Syntax. (line 328) * page-completions: Readline Init File Syntax. (line 337) * PATH: Bourne Shell Variables. (line 44) -* PIPESTATUS: Bash Variables. (line 624) -* POSIXLY_CORRECT: Bash Variables. (line 634) -* PPID: Bash Variables. (line 644) -* PROMPT_COMMAND: Bash Variables. (line 648) -* PROMPT_DIRTRIM: Bash Variables. (line 654) -* PS0: Bash Variables. (line 660) +* PIPESTATUS: Bash Variables. (line 626) +* POSIXLY_CORRECT: Bash Variables. (line 636) +* PPID: Bash Variables. (line 646) +* PROMPT_COMMAND: Bash Variables. (line 650) +* PROMPT_DIRTRIM: Bash Variables. (line 656) +* PS0: Bash Variables. (line 662) * PS1: Bourne Shell Variables. (line 53) * PS2: Bourne Shell Variables. (line 58) -* PS3: Bash Variables. (line 665) -* PS4: Bash Variables. (line 670) -* PWD: Bash Variables. (line 678) -* RANDOM: Bash Variables. (line 681) -* READLINE_ARGUMENT: Bash Variables. (line 689) -* READLINE_LINE: Bash Variables. (line 693) -* READLINE_MARK: Bash Variables. (line 697) -* READLINE_POINT: Bash Variables. (line 703) -* REPLY: Bash Variables. (line 707) +* PS3: Bash Variables. (line 667) +* PS4: Bash Variables. (line 672) +* PWD: Bash Variables. (line 680) +* RANDOM: Bash Variables. (line 683) +* READLINE_ARGUMENT: Bash Variables. (line 691) +* READLINE_LINE: Bash Variables. (line 695) +* READLINE_MARK: Bash Variables. (line 699) +* READLINE_POINT: Bash Variables. (line 705) +* REPLY: Bash Variables. (line 709) * revert-all-at-newline: Readline Init File Syntax. (line 350) * search-ignore-case: Readline Init File Syntax. (line 357) -* SECONDS: Bash Variables. (line 711) -* SHELL: Bash Variables. (line 721) -* SHELLOPTS: Bash Variables. (line 726) -* SHLVL: Bash Variables. (line 735) +* SECONDS: Bash Variables. (line 713) +* SHELL: Bash Variables. (line 723) +* SHELLOPTS: Bash Variables. (line 728) +* SHLVL: Bash Variables. (line 738) * show-all-if-ambiguous: Readline Init File Syntax. (line 362) * show-all-if-unmodified: Readline Init File Syntax. @@ -13106,15 +13196,15 @@ D.3 Parameter and Variable Index (line 377) * skip-completed-text: Readline Init File Syntax. (line 383) -* SRANDOM: Bash Variables. (line 740) +* SRANDOM: Bash Variables. (line 743) * TEXTDOMAIN: Creating Internationalized Scripts. (line 51) * TEXTDOMAINDIR: Creating Internationalized Scripts. (line 51) -* TIMEFORMAT: Bash Variables. (line 749) -* TMOUT: Bash Variables. (line 788) -* TMPDIR: Bash Variables. (line 800) -* UID: Bash Variables. (line 804) +* TIMEFORMAT: Bash Variables. (line 752) +* TMOUT: Bash Variables. (line 791) +* TMPDIR: Bash Variables. (line 803) +* UID: Bash Variables. (line 807) * vi-cmd-mode-string: Readline Init File Syntax. (line 396) * vi-ins-mode-string: Readline Init File Syntax. @@ -13136,7 +13226,7 @@ D.4 Function Index * accept-line (Newline or Return): Commands For History. (line 6) * alias-expand-line (): Miscellaneous Commands. - (line 133) + (line 134) * backward-char (C-b): Commands For Moving. (line 18) * backward-delete-char (Rubout): Commands For Text. (line 18) * backward-kill-line (C-x Rubout): Commands For Killing. @@ -13185,7 +13275,7 @@ D.4 Function Index (line 50) * digit-argument (M-0, M-1, ... M--): Numeric Arguments. (line 6) * display-shell-version (C-x C-v): Miscellaneous Commands. - (line 147) + (line 148) * do-lowercase-version (M-A, M-B, M-X, ...): Miscellaneous Commands. (line 14) * downcase-word (M-l): Commands For Text. (line 69) @@ -13198,7 +13288,7 @@ D.4 Function Index * dynamic-complete-history (M-): Commands For Completion. (line 115) * edit-and-execute-command (C-x C-e): Miscellaneous Commands. - (line 142) + (line 143) * end-kbd-macro (C-x )): Keyboard Macros. (line 9) * end-of-file (usually C-d): Commands For Text. (line 6) * end-of-history (M->): Commands For History. @@ -13224,9 +13314,9 @@ D.4 Function Index * glob-list-expansions (C-x g): Miscellaneous Commands. (line 114) * history-and-alias-expand-line (): Miscellaneous Commands. - (line 136) + (line 137) * history-expand-line (M-^): Miscellaneous Commands. - (line 126) + (line 127) * history-search-backward (): Commands For History. (line 53) * history-search-forward (): Commands For History. @@ -13240,7 +13330,7 @@ D.4 Function Index * insert-completions (M-*): Commands For Completion. (line 24) * insert-last-argument (M-. or M-_): Miscellaneous Commands. - (line 139) + (line 140) * kill-line (C-k): Commands For Killing. (line 6) * kill-region (): Commands For Killing. @@ -13250,7 +13340,7 @@ D.4 Function Index * kill-word (M-d): Commands For Killing. (line 23) * magic-space (): Miscellaneous Commands. - (line 129) + (line 130) * menu-complete (): Commands For Completion. (line 28) * menu-complete-backward (): Commands For Completion. @@ -13286,7 +13376,7 @@ D.4 Function Index * quoted-insert (C-q or C-v): Commands For Text. (line 28) * re-read-init-file (C-x C-r): Miscellaneous Commands. (line 6) -* redraw-current-line (): Commands For Moving. (line 61) +* redraw-current-line (): Commands For Moving. (line 62) * reverse-search-history (C-r): Commands For History. (line 29) * revert-line (M-r): Miscellaneous Commands. @@ -13430,7 +13520,7 @@ D.5 Concept Index * installation: Basic Installation. (line 6) * interaction, readline: Readline Interaction. (line 6) -* interactive shell: Invoking Bash. (line 136) +* interactive shell: Invoking Bash. (line 137) * interactive shell <1>: Interactive Shells. (line 6) * internationalization: Locale Translation. (line 6) * internationalized scripts: Creating Internationalized Scripts. @@ -13443,7 +13533,7 @@ D.5 Concept Index * killing text: Readline Killing Commands. (line 6) * localization: Locale Translation. (line 6) -* login shell: Invoking Bash. (line 133) +* login shell: Invoking Bash. (line 134) * matching, pattern: Pattern Matching. (line 6) * metacharacter: Definitions. (line 50) * name: Definitions. (line 55) @@ -13532,115 +13622,115 @@ Node: Pipelines27462 Node: Lists30718 Node: Compound Commands32590 Node: Looping Constructs33599 -Node: Conditional Constructs36118 -Node: Command Grouping51054 -Node: Coprocesses52546 -Node: GNU Parallel55232 -Node: Shell Functions56150 -Node: Shell Parameters64602 -Node: Positional Parameters69327 -Node: Special Parameters70417 -Node: Shell Expansions73878 -Node: Brace Expansion76067 -Node: Tilde Expansion78768 -Node: Shell Parameter Expansion81723 -Node: Command Substitution101483 -Node: Arithmetic Expansion105012 -Node: Process Substitution106025 -Node: Word Splitting107133 -Node: Filename Expansion109577 -Node: Pattern Matching112840 -Node: Quote Removal118563 -Node: Redirections118867 -Node: Executing Commands129095 -Node: Simple Command Expansion129762 -Node: Command Search and Execution131870 -Node: Command Execution Environment134314 -Node: Environment137762 -Node: Exit Status139665 -Node: Signals141723 -Node: Shell Scripts146652 -Node: Shell Builtin Commands149950 -Node: Bourne Shell Builtins152061 -Node: Bash Builtins178626 -Node: Modifying Shell Behavior215074 -Node: The Set Builtin215416 -Node: The Shopt Builtin227370 -Node: Special Builtins244422 -Node: Shell Variables245411 -Node: Bourne Shell Variables245845 -Node: Bash Variables248353 -Node: Bash Features287048 -Node: Invoking Bash288062 -Node: Bash Startup Files294488 -Node: Interactive Shells299730 -Node: What is an Interactive Shell?300138 -Node: Is this Shell Interactive?300800 -Node: Interactive Shell Behavior301624 -Node: Bash Conditional Expressions305385 -Node: Shell Arithmetic310596 -Node: Aliases313925 -Node: Arrays317059 -Node: The Directory Stack324143 -Node: Directory Stack Builtins324940 -Node: Controlling the Prompt329385 -Node: The Restricted Shell332270 -Node: Bash POSIX Mode335152 -Node: Shell Compatibility Mode353214 -Node: Job Control362221 -Node: Job Control Basics362678 -Node: Job Control Builtins368956 -Node: Job Control Variables375638 -Node: Command Line Editing376869 -Node: Introduction and Notation378572 -Node: Readline Interaction380924 -Node: Readline Bare Essentials382112 -Node: Readline Movement Commands383920 -Node: Readline Killing Commands384916 -Node: Readline Arguments386939 -Node: Searching387996 -Node: Readline Init File390239 -Node: Readline Init File Syntax391542 -Node: Conditional Init Constructs418372 -Node: Sample Init File422757 -Node: Bindable Readline Commands425878 -Node: Commands For Moving427416 -Node: Commands For History429784 -Node: Commands For Text435174 -Node: Commands For Killing439299 -Node: Numeric Arguments442087 -Node: Commands For Completion443239 -Node: Keyboard Macros448935 -Node: Miscellaneous Commands449636 -Node: Readline vi Mode456196 -Node: Programmable Completion457173 -Node: Programmable Completion Builtins465910 -Node: A Programmable Completion Example477647 -Node: Using History Interactively482992 -Node: Bash History Facilities483673 -Node: Bash History Builtins487408 -Node: History Interaction493879 -Node: Event Designators498829 -Node: Word Designators500407 -Node: Modifiers502711 -Node: Installing Bash504648 -Node: Basic Installation505764 -Node: Compilers and Options509640 -Node: Compiling For Multiple Architectures510390 -Node: Installation Names512143 -Node: Specifying the System Type514377 -Node: Sharing Defaults515123 -Node: Operation Controls515837 -Node: Optional Features516856 -Node: Reporting Bugs529236 -Node: Major Differences From The Bourne Shell530594 -Node: GNU Free Documentation License552014 -Node: Indexes577191 -Node: Builtin Index577642 -Node: Reserved Word Index584740 -Node: Variable Index587185 -Node: Function Index604598 -Node: Concept Index618593 +Node: Conditional Constructs36148 +Node: Command Grouping51218 +Node: Coprocesses52710 +Node: GNU Parallel55396 +Node: Shell Functions56314 +Node: Shell Parameters64762 +Node: Positional Parameters69663 +Node: Special Parameters70753 +Node: Shell Expansions74214 +Node: Brace Expansion76403 +Node: Tilde Expansion79739 +Node: Shell Parameter Expansion82694 +Node: Command Substitution103337 +Node: Arithmetic Expansion106866 +Node: Process Substitution108042 +Node: Word Splitting109150 +Node: Filename Expansion111594 +Node: Pattern Matching114818 +Node: Quote Removal120541 +Node: Redirections120845 +Node: Executing Commands131108 +Node: Simple Command Expansion131775 +Node: Command Search and Execution133883 +Node: Command Execution Environment136327 +Node: Environment139775 +Node: Exit Status141678 +Node: Signals143736 +Node: Shell Scripts148665 +Node: Shell Builtin Commands151963 +Node: Bourne Shell Builtins154074 +Node: Bash Builtins180644 +Node: Modifying Shell Behavior217568 +Node: The Set Builtin217910 +Node: The Shopt Builtin229904 +Node: Special Builtins246956 +Node: Shell Variables247945 +Node: Bourne Shell Variables248379 +Node: Bash Variables250887 +Node: Bash Features289792 +Node: Invoking Bash290806 +Node: Bash Startup Files297390 +Node: Interactive Shells302632 +Node: What is an Interactive Shell?303040 +Node: Is this Shell Interactive?303702 +Node: Interactive Shell Behavior304526 +Node: Bash Conditional Expressions308287 +Node: Shell Arithmetic313704 +Node: Aliases317033 +Node: Arrays320167 +Node: The Directory Stack327755 +Node: Directory Stack Builtins328552 +Node: Controlling the Prompt332997 +Node: The Restricted Shell335882 +Node: Bash POSIX Mode338764 +Node: Shell Compatibility Mode357121 +Node: Job Control366128 +Node: Job Control Basics366585 +Node: Job Control Builtins372953 +Node: Job Control Variables379635 +Node: Command Line Editing380866 +Node: Introduction and Notation382569 +Node: Readline Interaction384921 +Node: Readline Bare Essentials386109 +Node: Readline Movement Commands387917 +Node: Readline Killing Commands388913 +Node: Readline Arguments390936 +Node: Searching391993 +Node: Readline Init File394236 +Node: Readline Init File Syntax395539 +Node: Conditional Init Constructs422364 +Node: Sample Init File426749 +Node: Bindable Readline Commands429869 +Node: Commands For Moving431407 +Node: Commands For History433871 +Node: Commands For Text439261 +Node: Commands For Killing443386 +Node: Numeric Arguments446174 +Node: Commands For Completion447326 +Node: Keyboard Macros453022 +Node: Miscellaneous Commands453723 +Node: Readline vi Mode460290 +Node: Programmable Completion461267 +Node: Programmable Completion Builtins470004 +Node: A Programmable Completion Example481741 +Node: Using History Interactively487086 +Node: Bash History Facilities487767 +Node: Bash History Builtins491502 +Node: History Interaction497973 +Node: Event Designators502923 +Node: Word Designators504501 +Node: Modifiers506893 +Node: Installing Bash508830 +Node: Basic Installation509946 +Node: Compilers and Options513822 +Node: Compiling For Multiple Architectures514572 +Node: Installation Names516325 +Node: Specifying the System Type518559 +Node: Sharing Defaults519305 +Node: Operation Controls520019 +Node: 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This)-.15 F -.978(may be inhibited by using the)3.477 F/F2 10/Times-Bold@0 SF -3.478 E(c)-.18 E F1 3.478(option. The)3.478 F F2 -3.478 E(c\214le)-.18 E F0(\214le)3.478 E F1(option)3.478 E(will force) -108 96 Q F2(bash)2.5 E F1(to read and e)2.5 E -.15(xe)-.15 G -(cute commands from).15 E F0(\214le)2.5 E F1(instead of)2.5 E F0 -(\001/.bashr)2.5 E(c)-.37 E F1(.)A(When)108 112.8 Q F2(bash)5.306 E F1 -2.806(is started non-interacti)5.306 F -.15(ve)-.25 G(ly).15 E 5.306(,t) --.65 G 5.306(or)-5.306 G 2.806(un a shell script, for e)-5.306 F 2.805 -(xample, it looks for the v)-.15 F(ariable)-.25 E/F3 9/Times-Bold@0 SF --.27(BA)108 124.8 S(SH_ENV).27 E F1 1.01(in the en)3.26 F 1.01 -(vironment, e)-.4 F 1.01(xpands its v)-.15 F 1.01 -(alue if it appears there, and uses the e)-.25 F 1.011(xpanded v)-.15 F -1.011(alue as the)-.25 F(name of a \214le to read and e)108 136.8 Q -.15 -(xe)-.15 G(cute.).15 E F2(Bash)5 E F1(beha)2.5 E -.15(ve)-.2 G 2.5(sa) -.15 G 2.5(si)-2.5 G 2.5(ft)-2.5 G(he follo)-2.5 E(wing command were e) --.25 E -.15(xe)-.15 G(cuted:).15 E/F4 10/Courier@0 SF -(if [ \255n "$BASH_ENV" ]; then . "$BASH_ENV"; fi)144 153.6 Q F1 -.2(bu) -108 170.4 S 2.5(tt).2 G(he v)-2.5 E(alue of the)-.25 E F3 -.666(PA)2.5 G -(TH)-.189 E F1 -.25(va)2.25 G -(riable is not used to search for the \214lename.).25 E(If)108 187.2 Q -F2(bash)3.417 E F1 .917(is in)3.417 F -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G 3.417(dw) -.1 G .917(ith the name)-3.417 F F2(sh)3.417 E F1 3.417(,i)C 3.417(tt) --3.417 G .917(ries to mimic the startup beha)-3.417 F .917 -(vior of historical v)-.2 F .917(ersions of)-.15 F F2(sh)3.417 E F1(as) -3.417 E .145 -(closely as possible, while conforming to the POSIX standard as well.) -108 199.2 R .145(When in)5.145 F -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G 2.645(da).1 G -2.645(sa)-2.645 G 2.645(ni)-2.645 G(nteracti)-2.645 E .445 -.15(ve l) --.25 H(ogin).15 E 1.264(shell, or a non-interacti)108 211.2 R 1.564 -.15 -(ve s)-.25 H 1.264(hell with the).15 F F2(\255\255login)3.764 E F1 1.264 -(option, it \214rst attempts to read and e)3.764 F -.15(xe)-.15 G 1.263 -(cute commands).15 F(from)108 223.2 Q F0(/etc/pr)4.006 E(o\214le)-.45 E -F1(and)3.036 E F0(\001/.pr)2.956 E(o\214le)-.45 E F1 2.856(,i).18 G -2.856(nt)-2.856 G .356(hat order)-2.856 F 5.356(.T)-.55 G(he)-5.356 E F2 -(\255\255nopr)2.856 E(o\214le)-.18 E F1 .357 -(option may be used to inhibit this beha)2.856 F(vior)-.2 E(.)-.55 E -.418(When in)108 235.2 R -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G 2.918(da).1 G 2.918 -(sa)-2.918 G 2.918(ni)-2.918 G(nteracti)-2.918 E .718 -.15(ve s)-.25 H -.418(hell with the name).15 F F2(sh)2.918 E F1(,)A F2(bash)2.918 E F1 -.418(looks for the v)2.918 F(ariable)-.25 E F3(ENV)2.918 E/F5 9 -/Times-Roman@0 SF(,)A F1 -.15(ex)2.667 G .417(pands its v).15 F(alue) --.25 E .171(if it is de\214ned, and uses the e)108 247.2 R .171 -(xpanded v)-.15 F .171(alue as the name of a \214le to read and e)-.25 F --.15(xe)-.15 G 2.671(cute. Since).15 F 2.671(as)2.671 G .171(hell in) --2.671 F -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G(d).1 E(as)108 259.2 Q F2(sh)3.081 E F1 -.581(does not attempt to read and e)3.081 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .581 -(cute commands from an).15 F 3.08(yo)-.15 G .58 -(ther startup \214les, the)-3.08 F F23.08 E(c\214le)-.18 E F1 -.58(option has)3.08 F .182(no ef)108 271.2 R 2.682(fect. A)-.25 F -(non-interacti)2.682 E .482 -.15(ve s)-.25 H .182(hell in).15 F -.2(vo) --.4 G -.1(ke).2 G 2.682(dw).1 G .182(ith the name)-2.682 F F2(sh)2.682 E -F1 .182(does not attempt to read an)2.682 F 2.683(yo)-.15 G .183 -(ther startup \214les.)-2.683 F(When in)108 283.2 Q -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke) -.2 G 2.5(da).1 G(s)-2.5 E F2(sh)2.5 E F1(,)A F2(bash)2.5 E F1(enters)2.5 -E F0(posix)3.75 E F1(mode after the startup \214les are read.)3.03 E -(When)108 300 Q F2(bash)2.727 E F1 .226(is started in)2.727 F F0(posix) -3.976 E F1 .226(mode, as with the)3.256 F F2(\255\255posix)2.726 E F1 -.226(command line option, it follo)2.726 F .226(ws the POSIX stan-)-.25 -F .341(dard for startup \214les.)108 312 R .341(In this mode, interacti) -5.341 F .641 -.15(ve s)-.25 H .341(hells e).15 F .341(xpand the)-.15 F -F3(ENV)2.841 E F1 -.25(va)2.591 G .342(riable and commands are read and) -.25 F -.15(exe)108 324 S(cuted from the \214le whose name is the e).15 E -(xpanded v)-.15 E 2.5(alue. No)-.25 F(other startup \214les are read.) -2.5 E F2(Bash)108 340.8 Q F1 .224(attempts to determine when it is bein\ -g run with its standard input connected to a netw)2.724 F .223 -(ork connection,)-.1 F .521(as when e)108 352.8 R -.15(xe)-.15 G .521 -(cuted by the historical remote shell daemon, usually).15 F F0 -.1(rs) -3.021 G(hd).1 E F1 3.021(,o)C 3.021(rt)-3.021 G .521 -(he secure shell daemon)-3.021 F F0(sshd)3.022 E F1 5.522(.I)C(f)-5.522 -E F2(bash)108 364.8 Q F1 1.523(determines it is being run non-interacti) -4.023 F -.15(ve)-.25 G 1.523(ly in this f).15 F 1.522 -(ashion, it reads and e)-.1 F -.15(xe)-.15 G 1.522(cutes commands from) -.15 F F0(\001/.bashr)108 376.8 Q(c)-.37 E F1 2.748(,i)C 2.748(ft)-2.748 -G .248(hat \214le e)-2.748 F .248(xists and is readable.)-.15 F .249 -(It will not do this if in)5.248 F -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G 2.749(da).1 -G(s)-2.749 E F2(sh)2.749 E F1 5.249(.T)C(he)-5.249 E F22.749 -E(c)-.18 E F1 .249(option may be)2.749 F .61(used to inhibit this beha) -108 388.8 R(vior)-.2 E 3.11(,a)-.4 G .61(nd the)-3.11 F F23.11 E -(c\214le)-.18 E F1 .609 -(option may be used to force another \214le to be read, b)3.11 F .609 -(ut nei-)-.2 F(ther)108 400.8 Q F0 -.1(rs)2.5 G(hd).1 E F1(nor)2.5 E F0 -(sshd)2.5 E F1(generally in)2.5 E -.2(vo)-.4 G .2 -.1(ke t).2 H -(he shell with those options or allo).1 E 2.5(wt)-.25 G -(hem to be speci\214ed.)-2.5 E .433(If the shell is started with the ef) -108 417.6 R(fecti)-.25 E .733 -.15(ve u)-.25 H .433 -(ser \(group\) id not equal to the real user \(group\) id, and the).15 F -F22.934 E F1(op-)2.934 E 1.124(tion is not supplied, no startup \ -\214les are read, shell functions are not inherited from the en)108 -429.6 R 1.124(vironment, the)-.4 F F3(SHELLOPTS)108 441.6 Q F5(,)A F3 --.27(BA)2.959 G(SHOPTS).27 E F5(,)A F3(CDP)2.959 E -.855(AT)-.666 G(H) -.855 E F5(,)A F1(and)2.959 E F3(GLOBIGNORE)3.209 E F1 -.25(va)2.959 G -.709(riables, if the).25 F 3.209(ya)-.15 G .71(ppear in the en)-3.209 F -.71(vironment, are)-.4 F .905(ignored, and the ef)108 453.6 R(fecti)-.25 -E 1.205 -.15(ve u)-.25 H .904(ser id is set to the real user id.).15 F -.904(If the)5.904 F F23.404 E F1 .904(option is supplied at in) -3.404 F -.2(vo)-.4 G .904(cation, the).2 F(startup beha)108 465.6 Q -(vior is the same, b)-.2 E(ut the ef)-.2 E(fecti)-.25 E .3 -.15(ve u) --.25 H(ser id is not reset.).15 E/F6 10.95/Times-Bold@0 SF(DEFINITIONS) -72 482.4 Q F1(The follo)108 494.4 Q -(wing de\214nitions are used throughout the rest of this document.)-.25 -E F2(blank)108 506.4 Q F1 2.5(As)144 506.4 S(pace or tab)-2.5 E(.)-.4 E -F2 -.1(wo)108 518.4 S(rd).1 E F1 2.5(As)144 518.4 S -(equence of characters considered as a single unit by the shell.)-2.5 E -(Also kno)5 E(wn as a)-.25 E F2(tok)2.5 E(en)-.1 E F1(.)A F2(name)108 -530.4 Q F1(A)144 530.4 Q F0(wor)3.005 E(d)-.37 E F1 .165 -(consisting only of alphanumeric characters and underscores, and be) -3.435 F .166(ginning with an alpha-)-.15 F -(betic character or an underscore.)144 542.4 Q(Also referred to as an)5 -E F2(identi\214er)2.5 E F1(.)A F2(metacharacter)108 554.4 Q F1 2.5(Ac) -144 566.4 S(haracter that, when unquoted, separates w)-2.5 E 2.5 -(ords. One)-.1 F(of the follo)2.5 E(wing:)-.25 E F2 5(|&;\(\)<>s)144 -578.4 S 2.5(pace tab newline)-5 F(contr)108 590.4 Q(ol operator)-.18 E -F1(A)144 602.4 Q F0(tok)2.5 E(en)-.1 E F1 -(that performs a control function.)2.5 E(It is one of the follo)5 E -(wing symbols:)-.25 E F2 2.5(|| & && ; ;; ;& ;;& \( \) | |&)144 614.4 R -()10 E F6(RESER)72 631.2 Q(VED W)-.602 E(ORDS)-.11 E F0 .307 -(Reserved wor)108 643.2 R(ds)-.37 E F1 .307(are w)2.807 F .307 -(ords that ha)-.1 F .607 -.15(ve a s)-.2 H .306 -(pecial meaning to the shell.).15 F .306(The follo)5.306 F .306(wing w) --.25 F .306(ords are recognized as)-.1 F(reserv)108 655.2 Q .313 -(ed when unquoted and either the \214rst w)-.15 F .314 -(ord of a command \(see)-.1 F F3 .314(SHELL GRAMMAR)2.814 F F1(belo) -2.564 E .314(w\), the third)-.25 F -.1(wo)108 667.2 S .644(rd of a).1 F -F2(case)3.144 E F1(or)3.144 E F2(select)3.143 E F1 .643(command \(only) -3.143 F F2(in)3.143 E F1 .643(is v)3.143 F .643(alid\), or the third w) --.25 F .643(ord of a)-.1 F F2 -.25(fo)3.143 G(r).25 E F1 .643 -(command \(only)3.143 F F2(in)3.143 E F1(and)3.143 E F2(do)3.143 E F1 -(are v)108 679.2 Q(alid\):)-.25 E F2 11.295(!c)144 696 S 8.795(ase copr) --11.295 F 8.795(oc do done elif else esac \214 f)-.18 F 8.795 -(or function if in select then)-.25 F 7.5(until while { } time [[ ]])144 -708 R F1(GNU Bash 5.3)72 768 Q(2024 March 29)144.29 E(3)198.45 E 0 Cg EP -%%Page: 4 4 -%%BeginPageSetup -BP -%%EndPageSetup -/F0 10/Times-Italic@0 SF -.25(BA)72 48 S(SH).25 E/F1 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -138.32(\(1\) General).95 F(Commands Manual)2.5 E F0 -.25(BA)140.82 G(SH) -.25 E F1(\(1\)).95 E/F2 10.95/Times-Bold@0 SF(SHELL GRAMMAR)72 84 Q F1 -(This section describes the syntax of the v)108 96 Q -(arious forms of shell commands.)-.25 E/F3 10/Times-Bold@0 SF -(Simple Commands)87 112.8 Q F1(A)108 124.8 Q F0 .389(simple command) -2.889 F F1 .389(is a sequence of optional v)2.889 F .388 -(ariable assignments follo)-.25 F .388(wed by)-.25 F F3(blank)2.888 E F1 -.388(-separated w)B .388(ords and)-.1 F .815 -(redirections, and terminated by a)108 136.8 R F0(contr)3.315 E .815 -(ol oper)-.45 F(ator)-.15 E F1 5.815(.T)C .815(he \214rst w)-5.815 F -.816(ord speci\214es the command to be e)-.1 F -.15(xe)-.15 G(cuted,).15 -E(and is passed as ar)108 148.8 Q(gument zero.)-.18 E(The remaining w)5 -E(ords are passed as ar)-.1 E(guments to the in)-.18 E -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1 -(ke).2 G 2.5(dc).1 G(ommand.)-2.5 E(The return v)108 165.6 Q(alue of a) --.25 E F0(simple command)2.5 E F1(is its e)2.5 E(xit status, or 128+) --.15 E F0(n)A F1(if the command is terminated by signal)3.333 E F0(n) -2.86 E F1(.).24 E F3(Pipelines)87 182.4 Q F1(A)108 194.4 Q F0(pipeline) -2.996 E F1 .496(is a sequence of one or more commands separated by one \ -of the control operators)2.996 F F3(|)2.996 E F1(or)2.996 E F3(|&)2.996 -E F1 5.496(.T)C(he)-5.496 E(format for a pipeline is:)108 206.4 Q([)144 -223.2 Q F3(time)A F1([)2.5 E F3A F1(]] [ ! ])A F0(command1)2.5 E -F1 2.5([[)2.5 G F3(|)-2.5 E/F4 10/Symbol SFA F3(|&)A F1(])A F0 -(command2)2.5 E F1 -3.332 1.666(... ])2.5 H .799(The standard output of) -108 240 R F0(command1)3.499 E F1 .799 -(is connected via a pipe to the standard input of)3.299 F F0(command2) -3.5 E F1 5.8(.T).02 G .8(his con-)-5.8 F .215 -(nection is performed before an)108 252 R 2.715(yr)-.15 G .214 -(edirections speci\214ed by the)-2.715 F F0(command1)2.914 E F1(\(see)A -/F5 9/Times-Bold@0 SF(REDIRECTION)2.714 E F1(belo)2.464 E 2.714(w\). If) --.25 F F3(|&)2.714 E F1 .126(is used,)108 264 R F0(command1)2.626 E F1 -1.226 -.55('s s)D .126(tandard error).55 F 2.626(,i)-.4 G 2.626(na) --2.626 G .126(ddition to its standard output, is connected to)-2.626 F -F0(command2)2.626 E F1 1.226 -.55('s s)D(tandard).55 E .028 -(input through the pipe; it is shorthand for)108 276 R F3 .028(2>&1 |) -2.528 F F1 5.028(.T)C .028 -(his implicit redirection of the standard error to the stan-)-5.028 F -(dard output is performed after an)108 288 Q 2.5(yr)-.15 G -(edirections speci\214ed by)-2.5 E F0(command1)2.5 E F1(.)A .48 -(The return status of a pipeline is the e)108 304.8 R .48 -(xit status of the last command, unless the)-.15 F F3(pipefail)2.98 E F1 -.48(option is enabled.)2.98 F(If)108 316.8 Q F3(pipefail)2.687 E F1 .187 -(is enabled, the pipeline')2.687 F 2.687(sr)-.55 G .186 -(eturn status is the v)-2.687 F .186 -(alue of the last \(rightmost\) command to e)-.25 F .186(xit with a)-.15 -F .61(non-zero status, or zero if all commands e)108 328.8 R .611 -(xit successfully)-.15 F 5.611(.I)-.65 G 3.111(ft)-5.611 G .611 -(he reserv)-3.111 F .611(ed w)-.15 F(ord)-.1 E F3(!)3.111 E F1 .611 -(precedes a pipeline, the)5.611 F -.15(ex)108 340.8 S .55 -(it status of that pipeline is the logical ne).15 F -.05(ga)-.15 G .55 -(tion of the e).05 F .55(xit status as described abo)-.15 F -.15(ve)-.15 -G 5.55(.T).15 G .55(he shell w)-5.55 F .55(aits for)-.1 F -(all commands in the pipeline to terminate before returning a v)108 -352.8 Q(alue.)-.25 E .298(If the)108 369.6 R F3(time)2.799 E F1(reserv) -2.799 E .299(ed w)-.15 F .299(ord precedes a pipeline, the elapsed as w\ -ell as user and system time consumed by its)-.1 F -.15(exe)108 381.6 S -.14(cution are reported when the pipeline terminates.).15 F(The)5.139 E -F32.639 E F1 .139(option changes the output format to that spec-) -2.639 F .302(i\214ed by POSIX.)108 393.6 R .303(When the shell is in) -5.302 F F0 .303(posix mode)2.803 F F1 2.803(,i)C 2.803(td)-2.803 G .303 -(oes not recognize)-2.803 F F3(time)2.803 E F1 .303(as a reserv)2.803 F -.303(ed w)-.15 F .303(ord if the ne)-.1 F(xt)-.15 E(tok)108 405.6 Q .485 -(en be)-.1 F .485(gins with a \231\255\232.)-.15 F(The)5.484 E F5 -(TIMEFORMA)2.984 E(T)-.855 E F1 -.25(va)2.734 G .484 -(riable may be set to a format string that speci\214es ho).25 F 2.984 -(wt)-.25 G(he)-2.984 E .879 -(timing information should be displayed; see the description of)108 -417.6 R F5(TIMEFORMA)3.38 E(T)-.855 E F1(under)3.13 E F3 .88(Shell V) -3.38 F(ariables)-.92 E F1(be-)3.38 E(lo)108 429.6 Q -.65(w.)-.25 G .162 -(When the shell is in)108 446.4 R F0 .162(posix mode)2.662 F F1(,)A F3 -(time)2.662 E F1 .162(may be follo)2.662 F .161(wed by a ne)-.25 F 2.661 -(wline. In)-.25 F .161(this case, the shell displays the to-)2.661 F .31 -(tal user and system time consumed by the shell and its children.)108 -458.4 R(The)5.31 E F5(TIMEFORMA)2.81 E(T)-.855 E F1 -.25(va)2.56 G .31 -(riable speci\214es the).25 F(format of the time information.)108 470.4 -Q .304(Each command in a multi-command pipeline, where pipes are create\ -d, is e)108 487.2 R -.15(xe)-.15 G .303(cuted in a).15 F F0(subshell) -2.803 E F1 2.803(,w)C .303(hich is a)-2.803 F .207(separate process.)108 -499.2 R(See)5.207 E F5 .208(COMMAND EXECUTION ENVIR)2.708 F(ONMENT)-.27 -E F1 .208(for a description of subshells and a sub-)2.458 F .927 -(shell en)108 511.2 R 3.427(vironment. If)-.4 F(the)3.427 E F3(lastpipe) -3.427 E F1 .927(option is enabled using the)3.427 F F3(shopt)3.427 E F1 --.2(bu)3.427 G .927(iltin \(see the description of).2 F F3(shopt)3.426 E -F1(belo)108 523.2 Q(w\), the last element of a pipeline may be run by t\ -he shell process when job control is not acti)-.25 E -.15(ve)-.25 G(.) -.15 E F3(Lists)87 540 Q F1(A)108 552 Q F0(list)2.849 E F1 .349(is a seq\ -uence of one or more pipelines separated by one of the operators)2.849 F -F3(;)2.85 E F1(,)A F3(&)2.85 E F1(,)A F3(&&)2.85 E F1 2.85(,o)C(r)-2.85 -E F3(||)2.85 E F1 2.85(,a)C .35(nd option-)-2.85 F -(ally terminated by one of)108 564 Q F3(;)2.5 E F1(,)A F3(&)2.5 E F1 2.5 -(,o)C(r)-2.5 E F3()2.5 E F1(.)A .961(Of these list operators,) -108 580.8 R F3(&&)3.461 E F1(and)3.461 E F3(||)3.461 E F1(ha)3.461 E -1.261 -.15(ve e)-.2 H .961(qual precedence, follo).15 F .96(wed by)-.25 -F F3(;)3.46 E F1(and)3.46 E F3(&)3.46 E F1 3.46(,w)C .96(hich ha)-3.46 F -1.26 -.15(ve e)-.2 H .96(qual prece-).15 F(dence.)108 592.8 Q 2.5(As)108 -609.6 S(equence of one or more ne)-2.5 E(wlines may appear in a)-.25 E -F0(list)2.5 E F1(instead of a semicolon to delimit commands.)2.5 E .029 -(If a command is terminated by the control operator)108 626.4 R F3(&) -2.529 E F1 2.529(,t)C .029(he shell e)-2.529 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .029 -(cutes the command in the).15 F F0(bac)2.529 E(kgr)-.2 E(ound)-.45 E F1 -(in)2.529 E 2.678(as)108 638.4 S 2.678(ubshell. The)-2.678 F .178 -(shell does not w)2.678 F .178 -(ait for the command to \214nish, and the return status is 0.)-.1 F .178 -(These are referred)5.178 F .778(to as)108 650.4 R F0(async)3.278 E(hr) --.15 E(onous)-.45 E F1 3.278(commands. Commands)3.278 F .779 -(separated by a)3.278 F F3(;)3.279 E F1 .779(are e)3.279 F -.15(xe)-.15 -G .779(cuted sequentially; the shell w).15 F .779(aits for)-.1 F -(each command to terminate in turn.)108 662.4 Q -(The return status is the e)5 E(xit status of the last command e)-.15 E --.15(xe)-.15 G(cuted.).15 E .172(AND and OR lists are sequences of one \ -or more pipelines separated by the)108 679.2 R F3(&&)2.671 E F1(and) -2.671 E F3(||)2.671 E F1 .171(control operators, re-)2.671 F(specti)108 -691.2 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G(ly).15 E 5(.A)-.65 G(ND and OR lists are e)-5 E --.15(xe)-.15 G(cuted with left associati).15 E(vity)-.25 E 5(.A)-.65 G -2.5(nA)-5 G(ND list has the form)-2.5 E F0(command1)144 708 Q F3(&&)2.5 -E F0(command2)2.5 E(command2)108.2 724.8 Q F1(is e)2.52 E -.15(xe)-.15 G -(cuted if, and only if,).15 E F0(command1)2.7 E F1(returns an e)2.5 E -(xit status of zero \(success\).)-.15 E(GNU Bash 5.3)72 768 Q -(2024 March 29)144.29 E(4)198.45 E 0 Cg EP -%%Page: 5 5 -%%BeginPageSetup -BP -%%EndPageSetup -/F0 10/Times-Italic@0 SF -.25(BA)72 48 S(SH).25 E/F1 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -138.32(\(1\) General).95 F(Commands Manual)2.5 E F0 -.25(BA)140.82 G(SH) -.25 E F1(\(1\)).95 E(An OR list has the form)108 84 Q F0(command1)144 -100.8 Q/F2 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(||)2.5 E F0(command2)2.5 E(command2)108.2 -117.6 Q F1 .434(is e)2.954 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .434(cuted if, and only if,) -.15 F F0(command1)3.135 E F1 .435(returns a non-zero e)2.935 F .435 -(xit status.)-.15 F .435(The return status of AND)5.435 F -(and OR lists is the e)108 129.6 Q(xit status of the last command e)-.15 -E -.15(xe)-.15 G(cuted in the list.).15 E F2(Compound Commands)87 146.4 -Q F1(A)108 158.4 Q F0 1.054(compound command)3.554 F F1 1.054 -(is one of the follo)3.554 F 3.553(wing. In)-.25 F 1.053(most cases a) -3.553 F F0(list)3.553 E F1 1.053(in a command')3.553 F 3.553(sd)-.55 G -1.053(escription may be)-3.553 F 1.026 -(separated from the rest of the command by one or more ne)108 170.4 R -1.026(wlines, and may be follo)-.25 F 1.027(wed by a ne)-.25 F 1.027 -(wline in)-.25 F(place of a semicolon.)108 182.4 Q(\()108 199.2 Q F0 -(list)A F1(\))A F0(list)144 199.2 Q F1 .215(is e)2.715 F -.15(xe)-.15 G -.215(cuted in a subshell \(see).15 F/F3 9/Times-Bold@0 SF .215 -(COMMAND EXECUTION ENVIR)2.715 F(ONMENT)-.27 E F1(belo)2.465 E 2.714(wf) --.25 G .214(or a descrip-)-2.714 F .209(tion of a subshell en)144 211.2 -R 2.709(vironment\). V)-.4 F .209(ariable assignments and b)-1.11 F .209 -(uiltin commands that af)-.2 F .21(fect the shell')-.25 F(s)-.55 E(en) -144 223.2 Q 1.069(vironment do not remain in ef)-.4 F 1.069 -(fect after the command completes.)-.25 F 1.068 -(The return status is the e)6.069 F(xit)-.15 E(status of)144 235.2 Q F0 -(list)2.5 E F1(.)A({)108 252 Q F0(list)2.5 E F1 2.5(;})C F0(list)144 252 -Q F1 .401(is simply e)2.901 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .401 -(cuted in the current shell en).15 F(vironment.)-.4 E F0(list)5.401 E F1 -.402(must be terminated with a ne)2.901 F .402(wline or)-.25 F 3.215 -(semicolon. This)144 264 R .715(is kno)3.215 F .715(wn as a)-.25 F F0 -(gr)3.215 E .715(oup command)-.45 F F1 5.715(.T)C .715 -(he return status is the e)-5.715 F .714(xit status of)-.15 F F0(list) -3.214 E F1 5.714(.N)C(ote)-5.714 E .219(that unlik)144 276 R 2.719(et) --.1 G .219(he metacharacters)-2.719 F F2(\()2.719 E F1(and)2.719 E F2 -(\))2.719 E F1(,)A F2({)2.719 E F1(and)2.719 E F2(})2.719 E F1(are)2.719 -E F0 -.37(re)2.72 G .22(served wor).37 F(ds)-.37 E F1 .22 -(and must occur where a reserv)2.72 F(ed)-.15 E -.1(wo)144 288 S .257 -(rd is permitted to be recognized.).1 F .257(Since the)5.257 F 2.757(yd) --.15 G 2.756(on)-2.757 G .256(ot cause a w)-2.756 F .256(ord break, the) --.1 F 2.756(ym)-.15 G .256(ust be separated)-2.756 F(from)144 300 Q F0 -(list)2.5 E F1(by whitespace or another shell metacharacter)2.5 E(.)-.55 -E(\(\()108 316.8 Q F0 -.2(ex)C(pr).2 E(ession)-.37 E F1(\)\))A(The)144 -328.8 Q F0 -.2(ex)2.551 G(pr).2 E(ession)-.37 E F1 .051(is e)2.551 F --.25(va)-.25 G .051(luated according to the rules described belo).25 F -2.552(wu)-.25 G(nder)-2.552 E F3 .052(ARITHMETIC EV)2.552 F(ALU)-1.215 E -(A-)-.54 E(TION)144 340.8 Q/F4 9/Times-Roman@0 SF(.)A F1 .411(If the v) -4.911 F .411(alue of the e)-.25 F .411(xpression is non-zero, the retur\ -n status is 0; otherwise the return status)-.15 F .186(is 1.)144 352.8 R -(The)5.186 E F0 -.2(ex)2.686 G(pr).2 E(ession)-.37 E F1(under)2.686 E -.186(goes the same e)-.18 F .186 -(xpansions as if it were within double quotes, b)-.15 F .187(ut double) --.2 F(quote characters in)144 364.8 Q F0 -.2(ex)2.5 G(pr).2 E(ession) --.37 E F1(are not treated specially and are remo)2.5 E -.15(ve)-.15 G -(d.).15 E F2([[)108 381.6 Q F0 -.2(ex)2.5 G(pr).2 E(ession)-.37 E F2(]]) -2.5 E F1 .003(Return a status of 0 or 1 depending on the e)144 393.6 R --.25(va)-.25 G .003(luation of the conditional e).25 F(xpression)-.15 E -F0 -.2(ex)2.503 G(pr).2 E(ession)-.37 E F1 5.003(.E)C(x-)-5.003 E .758 -(pressions are composed of the primaries described belo)144 405.6 R -3.259(wu)-.25 G(nder)-3.259 E F3(CONDITION)3.259 E .759(AL EXPRESSIONS) --.18 F F4(.)A F1 .065(The w)144 417.6 R .065(ords between the)-.1 F F2 -([[)2.565 E F1(and)2.565 E F2(]])2.565 E F1 .065(do not under)2.565 F -.065(go w)-.18 F .065(ord splitting and pathname e)-.1 F 2.565 -(xpansion. The)-.15 F(shell)2.565 E .483(performs tilde e)144 429.6 R -.483(xpansion, parameter and v)-.15 F .483(ariable e)-.25 F .483 -(xpansion, arithmetic e)-.15 F .483(xpansion, command sub-)-.15 F .201 -(stitution, process substitution, and quote remo)144 441.6 R -.25(va) --.15 G 2.701(lo).25 G 2.701(nt)-2.701 G .201(hose w)-2.701 F .201 -(ords \(the e)-.1 F .2(xpansions that w)-.15 F .2(ould occur)-.1 F .382 -(if the w)144 453.6 R .382(ords were enclosed in double quotes\).)-.1 F -.382(Conditional operators such as)5.382 F F22.882 E F1 .382 -(must be unquoted)2.882 F(to be recognized as primaries.)144 465.6 Q -(When used with)144 482.4 Q F2([[)2.5 E F1 2.5(,t)C(he)-2.5 E F2(<)2.5 E -F1(and)2.5 E F2(>)2.5 E F1(operators sort le)2.5 E -(xicographically using the current locale.)-.15 E .503(When the)144 -499.2 R F2(==)3.003 E F1(and)3.002 E F2(!=)3.002 E F1 .502(operators ar\ -e used, the string to the right of the operator is considered a pat-) -3.002 F .81(tern and matched according to the rules described belo)144 -511.2 R 3.31(wu)-.25 G(nder)-3.31 E F2 -.1(Pa)3.31 G(tter).1 E 3.31(nM) --.15 G(atching)-3.31 E F1 3.31(,a)C 3.31(si)-3.31 G 3.31(ft)-3.31 G(he) --3.31 E F2(ext-)3.31 E(glob)144 523.2 Q F1 .313 -(shell option were enabled.)2.814 F(The)5.313 E F2(=)2.813 E F1 .313 -(operator is equi)2.813 F -.25(va)-.25 G .313(lent to).25 F F2(==)2.813 -E F1 5.313(.I)C 2.813(ft)-5.313 G(he)-2.813 E F2(nocasematch)2.813 E F1 -.313(shell op-)2.813 F .029 -(tion is enabled, the match is performed without re)144 535.2 R -.05(ga) --.15 G .03(rd to the case of alphabetic characters.).05 F .03(The re-) -5.03 F .259(turn v)144 547.2 R .259(alue is 0 if the string matches \() --.25 F F2(==)A F1 2.759(\)o)C 2.759(rd)-2.759 G .259(oes not match \() --2.759 F F2(!=)A F1 2.759(\)t)C .259(he pattern, and 1 otherwise.)-2.759 -F(An)5.258 E(y)-.15 E(part of the pattern may be quoted to force the qu\ -oted portion to be matched as a string.)144 559.2 Q .133 -(An additional binary operator)144 576 R(,)-.4 E F2<3d01>2.633 E F1 -2.633(,i)C 2.633(sa)-2.633 G -.25(va)-2.833 G .133 -(ilable, with the same precedence as).25 F F2(==)2.633 E F1(and)2.633 E -F2(!=)2.633 E F1 5.133(.W)C .133(hen it is)-5.133 F .182 -(used, the string to the right of the operator is considered a POSIX e) -144 588 R .182(xtended re)-.15 F .181(gular e)-.15 F .181(xpression and) --.15 F 2.623(matched accordingly \(using the POSIX)144 600 R F0 -.37(re) -5.124 G(gcomp)-.03 E F1(and)5.124 E F0 -.37(re)5.124 G -.1(ge)-.03 G -(xec)-.1 E F1(interf)5.124 E 2.624(aces usually described in)-.1 F F0 --.37(re)144 612 S -.1(ge)-.03 G(x)-.1 E F1 3.241(\(3\)\). The).53 F .741 -(return v)3.241 F .741 -(alue is 0 if the string matches the pattern, and 1 otherwise.)-.25 F -.74(If the re)5.74 F(gular)-.15 E -.15(ex)144 624 S .508 -(pression is syntactically incorrect, the conditional e).15 F -(xpression')-.15 E 3.008(sr)-.55 G .509(eturn v)-3.008 F .509 -(alue is 2.)-.25 F .509(If the)5.509 F F2(nocase-)3.009 E(match)144 636 -Q F1 1.307(shell option is enabled, the match is performed without re) -3.807 F -.05(ga)-.15 G 1.306(rd to the case of alphabetic).05 F 2.599 -(characters. If)144 648 R(an)2.599 E 2.599(yp)-.15 G .099 -(art of the pattern is quoted, the quoted portion is matched literally) --2.599 F 5.1(.T)-.65 G .1(his means)-5.1 F -2.15 -.25(ev e)144 660 T -.032(ry character in the quoted portion matches itself, instead of ha) -.25 F .031(ving an)-.2 F 2.531(ys)-.15 G .031(pecial pattern matching) --2.531 F 3.041(meaning. If)144 672 R .542 -(the pattern is stored in a shell v)3.041 F .542(ariable, quoting the v) --.25 F .542(ariable e)-.25 F .542(xpansion forces the en-)-.15 F 1.825 -(tire pattern to be matched literally)144 684 R 6.825(.T)-.65 G 1.825 -(reat brack)-7.175 F 1.825(et e)-.1 F 1.825(xpressions in re)-.15 F -1.825(gular e)-.15 F 1.825(xpressions carefully)-.15 F(,)-.65 E(since n\ -ormal quoting and pattern characters lose their meanings between brack) -144 696 Q(ets.)-.1 E .708(The pattern will match if it matches an)144 -712.8 R 3.208(yp)-.15 G .708(art of the string.)-3.208 F .708 -(Anchor the pattern using the)5.708 F F2<00>3.208 E F1(and)3.208 E F2($) -3.208 E F1(re)144 724.8 Q 4.507(gular e)-.15 F 4.506 -(xpression operators to force it to match the entire string.)-.15 F -4.506(The array v)9.506 F(ariable)-.25 E(GNU Bash 5.3)72 768 Q -(2024 March 29)144.29 E(5)198.45 E 0 Cg EP -%%Page: 6 6 -%%BeginPageSetup -BP -%%EndPageSetup -/F0 10/Times-Italic@0 SF -.25(BA)72 48 S(SH).25 E/F1 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -138.32(\(1\) General).95 F(Commands Manual)2.5 E F0 -.25(BA)140.82 G(SH) -.25 E F1(\(1\)).95 E/F2 9/Times-Bold@0 SF -.27(BA)144 84 S(SH_REMA).27 E -(TCH)-.855 E F1 3.36 -(records which parts of the string matched the pattern.)5.61 F 3.36 -(The element of)8.36 F F2 -.27(BA)144 96 S(SH_REMA).27 E(TCH)-.855 E F1 -.768(with inde)3.018 F 3.268(x0c)-.15 G .768 -(ontains the portion of the string matching the entire re)-3.268 F .767 -(gular e)-.15 F(x-)-.15 E 3.54(pression. Substrings)144 108 R 1.04 -(matched by parenthesized sube)3.54 F 1.04(xpressions within the re)-.15 -F 1.04(gular e)-.15 F 1.04(xpression are)-.15 F(sa)144 120 Q -.15(ve)-.2 -G 2.713(di).15 G 2.713(nt)-2.713 G .213(he remaining)-2.713 F F2 -.27 -(BA)2.713 G(SH_REMA).27 E(TCH)-.855 E F1 .212(indices. The element of) -2.463 F F2 -.27(BA)2.712 G(SH_REMA).27 E(TCH)-.855 E F1 .212(with inde) -2.462 F(x)-.15 E F0(n)2.712 E F1 1.025 -(is the portion of the string matching the)144 132 R F0(n)3.525 E F1 -1.025(th parenthesized sube)B(xpression.)-.15 E/F3 10/Times-Bold@0 SF -(Bash)6.025 E F1(sets)3.525 E F2 -.27(BA)3.525 G(SH_RE-).27 E(MA)144 144 -Q(TCH)-.855 E F1(in the global scope; declaring it as a local v)2.25 E -(ariable will lead to une)-.25 E(xpected results.)-.15 E .786 -(Expressions may be combined using the follo)144 160.8 R .785 -(wing operators, listed in decreasing order of prece-)-.25 F(dence:)144 -172.8 Q F3(\()144 189.6 Q F0 -.2(ex)2.5 G(pr).2 E(ession)-.37 E F3(\)) -2.5 E F1 .522(Returns the v)180 201.6 R .522(alue of)-.25 F F0 -.2(ex) -3.022 G(pr).2 E(ession)-.37 E F1 5.522(.T)C .522(his may be used to o) --5.522 F -.15(ve)-.15 G .522(rride the normal precedence of).15 F -(operators.)180 213.6 Q F3(!)144 225.6 Q F0 -.2(ex)2.5 G(pr).2 E(ession) --.37 E F1 -.35(Tr)180 237.6 S(ue if).35 E F0 -.2(ex)2.5 G(pr).2 E -(ession)-.37 E F1(is f)2.74 E(alse.)-.1 E F0 -.2(ex)144 249.6 S(pr).2 E -(ession1)-.37 E F3(&&)2.5 E F0 -.2(ex)2.5 G(pr).2 E(ession2)-.37 E F1 --.35(Tr)180 261.6 S(ue if both).35 E F0 -.2(ex)2.5 G(pr).2 E(ession1) --.37 E F1(and)2.5 E F0 -.2(ex)2.5 G(pr).2 E(ession2)-.37 E F1(are true.) -2.52 E F0 -.2(ex)144 273.6 S(pr).2 E(ession1)-.37 E F3(||)2.5 E F0 -.2 -(ex)2.5 G(pr).2 E(ession2)-.37 E F1 -.35(Tr)180 285.6 S(ue if either).35 -E F0 -.2(ex)2.5 G(pr).2 E(ession1)-.37 E F1(or)2.5 E F0 -.2(ex)2.5 G(pr) -.2 E(ession2)-.37 E F1(is true.)2.52 E(The)144 302.4 Q F3(&&)2.676 E F1 -(and)2.676 E F3(||)2.676 E F1 .175(operators do not e)2.676 F -.25(va) --.25 G(luate).25 E F0 -.2(ex)2.675 G(pr).2 E(ession2)-.37 E F1 .175 -(if the v)2.675 F .175(alue of)-.25 F F0 -.2(ex)2.675 G(pr).2 E(ession1) --.37 E F1 .175(is suf)2.675 F .175(\214cient to de-)-.25 F -(termine the return v)144 314.4 Q(alue of the entire conditional e)-.25 -E(xpression.)-.15 E F3 -.25(fo)108 331.2 S(r).25 E F0(name)2.5 E F1 2.5 -([[)2.5 G F3(in)A F1([)2.5 E F0(wor)2.5 E 2.5(d.)-.37 G 1.666(..)-.834 G -F1 2.5(]];]).834 G F3(do)A F0(list)2.5 E F1(;)2.5 E F3(done)2.5 E F1 -.423(The list of w)144 343.2 R .423(ords follo)-.1 F(wing)-.25 E F3(in) -2.923 E F1 .423(is e)2.923 F .423(xpanded, generating a list of items.) --.15 F .424(The v)5.424 F(ariable)-.25 E F0(name)2.924 E F1 .424 -(is set to)2.924 F .653(each element of this list in turn, and)144 355.2 -R F0(list)3.153 E F1 .653(is e)3.153 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .653 -(cuted each time.).15 F .653(If the)5.653 F F3(in)3.153 E F0(wor)3.153 E -(d)-.37 E F1 .653(is omitted, the)3.153 F F3 -.25(fo)3.153 G(r).25 E F1 -.648(command e)144 367.2 R -.15(xe)-.15 G(cutes).15 E F0(list)3.148 E F1 -.648(once for each positional parameter that is set \(see)3.148 F F2 --.666(PA)3.149 G(RAMETERS).666 E F1(belo)2.899 E(w\).)-.25 E .154 -(The return status is the e)144 379.2 R .153 -(xit status of the last command that e)-.15 F -.15(xe)-.15 G 2.653 -(cutes. If).15 F .153(the e)2.653 F .153(xpansion of the items)-.15 F -(follo)144 391.2 Q(wing)-.25 E F3(in)2.5 E F1 -(results in an empty list, no commands are e)2.5 E -.15(xe)-.15 G -(cuted, and the return status is 0.).15 E F3 -.25(fo)108 408 S(r).25 E -F1(\(\()2.5 E F0 -.2(ex)2.5 G(pr1).2 E F1(;)2.5 E F0 -.2(ex)2.5 G(pr2).2 -E F1(;)2.5 E F0 -.2(ex)2.5 G(pr3).2 E F1(\)\) ;)2.5 E F3(do)2.5 E F0 -(list)2.5 E F1(;)2.5 E F3(done)2.5 E F1 1.235(First, the arithmetic e) -144 420 R(xpression)-.15 E F0 -.2(ex)3.735 G(pr1).2 E F1 1.235(is e) -3.735 F -.25(va)-.25 G 1.236 -(luated according to the rules described belo).25 F 3.736(wu)-.25 G -(nder)-3.736 E F2 .562(ARITHMETIC EV)144 432 R(ALU)-1.215 E -.855(AT) --.54 G(ION).855 E/F4 9/Times-Roman@0 SF(.)A F1 .562(The arithmetic e) -5.062 F(xpression)-.15 E F0 -.2(ex)3.062 G(pr2).2 E F1 .561(is then e) -3.061 F -.25(va)-.25 G .561(luated repeatedly until).25 F .591(it e)144 -444 R -.25(va)-.25 G .591(luates to zero.).25 F .592(Each time)5.591 F -F0 -.2(ex)3.092 G(pr2).2 E F1 -.25(eva)3.092 G .592 -(luates to a non-zero v).25 F(alue,)-.25 E F0(list)3.092 E F1 .592(is e) -3.092 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .592(cuted and the arith-).15 F .229(metic e)144 -456 R(xpression)-.15 E F0 -.2(ex)2.729 G(pr3).2 E F1 .229(is e)2.729 F --.25(va)-.25 G 2.729(luated. If).25 F(an)2.729 E 2.729(ye)-.15 G .229 -(xpression is omitted, it beha)-2.879 F -.15(ve)-.2 G 2.729(sa).15 G -2.729(si)-2.729 G 2.729(fi)-2.729 G 2.728(te)-2.729 G -.25(va)-2.978 G -.228(luates to 1.).25 F .227(The return v)144 468 R .227(alue is the e) --.25 F .227(xit status of the last command in)-.15 F F0(list)2.728 E F1 -.228(that is e)2.728 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .228(cuted, or f).15 F .228 -(alse if an)-.1 F 2.728(yo)-.15 G 2.728(ft)-2.728 G(he)-2.728 E -.15(ex) -144 480 S(pressions is in).15 E -.25(va)-.4 G(lid.).25 E F3(select)108 -496.8 Q F0(name)2.5 E F1([)2.5 E F3(in)2.5 E F0(wor)2.5 E(d)-.37 E F1 -2.5(];)2.5 G F3(do)A F0(list)2.5 E F1(;)2.5 E F3(done)2.5 E F1 1.358 -(The list of w)144 508.8 R 1.358(ords follo)-.1 F(wing)-.25 E F3(in) -3.858 E F1 1.358(is e)3.858 F 1.357 -(xpanded, generating a list of items, and the set of e)-.15 F(xpanded) --.15 E -.1(wo)144 520.8 S .601(rds is printed on the standard error).1 F -3.101(,e)-.4 G .601(ach preceded by a number)-3.101 F 5.601(.I)-.55 G -3.101(ft)-5.601 G(he)-3.101 E F3(in)3.101 E F0(wor)3.101 E(d)-.37 E F1 -.602(is omitted, the)3.101 F .188 -(positional parameters are printed \(see)144 532.8 R F2 -.666(PA)2.688 G -(RAMETERS).666 E F1(belo)2.438 E(w\).)-.25 E F3(select)5.188 E F1 .188 -(then displays the)2.688 F F2(PS3)2.687 E F1(prompt)2.437 E .46 -(and reads a line from the standard input.)144 544.8 R .461 -(If the line consists of a number corresponding to one of)5.46 F .141 -(the displayed w)144 556.8 R .141(ords, then the v)-.1 F .141(alue of) --.25 F F0(name)3.001 E F1 .141(is set to that w)2.821 F 2.641(ord. If) --.1 F .141(the line is empty)2.641 F 2.641(,t)-.65 G .141(he w)-2.641 F -.141(ords and)-.1 F 1.048(prompt are displayed ag)144 568.8 R 3.548 -(ain. If)-.05 F 1.048(EOF is read, the)3.548 F F3(select)3.548 E F1 -1.048(command completes and returns 1.)3.548 F(An)6.048 E(y)-.15 E .32 -(other v)144 580.8 R .32(alue read causes)-.25 F F0(name)3.18 E F1 .32 -(to be set to null.)3 F .32(The line read is sa)5.32 F -.15(ve)-.2 G -2.82(di).15 G 2.82(nt)-2.82 G .319(he v)-2.82 F(ariable)-.25 E F2(REPL) -2.819 E(Y)-.828 E F4(.)A F1(The)4.819 E F0(list)144.09 592.8 Q F1 .055 -(is e)3.235 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .056(cuted after each selection until a).15 -F F3(br)2.556 E(eak)-.18 E F1 .056(command is e)2.556 F -.15(xe)-.15 G -2.556(cuted. The).15 F -.15(ex)2.556 G .056(it status of).15 F F3 -(select)2.556 E F1(is)2.556 E(the e)144 604.8 Q -(xit status of the last command e)-.15 E -.15(xe)-.15 G(cuted in).15 E -F0(list)2.59 E F1 2.5(,o).68 G 2.5(rz)-2.5 G(ero if no commands were e) --2.5 E -.15(xe)-.15 G(cuted.).15 E F3(case)108 621.6 Q F0(wor)2.5 E(d) --.37 E F3(in)2.5 E F1 2.5([[)2.5 G(\(])-2.5 E F0(pattern)2.5 E F1([)2.5 -E F3(|)2.5 E F0(pattern)2.5 E F1 2.5(].)2.5 G -3.332 1.666(.. \))-.834 H -F0(list).834 E F1(;; ] .)2.5 E 1.666(..)1.666 G F3(esac).834 E F1(A)144 -633.6 Q F3(case)3.265 E F1 .764(command \214rst e)3.265 F(xpands)-.15 E -F0(wor)3.264 E(d)-.37 E F1 3.264(,a)C .764(nd tries to match it ag) --3.264 F .764(ainst each)-.05 F F0(pattern)3.264 E F1 .764 -(in turn, using the)3.264 F .883(matching rules described under)144 -645.6 R F3 -.1(Pa)3.384 G(tter).1 E 3.384(nM)-.15 G(atching)-3.384 E F1 -(belo)3.384 E 4.684 -.65(w. T)-.25 H(he).65 E F0(wor)3.384 E(d)-.37 E F1 -.884(is e)3.384 F .884(xpanded using tilde e)-.15 F(x-)-.15 E .95 -(pansion, parameter and v)144 657.6 R .95(ariable e)-.25 F .95 -(xpansion, arithmetic e)-.15 F .95 -(xpansion, command substitution, process)-.15 F .829 -(substitution and quote remo)144 669.6 R -.25(va)-.15 G 3.329(l. Each) -.25 F F0(pattern)3.329 E F1 -.15(ex)3.329 G .829(amined is e).15 F .829 -(xpanded using tilde e)-.15 F .83(xpansion, para-)-.15 F 1.133 -(meter and v)144 681.6 R 1.132(ariable e)-.25 F 1.132 -(xpansion, arithmetic e)-.15 F 1.132 -(xpansion, command substitution, process substitution,)-.15 F .917 -(and quote remo)144 693.6 R -.25(va)-.15 G 3.417(l. If).25 F(the)3.417 E -F3(nocasematch)3.417 E F1 .917 -(shell option is enabled, the match is performed without)3.417 F(re)144 -705.6 Q -.05(ga)-.15 G .5(rd to the case of alphabetic characters.).05 F -.499(When a match is found, the corresponding)5.499 F F0(list)2.999 E F1 -.499(is e)2.999 F -.15(xe)-.15 G(-).15 E 2.706(cuted. If)144 717.6 R -(the)2.706 E F3(;;)2.707 E F1 .207(operator is used, no subsequent matc\ -hes are attempted after the \214rst pattern match.)2.707 F(Using)144 -729.6 Q F3(;&)3.325 E F1 .825(in place of)3.325 F F3(;;)3.325 E F1 .825 -(causes e)3.325 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .824(cution to continue with the).15 F -F0(list)3.324 E F1 .824(associated with the ne)3.324 F .824(xt set of) --.15 F(GNU Bash 5.3)72 768 Q(2024 March 29)144.29 E(6)198.45 E 0 Cg EP -%%Page: 7 7 -%%BeginPageSetup -BP -%%EndPageSetup -/F0 10/Times-Italic@0 SF -.25(BA)72 48 S(SH).25 E/F1 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -138.32(\(1\) General).95 F(Commands Manual)2.5 E F0 -.25(BA)140.82 G(SH) -.25 E F1(\(1\)).95 E 3.235(patterns. Using)144 84 R/F2 10/Times-Bold@0 -SF(;;&)3.235 E F1 .735(in place of)3.235 F F2(;;)3.236 E F1 .736 -(causes the shell to test the ne)3.236 F .736 -(xt pattern list in the statement, if)-.15 F(an)144 96 Q 1.369 -.65 -(y, a)-.15 H .069(nd e).65 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .069(cute an).15 F 2.569(ya) --.15 G(ssociated)-2.569 E F0(list)2.569 E F1 .068 -(on a successful match, continuing the case statement e)2.569 F -.15(xe) --.15 G(cution).15 E .063(as if the pattern list had not matched.)144 108 -R .063(The e)5.063 F .063(xit status is zero if no pattern matches.)-.15 -F .064(Otherwise, it is)5.064 F(the e)144 120 Q -(xit status of the last command e)-.15 E -.15(xe)-.15 G(cuted in).15 E -F0(list)2.5 E F1(.)A F2(if)108 136.8 Q F0(list)2.5 E F1(;)A F2(then)2.5 -E F0(list)2.5 E F1 2.5(;[)C F2(elif)A F0(list)2.5 E F1(;)A F2(then)2.5 E -F0(list)2.5 E F1 2.5(;].)C -3.332 1.666(.. [)-.834 H F2(else).834 E F0 -(list)2.5 E F1 2.5(;])C F2<8c>A F1(The)144 148.8 Q F2(if)2.978 E F0 -(list)3.068 E F1 .478(is e)3.658 F -.15(xe)-.15 G 2.978(cuted. If).15 F -.478(its e)2.978 F .478(xit status is zero, the)-.15 F F2(then)2.978 E -F0(list)2.978 E F1 .478(is e)2.978 F -.15(xe)-.15 G 2.978 -(cuted. Otherwise,).15 F(each)2.978 E F2(elif)2.977 E F0(list)2.977 E F1 -1.087(is e)144 160.8 R -.15(xe)-.15 G 1.087(cuted in turn, and if its e) -.15 F 1.087(xit status is zero, the corresponding)-.15 F F2(then)3.587 E -F0(list)3.587 E F1 1.088(is e)3.588 F -.15(xe)-.15 G 1.088 -(cuted and the).15 F .104(command completes.)144 172.8 R .103 -(Otherwise, the)5.104 F F2(else)2.603 E F0(list)2.603 E F1 .103(is e) -2.603 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .103(cuted, if present.).15 F .103(The e)5.103 F -.103(xit status is the e)-.15 F .103(xit sta-)-.15 F -(tus of the last command e)144 184.8 Q -.15(xe)-.15 G -(cuted, or zero if no condition tested true.).15 E F2(while)108 201.6 Q -F0(list-1)2.5 E F1(;)A F2(do)2.5 E F0(list-2)2.5 E F1(;)A F2(done)2.5 E -(until)108 213.6 Q F0(list-1)2.5 E F1(;)A F2(do)2.5 E F0(list-2)2.5 E F1 -(;)A F2(done)2.5 E F1(The)144 225.6 Q F2(while)3.45 E F1 .95 -(command continuously e)3.45 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .95(cutes the list).15 F -F0(list-2)3.45 E F1 .95(as long as the last command in the list)3.45 F -F0(list-1)144 237.6 Q F1 .205(returns an e)2.705 F .205 -(xit status of zero.)-.15 F(The)5.205 E F2(until)2.705 E F1 .205 -(command is identical to the)2.705 F F2(while)2.705 E F1 .205 -(command, e)2.705 F(xcept)-.15 E .599(that the test is ne)144 249.6 R --.05(ga)-.15 G(ted:).05 E F0(list-2)3.189 E F1 .599(is e)3.119 F -.15 -(xe)-.15 G .6(cuted as long as the last command in).15 F F0(list-1)3.19 -E F1 .6(returns a non-zero)3.1 F -.15(ex)144 261.6 S .205(it status.).15 -F .205(The e)5.205 F .205(xit status of the)-.15 F F2(while)2.705 E F1 -(and)2.705 E F2(until)2.704 E F1 .204(commands is the e)2.704 F .204 -(xit status of the last command)-.15 F -.15(exe)144 273.6 S(cuted in).15 -E F0(list-2)2.5 E F1 2.5(,o)C 2.5(rz)-2.5 G(ero if none w)-2.5 E(as e) --.1 E -.15(xe)-.15 G(cuted.).15 E F2(Copr)87 290.4 Q(ocesses)-.18 E F1 -(A)108 302.4 Q F0(copr)2.601 E(ocess)-.45 E F1 .102 -(is a shell command preceded by the)2.601 F F2(copr)2.602 E(oc)-.18 E F1 -(reserv)2.602 E .102(ed w)-.15 F 2.602(ord. A)-.1 F .102(coprocess is e) -2.602 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .102(cuted asynchro-).15 F .642 -(nously in a subshell, as if the command had been terminated with the) -108 314.4 R F2(&)3.141 E F1 .641(control operator)3.141 F 3.141(,w)-.4 G -.641(ith a tw)-3.141 F(o-w)-.1 E(ay)-.1 E -(pipe established between the e)108 326.4 Q -.15(xe)-.15 G -(cuting shell and the coprocess.).15 E(The syntax for a coprocess is:) -108 343.2 Q F2(copr)144 360 Q(oc)-.18 E F1([)2.5 E F0 -.27(NA)C(ME).27 E -F1(])A F0(command)2.5 E F1([)2.5 E F0 -.37(re)C(dir).37 E(ections)-.37 E -F1(])A .598(This creates a coprocess named)108 376.8 R F0 -.27(NA)3.099 -G(ME).27 E F1(.)A F0(command)5.599 E F1 .599 -(may be either a simple command or a compound com-)3.099 F 1.4 -(mand \(see abo)108 388.8 R -.15(ve)-.15 G(\).).15 E F0 -.27(NA)6.4 G -(ME).27 E F1 1.4(is a shell v)3.9 F 1.4(ariable name.)-.25 F(If)6.4 E F0 --.27(NA)3.9 G(ME).27 E F1 1.4(is not supplied, the def)3.9 F 1.4 -(ault name is)-.1 F F2(CO-)3.9 E(PR)108 400.8 Q(OC)-.3 E F1(.)A -(The recommended form to use for a coprocess is)108 417.6 Q F2(copr)144 -434.4 Q(oc)-.18 E F0 -.27(NA)2.5 G(ME).27 E F1({)2.5 E F0(command)2.5 E -F1([)2.5 E F0 -.37(re)C(dir).37 E(ections)-.37 E F1(]; })A 1.313(This f\ -orm is recommended because simple commands result in the coprocess al) -108 451.2 R -.1(wa)-.1 G 1.313(ys being named).1 F F2(CO-)3.813 E(PR)108 -463.2 Q(OC)-.3 E F1 2.5(,a)C(nd it is simpler to use and more complete \ -than the other compound commands.)-2.5 E(If)108 480 Q F0(command)3.062 E -F1 .562(is a compound command,)3.062 F F0 -.27(NA)3.062 G(ME).27 E F1 -.561(is optional. The w)3.061 F .561(ord follo)-.1 F(wing)-.25 E F2 -(copr)3.061 E(oc)-.18 E F1 .561(determines whether)3.061 F .338(that w) -108 492 R .338(ord is interpreted as a v)-.1 F .338 -(ariable name: it is interpreted as)-.25 F F0 -.27(NA)2.839 G(ME).27 E -F1 .339(if it is not a reserv)2.839 F .339(ed w)-.15 F .339 -(ord that intro-)-.1 F 1.122(duces a compound command.)108 504 R(If) -6.121 E F0(command)3.621 E F1 1.121(is a simple command,)3.621 F F0 -.27 -(NA)3.621 G(ME).27 E F1 1.121(is not allo)3.621 F 1.121 -(wed; this is to a)-.25 F -.2(vo)-.2 G(id).2 E(confusion between)108 516 -Q F0 -.27(NA)2.5 G(ME).27 E F1(and the \214rst w)2.5 E -(ord of the simple command.)-.1 E .09(When the coprocess is e)108 532.8 -R -.15(xe)-.15 G .09(cuted, the shell creates an array v).15 F .09 -(ariable \(see)-.25 F F2(Arrays)2.59 E F1(belo)2.59 E .09(w\) named)-.25 -F F0 -.27(NA)2.59 G(ME).27 E F1 .09(in the)2.59 F(conte)108 544.8 Q .303 -(xt of the e)-.15 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .303(cuting shell.).15 F .302 -(The standard output of)5.302 F F0(command)3.002 E F1 .302 -(is connected via a pipe to a \214le descriptor)3.572 F .587(in the e) -108 556.8 R -.15(xe)-.15 G .587 -(cuting shell, and that \214le descriptor is assigned to).15 F F0 -.27 -(NA)3.087 G(ME).27 E F1 3.087([0]. The)B .587(standard input of)3.087 F -F0(command)3.287 E F1(is)3.858 E 2.029 -(connected via a pipe to a \214le descriptor in the e)108 568.8 R -.15 -(xe)-.15 G 2.029 -(cuting shell, and that \214le descriptor is assigned to).15 F F0 -.27 -(NA)108 580.8 S(ME).27 E F1 2.879([1]. This)B .379 -(pipe is established before an)2.879 F 2.879(yr)-.15 G .379 -(edirections speci\214ed by the command \(see)-2.879 F/F3 9/Times-Bold@0 -SF(REDIRECTION)2.879 E F1(belo)108 592.8 Q 3.426(w\). The)-.25 F .926 -(\214le descriptors can be utilized as ar)3.426 F .925 -(guments to shell commands and redirections using stan-)-.18 F .286 -(dard w)108 604.8 R .286(ord e)-.1 F 2.786(xpansions. Other)-.15 F .286 -(than those created to e)2.786 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .286 -(cute command and process substitutions, the \214le de-).15 F -(scriptors are not a)108 616.8 Q -.25(va)-.2 G(ilable in subshells.).25 -E 1.676(The process ID of the shell spa)108 633.6 R 1.676(wned to e)-.15 -F -.15(xe)-.15 G 1.676(cute the coprocess is a).15 F -.25(va)-.2 G 1.676 -(ilable as the v).25 F 1.676(alue of the v)-.25 F(ariable)-.25 E F0 -.27 -(NA)108 645.6 S(ME).27 E F1 2.5(_PID. The)B F2(wait)2.5 E F1 -.2(bu)2.5 -G(iltin command may be used to w).2 E -(ait for the coprocess to terminate.)-.1 E .336 -(Since the coprocess is created as an asynchronous command, the)108 -662.4 R F2(copr)2.836 E(oc)-.18 E F1 .336(command al)2.836 F -.1(wa)-.1 -G .336(ys returns success.).1 F -(The return status of a coprocess is the e)108 674.4 Q(xit status of) --.15 E F0(command)2.5 E F1(.)A F2(Shell Function De\214nitions)87 691.2 -Q F1 2.698(As)108 703.2 S .198 -(hell function is an object that is called lik)-2.698 F 2.698(eas)-.1 G -.198(imple command and e)-2.698 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .197 -(cutes a compound command with).15 F 2.5(an)108 715.2 S .5 -.25(ew s) --2.5 H(et of positional parameters.).25 E -(Shell functions are declared as follo)5 E(ws:)-.25 E(GNU Bash 5.3)72 -768 Q(2024 March 29)144.29 E(7)198.45 E 0 Cg EP -%%Page: 8 8 -%%BeginPageSetup -BP -%%EndPageSetup -/F0 10/Times-Italic@0 SF -.25(BA)72 48 S(SH).25 E/F1 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -138.32(\(1\) General).95 F(Commands Manual)2.5 E F0 -.25(BA)140.82 G(SH) -.25 E F1(\(1\)).95 E F0(fname)108 84 Q F1(\(\))2.5 E F0 -(compound\255command)2.5 E F1([)2.5 E F0 -.37(re)C(dir).37 E(ection)-.37 -E F1(])A/F2 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(function)108 96 Q F0(fname)2.5 E F1 -([\(\)])2.5 E F0(compound\255command)2.5 E F1([)2.5 E F0 -.37(re)C(dir) -.37 E(ection)-.37 E F1(])A .216(This de\214nes a function named)144 108 -R F0(fname)2.716 E F1 5.217(.T)C .217(he reserv)-5.217 F .217(ed w)-.15 -F(ord)-.1 E F2(function)2.717 E F1 .217(is optional.)2.717 F .217 -(If the)5.217 F F2(function)2.717 E F1(re-)2.717 E(serv)144 120 Q .68 -(ed w)-.15 F .68(ord is supplied, the parentheses are optional.)-.1 F -(The)5.68 E F0(body)3.18 E F1 .68(of the function is the compound)3.18 F -(command)144 132 Q F0(compound\255command)2.784 E F1(\(see)3.354 E F2 -.084(Compound Commands)2.584 F F1(abo)2.584 E -.15(ve)-.15 G 2.584 -(\). That).15 F .084(command is usually a)2.584 F F0(list)144 144 Q F1 -.044(of commands between { and }, b)2.544 F .044(ut may be an)-.2 F -2.544(yc)-.15 G .044(ommand listed under)-2.544 F F2 .044 -(Compound Commands)2.544 F F1(abo)144 156 Q -.15(ve)-.15 G 5.531(.I).15 -G 3.031(ft)-5.531 G(he)-3.031 E F2(function)3.032 E F1(reserv)3.032 E -.532(ed w)-.15 F .532(ord is used, b)-.1 F .532 -(ut the parentheses are not supplied, the braces are)-.2 F(recommended.) -144 168 Q F0(compound\255command)6.254 E F1 1.254(is e)3.754 F -.15(xe) --.15 G 1.254(cuted whene).15 F -.15(ve)-.25 G(r).15 E F0(fname)3.753 E -F1 1.253(is speci\214ed as the name of a)3.753 F 1.252(simple command.) -144 180 R 1.252(When in)6.252 F F0 1.252(posix mode)3.752 F F1(,)A F0 -(fname)3.752 E F1 1.252(must be a v)3.752 F 1.252(alid shell)-.25 F F0 -(name)3.753 E F1 1.253(and may not be the)3.753 F .089 -(name of one of the POSIX)144 192 R F0 .089(special b)2.589 F(uiltins) --.2 E F1 5.089(.I)C 2.589(nd)-5.089 G(ef)-2.589 E .089 -(ault mode, a function name can be an)-.1 F 2.588(yu)-.15 G(nquoted) --2.588 E .164(shell w)144 204 R .164(ord that does not contain)-.1 F F2 -($)2.665 E F1 5.165(.A)C .465 -.15(ny r)-5.165 H .165(edirections \(see) -.15 F/F3 9/Times-Bold@0 SF(REDIRECTION)2.665 E F1(belo)2.415 E .165 -(w\) speci\214ed when a)-.25 F .061 -(function is de\214ned are performed when the function is e)144 216 R --.15(xe)-.15 G 2.561(cuted. The).15 F -.15(ex)2.56 G .06 -(it status of a function de\214-).15 F .579(nition is zero unless a syn\ -tax error occurs or a readonly function with the same name already e)144 -228 R(x-)-.15 E 2.593(ists. When)144 240 R -.15(exe)2.593 G .093 -(cuted, the e).15 F .093(xit status of a function is the e)-.15 F .093 -(xit status of the last command e)-.15 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .092(cuted in) -.15 F(the body)144 252 Q 5(.\()-.65 G(See)-5 E F3(FUNCTIONS)2.5 E F1 -(belo)2.25 E -.65(w.)-.25 G(\)).65 E/F4 10.95/Times-Bold@0 SF(COMMENTS) -72 268.8 Q F1 .982(In a non-interacti)108 280.8 R 1.282 -.15(ve s)-.25 H -.982(hell, or an interacti).15 F 1.282 -.15(ve s)-.25 H .982 -(hell in which the).15 F F2(interacti)3.482 E -.1(ve)-.1 G(_comments).1 -E F1 .982(option to the)3.482 F F2(shopt)3.482 E F1 -.2(bu)108 292.8 S -.952(iltin is enabled \(see).2 F F3 .952(SHELL B)3.452 F(UIL)-.09 E .952 -(TIN COMMANDS)-.828 F F1(belo)3.202 E .952(w\), a w)-.25 F .952(ord be) --.1 F .952(ginning with)-.15 F F2(#)3.451 E F1 .951(causes that w)3.451 -F(ord)-.1 E .604 -(and all remaining characters on that line to be ignored.)108 304.8 R -.605(An interacti)5.605 F .905 -.15(ve s)-.25 H .605(hell without the) -.15 F F2(interacti)3.105 E -.1(ve)-.1 G(_com-).1 E(ments)108 316.8 Q F1 -.34(option enabled does not allo)2.84 F 2.84(wc)-.25 G 2.84 -(omments. The)-2.84 F F2(interacti)2.84 E -.1(ve)-.1 G(_comments).1 E F1 -.34(option is on by def)2.84 F .34(ault in in-)-.1 F(teracti)108 328.8 Q -.3 -.15(ve s)-.25 H(hells.).15 E F4 -.11(QU)72 345.6 S -.438(OT).11 G -(ING).438 E F0(Quoting)108 357.6 Q F1 .477(is used to remo)2.977 F .777 --.15(ve t)-.15 H .477(he special meaning of certain characters or w).15 -F .477(ords to the shell.)-.1 F .478(Quoting can be)5.478 F .185 -(used to disable special treatment for special characters, to pre)108 -369.6 R -.15(ve)-.25 G .185(nt reserv).15 F .184(ed w)-.15 F .184 -(ords from being recognized as)-.1 F(such, and to pre)108 381.6 Q -.15 -(ve)-.25 G(nt parameter e).15 E(xpansion.)-.15 E .288(Each of the)108 -398.4 R F0(metac)2.788 E(har)-.15 E(acter)-.15 E(s)-.1 E F1 .288 -(listed abo)2.788 F .588 -.15(ve u)-.15 H(nder).15 E F3(DEFINITIONS) -2.788 E F1 .288(has special meaning to the shell and must be)2.538 F -(quoted if it is to represent itself.)108 410.4 Q 1.345 -(When the command history e)108 427.2 R 1.344(xpansion f)-.15 F 1.344 -(acilities are being used \(see)-.1 F F3(HIST)3.844 E(OR)-.162 E 3.594 -(YE)-.315 G(XP)-3.594 E(ANSION)-.666 E F1(belo)3.594 E 1.344(w\), the) --.25 F F0(history e)108 439.2 Q(xpansion)-.2 E F1(character)2.5 E 2.5 -(,u)-.4 G(sually)-2.5 E F2(!)2.5 E F1 2.5(,m)C(ust be quoted to pre)-2.5 -E -.15(ve)-.25 G(nt history e).15 E(xpansion.)-.15 E -(There are three quoting mechanisms: the)108 456 Q F0(escape c)2.69 E -(har)-.15 E(acter)-.15 E F1 2.5(,s).73 G -(ingle quotes, and double quotes.)-2.5 E 2.962(An)108 472.8 S .463 -(on-quoted backslash \()-2.962 F F2(\\)A F1 2.963(\)i)C 2.963(st)-2.963 -G(he)-2.963 E F0 .463(escape c)3.153 F(har)-.15 E(acter)-.15 E F1 5.463 -(.I).73 G 2.963(tp)-5.463 G(reserv)-2.963 E .463(es the literal v)-.15 F -.463(alue of the ne)-.25 F .463(xt character that)-.15 F(follo)108 484.8 -Q 1.554(ws, with the e)-.25 F 1.553(xception of . If)-.25 F(a)4.053 E F2(\\)4.053 E F1( pair appears, and the backslash is not itself)-.25 F .347 -(quoted, the)108 496.8 R F2(\\)2.847 E F1( is treated as a line continuation \(that is, it is remo)-.25 F --.15(ve)-.15 G 2.848(df).15 G .348(rom the input stream and ef-)-2.848 F -(fecti)108 508.8 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G(ly ignored\).).15 E .295 -(Enclosing characters in single quotes preserv)108 525.6 R .295 -(es the literal v)-.15 F .295(alue of each character within the quotes.) --.25 F 2.795(As)5.295 G(in-)-2.795 E -(gle quote may not occur between single quotes, e)108 537.6 Q -.15(ve) --.25 G 2.5(nw).15 G(hen preceded by a backslash.)-2.5 E .033 -(Enclosing characters in double quotes preserv)108 554.4 R .034 -(es the literal v)-.15 F .034 -(alue of all characters within the quotes, with the)-.25 F -.15(ex)108 -566.4 S .108(ception of).15 F F2($)2.608 E F1(,)A F2<92>2.608 E F1(,)A -F2(\\)2.608 E F1 2.608(,a)C .107(nd, when history e)-2.608 F .107 -(xpansion is enabled,)-.15 F F2(!)2.607 E F1 5.107(.W)C .107 -(hen the shell is in)-5.107 F F0 .107(posix mode)2.607 F F1 2.607(,t)C -(he)-2.607 E F2(!)2.607 E F1 .107(has no)2.607 F .46 -(special meaning within double quotes, e)108 578.4 R -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.96 -(nw).15 G .46(hen history e)-2.96 F .46(xpansion is enabled.)-.15 F .46 -(The characters)5.46 F F2($)2.96 E F1(and)2.96 E F2<92>2.96 E F1(re-) -2.96 E .563(tain their special meaning within double quotes.)108 590.4 R -.562(The backslash retains its special meaning only when fol-)5.563 F -(lo)108 602.4 Q .601(wed by one of the follo)-.25 F .602 -(wing characters:)-.25 F F2($)3.102 E F1(,)A F2<92>3.102 E F1(,)A F2(") -3.935 E F1(,).833 E F2(\\)3.102 E F1 3.102(,o)C(r)-3.102 E F2() -3.102 E F1 5.602(.A)C .602(double quote may be quoted within)-2.5 F .131 -(double quotes by preceding it with a backslash.)108 614.4 R .131 -(If enabled, history e)5.131 F .13(xpansion will be performed unless an) --.15 F F2(!)2.63 E F1 -(appearing in double quotes is escaped using a backslash.)108 626.4 Q -(The backslash preceding the)5 E F2(!)2.5 E F1(is not remo)5 E -.15(ve) --.15 G(d.).15 E(The special parameters)108 643.2 Q F2(*)2.5 E F1(and)2.5 -E F2(@)2.5 E F1(ha)2.5 E .3 -.15(ve s)-.2 H -(pecial meaning when in double quotes \(see).15 E F3 -.666(PA)2.5 G -(RAMETERS).666 E F1(belo)2.25 E(w\).)-.25 E .148 -(Character sequences of the form)108 660 R F2($)2.649 E F1<08>A F0 -(string)A F1 2.649<0861>C .149(re treated as a special v)-2.649 F .149 -(ariant of single quotes.)-.25 F .149(The sequence e)5.149 F(x-)-.15 E -.528(pands to)108 672 R F0(string)3.028 E F1 3.028(,w)C .528 -(ith backslash-escaped characters in)-3.028 F F0(string)3.027 E F1 .527 -(replaced as speci\214ed by the ANSI C standard.)3.027 F -(Backslash escape sequences, if present, are decoded as follo)108 684 Q -(ws:)-.25 E F2(\\a)144 696 Q F1(alert \(bell\))180 696 Q(GNU Bash 5.3)72 -768 Q(2024 March 29)144.29 E(8)198.45 E 0 Cg EP -%%Page: 9 9 -%%BeginPageSetup -BP -%%EndPageSetup -/F0 10/Times-Italic@0 SF -.25(BA)72 48 S(SH).25 E/F1 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -138.32(\(1\) General).95 F(Commands Manual)2.5 E F0 -.25(BA)140.82 G(SH) -.25 E F1(\(1\)).95 E/F2 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(\\b)144 84 Q F1(backspace)180 -84 Q F2(\\e)144 96 Q(\\E)144 108 Q F1(an escape character)180 108 Q F2 -(\\f)144 120 Q F1(form feed)180 120 Q F2(\\n)144 132 Q F1(ne)180 132 Q -2.5(wl)-.25 G(ine)-2.5 E F2(\\r)144 144 Q F1(carriage return)180 144 Q -F2(\\t)144 156 Q F1(horizontal tab)180 156 Q F2(\\v)144 168 Q F1 -.15 -(ve)180 168 S(rtical tab).15 E F2(\\\\)144 180 Q F1(backslash)180 180 Q -F2<5c08>144 192 Q F1(single quote)180 192 Q F2(\\")144 204 Q F1 -(double quote)180 204 Q F2(\\?)144 216 Q F1(question mark)180 216 Q F2 -(\\)144 228 Q F0(nnn)A F1(the eight-bit character whose v)180 228 Q -(alue is the octal v)-.25 E(alue)-.25 E F0(nnn)2.5 E F1 -(\(one to three octal digits\))2.5 E F2(\\x)144 240 Q F0(HH)A F1 -(the eight-bit character whose v)180 240 Q(alue is the he)-.25 E -(xadecimal v)-.15 E(alue)-.25 E F0(HH)2.5 E F1(\(one or tw)2.5 E 2.5(oh) --.1 G .3 -.15(ex d)-2.5 H(igits\)).15 E F2(\\u)144 252 Q F0(HHHH)A F1 -1.506(the Unicode \(ISO/IEC 10646\) character whose v)180 264 R 1.507 -(alue is the he)-.25 F 1.507(xadecimal v)-.15 F(alue)-.25 E F0(HHHH) -4.007 E F1(\(one to four he)180 276 Q 2.5(xd)-.15 G(igits\))-2.5 E F2 -(\\U)144 288 Q F0(HHHHHHHH)A F1 .548 -(the Unicode \(ISO/IEC 10646\) character whose v)180 300 R .547 -(alue is the he)-.25 F .547(xadecimal v)-.15 F(alue)-.25 E F0(HHHHH-) -3.047 E(HHH)180 312 Q F1(\(one to eight he)2.5 E 2.5(xd)-.15 G(igits\)) --2.5 E F2(\\c)144 324 Q F0(x)A F1 2.5(ac)180 324 S(ontrol-)-2.5 E F0(x)A -F1(character)2.5 E(The e)108 340.8 Q(xpanded result is single-quoted, a\ -s if the dollar sign had not been present.)-.15 E 2.64(Ad)108 357.6 S -.14(ouble-quoted string preceded by a dollar sign \()-2.64 F F2($)A F1 -(")A F0(string)A F1 .14 -("\) will cause the string to be translated according)B .785 -(to the current locale.)108 369.6 R(The)5.785 E F0 -.1(ge)3.284 G(tte).1 -E(xt)-.2 E F1 .784 -(infrastructure performs the lookup and translation, using the)3.284 F -F2(LC_MES-)3.284 E(SA)108 381.6 Q(GES)-.55 E F1(,)A F2(TEXTDOMAINDIR) -2.76 E F1 2.76(,a)C(nd)-2.76 E F2(TEXTDOMAIN)2.76 E F1 .261(shell v) -2.761 F 2.761(ariables. If)-.25 F .261(the current locale is)2.761 F F2 -(C)2.761 E F1(or)2.761 E F2(POSIX)2.761 E F1(,)A .792 -(if there are no translations a)108 393.6 R -.25(va)-.2 G .791(ilable, \ -or if the string is not translated, the dollar sign is ignored.).25 F -.791(This is a)5.791 F .534 -(form of double quoting, so the string remains double-quoted by def)108 -405.6 R .535(ault, whether or not it is translated and)-.1 F 2.798 -(replaced. If)108 417.6 R(the)2.798 E F2(noexpand_translation)2.797 E F1 -.297(option is enabled using the)2.797 F F2(shopt)2.797 E F1 -.2(bu) -2.797 G .297(iltin, translated strings are sin-).2 F 1.228 -(gle-quoted instead of double-quoted.)108 429.6 R 1.229 -(See the description of)6.228 F F2(shopt)3.729 E F1(belo)3.729 E 3.729 -(wu)-.25 G(nder)-3.729 E/F3 9/Times-Bold@0 SF 1.229(SHELL B)3.729 F(UIL) --.09 E 1.229(TIN COM-)-.828 F(MANDS)108 441.6 Q/F4 9/Times-Roman@0 SF(.) -A/F5 10.95/Times-Bold@0 SF -.81(PA)72 458.4 S(RAMETERS).81 E F1(A)108 -470.4 Q F0(par)4.575 E(ameter)-.15 E F1 .825(is an entity that stores v) -4.055 F 3.325(alues. It)-.25 F .825(can be a)3.325 F F0(name)3.684 E F1 -3.324(,an).18 G(umber)-3.324 E 3.324(,o)-.4 G 3.324(ro)-3.324 G .824 -(ne of the special characters)-3.324 F .801(listed belo)108 482.4 R -3.301(wu)-.25 G(nder)-3.301 E F2 .801(Special P)3.301 F(arameters)-.1 E -F1 5.802(.A)C F0(variable)-2.21 E F1 .802(is a parameter denoted by a) -3.482 F F0(name)3.662 E F1 5.802(.A).18 G -.25(va)-2.5 G .802 -(riable has a).25 F F0(value)108 494.4 Q F1 .369(and zero or more)2.869 -F F0(attrib)2.869 E(utes)-.2 E F1 5.369(.A)C(ttrib)-5.369 E .369 -(utes are assigned using the)-.2 F F2(declar)2.868 E(e)-.18 E F1 -.2(bu) -2.868 G .368(iltin command \(see).2 F F2(declar)2.868 E(e)-.18 E F1 -(belo)108 506.4 Q 2.5(wi)-.25 G(n)-2.5 E F3(SHELL B)2.5 E(UIL)-.09 E -(TIN COMMANDS)-.828 E F4(\).)A F1 2.754(Ap)108 523.2 S .254 -(arameter is set if it has been assigned a v)-2.754 F 2.754(alue. The) --.25 F .254(null string is a v)2.754 F .255(alid v)-.25 F 2.755 -(alue. Once)-.25 F 2.755(av)2.755 G .255(ariable is set, it)-3.005 F -(may be unset only by using the)108 535.2 Q F2(unset)2.5 E F1 -.2(bu)2.5 -G(iltin command \(see).2 E F3(SHELL B)2.5 E(UIL)-.09 E(TIN COMMANDS) --.828 E F1(belo)2.25 E(w\).)-.25 E(A)108 552 Q F0(variable)2.79 E F1 -(may be assigned to by a statement of the form)2.68 E F0(name)144 568.8 -Q F1(=[)A F0(value)A F1(])A(If)108 585.6 Q F0(value)3.023 E F1 .233 -(is not gi)2.913 F -.15(ve)-.25 G .233(n, the v).15 F .232 -(ariable is assigned the null string.)-.25 F(All)5.232 E F0(values)3.022 -E F1(under)3.002 E .232(go tilde e)-.18 F .232(xpansion, parameter)-.15 -F .515(and v)108 597.6 R .515(ariable e)-.25 F .515 -(xpansion, command substitution, arithmetic e)-.15 F .515 -(xpansion, and quote remo)-.15 F -.25(va)-.15 G 3.015(l\().25 G(see) --3.015 E F3(EXP)3.015 E(ANSION)-.666 E F1(belo)108 609.6 Q 2.699 -(w\). If)-.25 F .199(the v)2.699 F .199(ariable has its)-.25 F F2 -(integer)2.698 E F1(attrib)2.698 E .198(ute set, then)-.2 F F0(value) -2.988 E F1 .198(is e)2.878 F -.25(va)-.25 G .198 -(luated as an arithmetic e).25 F .198(xpression e)-.15 F -.15(ve)-.25 G -(n).15 E .523(if the)108 621.6 R F2($\(\()3.023 E F1 1.666(...)C F2 -(\)\))-1.666 E F1 -.15(ex)3.023 G .523(pansion is not used \(see).15 F -F2 .523(Arithmetic Expansion)3.023 F F1(belo)3.023 E 3.023(w\). W)-.25 F -.524(ord splitting and pathname e)-.8 F(x-)-.15 E 1.364 -(pansion are not performed.)108 633.6 R 1.364 -(Assignment statements may also appear as ar)6.364 F 1.363 -(guments to the)-.18 F F2(alias)3.863 E F1(,)A F2(declar)3.863 E(e)-.18 -E F1(,)A F2(typeset)108 645.6 Q F1(,)A F2(export)3.964 E F1(,)A F2 -.18 -(re)3.964 G(adonly).18 E F1 3.964(,a)C(nd)-3.964 E F2(local)3.964 E F1 --.2(bu)3.964 G 1.464(iltin commands \().2 F F0(declar)A(ation)-.15 E F1 -3.964(commands\). When)3.964 F(in)3.964 E F0 1.465(posix mode)3.965 F F1 -(,)A 1.142(these b)108 657.6 R 1.142 -(uiltins may appear in a command after one or more instances of the)-.2 -F F2(command)3.641 E F1 -.2(bu)3.641 G 1.141(iltin and retain).2 F -(these assignment statement properties.)108 669.6 Q .376(In the conte) -108 686.4 R .376(xt where an assignment statement is assigning a v)-.15 -F .376(alue to a shell v)-.25 F .377(ariable or array inde)-.25 F .377 -(x, the +=)-.15 F 1.631 -(operator can be used to append to or add to the v)108 698.4 R(ariable') --.25 E 4.13(sp)-.55 G(re)-4.13 E 1.63(vious v)-.25 F 4.13(alue. This) --.25 F 1.63(includes ar)4.13 F 1.63(guments to)-.18 F -.2(bu)108 710.4 S -.163(iltin commands such as).2 F F2(declar)2.664 E(e)-.18 E F1 .164 -(that accept assignment statements \()2.664 F F0(declar)A(ation)-.15 E -F1 2.664(commands\). When)2.664 F .164(+= is)2.664 F 2.009 -(applied to a v)108 722.4 R 2.009(ariable for which the)-.25 F F2 -(integer)4.509 E F1(attrib)4.509 E 2.009(ute has been set,)-.2 F F0 -(value)4.509 E F1 2.009(is e)4.509 F -.25(va)-.25 G 2.008 -(luated as an arithmetic).25 F(GNU Bash 5.3)72 768 Q(2024 March 29) -144.29 E(9)198.45 E 0 Cg EP -%%Page: 10 10 -%%BeginPageSetup -BP -%%EndPageSetup -/F0 10/Times-Italic@0 SF -.25(BA)72 48 S(SH).25 E/F1 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -138.32(\(1\) General).95 F(Commands Manual)2.5 E F0 -.25(BA)140.82 G(SH) -.25 E F1(\(1\)).95 E -.15(ex)108 84 S .32(pression and added to the v) -.15 F(ariable')-.25 E 2.82(sc)-.55 G .32(urrent v)-2.82 F .321 -(alue, which is also e)-.25 F -.25(va)-.25 G 2.821(luated. When).25 F -.321(+= is applied to an ar)2.821 F(-)-.2 E .083(ray v)108 96 R .083 -(ariable using compound assignment \(see)-.25 F/F2 10/Times-Bold@0 SF -(Arrays)2.583 E F1(belo)2.582 E .082(w\), the v)-.25 F(ariable')-.25 E -2.582(sv)-.55 G .082(alue is not unset \(as it is when)-2.832 F .502 -(using =\), and ne)108 108 R 3.002(wv)-.25 G .503 -(alues are appended to the array be)-3.252 F .503 -(ginning at one greater than the array')-.15 F 3.003(sm)-.55 G .503 -(aximum in-)-3.003 F(de)108 120 Q 3.015(x\()-.15 G .515(for inde)-3.015 -F -.15(xe)-.15 G 3.015(da).15 G .515(rrays\) or added as additional k) --3.015 F -.15(ey)-.1 G.15 E .515(alue pairs in an associati)-.25 F -.814 -.15(ve a)-.25 H(rray).15 E 5.514(.W)-.65 G .514(hen applied to a) --5.514 F(string-v)108 132 Q(alued v)-.25 E(ariable,)-.25 E F0(value)2.5 -E F1(is e)2.5 E(xpanded and appended to the v)-.15 E(ariable')-.25 E 2.5 -(sv)-.55 G(alue.)-2.75 E 3.382(Av)108 148.8 S .882 -(ariable can be assigned the)-3.632 F F0(namer)3.382 E(ef)-.37 E F1 -(attrib)3.382 E .882(ute using the)-.2 F F23.382 E F1 .882 -(option to the)3.382 F F2(declar)3.382 E(e)-.18 E F1(or)3.383 E F2 -(local)3.383 E F1 -.2(bu)3.383 G .883(iltin com-).2 F .316 -(mands \(see the descriptions of)108 160.8 R F2(declar)2.816 E(e)-.18 E -F1(and)2.816 E F2(local)2.816 E F1(belo)2.816 E .316(w\) to create a) --.25 F F0(namer)2.815 E(ef)-.37 E F1 2.815(,o)C 2.815(rar)-2.815 G .315 -(eference to another v)-2.815 F(ari-)-.25 E 2.918(able. This)108 172.8 R -(allo)2.918 E .418(ws v)-.25 F .418 -(ariables to be manipulated indirectly)-.25 F 5.419(.W)-.65 G(hene) --5.419 E -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.919(rt).15 G .419(he nameref v)-2.919 F .419 -(ariable is referenced, as-)-.25 F .133 -(signed to, unset, or has its attrib)108 184.8 R .132 -(utes modi\214ed \(other than using or changing the)-.2 F F0(namer)2.632 -E(ef)-.37 E F1(attrib)2.632 E .132(ute itself\), the)-.2 F 1.356 -(operation is actually performed on the v)108 196.8 R 1.357 -(ariable speci\214ed by the nameref v)-.25 F(ariable')-.25 E 3.857(sv) --.55 G 3.857(alue. A)-4.107 F 1.357(nameref is)3.857 F .972 -(commonly used within shell functions to refer to a v)108 208.8 R .971 -(ariable whose name is passed as an ar)-.25 F .971(gument to the)-.18 F -2.5(function. F)108 220.8 R(or instance, if a v)-.15 E -(ariable name is passed to a shell function as its \214rst ar)-.25 E -(gument, running)-.18 E/F3 10/Courier@0 SF(declare \255n ref=$1)144 -237.6 Q F1 .302(inside the function creates a nameref v)108 254.4 R -(ariable)-.25 E F2 -.18(re)2.803 G(f).18 E F1 .303(whose v)2.803 F .303 -(alue is the v)-.25 F .303(ariable name passed as the \214rst ar)-.25 F -(gu-)-.18 E 3.592(ment. References)108 266.4 R 1.092(and assignments to) -3.592 F F2 -.18(re)3.592 G(f).18 E F1 3.592(,a)C 1.092 -(nd changes to its attrib)-3.592 F 1.092 -(utes, are treated as references, assign-)-.2 F .143(ments, and attrib) -108 278.4 R .144(ute modi\214cations to the v)-.2 F .144 -(ariable whose name w)-.25 F .144(as passed as)-.1 F F2($1)2.644 E F1 -5.144(.I)C 2.644(ft)-5.144 G .144(he control v)-2.644 F .144 -(ariable in a)-.25 F F2 -.25(fo)108 290.4 S(r).25 E F1 .868 -(loop has the nameref attrib)3.368 F .868(ute, the list of w)-.2 F .867 -(ords can be a list of shell v)-.1 F .867 -(ariables, and a name reference)-.25 F .509 -(will be established for each w)108 302.4 R .509 -(ord in the list, in turn, when the loop is e)-.1 F -.15(xe)-.15 G 3.009 -(cuted. Array).15 F -.25(va)3.009 G .509(riables cannot be).25 F(gi)108 -314.4 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G 3.032(nt).15 G(he)-3.032 E F2(namer)3.032 E(ef) --.18 E F1(attrib)3.032 E 3.032(ute. Ho)-.2 F(we)-.25 E -.15(ve)-.25 G -1.332 -.4(r, n).15 H .532(ameref v).4 F .531 -(ariables can reference array v)-.25 F .531(ariables and subscripted ar) --.25 F(-)-.2 E .533(ray v)108 326.4 R 3.033(ariables. Namerefs)-.25 F -.533(can be unset using the)3.033 F F23.033 E F1 .533 -(option to the)3.033 F F2(unset)3.033 E F1 -.2(bu)3.034 G 3.034 -(iltin. Otherwise,).2 F(if)3.034 E F2(unset)3.034 E F1 .534(is e)3.034 F --.15(xe)-.15 G(-).15 E .443(cuted with the name of a nameref v)108 338.4 -R .442(ariable as an ar)-.25 F .442(gument, the v)-.18 F .442 -(ariable referenced by the nameref v)-.25 F(ariable)-.25 E -(will be unset.)108 350.4 Q F2 -.2(Po)87 367.2 S(sitional P).2 E -(arameters)-.1 E F1(A)108 379.2 Q F0 .705(positional par)4.455 F(ameter) --.15 E F1 .706(is a parameter denoted by one or more digits, other than\ - the single digit 0.)3.935 F(Posi-)5.706 E .445 -(tional parameters are assigned from the shell')108 391.2 R 2.944(sa) --.55 G -.18(rg)-2.944 G .444(uments when it is in).18 F -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1 -(ke).2 G .444(d, and may be reassigned using).1 F(the)108 403.2 Q F2 -(set)3.333 E F1 -.2(bu)3.333 G .833(iltin command.).2 F .834(Positional\ - parameters may not be assigned to with assignment statements.)5.833 F -(The)5.834 E(positional parameters are temporarily replaced when a shel\ -l function is e)108 415.2 Q -.15(xe)-.15 G(cuted \(see).15 E/F4 9 -/Times-Bold@0 SF(FUNCTIONS)2.5 E F1(belo)2.25 E(w\).)-.25 E 1.404(When \ -a positional parameter consisting of more than a single digit is e)108 -432 R 1.403(xpanded, it must be enclosed in)-.15 F(braces \(see)108 444 -Q F4(EXP)2.5 E(ANSION)-.666 E F1(belo)2.25 E(w\).)-.25 E F2(Special P)87 -460.8 Q(arameters)-.1 E F1 1.674(The shell treats se)108 472.8 R -.15 -(ve)-.25 G 1.674(ral parameters specially).15 F 6.675(.T)-.65 G 1.675 -(hese parameters may only be referenced; assignment to)-6.675 F -(them is not allo)108 484.8 Q(wed.)-.25 E F2(*)108 496.8 Q F1 .224 -(Expands to the positional parameters, starting from one.)144 496.8 R -.223(When the e)5.224 F .223(xpansion is not within double)-.15 F .662 -(quotes, each positional parameter e)144 508.8 R .662 -(xpands to a separate w)-.15 F 3.162(ord. In)-.1 F(conte)3.162 E .662 -(xts where it is performed,)-.15 F 1.082(those w)144 520.8 R 1.082 -(ords are subject to further w)-.1 F 1.081(ord splitting and pathname e) --.1 F 3.581(xpansion. When)-.15 F 1.081(the e)3.581 F(xpansion)-.15 E -.914(occurs within double quotes, it e)144 532.8 R .914 -(xpands to a single w)-.15 F .915(ord with the v)-.1 F .915 -(alue of each parameter sepa-)-.25 F .315 -(rated by the \214rst character of the)144 544.8 R F4(IFS)2.815 E F1 -.315(special v)2.565 F 2.815(ariable. That)-.25 F(is,)2.814 E F2("$*") -2.814 E F1 .314(is equi)2.814 F -.25(va)-.25 G .314(lent to).25 F F2 -("$1)2.814 E F0(c)A F2($2)A F0(c)A F2 1.666(...)C(")-1.666 E F1(,)A -(where)144 556.8 Q F0(c)3.532 E F1 .832 -(is the \214rst character of the v)3.642 F .832(alue of the)-.25 F F4 -(IFS)3.332 E F1 -.25(va)3.082 G 3.332(riable. If).25 F F4(IFS)3.332 E F1 -.833(is unset, the parameters are)3.082 F(separated by spaces.)144 568.8 -Q(If)5 E F4(IFS)2.5 E F1 -(is null, the parameters are joined without interv)2.25 E -(ening separators.)-.15 E F2(@)108 580.8 Q F1 .722 -(Expands to the positional parameters, starting from one.)144 580.8 R -.722(In conte)5.722 F .722(xts where w)-.15 F .722(ord splitting is per) --.1 F(-)-.2 E 1.165(formed, this e)144 592.8 R 1.165 -(xpands each positional parameter to a separate w)-.15 F 1.165 -(ord; if not within double quotes,)-.1 F .655(these w)144 604.8 R .655 -(ords are subject to w)-.1 F .655(ord splitting.)-.1 F .655(In conte) -5.655 F .655(xts where w)-.15 F .654 -(ord splitting is not performed, this)-.1 F -.15(ex)144 616.8 S .748 -(pands to a single w).15 F .748 -(ord with each positional parameter separated by a space.)-.1 F .748 -(When the e)5.748 F(xpan-)-.15 E .895 -(sion occurs within double quotes, each parameter e)144 628.8 R .895 -(xpands to a separate w)-.15 F 3.394(ord. That)-.1 F(is,)3.394 E F2 -("$@")3.394 E F1(is)3.394 E(equi)144 640.8 Q -.25(va)-.25 G .65(lent to) -.25 F F2("$1" "$2" .)3.15 E 1.666(..)1.666 G F1 .651 -(If the double-quoted e)3.984 F .651(xpansion occurs within a w)-.15 F -.651(ord, the e)-.1 F(xpansion)-.15 E .609 -(of the \214rst parameter is joined with the be)144 652.8 R .608 -(ginning part of the original w)-.15 F .608(ord, and the e)-.1 F .608 -(xpansion of)-.15 F .803 -(the last parameter is joined with the last part of the original w)144 -664.8 R 3.304(ord. When)-.1 F .804(there are no positional)3.304 F -(parameters,)144 676.8 Q F2("$@")2.5 E F1(and)2.5 E F2($@)2.5 E F1 -.15 -(ex)2.5 G(pand to nothing \(i.e., the).15 E 2.5(ya)-.15 G(re remo)-2.5 E --.15(ve)-.15 G(d\).).15 E F2(#)108 688.8 Q F1 -(Expands to the number of positional parameters in decimal.)144 688.8 Q -F2(?)108 700.8 Q F1(Expands to the e)144 700.8 Q -(xit status of the most recently e)-.15 E -.15(xe)-.15 G(cuted fore).15 -E(ground pipeline.)-.15 E(GNU Bash 5.3)72 768 Q(2024 March 29)144.29 E -(10)193.45 E 0 Cg EP -%%Page: 11 11 -%%BeginPageSetup -BP -%%EndPageSetup -/F0 10/Times-Italic@0 SF -.25(BA)72 48 S(SH).25 E/F1 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -138.32(\(1\) General).95 F(Commands Manual)2.5 E F0 -.25(BA)140.82 G(SH) -.25 E F1(\(1\)).95 E/F2 10/Times-Bold@0 SF108 84 Q F1 .882 -(Expands to the current option \215ags as speci\214ed upon in)144 84 R --.2(vo)-.4 G .881(cation, by the).2 F F2(set)3.381 E F1 -.2(bu)3.381 G -.881(iltin command, or).2 F(those set by the shell itself \(such as the) -144 96 Q F22.5 E F1(option\).)2.5 E F2($)108 108 Q F1 .839 -(Expands to the process ID of the shell. In a subshell, it e)144 108 R -.839(xpands to the process ID of the current)-.15 F -(shell, not the subshell.)144 120 Q F2(!)108 132 Q F1 .499(Expands to t\ -he process ID of the job most recently placed into the background, whet\ -her e)144 132 R -.15(xe)-.15 G(cuted).15 E -(as an asynchronous command or using the)144 144 Q F2(bg)2.5 E F1 -.2 -(bu)2.5 G(iltin \(see).2 E/F3 9/Times-Bold@0 SF(JOB CONTR)2.5 E(OL)-.27 -E F1(belo)2.25 E(w\).)-.25 E F2(0)108 156 Q F1 .886 -(Expands to the name of the shell or shell script.)144 156 R .886 -(This is set at shell initialization.)5.886 F(If)5.887 E F2(bash)3.387 E -F1 .887(is in-)3.387 F -.2(vo)144 168 S -.1(ke).2 G 2.668(dw).1 G .168 -(ith a \214le of commands,)-2.668 F F2($0)2.668 E F1 .167 -(is set to the name of that \214le.)2.667 F(If)5.167 E F2(bash)2.667 E -F1 .167(is started with the)2.667 F F22.667 E F1(op-)2.667 E .895 -(tion, then)144 180 R F2($0)3.395 E F1 .895(is set to the \214rst ar) -3.395 F .895(gument after the string to be e)-.18 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .896 -(cuted, if one is present.).15 F(Other)5.896 E(-)-.2 E -(wise, it is set to the \214lename used to in)144 192 Q -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1 -(ke).2 G F2(bash)2.6 E F1 2.5(,a)C 2.5(sg)-2.5 G -2.15 -.25(iv e)-2.5 H -2.5(nb).25 G 2.5(ya)-2.5 G -.18(rg)-2.5 G(ument zero.).18 E F2(Shell V) -87 208.8 Q(ariables)-.92 E F1(The follo)108 220.8 Q(wing v)-.25 E -(ariables are set by the shell:)-.25 E F2(_)108 237.6 Q F1 1.526 -(At shell startup, set to the pathname used to in)144 237.6 R -.2(vo)-.4 -G 1.725 -.1(ke t).2 H 1.525(he shell or shell script being e).1 F -.15 -(xe)-.15 G 1.525(cuted as).15 F .173(passed in the en)144 249.6 R .173 -(vironment or ar)-.4 F .173(gument list.)-.18 F(Subsequently)5.173 E -2.673(,e)-.65 G .173(xpands to the last ar)-2.823 F .174 -(gument to the pre-)-.18 F .337(vious simple command e)144 261.6 R -.15 -(xe)-.15 G .337(cuted in the fore).15 F .336(ground, after e)-.15 F -2.836(xpansion. Also)-.15 F .336(set to the full pathname)2.836 F .365 -(used to in)144 273.6 R -.2(vo)-.4 G .565 -.1(ke e).2 H .365 -(ach command e).1 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .366(cuted and placed in the en).15 F -.366(vironment e)-.4 F .366(xported to that command.)-.15 F(When checki\ -ng mail, this parameter holds the name of the mail \214le currently bei\ -ng check)144 285.6 Q(ed.)-.1 E F2 -.3(BA)108 297.6 S(SH).3 E F1 -(Expands to the full \214lename used to in)144 297.6 Q -.2(vo)-.4 G .2 --.1(ke t).2 H(his instance of).1 E F2(bash)2.5 E F1(.)A F2 -.3(BA)108 -309.6 S(SHOPTS).3 E F1 2.549(Ac)144 321.6 S .049 -(olon-separated list of enabled shell options.)-2.549 F .049(Each w) -5.049 F .049(ord in the list is a v)-.1 F .049(alid ar)-.25 F .049 -(gument for the)-.18 F F22.548 E F1 .115(option to the)144 333.6 R -F2(shopt)2.616 E F1 -.2(bu)2.616 G .116(iltin command \(see).2 F F3 .116 -(SHELL B)2.616 F(UIL)-.09 E .116(TIN COMMANDS)-.828 F F1(belo)2.366 E -2.616(w\). The)-.25 F .116(options ap-)2.616 F 1.067(pearing in)144 -345.6 R F3 -.27(BA)3.567 G(SHOPTS).27 E F1 1.067(are those reported as) -3.317 F F0(on)3.797 E F1(by)3.807 E F2(shopt)3.567 E F1 6.066(.I)C 3.566 -(ft)-6.066 G 1.066(his v)-3.566 F 1.066(ariable is in the en)-.25 F -(vironment)-.4 E(when)144 357.6 Q F2(bash)3.141 E F1 .642(starts up, ea\ -ch shell option in the list will be enabled before reading an)3.141 F -3.142(ys)-.15 G .642(tartup \214les.)-3.142 F(This v)144 369.6 Q -(ariable is read-only)-.25 E(.)-.65 E F2 -.3(BA)108 381.6 S(SHPID).3 E -F1 .188(Expands to the process ID of the current)144 393.6 R F2(bash) -2.688 E F1 2.687(process. This)2.687 F(dif)2.687 E .187(fers from)-.25 F -F2($$)2.687 E F1 .187(under certain circum-)2.687 F .548 -(stances, such as subshells that do not require)144 405.6 R F2(bash) -3.048 E F1 .548(to be re-initialized.)3.048 F .549(Assignments to)5.549 -F F3 -.27(BA)3.049 G(SHPID).27 E F1(ha)144 417.6 Q .3 -.15(ve n)-.2 H -2.5(oe).15 G -.25(ff)-2.5 G 2.5(ect. If).25 F F2 -.3(BA)2.5 G(SHPID).3 E -F1(is unset, it loses its special properties, e)2.5 E -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.5 -(ni).15 G 2.5(fi)-2.5 G 2.5(ti)-2.5 G 2.5(ss)-2.5 G(ubsequently reset.) --2.5 E F2 -.3(BA)108 429.6 S(SH_ALIASES).3 E F1 1.195(An associati)144 -441.6 R 1.495 -.15(ve a)-.25 H 1.195(rray v).15 F 1.195(ariable whose m\ -embers correspond to the internal list of aliases as main-)-.25 F .16 -(tained by the)144 453.6 R F2(alias)2.66 E F1 -.2(bu)2.66 G 2.66 -(iltin. Elements).2 F .16 -(added to this array appear in the alias list; ho)2.66 F(we)-.25 E -.15 -(ve)-.25 G .96 -.4(r, u).15 H(nsetting).4 E 4.503 -(array elements currently does not cause aliases to be remo)144 465.6 R --.15(ve)-.15 G 7.003(df).15 G 4.503(rom the alias list.)-7.003 F(If) -9.502 E F2 -.3(BA)144 477.6 S(SH_ALIASES).3 E F1 -(is unset, it loses its special properties, e)2.5 E -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.5 -(ni).15 G 2.5(fi)-2.5 G 2.5(ti)-2.5 G 2.5(ss)-2.5 G(ubsequently reset.) --2.5 E F2 -.3(BA)108 489.6 S(SH_ARGC).3 E F1 .934(An array v)144 501.6 R -.934(ariable whose v)-.25 F .934 -(alues are the number of parameters in each frame of the current)-.25 F -F2(bash)3.435 E F1 -.15(exe)144 513.6 S .535(cution call stack.).15 F -.535(The number of parameters to the current subroutine \(shell functio\ -n or script)5.535 F -.15(exe)144 525.6 S .141(cuted with).15 F F2(.) -2.641 E F1(or)2.641 E F2(sour)2.641 E(ce)-.18 E F1 2.641(\)i)C 2.641(sa) --2.641 G 2.641(tt)-2.641 G .142(he top of the stack.)-2.641 F .142 -(When a subroutine is e)5.142 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .142 -(cuted, the number of).15 F 1.265(parameters passed is pushed onto)144 -537.6 R F3 -.27(BA)3.765 G(SH_ARGC).27 E/F4 9/Times-Roman@0 SF(.)A F1 -1.265(The shell sets)5.765 F F3 -.27(BA)3.765 G(SH_ARGC).27 E F1 1.265 -(only when in e)3.515 F(x-)-.15 E .947(tended deb)144 549.6 R .947 -(ugging mode \(see the description of the)-.2 F F2(extdeb)3.447 E(ug)-.2 -E F1 .947(option to the)3.447 F F2(shopt)3.447 E F1 -.2(bu)3.448 G .948 -(iltin belo).2 F(w\).)-.25 E(Setting)144 561.6 Q F2(extdeb)3.363 E(ug) --.2 E F1 .863(after the shell has started to e)3.363 F -.15(xe)-.15 G -.862(cute a script, or referencing this v).15 F .862(ariable when)-.25 F -F2(extdeb)144 573.6 Q(ug)-.2 E F1 .706 -(is not set, may result in inconsistent v)3.206 F 3.206 -(alues. Assignments)-.25 F(to)3.206 E F3 -.27(BA)3.206 G(SH_ARGC).27 E -F1(ha)2.957 E 1.007 -.15(ve n)-.2 H 3.207(oe).15 G(f-)-3.207 E -(fect, and it may not be unset.)144 585.6 Q F2 -.3(BA)108 597.6 S -(SH_ARGV).3 E F1 .207(An array v)144 609.6 R .206 -(ariable containing all of the parameters in the current)-.25 F F2(bash) -2.706 E F1 -.15(exe)2.706 G .206(cution call stack.).15 F .206 -(The \214-)5.206 F .567(nal parameter of the last subroutine call is at\ - the top of the stack; the \214rst parameter of the initial)144 621.6 R -1.424(call is at the bottom.)144 633.6 R 1.424(When a subroutine is e) -6.424 F -.15(xe)-.15 G 1.424 -(cuted, the parameters supplied are pushed onto).15 F F3 -.27(BA)144 -645.6 S(SH_ARGV).27 E F4(.)A F1 .853(The shell sets)5.353 F F3 -.27(BA) -3.353 G(SH_ARGV).27 E F1 .853(only when in e)3.103 F .854(xtended deb) --.15 F .854(ugging mode \(see the de-)-.2 F .476(scription of the)144 -657.6 R F2(extdeb)2.976 E(ug)-.2 E F1 .476(option to the)2.976 F F2 -(shopt)2.975 E F1 -.2(bu)2.975 G .475(iltin belo).2 F 2.975 -(w\). Setting)-.25 F F2(extdeb)2.975 E(ug)-.2 E F1 .475 -(after the shell has)2.975 F .45(started to e)144 669.6 R -.15(xe)-.15 G -.45(cute a script, or referencing this v).15 F .45(ariable when)-.25 F -F2(extdeb)2.95 E(ug)-.2 E F1 .45(is not set, may result in in-)2.95 F -(consistent v)144 681.6 Q 2.5(alues. Assignments)-.25 F(to)2.5 E F3 -.27 -(BA)2.5 G(SH_ARGV).27 E F1(ha)2.25 E .3 -.15(ve n)-.2 H 2.5(oe).15 G --.25(ff)-2.5 G(ect, and it may not be unset.).25 E F2 -.3(BA)108 693.6 S -(SH_ARGV0).3 E F1 .251(When referenced, this v)144 705.6 R .251 -(ariable e)-.25 F .251 -(xpands to the name of the shell or shell script \(identical to)-.15 F -F2($0)2.75 E F1 2.75(;s)C(ee)-2.75 E .04 -(the description of special parameter 0 abo)144 717.6 R -.15(ve)-.15 G -2.541(\). Assignment).15 F(to)2.541 E F2 -.3(BA)2.541 G(SH_ARGV0).3 E F1 -.041(causes the v)2.541 F .041(alue as-)-.25 F .216 -(signed to also be assigned to)144 729.6 R F2($0)2.716 E F1 5.216(.I)C -(f)-5.216 E F2 -.3(BA)2.716 G(SH_ARGV0).3 E F1 .216 -(is unset, it loses its special properties, e)2.716 F -.15(ve)-.25 G -2.715(ni).15 G(f)-2.715 E(GNU Bash 5.3)72 768 Q(2024 March 29)144.29 E -(11)193.45 E 0 Cg EP -%%Page: 12 12 -%%BeginPageSetup -BP -%%EndPageSetup -/F0 10/Times-Italic@0 SF -.25(BA)72 48 S(SH).25 E/F1 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -138.32(\(1\) General).95 F(Commands Manual)2.5 E F0 -.25(BA)140.82 G(SH) -.25 E F1(\(1\)).95 E(it is subsequently reset.)144 84 Q/F2 10 -/Times-Bold@0 SF -.3(BA)108 96 S(SH_CMDS).3 E F1 .667(An associati)144 -108 R .967 -.15(ve a)-.25 H .667(rray v).15 F .668(ariable whose member\ -s correspond to the internal hash table of commands)-.25 F .196 -(as maintained by the)144 120 R F2(hash)2.696 E F1 -.2(bu)2.696 G 2.696 -(iltin. Elements).2 F .195 -(added to this array appear in the hash table; ho)2.696 F(we)-.25 E -.15 -(ve)-.25 G -.4(r,).15 G .852(unsetting array elements currently does no\ -t cause command names to be remo)144 132 R -.15(ve)-.15 G 3.352(df).15 G -.853(rom the hash)-3.352 F 2.5(table. If)144 144 R F2 -.3(BA)2.5 G -(SH_CMDS).3 E F1(is unset, it loses its special properties, e)2.5 E -.15 -(ve)-.25 G 2.5(ni).15 G 2.5(fi)-2.5 G 2.5(ti)-2.5 G 2.5(ss)-2.5 G -(ubsequently reset.)-2.5 E F2 -.3(BA)108 156 S(SH_COMMAND).3 E F1 1.243 -(The command currently being e)144 168 R -.15(xe)-.15 G 1.243 -(cuted or about to be e).15 F -.15(xe)-.15 G 1.242 -(cuted, unless the shell is e).15 F -.15(xe)-.15 G 1.242(cuting a).15 F -.262(command as the result of a trap, in which case it is the command e) -144 180 R -.15(xe)-.15 G .263(cuting at the time of the trap.).15 F(If) -144 192 Q F2 -.3(BA)2.5 G(SH_COMMAND).3 E F1 -(is unset, it loses its special properties, e)2.5 E -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.5 -(ni).15 G 2.5(fi)-2.5 G 2.5(ti)-2.5 G 2.5(ss)-2.5 G(ubsequently reset.) --2.5 E F2 -.3(BA)108 204 S(SH_EXECUTION_STRING).3 E F1(The command ar) -144 216 Q(gument to the)-.18 E F22.5 E F1(in)2.5 E -.2(vo)-.4 G -(cation option.).2 E F2 -.3(BA)108 228 S(SH_LINENO).3 E F1 .693 -(An array v)144 240 R .692(ariable whose members are the line numbers i\ -n source \214les where each corresponding)-.25 F .969(member of)144 252 -R/F3 9/Times-Bold@0 SF(FUNCN)3.469 E(AME)-.18 E F1 -.1(wa)3.219 G 3.469 -(si).1 G -1.9 -.4(nv o)-3.469 H -.1(ke).4 G(d.).1 E F2(${B)5.969 E -(ASH_LINENO[)-.3 E F0($i)A F2(]})A F1 .97 -(is the line number in the source)3.469 F 14.672(\214le \()144 264 R F2 -(${B)A(ASH_SOURCE[)-.3 E F0($i+1)A F2(]})A F1 17.172(\)w)C(here)-17.172 -E F2(${FUNCN)17.172 E(AME[)-.2 E F0($i)A F2(]})A F1 -.1(wa)17.172 G -17.171(sc).1 G 14.671(alled \(or)-17.171 F F2(${B)144 276 Q(ASH_LINENO[) --.3 E F0($i\2551)A F2(]})A F1 1.256 -(if referenced within another shell function\).)3.756 F(Use)6.257 E F3 -(LINENO)3.757 E F1 1.257(to obtain)3.507 F(the current line number)144 -288 Q 5(.A)-.55 G(ssignments to)-5 E F3 -.27(BA)2.5 G(SH_LINENO).27 E F1 -(ha)2.25 E .3 -.15(ve n)-.2 H 2.5(oe).15 G -.25(ff)-2.5 G -(ect, and it may not be unset.).25 E F2 -.3(BA)108 300 S(SH_LO).3 E(AD) --.4 E(ABLES_P)-.35 E -.95(AT)-.74 G(H).95 E F1 4.07(Ac)144 312 S 1.57(o\ -lon-separated list of directories in which the shell looks for dynamica\ -lly loadable b)-4.07 F(uiltins)-.2 E(speci\214ed by the)144 324 Q F2 -(enable)2.5 E F1(command.)2.5 E F2 -.3(BA)108 336 S(SH_REMA).3 E(TCH) --.95 E F1 1.418(An array v)144 348 R 1.418 -(ariable whose members are assigned by the)-.25 F F2<3d01>3.918 E F1 -1.418(binary operator to the)3.918 F F2([[)3.918 E F1(conditional)3.918 -E 3.462(command. The)144 360 R .962(element with inde)3.462 F 3.462(x0i) --.15 G 3.462(st)-3.462 G .962 -(he portion of the string matching the entire re)-3.462 F .961(gular e) --.15 F(x-)-.15 E 3.82(pression. The)144 372 R 1.32(element with inde) -3.82 F(x)-.15 E F0(n)3.82 E F1 1.32 -(is the portion of the string matching the)3.82 F F0(n)3.82 E F1 1.32 -(th parenthesized)B(sube)144 384 Q(xpression.)-.15 E F2 -.3(BA)108 396 S -(SH_MONOSECONDS).3 E F1 .707(Each time this v)144 408 R .707 -(ariable is referenced, it e)-.25 F .707(xpands to the v)-.15 F .706 -(alue returned by the system')-.25 F 3.206(sm)-.55 G(onotonic)-3.206 E -.057(clock, if one is a)144 420 R -.25(va)-.2 G 2.557(ilable. If).25 F -.057(there is no monotonic clock, this is equi)2.557 F -.25(va)-.25 G -.058(lent to).25 F F2(EPOCHSECONDS)2.558 E F1(.)A(If)144 432 Q F2 -.3 -(BA)3.02 G(SH_MONOSECONDS).3 E F1 .519 -(is unset, it loses its special properties, e)3.02 F -.15(ve)-.25 G -3.019(ni).15 G 3.019(fi)-3.019 G 3.019(ti)-3.019 G 3.019(ss)-3.019 G -.519(ubsequently re-)-3.019 F(set.)144 444 Q F2 -.3(BA)108 456 S -(SH_SOURCE).3 E F1 .125(An array v)144 468 R .125(ariable whose members\ - are the source \214lenames where the corresponding shell function)-.25 -F .781(names in the)144 480 R F3(FUNCN)3.28 E(AME)-.18 E F1 .78(array v) -3.03 F .78(ariable are de\214ned.)-.25 F .78(The shell function)5.78 F -F2(${FUNCN)3.28 E(AME[)-.2 E F0($i)A F2(]})A F1(is)3.28 E .424 -(de\214ned in the \214le)144 492 R F2(${B)2.924 E(ASH_SOURCE[)-.3 E F0 -($i)A F2(]})A F1 .425(and called from)2.924 F F2(${B)2.925 E -(ASH_SOURCE[)-.3 E F0($i+1)A F2(]})A F1 5.425(.A)C(ssign-)-5.425 E -(ments to)144 504 Q F3 -.27(BA)2.5 G(SH_SOURCE).27 E F1(ha)2.25 E .3 --.15(ve n)-.2 H 2.5(oe).15 G -.25(ff)-2.5 G -(ect, and it may not be unset.).25 E F2 -.3(BA)108 516 S(SH_SUBSHELL).3 -E F1 .296(Incremented by one within each subshell or subshell en)144 528 -R .296(vironment when the shell be)-.4 F .296(gins e)-.15 F -.15(xe)-.15 -G(cuting).15 E 1.276(in that en)144 540 R 3.776(vironment. The)-.4 F -1.276(initial v)3.776 F 1.277(alue is 0.)-.25 F(If)6.277 E F2 -.3(BA) -3.777 G(SH_SUBSHELL).3 E F1 1.277(is unset, it loses its special)3.777 F -(properties, e)144 552 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.5(ni).15 G 2.5(fi)-2.5 G 2.5 -(ti)-2.5 G 2.5(ss)-2.5 G(ubsequently reset.)-2.5 E F2 -.3(BA)108 564 S -(SH_TRAPSIG).3 E F1 .203 -(Set to the signal number corresponding to the trap action being e)144 -576 R -.15(xe)-.15 G .202(cuted during its e).15 F -.15(xe)-.15 G 2.702 -(cution. See).15 F .782(the description of)144 588 R F2(trap)3.282 E F1 -(under)3.282 E F3 .782(SHELL B)3.282 F(UIL)-.09 E .782(TIN COMMANDS) --.828 F F1(belo)3.032 E 3.282(wf)-.25 G .783 -(or information about signal)-3.282 F(numbers and trap e)144 600 Q -.15 -(xe)-.15 G(cution.).15 E F2 -.3(BA)108 612 S(SH_VERSINFO).3 E F1 2.645 -(Ar)144 624 S .145(eadonly array v)-2.645 F .144 -(ariable whose members hold v)-.25 F .144 -(ersion information for this instance of)-.15 F F2(bash)2.644 E F1 5.144 -(.T)C(he)-5.144 E -.25(va)144 636 S -(lues assigned to the array members are as follo).25 E(ws:)-.25 E F2 -.3 -(BA)144 648 S(SH_VERSINFO[).3 E F1(0)A F2(])A F1(The major v)264 648 Q -(ersion number \(the)-.15 E F0 -.37(re)2.5 G(lease).37 E F1(\).)A F2 -.3 -(BA)144 660 S(SH_VERSINFO[).3 E F1(1)A F2(])A F1(The minor v)264 660 Q -(ersion number \(the)-.15 E F0(ver)2.5 E(sion)-.1 E F1(\).)A F2 -.3(BA) -144 672 S(SH_VERSINFO[).3 E F1(2)A F2(])A F1(The patch le)264 672 Q -.15 -(ve)-.25 G(l.).15 E F2 -.3(BA)144 684 S(SH_VERSINFO[).3 E F1(3)A F2(])A -F1(The b)264 684 Q(uild v)-.2 E(ersion.)-.15 E F2 -.3(BA)144 696 S -(SH_VERSINFO[).3 E F1(4)A F2(])A F1(The release status \(e.g.,)264 696 Q -F0(beta)2.5 E F1(\).)A(GNU Bash 5.3)72 768 Q(2024 March 29)144.29 E(12) -193.45 E 0 Cg EP -%%Page: 13 13 -%%BeginPageSetup -BP -%%EndPageSetup -/F0 10/Times-Italic@0 SF -.25(BA)72 48 S(SH).25 E/F1 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -138.32(\(1\) General).95 F(Commands Manual)2.5 E F0 -.25(BA)140.82 G(SH) -.25 E F1(\(1\)).95 E/F2 10/Times-Bold@0 SF -.3(BA)144 84 S(SH_VERSINFO[) -.3 E F1(5)A F2(])A F1(The v)264 84 Q(alue of)-.25 E/F3 9/Times-Bold@0 SF -(MA)2.5 E(CHTYPE)-.495 E/F4 9/Times-Roman@0 SF(.)A F2 -.3(BA)108 96 S -(SH_VERSION).3 E F1(Expands to a string describing the v)144 108 Q -(ersion of this instance of)-.15 E F2(bash)2.5 E F1(.)A F2(COMP_CW)108 -120 Q(ORD)-.1 E F1 .396(An inde)144 132 R 2.896(xi)-.15 G(nto)-2.896 E -F2(${COMP_W)2.896 E(ORDS})-.1 E F1 .396(of the w)2.896 F .396 -(ord containing the current cursor position.)-.1 F .397(This v)5.397 F -(ari-)-.25 E 1.181(able is a)144 144 R -.25(va)-.2 G 1.181 -(ilable only in shell functions in).25 F -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G 3.681 -(db).1 G 3.681(yt)-3.681 G 1.18(he programmable completion f)-3.681 F -1.18(acilities \(see)-.1 F F2(Pr)144 156 Q(ogrammable Completion)-.18 E -F1(belo)2.5 E(w\).)-.25 E F2(COMP_KEY)108 168 Q F1(The k)144 180 Q .3 --.15(ey \()-.1 H(or \214nal k).15 E .3 -.15(ey o)-.1 H 2.5(fak).15 G .3 --.15(ey s)-2.6 H(equence\) used to in).15 E -.2(vo)-.4 G .2 -.1(ke t).2 -H(he current completion function.).1 E F2(COMP_LINE)108 192 Q F1 1.207 -(The current command line.)144 204 R 1.208(This v)6.208 F 1.208 -(ariable is a)-.25 F -.25(va)-.2 G 1.208 -(ilable only in shell functions and e).25 F 1.208(xternal com-)-.15 F -1.037(mands in)144 216 R -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G 3.537(db).1 G 3.537 -(yt)-3.537 G 1.037(he programmable completion f)-3.537 F 1.037 -(acilities \(see)-.1 F F2(Pr)3.537 E 1.037(ogrammable Completion)-.18 F -F1(be-)3.537 E(lo)144 228 Q(w\).)-.25 E F2(COMP_POINT)108 240 Q F1 .666 -(The inde)144 252 R 3.166(xo)-.15 G 3.166(ft)-3.166 G .666 -(he current cursor position relati)-3.166 F .966 -.15(ve t)-.25 H 3.166 -(ot).15 G .666(he be)-3.166 F .666(ginning of the current command.)-.15 -F .667(If the)5.667 F .535 -(current cursor position is at the end of the current command, the v)144 -264 R .534(alue of this v)-.25 F .534(ariable is equal to)-.25 F F2 -(${#COMP_LINE})144 276 Q F1 5.704(.T)C .704(his v)-5.704 F .704 -(ariable is a)-.25 F -.25(va)-.2 G .704 -(ilable only in shell functions and e).25 F .705(xternal commands in-) --.15 F -.2(vo)144 288 S -.1(ke).2 G 2.5(db).1 G 2.5(yt)-2.5 G -(he programmable completion f)-2.5 E(acilities \(see)-.1 E F2(Pr)2.5 E -(ogrammable Completion)-.18 E F1(belo)2.5 E(w\).)-.25 E F2(COMP_TYPE)108 -300 Q F1 .042(Set to an inte)144 312 R .042(ger v)-.15 F .041(alue corr\ -esponding to the type of completion attempted that caused a completion) --.25 F .337(function to be called:)144 324 R F0 -.5(TA)2.837 G(B).5 E F1 -2.837(,f)C .337(or normal completion,)-2.837 F F0(?)2.837 E F1 2.837(,f) -C .337(or listing completions after successi)-2.837 F .638 -.15(ve t) --.25 H(abs,).15 E F0(!)144 336 Q F1 3.068(,f)C .567 -(or listing alternati)-3.068 F -.15(ve)-.25 G 3.067(so).15 G 3.067(np) --3.067 G .567(artial w)-3.067 F .567(ord completion,)-.1 F F0(@)3.067 E -F1 3.067(,t)C 3.067(ol)-3.067 G .567(ist completions if the w)-3.067 F -.567(ord is not un-)-.1 F .417(modi\214ed, or)144 348 R F0(%)2.917 E F1 -2.917(,f)C .417(or menu completion.)-2.917 F .417(This v)5.417 F .417 -(ariable is a)-.25 F -.25(va)-.2 G .418 -(ilable only in shell functions and e).25 F(xter)-.15 E(-)-.2 E .704 -(nal commands in)144 360 R -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G 3.204(db).1 G 3.204 -(yt)-3.204 G .704(he programmable completion f)-3.204 F .704 -(acilities \(see)-.1 F F2(Pr)3.204 E .704(ogrammable Comple-)-.18 F -(tion)144 372 Q F1(belo)2.5 E(w\).)-.25 E F2(COMP_W)108 384 Q(ORDBREAKS) --.1 E F1 1.335(The set of characters that the)144 396 R F2 -.18(re)3.836 -G(adline).18 E F1 1.336(library treats as w)3.836 F 1.336 -(ord separators when performing w)-.1 F(ord)-.1 E 3.126(completion. If) -144 408 R F3(COMP_W)3.126 E(ORDBREAKS)-.09 E F1 .626 -(is unset, it loses its special properties, e)2.876 F -.15(ve)-.25 G -3.125(ni).15 G 3.125(fi)-3.125 G 3.125(ti)-3.125 G 3.125(ss)-3.125 G -(ubse-)-3.125 E(quently reset.)144 420 Q F2(COMP_W)108 432 Q(ORDS)-.1 E -F1 .653(An array v)144 444 R .653(ariable \(see)-.25 F F2(Arrays)3.153 E -F1(belo)3.153 E .654(w\) consisting of the indi)-.25 F .654(vidual w) --.25 F .654(ords in the current command)-.1 F 3.192(line. The)144 456 R -.692(line is split into w)3.192 F .692(ords as)-.1 F F2 -.18(re)3.192 G -(adline).18 E F1 -.1(wo)3.192 G .692(uld split it, using).1 F F3(COMP_W) -3.192 E(ORDBREAKS)-.09 E F1 .691(as de-)2.942 F 1.557(scribed abo)144 -468 R -.15(ve)-.15 G 6.557(.T).15 G 1.557(his v)-6.557 F 1.557 -(ariable is a)-.25 F -.25(va)-.2 G 1.558 -(ilable only in shell functions in).25 F -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G 4.058 -(db).1 G 4.058(yt)-4.058 G 1.558(he programmable)-4.058 F(completion f) -144 480 Q(acilities \(see)-.1 E F2(Pr)2.5 E(ogrammable Completion)-.18 E -F1(belo)2.5 E(w\).)-.25 E F2(COPR)108 492 Q(OC)-.3 E F1 .169(An array v) -144 504 R .169(ariable \(see)-.25 F F2(Arrays)2.669 E F1(belo)2.669 E -.169 -(w\) created to hold the \214le descriptors for output from and input) --.25 F(to an unnamed coprocess \(see)144 516 Q F2(Copr)2.5 E(ocesses) --.18 E F1(abo)2.5 E -.15(ve)-.15 G(\).).15 E F2(DIRST)108 528 Q -.55(AC) --.9 G(K).55 E F1 .789(An array v)144 540 R .789(ariable \(see)-.25 F F2 -(Arrays)3.289 E F1(belo)3.289 E .789 -(w\) containing the current contents of the directory stack.)-.25 F(Di-) -5.79 E .099(rectories appear in the stack in the order the)144 552 R -2.599(ya)-.15 G .099(re displayed by the)-2.599 F F2(dirs)2.599 E F1 -.2 -(bu)2.599 G 2.598(iltin. Assigning).2 F .098(to mem-)2.598 F .84 -(bers of this array v)144 564 R .84 -(ariable may be used to modify directories already in the stack, b)-.25 -F .84(ut the)-.2 F F2(pushd)3.34 E F1(and)144 576 Q F2(popd)3.451 E F1 --.2(bu)3.451 G .951(iltins must be used to add and remo).2 F 1.251 -.15 -(ve d)-.15 H 3.45(irectories. Assignment).15 F .95(to this v)3.45 F .95 -(ariable will)-.25 F .378(not change the current directory)144 588 R -5.378(.I)-.65 G(f)-5.378 E F3(DIRST)2.878 E -.495(AC)-.81 G(K).495 E F1 -.379(is unset, it loses its special properties, e)2.628 F -.15(ve)-.25 G -2.879(ni).15 G 2.879(fi)-2.879 G 2.879(ti)-2.879 G(s)-2.879 E -(subsequently reset.)144 600 Q F2(EPOCHREAL)108 612 Q(TIME)-.92 E F1 -.338(Each time this parameter is referenced, it e)144 624 R .337 -(xpands to the number of seconds since the Unix Epoch)-.15 F(\(see)144 -636 Q F0(time)3.02 E F1 .39(\(3\)\) as a \215oating point v).18 F .391 -(alue with micro-second granularity)-.25 F 5.391(.A)-.65 G .391 -(ssignments to)-5.391 F F3(EPOCHRE-)2.891 E(AL)144 648 Q(TIME)-.828 E F1 -1.091(are ignored.)3.341 F(If)6.091 E F3(EPOCHREAL)3.59 E(TIME)-.828 E -F1 1.09(is unset, it loses its special properties, e)3.34 F -.15(ve)-.25 -G 3.59(ni).15 G 3.59(fi)-3.59 G 3.59(ti)-3.59 G(s)-3.59 E -(subsequently reset.)144 660 Q F2(EPOCHSECONDS)108 672 Q F1 .337 -(Each time this parameter is referenced, it e)144 684 R .338 -(xpands to the number of seconds since the Unix Epoch)-.15 F(\(see)144 -696 Q F0(time)4.144 E F1 4.014(\(3\)\). Assignments).18 F(to)4.014 E F3 -(EPOCHSECONDS)4.014 E F1 1.513(are ignored.)3.764 F(If)6.513 E F3 -(EPOCHSECONDS)4.013 E F1 1.513(is unset, it)3.763 F -(loses its special properties, e)144 708 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.5(ni).15 G -2.5(fi)-2.5 G 2.5(ti)-2.5 G 2.5(ss)-2.5 G(ubsequently reset.)-2.5 E -(GNU Bash 5.3)72 768 Q(2024 March 29)144.29 E(13)193.45 E 0 Cg EP -%%Page: 14 14 -%%BeginPageSetup -BP -%%EndPageSetup -/F0 10/Times-Italic@0 SF -.25(BA)72 48 S(SH).25 E/F1 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -138.32(\(1\) General).95 F(Commands Manual)2.5 E F0 -.25(BA)140.82 G(SH) -.25 E F1(\(1\)).95 E/F2 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(EUID)108 84 Q F1 1.103 -(Expands to the ef)144 84 R(fecti)-.25 E 1.403 -.15(ve u)-.25 H 1.103 -(ser ID of the current user).15 F 3.603(,i)-.4 G 1.103 -(nitialized at shell startup.)-3.603 F 1.104(This v)6.103 F 1.104 -(ariable is)-.25 F(readonly)144 96 Q(.)-.65 E F2(FUNCN)108 108 Q(AME)-.2 -E F1 .479(An array v)144 120 R .479 -(ariable containing the names of all shell functions currently in the e) --.25 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .478(cution call stack.).15 F .276 -(The element with inde)144 132 R 2.776(x0i)-.15 G 2.776(st)-2.776 G .276 -(he name of an)-2.776 F 2.777(yc)-.15 G(urrently-e)-2.777 E -.15(xe)-.15 -G .277(cuting shell function.).15 F .277(The bottom-most)5.277 F .065 -(element \(the one with the highest inde)144 144 R .065 -(x\) is \231main\232.)-.15 F .065(This v)5.065 F .065(ariable e)-.25 F -.065(xists only when a shell function)-.15 F .002(is e)144 156 R -.15 -(xe)-.15 G 2.502(cuting. Assignments).15 F(to)2.502 E/F3 9/Times-Bold@0 -SF(FUNCN)2.502 E(AME)-.18 E F1(ha)2.252 E .302 -.15(ve n)-.2 H 2.502(oe) -.15 G -.25(ff)-2.502 G 2.502(ect. If).25 F F3(FUNCN)2.502 E(AME)-.18 E -F1 .003(is unset, it loses its spe-)2.252 F(cial properties, e)144 168 Q --.15(ve)-.25 G 2.5(ni).15 G 2.5(fi)-2.5 G 2.5(ti)-2.5 G 2.5(ss)-2.5 G -(ubsequently reset.)-2.5 E .111(This v)144 184.8 R .111 -(ariable can be used with)-.25 F F2 -.3(BA)2.611 G(SH_LINENO).3 E F1 -(and)2.611 E F2 -.3(BA)2.611 G(SH_SOURCE).3 E F1 5.111(.E)C .111 -(ach element of)-5.111 F F2(FUNC-)2.61 E -.2(NA)144 196.8 S(ME).2 E F1 -1.404(has corresponding elements in)3.904 F F2 -.3(BA)3.904 G(SH_LINENO) -.3 E F1(and)3.904 E F2 -.3(BA)3.904 G(SH_SOURCE).3 E F1 1.404 -(to describe the)3.904 F .012(call stack.)144 208.8 R -.15(Fo)5.012 G -2.512(ri).15 G(nstance,)-2.512 E F2(${FUNCN)2.512 E(AME[)-.2 E F0($i)A -F2(]})A F1 -.1(wa)2.512 G 2.512(sc).1 G .012(alled from the \214le) --2.512 F F2(${B)2.512 E(ASH_SOURCE[)-.3 E F0($i+1)A F2(]})A F1 1.183 -(at line number)144 220.8 R F2(${B)3.683 E(ASH_LINENO[)-.3 E F0($i)A F2 -(]})A F1 6.183(.T)C(he)-6.183 E F2(caller)3.683 E F1 -.2(bu)3.683 G -1.184(iltin displays the current call stack using).2 F -(this information.)144 232.8 Q F2(GR)108 244.8 Q(OUPS)-.3 E F1 1.229 -(An array v)144 256.8 R 1.228(ariable containing the list of groups of \ -which the current user is a member)-.25 F 6.228(.A)-.55 G(ssign-)-6.228 -E .571(ments to)144 268.8 R F3(GR)3.071 E(OUPS)-.27 E F1(ha)2.822 E .872 --.15(ve n)-.2 H 3.072(oe).15 G -.25(ff)-3.072 G 3.072(ect. If).25 F F3 -(GR)3.072 E(OUPS)-.27 E F1 .572 -(is unset, it loses its special properties, e)2.822 F -.15(ve)-.25 G -3.072(ni).15 G 3.072(fi)-3.072 G 3.072(ti)-3.072 G(s)-3.072 E -(subsequently reset.)144 280.8 Q F2(HISTCMD)108 292.8 Q F1 2.811 -(The history number)144 304.8 R 5.311(,o)-.4 G 5.311(ri)-5.311 G(nde) --5.311 E 5.311(xi)-.15 G 5.311(nt)-5.311 G 2.811 -(he history list, of the current command.)-5.311 F 2.81(Assignments to) -7.81 F F3(HISTCMD)144 316.8 Q F1 1.134(are ignored.)3.384 F(If)6.134 E -F3(HISTCMD)3.634 E F1 1.135 -(is unset, it loses its special properties, e)3.385 F -.15(ve)-.25 G -3.635(ni).15 G 3.635(fi)-3.635 G 3.635(ti)-3.635 G 3.635(ss)-3.635 G -(ubse-)-3.635 E(quently reset.)144 328.8 Q F2(HOSTN)108 340.8 Q(AME)-.2 -E F1(Automatically set to the name of the current host.)144 352.8 Q F2 -(HOSTTYPE)108 364.8 Q F1 .223(Automatically set to a string that unique\ -ly describes the type of machine on which)144 376.8 R F2(bash)2.722 E F1 -.222(is e)2.722 F -.15(xe)-.15 G(cut-).15 E 2.5(ing. The)144 388.8 R -(def)2.5 E(ault is system-dependent.)-.1 E F2(LINENO)108 400.8 Q F1 -1.408(Each time this parameter is referenced, the shell substitutes a d\ -ecimal number representing the)144 412.8 R .078(current sequential line\ - number \(starting with 1\) within a script or function.)144 424.8 R -.078(When not in a script or)5.078 F .306(function, the v)144 436.8 R -.306(alue substituted is not guaranteed to be meaningful.)-.25 F(If) -5.307 E F3(LINENO)2.807 E F1 .307(is unset, it loses its)2.557 F -(special properties, e)144 448.8 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.5(ni).15 G 2.5(fi) --2.5 G 2.5(ti)-2.5 G 2.5(ss)-2.5 G(ubsequently reset.)-2.5 E F2(MA)108 -460.8 Q(CHTYPE)-.55 E F1 .898(Automatically set to a string that fully \ -describes the system type on which)144 472.8 R F2(bash)3.398 E F1 .898 -(is e)3.398 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .898(cuting, in).15 F(the standard GNU)144 -484.8 Q F0(cpu-company-system)2.5 E F1 2.5(format. The)2.5 F(def)2.5 E -(ault is system-dependent.)-.1 E F2(MAPFILE)108 496.8 Q F1 .293 -(An array v)144 508.8 R .293(ariable \(see)-.25 F F2(Arrays)2.793 E F1 -(belo)2.793 E .293(w\) created to hold the te)-.25 F .294 -(xt read by the)-.15 F F2(map\214le)2.794 E F1 -.2(bu)2.794 G .294 -(iltin when no).2 F -.25(va)144 520.8 S(riable name is supplied.).25 E -F2(OLDPWD)108 532.8 Q F1(The pre)144 544.8 Q(vious w)-.25 E -(orking directory as set by the)-.1 E F2(cd)2.5 E F1(command.)2.5 E F2 -(OPT)108 556.8 Q(ARG)-.9 E F1 1.627(The v)144 568.8 R 1.627 -(alue of the last option ar)-.25 F 1.627(gument processed by the)-.18 F -F2(getopts)4.127 E F1 -.2(bu)4.127 G 1.626(iltin command \(see).2 F F3 -(SHELL)4.126 E -.09(BU)144 580.8 S(IL).09 E(TIN COMMANDS)-.828 E F1 -(belo)2.25 E(w\).)-.25 E F2(OPTIND)108 592.8 Q F1 1.651(The inde)144 -604.8 R 4.151(xo)-.15 G 4.151(ft)-4.151 G 1.651(he ne)-4.151 F 1.651 -(xt ar)-.15 F 1.652(gument to be processed by the)-.18 F F2(getopts) -4.152 E F1 -.2(bu)4.152 G 1.652(iltin command \(see).2 F F3(SHELL)4.152 -E -.09(BU)144 616.8 S(IL).09 E(TIN COMMANDS)-.828 E F1(belo)2.25 E(w\).) --.25 E F2(OSTYPE)108 628.8 Q F1 .329(Automatically set to a string that\ - describes the operating system on which)144 640.8 R F2(bash)2.829 E F1 -.329(is e)2.829 F -.15(xe)-.15 G 2.829(cuting. The).15 F(def)144 652.8 Q -(ault is system-dependent.)-.1 E F2(PIPEST)108 664.8 Q -.95(AT)-.9 G(US) -.95 E F1 .61(An array v)144 676.8 R .61(ariable \(see)-.25 F F2(Arrays) -3.11 E F1(belo)3.11 E .61(w\) containing a list of e)-.25 F .61 -(xit status v)-.15 F .61(alues from the processes in)-.25 F -(the most-recently-e)144 688.8 Q -.15(xe)-.15 G(cuted fore).15 E -(ground pipeline \(which may contain only a single command\).)-.15 E F2 -(PPID)108 700.8 Q F1(The process ID of the shell')144 700.8 Q 2.5(sp) --.55 G 2.5(arent. This)-2.5 F -.25(va)2.5 G(riable is readonly).25 E(.) --.65 E(GNU Bash 5.3)72 768 Q(2024 March 29)144.29 E(14)193.45 E 0 Cg EP -%%Page: 15 15 -%%BeginPageSetup -BP -%%EndPageSetup -/F0 10/Times-Italic@0 SF -.25(BA)72 48 S(SH).25 E/F1 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -138.32(\(1\) General).95 F(Commands Manual)2.5 E F0 -.25(BA)140.82 G(SH) -.25 E F1(\(1\)).95 E/F2 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(PWD)108 84 Q F1 -(The current w)144 84 Q(orking directory as set by the)-.1 E F2(cd)2.5 E -F1(command.)2.5 E F2(RANDOM)108 96 Q F1 .417 -(Each time this parameter is referenced, it e)144 108 R .417 -(xpands to a random inte)-.15 F .417(ger between 0 and 32767.)-.15 F -(As-)5.416 E .55(signing a v)144 120 R .55(alue to)-.25 F/F3 9 -/Times-Bold@0 SF(RANDOM)3.05 E F1 .551 -(initializes \(seeds\) the sequence of random numbers.)2.801 F(If)5.551 -E F3(RANDOM)3.051 E F1(is)2.801 E -(unset, it loses its special properties, e)144 132 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.5 -(ni).15 G 2.5(fi)-2.5 G 2.5(ti)-2.5 G 2.5(ss)-2.5 G(ubsequently reset.) --2.5 E F2(READLINE_ARGUMENT)108 144 Q F1(An)144 156 Q 2.527(yn)-.15 G -.027(umeric ar)-2.527 F .027(gument gi)-.18 F -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.527(nt) -.15 G 2.527(oar)-2.527 G .027(eadline command that w)-2.527 F .027 -(as de\214ned using \231bind \255x\232 \(see)-.1 F F3(SHELL)2.527 E -.09 -(BU)144 168 S(IL).09 E(TIN COMMANDS)-.828 E F1(belo)2.25 E -(w\) when it w)-.25 E(as in)-.1 E -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G(d.).1 E F2 -(READLINE_LINE)108 180 Q F1 1.693(The contents of the)144 192 R F2 -.18 -(re)4.193 G(adline).18 E F1 1.693(line b)4.193 F(uf)-.2 E(fer)-.25 E -4.193(,f)-.4 G 1.694(or use with \231bind \255x\232 \(see)-4.193 F F3 -1.694(SHELL B)4.194 F(UIL)-.09 E 1.694(TIN COM-)-.828 F(MANDS)144 204 Q -F1(belo)2.25 E(w\).)-.25 E F2(READLINE_MARK)108 216 Q F1 .236 -(The position of the mark \(sa)144 228 R -.15(ve)-.2 G 2.736(di).15 G -.236(nsertion point\) in the)-2.736 F F2 -.18(re)2.736 G(adline).18 E F1 -.236(line b)2.736 F(uf)-.2 E(fer)-.25 E 2.736(,f)-.4 G .236 -(or use with \231bind \255x\232)-2.736 F(\(see)144 240 Q F3 1.016 -(SHELL B)3.516 F(UIL)-.09 E 1.016(TIN COMMANDS)-.828 F F1(belo)3.266 E -3.516(w\). The)-.25 F 1.017 -(characters between the insertion point and the)3.516 F -(mark are often called the)144 252 Q F0 -.37(re)2.5 G(gion)-.03 E F1(.)A -F2(READLINE_POINT)108 264 Q F1 .443 -(The position of the insertion point in the)144 276 R F2 -.18(re)2.943 G -(adline).18 E F1 .443(line b)2.943 F(uf)-.2 E(fer)-.25 E 2.943(,f)-.4 G -.442(or use with \231bind \255x\232 \(see)-2.943 F F3(SHELL)2.942 E -.09 -(BU)144 288 S(IL).09 E(TIN COMMANDS)-.828 E F1(belo)2.25 E(w\).)-.25 E -F2(REPL)108 300 Q(Y)-.92 E F1(Set to the line of input read by the)144 -312 Q F2 -.18(re)2.5 G(ad).18 E F1 -.2(bu)2.5 G -(iltin command when no ar).2 E(guments are supplied.)-.18 E F2(SECONDS) -108 324 Q F1 .177(Each time this parameter is referenced, it e)144 336 R -.178(xpands to the number of seconds since shell in)-.15 F -.2(vo)-.4 G -(cation.).2 E .713(If a v)144 348 R .712(alue is assigned to)-.25 F F3 -(SECONDS)3.212 E/F4 9/Times-Roman@0 SF(,)A F1 .712(the v)2.962 F .712 -(alue returned upon subsequent references is the number)-.25 F .627 -(of seconds since the assignment plus the v)144 360 R .627 -(alue assigned.)-.25 F .628(The number of seconds at shell in)5.627 F --.2(vo)-.4 G(ca-).2 E .112(tion and the current time are al)144 372 R --.1(wa)-.1 G .111(ys determined by querying the system clock.).1 F(If) -5.111 E F3(SECONDS)2.611 E F1 .111(is un-)2.361 F -(set, it loses its special properties, e)144 384 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.5 -(ni).15 G 2.5(fi)-2.5 G 2.5(ti)-2.5 G 2.5(ss)-2.5 G(ubsequently reset.) --2.5 E F2(SHELLOPTS)108 396 Q F1 3.262(Ac)144 408 S .763 -(olon-separated list of enabled shell options.)-3.262 F .763(Each w) -5.763 F .763(ord in the list is a v)-.1 F .763(alid ar)-.25 F .763 -(gument for the)-.18 F F2144 420 Q F1 1.174(option to the)3.674 F -F2(set)3.674 E F1 -.2(bu)3.674 G 1.174(iltin command \(see).2 F F3 1.173 -(SHELL B)3.673 F(UIL)-.09 E 1.173(TIN COMMANDS)-.828 F F1(belo)3.423 E -3.673(w\). The)-.25 F(options)3.673 E .019(appearing in)144 432 R F3 -(SHELLOPTS)2.519 E F1 .019(are those reported as)2.269 F F0(on)2.749 E -F1(by)2.759 E F2 .019(set \255o)2.519 F F1 5.019(.I)C 2.519(ft)-5.019 G -.019(his v)-2.519 F .02(ariable is in the en)-.25 F(vironment)-.4 E -(when)144 444 Q F2(bash)3.142 E F1 .642(starts up, each shell option in\ - the list will be enabled before reading an)3.142 F 3.141(ys)-.15 G .641 -(tartup \214les.)-3.141 F(This v)144 456 Q(ariable is read-only)-.25 E -(.)-.65 E F2(SHL)108 468 Q(VL)-.92 E F1 -(Incremented by one each time an instance of)144 480 Q F2(bash)2.5 E F1 -(is started.)2.5 E F2(SRANDOM)108 492 Q F1 .76(This v)144 504 R .76 -(ariable e)-.25 F .761(xpands to a 32-bit pseudo-random number each tim\ -e it is referenced. The random)-.15 F .65 -(number generator is not linear on systems that support)144 516 R F0 -(/de)4.816 E(v/ur)-.15 E(andom)-.15 E F1(or)4.816 E F0(ar)3.48 E(c4r) --.37 E(andom)-.15 E F1 .649(\(3\), so each).32 F .788 -(returned number has no relationship to the numbers preceding it.)144 -528 R .788(The random number generator)5.788 F .088 -(cannot be seeded, so assignments to this v)144 540 R .087(ariable ha) --.25 F .387 -.15(ve n)-.2 H 2.587(oe).15 G -.25(ff)-2.587 G 2.587 -(ect. If).25 F F3(SRANDOM)2.587 E F1 .087(is unset, it loses its)2.337 F -(special properties, e)144 552 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.5(ni).15 G 2.5(fi)-2.5 -G 2.5(ti)-2.5 G 2.5(ss)-2.5 G(ubsequently reset.)-2.5 E F2(UID)108 564 Q -F1(Expands to the user ID of the current user)144 564 Q 2.5(,i)-.4 G -(nitialized at shell startup.)-2.5 E(This v)5 E(ariable is readonly)-.25 -E(.)-.65 E .993(The follo)108 580.8 R .993(wing v)-.25 F .994 -(ariables are used by the shell.)-.25 F .994(In some cases,)5.994 F F2 -(bash)3.494 E F1 .994(assigns a def)3.494 F .994(ault v)-.1 F .994 -(alue to a v)-.25 F(ariable;)-.25 E(these cases are noted belo)108 592.8 -Q -.65(w.)-.25 G F2 -.3(BA)108 609.6 S(SH_COMP).3 E -.95(AT)-.74 G F1 -.503(The v)144 621.6 R .502(alue is used to set the shell')-.25 F 3.002 -(sc)-.55 G .502(ompatibility le)-3.002 F -.15(ve)-.25 G 3.002(l. See).15 -F F3 .502(SHELL COMP)3.002 F -.855(AT)-.666 G .502(IBILITY MODE).855 F -F1(be-)2.752 E(lo)144 633.6 Q 2.662(wf)-.25 G .162 -(or a description of the v)-2.662 F .162(arious compatibility le)-.25 F --.15(ve)-.25 G .162(ls and their ef).15 F 2.663(fects. The)-.25 F -.25 -(va)2.663 G .163(lue may be a dec-).25 F .33 -(imal number \(e.g., 4.2\) or an inte)144 645.6 R .33 -(ger \(e.g., 42\) corresponding to the desired compatibility le)-.15 F --.15(ve)-.25 G 2.83(l. If).15 F F2 -.3(BA)144 657.6 S(SH_COMP).3 E -.95 -(AT)-.74 G F1 .86 -(is unset or set to the empty string, the compatibility le)4.31 F -.15 -(ve)-.25 G 3.361(li).15 G 3.361(ss)-3.361 G .861(et to the def)-3.361 F -(ault)-.1 E .39(for the current v)144 669.6 R 2.89(ersion. If)-.15 F F2 --.3(BA)2.89 G(SH_COMP).3 E -.95(AT)-.74 G F1 .39(is set to a v)3.84 F -.39(alue that is not one of the v)-.25 F .39(alid compati-)-.25 F .277 -(bility le)144 681.6 R -.15(ve)-.25 G .278 -(ls, the shell prints an error message and sets the compatibility le).15 -F -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.778(lt).15 G 2.778(ot)-2.778 G .278(he def)-2.778 F -.278(ault for the)-.1 F .628(current v)144 693.6 R 3.128(ersion. A)-.15 -F .627(subset of the v)3.127 F .627(alid v)-.25 F .627 -(alues correspond to the compatibility le)-.25 F -.15(ve)-.25 G .627 -(ls described be-).15 F(lo)144 705.6 Q 2.87(wu)-.25 G(nder)-2.87 E F3 -.37(SHELL COMP)2.87 F -.855(AT)-.666 G .371(IBILITY MODE).855 F F4(.)A -F1 -.15(Fo)4.871 G 2.871(re).15 G .371(xample, 4.2 and 42 are v)-3.021 F -.371(alid v)-.25 F .371(alues that corre-)-.25 F .55(spond to the)144 -717.6 R F2 .55(compat42 shopt)3.05 F F1 .549 -(option and set the compatibility le)3.05 F -.15(ve)-.25 G 3.049(lt).15 -G 3.049(o4)-3.049 G 3.049(2. The)-3.049 F .549(current v)3.049 F .549 -(ersion is)-.15 F(also a v)144 729.6 Q(alid v)-.25 E(alue.)-.25 E -(GNU Bash 5.3)72 768 Q(2024 March 29)144.29 E(15)193.45 E 0 Cg EP -%%Page: 16 16 -%%BeginPageSetup -BP -%%EndPageSetup -/F0 10/Times-Italic@0 SF -.25(BA)72 48 S(SH).25 E/F1 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -138.32(\(1\) General).95 F(Commands Manual)2.5 E F0 -.25(BA)140.82 G(SH) -.25 E F1(\(1\)).95 E/F2 10/Times-Bold@0 SF -.3(BA)108 84 S(SH_ENV).3 E -F1 .505(If this parameter is set when)144 96 R F2(bash)3.005 E F1 .505 -(is e)3.005 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .506(cuting a shell script, its v).15 F -.506(alue is interpreted as a \214lename)-.25 F .199 -(containing commands to initialize the shell, as in)144 108 R F0 -(\001/.bashr)2.799 E(c)-.37 E F1 5.199(.T).31 G .199(he v)-5.199 F .199 -(alue of)-.25 F/F3 9/Times-Bold@0 SF -.27(BA)2.699 G(SH_ENV).27 E F1 -.198(is subjected)2.448 F .525(to parameter e)144 120 R .525 -(xpansion, command substitution, and arithmetic e)-.15 F .525 -(xpansion before being interpreted)-.15 F(as a \214lename.)144 132 Q F3 --.666(PA)5 G(TH)-.189 E F1 -(is not used to search for the resultant \214lename.)2.25 E F2 -.3(BA) -108 144 S(SH_XTRA).3 E(CEFD)-.55 E F1 .481(If set to an inte)144 156 R -.481(ger corresponding to a v)-.15 F .481(alid \214le descriptor)-.25 F -(,)-.4 E F2(bash)2.98 E F1 .48(will write the trace output gener)2.98 F -(-)-.2 E 3.305 -(ated when \231set \255x\232 is enabled to that \214le descriptor)144 -168 R 8.305(.T)-.55 G 3.306(he \214le descriptor is closed when)-8.305 F -F3 -.27(BA)144 180 S(SH_XTRA).27 E(CEFD)-.495 E F1 .138 -(is unset or assigned a ne)2.388 F 2.638(wv)-.25 G 2.638 -(alue. Unsetting)-2.888 F F3 -.27(BA)2.638 G(SH_XTRA).27 E(CEFD)-.495 E -F1 .138(or assigning it)2.388 F 2.531(the empty string causes the trace\ - output to be sent to the standard error)144 192 R 7.531(.N)-.55 G 2.531 -(ote that setting)-7.531 F F3 -.27(BA)144 204 S(SH_XTRA).27 E(CEFD)-.495 -E F1 .74(to 2 \(the standard error \214le descriptor\) and then unsetti\ -ng it will result in the)2.991 F(standard error being closed.)144 216 Q -F2(CDP)108 228 Q -.95(AT)-.74 G(H).95 E F1 1.247 -(The search path for the)144 240 R F2(cd)3.747 E F1 3.747(command. This) -3.747 F 1.248(is a colon-separated list of directories in which the) -3.747 F(shell looks for destination directories speci\214ed by the)144 -252 Q F2(cd)2.5 E F1 2.5(command. A)2.5 F(sample v)2.5 E -(alue is \231.:\001:/usr\232.)-.25 E F2(CHILD_MAX)108 264 Q F1 .932 -(Set the number of e)144 276 R .931(xited child status v)-.15 F .931 -(alues for the shell to remember)-.25 F(.)-.55 E F2(Bash)5.931 E F1 .931 -(will not allo)3.431 F 3.431(wt)-.25 G(his)-3.431 E -.25(va)144 288 S -1.077(lue to be decreased belo).25 F 3.577(waP)-.25 G 1.077 -(OSIX-mandated minimum, and there is a maximum v)-3.577 F 1.078 -(alue \(cur)-.25 F(-)-.2 E(rently 8192\) that this may not e)144 300 Q -2.5(xceed. The)-.15 F(minimum v)2.5 E(alue is system-dependent.)-.25 E -F2(COLUMNS)108 312 Q F1 .829(Used by the)144 324 R F2(select)3.329 E F1 -.828(compound command to determine the terminal width when printing sel\ -ection)3.329 F 3.466(lists. Automatically)144 336 R .966(set if the) -3.466 F F2(checkwinsize)3.466 E F1 .966 -(option is enabled or in an interacti)3.466 F 1.266 -.15(ve s)-.25 H -.966(hell upon re-).15 F(ceipt of a)144 348 Q F3(SIGWINCH)2.5 E/F4 9 -/Times-Roman@0 SF(.)A F2(COMPREPL)108 360 Q(Y)-.92 E F1 .848(An array v) -144 372 R .848(ariable from which)-.25 F F2(bash)3.348 E F1 .848 -(reads the possible completions generated by a shell function)3.348 F -(in)144 384 Q -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G 2.785(db).1 G 2.785(yt)-2.785 G -.285(he programmable completion f)-2.785 F .285(acility \(see)-.1 F F2 -(Pr)2.785 E .285(ogrammable Completion)-.18 F F1(belo)2.785 E 2.785 -(w\). Each)-.25 F(array element contains one possible completion.)144 -396 Q F2(EMA)108 408 Q(CS)-.55 E F1(If)144 420 Q F2(bash)3.071 E F1 .571 -(\214nds this v)3.071 F .571(ariable in the en)-.25 F .571 -(vironment when the shell starts with v)-.4 F .57 -(alue \231t\232, it assumes that)-.25 F -(the shell is running in an Emacs shell b)144 432 Q(uf)-.2 E -(fer and disables line editing.)-.25 E F2(ENV)108 444 Q F1 .67 -(Expanded and e)144 444 R -.15(xe)-.15 G .67(cuted similarly to).15 F F3 --.27(BA)3.17 G(SH_ENV).27 E F1(\(see)2.92 E F2(INV)3.17 E(OCA)-.45 E -(TION)-.95 E F1(abo)3.171 E -.15(ve)-.15 G 3.171(\)w).15 G .671 -(hen an interacti)-3.171 F -.15(ve)-.25 G(shell is in)144 456 Q -.2(vo) --.4 G -.1(ke).2 G 2.5(di).1 G(n)-2.5 E F0(posix mode)2.5 E F1(.)A F2 -(EXECIGNORE)108 468 Q F1 2.717(Ac)144 480 S .217 -(olon-separated list of shell patterns \(see)-2.717 F F2 -.1(Pa)2.717 G -(tter).1 E 2.717(nM)-.15 G(atching)-2.717 E F1 2.717(\)d)C .216 -(e\214ning the list of \214lenames to be)-2.717 F .116 -(ignored by command search using)144 492 R F2 -.74(PA)2.616 G(TH)-.21 E -F1 5.116(.F)C .117 -(iles whose full pathnames match one of these patterns)-5.116 F 1.433 -(are not considered e)144 504 R -.15(xe)-.15 G 1.432 -(cutable \214les for the purposes of completion and command e).15 F -.15 -(xe)-.15 G 1.432(cution via).15 F F2 -.74(PA)144 516 S(TH)-.21 E F1 -2.908(lookup. This)2.908 F .408(does not af)2.908 F .408(fect the beha) --.25 F .408(vior of the)-.2 F F2([)2.908 E F1(,)A F2(test)2.908 E F1 -2.908(,a)C(nd)-2.908 E F2([[)2.908 E F1 2.909(commands. Full)2.908 F -(pathnames)2.909 E .364(in the command hash table are not subject to)144 -528 R F2(EXECIGNORE)2.864 E F1 5.364(.U)C .364(se this v)-5.364 F .364 -(ariable to ignore shared)-.25 F 1.37(library \214les that ha)144 540 R -1.67 -.15(ve t)-.2 H 1.37(he e).15 F -.15(xe)-.15 G 1.37 -(cutable bit set, b).15 F 1.37(ut are not e)-.2 F -.15(xe)-.15 G 1.37 -(cutable \214les.).15 F 1.37(The pattern matching)6.37 F -(honors the setting of the)144 552 Q F2(extglob)2.5 E F1(shell option.) -2.5 E F2(FCEDIT)108 564 Q F1(The def)144 576 Q(ault editor for the)-.1 E -F2(fc)2.5 E F1 -.2(bu)2.5 G(iltin command.).2 E F2(FIGNORE)108 588 Q F1 -2.599(Ac)144 600 S .098(olon-separated list of suf)-2.599 F<8c78>-.25 E -.098(es to ignore when performing \214lename completion \(see)-.15 F F3 -(READLINE)2.598 E F1(belo)144 612 Q 2.704(w\). A)-.25 F .204 -(\214lename whose suf)2.704 F .205(\214x matches one of the entries in) --.25 F F3(FIGNORE)2.705 E F1 .205(is e)2.455 F .205 -(xcluded from the list)-.15 F(of matched \214lenames.)144 624 Q 2.5(As)5 -G(ample v)-2.5 E(alue is \231.o:\001\232.)-.25 E F2(FUNCNEST)108 636 Q -F1 .231(If set to a numeric v)144 648 R .231 -(alue greater than 0, de\214nes a maximum function nesting le)-.25 F --.15(ve)-.25 G 2.73(l. Function).15 F(in)2.73 E -.2(vo)-.4 G(-).2 E -(cations that e)144 660 Q(xceed this nesting le)-.15 E -.15(ve)-.25 G -2.5(lw).15 G(ill cause the current command to abort.)-2.5 E F2 -(GLOBIGNORE)108 672 Q F1 2.923(Ac)144 684 S .423(olon-separated list of\ - patterns de\214ning the set of \214le names to be ignored by pathname \ -e)-2.923 F(xpan-)-.15 E 2.948(sion. If)144 696 R 2.948<618c>2.948 G .448 -(le name matched by a pathname e)-2.948 F .447 -(xpansion pattern also matches one of the patterns in)-.15 F F3 -(GLOBIGNORE)144 708 Q F4(,)A F1(it is remo)2.25 E -.15(ve)-.15 G 2.5(df) -.15 G(rom the list of matches.)-2.5 E(GNU Bash 5.3)72 768 Q -(2024 March 29)144.29 E(16)193.45 E 0 Cg EP -%%Page: 17 17 -%%BeginPageSetup -BP -%%EndPageSetup -/F0 10/Times-Italic@0 SF -.25(BA)72 48 S(SH).25 E/F1 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -138.32(\(1\) General).95 F(Commands Manual)2.5 E F0 -.25(BA)140.82 G(SH) -.25 E F1(\(1\)).95 E/F2 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(GLOBSOR)108 84 Q(T)-.4 E F1 -.334(Control ho)144 96 R 2.834(wt)-.25 G .334(he results of pathname e) --2.834 F .335(xpansion are sorted.)-.15 F .335(The v)5.335 F .335 -(alue of this v)-.25 F .335(ariable speci\214es the)-.25 F .36 -(sort criteria and sort order for the results of pathname e)144 108 R -2.859(xpansion. If)-.15 F .359(this v)2.859 F .359 -(ariable is unset or set to)-.25 F .311(the null string, pathname e)144 -120 R .311(xpansion uses the historical beha)-.15 F .311 -(vior of sorting by name.)-.2 F .312(If set, a v)5.312 F(alid)-.25 E --.25(va)144 132 S .003(lue be).25 F .003(gins with an optional)-.15 F F0 -(+)2.503 E F1 2.503(,w)C .002(hich is ignored, or)-2.503 F F02.502 E -F1 2.502(,w)C .002(hich re)-2.502 F -.15(ve)-.25 G .002 -(rses the sort order from ascend-).15 F 1.125(ing to descending, follo) -144 144 R 1.125(wed by a sort speci\214er)-.25 F 6.125(.T)-.55 G 1.125 -(he v)-6.125 F 1.126(alid sort speci\214ers are)-.25 F F0(name)3.986 E -F1(,).18 E F0(size)3.966 E F1(,).18 E F0(mtime)4.006 E F1(,).18 E F0 -(atime)144.33 156 Q F1(,).18 E F0(ctime)2.845 E F1 2.645(,a).18 G(nd) --2.645 E F0(bloc)2.915 E(ks)-.2 E F1 2.645(,w).27 G .144(hich sort the \ -\214les on name, \214le size, modi\214cation time, access time, in-) --2.645 F .075(ode change time, and number of blocks, respecti)144 168 R --.15(ve)-.25 G(ly).15 E 5.076(.F)-.65 G .076(or e)-5.226 F .076 -(xample, a v)-.15 F .076(alue of)-.25 F F0(\255mtime)2.576 E F1 .076 -(sorts the re-)2.576 F .965 -(sults in descending order by modi\214cation time \(ne)144 180 R .964 -(west \214rst\).)-.25 F 3.464(As)5.964 G .964(ort speci\214er of)-3.464 -F F0(nosort)3.464 E F1(disables)3.464 E .497 -(sorting completely; the results are returned in the order the)144 192 R -2.997(ya)-.15 G .497(re read from the \214le system,.)-2.997 F .498 -(If the)5.497 F .52(sort speci\214er is missing, it def)144 204 R .52 -(aults to)-.1 F F0(name)3.02 E F1 3.02(,s)C 3.02(oav)-3.02 G .52 -(alue of)-3.27 F F0(+)3.02 E F1 .52(is equi)3.02 F -.25(va)-.25 G .52 -(lent to the null string, and a).25 F -.25(va)144 216 S .46(lue of).25 F -F0(-)2.96 E F1 .46(sorts by name in descending order)2.96 F 5.46(.A)-.55 -G .76 -.15(ny i)-5.46 H -1.95 -.4(nv a).15 H .46(lid v).4 F .46 -(alue restores the historical sorting be-)-.25 F(ha)144 228 Q(vior)-.2 E -(.)-.55 E F2(HISTCONTR)108 240 Q(OL)-.3 E F1 2.654(Ac)144 252 S .153 -(olon-separated list of v)-2.654 F .153(alues controlling ho)-.25 F -2.653(wc)-.25 G .153(ommands are sa)-2.653 F -.15(ve)-.2 G 2.653(do).15 -G 2.653(nt)-2.653 G .153(he history list.)-2.653 F .153(If the list) -5.153 F .49(of v)144 264 R .49(alues includes)-.25 F F0(ignor)3 E -(espace)-.37 E F1 2.99(,l).18 G .49(ines which be)-2.99 F .49 -(gin with a)-.15 F F2(space)2.99 E F1 .49(character are not sa)2.99 F --.15(ve)-.2 G 2.99(di).15 G 2.99(nt)-2.99 G .49(he his-)-2.99 F .558 -(tory list.)144 276 R 3.058(Av)5.558 G .558(alue of)-3.308 F F0(ignor) -3.068 E(edups)-.37 E F1 .558(causes lines matching the pre)3.328 F .557 -(vious history entry to not be sa)-.25 F -.15(ve)-.2 G(d.).15 E 2.925 -(Av)144 288 S .425(alue of)-3.175 F F0(ignor)2.935 E(eboth)-.37 E F1 -.426(is shorthand for)3.205 F F0(ignor)2.926 E(espace)-.37 E F1(and) -2.926 E F0(ignor)2.926 E(edups)-.37 E F1 5.426(.A)C -.25(va)-2.5 G .426 -(lue of).25 F F0(er)3.116 E(asedups)-.15 E F1(causes)3.196 E .699 -(all pre)144 300 R .698 -(vious lines matching the current line to be remo)-.25 F -.15(ve)-.15 G -3.198(df).15 G .698(rom the history list before that line is)-3.198 F -(sa)144 312 Q -.15(ve)-.2 G 2.763(d. An).15 F 2.763(yv)-.15 G .263 -(alue not in the abo)-3.013 F .563 -.15(ve l)-.15 H .263 -(ist is ignored.).15 F(If)5.263 E/F3 9/Times-Bold@0 SF(HISTCONTR)2.763 E -(OL)-.27 E F1 .264(is unset, or does not include)2.513 F 2.942(av)144 -324 S .442(alid v)-3.192 F .442 -(alue, all lines read by the shell parser are sa)-.25 F -.15(ve)-.2 G -2.941(do).15 G 2.941(nt)-2.941 G .441(he history list, subject to the v) --2.941 F .441(alue of)-.25 F F3(HISTIGNORE)144 336 Q/F4 9/Times-Roman@0 -SF(.)A F1 1.981(The second and subsequent lines of a multi-line compoun\ -d command are not)6.481 F(tested, and are added to the history re)144 -348 Q -.05(ga)-.15 G(rdless of the v).05 E(alue of)-.25 E F3(HISTCONTR) -2.5 E(OL)-.27 E F4(.)A F2(HISTFILE)108 360 Q F1 .818 -(The name of the \214le in which command history is sa)144 372 R -.15 -(ve)-.2 G 3.317(d\().15 G(see)-3.317 E F3(HIST)3.317 E(OR)-.162 E(Y) --.315 E F1(belo)3.067 E(w\).)-.25 E F2(Bash)5.817 E F1 .817(assigns a) -3.317 F(def)144 384 Q .29(ault v)-.1 F .29(alue of)-.25 F F0 -(\001/.bash_history)2.79 E F1 5.29(.I)C(f)-5.29 E F2(HISTFILE)2.79 E F1 -.29(is unset or null, the command history is not sa)2.79 F -.15(ve)-.2 G -(d).15 E(when a shell e)144 396 Q(xits.)-.15 E F2(HISTFILESIZE)108 408 Q -F1 1.623(The maximum number of lines contained in the history \214le.) -144 420 R 1.622(When this v)6.623 F 1.622(ariable is assigned a)-.25 F --.25(va)144 432 S .124 -(lue, the history \214le is truncated, if necessary).25 F 2.624(,t)-.65 -G 2.624(oc)-2.624 G .125 -(ontain no more than that number of lines by re-)-2.624 F(mo)144 444 Q -.066(ving the oldest entries.)-.15 F .065(The history \214le is also tr\ -uncated to this size after writing it when a shell)5.066 F -.15(ex)144 -456 S 2.927(its. If).15 F .427(the v)2.927 F .428 -(alue is 0, the history \214le is truncated to zero size.)-.25 F .428 -(Non-numeric v)5.428 F .428(alues and numeric)-.25 F -.25(va)144 468 S -.152(lues less than zero inhibit truncation.).25 F .152 -(The shell sets the def)5.152 F .152(ault v)-.1 F .152(alue to the v) --.25 F .151(alue of)-.25 F F2(HISTSIZE)2.651 E F1(after reading an)144 -480 Q 2.5(ys)-.15 G(tartup \214les.)-2.5 E F2(HISTIGNORE)108 492 Q F1 -2.657(Ac)144 504 S .157(olon-separated list of patterns used to decide \ -which command lines should be sa)-2.657 F -.15(ve)-.2 G 2.658(do).15 G -2.658(nt)-2.658 G .158(he his-)-2.658 F .997(tory list.)144 516 R .997 -(If a command line matches one of the patterns in the v)5.997 F .996 -(alue of)-.25 F F3(HISTIGNORE)3.496 E F4(,)A F1 .996(it is not)3.246 F -(sa)144 528 Q -.15(ve)-.2 G 2.771(do).15 G 2.771(nt)-2.771 G .271 -(he history list.)-2.771 F .271(Each pattern is anchored at the be)5.271 -F .271(ginning of the line and must match the)-.15 F .26 -(complete line \()144 540 R F2(bash)A F1 .26(will not)2.76 F .259 -(implicitly append a \231)5.26 F F2(*)A F1 2.759(\232\). Each)B .259 -(pattern is tested ag)2.759 F .259(ainst the line after)-.05 F 2.252 -(the checks speci\214ed by)144 552 R F3(HISTCONTR)4.752 E(OL)-.27 E F1 -2.252(are applied.)4.502 F 2.252 -(In addition to the normal shell pattern)7.252 F .275 -(matching characters, \231)144 564 R F2(&)A F1 2.775<9a6d>C .275 -(atches the pre)-2.775 F .274(vious history line.)-.25 F 2.774(Ab)5.274 -G .274(ackslash will escape the \231)-2.774 F F2(&)A F1 .274(\232; the)B -.375(backslash is remo)144 576 R -.15(ve)-.15 G 2.875(db).15 G .375 -(efore attempting a match.)-2.875 F .375 -(The second and subsequent lines of a multi-line)5.375 F 2.472 -(compound command are not tested, and are added to the history re)144 -588 R -.05(ga)-.15 G 2.472(rdless of the v).05 F 2.472(alue of)-.25 F F3 -(HISTIGNORE)144 600 Q F4(.)A F1 -(The pattern matching honors the setting of the)4.5 E F2(extglob)2.5 E -F1(shell option.)2.5 E F2(HISTSIZE)108 612 Q F1 1.387 -(The number of commands to remember in the command history \(see)144 624 -R F3(HIST)3.887 E(OR)-.162 E(Y)-.315 E F1(belo)3.637 E 3.887(w\). If) --.25 F(the)3.888 E -.25(va)144 636 S 1.321 -(lue is 0, commands are not sa).25 F -.15(ve)-.2 G 3.821(di).15 G 3.821 -(nt)-3.821 G 1.321(he history list.)-3.821 F 1.32(Numeric v)6.32 F 1.32 -(alues less than zero result in)-.25 F -2.15 -.25(ev e)144 648 T .436 -(ry command being sa).25 F -.15(ve)-.2 G 2.936(do).15 G 2.936(nt)-2.936 -G .436(he history list \(there is no limit\).)-2.936 F .437 -(The shell sets the def)5.437 F .437(ault v)-.1 F(alue)-.25 E -(to 500 after reading an)144 660 Q 2.5(ys)-.15 G(tartup \214les.)-2.5 E -F2(HISTTIMEFORMA)108 672 Q(T)-.95 E F1 .926(If this v)144 684 R .926 -(ariable is set and not null, its v)-.25 F .925 -(alue is used as a format string for)-.25 F F0(strftime)3.765 E F1 .925 -(\(3\) to print the).18 F .672 -(time stamp associated with each history entry displayed by the)144 696 -R F2(history)3.173 E F1 -.2(bu)3.173 G 3.173(iltin. If).2 F .673(this v) -3.173 F .673(ariable is)-.25 F .144 -(set, time stamps are written to the history \214le so the)144 708 R -2.644(ym)-.15 G .144(ay be preserv)-2.644 F .144 -(ed across shell sessions.)-.15 F(This)5.144 E(uses the history comment\ - character to distinguish timestamps from other history lines.)144 720 Q -(GNU Bash 5.3)72 768 Q(2024 March 29)144.29 E(17)193.45 E 0 Cg EP -%%Page: 18 18 -%%BeginPageSetup -BP -%%EndPageSetup -/F0 10/Times-Italic@0 SF -.25(BA)72 48 S(SH).25 E/F1 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -138.32(\(1\) General).95 F(Commands Manual)2.5 E F0 -.25(BA)140.82 G(SH) -.25 E F1(\(1\)).95 E/F2 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(HOME)108 84 Q F1 1.27 -(The home directory of the current user; the def)144 96 R 1.27(ault ar) --.1 F 1.27(gument for the)-.18 F F2(cd)3.77 E F1 -.2(bu)3.77 G 1.27 -(iltin command.).2 F(The)6.27 E -.25(va)144 108 S(lue of this v).25 E -(ariable is also used when performing tilde e)-.25 E(xpansion.)-.15 E F2 -(HOSTFILE)108 120 Q F1 1.015 -(Contains the name of a \214le in the same format as)144 132 R F0 -(/etc/hosts)5.181 E F1 1.015(that should be read when the shell)5.181 F -.55(needs to complete a hostname.)144 144 R .551 -(The list of possible hostname completions may be changed while)5.551 F -1.059(the shell is running; the ne)144 156 R 1.059 -(xt time hostname completion is attempted after the v)-.15 F 1.058 -(alue is changed,)-.25 F F2(bash)144 168 Q F1 .138 -(adds the contents of the ne)2.638 F 2.638<778c>-.25 G .138(le to the e) --2.638 F .138(xisting list.)-.15 F(If)5.138 E/F3 9/Times-Bold@0 SF -(HOSTFILE)2.638 E F1 .138(is set, b)2.388 F .139(ut has no v)-.2 F .139 -(alue, or)-.25 F .518(does not name a readable \214le,)144 180 R F2 -(bash)3.018 E F1 .518(attempts to read)3.018 F F0(/etc/hosts)4.683 E F1 -.517(to obtain the list of possible host-)4.683 F(name completions.)144 -192 Q(When)5 E F3(HOSTFILE)2.5 E F1 -(is unset, the hostname list is cleared.)2.25 E F2(IFS)108 204 Q F1(The) -144 204 Q F0 .555(Internal F)3.635 F .555(ield Separ)-.45 F(ator)-.15 E -F1 .555(that is used for w)3.785 F .556(ord splitting after e)-.1 F .556 -(xpansion and to split lines into)-.15 F -.1(wo)144 216 S(rds with the) -.1 E F2 -.18(re)2.5 G(ad).18 E F1 -.2(bu)2.5 G(iltin command.).2 E -(The def)5 E(ault v)-.1 E(alue is \231\232.)-.25 E F2(IGNOREEOF)108 228 Q F1 .503 -(Controls the action of an interacti)144 240 R .803 -.15(ve s)-.25 H -.503(hell on receipt of an).15 F F3(EOF)3.003 E F1 .503 -(character as the sole input.)2.753 F .503(If set,)5.503 F .426(the v) -144 252 R .426(alue is the number of consecuti)-.25 F -.15(ve)-.25 G F3 -(EOF)3.076 E F1 .426 -(characters which must be typed as the \214rst characters)2.676 F .303 -(on an input line before)144 264 R F2(bash)2.802 E F1 -.15(ex)2.802 G -2.802(its. If).15 F .302(the v)2.802 F .302(ariable e)-.25 F .302 -(xists b)-.15 F .302(ut does not ha)-.2 F .602 -.15(ve a n)-.2 H .302 -(umeric v).15 F .302(alue, or has)-.25 F(no v)144 276 Q(alue, the def) --.25 E(ault v)-.1 E(alue is 10.)-.25 E(If it does not e)5 E(xist,)-.15 E -F3(EOF)2.5 E F1(signi\214es the end of input to the shell.)2.25 E F2 -(INPUTRC)108 288 Q F1 .111(The \214lename for the)144 300 R F2 -.18(re) -2.612 G(adline).18 E F1 .112(startup \214le, o)2.612 F -.15(ve)-.15 G -.112(rriding the def).15 F .112(ault of)-.1 F F0(\001/.inputr)4.278 E(c) --.37 E F1(\(see)4.278 E F3(READLINE)2.612 E F1(be-)2.362 E(lo)144 312 Q -(w\).)-.25 E F2(INSIDE_EMA)108 324 Q(CS)-.55 E F1 .034(If this v)144 336 -R .034(ariable appears in the en)-.25 F .034 -(vironment when the shell starts,)-.4 F F2(bash)2.533 E F1 .033 -(assumes that it is running in-)2.533 F(side an Emacs shell b)144 348 Q -(uf)-.2 E(fer and may disable line editing, depending on the v)-.25 E -(alue of)-.25 E F2(TERM)2.5 E F1(.)A F2(LANG)108 360 Q F1 1.239 -(Used to determine the locale cate)144 360 R 1.239(gory for an)-.15 F -3.739(yc)-.15 G(ate)-3.739 E 1.24 -(gory not speci\214cally selected with a v)-.15 F(ariable)-.25 E -(starting with)144 372 Q F2(LC_)2.5 E F1(.)A F2(LC_ALL)108 384 Q F1 .974 -(This v)144 396 R .974(ariable o)-.25 F -.15(ve)-.15 G .974 -(rrides the v).15 F .973(alue of)-.25 F F3(LANG)3.473 E F1 .973(and an) -3.223 F 3.473(yo)-.15 G(ther)-3.473 E F2(LC_)3.473 E F1 -.25(va)3.473 G -.973(riable specifying a locale cate-).25 F(gory)144 408 Q(.)-.65 E F2 -(LC_COLLA)108 420 Q(TE)-.95 E F1 .411(This v)144 432 R .412(ariable det\ -ermines the collation order used when sorting the results of pathname e) --.25 F(xpansion,)-.15 E 1.465(and determines the beha)144 444 R 1.465 -(vior of range e)-.2 F 1.464(xpressions, equi)-.15 F -.25(va)-.25 G -1.464(lence classes, and collating sequences).25 F(within pathname e)144 -456 Q(xpansion and pattern matching.)-.15 E F2(LC_CTYPE)108 468 Q F1 -1.935(This v)144 480 R 1.936 -(ariable determines the interpretation of characters and the beha)-.25 F -1.936(vior of character classes)-.2 F(within pathname e)144 492 Q -(xpansion and pattern matching.)-.15 E F2(LC_MESSA)108 504 Q(GES)-.55 E -F1(This v)144 516 Q(ariable determines the locale used to translate dou\ -ble-quoted strings preceded by a)-.25 E F2($)2.5 E F1(.)A F2(LC_NUMERIC) -108 528 Q F1(This v)144 540 Q(ariable determines the locale cate)-.25 E -(gory used for number formatting.)-.15 E F2(LC_TIME)108 552 Q F1(This v) -144 564 Q(ariable determines the locale cate)-.25 E -(gory used for data and time formatting.)-.15 E F2(LINES)108 576 Q F1 -.055(Used by the)144 576 R F2(select)2.555 E F1 .054(compound command t\ -o determine the column length for printing selection lists.)2.555 F .264 -(Automatically set if the)144 588 R F2(checkwinsize)2.764 E F1 .264 -(option is enabled or in an interacti)2.764 F .565 -.15(ve s)-.25 H .265 -(hell upon receipt of a).15 F F3(SIGWINCH)144 600 Q/F4 9/Times-Roman@0 -SF(.)A F2(MAIL)108 612 Q F1 .422 -(If this parameter is set to a \214le or directory name and the)144 612 -R F3(MAILP)2.921 E -.855(AT)-.666 G(H).855 E F1 -.25(va)2.671 G .421 -(riable is not set,).25 F F2(bash)2.921 E F1(in-)2.921 E -(forms the user of the arri)144 624 Q -.25(va)-.25 G 2.5(lo).25 G 2.5 -(fm)-2.5 G(ail in the speci\214ed \214le or Maildir)-2.5 E -(-format directory)-.2 E(.)-.65 E F2(MAILCHECK)108 636 Q F1 .098 -(Speci\214es ho)144 648 R 2.598(wo)-.25 G .098(ften \(in seconds\)) --2.598 F F2(bash)2.598 E F1 .098(checks for mail.)2.598 F .098(The def) -5.098 F .098(ault is 60 seconds.)-.1 F .099(When it is time)5.099 F .224 -(to check for mail, the shell does so before displaying the primary pro\ -mpt.)144 660 R .223(If this v)5.223 F .223(ariable is unset,)-.25 F -(or set to a v)144 672 Q(alue that is not a number greater than or equa\ -l to zero, the shell disables mail checking.)-.25 E F2(MAILP)108 684 Q --.95(AT)-.74 G(H).95 E F1 2.99(Ac)144 696 S .49 -(olon-separated list of \214lenames to be check)-2.99 F .49 -(ed for mail.)-.1 F .49(The message to be printed when mail)5.49 F(arri) -144 708 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G 3.634(si).15 G 3.634(nap)-3.634 G 1.134(articu\ -lar \214le may be speci\214ed by separating the \214lename from the mes\ -sage with a)-3.634 F 4.557(\231?\232. When)144 720 R 2.057 -(used in the te)4.557 F 2.058(xt of the message,)-.15 F F2($_)4.558 E F1 --.15(ex)4.558 G 2.058(pands to the name of the current mail\214le.).15 F -(GNU Bash 5.3)72 768 Q(2024 March 29)144.29 E(18)193.45 E 0 Cg EP -%%Page: 19 19 -%%BeginPageSetup -BP -%%EndPageSetup -/F0 10/Times-Italic@0 SF -.25(BA)72 48 S(SH).25 E/F1 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -138.32(\(1\) General).95 F(Commands Manual)2.5 E F0 -.25(BA)140.82 G(SH) -.25 E F1(\(1\)).95 E(Example:)144 84 Q/F2 10/Courier-Bold@0 SF(MAILPATH) -144 96 Q/F3 10/Courier@0 SF(=\010/var/mail/bfox?"You have mail":\001/sh\ -ell\255mail?"$_ has mail!"\010)A/F4 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(Bash)144 108 Q F1 -.015(can be con\214gured to supply a def)2.515 F .015(ault v)-.1 F .015 -(alue for this v)-.25 F .015(ariable \(there is no v)-.25 F .015 -(alue by def)-.25 F .015(ault\), b)-.1 F(ut)-.2 E(the location of the u\ -ser mail \214les that it uses is system dependent \(e.g., /v)144 120 Q -(ar/mail/)-.25 E F4($USER)A F1(\).)A F4(OPTERR)108 132 Q F1 .389 -(If set to the v)144 144 R .389(alue 1,)-.25 F F4(bash)2.889 E F1 .389 -(displays error messages generated by the)2.889 F F4(getopts)2.89 E F1 --.2(bu)2.89 G .39(iltin command \(see).2 F/F5 9/Times-Bold@0 SF .36 -(SHELL B)144 156 R(UIL)-.09 E .36(TIN COMMANDS)-.828 F F1(belo)2.61 E -(w\).)-.25 E F5(OPTERR)5.36 E F1 .359 -(is initialized to 1 each time the shell is in)2.61 F -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1 -(ke).2 G(d).1 E(or a shell script is e)144 168 Q -.15(xe)-.15 G(cuted.) -.15 E F4 -.74(PA)108 180 S(TH)-.21 E F1 .587 -(The search path for commands.)144 180 R .588 -(It is a colon-separated list of directories in which the shell looks) -5.587 F .472(for commands \(see)144 192 R F5 .472(COMMAND EXECUTION) -2.972 F F1(belo)2.722 E 2.972(w\). A)-.25 F .471 -(zero-length \(null\) directory name in the)2.972 F -.25(va)144 204 S -.535(lue of).25 F F5 -.666(PA)3.035 G(TH)-.189 E F1 .535 -(indicates the current directory)2.785 F 5.535(.A)-.65 G .535 -(null directory name may appear as tw)-2.5 F 3.036(oa)-.1 G(djacent) --3.036 E .868(colons, or as an initial or trailing colon.)144 216 R .868 -(The def)5.868 F .867(ault path is system-dependent, and is set by the) --.1 F(administrator who installs)144 228 Q F4(bash)2.5 E F1 5(.A)C -(common v)-2.5 E(alue is \231/usr/local/bin:/usr/lo-)-.25 E -(cal/sbin:/usr/bin:/usr/sbin:/bin:/sbin\232.)144 240 Q F4(POSIXL)108 252 -Q(Y_CORRECT)-.92 E F1 .471(If this v)144 264 R .471 -(ariable is in the en)-.25 F .471(vironment when)-.4 F F4(bash)2.971 E -F1 .471(starts, the shell enters)2.971 F F0 .472(posix mode)2.972 F F1 -.472(before reading)2.972 F .011(the startup \214les, as if the)144 276 -R F4(\255\255posix)2.511 E F1(in)2.511 E -.2(vo)-.4 G .011 -(cation option had been supplied.).2 F .011 -(If it is set while the shell is)5.011 F(running,)144 288 Q F4(bash) -3.418 E F1(enables)3.418 E F0 .918(posix mode)3.418 F F1 3.418(,a)C -3.419(si)-3.418 G 3.419(ft)-3.419 G .919 -(he command \231set \255o posix\232 had been e)-3.419 F -.15(xe)-.15 G -3.419(cuted. When).15 F(the shell enters)144 300 Q F0(posix mode)2.5 E -F1 2.5(,i)C 2.5(ts)-2.5 G(ets this v)-2.5 E(ariable if it w)-.25 E -(as not already set.)-.1 E F4(PR)108 312 Q(OMPT_COMMAND)-.3 E F1 .155 -(If this v)144 324 R .155(ariable is set, and is an array)-.25 F 2.655 -(,t)-.65 G .155(he v)-2.655 F .155(alue of each set element is e)-.25 F --.15(xe)-.15 G .155(cuted as a command prior).15 F .407 -(to issuing each primary prompt.)144 336 R .407(If this is set b)5.407 F -.407(ut not an array v)-.2 F .407(ariable, its v)-.25 F .407 -(alue is used as a com-)-.25 F(mand to e)144 348 Q -.15(xe)-.15 G -(cute instead.).15 E F4(PR)108 360 Q(OMPT_DIR)-.3 E(TRIM)-.4 E F1 .676 -(If set to a number greater than zero, the v)144 372 R .676 -(alue is used as the number of trailing directory compo-)-.25 F .923 -(nents to retain when e)144 384 R .923(xpanding the)-.15 F F4(\\w)3.423 -E F1(and)3.423 E F4(\\W)3.423 E F1 .923(prompt string escapes \(see) -3.423 F F5(PR)3.423 E(OMPTING)-.27 E F1(belo)3.173 E(w\).)-.25 E -(Characters remo)144 396 Q -.15(ve)-.15 G 2.5(da).15 G -(re replaced with an ellipsis.)-2.5 E F4(PS0)108 408 Q F1 1.174(The v) -144 408 R 1.174(alue of this parameter is e)-.25 F 1.174(xpanded \(see) --.15 F F5(PR)3.674 E(OMPTING)-.27 E F1(belo)3.424 E 1.174 -(w\) and displayed by interacti)-.25 F -.15(ve)-.25 G -(shells after reading a command and before the command is e)144 420 Q --.15(xe)-.15 G(cuted.).15 E F4(PS1)108 432 Q F1 .064(The v)144 432 R -.065(alue of this parameter is e)-.25 F .065(xpanded \(see)-.15 F F5(PR) -2.565 E(OMPTING)-.27 E F1(belo)2.315 E .065 -(w\) and used as the primary prompt)-.25 F 2.5(string. The)144 444 R -(def)2.5 E(ault v)-.1 E(alue is \231\\s\255\\v\\$ \232.)-.25 E F4(PS2) -108 456 Q F1 .118(The v)144 456 R .118(alue of this parameter is e)-.25 -F .118(xpanded as with)-.15 F F5(PS1)2.617 E F1 .117 -(and used as the secondary prompt string.)2.367 F(The)5.117 E(def)144 -468 Q(ault is \231> \232.)-.1 E F4(PS3)108 480 Q F1 1.115(The v)144 480 -R 1.115(alue of this parameter is used as the prompt for the)-.25 F F4 -(select)3.615 E F1 1.116(command \(see)3.616 F F5 1.116(SHELL GRAM-) -3.616 F(MAR)144 492 Q F1(abo)2.25 E -.15(ve)-.15 G(\).).15 E F4(PS4)108 -504 Q F1 .101(The v)144 504 R .101(alue of this parameter is e)-.25 F -.101(xpanded as with)-.15 F F5(PS1)2.6 E F1 .1(and the v)2.35 F .1 -(alue is printed before each command)-.25 F F4(bash)144 516 Q F1 .334 -(displays during an e)2.834 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .335(cution trace.).15 F -.335(The \214rst character of the e)5.335 F .335(xpanded v)-.15 F .335 -(alue of)-.25 F F5(PS4)2.835 E F1 .335(is repli-)2.585 F -(cated multiple times, as necessary)144 528 Q 2.5(,t)-.65 G 2.5(oi)-2.5 -G(ndicate multiple le)-2.5 E -.15(ve)-.25 G(ls of indirection.).15 E -(The def)5 E(ault is \231+ \232.)-.1 E F4(SHELL)108 540 Q F1 .543 -(This v)144 552 R .543(ariable e)-.25 F .543 -(xpands to the full pathname to the shell.)-.15 F .542 -(If it is not set when the shell starts,)5.543 F F4(bash)3.042 E F1 -(assigns to it the full pathname of the current user')144 564 Q 2.5(sl) --.55 G(ogin shell.)-2.5 E F4(TIMEFORMA)108 576 Q(T)-.95 E F1 .826(The v) -144 588 R .826 -(alue of this parameter is used as a format string specifying ho)-.25 F -3.327(wt)-.25 G .827(he timing information for)-3.327 F .649 -(pipelines pre\214x)144 600 R .649(ed with the)-.15 F F4(time)3.149 E F1 -(reserv)3.149 E .649(ed w)-.15 F .648(ord should be displayed.)-.1 F -(The)5.648 E F4(%)3.148 E F1 .648(character introduces)3.148 F .711 -(an escape sequence that is e)144 612 R .711(xpanded to a time v)-.15 F -.712(alue or other information.)-.25 F .712(The escape sequences)5.712 F -(and their meanings are as follo)144 624 Q(ws; the brack)-.25 E -(ets denote optional portions.)-.1 E F4(%%)144 636 Q F1 2.5(Al)194 636 S -(iteral)-2.5 E F4(%)2.5 E F1(.)A F4(%[)144 648 Q F0(p)A F4(][l]R)A F1 -(The elapsed time in seconds.)194 648 Q F4(%[)144 660 Q F0(p)A F4(][l]U) -A F1(The number of CPU seconds spent in user mode.)194 660 Q F4(%[)144 -672 Q F0(p)A F4(][l]S)A F1 -(The number of CPU seconds spent in system mode.)194 672 Q F4(%P)144 684 -Q F1(The CPU percentage, computed as \(%U + %S\) / %R.)194 684 Q .87 -(The optional)144 700.8 R F0(p)3.37 E F1 .87(is a digit specifying the) -3.37 F F0(pr)3.37 E(ecision)-.37 E F1 3.37(,t)C .87 -(he number of fractional digits after a decimal)-3.37 F 2.963(point. A) -144 712.8 R -.25(va)2.963 G .463 -(lue of 0 causes no decimal point or fraction to be output.).25 F .464 -(At most six places after the)5.463 F .538 -(decimal point may be speci\214ed; v)144 724.8 R .538(alues of)-.25 F F0 -(p)3.038 E F1 .537(greater than 6 are changed to 6.)3.037 F(If)5.537 E -F0(p)3.037 E F1 .537(is not speci\214ed,)3.037 F(GNU Bash 5.3)72 768 Q -(2024 March 29)144.29 E(19)193.45 E 0 Cg EP -%%Page: 20 20 -%%BeginPageSetup -BP -%%EndPageSetup -/F0 10/Times-Italic@0 SF -.25(BA)72 48 S(SH).25 E/F1 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -138.32(\(1\) General).95 F(Commands Manual)2.5 E F0 -.25(BA)140.82 G(SH) -.25 E F1(\(1\)).95 E(the v)144 84 Q(alue 3 is used.)-.25 E .667 -(The optional)144 100.8 R/F2 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(l)3.167 E F1 .668 -(speci\214es a longer format, including minutes, of the form)3.168 F F0 -(MM)3.168 E F1(m)A F0(SS)A F1(.)A F0(FF)A F1 3.168(s. The)B -.25(va) -3.168 G(lue).25 E(of)144 112.8 Q F0(p)2.5 E F1 -(determines whether or not the fraction is included.)2.5 E 13.365 -(If this v)144 129.6 R 13.365(ariable is not set,)-.25 F F2(bash)15.865 -E F1 13.364(acts as if it had the v)15.865 F(alue)-.25 E F2($\010\\nr) -144 141.6 Q(eal\\t%3lR\\nuser\\t%3lU\\nsys\\t%3lS\010)-.18 E F1 5.292 -(.I)C 2.792(ft)-5.292 G .292(he v)-2.792 F .293(alue is null,)-.25 F F2 -(bash)2.793 E F1 .293(does not display an)2.793 F 2.793(yt)-.15 G(iming) --2.793 E 2.5(information. A)144 153.6 R(trailing ne)2.5 E -(wline is added when the format string is displayed.)-.25 E F2(TMOUT)108 -165.6 Q F1 .941(If set to a v)144 177.6 R .941(alue greater than zero,) --.25 F/F3 9/Times-Bold@0 SF(TMOUT)3.441 E F1 .941(is treated as the def) -3.191 F .941(ault timeout for the)-.1 F F2 -.18(re)3.441 G(ad).18 E F1 --.2(bu)3.441 G(iltin.).2 E(The)144 189.6 Q F2(select)2.81 E F1 .31 -(command terminates if input does not arri)2.81 F .611 -.15(ve a)-.25 H -(fter).15 E F3(TMOUT)2.811 E F1 .311(seconds when input is com-)2.561 F -.886(ing from a terminal.)144 201.6 R .886(In an interacti)5.886 F 1.185 --.15(ve s)-.25 H .885(hell, the v).15 F .885 -(alue is interpreted as the number of seconds to)-.25 F -.1(wa)144 213.6 -S 1.05(it for a line of input after issuing the primary prompt.).1 F F2 -(Bash)6.05 E F1 1.05(terminates after w)3.55 F 1.05(aiting for that)-.1 -F(number of seconds if a complete line of input does not arri)144 225.6 -Q -.15(ve)-.25 G(.).15 E F2(TMPDIR)108 237.6 Q F1 .391(If set,)144 249.6 -R F2(bash)2.891 E F1 .391(uses its v)2.891 F .391 -(alue as the name of a directory in which)-.25 F F2(bash)2.89 E F1 .39 -(creates temporary \214les for the)2.89 F(shell')144 261.6 Q 2.5(su)-.55 -G(se.)-2.5 E F2(auto_r)108 273.6 Q(esume)-.18 E F1 .53(This v)144 285.6 -R .53(ariable controls ho)-.25 F 3.03(wt)-.25 G .531 -(he shell interacts with the user and job control.)-3.03 F .531 -(If this v)5.531 F .531(ariable is set,)-.25 F .539(single w)144 297.6 R -.538(ord simple commands without redirections are treated as candidates\ - for resumption of an)-.1 F -.15(ex)144 309.6 S .366(isting stopped job) -.15 F 5.366(.T)-.4 G .366(here is no ambiguity allo)-5.366 F .366 -(wed; if there is more than one job be)-.25 F .367(ginning with)-.15 F -1.125(the string typed, the job most recently accessed is selected.)144 -321.6 R(The)6.125 E F0(name)3.985 E F1 1.124(of a stopped job, in this) -3.805 F(conte)144 333.6 Q 1.132 -(xt, is the command line used to start it.)-.15 F 1.133(If set to the v) -6.133 F(alue)-.25 E F0 -.2(ex)3.633 G(act).2 E F1 3.633(,t).68 G 1.133 -(he string supplied must)-3.633 F .606 -(match the name of a stopped job e)144 345.6 R .606(xactly; if set to) --.15 F F0(substring)3.445 E F1 3.105(,t).22 G .605 -(he string supplied needs to match a)-3.105 F .884 -(substring of the name of a stopped job)144 357.6 R 5.884(.T)-.4 G(he) --5.884 E F0(substring)3.724 E F1 -.25(va)3.604 G .885(lue pro).25 F .885 -(vides functionality analogous to)-.15 F(the)144 369.6 Q F2(%?)3.334 E -F1 .834(job identi\214er \(see)5.834 F F3 .834(JOB CONTR)3.334 F(OL)-.27 -E F1(belo)3.084 E 3.334(w\). If)-.25 F .834(set to an)3.334 F 3.334(yo) --.15 G .834(ther v)-3.334 F .833(alue, the supplied string)-.25 F .315 -(must be a pre\214x of a stopped job')144 381.6 R 2.816(sn)-.55 G .316 -(ame; this pro)-2.816 F .316(vides functionality analogous to the)-.15 F -F2(%)2.816 E F0(string)A F1(job)2.816 E(identi\214er)144 393.6 Q(.)-.55 -E F2(histchars)108 405.6 Q F1 .546(The tw)144 417.6 R 3.046(oo)-.1 G -3.046(rt)-3.046 G .546(hree characters which control history e)-3.046 F -.545(xpansion and tok)-.15 F .545(enization \(see)-.1 F F3(HIST)3.045 E -(OR)-.162 E 2.795(YE)-.315 G(X-)-2.795 E -.666(PA)144 429.6 S(NSION).666 -E F1(belo)2.987 E 3.237(w\). The)-.25 F .737(\214rst character is the) -3.237 F F0 .737(history e)3.237 F(xpansion)-.2 E F1(character)3.238 E -3.238(,t)-.4 G .738(he character which sig-)-3.238 F .613 -(nals the start of a history e)144 441.6 R .613(xpansion, normally \231) --.15 F F2(!)A F1 3.113(\232. The)B .612(second character is the)3.113 F -F0(quic)3.112 E 3.112(ks)-.2 G(ubstitution)-3.112 E F1(character)144 -453.6 Q 3.476(,w)-.4 G .977 -(hich is used as shorthand for re-running the pre)-3.476 F .977 -(vious command entered, substituting)-.25 F .508(one string for another\ - in the command, when it appears as the \214rst character on the line.) -144 465.6 R .507(The de-)5.507 F -.1(fa)144 477.6 S .232(ult is \231).1 -F F2<00>A F1 2.732(\232. The)B .233(optional third character is the cha\ -racter which indicates that the remainder of the)2.732 F .069 -(line is a comment when found as the \214rst character of a w)144 489.6 -R .069(ord, normally \231)-.1 F F2(#)A F1 2.568(\232. The)B .068 -(history comment)2.568 F .141(character causes history substitution to \ -be skipped for the remaining w)144 501.6 R .141(ords on the line.)-.1 F -.142(It does not)5.142 F(necessarily cause the shell parser to treat th\ -e rest of the line as a comment.)144 513.6 Q F2(Arrays)87 530.4 Q(Bash) -108 542.4 Q F1(pro)3.391 E .891(vides one-dimensional inde)-.15 F -.15 -(xe)-.15 G 3.391(da).15 G .891(nd associati)-3.391 F 1.191 -.15(ve a) --.25 H .891(rray v).15 F 3.391(ariables. An)-.25 F 3.391(yv)-.15 G .89 -(ariable may be used as an)-3.641 F(inde)108 554.4 Q -.15(xe)-.15 G -2.573(da).15 G .073(rray; the)-2.573 F F2(declar)2.573 E(e)-.18 E F1 -.2 -(bu)2.573 G .073(iltin will e).2 F .073(xplicitly declare an array)-.15 -F 5.073(.T)-.65 G .074(here is no maximum limit on the size of)-5.073 F -.329(an array)108 566.4 R 2.829(,n)-.65 G .329(or an)-2.829 F 2.829(yr) --.15 G .329(equirement that members be inde)-2.829 F -.15(xe)-.15 G -2.829(do).15 G 2.829(ra)-2.829 G .328(ssigned contiguously)-2.829 F -5.328(.I)-.65 G(nde)-5.328 E -.15(xe)-.15 G 2.828(da).15 G .328 -(rrays are refer)-2.828 F(-)-.2 E 1.595(enced using inte)108 578.4 R -1.595(gers \(including arithmetic e)-.15 F 1.595 -(xpressions\) and are zero-based; associati)-.15 F 1.895 -.15(ve a)-.25 -H 1.595(rrays are refer).15 F(-)-.2 E(enced using arbitrary strings.)108 -590.4 Q(Unless otherwise noted, inde)5 E -.15(xe)-.15 G 2.5(da).15 G -(rray indices must be non-ne)-2.5 E -.05(ga)-.15 G(ti).05 E .3 -.15 -(ve i)-.25 H(nte).15 E(gers.)-.15 E 2.463(An inde)108 607.2 R -.15(xe) --.15 G 4.963(da).15 G 2.463(rray is created automatically if an)-4.963 F -4.963(yv)-.15 G 2.462(ariable is assigned to using the syntax)-5.213 F -F0(name)4.962 E F1([)A F0(sub-)A(script)108 619.2 Q F1(]=)A F0(value)A -F1 5.506(.T)C(he)-5.506 E F0(subscript)3.346 E F1 .507 -(is treated as an arithmetic e)3.687 F .507(xpression that must e)-.15 F --.25(va)-.25 G .507(luate to a number).25 F 5.507(.T)-.55 G 3.007(oe) --6.307 G(x-)-3.157 E 1.193(plicitly declare an inde)108 631.2 R -.15(xe) --.15 G 3.693(da).15 G(rray)-3.693 E 3.693(,u)-.65 G(se)-3.693 E F2 -(declar)3.693 E 3.693<65ad>-.18 G(a)-3.693 E F0(name)3.693 E F1(\(see) -3.692 E F3 1.192(SHELL B)3.692 F(UIL)-.09 E 1.192(TIN COMMANDS)-.828 F -F1(belo)3.442 E(w\).)-.25 E F2(de-)6.192 E(clar)108 643.2 Q 2.5<65ad> --.18 G(a)-2.5 E F0(name)2.5 E F2([)A F0(subscript)A F2(])A F1 -(is also accepted; the)2.5 E F0(subscript)2.5 E F1(is ignored.)2.5 E -(Associati)108 660 Q .3 -.15(ve a)-.25 H(rrays are created using).15 E -F2(declar)2.5 E 2.5<65ad>-.18 G(A)-2.5 E F0(name)2.5 E F1(.)A(Attrib)108 -676.8 Q .94(utes may be speci\214ed for an array v)-.2 F .941 -(ariable using the)-.25 F F2(declar)3.441 E(e)-.18 E F1(and)3.441 E F2 --.18(re)3.441 G(adonly).18 E F1 -.2(bu)3.441 G 3.441(iltins. Each).2 F -(attrib)3.441 E(ute)-.2 E(applies to all members of an array)108 688.8 Q -(.)-.65 E 1.409 -(Arrays are assigned to using compound assignments of the form)108 705.6 -R F0(name)3.909 E F1(=)A F2(\()A F1 -.25(va)C(lue).25 E F0(1)A F1 -1.923 -1.666(... v)3.909 H(alue)-1.916 E F0(n)A F2(\))A F1 3.909(,w)C 1.409 -(here each)-3.909 F F0(value)108 717.6 Q F1 .211(may be of the form [) -2.711 F F0(subscript)A F1(]=)A F0(string)A F1 5.211(.I)C(nde)-5.211 E --.15(xe)-.15 G 2.711(da).15 G .212(rray assignments do not require an) --2.711 F .212(ything b)-.15 F(ut)-.2 E F0(string)2.712 E F1(.)A(Each)108 -729.6 Q F0(value)4.268 E F1 1.768(in the list is e)4.268 F 1.768 -(xpanded using the shell e)-.15 F 1.767(xpansions described belo)-.15 F -4.267(wu)-.25 G(nder)-4.267 E F3(EXP)4.267 E(ANSION)-.666 E/F4 9 -/Times-Roman@0 SF(,)A F1 -.2(bu)4.017 G(t).2 E(GNU Bash 5.3)72 768 Q -(2024 March 29)144.29 E(20)193.45 E 0 Cg EP -%%Page: 21 21 -%%BeginPageSetup -BP -%%EndPageSetup -/F0 10/Times-Italic@0 SF -.25(BA)72 48 S(SH).25 E/F1 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -138.32(\(1\) General).95 F(Commands Manual)2.5 E F0 -.25(BA)140.82 G(SH) -.25 E F1(\(1\)).95 E F0(value)108 84 Q F1 2.719(st)C .219(hat are v) --2.719 F .219(alid v)-.25 F .219 -(ariable assignments including the brack)-.25 F .22 -(ets and subscript do not under)-.1 F .22(go brace e)-.18 F(xpan-)-.15 E -.622(sion and w)108 96 R .622(ord splitting, as with indi)-.1 F .621 -(vidual v)-.25 F .621(ariable assignments.)-.25 F .621 -(When assigning to inde)5.621 F -.15(xe)-.15 G 3.121(da).15 G .621 -(rrays, if the)-3.121 F .795(optional brack)108 108 R .795 -(ets and subscript are supplied, that inde)-.1 F 3.296(xi)-.15 G 3.296 -(sa)-3.296 G .796(ssigned to; otherwise the inde)-3.296 F 3.296(xo)-.15 -G 3.296(ft)-3.296 G .796(he element)-3.296 F(assigned is the last inde) -108 120 Q 2.5(xa)-.15 G(ssigned to by the statement plus one.)-2.5 E -(Inde)5 E(xing starts at zero.)-.15 E 1.288 -(When assigning to an associati)108 136.8 R 1.588 -.15(ve a)-.25 H(rray) -.15 E 3.788(,t)-.65 G 1.288(he w)-3.788 F 1.288 -(ords in a compound assignment may be either assignment)-.1 F .608 -(statements, for which the subscript is required, or a list of w)108 -148.8 R .608(ords that is interpreted as a sequence of alter)-.1 F(-)-.2 -E 1.735(nating k)108 160.8 R -.15(ey)-.1 G 4.235(sa).15 G 1.735(nd v) --4.235 F(alues:)-.25 E F0(name)4.235 E F1(=)A/F2 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(\()A -F0 -.1(ke)4.235 G 1.735(y1 value1 k)-.2 F -.3(ey)-.1 G 4.235(2v).3 G -(alue2)-4.235 E F1 1.666(...)4.234 G F2(\))-1.666 E F1 6.734(.T)C 1.734 -(hese are treated identically to)-6.734 F F0(name)4.234 E F1(=)A F2(\()A -F1([)108 172.8 Q F0 -.1(ke)C(y1)-.2 E F1(]=)A F0(value1)A F1([)2.91 E F0 --.1(ke)C(y2)-.2 E F1(]=)A F0(value2)A F1 1.666(...)2.91 G F2(\))-1.666 E -F1 5.41(.T)C .41(he \214rst w)-5.41 F .411 -(ord in the list determines ho)-.1 F 2.911(wt)-.25 G .411 -(he remaining w)-2.911 F .411(ords are inter)-.1 F(-)-.2 E .154 -(preted; all assignments in a list must be of the same type.)108 184.8 R -.153(When using k)5.153 F -.15(ey)-.1 G(/v).15 E .153(alue pairs, the k) --.25 F -.15(ey)-.1 G 2.653(sm).15 G .153(ay not be)-2.653 F -(missing or empty; a \214nal missing v)108 196.8 Q(alue is treated lik) --.25 E 2.5(et)-.1 G(he empty string.)-2.5 E .239 -(This syntax is also accepted by the)108 213.6 R F2(declar)2.739 E(e) --.18 E F1 -.2(bu)2.739 G 2.739(iltin. Indi).2 F .24 -(vidual array elements may be assigned to using the)-.25 F F0(name)108 -225.6 Q F1([)A F0(subscript)A F1(]=)A F0(value)A F1 1.917 -(syntax introduced abo)4.417 F -.15(ve)-.15 G 6.917(.W).15 G 1.917 -(hen assigning to an inde)-6.917 F -.15(xe)-.15 G 4.417(da).15 G(rray) --4.417 E 4.417(,i)-.65 G(f)-4.417 E F0(name)4.777 E F1 1.916(is sub-) -4.597 F .115(scripted by a ne)108 237.6 R -.05(ga)-.15 G(ti).05 E .415 --.15(ve n)-.25 H(umber).15 E 2.615(,t)-.4 G .115 -(hat number is interpreted as relati)-2.615 F .415 -.15(ve t)-.25 H -2.615(oo).15 G .116(ne greater than the maximum inde)-2.615 F(x)-.15 E -(of)108 249.6 Q F0(name)2.677 E F1 2.677(,s)C 2.677(on)-2.677 G -2.25 --.15(eg a)-2.677 H(ti).15 E .477 -.15(ve i)-.25 H .177 -(ndices count back from the end of the array).15 F 2.677(,a)-.65 G .177 -(nd an inde)-2.677 F 2.676(xo)-.15 G 2.676<66ad>-2.676 G 2.676(1r)-2.676 -G .176(eferences the last el-)-2.676 F(ement.)108 261.6 Q .716 -(The += operator will append to an array v)108 278.4 R .717 -(ariable when assigning using the compound assignment syntax;)-.25 F -(see)108 290.4 Q/F3 9/Times-Bold@0 SF -.666(PA)2.5 G(RAMETERS).666 E F1 -(abo)2.25 E -.15(ve)-.15 G(.).15 E(An)108 307.2 Q 3.576(ye)-.15 G 1.076 -(lement of an array may be referenced using ${)-3.576 F F0(name)A F1([)A -F0(subscript)A F1 3.575(]}. The)B 1.075(braces are required to a)3.575 F --.2(vo)-.2 G(id).2 E .576(con\215icts with pathname e)108 319.2 R 3.076 -(xpansion. If)-.15 F F0(subscript)3.076 E F1(is)3.076 E F2(@)3.076 E F1 -(or)3.076 E F2(*)3.076 E F1 3.076(,t)C .576(he w)-3.076 F .576(ord e)-.1 -F .576(xpands to all members of)-.15 F F0(name)3.077 E F1 3.077(,u)C(n-) --3.077 E .098(less noted in the description of a b)108 331.2 R .097 -(uiltin or w)-.2 F .097(ord e)-.1 F 2.597(xpansion. These)-.15 F .097 -(subscripts dif)2.597 F .097(fer only when the w)-.25 F .097(ord ap-)-.1 -F .852(pears within double quotes.)108 343.2 R .852(If the w)5.852 F -.852(ord is double-quoted, ${)-.1 F F0(name)A F1 .853([*]} e)B .853 -(xpands to a single w)-.15 F .853(ord with the)-.1 F -.25(va)108 355.2 S -.013(lue of each array member separated by the \214rst character of the) -.25 F F3(IFS)2.513 E F1 .013(special v)2.263 F .013(ariable, and ${)-.25 -F F0(name)A F1 .013([@]} e)B(x-)-.15 E .483(pands each element of)108 -367.2 R F0(name)2.983 E F1 .484(to a separate w)2.984 F 2.984(ord. When) --.1 F .484(there are no array members, ${)2.984 F F0(name)A F1 .484 -([@]} e)B(xpands)-.15 E 1.074(to nothing.)108 379.2 R 1.074 -(If the double-quoted e)6.074 F 1.074(xpansion occurs within a w)-.15 F -1.074(ord, the e)-.1 F 1.073(xpansion of the \214rst parameter is)-.15 F -.614(joined with the be)108 391.2 R .614(ginning part of the original w) --.15 F .614(ord, and the e)-.1 F .615 -(xpansion of the last parameter is joined with)-.15 F .04 -(the last part of the original w)108 403.2 R 2.54(ord. This)-.1 F .04 -(is analogous to the e)2.54 F .04(xpansion of the special parameters) --.15 F F2(*)2.54 E F1(and)2.54 E F2(@)2.54 E F1(\(see)2.54 E F2 1.245 -(Special P)108 415.2 R(arameters)-.1 E F1(abo)3.745 E -.15(ve)-.15 G -3.745(\). ${#).15 F F0(name)A F1([)A F0(subscript)A F1 1.245(]} e)B -1.246(xpands to the length of ${)-.15 F F0(name)A F1([)A F0(subscript)A -F1 3.746(]}. If)B F0(sub-)3.746 E(script)108 427.2 Q F1(is)2.728 E F2(*) -2.728 E F1(or)2.728 E F2(@)2.728 E F1 2.728(,t)C .228(he e)-2.728 F .228 -(xpansion is the number of elements in the array)-.15 F 5.227(.I)-.65 G -2.727(ft)-5.227 G(he)-2.727 E F0(subscript)3.067 E F1 .227 -(used to reference an)3.407 F .437(element of an inde)108 439.2 R -.15 -(xe)-.15 G 2.937(da).15 G .437(rray e)-2.937 F -.25(va)-.25 G .437 -(luates to a number less than zero, it is interpreted as relati).25 F -.738 -.15(ve t)-.25 H 2.938(oo).15 G .438(ne greater)-2.938 F .02 -(than the maximum inde)108 451.2 R 2.52(xo)-.15 G 2.52(ft)-2.52 G .02 -(he array)-2.52 F 2.52(,s)-.65 G 2.52(on)-2.52 G -2.25 -.15(eg a)-2.52 H -(ti).15 E .32 -.15(ve i)-.25 H .02 -(ndices count back from the end of the array).15 F 2.52(,a)-.65 G .02 -(nd an inde)-2.52 F(x)-.15 E(of \2551 references the last element.)108 -463.2 Q .595(Referencing an array v)108 480 R .595 -(ariable without a subscript is equi)-.25 F -.25(va)-.25 G .595 -(lent to referencing the array with a subscript of).25 F 2.5(0. An)108 -492 R 2.5(yr)-.15 G(eference to a v)-2.5 E(ariable using a v)-.25 E -(alid subscript is v)-.25 E(alid, and)-.25 E F2(bash)2.5 E F1 -(will create an array if necessary)2.5 E(.)-.65 E(An array v)108 508.8 Q -(ariable is considered set if a subscript has been assigned a v)-.25 E -2.5(alue. The)-.25 F(null string is a v)2.5 E(alid v)-.25 E(alue.)-.25 E -.418(It is possible to obtain the k)108 525.6 R -.15(ey)-.1 G 2.918(s\() -.15 G .418(indices\) of an array as well as the v)-2.918 F 2.917 -(alues. ${)-.25 F F2(!)A F0(name)A F1([)A F0(@)A F1 .417(]} and ${)B F2 -(!)A F0(name)A F1([)A F0(*)A F1(]})A -.15(ex)108 537.6 S .749 -(pand to the indices assigned in array v).15 F(ariable)-.25 E F0(name) -3.249 E F1 5.749(.T)C .75 -(he treatment when in double quotes is similar to)-5.749 F(the e)108 -549.6 Q(xpansion of the special parameters)-.15 E F0(@)2.5 E F1(and)2.5 -E F0(*)2.5 E F1(within double quotes.)2.5 E(The)108 566.4 Q F2(unset) -2.767 E F1 -.2(bu)2.767 G .267(iltin is used to destro).2 F 2.767(ya)-.1 -G(rrays.)-2.767 E F2(unset)5.267 E F0(name)2.767 E F1([)A F0(subscript)A -F1 2.767(]d)C(estro)-2.767 E .267(ys the array element at inde)-.1 F(x) --.15 E F0(sub-)2.766 E(script)108 578.4 Q F1 2.858(,f)C .358 -(or both inde)-2.858 F -.15(xe)-.15 G 2.858(da).15 G .358(nd associati) --2.858 F .658 -.15(ve a)-.25 H 2.858(rrays. Ne).15 F -.05(ga)-.15 G(ti) -.05 E .658 -.15(ve s)-.25 H .358(ubscripts to inde).15 F -.15(xe)-.15 G -2.858(da).15 G .358(rrays are interpreted as de-)-2.858 F 1.205 -(scribed abo)108 590.4 R -.15(ve)-.15 G 6.205(.U).15 G 1.205 -(nsetting the last element of an array v)-6.205 F 1.204 -(ariable does not unset the v)-.25 F(ariable.)-.25 E F2(unset)6.204 E F0 -(name)3.704 E F1(,)A(where)108 602.4 Q F0(name)3.412 E F1 .912 -(is an array)3.412 F 3.412(,r)-.65 G(emo)-3.412 E -.15(ve)-.15 G 3.412 -(st).15 G .912(he entire array)-3.412 F(.)-.65 E F2(unset)5.912 E F0 -(name)3.412 E F1([)A F0(subscript)A F1 .912(], where)B F0(subscript) -3.413 E F1(is)3.413 E F2(*)3.413 E F1(or)3.413 E F2(@)3.413 E F1 3.413 -(,b)C(e-)-3.413 E(ha)108 614.4 Q -.15(ve)-.2 G 3.126(sd).15 G(if)-3.126 -E .626(ferently depending on whether)-.25 F F0(name)3.126 E F1 .626 -(is an inde)3.126 F -.15(xe)-.15 G 3.126(do).15 G 3.126(ra)-3.126 G -(ssociati)-3.126 E .925 -.15(ve a)-.25 H(rray).15 E 5.625(.I)-.65 G(f) --5.625 E F0(name)3.125 E F1 .625(is an associati)3.125 F -.15(ve)-.25 G -(array)108 626.4 Q 3.067(,t)-.65 G .567 -(his unsets the element with subscript)-3.067 F F2(*)3.067 E F1(or)3.067 -E F2(@)3.067 E F1 5.567(.I)C(f)-5.567 E F0(name)3.067 E F1 .567 -(is an inde)3.067 F -.15(xe)-.15 G 3.067(da).15 G(rray)-3.067 E 3.067 -(,u)-.65 G .567(nset remo)-3.067 F -.15(ve)-.15 G 3.067(sa).15 G .567 -(ll of the)-3.067 F(elements b)108 638.4 Q(ut does not remo)-.2 E .3 --.15(ve t)-.15 H(he array itself.).15 E .029(When using a v)108 655.2 R -.029(ariable name with a subscript as an ar)-.25 F .028 -(gument to a command, such as with)-.18 F F2(unset)2.528 E F1 2.528(,w)C -.028(ithout us-)-2.528 F .937(ing the w)108 667.2 R .937(ord e)-.1 F -.937(xpansion syntax described abo)-.15 F -.15(ve)-.15 G 3.437(,t).15 G -.937(he ar)-3.437 F .938(gument is subject to pathname e)-.18 F 3.438 -(xpansion. If)-.15 F(path-)3.438 E(name e)108 679.2 Q -(xpansion is not desired, the ar)-.15 E(gument should be quoted.)-.18 E -(The)108 696 Q F2(declar)2.684 E(e)-.18 E F1(,)A F2(local)2.684 E F1 -2.684(,a)C(nd)-2.684 E F2 -.18(re)2.684 G(adonly).18 E F1 -.2(bu)2.684 G -.184(iltins each accept a).2 F F22.684 E F1 .184 -(option to specify an inde)2.684 F -.15(xe)-.15 G 2.683(da).15 G .183 -(rray and a)-2.683 F F22.683 E F1(op-)2.683 E .041 -(tion to specify an associati)108 708 R .341 -.15(ve a)-.25 H(rray).15 E -5.041(.I)-.65 G 2.541(fb)-5.041 G .041(oth options are supplied,)-2.541 -F F22.541 E F1(tak)2.541 E .041(es precedence.)-.1 F(The)5.041 E -F2 -.18(re)2.542 G(ad).18 E F1 -.2(bu)2.542 G .042(iltin ac-).2 F .864 -(cepts a)108 720 R F23.364 E F1 .864(option to assign a list of w) -3.364 F .864(ords read from the standard input to an array)-.1 F 5.863 -(.T)-.65 G(he)-5.863 E F2(set)3.363 E F1(and)3.363 E F2(declar)3.363 E -(e)-.18 E F1(GNU Bash 5.3)72 768 Q(2024 March 29)144.29 E(21)193.45 E 0 -Cg EP -%%Page: 22 22 -%%BeginPageSetup -BP -%%EndPageSetup -/F0 10/Times-Italic@0 SF -.25(BA)72 48 S(SH).25 E/F1 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -138.32(\(1\) General).95 F(Commands Manual)2.5 E F0 -.25(BA)140.82 G(SH) -.25 E F1(\(1\)).95 E -.2(bu)108 84 S(iltins display array v).2 E -(alues in a w)-.25 E(ay that allo)-.1 E -(ws them to be reused as assignments.)-.25 E/F2 10.95/Times-Bold@0 SF -(EXP)72 100.8 Q(ANSION)-.81 E F1 .764(Expansion is performed on the com\ -mand line after it has been split into w)108 112.8 R 3.264(ords. The)-.1 -F .765(shell performs these)3.264 F -.15(ex)108 124.8 S(pansions:).15 E -F0(br)3.797 E 1.027(ace e)-.15 F(xpansion)-.2 E F1(,).24 E F0 1.027 -(tilde e)3.657 F(xpansion)-.2 E F1(,).24 E F0(par)4.777 E 1.027 -(ameter and variable e)-.15 F(xpansion)-.2 E F1(,).24 E F0 1.027 -(command substitution)3.727 F F1(,).24 E F0(arithmetic e)108.33 136.8 Q -(xpansion)-.2 E F1(,).24 E F0(wor)2.84 E 2.5(ds)-.37 G(plitting)-2.5 E -F1(,).22 E F0(pathname e)3.75 E(xpansion)-.2 E F1 2.5(,a).24 G(nd)-2.5 E -F0(quote r)2.75 E(emo)-.37 E(val)-.1 E F1(.).51 E .418(The order of e) -108 153.6 R .418(xpansions is: brace e)-.15 F .418(xpansion; tilde e) --.15 F .419(xpansion, parameter and v)-.15 F .419(ariable e)-.25 F .419 -(xpansion, arithmetic)-.15 F -.15(ex)108 165.6 S .28 -(pansion, and command substitution \(done in a left-to-right f).15 F .28 -(ashion\); w)-.1 F .28(ord splitting; pathname e)-.1 F(xpansion;)-.15 E -(and quote remo)108 177.6 Q -.25(va)-.15 G(l.).25 E .257 -(On systems that can support it, there is an additional e)108 194.4 R -.257(xpansion a)-.15 F -.25(va)-.2 G(ilable:).25 E F0(pr)2.757 E .257 -(ocess substitution)-.45 F F1 5.257(.T)C .257(his is per)-5.257 F(-)-.2 -E(formed at the same time as tilde, parameter)108 206.4 Q 2.5(,v)-.4 G -(ariable, and arithmetic e)-2.75 E(xpansion and command substitution.) --.15 E F0 .25(Quote r)108 223.2 R(emo)-.37 E(val)-.1 E F1 .25(is al)2.75 -F -.1(wa)-.1 G .25(ys performed last.).1 F .249(It remo)5.25 F -.15(ve) --.15 G 2.749(sq).15 G .249(uote characters present in the original w) --2.749 F .249(ord, not ones)-.1 F(resulting from one of the other e)108 -235.2 Q(xpansions, unless the)-.15 E 2.5(yh)-.15 G -2.25 -.2(av e)-2.5 H -(been quoted themselv)2.7 E(es.)-.15 E .171(Only brace e)108 252 R .171 -(xpansion, w)-.15 F .171(ord splitting, and pathname e)-.1 F .171 -(xpansion can increase the number of w)-.15 F .172(ords of the e)-.1 F -(x-)-.15 E .777(pansion; other e)108 264 R .776(xpansions e)-.15 F .776 -(xpand a single w)-.15 F .776(ord to a single w)-.1 F 3.276(ord. The)-.1 -F .776(only e)3.276 F .776(xceptions to this are the e)-.15 F(x-)-.15 E -.328(pansions of)108 276 R/F3 10/Times-Bold@0 SF("$@")2.828 E F1(and) -2.828 E F3("${)2.828 E F0(name)A F3([@]}")A F1 2.828(,a)C .328 -(nd, in most cases,)-2.828 F F3($*)2.828 E F1(and)2.828 E F3(${)2.828 E -F0(name)A F3([*]})A F1 .329(as e)2.828 F .329(xplained abo)-.15 F .629 --.15(ve \()-.15 H(see).15 E/F4 9/Times-Bold@0 SF -.666(PA)2.829 G(-).666 -E(RAMETERS)108 288 Q/F5 9/Times-Roman@0 SF(\).)A F3(Brace Expansion)87 -304.8 Q F0(Br)108.58 316.8 Q .606(ace e)-.15 F(xpansion)-.2 E F1 .606 -(is a mechanism by which arbitrary strings may be generated.)3.346 F -.606(This mechanism is similar)5.606 F(to)108 328.8 Q F0 .415 -(pathname e)2.915 F(xpansion)-.2 E F1 2.915(,b)C .415 -(ut the \214lenames generated need not e)-3.115 F 2.915(xist. P)-.15 F -.415(atterns to be brace e)-.15 F .415(xpanded tak)-.15 F 2.915(et)-.1 G -(he)-2.915 E .074(form of an optional)108 340.8 R F0(pr)3.823 E(eamble) --.37 E F1 2.573(,f).18 G(ollo)-2.573 E .073 -(wed by either a series of comma-separated strings or a sequence e)-.25 -F(xpres-)-.15 E .489(sion between a pair of braces, follo)108 352.8 R -.489(wed by an optional)-.25 F F0(postscript)4.239 E F1 5.49(.T).68 G -.49(he preamble is pre\214x)-5.49 F .49(ed to each string)-.15 F .659(c\ -ontained within the braces, and the postscript is then appended to each\ - resulting string, e)108 364.8 R .658(xpanding left to)-.15 F(right.)108 -376.8 Q .718(Brace e)108 393.6 R .719(xpansions may be nested.)-.15 F -.719(The results of each e)5.719 F .719 -(xpanded string are not sorted; left to right order is)-.15 F(preserv) -108 405.6 Q 2.5(ed. F)-.15 F(or e)-.15 E(xample, a)-.15 E F3({)A F1 -(d,c,b)A F3(})A F1 2.5(ee)C(xpands into \231ade ace abe\232.)-2.65 E -3.149(As)108 422.4 S .649(equence e)-3.149 F .649(xpression tak)-.15 F -.649(es the form)-.1 F F3({)3.149 E F0(x)A F3(..)A F0(y)A F3([..)A F0 -(incr)A F3(]})A F1 3.149(,w)C(here)-3.149 E F0(x)3.149 E F1(and)3.149 E -F0(y)3.149 E F1 .649(are either inte)3.149 F .648 -(gers or single letters, and)-.15 F F0(incr)108 434.4 Q F1 2.615(,a)C -2.615(no)-2.615 G .115(ptional increment, is an inte)-2.615 F(ger)-.15 E -5.115(.W)-.55 G .115(hen inte)-5.115 F .115(gers are supplied, the e) --.15 F .115(xpression e)-.15 F .115(xpands to each num-)-.15 F .736 -(ber between)108 446.4 R F0(x)3.236 E F1(and)3.236 E F0(y)3.236 E F1 -3.236(,i)C(nclusi)-3.236 E -.15(ve)-.25 G 5.736(.I).15 G 3.236(ft)-5.736 -G .736(he supplied inte)-3.236 F .736(gers are pre\214x)-.15 F .736 -(ed with)-.15 F F0(0)3.236 E F1 3.236(,e)C .735(ach term will ha)-3.236 -F 1.035 -.15(ve t)-.2 H .735(he same).15 F .225 -(width, zero-padding if necessary)108 458.4 R 5.225(.W)-.65 G .226 -(hen either)-5.225 F F0(x)2.726 E F1(or)2.726 E F0(y)2.726 E F1(be)2.726 -E .226(gins with a zero, the shell attempts to force all gen-)-.15 F -1.073(erated terms to contain the same number of digits, zero-padding w\ -here necessary)108 470.4 R 6.072(.W)-.65 G 1.072(hen letters are sup-) --6.072 F .567(plied, the e)108 482.4 R .567(xpression e)-.15 F .567 -(xpands to each character le)-.15 F .567(xicographically between)-.15 F -F0(x)3.067 E F1(and)3.067 E F0(y)3.068 E F1 3.068(,i)C(nclusi)-3.068 E --.15(ve)-.25 G 3.068(,u).15 G .568(sing the de-)-3.068 F -.1(fa)108 -494.4 S .574(ult C locale.).1 F .574(Note that both)5.574 F F0(x)3.074 E -F1(and)3.074 E F0(y)3.074 E F1 .574(must be of the same type \(inte) -3.074 F .574(ger or letter\).)-.15 F .573(When the increment is)5.573 F -(supplied, it is used as the dif)108 506.4 Q(ference between each term.) --.25 E(The def)5 E(ault increment is 1 or \2551 as appropriate.)-.1 E -.581(Brace e)108 523.2 R .581(xpansion is performed before an)-.15 F -3.081(yo)-.15 G .581(ther e)-3.081 F .581(xpansions, and an)-.15 F 3.082 -(yc)-.15 G .582(haracters special to other e)-3.082 F(xpansions)-.15 E -.016(are preserv)108 535.2 R .016(ed in the result.)-.15 F .016 -(It is strictly te)5.016 F(xtual.)-.15 E F3(Bash)5.016 E F1 .015 -(does not apply an)2.516 F 2.515(ys)-.15 G .015 -(yntactic interpretation to the con-)-2.515 F(te)108 547.2 Q -(xt of the e)-.15 E(xpansion or the te)-.15 E(xt between the braces.) --.15 E 2.501(Ac)108 564 S .001(orrectly-formed brace e)-2.501 F .001(xp\ -ansion must contain unquoted opening and closing braces, and at least o\ -ne un-)-.15 F .458(quoted comma or a v)108 576 R .458(alid sequence e) --.25 F 2.958(xpression. An)-.15 F 2.958(yi)-.15 G .458 -(ncorrectly formed brace e)-2.958 F .457(xpansion is left unchanged.) --.15 F(A)108 588 Q F3({)2.521 E F1(or)2.521 E F3(,)2.521 E F1 .021 -(may be quoted with a backslash to pre)2.521 F -.15(ve)-.25 G .022 -(nt its being considered part of a brace e).15 F 2.522(xpression. T)-.15 -F 2.522(oa)-.8 G -.2(vo)-2.722 G(id).2 E .172 -(con\215icts with parameter e)108 600 R .172(xpansion, the string)-.15 F -F3(${)2.672 E F1 .172(is not considered eligible for brace e)2.672 F -.172(xpansion, and inhibits)-.15 F(brace e)108 612 Q -(xpansion until the closing)-.15 E F3(})2.5 E F1(.)A 1.476(This constru\ -ct is typically used as shorthand when the common pre\214x of the strin\ -gs to be generated is)108 628.8 R(longer than in the abo)108 640.8 Q .3 --.15(ve ex)-.15 H(ample:).15 E(mkdir /usr/local/src/bash/{old,ne)144 -657.6 Q -.65(w,)-.25 G(dist,b).65 E(ugs})-.2 E(or)108 669.6 Q(cho)144 -681.6 Q(wn root /usr/{ucb/{e)-.25 E(x,edit},lib/{e)-.15 E(x?.?*,ho)-.15 -E(w_e)-.25 E(x}})-.15 E .618(Brace e)108 698.4 R .618 -(xpansion introduces a slight incompatibility with historical v)-.15 F -.618(ersions of)-.15 F F3(sh)3.118 E F1(.)A F3(sh)5.618 E F1 .618 -(does not treat open-)3.118 F .247 -(ing or closing braces specially when the)108 710.4 R 2.747(ya)-.15 G -.247(ppear as part of a w)-2.747 F .248(ord, and preserv)-.1 F .248 -(es them in the output.)-.15 F F3(Bash)5.248 E F1(remo)108 722.4 Q -.15 -(ve)-.15 G 3.53(sb).15 G 1.03(races from w)-3.53 F 1.03 -(ords as a consequence of brace e)-.1 F 3.53(xpansion. F)-.15 F 1.03 -(or e)-.15 F 1.03(xample, a w)-.15 F 1.03(ord entered to)-.1 F F3(sh) -3.53 E F1(as)3.53 E(GNU Bash 5.3)72 768 Q(2024 March 29)144.29 E(22) -193.45 E 0 Cg EP -%%Page: 23 23 -%%BeginPageSetup -BP -%%EndPageSetup -/F0 10/Times-Italic@0 SF -.25(BA)72 48 S(SH).25 E/F1 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -138.32(\(1\) General).95 F(Commands Manual)2.5 E F0 -.25(BA)140.82 G(SH) -.25 E F1(\(1\)).95 E F0(\214le{1,2})108 84 Q F1 .514 -(appears identically in the output.)3.014 F .515(The same w)5.515 F .515 -(ord is output as)-.1 F F0 .515(\214le1 \214le2)4.925 F F1 .515(after e) -3.035 F .515(xpansion by)-.15 F/F2 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(bash)3.015 E F1(.) -A .437(If strict compatibility with)108 96 R F2(sh)2.936 E F1 .436 -(is desired, start)2.936 F F2(bash)2.936 E F1 .436(with the)2.936 F F2 -(+B)2.936 E F1 .436(option or disable brace e)2.936 F .436 -(xpansion with the)-.15 F F2(+B)108 108 Q F1(option to the)2.5 E F2(set) -2.5 E F1(command \(see)2.5 E/F3 9/Times-Bold@0 SF(SHELL B)2.5 E(UIL)-.09 -E(TIN COMMANDS)-.828 E F1(belo)2.25 E(w\).)-.25 E F2 -.18(Ti)87 124.8 S -(lde Expansion).18 E F1 .845(If a w)108 136.8 R .846(ord be)-.1 F .846 -(gins with an unquoted tilde character \(\231)-.15 F F2<01>A F1 .846 -(\232\), all of the characters preceding the \214rst unquoted)B .185(sl\ -ash \(or all characters, if there is no unquoted slash\) are considered\ - a)108 148.8 R F0(tilde-pr)2.685 E(e\214x)-.37 E F1 5.185(.I)C 2.685(fn) --5.185 G .185(one of the characters)-2.685 F .725(in the tilde-pre\214x\ - are quoted, the characters in the tilde-pre\214x follo)108 160.8 R .726 -(wing the tilde are treated as a possible)-.25 F F0(lo)108 172.8 Q .523 -(gin name)-.1 F F1 5.523(.I)C 3.023(ft)-5.523 G .523 -(his login name is the null string, the tilde is replaced with the v) --3.023 F .522(alue of the shell parameter)-.25 F F3(HOME)108 184.8 Q/F4 -9/Times-Roman@0 SF(.)A F1(If)4.786 E F3(HOME)2.786 E F1 .287 -(is unset, the home directory of the user e)2.536 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .287 -(cuting the shell is substituted instead.).15 F(Other)5.287 E(-)-.2 E(w\ -ise, the tilde-pre\214x is replaced with the home directory associated \ -with the speci\214ed login name.)108 196.8 Q .368 -(If the tilde-pre\214x is a \231\001+\232, the v)108 213.6 R .368 -(alue of the shell v)-.25 F(ariable)-.25 E F3(PWD)2.868 E F1 .368 -(replaces the tilde-pre\214x.)2.618 F .368(If the tilde-pre\214x)5.368 F -.185(is a \231\001\255\232, the v)108 225.6 R .185(alue of the shell v) --.25 F(ariable)-.25 E F3(OLDPWD)2.685 E F4(,)A F1 .185 -(if it is set, is substituted.)2.435 F .185(If the characters follo) -5.185 F .185(wing the)-.25 F .658 -(tilde in the tilde-pre\214x consist of a number)108 237.6 R F0(N)3.158 -E F1 3.158(,o)C .658(ptionally pre\214x)-3.158 F .657 -(ed by a \231+\232 or a \231\255\232, the tilde-pre\214x is re-)-.15 F -.138(placed with the corresponding element from the directory stack, as\ - it w)108 249.6 R .138(ould be displayed by the)-.1 F F2(dirs)2.639 E F1 --.2(bu)2.639 G(iltin).2 E(in)108 261.6 Q -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G 2.839 -(dw).1 G .338(ith the tilde-pre\214x as an ar)-2.839 F 2.838(gument. If) --.18 F .338(the characters follo)2.838 F .338 -(wing the tilde in the tilde-pre\214x consist)-.25 F(of a number withou\ -t a leading \231+\232 or \231\255\232, \231+\232 is assumed.)108 273.6 Q -(If the login name is in)108 290.4 Q -.25(va)-.4 G(lid, or the tilde e) -.25 E(xpansion f)-.15 E(ails, the w)-.1 E(ord is unchanged.)-.1 E .166 -(Each v)108 307.2 R .167(ariable assignment is check)-.25 F .167 -(ed for unquoted tilde-pre\214x)-.1 F .167(es immediately follo)-.15 F -.167(wing a)-.25 F F2(:)2.667 E F1 .167(or the \214rst)2.667 F F2(=) -2.667 E F1 5.167(.I)C(n)-5.167 E .468(these cases, tilde e)108 319.2 R -.468(xpansion is also performed.)-.15 F(Consequently)5.467 E 2.967(,o) --.65 G .467(ne may use \214lenames with tildes in assign-)-2.967 F -(ments to)108 331.2 Q F3 -.666(PA)2.5 G(TH)-.189 E F4(,)A F3(MAILP)2.25 -E -.855(AT)-.666 G(H).855 E F4(,)A F1(and)2.25 E F3(CDP)2.5 E -.855(AT) --.666 G(H).855 E F4(,)A F1(and the shell assigns the e)2.25 E(xpanded v) --.15 E(alue.)-.25 E F2(Bash)108 348 Q F1 1.768(also performs tilde e) -4.268 F 1.768(xpansion on w)-.15 F 1.769 -(ords satisfying the conditions of v)-.1 F 1.769 -(ariable assignments \(as de-)-.25 F .464(scribed abo)108 360 R .764 --.15(ve u)-.15 H(nder).15 E F3 -.666(PA)2.964 G(RAMETERS).666 E F4(\))A -F1 .464(when the)2.714 F 2.964(ya)-.15 G .464(ppear as ar)-2.964 F .463 -(guments to simple commands.)-.18 F F2(Bash)5.463 E F1 .463(does not) -2.963 F(do this, e)108 372 Q(xcept for the)-.15 E F0(declar)2.5 E(ation) --.15 E F1(commands listed abo)2.5 E -.15(ve)-.15 G 2.5(,w).15 G(hen in) --2.5 E F0(posix mode)2.5 E F1(.)A F2 -.1(Pa)87 388.8 S -(rameter Expansion).1 E F1 .014(The \231)108 400.8 R F2($)A F1 2.514 -<9a63>C .014(haracter introduces parameter e)-2.514 F .014 -(xpansion, command substitution, or arithmetic e)-.15 F 2.515 -(xpansion. The)-.15 F(pa-)2.515 E .314(rameter name or symbol to be e) -108 412.8 R .314 -(xpanded may be enclosed in braces, which are optional b)-.15 F .314 -(ut serv)-.2 F 2.813(et)-.15 G 2.813(op)-2.813 G(rotect)-2.813 E .414 -(the v)108 424.8 R .414(ariable to be e)-.25 F .414 -(xpanded from characters immediately follo)-.15 F .415 -(wing it which could be interpreted as part of)-.25 F(the name.)108 -436.8 Q 1.073 -(When braces are used, the matching ending brace is the \214rst \231)108 -453.6 R F2(})A F1 3.573<9a6e>C 1.072 -(ot escaped by a backslash or within a)-3.573 F .821 -(quoted string, and not within an embedded arithmetic e)108 465.6 R .822 -(xpansion, command substitution, or parameter e)-.15 F(x-)-.15 E -(pansion.)108 477.6 Q(${)108 494.4 Q F0(par)A(ameter)-.15 E F1(})A .106 -(The v)144 506.4 R .106(alue of)-.25 F F0(par)2.606 E(ameter)-.15 E F1 -.106(is substituted.)2.606 F .106(The braces are required when)5.106 F -F0(par)3.856 E(ameter)-.15 E F1 .106(is a positional pa-)3.336 F .11 -(rameter with more than one digit, or when)144 518.4 R F0(par)3.86 E -(ameter)-.15 E F1 .111(is follo)3.341 F .111 -(wed by a character which is not to be)-.25 F .208 -(interpreted as part of its name.)144 530.4 R(The)5.208 E F0(par)2.708 E -(ameter)-.15 E F1 .208(is a shell parameter as described abo)2.708 F --.15(ve)-.15 G F2 -.74(PA)2.858 G(RAME-).74 E(TERS)144 542.4 Q F1 2.5 -(\)o)C 2.5(ra)-2.5 G 2.5(na)-2.5 G(rray reference \()-2.5 E F2(Arrays)A -F1(\).)A .346(If the \214rst character of)108 559.2 R F0(par)2.846 E -(ameter)-.15 E F1 .346(is an e)2.846 F .346(xclamation point \()-.15 F -F2(!)A F1 .346(\), and)B F0(par)2.846 E(ameter)-.15 E F1 .346(is not a) -2.846 F F0(namer)2.846 E(ef)-.37 E F1 2.847(,i)C 2.847(ti)-2.847 G -(ntroduces)-2.847 E 2.907(al)108 571.2 S -2.15 -.25(ev e)-2.907 H 2.907 -(lo).25 G 2.906(fi)-2.907 G(ndirection.)-2.906 E F2(Bash)5.406 E F1 .406 -(uses the v)2.906 F .406(alue formed by e)-.25 F .406 -(xpanding the rest of)-.15 F F0(par)2.906 E(ameter)-.15 E F1 .406 -(as the ne)2.906 F(w)-.25 E F0(par)2.906 E(ame-)-.15 E(ter)108 583.2 Q -F1 2.578(;t)C .078(his is then e)-2.578 F .078(xpanded and that v)-.15 F -.079(alue is used in the rest of the e)-.25 F .079 -(xpansion, rather than the e)-.15 F .079(xpansion of the)-.15 F -(original)108 595.2 Q F0(par)2.543 E(ameter)-.15 E F1 5.043(.T)C .043 -(his is kno)-5.043 F .043(wn as)-.25 F F0(indir)2.543 E .043(ect e)-.37 -F(xpansion)-.2 E F1 5.043(.T)C .043(he v)-5.043 F .042 -(alue is subject to tilde e)-.25 F .042(xpansion, parameter)-.15 F -.15 -(ex)108 607.2 S .248(pansion, command substitution, and arithmetic e).15 -F 2.748(xpansion. If)-.15 F F0(par)2.749 E(ameter)-.15 E F1 .249 -(is a nameref, this e)2.749 F .249(xpands to the)-.15 F 1.51 -(name of the parameter referenced by)108 619.2 R F0(par)4.01 E(ameter) --.15 E F1 1.51(instead of performing the complete indirect e)4.01 F -(xpansion.)-.15 E .387(The e)108 631.2 R .387 -(xceptions to this are the e)-.15 F .387(xpansions of ${)-.15 F F2(!)A -F0(pr)A(e\214x)-.37 E F2(*)A F1 2.887(}a)C .387(nd ${)-2.887 F F2(!)A F0 -(name)A F1([)A F0(@)A F1 .387(]} described belo)B 4.188 -.65(w. T)-.25 H -.388(he e).65 F(xclama-)-.15 E(tion point must immediately follo)108 -643.2 Q 2.5(wt)-.25 G(he left brace in order to introduce indirection.) --2.5 E .334(In each of the cases belo)108 660 R -.65(w,)-.25 G F0(wor) -3.484 E(d)-.37 E F1 .334(is subject to tilde e)2.834 F .334 -(xpansion, parameter e)-.15 F .334(xpansion, command substitution,)-.15 -F(and arithmetic e)108 672 Q(xpansion.)-.15 E .066 -(When not performing substring e)108 688.8 R .067 -(xpansion, using the forms documented belo)-.15 F 2.567(w\()-.25 G -(e.g.,)-2.567 E F2(:-)2.567 E F1(\),)A F2(bash)2.567 E F1 .067 -(tests for a pa-)2.567 F(rameter that is unset or null.)108 700.8 Q(Omi\ -tting the colon results in a test only for a parameter that is unset.)5 -E(GNU Bash 5.3)72 768 Q(2024 March 29)144.29 E(23)193.45 E 0 Cg EP -%%Page: 24 24 -%%BeginPageSetup -BP -%%EndPageSetup -/F0 10/Times-Italic@0 SF -.25(BA)72 48 S(SH).25 E/F1 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -138.32(\(1\) General).95 F(Commands Manual)2.5 E F0 -.25(BA)140.82 G(SH) -.25 E F1(\(1\)).95 E(${)108 84 Q F0(par)A(ameter)-.15 E/F2 10 -/Times-Bold@0 SF<3aad>A F0(wor)A(d)-.37 E F1(})A F2 .723(Use Default V) -144 96 R(alues)-.92 E F1 5.723(.I)C(f)-5.723 E F0(par)4.473 E(ameter) --.15 E F1 .723(is unset or null, the e)3.953 F .722(xpansion of)-.15 F -F0(wor)3.562 E(d)-.37 E F1 .722(is substituted.)3.992 F(Other)5.722 E(-) --.2 E(wise, the v)144 108 Q(alue of)-.25 E F0(par)3.75 E(ameter)-.15 E -F1(is substituted.)3.23 E(${)108 120 Q F0(par)A(ameter)-.15 E F2(:=)A F0 -(wor)A(d)-.37 E F1(})A F2 .265(Assign Default V)144 132 R(alues)-.92 E -F1 5.265(.I)C(f)-5.265 E F0(par)4.015 E(ameter)-.15 E F1 .266 -(is unset or null, the e)3.495 F .266(xpansion of)-.15 F F0(wor)3.106 E -(d)-.37 E F1 .266(is assigned to)3.536 F F0(par)4.016 E(a-)-.15 E(meter) -144 144 Q F1 5.545(.T).73 G .545(he v)-5.545 F .544(alue of)-.25 F F0 -(par)4.294 E(ameter)-.15 E F1 .544(is then substituted.)3.774 F .544 -(Positional parameters and special parameters)5.544 F -(may not be assigned to in this w)144 156 Q(ay)-.1 E(.)-.65 E(${)108 168 -Q F0(par)A(ameter)-.15 E F2(:?)A F0(wor)A(d)-.37 E F1(})A F2 .535 -(Display Err)144 180 R .535(or if Null or Unset)-.18 F F1 5.535(.I)C(f) --5.535 E F0(par)4.285 E(ameter)-.15 E F1 .535(is null or unset, the e) -3.765 F .535(xpansion of)-.15 F F0(wor)3.035 E(d)-.37 E F1 .535 -(\(or a mes-)3.035 F .013(sage to that ef)144 192 R .013(fect if)-.25 F -F0(wor)2.853 E(d)-.37 E F1 .013(is not present\) is written to the stan\ -dard error and the shell, if it is not in-)3.283 F(teracti)144 204 Q --.15(ve)-.25 G 2.5(,e).15 G 2.5(xits. Otherwise,)-2.65 F(the v)2.5 E -(alue of)-.25 E F0(par)2.5 E(ameter)-.15 E F1(is substituted.)2.5 E(${) -108 216 Q F0(par)A(ameter)-.15 E F2(:+)A F0(wor)A(d)-.37 E F1(})A F2 -.745(Use Alter)144 228 R .745(nate V)-.15 F(alue)-.92 E F1 5.745(.I)C(f) --5.745 E F0(par)4.495 E(ameter)-.15 E F1 .745 -(is null or unset, nothing is substituted, otherwise the e)3.975 F -(xpan-)-.15 E(sion of)144 240 Q F0(wor)2.84 E(d)-.37 E F1 -(is substituted.)3.27 E(${)108 252 Q F0(par)A(ameter)-.15 E F2(:)A F0 -(of)A(fset)-.18 E F1(})A(${)108 264 Q F0(par)A(ameter)-.15 E F2(:)A F0 -(of)A(fset)-.18 E F2(:)A F0(length)A F1(})A F2 .002(Substring Expansion) -144 276 R F1 5.002(.E)C .002(xpands to up to)-5.002 F F0(length)2.502 E -F1 .002(characters of the v)2.502 F .002(alue of)-.25 F F0(par)2.502 E -(ameter)-.15 E F1 .002(starting at the)2.502 F .003 -(character speci\214ed by)144 288 R F0(of)2.503 E(fset)-.18 E F1 5.003 -(.I)C(f)-5.003 E F0(par)2.503 E(ameter)-.15 E F1(is)2.503 E F2(@)2.503 E -F1(or)2.503 E F2(*)2.503 E F1 2.503(,a)C 2.503(ni)-2.503 G(nde)-2.503 E --.15(xe)-.15 G 2.503(da).15 G .003(rray subscripted by)-2.503 F F2(@) -2.503 E F1(or)2.503 E F2(*)2.504 E F1 2.504(,o)C 2.504(ra)-2.504 G(n) --2.504 E(associati)144 300 Q 1.022 -.15(ve a)-.25 H .722 -(rray name, the results dif).15 F .722(fer as described belo)-.25 F -4.522 -.65(w. I)-.25 H(f).65 E F0(length)3.222 E F1 .722(is omitted, e) -3.222 F .722(xpands to the)-.15 F .042(substring of the v)144 312 R .042 -(alue of)-.25 F F0(par)2.542 E(ameter)-.15 E F1 .043 -(starting at the character speci\214ed by)2.542 F F0(of)2.543 E(fset) --.18 E F1 .043(and e)2.543 F .043(xtending to the)-.15 F .847 -(end of the v)144 324 R(alue.)-.25 E F0(length)5.846 E F1(and)3.346 E F0 -(of)3.346 E(fset)-.18 E F1 .846(are arithmetic e)3.346 F .846 -(xpressions \(see)-.15 F/F3 9/Times-Bold@0 SF .846(ARITHMETIC EV)3.346 F -(ALU)-1.215 E -.855(AT)-.54 G(ION).855 E F1(belo)144 336 Q(w\).)-.25 E -(If)144 352.8 Q F0(of)3.028 E(fset)-.18 E F1 -.25(eva)3.029 G .529 -(luates to a number less than zero, the v).25 F .529 -(alue is used as an of)-.25 F .529(fset in characters from the)-.25 F -.046(end of the v)144 364.8 R .046(alue of)-.25 F F0(par)2.546 E(ameter) --.15 E F1 5.046(.I)C(f)-5.046 E F0(length)2.546 E F1 -.25(eva)2.546 G -.046(luates to a number less than zero, it is interpreted as an).25 F -(of)144 376.8 Q .202(fset in characters from the end of the v)-.25 F -.202(alue of)-.25 F F0(par)2.702 E(ameter)-.15 E F1 .203 -(rather than a number of characters, and)2.702 F .558(the e)144 388.8 R -.558(xpansion is the characters between)-.15 F F0(of)3.058 E(fset)-.18 E -F1 .558(and that result.)3.058 F .557(Note that a ne)5.557 F -.05(ga) --.15 G(ti).05 E .857 -.15(ve o)-.25 H -.25(ff).15 G .557(set must be).25 -F(separated from the colon by at least one space to a)144 400.8 Q -.2 -(vo)-.2 G(id being confused with the).2 E F2(:-)2.5 E F1 -.15(ex)2.5 G -(pansion.).15 E(If)144 417.6 Q F0(par)3.283 E(ameter)-.15 E F1(is)3.283 -E F2(@)3.283 E F1(or)3.283 E F2(*)3.284 E F1 3.284(,t)C .784 -(he result is)-3.284 F F0(length)3.284 E F1 .784 -(positional parameters be)3.284 F .784(ginning at)-.15 F F0(of)3.284 E -(fset)-.18 E F1 5.784(.A)C(ne)-2.5 E -.05(ga)-.15 G(ti).05 E -.15(ve) --.25 G F0(of)144 429.6 Q(fset)-.18 E F1 .167(is tak)2.667 F .167 -(en relati)-.1 F .467 -.15(ve t)-.25 H 2.667(oo).15 G .167 -(ne greater than the greatest positional parameter)-2.667 F 2.666(,s)-.4 -G 2.666(oa)-2.666 G 2.666(no)-2.666 G -.25(ff)-2.666 G .166 -(set of \2551 e).25 F -.25(va)-.25 G(l-).25 E .023(uates to the last po\ -sitional parameter \(or 0 if there are no positional parameters\).)144 -441.6 R .023(It is an e)5.023 F(xpansion)-.15 E(error if)144 453.6 Q F0 -(length)2.5 E F1 -.25(eva)2.5 G(luates to a number less than zero.).25 E -(If)144 470.4 Q F0(par)3.014 E(ameter)-.15 E F1 .514(is an inde)3.014 F --.15(xe)-.15 G 3.014(da).15 G .514 -(rray name subscripted by @ or *, the result is the)-3.014 F F0(length) -3.014 E F1 .513(members of)3.013 F 1.081(the array be)144 482.4 R 1.081 -(ginning with ${)-.15 F F0(par)A(ameter)-.15 E F1([)A F0(of)A(fset)-.18 -E F1 3.581(]}. A)B(ne)3.581 E -.05(ga)-.15 G(ti).05 E -.15(ve)-.25 G F0 -(of)3.732 E(fset)-.18 E F1 1.082(is tak)3.582 F 1.082(en relati)-.1 F -1.382 -.15(ve t)-.25 H 3.582(oo).15 G 1.082(ne greater)-3.582 F 1.08 -(than the maximum inde)144 494.4 R 3.58(xo)-.15 G 3.58(ft)-3.58 G 1.08 -(he speci\214ed array)-3.58 F 6.079(.I)-.65 G 3.579(ti)-6.079 G 3.579 -(sa)-3.579 G 3.579(ne)-3.579 G 1.079(xpansion error if)-3.729 F F0 -(length)3.579 E F1 -.25(eva)3.579 G 1.079(luates to a).25 F -(number less than zero.)144 506.4 Q(Substring e)144 523.2 Q -(xpansion applied to an associati)-.15 E .3 -.15(ve a)-.25 H -(rray produces unde\214ned results.).15 E .82(Substring inde)144 540 R -.821(xing is zero-based unless the positional parameters are used, in w\ -hich case the in-)-.15 F(de)144 552 Q .159(xing starts at 1 by def)-.15 -F 2.659(ault. If)-.1 F F0(of)2.659 E(fset)-.18 E F1 .159 -(is 0, and the positional parameters are used,)2.659 F F2($0)2.659 E F1 -.159(is pre\214x)2.659 F .158(ed to)-.15 F(the list.)144 564 Q(${)108 -580.8 Q F2(!)A F0(pr)A(e\214x)-.37 E F2(*)A F1(})A(${)108 592.8 Q F2(!)A -F0(pr)A(e\214x)-.37 E F2(@)A F1(})A F2 .084(Names matching pr)144 604.8 -R(e\214x)-.18 E F1 5.084(.E)C .084(xpands to the names of v)-5.084 F -.084(ariables whose names be)-.25 F .085(gin with)-.15 F F0(pr)2.585 E -(e\214x)-.37 E F1 2.585(,s)C(epa-)-2.585 E .258 -(rated by the \214rst character of the)144 616.8 R F3(IFS)2.758 E F1 -.257(special v)2.507 F 2.757(ariable. When)-.25 F F0(@)2.757 E F1 .257 -(is used and the e)2.757 F .257(xpansion appears)-.15 F -(within double quotes, each v)144 628.8 Q(ariable name e)-.25 E -(xpands to a separate w)-.15 E(ord.)-.1 E(${)108 645.6 Q F2(!)A F0(name) -A F1([)A F0(@)A F1(]})A(${)108 657.6 Q F2(!)A F0(name)A F1([)A F0(*)A F1 -(]})A F2 1.136(List of array k)144 669.6 R(eys)-.1 E F1 6.136(.I)C(f) --6.136 E F0(name)3.636 E F1 1.136(is an array v)3.636 F 1.136 -(ariable, e)-.25 F 1.136(xpands to the list of array indices \(k)-.15 F --.15(ey)-.1 G 1.137(s\) as-).15 F .397(signed in)144 681.6 R F0(name) -2.897 E F1 5.397(.I)C(f)-5.397 E F0(name)2.897 E F1 .397 -(is not an array)2.897 F 2.897(,e)-.65 G .397(xpands to 0 if)-3.047 F F0 -(name)2.897 E F1 .397(is set and null otherwise.)2.897 F(When)5.397 E F0 -(@)2.897 E F1(is used and the e)144 693.6 Q -(xpansion appears within double quotes, each k)-.15 E .3 -.15(ey ex)-.1 -H(pands to a separate w).15 E(ord.)-.1 E(GNU Bash 5.3)72 768 Q -(2024 March 29)144.29 E(24)193.45 E 0 Cg EP -%%Page: 25 25 -%%BeginPageSetup -BP -%%EndPageSetup -/F0 10/Times-Italic@0 SF -.25(BA)72 48 S(SH).25 E/F1 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -138.32(\(1\) General).95 F(Commands Manual)2.5 E F0 -.25(BA)140.82 G(SH) -.25 E F1(\(1\)).95 E(${)108 84 Q/F2 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(#)A F0(par)A -(ameter)-.15 E F1(})A F2 -.1(Pa)144 96 S .47(rameter length).1 F F1 5.47 -(.T)C .471(he length in characters of the v)-5.47 F .471(alue of)-.25 F -F0(par)2.971 E(ameter)-.15 E F1 .471(is substituted.)2.971 F(If)5.471 E -F0(par)4.221 E(ame-)-.15 E(ter)144 108 Q F1(is)3.627 E F2(*)2.897 E F1 -(or)2.897 E F2(@)2.897 E F1 2.897(,t)C .397(he v)-2.897 F .397 -(alue substituted is the number of positional parameters.)-.25 F(If) -5.396 E F0(par)4.146 E(ameter)-.15 E F1 .396(is an ar)3.626 F(-)-.2 E -.78(ray name subscripted by)144 120 R F2(*)3.28 E F1(or)3.28 E F2(@)3.28 -E F1 3.28(,t)C .78(he v)-3.28 F .781 -(alue substituted is the number of elements in the array)-.25 F 5.781 -(.I)-.65 G(f)-5.781 E F0(par)145.25 132 Q(ameter)-.15 E F1 .456 -(is an inde)3.686 F -.15(xe)-.15 G 2.956(da).15 G .456 -(rray name subscripted by a ne)-2.956 F -.05(ga)-.15 G(ti).05 E .756 --.15(ve n)-.25 H(umber).15 E 2.955(,t)-.4 G .455 -(hat number is interpreted)-2.955 F .972(as relati)144 144 R 1.272 -.15 -(ve t)-.25 H 3.472(oo).15 G .973(ne greater than the maximum inde)-3.472 -F 3.473(xo)-.15 G(f)-3.473 E F0(par)3.473 E(ameter)-.15 E F1 3.473(,s)C -3.473(on)-3.473 G -2.25 -.15(eg a)-3.473 H(ti).15 E 1.273 -.15(ve i)-.25 -H .973(ndices count back).15 F(from the end of the array)144 156 Q 2.5 -(,a)-.65 G(nd an inde)-2.5 E 2.5(xo)-.15 G 2.5<66ad>-2.5 G 2.5(1r)-2.5 G -(eferences the last element.)-2.5 E(${)108 172.8 Q F0(par)A(ameter)-.15 -E F2(#)A F0(wor)A(d)-.37 E F1(})A(${)108 184.8 Q F0(par)A(ameter)-.15 E -F2(##)A F0(wor)A(d)-.37 E F1(})A F2(Remo)144 196.8 Q 1.396 -.1(ve m)-.1 -H 1.196(atching pr).1 F 1.196(e\214x patter)-.18 F(n)-.15 E F1 6.196(.T) -C(he)-6.196 E F0(wor)4.036 E(d)-.37 E F1 1.196(is e)4.466 F 1.196 -(xpanded to produce a pattern just as in path-)-.15 F .543(name e)144 -208.8 R .544(xpansion, and matched ag)-.15 F .544(ainst the e)-.05 F -.544(xpanded v)-.15 F .544(alue of)-.25 F F0(par)4.294 E(ameter)-.15 E -F1 .544(using the rules described)3.774 F(under)144 220.8 Q F2 -.1(Pa) -3.133 G(tter).1 E 3.133(nM)-.15 G(atching)-3.133 E F1(belo)3.132 E 4.432 --.65(w. I)-.25 H 3.132(ft).65 G .632(he pattern matches the be)-3.132 F -.632(ginning of the v)-.15 F .632(alue of)-.25 F F0(par)4.382 E(ameter) --.15 E F1(,).73 E 1.151(then the result of the e)144 232.8 R 1.151 -(xpansion is the e)-.15 F 1.151(xpanded v)-.15 F 1.151(alue of)-.25 F F0 -(par)4.902 E(ameter)-.15 E F1 1.152(with the shortest matching)4.382 F -.554(pattern \(the \231#\232 case\) or the longest matching pattern \(t\ -he \231##\232 case\) deleted.)144 244.8 R(If)5.553 E F0(par)4.303 E -(ameter)-.15 E F1(is)3.783 E F2(@)3.053 E F1(or)144 256.8 Q F2(*)3.018 E -F1 3.018(,t)C .518(he pattern remo)-3.018 F -.25(va)-.15 G 3.018(lo).25 -G .518 -(peration is applied to each positional parameter in turn, and the e) --3.018 F(xpan-)-.15 E .304(sion is the resultant list.)144 268.8 R(If) -5.304 E F0(par)4.054 E(ameter)-.15 E F1 .303(is an array v)3.533 F .303 -(ariable subscripted with)-.25 F F2(@)2.803 E F1(or)2.803 E F2(*)2.803 E -F1 2.803(,t)C .303(he pattern re-)-2.803 F(mo)144 280.8 Q -.25(va)-.15 G -2.987(lo).25 G .487 -(peration is applied to each member of the array in turn, and the e) --2.987 F .487(xpansion is the resultant)-.15 F(list.)144 292.8 Q(${)108 -309.6 Q F0(par)A(ameter)-.15 E F2(%)A F0(wor)A(d)-.37 E F1(})A(${)108 -321.6 Q F0(par)A(ameter)-.15 E F2(%%)A F0(wor)A(d)-.37 E F1(})A F2(Remo) -144 333.6 Q .347 -.1(ve m)-.1 H .147(atching suf\214x patter).1 F(n)-.15 -E F1 5.147(.T)C(he)-5.147 E F0(wor)2.647 E(d)-.37 E F1 .147(is e)2.647 F -.146(xpanded to produce a pattern just as in pathname)-.15 F -.15(ex)144 -345.6 S .458(pansion, and matched ag).15 F .458(ainst the e)-.05 F .458 -(xpanded v)-.15 F .458(alue of)-.25 F F0(par)4.209 E(ameter)-.15 E F1 -.459(using the rules described under)3.689 F F2 -.1(Pa)144 357.6 S(tter) -.1 E 2.732(nM)-.15 G(atching)-2.732 E F1(belo)2.732 E 4.032 -.65(w. I) --.25 H 2.732(ft).65 G .231 -(he pattern matches a trailing portion of the e)-2.732 F .231(xpanded v) --.15 F .231(alue of)-.25 F F0(par)3.981 E(a-)-.15 E(meter)144 369.6 Q F1 -4.399(,t).73 G 1.899(hen the result of the e)-4.399 F 1.899 -(xpansion is the e)-.15 F 1.899(xpanded v)-.15 F 1.9(alue of)-.25 F F0 -(par)5.65 E(ameter)-.15 E F1 1.9(with the shortest)5.13 F .019(matching\ - pattern \(the \231%\232 case\) or the longest matching pattern \(the \ -\231%%\232 case\) deleted.)144 381.6 R(If)5.019 E F0(par)3.769 E(a-)-.15 -E(meter)144 393.6 Q F1(is)3.559 E F2(@)2.829 E F1(or)2.829 E F2(*)2.829 -E F1 2.829(,t)C .329(he pattern remo)-2.829 F -.25(va)-.15 G 2.829(lo) -.25 G .33(peration is applied to each positional parameter in turn, and) --2.829 F .64(the e)144 405.6 R .64(xpansion is the resultant list.)-.15 -F(If)5.64 E F0(par)4.39 E(ameter)-.15 E F1 .64(is an array v)3.87 F .64 -(ariable subscripted with)-.25 F F2(@)3.14 E F1(or)3.14 E F2(*)3.14 E F1 -3.14(,t)C(he)-3.14 E .422(pattern remo)144 417.6 R -.25(va)-.15 G 2.922 -(lo).25 G .422 -(peration is applied to each member of the array in turn, and the e) --2.922 F .423(xpansion is the)-.15 F(resultant list.)144 429.6 Q(${)108 -446.4 Q F0(par)A(ameter)-.15 E F2(/)A F0(pattern)A F2(/)A F0(string)A F1 -(})A(${)108 458.4 Q F0(par)A(ameter)-.15 E F2(//)A F0(pattern)A F2(/)A -F0(string)A F1(})A(${)108 470.4 Q F0(par)A(ameter)-.15 E F2(/#)A F0 -(pattern)A F2(/)A F0(string)A F1(})A(${)108 482.4 Q F0(par)A(ameter)-.15 -E F2(/%)A F0(pattern)A F2(/)A F0(string)A F1(})A F2 -.1(Pa)144 494.4 S -(tter).1 E 3.607(ns)-.15 G(ubstitution)-3.607 E F1 6.107(.T)C(he)-6.107 -E F0(pattern)3.607 E F1 1.107(is e)3.607 F 1.106 -(xpanded to produce a pattern just as in pathname e)-.15 F(xpan-)-.15 E -(sion.)144 506.4 Q F0 -.8(Pa)6.033 G -.15(ra).8 G(meter).15 E F1 1.033 -(is e)3.533 F 1.033(xpanded and the longest match of)-.15 F F0(pattern) -3.533 E F1(ag)3.533 E 1.034(ainst its v)-.05 F 1.034 -(alue is replaced with)-.25 F F0(string)144 518.4 Q F1(.)A F0(string) -5.499 E F1(under)2.999 E .499(goes tilde e)-.18 F .499 -(xpansion, parameter and v)-.15 F .499(ariable e)-.25 F .499 -(xpansion, arithmetic e)-.15 F(xpansion,)-.15 E 1.137 -(command and process substitution, and quote remo)144 530.4 R -.25(va) --.15 G 3.637(l. The).25 F 1.137(match is performed using the rules)3.637 -F .076(described under)144 542.4 R F2 -.1(Pa)2.576 G(tter).1 E 2.576(nM) --.15 G(atching)-2.576 E F1(belo)2.576 E 3.876 -.65(w. I)-.25 H 2.575(nt) -.65 G .075(he \214rst form abo)-2.575 F -.15(ve)-.15 G 2.575(,o).15 G -.075(nly the \214rst match is replaced.)-2.575 F .48(If there are tw)144 -554.4 R 2.98(os)-.1 G .48(lashes separating)-2.98 F F0(par)2.98 E -(ameter)-.15 E F1(and)2.98 E F0(pattern)2.98 E F1 .48 -(\(the second form abo)2.98 F -.15(ve)-.15 G .48(\), all matches of).15 -F F0(pattern)144 566.4 Q F1 .375(are replaced with)2.875 F F0(string) -2.874 E F1 5.374(.I)C(f)-5.374 E F0(pattern)2.874 E F1 .374 -(is preceded by)2.874 F F2(#)2.874 E F1 .374(\(the third form abo)2.874 -F -.15(ve)-.15 G .374(\), it must match).15 F .088(at the be)144 578.4 R -.088(ginning of the e)-.15 F .088(xpanded v)-.15 F .088(alue of)-.25 F -F0(par)2.588 E(ameter)-.15 E F1 5.088(.I)C(f)-5.088 E F0(pattern)2.588 E -F1 .088(is preceded by)2.588 F F2(%)2.589 E F1 .089(\(the fourth form) -2.589 F(abo)144 590.4 Q -.15(ve)-.15 G .315 -(\), it must match at the end of the e).15 F .315(xpanded v)-.15 F .315 -(alue of)-.25 F F0(par)2.815 E(ameter)-.15 E F1 5.315(.I)C 2.815(ft) --5.315 G .315(he e)-2.815 F .315(xpansion of)-.15 F F0(string)2.815 E F1 -(is)2.815 E .398(null, matches of)144 602.4 R F0(pattern)2.898 E F1 .398 -(are deleted.)2.898 F(If)5.398 E F0(string)2.898 E F1 .398 -(is null, matches of)2.898 F F0(pattern)2.898 E F1 .399 -(are deleted and the)2.899 F F2(/)2.899 E F1(fol-)2.899 E(lo)144 614.4 Q -(wing)-.25 E F0(pattern)2.5 E F1(may be omitted.)2.5 E .95(If the)144 -631.2 R F2(patsub_r)3.45 E(eplacement)-.18 E F1 .95 -(shell option is enabled using)3.45 F F2(shopt)3.45 E F1 3.45(,a)C 1.25 --.15(ny u)-3.45 H .95(nquoted instances of).15 F F2(&)3.45 E F1(in)3.45 -E F0(string)144 643.2 Q F1(are replaced with the matching portion of)2.5 -E F0(pattern)2.5 E F1(.)A .749(Quoting an)144 660 R 3.249(yp)-.15 G .749 -(art of)-3.249 F F0(string)3.249 E F1 .749 -(inhibits replacement in the e)3.249 F .75 -(xpansion of the quoted portion, including)-.15 F .767 -(replacement strings stored in shell v)144 672 R 3.267 -(ariables. Backslash)-.25 F .767(will escape)3.267 F F2(&)3.267 E F1(in) -3.267 E F0(string)3.267 E F1 3.267(;t)C .767(he backslash is)-3.267 F -(remo)144 684 Q -.15(ve)-.15 G 2.668(di).15 G 2.668(no)-2.668 G .169 -(rder to permit a literal)-2.668 F F2(&)2.669 E F1 .169 -(in the replacement string.)2.669 F .169 -(Backslash can also be used to es-)5.169 F 1.429(cape a backslash;)144 -696 R F2(\\\\)3.928 E F1 1.428 -(results in a literal backslash in the replacement.)3.928 F 1.428 -(Users should tak)6.428 F 3.928(ec)-.1 G 1.428(are if)-3.928 F F0 -(string)144 708 Q F1 .292(is double-quoted to a)2.791 F -.2(vo)-.2 G -.292(id unw).2 F .292 -(anted interactions between the backslash and double-quoting,)-.1 F .054 -(since backslash has special meaning within double quotes.)144 720 R --.15(Pa)5.053 G .053(ttern substitution performs the check).15 F -(GNU Bash 5.3)72 768 Q(2024 March 29)144.29 E(25)193.45 E 0 Cg EP -%%Page: 26 26 -%%BeginPageSetup -BP -%%EndPageSetup -/F0 10/Times-Italic@0 SF -.25(BA)72 48 S(SH).25 E/F1 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -138.32(\(1\) General).95 F(Commands Manual)2.5 E F0 -.25(BA)140.82 G(SH) -.25 E F1(\(1\)).95 E .069(for unquoted)144 84 R/F2 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(&) -2.569 E F1 .069(after e)2.569 F(xpanding)-.15 E F0(string)2.569 E F1 -2.569(;s)C .069(hell programmers should quote an)-2.569 F 2.57(yo)-.15 G -.07(ccurrences of)-2.57 F F2(&)2.57 E F1(the)2.57 E(y)-.15 E -.1(wa)144 -96 S 1.113(nt to be tak).1 F 1.112 -(en literally in the replacement and ensure an)-.1 F 3.612(yi)-.15 G -1.112(nstances of)-3.612 F F2(&)3.612 E F1(the)3.612 E 3.612(yw)-.15 G -1.112(ant to be re-)-3.712 F(placed are unquoted.)144 108 Q .686(If the) -144 124.8 R F2(nocasematch)3.186 E F1 .687 -(shell option is enabled, the match is performed without re)3.187 F -.05 -(ga)-.15 G .687(rd to the case of).05 F .736(alphabetic characters.)144 -136.8 R(If)5.736 E F0(par)4.486 E(ameter)-.15 E F1(is)3.966 E F2(@)3.236 -E F1(or)3.236 E F2(*)3.236 E F1 3.236(,t)C .736 -(he substitution operation is applied to each posi-)-3.236 F .654 -(tional parameter in turn, and the e)144 148.8 R .654 -(xpansion is the resultant list.)-.15 F(If)5.655 E F0(par)4.405 E -(ameter)-.15 E F1 .655(is an array v)3.885 F(ariable)-.25 E .348 -(subscripted with)144 160.8 R F2(@)2.848 E F1(or)2.848 E F2(*)2.848 E F1 -2.848(,t)C .348(he substitution operation is applied to each member of \ -the array in turn,)-2.848 F(and the e)144 172.8 Q -(xpansion is the resultant list.)-.15 E(${)108 189.6 Q F0(par)A(ameter) --.15 E F2<00>A F0(pattern)A F1(})A(${)108 201.6 Q F0(par)A(ameter)-.15 E -F2<0000>A F0(pattern)A F1(})A(${)108 213.6 Q F0(par)A(ameter)-.15 E F2 -(,)A F0(pattern)A F1(})A(${)108 225.6 Q F0(par)A(ameter)-.15 E F2(,,)A -F0(pattern)A F1(})A F2 .437(Case modi\214cation)144 237.6 R F1 5.437(.T) -C .437(his e)-5.437 F .438 -(xpansion modi\214es the case of alphabetic characters in)-.15 F F0(par) -2.938 E(ameter)-.15 E F1 5.438(.T)C(he)-5.438 E F0(pattern)144 249.6 Q -F1 .374(is e)2.874 F .374 -(xpanded to produce a pattern just as in pathname e)-.15 F 2.874 -(xpansion. Each)-.15 F .373(character in the e)2.873 F(x-)-.15 E .513 -(panded v)144 261.6 R .513(alue of)-.25 F F0(par)3.013 E(ameter)-.15 E -F1 .513(is tested ag)3.013 F(ainst)-.05 E F0(pattern)3.013 E F1 3.013 -(,a)C .514(nd, if it matches the pattern, its case is con-)-3.013 F -.15 -(ve)144 273.6 S 2.658(rted. The).15 F .157 -(pattern should not attempt to match more than one character)2.658 F -5.157(.T)-.55 G(he)-5.157 E F2<00>2.657 E F1 .157(operator con)2.657 F --.15(ve)-.4 G(rts).15 E(lo)144 285.6 Q .18(wercase letters matching)-.25 -F F0(pattern)2.681 E F1 .181(to uppercase; the)2.681 F F2(,)2.681 E F1 -.181(operator con)2.681 F -.15(ve)-.4 G .181 -(rts matching uppercase letters).15 F .149(to lo)144 297.6 R 2.649 -(wercase. The)-.25 F F2<0000>2.649 E F1(and)2.649 E F2(,,)2.649 E F1 --.15(ex)2.649 G .149(pansions con).15 F -.15(ve)-.4 G .149 -(rt each matched character in the e).15 F .148(xpanded v)-.15 F .148 -(alue; the)-.25 F F2<00>144 309.6 Q F1(and)3.037 E F2(,)3.037 E F1 -.15 -(ex)3.037 G .537(pansions match and con).15 F -.15(ve)-.4 G .538 -(rt only the \214rst character in the e).15 F .538(xpanded v)-.15 F -3.038(alue. If)-.25 F F0(pattern)3.038 E F1(is)3.038 E 1.121 -(omitted, it is treated lik)144 321.6 R 3.621(ea)-.1 G F2(?)A F1 3.621 -(,w)C 1.121(hich matches e)-3.621 F -.15(ve)-.25 G 1.121(ry character) -.15 F 6.12(.I)-.55 G(f)-6.12 E F0(par)4.87 E(ameter)-.15 E F1(is)4.35 E -F2(@)3.62 E F1(or)3.62 E F2(*)3.62 E F1 3.62(,t)C 1.12(he case)-3.62 F -.339(modi\214cation operation is applied to each positional parameter i\ -n turn, and the e)144 333.6 R .34(xpansion is the re-)-.15 F .25 -(sultant list.)144 345.6 R(If)5.25 E F0(par)4 E(ameter)-.15 E F1 .25 -(is an array v)3.48 F .249(ariable subscripted with)-.25 F F2(@)2.749 E -F1(or)2.749 E F2(*)2.749 E F1 2.749(,t)C .249 -(he case modi\214cation oper)-2.749 F(-)-.2 E -(ation is applied to each member of the array in turn, and the e)144 -357.6 Q(xpansion is the resultant list.)-.15 E(${)108 374.4 Q F0(par)A -(ameter)-.15 E F2(@)A F0(oper)A(ator)-.15 E F1(})A F2 -.1(Pa)144 386.4 S -.86(rameter transf).1 F(ormation)-.25 E F1 5.86(.T)C .86(he e)-5.86 F -.86(xpansion is either a transformation of the v)-.15 F .86(alue of)-.25 -F F0(par)3.36 E(ameter)-.15 E F1 .154(or information about)144 398.4 R -F0(par)2.654 E(ameter)-.15 E F1 .153(itself, depending on the v)2.654 F -.153(alue of)-.25 F F0(oper)2.653 E(ator)-.15 E F1 5.153(.E)C(ach)-5.153 -E F0(oper)2.653 E(ator)-.15 E F1 .153(is a sin-)2.653 F(gle letter:)144 -410.4 Q F2(U)144 427.2 Q F1 .142(The e)180 427.2 R .142 -(xpansion is a string that is the v)-.15 F .142(alue of)-.25 F F0(par) -2.642 E(ameter)-.15 E F1 .142(with lo)2.642 F .143 -(wercase alphabetic charac-)-.25 F(ters con)180 439.2 Q -.15(ve)-.4 G -(rted to uppercase.).15 E F2(u)144 451.2 Q F1 .43(The e)180 451.2 R .43 -(xpansion is a string that is the v)-.15 F .429(alue of)-.25 F F0(par) -2.929 E(ameter)-.15 E F1 .429(with the \214rst character con)2.929 F --.15(ve)-.4 G(rted).15 E(to uppercase, if it is alphabetic.)180 463.2 Q -F2(L)144 475.2 Q F1 .124(The e)180 475.2 R .124 -(xpansion is a string that is the v)-.15 F .124(alue of)-.25 F F0(par) -2.624 E(ameter)-.15 E F1 .125(with uppercase alphabetic charac-)2.625 F -(ters con)180 487.2 Q -.15(ve)-.4 G(rted to lo).15 E(wercase.)-.25 E F2 -(Q)144 499.2 Q F1 1.065(The e)180 499.2 R 1.065 -(xpansion is a string that is the v)-.15 F 1.065(alue of)-.25 F F0(par) -3.565 E(ameter)-.15 E F1 1.064(quoted in a format that can be)3.565 F -(reused as input.)180 511.2 Q F2(E)144 523.2 Q F1 .44(The e)180 523.2 R -.441(xpansion is a string that is the v)-.15 F .441(alue of)-.25 F F0 -(par)2.941 E(ameter)-.15 E F1 .441(with backslash escape sequences)2.941 -F -.15(ex)180 535.2 S(panded as with the).15 E F2<2408>2.5 E F1 1.666 -(...)C F2<08>-1.666 E F1(quoting mechanism.)2.5 E F2(P)144 547.2 Q F1 -1.073(The e)180 547.2 R 1.073 -(xpansion is a string that is the result of e)-.15 F 1.073 -(xpanding the v)-.15 F 1.073(alue of)-.25 F F0(par)3.573 E(ameter)-.15 E -F1 1.073(as if it)3.573 F(were a prompt string \(see)180 559.2 Q F2(PR) -2.5 E(OMPTING)-.3 E F1(belo)2.5 E(w\).)-.25 E F2(A)144 571.2 Q F1 1.137 -(The e)180 571.2 R 1.138 -(xpansion is a string in the form of an assignment statement or)-.15 F -F2(declar)3.638 E(e)-.18 E F1(command)3.638 E(that, if e)180 583.2 Q --.25(va)-.25 G(luated, will recreate).25 E F0(par)2.5 E(ameter)-.15 E F1 -(with its attrib)2.5 E(utes and v)-.2 E(alue.)-.25 E F2(K)144 595.2 Q F1 -1.34(Produces a possibly-quoted v)180 595.2 R 1.339(ersion of the v)-.15 -F 1.339(alue of)-.25 F F0(par)3.839 E(ameter)-.15 E F1 3.839(,e)C 1.339 -(xcept that it prints the)-3.989 F -.25(va)180 607.2 S .257 -(lues of inde).25 F -.15(xe)-.15 G 2.757(da).15 G .257(nd associati) --2.757 F .557 -.15(ve a)-.25 H .257(rrays as a sequence of quoted k).15 -F -.15(ey)-.1 G(-v).15 E .257(alue pairs \(see)-.25 F F2(Ar)2.758 E(-) --.37 E(rays)180 619.2 Q F1(abo)2.5 E -.15(ve)-.15 G 2.5(\). The).15 F --.1(ke)2.5 G(ys and v)-.05 E -(alues are quoted in a format that can be reused as input.)-.25 E F2(a) -144 631.2 Q F1(The e)180 631.2 Q -(xpansion is a string consisting of \215ag v)-.15 E(alues representing) --.25 E F0(par)2.5 E(ameter)-.15 E F1 1.1 -.55('s a)D(ttrib).55 E(utes.) --.2 E F2(k)144 643.2 Q F1(Lik)180 643.2 Q 2.658(et)-.1 G .157 -(he K transformation, b)-2.658 F .157(ut e)-.2 F .157(xpands the k)-.15 -F -.15(ey)-.1 G 2.657(sa).15 G .157(nd v)-2.657 F .157(alues of inde) --.25 F -.15(xe)-.15 G 2.657(da).15 G .157(nd associati)-2.657 F .457 --.15(ve a)-.25 H -.2(r-).15 G(rays to separate w)180 655.2 Q -(ords after w)-.1 E(ord splitting.)-.1 E(If)144 672 Q F0(par)4.402 E -(ameter)-.15 E F1(is)3.882 E F2(@)3.152 E F1(or)3.152 E F2(*)3.153 E F1 -3.153(,t)C .653(he operation is applied to each positional parameter in\ - turn, and the e)-3.153 F(x-)-.15 E .403(pansion is the resultant list.) -144 684 R(If)5.403 E F0(par)4.153 E(ameter)-.15 E F1 .403(is an array v) -3.633 F .403(ariable subscripted with)-.25 F F2(@)2.903 E F1(or)2.903 E -F2(*)2.903 E F1 2.903(,t)C .402(he opera-)-2.903 F -(tion is applied to each member of the array in turn, and the e)144 696 -Q(xpansion is the resultant list.)-.15 E .708(The result of the e)144 -712.8 R .708(xpansion is subject to w)-.15 F .708 -(ord splitting and pathname e)-.1 F .708(xpansion as described be-)-.15 -F(lo)144 724.8 Q -.65(w.)-.25 G(GNU Bash 5.3)72 768 Q(2024 March 29) -144.29 E(26)193.45 E 0 Cg EP -%%Page: 27 27 -%%BeginPageSetup -BP -%%EndPageSetup -/F0 10/Times-Italic@0 SF -.25(BA)72 48 S(SH).25 E/F1 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -138.32(\(1\) General).95 F(Commands Manual)2.5 E F0 -.25(BA)140.82 G(SH) -.25 E F1(\(1\)).95 E/F2 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(Command Substitution)87 84 Q -F0 .324(Command substitution)108 96 R F1(allo)2.824 E .324 -(ws the output of a command to replace the command itself.)-.25 F .323 -(There are tw)5.323 F 2.823(os)-.1 G(tan-)-2.823 E(dard forms:)108 108 Q -F2($\()144 124.8 Q F0(command)A F2(\))1.666 E F1(or \(deprecated\))108 -136.8 Q F2<92>144 148.8 Q F0(command)A F2<92>A F1(.)A F2(Bash)108 165.6 -Q F1 .088(performs the e)2.588 F .088(xpansion by e)-.15 F -.15(xe)-.15 -G(cuting).15 E F0(command)2.588 E F1 .089(in a subshell en)2.589 F .089 -(vironment and replacing the command)-.4 F .41 -(substitution with the standard output of the command, with an)108 177.6 -R 2.91(yt)-.15 G .41(railing ne)-2.91 F .41(wlines deleted.)-.25 F .41 -(Embedded ne)5.41 F(w-)-.25 E .191(lines are not deleted, b)108 189.6 R -.192(ut the)-.2 F 2.692(ym)-.15 G .192(ay be remo)-2.692 F -.15(ve)-.15 -G 2.692(dd).15 G .192(uring w)-2.692 F .192(ord splitting.)-.1 F .192 -(The command substitution)5.192 F F2($\(cat)2.692 E F0(\214le)2.692 E F2 -(\))A F1(can be replaced by the equi)108 201.6 Q -.25(va)-.25 G(lent b) -.25 E(ut f)-.2 E(aster)-.1 E F2($\(<)2.5 E F0(\214le)2.5 E F2(\))A F1(.) -A -.4(Wi)108 218.4 S 1.237(th the old-style backquote form of substitut\ -ion, backslash retains its literal meaning e).4 F 1.237(xcept when fol-) --.15 F(lo)108 230.4 Q .527(wed by)-.25 F F2($)3.027 E F1(,)A F2<92>3.027 -E F1 3.027(,o)C(r)-3.027 E F2(\\)3.027 E F1 5.527(.T)C .528(he \214rst \ -backquote not preceded by a backslash terminates the command substituti\ -on.)-5.527 F .092(When using the $\()108 242.4 R F0(command).833 E F1 -2.592(\)f)1.666 G .092(orm, all characters between the parentheses mak) --2.592 F 2.592(eu)-.1 G 2.592(pt)-2.592 G .092(he command; none are) --2.592 F(treated specially)108 254.4 Q(.)-.65 E -(There is an alternate form of command substitution:)108 271.2 Q F2(${) -144 288 Q F0 2.5(cc)C(ommand)-2.5 E F2 1.666(;})C F1 .639(which e)108 -304.8 R -.15(xe)-.15 G(cutes).15 E F0(command)3.139 E F1 .639 -(in the current e)3.139 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .639(cution en).15 F .639 -(vironment and captures its output, ag)-.4 F .64(ain with trailing)-.05 -F(ne)108 316.8 Q(wlines remo)-.25 E -.15(ve)-.15 G(d.).15 E .271 -(The character)108 333.6 R F0(c)2.771 E F1(follo)2.771 E .271 -(wing the open brace must be a space, tab, ne)-.25 F .271(wline, or)-.25 -F F2(|)2.771 E F1 2.771(,a)C .271(nd the close brace must be in)-2.771 F -2.821(ap)108 345.6 S .321(osition where a reserv)-2.821 F .321(ed w)-.15 -F .321(ord may appear \(i.e., preceded by a command terminator such as \ -semicolon\).)-.1 F F2(Bash)108 357.6 Q F1(allo)2.71 E .21 -(ws the close brace to be joined to the remaining characters in the w) --.25 F .209(ord without being follo)-.1 F .209(wed by)-.25 F 2.5(as)108 -369.6 S(hell metacharacter as a reserv)-2.5 E(ed w)-.15 E(ord w)-.1 E -(ould usually require.)-.1 E(An)108 386.4 Q 3.384(ys)-.15 G .884(ide ef) --3.384 F .884(fects of)-.25 F F0(command)3.384 E F1(tak)3.384 E 3.384 -(ee)-.1 G -.25(ff)-3.384 G .884(ect immediately in the current e).25 F --.15(xe)-.15 G .884(cution en).15 F .884(vironment and persist in)-.4 F -(the current en)108 398.4 Q -(vironment after the command completes \(e.g., the)-.4 E F2(exit)2.5 E -F1 -.2(bu)2.5 G(iltin will e).2 E(xit the shell\).)-.15 E .221 -(This type of command substitution super\214cially resembles e)108 415.2 -R -.15(xe)-.15 G .221(cuting an unnamed shell function: local v).15 F -(ari-)-.25 E .172(ables are created as when a shell function is e)108 -427.2 R -.15(xe)-.15 G .172(cuting, and the).15 F F2 -.18(re)2.672 G -(tur).18 E(n)-.15 E F1 -.2(bu)2.672 G .172(iltin forces).2 F F0(command) -2.672 E F1 .172(to complete;)2.672 F(ho)108 439.2 Q(we)-.25 E -.15(ve) --.25 G 2.521 -.4(r, t).15 H 1.721(he rest of the e).4 F -.15(xe)-.15 G -1.721(cution en).15 F 1.721 -(vironment, including the positional parameters, is shared with the)-.4 -F(caller)108 451.2 Q(.)-.55 E .392(If the \214rst character follo)108 -468 R .392(wing the open brace is a)-.25 F F2(|)2.892 E F1 2.892(,t)C -.392(he construct e)-2.892 F .392(xpands to the v)-.15 F .392 -(alue of the)-.25 F F2(REPL)2.892 E(Y)-.92 E F1(shell)2.892 E -.25(va) -108 480 S .505(riable after).25 F F0(command)3.005 E F1 -.15(exe)3.005 G -.505(cutes, without remo).15 F .505(ving an)-.15 F 3.005(yt)-.15 G .505 -(railing ne)-3.005 F .505(wlines, and the standard output of)-.25 F F0 -(com-)3.005 E(mand)108 492 Q F1 1.208 -(remains the same as in the calling shell.)3.708 F F2(Bash)6.208 E F1 -(creates)3.708 E F2(REPL)3.708 E(Y)-.92 E F1 1.208 -(as an initially-unset local v)3.708 F(ariable)-.25 E(when)108 504 Q F0 -(command)3.514 E F1 -.15(exe)3.514 G 1.014(cutes, and restores).15 F F2 -(REPL)3.514 E(Y)-.92 E F1 1.014(to the v)3.514 F 1.014 -(alue it had before the command substitution after)-.25 F F0(command)108 -516 Q F1(completes, as with an)2.5 E 2.5(yl)-.15 G(ocal v)-2.5 E -(ariable.)-.25 E .894(Command substitutions may be nested.)108 532.8 R -2.494 -.8(To n)5.894 H .894 -(est when using the backquoted form, escape the inner back-).8 F -(quotes with backslashes.)108 544.8 Q .004 -(If the substitution appears within double quotes,)108 561.6 R F2(bash) -2.504 E F1 .004(does not perform w)2.504 F .004 -(ord splitting and pathname e)-.1 F(xpan-)-.15 E(sion on the results.) -108 573.6 Q F2(Arithmetic Expansion)87 590.4 Q F1 1.034(Arithmetic e)108 -602.4 R 1.034(xpansion allo)-.15 F 1.034(ws the e)-.25 F -.25(va)-.25 G -1.034(luation of an arithmetic e).25 F 1.035 -(xpression and the substitution of the result.)-.15 F -(The format for arithmetic e)108 614.4 Q(xpansion is:)-.15 E F2($\(\() -144 631.2 Q F0 -.2(ex)C(pr).2 E(ession)-.37 E F2(\)\))A F1(The)108 648 Q -F0 -.2(ex)2.736 G(pr).2 E(ession)-.37 E F1(under)2.976 E .236 -(goes the same e)-.18 F .236 -(xpansions as if it were within double quotes, b)-.15 F .235 -(ut double quote charac-)-.2 F .42(ters in)108 660 R F0 -.2(ex)2.92 G -(pr).2 E(ession)-.37 E F1 .42(are not treated specially and are remo) -2.92 F -.15(ve)-.15 G 2.921(d. All).15 F(tok)2.921 E .421(ens in the e) --.1 F .421(xpression under)-.15 F .421(go parame-)-.18 F 1.21(ter and v) -108 672 R 1.21(ariable e)-.25 F 1.209 -(xpansion, command substitution, and quote remo)-.15 F -.25(va)-.15 G -3.709(l. The).25 F 1.209(result is treated as the arith-)3.709 F -(metic e)108 684 Q(xpression to be e)-.15 E -.25(va)-.25 G 2.5 -(luated. Arithmetic).25 F -.15(ex)2.5 G(pansions may be nested.).15 E -1.378(The e)108 700.8 R -.25(va)-.25 G 1.378 -(luation is performed according to the rules listed belo).25 F 3.878(wu) --.25 G(nder)-3.878 E/F3 9/Times-Bold@0 SF 1.378(ARITHMETIC EV)3.878 F -(ALU)-1.215 E -.855(AT)-.54 G(ION).855 E/F4 9/Times-Roman@0 SF(.)A F1 -(If)5.879 E F0 -.2(ex)108 712.8 S(pr).2 E(ession)-.37 E F1(is in)2.74 E --.25(va)-.4 G(lid,).25 E F2(bash)2.5 E F1(prints a message indicating f) -2.5 E(ailure and no substitution occurs.)-.1 E(GNU Bash 5.3)72 768 Q -(2024 March 29)144.29 E(27)193.45 E 0 Cg EP -%%Page: 28 28 -%%BeginPageSetup -BP -%%EndPageSetup -/F0 10/Times-Italic@0 SF -.25(BA)72 48 S(SH).25 E/F1 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -138.32(\(1\) General).95 F(Commands Manual)2.5 E F0 -.25(BA)140.82 G(SH) -.25 E F1(\(1\)).95 E/F2 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(Pr)87 84 Q -(ocess Substitution)-.18 E F0(Pr)108 96 Q .405(ocess substitution)-.45 F -F1(allo)2.905 E .405(ws a process')-.25 F 2.905(si)-.55 G .405 -(nput or output to be referred to using a \214lename.)-2.905 F .405 -(It tak)5.405 F .405(es the form)-.1 F(of)108 108 Q F2(<\()3.25 E F0 -(list)A F2(\)).833 E F1(or)3.25 E F2(>\()3.25 E F0(list)A F2(\)).833 E -F1 5.75(.T)C .751(he process)-5.75 F F0(list)3.251 E F1 .751 -(is run asynchronously)3.251 F 3.251(,a)-.65 G .751 -(nd its input or output appears as a \214lename.)-3.251 F .148 -(This \214lename is passed as an ar)108 120 R .148 -(gument to the current command as the result of the e)-.18 F 2.647 -(xpansion. If)-.15 F(the)2.647 E F2(>\()2.647 E F0(list)A F2(\)).833 E -F1 .559(form is used, writing to the \214le will pro)108 132 R .559 -(vide input for)-.15 F F0(list)3.059 E F1 5.559(.I)C 3.059(ft)-5.559 G -(he)-3.059 E F2(<\()3.06 E F0(list)A F2(\)).833 E F1 .56 -(form is used, the \214le passed as an)3.06 F(ar)108 144 Q .309 -(gument should be read to obtain the output of)-.18 F F0(list)2.808 E F1 -5.308(.P)C .308(rocess substitution is supported on systems that sup-) --5.308 F(port named pipes \()108 156 Q F0(FIFOs)A F1 2.5(\)o)C 2.5(rt) --2.5 G(he)-2.5 E F2(/de)2.5 E(v/fd)-.15 E F1 -(method of naming open \214les.)2.5 E .896(When a)108 172.8 R -.25(va) --.2 G .896(ilable, process substitution is performed simultaneously wit\ -h parameter and v).25 F .897(ariable e)-.25 F(xpansion,)-.15 E -(command substitution, and arithmetic e)108 184.8 Q(xpansion.)-.15 E F2 --.75(Wo)87 201.6 S(rd Splitting).75 E F1 1.143 -(The shell scans the results of parameter e)108 213.6 R 1.142 -(xpansion, command substitution, and arithmetic e)-.15 F 1.142 -(xpansion that)-.15 F(did not occur within double quotes for)108 225.6 Q -F0(wor)2.84 E 2.5(ds)-.37 G(plitting)-2.5 E F1(.).22 E .063 -(The shell treats each character of)108 242.4 R/F3 9/Times-Bold@0 SF -(IFS)2.563 E F1 .063(as a delimiter)2.313 F 2.563(,a)-.4 G .063 -(nd splits the results of the other e)-2.563 F .063(xpansions into w) --.15 F(ords)-.1 E(using these characters as \214eld terminators.)108 -254.4 Q(If)108 271.2 Q F3(IFS)3.083 E F1 .583(is unset, or its v)2.833 F -.582(alue is e)-.25 F(xactly)-.15 E F2()3.082 E F1 -3.082(,t)C .582(he def)-3.082 F .582(ault, then sequences of)-.1 F F2 -(space)3.082 E F1(,)A F2(tab)3.082 E F1(,)A(and)108 283.2 Q F2(newline) -3.626 E F1 1.126(at the be)3.626 F 1.126 -(ginning and end of the results of the pre)-.15 F 1.126(vious e)-.25 F -1.126(xpansions are ignored, and an)-.15 F 3.627(ys)-.15 G(e-)-3.627 E -.429(quence of)108 295.2 R F3(IFS)2.929 E F1 .428 -(characters not at the be)2.678 F .428(ginning or end serv)-.15 F .428 -(es to delimit w)-.15 F 2.928(ords. If)-.1 F F3(IFS)2.928 E F1 .428 -(has a v)2.678 F .428(alue other than)-.25 F .581(the def)108 307.2 R -.581(ault, then sequences of the whitespace characters)-.1 F F2(space) -3.081 E F1(,)A F2(tab)3.081 E F1 3.081(,a)C(nd)-3.081 E F2(newline)3.081 -E F1 .582(are ignored at the be)3.081 F(gin-)-.15 E .008 -(ning and end of the w)108 319.2 R .007 -(ord, as long as the whitespace character is in the v)-.1 F .007 -(alue of)-.25 F F3(IFS)2.507 E F1(\(an)2.257 E F3(IFS)2.507 E F1 .007 -(whitespace char)2.257 F(-)-.2 E 2.814(acter\). An)108 331.2 R 2.814(yc) --.15 G .315(haracter in)-2.814 F F3(IFS)2.815 E F1 .315(that is not) -2.565 F F3(IFS)2.815 E F1 .315(whitespace, along with an)2.565 F 2.815 -(ya)-.15 G(djacent)-2.815 E F3(IFS)2.815 E F1 .315 -(whitespace characters,)2.565 F(delimits a \214eld.)108 343.2 Q 2.5(As)5 -G(equence of)-2.5 E F3(IFS)2.5 E F1 -(whitespace characters is also treated as a delimiter)2.25 E(.)-.55 E -.162(If the v)108 360 R .161(alue of)-.25 F F3(IFS)2.661 E F1 .161 -(is null, no w)2.411 F .161(ord splitting occurs.)-.1 F(If)5.161 E F3 -(IFS)2.661 E F1 .161(is unset, w)2.411 F .161(ord splitting beha)-.1 F --.15(ve)-.2 G 2.661(sa).15 G 2.661(si)-2.661 G 2.661(fi)-2.661 G 2.661 -(tc)-2.661 G(ontained)-2.661 E(the def)108 372 Q(ault v)-.1 E(alue of) --.25 E F2()2.5 E F1(.)A .782(Explicit null ar)108 -388.8 R .782(guments \()-.18 F F2 .833("").833 G F1(or)2.449 E F2 .833 -<0808>4.115 G F1 3.282(\)a)C .782 -(re retained and passed to commands as empty strings.)-3.282 F .783 -(Unquoted im-)5.783 F .179(plicit null ar)108 400.8 R .179 -(guments, resulting from the e)-.18 F .179 -(xpansion of parameters that ha)-.15 F .479 -.15(ve n)-.2 H 2.679(ov).15 -G .179(alues, are remo)-2.929 F -.15(ve)-.15 G 2.678(d. If).15 F 2.678 -(ap)2.678 G(a-)-2.678 E .318(rameter with no v)108 412.8 R .319 -(alue is e)-.25 F .319(xpanded within double quotes, a null ar)-.15 F -.319(gument results and is retained and passed)-.18 F .001 -(to a command as an empty string.)108 424.8 R .001 -(When a quoted null ar)5.001 F(gument appears as part of a w)-.18 E -(ord whose e)-.1 E(xpansion)-.15 E .592(is non-null, the null ar)108 -436.8 R .593(gument is remo)-.18 F -.15(ve)-.15 G 3.093(d. That).15 F -.593(is, the w)3.093 F .593<6f72642099ad6408>-.1 F .593 -(\010\232 becomes \231\255d\232 after w).833 F .593(ord splitting and) --.1 F(null ar)108 448.8 Q(gument remo)-.18 E -.25(va)-.15 G(l.).25 E -(Note that if no e)108 465.6 Q -(xpansion occurs, no splitting is performed.)-.15 E F2 -.1(Pa)87 482.4 S -(thname Expansion).1 E F1 .371(After w)108 494.4 R .371 -(ord splitting, unless the)-.1 F F22.871 E F1 .371 -(option has been set,)2.871 F F2(bash)2.871 E F1 .37(scans each w)2.87 F -.37(ord for the characters)-.1 F F2(*)2.87 E F1(,)A F2(?)2.87 E F1 2.87 -(,a)C(nd)-2.87 E F2([)2.87 E F1(.)A .633 -(If one of these characters appears, and is not quoted, then the w)108 -506.4 R .634(ord is re)-.1 F -.05(ga)-.15 G .634(rded as a).05 F F0 -(pattern)4.384 E F1 3.134(,a).24 G .634(nd replaced)-3.134 F 1.34(with \ -an alphabetically sorted list of \214lenames matching the pattern \(see) -108 518.4 R F3 -.09(Pa)3.84 G(tter).09 E 3.59(nM)-.135 G(atching)-3.59 E -F1(belo)3.589 E 3.839(w\). If)-.25 F(no)3.839 E .534 -(matching \214lenames are found, and the shell option)108 530.4 R F2 -(nullglob)3.034 E F1 .534(is not enabled, the w)3.034 F .534 -(ord is left unchanged.)-.1 F(If)5.535 E(the)108 542.4 Q F2(nullglob) -3.285 E F1 .785(option is set, and no matches are found, the w)3.285 F -.785(ord is remo)-.1 F -.15(ve)-.15 G 3.285(d. If).15 F(the)3.284 E F2 -(failglob)3.284 E F1 .784(shell option is)3.284 F .754(set, and no matc\ -hes are found, an error message is printed and the command is not e)108 -554.4 R -.15(xe)-.15 G 3.255(cuted. If).15 F .755(the shell)3.255 F -(option)108 566.4 Q F2(nocaseglob)3.264 E F1 .763 -(is enabled, the match is performed without re)3.264 F -.05(ga)-.15 G -.763(rd to the case of alphabetic characters.).05 F .309 -(When a pattern is used for pathname e)108 578.4 R .309(xpansion, the c\ -haracter \231.\232 at the start of a name or immediately fol-)-.15 F(lo) -108 590.4 Q .191(wing a slash must be matched e)-.25 F(xplicitly)-.15 E -2.691(,u)-.65 G .191(nless the shell option)-2.691 F F2(dotglob)2.69 E -F1 .19(is set.)2.69 F .19(In order to match the \214le-)5.19 F .528 -(names \231.\232 and \231..\232, the pattern must be)108 602.4 R .528 -(gin with \231.\232 \(for e)-.15 F .528(xample, \231.?\232\), e)-.15 F --.15(ve)-.25 G 3.028(ni).15 G(f)-3.028 E F2(dotglob)3.028 E F1 .528 -(is set.)3.028 F .528(If the)5.528 F F2(glob-)3.028 E(skipdots)108 614.4 -Q F1 .057 -(shell option is enabled, the \214lenames \231.\232 and \231..\232 ne) -2.557 F -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.556(rm).15 G .056(atch, e)-2.556 F -.15(ve)-.25 -G 2.556(ni).15 G 2.556(ft)-2.556 G .056(he pattern be)-2.556 F .056 -(gins with a \231.\232)-.15 F .627(When not matching pathnames, the \ -\231.\232 character is not treated specially)108 626.4 R 5.628(.W)-.65 G -.628(hen matching a pathname, the)-5.628 F .045(slash character must al) -108 638.4 R -.1(wa)-.1 G .045(ys be matched e).1 F .045 -(xplicitly by a slash in the pattern, b)-.15 F .045 -(ut in other matching conte)-.2 F .045(xts it)-.15 F .371 -(can be matched by a special pattern character as described belo)108 -650.4 R 2.871(wu)-.25 G(nder)-2.871 E F3 -.09(Pa)2.871 G(tter).09 E -2.621(nM)-.135 G(atching)-2.621 E/F4 9/Times-Roman@0 SF(.)A F1 .371 -(See the descrip-)4.871 F .978(tion of)108 662.4 R F2(shopt)3.478 E F1 -(belo)3.478 E 3.478(wu)-.25 G(nder)-3.478 E F3 .978(SHELL B)3.478 F(UIL) --.09 E .978(TIN COMMANDS)-.828 F F1 .977(for a description of the)3.228 -F F2(nocaseglob)3.477 E F1(,)A F2(nullglob)3.477 E F1(,)A F2 -(globskipdots)108 674.4 Q F1(,)A F2(failglob)2.5 E F1 2.5(,a)C(nd)-2.5 E -F2(dotglob)2.5 E F1(shell options.)2.5 E(The)108 691.2 Q F3(GLOBIGNORE) -2.561 E F1 .061(shell v)2.311 F .061 -(ariable may be used to restrict the set of \214le names matching a)-.25 -F F0(pattern)3.812 E F1 5.062(.I).24 G(f)-5.062 E F3(GLO-)2.562 E -(BIGNORE)108 703.2 Q F1 1.096(is set, each matching \214le name that al\ -so matches one of the patterns in)3.347 F F3(GLOBIGNORE)3.596 E F1 1.096 -(is re-)3.346 F(mo)108 715.2 Q -.15(ve)-.15 G 2.85(df).15 G .351 -(rom the list of matches.)-2.85 F .351(If the)5.351 F F2(nocaseglob) -2.851 E F1 .351(option is set, the matching ag)2.851 F .351 -(ainst the patterns in)-.05 F F3(GLO-)2.851 E(BIGNORE)108 727.2 Q F1 -2.165(is performed without re)4.415 F -.05(ga)-.15 G 2.164(rd to case.) -.05 F 2.164(The \214lenames \231.\232 and \231..\232 are al)7.164 F -.1 -(wa)-.1 G 2.164(ys ignored when).1 F(GNU Bash 5.3)72 768 Q -(2024 March 29)144.29 E(28)193.45 E 0 Cg EP -%%Page: 29 29 -%%BeginPageSetup -BP -%%EndPageSetup -/F0 10/Times-Italic@0 SF -.25(BA)72 48 S(SH).25 E/F1 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -138.32(\(1\) General).95 F(Commands Manual)2.5 E F0 -.25(BA)140.82 G(SH) -.25 E F1(\(1\)).95 E/F2 9/Times-Bold@0 SF(GLOBIGNORE)108 84 Q F1 .827 -(is set and not null.)3.077 F(Ho)5.827 E(we)-.25 E -.15(ve)-.25 G 1.627 --.4(r, s).15 H(etting).4 E F2(GLOBIGNORE)3.327 E F1 .827 -(to a non-null v)3.077 F .827(alue has the ef)-.25 F .827(fect of)-.25 F -.065(enabling the)108 96 R/F3 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(dotglob)2.565 E F1 .065 -(shell option, so all other \214lenames be)2.565 F .065 -(ginning with a Q . will match.)-.15 F 1.665 -.8(To g)5.065 H .065 -(et the old be-).8 F(ha)108 108 Q .81(vior of ignoring \214lenames be) --.2 F .81(ginning with a \231.\232, mak)-.15 F 3.31<6599>-.1 G 3.31 -(.*\232 one)-3.31 F .811(of the patterns in)3.311 F F2(GLOBIGNORE)3.311 -E/F4 9/Times-Roman@0 SF(.)A F1(The)5.311 E F3(dotglob)108 120 Q F1 .854 -(option is disabled when)3.354 F F2(GLOBIGNORE)3.354 E F1 .854 -(is unset.)3.104 F .853(The pattern matching honors the setting of the) -5.854 F F3(extglob)108 132 Q F1(shell option.)2.5 E(The)108 148.8 Q F2 -(GLOBSOR)2.5 E(T)-.36 E F1 -.25(va)2.25 G(riable controls ho).25 E 2.5 -(wt)-.25 G(he results of pathname e)-2.5 E -(xpansion are sorted, as described abo)-.15 E -.15(ve)-.15 G(.).15 E F3 --.1(Pa)108 165.6 S(tter).1 E 2.5(nM)-.15 G(atching)-2.5 E F1(An)108 -182.4 Q 3.138(yc)-.15 G .638(haracter that appears in a pattern, other \ -than the special pattern characters described belo)-3.138 F 1.938 -.65 -(w, m)-.25 H(atches).65 E 2.722(itself. The)108 194.4 R .221 -(NUL character may not occur in a pattern.)2.722 F 2.721(Ab)5.221 G .221 -(ackslash escapes the follo)-2.721 F .221(wing character; the es-)-.25 F -.418(caping backslash is discarded when matching.)108 206.4 R .418 -(The special pattern characters must be quoted if the)5.418 F 2.919(ya) --.15 G .419(re to)-2.919 F(be matched literally)108 218.4 Q(.)-.65 E -(The special pattern characters ha)108 235.2 Q .3 -.15(ve t)-.2 H -(he follo).15 E(wing meanings:)-.25 E F3(*)144 252 Q F1 .377(Matches an) -180 252 R 2.877(ys)-.15 G .376(tring, including the null string.)-2.877 -F .376(When the)5.376 F F3(globstar)2.876 E F1 .376 -(shell option is enabled,)2.876 F(and)180 264 Q F3(*)3.275 E F1 .775 -(is used in a pathname e)3.275 F .775(xpansion conte)-.15 F .775(xt, tw) --.15 F 3.275(oa)-.1 G(djacent)-3.275 E F3(*)3.275 E F1 3.275(su)C .775 -(sed as a single pattern)-3.275 F 1.058(will match all \214les and zero\ - or more directories and subdirectories.)180 276 R 1.058(If follo)6.058 -F 1.058(wed by a)-.25 F F3(/)3.558 E F1(,)A(tw)180 288 Q 2.5(oa)-.1 G -(djacent)-2.5 E F3(*)2.5 E F1 2.5(sw)C -(ill match only directories and subdirectories.)-2.5 E F3(?)144 300 Q F1 -(Matches an)180 300 Q 2.5(ys)-.15 G(ingle character)-2.5 E(.)-.55 E F3 -([)144 312 Q F1 1.666(...)C F3(])-1.666 E F1 .578(Matches an)180 312 R -3.078(yo)-.15 G .578(ne of the enclosed characters.)-3.078 F 3.079(Ap) -5.579 G .579(air of characters separated by a h)-3.079 F(yphen)-.05 E -.685(denotes a)180 324 R F0 -.15(ra)3.185 G(ng).15 E 3.184(ee)-.1 G(xpr) --3.384 E(ession)-.37 E F1 3.184(;a)C .984 -.15(ny c)-3.184 H .684 -(haracter that f).15 F .684(alls between those tw)-.1 F 3.184(oc)-.1 G -.684(haracters, inclu-)-3.184 F(si)180 336 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G 3.712(,u).15 -G 1.212(sing the current locale')-3.712 F 3.712(sc)-.55 G 1.212 -(ollating sequence and character set, is matched.)-3.712 F 1.213(If the) -6.213 F .978(\214rst character follo)180 348 R .978(wing the)-.25 F F3 -([)3.478 E F1 .978(is a)3.478 F F3(!)3.478 E F1 .978(or a)5.978 F F3<00> -3.478 E F1 .977(then an)3.478 F 3.477(yc)-.15 G .977 -(haracter not enclosed is matched.)-3.477 F 1.044 -(The sorting order of characters in range e)180 360 R 1.045 -(xpressions, and the characters included in the)-.15 F 2.34 -(range, are determined by the current locale and the v)180 372 R 2.34 -(alues of the)-.25 F F2(LC_COLLA)4.84 E(TE)-.855 E F1(or)4.59 E F2 -(LC_ALL)180 384 Q F1 1.078(shell v)3.328 F 1.078(ariables, if set.)-.25 -F 2.679 -.8(To o)6.079 H 1.079 -(btain the traditional interpretation of range e).8 F(xpres-)-.15 E .393 -(sions, where)180 396 R F3([a\255d])2.893 E F1 .393(is equi)2.893 F -.25 -(va)-.25 G .393(lent to).25 F F3([abcd])2.893 E F1 2.893(,s)C .393(et v) --2.893 F .393(alue of the)-.25 F F3(LC_ALL)2.892 E F1 .392(shell v)2.892 -F .392(ariable to)-.25 F F3(C)2.892 E F1(,)A .899(or enable the)180 408 -R F3(globasciiranges)3.399 E F1 .899(shell option.)3.399 F(A)5.899 E F3 -3.399 E F1 .9(may be matched by including it as the)3.399 F .405 -(\214rst or last character in the set.)180 420 R(A)5.405 E F3(])2.905 E -F1 .405(may be matched by including it as the \214rst character)2.905 F -(in the set.)180 432 Q -.4(Wi)180 448.8 S(thin).4 E F3([)3.07 E F1(and) -3.07 E F3(])3.07 E F1(,)A F0 -.15(ch)3.07 G(ar).15 E .571(acter classes) --.15 F F1 .571(can be speci\214ed using the syntax)3.071 F F3([:)3.071 E -F0(class)A F3(:])A F1 3.071(,w)C(here)-3.071 E F0(class)3.071 E F1 -(is one of the follo)180 460.8 Q -(wing classes de\214ned in the POSIX standard:)-.25 E F3 5.889 -(alnum alpha ascii blank cntrl digit graph lo)180 477.6 R 5.889 -(wer print punct space up-)-.1 F 5(per w)180 489.6 R 5(ord xdigit)-.1 F -F1 4.289(Ac)180 506.4 S 1.789(haracter class matches an)-4.289 F 4.289 -(yc)-.15 G 1.789(haracter belonging to that class.)-4.289 F(The)6.789 E -F3 -.1(wo)4.29 G(rd).1 E F1(character)4.29 E -(class matches letters, digits, and the character _.)180 518.4 Q -.4(Wi) -180 535.2 S(thin).4 E F3([)4.537 E F1(and)4.537 E F3(])4.537 E F1 4.537 -(,a)C(n)-4.537 E F0 2.037(equivalence class)4.537 F F1 2.036 -(can be speci\214ed using the syntax)4.536 F F3([=)4.536 E F0(c)A F3(=]) -A F1 4.536(,w)C(hich)-4.536 E .125(matches all characters with the same\ - collation weight \(as de\214ned by the current locale\) as)180 547.2 R -(the character)180 559.2 Q F0(c)2.5 E F1(.)A -.4(Wi)180 576 S(thin).4 E -F3([)2.5 E F1(and)2.5 E F3(])2.5 E F1 2.5(,t)C(he syntax)-2.5 E F3([.) -2.5 E F0(symbol)A F3(.])A F1(matches the collating symbol)2.5 E F0 -(symbol)2.5 E F1(.)A .54(If the)108 592.8 R F3(extglob)3.04 E F1 .54 -(shell option is enabled using the)3.04 F F3(shopt)3.039 E F1 -.2(bu) -3.039 G .539(iltin, the shell recognizes se).2 F -.15(ve)-.25 G .539 -(ral e).15 F .539(xtended pattern)-.15 F .037(matching operators.)108 -604.8 R .037(In the follo)5.037 F .037(wing description, a)-.25 F F0 -(pattern-list)2.538 E F1 .038 -(is a list of one or more patterns separated by)2.538 F(a)108 616.8 Q F3 -(|)2.5 E F1 5(.C)C -(omposite patterns may be formed using one or more of the follo)-5 E -(wing sub-patterns:)-.25 E F3(?\()144 633.6 Q F0(pattern-list).833 E F3 -(\)).833 E F1(Matches zero or one occurrence of the gi)180 645.6 Q -.15 -(ve)-.25 G 2.5(np).15 G(atterns)-2.5 E F3(*\()144 657.6 Q F0 -(pattern-list).833 E F3(\)).833 E F1 -(Matches zero or more occurrences of the gi)180 669.6 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G -2.5(np).15 G(atterns)-2.5 E F3(+\()144 681.6 Q F0(pattern-list).833 E F3 -(\)).833 E F1(Matches one or more occurrences of the gi)180 693.6 Q -.15 -(ve)-.25 G 2.5(np).15 G(atterns)-2.5 E F3(@\()144 705.6 Q F0 -(pattern-list).833 E F3(\)).833 E F1(Matches one of the gi)180 717.6 Q --.15(ve)-.25 G 2.5(np).15 G(atterns)-2.5 E(GNU Bash 5.3)72 768 Q -(2024 March 29)144.29 E(29)193.45 E 0 Cg EP -%%Page: 30 30 -%%BeginPageSetup -BP -%%EndPageSetup -/F0 10/Times-Italic@0 SF -.25(BA)72 48 S(SH).25 E/F1 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -138.32(\(1\) General).95 F(Commands Manual)2.5 E F0 -.25(BA)140.82 G(SH) -.25 E F1(\(1\)).95 E/F2 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(!\()144 84 Q F0(pattern-list) -.833 E F2(\)).833 E F1(Matches an)180 96 Q(ything e)-.15 E -(xcept one of the gi)-.15 E -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.5(np).15 G(atterns)-2.5 E -(The)108 112.8 Q F2(extglob)2.792 E F1 .292(option changes the beha) -2.792 F .291(vior of the parser)-.2 F 2.791(,s)-.4 G .291 -(ince the parentheses are normally treated as opera-)-2.791 F .104 -(tors with syntactic meaning.)108 124.8 R 1.704 -.8(To e)5.104 H .105 -(nsure that e).8 F .105(xtended matching patterns are parsed correctly) --.15 F 2.605(,m)-.65 G(ak)-2.605 E 2.605(es)-.1 G .105(ure that)-2.605 F -F2(extglob)108 136.8 Q F1 1.355(is enabled before parsing constructs co\ -ntaining the patterns, including shell functions and com-)3.855 F -(mand substitutions.)108 148.8 Q .988(When matching \214lenames, the)108 -165.6 R F2(dotglob)3.488 E F1 .988 -(shell option determines the set of \214lenames that are tested: when) -3.488 F F2(dotglob)108 177.6 Q F1 1.769 -(is enabled, the set of \214lenames includes all \214les be)4.269 F -1.768(ginning with \231.\232, b)-.15 F 1.768 -(ut \231.\232 and \231..\232 must be)-.2 F .298 -(matched by a pattern or sub-pattern that be)108 189.6 R .298 -(gins with a dot; when it is disabled, the set does not include an)-.15 -F(y)-.15 E .704(\214lenames be)108 201.6 R .704 -(ginning with \231.\232 unless the pattern or sub-pattern be)-.15 F .704 -(gins with a \231.\232.)-.15 F .704(As abo)5.704 F -.15(ve)-.15 G 3.204 -<2c99>.15 G .703(.\232 only has a)-3.204 F -(special meaning when matching \214lenames.)108 213.6 Q .968 -(Complicated e)108 230.4 R .968(xtended pattern matching ag)-.15 F .968 -(ainst long strings is slo)-.05 F 2.269 -.65(w, e)-.25 H .969 -(specially when the patterns contain).65 F .091 -(alternations and the strings contain multiple matches.)108 242.4 R .091 -(Using separate matches ag)5.091 F .09(ainst shorter strings, or us-) --.05 F(ing arrays of strings instead of a single long string, may be f) -108 254.4 Q(aster)-.1 E(.)-.55 E F2(Quote Remo)87 271.2 Q -.1(va)-.1 G -(l).1 E F1 1.112(After the preceding e)108 283.2 R 1.112 -(xpansions, all unquoted occurrences of the characters)-.15 F F2(\\) -3.613 E F1(,)A F2<08>3.613 E F1 3.613(,a)C(nd)-3.613 E F2(")4.446 E F1 -1.113(that did not result)4.446 F(from one of the abo)108 295.2 Q .3 --.15(ve ex)-.15 H(pansions are remo).15 E -.15(ve)-.15 G(d.).15 E/F3 -10.95/Times-Bold@0 SF(REDIRECTION)72 312 Q F1 .545 -(Before a command is e)108 324 R -.15(xe)-.15 G .545 -(cuted, its input and output may be).15 F F0 -.37(re)3.045 G(dir).37 E -(ected)-.37 E F1 .545(using a special notation interpreted)3.815 F .428 -(by the shell.)108 336 R F0(Redir)5.428 E(ection)-.37 E F1(allo)2.928 E -.428(ws commands' \214le handles to be duplicated, opened, closed, made\ - to refer to)-.25 F(dif)108 348 Q 1.02(ferent \214les, and can change t\ -he \214les the command reads from and writes to.)-.25 F 1.019 -(Redirection may also be)6.019 F .215 -(used to modify \214le handles in the current shell e)108 360 R -.15(xe) --.15 G .215(cution en).15 F 2.715(vironment. The)-.4 F(follo)2.715 E -.215(wing redirection operators)-.25 F .862(may precede or appear an)108 -372 R .862(ywhere within a)-.15 F F0 .862(simple command)3.702 F F1 .862 -(or may follo)4.132 F 3.362(wa)-.25 G F0(command).2 E F1 5.862(.R).77 G -.862(edirections are)-5.862 F(processed in the order the)108 384 Q 2.5 -(ya)-.15 G(ppear)-2.5 E 2.5(,f)-.4 G(rom left to right.)-2.5 E .771(Eac\ -h redirection that may be preceded by a \214le descriptor number may in\ -stead be preceded by a w)108 400.8 R .772(ord of)-.1 F .293(the form {) -108 412.8 R F0(varname)A F1 2.793(}. In)B .293 -(this case, for each redirection operator e)2.793 F .293 -(xcept >&- and <&-, the shell will allocate)-.15 F 3.179<618c>108 424.8 -S .679(le descriptor greater than or equal to 10 and assign it to)-3.179 -F F0(varname)3.179 E F1 5.679(.I)C 3.179(f>)-5.679 G .679 -(&- or <&- is preceded by {)-3.179 F F0(var)A(-)-.2 E(name)108 436.8 Q -F1 .6(}, the v)B .6(alue of)-.25 F F0(varname)3.1 E F1 .599 -(de\214nes the \214le descriptor to close.)3.1 F .599(If {)5.599 F F0 -(varname)A F1 3.099(}i)C 3.099(ss)-3.099 G .599 -(upplied, the redirection)-3.099 F .793(persists be)108 448.8 R .793 -(yond the scope of the command, allo)-.15 F .794 -(wing the shell programmer to manage the \214le descriptor')-.25 F(s) --.55 E(lifetime manually)108 460.8 Q 5(.T)-.65 G(he)-5 E F2 -.1(va)2.5 G -(rr).1 E(edir_close)-.18 E F1(shell option manages this beha)2.5 E(vior) --.2 E(.)-.55 E .448(In the follo)108 477.6 R .447(wing descriptions, if\ - the \214le descriptor number is omitted, and the \214rst character of \ -the redirec-)-.25 F .365(tion operator is)108 489.6 R F2(<)2.865 E F1 -2.865(,t)C .366 -(he redirection refers to the standard input \(\214le descriptor 0\).) --2.865 F .366(If the \214rst character of the)5.366 F -(redirection operator is)108 501.6 Q F2(>)2.5 E F1 2.5(,t)C -(he redirection refers to the standard output \(\214le descriptor 1\).) --2.5 E .825(The w)108 518.4 R .825(ord follo)-.1 F .824 -(wing the redirection operator in the follo)-.25 F .824 -(wing descriptions, unless otherwise noted, is sub-)-.25 F .462 -(jected to brace e)108 530.4 R .462(xpansion, tilde e)-.15 F .463 -(xpansion, parameter and v)-.15 F .463(ariable e)-.25 F .463 -(xpansion, command substitution, arith-)-.15 F .867(metic e)108 542.4 R -.867(xpansion, quote remo)-.15 F -.25(va)-.15 G .867(l, pathname e).25 F -.867(xpansion, and w)-.15 F .867(ord splitting.)-.1 F .867(If it e)5.867 -F .866(xpands to more than one)-.15 F -.1(wo)108 554.4 S(rd,).1 E F2 -(bash)2.5 E F1(reports an error)2.5 E(.)-.55 E -(Note that the order of redirections is signi\214cant.)108 571.2 Q -.15 -(Fo)5 G 2.5(re).15 G(xample, the command)-2.65 E(ls)144 588 Q F2(>)2.5 E -F1(dirlist 2)2.5 E F2(>&)A F1(1)A -(directs both standard output and standard error to the \214le)108 604.8 -Q F0(dirlist)2.85 E F1 2.5(,w).68 G(hile the command)-2.5 E(ls 2)144 -621.6 Q F2(>&)A F1(1)A F2(>)2.5 E F1(dirlist)2.5 E .505 -(directs only the standard output to \214le)108 638.4 R F0(dirlist)3.355 -E F1 3.005(,b).68 G .505(ecause the standard error w)-3.005 F .505 -(as duplicated from the standard)-.1 F -(output before the standard output w)108 650.4 Q(as redirected to)-.1 E -F0(dirlist)2.85 E F1(.).68 E F2(Bash)108 667.2 Q F1 .599(handles se) -3.099 F -.15(ve)-.25 G .599(ral \214lenames specially when the).15 F -3.099(ya)-.15 G .598(re used in redirections, as described in the follo) --3.099 F(wing)-.25 E 3.477(table. If)108 679.2 R .977 -(the operating system on which)3.477 F F2(bash)3.478 E F1 .978 -(is running pro)3.478 F .978 -(vides these special \214les, bash will use them;)-.15 F -(otherwise it will emulate them internally with the beha)108 691.2 Q -(vior described belo)-.2 E -.65(w.)-.25 G(GNU Bash 5.3)72 768 Q -(2024 March 29)144.29 E(30)193.45 E 0 Cg EP -%%Page: 31 31 -%%BeginPageSetup -BP -%%EndPageSetup -/F0 10/Times-Italic@0 SF -.25(BA)72 48 S(SH).25 E/F1 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -138.32(\(1\) General).95 F(Commands Manual)2.5 E F0 -.25(BA)140.82 G(SH) -.25 E F1(\(1\)).95 E/F2 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(/de)144 84 Q(v/fd/)-.15 E F0 -(fd)A F1(If)180 96 Q F0(fd)2.5 E F1(is a v)2.5 E(alid inte)-.25 E(ger) --.15 E 2.5<2c8c>-.4 G(le descriptor)-2.5 E F0(fd)2.5 E F1 -(is duplicated.)2.5 E F2(/de)144 108 Q(v/stdin)-.15 E F1 -(File descriptor 0 is duplicated.)180 120 Q F2(/de)144 132 Q(v/stdout) --.15 E F1(File descriptor 1 is duplicated.)180 144 Q F2(/de)144 156 Q -(v/stderr)-.15 E F1(File descriptor 2 is duplicated.)180 168 Q F2(/de) -144 180 Q(v/tcp/)-.15 E F0(host)A F2(/)A F0(port)A F1(If)180 192 Q F0 -(host)2.997 E F1 .497(is a v)2.997 F .497 -(alid hostname or Internet address, and)-.25 F F0(port)2.996 E F1 .496 -(is an inte)2.996 F .496(ger port number or ser)-.15 F(-)-.2 E -(vice name,)180 204 Q F2(bash)2.5 E F1 -(attempts to open the corresponding TCP sock)2.5 E(et.)-.1 E F2(/de)144 -216 Q(v/udp/)-.15 E F0(host)A F2(/)A F0(port)A F1(If)180 228 Q F0(host) -2.996 E F1 .496(is a v)2.996 F .496 -(alid hostname or Internet address, and)-.25 F F0(port)2.997 E F1 .497 -(is an inte)2.997 F .497(ger port number or ser)-.15 F(-)-.2 E -(vice name,)180 240 Q F2(bash)2.5 E F1 -(attempts to open the corresponding UDP sock)2.5 E(et.)-.1 E 2.5(Af)108 -256.8 S(ailure to open or create a \214le causes the redirection to f) --2.6 E(ail.)-.1 E .046(Redirections using \214le descriptors greater th\ -an 9 should be used with care, as the)108 273.6 R 2.545(ym)-.15 G .045 -(ay con\215ict with \214le de-)-2.545 F -(scriptors the shell uses internally)108 285.6 Q(.)-.65 E F2(Redir)87 -302.4 Q(ecting Input)-.18 E F1 .391 -(Redirection of input causes the \214le whose name results from the e) -108 314.4 R .391(xpansion of)-.15 F F0(wor)3.231 E(d)-.37 E F1 .391 -(to be opened for read-)3.661 F(ing on \214le descriptor)108 326.4 Q F0 -(n)2.86 E F1 2.5(,o).24 G 2.5(rt)-2.5 G -(he standard input \(\214le descriptor 0\) if)-2.5 E F0(n)2.86 E F1 -(is not speci\214ed.)2.74 E -(The general format for redirecting input is:)108 343.2 Q([)144 360 Q F0 -(n)A F1(])A F2(<)A F0(wor)A(d)-.37 E F2(Redir)87 376.8 Q(ecting Output) --.18 E F1 .175 -(Redirection of output causes the \214le whose name results from the e) -108 388.8 R .174(xpansion of)-.15 F F0(wor)3.014 E(d)-.37 E F1 .174 -(to be opened for writ-)3.444 F .083(ing on \214le descriptor)108 400.8 -R F0(n)2.943 E F1 2.583(,o).24 G 2.583(rt)-2.583 G .083 -(he standard output \(\214le descriptor 1\) if)-2.583 F F0(n)2.943 E F1 -.083(is not speci\214ed.)2.823 F .084(If the \214le does not e)5.083 F -(x-)-.15 E(ist it is created; if it does e)108 412.8 Q -(xist it is truncated to zero size.)-.15 E -(The general format for redirecting output is:)108 429.6 Q([)144 446.4 Q -F0(n)A F1(])A F2(>)A F0(wor)A(d)-.37 E F1 .155 -(If the redirection operator is)108 463.2 R F2(>)2.655 E F1 2.655(,a)C -.155(nd the)-2.655 F F2(noclob)2.655 E(ber)-.1 E F1 .154(option to the) -2.654 F F2(set)2.654 E F1 -.2(bu)2.654 G .154 -(iltin has been enabled, the redirection).2 F .076(will f)108 475.2 R -.076(ail if the \214le whose name results from the e)-.1 F .076 -(xpansion of)-.15 F F0(wor)2.576 E(d)-.37 E F1 -.15(ex)2.576 G .076 -(ists and is a re).15 F .077(gular \214le.)-.15 F .077(If the redirec-) -5.077 F .548(tion operator is)108 487.2 R F2(>|)3.048 E F1 3.048(,o)C -3.048(rt)-3.048 G .548(he redirection operator is)-3.048 F F2(>)3.047 E -F1 .547(and the)3.047 F F2(noclob)3.047 E(ber)-.1 E F1 .547 -(option to the)3.047 F F2(set)3.047 E F1 -.2(bu)3.047 G .547 -(iltin command is).2 F(not enabled, the redirection is attempted e)108 -499.2 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.5(ni).15 G 2.5(ft)-2.5 G(he \214le named by) --2.5 E F0(wor)2.5 E(d)-.37 E F1 -.15(ex)2.5 G(ists.).15 E F2 -.25(Ap)87 -516 S(pending Redir).25 E(ected Output)-.18 E F1 .641 -(Redirection of output in this f)108 528 R .642 -(ashion causes the \214le whose name results from the e)-.1 F .642 -(xpansion of)-.15 F F0(wor)3.482 E(d)-.37 E F1 .642(to be)3.912 F .455 -(opened for appending on \214le descriptor)108 540 R F0(n)3.315 E F1 -2.955(,o).24 G 2.955(rt)-2.955 G .455 -(he standard output \(\214le descriptor 1\) if)-2.955 F F0(n)3.314 E F1 -.454(is not speci\214ed.)3.194 F(If)5.454 E(the \214le does not e)108 -552 Q(xist it is created.)-.15 E -(The general format for appending output is:)108 568.8 Q([)144 585.6 Q -F0(n)A F1(])A F2(>>)A F0(wor)A(d)-.37 E F2(Redir)87 602.4 Q -(ecting Standard Output and Standard Err)-.18 E(or)-.18 E F1 .248 -(This construct allo)108 614.4 R .249(ws both the standard output \(\ -\214le descriptor 1\) and the standard error output \(\214le descrip-) --.25 F(tor 2\) to be redirected to the \214le whose name is the e)108 -626.4 Q(xpansion of)-.15 E F0(wor)2.84 E(d)-.37 E F1(.).77 E -(There are tw)108 643.2 Q 2.5(of)-.1 G -(ormats for redirecting standard output and standard error:)-2.5 E F2 -(&>)144 660 Q F0(wor)A(d)-.37 E F1(and)108 672 Q F2(>&)144 684 Q F0(wor) -A(d)-.37 E F1(Of the tw)108 700.8 Q 2.5(of)-.1 G -(orms, the \214rst is preferred.)-2.5 E(This is semantically equi)5 E --.25(va)-.25 G(lent to).25 E F2(>)144 717.6 Q F0(wor)A(d)-.37 E F1(2)2.5 -E F2(>&)A F1(1)A(GNU Bash 5.3)72 768 Q(2024 March 29)144.29 E(31)193.45 -E 0 Cg EP -%%Page: 32 32 -%%BeginPageSetup -BP -%%EndPageSetup -/F0 10/Times-Italic@0 SF -.25(BA)72 48 S(SH).25 E/F1 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -138.32(\(1\) General).95 F(Commands Manual)2.5 E F0 -.25(BA)140.82 G(SH) -.25 E F1(\(1\)).95 E .115(When using the second form,)108 84 R F0(wor) -2.614 E(d)-.37 E F1 .114(may not e)2.614 F .114(xpand to a number or) --.15 F/F2 10/Times-Bold@0 SF2.614 E F1 5.114(.I)C 2.614(fi)-5.114 G -2.614(td)-2.614 G .114(oes, other redirection operators)-2.614 F -(apply \(see)108 96 Q F2(Duplicating File Descriptors)2.5 E F1(belo)2.5 -E(w\) for compatibility reasons.)-.25 E F2 -.25(Ap)87 112.8 S -(pending Standard Output and Standard Err).25 E(or)-.18 E F1 .248 -(This construct allo)108 124.8 R .249(ws both the standard output \(\ -\214le descriptor 1\) and the standard error output \(\214le descrip-) --.25 F(tor 2\) to be appended to the \214le whose name is the e)108 -136.8 Q(xpansion of)-.15 E F0(wor)2.84 E(d)-.37 E F1(.).77 E -(The format for appending standard output and standard error is:)108 -153.6 Q F2(&>>)144 170.4 Q F0(wor)A(d)-.37 E F1 -(This is semantically equi)108 187.2 Q -.25(va)-.25 G(lent to).25 E F2 -(>>)144 204 Q F0(wor)A(d)-.37 E F1(2)2.5 E F2(>&)A F1(1)A(\(see)108 -220.8 Q F2(Duplicating File Descriptors)2.5 E F1(belo)2.5 E(w\).)-.25 E -F2(Her)87 237.6 Q 2.5(eD)-.18 G(ocuments)-2.5 E F1 .211(This type of re\ -direction instructs the shell to read input from the current source unt\ -il it reads a line contain-)108 249.6 R .323(ing only)108 261.6 R F0 -(delimiter)3.173 E F1 .323(\(with no trailing blanks\).)3.553 F .323 -(All of the lines read up to that point are then used as the stan-)5.323 -F(dard input \(or \214le descriptor)108 273.6 Q F0(n)2.5 E F1(if)2.5 E -F0(n)2.5 E F1(is speci\214ed\) for a command.)2.5 E -(The format of here-documents is:)108 290.4 Q([)144 307.2 Q F0(n)A F1(]) -A F2(<<)A F1([)A F2A F1(])A F0(wor)A(d)-.37 E(her)164 319.2 Q -(e-document)-.37 E(delimiter)144 331.2 Q F1 .302(No parameter and v)108 -348 R .302(ariable e)-.25 F .302 -(xpansion, command substitution, arithmetic e)-.15 F .301 -(xpansion, or pathname e)-.15 F(xpansion)-.15 E(is performed on)108 360 -Q F0(wor)2.84 E(d)-.37 E F1(.).77 E .052(If an)108 376.8 R 2.552(yp)-.15 -G .052(art of)-2.552 F F0(wor)2.892 E(d)-.37 E F1 .052(is quoted, the) -3.322 F F0(delimiter)2.902 E F1 .052(is the result of quote remo)3.282 F --.25(va)-.15 G 2.552(lo).25 G(n)-2.552 E F0(wor)2.892 E(d)-.37 E F1 -2.553(,a).77 G .053(nd the lines in the here-)-2.553 F .028 -(document are not e)108 388.8 R 2.528(xpanded. If)-.15 F F0(wor)2.528 E -(d)-.37 E F1 .028(is unquoted, the)2.528 F F0(delimiter)2.878 E F1(is) -3.258 E F0(wor)2.528 E(d)-.37 E F1 .027 -(itself, all lines of the here-document)2.527 F 1.194 -(are subjected to parameter e)108 400.8 R 1.194 -(xpansion, command substitution, and arithmetic e)-.15 F 1.195 -(xpansion, the character se-)-.15 F(quence)108 412.8 Q F2(\\) -2.5 E F1(is ignored, and)2.5 E F2(\\)2.5 E F1 -(must be used to quote the characters)2.5 E F2(\\)2.5 E F1(,)A F2($)2.5 -E F1 2.5(,a)C(nd)-2.5 E F2<92>2.5 E F1(.)A .602 -(If the redirection operator is)108 429.6 R F2(<<\255)3.101 E F1 3.101 -(,t)C .601(hen all leading tab characters are stripped from input lines\ - and the line)-3.101 F(containing)108 441.6 Q F0(delimiter)2.85 E F1 5 -(.T).73 G(his allo)-5 E -(ws here-documents within shell scripts to be indented in a natural f) --.25 E(ashion.)-.1 E F2(Her)87 458.4 Q 2.5(eS)-.18 G(trings)-2.5 E F1 -2.5(Av)108 470.4 S(ariant of here documents, the format is:)-2.75 E([) -144 487.2 Q F0(n)A F1(])A F2(<<<)A F0(wor)A(d)-.37 E F1(The)108 504 Q F0 -(wor)3.291 E(d)-.37 E F1(under)3.291 E .792(goes tilde e)-.18 F .792 -(xpansion, parameter and v)-.15 F .792(ariable e)-.25 F .792 -(xpansion, command substitution, arithmetic)-.15 F -.15(ex)108 516 S -1.188(pansion, and quote remo).15 F -.25(va)-.15 G 3.687(l. P).25 F -1.187(athname e)-.15 F 1.187(xpansion and w)-.15 F 1.187 -(ord splitting are not performed.)-.1 F 1.187(The result is)6.187 F .374 -(supplied as a single string, with a ne)108 528 R .375(wline appended, \ -to the command on its standard input \(or \214le descrip-)-.25 F(tor)108 -540 Q F0(n)2.5 E F1(if)2.5 E F0(n)2.5 E F1(is speci\214ed\).)2.5 E F2 -(Duplicating File Descriptors)87 556.8 Q F1(The redirection operator)108 -568.8 Q([)144 585.6 Q F0(n)A F1(])A F2(<&)A F0(wor)A(d)-.37 E F1 .127 -(is used to duplicate input \214le descriptors.)108 602.4 R(If)5.127 E -F0(wor)2.967 E(d)-.37 E F1 -.15(ex)3.397 G .126 -(pands to one or more digits, the \214le descriptor denoted).15 F(by)108 -614.4 Q F0(n)3.317 E F1 .457(is made to be a cop)3.197 F 2.957(yo)-.1 G -2.957(ft)-2.957 G .457(hat \214le descriptor)-2.957 F 5.457(.I)-.55 G -2.957(ft)-5.457 G .457(he digits in)-2.957 F F0(wor)3.298 E(d)-.37 E F1 -.458(do not specify a \214le descriptor open)3.728 F .15 -(for input, a redirection error occurs.)108 626.4 R(If)5.15 E F0(wor) -2.99 E(d)-.37 E F1 -.25(eva)3.42 G .15(luates to).25 F F22.65 E F1 -2.649<2c8c>C .149(le descriptor)-2.649 F F0(n)3.009 E F1 .149 -(is closed.)2.889 F(If)5.149 E F0(n)3.009 E F1 .149(is not speci\214ed,) -2.889 F(the standard input \(\214le descriptor 0\) is used.)108 638.4 Q -(The operator)108 655.2 Q([)144 672 Q F0(n)A F1(])A F2(>&)A F0(wor)A(d) --.37 E F1 .443 -(is used similarly to duplicate output \214le descriptors.)108 688.8 R -(If)5.443 E F0(n)3.304 E F1 .444 -(is not speci\214ed, the standard output \(\214le descrip-)3.184 F .566 -(tor 1\) is used.)108 700.8 R .566(If the digits in)5.566 F F0(wor)3.406 -E(d)-.37 E F1 .566(do not specify a \214le descriptor open for output, \ -a redirection error oc-)3.836 F 3.203(curs. If)108 712.8 R F0(wor)3.543 -E(d)-.37 E F1 -.25(eva)3.973 G .703(luates to).25 F F23.203 E F1 -3.203<2c8c>C .703(le descriptor)-3.203 F F0(n)3.563 E F1 .703 -(is closed.)3.443 F .703(As a special case, if)5.703 F F0(n)3.204 E F1 -.704(is omitted, and)3.204 F F0(wor)3.204 E(d)-.37 E F1(does)3.204 E -.966(not e)108 724.8 R .966(xpand to one or more digits or)-.15 F F2 -3.466 E F1 3.466(,t)C .965 -(he standard output and standard error are redirected as described) --3.466 F(GNU Bash 5.3)72 768 Q(2024 March 29)144.29 E(32)193.45 E 0 Cg -EP -%%Page: 33 33 -%%BeginPageSetup -BP -%%EndPageSetup -/F0 10/Times-Italic@0 SF -.25(BA)72 48 S(SH).25 E/F1 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -138.32(\(1\) General).95 F(Commands Manual)2.5 E F0 -.25(BA)140.82 G(SH) -.25 E F1(\(1\)).95 E(pre)108 84 Q(viously)-.25 E(.)-.65 E/F2 10 -/Times-Bold@0 SF(Mo)87 100.8 Q(ving File Descriptors)-.1 E F1 -(The redirection operator)108 112.8 Q([)144 129.6 Q F0(n)A F1(])A F2(<&) -A F0(digit)A F2A F1(mo)108 146.4 Q -.15(ve)-.15 G 3.017(st).15 G -.517(he \214le descriptor)-3.017 F F0(digit)3.017 E F1 .517 -(to \214le descriptor)3.017 F F0(n)3.377 E F1 3.017(,o).24 G 3.017(rt) --3.017 G .518(he standard input \(\214le descriptor 0\) if)-3.017 F F0 -(n)3.018 E F1 .518(is not speci-)3.018 F(\214ed.)108 158.4 Q F0(digit)5 -E F1(is closed after being duplicated to)2.5 E F0(n)2.5 E F1(.)A -(Similarly)108 175.2 Q 2.5(,t)-.65 G(he redirection operator)-2.5 E([) -144 192 Q F0(n)A F1(])A F2(>&)A F0(digit)A F2A F1(mo)108 208.8 Q --.15(ve)-.15 G 2.768(st).15 G .268(he \214le descriptor)-2.768 F F0 -(digit)2.768 E F1 .268(to \214le descriptor)2.768 F F0(n)3.128 E F1 -2.768(,o).24 G 2.768(rt)-2.768 G .267 -(he standard output \(\214le descriptor 1\) if)-2.768 F F0(n)2.767 E F1 -.267(is not speci-)2.767 F(\214ed.)108 220.8 Q F2 -(Opening File Descriptors f)87 237.6 Q(or Reading and Writing)-.25 E F1 -(The redirection operator)108 249.6 Q([)144 266.4 Q F0(n)A F1(])A F2(<>) -A F0(wor)A(d)-.37 E F1 .518(causes the \214le whose name is the e)108 -283.2 R .518(xpansion of)-.15 F F0(wor)3.358 E(d)-.37 E F1 .518 -(to be opened for both reading and writing on \214le de-)3.788 F -(scriptor)108 295.2 Q F0(n)2.86 E F1 2.5(,o).24 G 2.5(ro)-2.5 G 2.5 -<6e8c>-2.5 G(le descriptor 0 if)-2.5 E F0(n)2.86 E F1 -(is not speci\214ed.)2.74 E(If the \214le does not e)5 E -(xist, it is created.)-.15 E/F3 10.95/Times-Bold@0 SF(ALIASES)72 312 Q -F0(Aliases)108 324 Q F1(allo)3.002 E 3.002(was)-.25 G .502 -(tring to be substituted for a w)-3.002 F .502 -(ord that is in a position in the input where it can be the \214rst)-.1 -F -.1(wo)108 336 S .555(rd of a simple command. Aliases ha).1 F .855 --.15(ve n)-.2 H .555(ames and corresponding v).15 F .556 -(alues that are set and unset using the)-.25 F F2(alias)108 348 Q F1 -(and)2.5 E F2(unalias)2.5 E F1 -.2(bu)2.5 G(iltin commands \(see).2 E/F4 -9/Times-Bold@0 SF(SHELL B)2.5 E(UIL)-.09 E(TIN COMMANDS)-.828 E F1(belo) -2.25 E(w\).)-.25 E 1.034(If the shell reads an unquoted w)108 364.8 R -1.033(ord in the right position, it checks the w)-.1 F 1.033 -(ord to see if it matches an alias)-.1 F .657 -(name. If it matches, the shell replaces the w)108 376.8 R .657 -(ord with the alias v)-.1 F .657(alue, and reads that v)-.25 F .658 -(alue as if it had been)-.25 F 1.082(read instead of the w)108 388.8 R -3.582(ord. The)-.1 F 1.082(shell doesn')3.582 F 3.582(tl)-.18 G 1.082 -(ook at an)-3.582 F 3.582(yc)-.15 G 1.082(haracters follo)-3.582 F 1.082 -(wing the w)-.25 F 1.081(ord before attempting)-.1 F -(alias substitution.)108 400.8 Q .264(The characters)108 417.6 R F2(/) -2.764 E F1(,)A F2($)2.764 E F1(,)A F2<92>2.764 E F1 2.764(,a)C(nd)-2.764 -E F2(=)2.764 E F1 .264(and an)2.764 F 2.764(yo)-.15 G 2.764(ft)-2.764 G -.264(he shell)-2.764 F F0(metac)2.764 E(har)-.15 E(acter)-.15 E(s)-.1 E -F1 .264(or quoting characters listed abo)2.764 F .565 -.15(ve m)-.15 H -.265(ay not).15 F .299(appear in an alias name.)108 429.6 R .298 -(The replacement te)5.298 F .298(xt may contain an)-.15 F 2.798(yv)-.15 -G .298(alid shell input, including shell metachar)-3.048 F(-)-.2 E 2.625 -(acters. The)108 441.6 R .125(\214rst w)2.625 F .125 -(ord of the replacement te)-.1 F .125(xt is tested for aliases, b)-.15 F -.125(ut a w)-.2 F .126(ord that is identical to an alias be-)-.1 F .666 -(ing e)108 453.6 R .666(xpanded is not e)-.15 F .666 -(xpanded a second time.)-.15 F .666(This means that one may alias)5.666 -F F2(ls)3.166 E F1(to)3.166 E F2 .666(ls \255F)3.166 F F1 3.166(,f)C -.666(or instance, and)-3.166 F F2(bash)108 465.6 Q F1 -(does not try to recursi)2.5 E -.15(ve)-.25 G(ly e).15 E -(xpand the replacement te)-.15 E(xt.)-.15 E .858 -(If the last character of the alias v)108 482.4 R .858(alue is a)-.25 F -F0(blank)3.628 E F1 3.358(,t).67 G .858(hen the ne)-3.358 F .858 -(xt command w)-.15 F .858(ord follo)-.1 F .858(wing the alias is also) --.25 F(check)108 494.4 Q(ed for alias e)-.1 E(xpansion.)-.15 E -(Aliases are created and listed with the)108 511.2 Q F2(alias)2.5 E F1 -(command, and remo)2.5 E -.15(ve)-.15 G 2.5(dw).15 G(ith the)-2.5 E F2 -(unalias)2.5 E F1(command.)2.5 E .742 -(There is no mechanism for using ar)108 528 R .741 -(guments in the replacement te)-.18 F 3.241(xt. If)-.15 F(ar)3.241 E -.741(guments are needed, use a shell)-.18 F(function \(see)108 540 Q F4 -(FUNCTIONS)2.5 E F1(belo)2.25 E(w\).)-.25 E .282(Aliases are not e)108 -556.8 R .282(xpanded when the shell is not interacti)-.15 F -.15(ve)-.25 -G 2.782(,u).15 G .282(nless the)-2.782 F F2(expand_aliases)2.783 E F1 -.283(shell option is set us-)2.783 F(ing)108 568.8 Q F2(shopt)2.5 E F1 -(\(see the description of)2.5 E F2(shopt)2.5 E F1(under)2.5 E F4 -(SHELL B)2.5 E(UIL)-.09 E(TIN COMMANDS)-.828 E F1(belo)2.25 E(w\).)-.25 -E .436 -(The rules concerning the de\214nition and use of aliases are some)108 -585.6 R .435(what confusing.)-.25 F F2(Bash)5.435 E F1(al)2.935 E -.1 -(wa)-.1 G .435(ys reads at least).1 F .67 -(one complete line of input, and all lines that mak)108 597.6 R 3.17(eu) --.1 G 3.17(pac)-3.17 G .67(ompound command, before e)-3.17 F -.15(xe) --.15 G .67(cuting an).15 F 3.17(yo)-.15 G 3.17(ft)-3.17 G(he)-3.17 E -1.059(commands on that line or the compound command.)108 609.6 R 1.059 -(Aliases are e)6.059 F 1.058(xpanded when a command is read, not)-.15 F -.074(when it is e)108 621.6 R -.15(xe)-.15 G 2.574(cuted. Therefore,).15 -F .075(an alias de\214nition appearing on the same line as another comm\ -and does not)2.574 F(tak)108 633.6 Q 2.838(ee)-.1 G -.25(ff)-2.838 G -.338(ect until the ne).25 F .338(xt line of input is read.)-.15 F .337 -(The commands follo)5.337 F .337 -(wing the alias de\214nition on that line are)-.25 F .551(not af)108 -645.6 R .551(fected by the ne)-.25 F 3.051(wa)-.25 G 3.051(lias. This) --3.051 F(beha)3.051 E .551(vior is also an issue when functions are e) --.2 F -.15(xe)-.15 G 3.051(cuted. Aliases).15 F .552(are e)3.052 F(x-) --.15 E .426(panded when a function de\214nition is read, not when the f\ -unction is e)108 657.6 R -.15(xe)-.15 G .425 -(cuted, because a function de\214nition).15 F .403(is itself a command.) -108 669.6 R .403 -(As a consequence, aliases de\214ned in a function are not a)5.403 F --.25(va)-.2 G .404(ilable until after that func-).25 F .862(tion is e) -108 681.6 R -.15(xe)-.15 G 3.362(cuted. T).15 F 3.362(ob)-.8 G 3.362(es) --3.362 G .862(afe, al)-3.362 F -.1(wa)-.1 G .862 -(ys put alias de\214nitions on a separate line, and do not use).1 F F2 -(alias)3.362 E F1 .862(in com-)3.362 F(pound commands.)108 693.6 Q -.15 -(Fo)108 710.4 S 2.5(ra).15 G(lmost e)-2.5 E -.15(ve)-.25 G -(ry purpose, aliases are superseded by shell functions.).15 E -(GNU Bash 5.3)72 768 Q(2024 March 29)144.29 E(33)193.45 E 0 Cg EP -%%Page: 34 34 -%%BeginPageSetup -BP -%%EndPageSetup -/F0 10/Times-Italic@0 SF -.25(BA)72 48 S(SH).25 E/F1 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -138.32(\(1\) General).95 F(Commands Manual)2.5 E F0 -.25(BA)140.82 G(SH) -.25 E F1(\(1\)).95 E/F2 10.95/Times-Bold@0 SF(FUNCTIONS)72 84 Q F1 3.467 -(As)108 96 S .967(hell function, de\214ned as described abo)-3.467 F -1.267 -.15(ve u)-.15 H(nder).15 E/F3 9/Times-Bold@0 SF .967 -(SHELL GRAMMAR)3.467 F/F4 9/Times-Roman@0 SF(,)A F1 .968 -(stores a series of commands for)3.217 F 1.002(later e)108 108 R -.15 -(xe)-.15 G 3.502(cution. When).15 F 1.002(the name of a shell function \ -is used as a simple command name, the list of com-)3.502 F .315 -(mands associated with that function name is e)108 120 R -.15(xe)-.15 G -2.816(cuted. Functions).15 F .316(are e)2.816 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .316 -(cuted in the conte).15 F .316(xt of the current)-.15 F .036 -(shell; no ne)108 132 R 2.536(wp)-.25 G .036 -(rocess is created to interpret them \(contrast this with the e)-2.536 F --.15(xe)-.15 G .036(cution of a shell script\).).15 F .035(When a)5.035 -F .639(function is e)108 144 R -.15(xe)-.15 G .639(cuted, the ar).15 F -.639 -(guments to the function become the positional parameters during its e) --.18 F -.15(xe)-.15 G(cution.).15 E .533(The special parameter)108 156 R -/F5 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(#)3.033 E F1 .532 -(is updated to re\215ect the change.)3.033 F .532(Special parameter) -5.532 F F5(0)3.032 E F1 .532(is unchanged.)3.032 F .532 -(The \214rst ele-)5.532 F(ment of the)108 168 Q F3(FUNCN)2.5 E(AME)-.18 -E F1 -.25(va)2.25 G -(riable is set to the name of the function while the function is e).25 E --.15(xe)-.15 G(cuting.).15 E 1.25(All other aspects of the shell e)108 -184.8 R -.15(xe)-.15 G 1.25(cution en).15 F 1.25 -(vironment are identical between a function and its caller with)-.4 F -1.215(these e)108 196.8 R 1.215(xceptions: the)-.15 F F3(DEB)3.715 E(UG) --.09 E F1(and)3.465 E F5(RETURN)3.715 E F1 1.215 -(traps \(see the description of the)3.715 F F5(trap)3.714 E F1 -.2(bu) -3.714 G 1.214(iltin under).2 F F3(SHELL)3.714 E -.09(BU)108 208.8 S(IL) -.09 E .478(TIN COMMANDS)-.828 F F1(belo)2.728 E .479 -(w\) are not inherited unless the function has been gi)-.25 F -.15(ve) --.25 G 2.979(nt).15 G(he)-2.979 E F5(trace)2.979 E F1(attrib)2.979 E -.479(ute \(see)-.2 F .421(the description of the)108 220.8 R F3(declar) -2.92 E(e)-.162 E F1 -.2(bu)2.67 G .42(iltin belo).2 F .42(w\) or the) --.25 F F5 .42(\255o functrace)2.92 F F1 .42 -(shell option has been enabled with the)2.92 F F5(set)2.92 E F1 -.2(bu) -108 232.8 S .071(iltin \(in which case all functions inherit the).2 F F5 -(DEB)2.572 E(UG)-.1 E F1(and)2.572 E F5(RETURN)2.572 E F1 .072 -(traps\), and the)2.572 F F3(ERR)2.572 E F1 .072(trap is not inher)2.322 -F(-)-.2 E(ited unless the)108 244.8 Q F5(\255o errtrace)2.5 E F1 -(shell option has been enabled.)2.5 E -1.11(Va)108 261.6 S .368 -(riables local to the function may be declared with the)1.11 F F5(local) -2.868 E F1 -.2(bu)2.868 G .368(iltin command \().2 F F0 .368 -(local variables)B F1 2.868(\). Ordinar)B(-)-.2 E(ily)108 273.6 Q 2.88 -(,v)-.65 G .38(ariables and their v)-3.13 F .38 -(alues are shared between the function and its caller)-.25 F 5.38(.I) --.55 G 2.88(fav)-5.38 G .38(ariable is declared)-3.13 F F5(local)2.88 E -F1(,)A(the v)108 285.6 Q(ariable')-.25 E 2.5(sv)-.55 G(isible scope is \ -restricted to that function and its children \(including the functions \ -it calls\).)-2.5 E .727(In the follo)108 302.4 R .727 -(wing description, the)-.25 F F0(curr)3.227 E .727(ent scope)-.37 F F1 -.726(is a currently- e)3.226 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .726(cuting function.).15 -F(Pre)5.726 E .726(vious scopes consist)-.25 F .965(of that function') -108 314.4 R 3.465(sc)-.55 G .966(aller and so on, back to the \231globa\ -l\232 scope, where the shell is not e)-3.465 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .966 -(cuting an).15 F 3.466(ys)-.15 G(hell)-3.466 E 3.41 -(function. Consequently)108 326.4 R 3.41(,al)-.65 G .91(ocal v)-3.41 F -.909(ariable at the current scope is a v)-.25 F .909 -(ariable declared using the)-.25 F F5(local)3.409 E F1(or)3.409 E F5 -(de-)3.409 E(clar)108 338.4 Q(e)-.18 E F1 -.2(bu)2.5 G -(iltins in the function that is currently e).2 E -.15(xe)-.15 G(cuting.) -.15 E .587(Local v)108 355.2 R .587(ariables \231shado)-.25 F .587 -(w\232 v)-.25 F .587(ariables with the same name declared at pre)-.25 F -.588(vious scopes.)-.25 F -.15(Fo)5.588 G 3.088(ri).15 G .588 -(nstance, a local)-3.088 F -.25(va)108 367.2 S .581 -(riable declared in a function hides a global v).25 F .58 -(ariable of the same name: references and assignments refer)-.25 F .182 -(to the local v)108 379.2 R .182(ariable, lea)-.25 F .183 -(ving the global v)-.2 F .183(ariable unmodi\214ed.)-.25 F .183 -(When the function returns, the global v)5.183 F(ariable)-.25 E -(is once ag)108 391.2 Q(ain visible.)-.05 E .727(The shell uses)108 408 -R F0 .727(dynamic scoping)3.227 F F1 .726(to control a v)3.227 F -(ariable')-.25 E 3.226(sv)-.55 G .726(isibility within functions.)-3.226 -F -.4(Wi)5.726 G .726(th dynamic scoping,).4 F .007(visible v)108 420 R -.007(ariables and their v)-.25 F .007 -(alues are a result of the sequence of function calls that caused e)-.25 -F -.15(xe)-.15 G .008(cution to reach).15 F .814(the current function.) -108 432 R .813(The v)5.814 F .813(alue of a v)-.25 F .813 -(ariable that a function sees depends on its v)-.25 F .813 -(alue within its caller)-.25 F 3.313(,i)-.4 G(f)-3.313 E(an)108 444 Q -1.427 -.65(y, w)-.15 H .127 -(hether that caller is the global scope or another shell function.).65 F -.127(This is also the v)5.127 F .127(alue that a local v)-.25 F(ari-) --.25 E(able declaration shado)108 456 Q(ws, and the v)-.25 E -(alue that is restored when the function returns.)-.25 E -.15(Fo)108 -472.8 S 2.724(re).15 G .224(xample, if a v)-2.874 F(ariable)-.25 E F0 -(var)2.724 E F1 .223(is declared as local in function)2.724 F F0(func1) -2.723 E F1 2.723(,a)C(nd)-2.723 E F0(func1)2.723 E F1 .223 -(calls another function)2.723 F F0(func2)2.723 E F1(,)A .463 -(references to)108 484.8 R F0(var)2.963 E F1 .463(made from within)2.963 -F F0(func2)2.963 E F1 .463(will resolv)2.963 F 2.964(et)-.15 G 2.964(ot) --2.964 G .464(he local v)-2.964 F(ariable)-.25 E F0(var)2.964 E F1(from) -2.964 E F0(func1)2.964 E F1 2.964(,s)C(hado)-2.964 E .464(wing an)-.25 F -(y)-.15 E(global v)108 496.8 Q(ariable named)-.25 E F0(var)2.5 E F1(.)A -(The)108 513.6 Q F5(unset)2.983 E F1 -.2(bu)2.983 G .483 -(iltin also acts using the same dynamic scope: if a v).2 F .482 -(ariable is local to the current scope,)-.25 F F5(unset)2.982 E F1 .19 -(will unset it; otherwise the unset will refer to the v)108 525.6 R .19 -(ariable found in an)-.25 F 2.69(yc)-.15 G .19 -(alling scope as described abo)-2.69 F -.15(ve)-.15 G 5.19(.I).15 G(f) --5.19 E 3.325(av)108 537.6 S .824(ariable at the current local scope is\ - unset, it will remain so \(appearing as unset\) until it is reset in t\ -hat)-3.575 F 1.141(scope or until the function returns.)108 549.6 R -1.141(Once the function returns, an)6.141 F 3.641(yi)-.15 G 1.141 -(nstance of the v)-3.641 F 1.142(ariable at a pre)-.25 F(vious)-.25 E -.977(scope will become visible.)108 561.6 R .976 -(If the unset acts on a v)5.977 F .976(ariable at a pre)-.25 F .976 -(vious scope, an)-.25 F 3.476(yi)-.15 G .976(nstance of a v)-3.476 F -(ariable)-.25 E .007(with that name that had been shado)108 573.6 R .008 -(wed will become visible \(see belo)-.25 F 2.508(wh)-.25 G .508 -.25 -(ow t)-2.508 H(he).25 E F5(localv)2.508 E(ar_unset)-.1 E F1 .008 -(shell option)2.508 F(changes this beha)108 585.6 Q(vior\).)-.2 E(The) -108 602.4 Q F5(FUNCNEST)3.529 E F1 -.25(va)3.529 G 1.028 -(riable, if set to a numeric v).25 F 1.028 -(alue greater than 0, de\214nes a maximum function nesting)-.25 F(le)108 -614.4 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.5(l. Function).15 F(in)2.5 E -.2(vo)-.4 G -(cations that e).2 E(xceed the limit cause the entire command to abort.) --.15 E .043(If the b)108 631.2 R .043(uiltin command)-.2 F F5 -.18(re) -2.543 G(tur).18 E(n)-.15 E F1 .043(is e)2.543 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .043 -(cuted in a function, the function completes and e).15 F -.15(xe)-.15 G -.044(cution resumes with).15 F 1.012(the ne)108 643.2 R 1.012 -(xt command after the function call.)-.15 F(An)6.011 E 3.511(yc)-.15 G -1.011(ommand associated with the)-3.511 F F5(RETURN)3.511 E F1 1.011 -(trap is e)3.511 F -.15(xe)-.15 G(cuted).15 E .213(before e)108 655.2 R --.15(xe)-.15 G .213(cution resumes.).15 F .213 -(When a function completes, the v)5.213 F .214 -(alues of the positional parameters and the spe-)-.25 F(cial parameter) -108 667.2 Q F5(#)2.5 E F1(are restored to the v)2.5 E(alues the)-.25 E -2.5(yh)-.15 G(ad prior to the function')-2.5 E 2.5(se)-.55 G -.15(xe) --2.65 G(cution.).15 E 1.359 -(Function names and de\214nitions may be listed with the)108 684 R F5 -3.858 E F1 1.358(option to the)3.858 F F5(declar)3.858 E(e)-.18 E -F1(or)3.858 E F5(typeset)3.858 E F1 -.2(bu)3.858 G 1.358(iltin com-).2 F -3.39(mands. The)108 696 R F53.39 E F1 .89(option to)3.39 F F5 -(declar)3.39 E(e)-.18 E F1(or)3.39 E F5(typeset)3.39 E F1 .89 -(will list the function names only \(and optionally the source)3.39 F -.047(\214le and line number)108 708 R 2.546(,i)-.4 G 2.546(ft)-2.546 G -(he)-2.546 E F5(extdeb)2.546 E(ug)-.2 E F1 .046 -(shell option is enabled\).)2.546 F .046(Functions may be e)5.046 F .046 -(xported so that child shell)-.15 F .492 -(processes \(those created when e)108 720 R -.15(xe)-.15 G .492 -(cuting a separate shell in).15 F -.2(vo)-.4 G .492 -(cation\) automatically ha).2 F .793 -.15(ve t)-.2 H .493 -(hem de\214ned with).15 F(GNU Bash 5.3)72 768 Q(2024 March 29)144.29 E -(34)193.45 E 0 Cg EP -%%Page: 35 35 -%%BeginPageSetup -BP -%%EndPageSetup -/F0 10/Times-Italic@0 SF -.25(BA)72 48 S(SH).25 E/F1 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -138.32(\(1\) General).95 F(Commands Manual)2.5 E F0 -.25(BA)140.82 G(SH) -.25 E F1(\(1\)).95 E(the)108 84 Q/F2 10/Times-Bold@0 SF3.201 E F1 -.701(option to the)3.201 F F2(export)3.201 E F1 -.2(bu)3.201 G 3.201 -(iltin. A).2 F .7(function de\214nition may be deleted using the)3.201 F -F23.2 E F1 .7(option to the)3.2 F F2(unset)3.2 E F1 -.2(bu)108 96 -S(iltin.).2 E .371(Functions may be recursi)108 112.8 R -.15(ve)-.25 G -5.371(.T).15 G(he)-5.371 E F2(FUNCNEST)2.871 E F1 -.25(va)2.871 G .371 -(riable may be used to limit the depth of the function call).25 F .323 -(stack and restrict the number of function in)108 124.8 R -.2(vo)-.4 G -2.822(cations. By).2 F(def)2.822 E .322 -(ault, no limit is imposed on the number of re-)-.1 F(cursi)108 136.8 Q -.3 -.15(ve c)-.25 H(alls.).15 E/F3 10.95/Times-Bold@0 SF(ARITHMETIC EV) -72 153.6 Q(ALU)-1.478 E -1.04(AT)-.657 G(ION)1.04 E F1 1.088 -(The shell allo)108 165.6 R 1.088(ws arithmetic e)-.25 F 1.089 -(xpressions to be e)-.15 F -.25(va)-.25 G 1.089 -(luated, under certain circumstances \(see the).25 F F2(let)3.589 E F1 -(and)3.589 E F2(de-)3.589 E(clar)108 177.6 Q(e)-.18 E F1 -.2(bu)3.453 G -.953(iltin commands, the).2 F F2(\(\()3.453 E F1 .952 -(compound command, and)3.452 F F2 .952(Arithmetic Expansion)3.452 F F1 -3.452(\). Ev)B .952(aluation is done in)-.25 F<8c78>108 189.6 Q 1.057 -(ed-width inte)-.15 F 1.057(gers with no check for o)-.15 F -.15(ve)-.15 -G(r\215o).15 E 2.357 -.65(w, t)-.25 H 1.057(hough di).65 F 1.057 -(vision by 0 is trapped and \215agged as an error)-.25 F(.)-.55 E .829 -(The operators and their precedence, associati)108 201.6 R(vity)-.25 E -3.329(,a)-.65 G .829(nd v)-3.329 F .829 -(alues are the same as in the C language.)-.25 F .828(The fol-)5.828 F -(lo)108 213.6 Q .439(wing list of operators is grouped into le)-.25 F --.15(ve)-.25 G .439(ls of equal-precedence operators.).15 F .44(The le) -5.44 F -.15(ve)-.25 G .44(ls are listed in order).15 F -(of decreasing precedence.)108 225.6 Q F0(id)108 242.4 Q F2(++)A F0(id) -2.5 E F2A F1 -.25(va)144 254.4 S -(riable post-increment and post-decrement).25 E F2 2.5108 266.4 S -F1(unary minus and plus)144 266.4 Q F2(++)108 278.4 Q F0(id)A F2 -2.5 E F0(id)A F1 -.25(va)144 290.4 S -(riable pre-increment and pre-decrement).25 E F2 2.5<2101>108 302.4 S F1 -(logical and bitwise ne)144 302.4 Q -.05(ga)-.15 G(tion).05 E F2(**)108 -314.4 Q F1 -.15(ex)144 314.4 S(ponentiation).15 E F2 2.5(*/%)108 326.4 S -F1(multiplication, di)144 326.4 Q(vision, remainder)-.25 E F2 2.5<2bad> -108 338.4 S F1(addition, subtraction)144 338.4 Q F2(<< >>)108 350.4 Q F1 -(left and right bitwise shifts)144 350.4 Q F2(<= >= < >)108 362.4 Q F1 -(comparison)144 374.4 Q F2(== !=)108 386.4 Q F1(equality and inequality) -144 386.4 Q F2(&)108 398.4 Q F1(bitwise AND)144 398.4 Q F2<00>108 410.4 -Q F1(bitwise e)144 410.4 Q(xclusi)-.15 E .3 -.15(ve O)-.25 H(R).15 E F2 -(|)108 422.4 Q F1(bitwise OR)144 422.4 Q F2(&&)108 434.4 Q F1 -(logical AND)144 434.4 Q F2(||)108 446.4 Q F1(logical OR)144 446.4 Q F0 --.2(ex)108 458.4 S(pr).2 E F2(?)A F0 -.2(ex)C(pr).2 E F2(:)A F0 -.2(ex)C -(pr).2 E F1(conditional operator)144 470.4 Q F2 2.5(=*)108 482.4 S 2.5 -(=/)-2.5 G 2.5(=%)-2.5 G 2.5(=+)-2.5 G 2.5<3dad>-2.5 G 2.5(=<)-2.5 G -(<= >>= &= \000= |=)-2.5 E F1(assignment)144 494.4 Q F0 -.2(ex)108 506.4 -S(pr1).2 E F2(,)2.5 E F0 -.2(ex)2.5 G(pr2).2 E F1(comma)144 518.4 Q .68 -(Shell v)108 535.2 R .68(ariables are allo)-.25 F .68 -(wed as operands; parameter e)-.25 F .68 -(xpansion is performed before the e)-.15 F .68(xpression is e)-.15 F --.25(va)-.25 G(lu-).25 E 3.507(ated. W)108 547.2 R 1.007(ithin an e)-.4 -F 1.007(xpression, shell v)-.15 F 1.007 -(ariables may also be referenced by name without using the parameter) --.25 F -.15(ex)108 559.2 S .165(pansion syntax.).15 F 2.665(As)5.165 G -.165(hell v)-2.665 F .165(ariable that is null or unset e)-.25 F -.25 -(va)-.25 G .165(luates to 0 when referenced by name without us-).25 F -.42(ing the parameter e)108 571.2 R .42(xpansion syntax.)-.15 F .42 -(The v)5.42 F .421(alue of a v)-.25 F .421(ariable is e)-.25 F -.25(va) --.25 G .421(luated as an arithmetic e).25 F .421(xpression when)-.15 F -.154(it is referenced, or when a v)108 583.2 R .154 -(ariable which has been gi)-.25 F -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.654(nt).15 G(he) --2.654 E F0(inte)2.654 E -.1(ge)-.4 G(r).1 E F1(attrib)2.654 E .153 -(ute using)-.2 F F2(declar)2.653 E 2.653<65ad>-.18 G(i)-2.653 E F1 .153 -(is assigned a)2.653 F -.25(va)108 595.2 S 2.857(lue. A).25 F .357 -(null v)2.857 F .357(alue e)-.25 F -.25(va)-.25 G .357(luates to 0.).25 -F 2.857(As)5.357 G .357(hell v)-2.857 F .357(ariable need not ha)-.25 F -.657 -.15(ve i)-.2 H(ts).15 E F0(inte)2.857 E -.1(ge)-.4 G(r).1 E F1 -(attrib)2.857 E .357(ute turned on to be used)-.2 F(in an e)108 607.2 Q -(xpression.)-.15 E(Inte)108 624 Q .518(ger constants follo)-.15 F 3.018 -(wt)-.25 G .518(he C language de\214nition, without suf)-3.018 F<8c78> --.25 E .517(es or character constants.)-.15 F .517(Constants with)5.517 -F 3.282(al)108 636 S .782(eading 0 are interpreted as octal numbers.) --3.282 F 3.283(Al)5.782 G .783(eading 0x or 0X denotes he)-3.283 F 3.283 -(xadecimal. Otherwise,)-.15 F(num-)3.283 E .816(bers tak)108 648 R 3.316 -(et)-.1 G .816(he form [)-3.316 F F0(base#)A F1 .815 -(]n, where the optional)B F0(base)3.315 E F1 .815 -(is a decimal number between 2 and 64 representing)3.315 F .349 -(the arithmetic base, and)108 660 R F0(n)2.849 E F1 .349 -(is a number in that base.)2.849 F(If)5.35 E F0(base#)2.85 E F1 .35 -(is omitted, then base 10 is used.)2.85 F .35(When speci-)5.35 F(fying) -108 672 Q F0(n)2.975 E F1 2.975(,i)C 2.975(fan)-2.975 G .474(on-digit i\ -s required, the digits greater than 9 are represented by the lo)-2.975 F -.474(wercase letters, the up-)-.25 F .518 -(percase letters, @, and _, in that order)108 684 R 5.518(.I)-.55 G(f) --5.518 E F0(base)3.018 E F1 .518(is less than or equal to 36, lo)3.018 F -.518(wercase and uppercase letters)-.25 F -(may be used interchangeably to represent numbers between 10 and 35.)108 -696 Q .235(Operators are e)108 712.8 R -.25(va)-.25 G .235 -(luated in order of precedence.).25 F(Sub-e)5.234 E .234 -(xpressions in parentheses are e)-.15 F -.25(va)-.25 G .234 -(luated \214rst and may).25 F -.15(ove)108 724.8 S -(rride the precedence rules abo).15 E -.15(ve)-.15 G(.).15 E -(GNU Bash 5.3)72 768 Q(2024 March 29)144.29 E(35)193.45 E 0 Cg EP -%%Page: 36 36 -%%BeginPageSetup -BP -%%EndPageSetup -/F0 10/Times-Italic@0 SF -.25(BA)72 48 S(SH).25 E/F1 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -138.32(\(1\) General).95 F(Commands Manual)2.5 E F0 -.25(BA)140.82 G(SH) -.25 E F1(\(1\)).95 E/F2 10.95/Times-Bold@0 SF(CONDITION)72 84 Q -(AL EXPRESSIONS)-.219 E F1 .255(Conditional e)108 96 R .255 -(xpressions are used by the)-.15 F/F3 10/Times-Bold@0 SF([[)2.755 E F1 -.255(compound command and the)2.755 F F3(test)2.755 E F1(and)2.755 E F3 -([)2.756 E F1 -.2(bu)2.756 G .256(iltin commands to test).2 F .134 -(\214le attrib)108 108 R .134 -(utes and perform string and arithmetic comparisons.)-.2 F(The)5.133 E -F3(test)2.633 E F1(and)2.633 E F3([)2.633 E F1 .133 -(commands determine their be-)2.633 F(ha)108 120 Q .197 -(vior based on the number of ar)-.2 F .198 -(guments; see the descriptions of those commands for an)-.18 F 2.698(yo) --.15 G .198(ther command-)-2.698 F(speci\214c actions.)108 132 Q .235 -(Expressions are formed from the follo)108 148.8 R .234 -(wing unary or binary primaries.)-.25 F F3(Bash)5.234 E F1 .234 -(handles se)2.734 F -.15(ve)-.25 G .234(ral \214lenames spe-).15 F .424 -(cially when the)108 160.8 R 2.924(ya)-.15 G .424(re used in e)-2.924 F -2.925(xpressions. If)-.15 F .425(the operating system on which)2.925 F -F3(bash)2.925 E F1 .425(is running pro)2.925 F .425(vides these)-.15 F -.345(special \214les, bash will use them; otherwise it will emulate the\ -m internally with this beha)108 172.8 R .344(vior: If an)-.2 F(y)-.15 E -F0(\214le)2.844 E F1(ar)2.844 E(-)-.2 E .805 -(gument to one of the primaries is of the form)108 184.8 R F0(/de)3.305 -E(v/fd/n)-.15 E F1 3.306(,t)C .806(hen \214le descriptor)-3.306 F F0(n) -3.306 E F1 .806(is check)3.306 F 3.306(ed. If)-.1 F(the)3.306 E F0 -(\214le)3.306 E F1(ar)3.306 E(gu-)-.18 E .03 -(ment to one of the primaries is one of)108 196.8 R F0(/de)2.53 E -(v/stdin)-.15 E F1(,)A F0(/de)2.529 E(v/stdout)-.15 E F1 2.529(,o)C(r) --2.529 E F0(/de)2.529 E(v/stderr)-.15 E F1 2.529<2c8c>C .029 -(le descriptor 0, 1, or 2, respec-)-2.529 F(ti)108 208.8 Q -.15(ve)-.25 -G(ly).15 E 2.5(,i)-.65 G 2.5(sc)-2.5 G(heck)-2.5 E(ed.)-.1 E .721 -(Unless otherwise speci\214ed, primaries that operate on \214les follo) -108 225.6 R 3.221(ws)-.25 G .722(ymbolic links and operate on the tar) --3.221 F(get)-.18 E(of the link, rather than the link itself.)108 237.6 -Q .701(When used with)108 254.4 R F3([[)3.201 E F1 3.201(,o)C 3.201(rw) --3.201 G .701(hen the shell is in)-3.201 F F0 .7(posix mode)3.201 F F1 -3.2(,t)C(he)-3.2 E F3(<)3.2 E F1(and)3.2 E F3(>)3.2 E F1 .7 -(operators sort le)3.2 F .7(xicographically using)-.15 F -(the current locale.)108 266.4 Q(When the shell is not in)5 E F0 -(posix mode)2.5 E F1 2.5(,t)C(he)-2.5 E F3(test)2.5 E F1 -(command sorts using ASCII ordering.)2.5 E F3108 283.2 Q F0 -(\214le)2.5 E F1 -.35(Tr)144 283.2 S(ue if).35 E F0(\214le)2.5 E F1 -.15 -(ex)2.5 G(ists.).15 E F3108 295.2 Q F0(\214le)2.5 E F1 -.35(Tr)144 -295.2 S(ue if).35 E F0(\214le)2.5 E F1 -.15(ex)2.5 G -(ists and is a block special \214le.).15 E F3108 307.2 Q F0 -(\214le)2.5 E F1 -.35(Tr)144 307.2 S(ue if).35 E F0(\214le)2.5 E F1 -.15 -(ex)2.5 G(ists and is a character special \214le.).15 E F3108 -319.2 Q F0(\214le)2.5 E F1 -.35(Tr)144 319.2 S(ue if).35 E F0(\214le)2.5 -E F1 -.15(ex)2.5 G(ists and is a directory).15 E(.)-.65 E F3108 -331.2 Q F0(\214le)2.5 E F1 -.35(Tr)144 331.2 S(ue if).35 E F0(\214le)2.5 -E F1 -.15(ex)2.5 G(ists.).15 E F3108 343.2 Q F0(\214le)2.5 E F1 --.35(Tr)144 343.2 S(ue if).35 E F0(\214le)2.5 E F1 -.15(ex)2.5 G -(ists and is a re).15 E(gular \214le.)-.15 E F3108 355.2 Q F0 -(\214le)2.5 E F1 -.35(Tr)144 355.2 S(ue if).35 E F0(\214le)2.5 E F1 -.15 -(ex)2.5 G(ists and is set-group-id.).15 E F3108 367.2 Q F0(\214le) -2.5 E F1 -.35(Tr)144 367.2 S(ue if).35 E F0(\214le)2.5 E F1 -.15(ex)2.5 -G(ists and is a symbolic link.).15 E F3108 379.2 Q F0(\214le)2.5 E -F1 -.35(Tr)144 379.2 S(ue if).35 E F0(\214le)2.5 E F1 -.15(ex)2.5 G -(ists and its \231stick).15 E(y\232 bit is set.)-.15 E F3108 391.2 -Q F0(\214le)2.5 E F1 -.35(Tr)144 391.2 S(ue if).35 E F0(\214le)2.5 E F1 --.15(ex)2.5 G(ists and is a named pipe \(FIFO\).).15 E F3108 403.2 -Q F0(\214le)2.5 E F1 -.35(Tr)144 403.2 S(ue if).35 E F0(\214le)2.5 E F1 --.15(ex)2.5 G(ists and is readable.).15 E F3108 415.2 Q F0(\214le) -2.5 E F1 -.35(Tr)144 415.2 S(ue if).35 E F0(\214le)2.5 E F1 -.15(ex)2.5 -G(ists and has a size greater than zero.).15 E F3108 427.2 Q F0 -(fd)2.5 E F1 -.35(Tr)144 427.2 S(ue if \214le descriptor).35 E F0(fd) -4.47 E F1(is open and refers to a terminal.)3.27 E F3108 439.2 Q -F0(\214le)2.5 E F1 -.35(Tr)144 439.2 S(ue if).35 E F0(\214le)2.5 E F1 --.15(ex)2.5 G(ists and its set-user).15 E(-id bit is set.)-.2 E F3 -108 451.2 Q F0(\214le)2.5 E F1 -.35(Tr)144 451.2 S(ue if).35 E F0 -(\214le)2.5 E F1 -.15(ex)2.5 G(ists and is writable.).15 E F3108 -463.2 Q F0(\214le)2.5 E F1 -.35(Tr)144 463.2 S(ue if).35 E F0(\214le)2.5 -E F1 -.15(ex)2.5 G(ists and is e).15 E -.15(xe)-.15 G(cutable.).15 E F3 -108 475.2 Q F0(\214le)2.5 E F1 -.35(Tr)144 475.2 S(ue if).35 E F0 -(\214le)2.5 E F1 -.15(ex)2.5 G(ists and is o).15 E(wned by the ef)-.25 E -(fecti)-.25 E .3 -.15(ve g)-.25 H(roup id.).15 E F3108 487.2 Q F0 -(\214le)2.5 E F1 -.35(Tr)144 487.2 S(ue if).35 E F0(\214le)2.5 E F1 -.15 -(ex)2.5 G(ists and is a symbolic link.).15 E F3108 499.2 Q F0 -(\214le)2.5 E F1 -.35(Tr)144 499.2 S(ue if).35 E F0(\214le)2.5 E F1 -.15 -(ex)2.5 G(ists and has been modi\214ed since it w).15 E(as last read.) --.1 E F3108 511.2 Q F0(\214le)2.5 E F1 -.35(Tr)144 511.2 S(ue if) -.35 E F0(\214le)2.5 E F1 -.15(ex)2.5 G(ists and is o).15 E -(wned by the ef)-.25 E(fecti)-.25 E .3 -.15(ve u)-.25 H(ser id.).15 E F3 -108 523.2 Q F0(\214le)2.5 E F1 -.35(Tr)144 523.2 S(ue if).35 E F0 -(\214le)2.5 E F1 -.15(ex)2.5 G(ists and is a sock).15 E(et.)-.1 E F0 -(\214le1)108 535.2 Q F3(\255ef)2.5 E F0(\214le2)2.5 E F1 -.35(Tr)144 -547.2 S(ue if).35 E F0(\214le1)2.5 E F1(and)2.5 E F0(\214le2)2.5 E F1 -(refer to the same de)2.5 E(vice and inode numbers.)-.25 E F0(\214le1) -108 559.2 Q F12.5 E F3(nt)A F0(\214le2)2.5 E F1 -.35(Tr)144 571.2 S -(ue if).35 E F0(\214le1)2.5 E F1(is ne)2.5 E -(wer \(according to modi\214cation date\) than)-.25 E F0(\214le2)2.5 E -F1 2.5(,o)C 2.5(ri)-2.5 G(f)-2.5 E F0(\214le1)2.5 E F1 -.15(ex)2.5 G -(ists and).15 E F0(\214le2)2.5 E F1(does not.)2.5 E F0(\214le1)108 583.2 -Q F12.5 E F3(ot)A F0(\214le2)2.5 E F1 -.35(Tr)144 595.2 S(ue if).35 -E F0(\214le1)2.5 E F1(is older than)2.5 E F0(\214le2)2.5 E F1 2.5(,o)C -2.5(ri)-2.5 G(f)-2.5 E F0(\214le2)2.5 E F1 -.15(ex)2.5 G(ists and).15 E -F0(\214le1)2.5 E F1(does not.)2.5 E F3108 607.2 Q F0(optname)2.5 E -F1 -.35(Tr)144 619.2 S .262(ue if the shell option).35 F F0(optname) -2.992 E F1 .262(is enabled.)2.942 F .262 -(See the list of options under the description of the)5.262 F F3 -2.763 E F1(option to the)144 631.2 Q F3(set)2.5 E F1 -.2(bu)2.5 G -(iltin belo).2 E -.65(w.)-.25 G F3108 643.2 Q F0(varname)2.5 E F1 --.35(Tr)144 655.2 S .327(ue if the shell v).35 F(ariable)-.25 E F0 -(varname)3.116 E F1 .326(is set \(has been assigned a v)3.006 F 2.826 -(alue\). If)-.25 F F0(varname)2.826 E F1 .326(is an inde)2.826 F -.15 -(xe)-.15 G 2.826(da).15 G -.2(r-)-2.826 G .131(ray v)144 667.2 R .131 -(ariable name subscripted by)-.25 F F0(@)2.631 E F1(or)2.631 E F0(*) -2.631 E F1 2.631(,t)C .131(his returns true if the array has an)-2.631 F -2.631(ys)-.15 G .131(et elements.)-2.631 F(If)5.131 E F0(var)2.632 E(-) --.2 E(name)144 679.2 Q F1 .737(is an associati)3.238 F 1.037 -.15(ve a) --.25 H .737(rray v).15 F .737(ariable name subscripted by)-.25 F F0(@) -3.237 E F1(or)3.237 E F0(*)3.237 E F1 3.237(,t)C .737 -(his returns true if an element)-3.237 F(with that k)144 691.2 Q .3 -.15 -(ey i)-.1 H 2.5(ss).15 G(et.)-2.5 E F3108 703.2 Q F0(varname)2.5 E -F1 -.35(Tr)144 715.2 S(ue if the shell v).35 E(ariable)-.25 E F0 -(varname)2.79 E F1(is set and is a name reference.)2.68 E(GNU Bash 5.3) -72 768 Q(2024 March 29)144.29 E(36)193.45 E 0 Cg EP -%%Page: 37 37 -%%BeginPageSetup -BP -%%EndPageSetup -/F0 10/Times-Italic@0 SF -.25(BA)72 48 S(SH).25 E/F1 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -138.32(\(1\) General).95 F(Commands Manual)2.5 E F0 -.25(BA)140.82 G(SH) -.25 E F1(\(1\)).95 E/F2 10/Times-Bold@0 SF108 84 Q F0(string)2.5 E -F1 -.35(Tr)144 96 S(ue if the length of).35 E F0(string)2.5 E F1 -(is zero.)2.5 E F0(string)108 108 Q F2108 120 Q F0(string)2.5 E F1 --.35(Tr)144 132 S(ue if the length of).35 E F0(string)2.84 E F1 -(is non-zero.)2.72 E F0(string1)108 148.8 Q F2(==)2.5 E F0(string2)2.5 E -(string1)108 160.8 Q F2(=)2.5 E F0(string2)2.5 E F1 -.35(Tr)144 172.8 S -.861(ue if the strings are equal.).35 F F2(=)5.861 E F1 .861 -(should be used with the)3.361 F F2(test)3.361 E F1 .862 -(command for POSIX conformance.)3.362 F .447(When used with the)144 -184.8 R F2([[)2.946 E F1 .446 -(command, this performs pattern matching as described abo)2.946 F .746 --.15(ve \()-.15 H F2(Compound).15 E(Commands)144 196.8 Q F1(\).)A F0 -(string1)108 213.6 Q F2(!=)2.5 E F0(string2)2.5 E F1 -.35(Tr)144 225.6 S -(ue if the strings are not equal.).35 E F0(string1)108 242.4 Q F2(<)2.5 -E F0(string2)2.5 E F1 -.35(Tr)144 254.4 S(ue if).35 E F0(string1)2.5 E -F1(sorts before)2.5 E F0(string2)2.5 E F1(le)2.5 E(xicographically)-.15 -E(.)-.65 E F0(string1)108 271.2 Q F2(>)2.5 E F0(string2)2.5 E F1 -.35 -(Tr)144 283.2 S(ue if).35 E F0(string1)2.5 E F1(sorts after)2.5 E F0 -(string2)2.5 E F1(le)2.5 E(xicographically)-.15 E(.)-.65 E F0(ar)108.33 -300 Q(g1)-.37 E F2(OP)2.5 E F0(ar)2.5 E(g2)-.37 E/F3 9/Times-Bold@0 SF -(OP)144 312 Q F1 .385(is one of)2.634 F F2(\255eq)2.885 E F1(,)A F2 -(\255ne)2.885 E F1(,)A F2(\255lt)2.885 E F1(,)A F2(\255le)2.885 E F1(,)A -F2(\255gt)2.885 E F1 2.885(,o)C(r)-2.885 E F2(\255ge)2.885 E F1 5.385 -(.T)C .385(hese arithmetic binary operators return true if)-5.385 F F0 -(ar)2.885 E(g1)-.37 E F1 .845(is equal to, not equal to, less than, les\ -s than or equal to, greater than, or greater than or equal to)144 324 R -F0(ar)144 336 Q(g2)-.37 E F1 3.589(,r)C(especti)-3.589 E -.15(ve)-.25 G -(ly).15 E(.)-.65 E F0(Ar)7.099 E(g1)-.37 E F1(and)3.589 E F0(ar)3.919 E -(g2)-.37 E F1 1.089(may be positi)3.609 F 1.389 -.15(ve o)-.25 H 3.589 -(rn).15 G -2.25 -.15(eg a)-3.589 H(ti).15 E 1.389 -.15(ve i)-.25 H(nte) -.15 E 3.59(gers. When)-.15 F 1.09(used with the)3.59 F F2([[)3.59 E F1 -(command,)144 348 Q F0(Ar)4.447 E(g1)-.37 E F1(and)3.437 E F0(Ar)4.447 E -(g2)-.37 E F1 .937(are e)3.457 F -.25(va)-.25 G .937 -(luated as arithmetic e).25 F .937(xpressions \(see)-.15 F F3 .937 -(ARITHMETIC EV)3.437 F(ALU)-1.215 E(A-)-.54 E(TION)144 360 Q F1(abo)2.25 -E -.15(ve)-.15 G(\).).15 E/F4 10.95/Times-Bold@0 SF(SIMPLE COMMAND EXP) -72 376.8 Q(ANSION)-.81 E F1 .613(When a simple command is e)108 388.8 R --.15(xe)-.15 G .614(cuted, the shell performs the follo).15 F .614 -(wing e)-.25 F .614(xpansions, assignments, and redi-)-.15 F -(rections, from left to right, in the follo)108 400.8 Q(wing order)-.25 -E(.)-.55 E(1.)108 417.6 Q 1.849(The w)144 417.6 R 1.849 -(ords that the parser has mark)-.1 F 1.848(ed as v)-.1 F 1.848 -(ariable assignments \(those preceding the command)-.25 F -(name\) and redirections are sa)144 429.6 Q -.15(ve)-.2 G 2.5(df).15 G -(or later processing.)-2.5 E(2.)108 446.4 Q .179(The w)144 446.4 R .179 -(ords that are not v)-.1 F .179 -(ariable assignments or redirections are e)-.25 F 2.68(xpanded. If)-.15 -F(an)2.68 E 2.68(yw)-.15 G .18(ords remain af-)-2.78 F .347(ter e)144 -458.4 R .347(xpansion, the \214rst w)-.15 F .347(ord is tak)-.1 F .347 -(en to be the name of the command and the remaining w)-.1 F .346 -(ords are)-.1 F(the ar)144 470.4 Q(guments.)-.18 E(3.)108 487.2 Q -(Redirections are performed as described abo)144 487.2 Q .3 -.15(ve u) --.15 H(nder).15 E F3(REDIRECTION)2.5 E/F5 9/Times-Roman@0 SF(.)A F1(4.) -108 504 Q .716(The te)144 504 R .717(xt after the)-.15 F F2(=)3.217 E F1 -.717(in each v)3.217 F .717(ariable assignment under)-.25 F .717 -(goes tilde e)-.18 F .717(xpansion, parameter e)-.15 F(xpansion,)-.15 E -.34(command substitution, arithmetic e)144 516 R .339 -(xpansion, and quote remo)-.15 F -.25(va)-.15 G 2.839(lb).25 G .339 -(efore being assigned to the v)-2.839 F(ari-)-.25 E(able.)144 528 Q .586 -(If no command name results, the v)108 544.8 R .586 -(ariable assignments af)-.25 F .586(fect the current shell en)-.25 F -3.087(vironment. In)-.4 F .587(the case of)3.087 F .371(such a command \ -\(one that consists only of assignment statements and redirections\), a\ -ssignment statements)108 556.8 R .835 -(are performed before redirections.)108 568.8 R .835(Otherwise, the v) -5.835 F .835(ariables are added to the en)-.25 F .835 -(vironment of the e)-.4 F -.15(xe)-.15 G(cuted).15 E .839 -(command and do not af)108 580.8 R .838(fect the current shell en)-.25 F -3.338(vironment. If)-.4 F(an)3.338 E 3.338(yo)-.15 G 3.338(ft)-3.338 G -.838(he assignments attempts to assign a)-3.338 F -.25(va)108 592.8 S -(lue to a readonly v).25 E(ariable, an error occurs, and the command e) --.25 E(xits with a non-zero status.)-.15 E .149 -(If no command name results, redirections are performed, b)108 609.6 R -.149(ut do not af)-.2 F .15(fect the current shell en)-.25 F 2.65 -(vironment. A)-.4 F(redirection error causes the command to e)108 621.6 -Q(xit with a non-zero status.)-.15 E 1.064 -(If there is a command name left after e)108 638.4 R 1.064(xpansion, e) --.15 F -.15(xe)-.15 G 1.064(cution proceeds as described belo).15 F -4.864 -.65(w. O)-.25 H 1.064(therwise, the).65 F .068(command e)108 -650.4 R 2.568(xits. If)-.15 F .069(one of the e)2.568 F .069 -(xpansions contained a command substitution, the e)-.15 F .069 -(xit status of the command)-.15 F .467(is the e)108 662.4 R .466 -(xit status of the last command substitution performed.)-.15 F .466 -(If there were no command substitutions, the)5.466 F(command e)108 674.4 -Q(xits with a status of zero.)-.15 E F4(COMMAND EXECUTION)72 691.2 Q F1 -.546(After a command has been split into w)108 703.2 R .547 -(ords, if it results in a simple command and an optional list of ar)-.1 -F(gu-)-.18 E(ments, the shell performs the follo)108 715.2 Q -(wing actions.)-.25 E(GNU Bash 5.3)72 768 Q(2024 March 29)144.29 E(37) -193.45 E 0 Cg EP -%%Page: 38 38 -%%BeginPageSetup -BP -%%EndPageSetup -/F0 10/Times-Italic@0 SF -.25(BA)72 48 S(SH).25 E/F1 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -138.32(\(1\) General).95 F(Commands Manual)2.5 E F0 -.25(BA)140.82 G(SH) -.25 E F1(\(1\)).95 E .379(If the command name contains no slashes, the \ -shell attempts to locate it.)108 84 R .379(If there e)5.379 F .379 -(xists a shell function by)-.15 F .246(that name, that function is in) -108 96 R -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G 2.746(da).1 G 2.746(sd)-2.746 G .246 -(escribed abo)-2.746 F .546 -.15(ve i)-.15 H(n).15 E/F2 9/Times-Bold@0 -SF(FUNCTIONS)2.746 E/F3 9/Times-Roman@0 SF(.)A F1 .246 -(If the name does not match a func-)4.746 F -(tion, the shell searches for it in the list of shell b)108 108 Q 2.5 -(uiltins. If)-.2 F 2.5(am)2.5 G(atch is found, that b)-2.5 E -(uiltin is in)-.2 E -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G(d.).1 E .31 -(If the name is neither a shell function nor a b)108 124.8 R .309 -(uiltin, and contains no slashes,)-.2 F/F4 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(bash)2.809 -E F1 .309(searches each element of)2.809 F(the)108 136.8 Q F2 -.666(PA) -3.162 G(TH)-.189 E F1 .662(for a directory containing an e)2.912 F -.15 -(xe)-.15 G .662(cutable \214le by that name.).15 F F4(Bash)5.662 E F1 -.663(uses a hash table to remember)3.162 F 1.915 -(the full pathnames of e)108 148.8 R -.15(xe)-.15 G 1.915 -(cutable \214les \(see).15 F F4(hash)4.415 E F1(under)4.415 E F2 1.915 -(SHELL B)4.415 F(UIL)-.09 E 1.914(TIN COMMANDS)-.828 F F1(belo)4.164 E -4.414(w\). A)-.25 F(full)4.414 E .719(search of the directories in)108 -160.8 R F2 -.666(PA)3.219 G(TH)-.189 E F1 .72 -(is performed only if the command is not found in the hash table.)2.969 -F .72(If the)5.72 F .956(search is unsuccessful, the shell searches for\ - a de\214ned shell function named)108 172.8 R F4(command_not_f)3.455 E -(ound_han-)-.25 E(dle)108 184.8 Q F1 6.005(.I)C 3.505(ft)-6.005 G 1.005 -(hat function e)-3.505 F 1.005(xists, it is in)-.15 F -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1 -(ke).2 G 3.506(di).1 G 3.506(nas)-3.506 G 1.006(eparate e)-3.506 F -.15 -(xe)-.15 G 1.006(cution en).15 F 1.006 -(vironment with the original command)-.4 F .256 -(and the original command')108 196.8 R 2.756(sa)-.55 G -.18(rg)-2.756 G -.256(uments as its ar).18 F .256(guments, and the function')-.18 F 2.755 -(se)-.55 G .255(xit status becomes the e)-2.905 F .255(xit sta-)-.15 F -.263(tus of that subshell.)108 208.8 R .263(If that function is not de\ -\214ned, the shell prints an error message and returns an e)5.263 F .263 -(xit sta-)-.15 F(tus of 127.)108 220.8 Q 1.089(If the search is success\ -ful, or if the command name contains one or more slashes, the shell e) -108 237.6 R -.15(xe)-.15 G 1.089(cutes the).15 F .197 -(named program in a separate e)108 249.6 R -.15(xe)-.15 G .197 -(cution en).15 F 2.698(vironment. Ar)-.4 F .198 -(gument 0 is set to the name gi)-.18 F -.15(ve)-.25 G .198 -(n, and the remain-).15 F(ing ar)108 261.6 Q -(guments to the command are set to the ar)-.18 E(guments gi)-.18 E -.15 -(ve)-.25 G(n, if an).15 E -.65(y.)-.15 G 1.049(If this e)108 278.4 R --.15(xe)-.15 G 1.049(cution f).15 F 1.049 -(ails because the \214le is not in e)-.1 F -.15(xe)-.15 G 1.048 -(cutable format, and the \214le is not a directory).15 F 3.548(,i)-.65 G -3.548(ti)-3.548 G 3.548(sa)-3.548 G(s-)-3.548 E .143(sumed to be a)108 -290.4 R F0 .143(shell script)2.643 F F1 2.643(,a\214)C .143 -(le containing shell commands, and the shell creates a ne)-2.643 F 2.643 -(wi)-.25 G .143(nstance of itself to)-2.643 F -.15(exe)108 302.4 S .137 -(cute it.).15 F .137(This subshell reinitializes itself, so that the ef) -5.137 F .136(fect is as if a ne)-.25 F 2.636(ws)-.25 G .136 -(hell had been in)-2.636 F -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G 2.636(dt).1 G 2.636 -(oh)-2.636 G(andle)-2.636 E .865(the script, with the e)108 314.4 R .866 -(xception that the locations of commands remembered by the parent \(see) --.15 F F4(hash)3.366 E F1(belo)3.366 E(w)-.25 E(under)108 326.4 Q F2 -(SHELL B)2.5 E(UIL)-.09 E(TIN COMMANDS)-.828 E F3(\))A F1 -(are retained by the child.)2.25 E .348(If the program is a \214le be) -108 343.2 R .348(ginning with)-.15 F F4(#!)2.848 E F1 2.848(,t)C .347(h\ -e remainder of the \214rst line speci\214es an interpreter for the pro-) --2.848 F 3.178(gram. The)108 355.2 R .678(shell e)3.178 F -.15(xe)-.15 G -.678(cutes the speci\214ed interpreter on operating systems that do not\ - handle this e).15 F -.15(xe)-.15 G(cutable).15 E .206(format themselv) -108 367.2 R 2.706(es. The)-.15 F(ar)2.706 E .206 -(guments to the interpreter consist of a single optional ar)-.18 F .206 -(gument follo)-.18 F .206(wing the in-)-.25 F .267 -(terpreter name on the \214rst line of the program, follo)108 379.2 R -.268(wed by the name of the program, follo)-.25 F .268(wed by the com-) --.25 F(mand ar)108 391.2 Q(guments, if an)-.18 E -.65(y.)-.15 G/F5 10.95 -/Times-Bold@0 SF(COMMAND EXECUTION ENVIR)72 408 Q(ONMENT)-.329 E F1 -(The shell has an)108 420 Q F0 -.2(ex)2.5 G(ecution en).2 E(vir)-.4 E -(onment)-.45 E F1 2.5(,w)C(hich consists of the follo)-2.5 E(wing:)-.25 -E<83>108 436.8 Q 1.406(open \214les inherited by the shell at in)144 -436.8 R -.2(vo)-.4 G 1.405 -(cation, as modi\214ed by redirections supplied to the).2 F F4(exec) -3.905 E F1 -.2(bu)144 448.8 S(iltin).2 E<83>108 465.6 Q(the current w) -144 465.6 Q(orking directory as set by)-.1 E F4(cd)2.5 E F1(,)A F4 -(pushd)2.5 E F1 2.5(,o)C(r)-2.5 E F4(popd)2.5 E F1 2.5(,o)C 2.5(ri)-2.5 -G(nherited by the shell at in)-2.5 E -.2(vo)-.4 G(cation).2 E<83>108 -482.4 Q(the \214le creation mode mask as set by)144 482.4 Q F4(umask)2.5 -E F1(or inherited from the shell')2.5 E 2.5(sp)-.55 G(arent)-2.5 E<83> -108 499.2 Q(current traps set by)144 499.2 Q F4(trap)2.5 E F1<83>108 516 -Q .256(shell parameters that are set by v)144 516 R .256 -(ariable assignment or with)-.25 F F4(set)2.756 E F1 .257 -(or inherited from the shell')2.756 F 2.757(sp)-.55 G(arent)-2.757 E -(in the en)144 528 Q(vironment)-.4 E<83>108 544.8 Q -(shell functions de\214ned during e)144 544.8 Q -.15(xe)-.15 G -(cution or inherited from the shell').15 E 2.5(sp)-.55 G -(arent in the en)-2.5 E(vironment)-.4 E<83>108 561.6 Q -(options enabled at in)144 561.6 Q -.2(vo)-.4 G(cation \(either by def) -.2 E(ault or with command-line ar)-.1 E(guments\) or by)-.18 E F4(set) -2.5 E F1<83>108 578.4 Q(options enabled by)144 578.4 Q F4(shopt)2.5 E F1 -<83>108 595.2 Q(shell aliases de\214ned with)144 595.2 Q F4(alias)2.5 E -F1<83>108 612 Q -.25(va)144 612 S -(rious process IDs, including those of background jobs, the v).25 E -(alue of)-.25 E F4($$)2.5 E F1 2.5(,a)C(nd the v)-2.5 E(alue of)-.25 E -F2(PPID)2.5 E F1 .427(When a simple command other than a b)108 628.8 R -.426(uiltin or shell function is to be e)-.2 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .426 -(cuted, it is in).15 F -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G 2.926(di).1 G 2.926(nas) --2.926 G(eparate)-2.926 E -.15(exe)108 640.8 S .133(cution en).15 F .133 -(vironment that consists of the follo)-.4 F 2.634(wing. Unless)-.25 F -.134(otherwise noted, the v)2.634 F .134(alues are inherited from)-.25 F -(the shell.)108 652.8 Q<83>108 669.6 Q 1.056(the shell')144 669.6 R -3.556(so)-.55 G 1.056(pen \214les, plus an)-3.556 F 3.556(ym)-.15 G -1.056 -(odi\214cations and additions speci\214ed by redirections to the com-) --3.556 F(mand)144 681.6 Q<83>108 698.4 Q(the current w)144 698.4 Q -(orking directory)-.1 E(GNU Bash 5.3)72 768 Q(2024 March 29)144.29 E(38) -193.45 E 0 Cg EP -%%Page: 39 39 -%%BeginPageSetup -BP -%%EndPageSetup -/F0 10/Times-Italic@0 SF -.25(BA)72 48 S(SH).25 E/F1 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -138.32(\(1\) General).95 F(Commands Manual)2.5 E F0 -.25(BA)140.82 G(SH) -.25 E F1(\(1\)).95 E<83>108 84 Q(the \214le creation mode mask)144 84 Q -<83>108 100.8 Q .856(shell v)144 100.8 R .857 -(ariables and functions mark)-.25 F .857(ed for e)-.1 F .857 -(xport, along with v)-.15 F .857(ariables e)-.25 F .857 -(xported for the command,)-.15 F(passed in the en)144 112.8 Q(vironment) --.4 E<83>108 129.6 Q .307(traps caught by the shell are reset to the v) -144 129.6 R .306(alues inherited from the shell')-.25 F 2.806(sp)-.55 G -.306(arent, and traps ignored)-2.806 F(by the shell are ignored)144 -141.6 Q 2.5(Ac)108 158.4 S(ommand in)-2.5 E -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G 2.5 -(di).1 G 2.5(nt)-2.5 G(his separate en)-2.5 E(vironment cannot af)-.4 E -(fect the shell')-.25 E 2.5(se)-.55 G -.15(xe)-2.65 G(cution en).15 E -(vironment.)-.4 E(A)108 175.2 Q F0(subshell)2.5 E F1(is a cop)2.5 E 2.5 -(yo)-.1 G 2.5(ft)-2.5 G(he shell process.)-2.5 E .577(Command substitut\ -ion, commands grouped with parentheses, and asynchronous commands are i\ -n)108 192 R -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G 3.078(di).1 G(n)-3.078 E 2.745(as) -108 204 S .245(ubshell en)-2.745 F .245 -(vironment that is a duplicate of the shell en)-.4 F .244(vironment, e) --.4 F .244(xcept that traps caught by the shell are)-.15 F .358 -(reset to the v)108 216 R .358 -(alues that the shell inherited from its parent at in)-.25 F -.2(vo)-.4 -G 2.858(cation. Builtin).2 F .359(commands that are in)2.859 F -.2(vo) --.4 G -.1(ke).2 G(d).1 E .857(as part of a pipeline are also e)108 228 R --.15(xe)-.15 G .856(cuted in a subshell en).15 F 3.356 -(vironment. Changes)-.4 F .856(made to the subshell en)3.356 F(viron-) --.4 E(ment cannot af)108 240 Q(fect the shell')-.25 E 2.5(se)-.55 G -.15 -(xe)-2.65 G(cution en).15 E(vironment.)-.4 E .605(When the shell is in) -108 256.8 R F0 .605(posix mode)3.105 F F1 3.105(,s)C .605(ubshells spa) --3.105 F .605(wned to e)-.15 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .605 -(cute command substitutions inherit the v).15 F .605(alue of)-.25 F(the) -108 268.8 Q/F2 10/Times-Bold@0 SF2.695 E F1 .195 -(option from their parent shell.)2.695 F .194(When not in)5.194 F F0 -.194(posix mode)2.694 F F1(,)A F2(bash)2.694 E F1 .194(clears the)2.694 -F F22.694 E F1 .194(option in such subshells.)2.694 F .613 -(See the description of the)108 280.8 R F2(inherit_err)3.113 E(exit)-.18 -E F1 .613(shell option belo)3.113 F 3.114(wf)-.25 G .614(or ho)-3.114 F -3.114(wt)-.25 G 3.114(oc)-3.114 G .614(ontrol this beha)-3.114 F .614 -(vior when not in)-.2 F(posix mode.)108 292.8 Q .405 -(If a command is follo)108 309.6 R .405(wed by a)-.25 F F2(&)2.905 E F1 -.404(and job control is not acti)2.905 F -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.904(,t).15 G -.404(he def)-2.904 F .404(ault standard input for the command)-.1 F .197 -(is the empty \214le)108 321.6 R F0(/de)2.697 E(v/null)-.15 E F1 5.197 -(.O)C .197(therwise, the in)-5.197 F -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G 2.697(dc) -.1 G .198(ommand inherits the \214le descriptors of the calling shell) --2.697 F(as modi\214ed by redirections.)108 333.6 Q/F3 10.95 -/Times-Bold@0 SF(ENVIR)72 350.4 Q(ONMENT)-.329 E F1 2.344 -(When a program is in)108 362.4 R -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G 4.843(di).1 G -4.843(ti)-4.843 G 4.843(sg)-4.843 G -2.15 -.25(iv e)-4.843 H 4.843(na) -.25 G 4.843(na)-4.843 G 2.343(rray of strings called the)-4.843 F F0(en) -5.033 E(vir)-.4 E(onment)-.45 E F1 7.343(.T).68 G 2.343 -(his is a list of)-7.343 F F0(name)108 374.4 Q F1A F0(value)A F1 -(pairs, of the form)2.5 E F0(name)2.86 E F1(=)A F0(value)A F1(.).18 E -.438(The shell pro)108 391.2 R .438(vides se)-.15 F -.15(ve)-.25 G .438 -(ral w).15 F .438(ays to manipulate the en)-.1 F 2.938(vironment. On)-.4 -F(in)2.938 E -.2(vo)-.4 G .438(cation, the shell scans its o).2 F .439 -(wn en-)-.25 F 2.033(vironment and creates a parameter for each name fo\ -und, automatically marking it for)108 403.2 R F0 -.2(ex)4.533 G(port).2 -E F1 2.033(to child)5.213 F 2.873(processes. Ex)108 415.2 R .374 -(ecuted commands inherit the en)-.15 F 2.874(vironment. The)-.4 F F2 -(export)2.874 E F1(and)2.874 E F2(declar)2.874 E 2.874<65ad>-.18 G(x) --2.874 E F1 .374(commands allo)2.874 F 2.874(wp)-.25 G(a-)-2.874 E .335 -(rameters and functions to be added to and deleted from the en)108 427.2 -R 2.835(vironment. If)-.4 F .335(the v)2.835 F .334 -(alue of a parameter in the)-.25 F(en)108 439.2 Q .64 -(vironment is modi\214ed, the ne)-.4 F 3.14(wv)-.25 G .64 -(alue becomes part of the en)-3.39 F .64(vironment, replacing the old.) --.4 F .64(The en)5.64 F(viron-)-.4 E .58(ment inherited by an)108 451.2 -R 3.08(ye)-.15 G -.15(xe)-3.23 G .58 -(cuted command consists of the shell').15 F 3.08(si)-.55 G .58 -(nitial en)-3.08 F .58(vironment, whose v)-.4 F .58(alues may be)-.25 F -.3(modi\214ed in the shell, less an)108 463.2 R 2.8(yp)-.15 G .3 -(airs remo)-2.8 F -.15(ve)-.15 G 2.8(db).15 G 2.801(yt)-2.8 G(he)-2.801 -E F2(unset)2.801 E F1 .301(command, plus an)2.801 F 2.801(ya)-.15 G .301 -(dditions via the)-2.801 F F2(export)2.801 E F1(and)2.801 E F2(declar) -108 475.2 Q 2.5<65ad>-.18 G(x)-2.5 E F1(commands.)2.5 E .563(The en)108 -492 R .563(vironment for an)-.4 F(y)-.15 E F0 .563(simple command)3.403 -F F1 .562 -(or function may be augmented temporarily by pre\214xing it with)3.833 F -.202(parameter assignments, as described abo)108 504 R .502 -.15(ve i) --.15 H(n).15 E/F4 9/Times-Bold@0 SF -.666(PA)2.702 G(RAMETERS).666 E/F5 -9/Times-Roman@0 SF(.)A F1 .202(These assignment statements af)4.702 F -.203(fect only the)-.25 F(en)108 516 Q(vironment seen by that command.) --.4 E .81(If the)108 532.8 R F23.31 E F1 .81 -(option is set \(see the)3.31 F F2(set)3.31 E F1 -.2(bu)3.31 G .81 -(iltin command belo).2 F .81(w\), then)-.25 F F0(all)3.64 E F1 .81 -(parameter assignments are placed in)3.82 F(the en)108 544.8 Q -(vironment for a command, not just those that precede the command name.) --.4 E(When)108 561.6 Q F2(bash)3.585 E F1(in)3.585 E -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1 -(ke).2 G 3.585(sa).1 G 3.585(ne)-3.585 G 1.085(xternal command, the v) --3.735 F(ariable)-.25 E F2(_)3.585 E F1 1.086 -(is set to the full \214lename of the command and)3.586 F -(passed to that command in its en)108 573.6 Q(vironment.)-.4 E F3 -(EXIT ST)72 590.4 Q -1.04(AT)-.986 G(US)1.04 E F1 .151(The e)108 602.4 R -.151(xit status of an e)-.15 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .151 -(cuted command is the v).15 F .15(alue returned by the)-.25 F F0 -(waitpid)2.65 E F1 .15(system call or equi)2.65 F -.25(va)-.25 G .15 -(lent func-).25 F 2.847(tion. Exit)108 614.4 R .347(statuses f)2.847 F -.347(all between 0 and 255, though, as e)-.1 F .347(xplained belo)-.15 F -1.647 -.65(w, t)-.25 H .347(he shell may use v).65 F .348(alues abo)-.25 -F .648 -.15(ve 1)-.15 H(25).15 E(specially)108 626.4 Q 5.507(.E)-.65 G -.507(xit statuses from shell b)-5.507 F .507 -(uiltins and compound commands are also limited to this range.)-.2 F -(Under)5.506 E(certain circumstances, the shell will use special v)108 -638.4 Q(alues to indicate speci\214c f)-.25 E(ailure modes.)-.1 E -.15 -(Fo)108 655.2 S 3.372(rt).15 G .872(he shell')-3.372 F 3.372(sp)-.55 G -.873(urposes, a command which e)-3.372 F .873(xits with a zero e)-.15 F -.873(xit status has succeeded.)-.15 F .873(An e)5.873 F .873 -(xit status of)-.15 F .049(zero indicates success.)108 667.2 R 2.549(An) -5.049 G .049(on-zero e)-2.549 F .049(xit status indicates f)-.15 F 2.549 -(ailure. When)-.1 F 2.549(ac)2.549 G .048(ommand terminates on a f) --2.549 F .048(atal sig-)-.1 F(nal)108 679.2 Q F0(N)2.5 E F1(,)A F2(bash) -2.5 E F1(uses the v)2.5 E(alue of 128+)-.25 E F0(N)A F1(as the e)2.5 E -(xit status.)-.15 E .404 -(If a command is not found, the child process created to e)108 696 R --.15(xe)-.15 G .404(cute it returns a status of 127.).15 F .405 -(If a command is)5.405 F(found b)108 708 Q(ut is not e)-.2 E -.15(xe) --.15 G(cutable, the return status is 126.).15 E(If a command f)108 724.8 -Q(ails because of an error during e)-.1 E -(xpansion or redirection, the e)-.15 E(xit status is greater than zero.) --.15 E(GNU Bash 5.3)72 768 Q(2024 March 29)144.29 E(39)193.45 E 0 Cg EP -%%Page: 40 40 -%%BeginPageSetup -BP -%%EndPageSetup -/F0 10/Times-Italic@0 SF -.25(BA)72 48 S(SH).25 E/F1 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -138.32(\(1\) General).95 F(Commands Manual)2.5 E F0 -.25(BA)140.82 G(SH) -.25 E F1(\(1\)).95 E .081(Shell b)108 84 R .081 -(uiltin commands return a status of 0 \()-.2 F F0(true)A F1 2.581(\)i)C -2.581(fs)-2.581 G .08(uccessful, and non-zero \()-2.581 F F0(false)A F1 -2.58(\)i)C 2.58(fa)-2.58 G 2.58(ne)-2.58 G .08(rror occurs while)-2.58 F -(the)108 96 Q 2.967(ye)-.15 G -.15(xe)-3.117 G 2.967(cute. All).15 F -.2 -(bu)2.967 G .467(iltins return an e).2 F .468 -(xit status of 2 to indicate incorrect usage, generally in)-.15 F -.25 -(va)-.4 G .468(lid options or).25 F(missing ar)108 108 Q(guments.)-.18 E -(The e)108 124.8 Q(xit status of the last command is a)-.15 E -.25(va) --.2 G(ilable in the special parameter $?.).25 E/F2 10/Times-Bold@0 SF -(Bash)108 141.6 Q F1 .202(itself returns the e)2.702 F .202 -(xit status of the last command e)-.15 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .201 -(cuted, unless a syntax error occurs, in which case).15 F(it e)108 153.6 -Q(xits with a non-zero v)-.15 E 2.5(alue. See)-.25 F(also the)2.5 E F2 -(exit)2.5 E F1 -.2(bu)2.5 G(iltin command belo).2 E -.65(w.)-.25 G/F3 -10.95/Times-Bold@0 SF(SIGN)72 170.4 Q(ALS)-.219 E F1(When)108 182.4 Q F2 -(bash)2.502 E F1 .002(is interacti)2.502 F -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.502(,i).15 G -2.502(nt)-2.502 G .002(he absence of an)-2.502 F 2.502(yt)-.15 G .002 -(raps, it ignores)-2.502 F/F4 9/Times-Bold@0 SF(SIGTERM)2.502 E F1 .002 -(\(so that)2.252 F F2 .002(kill 0)2.502 F F1 .002(does not kill an in-) -2.502 F(teracti)108 194.4 Q 1.216 -.15(ve s)-.25 H .916(hell\), and).15 -F F4(SIGINT)3.416 E F1 .915(is caught and handled \(so that the)3.166 F -F2(wait)3.415 E F1 -.2(bu)3.415 G .915(iltin is interruptible\).).2 F -.915(In all cases,)5.915 F F2(bash)108 206.4 Q F1(ignores)2.5 E F4(SIGQ) -2.5 E(UIT)-.09 E/F5 9/Times-Roman@0 SF(.)A F1(If job control is in ef) -4.5 E(fect,)-.25 E F2(bash)2.5 E F1(ignores)2.5 E F4(SIGTTIN)2.5 E F5(,) -A F4(SIGTT)2.25 E(OU)-.162 E F5(,)A F1(and)2.25 E F4(SIGTSTP)2.5 E F5(.) -A F1(Non-b)108 223.2 Q 1.064(uiltin commands run by)-.2 F F2(bash)3.564 -E F1(ha)3.564 E 1.365 -.15(ve s)-.2 H 1.065(ignal handlers set to the v) -.15 F 1.065(alues inherited by the shell from its)-.25 F 3.248 -(parent. When)108 235.2 R .748(job control is not in ef)3.248 F .747 -(fect, asynchronous commands ignore)-.25 F F4(SIGINT)3.247 E F1(and) -2.997 E F4(SIGQ)3.247 E(UIT)-.09 E F1 .747(in addi-)2.997 F .652 -(tion to these inherited handlers.)108 247.2 R .653 -(Commands run as a result of command substitution ignore the k)5.652 F --.15(ey)-.1 G(board-).15 E(generated job control signals)108 259.2 Q F4 -(SIGTTIN)2.5 E F5(,)A F4(SIGTT)2.25 E(OU)-.162 E F5(,)A F1(and)2.25 E F4 -(SIGTSTP)2.5 E F5(.)A F1 2.046(The shell e)108 276 R 2.046(xits by def) --.15 F 2.045(ault upon receipt of a)-.1 F F4(SIGHUP)4.545 E F5(.)A F1 -2.045(Before e)6.545 F 2.045(xiting, an interacti)-.15 F 2.345 -.15 -(ve s)-.25 H 2.045(hell resends the).15 F F4(SIGHUP)108 288 Q F1 1.004 -(to all jobs, running or stopped.)3.254 F 1.004(Stopped jobs are sent) -6.004 F F4(SIGCONT)3.505 E F1 1.005(to ensure that the)3.255 F 3.505(yr) --.15 G(ecei)-3.505 E 1.305 -.15(ve t)-.25 H(he).15 E F4(SIGHUP)108 300 Q -F5(.)A F1 2.53 -.8(To p)5.43 H(re).8 E -.15(ve)-.25 G .93(nt the shell \ -from sending the signal to a particular job, it should be remo).15 F --.15(ve)-.15 G 3.429(df).15 G .929(rom the)-3.429 F 1.356 -(jobs table with the)108 312 R F2(diso)3.856 E(wn)-.1 E F1 -.2(bu)3.856 -G 1.356(iltin \(see).2 F F4 1.356(SHELL B)3.856 F(UIL)-.09 E 1.356 -(TIN COMMANDS)-.828 F F1(belo)3.607 E 1.357(w\) or mark)-.25 F 1.357 -(ed to not recei)-.1 F -.15(ve)-.25 G F4(SIGHUP)108 324 Q F1(using)2.25 -E F2(diso)2.5 E(wn \255h)-.1 E F1(.)A .166(If the)108 340.8 R F2 -(huponexit)2.666 E F1 .166(shell option has been set with)2.666 F F2 -(shopt)2.666 E F1(,)A F2(bash)2.666 E F1 .166(sends a)2.666 F F4(SIGHUP) -2.666 E F1 .166(to all jobs when an interacti)2.416 F -.15(ve)-.25 G -(login shell e)108 352.8 Q(xits.)-.15 E(If)108 369.6 Q F2(bash)3.046 E -F1 .546(is w)3.046 F .546(aiting for a command to complete and recei)-.1 -F -.15(ve)-.25 G 3.046(sas).15 G .546 -(ignal for which a trap has been set, the trap)-3.046 F .663 -(will not be e)108 381.6 R -.15(xe)-.15 G .663 -(cuted until the command completes.).15 F(When)5.663 E F2(bash)3.163 E -F1 .662(is w)3.163 F .662(aiting for an asynchronous command)-.1 F .326 -(via the)108 393.6 R F2(wait)2.826 E F1 -.2(bu)2.826 G .327(iltin, the \ -reception of a signal for which a trap has been set will cause the).2 F -F2(wait)2.827 E F1 -.2(bu)2.827 G .327(iltin to re-).2 F -(turn immediately with an e)108 405.6 Q -(xit status greater than 128, immediately after which the trap is e)-.15 -E -.15(xe)-.15 G(cuted.).15 E .499(When job control is not enabled, and) -108 422.4 R F2(bash)2.998 E F1 .498(is w)2.998 F .498(aiting for a fore) --.1 F .498(ground command to complete, the shell re-)-.15 F(cei)108 -434.4 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G 3.213(sk).15 G -.15(ey)-3.313 G .713 -(board-generated signals such as).15 F F4(SIGINT)3.213 E F1 .713 -(\(usually generated by)2.963 F F2<0043>3.213 E F1 3.213(\)t)C .714 -(hat users commonly intend)-3.213 F .455(to send to that command.)108 -446.4 R .454(This happens because the shell and the command are in the \ -same process group)5.455 F(as the terminal, and)108 458.4 Q F2<0043>2.5 -E F1(sends)2.5 E F4(SIGINT)2.5 E F1 -(to all processes in that process group.)2.25 E(When)108 475.2 Q F2 -(bash)3.8 E F1 1.3(is running without job control enabled and recei)3.8 -F -.15(ve)-.25 G(s).15 E F4(SIGINT)3.8 E F1 1.3(while w)3.55 F 1.3 -(aiting for a fore)-.1 F(ground)-.15 E .81(command, it w)108 487.2 R .81 -(aits until that fore)-.1 F .81 -(ground command terminates and then decides what to do about the)-.15 F -F4(SIG-)3.309 E(INT)108 499.2 Q F5(:)A F1(1.)108 516 Q .002 -(If the command terminates due to the)144 516 R F4(SIGINT)2.502 E F5(,)A -F2(bash)2.252 E F1 .003(concludes that the user meant to end the entire) -2.502 F(script, and acts on the)144 528 Q F4(SIGINT)2.5 E F1 -(\(e.g., by running a)2.25 E F4(SIGINT)2.5 E F1(trap or e)2.25 E -(xiting itself\);)-.15 E(2.)108 544.8 Q .289 -(If the command does not terminate due to)144 544.8 R F4(SIGINT)2.788 E -F5(,)A F1 .288(the program handled the)2.538 F F4(SIGINT)2.788 E F1 .288 -(itself and did)2.538 F .728(not treat it as a f)144 556.8 R .728 -(atal signal.)-.1 F .728(In that case,)5.728 F F2(bash)3.228 E F1 .728 -(does not treat)3.228 F F4(SIGINT)3.228 E F1 .728(as a f)2.978 F .728 -(atal signal, either)-.1 F 3.229(,i)-.4 G(n-)-3.229 E .772 -(stead assuming that the)144 568.8 R F4(SIGINT)3.272 E F1 -.1(wa)3.022 G -3.272(su).1 G .771(sed as part of the program')-3.272 F 3.271(sn)-.55 G -.771(ormal operation \(e.g., emacs)-3.271 F .409 -(uses it to abort editing commands\) or deliberately discarded.)144 -580.8 R(Ho)5.409 E(we)-.25 E -.15(ve)-.25 G -.4(r,).15 G F2(bash)3.309 E -F1 .41(will run an)2.91 F 2.91(yt)-.15 G .41(rap set)-2.91 F(on)144 -592.8 Q F4(SIGINT)3.789 E F5(,)A F1 1.289(as it does with an)3.539 F -3.789(yo)-.15 G 1.288(ther trapped signal it recei)-3.789 F -.15(ve)-.25 -G 3.788(sw).15 G 1.288(hile it is w)-3.788 F 1.288(aiting for the fore-) --.1 F(ground command to complete, for compatibility)144 604.8 Q(.)-.65 E -F3(JOB CONTR)72 621.6 Q(OL)-.329 E F0 -.25(Jo)108 633.6 S 3.368(bc).25 G -(ontr)-3.368 E(ol)-.45 E F1 .868(refers to the ability to selecti)3.878 -F -.15(ve)-.25 G .868(ly stop \().15 F F0(suspend)A F1 3.368(\)t)C .868 -(he e)-3.368 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .868(cution of processes and continue \() -.15 F F0 -.37(re)C(-).37 E(sume)108 645.6 Q F1 2.665(\)t)C .165(heir e) --2.665 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .165(cution at a later point.).15 F 2.665(Au) -5.165 G .165(ser typically emplo)-2.665 F .165(ys this f)-.1 F .164 -(acility via an interacti)-.1 F .464 -.15(ve i)-.25 H(nterf).15 E .164 -(ace sup-)-.1 F(plied jointly by the operating system k)108 657.6 Q -(ernel')-.1 E 2.5(st)-.55 G(erminal dri)-2.5 E -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.5(ra).15 -G(nd)-2.5 E F2(bash)2.5 E F1(.)A .784(The shell associates a)108 674.4 R -F0(job)5.024 E F1 .784(with each pipeline.)3.514 F .784(It k)5.784 F -.785(eeps a table of currently e)-.1 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .785 -(cuting jobs, which may be).15 F .325(listed with the)108 686.4 R F2 -(jobs)2.825 E F1 2.825(command. When)2.825 F F2(bash)2.825 E F1 .325 -(starts a job asynchronously \(in the)2.825 F F0(bac)3.094 E(kgr)-.2 E -(ound)-.45 E F1 .324(\), it prints a line).77 F(that looks lik)108 698.4 -Q(e:)-.1 E([1] 25647)144 715.2 Q(GNU Bash 5.3)72 768 Q(2024 March 29) -144.29 E(40)193.45 E 0 Cg EP -%%Page: 41 41 -%%BeginPageSetup -BP -%%EndPageSetup -/F0 10/Times-Italic@0 SF -.25(BA)72 48 S(SH).25 E/F1 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -138.32(\(1\) General).95 F(Commands Manual)2.5 E F0 -.25(BA)140.82 G(SH) -.25 E F1(\(1\)).95 E .241(indicating that this job is job number 1 and \ -that the process ID of the last process in the pipeline associated)108 -84 R .733(with this job is 25647.)108 96 R .732 -(All of the processes in a single pipeline are members of the same job) -5.733 F(.)-.4 E/F2 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(Bash)5.732 E F1(uses)3.232 E(the) -108 108 Q F0(job)4.24 E F1(abstraction as the basis for job control.) -2.73 E 1.981 -.8(To f)108 124.8 T .382 -(acilitate the implementation of the user interf).7 F .382 -(ace to job control, the operating system maintains the no-)-.1 F 1.538 -(tion of a)108 136.8 R F0(curr)4.038 E 1.538(ent terminal pr)-.37 F -1.537(ocess gr)-.45 F 1.537(oup ID)-.45 F F1 6.537(.M)C 1.537 -(embers of this process group \(processes whose process)-6.537 F .023 -(group ID is equal to the current terminal process group ID\) recei)108 -148.8 R .323 -.15(ve k)-.25 H -.15(ey).05 G .023 -(board-generated signals such as).15 F/F3 9/Times-Bold@0 SF(SIG-)2.523 E -(INT)108 160.8 Q/F4 9/Times-Roman@0 SF(.)A F1 1.215 -(These processes are said to be in the)5.716 F F0(for)5.685 E -.4(eg) --.37 G -.45(ro).4 G(und).45 E F1(.).77 E F0(Bac)6.795 E(kgr)-.2 E(ound) --.45 E F1 1.215(processes are those whose process)4.485 F .145 -(group ID dif)108 172.8 R .145(fers from the terminal')-.25 F .146 -(s; such processes are immune to k)-.55 F -.15(ey)-.1 G .146 -(board-generated signals.).15 F .146(Only fore-)5.146 F .421 -(ground processes are allo)108 184.8 R .421(wed to read from or)-.25 F -2.921(,i)-.4 G 2.921(ft)-2.921 G .421 -(he user so speci\214es with \231stty tostop\232, write to the termi-) --2.921 F 2.588(nal. Background)108 196.8 R .089(processes which attempt\ - to read from \(write to when \231tostop\232 is in ef)2.588 F .089 -(fect\) the terminal are)-.25 F 1.899(sent a)108 208.8 R F3 1.899 -(SIGTTIN \(SIGTT)4.399 F(OU\))-.162 E F1 1.899(signal by the k)4.149 F -(ernel')-.1 E 4.399(st)-.55 G 1.899(erminal dri)-4.399 F -.15(ve)-.25 G -2.699 -.4(r, w).15 H 1.898(hich, unless caught, suspends the).4 F -(process.)108 220.8 Q 1.087(If the operating system on which)108 237.6 R -F2(bash)3.587 E F1 1.088(is running supports job control,)3.588 F F2 -(bash)3.588 E F1 1.088(contains f)3.588 F 1.088(acilities to use it.)-.1 -F -.8(Ty)108 249.6 S .147(ping the).8 F F0(suspend)2.987 E F1 .147 -(character \(typically)3.417 F F2<005a>2.646 E F1 2.646(,C)C .146 -(ontrol-Z\) while a process is running causes that process to be)-2.646 -F 1.951(stopped and returns control to)108 261.6 R F2(bash)4.451 E F1 -6.951(.T)C 1.952(yping the)-7.751 F F0 1.952(delayed suspend)4.802 F F1 -1.952(character \(typically)5.222 F F2<0059>4.452 E F1 4.452(,C)C -(ontrol-Y\))-4.452 E .021(causes the process to be stopped when it atte\ -mpts to read input from the terminal, and control to be returned)108 -273.6 R(to)108 285.6 Q F2(bash)3.392 E F1 5.892(.T)C .892 -(he user may then manipulate the state of this job, using the)-5.892 F -F2(bg)3.392 E F1 .892(command to continue it in the)3.392 F .046 -(background, the)108 297.6 R F2(fg)2.546 E F1 .046 -(command to continue it in the fore)2.546 F .046(ground, or the)-.15 F -F2(kill)2.546 E F1 .046(command to kill it.)2.546 F(A)5.046 E F2<005a> -2.546 E F1(tak)2.546 E .046(es ef-)-.1 F 1.418(fect immediately)108 -309.6 R 3.918(,a)-.65 G 1.418(nd has the additional side ef)-3.918 F -1.418(fect of causing pending output and typeahead to be dis-)-.25 F -(carded.)108 321.6 Q .777(There are a number of w)108 338.4 R .777 -(ays to refer to a job in the shell.)-.1 F .777(The character)5.777 F F2 -(%)3.277 E F1 .777(introduces a job speci\214cation)3.277 F(\()108 350.4 -Q F0(jobspec)A F1 3.457(\). Job)B(number)3.457 E F0(n)3.817 E F1 .957 -(may be referred to as)3.697 F F2(%n)3.457 E F1 5.957(.A)C .957 -(job may also be referred to using a pre\214x of the)-2.5 F .59(name us\ -ed to start it, or using a substring that appears in its command line.) -108 362.4 R -.15(Fo)5.59 G 3.09(re).15 G(xample,)-3.24 E F2(%ce)3.09 E -F1 .59(refers to a)3.09 F .385(stopped job whose command name be)108 -374.4 R .385(gins with)-.15 F F2(ce)2.885 E F1 5.385(.I)C 2.885(fap) --5.385 G .385(re\214x matches more than one job,)-2.885 F F2(bash)2.885 -E F1 .385(reports an)2.885 F(error)108 386.4 Q 5.194(.U)-.55 G(sing) --5.194 E F2(%?ce)2.694 E F1 2.694(,o)C 2.694(nt)-2.694 G .194 -(he other hand, refers to an)-2.694 F 2.694(yj)-.15 G .194 -(ob containing the string)-2.694 F F2(ce)2.694 E F1 .194 -(in its command line.)2.694 F .194(If the)5.194 F .306 -(substring matches more than one job,)108 398.4 R F2(bash)2.806 E F1 -.306(reports an error)2.806 F 5.306(.T)-.55 G .306(he symbols)-5.306 F -F2(%%)2.806 E F1(and)2.806 E F2(%+)2.806 E F1 .307(refer to the shell') -2.806 F(s)-.55 E .133(notion of the)108 410.4 R F0(curr)2.833 E .133 -(ent job)-.37 F F1 2.633(,w).23 G .133 -(hich is the last job stopped while it w)-2.633 F .133(as in the fore) --.1 F .132(ground or started in the back-)-.15 F 2.575(ground. The)108 -422.4 R F0(pr)3.825 E -.15(ev)-.37 G .075(ious job).15 F F1 .075 -(may be referenced using)2.805 F F2<25ad>2.575 E F1 5.075(.I)C 2.575(ft) --5.075 G .076(here is only a single job,)-2.575 F F2(%+)2.576 E F1(and) -2.576 E F2<25ad>2.576 E F1 .076(can both)2.576 F .317 -(be used to refer to that job)108 434.4 R 5.317(.I)-.4 G 2.817(no)-5.317 -G .317(utput pertaining to jobs \(e.g., the output of the)-2.817 F F2 -(jobs)2.817 E F1 .317(command\), the current)2.817 F .032(job is al)108 -446.4 R -.1(wa)-.1 G .033(ys \215agged with a).1 F F2(+)2.533 E F1 2.533 -(,a)C .033(nd the pre)-2.533 F .033(vious job with a)-.25 F F22.533 -E F1 5.033(.A)C .033(single % \(with no accompan)-2.5 F .033 -(ying job speci-)-.15 F(\214cation\) also refers to the current job)108 -458.4 Q(.)-.4 E .686 -(Simply naming a job can be used to bring it into the fore)108 475.2 R -(ground:)-.15 E F2(%1)3.186 E F1 .686(is a synon)3.186 F .686 -(ym for \231fg %1\232, bringing)-.15 F .068 -(job 1 from the background into the fore)108 487.2 R 2.568 -(ground. Similarly)-.15 F 2.568<2c99>-.65 G .068 -(%1 &\232 resumes job 1 in the background, equi)-2.568 F(v-)-.25 E -(alent to \231bg %1\232.)108 499.2 Q .131 -(The shell learns immediately whene)108 516 R -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.631(raj) -.15 G .131(ob changes state.)-2.631 F(Normally)5.131 E(,)-.65 E F2(bash) -2.631 E F1 -.1(wa)2.63 G .13(its until it is about to print a).1 F .157 -(prompt before reporting changes in a job')108 528 R 2.657(ss)-.55 G -.157(tatus so as to not interrupt an)-2.657 F 2.658(yo)-.15 G .158 -(ther output.)-2.658 F .158(If the)5.158 F F22.658 E F1 .158 -(option to)2.658 F(the)108 540 Q F2(set)2.648 E F1 -.2(bu)2.648 G .148 -(iltin command is enabled,).2 F F2(bash)2.648 E F1 .148 -(reports such changes immediately)2.648 F 5.147(.A)-.65 G .447 -.15 -(ny t)-5.147 H .147(rap on).15 F F3(SIGCHLD)2.647 E F1 .147(is e)2.397 F --.15(xe)-.15 G(-).15 E(cuted for each child that e)108 552 Q(xits.)-.15 -E .032(If an attempt to e)108 568.8 R(xit)-.15 E F2(bash)2.532 E F1 .032 -(is made while jobs are stopped \(or)2.532 F 2.533(,i)-.4 G 2.533(ft) --2.533 G(he)-2.533 E F2(checkjobs)2.533 E F1 .033 -(shell option has been enabled)2.533 F 1.003(using the)108 580.8 R F2 -(shopt)3.503 E F1 -.2(bu)3.503 G 1.003 -(iltin, running\), the shell prints a w).2 F 1.002 -(arning message, and, if the)-.1 F F2(checkjobs)3.502 E F1 1.002 -(option is en-)3.502 F .955(abled, lists the jobs and their statuses.) -108 592.8 R(The)5.955 E F2(jobs)3.455 E F1 .955 -(command may then be used to inspect their status.)3.455 F .956(If a) -5.956 F .604(second attempt to e)108 604.8 R .604 -(xit is made without an interv)-.15 F .604 -(ening command, the shell does not print another w)-.15 F(arning,)-.1 E -(and an)108 616.8 Q 2.5(ys)-.15 G(topped jobs are terminated.)-2.5 E -.644(When the shell is w)108 633.6 R .644 -(aiting for a job or process using the)-.1 F F2(wait)3.145 E F1 -.2(bu) -3.145 G .645(iltin, and job control is enabled,).2 F F2(wait)3.145 E F1 -(will)3.145 E .282(return when the job changes state. The)108 645.6 R F2 -2.782 E F1 .282(option causes)2.782 F F2(wait)2.782 E F1 .282 -(to w)2.782 F .282(ait until the job or process terminates be-)-.1 F -(fore returning.)108 657.6 Q/F5 10.95/Times-Bold@0 SF(PR)72 674.4 Q -(OMPTING)-.329 E F1 .644(When e)108 686.4 R -.15(xe)-.15 G .644 -(cuting interacti).15 F -.15(ve)-.25 G(ly).15 E(,)-.65 E F2(bash)3.144 E -F1 .645(displays the primary prompt)3.145 F F3(PS1)3.145 E F1 .645 -(when it is ready to read a command,)2.895 F .428 -(and the secondary prompt)108 698.4 R F3(PS2)2.928 E F1 .427 -(when it needs more input to complete a command.)2.678 F F2(Bash)5.427 E -F1(displays)2.927 E F3(PS0)2.927 E F1(after)2.677 E .037 -(it reads a command b)108 710.4 R .037(ut before e)-.2 F -.15(xe)-.15 G -.037(cuting it.).15 F F2(Bash)5.037 E F1(displays)2.537 E F3(PS4)2.538 E -F1 .038(as described abo)2.288 F .338 -.15(ve b)-.15 H .038 -(efore tracing each com-).15 F 1.122(mand when the)108 722.4 R F2 -3.622 E F1 1.122(option is enabled.)3.622 F F2(Bash)6.122 E F1(allo) -3.622 E 1.122(ws these prompt strings to be customized by inserting a) --.25 F(GNU Bash 5.3)72 768 Q(2024 March 29)144.29 E(41)193.45 E 0 Cg EP -%%Page: 42 42 -%%BeginPageSetup -BP -%%EndPageSetup -/F0 10/Times-Italic@0 SF -.25(BA)72 48 S(SH).25 E/F1 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -138.32(\(1\) General).95 F(Commands Manual)2.5 E F0 -.25(BA)140.82 G(SH) -.25 E F1(\(1\)).95 E(number of backslash-escaped special characters tha\ -t are decoded as follo)108 84 Q(ws:)-.25 E/F2 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(\\a)144 -96 Q F1(an ASCII bell character \(07\))180 96 Q F2(\\d)144 108 Q F1 -(the date in \231W)180 108 Q(eekday Month Date\232 format \(e.g., \231T) --.8 E(ue May 26\232\))-.45 E F2(\\D{)144 120 Q F0(format)A F2(})A F1 -(the)180 132 Q F0(format)3.892 E F1 1.392(is passed to)3.892 F F0 -(strftime)4.232 E F1 1.392 -(\(3\) and the result is inserted into the prompt string; an).18 F -(empty)180 144 Q F0(format)2.5 E F1 -(results in a locale-speci\214c time representation.)2.5 E -(The braces are required)5 E F2(\\e)144 156 Q F1 -(an ASCII escape character \(033\))180 156 Q F2(\\h)144 168 Q F1 -(the hostname up to the \214rst \231.)180 168 Q<9a>-.7 E F2(\\H)144 180 -Q F1(the hostname)180 180 Q F2(\\j)144 192 Q F1 -(the number of jobs currently managed by the shell)180 192 Q F2(\\l)144 -204 Q F1(the basename of the shell')180 204 Q 2.5(st)-.55 G(erminal de) --2.5 E(vice name)-.25 E F2(\\n)144 216 Q F1(ne)180 216 Q(wline)-.25 E F2 -(\\r)144 228 Q F1(carriage return)180 228 Q F2(\\s)144 240 Q F1 -(the name of the shell, the basename of)180 240 Q F2($0)2.5 E F1 -(\(the portion follo)2.5 E(wing the \214nal slash\))-.25 E F2(\\t)144 -252 Q F1(the current time in 24-hour HH:MM:SS format)180 252 Q F2(\\T) -144 264 Q F1(the current time in 12-hour HH:MM:SS format)180 264 Q F2 -(\\@)144 276 Q F1(the current time in 12-hour am/pm format)180 276 Q F2 -(\\A)144 288 Q F1(the current time in 24-hour HH:MM format)180 288 Q F2 -(\\u)144 300 Q F1(the username of the current user)180 300 Q F2(\\v)144 -312 Q F1(the v)180 312 Q(ersion of)-.15 E F2(bash)2.5 E F1 -(\(e.g., 2.00\))2.5 E F2(\\V)144 324 Q F1(the release of)180 324 Q F2 -(bash)2.5 E F1 2.5(,v)C(ersion + patch le)-2.65 E -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.5 -(l\().15 G(e.g., 2.00.0\))-2.5 E F2(\\w)144 336 Q F1 .12(the v)180 336 R -.119(alue of the)-.25 F F2(PWD)2.619 E F1 .119(shell v)2.619 F .119 -(ariable \()-.25 F F2($PWD)A F1 .119(\), with)B/F3 9/Times-Bold@0 SF -($HOME)2.619 E F1(abbre)2.369 E .119(viated with a tilde \(uses)-.25 F -(the v)180 348 Q(alue of the)-.25 E F3(PR)2.5 E(OMPT_DIR)-.27 E(TRIM) --.36 E F1 -.25(va)2.25 G(riable\)).25 E F2(\\W)144 360 Q F1 -(the basename of)180 360 Q F2($PWD)2.5 E F1 2.5(,w)C(ith)-2.5 E F3 -($HOME)2.5 E F1(abbre)2.25 E(viated with a tilde)-.25 E F2(\\!)144 372 Q -F1(the history number of this command)180 372 Q F2(\\#)144 384 Q F1 -(the command number of this command)180 384 Q F2(\\$)144 396 Q F1 -(if the ef)180 396 Q(fecti)-.25 E .3 -.15(ve U)-.25 H(ID is 0, a).15 E -F2(#)2.5 E F1 2.5(,o)C(therwise a)-2.5 E F2($)2.5 E(\\)144 408 Q F0(nnn) -A F1(the character corresponding to the octal number)180 408 Q F0(nnn) -2.5 E F2(\\\\)144 420 Q F1 2.5(ab)180 420 S(ackslash)-2.5 E F2(\\[)144 -432 Q F1(be)180 432 Q 1.257(gin a sequence of non-printing characters, \ -which could be used to embed a terminal)-.15 F -(control sequence into the prompt)180 444 Q F2(\\])144 456 Q F1 -(end a sequence of non-printing characters)180 456 Q .12 -(The command number and the history number are usually dif)108 472.8 R -.119(ferent: the history number of a command is its)-.25 F .547(positio\ -n in the history list, which may include commands restored from the his\ -tory \214le \(see)108 484.8 R F3(HIST)3.047 E(OR)-.162 E(Y)-.315 E F1 -(be-)2.797 E(lo)108 496.8 Q .354(w\), while the command number is the p\ -osition in the sequence of commands e)-.25 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .354 -(cuted during the current).15 F .822(shell session.)108 508.8 R .822 -(After the string is decoded, it is e)5.822 F .822 -(xpanded via parameter e)-.15 F .823(xpansion, command substitution,) --.15 F .683(arithmetic e)108 520.8 R .683(xpansion, and quote remo)-.15 -F -.25(va)-.15 G .683(l, subject to the v).25 F .682(alue of the)-.25 F -F2(pr)3.182 E(omptv)-.18 E(ars)-.1 E F1 .682(shell option \(see the de-) -3.182 F 1.197(scription of the)108 532.8 R F2(shopt)3.697 E F1 1.197 -(command under)3.697 F F3 1.197(SHELL B)3.697 F(UIL)-.09 E 1.197 -(TIN COMMANDS)-.828 F F1(belo)3.448 E 3.698(w\). This)-.25 F 1.198 -(can ha)3.698 F 1.498 -.15(ve u)-.2 H(nw).15 E(anted)-.1 E .322(side ef) -108 544.8 R .322(fects if escaped portions of the string appear within \ -command substitution or contain characters spe-)-.25 F(cial to w)108 -556.8 Q(ord e)-.1 E(xpansion.)-.15 E/F4 10.95/Times-Bold@0 SF(READLINE) -72 573.6 Q F1 .15 -(This is the library that handles reading input when using an interacti) -108 585.6 R .451 -.15(ve s)-.25 H .151(hell, unless the).15 F F2 -(\255\255noediting)2.651 E F1(option)2.651 E .385(is gi)108 597.6 R -.15 -(ve)-.25 G 2.885(na).15 G 2.885(ts)-2.885 G .385(hell in)-2.885 F -.2 -(vo)-.4 G 2.885(cation. Line).2 F .385 -(editing is also used when using the)2.885 F F22.884 E F1 .384 -(option to the)2.884 F F2 -.18(re)2.884 G(ad).18 E F1 -.2(bu)2.884 G -2.884(iltin. By).2 F(de-)2.884 E -.1(fa)108 609.6 S 1.406 -(ult, the line editing commands are similar to those of Emacs.).1 F -3.907(Av)6.407 G 1.407(i-style line editing interf)-3.907 F 1.407 -(ace is also)-.1 F -.2(av)108 621.6 S 3.35(ailable. Line)-.05 F .85 -(editing can be enabled at an)3.35 F 3.35(yt)-.15 G .85(ime using the) --3.35 F F2 .85(\255o emacs)3.35 F F1(or)3.35 E F2 .85(\255o vi)3.35 F F1 -.85(options to the)3.35 F F2(set)3.35 E F1 -.2(bu)3.35 G(iltin).2 E -(\(see)108 633.6 Q F3 .762(SHELL B)3.262 F(UIL)-.09 E .762(TIN COMMANDS) --.828 F F1(belo)3.012 E 3.262(w\). T)-.25 F 3.263(ot)-.8 G .763(urn of) --3.263 F 3.263(fl)-.25 G .763 -(ine editing after the shell is running, use the)-3.263 F F2(+o)3.263 E -(emacs)108 645.6 Q F1(or)2.5 E F2(+o vi)2.5 E F1(options to the)2.5 E F2 -(set)2.5 E F1 -.2(bu)2.5 G(iltin.).2 E F2(Readline Notation)87 662.4 Q -F1 .463(In this section, the Emacs-style notation is used to denote k) -108 674.4 R -.15(ey)-.1 G(strok).15 E 2.963(es. Control)-.1 F -.1(ke) -2.963 G .463(ys are denoted by C\255)-.05 F F0 -.1(ke)C(y)-.2 E F1(,)A -1.152(e.g., C\255n means Control\255N.)108 686.4 R(Similarly)6.152 E(,) --.65 E F0(meta)4.032 E F1 -.1(ke)3.913 G 1.153(ys are denoted by M\255) --.05 F F0 -.1(ke)C(y)-.2 E F1 3.653(,s)C 3.653(oM)-3.653 G 1.153 -(\255x means Meta\255X.)-3.653 F(\(On)6.153 E -.1(ke)108 698.4 S .831 -(yboards without a)-.05 F F0(meta)3.711 E F1 -.1(ke)3.591 G 2.131 -.65 -(y, M)-.05 H.65 E F0(x)A F1 .831(means ESC)3.331 F F0(x)3.331 E F1 -3.331(,i)C .83(.e., press the Escape k)-3.331 F 1.13 -.15(ey t)-.1 H .83 -(hen the).15 F F0(x)4.1 E F1 -.1(ke)3.86 G 4.63 -.65(y. T)-.05 H .83 -(his mak).65 F(es)-.1 E .599(ESC the)108 710.4 R F0 .599(meta pr)3.099 F -(e\214x)-.37 E F1 5.599(.T)C .599(he combination M\255C\255)-5.599 F F0 -(x)A F1 .599(means ESC\255Control\255)3.099 F F0(x)A F1 3.099(,o)C 3.099 -(rp)-3.099 G .6(ress the Escape k)-3.099 F .9 -.15(ey t)-.1 H .6 -(hen hold).15 F(the Control k)108 722.4 Q .3 -.15(ey w)-.1 H -(hile pressing the).15 E F0(x)3.27 E F1 -.1(ke)3.03 G -.65(y.)-.05 G(\)) -.65 E(GNU Bash 5.3)72 768 Q(2024 March 29)144.29 E(42)193.45 E 0 Cg EP -%%Page: 43 43 -%%BeginPageSetup -BP -%%EndPageSetup -/F0 10/Times-Italic@0 SF -.25(BA)72 48 S(SH).25 E/F1 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -138.32(\(1\) General).95 F(Commands Manual)2.5 E F0 -.25(BA)140.82 G(SH) -.25 E F1(\(1\)).95 E .596(Readline commands may be gi)108 84 R -.15(ve) --.25 G 3.096(nn).15 G(umeric)-3.096 E F0(ar)3.426 E(guments)-.37 E F1 -3.096(,w).27 G .596(hich normally act as a repeat count.)-3.096 F -(Sometimes,)5.595 E(ho)108 96 Q(we)-.25 E -.15(ve)-.25 G 1.418 -.4(r, i) -.15 H 3.118(ti).4 G 3.119(st)-3.118 G .619(he sign of the ar)-3.119 F -.619(gument that is signi\214cant.)-.18 F -.15(Pa)5.619 G .619 -(ssing a ne).15 F -.05(ga)-.15 G(ti).05 E .919 -.15(ve a)-.25 H -.18(rg) -.15 G .619(ument to a command that).18 F 1.019(acts in the forw)108 108 -R 1.018(ard direction \(e.g.,)-.1 F/F2 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(kill\255line) -3.518 E F1 3.518(\)c)C 1.018(auses that command to act in a backw)-3.518 -F 1.018(ard direction.)-.1 F(Com-)6.018 E(mands whose beha)108 120 Q -(vior with ar)-.2 E(guments de)-.18 E(viates from this are noted belo) --.25 E -.65(w.)-.25 G .811(When a command is described as)108 136.8 R F0 -(killing)3.311 E F1(te)3.311 E .811(xt, the te)-.15 F .811 -(xt deleted is sa)-.15 F -.15(ve)-.2 G 3.311(df).15 G .812 -(or possible future retrie)-3.311 F -.25(va)-.25 G 3.312(l\().25 G F0 -(yank-)-3.312 E(ing)108 148.8 Q F1 2.529(\). The)B .029(killed te)2.529 -F .029(xt is sa)-.15 F -.15(ve)-.2 G 2.529(di).15 G 2.529(na)-2.529 G F0 -.029(kill ring)B F1 5.029(.C)C(onsecuti)-5.029 E .329 -.15(ve k)-.25 H -.029(ills cause the te).15 F .029(xt to be accumulated into one unit,) --.15 F .567(which can be yank)108 160.8 R .567(ed all at once.)-.1 F -.567(Commands which do not kill te)5.567 F .567 -(xt separate the chunks of te)-.15 F .567(xt on the kill)-.15 F(ring.) -108 172.8 Q F2(Readline Initialization)87 189.6 Q F1 .091(Readline is c\ -ustomized by putting commands in an initialization \214le \(the)108 -201.6 R F0(inputr)2.591 E(c)-.37 E F1 2.591(\214le\). The)2.591 F .091 -(name of this \214le)2.591 F .431(is tak)108 213.6 R .431(en from the v) --.1 F .432(alue of the)-.25 F/F3 9/Times-Bold@0 SF(INPUTRC)2.932 E F1 --.25(va)2.682 G 2.932(riable. If).25 F .432(that v)2.932 F .432 -(ariable is unset, the def)-.25 F .432(ault is)-.1 F F0(\001/.inputr) -3.032 E(c)-.37 E F1 5.432(.I).31 G 2.932(ft)-5.432 G(hat)-2.932 E 3.062 -(\214le does)108 225.6 R .562(not e)3.062 F .562 -(xist or cannot be read, the ultimate def)-.15 F .562(ault is)-.1 F F0 -(/etc/inputr)4.212 E(c)-.37 E F1 5.561(.W).31 G .561 -(hen a program which uses the)-5.561 F .174(readline library starts up,\ - the initialization \214le is read, and the k)108 237.6 R .475 -.15 -(ey b)-.1 H .175(indings and v).15 F .175(ariables are set.)-.25 F .175 -(There are)5.175 F .239(only a fe)108 249.6 R 2.739(wb)-.25 G .239 -(asic constructs allo)-2.739 F .239 -(wed in the readline initialization \214le.)-.25 F .238 -(Blank lines are ignored.)5.239 F .238(Lines be)5.238 F(gin-)-.15 E .553 -(ning with a)108 261.6 R F2(#)3.053 E F1 .554(are comments.)3.053 F .554 -(Lines be)5.554 F .554(ginning with a)-.15 F F2($)3.054 E F1 .554 -(indicate conditional constructs.)3.054 F .554(Other lines denote)5.554 -F -.1(ke)108 273.6 S 2.5(yb)-.05 G(indings and v)-2.5 E -(ariable settings.)-.25 E .987(The def)108 290.4 R .987(ault k)-.1 F --.15(ey)-.1 G .987(-bindings may be changed with an).15 F F0(inputr) -3.497 E(c)-.37 E F1 3.487(\214le. Other)3.797 F .987 -(programs that use this library may)3.487 F(add their o)108 302.4 Q -(wn commands and bindings.)-.25 E -.15(Fo)108 319.2 S 2.5(re).15 G -(xample, placing)-2.65 E(M\255Control\255u: uni)144 336 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G -(rsal\255ar).15 E(gument)-.18 E(or)108 348 Q(C\255Meta\255u: uni)144 360 -Q -.15(ve)-.25 G(rsal\255ar).15 E(gument)-.18 E(into the)108 376.8 Q F0 -(inputr)2.51 E(c)-.37 E F1 -.1(wo)2.81 G(uld mak).1 E 2.5(eM)-.1 G -(\255C\255u e)-2.5 E -.15(xe)-.15 G(cute the readline command).15 E F0 -(univer)2.58 E(sal\255ar)-.1 E(gument)-.37 E F1(.).68 E 1.01(The follo) -108 393.6 R 1.011(wing symbolic character names are recognized:)-.25 F -F0 -.4(RU)3.511 G(BOUT).4 E F1(,)1.27 E F0(DEL)4.091 E F1(,).53 E F0 -(ESC)4.021 E F1(,).72 E F0(LFD)4.091 E F1(,).28 E F0(NEWLINE)4.211 E F1 -(,).73 E F0(RET)4.141 E F1(,)1.27 E F0(RETURN)108.63 405.6 Q F1(,)1.1 E -F0(SPC)2.83 E F1(,).72 E F0(SP)2.83 E -.3(AC)-.9 G(E).3 E F1 2.5(,a).73 -G(nd)-2.5 E F0 -.5(TA)2.5 G(B).5 E F1(.).27 E .209 -(In addition to command names, readline allo)108 422.4 R .209(ws k)-.25 -F -.15(ey)-.1 G 2.709(st).15 G 2.709(ob)-2.709 G 2.709(eb)-2.709 G .209 -(ound to a string that is inserted when the k)-2.709 F .509 -.15(ey i) --.1 H(s).15 E(pressed \(a)108 434.4 Q F0(macr)2.5 E(o)-.45 E F1(\).)A F2 -(Readline K)87 451.2 Q(ey Bindings)-.25 E F1 .366 -(The syntax for controlling k)108 463.2 R .666 -.15(ey b)-.1 H .366 -(indings in the).15 F F0(inputr)2.876 E(c)-.37 E F1 .366 -(\214le is simple.)3.176 F .366(All that is required is the name of the) -5.366 F .264(command or the te)108 475.2 R .264(xt of a macro and a k) --.15 F .564 -.15(ey s)-.1 H .264(equence to which it should be bound.) -.15 F .263(The name may be speci-)5.264 F .138(\214ed in one of tw)108 -487.2 R 2.638(ow)-.1 G .138(ays: as a symbolic k)-2.738 F .438 -.15 -(ey n)-.1 H .138(ame, possibly with).15 F F0(Meta\255)2.638 E F1(or) -2.638 E F0(Contr)2.638 E(ol\255)-.45 E F1(pre\214x)2.638 E .138 -(es, or as a k)-.15 F .439 -.15(ey s)-.1 H(e-).15 E(quence.)108 499.2 Q -.161(When using the form)108 516 R F2 -.1(ke)2.661 G(yname).1 E F1(:)A -F0(function\255name).833 E F1(or)2.661 E F0(macr)2.661 E(o)-.45 E F1(,)A -F0 -.1(ke)2.661 G(yname)-.2 E F1 .16(is the name of a k)2.84 F .46 -.15 -(ey s)-.1 H .16(pelled out in Eng-).15 F 2.5(lish. F)108 528 R(or e)-.15 -E(xample:)-.15 E/F4 10/Courier@0 SF(Control-u: universal\255argument)144 -544.8 Q(Meta-Rubout: backward-kill-word)144 556.8 Q -(Control-o: "> output")144 568.8 Q F1 .698(In the abo)108 585.6 R .998 --.15(ve ex)-.15 H(ample,).15 E F0(C\255u)3.038 E F1 .698 -(is bound to the function)3.448 F F2(uni)3.198 E -.1(ve)-.1 G -(rsal\255ar).1 E(gument)-.1 E F1(,)A F0(M\255DEL)3.878 E F1 .698 -(is bound to the func-)3.728 F(tion)108 597.6 Q F2 -(backward\255kill\255w)2.759 E(ord)-.1 E F1 2.759(,a)C(nd)-2.759 E F0 -(C\255o)2.599 E F1 .258(is bound to run the macro e)2.939 F .258 -(xpressed on the right hand side \(that is, to)-.15 F(insert the te)108 -609.6 Q(xt \231> output\232 into the line\).)-.15 E .055 -(In the second form,)108 626.4 R F2("k)2.555 E(eyseq")-.1 E F1(:)A F0 -(function\255name).833 E F1(or)2.555 E F0(macr)2.555 E(o)-.45 E F1(,)A -F2 -.1(ke)2.555 G(yseq).1 E F1(dif)2.556 E .056(fers from)-.25 F F2 -.1 -(ke)2.556 G(yname).1 E F1(abo)2.556 E .356 -.15(ve i)-.15 H 2.556(nt).15 -G .056(hat strings)-2.556 F 1.284(denoting an entire k)108 638.4 R 1.584 --.15(ey s)-.1 H 1.284(equence may be speci\214ed by placing the sequenc\ -e within double quotes.).15 F(Some)6.284 E .385(GNU Emacs style k)108 -650.4 R .685 -.15(ey e)-.1 H .385(scapes can be used, as in the follo) -.15 F .385(wing e)-.25 F .386(xample, b)-.15 F .386 -(ut the symbolic character names)-.2 F(are not recognized.)108 662.4 Q -F4("\\C\255u": universal\255argument)144 679.2 Q -("\\C\255x\\C\255r": re\255read\255init\255file)144 691.2 Q -("\\e[11\001": "Function Key 1")144 703.2 Q F1 1.81(In this e)108 720 R -(xample,)-.15 E F0(C\255u)4.15 E F1 1.81(is ag)4.56 F 1.809 -(ain bound to the function)-.05 F F2(uni)4.309 E -.1(ve)-.1 G -(rsal\255ar).1 E(gument)-.1 E F1(.)A F0 1.809(C\255x C\255r)6.649 F F1 -1.809(is bound to the)5.039 F(GNU Bash 5.3)72 768 Q(2024 March 29)144.29 -E(43)193.45 E 0 Cg EP -%%Page: 44 44 -%%BeginPageSetup -BP -%%EndPageSetup -/F0 10/Times-Italic@0 SF -.25(BA)72 48 S(SH).25 E/F1 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -138.32(\(1\) General).95 F(Commands Manual)2.5 E F0 -.25(BA)140.82 G(SH) -.25 E F1(\(1\)).95 E(function)108 84 Q/F2 10/Times-Bold@0 SF -.18(re)2.5 -G.18 E(ead\255init\255\214le)-.18 E F1 2.5(,a)C(nd)-2.5 E F0 -(ESC [ 1 1 \001)3.01 E F1(is bound to insert the te)2.61 E -(xt \231Function K)-.15 E .3 -.15(ey 1)-.25 H<9a2e>.15 E -(The full set of GNU Emacs style escape sequences is)108 100.8 Q F2 -<5c43ad>144 112.8 Q F1(control pre\214x)180 112.8 Q F2<5c4dad>144 124.8 -Q F1(meta pre\214x)180 124.8 Q F2(\\e)144 136.8 Q F1 -(an escape character)180 136.8 Q F2(\\\\)144 148.8 Q F1(backslash)180 -148.8 Q F2(\\")144 160.8 Q F1(literal ")180 160.8 Q F2<5c08>144 172.8 Q -F1(literal \010)180 172.8 Q(In addition to the GNU Emacs style escape s\ -equences, a second set of backslash escapes is a)108 189.6 Q -.25(va)-.2 -G(ilable:).25 E F2(\\a)144 201.6 Q F1(alert \(bell\))180 201.6 Q F2(\\b) -144 213.6 Q F1(backspace)180 213.6 Q F2(\\d)144 225.6 Q F1(delete)180 -225.6 Q F2(\\f)144 237.6 Q F1(form feed)180 237.6 Q F2(\\n)144 249.6 Q -F1(ne)180 249.6 Q(wline)-.25 E F2(\\r)144 261.6 Q F1(carriage return)180 -261.6 Q F2(\\t)144 273.6 Q F1(horizontal tab)180 273.6 Q F2(\\v)144 -285.6 Q F1 -.15(ve)180 285.6 S(rtical tab).15 E F2(\\)144 297.6 Q F0 -(nnn)A F1(the eight-bit character whose v)180 297.6 Q -(alue is the octal v)-.25 E(alue)-.25 E F0(nnn)2.5 E F1 -(\(one to three digits\))2.5 E F2(\\x)144 309.6 Q F0(HH)A F1 -(the eight-bit character whose v)180 309.6 Q(alue is the he)-.25 E -(xadecimal v)-.15 E(alue)-.25 E F0(HH)2.5 E F1(\(one or tw)2.5 E 2.5(oh) --.1 G .3 -.15(ex d)-2.5 H(igits\)).15 E 1.141(When entering the te)108 -326.4 R 1.141(xt of a macro, single or double quotes must be used to in\ -dicate a macro de\214nition.)-.15 F .09(Unquoted te)108 338.4 R .09 -(xt is assumed to be a function name.)-.15 F .089(In the macro body) -5.089 F 2.589(,t)-.65 G .089(he backslash escapes described abo)-2.589 F --.15(ve)-.15 G(are e)108 350.4 Q 2.5(xpanded. Backslash)-.15 F -(will quote an)2.5 E 2.5(yo)-.15 G(ther character in the macro te)-2.5 E -(xt, including " and \010.)-.15 E F2(Bash)108 367.2 Q F1(allo)2.929 E -.429(ws the current readline k)-.25 F .729 -.15(ey b)-.1 H .429 -(indings to be displayed or modi\214ed with the).15 F F2(bind)2.93 E F1 --.2(bu)2.93 G .43(iltin command.).2 F .046 -(The editing mode may be switched during interacti)108 379.2 R .346 -.15 -(ve u)-.25 H .046(se by using the).15 F F22.545 E F1 .045 -(option to the)2.545 F F2(set)2.545 E F1 -.2(bu)2.545 G .045 -(iltin command).2 F(\(see)108 391.2 Q/F3 9/Times-Bold@0 SF(SHELL B)2.5 E -(UIL)-.09 E(TIN COMMANDS)-.828 E F1(belo)2.25 E(w\).)-.25 E F2 -(Readline V)87 408 Q(ariables)-.92 E F1 .043(Readline has v)108 420 R -.043(ariables that can be used to further customize its beha)-.25 F -(vior)-.2 E 5.043(.A)-.55 G -.25(va)-2.5 G .043 -(riable may be set in the).25 F F0(inpu-)2.554 E(tr)108 432 Q(c)-.37 E -F1(\214le with a statement of the form)2.81 E F2(set)144 448.8 Q F0 -(variable\255name value)2.5 E F1(or using the)108 460.8 Q F2(bind)2.5 E -F1 -.2(bu)2.5 G(iltin command \(see).2 E F3(SHELL B)2.5 E(UIL)-.09 E -(TIN COMMANDS)-.828 E F1(belo)2.25 E(w\).)-.25 E .79 -(Except where noted, readline v)108 477.6 R .79(ariables can tak)-.25 F -3.29(et)-.1 G .79(he v)-3.29 F(alues)-.25 E F2(On)3.29 E F1(or)3.29 E F2 -(Off)3.29 E F1 .79(\(without re)3.29 F -.05(ga)-.15 G .79(rd to case\).) -.05 F(Unrecog-)5.79 E .508(nized v)108 489.6 R .508 -(ariable names are ignored.)-.25 F .508(When readline reads a v)5.508 F -.508(ariable v)-.25 F .508(alue, empty or null v)-.25 F .509 -(alues, \231on\232 \(case-)-.25 F(insensiti)108 501.6 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G -.594(\), and \2311\232 are equi).15 F -.25(va)-.25 G .594(lent to).25 F -F2(On)3.094 E F1 5.594(.A)C .594(ll other v)-5.594 F .593 -(alues are equi)-.25 F -.25(va)-.25 G .593(lent to).25 F F2(Off)3.093 E -F1 5.593(.T)C .593(he v)-5.593 F .593(ariables and their)-.25 F(def)108 -513.6 Q(ault v)-.1 E(alues are:)-.25 E F2(acti)108 530.4 Q -.1(ve)-.1 G -.1 E(egion\255start\255color)-.18 E F1 2.729(As)144 542.4 S .229 -(tring v)-2.729 F .229(ariable that controls the te)-.25 F .229 -(xt color and background when displaying the te)-.15 F .23 -(xt in the acti)-.15 F -.15(ve)-.25 G(re)144 554.4 Q 1.527 -(gion \(see the description of)-.15 F F2(enable\255acti)4.026 E -.1(ve) --.1 G.1 E(egion)-.18 E F1(belo)4.026 E 4.026(w\). This)-.25 F -1.526(string must not tak)4.026 F 4.026(eu)-.1 G 4.026(pa)-4.026 G -.15 -(ny)-4.026 G(ph)144 566.4 Q .283 -(ysical character positions on the display)-.05 F 2.783(,s)-.65 G 2.784 -(oi)-2.783 G 2.784(ts)-2.784 G .284 -(hould consist only of terminal escape sequences.)-2.784 F .45 -(It is output to the terminal before displaying the te)144 578.4 R .45 -(xt in the acti)-.15 F .75 -.15(ve r)-.25 H -.15(eg).15 G 2.95 -(ion. This).15 F -.25(va)2.95 G .45(riable is reset to).25 F .378 -(the def)144 590.4 R .378(ault v)-.1 F .378(alue whene)-.25 F -.15(ve) --.25 G 2.878(rt).15 G .379(he terminal type changes.)-2.878 F .379 -(The def)5.379 F .379(ault v)-.1 F .379 -(alue is the string that puts the)-.25 F .655 -(terminal in standout mode, as obtained from the terminal')144 602.4 R -3.154(st)-.55 G .654(erminfo description.)-3.154 F 3.154(As)5.654 G .654 -(ample v)-3.154 F(alue)-.25 E(might be \231\\e[01;33m\232.)144 614.4 Q -F2(acti)108 626.4 Q -.1(ve)-.1 G.1 E(egion\255end\255color)-.18 E -F1 3.777(As)144 638.4 S 1.277(tring v)-3.777 F 1.277 -(ariable that \231undoes\232 the ef)-.25 F 1.277(fects of)-.25 F F2 -(acti)3.777 E -.1(ve)-.1 G.1 E(egion\255start\255color)-.18 E F1 -1.278(and restores \231normal\232)3.778 F .216 -(terminal display appearance after displaying te)144 650.4 R .216 -(xt in the acti)-.15 F .516 -.15(ve r)-.25 H -.15(eg).15 G 2.716 -(ion. This).15 F .216(string must not tak)2.716 F 2.716(eu)-.1 G(p) --2.716 E(an)144 662.4 Q 3.737(yp)-.15 G -.05(hy)-3.737 G 1.237 -(sical character positions on the display).05 F 3.737(,s)-.65 G 3.737 -(oi)-3.737 G 3.737(ts)-3.737 G 1.238 -(hould consist only of terminal escape se-)-3.737 F 2.928(quences. It) -144 674.4 R .428(is output to the terminal after displaying the te)2.928 -F .427(xt in the acti)-.15 F .727 -.15(ve r)-.25 H -.15(eg).15 G 2.927 -(ion. This).15 F -.25(va)2.927 G .427(riable is).25 F .518 -(reset to the def)144 686.4 R .518(ault v)-.1 F .518(alue whene)-.25 F --.15(ve)-.25 G 3.018(rt).15 G .518(he terminal type changes.)-3.018 F -.518(The def)5.518 F .518(ault v)-.1 F .518(alue is the string that)-.25 -F .252(restores the terminal from standout mode, as obtained from the t\ -erminal')144 698.4 R 2.751(st)-.55 G .251(erminfo description.)-2.751 F -(A)5.251 E(sample v)144 710.4 Q(alue might be \231\\e[0m\232.)-.25 E -(GNU Bash 5.3)72 768 Q(2024 March 29)144.29 E(44)193.45 E 0 Cg EP -%%Page: 45 45 -%%BeginPageSetup -BP -%%EndPageSetup -/F0 10/Times-Italic@0 SF -.25(BA)72 48 S(SH).25 E/F1 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -138.32(\(1\) General).95 F(Commands Manual)2.5 E F0 -.25(BA)140.82 G(SH) -.25 E F1(\(1\)).95 E/F2 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(bell\255style \(audible\))108 -84 Q F1 .01(Controls what happens when readline w)144 96 R .011 -(ants to ring the terminal bell.)-.1 F .011(If set to)5.011 F F2(none) -2.511 E F1 2.511(,r)C .011(eadline ne)-2.511 F -.15(ve)-.25 G(r).15 E -.94(rings the bell.)144 108 R .94(If set to)5.94 F F2(visible)3.44 E F1 -3.44(,r)C .94(eadline uses a visible bell if one is a)-3.44 F -.25(va) --.2 G 3.44(ilable. If).25 F .94(set to)3.44 F F2(audible)3.44 E F1(,)A -(readline attempts to ring the terminal')144 120 Q 2.5(sb)-.55 G(ell.) --2.5 E F2(bind\255tty\255special\255chars \(On\))108 132 Q F1 .178 -(If set to)144 144 R F2(On)2.678 E F1 .178(\(the def)2.678 F .178 -(ault\), readline attempts to bind the control)-.1 F .178 -(characters that are treated specially)5.178 F 1.196(by the k)144 156 R -(ernel')-.1 E 3.696(st)-.55 G 1.196(erminal dri)-3.696 F -.15(ve)-.25 G -3.696(rt).15 G 3.695(ot)-3.696 G 1.195(heir readline equi)-3.695 F -.25 -(va)-.25 G 3.695(lents. These).25 F -.15(ove)3.695 G 1.195 -(rride the def).15 F 1.195(ault readline)-.1 F .162 -(bindings described here.)144 168 R -.8(Ty)5.162 G .162 -(pe \231stty \255a\232 at a).8 F F2(bash)2.662 E F1 .163 -(prompt to see your current terminal settings, in-)2.663 F -(cluding the special control characters \(usually)144 180 Q F2(cchars) -2.5 E F1(\).)A F2(blink\255matching\255par)108 192 Q(en \(Off\))-.18 E -F1 .21(If set to)144 204 R F2(On)2.71 E F1 2.71(,r)C .21 -(eadline attempts to brie\215y mo)-2.71 F .51 -.15(ve t)-.15 H .21 -(he cursor to an opening parenthesis when a closing).15 F -(parenthesis is inserted.)144 216 Q F2(color)108 228 Q -(ed\255completion\255pr)-.18 E(e\214x \(Off\))-.18 E F1 .515(If set to) -144 240 R F2(On)3.015 E F1 3.015(,w)C .515(hen listing completions, rea\ -dline displays the common pre\214x of the set of possible)-3.015 F 2.936 -(completions using a dif)144 252 R 2.936(ferent color)-.25 F 7.936(.T) --.55 G 2.936(he color de\214nitions are tak)-7.936 F 2.935 -(en from the v)-.1 F 2.935(alue of the)-.25 F F2(LS_COLORS)144 264 Q F1 -(en)3.076 E .577(vironment v)-.4 F 3.077(ariable. If)-.25 F .577 -(there is a color de\214nition in)3.077 F F2($LS_COLORS)3.077 E F1 .577 -(for the cus-)3.077 F .07(tom suf)144 276 R .069(\214x \231readline-col\ -ored-completion-pre\214x\232, readline uses this color for the common p\ -re\214x in-)-.25 F(stead of its def)144 288 Q(ault.)-.1 E F2(color)108 -300 Q(ed\255stats \(Off\))-.18 E F1 1.579(If set to)144 312 R F2(On) -4.079 E F1 4.079(,r)C 1.579 -(eadline displays possible completions using dif)-4.079 F 1.58 -(ferent colors to indicate their \214le)-.25 F 2.5(type. The)144 324 R -(color de\214nitions are tak)2.5 E(en from the v)-.1 E(alue of the)-.25 -E F2(LS_COLORS)2.5 E F1(en)2.5 E(vironment v)-.4 E(ariable.)-.25 E F2 -(comment\255begin \()108 336 Q F1<99>A F2(#)A F1<9a>A F2(\))A F1 .885 -(The string that is inserted when the readline)144 348 R F2 -(insert\255comment)3.385 E F1 .884(command is e)3.384 F -.15(xe)-.15 G -3.384(cuted. This).15 F(com-)3.384 E(mand is bound to)144 360 Q F2 -(M\255#)2.5 E F1(in emacs mode and to)2.5 E F2(#)2.5 E F1 -(in vi command mode.)2.5 E F2(completion\255display\255width \(\2551\)) -108 372 Q F1 1.453(The number of screen columns used to display possibl\ -e matches when performing completion.)144 384 R .194(The v)144 396 R -.193(alue is ignored if it is less than 0 or greater than the terminal \ -screen width.)-.25 F 2.693(Av)5.193 G .193(alue of 0 will)-2.943 F -(cause matches to be displayed one per line.)144 408 Q(The def)5 E -(ault v)-.1 E(alue is \2551.)-.25 E F2(completion\255ignor)108 420 Q -(e\255case \(Off\))-.18 E F1(If set to)144 432 Q F2(On)2.5 E F1 2.5(,r)C -(eadline performs \214lename matching and completion in a case\255insen\ -siti)-2.5 E .3 -.15(ve f)-.25 H(ashion.).05 E F2 -(completion\255map\255case \(Off\))108 444 Q F1 .093(If set to)144 456 R -F2(On)2.593 E F1 2.593(,a)C(nd)-2.593 E F2(completion\255ignor)2.593 E -(e\255case)-.18 E F1 .093(is enabled, readline treats h)2.593 F .093 -(yphens \()-.05 F F0A F1 2.593(\)a)C .094(nd underscores)-2.593 F -(\()144 468 Q F0(_)A F1 2.5(\)a)C 2.5(se)-2.5 G(qui)-2.5 E -.25(va)-.25 -G(lent when performing case\255insensiti).25 E .3 -.15(ve \214)-.25 H -(lename matching and completion.).15 E F2(completion\255pr)108 480 Q -(e\214x\255display\255length \(0\))-.18 E F1 .829(The length in charact\ -ers of the common pre\214x of a list of possible completions that is di\ -splayed)144 492 R 1.274(without modi\214cation.)144 504 R 1.274 -(When set to a v)6.274 F 1.274(alue greater than zero, common pre\214x) --.25 F 1.275(es longer than this)-.15 F -.25(va)144 516 S(lue are repla\ -ced with an ellipsis when displaying possible completions.).25 E F2 -(completion\255query\255items \(100\))108 528 Q F1 .53 -(This determines when the user is queried about vie)144 540 R .529 -(wing the number of possible completions gen-)-.25 F .56(erated by the) -144 552 R F2(possible\255completions)3.06 E F1 3.06(command. It)3.06 F -.561(may be set to an)3.061 F 3.061(yi)-.15 G(nte)-3.061 E .561(ger v) --.15 F .561(alue greater than or)-.25 F .783(equal to zero.)144 564 R -.783(If the number of possible completions is greater than or equal to \ -the v)5.783 F .782(alue of this)-.25 F -.25(va)144 576 S .367 -(riable, readline will ask whether or not the user wishes to vie).25 F -2.868(wt)-.25 G .368(hem; otherwise the)-2.868 F 2.868(ya)-.15 G .368 -(re simply)-2.868 F .673(listed on the terminal.)144 588 R 3.173(Az) -5.673 G .673(ero v)-3.173 F .673(alue means readline should ne)-.25 F --.15(ve)-.25 G 3.172(ra).15 G .672(sk; ne)-3.172 F -.05(ga)-.15 G(ti).05 -E .972 -.15(ve v)-.25 H .672(alues are treated)-.1 F(as zero.)144 600 Q -F2(con)108 612 Q -.1(ve)-.4 G(rt\255meta \(On\)).1 E F1 .612(If set to) -144 624 R F2(On)3.112 E F1 3.112(,r)C .613(eadline will con)-3.112 F --.15(ve)-.4 G .613(rt characters with the eighth bit set to an ASCII k) -.15 F .913 -.15(ey s)-.1 H .613(equence by).15 F .541 -(stripping the eighth bit and pre\214xing an escape character \(in ef) -144 636 R .541(fect, using escape as the)-.25 F F0 .541(meta pr)3.041 F -(e-)-.37 E<8c78>144 648 Q F1 3.75(\). The)B(def)3.75 E 1.25(ault is)-.1 -F F0(On)3.75 E F1 3.75(,b)C 1.251(ut readline will set it to)-3.95 F F0 -(Of)3.751 E(f)-.18 E F1 1.251 -(if the locale contains eight-bit characters.)3.751 F 1.142(This v)144 -660 R 1.142(ariable is dependent on the)-.25 F F2(LC_CTYPE)3.641 E F1 -1.141(locale cate)3.641 F(gory)-.15 E 3.641(,a)-.65 G 1.141 -(nd may change if the locale is)-3.641 F(changed.)144 672 Q F2 -(disable\255completion \(Off\))108 684 Q F1 .038(If set to)144 696 R F2 -(On)2.538 E F1 2.538(,r)C .038(eadline will inhibit w)-2.538 F .038 -(ord completion.)-.1 F .038 -(Completion characters will be inserted into the)5.038 F(line as if the) -144 708 Q 2.5(yh)-.15 G(ad been mapped to)-2.5 E F2(self-insert)2.5 E F1 -(.)A(GNU Bash 5.3)72 768 Q(2024 March 29)144.29 E(45)193.45 E 0 Cg EP -%%Page: 46 46 -%%BeginPageSetup -BP -%%EndPageSetup -/F0 10/Times-Italic@0 SF -.25(BA)72 48 S(SH).25 E/F1 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -138.32(\(1\) General).95 F(Commands Manual)2.5 E F0 -.25(BA)140.82 G(SH) -.25 E F1(\(1\)).95 E/F2 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(echo\255contr)108 84 Q -(ol\255characters \(On\))-.18 E F1 1.211(When set to)144 96 R F2(On) -3.711 E F1 3.711(,o)C 3.711(no)-3.711 G 1.211 -(perating systems that indicate the)-3.711 F 3.711(ys)-.15 G 1.21 -(upport it, readline echoes a character)-3.711 F -(corresponding to a signal generated from the k)144 108 Q -.15(ey)-.1 G -(board.).15 E F2(editing\255mode \(emacs\))108 120 Q F1 .141 -(Controls whether readline be)144 132 R .141(gins with a set of k)-.15 F -.441 -.15(ey b)-.1 H .141(indings similar to).15 F F0(Emacs)2.642 E F1 -(or)2.642 E F0(vi)2.642 E F1(.)A F2(editing\255mode)5.142 E F1 -(can be set to either)144 144 Q F2(emacs)2.5 E F1(or)2.5 E F2(vi)2.5 E -F1(.)A F2(emacs\255mode\255string \(@\))108 156 Q F1 .518(If the)144 168 -R F0(show\255mode\255in\255pr)3.018 E(ompt)-.45 E F1 -.25(va)3.018 G -.517(riable is enabled, this string is displayed immediately before the) -.25 F .622 -(last line of the primary prompt when emacs editing mode is acti)144 180 -R -.15(ve)-.25 G 5.622(.T).15 G .622(he v)-5.622 F .622(alue is e)-.25 F -.622(xpanded lik)-.15 F 3.122(ea)-.1 G -.1(ke)144 192 S 3.34(yb)-.05 G -.839(inding, so the standard set of meta- and control pre\214x)-3.34 F -.839(es and backslash escape sequences is)-.15 F -.2(av)144 204 S 2.798 -(ailable. Use)-.05 F .298(the \\1 and \\2 escapes to be)2.798 F .298 -(gin and end sequences of non-printing characters, which)-.15 F -(can be used to embed a terminal control sequence into the mode string.) -144 216 Q F2(enable\255acti)108 228 Q -.1(ve)-.1 G.1 E -(egion \(On\))-.18 E F1(The)144 240 Q F0(point)3.246 E F1 .746 -(is the current cursor position, and)3.246 F F0(mark)3.246 E F1 .746 -(refers to a sa)3.246 F -.15(ve)-.2 G 3.246(dc).15 G .746 -(ursor position.)-3.246 F .745(The te)5.746 F .745(xt be-)-.15 F .344 -(tween the point and mark is referred to as the)144 252 R F0 -.37(re) -2.844 G(gion)-.03 E F1 5.344(.W)C .344(hen this v)-5.344 F .344 -(ariable is set to)-.25 F F0(On)2.845 E F1 2.845(,r)C .345(eadline al-) --2.845 F(lo)144 264 Q .098(ws certain commands to designate the re)-.25 -F .098(gion as)-.15 F F0(active)2.598 E F1 5.098(.W)C .098(hen the re) --5.098 F .098(gion is acti)-.15 F -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.598(,r).15 G .098 -(eadline high-)-2.598 F .97(lights the te)144 276 R .97(xt in the re) --.15 F .971(gion using the v)-.15 F .971(alue of the)-.25 F F2(acti) -3.471 E -.1(ve)-.1 G.1 E(egion\255start\255color)-.18 E F1 3.471 -(,w)C .971(hich def)-3.471 F .971(aults to)-.1 F .485 -(the string that enables the terminal')144 288 R 2.985(ss)-.55 G .485 -(tandout mode.)-2.985 F .485(The acti)5.485 F .785 -.15(ve r)-.25 H -.15 -(eg).15 G .484(ion sho).15 F .484(ws the te)-.25 F .484(xt inserted by) --.15 F(brack)144 300 Q(eted-paste and an)-.1 E 2.5(ym)-.15 G(atching te) --2.5 E(xt found by incremental and non-incremental history searches.) --.15 E F2(enable\255brack)108 312 Q(eted\255paste \(On\))-.1 E F1 .84 -(When set to)144 324 R F2(On)3.34 E F1 3.34(,r)C .841(eadline con\214gu\ -res the terminal to insert each paste into the editing b)-3.34 F(uf)-.2 -E .841(fer as a)-.25 F .799(single string of characters, instead of tre\ -ating each character as if it had been read from the k)144 336 R -.15 -(ey)-.1 G(-).15 E 3.158(board. This)144 348 R(pre)3.158 E -.15(ve)-.25 G -.658(nts readline from e).15 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .658(cuting an).15 F 3.158 -(ye)-.15 G .659(diting commands bound to k)-3.158 F .959 -.15(ey s)-.1 H -.659(equences ap-).15 F(pearing in the pasted te)144 360 Q(xt.)-.15 E F2 -(enable\255k)108 372 Q(eypad \(Off\))-.1 E F1 .893(When set to)144 384 R -F2(On)3.393 E F1 3.393(,r)C .893 -(eadline will try to enable the application k)-3.393 F -.15(ey)-.1 G -.893(pad when it is called.).15 F .892(Some sys-)5.893 F -(tems need this to enable the arro)144 396 Q 2.5(wk)-.25 G -.15(ey)-2.6 -G(s.).15 E F2(enable\255meta\255k)108 408 Q(ey \(On\))-.1 E F1 .64 -(When set to)144 420 R F2(On)3.14 E F1 3.14(,r)C .64 -(eadline will try to enable an)-3.14 F 3.14(ym)-.15 G .64 -(eta modi\214er k)-3.14 F .94 -.15(ey t)-.1 H .64 -(he terminal claims to support).15 F(when it is called.)144 432 Q -(On man)5 E 2.5(yt)-.15 G(erminals, the meta k)-2.5 E .3 -.15(ey i)-.1 H -2.5(su).15 G(sed to send eight-bit characters.)-2.5 E F2 -(expand\255tilde \(Off\))108 444 Q F1(If set to)144 456 Q F2(On)2.5 E F1 -2.5(,t)C(ilde e)-2.5 E(xpansion is performed when readline attempts w) --.15 E(ord completion.)-.1 E F2(history\255pr)108 468 Q(eser)-.18 E -.1 -(ve)-.1 G(\255point \(Off\)).1 E F1 .553(If set to)144 480 R F2(On)3.052 -E F1 3.052(,t)C .552(he history code attempts to place point at the sam\ -e location on each history line re-)-3.052 F(trie)144 492 Q -.15(ve)-.25 -G 2.5(dw).15 G(ith)-2.5 E F2(pr)2.5 E -.15(ev)-.18 G(ious-history).15 E -F1(or)2.5 E F2(next-history)2.5 E F1(.)A F2(history\255size \(unset\)) -108 504 Q F1 .948(Set the maximum number of history entries sa)144 516 R --.15(ve)-.2 G 3.448(di).15 G 3.448(nt)-3.448 G .948(he history list.) --3.448 F .949(If set to zero, an)5.948 F 3.449(ye)-.15 G(xisting)-3.599 -E .483(history entries are deleted and no ne)144 528 R 2.983(we)-.25 G -.483(ntries are sa)-2.983 F -.15(ve)-.2 G 2.983(d. If).15 F .482 -(set to a v)2.983 F .482(alue less than zero, the num-)-.25 F .277 -(ber of history entries is not limited.)144 540 R .277(By def)5.277 F -.278(ault, the number of history entries is set to the v)-.1 F .278 -(alue of)-.25 F(the)144 552 Q F2(HISTSIZE)3.411 E F1 .911(shell v)3.411 -F 3.411(ariable. If)-.25 F .911(an attempt is made to set)3.411 F F0 -(history\255size)3.41 E F1 .91(to a non-numeric v)3.41 F(alue,)-.25 E -(the maximum number of history entries will be set to 500.)144 564 Q F2 -(horizontal\255scr)108 576 Q(oll\255mode \(Off\))-.18 E F1 .448 -(When set to)144 588 R F2(On)2.948 E F1 2.948(,m)C(ak)-2.948 E .448 -(es readline use a single line for display)-.1 F 2.948(,s)-.65 G .449 -(crolling the input horizontally on a)-2.948 F 1.194(single screen line\ - when it becomes longer than the screen width rather than wrapping to a\ - ne)144 600 R(w)-.25 E 2.5(line. This)144 612 R -(setting is automatically enabled for terminals of height 1.)2.5 E F2 -(input\255meta \(Off\))108 624 Q F1 1.061(If set to)144 636 R F2(On) -3.561 E F1 3.561(,r)C 1.062(eadline will enable eight-bit input \(that \ -is, it will not strip the eighth bit from the)-3.561 F .336 -(characters it reads\), re)144 648 R -.05(ga)-.15 G .335 -(rdless of what the terminal claims it can support.).05 F .335(The name) -5.335 F F2(meta\255\215ag)2.835 E F1(is)2.835 E 2.864(as)144 660 S(ynon) --2.864 E .364(ym for this v)-.15 F 2.864(ariable. The)-.25 F(def)2.864 E -.364(ault is)-.1 F F0(Of)2.864 E(f)-.18 E F1 2.864(,b)C .364 -(ut readline will set it to)-3.064 F F0(On)2.864 E F1 .365 -(if the locale contains)2.865 F 1.867(eight-bit characters.)144 672 R -1.867(This v)6.867 F 1.867(ariable is dependent on the)-.25 F F2 -(LC_CTYPE)4.367 E F1 1.866(locale cate)4.366 F(gory)-.15 E 4.366(,a)-.65 -G 1.866(nd may)-4.366 F(change if the locale is changed.)144 684 Q F2 -(isear)108 696 Q(ch\255terminators \()-.18 E F1<99>A F2(C\255[C\255J)A -F1<9a>A F2(\))A F1 .439(The string of characters that should terminate \ -an incremental search without subsequently e)144 708 R -.15(xe)-.15 G -(cut-).15 E .935(ing the character as a command.)144 720 R .935 -(If this v)5.935 F .935(ariable has not been gi)-.25 F -.15(ve)-.25 G -3.434(nav).15 G .934(alue, the characters)-3.684 F F0(ESC)3.434 E F1 -(GNU Bash 5.3)72 768 Q(2024 March 29)144.29 E(46)193.45 E 0 Cg EP -%%Page: 47 47 -%%BeginPageSetup -BP -%%EndPageSetup -/F0 10/Times-Italic@0 SF -.25(BA)72 48 S(SH).25 E/F1 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -138.32(\(1\) General).95 F(Commands Manual)2.5 E F0 -.25(BA)140.82 G(SH) -.25 E F1(\(1\)).95 E(and)144 84 Q F0(C\255J)2.5 E F1 -(will terminate an incremental search.)2.5 E/F2 10/Times-Bold@0 SF -.1 -(ke)108 96 S(ymap \(emacs\)).1 E F1 2.02(Set the current readline k)144 -108 R -.15(ey)-.1 G 4.521(map. The).15 F 2.021(set of v)4.521 F 2.021 -(alid k)-.25 F -.15(ey)-.1 G 2.021(map names is).15 F F0 2.021 -(emacs, emacs\255standar)4.521 F(d,)-.37 E .042 -(emacs\255meta, emacs\255ctlx, vi, vi\255command)144 120 R F1 2.542(,a)C -(nd)-2.542 E F0(vi\255insert)2.832 E F1(.).68 E F0(vi)5.042 E F1 .042 -(is equi)2.542 F -.25(va)-.25 G .042(lent to).25 F F0(vi\255command) -2.541 E F1(;)A F0(emacs)2.541 E F1 .448(is equi)144 132 R -.25(va)-.25 G -.448(lent to).25 F F0(emacs\255standar)2.948 E(d)-.37 E F1 5.448(.T)C -.448(he def)-5.448 F .448(ault v)-.1 F .449(alue is)-.25 F F0(emacs) -3.139 E F1 2.949(;t).27 G .449(he v)-2.949 F .449(alue of)-.25 F F2 -(editing\255mode)2.949 E F1 .449(also af-)2.949 F(fects the def)144 144 -Q(ault k)-.1 E -.15(ey)-.1 G(map.).15 E F2 -.1(ke)108 156 S -(yseq\255timeout \(500\)).1 E F1 .368(Speci\214es the duration)144 168 R -F0 -.37(re)2.867 G(adline).37 E F1 .367(will w)2.867 F .367 -(ait for a character when reading an ambiguous k)-.1 F .667 -.15(ey s) --.1 H(equence).15 E .524(\(one that can form a complete k)144 180 R .824 --.15(ey s)-.1 H .524(equence using the input read so f).15 F(ar)-.1 E -3.025(,o)-.4 G 3.025(rc)-3.025 G .525(an tak)-3.025 F 3.025(ea)-.1 G -.525(dditional in-)-3.025 F .807(put to complete a longer k)144 192 R -1.106 -.15(ey s)-.1 H 3.306(equence\). If).15 F .806(no input is recei) -3.306 F -.15(ve)-.25 G 3.306(dw).15 G .806(ithin the timeout,)-3.306 F -F0 -.37(re)3.306 G(adline).37 E F1(will)3.306 E .906(use the shorter b) -144 204 R .907(ut complete k)-.2 F 1.207 -.15(ey s)-.1 H 3.407 -(equence. The).15 F -.25(va)3.407 G .907 -(lue is speci\214ed in milliseconds, so a v).25 F .907(alue of)-.25 F -.05(1000 means that)144 216 R F0 -.37(re)2.55 G(adline).37 E F1 .05 -(will w)2.55 F .05(ait one second for additional input.)-.1 F .05 -(If this v)5.05 F .05(ariable is set to a v)-.25 F(alue)-.25 E .051 -(less than or equal to zero, or to a non-numeric v)144 228 R(alue,)-.25 -E F0 -.37(re)2.551 G(adline).37 E F1 .051(will w)2.551 F .051 -(ait until another k)-.1 F .352 -.15(ey i)-.1 H 2.552(sp).15 G(ressed) --2.552 E(to decide which k)144 240 Q .3 -.15(ey s)-.1 H -(equence to complete.).15 E F2(mark\255dir)108 252 Q(ectories \(On\)) --.18 E F1(If set to)144 264 Q F2(On)2.5 E F1 2.5(,c)C -(ompleted directory names ha)-2.5 E .3 -.15(ve a s)-.2 H(lash appended.) -.15 E F2(mark\255modi\214ed\255lines \(Off\))108 276 Q F1(If set to)144 -288 Q F2(On)2.5 E F1 2.5(,h)C(istory lines that ha)-2.5 E .3 -.15(ve b) --.2 H(een modi\214ed are displayed with a preceding asterisk \().15 E F2 -(*)A F1(\).)A F2(mark\255symlink)108 300 Q(ed\255dir)-.1 E -(ectories \(Off\))-.18 E F1 .175(If set to)144 312 R F2(On)2.675 E F1 -2.675(,c)C .175 -(ompleted names which are symbolic links to directories ha)-2.675 F .475 --.15(ve a s)-.2 H .175(lash appended \(sub-).15 F(ject to the v)144 324 -Q(alue of)-.25 E F2(mark\255dir)2.5 E(ectories)-.18 E F1(\).)A F2 -(match\255hidden\255\214les \(On\))108 336 Q F1 .012(This v)144 348 R -.013(ariable, when set to)-.25 F F2(On)2.513 E F1 2.513(,f)C .013 -(orces readline to match \214les whose names be)-2.513 F .013 -(gin with a \231.)-.15 F 5.013<9a28>-.7 G(hidden)-5.013 E .127 -(\214les\) when performing \214lename completion.)144 360 R .127 -(If set to)5.127 F F2(Off)2.627 E F1 2.627(,t)C .127 -(he user must include the leading \231.)-2.627 F 5.126<9a69>-.7 G(n) --5.126 E(the \214lename to be completed.)144 372 Q F2 -(menu\255complete\255display\255pr)108 384 Q(e\214x \(Off\))-.18 E F1 -1.585(If set to)144 396 R F2(On)4.085 E F1 4.085(,m)C 1.585(enu complet\ -ion displays the common pre\214x of the list of possible completions) --4.085 F(\(which may be empty\) before c)144 408 Q -(ycling through the list.)-.15 E F2(output\255meta \(Off\))108 420 Q F1 -.507(If set to)144 432 R F2(On)3.007 E F1 3.007(,r)C .507(eadline will \ -display characters with the eighth bit set directly rather than as a me\ -ta-)-3.007 F(pre\214x)144 444 Q .884(ed escape sequence.)-.15 F .884 -(The def)5.884 F .884(ault is)-.1 F F0(Of)3.384 E(f)-.18 E F1 3.384(,b)C -.884(ut readline will set it to)-3.584 F F0(On)3.384 E F1 .885 -(if the locale contains)3.384 F 1.867(eight-bit characters.)144 456 R -1.867(This v)6.867 F 1.867(ariable is dependent on the)-.25 F F2 -(LC_CTYPE)4.367 E F1 1.866(locale cate)4.366 F(gory)-.15 E 4.366(,a)-.65 -G 1.866(nd may)-4.366 F(change if the locale is changed.)144 468 Q F2 -(page\255completions \(On\))108 480 Q F1 .808(If set to)144 492 R F2(On) -3.308 E F1 3.308(,r)C .808(eadline uses an internal)-3.308 F F0(mor) -3.308 E(e)-.37 E F1(-lik)A 3.308(ep)-.1 G .808 -(ager to display a screenful of possible comple-)-3.308 F -(tions at a time.)144 504 Q F2 -(print\255completions\255horizontally \(Off\))108 516 Q F1 .228 -(If set to)144 528 R F2(On)2.727 E F1 2.727(,r)C .227(eadline will disp\ -lay completions with matches sorted horizontally in alphabetical or) --2.727 F(-)-.2 E(der)144 540 Q 2.5(,r)-.4 G(ather than do)-2.5 E -(wn the screen.)-.25 E F2 -2.29 -.18(re v)108 552 T -(ert\255all\255at\255newline \(Off\)).08 E F1 .698(If set to)144 564 R -F2(On)3.198 E F1 3.198(,r)C .699 -(eadline will undo all changes to history lines before returning when) --3.198 F F2(accept\255line)3.199 E F1(is)3.199 E -.15(exe)144 576 S -2.686(cuted. By).15 F(def)2.686 E .186 -(ault, history lines may be modi\214ed and retain indi)-.1 F .186 -(vidual undo lists across calls to)-.25 F F2 -.18(re)144 588 S(adline) -.18 E F1(.)A F2(sear)108 600 Q(ch\255ignor)-.18 E(e\255case \(Off\))-.18 -E F1 .289(If set to)144 612 R F2(On)2.789 E F1 2.789(,r)C .289(eadline \ -performs incremental and non-incremental history list searches in a cas\ -e\255in-)-2.789 F(sensiti)144 624 Q .3 -.15(ve f)-.25 H(ashion.).05 E F2 -(sho)108 636 Q(w\255all\255if\255ambiguous \(Off\))-.1 E F1 .304 -(This alters the def)144 648 R .304(ault beha)-.1 F .304 -(vior of the completion functions.)-.2 F .304(If set to)5.304 F F2(On) -2.804 E F1 2.803(,w)C .303(ords which ha)-2.903 F .603 -.15(ve m)-.2 H -(ore).15 E 1.264(than one possible completion cause the matches to be l\ -isted immediately instead of ringing the)144 660 R(bell.)144 672 Q F2 -(sho)108 684 Q(w\255all\255if\255unmodi\214ed \(Off\))-.1 E F1 5.346 -(This alters the def)144 696 R 5.346(ault beha)-.1 F 5.345 -(vior of the completion functions in a f)-.2 F 5.345(ashion similar to) --.1 F F2(sho)144 708 Q(w\255all\255if\255ambiguous)-.1 E F1 6.69(.I)C -4.19(fs)-6.69 G 1.691(et to)-4.19 F F2(On)4.191 E F1 4.191(,w)C 1.691 -(ords which ha)-4.291 F 1.991 -.15(ve m)-.2 H 1.691 -(ore than one possible completion).15 F 1.04(without an)144 720 R 3.54 -(yp)-.15 G 1.039 -(ossible partial completion \(the possible completions don')-3.54 F -3.539(ts)-.18 G 1.039(hare a common pre\214x\))-3.539 F(GNU Bash 5.3)72 -768 Q(2024 March 29)144.29 E(47)193.45 E 0 Cg EP -%%Page: 48 48 -%%BeginPageSetup -BP -%%EndPageSetup -/F0 10/Times-Italic@0 SF -.25(BA)72 48 S(SH).25 E/F1 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -138.32(\(1\) General).95 F(Commands Manual)2.5 E F0 -.25(BA)140.82 G(SH) -.25 E F1(\(1\)).95 E(cause the matches to be listed immediately instead\ - of ringing the bell.)144 84 Q/F2 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(sho)108 96 Q -(w\255mode\255in\255pr)-.1 E(ompt \(Off\))-.18 E F1 1.021(If set to)144 -108 R F2(On)3.521 E F1 3.521(,a)C 1.022(dd a string to the be)-3.521 F -1.022(ginning of the prompt indicating the editing mode: emacs, vi)-.15 -F(command, or vi insertion.)144 120 Q(The mode strings are user)5 E -(-settable \(e.g.,)-.2 E F0(emacs\255mode\255string)2.5 E F1(\).)A F2 -(skip\255completed\255text \(Off\))108 132 Q F1 .095(If set to)144 144 R -F2(On)2.595 E F1 2.595(,t)C .095(his alters the def)-2.595 F .095 -(ault completion beha)-.1 F .094 -(vior when inserting a single match into the line.)-.2 F(It')144 156 Q -2.545(so)-.55 G .045(nly acti)-2.545 F .345 -.15(ve w)-.25 H .046 -(hen performing completion in the middle of a w).15 F 2.546(ord. If)-.1 -F .046(enabled, readline does not)2.546 F 1.394(insert characters from \ -the completion that match characters after point in the w)144 168 R -1.394(ord being com-)-.1 F(pleted, so portions of the w)144 180 Q -(ord follo)-.1 E(wing the cursor are not duplicated.)-.25 E F2 -(vi\255cmd\255mode\255string \(\(cmd\)\))108 192 Q F1 .517(If the)144 -204 R F0(show\255mode\255in\255pr)3.017 E(ompt)-.45 E F1 -.25(va)3.017 G -.518(riable is enabled, this string is displayed immediately before the) -.25 F .475(last line of the primary prompt when vi editing mode is acti) -144 216 R .775 -.15(ve a)-.25 H .475(nd in command mode.).15 F .475 -(The v)5.475 F(alue)-.25 E .33(is e)144 228 R .33(xpanded lik)-.15 F -2.83(eak)-.1 G .63 -.15(ey b)-2.93 H .33 -(inding, so the standard set of meta- and control pre\214x).15 F .33 -(es and backslash es-)-.15 F .245(cape sequences is a)144 240 R -.25(va) --.2 G 2.745(ilable. Use).25 F .244(the \\1 and \\2 escapes to be)2.745 F -.244(gin and end sequences of non-printing)-.15 F(characters, which can\ - be used to embed a terminal control sequence into the mode string.)144 -252 Q F2(vi\255ins\255mode\255string \(\(ins\)\))108 264 Q F1 .517 -(If the)144 276 R F0(show\255mode\255in\255pr)3.017 E(ompt)-.45 E F1 --.25(va)3.017 G .518 -(riable is enabled, this string is displayed immediately before the).25 -F .186(last line of the primary prompt when vi editing mode is acti)144 -288 R .486 -.15(ve a)-.25 H .186(nd in insertion mode.).15 F .186(The v) -5.186 F .186(alue is)-.25 F -.15(ex)144 300 S .923(panded lik).15 F -3.423(eak)-.1 G 1.223 -.15(ey b)-3.523 H .924 -(inding, so the standard set of meta- and control pre\214x).15 F .924 -(es and backslash es-)-.15 F .245(cape sequences is a)144 312 R -.25(va) --.2 G 2.745(ilable. Use).25 F .244(the \\1 and \\2 escapes to be)2.745 F -.244(gin and end sequences of non-printing)-.15 F(characters, which can\ - be used to embed a terminal control sequence into the mode string.)144 -324 Q F2(visible\255stats \(Off\))108 336 Q F1 .846(If set to)144 348 R -F2(On)3.346 E F1 3.346(,ac)C .846(haracter denoting a \214le')-3.346 F -3.346(st)-.55 G .846(ype as reported by)-3.346 F F0(stat)3.346 E F1 .846 -(\(2\) is appended to the \214lename)B -(when listing possible completions.)144 360 Q F2 -(Readline Conditional Constructs)87 376.8 Q F1 .05 -(Readline implements a f)108 388.8 R .05(acility similar in spirit to t\ -he conditional compilation features of the C preprocessor)-.1 F .096 -(which allo)108 400.8 R .096(ws k)-.25 F .396 -.15(ey b)-.1 H .096 -(indings and v).15 F .096 -(ariable settings to be performed as the result of tests.)-.25 F .097 -(There are four parser)5.096 F(directi)108 412.8 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.5 -(su).15 G(sed.)-2.5 E F2($if)108 429.6 Q F1(The)144 429.6 Q F2($if)2.963 -E F1 .463(construct allo)2.963 F .462(ws bindings to be made based on t\ -he editing mode, the terminal being used,)-.25 F .961 -(or the application using readline.)144 441.6 R .961(The te)5.961 F .961 -(xt of the test, after an)-.15 F 3.462(yc)-.15 G .962 -(omparison operator)-3.462 F 3.462(,e)-.4 G .962(xtends to)-3.612 F(the\ - end of the line; unless otherwise noted, no characters are required to\ - isolate it.)144 453.6 Q F2(mode)144 470.4 Q F1(The)180 470.4 Q F2 -(mode=)3.712 E F1 1.212(form of the)3.712 F F2($if)3.711 E F1(directi) -3.711 E 1.511 -.15(ve i)-.25 H 3.711(su).15 G 1.211 -(sed to test whether readline is in emacs or vi)-3.711 F 3.065 -(mode. This)180 482.4 R .565(may be used in conjunction with the)3.065 F -F2 .565(set k)3.065 F(eymap)-.1 E F1 .565(command, for instance, to) -3.065 F .735(set bindings in the)180 494.4 R F0(emacs\255standar)3.235 E -(d)-.37 E F1(and)3.235 E F0(emacs\255ctlx)3.235 E F1 -.1(ke)3.235 G .735 -(ymaps only if readline is starting)-.05 F(out in emacs mode.)180 506.4 -Q F2(term)144 523.2 Q F1(The)180 523.2 Q F2(term=)3.196 E F1 .696 -(form may be used to include terminal-speci\214c k)3.196 F .996 -.15 -(ey b)-.1 H .697(indings, perhaps to bind).15 F .654(the k)180 535.2 R -.954 -.15(ey s)-.1 H .654(equences output by the terminal').15 F 3.154 -(sf)-.55 G .654(unction k)-3.154 F -.15(ey)-.1 G 3.154(s. The).15 F -.1 -(wo)3.154 G .654(rd on the right side of).1 F(the)180 547.2 Q F2(=)3.231 -E F1 .731(is tested ag)3.231 F .732(ainst both the full name of the ter\ -minal and the portion of the terminal)-.05 F(name before the \214rst)180 -559.2 Q F22.5 E F1 5(.T)C(his allo)-5 E(ws)-.25 E F0(sun)2.84 E F1 -(to match both)2.74 E F0(sun)2.84 E F1(and)2.74 E F0(sun\255cmd)2.84 E -F1 2.5(,f).77 G(or instance.)-2.5 E F2 -.1(ve)144 576 S(rsion).1 E F1 -(The)180 588 Q F2 -.1(ve)3.109 G(rsion).1 E F1 .608 -(test may be used to perform comparisons ag)3.109 F .608 -(ainst speci\214c readline v)-.05 F(ersions.)-.15 E(The)180 600 Q F2 -.1 -(ve)2.771 G(rsion).1 E F1 -.15(ex)2.771 G .271 -(pands to the current readline v).15 F 2.772(ersion. The)-.15 F .272 -(set of comparison operators in-)2.772 F(cludes)180 612 Q F2(=)3.064 E -F1 3.064(,\()C(and)-3.064 E F2(==)3.064 E F1(\),)A F2(!=)3.064 E F1(,)A -F2(<=)3.064 E F1(,)A F2(>=)3.064 E F1(,)A F2(<)3.064 E F1 3.064(,a)C(nd) --3.064 E F2(>)3.064 E F1 5.563(.T)C .563(he v)-5.563 F .563 -(ersion number supplied on the right side)-.15 F .318 -(of the operator consists of a major v)180 624 R .318(ersion number)-.15 -F 2.818(,a)-.4 G 2.818(no)-2.818 G .318 -(ptional decimal point, and an op-)-2.818 F .101(tional minor v)180 636 -R .101(ersion \(e.g.,)-.15 F F2(7.1)2.601 E F1 .101(\). If the minor v)B -.1(ersion is omitted, it is assumed to be)-.15 F F2(0)2.6 E F1 5.1(.T)C -(he)-5.1 E .06(operator may be separated from the string)180 648 R F2 --.1(ve)2.56 G(rsion).1 E F1 .06(and from the v)2.56 F .06 -(ersion number ar)-.15 F(gument)-.18 E(by whitespace.)180 660 Q F0 -(application)144.33 676.8 Q F1(The)180 688.8 Q F0(application)3.226 E F1 -.726(construct is used to include application-speci\214c settings.)3.226 -F .726(Each program)5.726 F .114(using the readline library sets the)180 -700.8 R F0 .114(application name)2.614 F F1 2.614(,a)C .114 -(nd an initialization \214le can test for a)-2.614 F .501(particular v) -180 712.8 R 3.001(alue. This)-.25 F .501(could be used to bind k)3.001 F -.801 -.15(ey s)-.1 H .5(equences to functions useful for a spe-).15 F -.396(ci\214c program.)180 724.8 R -.15(Fo)5.396 G 2.896(ri).15 G .396 -(nstance, the follo)-2.896 F .396(wing command adds a k)-.25 F .696 -.15 -(ey s)-.1 H .397(equence that quotes the).15 F(GNU Bash 5.3)72 768 Q -(2024 March 29)144.29 E(48)193.45 E 0 Cg EP -%%Page: 49 49 -%%BeginPageSetup -BP -%%EndPageSetup -/F0 10/Times-Italic@0 SF -.25(BA)72 48 S(SH).25 E/F1 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -138.32(\(1\) General).95 F(Commands Manual)2.5 E F0 -.25(BA)140.82 G(SH) -.25 E F1(\(1\)).95 E(current or pre)180 84 Q(vious w)-.25 E(ord in)-.1 E -/F2 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(bash)2.5 E F1(:)A/F3 10/Courier-Bold@0 SF($if)180 -100.8 Q/F4 10/Courier@0 SF(Bash)6 E 6(#Q)180 112.8 S -(uote the current or previous word)-6 E("\\C-xq": "\\eb\\"\\ef\\"")180 -124.8 Q F3($endif)180 136.8 Q F0(variable)144.29 153.6 Q F1(The)180 -165.6 Q F0(variable)3.777 E F1 1.277(construct pro)3.777 F 1.276 -(vides simple equality tests for readline v)-.15 F 1.276(ariables and v) --.25 F(alues.)-.25 E .079(The permitted comparison operators are)180 -177.6 R F0(=)2.579 E F1(,)A F0(==)2.579 E F1 2.579(,a)C(nd)-2.579 E F0 -(!=)2.579 E F1 5.079(.T)C .079(he v)-5.079 F .08 -(ariable name must be sepa-)-.25 F .98(rated from the comparison operat\ -or by whitespace; the operator may be separated from)180 189.6 R .129 -(the v)180 201.6 R .129(alue on the right hand side by whitespace.)-.25 -F .13(Both string and boolean v)5.129 F .13(ariables may be)-.25 F -(tested. Boolean v)180 213.6 Q(ariables must be tested ag)-.25 E -(ainst the v)-.05 E(alues)-.25 E F0(on)2.5 E F1(and)2.5 E F0(of)2.5 E(f) --.18 E F1(.)A F2($endif)108 230.4 Q F1(This command, as seen in the pre) -144 230.4 Q(vious e)-.25 E(xample, terminates an)-.15 E F2($if)2.5 E F1 -(command.)2.5 E F2($else)108 247.2 Q F1(Commands in this branch of the) -144 247.2 Q F2($if)2.5 E F1(directi)2.5 E .3 -.15(ve a)-.25 H(re e).15 E --.15(xe)-.15 G(cuted if the test f).15 E(ails.)-.1 E F2($include)108 264 -Q F1 .357(This directi)144 276 R .657 -.15(ve t)-.25 H(ak).15 E .357 -(es a single \214lename as an ar)-.1 F .356 -(gument and reads commands and bindings from that)-.18 F 2.5(\214le. F) -144 288 R(or e)-.15 E(xample, the follo)-.15 E(wing directi)-.25 E .3 --.15(ve w)-.25 H(ould read).05 E F0(/etc/inputr)2.5 E(c)-.37 E F1(:)A F2 -($include)144 304.8 Q F0(/etc/inputr)5.833 E(c)-.37 E F2(Sear)87 321.6 Q -(ching)-.18 E F1 .834(Readline pro)108 333.6 R .834 -(vides commands for searching through the command history \(see)-.15 F -/F5 9/Times-Bold@0 SF(HIST)3.335 E(OR)-.162 E(Y)-.315 E F1(belo)3.085 E -.835(w\) for lines)-.25 F(containing a speci\214ed string.)108 345.6 Q -(There are tw)5 E 2.5(os)-.1 G(earch modes:)-2.5 E F0(incr)2.51 E -(emental)-.37 E F1(and)3.01 E F0(non-incr)2.86 E(emental)-.37 E F1(.).51 -E .698(Incremental searches be)108 362.4 R .698 -(gin before the user has \214nished typing the search string.)-.15 F -.697(As each character of the)5.697 F .112 -(search string is typed, readline displays the ne)108 374.4 R .112 -(xt entry from the history matching the string typed so f)-.15 F(ar)-.1 -E 5.113(.A)-.55 G(n)-5.113 E .542 -(incremental search requires only as man)108 386.4 R 3.042(yc)-.15 G -.542(haracters as needed to \214nd the desired history entry)-3.042 F -5.541(.T)-.65 G .541(he char)-5.541 F(-)-.2 E .224 -(acters present in the v)108 398.4 R .224(alue of the)-.25 F F2(isear) -2.724 E(ch-terminators)-.18 E F1 -.25(va)2.724 G .224 -(riable are used to terminate an incremental search.).25 F .66 -(If that v)108 410.4 R .66(ariable has not been assigned a v)-.25 F .66 -(alue the Escape and Control-J characters will terminate an incre-)-.25 -F .096(mental search.)108 422.4 R .096(Control-G will abort an incremen\ -tal search and restore the original line.)5.096 F .097 -(When the search is)5.097 F(terminated, the history entry containing th\ -e search string becomes the current line.)108 434.4 Q 2.939 -.8(To \214) -108 451.2 T 1.339(nd other matching entries in the history list, type C\ -ontrol-S or Control-R as appropriate.).8 F 1.338(This will)6.338 F .674 -(search backw)108 463.2 R .674(ard or forw)-.1 F .674 -(ard in the history for the ne)-.1 F .675 -(xt entry matching the search string typed so f)-.15 F(ar)-.1 E 5.675 -(.A)-.55 G -.15(ny)-5.675 G .175(other k)108 475.2 R .475 -.15(ey s)-.1 -H .174 -(equence bound to a readline command will terminate the search and e).15 -F -.15(xe)-.15 G .174(cute that command.).15 F -.15(Fo)5.174 G(r).15 E -.54(instance, a)108 487.2 R F0(ne)3.04 E(wline)-.15 E F1 .541 -(will terminate the search and accept the line, thereby e)3.04 F -.15 -(xe)-.15 G .541(cuting the command from the).15 F(history list.)108 -499.2 Q .653(Readline remembers the last incremental search string.)108 -516 R .653(If tw)5.653 F 3.153(oC)-.1 G .653 -(ontrol-Rs are typed without an)-3.153 F 3.152(yi)-.15 G(nterv)-3.152 E -(en-)-.15 E(ing characters de\214ning a ne)108 528 Q 2.5(ws)-.25 G -(earch string, readline uses an)-2.5 E 2.5(yr)-.15 G -(emembered search string.)-2.5 E .567(Non-incremental searches read the\ - entire search string before starting to search for matching history li\ -nes.)108 544.8 R(The search string may be typed by the user or be part \ -of the contents of the current line.)108 556.8 Q F2 -(Readline Command Names)87 573.6 Q F1 1.392(The follo)108 585.6 R 1.391 -(wing is a list of the names of the commands and the def)-.25 F 1.391 -(ault k)-.1 F 1.691 -.15(ey s)-.1 H 1.391(equences to which the).15 F -3.891(ya)-.15 G(re)-3.891 E 2.621(bound. Command)108 597.6 R .121 -(names without an accompan)2.621 F .121(ying k)-.15 F .421 -.15(ey s)-.1 -H .122(equence are unbound by def).15 F 2.622(ault. In)-.1 F .122 -(the follo)2.622 F(wing)-.25 E(descriptions,)108 609.6 Q F0(point)3.411 -E F1 .911(refers to the current cursor position, and)3.411 F F0(mark) -3.411 E F1 .91(refers to a cursor position sa)3.411 F -.15(ve)-.2 G 3.41 -(db).15 G 3.41(yt)-3.41 G(he)-3.41 E F2(set\255mark)108 621.6 Q F1 2.5 -(command. The)2.5 F(te)2.5 E -(xt between the point and mark is referred to as the)-.15 E F0 -.37(re) -2.5 G(gion)-.03 E F1(.)A F2(Commands f)87 638.4 Q(or Mo)-.25 E(ving)-.1 -E(beginning\255of\255line \(C\255a\))108 650.4 Q F1(Mo)144 662.4 Q .3 --.15(ve t)-.15 H 2.5(ot).15 G(he start of the current line.)-2.5 E F2 -(end\255of\255line \(C\255e\))108 674.4 Q F1(Mo)144 686.4 Q .3 -.15 -(ve t)-.15 H 2.5(ot).15 G(he end of the line.)-2.5 E F2 -.25(fo)108 -698.4 S(rward\255char \(C\255f\)).25 E F1(Mo)144 710.4 Q .3 -.15(ve f) --.15 H(orw).15 E(ard a character)-.1 E(.)-.55 E(GNU Bash 5.3)72 768 Q -(2024 March 29)144.29 E(49)193.45 E 0 Cg EP -%%Page: 50 50 -%%BeginPageSetup -BP -%%EndPageSetup -/F0 10/Times-Italic@0 SF -.25(BA)72 48 S(SH).25 E/F1 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -138.32(\(1\) General).95 F(Commands Manual)2.5 E F0 -.25(BA)140.82 G(SH) -.25 E F1(\(1\)).95 E/F2 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(backward\255char \(C\255b\)) -108 84 Q F1(Mo)144 96 Q .3 -.15(ve b)-.15 H(ack a character).15 E(.)-.55 -E F2 -.25(fo)108 108 S(rward\255w).25 E(ord \(M\255f\))-.1 E F1(Mo)144 -120 Q .822 -.15(ve f)-.15 H(orw).15 E .522(ard to the end of the ne)-.1 -F .523(xt w)-.15 F 3.023(ord. W)-.1 F .523 -(ords are composed of alphanumeric characters \(let-)-.8 F -(ters and digits\).)144 132 Q F2(backward\255w)108 144 Q(ord \(M\255b\)) --.1 E F1(Mo)144 156 Q 1.71 -.15(ve b)-.15 H 1.41 -(ack to the start of the current or pre).15 F 1.41(vious w)-.25 F 3.91 -(ord. W)-.1 F 1.41(ords are composed of alphanumeric)-.8 F -(characters \(letters and digits\).)144 168 Q F2(shell\255f)108 180 Q -(orward\255w)-.25 E(ord)-.1 E F1(Mo)144 192 Q .784 -.15(ve f)-.15 H(orw) -.15 E .484(ard to the end of the ne)-.1 F .484(xt w)-.15 F 2.984(ord. W) --.1 F .484(ords are delimited by non-quoted shell metacharac-)-.8 F -(ters.)144 204 Q F2(shell\255backward\255w)108 216 Q(ord)-.1 E F1(Mo)144 -228 Q .909 -.15(ve b)-.15 H .609(ack to the start of the current or pre) -.15 F .609(vious w)-.25 F 3.109(ord. W)-.1 F .608 -(ords are delimited by non-quoted shell)-.8 F(metacharacters.)144 240 Q -F2(pr)108 252 Q -.15(ev)-.18 G(ious\255scr).15 E(een\255line)-.18 E F1 -.89(Attempt to mo)144 264 R 1.19 -.15(ve p)-.15 H .89 -(oint to the same ph).15 F .891(ysical screen column on the pre)-.05 F -.891(vious ph)-.25 F .891(ysical screen line.)-.05 F 1.056 -(This will not ha)144 276 R 1.356 -.15(ve t)-.2 H 1.056(he desired ef) -.15 F 1.056(fect if the current readline line does not tak)-.25 F 3.555 -(eu)-.1 G 3.555(pm)-3.555 G 1.055(ore than one)-3.555 F(ph)144 288 Q(ys\ -ical line or if point is not greater than the length of the prompt plus\ - the screen width.)-.05 E F2(next\255scr)108 300 Q(een\255line)-.18 E F1 -.637(Attempt to mo)144 312 R .937 -.15(ve p)-.15 H .637 -(oint to the same ph).15 F .638(ysical screen column on the ne)-.05 F -.638(xt ph)-.15 F .638(ysical screen line. This)-.05 F .195(will not ha) -144 324 R .495 -.15(ve t)-.2 H .195(he desired ef).15 F .194 -(fect if the current readline line does not tak)-.25 F 2.694(eu)-.1 G -2.694(pm)-2.694 G .194(ore than one ph)-2.694 F(ysical)-.05 E .164(line\ - or if the length of the current readline line is not greater than the \ -length of the prompt plus the)144 336 R(screen width.)144 348 Q F2 -(clear\255display \(M\255C\255l\))108 360 Q F1 1.499 -(Clear the screen and, if possible, the terminal')144 372 R 3.999(ss) --.55 G 1.498(crollback b)-3.999 F(uf)-.2 E(fer)-.25 E 3.998(,t)-.4 G -1.498(hen redra)-3.998 F 3.998(wt)-.15 G 1.498(he current line,)-3.998 F -(lea)144 384 Q(ving the current line at the top of the screen.)-.2 E F2 -(clear\255scr)108 396 Q(een \(C\255l\))-.18 E F1 1.36 -(Clear the screen, then redra)144 408 R 3.86(wt)-.15 G 1.36 -(he current line, lea)-3.86 F 1.36 -(ving the current line at the top of the screen.)-.2 F -.4(Wi)144 420 S -(th an ar).4 E -(gument, refresh the current line without clearing the screen.)-.18 E F2 --.18(re)108 432 S(draw\255curr).18 E(ent\255line)-.18 E F1 -(Refresh the current line.)144 444 Q F2(Commands f)87 460.8 Q -(or Manipulating the History)-.25 E(accept\255line \(Newline, Retur)108 -472.8 Q(n\))-.15 E F1 .159(Accept the line re)144 484.8 R -.05(ga)-.15 G -.159(rdless of where the cursor is.).05 F .158 -(If this line is non-empty)5.158 F 2.658(,a)-.65 G .158 -(dd it to the history list)-2.658 F .699(according to the state of the) -144 496.8 R/F3 9/Times-Bold@0 SF(HISTCONTR)3.199 E(OL)-.27 E F1 -.25(va) -2.949 G 3.199(riable. If).25 F .699 -(the line is a modi\214ed history line, then)3.199 F -(restore the history line to its original state.)144 508.8 Q F2(pr)108 -520.8 Q -.15(ev)-.18 G(ious\255history \(C\255p\)).15 E F1 -(Fetch the pre)144 532.8 Q(vious command from the history list, mo)-.25 -E(ving back in the list.)-.15 E F2(next\255history \(C\255n\))108 544.8 -Q F1(Fetch the ne)144 556.8 Q(xt command from the history list, mo)-.15 -E(ving forw)-.15 E(ard in the list.)-.1 E F2 -(beginning\255of\255history \(M\255<\))108 568.8 Q F1(Mo)144 580.8 Q .3 --.15(ve t)-.15 H 2.5(ot).15 G(he \214rst line in the history)-2.5 E(.) --.65 E F2(end\255of\255history \(M\255>\))108 592.8 Q F1(Mo)144 604.8 Q -.3 -.15(ve t)-.15 H 2.5(ot).15 G(he end of the input history)-2.5 E 2.5 -(,i)-.65 G(.e., the line currently being entered.)-2.5 E F2 -(operate\255and\255get\255next \(C\255o\))108 616.8 Q F1 .948 -(Accept the current line for e)144 628.8 R -.15(xe)-.15 G .948 -(cution and fetch the ne).15 F .948(xt line relati)-.15 F 1.247 -.15 -(ve t)-.25 H 3.447(ot).15 G .947(he current line from the)-3.447 F .729 -(history for editing.)144 640.8 R 3.229(An)5.729 G .729(umeric ar)-3.229 -F .729 -(gument, if supplied, speci\214es the history entry to use instead of) --.18 F(the current line.)144 652.8 Q F2(fetch\255history)108 664.8 Q F1 --.4(Wi)144 676.8 S .257(th a numeric ar).4 F .257 -(gument, fetch that entry from the history list and mak)-.18 F 2.756(ei) --.1 G 2.756(tt)-2.756 G .256(he current line.)-2.756 F -.4(Wi)5.256 G -(th-).4 E(out an ar)144 688.8 Q(gument, mo)-.18 E .3 -.15(ve b)-.15 H -(ack to the \214rst entry in the history list.).15 E F2 -2.29 -.18(re v) -108 700.8 T(erse\255sear).08 E(ch\255history \(C\255r\))-.18 E F1 1.312 -(Search backw)144 712.8 R 1.312(ard starting at the current line and mo) --.1 F 1.312(ving \231up\232 through the history as necessary)-.15 F(.) --.65 E(This is an incremental search.)144 724.8 Q(GNU Bash 5.3)72 768 Q -(2024 March 29)144.29 E(50)193.45 E 0 Cg EP -%%Page: 51 51 -%%BeginPageSetup -BP -%%EndPageSetup -/F0 10/Times-Italic@0 SF -.25(BA)72 48 S(SH).25 E/F1 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -138.32(\(1\) General).95 F(Commands Manual)2.5 E F0 -.25(BA)140.82 G(SH) -.25 E F1(\(1\)).95 E/F2 10/Times-Bold@0 SF -.25(fo)108 84 S -(rward\255sear).25 E(ch\255history \(C\255s\))-.18 E F1 .973 -(Search forw)144 96 R .973(ard starting at the current line and mo)-.1 F -.973(ving \231do)-.15 F .973(wn\232 through the history as necessary) --.25 F(.)-.65 E(This is an incremental search.)144 108 Q F2(non\255incr) -108 120 Q(emental\255r)-.18 E -2.3 -.15(ev e)-.18 H(rse\255sear).15 E -(ch\255history \(M\255p\))-.18 E F1 .164(Search backw)144 132 R .164(ar\ -d through the history starting at the current line using a non-incremen\ -tal search for)-.1 F 2.5(as)144 144 S(tring supplied by the user)-2.5 E -(.)-.55 E F2(non\255incr)108 156 Q(emental\255f)-.18 E(orward\255sear) --.25 E(ch\255history \(M\255n\))-.18 E F1 1.354(Search forw)144 168 R -1.354(ard through the history using a non-incremental search for a stri\ -ng supplied by the)-.1 F(user)144 180 Q(.)-.55 E F2(history\255sear)108 -192 Q(ch\255f)-.18 E(orward)-.25 E F1 .248(Search forw)144 204 R .249(a\ -rd through the history for the string of characters between the start o\ -f the current line)-.1 F(and the point.)144 216 Q -(This is a non-incremental search.)5 E F2(history\255sear)108 228 Q -(ch\255backward)-.18 E F1 .951(Search backw)144 240 R .951(ard through \ -the history for the string of characters between the start of the curre\ -nt)-.1 F(line and the point.)144 252 Q -(This is a non-incremental search.)5 E F2(history\255substring\255sear) -108 264 Q(ch\255backward)-.18 E F1 .95(Search backw)144 276 R .951(ard \ -through the history for the string of characters between the start of t\ -he current)-.1 F .007(line and the current cursor position \(the)144 288 -R F0(point)2.507 E F1 2.507(\). The)B .007(search string may match an) -2.507 F .006(ywhere in a history)-.15 F 2.5(line. This)144 300 R -(is a non-incremental search.)2.5 E F2(history\255substring\255sear)108 -312 Q(ch\255f)-.18 E(orward)-.25 E F1 .248(Search forw)144 324 R .249(a\ -rd through the history for the string of characters between the start o\ -f the current line)-.1 F .319(and the point.)144 336 R .319 -(The search string may match an)5.319 F .319(ywhere in a history line.) --.15 F .318(This is a non-incremental)5.318 F(search.)144 348 Q F2 -(yank\255nth\255ar)108 360 Q 2.5(g\()-.1 G<4dad43ad7929>-2.5 E F1 .622 -(Insert the \214rst ar)144 372 R .622(gument to the pre)-.18 F .622 -(vious command \(usually the second w)-.25 F .622(ord on the pre)-.1 F -.622(vious line\))-.25 F .773(at point.)144 384 R -.4(Wi)5.773 G .773 -(th an ar).4 F(gument)-.18 E F0(n)3.633 E F1 3.273(,i).24 G .773 -(nsert the)-3.273 F F0(n)3.273 E F1 .773(th w)B .773(ord from the pre) --.1 F .773(vious command \(the w)-.25 F .773(ords in the)-.1 F(pre)144 -396 Q .291(vious command be)-.25 F .291(gin with w)-.15 F .291(ord 0\).) --.1 F 2.791(An)5.291 G -2.25 -.15(eg a)-2.791 H(ti).15 E .591 -.15(ve a) --.25 H -.18(rg).15 G .291(ument inserts the).18 F F0(n)2.791 E F1 .291 -(th w)B .292(ord from the end of)-.1 F .237(the pre)144 408 R .237 -(vious command.)-.25 F .237(Once the ar)5.237 F(gument)-.18 E F0(n)2.736 -E F1 .236(is computed, the ar)2.736 F .236(gument is e)-.18 F .236 -(xtracted as if the \231!)-.15 F F0(n)A F1<9a>A(history e)144 420 Q -(xpansion had been speci\214ed.)-.15 E F2(yank\255last\255ar)108 432 Q -2.5(g\()-.1 G -1.667(M\255. ,)-2.5 F -1.667(M\255_ \))2.5 F F1 1.307 -(Insert the last ar)144 444 R 1.307(gument to the pre)-.18 F 1.307 -(vious command \(the last w)-.25 F 1.308(ord of the pre)-.1 F 1.308 -(vious history entry\).)-.25 F -.4(Wi)144 456 S .204(th a numeric ar).4 -F .204(gument, beha)-.18 F .504 -.15(ve ex)-.2 H .204(actly lik).15 F(e) --.1 E F2(yank\255nth\255ar)2.704 E(g)-.1 E F1 5.203(.S)C(uccessi)-5.203 -E .503 -.15(ve c)-.25 H .203(alls to).15 F F2(yank\255last\255ar)2.703 E -(g)-.1 E F1(mo)144 468 Q .806 -.15(ve b)-.15 H .507 -(ack through the history list, inserting the last w).15 F .507 -(ord \(or the w)-.1 F .507(ord speci\214ed by the ar)-.1 F(gument)-.18 E -.416(to the \214rst call\) of each line in turn.)144 480 R(An)5.416 E -2.916(yn)-.15 G .416(umeric ar)-2.916 F .416 -(gument supplied to these successi)-.18 F .715 -.15(ve c)-.25 H .415 -(alls de-).15 F 1.217(termines the direction to mo)144 492 R 1.518 -.15 -(ve t)-.15 H 1.218(hrough the history).15 F 6.218(.A)-.65 G(ne)-2.5 E --.05(ga)-.15 G(ti).05 E 1.518 -.15(ve a)-.25 H -.18(rg).15 G 1.218 -(ument switches the direction).18 F .494 -(through the history \(back or forw)144 504 R 2.994(ard\). The)-.1 F -.494(history e)2.994 F .494(xpansion f)-.15 F .494 -(acilities are used to e)-.1 F .494(xtract the last)-.15 F -.1(wo)144 -516 S(rd, as if the \231!$\232 history e).1 E -(xpansion had been speci\214ed.)-.15 E F2 -(shell\255expand\255line \(M\255C\255e\))108 528 Q F1 .367 -(Expand the line by performing shell w)144 540 R .368(ord e)-.1 F 2.868 -(xpansions. This)-.15 F .368(performs alias and history e)2.868 F -(xpansion,)-.15 E F2($)144 552 Q F1<08>A F0(string)A F1 3.358<0861>C(nd) --3.358 E F2($)3.358 E F1(")A F0(string)A F1 3.358("q)C .857 -(uoting, tilde e)-3.358 F .857(xpansion, parameter and v)-.15 F .857 -(ariable e)-.25 F .857(xpansion, arithmetic e)-.15 F(x-)-.15 E .548 -(pansion, command and process substitution, w)144 564 R .548 -(ord splitting, and quote remo)-.1 F -.25(va)-.15 G 3.049(l. An).25 F --.15(ex)3.049 G .549(plicit ar).15 F(gu-)-.18 E .61 -(ment suppresses command and process substitution.)144 576 R(See)5.61 E -/F3 9/Times-Bold@0 SF(HIST)3.109 E(OR)-.162 E 2.859(YE)-.315 G(XP)-2.859 -E(ANSION)-.666 E F1(belo)2.859 E 3.109(wf)-.25 G .609(or a de-)-3.109 F -(scription of history e)144 588 Q(xpansion.)-.15 E F2 -(history\255expand\255line \(M\255\000\))108 600 Q F1 .938 -(Perform history e)144 612 R .939(xpansion on the current line.)-.15 F -(See)5.939 E F3(HIST)3.439 E(OR)-.162 E 3.189(YE)-.315 G(XP)-3.189 E -(ANSION)-.666 E F1(belo)3.189 E 3.439(wf)-.25 G .939(or a descrip-) --3.439 F(tion of history e)144 624 Q(xpansion.)-.15 E F2(magic\255space) -108 636 Q F1 .438(Perform history e)144 648 R .438 -(xpansion on the current line and insert a space.)-.15 F(See)5.437 E F3 -(HIST)2.937 E(OR)-.162 E 2.687(YE)-.315 G(XP)-2.687 E(ANSION)-.666 E F1 -(be-)2.687 E(lo)144 660 Q 2.5(wf)-.25 G(or a description of history e) --2.5 E(xpansion.)-.15 E F2(alias\255expand\255line)108 672 Q F1 .394 -(Perform alias e)144 684 R .394(xpansion on the current line.)-.15 F -(See)5.395 E F3(ALIASES)2.895 E F1(abo)2.645 E .695 -.15(ve f)-.15 H -.395(or a description of alias e).15 F(xpan-)-.15 E(sion.)144 696 Q -(GNU Bash 5.3)72 768 Q(2024 March 29)144.29 E(51)193.45 E 0 Cg EP -%%Page: 52 52 -%%BeginPageSetup -BP -%%EndPageSetup -/F0 10/Times-Italic@0 SF -.25(BA)72 48 S(SH).25 E/F1 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -138.32(\(1\) General).95 F(Commands Manual)2.5 E F0 -.25(BA)140.82 G(SH) -.25 E F1(\(1\)).95 E/F2 10/Times-Bold@0 SF -(history\255and\255alias\255expand\255line)108 84 Q F1 -(Perform history and alias e)144 96 Q(xpansion on the current line.)-.15 -E F2(insert\255last\255ar)108 108 Q(gument \(M\255.)-.1 E 2.5(,M).833 G --1.667(\255_ \))-2.5 F F1 2.5(As)144 120 S(ynon)-2.5 E(ym for)-.15 E F2 -(yank\255last\255ar)2.5 E(g)-.1 E F1(.)A F2 -(edit\255and\255execute\255command \(C\255x C\255e\))108 132 Q F1(In)144 -144 Q -.2(vo)-.4 G .347 -.1(ke a).2 H 2.647(ne).1 G .146 -(ditor on the current command line, and e)-2.647 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .146 -(cute the result as shell commands.).15 F F2(Bash)5.146 E F1(at-)2.646 E -(tempts to in)144 156 Q -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G/F3 9/Times-Bold@0 SF -($VISU)2.6 E(AL)-.54 E/F4 9/Times-Roman@0 SF(,)A F3($EDIT)2.25 E(OR) --.162 E F4(,)A F1(and)2.25 E F0(emacs)2.5 E F1(as the editor)2.5 E 2.5 -(,i)-.4 G 2.5(nt)-2.5 G(hat order)-2.5 E(.)-.55 E F2(Commands f)87 172.8 -Q(or Changing T)-.25 E(ext)-.92 E F0(end\255of\255\214le)108 184.8 Q F2 -(\(usually C\255d\))2.5 E F1 .651 -(The character indicating end-of-\214le as set, for e)144 196.8 R .651 -(xample, by)-.15 F F0(stty)3.491 E F1 3.151(\(1\). If).32 F .652 -(this character is read when)3.152 F .167 -(there are no characters on the line, and point is at the be)144 208.8 R -.167(ginning of the line, readline interprets it as)-.15 F -(the end of input and returns)144 220.8 Q F3(EOF)2.5 E F4(.)A F2 -(delete\255char \(C\255d\))108 232.8 Q F1 .441 -(Delete the character at point.)144 244.8 R .442 -(If this function is bound to the same character as the tty)5.441 F F2 -(EOF)2.942 E F1(char)2.942 E(-)-.2 E(acter)144 256.8 Q 2.5(,a)-.4 G(s) --2.5 E F2(C\255d)2.5 E F1(commonly is, see abo)2.5 E .3 -.15(ve f)-.15 H -(or the ef).15 E(fects.)-.25 E F2(backward\255delete\255char \(Rubout\)) -108 268.8 Q F1 .553(Delete the character behind the cursor)144 280.8 R -5.553(.W)-.55 G .553(hen gi)-5.553 F -.15(ve)-.25 G 3.053(nan).15 G .553 -(umeric ar)-3.053 F .552(gument, sa)-.18 F .852 -.15(ve t)-.2 H .552 -(he deleted te).15 F .552(xt on)-.15 F(the kill ring.)144 292.8 Q F2 --.25(fo)108 304.8 S(rward\255backward\255delete\255char).25 E F1 .473 -(Delete the character under the cursor)144 316.8 R 2.973(,u)-.4 G .474 -(nless the cursor is at the end of the line, in which case the)-2.973 F -(character behind the cursor is deleted.)144 328.8 Q F2 -(quoted\255insert \(C\255q, C\255v\))108 340.8 Q F1 .779(Add the ne)144 -352.8 R .779(xt character typed to the line v)-.15 F 3.279 -(erbatim. This)-.15 F .779(is ho)3.279 F 3.279(wt)-.25 G 3.279(oi)-3.279 -G .779(nsert characters lik)-3.279 F(e)-.1 E F2(C\255q)3.278 E F1 3.278 -(,f)C(or)-3.278 E -.15(ex)144 364.8 S(ample.).15 E F2 -(tab\255insert \(C\255v T)108 376.8 Q(AB\))-.9 E F1 -(Insert a tab character)144 388.8 Q(.)-.55 E F2 -(self\255insert \(a, b, A, 1, !,)108 400.8 Q F1 1.666(...)2.5 G F2(\)) --1.666 E F1(Insert the character typed.)144 412.8 Q F2 -(transpose\255chars \(C\255t\))108 424.8 Q F1 .321 -(Drag the character before point forw)144 436.8 R .321(ard o)-.1 F -.15 -(ve)-.15 G 2.821(rt).15 G .321(he character at point, mo)-2.821 F .322 -(ving point forw)-.15 F .322(ard as well.)-.1 F .372 -(If point is at the end of the line, then this transposes the tw)144 -448.8 R 2.872(oc)-.1 G .372(haracters before point.)-2.872 F(Ne)5.372 E --.05(ga)-.15 G(ti).05 E .672 -.15(ve a)-.25 H -.2(r-).15 G(guments ha) -144 460.8 Q .3 -.15(ve n)-.2 H 2.5(oe).15 G -.25(ff)-2.5 G(ect.).25 E F2 -(transpose\255w)108 472.8 Q(ords \(M\255t\))-.1 E F1 .023(Drag the w)144 -484.8 R .023(ord before point past the w)-.1 F .023(ord after point, mo) --.1 F .023(ving point o)-.15 F -.15(ve)-.15 G 2.524(rt).15 G .024(hat w) --2.524 F .024(ord as well.)-.1 F .024(If point)5.024 F -(is at the end of the line, this transposes the last tw)144 496.8 Q 2.5 -(ow)-.1 G(ords on the line.)-2.6 E F2(upcase\255w)108 508.8 Q -(ord \(M\255u\))-.1 E F1 1.699(Uppercase the current \(or follo)144 -520.8 R 1.698(wing\) w)-.25 F 4.198(ord. W)-.1 F 1.698(ith a ne)-.4 F --.05(ga)-.15 G(ti).05 E 1.998 -.15(ve a)-.25 H -.18(rg).15 G 1.698 -(ument, uppercase the pre).18 F(vious)-.25 E -.1(wo)144 532.8 S(rd, b).1 -E(ut do not mo)-.2 E .3 -.15(ve p)-.15 H(oint.).15 E F2(do)108 544.8 Q -(wncase\255w)-.1 E(ord \(M\255l\))-.1 E F1(Lo)144 556.8 Q 1.647 -(wercase the current \(or follo)-.25 F 1.647(wing\) w)-.25 F 4.147 -(ord. W)-.1 F 1.648(ith a ne)-.4 F -.05(ga)-.15 G(ti).05 E 1.948 -.15 -(ve a)-.25 H -.18(rg).15 G 1.648(ument, lo).18 F 1.648(wercase the pre) --.25 F(vious)-.25 E -.1(wo)144 568.8 S(rd, b).1 E(ut do not mo)-.2 E .3 --.15(ve p)-.15 H(oint.).15 E F2(capitalize\255w)108 580.8 Q -(ord \(M\255c\))-.1 E F1 1.975(Capitalize the current \(or follo)144 -592.8 R 1.974(wing\) w)-.25 F 4.474(ord. W)-.1 F 1.974(ith a ne)-.4 F --.05(ga)-.15 G(ti).05 E 2.274 -.15(ve a)-.25 H -.18(rg).15 G 1.974 -(ument, capitalize the pre).18 F(vious)-.25 E -.1(wo)144 604.8 S(rd, b) -.1 E(ut do not mo)-.2 E .3 -.15(ve p)-.15 H(oint.).15 E F2 -.1(ove)108 -616.8 S(rwrite\255mode).1 E F1 -.8(To)144 628.8 S .437(ggle o).8 F -.15 -(ve)-.15 G .437(rwrite mode.).15 F -.4(Wi)5.437 G .437(th an e).4 F .437 -(xplicit positi)-.15 F .738 -.15(ve n)-.25 H .438(umeric ar).15 F .438 -(gument, switches to o)-.18 F -.15(ve)-.15 G .438(rwrite mode.).15 F -.4 -(Wi)144 640.8 S .781(th an e).4 F .781(xplicit non-positi)-.15 F 1.081 --.15(ve n)-.25 H .781(umeric ar).15 F .781 -(gument, switches to insert mode.)-.18 F .78(This command af)5.781 F -(fects)-.25 E(only)144 652.8 Q F2(emacs)4.394 E F1(mode;)4.394 E F2(vi) -4.394 E F1 1.894(mode does o)4.394 F -.15(ve)-.15 G 1.894(rwrite dif).15 -F(ferently)-.25 E 6.894(.E)-.65 G 1.894(ach call to)-6.894 F F0 -.37(re) -4.395 G(adline\(\)).37 E F1 1.895(starts in insert)4.395 F 3.969 -(mode. In)144 664.8 R -.15(ove)3.969 G 1.469 -(rwrite mode, characters bound to).15 F F2(self\255insert)3.969 E F1 -1.468(replace the te)3.969 F 1.468(xt at point rather than)-.15 F .957 -(pushing the te)144 676.8 R .957(xt to the right.)-.15 F .958 -(Characters bound to)5.957 F F2(backward\255delete\255char)3.458 E F1 -.958(replace the character)3.458 F(before point with a space.)144 688.8 -Q(By def)5 E(ault, this command is unbound.)-.1 E F2(Killing and Y)87 -705.6 Q(anking)-.85 E F1(GNU Bash 5.3)72 768 Q(2024 March 29)144.29 E -(52)193.45 E 0 Cg EP -%%Page: 53 53 -%%BeginPageSetup -BP -%%EndPageSetup -/F0 10/Times-Italic@0 SF -.25(BA)72 48 S(SH).25 E/F1 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -138.32(\(1\) General).95 F(Commands Manual)2.5 E F0 -.25(BA)140.82 G(SH) -.25 E F1(\(1\)).95 E/F2 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(kill\255line \(C\255k\))108 -84 Q F1(Kill the te)144 96 Q(xt from point to the end of the line.)-.15 -E F2(backward\255kill\255line \(C\255x Rubout\))108 108 Q F1(Kill backw) -144 120 Q(ard to the be)-.1 E(ginning of the line.)-.15 E F2 -(unix\255line\255discard \(C\255u\))108 132 Q F1(Kill backw)144 144 Q -(ard from point to the be)-.1 E(ginning of the line.)-.15 E -(The killed te)5 E(xt is sa)-.15 E -.15(ve)-.2 G 2.5(do).15 G 2.5(nt) --2.5 G(he kill-ring.)-2.5 E F2(kill\255whole\255line)108 156 Q F1 -(Kill all characters on the current line, no matter where point is.)144 -168 Q F2(kill\255w)108 180 Q(ord \(M\255d\))-.1 E F1 .729 -(Kill from point to the end of the current w)144 192 R .728 -(ord, or if between w)-.1 F .728(ords, to the end of the ne)-.1 F .728 -(xt w)-.15 F(ord.)-.1 E -.8(Wo)144 204 S -(rd boundaries are the same as those used by).8 E F2 -.25(fo)2.5 G -(rward\255w).25 E(ord)-.1 E F1(.)A F2(backward\255kill\255w)108 216 Q -(ord \(M\255Rubout\))-.1 E F1(Kill the w)144 228 Q(ord behind point.)-.1 -E -.8(Wo)5 G(rd boundaries are the same as those used by).8 E F2 -(backward\255w)2.5 E(ord)-.1 E F1(.)A F2(shell\255kill\255w)108 240 Q -(ord)-.1 E F1 .728(Kill from point to the end of the current w)144 252 R -.729(ord, or if between w)-.1 F .729(ords, to the end of the ne)-.1 F -.729(xt w)-.15 F(ord.)-.1 E -.8(Wo)144 264 S -(rd boundaries are the same as those used by).8 E F2(shell\255f)2.5 E -(orward\255w)-.25 E(ord)-.1 E F1(.)A F2(shell\255backward\255kill\255w) -108 276 Q(ord)-.1 E F1 3.025(Kill the w)144 288 R 3.025 -(ord behind point.)-.1 F -.8(Wo)8.025 G 3.025 -(rd boundaries are the same as those used by).8 F F2(shell\255back-) -5.525 E(ward\255w)144 300 Q(ord)-.1 E F1(.)A F2(unix\255w)108 312 Q -(ord\255rubout \(C\255w\))-.1 E F1 .364(Kill the w)144 324 R .364 -(ord behind point, using white space as a w)-.1 F .365(ord boundary)-.1 -F 5.365(.T)-.65 G .365(he killed te)-5.365 F .365(xt is sa)-.15 F -.15 -(ve)-.2 G 2.865(do).15 G 2.865(nt)-2.865 G(he)-2.865 E(kill-ring.)144 -336 Q F2(unix\255\214lename\255rubout)108 348 Q F1 .167(Kill the w)144 -360 R .166 -(ord behind point, using white space and the slash character as the w) --.1 F .166(ord boundaries.)-.1 F(The)5.166 E(killed te)144 372 Q -(xt is sa)-.15 E -.15(ve)-.2 G 2.5(do).15 G 2.5(nt)-2.5 G(he kill-ring.) --2.5 E F2(delete\255horizontal\255space \(M\255\\\))108 384 Q F1 -(Delete all spaces and tabs around point.)144 396 Q F2(kill\255r)108 408 -Q(egion)-.18 E F1(Kill the te)144 420 Q(xt in the current re)-.15 E -(gion.)-.15 E F2(copy\255r)108 432 Q(egion\255as\255kill)-.18 E F1(Cop) -144 444 Q 2.5(yt)-.1 G(he te)-2.5 E(xt in the re)-.15 E -(gion to the kill b)-.15 E(uf)-.2 E(fer)-.25 E(.)-.55 E F2 -(copy\255backward\255w)108 456 Q(ord)-.1 E F1(Cop)144 468 Q 4.8(yt)-.1 G -2.3(he w)-4.8 F 2.3(ord before point to the kill b)-.1 F(uf)-.2 E(fer) --.25 E 7.301(.T)-.55 G 2.301(he w)-7.301 F 2.301 -(ord boundaries are the same as)-.1 F F2(back-)4.801 E(ward\255w)144 480 -Q(ord)-.1 E F1(.)A F2(copy\255f)108 492 Q(orward\255w)-.25 E(ord)-.1 E -F1(Cop)144 504 Q 4.508(yt)-.1 G 2.008(he w)-4.508 F 2.008(ord follo)-.1 -F 2.008(wing point to the kill b)-.25 F(uf)-.2 E(fer)-.25 E 7.007(.T) --.55 G 2.007(he w)-7.007 F 2.007(ord boundaries are the same as)-.1 F F2 --.25(fo)4.507 G -.37(r-).25 G(ward\255w)144 516 Q(ord)-.1 E F1(.)A F2 -(yank \(C\255y\))108 528 Q F1 -1(Ya)144 540 S -(nk the top of the kill ring into the b)1 E(uf)-.2 E(fer at point.)-.25 -E F2(yank\255pop \(M\255y\))108 552 Q F1 -(Rotate the kill ring, and yank the ne)144 564 Q 2.5(wt)-.25 G 2.5 -(op. Only)-2.5 F -.1(wo)2.5 G(rks follo).1 E(wing)-.25 E F2(yank)2.5 E -F1(or)2.5 E F2(yank\255pop)2.5 E F1(.)A F2(Numeric Ar)87 580.8 Q -(guments)-.1 E(digit\255ar)108 592.8 Q(gument \(M\2550, M\2551,)-.1 E F1 -1.666(...)2.5 G F2 2.5(,M)-1.666 G-2.5 E F1 .367 -(Add this digit to the ar)144 604.8 R .367 -(gument already accumulating, or start a ne)-.18 F 2.867(wa)-.25 G -.18 -(rg)-2.867 G 2.867(ument. M\255\255).18 F .367(starts a ne)2.867 F -.05 -(ga)-.15 G(-).05 E(ti)144 616.8 Q .3 -.15(ve a)-.25 H -.18(rg).15 G -(ument.).18 E F2(uni)108 628.8 Q -.1(ve)-.1 G(rsal\255ar).1 E(gument)-.1 -E F1 .779(This is another w)144 640.8 R .779(ay to specify an ar)-.1 F -3.279(gument. If)-.18 F .779(this command is follo)3.279 F .778 -(wed by one or more digits,)-.25 F 1.376 -(optionally with a leading minus sign, those digits de\214ne the ar)144 -652.8 R 3.876(gument. If)-.18 F 1.376(the command is fol-)3.876 F(lo)144 -664.8 Q 1.17(wed by digits, e)-.25 F -.15(xe)-.15 G(cuting).15 E F2(uni) -3.67 E -.1(ve)-.1 G(rsal\255ar).1 E(gument)-.1 E F1(ag)3.67 E 1.17 -(ain ends the numeric ar)-.05 F 1.17(gument, b)-.18 F 1.17(ut is other) --.2 F(-)-.2 E .898(wise ignored.)144 676.8 R .898 -(As a special case, if this command is immediately follo)5.898 F .898 -(wed by a character that is)-.25 F 1.23 -(neither a digit nor minus sign, the ar)144 688.8 R 1.23 -(gument count for the ne)-.18 F 1.23(xt command is multiplied by four) --.15 F(.)-.55 E .822(The ar)144 700.8 R .822 -(gument count is initially one, so e)-.18 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .823 -(cuting this function the \214rst time mak).15 F .823(es the ar)-.1 F -(gument)-.18 E(count four)144 712.8 Q 2.5(,as)-.4 G(econd time mak)-2.5 -E(es the ar)-.1 E(gument count sixteen, and so on.)-.18 E(GNU Bash 5.3) -72 768 Q(2024 March 29)144.29 E(53)193.45 E 0 Cg EP -%%Page: 54 54 -%%BeginPageSetup -BP -%%EndPageSetup -/F0 10/Times-Italic@0 SF -.25(BA)72 48 S(SH).25 E/F1 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -138.32(\(1\) General).95 F(Commands Manual)2.5 E F0 -.25(BA)140.82 G(SH) -.25 E F1(\(1\)).95 E/F2 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(Completing)87 84 Q -(complete \(T)108 96 Q(AB\))-.9 E F1 1.137 -(Attempt to perform completion on the te)144 108 R 1.137 -(xt before point.)-.15 F F2(Bash)6.137 E F1 1.137 -(attempts completion treating the)3.637 F(te)144 120 Q .434(xt as a v) --.15 F .434(ariable \(if the te)-.25 F .434(xt be)-.15 F .434(gins with) --.15 F F2($)2.934 E F1 .434(\), username \(if the te)B .434(xt be)-.15 F -.434(gins with)-.15 F F2<01>2.935 E F1 .435(\), hostname \(if the)B(te) -144 132 Q .702(xt be)-.15 F .702(gins with)-.15 F F2(@)3.202 E F1 .701 -(\), or command \(including aliases and functions\) in turn.)B .701 -(If none of these pro-)5.701 F -(duces a match, \214lename completion is attempted.)144 144 Q F2 -(possible\255completions \(M\255?\))108 156 Q F1 -(List the possible completions of the te)144 168 Q(xt before point.)-.15 -E F2(insert\255completions \(M\255*\))108 180 Q F1 .783 -(Insert all completions of the te)144 192 R .783(xt before point that w) --.15 F .783(ould ha)-.1 F 1.083 -.15(ve b)-.2 H .783(een generated by) -.15 F F2(possible\255com-)3.283 E(pletions)144 204 Q F1(.)A F2 -(menu\255complete)108 216 Q F1 .929(Similar to)144 228 R F2(complete) -3.429 E F1 3.429(,b)C .929(ut replaces the w)-3.629 F .929 -(ord to be completed with a single match from the list of)-.1 F 1.193 -(possible completions.)144 240 R 1.193(Repeated e)6.193 F -.15(xe)-.15 G -1.193(cution of).15 F F2(menu\255complete)3.694 E F1 1.194 -(steps through the list of possible)3.694 F .829 -(completions, inserting each match in turn.)144 252 R .828 -(At the end of the list of completions, the bell is rung)5.828 F .727 -(\(subject to the setting of)144 264 R F2(bell\255style)3.227 E F1 3.227 -(\)a)C .727(nd the original te)-3.227 F .727(xt is restored.)-.15 F .727 -(An ar)5.727 F .727(gument of)-.18 F F0(n)3.227 E F1(mo)3.227 E -.15(ve) --.15 G(s).15 E F0(n)3.228 E F1 1.73(positions forw)144 276 R 1.73 -(ard in the list of matches; a ne)-.1 F -.05(ga)-.15 G(ti).05 E 2.03 --.15(ve a)-.25 H -.18(rg).15 G 1.73(ument may be used to mo).18 F 2.03 --.15(ve b)-.15 H(ackw).15 E(ard)-.1 E(through the list.)144 288 Q -(This command is intended to be bound to)5 E F2 -.9(TA)2.5 G(B).9 E F1 -2.5(,b)C(ut is unbound by def)-2.7 E(ault.)-.1 E F2 -(menu\255complete\255backward)108 300 Q F1 .82(Identical to)144 312 R F2 -(menu\255complete)3.32 E F1 3.32(,b)C .82(ut mo)-3.52 F -.15(ve)-.15 G -3.32(sb).15 G(ackw)-3.32 E .82 -(ard through the list of possible completions, as if)-.1 F F2 -(menu\255complete)144 324 Q F1(had been gi)2.5 E -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.5(nan) -.15 G -2.25 -.15(eg a)-2.5 H(ti).15 E .3 -.15(ve a)-.25 H -.18(rg).15 G -2.5(ument. This).18 F(command is unbound by def)2.5 E(ault.)-.1 E F2 -(delete\255char\255or\255list)108 336 Q F1 .234 -(Deletes the character under the cursor if not at the be)144 348 R .234 -(ginning or end of the line \(lik)-.15 F(e)-.1 E F2(delete\255char)2.734 -E F1(\).)A .425(If at the end of the line, beha)144 360 R -.15(ve)-.2 G -2.925(si).15 G .425(dentically to)-2.925 F F2(possible\255completions) -2.925 E F1 5.425(.T)C .425(his command is unbound)-5.425 F(by def)144 -372 Q(ault.)-.1 E F2(complete\255\214lename \(M\255/\))108 384 Q F1 -(Attempt \214lename completion on the te)144 396 Q(xt before point.)-.15 -E F2(possible\255\214lename\255completions \(C\255x /\))108 408 Q F1 -(List the possible completions of the te)144 420 Q -(xt before point, treating it as a \214lename.)-.15 E F2 -(complete\255user)108 432 Q(name \(M\255\001\))-.15 E F1 -(Attempt completion on the te)144 444 Q -(xt before point, treating it as a username.)-.15 E F2(possible\255user) -108 456 Q(name\255completions \(C\255x \001\))-.15 E F1 -(List the possible completions of the te)144 468 Q -(xt before point, treating it as a username.)-.15 E F2(complete\255v)108 -480 Q(ariable \(M\255$\))-.1 E F1(Attempt completion on the te)144 492 Q -(xt before point, treating it as a shell v)-.15 E(ariable.)-.25 E F2 -(possible\255v)108 504 Q(ariable\255completions \(C\255x $\))-.1 E F1 -(List the possible completions of the te)144 516 Q -(xt before point, treating it as a shell v)-.15 E(ariable.)-.25 E F2 -(complete\255hostname \(M\255@\))108 528 Q F1 -(Attempt completion on the te)144 540 Q -(xt before point, treating it as a hostname.)-.15 E F2 -(possible\255hostname\255completions \(C\255x @\))108 552 Q F1 -(List the possible completions of the te)144 564 Q -(xt before point, treating it as a hostname.)-.15 E F2 -(complete\255command \(M\255!\))108 576 Q F1 .581 -(Attempt completion on the te)144 588 R .581 -(xt before point, treating it as a command name.)-.15 F .58 -(Command comple-)5.58 F .715(tion attempts to match the te)144 600 R -.715(xt ag)-.15 F .715(ainst aliases, reserv)-.05 F .715(ed w)-.15 F -.715(ords, shell functions, shell b)-.1 F .715(uiltins, and)-.2 F -(\214nally e)144 612 Q -.15(xe)-.15 G -(cutable \214lenames, in that order).15 E(.)-.55 E F2 -(possible\255command\255completions \(C\255x !\))108 624 Q F1 -(List the possible completions of the te)144 636 Q -(xt before point, treating it as a command name.)-.15 E F2 -(dynamic\255complete\255history \(M\255T)108 648 Q(AB\))-.9 E F1 .425 -(Attempt completion on the te)144 660 R .425 -(xt before point, comparing the te)-.15 F .425(xt ag)-.15 F .424 -(ainst lines from the history list)-.05 F -(for possible completion matches.)144 672 Q F2(dab)108 684 Q(br)-.1 E --.15(ev)-.18 G(\255expand).15 E F1 .61 -(Attempt menu completion on the te)144 696 R .611 -(xt before point, comparing the te)-.15 F .611(xt ag)-.15 F .611 -(ainst lines from the his-)-.05 F -(tory list for possible completion matches.)144 708 Q(GNU Bash 5.3)72 -768 Q(2024 March 29)144.29 E(54)193.45 E 0 Cg EP -%%Page: 55 55 -%%BeginPageSetup -BP -%%EndPageSetup -/F0 10/Times-Italic@0 SF -.25(BA)72 48 S(SH).25 E/F1 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -138.32(\(1\) General).95 F(Commands Manual)2.5 E F0 -.25(BA)140.82 G(SH) -.25 E F1(\(1\)).95 E/F2 10/Times-Bold@0 SF -(complete\255into\255braces \(M\255{\))108 84 Q F1 .4(Perform \214lenam\ -e completion and insert the list of possible completions enclosed withi\ -n braces so)144 96 R(the list is a)144 108 Q -.25(va)-.2 G -(ilable to the shell \(see).25 E F2(Brace Expansion)2.5 E F1(abo)2.5 E --.15(ve)-.15 G(\).).15 E F2 -.25(Ke)87 124.8 S(yboard Macr).25 E(os)-.18 -E(start\255kbd\255macr)108 136.8 Q 2.5(o\()-.18 G(C\255x \()-2.5 E(\)) -.833 E F1(Be)144 148.8 Q(gin sa)-.15 E -(ving the characters typed into the current k)-.2 E -.15(ey)-.1 G -(board macro.).15 E F2(end\255kbd\255macr)108 160.8 Q 2.5(o\()-.18 G -(C\255x \))-2.5 E(\)).833 E F1(Stop sa)144 172.8 Q -(ving the characters typed into the current k)-.2 E -.15(ey)-.1 G -(board macro and store the de\214nition.).15 E F2 -(call\255last\255kbd\255macr)108 184.8 Q 2.5(o\()-.18 G(C\255x e\))-2.5 -E F1(Re-e)144 196.8 Q -.15(xe)-.15 G .999(cute the last k).15 F -.15(ey) --.1 G .999(board macro de\214ned, by making the characters in the macro\ - appear as if).15 F(typed at the k)144 208.8 Q -.15(ey)-.1 G(board.).15 -E F2(print\255last\255kbd\255macr)108 220.8 Q 2.5(o\()-.18 G(\))-2.5 E -F1(Print the last k)144 232.8 Q -.15(ey)-.1 G -(board macro de\214ned in a format suitable for the).15 E F0(inputr)2.5 -E(c)-.37 E F1(\214le.)2.5 E F2(Miscellaneous)87 249.6 Q -.18(re)108 -261.6 S.18 E(ead\255init\255\214le \(C\255x C\255r\))-.18 E F1 -1.777(Read in the contents of the)144 273.6 R F0(inputr)4.277 E(c)-.37 E -F1 1.776(\214le, and incorporate an)4.276 F 4.276(yb)-.15 G 1.776 -(indings or v)-4.276 F 1.776(ariable assignments)-.25 F(found there.)144 -285.6 Q F2(abort \(C\255g\))108 297.6 Q F1 3.248 -(Abort the current editing command and ring the terminal')144 309.6 R -5.749(sb)-.55 G 3.249(ell \(subject to the setting of)-5.749 F F2 -(bell\255style)144 321.6 Q F1(\).)A F2(do\255lo)108 333.6 Q(wer)-.1 E -(case\255v)-.18 E(ersion \(M\255A, M\255B, M\255)-.1 E F0(x)A F2(,)A F1 -1.666(...)2.5 G F2(\))-1.666 E F1 1.739(If the meta\214ed character)144 -345.6 R F0(x)4.239 E F1 1.739 -(is uppercase, run the command that is bound to the corresponding)4.239 -F(meta\214ed lo)144 357.6 Q(wercase character)-.25 E 5(.T)-.55 G -(he beha)-5 E(vior is unde\214ned if)-.2 E F0(x)2.5 E F1(is already lo) -2.5 E(wercase.)-.25 E F2(pr)108 369.6 Q(e\214x\255meta \(ESC\))-.18 E F1 -(Metafy the ne)144 381.6 Q(xt character typed.)-.15 E/F3 9/Times-Bold@0 -SF(ESC)5 E F2(f)2.25 E F1(is equi)2.5 E -.25(va)-.25 G(lent to).25 E F2 -(Meta\255f)2.5 E F1(.)A F2(undo \(C\255_, C\255x C\255u\))108 393.6 Q F1 -(Incremental undo, separately remembered for each line.)144 405.6 Q F2 --2.29 -.18(re v)108 417.6 T(ert\255line \(M\255r\)).08 E F1 .23 -(Undo all changes made to this line.)144 429.6 R .231(This is lik)5.23 F -2.731(ee)-.1 G -.15(xe)-2.881 G .231(cuting the).15 F F2(undo)2.731 E F1 -.231(command enough times to re-)2.731 F -(turn the line to its initial state.)144 441.6 Q F2 -(tilde\255expand \(M\255&\))108 453.6 Q F1(Perform tilde e)144 465.6 Q -(xpansion on the current w)-.15 E(ord.)-.1 E F2 -(set\255mark \(C\255@, M\255\))108 477.6 Q F1 -(Set the mark to the point.)144 489.6 Q(If a numeric ar)5 E -(gument is supplied, the mark is set to that position.)-.18 E F2 -(exchange\255point\255and\255mark \(C\255x C\255x\))108 501.6 Q F1(Sw) -144 513.6 Q .283(ap the point with the mark.)-.1 F .283 -(The current cursor position is set to the sa)5.283 F -.15(ve)-.2 G -2.782(dp).15 G .282(osition, and the old)-2.782 F(cursor position is sa) -144 525.6 Q -.15(ve)-.2 G 2.5(da).15 G 2.5(st)-2.5 G(he mark.)-2.5 E F2 -(character\255sear)108 537.6 Q(ch \(C\255]\))-.18 E F1 3.111(Ac)144 -549.6 S .611(haracter is read and point is mo)-3.111 F -.15(ve)-.15 G -3.112(dt).15 G 3.112(ot)-3.112 G .612(he ne)-3.112 F .612 -(xt occurrence of that character)-.15 F 5.612(.A)-.55 G(ne)-2.5 E -.05 -(ga)-.15 G(ti).05 E .912 -.15(ve a)-.25 H -.18(rg).15 G(u-).18 E -(ment searches for pre)144 561.6 Q(vious occurrences.)-.25 E F2 -(character\255sear)108 573.6 Q(ch\255backward \(M\255C\255]\))-.18 E F1 -2.695(Ac)144 585.6 S .194(haracter is read and point is mo)-2.695 F -.15 -(ve)-.15 G 2.694(dt).15 G 2.694(ot)-2.694 G .194(he pre)-2.694 F .194 -(vious occurrence of that character)-.25 F 5.194(.A)-.55 G(ne)-2.5 E --.05(ga)-.15 G(ti).05 E .494 -.15(ve a)-.25 H -.2(r-).15 G -(gument searches for subsequent occurrences.)144 597.6 Q F2 -(skip\255csi\255sequence)108 609.6 Q F1 1.826 -(Read enough characters to consume a multi-k)144 621.6 R 2.126 -.15 -(ey s)-.1 H 1.827(equence such as those de\214ned for k).15 F -.15(ey) --.1 G 4.327(sl).15 G(ik)-4.327 E(e)-.1 E .791(Home and End.)144 633.6 R -.791(Such sequences be)5.791 F .791 -(gin with a Control Sequence Indicator \(CSI\), usually ESC\255[.)-.15 F -.286(If this sequence is bound to \231\\[\232, k)144 645.6 R -.15(ey)-.1 -G 2.786(sp).15 G .286(roducing such sequences will ha)-2.786 F .587 -.15 -(ve n)-.2 H 2.787(oe).15 G -.25(ff)-2.787 G .287(ect unless e).25 F -(xplic-)-.15 E .026(itly bound to a readline command, instead of insert\ -ing stray characters into the editing b)144 657.6 R(uf)-.2 E(fer)-.25 E -5.026(.T)-.55 G(his)-5.026 E(is unbound by def)144 669.6 Q(ault, b)-.1 E -(ut usually bound to ESC\255[.)-.2 E F2(insert\255comment \(M\255#\))108 -681.6 Q F1 -.4(Wi)144 693.6 S .48(thout a numeric ar).4 F .48 -(gument, the v)-.18 F .481(alue of the readline)-.25 F F2 -(comment\255begin)2.981 E F1 -.25(va)2.981 G .481 -(riable is inserted at the).25 F(be)144 705.6 Q .245 -(ginning of the current line.)-.15 F .245(If a numeric ar)5.245 F .244 -(gument is supplied, this command acts as a toggle: if)-.18 F .321 -(the characters at the be)144 717.6 R .321 -(ginning of the line do not match the v)-.15 F .321(alue of)-.25 F F2 -(comment\255begin)2.821 E F1 2.822(,t)C .322(he v)-2.822 F .322(alue is) --.25 F .832(inserted, otherwise the characters in)144 729.6 R F2 -(comment\255begin)3.332 E F1 .831(are deleted from the be)3.332 F .831 -(ginning of the line.)-.15 F(GNU Bash 5.3)72 768 Q(2024 March 29)144.29 -E(55)193.45 E 0 Cg EP -%%Page: 56 56 -%%BeginPageSetup -BP -%%EndPageSetup -/F0 10/Times-Italic@0 SF -.25(BA)72 48 S(SH).25 E/F1 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -138.32(\(1\) General).95 F(Commands Manual)2.5 E F0 -.25(BA)140.82 G(SH) -.25 E F1(\(1\)).95 E 1.468 -(In either case, the line is accepted as if a ne)144 84 R 1.468 -(wline had been typed.)-.25 F 1.469(The def)6.469 F 1.469(ault v)-.1 F -1.469(alue of)-.25 F/F2 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(com-)3.969 E(ment\255begin) -144 96 Q F1 .84(causes this command to mak)3.34 F 3.339(et)-.1 G .839 -(he current line a shell comment.)-3.339 F .839(If a numeric ar)5.839 F -(gu-)-.18 E(ment causes the comment character to be remo)144 108 Q -.15 -(ve)-.15 G(d, the line will be e).15 E -.15(xe)-.15 G -(cuted by the shell.).15 E F2(spell\255corr)108 120 Q(ect\255w)-.18 E -(ord \(C\255x s\))-.1 E F1 .42 -(Perform spelling correction on the current w)144 132 R .421 -(ord, treating it as a directory or \214lename, in the same)-.1 F -.1 -(wa)144 144 S 4.718(ya).1 G 4.718(st)-4.718 G(he)-4.718 E F2(cdspell) -4.718 E F1 2.218(shell option.)4.718 F -.8(Wo)7.217 G 2.217 -(rd boundaries are the same as those used by).8 F F2(shell\255f)4.717 E -(or)-.25 E(-)-.37 E(ward\255w)144 156 Q(ord)-.1 E F1(.)A F2 -(glob\255complete\255w)108 168 Q(ord \(M\255g\))-.1 E F1 .791(The w)144 -180 R .791(ord before point is treated as a pattern for pathname e)-.1 F -.792(xpansion, with an asterisk implicitly)-.15 F 2.5(appended. This)144 -192 R(pattern is used to generate a list of matching \214lenames for po\ -ssible completions.)2.5 E F2(glob\255expand\255w)108 204 Q -(ord \(C\255x *\))-.1 E F1 .176(The w)144 216 R .176 -(ord before point is treated as a pattern for pathname e)-.1 F .176 -(xpansion, and the list of matching \214le-)-.15 F .516 -(names is inserted, replacing the w)144 228 R 3.016(ord. If)-.1 F 3.016 -(an)3.016 G .516(umeric ar)-3.016 F .516 -(gument is supplied, an asterisk is appended)-.18 F(before pathname e) -144 240 Q(xpansion.)-.15 E F2(glob\255list\255expansions \(C\255x g\)) -108 252 Q F1 .923(The list of e)144 264 R .923(xpansions that w)-.15 F -.923(ould ha)-.1 F 1.223 -.15(ve b)-.2 H .923(een generated by).15 F F2 -(glob\255expand\255w)3.423 E(ord)-.1 E F1 .923(is displayed, and)3.423 F -.872(the line is redra)144 276 R 3.372(wn. If)-.15 F 3.372(an)3.372 G -.872(umeric ar)-3.372 F .872 -(gument is supplied, an asterisk is appended before pathname)-.18 F -.15 -(ex)144 288 S(pansion.).15 E F2(dump\255functions)108 300 Q F1 .627 -(Print all of the functions and their k)144 312 R .927 -.15(ey b)-.1 H -.626(indings to the readline output stream.).15 F .626(If a numeric ar) -5.626 F(gu-)-.18 E -(ment is supplied, the output is formatted in such a w)144 324 Q -(ay that it can be made part of an)-.1 E F0(inputr)2.5 E(c)-.37 E F1 -(\214le.)2.5 E F2(dump\255v)108 336 Q(ariables)-.1 E F1 .762 -(Print all of the settable readline v)144 348 R .762 -(ariables and their v)-.25 F .763(alues to the readline output stream.) --.25 F .763(If a nu-)5.763 F .109(meric ar)144 360 R .109 -(gument is supplied, the output is formatted in such a w)-.18 F .108 -(ay that it can be made part of an)-.1 F F0(in-)2.608 E(putr)144 372 Q -(c)-.37 E F1(\214le.)2.5 E F2(dump\255macr)108 384 Q(os)-.18 E F1 .592 -(Print all of the readline k)144 396 R .892 -.15(ey s)-.1 H .592 -(equences bound to macros and the strings the).15 F 3.093(yo)-.15 G -3.093(utput. If)-3.093 F 3.093(an)3.093 G(umeric)-3.093 E(ar)144 408 Q -.528(gument is supplied, the output is formatted in such a w)-.18 F .528 -(ay that it can be made part of an)-.1 F F0(inputr)3.027 E(c)-.37 E F1 -(\214le.)144 420 Q F2(display\255shell\255v)108 432 Q -(ersion \(C\255x C\255v\))-.1 E F1(Display v)144 444 Q -(ersion information about the current instance of)-.15 E F2(bash)2.5 E -F1(.)A F2(Pr)87 460.8 Q(ogrammable Completion)-.18 E F1 .146(When w)108 -472.8 R .147(ord completion is attempted for an ar)-.1 F .147 -(gument to a command for which a completion speci\214cation \(a)-.18 F -F0(compspec)108 484.8 Q F1 3.829(\)h)C 1.329 -(as been de\214ned using the)-3.829 F F2(complete)3.829 E F1 -.2(bu) -3.829 G 1.329(iltin \(see).2 F/F3 9/Times-Bold@0 SF 1.329(SHELL B)3.829 -F(UIL)-.09 E 1.329(TIN COMMANDS)-.828 F F1(belo)3.579 E 1.328(w\), the) --.25 F(programmable completion f)108 496.8 Q(acilities are in)-.1 E -.2 -(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G(d.).1 E .497 -(First, the command name is identi\214ed.)108 513.6 R .497 -(If the command w)5.497 F .498 -(ord is the empty string \(completion attempted at)-.1 F .234(the be)108 -525.6 R .233(ginning of an empty line\), an)-.15 F 2.733(yc)-.15 G .233 -(ompspec de\214ned with the)-2.733 F F22.733 E F1 .233(option to) -2.733 F F2(complete)2.733 E F1 .233(is used.)2.733 F .233(If a comp-) -5.233 F .481(spec has been de\214ned for that command, the compspec is \ -used to generate the list of possible completions)108 537.6 R .823 -(for the w)108 549.6 R 3.323(ord. If)-.1 F .823(the command w)3.323 F -.822(ord is a full pathname, a compspec for the full pathname is search\ -ed for)-.1 F 2.866(\214rst. If)108 561.6 R .367(no compspec is found fo\ -r the full pathname, an attempt is made to \214nd a compspec for the po\ -rtion)2.866 F(follo)108 573.6 Q .299(wing the \214nal slash.)-.25 F .298 -(If those searches do not result in a compspec, an)5.299 F 2.798(yc)-.15 -G .298(ompspec de\214ned with the)-2.798 F F22.798 E F1 .056 -(option to)108 585.6 R F2(complete)2.556 E F1 .056(is used as the def) -2.556 F 2.556(ault. If)-.1 F .056(there is no def)2.556 F .056 -(ault compspec,)-.1 F F2(bash)2.556 E F1 .056(attempts alias e)2.556 F -.057(xpansion on)-.15 F .333(the command w)108 597.6 R .332(ord as a \ -\214nal resort, and attempts to \214nd a compspec for the command w)-.1 -F .332(ord from an)-.1 F 2.832(ys)-.15 G(uc-)-2.832 E(cessful e)108 -609.6 Q(xpansion.)-.15 E .817(Once a compspec has been found, it is use\ -d to generate the list of matching w)108 626.4 R 3.317(ords. If)-.1 F -3.317(ac)3.317 G .817(ompspec is not)-3.317 F(found, the def)108 638.4 Q -(ault)-.1 E F2(bash)2.5 E F1(completion as described abo)2.5 E .3 -.15 -(ve u)-.15 H(nder).15 E F2(Completing)2.5 E F1(is performed.)2.5 E .464 -(First, the actions speci\214ed by the compspec are used.)108 655.2 R -.463(Only matches which are pre\214x)5.464 F .463(ed by the w)-.15 F -.463(ord being)-.1 F .595(completed are returned.)108 667.2 R .595 -(When the)5.595 F F23.095 E F1(or)3.095 E F23.095 E F1 .596 -(option is used for \214lename or directory name completion, the)3.095 F -(shell v)108 679.2 Q(ariable)-.25 E F3(FIGNORE)2.5 E F1 -(is used to \214lter the matches.)2.25 E(An)108 696 Q 4.084(yc)-.15 G -1.584(ompletions speci\214ed by a pathname e)-4.084 F 1.584 -(xpansion pattern to the)-.15 F F24.084 E F1 1.584 -(option are generated ne)4.084 F 4.084(xt. The)-.15 F -.1(wo)108 708 S -.554(rds generated by the pattern need not match the w).1 F .555 -(ord being completed.)-.1 F(The)5.555 E F3(GLOBIGNORE)3.055 E F1 .555 -(shell v)2.805 F(ari-)-.25 E -(able is not used to \214lter the matches, b)108 720 Q(ut the)-.2 E F3 -(FIGNORE)2.5 E F1 -.25(va)2.25 G(riable is used.).25 E(GNU Bash 5.3)72 -768 Q(2024 March 29)144.29 E(56)193.45 E 0 Cg EP -%%Page: 57 57 -%%BeginPageSetup -BP -%%EndPageSetup -/F0 10/Times-Italic@0 SF -.25(BA)72 48 S(SH).25 E/F1 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -138.32(\(1\) General).95 F(Commands Manual)2.5 E F0 -.25(BA)140.82 G(SH) -.25 E F1(\(1\)).95 E(Ne)108 84 Q .321 -(xt, the string speci\214ed as the ar)-.15 F .321(gument to the)-.18 F -/F2 10/Times-Bold@0 SF2.821 E F1 .32(option is considered.)2.821 F -.32(The string is \214rst split using the)5.32 F .412(characters in the) -108 96 R/F3 9/Times-Bold@0 SF(IFS)2.912 E F1 .412(special v)2.662 F .412 -(ariable as delimiters.)-.25 F .412(Shell quoting is honored.)5.412 F -.413(Each w)5.412 F .413(ord is then e)-.1 F(xpanded)-.15 E .092 -(using brace e)108 108 R .092(xpansion, tilde e)-.15 F .092 -(xpansion, parameter and v)-.15 F .092(ariable e)-.25 F .091 -(xpansion, command substitution, and arith-)-.15 F 1.396(metic e)108 120 -R 1.396(xpansion, as described abo)-.15 F 1.696 -.15(ve u)-.15 H(nder) -.15 E F3(EXP)3.896 E(ANSION)-.666 E/F4 9/Times-Roman@0 SF(.)A F1 1.396 -(The results are split using the rules described)5.896 F(abo)108 132 Q -.51 -.15(ve u)-.15 H(nder).15 E F2 -.75(Wo)2.71 G .21(rd Splitting).75 F -F1 5.21(.T)C .209(he results of the e)-5.21 F .209 -(xpansion are pre\214x-matched ag)-.15 F .209(ainst the w)-.05 F .209 -(ord being com-)-.1 F(pleted, and the matching w)108 144 Q -(ords become the possible completions.)-.1 E .233 -(After these matches ha)108 160.8 R .533 -.15(ve b)-.2 H .233 -(een generated, an).15 F 2.733(ys)-.15 G .234 -(hell function or command speci\214ed with the)-2.733 F F22.734 E -F1(and)2.734 E F22.734 E F1(op-)2.734 E 4.209(tions is in)108 -172.8 R -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G 6.709(d. When).1 F 4.208 -(the command or function is in)6.709 F -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G 4.208 -(d, the).1 F F3(COMP_LINE)6.708 E F4(,)A F3(COMP_POINT)6.458 E F4(,)A F3 -(COMP_KEY)108 184.8 Q F4(,)A F1(and)2.407 E F3(COMP_TYPE)2.657 E F1 -.25 -(va)2.407 G .157(riables are assigned v).25 F .157 -(alues as described abo)-.25 F .457 -.15(ve u)-.15 H(nder).15 E F2 .158 -(Shell V)2.658 F(ariables)-.92 E F1 5.158(.I)C(f)-5.158 E 3.486(as)108 -196.8 S .986(hell function is being in)-3.486 F -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G -.986(d, the).1 F F3(COMP_W)3.486 E(ORDS)-.09 E F1(and)3.236 E F3 -(COMP_CW)3.486 E(ORD)-.09 E F1 -.25(va)3.236 G .986 -(riables are also set.).25 F(When)5.985 E .346 -(the function or command is in)108 208.8 R -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G .346 -(d, the \214rst ar).1 F .346(gument \()-.18 F F2($1)A F1 2.847(\)i)C -2.847(st)-2.847 G .347(he name of the command whose ar)-2.847 F(guments) --.18 E .264(are being completed, the second ar)108 220.8 R .264 -(gument \()-.18 F F2($2)A F1 2.764(\)i)C 2.764(st)-2.764 G .264(he w) --2.764 F .263(ord being completed, and the third ar)-.1 F .263 -(gument \()-.18 F F2($3)A F1 2.763(\)i)C(s)-2.763 E .628(the w)108 232.8 -R .628(ord preceding the w)-.1 F .629 -(ord being completed on the current command line.)-.1 F .629 -(No \214ltering of the generated)5.629 F .715(completions ag)108 244.8 R -.715(ainst the w)-.05 F .714(ord being completed is performed; the func\ -tion or command has complete free-)-.1 F(dom in generating the matches.) -108 256.8 Q(An)108 273.6 Q 2.937(yf)-.15 G .437 -(unction speci\214ed with)-2.937 F F22.937 E F1 .437(is in)2.937 F --.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G 2.937<648c>.1 G 2.937(rst. The)-2.937 F .437 -(function may use an)2.937 F 2.937(yo)-.15 G 2.937(ft)-2.937 G .437 -(he shell f)-2.937 F .438(acilities, including)-.1 F(the)108 285.6 Q F2 -(compgen)2.957 E F1 -.2(bu)2.957 G .457(iltin described belo).2 F 1.756 --.65(w, t)-.25 H 2.956(og).65 G .456(enerate the matches.)-2.956 F .456 -(It must put the possible completions in the)5.456 F F3(COMPREPL)108 -297.6 Q(Y)-.828 E F1(array v)2.25 E(ariable, one per array element.)-.25 -E(Ne)108 314.4 Q .08(xt, an)-.15 F 2.58(yc)-.15 G .08 -(ommand speci\214ed with the)-2.58 F F22.58 E F1 .081 -(option is in)2.581 F -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G 2.581(di).1 G 2.581(na) --2.581 G 2.581(ne)-2.581 G -.4(nv)-2.581 G .081(ironment equi).4 F -.25 -(va)-.25 G .081(lent to command sub-).25 F 2.859(stitution. It)108 326.4 -R .359(should print a list of completions, one per line, to the standar\ -d output.)2.859 F .358(Backslash may be used)5.359 F(to escape a ne)108 -338.4 Q(wline, if necessary)-.25 E(.)-.65 E .376 -(After all of the possible completions are generated, an)108 355.2 R -2.877<798c>-.15 G .377(lter speci\214ed with the)-2.877 F F22.877 -E F1 .377(option is applied to the)2.877 F 3.182(list. The)108 367.2 R -.682(\214lter is a pattern as used for pathname e)3.182 F .681 -(xpansion; a)-.15 F F2(&)3.181 E F1 .681 -(in the pattern is replaced with the te)3.181 F .681(xt of)-.15 F .522 -(the w)108 379.2 R .522(ord being completed.)-.1 F 3.022(Al)5.522 G -(iteral)-3.022 E F2(&)3.022 E F1 .523 -(may be escaped with a backslash; the backslash is remo)3.022 F -.15(ve) --.15 G 3.023(db).15 G(efore)-3.023 E .85(attempting a match.)108 391.2 R -(An)5.85 E 3.35(yc)-.15 G .849 -(ompletion that matches the pattern will be remo)-3.35 F -.15(ve)-.15 G -3.349(df).15 G .849(rom the list.)-3.349 F 3.349(Al)5.849 G(eading) --3.349 E F2(!)3.349 E F1(ne)108 403.2 Q -.05(ga)-.15 G .764 -(tes the pattern; in this case an).05 F 3.264(yc)-.15 G .764 -(ompletion not matching the pattern will be remo)-3.264 F -.15(ve)-.15 G -3.264(d. If).15 F(the)3.265 E F2(nocase-)3.265 E(match)108 415.2 Q F1 -(shell option is enabled, the match is performed without re)2.5 E -.05 -(ga)-.15 G(rd to the case of alphabetic characters.).05 E(Finally)108 -432 Q 3.087(,a)-.65 G .887 -.15(ny p)-3.087 H .587(re\214x and suf).15 F -.587(\214x speci\214ed with the)-.25 F F23.087 E F1(and)3.087 E F2 -3.087 E F1 .587(options are added to each member of the com-)3.087 -F(pletion list, and the result is returned to the readline completion c\ -ode as the list of possible completions.)108 444 Q .246(If the pre)108 -460.8 R .247(viously-applied actions do not generate an)-.25 F 2.747(ym) --.15 G .247(atches, and the)-2.747 F F2 .247(\255o dir)2.747 F(names) --.15 E F1 .247(option w)2.747 F .247(as supplied to)-.1 F F2(complete) -108 472.8 Q F1(when the compspec w)2.5 E -(as de\214ned, directory name completion is attempted.)-.1 E .462 -(If the)108 489.6 R F2 .462(\255o plusdirs)2.962 F F1 .462(option w) -2.962 F .462(as supplied to)-.1 F F2(complete)2.962 E F1 .462 -(when the compspec w)2.962 F .462(as de\214ned, directory name com-)-.1 -F(pletion is attempted and an)108 501.6 Q 2.5(ym)-.15 G -(atches are added to the results of the other actions.)-2.5 E .559 -(By def)108 518.4 R .559(ault, if a compspec is found, whate)-.1 F -.15 -(ve)-.25 G 3.059(ri).15 G 3.059(tg)-3.059 G .56 -(enerates is returned to the completion code as the full set)-3.059 F -.632(of possible completions.)108 530.4 R .632(The def)5.632 F(ault)-.1 -E F2(bash)3.132 E F1 .631 -(completions are not attempted, and the readline def)3.131 F .631 -(ault of \214le-)-.1 F .558(name completion is disabled.)108 542.4 R -.558(If the)5.558 F F2 .559(\255o bashdefault)3.059 F F1 .559(option w) -3.059 F .559(as supplied to)-.1 F F2(complete)3.059 E F1 .559 -(when the compspec)3.059 F -.1(wa)108 554.4 S 3.172(sd).1 G .672 -(e\214ned, the)-3.172 F F2(bash)3.172 E F1(def)3.172 E .671 -(ault completions are attempted if the compspec generates no matches.) --.1 F .671(If the)5.671 F F23.171 E(default)108 566.4 Q F1 1.207 -(option w)3.706 F 1.207(as supplied to)-.1 F F2(complete)3.707 E F1 -1.207(when the compspec w)3.707 F 1.207(as de\214ned, readline')-.1 F -3.707(sd)-.55 G(ef)-3.707 E 1.207(ault completion)-.1 F -(will be performed if the compspec \(and, if attempted, the def)108 -578.4 Q(ault)-.1 E F2(bash)2.5 E F1(completions\) generate no matches.) -2.5 E .245(When a compspec indicates that directory name completion is \ -desired, the programmable completion func-)108 595.2 R .632(tions force\ - readline to append a slash to completed names which are symbolic links\ - to directories, subject)108 607.2 R 2.762(to the v)108 619.2 R 2.762 -(alue of the)-.25 F F2(mark\255dir)5.262 E(ectories)-.18 E F1 2.761 -(readline v)5.262 F 2.761(ariable, re)-.25 F -.05(ga)-.15 G 2.761 -(rdless of the setting of the).05 F F2(mark-sym-)5.261 E(link)108 631.2 -Q(ed\255dir)-.1 E(ectories)-.18 E F1(readline v)2.5 E(ariable.)-.25 E -.19(There is some support for dynamically modifying completions.)108 648 -R .191(This is most useful when used in combina-)5.191 F 1.172 -(tion with a def)108 660 R 1.172(ault completion speci\214ed with)-.1 F -F2 1.172(complete \255D)3.672 F F1 6.172(.I)C(t')-6.172 E 3.672(sp)-.55 -G 1.172(ossible for shell functions e)-3.672 F -.15(xe)-.15 G 1.172 -(cuted as).15 F .93(completion handlers to indicate that completion sho\ -uld be retried by returning an e)108 672 R .93(xit status of 124.)-.15 F -.93(If a)5.93 F .1(shell function returns 124, and changes the compspec\ - associated with the command on which completion is)108 684 R .665 -(being attempted \(supplied as the \214rst ar)108 696 R .666 -(gument when the function is e)-.18 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .666 -(cuted\), programmable completion).15 F .084(restarts from the be)108 -708 R .084(ginning, with an attempt to \214nd a ne)-.15 F 2.584(wc)-.25 -G .084(ompspec for that command.)-2.584 F .083(This allo)5.083 F .083 -(ws a set of)-.25 F(completions to be b)108 720 Q(uilt dynamically as c\ -ompletion is attempted, rather than being loaded all at once.)-.2 E -(GNU Bash 5.3)72 768 Q(2024 March 29)144.29 E(57)193.45 E 0 Cg EP -%%Page: 58 58 -%%BeginPageSetup -BP -%%EndPageSetup -/F0 10/Times-Italic@0 SF -.25(BA)72 48 S(SH).25 E/F1 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -138.32(\(1\) General).95 F(Commands Manual)2.5 E F0 -.25(BA)140.82 G(SH) -.25 E F1(\(1\)).95 E -.15(Fo)108 84 S 2.636(ri).15 G .137 -(nstance, assuming that there is a library of compspecs, each k)-2.636 F -.137(ept in a \214le corresponding to the name of)-.1 F -(the command, the follo)108 96 Q(wing def)-.25 E -(ault completion function w)-.1 E(ould load completions dynamically:)-.1 -E/F2 10/Courier@0 SF(_completion_loader\(\))144 108 Q({)144 120 Q 6(.") -156 132 S(/etc/bash_completion.d/$1.sh" >/dev/null 2>&1 && return 124)-6 -E(})144 144 Q(complete \255D \255F _completion_loader \255o bashdefault\ - \255o default)144 156 Q/F3 10.95/Times-Bold@0 SF(HIST)72 172.8 Q(OR) --.197 E(Y)-.383 E F1 .372(When the)108 184.8 R/F4 10/Times-Bold@0 SF -.372(\255o history)2.872 F F1 .372(option to the)2.872 F F4(set)2.872 E -F1 -.2(bu)2.872 G .372(iltin is enabled, the shell pro).2 F .371 -(vides access to the)-.15 F F0 .371(command history)2.871 F F1(,)A .304 -(the list of commands pre)108 196.8 R .304(viously typed.)-.25 F .304 -(The v)5.304 F .304(alue of the)-.25 F/F5 9/Times-Bold@0 SF(HISTSIZE) -2.804 E F1 -.25(va)2.554 G .305(riable is used as the number of com-).25 -F .43(mands to sa)108 208.8 R .73 -.15(ve i)-.2 H 2.93(nah).15 G .43 -(istory list.)-2.93 F .43(The te)5.43 F .429(xt of the last)-.15 F F5 -(HISTSIZE)2.929 E F1 .429(commands \(def)2.679 F .429(ault 500\) is sa) --.1 F -.15(ve)-.2 G 2.929(d. The).15 F(shell)2.929 E .287 -(stores each command in the history list prior to parameter and v)108 -220.8 R .287(ariable e)-.25 F .287(xpansion \(see)-.15 F F5(EXP)2.787 E -(ANSION)-.666 E F1(abo)2.537 E -.15(ve)-.15 G(\)).15 E -.2(bu)108 232.8 -S 4.066(ta).2 G 1.565(fter history e)-4.066 F 1.565 -(xpansion is performed, subject to the v)-.15 F 1.565 -(alues of the shell v)-.25 F(ariables)-.25 E F5(HISTIGNORE)4.065 E F1 -(and)3.815 E F5(HISTCONTR)108 244.8 Q(OL)-.27 E/F6 9/Times-Roman@0 SF(.) -A F1 1.184 -(On startup, the history is initialized from the \214le named by the v) -108 261.6 R(ariable)-.25 E F5(HISTFILE)3.685 E F1(\(def)3.435 E(ault)-.1 -E F0(\001/.bash_his-)3.685 E(tory)108 273.6 Q F1 3.774(\). The)B 1.274 -(\214le named by the v)3.774 F 1.274(alue of)-.25 F F5(HISTFILE)3.774 E -F1 1.273(is truncated, if necessary)3.524 F 3.773(,t)-.65 G 3.773(oc) --3.773 G 1.273(ontain no more than the)-3.773 F 1.191 -(number of lines speci\214ed by the v)108 285.6 R 1.191(alue of)-.25 F -F5(HISTFILESIZE)3.691 E F6(.)A F1(If)5.691 E F4(HISTFILESIZE)3.691 E F1 -1.192(is unset, or set to null, a)3.691 F .112(non-numeric v)108 297.6 R -.112(alue, or a numeric v)-.25 F .112 -(alue less than zero, the history \214le is not truncated.)-.25 F .111 -(When the history \214le)5.111 F .275(is read, lines be)108 309.6 R .275 -(ginning with the history comment character follo)-.15 F .276 -(wed immediately by a digit are interpreted)-.25 F .6 -(as timestamps for the follo)108 321.6 R .599(wing history line.)-.25 F -.599(These timestamps are optionally displayed depending on the)5.599 F --.25(va)108 333.6 S 1.138(lue of the).25 F F5(HISTTIMEFORMA)3.638 E(T) --.855 E F1 -.25(va)3.388 G 3.638(riable. When).25 F 3.638(as)3.638 G -1.138(hell with history enabled e)-3.638 F 1.139(xits, the last)-.15 F -F5($HISTSIZE)3.639 E F1 .506(lines are copied from the history list to) -108 345.6 R F5($HISTFILE)3.005 E F6(.)A F1 .505(If the)5.005 F F4 -(histappend)3.005 E F1 .505(shell option is enabled \(see the de-)3.005 -F .599(scription of)108 357.6 R F4(shopt)3.099 E F1(under)3.099 E F5 .6 -(SHELL B)3.099 F(UIL)-.09 E .6(TIN COMMANDS)-.828 F F1(belo)2.85 E .6 -(w\), the lines are appended to the history \214le,)-.25 F .047 -(otherwise the history \214le is o)108 369.6 R -.15(ve)-.15 G 2.547 -(rwritten. If).15 F F5(HISTFILE)2.547 E F1 .047 -(is unset or null, or if the history \214le is unwritable, the)2.297 F -.598(history is not sa)108 381.6 R -.15(ve)-.2 G 3.098(d. If).15 F(the) -3.098 E F5(HISTTIMEFORMA)3.098 E(T)-.855 E F1 -.25(va)2.848 G .598 -(riable is set, time stamps are written to the history \214le,).25 F -(mark)108 393.6 Q .51(ed with the history comment character)-.1 F 3.01 -(,s)-.4 G 3.009(ot)-3.01 G(he)-3.009 E 3.009(ym)-.15 G .509 -(ay be preserv)-3.009 F .509(ed across shell sessions.)-.15 F .509 -(This uses the)5.509 F .384(history comment character to distinguish ti\ -mestamps from other history lines.)108 405.6 R .385(After sa)5.384 F -.385(ving the history)-.2 F 2.885(,t)-.65 G(he)-2.885 E .381 -(history \214le is truncated to contain no more than)108 417.6 R F5 -(HISTFILESIZE)2.88 E F1 2.88(lines. If)2.63 F F5(HISTFILESIZE)2.88 E F1 -.38(is unset, or set to)2.63 F(null, a non-numeric v)108 429.6 Q -(alue, or a numeric v)-.25 E -(alue less than zero, the history \214le is not truncated.)-.25 E .298 -(The b)108 446.4 R .298(uiltin command)-.2 F F4(fc)2.798 E F1(\(see) -2.798 E F5 .298(SHELL B)2.798 F(UIL)-.09 E .298(TIN COMMANDS)-.828 F F1 -(belo)2.549 E .299(w\) may be used to list or edit and re-e)-.25 F -.15 -(xe)-.15 G(-).15 E .472(cute a portion of the history list.)108 458.4 R -(The)5.472 E F4(history)2.972 E F1 -.2(bu)2.972 G .471 -(iltin may be used to display or modify the history list and).2 F .001 -(manipulate the history \214le.)108 470.4 R .001 -(When using command-line editing, search commands are a)5.001 F -.25(va) --.2 G .002(ilable in each edit-).25 F(ing mode that pro)108 482.4 Q -(vide access to the history list.)-.15 E 1.486(The shell allo)108 499.2 -R 1.486(ws control o)-.25 F -.15(ve)-.15 G 3.986(rw).15 G 1.486 -(hich commands are sa)-3.986 F -.15(ve)-.2 G 3.986(do).15 G 3.986(nt) --3.986 G 1.486(he history list.)-3.986 F(The)6.485 E F5(HISTCONTR)3.985 -E(OL)-.27 E F1(and)3.735 E F5(HISTIGNORE)108 511.2 Q F1 -.25(va)3.306 G -1.057(riables are used to cause the shell to sa).25 F 1.357 -.15(ve o) --.2 H 1.057(nly a subset of the commands entered.).15 F(The)6.057 E F4 -(cmdhist)108 523.2 Q F1 .75 -(shell option, if enabled, causes the shell to attempt to sa)3.25 F 1.05 --.15(ve e)-.2 H .75(ach line of a multi-line command in).15 F 1.077 -(the same history entry)108 535.2 R 3.577(,a)-.65 G 1.077 -(dding semicolons where necessary to preserv)-3.577 F 3.577(es)-.15 G -1.077(yntactic correctness.)-3.577 F(The)6.077 E F4(lithist)3.577 E F1 -.374(shell option causes the shell to sa)108 547.2 R .674 -.15(ve t)-.2 -H .374(he command with embedded ne).15 F .373 -(wlines instead of semicolons.)-.25 F .373(See the)5.373 F .318 -(description of the)108 559.2 R F4(shopt)2.818 E F1 -.2(bu)2.818 G .318 -(iltin belo).2 F 2.818(wu)-.25 G(nder)-2.818 E F5 .318(SHELL B)2.818 F -(UIL)-.09 E .318(TIN COMMANDS)-.828 F F1 .319 -(for information on setting and)2.568 F(unsetting shell options.)108 -571.2 Q F3(HIST)72 588 Q(OR)-.197 E 2.738(YE)-.383 G(XP)-2.738 E(ANSION) --.81 E F1 .611(The shell supports a history e)108 600 R .611 -(xpansion feature that is similar to the history e)-.15 F .61 -(xpansion in)-.15 F F4(csh)3.11 E F1 5.61(.T)C .61(his section)-5.61 F -.87(describes what syntax features are a)108 612 R -.25(va)-.2 G 3.371 -(ilable. This).25 F .871(feature is enabled by def)3.371 F .871 -(ault for interacti)-.1 F 1.171 -.15(ve s)-.25 H .871(hells, and).15 F -.95(can be disabled using the)108 624 R F4(+H)3.449 E F1 .949 -(option to the)3.449 F F4(set)3.449 E F1 -.2(bu)3.449 G .949 -(iltin command \(see).2 F F5 .949(SHELL B)3.449 F(UIL)-.09 E .949 -(TIN COMMANDS)-.828 F F1(be-)3.199 E(lo)108 636 Q 2.5 -(w\). Non-interacti)-.25 F .3 -.15(ve s)-.25 H -(hells do not perform history e).15 E(xpansion by def)-.15 E(ault.)-.1 E -1.305(History e)108 652.8 R 1.305(xpansions introduce w)-.15 F 1.306(or\ -ds from the history list into the input stream, making it easy to repea\ -t)-.1 F .21(commands, insert the ar)108 664.8 R .21(guments to a pre) --.18 F .209 -(vious command into the current input line, or \214x errors in pre)-.25 -F(vious)-.25 E(commands quickly)108 676.8 Q(.)-.65 E 1.163(History e)108 -693.6 R 1.163(xpansion is performed immediately after a complete line i\ -s read, before the shell breaks it into)-.15 F -.1(wo)108 705.6 S .252 -(rds, and is performed on each line indi).1 F .251 -(vidually without taking quoting on pre)-.25 F .251 -(vious lines into account.)-.25 F(It)5.251 E(tak)108 717.6 Q .145 -(es place in tw)-.1 F 2.645(op)-.1 G 2.646(arts. The)-2.645 F .146(\214\ -rst is to determine which line from the history list to use during subs\ -titution.)2.646 F .766(The second is to select portions of that line fo\ -r inclusion into the current one.)108 729.6 R .766 -(The line selected from the)5.766 F(GNU Bash 5.3)72 768 Q(2024 March 29) -144.29 E(58)193.45 E 0 Cg EP -%%Page: 59 59 -%%BeginPageSetup -BP -%%EndPageSetup -/F0 10/Times-Italic@0 SF -.25(BA)72 48 S(SH).25 E/F1 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -138.32(\(1\) General).95 F(Commands Manual)2.5 E F0 -.25(BA)140.82 G(SH) -.25 E F1(\(1\)).95 E 1.203(history is the)108 84 R F0 -.15(ev)3.703 G -(ent).15 E F1 3.703(,a)C 1.203 -(nd the portions of that line that are acted upon are)-3.703 F F0(wor) -3.703 E(ds)-.37 E F1 6.203(.T)C 1.203(he line is brok)-6.203 F 1.203 -(en into)-.1 F -.1(wo)108 96 S 2.08(rds in the same f).1 F 2.08 -(ashion as when reading input, so that se)-.1 F -.15(ve)-.25 G(ral).15 E -F0(metac)4.58 E(har)-.15 E(acter)-.15 E F1 2.08(-separated w)B 2.08 -(ords sur)-.1 F(-)-.2 E .245(rounded by quotes are considered one w)108 -108 R 2.746(ord. The)-.1 F F0 -.15(ev)2.746 G .246(ent designator).15 F -F1 .246(selects the e)2.746 F -.15(ve)-.25 G .246(nt, the optional).15 F -F0(wor)2.746 E 2.746(dd)-.37 G(es-)-2.746 E(ignator)108 120 Q F1 .04 -(selects w)2.54 F .04(ords from the e)-.1 F -.15(ve)-.25 G .039 -(nt, and v).15 F .039(arious optional)-.25 F F0(modi\214er)2.539 E(s)-.1 -E F1 .039(are a)2.539 F -.25(va)-.2 G .039 -(ilable to manipulate the selected).25 F -.1(wo)108 132 S(rds.).1 E .574 -(History e)108 148.8 R .574 -(xpansions are introduced by the appearance of the history e)-.15 F .575 -(xpansion character)-.15 F 3.075(,w)-.4 G .575(hich is)-3.075 F/F2 10 -/Times-Bold@0 SF(!)3.908 E F1 .575(by de-)3.908 F -.1(fa)108 160.8 S 2.5 -(ult. History).1 F -.15(ex)2.5 G(pansions may appear an).15 E -(ywhere in the input, b)-.15 E(ut do not nest.)-.2 E .791 -(Only backslash \()108 177.6 R F2(\\).833 E F1 3.291(\)a).833 G .79 -(nd single quotes can quote the history e)-3.291 F .79 -(xpansion character)-.15 F 3.29(,b)-.4 G .79(ut the history e)-3.49 F -(xpansion)-.15 E .789(character is also treated as quoted if it immedia\ -tely precedes the closing double quote in a double-quoted)108 189.6 R -(string.)108 201.6 Q(Se)108 218.4 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G .03 -(ral characters inhibit history e).15 F .03 -(xpansion if found immediately follo)-.15 F .03(wing the history e)-.25 -F .03(xpansion character)-.15 F(,)-.4 E -2.15 -.25(ev e)108 230.4 T -3.721(ni).25 G 3.721(fi)-3.721 G 3.722(ti)-3.721 G 3.722(su)-3.722 G -1.222(nquoted: space, tab, ne)-3.722 F 1.222(wline, carriage return,) --.25 F F2(=)3.722 E F1 3.722(,a)C 1.222 -(nd the other shell metacharacters de\214ned)-3.722 F(abo)108 242.4 Q --.15(ve)-.15 G(.).15 E 1.764(There is a special abbre)108 259.2 R 1.764 -(viation for substitution, acti)-.25 F 2.064 -.15(ve w)-.25 H 1.764 -(hen the).15 F F0(quic)4.264 E 4.264(ks)-.2 G(ubstitution)-4.264 E F1 -1.763(character \(described)4.263 F(abo)108 271.2 Q .488 -.15(ve u)-.15 -H(nder).15 E F2(histchars)2.688 E F1 2.688(\)i)C 2.688(st)-2.688 G .188 -(he \214rst character on the line.)-2.688 F .188(It selects the pre) -5.188 F .189(vious history entry)-.25 F 2.689(,u)-.65 G .189(sing an e) --2.689 F -.15(ve)-.25 G(nt).15 E .786(designator equi)108 283.2 R -.25 -(va)-.25 G .786(lent to).25 F F2(!!)3.286 E F1 3.286(,a)C .786 -(nd substitutes one string for another in that line.)-3.286 F .786 -(It is described belo)5.786 F 3.285(wu)-.25 G(nder)-3.285 E F2(Ev)108 -295.2 Q .138(ent Designators)-.1 F F1 5.138(.T)C .139 -(his is the only history e)-5.138 F .139(xpansion that does not be)-.15 -F .139(gin with the history e)-.15 F .139(xpansion char)-.15 F(-)-.2 E -(acter)108 307.2 Q(.)-.55 E(Se)108 324 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G .11 -(ral shell options settable with the).15 F F2(shopt)2.61 E F1 -.2(bu) -2.61 G .109(iltin may be used to tailor the beha).2 F .109 -(vior of history e)-.2 F(xpansion.)-.15 E .231(If the)108 336 R F2 -(histv)2.731 E(erify)-.1 E F1 .231 -(shell option is enabled \(see the description of the)2.731 F F2(shopt) -2.731 E F1 -.2(bu)2.731 G .231(iltin belo).2 F .231(w\), and)-.25 F F2 --.18(re)2.731 G(adline).18 E F1 .232(is be-)2.732 F .449(ing used, hist\ -ory substitutions are not immediately passed to the shell parser)108 348 -R 5.449(.I)-.55 G .448(nstead, the e)-5.449 F .448(xpanded line is)-.15 -F 2.228(reloaded into the)108 360 R F2 -.18(re)4.728 G(adline).18 E F1 -2.228(editing b)4.728 F(uf)-.2 E 2.228(fer for further modi\214cation.) --.25 F(If)7.228 E F2 -.18(re)4.728 G(adline).18 E F1 2.228 -(is being used, and the)4.728 F F2(histr)108 372 Q(eedit)-.18 E F1 1.202 -(shell option is enabled, a f)3.702 F 1.202 -(ailed history substitution will be reloaded into the)-.1 F F2 -.18(re) -3.702 G(adline).18 E F1(editing)3.702 E -.2(bu)108 384 S -.25(ff).2 G -.303(er for correction.).25 F(The)5.303 E F22.803 E F1 .303 -(option to the)2.803 F F2(history)2.804 E F1 -.2(bu)2.804 G .304 -(iltin command may be used to see what a history e).2 F(x-)-.15 E .52 -(pansion will do before using it.)108 396 R(The)5.52 E F23.02 E F1 -.52(option to the)3.02 F F2(history)3.02 E F1 -.2(bu)3.02 G .52 -(iltin may be used to add commands to the).2 F -(end of the history list without actually e)108 408 Q -.15(xe)-.15 G -(cuting them, so that the).15 E 2.5(ya)-.15 G(re a)-2.5 E -.25(va)-.2 G -(ilable for subsequent recall.).25 E 1.108(The shell allo)108 424.8 R -1.108(ws control of the v)-.25 F 1.108 -(arious characters used by the history e)-.25 F 1.108 -(xpansion mechanism \(see the de-)-.15 F .163(scription of)108 436.8 R -F2(histchars)2.663 E F1(abo)2.663 E .463 -.15(ve u)-.15 H(nder).15 E F2 -.163(Shell V)2.663 F(ariables)-.92 E F1 2.663(\). The)B .162 -(shell uses the history comment character to mark)2.663 F -(history timestamps when writing the history \214le.)108 448.8 Q F2(Ev) -87 465.6 Q(ent Designators)-.1 E F1 .066(An e)108 477.6 R -.15(ve)-.25 G -.067(nt designator is a reference to a command line entry in the histor\ -y list.).15 F .067(The e)5.067 F -.15(ve)-.25 G .067 -(nt designator consists).15 F .462(of the portion of the w)108 489.6 R -.461(ord be)-.1 F .461(ginning with the history e)-.15 F .461 -(xpansion character and ending with the w)-.15 F .461(ord desig-)-.1 F -.582(nator if present, or the end of the w)108 501.6 R 3.083 -(ord. Unless)-.1 F .583(the reference is absolute, e)3.083 F -.15(ve) --.25 G .583(nts are relati).15 F .883 -.15(ve t)-.25 H 3.083(ot).15 G -.583(he current)-3.083 F(position in the history list.)108 513.6 Q F2(!) -108 530.4 Q F1 1.608(Start a history substitution, e)144 530.4 R 1.608 -(xcept when follo)-.15 F 1.607(wed by a)-.25 F F2(blank)4.107 E F1 4.107 -(,n)C -.25(ew)-4.107 G 1.607(line, carriage return, = or \().25 F -(\(when the)144 542.4 Q F2(extglob)2.5 E F1 -(shell option is enabled using the)2.5 E F2(shopt)2.5 E F1 -.2(bu)2.5 G -(iltin\).).2 E F2(!)108 554.4 Q F0(n)A F1(Refer to command line)144 -554.4 Q F0(n)2.86 E F1(.).24 E F2<21ad>108 566.4 Q F0(n)A F1 -(Refer to the current command minus)144 566.4 Q F0(n)2.86 E F1(.).24 E -F2(!!)108 578.4 Q F1(Refer to the pre)144 578.4 Q(vious command.)-.25 E -(This is a synon)5 E(ym for \231!\2551\232.)-.15 E F2(!)108 590.4 Q F0 -(string)A F1 .865(Refer to the most recent command preceding the curren\ -t position in the history list starting with)144 590.4 R F0(string) -144.34 602.4 Q F1(.).22 E F2(!?)108 614.4 Q F0(string)A F2([?])A F1 -1.503(Refer to the most recent command preceding the current position i\ -n the history list containing)144 626.4 R F0(string)144.34 638.4 Q F1 -5.496(.T).22 G .496(he trailing)-5.496 F F2(?)2.996 E F1 .496 -(may be omitted if)2.996 F F0(string)3.336 E F1 .497(is follo)3.216 F -.497(wed immediately by a ne)-.25 F 2.997(wline. If)-.25 F F0(string) -2.997 E F1(is)2.997 E .391(missing, the string from the most recent sea\ -rch is used; it is an error if there is no pre)144 650.4 R .39 -(vious search)-.25 F(string.)144 662.4 Q/F3 12/Times-Bold@0 SF<00>108 -679.4 Q F0(string1)-5 I F3<00>5 I F0(string2)-5 I F3<00>5 I F1 .752 -(Quick substitution.)144 686.4 R .752(Repeat the pre)5.752 F .753 -(vious command, replacing)-.25 F F0(string1)3.593 E F1(with)3.253 E F0 -(string2)3.593 E F1 5.753(.E).02 G(qui)-5.753 E -.25(va)-.25 G .753 -(lent to).25 F(\231!!:s)144 698.4 Q/F4 12/Times-Roman@0 SF<00>5 I F0 -(string1)-5 I F4<00>5 I F0(string2)-5 I F4<00>5 I F1 2.5<9a28>-5 K(see) --2.5 E F2(Modi\214ers)2.5 E F1(belo)2.5 E(w\).)-.25 E(GNU Bash 5.3)72 -768 Q(2024 March 29)144.29 E(59)193.45 E 0 Cg EP -%%Page: 60 60 -%%BeginPageSetup -BP -%%EndPageSetup -/F0 10/Times-Italic@0 SF -.25(BA)72 48 S(SH).25 E/F1 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -138.32(\(1\) General).95 F(Commands Manual)2.5 E F0 -.25(BA)140.82 G(SH) -.25 E F1(\(1\)).95 E/F2 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(!#)108 84 Q F1 -(The entire command line typed so f)144 84 Q(ar)-.1 E(.)-.55 E F2 -.75 -(Wo)87 100.8 S(rd Designators).75 E F1 -.8(Wo)108 112.8 S 1.314 -(rd designators are used to select desired w).8 F 1.314(ords from the e) --.1 F -.15(ve)-.25 G 3.814(nt. A).15 F F2(:)3.814 E F1 1.313 -(separates the e)3.813 F -.15(ve)-.25 G 1.313(nt speci\214cation).15 F -.41(from the w)108 124.8 R .411(ord designator)-.1 F 5.411(.I)-.55 G -2.911(tm)-5.411 G .411(ay be omitted if the w)-2.911 F .411 -(ord designator be)-.1 F .411(gins with a)-.15 F F2<00>2.911 E F1(,)A F2 -($)2.911 E F1(,)A F2(*)2.911 E F1(,)A F22.911 E F1 2.911(,o)C(r) --2.911 E F2(%)2.911 E F1 5.411(.W)C(ords)-6.211 E .516 -(are numbered from the be)108 136.8 R .516 -(ginning of the line, with the \214rst w)-.15 F .516 -(ord being denoted by 0 \(zero\).)-.1 F -.8(Wo)5.515 G .515(rds are in-) -.8 F(serted into the current line separated by single spaces.)108 148.8 -Q F2 2.5(0\()108 165.6 S(zer)-2.5 E(o\))-.18 E F1(The zeroth w)144 177.6 -Q 2.5(ord. F)-.1 F(or the shell, this is the command w)-.15 E(ord.)-.1 E -F0(n)108.36 189.6 Q F1(The)144 189.6 Q F0(n)2.5 E F1(th w)A(ord.)-.1 E -F2<00>108 201.6 Q F1(The \214rst ar)144 201.6 Q 2.5(gument. That)-.18 F -(is, w)2.5 E(ord 1.)-.1 E F2($)108 213.6 Q F1 .063(The last w)144 213.6 -R 2.563(ord. This)-.1 F .063(is usually the last ar)2.563 F .064 -(gument, b)-.18 F .064(ut will e)-.2 F .064(xpand to the zeroth w)-.15 F -.064(ord if there is only)-.1 F(one w)144 225.6 Q(ord in the line.)-.1 E -F2(%)108 237.6 Q F1 .917(The \214rst w)144 237.6 R .916 -(ord matched by the most recent \231?)-.1 F F0(string)A F1 3.416 -(?'\232 search,)B .916(if the search string be)3.416 F .916(gins with a) --.15 F(character that is part of a w)144 249.6 Q(ord.)-.1 E F0(x)108.77 -261.6 Q F2A F0(y)A F1 2.5(Ar)144 261.6 S(ange of w)-2.5 E -(ords; \231\255)-.1 E F0(y)A F1 2.5<9a61>C(bbre)-2.5 E(viates \2310\255) --.25 E F0(y)A F1<9a2e>A F2(*)108 273.6 Q F1 .218(All of the w)144 273.6 -R .218(ords b)-.1 F .218(ut the zeroth.)-.2 F .219(This is a synon)5.218 -F .219(ym for \231)-.15 F F0(1\255$)A F1 2.719(\232. It)B .219 -(is not an error to use)2.719 F F2(*)2.719 E F1 .219(if there is)2.719 F -(just one w)144 285.6 Q(ord in the e)-.1 E -.15(ve)-.25 G -(nt; the empty string is returned in that case.).15 E F2(x*)108 297.6 Q -F1(Abbre)144 297.6 Q(viates)-.25 E F0(x\255$)2.5 E F1(.)A F2<78ad>108 -309.6 Q F1(Abbre)144 309.6 Q(viates)-.25 E F0(x\255$)2.5 E F1(lik)2.5 E -(e)-.1 E F2(x*)2.5 E F1 2.5(,b)C(ut omits the last w)-2.7 E 2.5(ord. If) --.1 F F2(x)2.5 E F1(is missing, it def)2.5 E(aults to 0.)-.1 E(If a w) -108 326.4 Q(ord designator is supplied without an e)-.1 E -.15(ve)-.25 G -(nt speci\214cation, the pre).15 E(vious command is used as the e)-.25 E --.15(ve)-.25 G(nt.).15 E F2(Modi\214ers)87 343.2 Q F1 .184 -(After the optional w)108 355.2 R .184(ord designator)-.1 F 2.684(,t)-.4 -G .183(here may appear a sequence of one or more of the follo)-2.684 F -.183(wing modi\214ers,)-.25 F(each preceded by a \231:\232.)108 367.2 Q -(These modify)5 E 2.5(,o)-.65 G 2.5(re)-2.5 G(dit, the w)-2.5 E -(ord or w)-.1 E(ords selected from the history e)-.1 E -.15(ve)-.25 G -(nt.).15 E F2(h)108 384 Q F1(Remo)144 384 Q .3 -.15(ve a t)-.15 H -(railing \214lename component, lea).15 E(ving only the head.)-.2 E F2(t) -108 396 Q F1(Remo)144 396 Q .3 -.15(ve a)-.15 H -(ll leading \214lename components, lea).15 E(ving the tail.)-.2 E F2(r) -108 408 Q F1(Remo)144 408 Q .3 -.15(ve a t)-.15 H(railing suf).15 E -(\214x of the form)-.25 E F0(.xxx)2.5 E F1 2.5(,l)C(ea)-2.5 E -(ving the basename.)-.2 E F2(e)108 420 Q F1(Remo)144 420 Q .3 -.15(ve a) --.15 H(ll b).15 E(ut the trailing suf)-.2 E(\214x.)-.25 E F2(p)108 432 Q -F1(Print the ne)144 432 Q 2.5(wc)-.25 G(ommand b)-2.5 E(ut do not e)-.2 -E -.15(xe)-.15 G(cute it.).15 E F2(q)108 444 Q F1 -(Quote the substituted w)144 444 Q -(ords, escaping further substitutions.)-.1 E F2(x)108 456 Q F1 .385 -(Quote the substituted w)144 456 R .385(ords as with)-.1 F F2(q)2.885 E -F1 2.885(,b)C .386(ut break into w)-3.085 F .386(ords at)-.1 F F2 -(blanks)2.886 E F1 .386(and ne)2.886 F 2.886(wlines. The)-.25 F F2(q) -2.886 E F1(and)2.886 E F2(x)2.886 E F1(modi\214ers are mutually e)144 -468 Q(xclusi)-.15 E -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.5(;t).15 G -(he last one supplied is used.)-2.5 E F2(s/)108 480 Q F0(old)A F2(/)A F0 -(ne)A(w)-.15 E F2(/)A F1(Substitute)144 492 Q F0(ne)3.329 E(w)-.15 E F1 -.469(for the \214rst occurrence of)3.279 F F0(old)3.199 E F1 .469 -(in the e)3.739 F -.15(ve)-.25 G .469(nt line.).15 F(An)5.469 E 2.969 -(yc)-.15 G .469(haracter may be used as the)-2.969 F .953 -(delimiter in place of /.)144 504 R .953 -(The \214nal delimiter is optional if it is the last character of the e) -5.953 F -.15(ve)-.25 G .954(nt line.).15 F .131 -(The delimiter may be quoted in)144 516 R F0(old)2.861 E F1(and)3.401 E -F0(ne)2.991 E(w)-.15 E F1 .131(with a single backslash.)2.941 F .131 -(If & appears in)5.131 F F0(ne)2.991 E(w)-.15 E F1 2.631(,i).31 G 2.631 -(ti)-2.631 G 2.631(sr)-2.631 G(e-)-2.631 E .619(placed by)144 528 R F0 -(old)3.349 E F1 5.619(.A).77 G .619(single backslash will quote the &.) --2.5 F(If)5.619 E F0(old)3.349 E F1 .619(is null, it is set to the last) -3.889 F F0(old)3.349 E F1(substi-)3.89 E .487(tuted, or)144 540 R 2.987 -(,i)-.4 G 2.987(fn)-2.987 G 2.987(op)-2.987 G(re)-2.987 E .486 -(vious history substitutions took place, the last)-.25 F F0(string)3.326 -E F1 .486(in a)3.206 F F2(!?)2.986 E F0(string)A F2([?])A F1 2.986 -(search. If)5.486 F F0(ne)144.36 552 Q(w)-.15 E F1 -(is null, each matching)2.81 E F0(old)2.73 E F1(is deleted.)3.27 E F2(&) -108 564 Q F1(Repeat the pre)144 564 Q(vious substitution.)-.25 E F2(g) -108 576 Q F1 .267(Cause changes to be applied o)144 576 R -.15(ve)-.15 G -2.767(rt).15 G .267(he entire e)-2.767 F -.15(ve)-.25 G .267(nt line.) -.15 F .267(This is used in conjunction with \231)5.267 F F2(:s)A F1 -2.768<9a28>C(e.g.,)-2.768 E<99>144 588 Q F2(:gs/)A F0(old)A F2(/)A F0 -(ne)A(w)-.15 E F2(/)A F1(\232\) or \231)A F2(:&)A F1 2.5(\232. If)B -(used with \231)2.5 E F2(:s)A F1(\232, an)A 2.5(yd)-.15 G -(elimiter can be used in place of /, and the \214nal de-)-2.5 E -(limiter is optional if it is the last character of the e)144 600 Q -.15 -(ve)-.25 G(nt line.).15 E(An)5 E F2(a)2.5 E F1(may be used as a synon) -2.5 E(ym for)-.15 E F2(g)2.5 E F1(.)A F2(G)108 612 Q F1(Apply the follo) -144 612 Q(wing \231)-.25 E F2(s)A F1 2.5<9a6f>C 2.5<7299>-2.5 G F2(&) --2.5 E F1 2.5<9a6d>C(odi\214er once to each w)-2.5 E(ord in the e)-.1 E --.15(ve)-.25 G(nt line.).15 E/F3 10.95/Times-Bold@0 SF(SHELL B)72 628.8 -Q(UIL)-.11 E(TIN COMMANDS)-1.007 E F1 .063 -(Unless otherwise noted, each b)108 640.8 R .062(uiltin command documen\ -ted in this section as accepting options preceded by)-.2 F F2108 -652.8 Q F1(accepts)3.077 E F23.077 E F1 .577 -(to signify the end of the options.)3.077 F(The)5.577 E F2(:)3.077 E F1 -(,)A F2(true)3.077 E F1(,)A F2(false)3.077 E F1 3.077(,a)C(nd)-3.077 E -F2(test)3.077 E F1(/)A F2([)A F1 -.2(bu)3.077 G .577 -(iltins do not accept options).2 F .462(and do not treat)108 664.8 R F2 -2.961 E F1(specially)2.961 E 5.461(.T)-.65 G(he)-5.461 E F2(exit) -2.961 E F1(,)A F2(logout)2.961 E F1(,)A F2 -.18(re)2.961 G(tur).18 E(n) --.15 E F1(,)A F2(br)2.961 E(eak)-.18 E F1(,)A F2(continue)2.961 E F1(,)A -F2(let)2.961 E F1 2.961(,a)C(nd)-2.961 E F2(shift)2.961 E F1 -.2(bu) -2.961 G .461(iltins accept and).2 F .26(process ar)108 676.8 R .26 -(guments be)-.18 F .26(ginning with)-.15 F F22.76 E F1 .261 -(without requiring)2.76 F F22.761 E F1 5.261(.O)C .261(ther b) --5.261 F .261(uiltins that accept ar)-.2 F .261(guments b)-.18 F .261 -(ut are not)-.2 F 1.154(speci\214ed as accepting options interpret ar) -108 688.8 R 1.154(guments be)-.18 F 1.154(ginning with)-.15 F F2 -3.654 E F1 1.154(as in)3.654 F -.25(va)-.4 G 1.154 -(lid options and require).25 F F23.654 E F1(to)3.654 E(pre)108 -700.8 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G(nt this interpretation.).15 E(GNU Bash 5.3)72 768 -Q(2024 March 29)144.29 E(60)193.45 E 0 Cg EP -%%Page: 61 61 -%%BeginPageSetup -BP -%%EndPageSetup -/F0 10/Times-Italic@0 SF -.25(BA)72 48 S(SH).25 E/F1 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -138.32(\(1\) General).95 F(Commands Manual)2.5 E F0 -.25(BA)140.82 G(SH) -.25 E F1(\(1\)).95 E/F2 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(:)108 84 Q F1([)2.5 E F0(ar)A -(guments)-.37 E F1(])A .451(No ef)144 96 R .451 -(fect; the command does nothing be)-.25 F .452(yond e)-.15 F(xpanding) --.15 E F0(ar)3.282 E(guments)-.37 E F1 .452(and performing an)3.222 F -2.952(ys)-.15 G(peci\214ed)-2.952 E 2.5(redirections. The)144 108 R -(return status is zero.)2.5 E F2(.)108 124.8 Q F0(\214lename)6.666 E F1 -([)2.5 E F0(ar)A(guments)-.37 E F1(])A F2(sour)108 136.8 Q(ce)-.18 E F0 -(\214lename)2.5 E F1([)2.5 E F0(ar)A(guments)-.37 E F1(])A 1.02 -(Read and e)144 148.8 R -.15(xe)-.15 G 1.02(cute commands from).15 F F0 -(\214lename)5.43 E F1 1.02(in the current shell en)3.7 F 1.02 -(vironment and return the e)-.4 F(xit)-.15 E 1.33 -(status of the last command e)144 160.8 R -.15(xe)-.15 G 1.331 -(cuted from).15 F F0(\214lename)5.741 E F1 6.331(.I).18 G(f)-6.331 E F0 -(\214lename)5.741 E F1 1.331(does not contain a slash, \214le-)4.011 F -.023(names in)144 172.8 R/F3 9/Times-Bold@0 SF -.666(PA)2.523 G(TH)-.189 -E F1 .022(are used to \214nd the directory containing)2.273 F F0 -(\214lename)4.432 E F1 2.522(,b).18 G(ut)-2.722 E F0(\214lename)2.522 E -F1 .022(does not need to be)2.522 F -.15(exe)144 184.8 S 3.86 -(cutable. The).15 F 1.36(\214le searched for in)3.86 F F3 -.666(PA)3.86 -G(TH)-.189 E F1 1.361(need not be e)3.61 F -.15(xe)-.15 G 3.861 -(cutable. When).15 F F2(bash)3.861 E F1 1.361(is not in)3.861 F F0 -(posix)3.861 E(mode)144 196.8 Q F1 2.772(,i)C 2.772(ts)-2.772 G .272 -(earches the current directory if no \214le is found in)-2.772 F F3 --.666(PA)2.771 G(TH)-.189 E/F4 9/Times-Roman@0 SF(.)A F1 .271(If the) -4.771 F F2(sour)2.771 E(cepath)-.18 E F1 .271(option to the)2.771 F F2 -(shopt)144 208.8 Q F1 -.2(bu)3.659 G 1.159(iltin command is turned of).2 -F 1.159(f, the)-.25 F F3 -.666(PA)3.659 G(TH)-.189 E F1 1.159 -(is not searched.)3.409 F 1.16(If an)6.159 F(y)-.15 E F0(ar)3.66 E -(guments)-.37 E F1 1.16(are supplied,)3.66 F(the)144 220.8 Q 3.045(yb) --.15 G .544(ecome the positional parameters when)-3.045 F F0(\214lename) -3.044 E F1 .544(is e)3.044 F -.15(xe)-.15 G 3.044(cuted. Otherwise).15 F -.544(the positional para-)3.044 F .302(meters are unchanged.)144 232.8 R -.302(If the)5.302 F F22.802 E F1 .302(option is enabled,)2.802 F -F2(.)2.802 E F1 .302(inherits an)2.802 F 2.802(yt)-.15 G .302(rap on) --2.802 F F2(DEB)2.802 E(UG)-.1 E F1 2.802(;i)C 2.802(fi)-2.802 G 2.802 -(ti)-2.802 G 2.803(sn)-2.802 G .303(ot, an)-2.803 F(y)-.15 E F2(DEB)144 -244.8 Q(UG)-.1 E F1 .382(trap string is sa)2.882 F -.15(ve)-.2 G 2.882 -(da).15 G .382(nd restored around the call to)-2.882 F F2(.)2.882 E F1 -2.882(,a)C(nd)-2.882 E F2(.)2.881 E F1 .381(unsets the)2.881 F F2(DEB) -2.881 E(UG)-.1 E F1 .381(trap while)2.881 F .812(it e)144 256.8 R -.15 -(xe)-.15 G 3.312(cutes. If).15 F F23.312 E F1 .812 -(is not set, and the sourced \214le changes the)3.312 F F2(DEB)3.312 E -(UG)-.1 E F1 .812(trap, the ne)3.312 F 3.312(wv)-.25 G .813(alue is re-) --3.562 F 1.377(tained when)144 268.8 R F2(.)3.877 E F1 3.877 -(completes. The)3.877 F 1.376 -(return status is the status of the last command e)3.876 F 1.376 -(xited within the)-.15 F(script \(0 if no commands are e)144 280.8 Q --.15(xe)-.15 G(cuted\), and f).15 E(alse if)-.1 E F0(\214lename)4.41 E -F1(is not found or cannot be read.)2.68 E F2(alias)108 297.6 Q F1([)2.5 -E F2A F1 2.5(][)C F0(name)-2.5 E F1([=)A F0(value)A F1 2.5(].)C -1.666(..)-.834 G(])-1.666 E F2(Alias)144 309.6 Q F1 2.724(with no ar) -5.224 F 2.724(guments or with the)-.18 F F25.224 E F1 2.724 -(option prints the list of aliases in the form)5.224 F F2(alias)5.225 E -F0(name)144 321.6 Q F1(=)A F0(value)A F1 .58(on standard output.)3.08 F -.58(When ar)5.58 F .58 -(guments are supplied, an alias is de\214ned for each)-.18 F F0(name) -3.08 E F1(whose)144 333.6 Q F0(value)2.508 E F1 .009(is gi)2.508 F -.15 -(ve)-.25 G 2.509(n. A).15 F .009(trailing space in)2.509 F F0(value) -2.509 E F1 .009(causes the ne)2.509 F .009(xt w)-.15 F .009 -(ord to be check)-.1 F .009(ed for alias substi-)-.1 F .579 -(tution when the alias is e)144 345.6 R 3.079(xpanded. F)-.15 F .579 -(or each)-.15 F F0(name)3.079 E F1 .579(in the ar)3.079 F .579 -(gument list for which no)-.18 F F0(value)3.079 E F1 .578(is sup-)3.078 -F 1.313(plied, the name and v)144 357.6 R 1.314 -(alue of the alias is printed.)-.25 F F2(Alias)6.314 E F1 1.314 -(returns true unless a)3.814 F F0(name)3.814 E F1 1.314(is gi)3.814 F --.15(ve)-.25 G 3.814(nf).15 G(or)-3.814 E -(which no alias has been de\214ned.)144 369.6 Q F2(bg)108 386.4 Q F1([) -2.5 E F0(jobspec)A F1 1.666(...)2.5 G(])-1.666 E .745 -(Resume each suspended job)144 398.4 R F0(jobspec)3.245 E F1 .745 -(in the background, as if it had been started with)3.245 F F2(&)3.244 E -F1 5.744(.I)C(f)-5.744 E F0(job-)4.984 E(spec)144 410.4 Q F1 .671 -(is not present, the shell')3.481 F 3.171(sn)-.55 G .672(otion of the) --3.171 F F0(curr)3.172 E .672(ent job)-.37 F F1 .672(is used.)3.172 F F2 -(bg)5.672 E F0(jobspec)4.912 E F1 .672(returns 0 unless run)3.482 F .419 -(when job control is disabled or)144 422.4 R 2.919(,w)-.4 G .419 -(hen run with job control enabled, an)-2.919 F 2.918(ys)-.15 G -(peci\214ed)-2.918 E F0(jobspec)2.918 E F1 -.1(wa)2.918 G 2.918(sn).1 G -(ot)-2.918 E(found or w)144 434.4 Q(as started without job control.)-.1 -E F2(bind)108 451.2 Q F1([)2.5 E F2A F0 -.1(ke)2.5 G(ymap)-.2 E F1 -2.5(][)C F2(\255lpsvPSVX)-2.5 E F1(])A F2(bind)108 463.2 Q F1([)2.5 E F2 -A F0 -.1(ke)2.5 G(ymap)-.2 E F1 2.5(][)C F2-2.5 E F0 -(function)2.5 E F1 2.5(][)C F2-2.5 E F0(function)2.5 E F1 2.5(][)C -F2-2.5 E F0 -.1(ke)2.5 G(yseq)-.2 E F1(])A F2(bind)108 475.2 Q F1 -([)2.5 E F2A F0 -.1(ke)2.5 G(ymap)-.2 E F1(])A F22.5 E F0 -(\214lename)2.5 E F2(bind)108 487.2 Q F1([)2.5 E F2A F0 -.1(ke)2.5 -G(ymap)-.2 E F1(])A F22.5 E F0 -.1(ke)2.5 G(yseq)-.2 E F1([:])A F0 -(shell\255command)2.5 E F2(bind)108 499.2 Q F1([)2.5 E F2A F0 -.1 -(ke)2.5 G(ymap)-.2 E F1(])A F0 -.1(ke)2.5 G(yseq)-.2 E F1(:)A F0 -(function\255name)A F2(bind)108 511.2 Q F1([)2.5 E F2A F0 -.1(ke) -2.5 G(ymap)-.2 E F1(])A F0 -.1(ke)2.5 G(yseq)-.2 E F1(:)A F0 -.37(re)C -(adline\255command).37 E F2(bind)108 523.2 Q F0 -.37(re)2.5 G -(adline-command-line).37 E F1 .238(Display current)144 535.2 R F2 -.18 -(re)2.738 G(adline).18 E F1 -.1(ke)2.738 G 2.738(ya)-.05 G .239 -(nd function bindings, bind a k)-2.738 F .539 -.15(ey s)-.1 H .239 -(equence to a).15 F F2 -.18(re)2.739 G(adline).18 E F1 .239(function or) -2.739 F .04(macro, or set a)144 547.2 R F2 -.18(re)2.54 G(adline).18 E -F1 -.25(va)2.54 G 2.54(riable. Each).25 F .039(non-option ar)2.54 F .039 -(gument is a command as it w)-.18 F .039(ould appear in a)-.1 F F2 -.18 -(re)144 559.2 S(adline).18 E F1 .182(initialization \214le such as)2.681 -F F0(.inputr)2.912 E(c)-.37 E F1 2.682(,b).31 G .182 -(ut each binding or command must be passed as a sep-)-2.882 F 1.029 -(arate ar)144 571.2 R 1.029(gument; e.g., \010"\\C\255x\\C\255r": re\ -\255read\255init\255\214le\010.)-.18 F 1.029(In the follo)6.029 F 1.029 -(wing descriptions, output a)-.25 F -.25(va)-.2 G(il-).25 E .709 -(able to be re-read is formatted as commands that w)144 583.2 R .709 -(ould appear in a)-.1 F F2 -.18(re)3.209 G(adline).18 E F1 .709 -(initialization \214le or)3.209 F .108(that w)144 595.2 R .108 -(ould be supplied as indi)-.1 F .107(vidual ar)-.25 F .107(guments to a) --.18 F F2(bind)2.607 E F1 2.607(command. Options,)2.607 F .107 -(if supplied, ha)2.607 F .407 -.15(ve t)-.2 H(he).15 E(follo)144 607.2 Q -(wing meanings:)-.25 E F2144 619.2 Q F0 -.1(ke)2.5 G(ymap)-.2 E F1 -(Use)180 631.2 Q F0 -.1(ke)5.158 G(ymap)-.2 E F1 2.658(as the k)5.348 F --.15(ey)-.1 G 2.658(map to be af).15 F 2.659 -(fected by the subsequent bindings.)-.25 F(Acceptable)7.659 E F0 -.1(ke) -180 643.2 S(ymap)-.2 E F1 3.193(names are)5.883 F F0 3.193 -(emacs, emacs\255standar)5.693 F 3.192 -(d, emacs\255meta, emacs\255ctlx, vi, vi\255mo)-.37 F(ve)-.1 E(,)-.1 E -(vi\255command)180 655.2 Q F1 4.089(,a)C(nd)-4.089 E F0(vi\255insert) -4.379 E F1(.).68 E F0(vi)6.589 E F1 1.589(is equi)4.089 F -.25(va)-.25 G -1.589(lent to).25 F F0(vi\255command)4.089 E F1(\()4.089 E F0(vi\255mo)A -(ve)-.1 E F1 1.59(is also a syn-)4.089 F(on)180 667.2 Q(ym\);)-.15 E F0 -(emacs)2.5 E F1(is equi)2.5 E -.25(va)-.25 G(lent to).25 E F0 -(emacs\255standar)2.5 E(d)-.37 E F1(.)A F2144 679.2 Q F1 -(List the names of all)180 679.2 Q F2 -.18(re)2.5 G(adline).18 E F1 -(functions.)2.5 E F2144 691.2 Q F1(Display)180 691.2 Q F2 -.18(re) -2.5 G(adline).18 E F1(function names and bindings in such a w)2.5 E -(ay that the)-.1 E 2.5(yc)-.15 G(an be re-read.)-2.5 E F2144 703.2 -Q F1(List current)180 703.2 Q F2 -.18(re)2.5 G(adline).18 E F1 -(function names and bindings.)2.5 E(GNU Bash 5.3)72 768 Q(2024 March 29) -144.29 E(61)193.45 E 0 Cg EP -%%Page: 62 62 -%%BeginPageSetup -BP -%%EndPageSetup -/F0 10/Times-Italic@0 SF -.25(BA)72 48 S(SH).25 E/F1 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -138.32(\(1\) General).95 F(Commands Manual)2.5 E F0 -.25(BA)140.82 G(SH) -.25 E F1(\(1\)).95 E/F2 10/Times-Bold@0 SF144 84 Q F1(Display)180 -84 Q F2 -.18(re)3.655 G(adline).18 E F1 -.1(ke)3.655 G 3.655(ys)-.05 G -1.155(equences bound to macros and the strings the)-3.655 F 3.655(yo) --.15 G 1.155(utput in such a)-3.655 F -.1(wa)180 96 S 2.5(yt).1 G -(hat the)-2.5 E 2.5(yc)-.15 G(an be re-read.)-2.5 E F2144 108 Q F1 -(Display)180 108 Q F2 -.18(re)2.5 G(adline).18 E F1 -.1(ke)2.5 G 2.5(ys) --.05 G(equences bound to macros and the strings the)-2.5 E 2.5(yo)-.15 G -(utput.)-2.5 E F2144 120 Q F1(Display)180 120 Q F2 -.18(re)2.5 G -(adline).18 E F1 -.25(va)2.5 G(riable names and v).25 E -(alues in such a w)-.25 E(ay that the)-.1 E 2.5(yc)-.15 G -(an be re-read.)-2.5 E F2144 132 Q F1(List current)180 132 Q F2 --.18(re)2.5 G(adline).18 E F1 -.25(va)2.5 G(riable names and v).25 E -(alues.)-.25 E F2144 144 Q F0(\214lename)2.5 E F1(Read k)180 156 Q -.3 -.15(ey b)-.1 H(indings from).15 E F0(\214lename)2.5 E F1(.)A F2 -144 168 Q F0(function)2.5 E F1(Query about which k)180 180 Q -.15 -(ey)-.1 G 2.5(si).15 G -1.9 -.4(nv o)-2.5 H .2 -.1(ke t).4 H(he named).1 -E F0(function)2.5 E F1(.)A F2144 192 Q F0(function)2.5 E F1 -(Unbind all k)180 204 Q -.15(ey)-.1 G 2.5(sb).15 G(ound to the named) --2.5 E F0(function)2.5 E F1(.)A F2144 216 Q F0 -.1(ke)2.5 G(yseq) --.2 E F1(Remo)180 228 Q .3 -.15(ve a)-.15 H .3 -.15(ny c).15 H -(urrent binding for).15 E F0 -.1(ke)2.5 G(yseq)-.2 E F1(.)A F2144 -240 Q F0 -.1(ke)2.5 G(yseq)-.2 E F2([: ])A F0(shell\255command)A F1 -(Cause)180 252 Q F0(shell\255command)4.344 E F1 1.844(to be e)4.344 F --.15(xe)-.15 G 1.844(cuted whene).15 F -.15(ve)-.25 G(r).15 E F0 -.1(ke) -4.345 G(yseq)-.2 E F1 1.845(is entered.)4.345 F 1.845(The separator be-) -6.845 F(tween)180 264 Q F0 -.1(ke)3.016 G(yseq)-.2 E F1(and)3.016 E F0 -(shell\255command)3.016 E F1 .516 -(is either whitespace or a colon optionally follo)3.016 F .515(wed by) --.25 F 3.458(whitespace. If)180 276 R .958(the separator is whitespace,) -3.458 F F0(shell\255command)3.458 E F1 .958(must be enclosed in double) -3.458 F .623(quotes and)180 288 R F2 -.18(re)3.123 G(adline).18 E F1 --.15(ex)3.123 G .623(pands an).15 F 3.123(yo)-.15 G 3.123(fi)-3.123 G -.623(ts special backslash-escapes in)-3.123 F F0(shell\255command)3.122 -E F1(be-)3.122 E .712(fore sa)180 300 R .712(ving it.)-.2 F .713 -(If the separator is a colon, an)5.712 F 3.213(ye)-.15 G .713 -(nclosing double quotes are optional, and)-3.213 F F2 -.18(re)180 312 S -(adline).18 E F1 .099(does not e)2.599 F .099 -(xpand the command string before sa)-.15 F .098(ving it.)-.2 F .098 -(Since the entire k)5.098 F .398 -.15(ey b)-.1 H(ind-).15 E 2.72(ing e) -180 324 R 2.72(xpression must be a single ar)-.15 F 2.72 -(gument, it should be enclosed in quotes.)-.18 F(When)7.72 E F0 -(shell\255command)180 336 Q F1 .563(is e)3.063 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .563 -(cuted, the shell sets the).15 F/F3 9/Times-Bold@0 SF(READLINE_LINE) -3.063 E F1 -.25(va)2.813 G .563(riable to the contents).25 F .319 -(of the)180 348 R F2 -.18(re)2.82 G(adline).18 E F1 .32(line b)2.82 F -(uf)-.2 E .32(fer and the)-.25 F F3(READLINE_POINT)2.82 E F1(and)2.57 E -F3(READLINE_MARK)2.82 E F1 -.25(va)2.57 G(riables).25 E .546 -(to the current location of the insertion point and the sa)180 360 R --.15(ve)-.2 G 3.045(di).15 G .545(nsertion point \(the mark\), re-) --3.045 F(specti)180 372 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G(ly).15 E 7.188(.T)-.65 G 2.188 -(he shell assigns an)-7.188 F 4.688(yn)-.15 G 2.188(umeric ar)-4.688 F -2.188(gument the user supplied to the)-.18 F F3(READ-)4.688 E -(LINE_ARGUMENT)180 384 Q F1 -.25(va)2.399 G 2.649(riable. If).25 F .149 -(there w)2.649 F .149(as no ar)-.1 F .149(gument, that v)-.18 F .148 -(ariable is not set.)-.25 F .148(If the e)5.148 F(x-)-.15 E .582 -(ecuted command changes the v)180 396 R .583(alue of an)-.25 F 3.083(yo) --.15 G(f)-3.083 E F3(READLINE_LINE)3.083 E/F4 9/Times-Roman@0 SF(,)A F3 -(READLINE_POINT)2.833 E F4(,)A F1(or)2.833 E F3(READLINE_MARK)180 408 Q -F4(,)A F1(those ne)2.25 E 2.5(wv)-.25 G -(alues will be re\215ected in the editing state.)-2.75 E F2144 420 -Q F1 .83(List all k)180 420 R 1.13 -.15(ey s)-.1 H .829 -(equences bound to shell commands and the associated commands in a for) -.15 F(-)-.2 E(mat that can be reused as input.)180 432 Q(The return v) -144 448.8 Q(alue is 0 unless an unrecognized option is gi)-.25 E -.15 -(ve)-.25 G 2.5(no).15 G 2.5(ra)-2.5 G 2.5(ne)-2.5 G(rror occurred.)-2.5 -E F2(br)108 465.6 Q(eak)-.18 E F1([)2.5 E F0(n)A F1(])A .054 -(Exit from within a)144 477.6 R F2 -.25(fo)2.554 G(r).25 E F1(,)A F2 -(while)2.554 E F1(,)A F2(until)2.555 E F1 2.555(,o)C(r)-2.555 E F2 -(select)2.555 E F1 2.555(loop. If)2.555 F F0(n)2.555 E F1 .055 -(is speci\214ed, break)2.555 F F0(n)2.555 E F1(le)2.555 E -.15(ve)-.25 G -(ls.).15 E F0(n)5.415 E F1 .055(must be)2.795 F/F5 10/Symbol SF2.555 -E F1(1.)2.555 E(If)144 489.6 Q F0(n)3.075 E F1 .215(is greater than the\ - number of enclosing loops, all enclosing loops are e)2.955 F 2.714 -(xited. The)-.15 F .214(return v)2.714 F(alue)-.25 E(is 0 unless)144 -501.6 Q F0(n)2.5 E F1(is not greater than or equal to 1.)2.5 E F2 -.2 -(bu)108 518.4 S(iltin).2 E F0(shell\255b)2.5 E(uiltin)-.2 E F1([)2.5 E -F0(ar)A(guments)-.37 E F1(])A(Ex)144 530.4 Q .77 -(ecute the speci\214ed shell b)-.15 F .77(uiltin, passing it)-.2 F F0 -(ar)3.601 E(guments)-.37 E F1 3.271(,a).27 G .771(nd return its e)-3.271 -F .771(xit status.)-.15 F .771(This is useful)5.771 F .616 -(when de\214ning a function whose name is the same as a shell b)144 -542.4 R .615(uiltin, retaining the functionality of)-.2 F .57(the b)144 -554.4 R .57(uiltin within the function.)-.2 F(The)5.57 E F2(cd)3.07 E F1 --.2(bu)3.07 G .57(iltin is commonly rede\214ned this w).2 F(ay)-.1 E -5.57(.T)-.65 G .57(he return status)-5.57 F(is f)144 566.4 Q(alse if)-.1 -E F0(shell\255b)2.84 E(uiltin)-.2 E F1(is not a shell b)2.74 E -(uiltin command.)-.2 E F2(caller)108 583.2 Q F1([)2.5 E F0 -.2(ex)C(pr) -.2 E F1(])A .254(Returns the conte)144 595.2 R .254(xt of an)-.15 F -2.754(ya)-.15 G(cti)-2.754 E .554 -.15(ve s)-.25 H .254 -(ubroutine call \(a shell function or a script e).15 F -.15(xe)-.15 G -.254(cuted with the).15 F F2(.)2.753 E F1(or)2.753 E F2(sour)144 607.2 Q -(ce)-.18 E F1 -.2(bu)2.824 G 2.824(iltins\). W).2 F(ithout)-.4 E F0 -.2 -(ex)2.824 G(pr).2 E F1(,)A F2(caller)2.824 E F1 .324 -(displays the line number and source \214lename of the current)2.824 F -.254(subroutine call.)144 619.2 R .254(If a non-ne)5.254 F -.05(ga)-.15 -G(ti).05 E .554 -.15(ve i)-.25 H(nte).15 E .253(ger is supplied as)-.15 -F F0 -.2(ex)2.753 G(pr).2 E F1(,)A F2(caller)2.753 E F1 .253 -(displays the line number)2.753 F 2.753(,s)-.4 G(ub-)-2.753 E 1.327(rou\ -tine name, and source \214le corresponding to that position in the curr\ -ent e)144 631.2 R -.15(xe)-.15 G 1.328(cution call stack.).15 F .001 -(This e)144 643.2 R .001(xtra information may be used, for e)-.15 F .001 -(xample, to print a stack trace.)-.15 F(The current frame is frame)5 E -3.019(0. The)144 655.2 R .519(return v)3.019 F .519 -(alue is 0 unless the shell is not e)-.25 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .52 -(cuting a subroutine call or).15 F F0 -.2(ex)3.02 G(pr).2 E F1 .52 -(does not corre-)3.02 F(spond to a v)144 667.2 Q -(alid position in the call stack.)-.25 E F2(cd)108 684 Q F1([)2.5 E F2 -A F1(|[)A F2A F1([)2.5 E F2A F1(]]] [\255@] [)A F0 -(dir)A F1(])A .322(Change the current directory to)144 696 R F0(dir) -2.822 E F1 5.322(.i)C(f)-5.322 E F0(dir)2.822 E F1 .321 -(is not supplied, the v)2.822 F .321(alue of the)-.25 F F3(HOME)2.821 E -F1 .321(shell v)2.571 F .321(ariable is)-.25 F 1.365(the def)144 708 R -3.865(ault. The)-.1 F -.25(va)3.865 G(riable).25 E F3(CDP)3.865 E -.855 -(AT)-.666 G(H).855 E F1 1.365 -(de\214nes the search path for the directory containing)3.615 F F0(dir) -4.216 E F1 3.866(:t).73 G(he)-3.866 E .91 -(shell searches each directory name in)144 720 R F3(CDP)3.41 E -.855(AT) --.666 G(H).855 E F1(for)3.16 E F0(dir)3.41 E F1 5.91(.A)C(lternati)-5.91 -E 1.209 -.15(ve d)-.25 H .909(irectory names in).15 F F3(CDP)3.409 E --.855(AT)-.666 G(H).855 E F1(GNU Bash 5.3)72 768 Q(2024 March 29)144.29 -E(62)193.45 E 0 Cg EP -%%Page: 63 63 -%%BeginPageSetup -BP -%%EndPageSetup -/F0 10/Times-Italic@0 SF -.25(BA)72 48 S(SH).25 E/F1 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -138.32(\(1\) General).95 F(Commands Manual)2.5 E F0 -.25(BA)140.82 G(SH) -.25 E F1(\(1\)).95 E .764(are separated by a colon \(:\).)144 84 R 3.264 -(An)5.764 G .764(ull directory name in)-3.264 F/F2 9/Times-Bold@0 SF -(CDP)3.264 E -.855(AT)-.666 G(H).855 E F1 .764 -(is the same as the current direc-)3.014 F(tory)144 96 Q 2.72(,i)-.65 G -.22(.e., \231.\232.)-2.72 F(If)5.22 E F0(dir)3.069 E F1(be)3.449 E .219 -(gins with a slash \(/\), then)-.15 F F2(CDP)2.719 E -.855(AT)-.666 G(H) -.855 E F1 .219(is not used.)2.469 F(The)5.219 E/F3 10/Times-Bold@0 SF -2.719 E F1 .219(option causes)2.719 F F3(cd)2.719 E F1(to)2.719 E -1.286(use the ph)144 108 R 1.287 -(ysical directory structure by resolving symbolic links while tra)-.05 F --.15(ve)-.2 G(rsing).15 E F0(dir)3.787 E F1 1.287(and before)3.787 F -.207(processing instances of)144 120 R F0(..)2.706 E F1(in)2.706 E F0 -(dir)2.706 E F1 .206(\(see also the)2.706 F F32.706 E F1 .206 -(option to the)2.706 F F3(set)2.706 E F1 -.2(bu)2.706 G .206 -(iltin command\); the).2 F F32.706 E F1(option)2.706 E .19 -(forces symbolic links to be follo)144 132 R .191 -(wed by resolving the link after processing instances of)-.25 F F0(..) -2.691 E F1(in)2.691 E F0(dir)2.691 E F1 5.191(.I)C(f)-5.191 E F0(..)144 -144 Q F1 .322(appears in)2.822 F F0(dir)2.822 E F1 2.822(,i)C 2.822(ti) --2.822 G 2.822(sp)-2.822 G .321(rocessed by remo)-2.822 F .321 -(ving the immediately pre)-.15 F .321(vious pathname component from)-.25 -F F0(dir)144 156 Q F1 3.156(,b)C .656(ack to a slash or the be)-3.156 F -.656(ginning of)-.15 F F0(dir)3.156 E F1 5.656(.I)C 3.156(ft)-5.656 G -(he)-3.156 E F33.156 E F1 .656(option is supplied with)3.156 F F3 -3.156 E F1 3.156(,a)C .656(nd the current)-3.156 F -.1(wo)144 168 -S .863(rking directory cannot be successfully determined after a succes\ -sful directory change,).1 F F3(cd)3.363 E F1(will)3.363 E .338 -(return an unsuccessful status.)144 180 R .339 -(On systems that support it, the)5.338 F F32.839 E F1 .339 -(option presents the e)2.839 F .339(xtended at-)-.15 F(trib)144 192 Q -.589(utes associated with a \214le as a directory)-.2 F 5.589(.A)-.65 G -3.089(na)-5.589 G -.18(rg)-3.089 G .589(ument of).18 F F33.089 E F1 -.588(is con)3.089 F -.15(ve)-.4 G .588(rted to).15 F F2($OLDPWD)3.088 E -F1(before)2.838 E .21(the directory change is attempted.)144 204 R .211 -(If a non-empty directory name from)5.211 F F2(CDP)2.711 E -.855(AT) --.666 G(H).855 E F1 .211(is used, or if)2.461 F F32.711 E F1(is) -2.711 E .274(the \214rst ar)144 216 R .274(gument, and the directory ch\ -ange is successful, the absolute pathname of the ne)-.18 F 2.774(ww)-.25 -G(ork-)-2.874 E 1.055(ing directory is written to the standard output.) -144 228 R 1.056(If the directory change is successful,)6.056 F F3(cd) -3.556 E F1 1.056(sets the)3.556 F -.25(va)144 240 S .508(lue of the).25 -F F3(PWD)3.008 E F1(en)3.008 E .508(vironment v)-.4 F .508 -(ariable to the ne)-.25 F 3.008(wd)-.25 G .508 -(irectory name, and sets the)-3.008 F F3(OLDPWD)3.008 E F1(en)3.008 E -(vi-)-.4 E .112(ronment v)144 252 R .112(ariable to the v)-.25 F .112 -(alue of the current w)-.25 F .112(orking directory before the change.) --.1 F .112(The return v)5.112 F(alue)-.25 E(is true if the directory w) -144 264 Q(as successfully changed; f)-.1 E(alse otherwise.)-.1 E F3 -(command)108 280.8 Q F1([)2.5 E F3(\255pVv)A F1(])A F0(command)2.5 E F1 -([)2.5 E F0(ar)A(g)-.37 E F1 1.666(...)2.5 G(])-1.666 E(Run)144 292.8 Q -F0(command)2.765 E F1(with)3.335 E F0(ar)2.895 E(gs)-.37 E F1 .065 -(suppressing the normal shell function lookup.)2.835 F .064(Only b)5.064 -F .064(uiltin commands or)-.2 F .501(commands found in the)144 304.8 R -F2 -.666(PA)3.001 G(TH)-.189 E F1 .502(are e)2.751 F -.15(xe)-.15 G -3.002(cuted. If).15 F(the)3.002 E F33.002 E F1 .502(option is gi) -3.002 F -.15(ve)-.25 G .502(n, the search for).15 F F0(command)3.202 E -F1(is)3.772 E .4(performed using a def)144 316.8 R .4(ault v)-.1 F .4 -(alue for)-.25 F F2 -.666(PA)2.9 G(TH)-.189 E F1 .399 -(that is guaranteed to \214nd all of the standard utilities.)2.649 F(If) -5.399 E .174(either the)144 328.8 R F32.674 E F1(or)2.674 E F3 -2.674 E F1 .175(option is supplied, a description of)2.674 F F0 -(command)2.875 E F1 .175(is printed.)3.445 F(The)5.175 E F32.675 E -F1 .175(option causes)2.675 F 3.318(as)144 340.8 S .818(ingle w)-3.318 F -.817(ord indicating the command or \214lename used to in)-.1 F -.2(vo) --.4 G -.1(ke).2 G F0(command)3.617 E F1 .817(to be displayed; the)4.087 -F F3144 352.8 Q F1 .249(option produces a more v)2.749 F .249 -(erbose description.)-.15 F .249(If the)5.249 F F32.749 E F1(or) -2.749 E F32.75 E F1 .25(option is supplied, the e)2.75 F .25 -(xit status)-.15 F 1.005(is 0 if)144 364.8 R F0(command)3.705 E F1 -.1 -(wa)4.275 G 3.505(sf).1 G 1.005(ound, and 1 if not.)-3.505 F 1.004 -(If neither option is supplied and an error occurred or)6.005 F F0 -(command)144.2 376.8 Q F1 1.598(cannot be found, the e)4.868 F 1.599 -(xit status is 127.)-.15 F 1.599(Otherwise, the e)6.599 F 1.599 -(xit status of the)-.15 F F3(command)4.099 E F1 -.2(bu)144 388.8 S -(iltin is the e).2 E(xit status of)-.15 E F0(command)2.7 E F1(.).77 E F3 -(compgen)108 405.6 Q F1([)2.5 E F3A F0(varname)2.5 E F1 2.5(][)C -F0(option)-2.5 E F1 2.5(][)C F0(wor)-2.5 E(d)-.37 E F1(])A .013 -(Generate possible completion matches for)144 417.6 R F0(wor)2.513 E(d) --.37 E F1 .013(according to the)2.513 F F0(option)2.513 E F1 .013 -(s, which may be an)B 2.512(yo)-.15 G(ption)-2.512 E 1.216 -(accepted by the)144 429.6 R F3(complete)3.716 E F1 -.2(bu)3.716 G 1.216 -(iltin with the e).2 F 1.216(xceptions of)-.15 F F33.716 E F1(,)A -F33.717 E F1(,)A F33.717 E F1(,)A F33.717 E F1 3.717 -(,a)C(nd)-3.717 E F33.717 E F1 3.717(,a)C 1.217(nd write the) --3.717 F .505(matches to the standard output.)144 441.6 R .505(If the) -5.505 F F33.005 E F1 .505(option is supplied,)3.005 F F3(compgen) -3.004 E F1 .504(stores the generated com-)3.004 F 1.086 -(pletions into the inde)144 453.6 R -.15(xe)-.15 G 3.586(da).15 G 1.086 -(rray v)-3.586 F(ariable)-.25 E F0(varname)3.586 E F1 1.087 -(instead of writing them to the standard output.)3.586 F .195 -(When using the)144 465.6 R F32.695 E F1(or)2.695 E F32.695 -E F1 .195(options, the v)2.695 F .195(arious shell v)-.25 F .194 -(ariables set by the programmable completion)-.25 F -.1(fa)144 477.6 S -(cilities, while a).1 E -.25(va)-.2 G(ilable, will not ha).25 E .3 -.15 -(ve u)-.2 H(seful v).15 E(alues.)-.25 E .352 -(The matches will be generated in the same w)144 494.4 R .352 -(ay as if the programmable completion code had gen-)-.1 F .02(erated th\ -em directly from a completion speci\214cation with the same \215ags.)144 -506.4 R(If)5.02 E F0(wor)2.52 E(d)-.37 E F1 .02(is speci\214ed, only) -2.52 F(those completions matching)144 518.4 Q F0(wor)2.5 E(d)-.37 E F1 -(will be displayed.)2.5 E(The return v)144 535.2 Q -(alue is true unless an in)-.25 E -.25(va)-.4 G -(lid option is supplied, or no matches were generated.).25 E F3 -(complete)108 552 Q F1([)2.5 E F3(\255abcdefgjksuv)A F1 2.5(][)C F3 --2.5 E F0(comp-option)2.5 E F1 2.5(][)C F3(\255DEI)-2.5 E F1 2.5 -(][)C F3-2.5 E F0(action)2.5 E F1(])A([)144 564 Q F3A F0 -(globpat)2.5 E F1 2.5(][)C F3-2.5 E F0(wor)2.5 E(dlist)-.37 E F1 -2.5(][)C F3-2.5 E F0(function)2.5 E F1 2.5(][)C F3-2.5 E F0 -(command)2.5 E F1(])A([)144 576 Q F3A F0(\214lterpat)2.5 E F1 2.5 -(][)C F3-2.5 E F0(pr)2.5 E(e\214x)-.37 E F1 2.5(][)C F3-2.5 -E F0(suf)2.5 E<8c78>-.18 E F1(])A F0(name)2.5 E F1([)2.5 E F0(name)A F1 -1.666(...)2.5 G(])-1.666 E F3(complete \255pr)108 588 Q F1([)2.5 E F3 -(\255DEI)A F1 2.5(][)C F0(name)-2.5 E F1 1.666(...)2.5 G(])-1.666 E .633 -(Specify ho)144 600 R 3.133(wa)-.25 G -.18(rg)-3.133 G .633 -(uments to each).18 F F0(name)3.133 E F1 .633(should be completed.)3.133 -F .634(If the)5.634 F F33.134 E F1 .634 -(option is supplied, or if no)3.134 F .567(options or)144 612 R F0(name) -3.067 E F1 3.067(sa)C .567(re supplied, e)-3.067 F .566 -(xisting completion speci\214cations are printed in a w)-.15 F .566 -(ay that allo)-.1 F(ws)-.25 E .046(them to be reused as input.)144 624 R -(The)5.046 E F32.546 E F1 .046(option remo)2.546 F -.15(ve)-.15 G -2.547(sac).15 G .047(ompletion speci\214cation for each)-2.547 F F0 -(name)2.547 E F1 2.547(,o)C .847 -.4(r, i)-2.547 H(f).4 E(no)144 636 Q -F0(name)2.954 E F1 2.953(sa)C .453 -(re supplied, all completion speci\214cations.)-2.953 F(The)5.453 E F3 -2.953 E F1 .453(option indicates that other supplied)2.953 F 1.454 -(options and actions should apply to the \231def)144 648 R 1.454 -(ault\232 command completion; that is, completion at-)-.1 F .021 -(tempted on a command for which no completion has pre)144 660 R .021 -(viously been de\214ned.)-.25 F(The)5.02 E F32.52 E F1 .02 -(option indi-)2.52 F .698(cates that other supplied options and actions\ - should apply to \231empty\232 command completion; that)144 672 R .577 -(is, completion attempted on a blank line.)144 684 R(The)5.577 E F3 -3.077 E F1 .576(option indicates that other supplied options and) -3.077 F .331 -(actions should apply to completion on the initial non-assignment w)144 -696 R .332(ord on the line, or after a com-)-.1 F .119 -(mand delimiter such as)144 708 R F3(;)2.618 E F1(or)2.618 E F3(|)2.618 -E F1 2.618(,w)C .118(hich is usually command name completion.)-2.618 F -.118(If multiple options are)5.118 F 1.003(supplied, the)144 720 R F3 -3.503 E F1 1.003(option tak)3.503 F 1.004(es precedence o)-.1 F --.15(ve)-.15 G(r).15 E F33.504 E F1 3.504(,a)C 1.004(nd both tak) --3.504 F 3.504(ep)-.1 G 1.004(recedence o)-3.504 F -.15(ve)-.15 G(r).15 -E F33.504 E F1 6.004(.I)C 3.504(fa)-6.004 G 1.304 -.15(ny o)-3.504 -H(f).15 E(GNU Bash 5.3)72 768 Q(2024 March 29)144.29 E(63)193.45 E 0 Cg -EP -%%Page: 64 64 -%%BeginPageSetup -BP -%%EndPageSetup -/F0 10/Times-Italic@0 SF -.25(BA)72 48 S(SH).25 E/F1 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -138.32(\(1\) General).95 F(Commands Manual)2.5 E F0 -.25(BA)140.82 G(SH) -.25 E F1(\(1\)).95 E/F2 10/Times-Bold@0 SF144 84 Q F1(,)A F2 -3.082 E F1 3.082(,o)C(r)-3.082 E F23.082 E F1 .582 -(are supplied, an)3.082 F 3.082(yo)-.15 G(ther)-3.082 E F0(name)3.082 E -F1(ar)3.082 E .582(guments are ignored; these completions only apply) --.18 F(to the case speci\214ed by the option.)144 96 Q .152 -(The process of applying these completion speci\214cations when w)144 -112.8 R .153(ord completion is attempted is de-)-.1 F(scribed abo)144 -124.8 Q .3 -.15(ve u)-.15 H(nder).15 E F2(Pr)2.5 E -(ogrammable Completion)-.18 E F1(.)A .556 -(Other options, if speci\214ed, ha)144 141.6 R .856 -.15(ve t)-.2 H .555 -(he follo).15 F .555(wing meanings.)-.25 F .555(The ar)5.555 F .555 -(guments to the)-.18 F F23.055 E F1(,)A F23.055 E F1 3.055 -(,a)C(nd)-3.055 E F23.055 E F1 .722(options \(and, if necessary) -144 153.6 R 3.222(,t)-.65 G(he)-3.222 E F23.222 E F1(and)3.222 E -F23.222 E F1 .723 -(options\) should be quoted to protect them from e)3.222 F(xpan-)-.15 E -(sion before the)144 165.6 Q F2(complete)2.5 E F1 -.2(bu)2.5 G -(iltin is in).2 E -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G(d.).1 E F2144 182.4 Q -F0(comp-option)2.5 E F1(The)184 194.4 Q F0(comp-option)2.791 E F1 .291 -(controls se)2.791 F -.15(ve)-.25 G .291(ral aspects of the compspec') -.15 F 2.791(sb)-.55 G(eha)-2.791 E .291(vior be)-.2 F .291 -(yond the simple)-.15 F(generation of completions.)184 206.4 Q F0 -(comp-option)5 E F1(may be one of:)2.5 E F2(bashdefault)184 218.4 Q F1 -.281(Perform the rest of the def)224 230.4 R(ault)-.1 E F2(bash)2.781 E -F1 .281(completions if the compspec generates no)2.781 F(matches.)224 -242.4 Q F2(default)184 254.4 Q F1 2.876(Use readline')224 254.4 R 5.376 -(sd)-.55 G(ef)-5.376 E 2.875 -(ault \214lename completion if the compspec generates no)-.1 F(matches.) -224 266.4 Q F2(dir)184 278.4 Q(names)-.15 E F1(Perform directory name c\ -ompletion if the compspec generates no matches.)224 290.4 Q F2 -(\214lenames)184 302.4 Q F1 -.7(Te)224 314.4 S .137(ll readline that th\ -e compspec generates \214lenames, so it can perform an).7 F 2.637<798c> --.15 G(le-)-2.637 E .134(name\255speci\214c processing \(lik)224 326.4 R -2.634(ea)-.1 G .134(dding a slash to directory names, quoting spe-) --2.634 F .45(cial characters, or suppressing trailing spaces\).)224 -338.4 R .45(Intended to be used with shell)5.45 F(functions.)224 350.4 Q -F2(fullquote)184 362.4 Q F1 -.7(Te)224 374.4 S -(ll readline to quote all the completed w).7 E(ords e)-.1 E -.15(ve)-.25 -G 2.5(ni).15 G 2.5(ft)-2.5 G(he)-2.5 E 2.5(ya)-.15 G -(re not \214lenames.)-2.5 E F2(noquote)184 386.4 Q F1 -.7(Te)224 386.4 S -.814(ll readline not to quote the completed w).7 F .814(ords if the)-.1 -F 3.314(ya)-.15 G .814(re \214lenames \(quoting)-3.314 F -(\214lenames is the def)224 398.4 Q(ault\).)-.1 E F2(nosort)184 410.4 Q -F1 -.7(Te)224 410.4 S(ll readline not to sort the list of possible comp\ -letions alphabetically).7 E(.)-.65 E F2(nospace)184 422.4 Q F1 -.7(Te) -224 422.4 S .22(ll readline not to append a space \(the def).7 F .22 -(ault\) to w)-.1 F .22(ords completed at the end)-.1 F(of the line.)224 -434.4 Q F2(plusdirs)184 446.4 Q F1 1.985(After an)224 446.4 R 4.485(ym) --.15 G 1.985 -(atches de\214ned by the compspec are generated, directory name)-4.485 F -.583(completion is attempted and an)224 458.4 R 3.084(ym)-.15 G .584 -(atches are added to the results of the other)-3.084 F(actions.)224 -470.4 Q F2144 482.4 Q F0(action)2.5 E F1(The)184 494.4 Q F0 -(action)2.5 E F1(may be one of the follo)2.5 E -(wing to generate a list of possible completions:)-.25 E F2(alias)184 -506.4 Q F1(Alias names.)224 506.4 Q(May also be speci\214ed as)5 E F2 -2.5 E F1(.)A F2(arrayv)184 518.4 Q(ar)-.1 E F1(Array v)224 530.4 Q -(ariable names.)-.25 E F2(binding)184 542.4 Q(Readline)224 542.4 Q F1 --.1(ke)2.5 G 2.5(yb)-.05 G(inding names.)-2.5 E F2 -.2(bu)184 554.4 S -(iltin).2 E F1(Names of shell b)224 554.4 Q(uiltin commands.)-.2 E -(May also be speci\214ed as)5 E F22.5 E F1(.)A F2(command)184 -566.4 Q F1(Command names.)224 578.4 Q(May also be speci\214ed as)5 E F2 -2.5 E F1(.)A F2(dir)184 590.4 Q(ectory)-.18 E F1(Directory names.) -224 602.4 Q(May also be speci\214ed as)5 E F22.5 E F1(.)A F2 -(disabled)184 614.4 Q F1(Names of disabled shell b)224 626.4 Q(uiltins.) --.2 E F2(enabled)184 638.4 Q F1(Names of enabled shell b)224 638.4 Q -(uiltins.)-.2 E F2(export)184 650.4 Q F1(Names of e)224 650.4 Q -(xported shell v)-.15 E 2.5(ariables. May)-.25 F(also be speci\214ed as) -2.5 E F22.5 E F1(.)A F2(\214le)184 662.4 Q F1(File names.)224 -662.4 Q(May also be speci\214ed as)5 E F22.5 E F1(.)A F2(function) -184 674.4 Q F1(Names of shell functions.)224 686.4 Q F2(gr)184 698.4 Q -(oup)-.18 E F1(Group names.)224 698.4 Q(May also be speci\214ed as)5 E -F22.5 E F1(.)A(GNU Bash 5.3)72 768 Q(2024 March 29)144.29 E(64) -193.45 E 0 Cg EP -%%Page: 65 65 -%%BeginPageSetup -BP -%%EndPageSetup -/F0 10/Times-Italic@0 SF -.25(BA)72 48 S(SH).25 E/F1 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -138.32(\(1\) General).95 F(Commands Manual)2.5 E F0 -.25(BA)140.82 G(SH) -.25 E F1(\(1\)).95 E/F2 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(helptopic)184 84 Q F1 -(Help topics as accepted by the)224 96 Q F2(help)2.5 E F1 -.2(bu)2.5 G -(iltin.).2 E F2(hostname)184 108 Q F1(Hostnames, as tak)224 120 Q -(en from the \214le speci\214ed by the)-.1 E/F3 9/Times-Bold@0 SF -(HOSTFILE)2.5 E F1(shell v)2.25 E(ariable.)-.25 E F2(job)184 132 Q F1 -(Job names, if job control is acti)224 132 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G 5(.M).15 G -(ay also be speci\214ed as)-5 E F22.5 E F1(.)A F2 -.1(ke)184 144 S -(yw).1 E(ord)-.1 E F1(Shell reserv)224 156 Q(ed w)-.15 E 2.5(ords. May) --.1 F(also be speci\214ed as)2.5 E F22.5 E F1(.)A F2(running)184 -168 Q F1(Names of running jobs, if job control is acti)224 168 Q -.15 -(ve)-.25 G(.).15 E F2(ser)184 180 Q(vice)-.1 E F1(Service names.)224 180 -Q(May also be speci\214ed as)5 E F22.5 E F1(.)A F2(setopt)184 192 -Q F1 -1.11(Va)224 192 S(lid ar)1.11 E(guments for the)-.18 E F22.5 -E F1(option to the)2.5 E F2(set)2.5 E F1 -.2(bu)2.5 G(iltin.).2 E F2 -(shopt)184 204 Q F1(Shell option names as accepted by the)224 204 Q F2 -(shopt)2.5 E F1 -.2(bu)2.5 G(iltin.).2 E F2(signal)184 216 Q F1 -(Signal names.)224 216 Q F2(stopped)184 228 Q F1 -(Names of stopped jobs, if job control is acti)224 228 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G -(.).15 E F2(user)184 240 Q F1(User names.)224 240 Q -(May also be speci\214ed as)5 E F22.5 E F1(.)A F2 -.1(va)184 252 S -(riable).1 E F1(Names of all shell v)224 252 Q 2.5(ariables. May)-.25 F -(also be speci\214ed as)2.5 E F22.5 E F1(.)A F2144 264 Q F0 -(command)2.5 E(command)184 276 Q F1 1.056(is e)3.556 F -.15(xe)-.15 G -1.056(cuted in a subshell en).15 F 1.056 -(vironment, and its output is used as the possible)-.4 F 2.5 -(completions. Ar)184 288 R(guments are passed as with the)-.18 E F2 -2.5 E F1(option.)2.5 E F2144 300 Q F0(function)2.5 E F1 .113 -(The shell function)184 312 R F0(function)2.614 E F1 .114(is e)2.614 F --.15(xe)-.15 G .114(cuted in the current shell en).15 F 2.614 -(vironment. When)-.4 F .114(the func-)2.614 F .817(tion is e)184 324 R --.15(xe)-.15 G .817(cuted, the \214rst ar).15 F .817(gument \()-.18 F F2 -($1)A F1 3.316(\)i)C 3.316(st)-3.316 G .816 -(he name of the command whose ar)-3.316 F(guments)-.18 E 1.407 -(are being completed, the second ar)184 336 R 1.407(gument \()-.18 F F2 -($2)A F1 3.907(\)i)C 3.907(st)-3.907 G 1.407(he w)-3.907 F 1.407 -(ord being completed, and the)-.1 F .104(third ar)184 348 R .104 -(gument \()-.18 F F2($3)A F1 2.604(\)i)C 2.604(st)-2.604 G .104(he w) --2.604 F .104(ord preceding the w)-.1 F .103 -(ord being completed on the current com-)-.1 F .101(mand line.)184 360 R -.101(When it \214nishes, the possible completions are retrie)5.101 F --.15(ve)-.25 G 2.602(df).15 G .102(rom the v)-2.602 F .102(alue of the) --.25 F F3(COMPREPL)184 372 Q(Y)-.828 E F1(array v)2.25 E(ariable.)-.25 E -F2144 384 Q F0(globpat)2.5 E F1 1.008(The pathname e)184 396 R -1.008(xpansion pattern)-.15 F F0(globpat)3.507 E F1 1.007(is e)3.507 F -1.007(xpanded to generate the possible comple-)-.15 F(tions.)184 408 Q -F2144 420 Q F0(pr)2.5 E(e\214x)-.37 E(pr)184 432 Q(e\214x)-.37 E -F1 .534(is added at the be)3.034 F .534 -(ginning of each possible completion after all other options ha)-.15 F --.15(ve)-.2 G(been applied.)184 444 Q F2144 456 Q F0(suf)2.5 E -<8c78>-.18 E(suf)184 456 Q<8c78>-.18 E F1 -(is appended to each possible completion after all other options ha)2.5 -E .3 -.15(ve b)-.2 H(een applied.).15 E F2144 468 Q F0(wor)2.5 E -(dlist)-.37 E F1(The)184 480 Q F0(wor)3.64 E(dlist)-.37 E F1 1.14 -(is split using the characters in the)3.64 F F3(IFS)3.64 E F1 1.139 -(special v)3.39 F 1.139(ariable as delimiters, and)-.25 F .98 -(each resultant w)184 492 R .98(ord is e)-.1 F 3.481(xpanded. Shell)-.15 -F .981(quoting is honored within)3.481 F F0(wor)3.481 E(dlist)-.37 E F1 -3.481(,i)C 3.481(no)-3.481 G .981(rder to)-3.481 F(pro)184 504 Q .766 -(vide a mechanism for the w)-.15 F .765 -(ords to contain shell metacharacters or characters in the)-.1 F -.25 -(va)184 516 S 1.964(lue of).25 F F3(IFS)4.464 E/F4 9/Times-Roman@0 SF(.) -A F1 1.964 -(The possible completions are the members of the resultant list which) -6.464 F(match the w)184 528 Q(ord being completed.)-.1 E F2144 540 -Q F0(\214lterpat)2.5 E(\214lterpat)184 552 Q F1 .456 -(is a pattern as used for pathname e)2.956 F 2.956(xpansion. It)-.15 F -.455(is applied to the list of possible)2.956 F 1.596 -(completions generated by the preceding options and ar)184 564 R 1.596 -(guments, and each completion)-.18 F(matching)184 576 Q F0(\214lterpat) -3.205 E F1 .705(is remo)3.205 F -.15(ve)-.15 G 3.205(df).15 G .704 -(rom the list.)-3.205 F 3.204(Al)5.704 G(eading)-3.204 E F2(!)3.204 E F1 -(in)3.204 E F0(\214lterpat)3.204 E F1(ne)3.204 E -.05(ga)-.15 G .704 -(tes the pattern;).05 F(in this case, an)184 588 Q 2.5(yc)-.15 G -(ompletion not matching)-2.5 E F0(\214lterpat)2.5 E F1(is remo)2.5 E --.15(ve)-.15 G(d.).15 E .46(The return v)144 604.8 R .46 -(alue is true unless an in)-.25 F -.25(va)-.4 G .461 -(lid option is supplied, an option other than).25 F F22.961 E F1 -(,)A F22.961 E F1(,)A F22.961 E F1(,)A F22.961 E F1(,) -A(or)144 616.8 Q F22.986 E F1 .486(is supplied without a)2.986 F -F0(name)2.986 E F1(ar)2.986 E .486(gument, an attempt is made to remo) --.18 F .785 -.15(ve a c)-.15 H .485(ompletion speci\214ca-).15 F .163 -(tion for a)144 628.8 R F0(name)2.663 E F1 .164 -(for which no speci\214cation e)2.663 F .164 -(xists, or an error occurs adding a completion speci\214ca-)-.15 F -(tion.)144 640.8 Q F2(compopt)108 657.6 Q F1([)2.5 E F2A F0 -(option)2.5 E F1 2.5(][)C F2(\255DEI)-2.5 E F1 2.5(][)C F2(+o)-2.5 E F0 -(option)2.5 E F1 2.5(][)C F0(name)-2.5 E F1(])A .447 -(Modify completion options for each)144 669.6 R F0(name)2.947 E F1 .447 -(according to the)2.947 F F0(option)2.947 E F1 .447 -(s, or for the currently-e)B -.15(xe)-.15 G(cuting).15 E .725 -(completion if no)144 681.6 R F0(name)3.225 E F1 3.225(sa)C .725 -(re supplied.)-3.225 F .725(If no)5.725 F F0(option)3.225 E F1 3.225(sa) -C .725(re gi)-3.225 F -.15(ve)-.25 G .726 -(n, display the completion options for).15 F(each)144 693.6 Q F0(name) -3.224 E F1 .724(or the current completion.)3.224 F .724(The possible v) -5.724 F .724(alues of)-.25 F F0(option)3.224 E F1 .724(are those v)3.224 -F .723(alid for the)-.25 F F2(com-)3.223 E(plete)144 705.6 Q F1 -.2(bu) -2.677 G .177(iltin described abo).2 F -.15(ve)-.15 G 5.178(.T).15 G(he) --5.178 E F22.678 E F1 .178 -(option indicates that other supplied options should apply to)2.678 F -1.456(the \231def)144 717.6 R 1.455(ault\232 command completion; that i\ -s, completion attempted on a command for which no)-.1 F 2.038 -(completion has pre)144 729.6 R 2.038(viously been de\214ned.)-.25 F -(The)7.038 E F24.538 E F1 2.039 -(option indicates that other supplied options)4.538 F(GNU Bash 5.3)72 -768 Q(2024 March 29)144.29 E(65)193.45 E 0 Cg EP -%%Page: 66 66 -%%BeginPageSetup -BP -%%EndPageSetup -/F0 10/Times-Italic@0 SF -.25(BA)72 48 S(SH).25 E/F1 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -138.32(\(1\) General).95 F(Commands Manual)2.5 E F0 -.25(BA)140.82 G(SH) -.25 E F1(\(1\)).95 E .172(should apply to \231empty\232 command complet\ -ion; that is, completion attempted on a blank line.)144 84 R(The)5.172 E -/F2 10/Times-Bold@0 SF144 96 Q F1 1.014(option indicates that oth\ -er supplied options should apply to completion on the initial non-as-) -3.513 F .282(signment w)144 108 R .281 -(ord on the line, or after a command delimiter such as)-.1 F F2(;)2.781 -E F1(or)2.781 E F2(|)2.781 E F1 2.781(,w)C .281(hich is usually command) --2.781 F(name completion.)144 120 Q .431(The return v)144 136.8 R .431 -(alue is true unless an in)-.25 F -.25(va)-.4 G .431 -(lid option is supplied, an attempt is made to modify the op-).25 F -(tions for a)144 148.8 Q F0(name)2.5 E F1 -(for which no completion speci\214cation e)2.5 E -(xists, or an output error occurs.)-.15 E F2(continue)108 165.6 Q F1([) -2.5 E F0(n)A F1(])A .851(Resume the ne)144 177.6 R .851 -(xt iteration of the enclosing)-.15 F F2 -.25(fo)3.351 G(r).25 E F1(,)A -F2(while)3.351 E F1(,)A F2(until)3.351 E F1 3.351(,o)C(r)-3.351 E F2 -(select)3.35 E F1 3.35(loop. If)3.35 F F0(n)3.71 E F1 .85 -(is speci\214ed, re-)3.59 F .203(sume at the)144 189.6 R F0(n)2.703 E F1 -.203(th enclosing loop.)B F0(n)5.563 E F1 .203(must be)2.943 F/F3 10 -/Symbol SF2.703 E F1 2.704(1. If)2.703 F F0(n)3.064 E F1 .204 -(is greater than the number of enclosing loops,)2.944 F .737 -(the shell resumes the last enclosing loop \(the \231top-le)144 201.6 R --.15(ve)-.25 G .737(l\232 loop\).).15 F .737(The return v)5.737 F .737 -(alue is 0 unless)-.25 F F0(n)3.237 E F1(is)3.237 E -(not greater than or equal to 1.)144 213.6 Q F2(declar)108 230.4 Q(e) --.18 E F1([)2.5 E F2(\255aAfFgiIlnrtux)A F1 2.5(][)C F2-2.5 E F1 -2.5(][)C F0(name)-2.5 E F1([=)A F0(value)A F1 2.5(].)C 1.666(..)-.834 G -(])-1.666 E F2(typeset)108 242.4 Q F1([)2.5 E F2(\255aAfFgiIlnrtux)A F1 -2.5(][)C F2-2.5 E F1 2.5(][)C F0(name)-2.5 E F1([=)A F0(value)A F1 -2.5(].)C 1.666(..)-.834 G(])-1.666 E 1.264(Declare v)144 254.4 R 1.264 -(ariables and/or gi)-.25 F 1.564 -.15(ve t)-.25 H 1.264(hem attrib).15 F -3.765(utes. If)-.2 F(no)3.765 E F0(name)3.765 E F1 3.765(sa)C 1.265 -(re gi)-3.765 F -.15(ve)-.25 G 3.765(nt).15 G 1.265(hen display the v) --3.765 F 1.265(alues of)-.25 F -.25(va)144 266.4 S 3.46(riables. The).25 -F F23.46 E F1 .96(option will display the attrib)3.46 F .96 -(utes and v)-.2 F .96(alues of each)-.25 F F0(name)3.82 E F1 5.96(.W).18 -G(hen)-5.96 E F23.46 E F1 .96(is used)3.46 F(with)144 278.4 Q F0 -(name)2.774 E F1(ar)2.774 E .274 -(guments, additional options, other than)-.18 F F22.775 E F1(and) -2.775 E F22.775 E F1 2.775(,a)C .275(re ignored.)-2.775 F(When) -5.275 E F22.775 E F1 .275(is supplied)2.775 F(without)144 290.4 Q -F0(name)2.864 E F1(ar)2.864 E .364(guments, it will display the attrib) --.18 F .363(utes and v)-.2 F .363(alues of all v)-.25 F .363 -(ariables ha)-.25 F .363(ving the attrib-)-.2 F .118 -(utes speci\214ed by the additional options.)144 302.4 R .118 -(If no other options are supplied with)5.118 F F22.618 E F1(,)A F2 -(declar)2.618 E(e)-.18 E F1 .119(will dis-)2.619 F .47(play the attrib) -144 314.4 R .47(utes and v)-.2 F .47(alues of all shell v)-.25 F 2.969 -(ariables. The)-.25 F F22.969 E F1 .469 -(option will restrict the display to shell)2.969 F 3.117(functions. The) -144 326.4 R F23.117 E F1 .617(option inhibits the display of func\ -tion de\214nitions; only the function name and)3.117 F(attrib)144 338.4 -Q 1.059(utes are printed.)-.2 F 1.059(If the)6.059 F F2(extdeb)3.559 E -(ug)-.2 E F1 1.059(shell option is enabled using)3.559 F F2(shopt)3.558 -E F1 3.558(,t)C 1.058(he source \214le name)-3.558 F 1.281 -(and line number where each)144 350.4 R F0(name)3.781 E F1 1.281 -(is de\214ned are displayed as well.)3.781 F(The)6.281 E F23.782 E -F1 1.282(option implies)3.782 F F23.782 E F1(.)A(The)144 362.4 Q -F22.735 E F1 .235(option forces v)2.735 F .235 -(ariables to be created or modi\214ed at the global scope, e)-.25 F -.15 -(ve)-.25 G 2.734(nw).15 G(hen)-2.734 E F2(declar)2.734 E(e)-.18 E F1(is) -2.734 E -.15(exe)144 374.4 S .527(cuted in a shell function.).15 F .528 -(It is ignored in all other cases.)5.527 F(The)5.528 E F23.028 E -F1 .528(option causes local v)3.028 F(ariables)-.25 E .871 -(to inherit the attrib)144 386.4 R .871(utes \(e)-.2 F .871(xcept the) --.15 F F0(namer)3.371 E(ef)-.37 E F1(attrib)3.371 E .871(ute\) and v)-.2 -F .871(alue of an)-.25 F 3.37(ye)-.15 G .87(xisting v)-3.52 F .87 -(ariable with the)-.25 F(same)144 398.4 Q F0(name)3.457 E F1 .957 -(at a surrounding scope.)3.457 F .957(If there is no e)5.957 F .958 -(xisting v)-.15 F .958(ariable, the local v)-.25 F .958 -(ariable is initially)-.25 F 2.746(unset. The)144 410.4 R(follo)2.746 E -.245(wing options can be used to restrict output to v)-.25 F .245 -(ariables with the speci\214ed attrib)-.25 F(ute)-.2 E(or to gi)144 -422.4 Q .3 -.15(ve v)-.25 H(ariables attrib)-.1 E(utes:)-.2 E F2 -144 434.4 Q F1(Each)180 434.4 Q F0(name)2.5 E F1(is an inde)2.5 E -.15 -(xe)-.15 G 2.5(da).15 G(rray v)-2.5 E(ariable \(see)-.25 E F2(Arrays)2.5 -E F1(abo)2.5 E -.15(ve)-.15 G(\).).15 E F2144 446.4 Q F1(Each)180 -446.4 Q F0(name)2.5 E F1(is an associati)2.5 E .3 -.15(ve a)-.25 H -(rray v).15 E(ariable \(see)-.25 E F2(Arrays)2.5 E F1(abo)2.5 E -.15(ve) --.15 G(\).).15 E F2144 458.4 Q F1(Use function names only)180 -458.4 Q(.)-.65 E F2144 470.4 Q F1 .557(The v)180 470.4 R .558 -(ariable is treated as an inte)-.25 F .558(ger; arithmetic e)-.15 F -.25 -(va)-.25 G .558(luation \(see).25 F/F4 9/Times-Bold@0 SF .558 -(ARITHMETIC EV)3.058 F(ALU)-1.215 E(A-)-.54 E(TION)180 482.4 Q F1(abo) -2.25 E -.15(ve)-.15 G 2.5(\)i).15 G 2.5(sp)-2.5 G(erformed when the v) --2.5 E(ariable is assigned a v)-.25 E(alue.)-.25 E F2144 494.4 Q -F1 .91(When the v)180 494.4 R .909(ariable is assigned a v)-.25 F .909 -(alue, all upper)-.25 F .909(-case characters are con)-.2 F -.15(ve)-.4 -G .909(rted to lo).15 F(wer)-.25 E(-)-.2 E 2.5(case. The)180 506.4 R -(upper)2.5 E(-case attrib)-.2 E(ute is disabled.)-.2 E F2144 518.4 -Q F1(Gi)180 518.4 Q 1.619 -.15(ve e)-.25 H(ach).15 E F0(name)3.819 E F1 -(the)3.819 E F0(namer)3.819 E(ef)-.37 E F1(attrib)3.819 E 1.319 -(ute, making it a name reference to another v)-.2 F(ariable.)-.25 E .478 -(That other v)180 530.4 R .478(ariable is de\214ned by the v)-.25 F .478 -(alue of)-.25 F F0(name)2.978 E F1 5.478(.A)C .478 -(ll references, assignments, and at-)-5.478 F(trib)180 542.4 Q .781 -(ute modi\214cations to)-.2 F F0(name)3.281 E F1 3.281(,e)C .782 -(xcept those using or changing the)-3.431 F F23.282 E F1(attrib) -3.282 E .782(ute itself, are)-.2 F .809(performed on the v)180 554.4 R -.809(ariable referenced by)-.25 F F0(name)3.308 E F1 1.908 -.55('s v)D -3.308(alue. The).3 F .808(nameref attrib)3.308 F .808(ute cannot be)-.2 -F(applied to array v)180 566.4 Q(ariables.)-.25 E F2144 578.4 Q F1 -(Mak)180 578.4 Q(e)-.1 E F0(name)3.654 E F1 3.654(sr)C(eadonly)-3.654 E -6.154(.T)-.65 G 1.154(hese names cannot then be assigned v)-6.154 F -1.155(alues by subsequent as-)-.25 F(signment statements or unset.)180 -590.4 Q F2144 602.4 Q F1(Gi)180 602.4 Q .73 -.15(ve e)-.25 H(ach) -.15 E F0(name)2.93 E F1(the)2.929 E F0(tr)2.929 E(ace)-.15 E F1(attrib) -2.929 E 2.929(ute. T)-.2 F .429(raced functions inherit the)-.35 F F2 -(DEB)2.929 E(UG)-.1 E F1(and)2.929 E F2(RETURN)2.929 E F1 -(traps from the calling shell.)180 614.4 Q(The trace attrib)5 E -(ute has no special meaning for v)-.2 E(ariables.)-.25 E F2144 -626.4 Q F1 .909(When the v)180 626.4 R .909(ariable is assigned a v)-.25 -F .909(alue, all lo)-.25 F(wer)-.25 E .909(-case characters are con)-.2 -F -.15(ve)-.4 G .91(rted to upper).15 F(-)-.2 E 2.5(case. The)180 638.4 -R(lo)2.5 E(wer)-.25 E(-case attrib)-.2 E(ute is disabled.)-.2 E F2 -144 650.4 Q F1(Mark)180 650.4 Q F0(name)2.5 E F1 2.5(sf)C(or e)-2.5 E -(xport to subsequent commands via the en)-.15 E(vironment.)-.4 E .79 -(Using \231+\232 instead of \231\255\232 turns of)144 667.2 R 3.29(ft) --.25 G .789(he attrib)-3.29 F .789(ute instead, with the e)-.2 F .789 -(xceptions that)-.15 F F2(+a)3.289 E F1(and)3.289 E F2(+A)3.289 E F1 -(may)3.289 E .088(not be used to destro)144 679.2 R 2.588(ya)-.1 G .088 -(rray v)-2.588 F .088(ariables and)-.25 F F2(+r)2.588 E F1 .088 -(will not remo)2.588 F .388 -.15(ve t)-.15 H .088(he readonly attrib).15 -F 2.589(ute. When)-.2 F .089(used in)2.589 F 3.045(af)144 691.2 S -(unction,)-3.045 E F2(declar)3.045 E(e)-.18 E F1(and)3.045 E F2(typeset) -3.045 E F1(mak)3.045 E 3.045(ee)-.1 G(ach)-3.045 E F0(name)3.044 E F1 -.544(local, as with the)3.044 F F2(local)3.044 E F1 .544 -(command, unless the)3.044 F F23.044 E F1 1.205 -(option is supplied.)144 703.2 R 1.205(If a v)6.205 F 1.205 -(ariable name is follo)-.25 F 1.205(wed by =)-.25 F F0(value)A F1 3.705 -(,t)C 1.205(he v)-3.705 F 1.205(alue of the v)-.25 F 1.205 -(ariable is set to)-.25 F F0(value)144 715.2 Q F1 5.218(.W)C .218 -(hen using)-5.218 F F22.718 E F1(or)2.718 E F22.718 E F1 -.217(and the compound assignment syntax to create array v)2.717 F .217 -(ariables, addi-)-.25 F .882(tional attrib)144 727.2 R .882 -(utes do not tak)-.2 F 3.382(ee)-.1 G -.25(ff)-3.382 G .882 -(ect until subsequent assignments.).25 F .882(The return v)5.882 F .882 -(alue is 0 unless an)-.25 F(GNU Bash 5.3)72 768 Q(2024 March 29)144.29 E -(66)193.45 E 0 Cg EP -%%Page: 67 67 -%%BeginPageSetup -BP -%%EndPageSetup -/F0 10/Times-Italic@0 SF -.25(BA)72 48 S(SH).25 E/F1 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -138.32(\(1\) General).95 F(Commands Manual)2.5 E F0 -.25(BA)140.82 G(SH) -.25 E F1(\(1\)).95 E(in)144 84 Q -.25(va)-.4 G .704(lid option is encou\ -ntered, an attempt is made to de\214ne a function using \231\255f foo=b\ -ar\232.).25 F .703(an at-)5.703 F .548(tempt is made to assign a v)144 -96 R .548(alue to a readonly v)-.25 F .549 -(ariable, an attempt is made to assign a v)-.25 F .549(alue to an)-.25 F -1.749(array v)144 108 R 1.749 -(ariable without using the compound assignment syntax \(see)-.25 F/F2 10 -/Times-Bold@0 SF(Arrays)4.248 E F1(abo)4.248 E -.15(ve)-.15 G 1.748 -(\), one of the).15 F F0(names)144 120 Q F1 .359(is not a v)2.858 F .359 -(alid shell v)-.25 F .359(ariable name, an attempt is made to turn of) --.25 F 2.859(fr)-.25 G .359(eadonly status for a read-)-2.859 F 1.213 -(only v)144 132 R 1.213(ariable, an attempt is made to turn of)-.25 F -3.713(fa)-.25 G 1.213(rray status for an array v)-3.713 F 1.212 -(ariable, or an attempt is)-.25 F(made to display a non-e)144 144 Q -(xistent function with)-.15 E F22.5 E F1(.)A F2 -(dirs [\255clpv] [+)108 160.8 Q F0(n)A F2 2.5(][)C-2.5 E F0(n)A F2 -(])A F1 -.4(Wi)144 172.8 S .328 -(thout options, displays the list of currently remembered directories.) -.4 F .329(The def)5.329 F .329(ault display is on a)-.1 F 1.238 -(single line with directory names separated by spaces.)144 184.8 R 1.238 -(Directories are added to the list with the)6.238 F F2(pushd)144 196.8 Q -F1 .927(command; the)3.427 F F2(popd)3.428 E F1 .928(command remo)3.428 -F -.15(ve)-.15 G 3.428(se).15 G .928(ntries from the list.)-3.428 F .928 -(The current directory is al-)5.928 F -.1(wa)144 208.8 S -(ys the \214rst directory in the stack.).1 E F2144 220.8 Q F1 -(Clears the directory stack by deleting all of the entries.)180 220.8 Q -F2144 232.8 Q F1 .882 -(Produces a listing using full pathnames; the def)180 232.8 R .881 -(ault listing format uses a tilde to denote)-.1 F(the home directory)180 -244.8 Q(.)-.65 E F2144 256.8 Q F1 -(Print the directory stack with one entry per line.)180 256.8 Q F2 -144 268.8 Q F1 .272(Print the directory stack with one entry per line, \ -pre\214xing each entry with its inde)180 268.8 R 2.773(xi)-.15 G 2.773 -(nt)-2.773 G(he)-2.773 E(stack.)180 280.8 Q F2(+)144 292.8 Q F0(n)A F1 -1.565(Displays the)180 292.8 R F0(n)4.065 E F1 1.565 -(th entry counting from the left of the list sho)B 1.564(wn by)-.25 F F2 -(dirs)4.064 E F1 1.564(when in)4.064 F -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G(d).1 E -(without options, starting with zero.)180 304.8 Q F2144 316.8 Q F0 -(n)A F1 1.194(Displays the)180 316.8 R F0(n)3.694 E F1 1.194 -(th entry counting from the right of the list sho)B 1.194(wn by)-.25 F -F2(dirs)3.694 E F1 1.194(when in)3.694 F -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G(d).1 E -(without options, starting with zero.)180 328.8 Q .258(The return v)144 -345.6 R .258(alue is 0 unless an in)-.25 F -.25(va)-.4 G .258 -(lid option is supplied or).25 F F0(n)2.758 E F1(inde)2.758 E -.15(xe) --.15 G 2.758(sb).15 G -.15(ey)-2.758 G .258(ond the end of the direc-) -.15 F(tory stack.)144 357.6 Q F2(diso)108 374.4 Q(wn)-.1 E F1([)2.5 E F2 -(\255ar)A F1 2.5(][)C F2-2.5 E F1 2.5(][)C F0(jobspec)-2.5 E F1 --3.332 1.666(... |)2.5 H F0(pid).834 E F1 -3.332 1.666(... ])2.5 H -.4 -(Wi)144 386.4 S .121(thout options, remo).4 F .422 -.15(ve e)-.15 H(ach) -.15 E F0(jobspec)4.362 E F1 .122(from the table of acti)2.932 F .422 --.15(ve j)-.25 H 2.622(obs. If).15 F F0(jobspec)4.362 E F1 .122 -(is not present, and)2.932 F .096(neither the)144 398.4 R F22.596 -E F1 .096(nor the)2.596 F F22.596 E F1 .096 -(option is supplied, the)2.596 F F0(curr)2.596 E .096(ent job)-.37 F F1 -.096(is used.)2.596 F .096(If the)5.096 F F22.596 E F1 .096 -(option is gi)2.596 F -.15(ve)-.25 G .096(n, each).15 F F0(jobspec) -145.74 410.4 Q F1 .585(is not remo)3.395 F -.15(ve)-.15 G 3.085(df).15 G -.585(rom the table, b)-3.085 F .585(ut is mark)-.2 F .585(ed so that)-.1 -F/F3 9/Times-Bold@0 SF(SIGHUP)3.085 E F1 .586 -(is not sent to the job if the)2.835 F .962(shell recei)144 422.4 R -.15 -(ve)-.25 G 3.462(sa).15 G F3(SIGHUP)A/F4 9/Times-Roman@0 SF(.)A F1 .962 -(If no)5.462 F F0(jobspec)5.202 E F1 .962(is supplied, the)3.772 F F2 -3.462 E F1 .962(option means to remo)3.462 F 1.262 -.15(ve o)-.15 -H 3.462(rm).15 G .962(ark all)-3.462 F 1.358(jobs; the)144 434.4 R F2 -3.858 E F1 1.358(option without a)3.858 F F0(jobspec)5.598 E F1 -(ar)4.169 E 1.359(gument restricts operation to running jobs.)-.18 F -1.359(The return)6.359 F -.25(va)144 446.4 S(lue is 0 unless a).25 E F0 -(jobspec)4.24 E F1(does not specify a v)2.81 E(alid job)-.25 E(.)-.4 E -F2(echo)108 463.2 Q F1([)2.5 E F2(\255neE)A F1 2.5(][)C F0(ar)-2.5 E(g) --.37 E F1 1.666(...)2.5 G(])-1.666 E .425(Output the)144 475.2 R F0(ar) -2.925 E(g)-.37 E F1 .424(s, separated by spaces, follo)B .424 -(wed by a ne)-.25 F 2.924(wline. The)-.25 F .424 -(return status is 0 unless a write)2.924 F .307(error occurs.)144 487.2 -R(If)5.307 E F22.807 E F1 .307(is speci\214ed, the trailing ne) -2.807 F .308(wline is suppressed.)-.25 F .308(If the)5.308 F F2 -2.808 E F1 .308(option is gi)2.808 F -.15(ve)-.25 G .308(n, inter).15 F -(-)-.2 E .198(pretation of the follo)144 499.2 R .198 -(wing backslash-escaped characters is enabled.)-.25 F(The)5.198 E F2 -2.698 E F1 .197(option disables the in-)2.697 F .067 -(terpretation of these escape characters, e)144 511.2 R -.15(ve)-.25 G -2.567(no).15 G 2.567(ns)-2.567 G .067(ystems where the)-2.567 F 2.567 -(ya)-.15 G .067(re interpreted by def)-2.567 F 2.568(ault. The)-.1 F F2 -(xpg_echo)144 523.2 Q F1 .681 -(shell option may be used to dynamically determine whether or not)3.181 -F F2(echo)3.18 E F1 .68(interprets an)3.18 F(y)-.15 E .94(options and e) -144 535.2 R .94(xpands these escape characters by def)-.15 F(ault.)-.1 E -F2(echo)5.94 E F1 .94(does not interpret)3.44 F F23.44 E F1 .94 -(to mean the)3.44 F(end of options.)144 547.2 Q F2(echo)5 E F1 -(interprets the follo)2.5 E(wing escape sequences:)-.25 E F2(\\a)144 -559.2 Q F1(alert \(bell\))180 559.2 Q F2(\\b)144 571.2 Q F1(backspace) -180 571.2 Q F2(\\c)144 583.2 Q F1(suppress further output)180 583.2 Q F2 -(\\e)144 595.2 Q(\\E)144 607.2 Q F1(an escape character)180 607.2 Q F2 -(\\f)144 619.2 Q F1(form feed)180 619.2 Q F2(\\n)144 631.2 Q F1(ne)180 -631.2 Q 2.5(wl)-.25 G(ine)-2.5 E F2(\\r)144 643.2 Q F1(carriage return) -180 643.2 Q F2(\\t)144 655.2 Q F1(horizontal tab)180 655.2 Q F2(\\v)144 -667.2 Q F1 -.15(ve)180 667.2 S(rtical tab).15 E F2(\\\\)144 679.2 Q F1 -(backslash)180 679.2 Q F2(\\0)144 691.2 Q F0(nnn)A F1 -(the eight-bit character whose v)180 691.2 Q(alue is the octal v)-.25 E -(alue)-.25 E F0(nnn)2.5 E F1(\(zero to three octal digits\))2.5 E F2 -(\\x)144 703.2 Q F0(HH)A F1(the eight-bit character whose v)180 703.2 Q -(alue is the he)-.25 E(xadecimal v)-.15 E(alue)-.25 E F0(HH)2.5 E F1 -(\(one or tw)2.5 E 2.5(oh)-.1 G .3 -.15(ex d)-2.5 H(igits\)).15 E -(GNU Bash 5.3)72 768 Q(2024 March 29)144.29 E(67)193.45 E 0 Cg EP -%%Page: 68 68 -%%BeginPageSetup -BP -%%EndPageSetup -/F0 10/Times-Italic@0 SF -.25(BA)72 48 S(SH).25 E/F1 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -138.32(\(1\) General).95 F(Commands Manual)2.5 E F0 -.25(BA)140.82 G(SH) -.25 E F1(\(1\)).95 E/F2 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(\\u)144 84 Q F0(HHHH)A F1 -1.507(the Unicode \(ISO/IEC 10646\) character whose v)180 96 R 1.506 -(alue is the he)-.25 F 1.506(xadecimal v)-.15 F(alue)-.25 E F0(HHHH) -4.006 E F1(\(one to four he)180 108 Q 2.5(xd)-.15 G(igits\))-2.5 E F2 -(\\U)144 120 Q F0(HHHHHHHH)A F1 .547 -(the Unicode \(ISO/IEC 10646\) character whose v)180 132 R .547 -(alue is the he)-.25 F .548(xadecimal v)-.15 F(alue)-.25 E F0(HHHHH-) -3.048 E(HHH)180 144 Q F1(\(one to eight he)2.5 E 2.5(xd)-.15 G(igits\)) --2.5 E F2(enable)108 160.8 Q F1([)2.5 E F2A F1 2.5(][)C F2 -(\255dnps)-2.5 E F1 2.5(][)C F2-2.5 E F0(\214lename)2.5 E F1 2.5 -(][)C F0(name)-2.5 E F1 1.666(...)2.5 G(])-1.666 E .278 -(Enable and disable b)144 172.8 R .278(uiltin shell commands.)-.2 F .278 -(Disabling a b)5.278 F .278(uiltin allo)-.2 F .278 -(ws a disk command which has)-.25 F .833(the same name as a shell b)144 -184.8 R .834(uiltin to be e)-.2 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .834 -(cuted without specifying a full pathname, e).15 F -.15(ve)-.25 G 3.334 -(nt).15 G(hough)-3.334 E .99(the shell normally searches for b)144 196.8 -R .989(uiltins before disk commands.)-.2 F(If)5.989 E F23.489 E F1 -.989(is used, each)3.489 F F0(name)3.489 E F1 .989(is dis-)3.489 F .648 -(abled; otherwise,)144 208.8 R F0(names)3.148 E F1 .648(are enabled.) -3.148 F -.15(Fo)5.648 G 3.148(re).15 G .648(xample, to use the)-3.298 F -F2(test)3.148 E F1 .648(binary found via the)3.148 F/F3 9/Times-Bold@0 -SF -.666(PA)3.148 G(TH)-.189 E F1(in-)2.899 E .013(stead of the shell b) -144 220.8 R .012(uiltin v)-.2 F .012 -(ersion, run \231enable \255n test\232.)-.15 F(The)5.012 E F22.512 -E F1 .012(option means to load the ne)2.512 F 2.512(wb)-.25 G(uiltin) --2.712 E(command)144 232.8 Q F0(name)2.907 E F1 .047(from shared object) -2.727 F F0(\214lename)4.458 E F1 2.548(,o).18 G 2.548(ns)-2.548 G .048 -(ystems that support dynamic loading.)-2.548 F F2(Bash)5.048 E F1(will) -2.548 E .311(use the v)144 244.8 R .311(alue of the)-.25 F F2 -.3(BA) -2.811 G(SH_LO).3 E(AD)-.4 E(ABLES_P)-.35 E -.95(AT)-.74 G(H).95 E F1 --.25(va)2.811 G .311(riable as a colon-separated list of directories).25 -F .264(in which to search for)144 256.8 R F0(\214lename)2.764 E F1 2.764 -(,i)C(f)-2.764 E F0(\214lename)2.764 E F1 .264 -(does not contain a slash.)2.764 F .265(The def)5.265 F .265 -(ault is system-depen-)-.1 F .83(dent, and may include \231.\232 to for\ -ce a search of the current directory)144 268.8 R 5.829(.T)-.65 G(he) --5.829 E F23.329 E F1 .829(option will delete a)3.329 F -.2(bu)144 -280.8 S .251(iltin pre).2 F .251(viously loaded with)-.25 F F2 -2.751 E F1 5.251(.I)C 2.751(fn)-5.251 G(o)-2.751 E F0(name)2.751 E F1 -(ar)2.751 E .251(guments are gi)-.18 F -.15(ve)-.25 G .251(n, or if the) -.15 F F22.751 E F1 .252(option is supplied,)2.752 F 3.357(al)144 -292.8 S .857(ist of shell b)-3.357 F .857(uiltins is printed.)-.2 F -.4 -(Wi)5.857 G .856(th no other option ar).4 F .856 -(guments, the list consists of all enabled)-.18 F 1.874(shell b)144 -304.8 R 4.374(uiltins. If)-.2 F F24.374 E F1 1.874 -(is supplied, only disabled b)4.374 F 1.874(uiltins are printed.)-.2 F -(If)6.875 E F24.375 E F1 1.875(is supplied, the list)4.375 F .016 -(printed includes all b)144 316.8 R .015 -(uiltins, with an indication of whether or not each is enabled.)-.2 F -(If)5.015 E F22.515 E F1 .015(is supplied,)2.515 F .284 -(the output is restricted to the POSIX)144 328.8 R F0(special)2.784 E F1 --.2(bu)2.784 G 2.784(iltins. If).2 F .284(no options are supplied and a) -2.784 F F0(name)2.784 E F1 .284(is not)2.784 F 2.878(as)144 340.8 S .378 -(hell b)-2.878 F(uiltin,)-.2 E F2(enable)2.878 E F1 .378 -(will attempt to load)2.878 F F0(name)2.878 E F1 .378 -(from a shared object named)2.878 F F0(name)2.878 E F1 2.877(,a)C 2.877 -(si)-2.877 G 2.877(ft)-2.877 G .377(he com-)-2.877 F .705 -(mand were \231enable \255f)144 352.8 R F0 .705(name name)3.205 F F1 -3.205(\232. The)B .705(return v)3.205 F .705(alue is 0 unless a)-.25 F -F0(name)3.565 E F1 .706(is not a shell b)3.385 F .706(uiltin or)-.2 F -(there is an error loading a ne)144 364.8 Q 2.5(wb)-.25 G -(uiltin from a shared object.)-2.7 E F2 -2.3 -.15(ev a)108 381.6 T(l).15 -E F1([)2.5 E F0(ar)A(g)-.37 E F1 1.666(...)2.5 G(])-1.666 E(The)144 -393.6 Q F0(ar)3.171 E(g)-.37 E F1 3.171(sa)C .671 -(re read and concatenated together into a single command.)-3.171 F .67 -(This command is then read)5.67 F .478(and e)144 405.6 R -.15(xe)-.15 G -.478(cuted by the shell, and its e).15 F .478 -(xit status is returned as the v)-.15 F .479(alue of)-.25 F F2 -2.3 -.15 -(ev a)2.979 H(l).15 E F1 5.479(.I)C 2.979(ft)-5.479 G .479(here are no) --2.979 F F0(ar)3.309 E(gs)-.37 E F1(,).27 E(or only null ar)144 417.6 Q -(guments,)-.18 E F2 -2.3 -.15(ev a)2.5 H(l).15 E F1(returns 0.)2.5 E F2 -(exec)108 434.4 Q F1([)2.5 E F2(\255cl)A F1 2.5(][)C F2-2.5 E F0 -(name)2.5 E F1 2.5(][)C F0(command)-2.5 E F1([)2.5 E F0(ar)A(guments) --.37 E F1(]])A(If)144 446.4 Q F0(command)3.006 E F1 .306 -(is speci\214ed, it replaces the shell.)3.576 F .305(No ne)5.305 F 2.805 -(wp)-.25 G .305(rocess is created.)-2.805 F(The)5.305 E F0(ar)3.135 E -(guments)-.37 E F1(become)3.075 E .176(the ar)144 458.4 R .176 -(guments to)-.18 F F0(command)2.676 E F1 5.176(.I)C 2.676(ft)-5.176 G -(he)-2.676 E F22.676 E F1 .176 -(option is supplied, the shell places a dash at the be)2.676 F .177 -(ginning of)-.15 F .48(the zeroth ar)144 470.4 R .48(gument passed to) --.18 F F0(command)3.18 E F1 5.48(.T).77 G .48(his is what)-5.48 F F0(lo) -3.07 E(gin)-.1 E F1 .48(\(1\) does.).24 F(The)5.48 E F22.98 E F1 -.48(option causes)2.98 F F0(com-)3.18 E(mand)144 482.4 Q F1 .638 -(to be e)3.908 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .638(cuted with an empty en).15 F 3.138 -(vironment. If)-.4 F F23.138 E F1 .638 -(is supplied, the shell passes)3.138 F F0(name)3.499 E F1 .639(as the) -3.319 F 1.078(zeroth ar)144 494.4 R 1.077(gument to the e)-.18 F -.15 -(xe)-.15 G 1.077(cuted command.).15 F(If)6.077 E F0(command)3.777 E F1 -1.077(cannot be e)4.347 F -.15(xe)-.15 G 1.077(cuted for some reason, a) -.15 F(non-interacti)144 506.4 Q .876 -.15(ve s)-.25 H .576(hell e).15 F -.576(xits, unless the)-.15 F F2(execfail)3.076 E F1 .577 -(shell option is enabled.)3.077 F .577(In that case, it returns f)5.577 -F(ail-)-.1 E 3.32(ure. An)144 518.4 R(interacti)3.32 E 1.12 -.15(ve s) --.25 H .82(hell returns f).15 F .82(ailure if the \214le cannot be e)-.1 -F -.15(xe)-.15 G 3.32(cuted. A).15 F .82(subshell e)3.32 F .82 -(xits uncondi-)-.15 F .287(tionally if)144 530.4 R F2(exec)2.787 E F1 --.1(fa)2.787 G 2.787(ils. If).1 F F0(command)2.987 E F1 .287 -(is not speci\214ed, an)3.557 F 2.788(yr)-.15 G .288(edirections tak) --2.788 F 2.788(ee)-.1 G -.25(ff)-2.788 G .288(ect in the current shell,) -.25 F(and the return status is 0.)144 542.4 Q -(If there is a redirection error)5 E 2.5(,t)-.4 G -(he return status is 1.)-2.5 E F2(exit)108 559.2 Q F1([)2.5 E F0(n)A F1 -(])A .096(Cause the shell to e)144 559.2 R .096(xit with a status of) --.15 F F0(n)2.596 E F1 5.096(.I)C(f)-5.096 E F0(n)2.955 E F1 .095 -(is omitted, the e)2.835 F .095(xit status is that of the last command) --.15 F -.15(exe)144 571.2 S 2.5(cuted. A).15 F(trap on)2.5 E F3(EXIT)2.5 -E F1(is e)2.25 E -.15(xe)-.15 G(cuted before the shell terminates.).15 E -F2(export)108 588 Q F1([)2.5 E F2(\255fn)A F1 2.5(][).833 G F0(name)-2.5 -E F1([=)A F0(wor)A(d)-.37 E F1(]] .)A 1.666(..)1.666 G F2(export \255p) -108 600 Q F1 .256(The supplied)144 612 R F0(names)3.117 E F1 .257 -(are mark)3.027 F .257(ed for automatic e)-.1 F .257(xport to the en) --.15 F .257(vironment of subsequently e)-.4 F -.15(xe)-.15 G(cuted).15 E -2.627(commands. If)144 624 R(the)2.627 E F22.627 E F1 .127 -(option is gi)2.627 F -.15(ve)-.25 G .127(n, the).15 F F0(names)2.987 E -F1 .127(refer to functions.)2.897 F .127(If no)5.127 F F0(names)2.987 E -F1 .127(are gi)2.897 F -.15(ve)-.25 G .126(n, or if the).15 F F2 -144 636 Q F1 .048(option is supplied, a list of names of all e)2.547 F -.048(xported v)-.15 F .048(ariables is printed.)-.25 F(The)5.048 E F2 -2.548 E F1 .048(option causes the)2.548 F -.15(ex)144 648 S 1.447 -(port property to be remo).15 F -.15(ve)-.15 G 3.947(df).15 G 1.447 -(rom each)-3.947 F F0(name)3.947 E F1 6.447(.I)C 3.947(fav)-6.447 G -1.447(ariable name is follo)-4.197 F 1.447(wed by =)-.25 F F0(wor)A(d) --.37 E F1 3.946(,t)C(he)-3.946 E -.25(va)144 660 S .741(lue of the v).25 -F .741(ariable is set to)-.25 F F0(wor)3.241 E(d)-.37 E F1(.)A F2 -(export)5.741 E F1 .742(returns an e)3.242 F .742 -(xit status of 0 unless an in)-.15 F -.25(va)-.4 G .742(lid option is) -.25 F .032(encountered, one of the)144 672 R F0(names)2.532 E F1 .032 -(is not a v)2.532 F .032(alid shell v)-.25 F .032(ariable name, or)-.25 -F F22.531 E F1 .031(is supplied with a)2.531 F F0(name)2.891 E F1 -(that)2.711 E(is not a function.)144 684 Q F2(false)108 700.8 Q F1 -(Does nothing, returns a non-zero status.)144 700.8 Q(GNU Bash 5.3)72 -768 Q(2024 March 29)144.29 E(68)193.45 E 0 Cg EP -%%Page: 69 69 -%%BeginPageSetup -BP -%%EndPageSetup -/F0 10/Times-Italic@0 SF -.25(BA)72 48 S(SH).25 E/F1 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -138.32(\(1\) General).95 F(Commands Manual)2.5 E F0 -.25(BA)140.82 G(SH) -.25 E F1(\(1\)).95 E/F2 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(fc)108 84 Q F1([)2.5 E F2 -A F0(ename)2.5 E F1 2.5(][)C F2(\255lnr)-2.5 E F1 2.5(][)C F0 -<8c72>-2.5 E(st)-.1 E F1 2.5(][)C F0(last)-2.5 E F1(])A F2(fc \255s)108 -96 Q F1([)2.5 E F0(pat)A F1(=)A F0 -.37(re)C(p).37 E F1 2.5(][)C F0(cmd) --2.5 E F1(])A .431(The \214rst form selects a range of commands from)144 -108 R F0<8c72>4.842 E(st)-.1 E F1(to)3.612 E F0(last)3.022 E F1 .432 -(from the history list and displays or)3.612 F .142(edits and re-e)144 -120 R -.15(xe)-.15 G .142(cutes them.).15 F F0 -.45(Fi)5.141 G -.1(rs) -.45 G(t).1 E F1(and)3.321 E F0(last)2.731 E F1 .141 -(may be speci\214ed as a string \(to locate the last command)3.321 F(be) -144 132 Q .31(ginning with that string\) or as a number \(an inde)-.15 F -2.811(xi)-.15 G .311(nto the history list, where a ne)-2.811 F -.05(ga) --.15 G(ti).05 E .611 -.15(ve n)-.25 H(umber).15 E .071(is used as an of) -144 144 R .071(fset from the current command number\).)-.25 F .071 -(When listing, a)5.071 F F0<8c72>2.571 E(st)-.1 E F1(or)2.571 E F0(last) -2.571 E F1 .071(of 0 is equi)2.571 F -.25(va)-.25 G(-).25 E .653 -(lent to \2551 and \2550 is equi)144 156 R -.25(va)-.25 G .653 -(lent to the current command \(usually the).25 F F2(fc)3.153 E F1 .653 -(command\); otherwise 0 is)3.153 F(equi)144 168 Q -.25(va)-.25 G .242 -(lent to \2551 and \2550 is in).25 F -.25(va)-.4 G 2.742(lid. If).25 F -F0(last)2.832 E F1 .242 -(is not speci\214ed, it is set to the current command for list-)3.422 F -.529(ing \(so that \231fc \255l \25510\232 prints the last 10 commands\ -\) and to)144 180 R F0<8c72>4.939 E(st)-.1 E F1 3.029(otherwise. If) -3.709 F F0<8c72>4.939 E(st)-.1 E F1 .529(is not speci-)3.709 F -(\214ed, it is set to the pre)144 192 Q -(vious command for editing and \25516 for listing.)-.25 E(The)144 208.8 -Q F22.522 E F1 .022 -(option suppresses the command numbers when listing.)2.522 F(The)5.022 E -F22.522 E F1 .022(option re)2.522 F -.15(ve)-.25 G .022 -(rses the order of).15 F .438(the commands.)144 220.8 R .438(If the) -5.438 F F22.938 E F1 .438(option is gi)2.938 F -.15(ve)-.25 G .438 -(n, the commands are listed on standard output.).15 F(Otherwise,)5.438 E -.335(the editor gi)144 232.8 R -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.835(nb).15 G(y)-2.835 E -F0(ename)3.025 E F1 .335(is in)3.015 F -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G 2.835 -(do).1 G 2.835(na\214)-2.835 G .335(le containing those commands.)-2.835 -F(If)5.334 E F0(ename)3.024 E F1 .334(is not gi)3.014 F -.15(ve)-.25 G -(n,).15 E .63(the v)144 244.8 R .63(alue of the)-.25 F/F3 9/Times-Bold@0 -SF(FCEDIT)3.13 E F1 -.25(va)2.88 G .631(riable is used, and the v).25 F -.631(alue of)-.25 F F3(EDIT)3.131 E(OR)-.162 E F1(if)2.881 E F3(FCEDIT) -3.131 E F1 .631(is not set.)2.881 F .631(If nei-)5.631 F .006(ther v)144 -256.8 R .006(ariable is set,)-.25 F F0(vi)4.171 E F1 .005(is used.)4.171 -F .005(When editing is complete, the edited commands are echoed and e) -5.005 F(x-)-.15 E(ecuted.)144 268.8 Q .788(In the second form,)144 285.6 -R F0(command)3.288 E F1 .788(is re-e)3.288 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .788 -(cuted after each instance of).15 F F0(pat)3.288 E F1 .788 -(is replaced by)3.288 F F0 -.37(re)3.289 G(p).37 E F1(.)A F0(Com-)5.789 -E(mand)144 297.6 Q F1 .603(is interpreted the same as)3.103 F F0<8c72> -3.103 E(st)-.1 E F1(abo)3.103 E -.15(ve)-.15 G 5.603(.A).15 G .602 -(useful alias to use with this is \231r="fc \255s"\232, so that)-2.5 F -.443(typing \231r cc\232 runs the last command be)144 309.6 R .443 -(ginning with \231cc\232 and typing \231r\232 re-e)-.15 F -.15(xe)-.15 G -.444(cutes the last com-).15 F(mand.)144 321.6 Q .142 -(If the \214rst form is used, the return v)144 338.4 R .142 -(alue is 0 unless an in)-.25 F -.25(va)-.4 G .142 -(lid option is encountered or).25 F F0<8c72>4.552 E(st)-.1 E F1(or)3.322 -E F0(last)2.732 E F1 .454(specify history lines out of range.)144 350.4 -R .454(If the)5.454 F F22.954 E F1 .454 -(option is supplied, the return v)2.954 F .455(alue is the v)-.25 F .455 -(alue of the)-.25 F .788(last command e)144 362.4 R -.15(xe)-.15 G .788 -(cuted or f).15 F .787 -(ailure if an error occurs with the temporary \214le of commands.)-.1 F -.787(If the)5.787 F 1.135 -(second form is used, the return status is that of the command re-e)144 -374.4 R -.15(xe)-.15 G 1.136(cuted, unless).15 F F0(cmd)3.836 E F1 1.136 -(does not)4.406 F(specify a v)144 386.4 Q -(alid history line, in which case)-.25 E F2(fc)2.5 E F1(returns f)2.5 E -(ailure.)-.1 E F2(fg)108 403.2 Q F1([)2.5 E F0(jobspec)A F1(])A(Resume) -144 415.2 Q F0(jobspec)5.654 E F1 1.413(in the fore)4.224 F 1.413 -(ground, and mak)-.15 F 3.913(ei)-.1 G 3.913(tt)-3.913 G 1.413 -(he current job)-3.913 F 6.413(.I)-.4 G(f)-6.413 E F0(jobspec)5.653 E F1 -1.413(is not present, the)4.223 F(shell')144 427.2 Q 3.116(sn)-.55 G -.616(otion of the)-3.116 F F0(curr)3.116 E .616(ent job)-.37 F F1 .617 -(is used.)3.116 F .617(The return v)5.617 F .617 -(alue is that of the command placed into the)-.25 F(fore)144 439.2 Q -.363(ground, or f)-.15 F .363 -(ailure if run when job control is disabled or)-.1 F 2.862(,w)-.4 G .362 -(hen run with job control enabled, if)-2.862 F F0(jobspec)145.74 451.2 Q -F1(does not specify a v)2.81 E(alid job or)-.25 E F0(jobspec)4.24 E F1 -(speci\214es a job that w)2.81 E(as started without job control.)-.1 E -F2(getopts)108 468 Q F0(optstring name)2.5 E F1([)2.5 E F0(ar)A(g)-.37 E -F1 1.666(...)2.5 G(])-1.666 E F2(getopts)144 480 Q F1 .793 -(is used by shell procedures to parse positional parameters.)3.293 F F0 -(optstring)6.023 E F1 .793(contains the option)3.513 F .15 -(characters to be recognized; if a character is follo)144 492 R .149 -(wed by a colon, the option is e)-.25 F .149(xpected to ha)-.15 F .449 --.15(ve a)-.2 H(n).15 E(ar)144 504 Q .578 -(gument, which should be separated from it by white space.)-.18 F .579 -(The colon and question mark char)5.579 F(-)-.2 E .636 -(acters may not be used as option characters.)144 516 R .636 -(Each time it is in)5.636 F -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G(d,).1 E F2(getopts) -3.136 E F1 .636(places the ne)3.136 F .635(xt op-)-.15 F .029 -(tion in the shell v)144 528 R(ariable)-.25 E F0(name)2.889 E F1 2.529 -(,i).18 G(nitializing)-2.529 E F0(name)2.889 E F1 .029(if it does not e) -2.709 F .03(xist, and the inde)-.15 F 2.53(xo)-.15 G 2.53(ft)-2.53 G .03 -(he ne)-2.53 F .03(xt ar)-.15 F(gu-)-.18 E .066 -(ment to be processed into the v)144 540 R(ariable)-.25 E F3(OPTIND) -2.566 E/F4 9/Times-Roman@0 SF(.)A F3(OPTIND)4.566 E F1 .065 -(is initialized to 1 each time the shell or a)2.315 F .885 -(shell script is in)144 552 R -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G 3.385(d. When).1 -F .885(an option requires an ar)3.385 F(gument,)-.18 E F2(getopts)3.385 -E F1 .885(places that ar)3.385 F .885(gument into)-.18 F .567(the v)144 -564 R(ariable)-.25 E F3(OPT)3.067 E(ARG)-.81 E F4(.)A F1 .566 -(The shell does not reset)5.067 F F3(OPTIND)3.066 E F1 .566 -(automatically; it must be manually reset)2.816 F .389 -(between multiple calls to)144 576 R F2(getopts)2.889 E F1 .389 -(within the same shell in)2.889 F -.2(vo)-.4 G .39(cation if a ne).2 F -2.89(ws)-.25 G .39(et of parameters is to)-2.89 F(be used.)144 588 Q -2.044(When the end of options is encountered,)144 604.8 R F2(getopts) -4.543 E F1 -.15(ex)4.543 G 2.043(its with a return v).15 F 2.043 -(alue greater than zero.)-.25 F F3(OPTIND)144 616.8 Q F1 -(is set to the inde)2.25 E 2.5(xo)-.15 G 2.5(ft)-2.5 G -(he \214rst non-option ar)-2.5 E(gument, and)-.18 E F0(name)2.5 E F1 -(is set to ?.)2.5 E F2(getopts)144 633.6 Q F1 .485 -(normally parses the positional parameters, b)2.985 F .485 -(ut if more ar)-.2 F .485(guments are supplied as)-.18 F F0(ar)3.315 E -(g)-.37 E F1 -.25(va)3.205 G(l-).25 E(ues,)144 645.6 Q F2(getopts)2.5 E -F1(parses those instead.)2.5 E F2(getopts)144 662.4 Q F1 .345 -(can report errors in tw)2.845 F 2.845(ow)-.1 G 2.845(ays. If)-2.945 F -.345(the \214rst character of)2.845 F F0(optstring)3.075 E F1 .345 -(is a colon,)3.065 F F0(silent)3.185 E F1 .345(error re-)3.525 F 1.668 -(porting is used.)144 674.4 R 1.668 -(In normal operation, diagnostic messages are printed when in)6.668 F --.25(va)-.4 G 1.669(lid options or).25 F .394(missing option ar)144 -686.4 R .394(guments are encountered.)-.18 F .394(If the v)5.394 F -(ariable)-.25 E F3(OPTERR)2.894 E F1 .394 -(is set to 0, no error messages)2.644 F(will be displayed, e)144 698.4 Q --.15(ve)-.25 G 2.5(ni).15 G 2.5(ft)-2.5 G(he \214rst character of)-2.5 E -F0(optstring)2.73 E F1(is not a colon.)2.72 E(If)144 715.2 Q F2(getopts) -2.672 E F1 .172(detects an in)2.672 F -.25(va)-.4 G .173 -(lid option, it places ? into).25 F F0(name)3.033 E F1 .173 -(and, if not silent, prints an error message)2.853 F 1.148(and unsets) -144 727.2 R F3(OPT)3.647 E(ARG)-.81 E F4(.)A F1(If)5.647 E F2(getopts) -3.647 E F1 1.147(is silent, it assigns the option character found to) -3.647 F F3(OPT)3.647 E(ARG)-.81 E F1(and)3.397 E(GNU Bash 5.3)72 768 Q -(2024 March 29)144.29 E(69)193.45 E 0 Cg EP -%%Page: 70 70 -%%BeginPageSetup -BP -%%EndPageSetup -/F0 10/Times-Italic@0 SF -.25(BA)72 48 S(SH).25 E/F1 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -138.32(\(1\) General).95 F(Commands Manual)2.5 E F0 -.25(BA)140.82 G(SH) -.25 E F1(\(1\)).95 E(does not print a diagnostic message.)144 84 Q .602 -(If a required ar)144 100.8 R .602(gument is not found, and)-.18 F/F2 10 -/Times-Bold@0 SF(getopts)3.102 E F1 .602(is not silent, it sets the v) -3.102 F .602(alue of)-.25 F F0(name)3.102 E F1 .602(to a ques-)3.102 F -1.056(tion mark \()144 112.8 R F2(?).833 E F1 1.056(\), unsets).833 F/F3 -9/Times-Bold@0 SF(OPT)3.556 E(ARG)-.81 E/F4 9/Times-Roman@0 SF(,)A F1 -1.056(and prints a diagnostic message.)3.306 F(If)6.056 E F2(getopts) -3.556 E F1 1.055(is silent, it sets the)3.556 F -.25(va)144 124.8 S -(lue of).25 E F0(name)2.5 E F1(to a colon \()2.5 E F2(:).833 E F1 2.5 -(\)a).833 G(nd sets)-2.5 E F3(OPT)2.5 E(ARG)-.81 E F1 -(to the option character found.)2.25 E F2(getopts)144 141.6 Q F1 .902 -(returns true if an option, speci\214ed or unspeci\214ed, is found.) -3.401 F .902(It returns f)5.902 F .902(alse if the end of)-.1 F -(options is encountered or an error occurs.)144 153.6 Q F2(hash)108 -170.4 Q F1([)2.5 E F2(\255lr)A F1 2.5(][)C F2-2.5 E F0(\214lename) -2.5 E F1 2.5(][)C F2(\255dt)-2.5 E F1 2.5(][)C F0(name)-2.5 E F1(])A -.858(Each time)144 182.4 R F2(hash)3.358 E F1 .858(is in)3.358 F -.2(vo) --.4 G -.1(ke).2 G .858(d, the full pathname of the command).1 F F0(name) -3.718 E F1 .858(is determined by searching)3.538 F .956 -(the directories in)144 194.4 R F2($P)3.456 E -.95(AT)-.74 G(H).95 E F1 -.956(and remembered.)3.456 F(An)5.956 E 3.456(yp)-.15 G(re)-3.456 E .956 -(viously-remembered pathname is discarded.)-.25 F .342(If the)144 206.4 -R F22.842 E F1 .342(option is supplied,)2.842 F F2(hash)2.842 E F1 -(uses)2.842 E F0(\214lename)4.752 E F1 .342 -(as the full \214lename of the command.)3.022 F(The)5.341 E F2 -2.841 E F1(op-)2.841 E 1.495(tion causes the shell to for)144 218.4 R -1.496(get all remembered locations.)-.18 F 1.496(Assigning to the)6.496 -F F2 -.74(PA)3.996 G(TH)-.21 E F1 -.25(va)3.996 G 1.496(riable also).25 -F .685(clears all hashed \214lenames.)144 230.4 R(The)5.685 E F2 -3.185 E F1 .685(option causes the shell to for)3.185 F .684 -(get the remembered location of)-.18 F(each)144 242.4 Q F0(name)3.894 E -F1 6.394(.I)C 3.894(ft)-6.394 G(he)-3.894 E F23.894 E F1 1.394 -(option is supplied, the full pathname to which each)3.894 F F0(name) -3.895 E F1 1.395(corresponds is)3.895 F 3.314(printed. If)144 254.4 R -(multiple)3.314 E F0(name)3.314 E F1(ar)3.314 E .814 -(guments are supplied with)-.18 F F23.314 E F1 3.314(,t)C(he) --3.314 E F0(name)3.314 E F1 .814(is printed before the hashed)3.314 F -.575(full pathname.)144 266.4 R(The)5.575 E F23.075 E F1 .575(opt\ -ion causes output to be displayed in a format that may be reused as in-) -3.075 F 3.988(put. If)144 278.4 R 1.488(no ar)3.988 F 1.488 -(guments are gi)-.18 F -.15(ve)-.25 G 1.488(n, or if only).15 F F2 -3.988 E F1 1.488(is supplied, information about remembered com-)3.988 F -.012(mands is printed.)144 290.4 R(The)5.012 E F22.512 E F1(,)A F2 -2.513 E F1 2.513(,a)C(nd)-2.513 E F22.513 E F1 .013 -(options \(the options that act on the)2.513 F F0(name)2.513 E F1(ar) -2.513 E .013(guments\) are mu-)-.18 F .208(tually e)144 302.4 R(xclusi) --.15 E -.15(ve)-.25 G 5.207(.O).15 G .207(nly one will be acti)-5.207 F --.15(ve)-.25 G 5.207(.I).15 G 2.707(fm)-5.207 G .207 -(ore than one is supplied,)-2.707 F F22.707 E F1 .207 -(has higher priority than)2.707 F F2144 314.4 Q F1 2.608(,a)C .108 -(nd both are higher priority than)-2.608 F F22.608 E F1 5.108(.T)C -.108(he return status is true unless a)-5.108 F F0(name)2.968 E F1 .108 -(is not found or an)2.788 F(in)144 326.4 Q -.25(va)-.4 G -(lid option is supplied.).25 E F2(help)108 343.2 Q F1([)2.5 E F2 -(\255dms)A F1 2.5(][)C F0(pattern)-2.5 E F1(])A .867 -(Display helpful information about b)144 355.2 R .867(uiltin commands.) --.2 F(If)5.867 E F0(pattern)4.617 E F1 .866(is speci\214ed,)3.607 F F2 -(help)3.366 E F1(gi)3.366 E -.15(ve)-.25 G 3.366(sd).15 G(etailed)-3.366 -E .223(help on all commands matching)144 367.2 R F0(pattern)3.973 E F1 -2.723(;o).24 G .223(therwise help for all the b)-2.723 F .224 -(uiltins and shell control struc-)-.2 F(tures is printed.)144 379.2 Q F2 -144 391.2 Q F1(Display a short description of each)180 391.2 Q F0 -(pattern)2.5 E F2144 403.2 Q F1(Display the description of each) -180 403.2 Q F0(pattern)2.5 E F1(in a manpage-lik)2.5 E 2.5(ef)-.1 G -(ormat)-2.5 E F2144 415.2 Q F1 -(Display only a short usage synopsis for each)180 415.2 Q F0(pattern)2.5 -E F1(The return status is 0 unless no command matches)144 432 Q F0 -(pattern)3.75 E F1(.).24 E F2(history [)108 448.8 Q F0(n)A F2(])A -(history \255c)108 460.8 Q(history \255d)108 472.8 Q F0(of)2.5 E(fset) --.18 E F2(history \255d)108 484.8 Q F0(start)2.5 E F1(-)A F0(end)A F2 -(history \255anrw)108 496.8 Q F1([)2.5 E F0(\214lename)A F1(])A F2 -(history \255p)108 508.8 Q F0(ar)2.5 E(g)-.37 E F1([)2.5 E F0(ar)A(g) --.37 E F1 1.666(...)2.5 G(])-1.666 E F2(history \255s)108 520.8 Q F0(ar) -2.5 E(g)-.37 E F1([)2.5 E F0(ar)A(g)-.37 E F1 1.666(...)2.5 G(])-1.666 E --.4(Wi)144 532.8 S .752 -(th no options, display the command history list with line numbers.).4 F -.752(Lines listed with a)5.752 F F2(*)3.251 E F1(ha)3.251 E -.15(ve)-.2 -G .38(been modi\214ed.)144 544.8 R .38(An ar)5.38 F .38(gument of)-.18 F -F0(n)3.24 E F1 .38(lists only the last)3.12 F F0(n)3.24 E F1 2.88 -(lines. If)3.12 F .38(the shell v)2.88 F(ariable)-.25 E F3(HISTTIMEFOR-) -2.881 E(MA)144 556.8 Q(T)-.855 E F1 .239 -(is set and not null, it is used as a format string for)2.489 F F0 -(strftime)3.078 E F1 .238(\(3\) to display the time stamp asso-).18 F -1.019(ciated with each displayed history entry)144 568.8 R 6.019(.N)-.65 -G 3.519(oi)-6.019 G(nterv)-3.519 E 1.019 -(ening blank is printed between the formatted)-.15 F .176 -(time stamp and the history line.)144 580.8 R(If)5.176 E F0(\214lename) -2.676 E F1 .176 -(is supplied, it is used as the name of the history \214le; if)2.676 F -.251(not, the v)144 592.8 R .251(alue of)-.25 F F3(HISTFILE)2.751 E F1 -.251(is used.)2.501 F(If)5.251 E F0(\214lename)2.751 E F1 .251 -(is not supplied and)2.751 F F3(HISTFILE)2.751 E F1 .251 -(is unset or null, the)2.501 F F2(\255a, \255n, \255r)144 604.8 Q(,)-.92 -E F1(and)2.5 E F22.5 E F1(options ha)2.5 E .3 -.15(ve n)-.2 H 2.5 -(oe).15 G -.25(ff)-2.5 G 2.5(ect. Options,).25 F(if supplied, ha)2.5 E -.3 -.15(ve t)-.2 H(he follo).15 E(wing meanings:)-.25 E F2144 -616.8 Q F1(Clear the history list by deleting all the entries.)180 616.8 -Q F2144 628.8 Q F0(of)2.5 E(fset)-.18 E F1 .39 -(Delete the history entry at position)180 640.8 R F0(of)2.889 E(fset) --.18 E F1 5.389(.I)C(f)-5.389 E F0(of)2.889 E(fset)-.18 E F1 .389(is ne) -2.889 F -.05(ga)-.15 G(ti).05 E -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.889(,i).15 G 2.889(ti) --2.889 G 2.889(si)-2.889 G .389(nterpreted as relati)-2.889 F -.15(ve) --.25 G .598(to one greater than the last history position, so ne)180 -652.8 R -.05(ga)-.15 G(ti).05 E .899 -.15(ve i)-.25 H .599 -(ndices count back from the end).15 F(of the history)180 664.8 Q 2.5(,a) --.65 G(nd an inde)-2.5 E 2.5(xo)-.15 G 2.5<66ad>-2.5 G 2.5(1r)-2.5 G -(efers to the current)-2.5 E F2(history \255d)2.5 E F1(command.)2.5 E F2 -144 676.8 Q F0(start)2.5 E F1A F0(end)A F1 1.25 -(Delete the range of history entries between positions)180 688.8 R F0 -(start)3.75 E F1(and)3.75 E F0(end)3.75 E F1 3.75(,i)C(nclusi)-3.75 E --.15(ve)-.25 G 6.25(.P).15 G(ositi)-6.25 E -.15(ve)-.25 G(and ne)180 -700.8 Q -.05(ga)-.15 G(ti).05 E .3 -.15(ve v)-.25 H(alues for)-.1 E F0 -(start)2.5 E F1(and)2.5 E F0(end)2.5 E F1 -(are interpreted as described abo)2.5 E -.15(ve)-.15 G(.).15 E -(GNU Bash 5.3)72 768 Q(2024 March 29)144.29 E(70)193.45 E 0 Cg EP -%%Page: 71 71 -%%BeginPageSetup -BP -%%EndPageSetup -/F0 10/Times-Italic@0 SF -.25(BA)72 48 S(SH).25 E/F1 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -138.32(\(1\) General).95 F(Commands Manual)2.5 E F0 -.25(BA)140.82 G(SH) -.25 E F1(\(1\)).95 E/F2 10/Times-Bold@0 SF144 84 Q F1 .775 -(Append the \231ne)180 84 R .776 -(w\232 history lines to the history \214le.)-.25 F .776 -(These are history lines entered since)5.776 F(the be)180 96 Q -(ginning of the current)-.15 E F2(bash)2.5 E F1(session, b)2.5 E -(ut not already appended to the history \214le.)-.2 E F2144 108 Q -F1 .854(Read the history lines not already read from the history \214le\ - into the current history list.)180 108 R .772 -(These are lines appended to the history \214le since the be)180 120 R -.773(ginning of the current)-.15 F F2(bash)3.273 E F1(ses-)3.273 E -(sion.)180 132 Q F2144 144 Q F1(Read the contents of the history \ -\214le and append them to the current history list.)180 144 Q F2 -144 156 Q F1(Write the current history list to the history \214le, o)180 -156 Q -.15(ve)-.15 G(rwriting the history \214le').15 E 2.5(sc)-.55 G -(ontents.)-2.5 E F2144 168 Q F1 .626 -(Perform history substitution on the follo)180 168 R(wing)-.25 E F0(ar) -3.125 E(gs)-.37 E F1 .625(and display the result on the standard)3.125 F -2.975(output. Does)180 180 R .475 -(not store the results in the history list.)2.975 F(Each)5.475 E F0(ar) -2.975 E(g)-.37 E F1 .475(must be quoted to disable)2.975 F -(normal history e)180 192 Q(xpansion.)-.15 E F2144 204 Q F1 .363 -(Store the)180 204 R F0(ar)3.193 E(gs)-.37 E F1 .363 -(in the history list as a single entry)3.133 F 5.363(.T)-.65 G .362 -(he last command in the history list is)-5.363 F(remo)180 216 Q -.15(ve) --.15 G 2.5(db).15 G(efore the)-2.5 E F0(ar)2.83 E(gs)-.37 E F1 -(are added.)2.77 E .145(If the)144 232.8 R/F3 9/Times-Bold@0 SF -(HISTTIMEFORMA)2.645 E(T)-.855 E F1 -.25(va)2.395 G .145 -(riable is set, the time stamp information associated with each history) -.25 F .669(entry is written to the history \214le, mark)144 244.8 R .669 -(ed with the history comment character)-.1 F 5.668(.W)-.55 G .668 -(hen the history)-5.668 F .955(\214le is read, lines be)144 256.8 R .956 -(ginning with the history comment character follo)-.15 F .956 -(wed immediately by a digit)-.25 F .833 -(are interpreted as timestamps for the follo)144 268.8 R .833 -(wing history entry)-.25 F 5.832(.T)-.65 G .832(he return v)-5.832 F -.832(alue is 0 unless an in-)-.25 F -.25(va)144 280.8 S .168(lid option\ - is encountered, an error occurs while reading or writing the history \ -\214le, an in).25 F -.25(va)-.4 G(lid).25 E F0(of)2.669 E(f-)-.18 E(set) -144 292.8 Q F1 .341(or range is supplied as an ar)2.841 F .341 -(gument to)-.18 F F22.841 E F1 2.841(,o)C 2.84(rt)-2.841 G .34 -(he history e)-2.84 F .34(xpansion supplied as an ar)-.15 F .34 -(gument to)-.18 F F2144 304.8 Q F1 -.1(fa)2.5 G(ils.).1 E F2(jobs) -108 321.6 Q F1([)2.5 E F2(\255lnprs)A F1 2.5(][)C F0(jobspec)A F1 -3.332 -1.666(... ])2.5 H F2(jobs \255x)108 333.6 Q F0(command)2.5 E F1([)2.5 E -F0(ar)2.5 E(gs)-.37 E F1 -3.332 1.666(... ])2.5 H -(The \214rst form lists the acti)144 345.6 Q .3 -.15(ve j)-.25 H 2.5 -(obs. The).15 F(options ha)2.5 E .3 -.15(ve t)-.2 H(he follo).15 E -(wing meanings:)-.25 E F2144 357.6 Q F1 -(List process IDs in addition to the normal information.)180 357.6 Q F2 -144 369.6 Q F1 .193(Display information only about jobs that ha) -180 369.6 R .494 -.15(ve c)-.2 H .194(hanged status since the user w).15 -F .194(as last noti-)-.1 F(\214ed of their status.)180 381.6 Q F2 -144 393.6 Q F1(List only the process ID of the job')180 393.6 Q 2.5(sp) --.55 G(rocess group leader)-2.5 E(.)-.55 E F2144 405.6 Q F1 -(Display only running jobs.)180 405.6 Q F2144 417.6 Q F1 -(Display only stopped jobs.)180 417.6 Q(If)144 434.4 Q F0(jobspec)4.554 -E F1 .314(is gi)3.124 F -.15(ve)-.25 G .314 -(n, output is restricted to information about that job).15 F 5.313(.T) --.4 G .313(he return status is 0 unless)-5.313 F(an in)144 446.4 Q -.25 -(va)-.4 G(lid option is encountered or an in).25 E -.25(va)-.4 G(lid).25 -E F0(jobspec)4.24 E F1(is supplied.)2.81 E .394(If the)144 463.2 R F2 -2.894 E F1 .394(option is supplied,)2.894 F F2(jobs)2.894 E F1 -.394(replaces an)2.894 F(y)-.15 E F0(jobspec)4.634 E F1 .394(found in) -3.204 F F0(command)3.094 E F1(or)3.664 E F0(ar)3.224 E(gs)-.37 E F1 .395 -(with the corre-)3.164 F(sponding process group ID, and e)144 475.2 Q --.15(xe)-.15 G(cutes).15 E F0(command)2.7 E F1(passing it)3.27 E F0(ar) -2.83 E(gs)-.37 E F1 2.5(,r).27 G(eturning its e)-2.5 E(xit status.)-.15 -E F2(kill)108 492 Q F1([)2.5 E F2A F0(sigspec)2.5 E F1(|)2.5 E F2 -2.5 E F0(signum)2.5 E F1(|)2.5 E F22.5 E F0(sigspec)A F1 2.5 -(][)C F0(pid)-2.5 E F1(|)2.5 E F0(jobspec)2.5 E F1 2.5(].)C 1.666(..) --.834 G F2(kill \255l)108 504 Q F1(|)A F2A F1([)2.5 E F0(sigspec)A -F1(|)2.5 E F0 -.2(ex)2.5 G(it_status).2 E F1(])A .017 -(Send the signal named by)144 516 R F0(sigspec)2.857 E F1(or)2.827 E F0 -(signum)2.857 E F1 .017(to the processes named by)2.837 F F0(pid)3.767 E -F1(or)3.287 E F0(jobspec)4.257 E F1(.).31 E F0(sigspec)5.357 E F1(is) -2.827 E .318(either a case-insensiti)144 528 R .618 -.15(ve s)-.25 H -.318(ignal name such as).15 F F3(SIGKILL)2.818 E F1 .319 -(\(with or without the)2.569 F F3(SIG)2.819 E F1 .319 -(pre\214x\) or a signal)2.569 F(number;)144 540 Q F0(signum)3.268 E F1 -.427(is a signal number)3.247 F 5.427(.I)-.55 G(f)-5.427 E F0(sigspec) -3.267 E F1 .427(is not present, then)3.237 F F3(SIGTERM)2.927 E F1 .427 -(is assumed.)2.677 F .427(An ar)5.427 F(-)-.2 E .313(gument of)144 552 R -F22.813 E F1 .314(lists the signal names.)2.814 F .314(If an)5.314 -F 2.814(ya)-.15 G -.18(rg)-2.814 G .314(uments are supplied when).18 F -F22.814 E F1 .314(is gi)2.814 F -.15(ve)-.25 G .314 -(n, the names of).15 F .12(the signals corresponding to the ar)144 564 R -.119(guments are listed, and the return status is 0.)-.18 F(The)5.119 E -F0 -.2(ex)2.619 G(it_status).2 E F1(ar)2.619 E(-)-.2 E .799(gument to) -144 576 R F23.299 E F1 .799 -(is a number specifying either a signal number or the e)3.299 F .8 -(xit status of a process termi-)-.15 F .963(nated by a signal.)144 588 R -(The)5.962 E F23.462 E F1 .962(option is equi)3.462 F -.25(va)-.25 -G .962(lent to).25 F F23.462 E F1(.)A F2(kill)5.962 E F1 .962 -(returns true if at least one signal w)3.462 F(as)-.1 E -(successfully sent, or f)144 600 Q(alse if an error occurs or an in)-.1 -E -.25(va)-.4 G(lid option is encountered.).25 E F2(let)108 616.8 Q F0 -(ar)2.5 E(g)-.37 E F1([)2.5 E F0(ar)A(g)-.37 E F1 1.666(...)2.5 G(]) --1.666 E(Each)144 628.8 Q F0(ar)3.026 E(g)-.37 E F1 .196 -(is an arithmetic e)2.916 F .197(xpression to be e)-.15 F -.25(va)-.25 G -.197(luated \(see).25 F F3 .197(ARITHMETIC EV)2.697 F(ALU)-1.215 E -.855 -(AT)-.54 G(ION).855 E F1(abo)2.447 E -.15(ve)-.15 G 2.697(\). If).15 F -(the last)144 640.8 Q F0(ar)2.83 E(g)-.37 E F1 -.25(eva)2.72 G -(luates to 0,).25 E F2(let)2.5 E F1(returns 1; 0 is returned otherwise.) -2.5 E F2(local)108 657.6 Q F1([)2.5 E F0(option)A F1 2.5(][)C F0(name) --2.5 E F1([=)A F0(value)A F1 2.5(].)C -3.332 1.666(.. | \255 ])-.834 H --.15(Fo)144 669.6 S 2.542(re).15 G .042(ach ar)-2.542 F .042 -(gument, a local v)-.18 F .042(ariable named)-.25 F F0(name)2.902 E F1 -.042(is created, and assigned)2.722 F F0(value)2.832 E F1 5.042(.T).18 G -(he)-5.042 E F0(option)2.542 E F1 .041(can be)2.541 F(an)144 681.6 Q -3.152(yo)-.15 G 3.152(ft)-3.152 G .652(he options accepted by)-3.152 F -F2(declar)3.152 E(e)-.18 E F1 5.652(.W)C(hen)-5.652 E F2(local)3.152 E -F1 .653(is used within a function, it causes the v)3.152 F(ari-)-.25 E -(able)144 693.6 Q F0(name)3.282 E F1 .422(to ha)3.102 F .722 -.15 -(ve a v)-.2 H .422 -(isible scope restricted to that function and its children.).15 F(If) -5.421 E F0(name)2.921 E F1 .421(is \255, the set)2.921 F .509 -(of shell options is made local to the function in which)144 705.6 R F2 -(local)3.01 E F1 .51(is in)3.01 F -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G .51 -(d: shell options changed us-).1 F 1.282(ing the)144 717.6 R F2(set) -3.782 E F1 -.2(bu)3.782 G 1.281 -(iltin inside the function after the call to).2 F F2(local)3.781 E F1 -1.281(are restored to their original v)3.781 F(alues)-.25 E .277 -(when the function returns.)144 729.6 R .277(The restore is ef)5.277 F -.278(fected as if a series of)-.25 F F2(set)2.778 E F1 .278 -(commands were e)2.778 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .278(cuted to).15 F -(GNU Bash 5.3)72 768 Q(2024 March 29)144.29 E(71)193.45 E 0 Cg EP -%%Page: 72 72 -%%BeginPageSetup -BP -%%EndPageSetup -/F0 10/Times-Italic@0 SF -.25(BA)72 48 S(SH).25 E/F1 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -138.32(\(1\) General).95 F(Commands Manual)2.5 E F0 -.25(BA)140.82 G(SH) -.25 E F1(\(1\)).95 E .69(restore the v)144 84 R .69 -(alues that were in place before the function.)-.25 F -.4(Wi)5.69 G .69 -(th no operands,).4 F/F2 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(local)3.19 E F1 .69 -(writes a list of)3.19 F .566(local v)144 96 R .566 -(ariables to the standard output.)-.25 F .566(It is an error to use) -5.566 F F2(local)3.066 E F1 .566(when not within a function.)3.066 F -(The)5.567 E .426(return status is 0 unless)144 108 R F2(local)2.926 E -F1 .425(is used outside a function, an in)2.925 F -.25(va)-.4 G(lid).25 -E F0(name)3.285 E F1 .425(is supplied, or)3.105 F F0(name)2.925 E F1 -.425(is a)2.925 F(readonly v)144 120 Q(ariable.)-.25 E F2(logout)108 -136.8 Q F1(Exit a login shell.)144 136.8 Q F2(map\214le)108 153.6 Q F1 -([)2.5 E F2A F0(delim)2.5 E F1 2.5(][)C F2-2.5 E F0(count) -2.5 E F1 2.5(][)C F2-2.5 E F0(origin)2.5 E F1 2.5(][)C F2 --2.5 E F0(count)2.5 E F1 2.5(][)C F2-2.5 E F1 2.5(][)C F2 --2.5 E F0(fd)2.5 E F1 2.5(][)C F2-2.5 E F0(callbac)2.5 E(k)-.2 E -F1 2.5(][)C F2-2.5 E F0(quantum)2.5 E F1 2.5(][)C F0(arr)-2.5 E -(ay)-.15 E F1(])A F2 -.18(re)108 165.6 S(adarray).18 E F1([)2.5 E F2 -A F0(delim)2.5 E F1 2.5(][)C F2-2.5 E F0(count)2.5 E F1 2.5 -(][)C F2-2.5 E F0(origin)2.5 E F1 2.5(][)C F2-2.5 E F0 -(count)2.5 E F1 2.5(][)C F2-2.5 E F1 2.5(][)C F2-2.5 E F0 -(fd)2.5 E F1 2.5(][)C F2-2.5 E F0(callbac)2.5 E(k)-.2 E F1 2.5(][) -C F2-2.5 E F0(quantum)2.5 E F1 2.5(][)C F0(arr)-2.5 E(ay)-.15 E F1 -(])A .158(Read lines from the standard input into the inde)144 177.6 R --.15(xe)-.15 G 2.659(da).15 G .159(rray v)-2.659 F(ariable)-.25 E F0 -(arr)2.989 E(ay)-.15 E F1 2.659(,o).32 G 2.659(rf)-2.659 G .159 -(rom \214le descriptor)-2.659 F F0(fd)4.629 E F1 1.249(if the)144 189.6 -R F23.749 E F1 1.249(option is supplied.)3.749 F 1.249(The v)6.249 -F(ariable)-.25 E/F3 9/Times-Bold@0 SF(MAPFILE)3.749 E F1 1.249 -(is the def)3.499 F(ault)-.1 E F0(arr)3.748 E(ay)-.15 E F1 6.248(.O)C -1.248(ptions, if supplied,)-6.248 F(ha)144 201.6 Q .3 -.15(ve t)-.2 H -(he follo).15 E(wing meanings:)-.25 E F2144 213.6 Q F1 .91 -(The \214rst character of)180 213.6 R F0(delim)3.41 E F1 .911 -(is used to terminate each input line, rather than ne)3.41 F 3.411 -(wline. If)-.25 F F0(delim)180 225.6 Q F1(is the empty string,)2.5 E F2 -(map\214le)2.5 E F1(will terminate a line when it reads a NUL character) -2.5 E(.)-.55 E F2144 237.6 Q F1(Cop)180 237.6 Q 2.5(ya)-.1 G 2.5 -(tm)-2.5 G(ost)-2.5 E F0(count)2.7 E F1 2.5(lines. If)3.18 F F0(count) -2.5 E F1(is 0, all lines are copied.)2.5 E F2144 249.6 Q F1(Be)180 -249.6 Q(gin assigning to)-.15 E F0(arr)2.83 E(ay)-.15 E F1(at inde)2.82 -E(x)-.15 E F0(origin)2.73 E F1 5(.T).24 G(he def)-5 E(ault inde)-.1 E -2.5(xi)-.15 G 2.5(s0)-2.5 G(.)-2.5 E F2144 261.6 Q F1 -(Discard the \214rst)180 261.6 Q F0(count)2.5 E F1(lines read.)2.5 E F2 -144 273.6 Q F1(Remo)180 273.6 Q .3 -.15(ve a t)-.15 H(railing).15 -E F0(delim)2.5 E F1(\(def)2.5 E(ault ne)-.1 E -(wline\) from each line read.)-.25 E F2144 285.6 Q F1 -(Read lines from \214le descriptor)180 285.6 Q F0(fd)2.5 E F1 -(instead of the standard input.)2.5 E F2144 297.6 Q F1(Ev)180 -297.6 Q(aluate)-.25 E F0(callbac)2.7 E(k)-.2 E F1(each time)3.17 E F0 -(quantum)2.5 E F1(lines are read.)2.5 E(The)5 E F22.5 E F1 -(option speci\214es)2.5 E F0(quantum)2.75 E F1(.).32 E F2144 309.6 -Q F1(Specify the number of lines read between each call to)180 309.6 Q -F0(callbac)2.7 E(k)-.2 E F1(.).67 E(If)144 326.4 Q F22.968 E F1 -.467(is speci\214ed without)2.967 F F22.967 E F1 2.967(,t)C .467 -(he def)-2.967 F .467(ault quantum is 5000.)-.1 F(When)5.467 E F0 -(callbac)2.967 E(k)-.2 E F1 .467(is e)2.967 F -.25(va)-.25 G .467 -(luated, it is sup-).25 F .261(plied the inde)144 338.4 R 2.761(xo)-.15 -G 2.761(ft)-2.761 G .261(he ne)-2.761 F .262(xt array element to be ass\ -igned and the line to be assigned to that element)-.15 F .275 -(as additional ar)144 350.4 R(guments.)-.18 E F0(callbac)5.275 E(k)-.2 E -F1 .275(is e)2.775 F -.25(va)-.25 G .274 -(luated after the line is read b).25 F .274 -(ut before the array element is)-.2 F(assigned.)144 362.4 Q -(If not supplied with an e)144 379.2 Q(xplicit origin,)-.15 E F2 -(map\214le)2.5 E F1(will clear)2.5 E F0(arr)2.5 E(ay)-.15 E F1 -(before assigning to it.)2.5 E F2(map\214le)144 396 Q F1 .797 -(returns successfully unless an in)3.297 F -.25(va)-.4 G .797 -(lid option or option ar).25 F .797(gument is supplied,)-.18 F F0(arr) -3.297 E(ay)-.15 E F1 .798(is in-)3.298 F -.25(va)144 408 S -(lid or unassignable, or if).25 E F0(arr)2.5 E(ay)-.15 E F1 -(is not an inde)2.5 E -.15(xe)-.15 G 2.5(da).15 G(rray)-2.5 E(.)-.65 E -F2(popd)108 424.8 Q F1<5bad>2.5 E F2(n)A F1 2.5(][)C(+)-2.5 E F0(n)A F1 -2.5(][)C-2.5 E F0(n)A F1(])A(Remo)144 436.8 Q -.15(ve)-.15 G 3.092 -(se).15 G .592(ntries from the directory stack.)-3.092 F .591 -(The elements are numbered from 0 starting at the \214rst)5.591 F .664 -(directory listed by)144 448.8 R F2(dirs)3.164 E F1 5.664(.W)C .664 -(ith no ar)-6.064 F(guments,)-.18 E F2(popd)3.165 E F1(remo)3.165 E -.15 -(ve)-.15 G 3.165(st).15 G .665(he top directory from the stack, and) --3.165 F(changes to the ne)144 460.8 Q 2.5(wt)-.25 G(op directory)-2.5 E -5(.A)-.65 G -.18(rg)-5 G(uments, if supplied, ha).18 E .3 -.15(ve t)-.2 -H(he follo).15 E(wing meanings:)-.25 E F2144 472.8 Q F1 .551 -(Suppresses the normal change of directory when remo)180 472.8 R .551 -(ving directories from the stack, so)-.15 F -(that only the stack is manipulated.)180 484.8 Q F2(+)144 496.8 Q F0(n)A -F1(Remo)180 496.8 Q -.15(ve)-.15 G 2.64(st).15 G(he)-2.64 E F0(n)2.64 E -F1 .14(th entry counting from the left of the list sho)B .14(wn by)-.25 -F F2(dirs)2.64 E F1 2.64(,s)C .14(tarting with zero,)-2.64 F .777 -(from the stack.)180 508.8 R -.15(Fo)5.777 G 3.277(re).15 G .777 -(xample: \231popd +0\232 remo)-3.427 F -.15(ve)-.15 G 3.276(st).15 G -.776(he \214rst directory)-3.276 F 3.276<2c99>-.65 G .776 -(popd +1\232 the sec-)-3.276 F(ond.)180 520.8 Q F2144 532.8 Q F0(n)A -F1(Remo)180 532.8 Q -.15(ve)-.15 G 3.759(st).15 G(he)-3.759 E F0(n)3.759 -E F1 1.259(th entry counting from the right of the list sho)B 1.26 -(wn by)-.25 F F2(dirs)3.76 E F1 3.76(,s)C 1.26(tarting with)-3.76 F 2.5 -(zero. F)180 544.8 R(or e)-.15 E(xample: \231popd \2550\232 remo)-.15 E --.15(ve)-.15 G 2.5(st).15 G(he last directory)-2.5 E 2.5<2c99>-.65 G -(popd \2551\232 the ne)-2.5 E(xt to last.)-.15 E 1.058 -(If the top element of the directory stack is modi\214ed, and the)144 -561.6 R F03.557 E F1 1.057(option w)3.557 F 1.057 -(as not supplied,)-.1 F F2(popd)3.557 E F1 .249(uses the)144 573.6 R F2 -(cd)2.749 E F1 -.2(bu)2.749 G .249 -(iltin to change to the directory at the top of the stack.).2 F .249 -(If the)5.249 F F2(cd)2.749 E F1 -.1(fa)2.749 G(ils,).1 E F2(popd)2.749 -E F1 .25(returns a)2.749 F(non-zero v)144 585.6 Q(alue.)-.25 E -(Otherwise,)144 602.4 Q F2(popd)2.671 E F1 .171(returns f)2.671 F .171 -(alse if an in)-.1 F -.25(va)-.4 G .171 -(lid option is encountered, the directory stack is empty).25 F 2.67(,o) --.65 G 2.67(ra)-2.67 G(non-e)144 614.4 Q -(xistent directory stack entry is speci\214ed.)-.15 E 1.555(If the)144 -631.2 R F2(popd)4.055 E F1 1.555(command is successful, bash runs)4.055 -F F2(dirs)4.056 E F1 1.556(to sho)4.056 F 4.056(wt)-.25 G 1.556 -(he \214nal contents of the directory)-4.056 F -(stack, and the return status is 0.)144 643.2 Q F2(printf)108 660 Q F1 -([)2.5 E F2A F0(var)2.5 E F1(])A F0(format)2.5 E F1([)2.5 E F0(ar) -A(guments)-.37 E F1(])A .358(Write the formatted)144 672 R F0(ar)2.858 E -(guments)-.37 E F1 .358(to the standard output under the control of the) -2.858 F F0(format)2.857 E F1 5.357(.T)C(he)-5.357 E F22.857 E F1 -(op-)2.857 E .714(tion causes the output to be assigned to the v)144 684 -R(ariable)-.25 E F0(var)3.214 E F1 .714 -(rather than being printed to the standard)3.214 F(output.)144 696 Q -(The)144 712.8 Q F0(format)3.018 E F1 .517(is a character string which \ -contains three types of objects: plain characters, which are)3.018 F -.704(simply copied to standard output, character escape sequences, whic\ -h are con)144 724.8 R -.15(ve)-.4 G .704(rted and copied to).15 F -(GNU Bash 5.3)72 768 Q(2024 March 29)144.29 E(72)193.45 E 0 Cg EP -%%Page: 73 73 -%%BeginPageSetup -BP -%%EndPageSetup -/F0 10/Times-Italic@0 SF -.25(BA)72 48 S(SH).25 E/F1 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -138.32(\(1\) General).95 F(Commands Manual)2.5 E F0 -.25(BA)140.82 G(SH) -.25 E F1(\(1\)).95 E .036(the standard output, and format speci\214cati\ -ons, each of which causes printing of the ne)144 84 R .036(xt successi) --.15 F -.15(ve)-.25 G F0(ar)144 96 Q(gument)-.37 E F1 6.07(.I)C 3.57(na) --6.07 G 1.07(ddition to the standard)-3.57 F F0(printf)4.82 E F1 1.07 -(\(3\) format characters)1.96 F/F2 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(csndiouxXeEfFgGaA) -3.57 E F1(,)A F2(printf)3.57 E F1(interprets the follo)144 108 Q -(wing additional format speci\214ers:)-.25 E F2(%b)144 120 Q F1(causes) -180 120 Q F2(printf)2.596 E F1 .096(to e)2.596 F .096 -(xpand backslash escape sequences in the corresponding)-.15 F F0(ar) -2.596 E(gument)-.37 E F1 .095(in the)2.595 F(same w)180 132 Q(ay as)-.1 -E F2(echo \255e)2.5 E F1(.)A F2(%q)144 144 Q F1(causes)180 144 Q F2 -(printf)2.51 E F1 .01(to output the corresponding)2.51 F F0(ar)2.51 E -(gument)-.37 E F1 .01(in a format that can be reused as shell)2.51 F -(input.)180 156 Q F2(%q)5.544 E F1(and)3.044 E F2(%Q)3.044 E F1 .544 -(use the)3.044 F F2<240808>3.044 E F1 .544(quoting style if an)3.044 F -3.044(yc)-.15 G .543(haracters in the ar)-3.044 F .543 -(gument string re-)-.18 F 1.285 -(quire it, and backslash quoting otherwise.)180 168 R 1.286 -(If the format string uses the)6.285 F F0(printf)3.786 E F1(alternate) -3.786 E(form, these tw)180 180 Q 2.5(of)-.1 G(ormats quote the ar)-2.5 E -(gument string using single quotes.)-.18 E F2(%Q)144 192 Q F1(lik)180 -192 Q(e)-.1 E F2(%q)2.5 E F1 2.5(,b)C(ut applies an)-2.7 E 2.5(ys)-.15 G -(upplied precision to the)-2.5 E F0(ar)2.5 E(gument)-.37 E F1 -(before quoting it.)2.5 E F2(%\()144 204 Q F0(datefmt)A F2(\)T)A F1 -(causes)180 216 Q F2(printf)4.404 E F1 1.904 -(to output the date-time string resulting from using)4.404 F F0(datefmt) -4.404 E F1 1.903(as a format)4.404 F .333(string for)180 228 R F0 -(strftime)3.173 E F1 2.833(\(3\). The).18 F(corresponding)2.833 E F0(ar) -2.834 E(gument)-.37 E F1 .334(is an inte)2.834 F .334 -(ger representing the number)-.15 F .293(of seconds since the epoch.)180 -240 R -1 -.8(Tw o)5.293 H .293(special ar)3.593 F .293(gument v)-.18 F -.293(alues may be used: \2551 represents the)-.25 F .693 -(current time, and \2552 represents the time the shell w)180 252 R .693 -(as in)-.1 F -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G 3.194(d. If).1 F .694(no ar)3.194 -F .694(gument is speci-)-.18 F .21(\214ed, con)180 264 R -.15(ve)-.4 G -.21(rsion beha).15 F -.15(ve)-.2 G 2.71(sa).15 G 2.71(si)-2.71 G 2.71 -<66ad>-2.71 G 2.71(1h)-2.71 G .21(ad been gi)-2.71 F -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.71 -(n. This).15 F .21(is an e)2.71 F .21(xception to the usual)-.15 F F2 -(printf)2.71 E F1(beha)180 276 Q(vior)-.2 E(.)-.55 E .946(The %b, %q, a\ -nd %T format speci\214ers all use the \214eld width and precision ar)144 -292.8 R .946(guments from the)-.18 F .339 -(format speci\214cation and write that man)144 304.8 R 2.838(yb)-.15 G -.338(ytes from \(or use that wide a \214eld for\) the e)-2.838 F .338 -(xpanded ar)-.15 F(-)-.2 E -(gument, which usually contains more characters than the original.)144 -316.8 Q(The %n format speci\214er accepts a corresponding ar)144 333.6 Q -(gument that is treated as a shell v)-.18 E(ariable name.)-.25 E .393 -(The %s and %c format speci\214ers accept an l \(long\) modi\214er)144 -350.4 R 2.894(,w)-.4 G .394(hich forces them to con)-2.894 F -.15(ve)-.4 -G .394(rt the ar).15 F(-)-.2 E .321 -(gument string to a wide-character string and apply an)144 362.4 R 2.821 -(ys)-.15 G .32(upplied \214eld width and precision in terms)-2.821 F -(of characters, not bytes.)144 374.4 Q(Ar)144 391.2 Q .463(guments to n\ -on-string format speci\214ers are treated as C constants, e)-.18 F .464 -(xcept that a leading plus or)-.15 F 1.259(minus sign is allo)144 403.2 -R 1.259 -(wed, and if the leading character is a single or double quote, the v) --.25 F 1.258(alue is the)-.25 F(ASCII v)144 415.2 Q(alue of the follo) --.25 E(wing character)-.25 E(.)-.55 E(The)144 432 Q F0(format)2.514 E F1 -.015(is reused as necessary to consume all of the)2.514 F F0(ar)2.515 E -(guments)-.37 E F1 5.015(.I)C 2.515(ft)-5.015 G(he)-2.515 E F0(format) -2.515 E F1 .015(requires more)2.515 F F0(ar)2.515 E(-)-.2 E(guments)144 -444 Q F1 .566(than are supplied, the e)3.066 F .566 -(xtra format speci\214cations beha)-.15 F .866 -.15(ve a)-.2 H 3.066(si) -.15 G 3.065(faz)-3.066 G .565(ero v)-3.065 F .565(alue or null string,) --.25 F .541(as appropriate, had been supplied.)144 456 R .541 -(The return v)5.541 F .541(alue is zero on success, non-zero if an in) --.25 F -.25(va)-.4 G .542(lid op-).25 F -(tion is supplied or a write or assignment error occurs.)144 468 Q F2 -(pushd)108 484.8 Q F1([)2.5 E F2A F1 2.5(][)C(+)-2.5 E F0(n)A F1 -2.5(][)C-2.5 E F0(n)A F1(])A F2(pushd)108 496.8 Q F1([)2.5 E F2 -A F1 2.5(][)C F0(dir)-2.5 E F1(])A .64(Adds a directory to the to\ -p of the directory stack, or rotates the stack, making the ne)144 508.8 -R 3.139(wt)-.25 G .639(op of the)-3.139 F .088(stack the current w)144 -520.8 R .088(orking directory)-.1 F 5.088(.W)-.65 G .088(ith no ar) --5.488 F(guments,)-.18 E F2(pushd)2.589 E F1 -.15(ex)2.589 G .089 -(changes the top tw).15 F 2.589(oe)-.1 G .089(lements of)-2.589 F -(the directory stack.)144 532.8 Q(Ar)5 E(guments, if supplied, ha)-.18 E -.3 -.15(ve t)-.2 H(he follo).15 E(wing meanings:)-.25 E F2144 -544.8 Q F1 1.811(Suppresses the normal change of directory when rotatin\ -g or adding directories to the)180 544.8 R -(stack, so that only the stack is manipulated.)180 556.8 Q F2(+)144 -568.8 Q F0(n)A F1 1.267(Rotates the stack so that the)180 568.8 R F0(n) -3.767 E F1 1.268(th directory \(counting from the left of the list sho)B -1.268(wn by)-.25 F F2(dirs)180 580.8 Q F1 2.5(,s)C -(tarting with zero\) is at the top.)-2.5 E F2144 592.8 Q F0(n)A F1 -.92(Rotates the stack so that the)180 592.8 R F0(n)3.42 E F1 .92 -(th directory \(counting from the right of the list sho)B .92(wn by)-.25 -F F2(dirs)180 604.8 Q F1 2.5(,s)C(tarting with zero\) is at the top.) --2.5 E F0(dir)144.35 616.8 Q F1(Adds)180 616.8 Q F0(dir)2.85 E F1 -(to the directory stack at the top)3.23 E .434 -(After the stack has been modi\214ed, if the)144 633.6 R F22.934 E -F1 .434(option w)2.934 F .435(as not supplied,)-.1 F F2(pushd)2.935 E F1 -.435(uses the)2.935 F F2(cd)2.935 E F1 -.2(bu)2.935 G .435(iltin to).2 F -(change to the directory at the top of the stack.)144 645.6 Q(If the)5 E -F2(cd)2.5 E F1 -.1(fa)2.5 G(ils,).1 E F2(pushd)2.5 E F1 -(returns a non-zero v)2.5 E(alue.)-.25 E 1.78(Otherwise, if no ar)144 -662.4 R 1.78(guments are supplied,)-.18 F F2(pushd)4.28 E F1 1.78 -(returns 0 unless the directory stack is empty)4.28 F(.)-.65 E .092 -(When rotating the directory stack,)144 674.4 R F2(pushd)2.592 E F1 .093 -(returns 0 unless the directory stack is empty or a non-e)2.592 F(x-) --.15 E(istent directory stack element is speci\214ed.)144 686.4 Q 1.278 -(If the)144 703.2 R F2(pushd)3.778 E F1 1.278 -(command is successful, bash runs)3.778 F F2(dirs)3.778 E F1 1.277 -(to sho)3.777 F 3.777(wt)-.25 G 1.277 -(he \214nal contents of the directory)-3.777 F(stack.)144 715.2 Q -(GNU Bash 5.3)72 768 Q(2024 March 29)144.29 E(73)193.45 E 0 Cg EP -%%Page: 74 74 -%%BeginPageSetup -BP -%%EndPageSetup -/F0 10/Times-Italic@0 SF -.25(BA)72 48 S(SH).25 E/F1 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -138.32(\(1\) General).95 F(Commands Manual)2.5 E F0 -.25(BA)140.82 G(SH) -.25 E F1(\(1\)).95 E/F2 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(pwd)108 84 Q F1([)2.5 E F2 -(\255LP)A F1(])A .844(Print the absolute pathname of the current w)144 -96 R .845(orking directory)-.1 F 5.845(.T)-.65 G .845 -(he pathname printed contains no)-5.845 F .182(symbolic links if the)144 -108 R F22.681 E F1 .181(option is supplied or the)2.681 F F2 .181 -(\255o ph)2.681 F(ysical)-.15 E F1 .181(option to the)2.681 F F2(set) -2.681 E F1 -.2(bu)2.681 G .181(iltin command is).2 F 3.263(enabled. If) -144 120 R(the)3.263 E F23.263 E F1 .763 -(option is used, the pathname printed may contain symbolic links.)3.263 -F .764(The return)5.764 F .405(status is 0 unless an error occurs while\ - reading the name of the current directory or an in)144 132 R -.25(va) --.4 G .405(lid op-).25 F(tion is supplied.)144 144 Q F2 -.18(re)108 -160.8 S(ad).18 E F1([)2.5 E F2(\255Eers)A F1 2.5(][)C F2-2.5 E F0 -(aname)2.5 E F1 2.5(][)C F2-2.5 E F0(delim)2.5 E F1 2.5(][)C F2 --2.5 E F0(te)2.5 E(xt)-.2 E F1 2.5(][)C F2-2.5 E F0(nc)2.5 E -(har)-.15 E(s)-.1 E F1 2.5(][)C F2-2.5 E F0(nc)2.5 E(har)-.15 E(s) --.1 E F1 2.5(][)C F2-2.5 E F0(pr)2.5 E(ompt)-.45 E F1 2.5(][)C F2 --2.5 E F0(timeout)2.5 E F1 2.5(][)C F2-2.5 E F0(fd)2.5 E F1 -(])A([)108 172.8 Q F0(name)A F1 1.666(...)2.5 G(])-1.666 E .516(One lin\ -e is read from the standard input, or from the \214le descriptor)144 -184.8 R F0(fd)3.016 E F1 .516(supplied as an ar)3.016 F .517(gument to) --.18 F(the)144 196.8 Q F22.936 E F1 .436(option, split into w) -2.936 F .435(ords as described abo)-.1 F .735 -.15(ve u)-.15 H(nder).15 -E F2 -.75(Wo)2.935 G .435(rd Splitting).75 F F1 2.935(,a)C .435 -(nd the \214rst w)-2.935 F .435(ord is as-)-.1 F .375 -(signed to the \214rst)144 208.8 R F0(name)3.235 E F1 2.876(,t).18 G -.376(he second w)-2.876 F .376(ord to the second)-.1 F F0(name)3.236 E -F1 2.876(,a).18 G .376(nd so on.)-2.876 F .376(If there are more w)5.376 -F(ords)-.1 E .237(than names, the remaining w)144 220.8 R .237 -(ords and their interv)-.1 F .237 -(ening delimiters are assigned to the last)-.15 F F0(name)3.096 E F1 -5.236(.I).18 G(f)-5.236 E .874(there are fe)144 232.8 R .874(wer w)-.25 -F .875(ords read from the input stream than names, the remaining names \ -are assigned)-.1 F .518(empty v)144 244.8 R 3.018(alues. The)-.25 F .518 -(characters in)3.018 F/F3 9/Times-Bold@0 SF(IFS)3.018 E F1 .518 -(are used to split the line into w)2.768 F .517 -(ords using the same rules the)-.1 F .026(shell uses for e)144 256.8 R -.026(xpansion \(described abo)-.15 F .326 -.15(ve u)-.15 H(nder).15 E F2 --.75(Wo)2.526 G .026(rd Splitting).75 F F1 2.526(\). The)B .026 -(backslash character \()2.526 F F2(\\)A F1 2.527(\)m)C(ay)-2.527 E .489 -(be used to remo)144 268.8 R .788 -.15(ve a)-.15 H .788 -.15(ny s).15 H -.488(pecial meaning for the ne).15 F .488 -(xt character read and for line continuation.)-.15 F(Op-)5.488 E -(tions, if supplied, ha)144 280.8 Q .3 -.15(ve t)-.2 H(he follo).15 E -(wing meanings:)-.25 E F2144 292.8 Q F0(aname)2.5 E F1 1.025 -(The w)180 304.8 R 1.026 -(ords are assigned to sequential indices of the array v)-.1 F(ariable) --.25 E F0(aname)3.856 E F1 3.526(,s).18 G 1.026(tarting at 0.)-3.526 F -F0(aname)180.33 316.8 Q F1(is unset before an)2.68 E 2.5(yn)-.15 G .5 --.25(ew va)-2.5 H(lues are assigned.).25 E(Other)5 E F0(name)2.5 E F1 -(ar)2.5 E(guments are ignored.)-.18 E F2144 328.8 Q F0(delim)2.5 E -F1 .281(The \214rst character of)180 340.8 R F0(delim)2.781 E F1 .281 -(is used to terminate the input line, rather than ne)2.781 F 2.78 -(wline. If)-.25 F F0(de-)2.78 E(lim)180 352.8 Q F1(is the empty string,) -2.5 E F2 -.18(re)2.5 G(ad).18 E F1 -(will terminate a line when it reads a NUL character)2.5 E(.)-.55 E F2 -144 364.8 Q F1 1.761 -(If the standard input is coming from a terminal,)180 364.8 R F2 -.18 -(re)4.262 G(ad).18 E F1(uses)4.262 E F2 -.18(re)4.262 G(adline).18 E F1 -(\(see)4.262 E F3(READLINE)4.262 E F1(abo)180 376.8 Q -.15(ve)-.15 G -3.722(\)t).15 G 3.722(oo)-3.722 G 1.222(btain the line.)-3.722 F 1.222 -(Readline uses the current \(or def)6.222 F 1.222 -(ault, if line editing w)-.1 F 1.222(as not)-.1 F(pre)180 388.8 Q -(viously acti)-.25 E -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.5(\)e).15 G(diting settings, b) --2.5 E(ut uses readline')-.2 E 2.5(sd)-.55 G(ef)-2.5 E -(ault \214lename completion.)-.1 E F2144 400.8 Q F1 1.761 -(If the standard input is coming from a terminal,)180 400.8 R F2 -.18 -(re)4.262 G(ad).18 E F1(uses)4.262 E F2 -.18(re)4.262 G(adline).18 E F1 -(\(see)4.262 E F3(READLINE)4.262 E F1(abo)180 412.8 Q -.15(ve)-.15 G -3.722(\)t).15 G 3.722(oo)-3.722 G 1.222(btain the line.)-3.722 F 1.222 -(Readline uses the current \(or def)6.222 F 1.222 -(ault, if line editing w)-.1 F 1.222(as not)-.1 F(pre)180 424.8 Q .042 -(viously acti)-.25 F -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.542(\)e).15 G .042 -(diting settings, b)-2.542 F .042(ut uses bash')-.2 F 2.542(sd)-.55 G -(ef)-2.542 E .042(ault completion, including program-)-.1 F -(mable completion.)180 436.8 Q F2144 448.8 Q F0(te)2.5 E(xt)-.2 E -F1(If)180 448.8 Q F2 -.18(re)2.716 G(adline).18 E F1 .216 -(is being used to read the line,)2.716 F F0(te)2.716 E(xt)-.2 E F1 .216 -(is placed into the editing b)2.716 F(uf)-.2 E .215(fer before edit-) --.25 F(ing be)180 460.8 Q(gins.)-.15 E F2144 472.8 Q F0(nc)2.5 E -(har)-.15 E(s)-.1 E F2 -.18(re)180 484.8 S(ad).18 E F1 .322 -(returns after reading)2.822 F F0(nc)2.823 E(har)-.15 E(s)-.1 E F1 .323 -(characters rather than w)2.823 F .323 -(aiting for a complete line of in-)-.1 F(put, b)180 496.8 Q -(ut honors a delimiter if fe)-.2 E(wer than)-.25 E F0(nc)2.5 E(har)-.15 -E(s)-.1 E F1(characters are read before the delimiter)2.5 E(.)-.55 E F2 -144 508.8 Q F0(nc)2.5 E(har)-.15 E(s)-.1 E F2 -.18(re)180 520.8 S -(ad).18 E F1 1.269(returns after reading e)3.77 F(xactly)-.15 E F0(nc) -3.769 E(har)-.15 E(s)-.1 E F1 1.269(characters rather than w)3.769 F -1.269(aiting for a complete)-.1 F .274 -(line of input, unless EOF is encountered or)180 532.8 R F2 -.18(re) -2.775 G(ad).18 E F1 .275(times out.)2.775 F .275 -(Delimiter characters encoun-)5.275 F 1.003 -(tered in the input are not treated specially and do not cause)180 544.8 -R F2 -.18(re)3.502 G(ad).18 E F1 1.002(to return until)3.502 F F0(nc) -3.502 E(har)-.15 E(s)-.1 E F1 .608(characters are read.)180 556.8 R .608 -(The result is not split on the characters in)5.608 F F2(IFS)3.108 E F1 -3.108(;t)C .609(he intent is that the)-3.108 F -.25(va)180 568.8 S .67 -(riable is assigned e).25 F .669 -(xactly the characters read \(with the e)-.15 F .669 -(xception of backslash; see the)-.15 F F2180 580.8 Q F1 -(option belo)2.5 E(w\).)-.25 E F2144 592.8 Q F0(pr)2.5 E(ompt)-.45 -E F1(Display)180 604.8 Q F0(pr)3.66 E(ompt)-.45 E F1 1.161 -(on standard error)3.66 F 3.661(,w)-.4 G 1.161(ithout a trailing ne) --3.661 F 1.161(wline, before attempting to read)-.25 F(an)180 616.8 Q -2.5(yi)-.15 G 2.5(nput. The)-2.5 F -(prompt is displayed only if input is coming from a terminal.)2.5 E F2 -144 628.8 Q F1 .544(Backslash does not act as an escape character) -180 628.8 R 5.543(.T)-.55 G .543 -(he backslash is considered to be part of)-5.543 F .492(the line.)180 -640.8 R .492(In particular)5.492 F 2.992(,ab)-.4 G(ackslash-ne)-2.992 E -.493(wline pair may not then be used as a line continua-)-.25 F(tion.) -180 652.8 Q F2144 664.8 Q F1(Silent mode.)180 664.8 Q -(If input is coming from a terminal, characters are not echoed.)5 E F2 -144 676.8 Q F0(timeout)2.5 E F1(Cause)180 688.8 Q F2 -.18(re)2.929 -G(ad).18 E F1 .428(to time out and return f)2.929 F .428 -(ailure if a complete line of input \(or a speci\214ed num-)-.1 F .56 -(ber of characters\) is not read within)180 700.8 R F0(timeout)3.061 E -F1(seconds.)3.061 E F0(timeout)5.561 E F1 .561(may be a decimal number) -3.061 F(with a fractional portion follo)180 712.8 Q -(wing the decimal point.)-.25 E(This option is only ef)5 E(fecti)-.25 E -.3 -.15(ve i)-.25 H(f).15 E F2 -.18(re)2.5 G(ad).18 E F1 .506(is readin\ -g input from a terminal, pipe, or other special \214le; it has no ef)180 -724.8 R .505(fect when reading)-.25 F(GNU Bash 5.3)72 768 Q -(2024 March 29)144.29 E(74)193.45 E 0 Cg EP -%%Page: 75 75 -%%BeginPageSetup -BP -%%EndPageSetup -/F0 10/Times-Italic@0 SF -.25(BA)72 48 S(SH).25 E/F1 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -138.32(\(1\) General).95 F(Commands Manual)2.5 E F0 -.25(BA)140.82 G(SH) -.25 E F1(\(1\)).95 E .589(from re)180 84 R .589(gular \214les.)-.15 F -(If)5.589 E/F2 10/Times-Bold@0 SF -.18(re)3.089 G(ad).18 E F1 .589 -(times out,)3.089 F F2 -.18(re)3.089 G(ad).18 E F1(sa)3.089 E -.15(ve) --.2 G 3.089(sa).15 G .889 -.15(ny p)-3.089 H .59 -(artial input read into the speci\214ed).15 F -.25(va)180 96 S(riable) -.25 E F0(name)2.77 E F1 5.27(.I)C(f)-5.27 E F0(timeout)2.77 E F1 .27 -(is 0,)2.77 F F2 -.18(re)2.77 G(ad).18 E F1 .27(returns immediately)2.77 -F 2.77(,w)-.65 G .27(ithout trying to read an)-2.77 F 2.77(yd)-.15 G -(ata.)-2.77 E .227(The e)180 108 R .228(xit status is 0 if input is a) --.15 F -.25(va)-.2 G .228(ilable on the speci\214ed \214le descriptor) -.25 F 2.728(,o)-.4 G 2.728(rt)-2.728 G .228(he read will re-)-2.728 F -1.225(turn EOF)180 120 R 3.725(,n)-.8 G 1.225(on-zero otherwise.)-3.725 -F 1.225(The e)6.225 F 1.225 -(xit status is greater than 128 if the timeout is e)-.15 F(x-)-.15 E -(ceeded.)180 132 Q F2144 144 Q F0(fd)2.5 E F1 -(Read input from \214le descriptor)180 144 Q F0(fd)2.5 E F1(.)A -(Other than the case where)144 160.8 Q F0(delim)2.5 E F1 -(is the empty string,)2.5 E F2 -.18(re)2.5 G(ad).18 E F1(ignores an)2.5 -E 2.5(yN)-.15 G(UL characters in the input.)-2.5 E .522(If no)144 177.6 -R F0(names)3.382 E F1 .522 -(are supplied, the line read, without the ending delimiter b)3.292 F -.522(ut otherwise unmodi\214ed, is)-.2 F 1.187(assigned to the v)144 -189.6 R(ariable)-.25 E/F3 9/Times-Bold@0 SF(REPL)3.686 E(Y)-.828 E/F4 9 -/Times-Roman@0 SF(.)A F1 1.186(The e)5.686 F 1.186 -(xit status is zero, unless end-of-\214le is encountered,)-.15 F F2 -.18 -(re)3.686 G(ad).18 E F1 .96 -(times out \(in which case the status is greater than 128\), a v)144 -201.6 R .961(ariable assignment error \(such as as-)-.25 F .707 -(signing to a readonly v)144 213.6 R .706(ariable\) occurs, or an in) --.25 F -.25(va)-.4 G .706(lid \214le descriptor is supplied as the ar) -.25 F .706(gument to)-.18 F F2144 225.6 Q F1(.)A F2 -.18(re)108 -242.4 S(adonly).18 E F1([)2.5 E F2(\255aAf)A F1 2.5(][)C F2-2.5 E -F1 2.5(][)C F0(name)-2.5 E F1([=)A F0(wor)A(d)-.37 E F1 2.5(].)C 1.666 -(..)-.834 G(])-1.666 E .77(The gi)144 254.4 R -.15(ve)-.25 G(n).15 E F0 -(names)3.27 E F1 .77(are mark)3.27 F .77(ed readonly; the v)-.1 F .77 -(alues of these)-.25 F F0(names)3.63 E F1 .77 -(may not be changed by subse-)3.54 F 1.097(quent assignment.)144 266.4 R -1.097(If the)6.097 F F23.597 E F1 1.097 -(option is supplied, the functions corresponding to the)3.597 F F0 -(names)3.596 E F1 1.096(are so)3.596 F(mark)144 278.4 Q 3.334(ed. The) --.1 F F23.334 E F1 .834(option restricts the v)3.334 F .834 -(ariables to inde)-.25 F -.15(xe)-.15 G 3.334(da).15 G .834(rrays; the) --3.334 F F23.334 E F1 .834(option restricts the v)3.334 F(ari-) --.25 E .777(ables to associati)144 290.4 R 1.077 -.15(ve a)-.25 H 3.277 -(rrays. If).15 F .777(both options are supplied,)3.277 F F23.277 E -F1(tak)3.277 E .776(es precedence.)-.1 F .776(If no)5.776 F F0(name) -3.636 E F1(ar)3.456 E(gu-)-.18 E .521(ments are gi)144 302.4 R -.15(ve) --.25 G .521(n, or if the).15 F F23.021 E F1 .521 -(option is supplied, a list of all readonly names is printed.)3.021 F -.522(The other)5.521 F .295(options may be used to restrict the output \ -to a subset of the set of readonly names.)144 314.4 R(The)5.295 E F2 -2.795 E F1(option)2.795 E .786 -(causes output to be displayed in a format that may be reused as input.) -144 326.4 R .786(If a v)5.786 F .786(ariable name is fol-)-.25 F(lo)144 -338.4 Q .718(wed by =)-.25 F F0(wor)A(d)-.37 E F1 3.218(,t)C .718(he v) --3.218 F .718(alue of the v)-.25 F .718(ariable is set to)-.25 F F0(wor) -3.218 E(d)-.37 E F1 5.718(.T)C .718(he return status is 0 unless an in) --5.718 F -.25(va)-.4 G(lid).25 E .26(option is encountered, one of the) -144 350.4 R F0(names)3.12 E F1 .26(is not a v)3.03 F .26(alid shell v) --.25 F .26(ariable name, or)-.25 F F22.76 E F1 .26 -(is supplied with a)2.76 F F0(name)144.36 362.4 Q F1 -(that is not a function.)2.68 E F2 -.18(re)108 379.2 S(tur).18 E(n)-.15 -E F1([)2.5 E F0(n)A F1(])A .021(Causes a function to stop e)144 391.2 R --.15(xe)-.15 G .021(cuting and return the v).15 F .021 -(alue speci\214ed by)-.25 F F0(n)2.88 E F1 .02(to its caller)2.76 F 5.02 -(.I)-.55 G(f)-5.02 E F0(n)2.88 E F1 .02(is omitted,)2.76 F .596 -(the return status is that of the last command e)144 403.2 R -.15(xe) --.15 G .597(cuted in the function body).15 F 5.597(.I)-.65 G(f)-5.597 E -F2 -.18(re)3.097 G(tur).18 E(n)-.15 E F1 .597(is e)3.097 F -.15(xe)-.15 -G(cuted).15 E .267(by a trap handler)144 415.2 R 2.767(,t)-.4 G .267 -(he last command used to determine the status is the last command e) --2.767 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .267(cuted be-).15 F .02(fore the trap handler) -144 427.2 R 5.02(.I)-.55 G(f)-5.02 E F2 -.18(re)2.52 G(tur).18 E(n)-.15 -E F1 .02(is e)2.52 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .02(cuted during a).15 F F2(DEB)2.52 -E(UG)-.1 E F1 .02(trap, the last command used to deter)2.52 F(-)-.2 E -.886(mine the status is the last command e)144 439.2 R -.15(xe)-.15 G -.886(cuted by the trap handler before).15 F F2 -.18(re)3.385 G(tur).18 E -(n)-.15 E F1 -.1(wa)3.385 G 3.385(si).1 G -1.9 -.4(nv o)-3.385 H -.1(ke) -.4 G 3.385(d. If).1 F F2 -.18(re)144 451.2 S(tur).18 E(n)-.15 E F1 .627 -(is used outside a function, b)3.127 F .628(ut during e)-.2 F -.15(xe) --.15 G .628(cution of a script by the).15 F F2(.)3.128 E F1(\()5.628 E -F2(sour)A(ce)-.18 E F1 3.128(\)c)C .628(ommand, it)-3.128 F .589 -(causes the shell to stop e)144 463.2 R -.15(xe)-.15 G .589 -(cuting that script and return either).15 F F0(n)3.448 E F1 .588 -(or the e)3.328 F .588(xit status of the last com-)-.15 F .325(mand e) -144 475.2 R -.15(xe)-.15 G .325(cuted within the script as the e).15 F -.326(xit status of the script.)-.15 F(If)5.326 E F0(n)2.826 E F1 .326 -(is supplied, the return v)2.826 F .326(alue is)-.25 F .445 -(its least signi\214cant 8 bits.)144 487.2 R .444 -(The return status is non-zero if)5.445 F F2 -.18(re)2.944 G(tur).18 E -(n)-.15 E F1 .444(is supplied a non-numeric ar)2.944 F(gu-)-.18 E .381 -(ment, or is used outside a function and not during e)144 499.2 R -.15 -(xe)-.15 G .381(cution of a script by).15 F F2(.)2.881 E F1(or)3.714 E -F2(sour)2.881 E(ce)-.18 E F1 5.381(.A)C .681 -.15(ny c)-5.381 H(om-).15 -E .75(mand associated with the)144 511.2 R F2(RETURN)3.249 E F1 .749 -(trap is e)3.249 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .749(cuted before e).15 F -.15(xe)-.15 -G .749(cution resumes after the function).15 F(or script.)144 523.2 Q F2 -(set)108 540 Q F1([)2.5 E F2(\255abefhkmnptuvxBCEHPT)A F1 2.5(][)C F2 --2.5 E F0(option\255name)2.5 E F1 2.5(][)C F2-2.5 E F1 2.5 -(][)C F2-2.5 E F1 2.5(][)C F0(ar)-2.5 E(g)-.37 E F1 1.666(...)2.5 G -(])-1.666 E F2(set)108 552 Q F1([)2.5 E F2(+abefhkmnptuvxBCEHPT)A F1 2.5 -(][)C F2(+o)-2.5 E F0(option\255name)2.5 E F1 2.5(][)C F2-2.5 E F1 -2.5(][)C F2-2.5 E F1 2.5(][)C F0(ar)-2.5 E(g)-.37 E F1 1.666(...)2.5 -G(])-1.666 E F2(set \255o)108 564 Q(set +o)108 576 Q F1 -.4(Wi)144 576 S -.573(thout options, display the name and v).4 F .573 -(alue of each shell v)-.25 F .574 -(ariable in a format that can be reused)-.25 F .113 -(as input for setting or resetting the currently-set v)144 588 R 2.613 -(ariables. Read-only)-.25 F -.25(va)2.613 G .113 -(riables cannot be reset.).25 F(In)5.112 E F0 1.032(posix mode)144 600 R -F1 3.532(,o)C 1.032(nly shell v)-3.532 F 1.032(ariables are listed.)-.25 -F 1.032(The output is sorted according to the current locale.)6.032 F -.581(When options are speci\214ed, the)144 612 R 3.081(ys)-.15 G .581 -(et or unset shell attrib)-3.081 F 3.081(utes. An)-.2 F 3.08(ya)-.15 G --.18(rg)-3.08 G .58(uments remaining after op-).18 F .16 -(tion processing are treated as v)144 624 R .161 -(alues for the positional parameters and are assigned, in order)-.25 F -2.661(,t)-.4 G(o)-2.661 E F2($1)2.661 E F1(,)A F2($2)144 636 Q F1 2.5 -(,.)C 1.666(..)-.834 G(,)-1.666 E F2($)2.5 E F0(n)A F1 5(.O)C -(ptions, if speci\214ed, ha)-5 E .3 -.15(ve t)-.2 H(he follo).15 E -(wing meanings:)-.25 E F2144 648 Q F1 1.378(Each v)184 648 R 1.377 -(ariable or function that is created or modi\214ed is gi)-.25 F -.15(ve) --.25 G 3.877(nt).15 G 1.377(he e)-3.877 F 1.377(xport attrib)-.15 F -1.377(ute and)-.2 F(mark)184 660 Q(ed for e)-.1 E(xport to the en)-.15 E -(vironment of subsequent commands.)-.4 E F2144 672 Q F1 .131 -(Report the status of terminated background jobs immediately)184 672 R -2.632(,r)-.65 G .132(ather than before the ne)-2.632 F(xt)-.15 E -(primary prompt.)184 684 Q(This is ef)5 E(fecti)-.25 E .3 -.15(ve o)-.25 -H(nly when job control is enabled.).15 E F2144 696 Q F1 .088 -(Exit immediately if a)184 696 R F0(pipeline)2.588 E F1 .087 -(\(which may consist of a single)2.588 F F0 .087(simple command)2.587 F -F1 .087(\), a)B F0(list)2.587 E F1 2.587(,o)C(r)-2.587 E(a)184 708 Q F0 -1.52(compound command)4.02 F F1(\(see)4.021 E F3 1.521(SHELL GRAMMAR) -4.021 F F1(abo)3.771 E -.15(ve)-.15 G 1.521(\), e).15 F 1.521 -(xits with a non-zero status.)-.15 F .08(The shell does not e)184 720 R -.079(xit if the command that f)-.15 F .079 -(ails is part of the command list immediately)-.1 F(GNU Bash 5.3)72 768 -Q(2024 March 29)144.29 E(75)193.45 E 0 Cg EP -%%Page: 76 76 -%%BeginPageSetup -BP -%%EndPageSetup -/F0 10/Times-Italic@0 SF -.25(BA)72 48 S(SH).25 E/F1 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -138.32(\(1\) General).95 F(Commands Manual)2.5 E F0 -.25(BA)140.82 G(SH) -.25 E F1(\(1\)).95 E(follo)184 84 Q 1.654(wing a)-.25 F/F2 10 -/Times-Bold@0 SF(while)4.154 E F1(or)4.154 E F2(until)4.154 E F1 -.1(ke) -4.154 G(yw)-.05 E 1.655(ord, part of the test follo)-.1 F 1.655 -(wing the)-.25 F F2(if)4.155 E F1(or)4.155 E F2(elif)4.155 E F1(reserv) -4.155 E(ed)-.15 E -.1(wo)184 96 S .582(rds, part of an).1 F 3.082(yc) --.15 G .582(ommand e)-3.082 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .581(cuted in a).15 F F2 -(&&)3.081 E F1(or)3.081 E F2(||)3.081 E F1 .581(list e)3.081 F .581 -(xcept the command follo)-.15 F(wing)-.25 E .917(the \214nal)184 108 R -F2(&&)3.417 E F1(or)3.417 E F2(||)3.417 E F1 3.417(,a)C 1.217 -.15(ny c) --3.417 H .918(ommand in a pipeline b).15 F .918 -(ut the last, or if the command')-.2 F 3.418(sr)-.55 G(eturn)-3.418 E --.25(va)184 120 S .661(lue is being in).25 F -.15(ve)-.4 G .661 -(rted with).15 F F2(!)3.161 E F1 5.661(.I)C 3.161(fac)-5.661 G .66 -(ompound command other than a subshell returns a)-3.161 F 1.112 -(non-zero status because a command f)184 132 R 1.112(ailed while)-.1 F -F23.612 E F1 -.1(wa)3.612 G 3.612(sb).1 G 1.113 -(eing ignored, the shell does)-3.612 F .178(not e)184 144 R 2.678 -(xit. A)-.15 F .178(trap on)2.678 F F2(ERR)2.678 E F1 2.678(,i)C 2.678 -(fs)-2.678 G .178(et, is e)-2.678 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .178 -(cuted before the shell e).15 F 2.677(xits. This)-.15 F .177 -(option applies to)2.677 F .617(the shell en)184 156 R .617 -(vironment and each subshell en)-.4 F .617(vironment separately \(see) --.4 F/F3 9/Times-Bold@0 SF .618(COMMAND EXE-)3.118 F .643(CUTION ENVIR) -184 168 R(ONMENT)-.27 E F1(abo)2.893 E -.15(ve)-.15 G .643 -(\), and may cause subshells to e).15 F .643(xit before e)-.15 F -.15 -(xe)-.15 G .642(cuting all).15 F(the commands in the subshell.)184 180 Q -.998(If a compound command or shell function e)184 196.8 R -.15(xe)-.15 -G .999(cutes in a conte).15 F .999(xt where)-.15 F F23.499 E F1 -.999(is being ig-)3.499 F .089(nored, none of the commands e)184 208.8 R --.15(xe)-.15 G .089(cuted within the compound command or function body) -.15 F .502(will be af)184 220.8 R .502(fected by the)-.25 F F2 -3.002 E F1 .502(setting, e)3.002 F -.15(ve)-.25 G 3.002(ni).15 G(f) --3.002 E F23.002 E F1 .502(is set and a command returns a f)3.002 -F .503(ailure sta-)-.1 F 4.184(tus. If)184 232.8 R 4.184(ac)4.184 G -1.684(ompound command or shell function sets)-4.184 F F24.183 E F1 -1.683(while e)4.183 F -.15(xe)-.15 G 1.683(cuting in a conte).15 F(xt) --.15 E(where)184 244.8 Q F23.153 E F1 .653 -(is ignored, that setting will not ha)3.153 F .954 -.15(ve a)-.2 H .954 --.15(ny e).15 H -.25(ff).15 G .654(ect until the compound command).25 F -(or the command containing the function call completes.)184 256.8 Q F2 -144 268.8 Q F1(Disable pathname e)184 268.8 Q(xpansion.)-.15 E F2 -144 280.8 Q F1 .988(Remember the location of commands as the)184 -280.8 R 3.488(ya)-.15 G .988(re look)-3.488 F .988(ed up for e)-.1 F --.15(xe)-.15 G 3.488(cution. This).15 F .987(is en-)3.487 F -(abled by def)184 292.8 Q(ault.)-.1 E F2144 304.8 Q F1 .513 -(All ar)184 304.8 R .514 -(guments in the form of assignment statements are placed in the en)-.18 -F .514(vironment for a)-.4 F -(command, not just those that precede the command name.)184 316.8 Q F2 -144 328.8 Q F1 .149(Monitor mode.)184 328.8 R .149 -(Job control is enabled.)5.149 F .148(This option is on by def)5.149 F -.148(ault for interacti)-.1 F .448 -.15(ve s)-.25 H(hells).15 E .65 -(on systems that support it \(see)184 340.8 R F3 .651(JOB CONTR)3.151 F -(OL)-.27 E F1(abo)2.901 E -.15(ve)-.15 G 3.151(\). All).15 F .651 -(processes run in a separate)3.151 F .679(process group.)184 352.8 R -.678(When a background job completes, the shell prints a line containin\ -g its)5.679 F -.15(ex)184 364.8 S(it status.).15 E F2144 376.8 Q -F1 .652(Read commands b)184 376.8 R .652(ut do not e)-.2 F -.15(xe)-.15 -G .652(cute them.).15 F .653 -(This may be used to check a shell script for)5.652 F(syntax errors.)184 -388.8 Q(This is ignored by interacti)5 E .3 -.15(ve s)-.25 H(hells.).15 -E F2144 400.8 Q F0(option\255name)2.5 E F1(The)184 412.8 Q F0 -(option\255name)2.5 E F1(can be one of the follo)2.5 E(wing:)-.25 E F2 -(allexport)184 424.8 Q F1(Same as)224 436.8 Q F22.5 E F1(.)A F2 -(braceexpand)184 448.8 Q F1(Same as)224 460.8 Q F22.5 E F1(.)A F2 -(emacs)184 472.8 Q F1 .089 -(Use an emacs-style command line editing interf)224 472.8 R 2.589 -(ace. This)-.1 F .089(is enabled by def)2.589 F(ault)-.1 E .95 -(when the shell is interacti)224 484.8 R -.15(ve)-.25 G 3.45(,u).15 G -.95(nless the shell is started with the)-3.45 F F2(\255\255noediting) -3.45 E F1 2.5(option. This)224 496.8 R(also af)2.5 E -(fects the editing interf)-.25 E(ace used for)-.1 E F2 -.18(re)2.5 G -(ad \255e).18 E F1(.)A F2(err)184 508.8 Q(exit)-.18 E F1(Same as)224 -508.8 Q F22.5 E F1(.)A F2(errtrace)184 520.8 Q F1(Same as)224 -520.8 Q F22.5 E F1(.)A F2(functrace)184 532.8 Q F1(Same as)224 -544.8 Q F22.5 E F1(.)A F2(hashall)184 556.8 Q F1(Same as)224 556.8 -Q F22.5 E F1(.)A F2(histexpand)184 568.8 Q F1(Same as)224 580.8 Q -F22.5 E F1(.)A F2(history)184 592.8 Q F1 .587 -(Enable command history)224 592.8 R 3.087(,a)-.65 G 3.087(sd)-3.087 G -.587(escribed abo)-3.087 F .887 -.15(ve u)-.15 H(nder).15 E F3(HIST) -3.087 E(OR)-.162 E(Y)-.315 E/F4 9/Times-Roman@0 SF(.)A F1 .587 -(This option is)5.087 F(on by def)224 604.8 Q(ault in interacti)-.1 E .3 --.15(ve s)-.25 H(hells.).15 E F2(ignor)184 616.8 Q(eeof)-.18 E F1 .821 -(The ef)224 628.8 R .822 -(fect is as if the shell command \231IGNOREEOF=10\232 had been e)-.25 F --.15(xe)-.15 G(cuted).15 E(\(see)224 640.8 Q F2(Shell V)2.5 E(ariables) --.92 E F1(abo)2.5 E -.15(ve)-.15 G(\).).15 E F2 -.1(ke)184 652.8 S(yw).1 -E(ord)-.1 E F1(Same as)224 664.8 Q F22.5 E F1(.)A F2(monitor)184 -676.8 Q F1(Same as)224 676.8 Q F22.5 E F1(.)A F2(noclob)184 688.8 -Q(ber)-.1 E F1(Same as)224 700.8 Q F22.5 E F1(.)A(GNU Bash 5.3)72 -768 Q(2024 March 29)144.29 E(76)193.45 E 0 Cg EP -%%Page: 77 77 -%%BeginPageSetup -BP -%%EndPageSetup -/F0 10/Times-Italic@0 SF -.25(BA)72 48 S(SH).25 E/F1 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -138.32(\(1\) General).95 F(Commands Manual)2.5 E F0 -.25(BA)140.82 G(SH) -.25 E F1(\(1\)).95 E/F2 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(noexec)184 84 Q F1(Same as) -224 84 Q F22.5 E F1(.)A F2(noglob)184 96 Q F1(Same as)224 96 Q F2 -2.5 E F1(.)A F2(nolog)184 108 Q F1(Currently ignored.)224 108 Q F2 -(notify)184 120 Q F1(Same as)224 120 Q F22.5 E F1(.)A F2(nounset) -184 132 Q F1(Same as)224 132 Q F22.5 E F1(.)A F2(onecmd)184 144 Q -F1(Same as)224 144 Q F22.5 E F1(.)A F2(ph)184 156 Q(ysical)-.15 E -F1(Same as)224 156 Q F22.5 E F1(.)A F2(pipefail)184 168 Q F1 1.03 -(If set, the return v)224 168 R 1.029(alue of a pipeline is the v)-.25 F -1.029(alue of the last \(rightmost\) com-)-.25 F 1.136(mand to e)224 180 -R 1.136 -(xit with a non-zero status, or zero if all commands in the pipeline) --.15 F -.15(ex)224 192 S(it successfully).15 E 5(.T)-.65 G -(his option is disabled by def)-5 E(ault.)-.1 E F2(posix)184 204 Q F1 -2.091(Change the beha)224 204 R 2.091(vior of)-.2 F F2(bash)4.591 E F1 -2.091(where the def)4.591 F 2.091(ault operation dif)-.1 F 2.091 -(fers from the)-.25 F 1.212(POSIX standard to match the standard \()224 -216 R F0 1.212(posix mode)B F1 3.712(\). See)B/F3 9/Times-Bold@0 SF -1.212(SEE ALSO)3.712 F F1(belo)3.463 E(w)-.25 E .955 -(for a reference to a document that details ho)224 228 R 3.454(wp)-.25 G -.954(osix mode af)-3.454 F .954(fects bash')-.25 F 3.454(sb)-.55 G(e-) --3.454 E(ha)224 240 Q(vior)-.2 E(.)-.55 E F2(pri)184 252 Q(vileged)-.1 E -F1(Same as)224 264 Q F22.5 E F1(.)A F2 -.1(ve)184 276 S(rbose).1 E -F1(Same as)224 276 Q F22.5 E F1(.)A F2(vi)184 288 Q F1 .209 -(Use a vi-style command line editing interf)224 288 R 2.709(ace. This) --.1 F .209(also af)2.709 F .21(fects the editing in-)-.25 F(terf)224 300 -Q(ace used for)-.1 E F2 -.18(re)2.5 G(ad \255e).18 E F1(.)A F2(xtrace) -184 312 Q F1(Same as)224 312 Q F22.5 E F1(.)A(If)184 324 Q F2 -2.766 E F1 .266(is supplied with no)2.766 F F0(option\255name) -2.765 E F1(,)A F2(set)2.765 E F1 .265 -(prints the current shell option settings.)2.765 F(If)5.265 E F2(+o) -2.765 E F1 .078(is supplied with no)184 336 R F0(option\255name)2.578 E -F1(,)A F2(set)2.578 E F1 .079(prints a series of)2.579 F F2(set)2.579 E -F1 .079(commands to recreate the cur)2.579 F(-)-.2 E -(rent option settings on the standard output.)184 348 Q F2144 360 -Q F1 -.45(Tu)184 360 S 2.629(rn on).45 F F0(privile)6.378 E -.1(ge)-.4 G -(d).1 E F1 5.128(mode. In)5.898 F 2.628(this mode, the)5.128 F F3($ENV) -5.128 E F1(and)4.878 E F3($B)5.128 E(ASH_ENV)-.27 E F1 2.628 -(\214les are not)4.878 F .289 -(processed, shell functions are not inherited from the en)184 372 R .289 -(vironment, and the)-.4 F F3(SHELLOPTS)2.789 E/F4 9/Times-Roman@0 SF(,)A -F3 -.27(BA)184 384 S(SHOPTS).27 E F4(,)A F3(CDP)2.775 E -.855(AT)-.666 G -(H).855 E F4(,)A F1(and)2.775 E F3(GLOBIGNORE)3.025 E F1 -.25(va)2.775 G -.524(riables, if the).25 F 3.024(ya)-.15 G .524(ppear in the en)-3.024 F -(vironment,)-.4 E .379(are ignored.)184 396 R .379 -(If the shell is started with the ef)5.379 F(fecti)-.25 E .679 -.15 -(ve u)-.25 H .38(ser \(group\) id not equal to the real).15 F .462 -(user \(group\) id, and the)184 408 R F22.961 E F1 .461 -(option is not supplied, these actions are tak)2.961 F .461 -(en and the ef)-.1 F(fec-)-.25 E(ti)184 420 Q .694 -.15(ve u)-.25 H .394 -(ser id is set to the real user id.).15 F .395(If the)5.395 F F2 -2.895 E F1 .395(option is supplied at startup, the ef)2.895 F(fecti)-.25 -E -.15(ve)-.25 G .387(user id is not reset.)184 432 R -.45(Tu)5.387 G -.387(rning this option of).45 F 2.886(fc)-.25 G .386(auses the ef)-2.886 -F(fecti)-.25 E .686 -.15(ve u)-.25 H .386(ser and group ids to be).15 F -(set to the real user and group ids.)184 444 Q F2144 456 Q F1 -(Enable restricted shell mode.)184 456 Q -(This option cannot be unset once it has been set.)5 E F2144 468 Q -F1(Exit after reading and e)184 468 Q -.15(xe)-.15 G -(cuting one command.).15 E F2144 480 Q F1 -.35(Tr)184 480 S .662 -(eat unset v).35 F .662(ariables and parameters other than the special \ -parameters \231@\232 and \231*\232, or)-.25 F .349(array v)184 492 R -.348(ariables subscripted with \231@\232 or \231*\232, as an error when\ - performing parameter e)-.25 F(x-)-.15 E 2.89(pansion. If)184 504 R -.15 -(ex)2.89 G .391(pansion is attempted on an unset v).15 F .391 -(ariable or parameter)-.25 F 2.891(,t)-.4 G .391(he shell prints an) --2.891 F(error message, and, if not interacti)184 516 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G -2.5(,e).15 G(xits with a non-zero status.)-2.65 E F2144 528 Q F1 -(Print shell input lines as the)184 528 Q 2.5(ya)-.15 G(re read.)-2.5 E -F2144 540 Q F1 .315(After e)184 540 R .315(xpanding each)-.15 F F0 -.315(simple command)2.815 F F1(,)A F2 -.25(fo)2.815 G(r).25 E F1 -(command,)2.815 E F2(case)2.815 E F1(command,)2.815 E F2(select)2.815 E -F1(command,)2.815 E 1.235(or arithmetic)184 552 R F2 -.25(fo)3.736 G(r) -.25 E F1 1.236(command, display the e)3.736 F 1.236(xpanded v)-.15 F -1.236(alue of)-.25 F F3(PS4)3.736 E F4(,)A F1(follo)3.486 E 1.236 -(wed by the com-)-.25 F(mand and its e)184 564 Q(xpanded ar)-.15 E -(guments or associated w)-.18 E(ord list, to standard error)-.1 E(.)-.55 -E F2144 576 Q F1 1.206(The shell performs brace e)184 576 R 1.206 -(xpansion \(see)-.15 F F2 1.205(Brace Expansion)3.705 F F1(abo)3.705 E --.15(ve)-.15 G 3.705(\). This).15 F 1.205(is on by de-)3.705 F -.1(fa) -184 588 S(ult.).1 E F2144 600 Q F1 .213(If set,)184 600 R F2(bash) -2.713 E F1 .213(does not o)2.713 F -.15(ve)-.15 G .214(rwrite an e).15 F -.214(xisting \214le with the)-.15 F F2(>)2.714 E F1(,)A F2(>&)2.714 E F1 -2.714(,a)C(nd)-2.714 E F2(<>)2.714 E F1 .214(redirection opera-)2.714 F -3.054(tors. This)184 612 R .553(may be o)3.053 F -.15(ve)-.15 G .553 -(rridden when creating output \214les by using the redirection opera-) -.15 F(tor)184 624 Q F2(>|)2.5 E F1(instead of)2.5 E F2(>)2.5 E F1(.)A F2 -144 636 Q F1 .103(If set, an)184 636 R 2.603(yt)-.15 G .103 -(rap on)-2.603 F F2(ERR)2.603 E F1 .104 -(is inherited by shell functions, command substitutions, and com-)2.603 -F .839(mands e)184 648 R -.15(xe)-.15 G .839(cuted in a subshell en).15 -F 3.339(vironment. The)-.4 F F2(ERR)3.338 E F1 .838 -(trap is normally not inherited in)3.338 F(such cases.)184 660 Q F2 -144 672 Q F1(Enable)184 672 Q F2(!)3.031 E F1 .531 -(style history substitution.)5.531 F .531(This option is on by def)5.531 -F .532(ault when the shell is inter)-.1 F(-)-.2 E(acti)184 684 Q -.15 -(ve)-.25 G(.).15 E F2144 696 Q F1 .96 -(If set, the shell does not resolv)184 696 R 3.459(es)-.15 G .959 -(ymbolic links when e)-3.459 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .959 -(cuting commands such as).15 F F2(cd)3.459 E F1 1.452 -(that change the current w)184 708 R 1.452(orking directory)-.1 F 6.452 -(.I)-.65 G 3.953(tu)-6.452 G 1.453(ses the ph)-3.953 F 1.453 -(ysical directory structure in-)-.05 F 5.506(stead. By)184 720 R(def) -5.506 E(ault,)-.1 E F2(bash)5.506 E F1(follo)5.506 E 3.005 -(ws the logical chain of directories when performing)-.25 F -(GNU Bash 5.3)72 768 Q(2024 March 29)144.29 E(77)193.45 E 0 Cg EP -%%Page: 78 78 -%%BeginPageSetup -BP -%%EndPageSetup -/F0 10/Times-Italic@0 SF -.25(BA)72 48 S(SH).25 E/F1 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -138.32(\(1\) General).95 F(Commands Manual)2.5 E F0 -.25(BA)140.82 G(SH) -.25 E F1(\(1\)).95 E(commands which change the current directory)184 84 -Q(.)-.65 E/F2 10/Times-Bold@0 SF144 96 Q F1 .89(If set, an)184 96 -R 3.39(yt)-.15 G .89(raps on)-3.39 F F2(DEB)3.39 E(UG)-.1 E F1(and)3.39 -E F2(RETURN)3.39 E F1 .89(are inherited by shell functions, command)3.39 -F 1.932(substitutions, and commands e)184 108 R -.15(xe)-.15 G 1.932 -(cuted in a subshell en).15 F 4.432(vironment. The)-.4 F F2(DEB)4.432 E -(UG)-.1 E F1(and)4.432 E F2(RETURN)184 120 Q F1 -(traps are normally not inherited in such cases.)2.5 E F2144 132 Q -F1 .4(If no ar)184 132 R .401(guments follo)-.18 F 2.901(wt)-.25 G .401 -(his option, then the positional parameters are unset.)-2.901 F -(Otherwise,)5.401 E(the positional parameters are set to the)184 144 Q -F0(ar)2.5 E(g)-.37 E F1(s, e)A -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.5(ni).15 G 2.5(fs)-2.5 G -(ome of them be)-2.5 E(gin with a)-.15 E F22.5 E F1(.)A F2144 -156 Q F1 .279(Signal the end of options, cause all remaining)184 156 R -F0(ar)2.779 E(g)-.37 E F1 2.779(st)C 2.779(ob)-2.779 G 2.778(ea)-2.779 G -.278(ssigned to the positional para-)-2.778 F 3.021(meters. The)184 168 -R F23.021 E F1(and)3.022 E F23.022 E F1 .522 -(options are turned of)3.022 F 3.022(f. If)-.25 F .522(there are no) -3.022 F F0(ar)3.022 E(g)-.37 E F1 .522(s, the positional para-)B -(meters remain unchanged.)184 180 Q .425(The options are of)144 196.8 R -2.925(fb)-.25 G 2.925(yd)-2.925 G(ef)-2.925 E .425 -(ault unless otherwise noted.)-.1 F .425 -(Using + rather than \255 causes these options)5.425 F .177 -(to be turned of)144 208.8 R 2.677(f. The)-.25 F .178 -(options can also be speci\214ed as ar)2.678 F .178(guments to an in) --.18 F -.2(vo)-.4 G .178(cation of the shell.).2 F(The)5.178 E .066 -(current set of options may be found in)144 220.8 R F2<24ad>2.566 E F1 -5.066(.T)C .066(he return status is al)-5.066 F -.1(wa)-.1 G .066 -(ys true unless an in).1 F -.25(va)-.4 G .066(lid option).25 F -(is encountered.)144 232.8 Q F2(shift)108 249.6 Q F1([)2.5 E F0(n)A F1 -(])A 1.669(The positional parameters from)144 261.6 R F0(n)4.169 E F1 -1.67(+1 .)B -1.662 1.666(.. a)1.666 H 1.67(re renamed to)-1.666 F F2 -1.67($1 .)4.17 F 1.666(..)1.666 G(.)-1.666 E F1 -.15(Pa)6.67 G 1.67 -(rameters represented by the).15 F(numbers)144 273.6 Q F2($#)2.702 E F1 -(do)2.702 E .202(wn to)-.25 F F2($#)2.702 E F1A F0(n)A F1 .202 -(+1 are unset.)B F0(n)5.562 E F1 .202(must be a non-ne)2.942 F -.05(ga) --.15 G(ti).05 E .502 -.15(ve n)-.25 H .201(umber less than or equal to) -.15 F F2($#)2.701 E F1(.)A(If)144 285.6 Q F0(n)3.461 E F1 .601 -(is 0, no parameters are changed.)3.341 F(If)5.602 E F0(n)3.462 E F1 -.602(is not gi)3.342 F -.15(ve)-.25 G .602(n, it is assumed to be 1.).15 -F(If)5.602 E F0(n)3.462 E F1 .602(is greater than)3.342 F F2($#)144 -297.6 Q F1 2.791(,t)C .291(he positional parameters are not changed.) --2.791 F .29(The return status is greater than zero if)5.291 F F0(n)3.15 -E F1 .29(is greater)3.03 F(than)144 309.6 Q F2($#)2.5 E F1 -(or less than zero; otherwise 0.)2.5 E F2(shopt)108 326.4 Q F1([)2.5 E -F2(\255pqsu)A F1 2.5(][)C F2-2.5 E F1 2.5(][)C F0(optname)-2.5 E -F1 1.666(...)2.5 G(])-1.666 E -.8(To)144 338.4 S .639(ggle the v).8 F -.639(alues of settings controlling optional shell beha)-.25 F(vior)-.2 E -5.639(.T)-.55 G .64(he settings can be either those)-5.639 F .375 -(listed belo)144 350.4 R 1.675 -.65(w, o)-.25 H 1.175 -.4(r, i).65 H -2.875(ft).4 G(he)-2.875 E F22.875 E F1 .375 -(option is used, those a)2.875 F -.25(va)-.2 G .375(ilable with the).25 -F F22.875 E F1 .374(option to the)2.875 F F2(set)2.874 E F1 -.2 -(bu)2.874 G .374(iltin com-).2 F 2.565(mand. W)144 362.4 R .065 -(ith no options, or with the)-.4 F F22.566 E F1 .066 -(option, a list of all settable options is displayed, with an in-)2.566 -F .074(dication of whether or not each is set; if)144 374.4 R F0 -(optnames)2.574 E F1 .074 -(are supplied, the output is restricted to those op-)2.574 F 3.105 -(tions. The)144 386.4 R F23.105 E F1 .605(option causes output to\ - be displayed in a form that may be reused as input.)3.105 F(Other)5.605 -E(options ha)144 398.4 Q .3 -.15(ve t)-.2 H(he follo).15 E -(wing meanings:)-.25 E F2144 410.4 Q F1(Enable \(set\) each)180 -410.4 Q F0(optname)2.5 E F1(.)A F2144 422.4 Q F1 -(Disable \(unset\) each)180 422.4 Q F0(optname)2.5 E F1(.)A F2144 -434.4 Q F1 .003(Suppresses normal output \(quiet mode\); the return sta\ -tus indicates whether the)180 434.4 R F0(optname)2.503 E F1(is)2.503 E -.255(set or unset.)180 446.4 R .255(If multiple)5.255 F F0(optname)2.755 -E F1(ar)2.755 E .256(guments are gi)-.18 F -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.756(nw).15 G -(ith)-2.756 E F22.756 E F1 2.756(,t)C .256 -(he return status is zero if)-2.756 F(all)180 458.4 Q F0(optnames)2.5 E -F1(are enabled; non-zero otherwise.)2.5 E F2144 470.4 Q F1 -(Restricts the v)180 470.4 Q(alues of)-.25 E F0(optname)2.5 E F1 -(to be those de\214ned for the)2.5 E F22.5 E F1(option to the)2.5 -E F2(set)2.5 E F1 -.2(bu)2.5 G(iltin.).2 E .625(If either)144 487.2 R F2 -3.125 E F1(or)3.124 E F23.124 E F1 .624(is used with no) -3.124 F F0(optname)3.124 E F1(ar)3.124 E(guments,)-.18 E F2(shopt)3.124 -E F1(sho)3.124 E .624(ws only those options which are)-.25 F .983 -(set or unset, respecti)144 499.2 R -.15(ve)-.25 G(ly).15 E 5.983(.U) --.65 G .983(nless otherwise noted, the)-5.983 F F2(shopt)3.484 E F1 .984 -(options are disabled \(unset\) by de-)3.484 F -.1(fa)144 511.2 S(ult.) -.1 E 1.544(The return status when listing options is zero if all)144 528 -R F0(optnames)4.044 E F1 1.544(are enabled, non-zero otherwise.)4.044 F -.696 -(When setting or unsetting options, the return status is zero unless an) -144 540 R F0(optname)3.196 E F1 .696(is not a v)3.196 F .696(alid shell) --.25 F(option.)144 552 Q(The list of)144 568.8 Q F2(shopt)2.5 E F1 -(options is:)2.5 E F2(array_expand_once)144 585.6 Q F1 1.832 -(If set, the shell suppresses multiple e)184 597.6 R -.25(va)-.25 G -1.832(luation of associati).25 F 2.131 -.15(ve a)-.25 H 1.831(nd inde) -.15 F -.15(xe)-.15 G 4.331(da).15 G 1.831(rray sub-)-4.331 F .025 -(scripts during arithmetic e)184 609.6 R .025(xpression e)-.15 F -.25 -(va)-.25 G .025(luation, while e).25 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .025(cuting b).15 -F .025(uiltins that can perform)-.2 F -.25(va)184 621.6 S -(riable assignments, and while e).25 E -.15(xe)-.15 G(cuting b).15 E -(uiltins that perform array dereferencing.)-.2 E F2(assoc_expand_once) -144 633.6 Q F1(Deprecated; a synon)184 645.6 Q(ym for)-.15 E F2 -(array_expand_once)2.5 E F1(.)A F2(autocd)144 657.6 Q F1 .2 -(If set, a command name that is the name of a directory is e)184 657.6 R --.15(xe)-.15 G .199(cuted as if it were the ar).15 F(gu-)-.18 E -(ment to the)184 669.6 Q F2(cd)2.5 E F1 2.5(command. This)2.5 F -(option is only used by interacti)2.5 E .3 -.15(ve s)-.25 H(hells.).15 E -F2(cdable_v)144 681.6 Q(ars)-.1 E F1 .155(If set, an ar)184 693.6 R .155 -(gument to the)-.18 F F2(cd)2.655 E F1 -.2(bu)2.655 G .156 -(iltin command that is not a directory is assumed to be the).2 F -(name of a v)184 705.6 Q(ariable whose v)-.25 E -(alue is the directory to change to.)-.25 E(GNU Bash 5.3)72 768 Q -(2024 March 29)144.29 E(78)193.45 E 0 Cg EP -%%Page: 79 79 -%%BeginPageSetup -BP -%%EndPageSetup -/F0 10/Times-Italic@0 SF -.25(BA)72 48 S(SH).25 E/F1 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -138.32(\(1\) General).95 F(Commands Manual)2.5 E F0 -.25(BA)140.82 G(SH) -.25 E F1(\(1\)).95 E/F2 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(cdspell)144 84 Q F1 1.055 -(If set, minor errors in the spelling of a directory component in a)184 -84 R F2(cd)3.555 E F1 1.055(command will be)3.555 F 3.987 -(corrected. The)184 96 R 1.487(errors check)3.987 F 1.487 -(ed for are transposed characters, a missing character)-.1 F 3.988(,a) --.4 G(nd)-3.988 E .77(one character too man)184 108 R 4.57 -.65(y. I) --.15 H 3.27(fac).65 G .77 -(orrection is found, the corrected \214lename is printed, and)-3.27 F -(the command proceeds.)184 120 Q(This option is only used by interacti)5 -E .3 -.15(ve s)-.25 H(hells.).15 E F2(checkhash)144 132 Q F1 .736 -(If set,)184 144 R F2(bash)3.236 E F1 .736 -(checks that a command found in the hash table e)3.236 F .737 -(xists before trying to e)-.15 F -.15(xe)-.15 G(-).15 E(cute it.)184 156 -Q(If a hashed command no longer e)5 E -(xists, a normal path search is performed.)-.15 E F2(checkjobs)144 168 Q -F1 .449(If set,)184 180 R F2(bash)2.949 E F1 .449 -(lists the status of an)2.949 F 2.949(ys)-.15 G .448 -(topped and running jobs before e)-2.949 F .448(xiting an interacti)-.15 -F -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.661(shell. If)184 192 R(an)2.661 E 2.661(yj)-.15 G -.161(obs are running, this causes the e)-2.661 F .161 -(xit to be deferred until a second e)-.15 F .162(xit is at-)-.15 F 1.473 -(tempted without an interv)184 204 R 1.473(ening command \(see)-.15 F/F3 -9/Times-Bold@0 SF 1.473(JOB CONTR)3.973 F(OL)-.27 E F1(abo)3.723 E -.15 -(ve)-.15 G 3.973(\). The).15 F 1.472(shell al-)3.972 F -.1(wa)184 216 S -(ys postpones e).1 E(xiting if an)-.15 E 2.5(yj)-.15 G(obs are stopped.) --2.5 E F2(checkwinsize)144 228 Q F1 1.09(If set,)184 240 R F2(bash)3.59 -E F1 1.09(checks the windo)3.59 F 3.59(ws)-.25 G 1.09(ize after each e) --3.59 F 1.09(xternal \(non-b)-.15 F 1.09(uiltin\) command and, if)-.2 F -(necessary)184 252 Q 3.351(,u)-.65 G .851(pdates the v)-3.351 F .85 -(alues of)-.25 F F3(LINES)3.35 E F1(and)3.1 E F3(COLUMNS)3.35 E/F4 9 -/Times-Roman@0 SF(.)A F1 .85(This option is enabled by de-)5.35 F -.1 -(fa)184 264 S(ult.).1 E F2(cmdhist)144 276 Q F1 .172(If set,)184 276 R -F2(bash)2.672 E F1 .172(attempts to sa)2.672 F .472 -.15(ve a)-.2 H .173 -(ll lines of a multiple-line command in the same history en-).15 F(try) -184 288 Q 5.597(.T)-.65 G .597(his allo)-5.597 F .597 -(ws easy re-editing of multi-line commands.)-.25 F .597 -(This option is enabled by de-)5.597 F -.1(fa)184 300 S 1.287(ult, b).1 -F 1.288(ut only has an ef)-.2 F 1.288 -(fect if command history is enabled, as described abo)-.25 F 1.588 -.15 -(ve u)-.15 H(nder).15 E F3(HIST)184 312 Q(OR)-.162 E(Y)-.315 E F4(.)A F2 -(compat31)144 324 Q(compat32)144 336 Q(compat40)144 348 Q(compat41)144 -360 Q(compat42)144 372 Q(compat43)144 384 Q(compat44)144 396 Q(compat50) -144 408 Q F1 .889(These control aspects of the shell')184 420 R 3.389 -(sc)-.55 G .889(ompatibility mode \(see)-3.389 F F3 .889(SHELL COMP) -3.389 F -.855(AT)-.666 G(IBILITY).855 E(MODE)184 432 Q F1(belo)2.25 E -(w\).)-.25 E F2(complete_fullquote)144 448.8 Q F1 .653(If set,)184 460.8 -R F2(bash)3.153 E F1 .653(quotes all shell metacharacters in \214lename\ -s and directory names when per)3.153 F(-)-.2 E 1.525 -(forming completion.)184 472.8 R 1.524(If not set,)6.525 F F2(bash)4.024 -E F1(remo)4.024 E -.15(ve)-.15 G 4.024(sm).15 G 1.524 -(etacharacters such as the dollar sign)-4.024 F 2.667(from the set of c\ -haracters that will be quoted in completed \214lenames when these)184 -484.8 R .029(metacharacters appear in shell v)184 496.8 R .028 -(ariable references in w)-.25 F .028(ords to be completed.)-.1 F .028 -(This means)5.028 F 1.072(that dollar signs in v)184 508.8 R 1.073 -(ariable names that e)-.25 F 1.073 -(xpand to directories will not be quoted; ho)-.15 F(w-)-.25 E -2.15 -.25 -(ev e)184 520.8 T 1.923 -.4(r, a).25 H 1.423 -.15(ny d).4 H 1.123 -(ollar signs appearing in \214lenames will not be quoted, either).15 F -6.123(.T)-.55 G 1.122(his is acti)-6.123 F -.15(ve)-.25 G .59 -(only when bash is using backslashes to quote completed \214lenames.)184 -532.8 R .59(This v)5.59 F .59(ariable is set)-.25 F(by def)184 544.8 Q -(ault, which is the def)-.1 E(ault bash beha)-.1 E(vior in v)-.2 E -(ersions through 4.2.)-.15 E F2(dir)144 561.6 Q(expand)-.18 E F1 .487 -(If set,)184 573.6 R F2(bash)2.987 E F1 .486 -(replaces directory names with the results of w)2.986 F .486(ord e)-.1 F -.486(xpansion when perform-)-.15 F .179(ing \214lename completion.)184 -585.6 R .179(This changes the contents of the readline editing b)5.179 F -(uf)-.2 E(fer)-.25 E 5.18(.I)-.55 G 2.68(fn)-5.18 G(ot)-2.68 E(set,)184 -597.6 Q F2(bash)2.5 E F1(attempts to preserv)2.5 E 2.5(ew)-.15 G -(hat the user typed.)-2.5 E F2(dirspell)144 614.4 Q F1 .859(If set,)184 -614.4 R F2(bash)3.359 E F1 .858 -(attempts spelling correction on directory names during w)3.359 F .858 -(ord completion if)-.1 F -(the directory name initially supplied does not e)184 626.4 Q(xist.)-.15 -E F2(dotglob)144 643.2 Q F1 1.087(If set,)184 643.2 R F2(bash)3.587 E F1 -1.088(includes \214lenames be)3.588 F 1.088 -(ginning with a \231.\232 in the results of pathname e)-.15 F(xpan-)-.15 -E 3.389(sion. The)184 655.2 R .889 -(\214lenames \231.\232 and \231..\232 must al)3.389 F -.1(wa)-.1 G .888 -(ys be matched e).1 F(xplicitly)-.15 E 3.388(,e)-.65 G -.15(ve)-3.638 G -3.388(ni).15 G(f)-3.388 E F2(dotglob)3.388 E F1(is)3.388 E(set.)184 -667.2 Q F2(execfail)144 684 Q F1 .516(If set, a non-interacti)184 684 R -.816 -.15(ve s)-.25 H .516(hell will not e).15 F .516 -(xit if it cannot e)-.15 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .517 -(cute the \214le speci\214ed as an ar).15 F(-)-.2 E(gument to the)184 -696 Q F2(exec)2.5 E F1 -.2(bu)2.5 G(iltin command.).2 E(An interacti)5 E -.3 -.15(ve s)-.25 H(hell does not e).15 E(xit if)-.15 E F2(exec)2.5 E F1 --.1(fa)2.5 G(ils.).1 E(GNU Bash 5.3)72 768 Q(2024 March 29)144.29 E(79) -193.45 E 0 Cg EP -%%Page: 80 80 -%%BeginPageSetup -BP -%%EndPageSetup -/F0 10/Times-Italic@0 SF -.25(BA)72 48 S(SH).25 E/F1 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -138.32(\(1\) General).95 F(Commands Manual)2.5 E F0 -.25(BA)140.82 G(SH) -.25 E F1(\(1\)).95 E/F2 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(expand_aliases)144 84 Q F1 -.717(If set, aliases are e)184 96 R .717(xpanded as described abo)-.15 F -1.017 -.15(ve u)-.15 H(nder).15 E/F3 9/Times-Bold@0 SF(ALIASES)3.217 E -/F4 9/Times-Roman@0 SF(.)A F1 .716(This option is enabled)5.217 F -(by def)184 108 Q(ault for interacti)-.1 E .3 -.15(ve s)-.25 H(hells.) -.15 E F2(extdeb)144 124.8 Q(ug)-.2 E F1 .17(If set at shell in)184 136.8 -R -.2(vo)-.4 G .17(cation, or in a shell startup \214le, arrange to e).2 -F -.15(xe)-.15 G .17(cute the deb).15 F .17(ugger pro\214le)-.2 F 1.082 -(before the shell starts, identical to the)184 148.8 R F2 -3.582 E(ugger)-.2 E F1 3.581(option. If)3.581 F 1.081(set after in)3.581 -F -.2(vo)-.4 G 1.081(cation, be-).2 F(ha)184 160.8 Q -(vior intended for use by deb)-.2 E(uggers is enabled:)-.2 E F2(1.)184 -177.6 Q F1(The)220 177.6 Q F24.25 E F1 1.75(option to the)4.25 F -F2(declar)4.251 E(e)-.18 E F1 -.2(bu)4.251 G 1.751 -(iltin displays the source \214le name and line).2 F -(number corresponding to each function name supplied as an ar)220 189.6 -Q(gument.)-.18 E F2(2.)184 206.4 Q F1 1.667(If the command run by the) -220 206.4 R F2(DEB)4.167 E(UG)-.1 E F1 1.667(trap returns a non-zero v) -4.167 F 1.667(alue, the ne)-.25 F(xt)-.15 E -(command is skipped and not e)220 218.4 Q -.15(xe)-.15 G(cuted.).15 E F2 -(3.)184 235.2 Q F1 .84(If the command run by the)220 235.2 R F2(DEB)3.34 -E(UG)-.1 E F1 .841(trap returns a v)3.341 F .841 -(alue of 2, and the shell is)-.25 F -.15(exe)220 247.2 S .488 -(cuting in a subroutine \(a shell function or a shell script e).15 F --.15(xe)-.15 G .488(cuted by the).15 F F2(.)2.988 E F1(or)2.988 E F2 -(sour)220 259.2 Q(ce)-.18 E F1 -.2(bu)2.5 G -(iltins\), the shell simulates a call to).2 E F2 -.18(re)2.5 G(tur).18 E -(n)-.15 E F1(.)A F2(4.)184 276 Q F3 -.27(BA)220 276 S(SH_ARGC).27 E F1 -(and)3.153 E F3 -.27(BA)3.403 G(SH_ARGV).27 E F1 .904 -(are updated as described in their descriptions)3.154 F(abo)220 288 Q --.15(ve)-.15 G(\).).15 E F2(5.)184 304.8 Q F1 1.637(Function tracing is\ - enabled: command substitution, shell functions, and sub-)220 304.8 R -(shells in)220 316.8 Q -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G 2.5(dw).1 G(ith)-2.5 E -F2(\()2.5 E F0(command)2.5 E F2(\))2.5 E F1(inherit the)2.5 E F2(DEB)2.5 -E(UG)-.1 E F1(and)2.5 E F2(RETURN)2.5 E F1(traps.)2.5 E F2(6.)184 333.6 -Q F1 1.082(Error tracing is enabled: command substitution, shell functi\ -ons, and subshells)220 333.6 R(in)220 345.6 Q -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G -2.5(dw).1 G(ith)-2.5 E F2(\()2.5 E F0(command)2.5 E F2(\))2.5 E F1 -(inherit the)2.5 E F2(ERR)2.5 E F1(trap.)2.5 E F2(extglob)144 362.4 Q F1 -.4(If set, the e)184 362.4 R .4 -(xtended pattern matching features described abo)-.15 F .7 -.15(ve u) --.15 H(nder).15 E F2 -.1(Pa)2.9 G .4(thname Expan-).1 F(sion)184 374.4 Q -F1(are enabled.)2.5 E F2(extquote)144 391.2 Q F1 .86(If set,)184 403.2 R -F2($)3.36 E F1<08>A F0(string)A F1 3.36<0861>C(nd)-3.36 E F2($)3.36 E F1 -(")A F0(string)A F1 3.36("q)C .86(uoting is performed within)-3.36 F F2 -(${)3.36 E F0(par)A(ameter)-.15 E F2(})A F1 -.15(ex)3.36 G .86 -(pansions en-).15 F(closed in double quotes.)184 415.2 Q -(This option is enabled by def)5 E(ault.)-.1 E F2(failglob)144 432 Q F1 -.243(If set, patterns which f)184 432 R .243 -(ail to match \214lenames during pathname e)-.1 F .243 -(xpansion result in an e)-.15 F(x-)-.15 E(pansion error)184 444 Q(.)-.55 -E F2 -.25(fo)144 460.8 S -.18(rc).25 G(e_\214gnor).18 E(e)-.18 E F1 .936 -(If set, the suf)184 472.8 R<8c78>-.25 E .936(es speci\214ed by the)-.15 -F F3(FIGNORE)3.436 E F1 .936(shell v)3.186 F .936(ariable cause w)-.25 F -.937(ords to be ignored)-.1 F .32(when performing w)184 484.8 R .32 -(ord completion e)-.1 F -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.82(ni).15 G 2.82(ft)-2.82 G .32 -(he ignored w)-2.82 F .32(ords are the only possible com-)-.1 F 2.947 -(pletions. See)184 496.8 R F3 .447(SHELL V)2.947 F(ARIABLES)-1.215 E F1 -(abo)2.697 E .747 -.15(ve f)-.15 H .448(or a description of).15 F F3 -(FIGNORE)2.948 E F4(.)A F1 .448(This option is)4.948 F(enabled by def) -184 508.8 Q(ault.)-.1 E F2(globasciiranges)144 525.6 Q F1 2.519 -(If set, range e)184 537.6 R 2.519 -(xpressions used in pattern matching brack)-.15 F 2.518(et e)-.1 F 2.518 -(xpressions \(see)-.15 F F3 -.09(Pa)5.018 G(tter).09 E(n)-.135 E -(Matching)184 549.6 Q F1(abo)2.964 E -.15(ve)-.15 G 3.214(\)b).15 G(eha) --3.214 E 1.014 -.15(ve a)-.2 H 3.214(si).15 G 3.214(fi)-3.214 G 3.214 -(nt)-3.214 G .714(he traditional C locale when performing comparisons.) --3.214 F 1.02(That is, the current locale')184 561.6 R 3.52(sc)-.55 G -1.02(ollating sequence is not tak)-3.52 F 1.02(en into account, so)-.1 F -F2(b)3.52 E F1 1.02(will not)3.52 F .956(collate between)184 573.6 R F2 -(A)3.456 E F1(and)3.456 E F2(B)3.456 E F1 3.457(,a)C .957(nd upper) --3.457 F .957(-case and lo)-.2 F(wer)-.25 E .957 -(-case ASCII characters will collate)-.2 F(together)184 585.6 Q(.)-.55 E -F2(globskipdots)144 602.4 Q F1 .802(If set, pathname e)184 614.4 R .802 -(xpansion will ne)-.15 F -.15(ve)-.25 G 3.302(rm).15 G .802 -(atch the \214lenames \231.\232 and \231..\232, e)-3.302 F -.15(ve)-.25 -G 3.302(ni).15 G 3.302(ft)-3.302 G .802(he pat-)-3.302 F(tern be)184 -626.4 Q(gins with a \231.\232.)-.15 E(This option is enabled by def)5 E -(ault.)-.1 E F2(globstar)144 643.2 Q F1 .518(If set, the pattern)184 -643.2 R F2(**)3.018 E F1 .519(used in a pathname e)3.019 F .519 -(xpansion conte)-.15 F .519(xt will match all \214les and zero)-.15 F -.432(or more directories and subdirectories.)184 655.2 R .431 -(If the pattern is follo)5.432 F .431(wed by a)-.25 F F2(/)2.931 E F1 -2.931(,o)C .431(nly directories)-2.931 F(and subdirectories match.)184 -667.2 Q F2(gnu_errfmt)144 684 Q F1(If set, shell error messages are wri\ -tten in the standard GNU error message format.)184 696 Q(GNU Bash 5.3)72 -768 Q(2024 March 29)144.29 E(80)193.45 E 0 Cg EP -%%Page: 81 81 -%%BeginPageSetup -BP -%%EndPageSetup -/F0 10/Times-Italic@0 SF -.25(BA)72 48 S(SH).25 E/F1 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -138.32(\(1\) General).95 F(Commands Manual)2.5 E F0 -.25(BA)140.82 G(SH) -.25 E F1(\(1\)).95 E/F2 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(histappend)144 84 Q F1 .676 -(If set, the history list is appended to the \214le named by the v)184 -96 R .676(alue of the)-.25 F/F3 9/Times-Bold@0 SF(HISTFILE)3.177 E F1 --.25(va)2.927 G(ri-).25 E(able when the shell e)184 108 Q -(xits, rather than o)-.15 E -.15(ve)-.15 G(rwriting the \214le.).15 E F2 -(histr)144 124.8 Q(eedit)-.18 E F1 .576(If set, and)184 136.8 R F2 -.18 -(re)3.076 G(adline).18 E F1 .575(is being used, a user is gi)3.076 F --.15(ve)-.25 G 3.075(nt).15 G .575(he opportunity to re-edit a f)-3.075 -F .575(ailed his-)-.1 F(tory substitution.)184 148.8 Q F2(histv)144 -165.6 Q(erify)-.1 E F1 .402(If set, and)184 177.6 R F2 -.18(re)2.903 G -(adline).18 E F1 .403 -(is being used, the results of history substitution are not immediately) -2.903 F .662(passed to the shell parser)184 189.6 R 5.662(.I)-.55 G .661 -(nstead, the resulting line is loaded into the)-5.662 F F2 -.18(re)3.161 -G(adline).18 E F1(editing)3.161 E -.2(bu)184 201.6 S -.25(ff).2 G(er).25 -E 2.5(,a)-.4 G(llo)-2.5 E(wing further modi\214cation.)-.25 E F2 -(hostcomplete)144 218.4 Q F1 1.181(If set, and)184 230.4 R F2 -.18(re) -3.681 G(adline).18 E F1 1.181(is being used,)3.681 F F2(bash)3.682 E F1 -1.182(will attempt to perform hostname completion)3.682 F 1.381 -(when a w)184 242.4 R 1.381(ord containing a)-.1 F F2(@)3.881 E F1 1.381 -(is being completed \(see)3.881 F F2(Completing)3.88 E F1(under)3.88 E -F3(READLINE)3.88 E F1(abo)184 254.4 Q -.15(ve)-.15 G 2.5(\). This).15 F -(is enabled by def)2.5 E(ault.)-.1 E F2(huponexit)144 271.2 Q F1 -(If set,)184 283.2 Q F2(bash)2.5 E F1(will send)2.5 E F3(SIGHUP)2.5 E F1 -(to all jobs when an interacti)2.25 E .3 -.15(ve l)-.25 H(ogin shell e) -.15 E(xits.)-.15 E F2(inherit_err)144 300 Q(exit)-.18 E F1 .219 -(If set, command substitution inherits the v)184 312 R .219(alue of the) --.25 F F2(err)2.719 E(exit)-.18 E F1 .22(option, instead of unsetting) -2.719 F(it in the subshell en)184 324 Q 2.5(vironment. This)-.4 F -(option is enabled when)2.5 E F0(posix mode)2.5 E F1(is enabled.)2.5 E -F2(interacti)144 340.8 Q -.1(ve)-.1 G(_comments).1 E F1 .33 -(If set, allo)184 352.8 R 2.83(waw)-.25 G .33(ord be)-2.93 F .33 -(ginning with)-.15 F F2(#)2.83 E F1 .33(to cause that w)2.83 F .33 -(ord and all remaining characters on)-.1 F .967 -(that line to be ignored in an interacti)184 364.8 R 1.267 -.15(ve s) --.25 H .967(hell \(see).15 F F3(COMMENTS)3.467 E F1(abo)3.217 E -.15(ve) --.15 G 3.467(\). This).15 F .968(option is)3.468 F(enabled by def)184 -376.8 Q(ault.)-.1 E F2(lastpipe)144 393.6 Q F1 .066 -(If set, and job control is not acti)184 393.6 R -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.566 -(,t).15 G .066(he shell runs the last command of a pipeline not e)-2.566 -F -.15(xe)-.15 G(-).15 E -(cuted in the background in the current shell en)184 405.6 Q(vironment.) --.4 E F2(lithist)144 422.4 Q F1 .654(If set, and the)184 422.4 R F2 -(cmdhist)3.154 E F1 .654(option is enabled, multi-line commands are sa) -3.154 F -.15(ve)-.2 G 3.155(dt).15 G 3.155(ot)-3.155 G .655(he history) --3.155 F(with embedded ne)184 434.4 Q -(wlines rather than using semicolon separators where possible.)-.25 E F2 -(localv)144 451.2 Q(ar_inherit)-.1 E F1 .422(If set, local v)184 463.2 R -.422(ariables inherit the v)-.25 F .422(alue and attrib)-.25 F .422 -(utes of a v)-.2 F .422(ariable of the same name that)-.25 F -.15(ex)184 -475.2 S .173(ists at a pre).15 F .173(vious scope before an)-.25 F 2.673 -(yn)-.15 G .673 -.25(ew va)-2.673 H .173(lue is assigned.).25 F .174 -(The nameref attrib)5.174 F .174(ute is not)-.2 F(inherited.)184 487.2 Q -F2(localv)144 504 Q(ar_unset)-.1 E F1 .329(If set, calling)184 516 R F2 -(unset)2.829 E F1 .329(on local v)2.829 F .329(ariables in pre)-.25 F -.328(vious function scopes marks them so subse-)-.25 F .543(quent looku\ -ps \214nd them unset until that function returns. This is identical to \ -the beha)184 528 R(v-)-.2 E(ior of unsetting local v)184 540 Q -(ariables at the current function scope.)-.25 E F2(login_shell)144 556.8 -Q F1 .486 -(The shell sets this option if it is started as a login shell \(see)184 -568.8 R F3(INV)2.986 E(OCA)-.405 E(TION)-.855 E F1(abo)2.736 E -.15(ve) --.15 G 2.986(\). The).15 F -.25(va)184 580.8 S(lue may not be changed.) -.25 E F2(mailwar)144 597.6 Q(n)-.15 E F1 .814(If set, and a \214le that) -184 609.6 R F2(bash)3.314 E F1 .815 -(is checking for mail has been accessed since the last time it)3.314 F --.1(wa)184 621.6 S 2.5(sc).1 G(heck)-2.5 E(ed,)-.1 E F2(bash)2.5 E F1 -(displays the message \231The mail in)2.5 E F0(mail\214le)2.5 E F1 -(has been read\232.)2.5 E F2(no_empty_cmd_completion)144 638.4 Q F1 .325 -(If set, and)184 650.4 R F2 -.18(re)2.825 G(adline).18 E F1 .325 -(is being used,)2.825 F F2(bash)2.824 E F1 .324 -(will not attempt to search the)2.824 F F3 -.666(PA)2.824 G(TH)-.189 E -F1 .324(for possible)2.574 F -(completions when completion is attempted on an empty line.)184 662.4 Q -F2(nocaseglob)144 679.2 Q F1 .436(If set,)184 691.2 R F2(bash)2.936 E F1 -.436(matches \214lenames in a case\255insensiti)2.936 F .737 -.15(ve f) --.25 H .437(ashion when performing pathname).05 F -.15(ex)184 703.2 S -(pansion \(see).15 E F2 -.1(Pa)2.5 G(thname Expansion).1 E F1(abo)2.5 E --.15(ve)-.15 G(\).).15 E(GNU Bash 5.3)72 768 Q(2024 March 29)144.29 E -(81)193.45 E 0 Cg EP -%%Page: 82 82 -%%BeginPageSetup -BP -%%EndPageSetup -/F0 10/Times-Italic@0 SF -.25(BA)72 48 S(SH).25 E/F1 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -138.32(\(1\) General).95 F(Commands Manual)2.5 E F0 -.25(BA)140.82 G(SH) -.25 E F1(\(1\)).95 E/F2 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(nocasematch)144 84 Q F1 1.194 -(If set,)184 96 R F2(bash)3.694 E F1 1.194 -(matches patterns in a case\255insensiti)3.694 F 1.493 -.15(ve f)-.25 H -1.193(ashion when performing matching).05 F .551(while e)184 108 R -.15 -(xe)-.15 G(cuting).15 E F2(case)3.051 E F1(or)3.051 E F2([[)3.051 E F1 -.551(conditional commands, when performing pattern substitution)3.051 F --.1(wo)184 120 S .623(rd e).1 F .623(xpansions, or when \214ltering pos\ -sible completions as part of programmable com-)-.15 F(pletion.)184 132 Q -F2(noexpand_translation)144 148.8 Q F1 .669(If set,)184 160.8 R F2(bash) -3.169 E F1 .669(encloses the translated results of)3.169 F F2($")3.169 E -F1 1.666(...)C F2(")-1.666 E F1 .669 -(quoting in single quotes instead of)3.169 F(double quotes.)184 172.8 Q -(If the string is not translated, this has no ef)5 E(fect.)-.25 E F2 -(nullglob)144 189.6 Q F1 1.581(If set, pathname e)184 201.6 R 1.581 -(xpansion patterns which match no \214les \(see)-.15 F F2 -.1(Pa)4.081 G -1.58(thname Expansion).1 F F1(abo)184 213.6 Q -.15(ve)-.15 G 2.5(\)e).15 -G(xpand to nothing and are remo)-2.65 E -.15(ve)-.15 G(d, rather than e) -.15 E(xpanding to themselv)-.15 E(es.)-.15 E F2(patsub_r)144 230.4 Q -(eplacement)-.18 E F1 .105(If set,)184 242.4 R F2(bash)2.605 E F1 -.15 -(ex)2.605 G .105(pands occurrences of).15 F F2(&)2.606 E F1 .106 -(in the replacement string of pattern substitution to)2.606 F .528 -(the te)184 254.4 R .528(xt matched by the pattern, as described under) --.15 F F2 -.1(Pa)3.027 G .527(rameter Expansion).1 F F1(abo)3.027 E -.15 -(ve)-.15 G 5.527(.T).15 G(his)-5.527 E(option is enabled by def)184 -266.4 Q(ault.)-.1 E F2(pr)144 283.2 Q(ogcomp)-.18 E F1 .676 -(If set, the programmable completion f)184 295.2 R .677(acilities \(see) --.1 F F2(Pr)3.177 E .677(ogrammable Completion)-.18 F F1(abo)3.177 E --.15(ve)-.15 G(\)).15 E(are enabled.)184 307.2 Q -(This option is enabled by def)5 E(ault.)-.1 E F2(pr)144 324 Q -(ogcomp_alias)-.18 E F1 2.124 -(If set, and programmable completion is enabled,)184 336 R F2(bash)4.624 -E F1 2.124(treats a command name that)4.624 F(doesn')184 348 Q 3.288(th) --.18 G -2.25 -.2(av e)-3.288 H(an)3.488 E 3.288(yc)-.15 G .789 -(ompletions as a possible alias and attempts alias e)-3.288 F .789 -(xpansion. If it has)-.15 F 1.473(an alias,)184 360 R F2(bash)3.973 E F1 -1.473(attempts programmable completion using the command w)3.973 F 1.473 -(ord resulting)-.1 F(from the e)184 372 Q(xpanded alias.)-.15 E F2(pr) -144 388.8 Q(omptv)-.18 E(ars)-.1 E F1 1.447 -(If set, prompt strings under)184 400.8 R 1.448(go parameter e)-.18 F -1.448(xpansion, command substitution, arithmetic)-.15 F -.15(ex)184 -412.8 S .171(pansion, and quote remo).15 F -.25(va)-.15 G 2.67(la).25 G -.17(fter being e)-2.67 F .17(xpanded as described in)-.15 F/F3 9 -/Times-Bold@0 SF(PR)2.67 E(OMPTING)-.27 E F1(abo)2.42 E -.15(ve)-.15 G -(.).15 E(This option is enabled by def)184 424.8 Q(ault.)-.1 E F2 -.18 -(re)144 441.6 S(stricted_shell).18 E F1 1.069 -(The shell sets this option if it is started in restricted mode \(see) -184 453.6 R F3 1.069(RESTRICTED SHELL)3.569 F F1(belo)184 465.6 Q 2.86 -(w\). The)-.25 F -.25(va)2.86 G .36(lue may not be changed.).25 F .36 -(This is not reset when the startup \214les are e)5.36 F -.15(xe)-.15 G -(-).15 E(cuted, allo)184 477.6 Q(wing the startup \214les to disco)-.25 -E -.15(ve)-.15 G 2.5(rw).15 G(hether or not a shell is restricted.)-2.5 -E F2(shift_v)144 494.4 Q(erbose)-.1 E F1 .501(If set, the)184 506.4 R F2 -(shift)3.001 E F1 -.2(bu)3.001 G .501 -(iltin prints an error message when the shift count e).2 F .502 -(xceeds the number)-.15 F(of positional parameters.)184 518.4 Q F2(sour) -144 535.2 Q(cepath)-.18 E F1 .771(If set, the)184 547.2 R F2(.)3.271 E -F1(\()3.271 E F2(sour)A(ce)-.18 E F1 3.271(\)b)C .771(uiltin uses the v) --3.471 F .771(alue of)-.25 F F3 -.666(PA)3.27 G(TH)-.189 E F1 .77 -(to \214nd the directory containing the)3.02 F(\214le supplied as an ar) -184 559.2 Q 2.5(gument. This)-.18 F(option is enabled by def)2.5 E -(ault.)-.1 E F2 -.1(va)144 576 S(rr).1 E(edir_close)-.18 E F1 .74(If se\ -t, the shell automatically closes \214le descriptors assigned using the) -184 588 R F0({varname})3.24 E F1(redi-)3.24 E .424(rection syntax \(see) -184 600 R F3(REDIRECTION)2.924 E F1(abo)2.674 E -.15(ve)-.15 G 2.924 -(\)i).15 G .424(nstead of lea)-2.924 F .424 -(ving them open when the com-)-.2 F(mand completes.)184 612 Q F2 -(xpg_echo)144 628.8 Q F1 .073(If set, the)184 640.8 R F2(echo)2.574 E F1 --.2(bu)2.574 G .074(iltin e).2 F .074 -(xpands backslash-escape sequences by def)-.15 F 2.574(ault. If)-.1 F -(the)2.574 E F2(posix)2.574 E F1(shell)2.574 E(option is also enabled,) -184 652.8 Q F2(echo)2.5 E F1(does not interpret an)2.5 E 2.5(yo)-.15 G -(ptions.)-2.5 E F2(suspend)108 669.6 Q F1([)2.5 E F2A F1(])A .91 -(Suspend the e)144 681.6 R -.15(xe)-.15 G .91 -(cution of this shell until it recei).15 F -.15(ve)-.25 G 3.41(sa).15 G -F3(SIGCONT)-.001 E F1 3.409(signal. A)3.159 F .909 -(login shell, or a shell)3.409 F .752 -(without job control enabled, cannot be suspended; the)144 693.6 R F2 -3.252 E F1 .753(option can be used to o)3.253 F -.15(ve)-.15 G -.753(rride this and).15 F .107(force the suspension.)144 705.6 R .107(T\ -he return status is 0 unless the shell is a login shell or job control \ -is not en-)5.107 F(abled and)144 717.6 Q F22.5 E F1 -(is not supplied.)2.5 E(GNU Bash 5.3)72 768 Q(2024 March 29)144.29 E(82) -193.45 E 0 Cg EP -%%Page: 83 83 -%%BeginPageSetup -BP -%%EndPageSetup -/F0 10/Times-Italic@0 SF -.25(BA)72 48 S(SH).25 E/F1 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -138.32(\(1\) General).95 F(Commands Manual)2.5 E F0 -.25(BA)140.82 G(SH) -.25 E F1(\(1\)).95 E/F2 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(test)108 84 Q F0 -.2(ex)2.5 G -(pr).2 E F2([)108 96 Q F0 -.2(ex)2.5 G(pr).2 E F2(])2.5 E F1 .877 -(Return a status of 0 \(true\) or 1 \(f)144 96 R .878 -(alse\) depending on the e)-.1 F -.25(va)-.25 G .878 -(luation of the conditional e).25 F(xpression)-.15 E F0 -.2(ex)144 108 S -(pr).2 E F1 5.53(.E).73 G .53 -(ach operator and operand must be a separate ar)-5.53 F 3.03 -(gument. Expressions)-.18 F .53(are composed of the)3.03 F 1.36 -(primaries described abo)144 120 R 1.66 -.15(ve u)-.15 H(nder).15 E/F3 9 -/Times-Bold@0 SF(CONDITION)3.86 E 1.36(AL EXPRESSIONS)-.18 F/F4 9 -/Times-Roman@0 SF(.)A F2(test)5.86 E F1 1.361(does not accept an)3.86 F -3.861(yo)-.15 G(p-)-3.861 E(tions, nor does it accept and ignore an ar) -144 132 Q(gument of)-.18 E F22.5 E F1 -(as signifying the end of options.)2.5 E .786 -(Expressions may be combined using the follo)144 148.8 R .785 -(wing operators, listed in decreasing order of prece-)-.25 F 3.411 -(dence. The)144 160.8 R -.25(eva)3.411 G .911 -(luation depends on the number of ar).25 F .912(guments; see belo)-.18 F -4.712 -.65(w. O)-.25 H .912(perator precedence is).65 F -(used when there are \214v)144 172.8 Q 2.5(eo)-.15 G 2.5(rm)-2.5 G -(ore ar)-2.5 E(guments.)-.18 E F2(!)144 184.8 Q F0 -.2(ex)2.5 G(pr).2 E -F1 -.35(Tr)180 184.8 S(ue if).35 E F0 -.2(ex)2.5 G(pr).2 E F1(is f)3.23 -E(alse.)-.1 E F2(\()144 196.8 Q F0 -.2(ex)2.5 G(pr).2 E F2(\))2.5 E F1 -.26(Returns the v)180 196.8 R .26(alue of)-.25 F F0 -.2(ex)2.76 G(pr).2 -E F1 5.26(.T)C .26(his may be used to o)-5.26 F -.15(ve)-.15 G .26 -(rride the normal precedence of opera-).15 F(tors.)180 208.8 Q F0 -.2 -(ex)144 220.8 S(pr1).2 E F12.5 E F2(a)A F0 -.2(ex)2.5 G(pr2).2 E F1 --.35(Tr)180 232.8 S(ue if both).35 E F0 -.2(ex)2.5 G(pr1).2 E F1(and)2.5 -E F0 -.2(ex)2.5 G(pr2).2 E F1(are true.)2.52 E F0 -.2(ex)144 244.8 S -(pr1).2 E F12.5 E F2(o)A F0 -.2(ex)2.5 G(pr2).2 E F1 -.35(Tr)180 -256.8 S(ue if either).35 E F0 -.2(ex)2.5 G(pr1).2 E F1(or)2.5 E F0 -.2 -(ex)2.5 G(pr2).2 E F1(is true.)2.52 E F2(test)144 273.6 Q F1(and)2.5 E -F2([)2.5 E F1 -.25(eva)2.5 G(luate conditional e).25 E -(xpressions using a set of rules based on the number of ar)-.15 E -(guments.)-.18 E 2.5(0a)144 290.4 S -.18(rg)-2.5 G(uments).18 E(The e) -180 302.4 Q(xpression is f)-.15 E(alse.)-.1 E 2.5(1a)144 314.4 S -.18 -(rg)-2.5 G(ument).18 E(The e)180 326.4 Q -(xpression is true if and only if the ar)-.15 E(gument is not null.)-.18 -E 2.5(2a)144 338.4 S -.18(rg)-2.5 G(uments).18 E .37(If the \214rst ar) -180 350.4 R .37(gument is)-.18 F F2(!)2.87 E F1 2.87(,t)C .37(he e)-2.87 -F .37(xpression is true if and only if the second ar)-.15 F .37 -(gument is null.)-.18 F .38(If the \214rst ar)180 362.4 R .38 -(gument is one of the unary conditional operators listed abo)-.18 F .679 --.15(ve u)-.15 H(nder).15 E F3(CONDI-)2.879 E(TION)180 374.4 Q .552 -(AL EXPRESSIONS)-.18 F F4(,)A F1 .552(the e)2.802 F .552 -(xpression is true if the unary test is true.)-.15 F .552 -(If the \214rst ar)5.552 F(gu-)-.18 E(ment is not a v)180 386.4 Q -(alid unary conditional operator)-.25 E 2.5(,t)-.4 G(he e)-2.5 E -(xpression is f)-.15 E(alse.)-.1 E 2.5(3a)144 398.4 S -.18(rg)-2.5 G -(uments).18 E .236(The follo)180 410.4 R .236 -(wing conditions are applied in the order listed.)-.25 F .236 -(If the second ar)5.236 F .236(gument is one of)-.18 F .855 -(the binary conditional operators listed abo)180 422.4 R 1.155 -.15 -(ve u)-.15 H(nder).15 E F3(CONDITION)3.355 E .855(AL EXPRESSIONS)-.18 F -F4(,)A F1(the)3.105 E .579(result of the e)180 434.4 R .578(xpression i\ -s the result of the binary test using the \214rst and third ar)-.15 F -(guments)-.18 E 1.332(as operands.)180 446.4 R(The)6.332 E F23.832 -E F1(and)3.832 E F23.832 E F1 1.333 -(operators are considered binary operators when there are)3.832 F .558 -(three ar)180 458.4 R 3.058(guments. If)-.18 F .558(the \214rst ar)3.058 -F .558(gument is)-.18 F F2(!)3.058 E F1 3.058(,t)C .558(he v)-3.058 F -.558(alue is the ne)-.25 F -.05(ga)-.15 G .558(tion of the tw).05 F -(o-ar)-.1 E(gument)-.18 E .52(test using the second and third ar)180 -470.4 R 3.021(guments. If)-.18 F .521(the \214rst ar)3.021 F .521 -(gument is e)-.18 F(xactly)-.15 E F2(\()3.021 E F1 .521(and the third) -3.021 F(ar)180 482.4 Q .485(gument is e)-.18 F(xactly)-.15 E F2(\))2.985 -E F1 2.985(,t)C .485(he result is the one-ar)-2.985 F .485 -(gument test of the second ar)-.18 F 2.985(gument. Other)-.18 F(-)-.2 E -(wise, the e)180 494.4 Q(xpression is f)-.15 E(alse.)-.1 E 2.5(4a)144 -506.4 S -.18(rg)-2.5 G(uments).18 E .429(The follo)180 518.4 R .429 -(wing conditions are applied in the order listed.)-.25 F .43 -(If the \214rst ar)5.429 F .43(gument is)-.18 F F2(!)2.93 E F1 2.93(,t)C -.43(he re-)-2.93 F 1.315(sult is the ne)180 530.4 R -.05(ga)-.15 G 1.314 -(tion of the three-ar).05 F 1.314(gument e)-.18 F 1.314 -(xpression composed of the remaining ar)-.15 F(gu-)-.18 E 2.744 -(ments. the)180 542.4 R(tw)2.744 E(o-ar)-.1 E .245 -(gument test using the second and third ar)-.18 F 2.745(guments. If)-.18 -F .245(the \214rst ar)2.745 F(gument)-.18 E .31(is e)180 554.4 R(xactly) --.15 E F2(\()2.81 E F1 .31(and the fourth ar)2.81 F .31(gument is e)-.18 -F(xactly)-.15 E F2(\))2.809 E F1 2.809(,t)C .309(he result is the tw) --2.809 F(o-ar)-.1 E .309(gument test of the)-.18 F .183 -(second and third ar)180 566.4 R 2.683(guments. Otherwise,)-.18 F .184 -(the e)2.684 F .184(xpression is parsed and e)-.15 F -.25(va)-.25 G .184 -(luated according).25 F(to precedence using the rules listed abo)180 -578.4 Q -.15(ve)-.15 G(.).15 E 2.5(5o)144 590.4 S 2.5(rm)-2.5 G(ore ar) --2.5 E(guments)-.18 E 1.635(The e)180 602.4 R 1.635 -(xpression is parsed and e)-.15 F -.25(va)-.25 G 1.635 -(luated according to precedence using the rules listed).25 F(abo)180 -614.4 Q -.15(ve)-.15 G(.).15 E .216(When the shell is in)144 631.2 R F0 -.216(posix mode)2.716 F F1 2.716(,o)C 2.716(ri)-2.716 G 2.716(ft)-2.716 -G .216(he e)-2.716 F .216(xpression is part of the)-.15 F F2([[)2.716 E -F1 .216(command, the)2.716 F F2(<)2.717 E F1(and)2.717 E F2(>)2.717 E F1 -(opera-)2.717 E .728(tors sort using the current locale.)144 643.2 R -.728(If the shell is not in)5.728 F F0 .728(posix mode)3.228 F F1 3.228 -(,t)C(he)-3.228 E F2(test)3.228 E F1(and)3.228 E F2([)3.228 E F1 .727 -(commands sort)3.227 F(le)144 655.2 Q -(xicographically using ASCII ordering.)-.15 E F2(times)108 672 Q F1 -1.229(Print the accumulated user and system times for the shell and for\ - processes run from the shell.)144 672 R(The return status is 0.)144 684 -Q F2(trap)108 700.8 Q F1([)2.5 E F2(\255lp)A F1 2.5(][)C([)-2.5 E F0 -(action)A F1(])A F0(sigspec)2.5 E F1 1.666(...)2.5 G(])-1.666 E(The)144 -712.8 Q F0(action)3.734 E F1 .903(is a command that is read and e)3.644 -F -.15(xe)-.15 G .903(cuted when the shell recei).15 F -.15(ve)-.25 G -3.403(ss).15 G(ignal\(s\))-3.403 E F0(sigspec)3.743 E F1 5.903(.I).31 G -(f)-5.903 E F0(action)144.33 724.8 Q F1 1.083 -(is absent \(and there is a single)3.823 F F0(sigspec)3.583 E F1 3.583 -(\)o)C(r)-3.583 E F23.583 E F1 3.583(,e)C 1.084 -(ach speci\214ed signal is reset to its original)-3.583 F(GNU Bash 5.3) -72 768 Q(2024 March 29)144.29 E(83)193.45 E 0 Cg EP -%%Page: 84 84 -%%BeginPageSetup -BP -%%EndPageSetup -/F0 10/Times-Italic@0 SF -.25(BA)72 48 S(SH).25 E/F1 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -138.32(\(1\) General).95 F(Commands Manual)2.5 E F0 -.25(BA)140.82 G(SH) -.25 E F1(\(1\)).95 E .133(disposition \(the v)144 84 R .132 -(alue it had upon entrance to the shell\).)-.25 F(If)5.132 E F0(action) -2.962 E F1 .132(is the null string the signal spec-)2.872 F -(i\214ed by each)144 96 Q F0(sigspec)2.84 E F1 -(is ignored by the shell and by the commands it in)2.81 E -.2(vo)-.4 G --.1(ke).2 G(s.).1 E .165(If no ar)144 112.8 R .165 -(guments are supplied,)-.18 F/F2 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(trap)2.665 E F1 .165 -(displays the actions associated with each trapped signal as a set)2.665 -F(of)144 124.8 Q F2(trap)2.57 E F1 .069(commands that can be reused as \ -shell input to restore the current signal dispositions.)2.57 F(If)5.069 -E F22.569 E F1 .473(is gi)144 136.8 R -.15(ve)-.25 G .473(n, and) -.15 F F0(action)3.303 E F1 .473(is not present, then)3.213 F F2(trap) -2.973 E F1 .473(displays the actions associated with each)2.973 F F0 -(sigspec)3.314 E F1(or)3.284 E(,)-.4 E .364 -(if none are supplied, for all trapped signals, as a set of)144 148.8 R -F2(trap)2.864 E F1 .363(commands that can be reused as shell)2.864 F -.207(input to restore the current signal dispositions.)144 160.8 R(The) -5.207 E F22.707 E F1 .207(option beha)2.707 F -.15(ve)-.2 G 2.707 -(ss).15 G(imilarly)-2.707 E 2.707(,b)-.65 G .208(ut displays only)-2.907 -F 1.553(the actions associated with each)144 172.8 R F0(sigspec)4.052 E -F1(ar)4.052 E(gument.)-.18 E F26.552 E F1 1.552 -(requires at least one)4.052 F F0(sigspec)4.052 E F1(ar)4.052 E(gument.) --.18 E(The)144 184.8 Q F22.726 E F1(or)2.726 E F22.727 E F1 -.227(options to)2.727 F F2(trap)2.727 E F1 .227 -(may be used in a subshell en)2.727 F .227 -(vironment \(e.g., command substitution\))-.4 F .993 -(and, as long as the)144 196.8 R 3.493(ya)-.15 G .993(re used before) --3.493 F F2(trap)3.493 E F1 .993(is used to change a signal')3.493 F -3.492(sh)-.55 G .992(andling, will display the)-3.492 F -(state of its parent')144 208.8 Q 2.5(st)-.55 G(raps.)-2.5 E(The)144 -225.6 Q F23.216 E F1 .716(option causes)3.216 F F2(trap)3.216 E F1 -.716(to print a list of signal names and their corresponding numbers.) -3.216 F(Each)5.717 E F0(sigspec)144.34 237.6 Q F1 .709 -(is either a signal name de\214ned in <)3.519 F F0(signal.h)A F1 .709 -(>, or a signal number)B 5.708(.S)-.55 G .708(ignal names are case) --5.708 F(insensiti)144 249.6 Q .3 -.15(ve a)-.25 H(nd the).15 E/F3 9 -/Times-Bold@0 SF(SIG)2.5 E F1(pre\214x is optional.)2.25 E .091(If a)144 -266.4 R F0(sigspec)2.931 E F1(is)2.901 E F3(EXIT)2.591 E F1 .091 -(\(0\) the command)2.341 F F0(action)2.921 E F1 .091(is e)2.831 F -.15 -(xe)-.15 G .091(cuted on e).15 F .092(xit from the shell.)-.15 F .092 -(If a)5.092 F F0(sigspec)2.932 E F1(is)2.902 E F3(DE-)2.592 E -.09(BU) -144 278.4 S(G).09 E/F4 9/Times-Roman@0 SF(,)A F1 1.245(the command)3.495 -F F0(action)4.075 E F1 1.245(is e)3.985 F -.15(xe)-.15 G 1.244 -(cuted before e).15 F -.15(ve)-.25 G(ry).15 E F0 1.244(simple command) -3.744 F F1(,)A F0(for)3.744 E F1(command,)3.744 E F0(case)3.744 E F1 -(com-)3.744 E(mand,)144 290.4 Q F0(select)2.696 E F1 .196 -(command, \(\( arithmetic command, [[ conditional command, arithmetic) -2.696 F F0(for)2.697 E F1(command,)2.697 E .394 -(and before the \214rst command e)144 302.4 R -.15(xe)-.15 G .393 -(cutes in a shell function \(see).15 F F3 .393(SHELL GRAMMAR)2.893 F F1 -(abo)2.643 E -.15(ve)-.15 G 2.893(\). Refer).15 F .833 -(to the description of the)144 314.4 R F2(extdeb)3.333 E(ug)-.2 E F1 -.833(option to the)3.333 F F2(shopt)3.333 E F1 -.2(bu)3.333 G .834 -(iltin for details of its ef).2 F .834(fect on the)-.25 F F2(DE-)3.334 E --.1(BU)144 326.4 S(G).1 E F1 2.694(trap. If)2.694 F(a)2.694 E F0 -(sigspec)3.034 E F1(is)3.004 E F3(RETURN)2.694 E F4(,)A F1 .194 -(the command)2.444 F F0(action)3.024 E F1 .194(is e)2.934 F -.15(xe)-.15 -G .193(cuted each time a shell function or).15 F 2.5(as)144 338.4 S -(cript e)-2.5 E -.15(xe)-.15 G(cuted with the).15 E F2(.)2.5 E F1(or)2.5 -E F2(sour)2.5 E(ce)-.18 E F1 -.2(bu)2.5 G(iltins \214nishes e).2 E -.15 -(xe)-.15 G(cuting.).15 E .284(If a)144 355.2 R F0(sigspec)3.124 E F1(is) -3.094 E F3(ERR)2.784 E F4(,)A F1 .284(the command)2.534 F F0(action) -3.114 E F1 .284(is e)3.024 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .284(cuted whene).15 F -.15 -(ve)-.25 G 2.784(rap).15 G .285(ipeline \(which may consist of a)-2.784 -F .185(single simple command\), a list, or a compound command returns a\ - non\255zero e)144 367.2 R .184(xit status, subject to)-.15 F .451 -(the follo)144 379.2 R .451(wing conditions.)-.25 F(The)5.451 E F3(ERR) -2.951 E F1 .451(trap is not e)2.701 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .451 -(cuted if the f).15 F .452(ailed command is part of the com-)-.1 F .388 -(mand list immediately follo)144 391.2 R .388(wing a)-.25 F F2(while) -2.888 E F1(or)2.888 E F2(until)2.888 E F1 -.1(ke)2.888 G(yw)-.05 E .388 -(ord, part of the test in an)-.1 F F0(if)2.897 E F1 .387 -(statement, part)4.847 F .777(of a command e)144 403.2 R -.15(xe)-.15 G -.778(cuted in a).15 F F2(&&)3.278 E F1(or)3.278 E F2(||)3.278 E F1 .778 -(list e)3.278 F .778(xcept the command follo)-.15 F .778 -(wing the \214nal)-.25 F F2(&&)3.278 E F1(or)3.278 E F2(||)3.278 E F1 -3.278(,a)C -.15(ny)-3.278 G 1.28(command in a pipeline b)144 415.2 R -1.28(ut the last, or if the command')-.2 F 3.78(sr)-.55 G 1.28(eturn v) --3.78 F 1.28(alue is being in)-.25 F -.15(ve)-.4 G 1.28(rted using).15 F -F2(!)3.78 E F1(.)A(These are the same conditions obe)144 427.2 Q -(yed by the)-.15 E F2(err)2.5 E(exit)-.18 E F1(\()2.5 E F2A F1 2.5 -(\)o)C(ption.)-2.5 E .069(When the shell is not interacti)144 444 R -.15 -(ve)-.25 G 2.569(,s).15 G .07 -(ignals ignored upon entry to the shell cannot be trapped or reset.) --2.569 F(Interacti)144 456 Q .952 -.15(ve s)-.25 H .652 -(hells permit trapping signals ignored on entry).15 F 5.651(.T)-.65 G -.651(rapped signals that are not being ig-)-6.001 F .576 -(nored are reset to their original v)144 468 R .576 -(alues in a subshell or subshell en)-.25 F .577 -(vironment when one is created.)-.4 F(The return status is f)144 480 Q -(alse if an)-.1 E(y)-.15 E F0(sigspec)2.84 E F1(is in)2.81 E -.25(va)-.4 -G(lid; otherwise).25 E F2(trap)2.5 E F1(returns true.)2.5 E F2(true)108 -496.8 Q F1(Does nothing, returns a 0 status.)144 496.8 Q F2(type)108 -513.6 Q F1([)2.5 E F2(\255aftpP)A F1(])A F0(name)2.5 E F1([)2.5 E F0 -(name)A F1 1.666(...)2.5 G(])-1.666 E -.4(Wi)144 525.6 S .174 -(th no options, indicate ho).4 F 2.674(we)-.25 G(ach)-2.674 E F0(name) -3.034 E F1 -.1(wo)2.854 G .173 -(uld be interpreted if used as a command name.).1 F .173(If the)5.173 F -F2144 537.6 Q F1 .715(option is used,)3.215 F F2(type)3.215 E F1 -.715(prints a string which is one of)3.215 F F0(alias)3.545 E F1(,).27 E -F0 -.1(ke)3.215 G(ywor)-.2 E(d)-.37 E F1(,).77 E F0(function)5.185 E F1 -(,).24 E F0 -.2(bu)3.215 G(iltin).2 E F1 3.215(,o).24 G(r)-3.215 E F0 -(\214le)5.125 E F1(if)3.395 E F0(name)144.36 549.6 Q F1 .378 -(is an alias, shell reserv)3.058 F .377(ed w)-.15 F .377 -(ord, function, b)-.1 F .377(uiltin, or e)-.2 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .377 -(cutable disk \214le, respecti).15 F -.15(ve)-.25 G(ly).15 E 5.377(.I) --.65 G 2.877(ft)-5.377 G(he)-2.877 E F0(name)144.36 561.6 Q F1 .645 -(is not found, then nothing is printed, and)3.325 F F2(type)3.146 E F1 -.646(returns a non-zero e)3.146 F .646(xit status.)-.15 F .646(If the) -5.646 F F23.146 E F1(op-)3.146 E .642(tion is used,)144 573.6 R F2 -(type)3.142 E F1 .642(either returns the name of the e)3.142 F -.15(xe) --.15 G .642(cutable \214le that w).15 F .641(ould be found by searching) --.1 F F2($P)144 585.6 Q -.95(AT)-.74 G(H).95 E F1(if)2.5 E F0(name)2.86 -E F1(were speci\214ed as a command name, or nothing if \231type \255t n\ -ame\232 w)2.68 E .001(ould not return)-.1 F F0(\214le)145.91 597.6 Q F1 -5.259(.T).18 G(he)-5.259 E F22.759 E F1 .259(option forces a)2.759 -F F3 -.666(PA)2.759 G(TH)-.189 E F1 .259(search for each)2.509 F F0 -(name)2.759 E F1 2.759(,e)C -.15(ve)-3.009 G 2.759(ni).15 G 2.759<6699> --2.759 G .259(type \255t name\232 w)-2.759 F .258(ould not return)-.1 F -F0(\214le)145.91 609.6 Q F1 5.588(.I).18 G 3.088(fac)-5.588 G .588 -(ommand is hashed,)-3.088 F F23.088 E F1(and)3.088 E F23.088 -E F1 .588(print the hashed v)3.088 F .589 -(alue, which is not necessarily the \214le)-.25 F .034 -(that appears \214rst in)144 621.6 R F3 -.666(PA)2.534 G(TH)-.189 E F4 -(.)A F1 .034(If the)4.534 F F22.534 E F1 .034(option is used,) -2.534 F F2(type)2.533 E F1 .033 -(prints all of the places that contain a com-)2.533 F 1.392(mand named) -144 633.6 R F0(name)4.252 E F1 6.392(.T).18 G 1.392 -(his includes aliases, reserv)-6.392 F 1.392(ed w)-.15 F 1.392 -(ords, functions, and b)-.1 F 1.393(uiltins, b)-.2 F 1.393(ut the path) --.2 F .145(search options \()144 645.6 R F2A F1(and)2.644 E F2 -2.644 E F1 2.644(\)c)C .144 -(an be supplied to restrict the output to e)-2.644 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .144 -(cutable \214les.).15 F F2(type)5.144 E F1 .144(does not)2.644 F .557 -(consult the table of hashed commands when using)144 657.6 R F2 -3.057 E F1(with)3.057 E F23.058 E F1 3.058(,a)C .558 -(nd only performs a)-3.058 F F3 -.666(PA)3.058 G(TH)-.189 E F1(search) -2.808 E(for)144 669.6 Q F0(name)2.758 E F1 5.258(.T)C(he)-5.258 E F2 -2.758 E F1 .258 -(option suppresses shell function lookup, as with the)2.758 F F2 -(command)2.758 E F1 -.2(bu)2.758 G(iltin.).2 E F2(type)5.258 E F1(re-) -2.758 E(turns true if all of the ar)144 681.6 Q(guments are found, f) --.18 E(alse if an)-.1 E 2.5(ya)-.15 G(re not found.)-2.5 E F2(ulimit)108 -698.4 Q F1([)2.5 E F2(\255HS)A F1(])A F22.5 E F1(GNU Bash 5.3)72 -768 Q(2024 March 29)144.29 E(84)193.45 E 0 Cg EP -%%Page: 85 85 -%%BeginPageSetup -BP -%%EndPageSetup -/F0 10/Times-Italic@0 SF -.25(BA)72 48 S(SH).25 E/F1 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -138.32(\(1\) General).95 F(Commands Manual)2.5 E F0 -.25(BA)140.82 G(SH) -.25 E F1(\(1\)).95 E/F2 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(ulimit)108 84 Q F1([)2.5 E F2 -(\255HS)A F1 2.5(][)C F2(\255bcde\214klmnpqrstuvxPR)-2.5 E(T)-.4 E F1([) -2.5 E F0(limit)A F1(]])A(Pro)144 96 Q .243(vides control o)-.15 F -.15 -(ve)-.15 G 2.743(rt).15 G .243(he resources a)-2.743 F -.25(va)-.2 G -.244(ilable to the shell and to processes started by it, on systems).25 -F .944(that allo)144 108 R 3.444(ws)-.25 G .944(uch control.)-3.444 F -(The)5.944 E F23.444 E F1(and)3.444 E F23.444 E F1 .943 -(options specify that the hard or soft limit is set for the)3.444 F(gi) -144 120 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.708(nr).15 G 2.708(esource. A)-2.708 F .208(\ -hard limit cannot be increased by a non-root user once it is set; a sof\ -t limit may)2.708 F .426(be increased up to the v)144 132 R .426 -(alue of the hard limit.)-.25 F .425(If neither)5.426 F F22.925 E -F1(nor)2.925 E F22.925 E F1 .425 -(is speci\214ed, both the soft and)2.925 F .139(hard limits are set.)144 -144 R .139(The v)5.139 F .139(alue of)-.25 F F0(limit)2.729 E F1 .139 -(can be a number in the unit speci\214ed for the resource or one)3.319 F -.742(of the special v)144 156 R(alues)-.25 E F2(hard)3.242 E F1(,)A F2 -(soft)3.241 E F1 3.241(,o)C(r)-3.241 E F2(unlimited)3.241 E F1 3.241(,w) -C .741(hich stand for the current hard limit, the current)-3.241 F .023 -(soft limit, and no limit, respecti)144 168 R -.15(ve)-.25 G(ly).15 E -5.023(.I)-.65 G(f)-5.023 E F0(limit)2.613 E F1 .023 -(is omitted, the current v)3.203 F .023 -(alue of the soft limit of the re-)-.25 F .985 -(source is printed, unless the)144 180 R F23.485 E F1 .984 -(option is gi)3.485 F -.15(ve)-.25 G 3.484(n. When).15 F .984 -(more than one resource is speci\214ed, the)3.484 F .7 -(limit name and unit, if appropriate, are printed before the v)144 192 R -3.2(alue. Other)-.25 F .7(options are interpreted as)3.2 F(follo)144 204 -Q(ws:)-.25 E F2144 216 Q F1 -(All current limits are reported; no limits are set)180 216 Q F2 -144 228 Q F1(The maximum sock)180 228 Q(et b)-.1 E(uf)-.2 E(fer size) --.25 E F2144 240 Q F1(The maximum size of core \214les created)180 -240 Q F2144 252 Q F1(The maximum size of a process')180 252 Q 2.5 -(sd)-.55 G(ata se)-2.5 E(gment)-.15 E F2144 264 Q F1 -(The maximum scheduling priority \(\231nice\232\).)180 264 Q F2144 -276 Q F1 -(The maximum size of \214les written by the shell and its children)180 -276 Q F2144 288 Q F1(The maximum number of pending signals)180 288 -Q F2144 300 Q F1 -(The maximum number of kqueues that may be allocated)180 300 Q F2 -144 312 Q F1(The maximum size that may be lock)180 312 Q(ed into memory) --.1 E F2144 324 Q F1(The maximum resident set size \(man)180 324 Q -2.5(ys)-.15 G(ystems do not honor this limit\))-2.5 E F2144 336 Q -F1 .791(The maximum number of open \214le descriptors \(most systems do\ - not allo)180 336 R 3.29(wt)-.25 G .79(his v)-3.29 F .79(alue to)-.25 F -(be set\))180 348 Q F2144 360 Q F1 -(The pipe size in 512-byte blocks \(this may not be set\))180 360 Q F2 -144 372 Q F1(The maximum number of bytes in POSIX message queues) -180 372 Q F2144 384 Q F1 -(The maximum real-time scheduling priority)180 384 Q F2144 396 Q -F1(The maximum stack size)180 396 Q F2144 408 Q F1 -(The maximum amount of cpu time in seconds)180 408 Q F2144 420 Q -F1(The maximum number of processes a)180 420 Q -.25(va)-.2 G -(ilable to a single user).25 E F2144 432 Q F1 .47 -(The maximum amount of virtual memory a)180 432 R -.25(va)-.2 G .47 -(ilable to the shell and, on some systems, to).25 F(its children)180 444 -Q F2144 456 Q F1(The maximum number of \214le locks)180 456 Q F2 -144 468 Q F1(The maximum number of pseudoterminals)180 468 Q F2 -144 480 Q F1(The maximum time a real-time process can run before \ -blocking, in microseconds)180 480 Q F2144 492 Q F1 -(The maximum number of threads)180 492 Q(If)144 508.8 Q F0(limit)3.058 E -F1 .468(is gi)3.648 F -.15(ve)-.25 G .468(n, and the).15 F F22.968 -E F1 .468(option is not used,)2.968 F F0(limit)2.968 E F1 .468 -(is the ne)2.968 F 2.968(wv)-.25 G .468 -(alue of the speci\214ed resource.)-3.218 F(If)5.468 E .044 -(no option is gi)144 520.8 R -.15(ve)-.25 G .044(n, then).15 F F2 -2.544 E F1 .045(is assumed.)2.545 F -1.11(Va)5.045 G .045 -(lues are in 1024-byte increments, e)1.11 F .045(xcept for)-.15 F F2 -2.545 E F1 2.545(,w)C .045(hich is)-2.545 F .67(in seconds;)144 -532.8 R F23.17 E F1 3.17(,w)C .67(hich is in microseconds;)-3.17 F -F23.17 E F1 3.17(,w)C .67(hich is in units of 512-byte blocks;) --3.17 F F23.17 E F1(,)A F23.17 E F1(,)A F23.17 E F1(,) -A F2144 544.8 Q F1(,)A F23.736 E F1 3.736(,a)C(nd)-3.736 E -F23.736 E F1 3.736(,w)C 1.236(hich are unscaled v)-3.736 F 1.236 -(alues; and, when in posix mode,)-.25 F F23.736 E F1(and)3.736 E -F23.736 E F1 3.736(,w)C 1.237(hich are in)-3.736 F .239 -(512-byte increments.)144 556.8 R .238 -(The return status is 0 unless an in)5.239 F -.25(va)-.4 G .238 -(lid option or ar).25 F .238(gument is supplied, or an)-.18 F -(error occurs while setting a ne)144 568.8 Q 2.5(wl)-.25 G(imit.)-2.5 E -F2(umask)108 585.6 Q F1([)2.5 E F2A F1 2.5(][)C F2-2.5 E F1 -2.5(][)C F0(mode)-2.5 E F1(])A .18 -(The user \214le-creation mask is set to)144 597.6 R F0(mode)3.06 E F1 -5.18(.I).18 G(f)-5.18 E F0(mode)3.06 E F1(be)2.86 E .18 -(gins with a digit, it is interpreted as an octal)-.15 F .066(number; o\ -therwise it is interpreted as a symbolic mode mask similar to that acce\ -pted by)144 609.6 R F0 -.15(ch)2.566 G(mod).15 E F1(\(1\).).77 E(If)144 -621.6 Q F0(mode)3.262 E F1 .382(is omitted, the current v)3.062 F .382 -(alue of the mask is printed.)-.25 F(The)5.382 E F22.882 E F1 .382 -(option causes the mask to be)2.882 F .547 -(printed in symbolic form; the def)144 633.6 R .547 -(ault output is an octal number)-.1 F 5.547(.I)-.55 G 3.047(ft)-5.547 G -(he)-3.047 E F23.047 E F1 .547(option is supplied, and)3.047 F F0 -(mode)144.38 645.6 Q F1 .551 -(is omitted, the output is in a form that may be reused as input.)3.231 -F .552(The return status is 0 if the)5.552 F(mode w)144 657.6 Q -(as successfully changed or if no)-.1 E F0(mode)2.5 E F1(ar)2.5 E -(gument w)-.18 E(as supplied, and f)-.1 E(alse otherwise.)-.1 E F2 -(unalias)108 674.4 Q F1<5bad>2.5 E F2(a)A F1 2.5(][)C F0(name)-2.5 E F1 -1.666(...)2.5 G(])-1.666 E(Remo)144 686.4 Q 1.058 -.15(ve e)-.15 H(ach) -.15 E F0(name)3.258 E F1 .758(from the list of de\214ned aliases.)3.258 -F(If)5.758 E F23.258 E F1 .757 -(is supplied, all alias de\214nitions are re-)3.258 F(mo)144 698.4 Q --.15(ve)-.15 G 2.5(d. The).15 F(return v)2.5 E -(alue is true unless a supplied)-.25 E F0(name)2.86 E F1 -(is not a de\214ned alias.)2.68 E(GNU Bash 5.3)72 768 Q(2024 March 29) -144.29 E(85)193.45 E 0 Cg EP -%%Page: 86 86 -%%BeginPageSetup -BP -%%EndPageSetup -/F0 10/Times-Italic@0 SF -.25(BA)72 48 S(SH).25 E/F1 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -138.32(\(1\) General).95 F(Commands Manual)2.5 E F0 -.25(BA)140.82 G(SH) -.25 E F1(\(1\)).95 E/F2 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(unset)108 84 Q F1<5bad>2.5 E -F2(fv)A F1 2.5(][)C-2.5 E F2(n)A F1 2.5(][)C F0(name)-2.5 E F1 1.666 -(...)2.5 G(])-1.666 E -.15(Fo)144 96 S 3.803(re).15 G(ach)-3.803 E F0 -(name)4.163 E F1 3.803(,r).18 G(emo)-3.803 E 1.603 -.15(ve t)-.15 H -1.303(he corresponding v).15 F 1.303(ariable or function.)-.25 F 1.303 -(If the)6.303 F F23.804 E F1 1.304(option is gi)3.804 F -.15(ve) --.25 G 1.304(n, each).15 F F0(name)144.36 108 Q F1 .465 -(refers to a shell v)3.145 F .464(ariable, and that v)-.25 F .464 -(ariable is remo)-.25 F -.15(ve)-.15 G 2.964(d. Read-only).15 F -.25(va) -2.964 G .464(riables may not be un-).25 F 2.768(set. If)144 120 R F2 -2.768 E F1 .269(is speci\214ed, each)2.768 F F0(name)3.129 E F1 -.269(refers to a shell function, and the function de\214nition is remo) -2.949 F -.15(ve)-.15 G(d.).15 E .404(If the)144 132 R F22.904 E F1 -.404(option is supplied, and)2.904 F F0(name)2.904 E F1 .404(is a v) -2.904 F .404(ariable with the)-.25 F F0(namer)2.904 E(ef)-.37 E F1 -(attrib)2.904 E(ute,)-.2 E F0(name)2.904 E F1 .403(will be unset)2.904 F -.719(rather than the v)144 144 R .719(ariable it references.)-.25 F F2 -5.719 E F1 .719(has no ef)3.219 F .719(fect if the)-.25 F F2 -3.22 E F1 .72(option is supplied.)3.22 F .72(If no options)5.72 F .737 -(are supplied, each)144 156 R F0(name)3.237 E F1 .737(refers to a v) -3.237 F .737(ariable; if there is no v)-.25 F .736 -(ariable by that name, a function with)-.25 F 1.761(that name, if an)144 -168 R 3.061 -.65(y, i)-.15 H 4.261(su).65 G 4.261(nset. Each)-4.261 F -1.761(unset v)4.261 F 1.761(ariable or function is remo)-.25 F -.15(ve) --.15 G 4.262(df).15 G 1.762(rom the en)-4.262 F(vironment)-.4 E 3.172 -(passed to subsequent commands.)144 180 R 3.172(If an)8.172 F 5.672(yo) --.15 G(f)-5.672 E/F3 9/Times-Bold@0 SF -.27(BA)5.672 G(SH_ALIASES).27 E -/F4 9/Times-Roman@0 SF(,)A F3 -.27(BA)5.421 G(SH_ARGV0).27 E F4(,)A F3 --.27(BA)5.421 G(SH_CMDS).27 E F4(,)A F3 -.27(BA)144 192 S(SH_COMMAND).27 -E F4(,)A F3 -.27(BA)11.481 G(SH_SUBSHELL).27 E F4(,)A F3 -.27(BA)11.482 -G(SHPID).27 E F4(,)A F3(COMP_W)11.482 E(ORDBREAKS)-.09 E F4(,)A F3 -(DIRST)11.482 E -.495(AC)-.81 G(K).495 E F4(,)A F3(EPOCHREAL)144 204 Q -(TIME)-.828 E F4(,)A F3(EPOCHSECONDS)2.67 E F4(,)A F3(FUNCN)2.67 E(AME) --.18 E F4(,)A F3(GR)2.67 E(OUPS)-.27 E F4(,)A F3(HISTCMD)2.67 E F4(,)A -F3(LINENO)2.67 E F4(,)A F3(RANDOM)2.67 E F4(,)A F3(SECONDS)144 216 Q F4 -(,)A F1(or)4.029 E F3(SRANDOM)4.279 E F1 1.779(are unset, the)4.029 F -4.279(yl)-.15 G 1.779(ose their special properties, e)-4.279 F -.15(ve) --.25 G 4.279(ni).15 G 4.28(ft)-4.279 G(he)-4.28 E 4.28(ya)-.15 G 1.78 -(re subse-)-4.28 F(quently reset.)144 228 Q(The e)5 E -(xit status is true unless a)-.15 E F0(name)2.86 E F1 -(is readonly or may not be unset.)2.68 E F2(wait)108 244.8 Q F1([)2.5 E -F2(\255fn)A F1 2.5(][)C F2-2.5 E F0(varname)2.5 E F1 2.5(][)C F0 -(id)-2.5 E F1 1.666(...)2.5 G(])-1.666 E -.8(Wa)144 256.8 S .659(it for\ - each speci\214ed child process and return its termination status.).8 F -(Each)5.659 E F0(id)3.169 E F1 .658(may be a process)3.928 F .008 -(ID or a job speci\214cation; if a job spec is gi)144 268.8 R -.15(ve) --.25 G .009(n, all processes in that job').15 F 2.509(sp)-.55 G .009 -(ipeline are w)-2.509 F .009(aited for)-.1 F 5.009(.I)-.55 G(f)-5.009 E -F0(id)144.01 280.8 Q F1 .442(is not gi)3.712 F -.15(ve)-.25 G(n,).15 E -F2(wait)2.942 E F1 -.1(wa)2.942 G .441 -(its for all running background jobs and the last-e).1 F -.15(xe)-.15 G -.441(cuted process substitu-).15 F .597 -(tion, if its process id is the same as)144 292.8 R F2($!)3.098 E F1 -3.098(,a)C .598(nd the return status is zero.)-3.098 F .598(If the)5.598 -F F23.098 E F1 .598(option is supplied,)3.098 F F2(wait)144 304.8 -Q F1 -.1(wa)3.083 G .583(its for a single job from the list of).1 F F0 -(id)3.083 E F1 3.083(so)C 1.383 -.4(r, i)-3.083 H 3.083(fn).4 G(o)-3.083 -E F0(id)3.083 E F1 3.083(sa)C .583(re supplied, an)-3.083 F 3.083(yj) --.15 G .582(ob, to complete and)-3.083 F .403(returns its e)144 316.8 R -.403(xit status.)-.15 F .403(If none of the supplied ar)5.403 F .403 -(guments is a child of the shell, or if no ar)-.18 F(guments)-.18 E .573 -(are supplied and the shell has no unw)144 328.8 R .573 -(aited-for children, the e)-.1 F .573(xit status is 127.)-.15 F .572 -(If the)5.573 F F23.072 E F1 .572(option is)3.072 F .39 -(supplied, the process or job identi\214er of the job for which the e) -144 340.8 R .39(xit status is returned is assigned to)-.15 F .905(the v) -144 352.8 R(ariable)-.25 E F0(varname)3.405 E F1 .905 -(named by the option ar)3.405 F 3.405(gument. The)-.18 F -.25(va)3.405 G -.905(riable will be unset initially).25 F 3.405(,b)-.65 G(efore)-3.405 E -(an)144 364.8 Q 3.89(ya)-.15 G 3.89(ssignment. This)-3.89 F 1.39 -(is useful only when the)3.89 F F23.89 E F1 1.39 -(option is supplied.)3.89 F 1.39(Supplying the)6.39 F F23.89 E F1 -(option,)3.89 E .575(when job control is enabled, forces)144 376.8 R F2 -(wait)3.075 E F1 .575(to w)3.075 F .575(ait for)-.1 F F0(id)3.075 E F1 -.574(to terminate before returning its status, in-)3.075 F .635 -(stead of returning when it changes status.)144 388.8 R(If)5.635 E F0 -(id)3.145 E F1 .635(speci\214es a non-e)3.905 F .635 -(xistent process or job, the return)-.15 F .802(status is 127.)144 400.8 -R(If)5.801 E F2(wait)3.301 E F1 .801(is interrupted by a signal, the re\ -turn status will be greater than 128, as de-)3.301 F .019(scribed under) -144 412.8 R F2(SIGN)2.519 E(ALS)-.2 E F1(abo)2.519 E -.15(ve)-.15 G -5.019(.O).15 G .019(therwise, the return status is the e)-5.019 F .02 -(xit status of the last process or)-.15 F(job w)144 424.8 Q(aited for) --.1 E(.)-.55 E/F5 10.95/Times-Bold@0 SF(SHELL COMP)72 441.6 Q -1.04(AT) --.81 G(IBILITY MODE)1.04 E F1 1.355 -(Bash-4.0 introduced the concept of a)108 453.6 R F0 1.355 -(shell compatibility le)3.855 F(vel)-.15 E F1 3.855(,s)C 1.354 -(peci\214ed as a set of options to the shopt)-3.855 F -.2(bu)108 465.6 S -.621(iltin \().2 F F2(compat31)A F1(,)A F2(compat32)3.121 E F1(,)A F2 -(compat40)3.121 E F1(,)A F2(compat41)3.121 E F1 3.121(,a)C .621 -(nd so on\).)-3.121 F .622(There is only one current compatibility)5.622 -F(le)108 477.6 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G 3.058<6c8a>.15 G .557 -(each option is mutually e)-.001 F(xclusi)-.15 E -.15(ve)-.25 G 5.557 -(.T).15 G .557(he compatibility le)-5.557 F -.15(ve)-.25 G 3.057(li).15 -G 3.057(si)-3.057 G .557(ntended to allo)-3.057 F 3.057(wu)-.25 G .557 -(sers to select be-)-3.057 F(ha)108 489.6 Q 1.083(vior from pre)-.2 F -1.083(vious v)-.25 F 1.083(ersions that is incompatible with ne)-.15 F -1.083(wer v)-.25 F 1.083(ersions while the)-.15 F 3.584(ym)-.15 G 1.084 -(igrate scripts to use)-3.584 F(current features and beha)108 501.6 Q -(vior)-.2 E 2.5(.I)-.55 G(t')-2.5 E 2.5(si)-.55 G -(ntended to be a temporary solution.)-2.5 E 1.457 -(This section does not mention beha)108 518.4 R 1.457 -(vior that is standard for a particular v)-.2 F 1.456 -(ersion \(e.g., setting)-.15 F F2(compat32)3.956 E F1 .886 -(means that quoting the rhs of the re)108 530.4 R(ge)-.15 E .886 -(xp matching operator quotes special re)-.15 F(ge)-.15 E .887 -(xp characters in the w)-.15 F(ord,)-.1 E(which is def)108 542.4 Q -(ault beha)-.1 E(vior in bash-3.2 and subsequent v)-.2 E(ersions\).)-.15 -E .523(If a user enables, say)108 559.2 R(,)-.65 E F2(compat32)3.023 E -F1 3.023(,i)C 3.023(tm)-3.023 G .523(ay af)-3.023 F .523(fect the beha) --.25 F .523(vior of other compatibility le)-.2 F -.15(ve)-.25 G .522 -(ls up to and includ-).15 F .259(ing the current compatibility le)108 -571.2 R -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.759(l. The).15 F .259 -(idea is that each compatibility le)2.759 F -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.76(lc).15 G -.26(ontrols beha)-2.76 F .26(vior that changed)-.2 F 1.646(in that v)108 -583.2 R 1.646(ersion of)-.15 F F2(bash)4.146 E F1 4.146(,b)C 1.646 -(ut that beha)-4.346 F 1.646(vior may ha)-.2 F 1.946 -.15(ve b)-.2 H -1.646(een present in earlier v).15 F 4.146(ersions. F)-.15 F 1.645 -(or instance, the)-.15 F .76 -(change to use locale-based comparisons with the)108 595.2 R F2([[)3.261 -E F1 .761(command came in bash-4.1, and earlier v)3.261 F .761 -(ersions used)-.15 F 1.905(ASCII-based comparisons, so enabling)108 -607.2 R F2(compat32)4.405 E F1 1.904 -(will enable ASCII-based comparisons as well.)4.405 F(That)6.904 E .295 -(granularity may not be suf)108 619.2 R .296 -(\214cient for all uses, and as a result users should emplo)-.25 F 2.796 -(yc)-.1 G .296(ompatibility le)-2.796 F -.15(ve)-.25 G .296(ls care-).15 -F(fully)108 631.2 Q 5(.R)-.65 G(ead the documentation for a particular \ -feature to \214nd out the current beha)-5 E(vior)-.2 E(.)-.55 E .532 -(Bash-4.3 introduced a ne)108 648 R 3.032(ws)-.25 G .531(hell v)-3.032 F -(ariable:)-.25 E F3 -.27(BA)3.031 G(SH_COMP).27 E -.855(AT)-.666 G F4(.) -.855 E F1 .531(The v)5.031 F .531(alue assigned to this v)-.25 F .531 -(ariable \(a decimal)-.25 F -.15(ve)108 660 S .107(rsion number lik).15 -F 2.607(e4)-.1 G .107(.2, or an inte)-2.607 F .107 -(ger corresponding to the)-.15 F F2(compat)2.608 E F0(NN)A F1 .108 -(option, lik)2.608 F 2.608(e4)-.1 G .108(2\) determines the com-)-2.608 -F(patibility le)108 672 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G(l.).15 E .387 -(Starting with bash-4.4,)108 688.8 R F2(bash)2.887 E F1 .387(has be) -2.887 F .387(gun deprecating older compatibility le)-.15 F -.15(ve)-.25 -G 2.887(ls. Ev).15 F(entually)-.15 E 2.887(,t)-.65 G .387 -(he options will)-2.887 F(be remo)108 700.8 Q -.15(ve)-.15 G 2.5(di).15 -G 2.5(nf)-2.5 G -.2(avo)-2.6 G 2.5(ro).2 G(f)-2.5 E F3 -.27(BA)2.5 G -(SH_COMP).27 E -.855(AT)-.666 G F4(.).855 E F1 .647(Bash-5.0 w)108 717.6 -R .647(as the \214nal v)-.1 F .647 -(ersion for which there will be an indi)-.15 F .647 -(vidual shopt option for the pre)-.25 F .648(vious v)-.25 F(ersion.)-.15 -E(Users should control the compatibility le)108 729.6 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G -2.5(lw).15 G(ith)-2.5 E F3 -.27(BA)2.5 G(SH_COMP).27 E -.855(AT)-.666 G -F4(.).855 E F1(GNU Bash 5.3)72 768 Q(2024 March 29)144.29 E(86)193.45 E -0 Cg EP -%%Page: 87 87 -%%BeginPageSetup -BP -%%EndPageSetup -/F0 10/Times-Italic@0 SF -.25(BA)72 48 S(SH).25 E/F1 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -138.32(\(1\) General).95 F(Commands Manual)2.5 E F0 -.25(BA)140.82 G(SH) -.25 E F1(\(1\)).95 E 1.614(The follo)108 84 R 1.613 -(wing table describes the beha)-.25 F 1.613 -(vior changes controlled by each compatibility le)-.2 F -.15(ve)-.25 G -4.113(ls).15 G 4.113(etting. The)-4.113 F/F2 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(compat) -108 96 Q F0(NN)A F1 1.186 -(tag is used as shorthand for setting the compatibility le)3.685 F -.15 -(ve)-.25 G 3.686(lt).15 G(o)-3.686 E F0(NN)3.686 E F1 1.186 -(using one of the follo)3.686 F(wing)-.25 E 3.807(mechanisms. F)108 108 -R 1.307(or v)-.15 F 1.307 -(ersions prior to bash-5.0, the compatibility le)-.15 F -.15(ve)-.25 G -3.806(lm).15 G 1.306(ay be set using the corresponding)-3.806 F F2 -(compat)108 120 Q F0(NN)A F1 .502(shopt option.)3.002 F -.15(Fo)5.502 G -3.002(rb).15 G .502(ash-4.3 and later v)-3.002 F .502(ersions, the)-.15 -F/F3 9/Times-Bold@0 SF -.27(BA)3.002 G(SH_COMP).27 E -.855(AT)-.666 G F1 --.25(va)3.607 G .502(riable is preferred, and it).25 F -(is required for bash-5.1 and later v)108 132 Q(ersions.)-.15 E F2 -(compat31)108 148.8 Q F1<83>144 160.8 Q(quoting the rhs of the)180 160.8 -Q F2([[)2.5 E F1(command')2.5 E 2.5(sr)-.55 G -.15(eg)-2.5 G -.15(ex).15 -G 2.5(pm).15 G(atching operator \(=\001\) has no special ef)-2.5 E(fect) --.25 E F2(compat32)108 177.6 Q F1<83>144 189.6 Q(the)180 189.6 Q F2(<) -2.674 E F1(and)2.674 E F2(>)2.673 E F1 .173(operators to the)2.673 F F2 -([[)2.673 E F1 .173 -(command do not consider the current locale when compar)2.673 F(-)-.2 E -(ing strings; the)180 201.6 Q 2.5(yu)-.15 G(se ASCII ordering.)-2.5 E F2 -(compat40)108 218.4 Q F1<83>144 230.4 Q(the)180 230.4 Q F2(<)2.673 E F1 -(and)2.673 E F2(>)2.673 E F1 .173(operators to the)2.673 F F2([[)2.673 E -F1 .173(command do not consider the current locale when compar)2.673 F -(-)-.2 E .923(ing strings; the)180 242.4 R 3.423(yu)-.15 G .923 -(se ASCII ordering.)-3.423 F F2(Bash)5.922 E F1 -.15(ve)3.422 G .922 -(rsions prior to bash-4.1 use ASCII colla-).15 F .366(tion and)180 254.4 -R F0(str)3.207 E(cmp)-.37 E F1 .367 -(\(3\); bash-4.1 and later use the current locale').19 F 2.867(sc)-.55 G -.367(ollation sequence and)-2.867 F F0(str)3.207 E(-)-.2 E(coll)180 -266.4 Q F1(\(3\).).51 E F2(compat41)108 283.2 Q F1<83>144 295.2 Q(in)180 -295.2 Q F0(posix)3.79 E F1(mode,)3.79 E F2(time)3.79 E F1 1.29 -(may be follo)3.79 F 1.29 -(wed by options and still be recognized as a reserv)-.25 F(ed)-.15 E -.1 -(wo)180 307.2 S(rd \(this is POSIX interpretation 267\)).1 E<83>144 -319.2 Q(in)180 319.2 Q F0(posix)2.708 E F1 .208 -(mode, the parser requires that an e)2.708 F -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.708(nn).15 -G .208(umber of single quotes occur in the)-2.708 F F0(wor)2.709 E(d) --.37 E F1 .282(portion of a double-quoted parameter e)180 331.2 R .282 -(xpansion and treats them specially)-.15 F 2.781(,s)-.65 G 2.781(ot) --2.781 G .281(hat charac-)-2.781 F(ters within the single quotes are co\ -nsidered quoted \(this is POSIX interpretation 221\))180 343.2 Q F2 -(compat42)108 360 Q F1<83>144 372 Q 1.055(the replacement string in dou\ -ble-quoted pattern substitution does not under)180 372 R 1.056 -(go quote re-)-.18 F(mo)180 384 Q -.25(va)-.15 G(l, as it does in v).25 -E(ersions after bash-4.2)-.15 E<83>144 396 Q .021 -(in posix mode, single quotes are considered special when e)180 396 R -.021(xpanding the)-.15 F F0(wor)2.52 E(d)-.37 E F1 .02(portion of a)2.52 -F .017(double-quoted parameter e)180 408 R .017 -(xpansion and can be used to quote a closing brace or other spe-)-.15 F -.999(cial character \(this is part of POSIX interpretation 221\); in la\ -ter v)180 420 R .998(ersions, single quotes)-.15 F -(are not special within double-quoted w)180 432 Q(ord e)-.1 E(xpansions) --.15 E F2(compat43)108 448.8 Q F1<83>144 460.8 Q 1.07 -(the shell does not print a w)180 460.8 R 1.071 -(arning message if an attempt is made to use a quoted com-)-.1 F .533 -(pound assignment as an ar)180 472.8 R .533 -(gument to declare \(e.g., declare \255a foo=\010\(1 2\)\010\). Later v) --.18 F(ersions)-.15 E -.1(wa)180 484.8 S -(rn that this usage is deprecated).1 E<83>144 496.8 Q -.1(wo)180 496.8 S -.5(rd e).1 F .501(xpansion errors are considered non-f)-.15 F .501 -(atal errors that cause the current command to)-.1 F -.1(fa)180 508.8 S -.605(il, e).1 F -.15(ve)-.25 G 3.105(ni).15 G 3.105(np)-3.105 G .605 -(osix mode \(the def)-3.105 F .605(ault beha)-.1 F .605(vior is to mak) --.2 F 3.105(et)-.1 G .605(hem f)-3.105 F .605 -(atal errors that cause the)-.1 F(shell to e)180 520.8 Q(xit\))-.15 E -<83>144 532.8 Q .354(when e)180 532.8 R -.15(xe)-.15 G .354 -(cuting a shell function, the loop state \(while/until/etc.\)).15 F .355 -(is not reset, so)5.354 F F2(br)2.855 E(eak)-.18 E F1(or)2.855 E F2 -(continue)180 544.8 Q F1 .052 -(in that function will break or continue loops in the calling conte) -2.553 F .052(xt. Bash-4.4 and)-.15 F(later reset the loop state to pre) -180 556.8 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G(nt this).15 E F2(compat44)108 573.6 Q F1<83> -144 585.6 Q .719(the shell sets up the v)180 585.6 R .719(alues used by) --.25 F F3 -.27(BA)3.219 G(SH_ARGV).27 E F1(and)2.969 E F3 -.27(BA)3.219 -G(SH_ARGC).27 E F1 .719(so the)2.969 F 3.219(yc)-.15 G .719(an e)-3.219 -F(xpand)-.15 E(to the shell')180 597.6 Q 2.5(sp)-.55 G -(ositional parameters e)-2.5 E -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.5(ni).15 G 2.5(fe)-2.5 G -(xtended deb)-2.65 E(ugging mode is not enabled)-.2 E<83>144 609.6 Q -2.635(as)180 609.6 S .135(ubshell inherits loops from its parent conte) --2.635 F .135(xt, so)-.15 F F2(br)2.635 E(eak)-.18 E F1(or)2.635 E F2 -(continue)2.634 E F1 .134(will cause the sub-)2.634 F(shell to e)180 -621.6 Q 2.5(xit. 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